SSSSOSOSSHOROSOSSSOOSESROeTe
Er-libris

Margherita EL.
Manley

Smithsonian
Institution
Libraries

From the
RUSSELL E. TRAIN
AFRICANA COLLECTION

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SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES:

*

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

EXTRA-TROPICAL SPECIES.

BY

ROLAND TRIMEN, F.R.S., BLAS., F.Z.8., F. Ent. 8., &c.

CURATOR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN ;
+ ~
ASSISTED BY in
JAMES HENRY BOWKER, F.ZS., F.R.G.S.

COLONEL (RETIRED) IN THE CAPE SERVICE,
LATE COMMANDANT OF FRONTIER ARMED AND MOUNTED POLICE,
GOVERNOR’S AGENT IN BASUTOLAND,
AND CHIEF COMMISSIONER AT THE DIAMOND FIELDS OF GRIQUALAND WEST.

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VOL. LZ,

ERYCINIDA AND LYCANIDA.

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CONTENTS.

RHOPALOCERA.

Famity I].—ERYCINIDZZ .
Sub-Family—Lisytuainz

Famity IJI.—LYCANIDA

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

List oF SPECIES FIGURED IN THE PLATES

PAGE

RHOPALOCERA.

Famity Il.—BRYCINIDA‘.

”?

Erycinide, Swains., “ Phil. Mag., Ser. II. vol. i. p. 187 (1827)
Erycinides and Libythides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pp. 164 and 167 (1836).
Erycinide (excl. Thecline, &c.), Swains., Hist. and Nat. Arrangem., Ins.,

P. 94 (1840). 7
Erycinide, Westw., Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii. p. 357 (1840).
Erycinide and Libytheide, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. pp. 412, 415 (1851),
Lrycinide, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 2203 1864, p. 176.
Lemontide, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 282 (1871).

Imaco.—First pair of legs small and slender; in the ~ much
aborted, the tarsus being without articulations or terminal claws; in
the 2 longer, the tarsus fully developed and with terminal claws.

Larva.—Of ordinary elongate form, or rather short and subonisci-
form, usually more or less pubescent ; second segment sometimes bear-
ing dorsally two erect spines.

Pupa.—Suspended vertically or obliquely by the tail only, or
horizontally by the tail and a silken girdle.

The only constant characters apparently prevailing throughout this
extensive Family (containing 69 genera and about 900 species) are
those afforded by the fore-legs, which differ so remarkably in the sexes.
These organs are in the female, besides the complete development of
the tarsi, sometimes twice as large as in the male. Other features
characteristic of these butterflies are the usually very small and slender
palpi—often scarcely noticeable from above; the three-branched sub-
costal nervure of the fore-wings; the slenderness of the body; the
smoothness of the middle and hind legs, and the small size of their
terminal claws; and the thin and fragile structure of the wings ;—but
all these characters, as Mr. H. W. Bates remarks in his Catalogue of
the Erycinide (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., IX. Zool., p. 367, 1868), are
liable to many exceptions, ‘Though amazingly varied in form, colouring,
and pattern, the insects of this eroup are all of small size,—the largest
of them (Stalachtis and Sospita) being less than 24 inches in expanse of
wings, the great majority of much smaller stature, and many (such as
Mesene, Calydna, Parnes, Anteros) among the smallest known butterflies.

Mr. Bates, who paid special attention to them in the Amazons

Valley, describes (loc. cit.) the habits of the Hrycinide as very varied.
VOL,. It, A

2 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Their flight is of short duration, but in some is very slow and lazy,
while in others it is excessively rapid. A large number of the genera
have the custom (found also in many Hesperidew) of settling with
expanded wings on the under side of leaves near the ground; while
many others hold the wings vertically in repose, and a few perch on
the upper surface of leaves with the wings only half elevated. Very
few species were noticed to frequent flowers.

The Family is essentially Neo-Tropical, and especially abundant in
the Equatorial zone. With the exception of the Libytheine—a small
but cosmopolitan Sub-Family—the only members found in the Old
World belong to the Nemeobiinw, and it is remarkable that one of
these, the well-known Nemeobius Lucina, prevails widely in Hurope,
and is not uncommon in England. More than two-thirds of the known
species belong to the Lrycininw, a Sub-Family which, unlike the Lury-
gonine, has a few representatives to the north of Mexico.

Very few species of Hrycinidw have been found in the Ethiopian
Region, viz., three Libythwine and three Nemeobunw. The former are
LIibythea Labdaca, Westw., of Western Africa; Z. Laius, Trim., of the
Eastern and South-Eastern Coast ; and LZ. Cinyras, Trim., of Madagascar
and Mauritius; the latter, all of a single genus likewise, are Abisara
Gerontes (Fab.), and A. Tantalus, Hewits., of Western Africa, and
A. Tepahi (Boisd.), of Madagascar. No representative of the latter
eroup has hitherto been met with in South Africa, and the solitary
Erycinide known to inhabit this wide territory is the Libythea Laius
just mentioned.

Sus-Famity—LIBYTH AKIN Ad.
Libythides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 167 (1836).
Libytheide, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 412 (1851).
Libytheine, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176.
Imaco.—Head rather wide, densely hairy above and frontally ;
eyes smooth ; palpi extremely long, deep at base, closely approximated,
projecting horizontally, very densely clothed with scales and_ hair
throughout, but especially on middle joint,—basal joint very small,—
middle joint of moderate length, rather swollen and rounded,—terminal
joint very much elongated, slender; antenne short and thick, with a
gradually or very gradually formed subcylindrical club, blunt at the tip.
Thorax rather robust, clothed superiorly with scales and hairs—
the latter long posteriorly,—inferiorly with short dense hair; pterygodes
longer than usual, hairy. Jore-wings: with costa slightly arched ;
apex squarely acute; hind-margin slightly dentated, more or less
strongly angulated on lower radial nervule, below which it is deeply
emarginate, but is usually prominent again about extremity of first
median nervule; inner margin nearly straight; costal nervure short,
ending about middie of costa; first subcostal nervule originating at

DSI

LIBYTHAIN &. 3

some distance, second one very little, before extremity of discoidal
cell,—third one short, originating far beyond cell,—fourth near third,
also short, terminating at apex; upper disco-cellular extremely short
—in some cases hardly present,—middle one slender, of moderate
length, slightly curved,—lower one rather longer, continuous of curve
of third, joining third median nervule at a considerable distance beyond
origin of latter; submedian nervure curved upward near base and then
more strongly downward ; internal nervure slender, almost straight, its
extremity anastomosing with submedian nervure just beyond com-
mencement of latter’s downward curve. Hind-wings: rather large ;
costa prominent at base, and usually more or less so just before apex
(in the European ZL. Celtis exceedingly so in both places) ; hind-margin
more or less sinuate-dentate, sometimes with a more prominent denta-
tion at extremity of first median nervule, or at extremity of submedian
nervure; inner-margins moderately convex, forming an incomplete,
shallow groove; costal nervure running close to and following curves
of costa, ending at apex; subcostal nervure branching at a long
distance from base; upper disco-cellular nervule slender, transverse, of
moderate length, united to second subcostal nervule at some distance
from origin of latter,—lower one extremely slender, or almost obsolete,
longer and more oblique than the upper, joining third median nervule
just beyond origin of latter; internal nervure slender, much curved,
very short, terminating on inner margin at some distance before middle.
Fore-legs of $ very small,—femur and tibia about equal in length, the
latter very densely hairy,—tarsus rather shorter, also densely hairy, not
articulated, without terminal claws; of 2 much larger and longer, not
hairy (except on under side of femur) but scaly,—femur much thicker,
—tarsus fully articulated, spiny beneath, and with well-developed ter-
minal claws. Middle and hind legs rather thick, densely clothed with
scales,—tibia rather shorter than femur, its terminal spurs rather short,
—tarsus longer than tibia, strongly spinose beneath, with strongly
curved terminal claws. Abdomen slender, short.

Larva.—Hlongate, cylindrical, shortly pubescent ; much resembling
that of the Pierine.

Pupa.—Rather stout, subangulated; median dorsal line ridged,
and dorso-thoracic prominence elevated and acute; head with a single
pointed projection curving inferiorly ; wing-covers projecting beyond
line of abdomen. Suspended vertically by the tail only.

(These characters of larva and pupa are given from figures of those
of the European Libythea Celtis, published by Hiibner, Duponchel,
and Boisduval respectively.)

The extraordinary length of the palpi, which form a most con-
spicuous beak-like process in front of the head, readily distinguish the
Lnbytheine from the rest of the Erycinide, and, indeed, from all other
butterflies. In robustness of structure, angulated fore-wings, and gene-
ral neuration they approach Eurytcla and allied genera among the

4 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Nymphaline, but do not present the swollen nervures characteristic of
the latter; while the perfect tarsi of the fore-legs of the female alto-
gether separate them from that group of butterflies. It is very
remarkable, too, to find them sharing with the Danainw a slender but
distinct internal nervure of the fore-wings anastomosing with the
submedian nervure; and it was probably this character which led Dr.
Felder’ to place them between the Danaine and Erycinidw. The larva,
again, is quite unlike that of any group of the Nymphalide, and is not
like those known among the other Hrycinidw, but very closely resembles
that of the totally distinct Pierinw ; while the pupa, on the contrary,
does not differ widely from the Nymphalide type.

The twelve or thirteen species of this Sub-Family belonging to but
one genus—Libythea—are singularly scattered over all the warmer
parts of the globe, except, I believe, the continent of Australia and
Polynesia. The type of the genus, L. Celtis, Fuessly, inhabits Southern
Europe and Asia Minor; the Ethiopian Region has three species;
India and the Indo-Malayan Islands three; the Austro-Malayan and
Australasian Islands two or three; two are natives of the United
States and the West Indies; and one is found in Surinam and Brazil.
It does not seem improbable that these few and widely-scattered con-
geners are but the surviving representatives of what was at some
former period a numerous and generally-prevalent group.

Genus LIBYTHEA.
Libythea, Fab., “Illiger’s Mag., vi. p. 284 (1807);” Latreille, Encye.
Meth.,. ix. p, ro (1819); Westw:, Gen. Diam. Lep, i) pa4rz
(1851).

Characters those of the Sub-Family.

There is considerable variation in the different species as regards
the length of the palpi, which (as Felder has pointed out) attains its
maximum in the American species; and Z. Celtis is the only member
of the genus that I have examined which has the antenne so thick and
so very gradually incrassate from the base. The form of the hind-
wings is also variable, none of the species rivalling Celtis in the strik-
ing sinuosity of the costa; while the hind-margin is in some (the
Indian Myrrha, Godt., and allies) rounded, without special prominence
of any particular dentation,—in the European and American species
has a moderate projection at the anal angle, and in the African and
some other species presents a very decided process at the extremity of
the first median nervule.

The Libythee are rather below the middle size, and their colouring
is mostly rather dull, consisting of a few fulvous or ochreous-yellow and
white spots on a dark-brown ground, except in the case of the males of
L. Geoffroyt and Antipoda, which have the upper side violet or violet-blue.

1 Diagnoses Lepidoptervlogice, No. VI. p. 10 (Wien. Entom. Monatschr., 1862).

LIBYTH HIN. 5

I have not seen any of these butterflies alive, but from the notes of
various collectors they are evidently very active insects, resembling in
their flight and habits the smaller Vymphalinw. The Cingalese ZL,
Rama, Moore, is noted by Messrs. Hutchison and Mackwood (Moore’s
Lepidoptera of Ceylon, p. 68) as frequenting forest lands and the
vicinity of jungle, and darting about and settling on the ground; while
the Natalian Z. Laius, Trim., seems only to settle on the stems and
twigs of trees.

The larva of the European species feeds on the “ Nettle Tree ”
(Celtis australis), but I am not aware that the food-plant of any other
Libythea has been recorded.

118. (1.) Libythea Laius, Trimen.
Puate VII, fig. 3 (¢@ ).

Libythea Laius, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 337.

Exp. al., 1 in. 104 lin.—2 in. 2 lin.

g Dark-brown, glossed with bronzy-yellow reflections; with pale
fulvous-ochreous bars and spots. Kore-wing: a longitudinal bar from
base occupies lower half of discoidal cell, widening gradually to its
abrupt extremity just above origin of first median nervule ; immediately
beyond bar (sometimes touching or even merged in it) a large, roughly
subquadrate spot, which is widest interiorly, and anteriorly reaches to
end of discoidal cell; a little beyond and below this spot, a larger paler
subovate spot, the upper part of which is traversed by the second
median nervule; on outer portion of inner margin a very faint pale-
ochreous cloud; an irregular, oblique, subapical row of three white
spots, of which the first is nearest middle, largest, exteriorly elongated
and crossed in its upper part by the subcostal nervure, and the others
are together apart, of about equal size, one above and the other below
the second radial nervule. Mind-wing: costal margin rather broadly
dull-whitish from base as far as a quadrate, pale, whitish-ochreous spot
about middle, lying between costal nervure and first subcostal nervule ;
below and beyond this spot, just above second subcostal nervule, a
small ochreous spot; beyond middle, a straight transverse bar formed
of four contiguous spots (of which the first is largest and the fourth
smallest and less distinct than the rest), extending from just below
second subcostal nervule, not far from apex, to first median nervule, not
far from its origin. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing
very variable in tint and clouding, the prevalent ground-colour being
glossy-grey irrorated and hatched with black and fuscous. ore-wing :
paler than on upper side, the bars and spots larger; discoidal cell filled
by much enlarged and united bar and spot; a small whitish spot
immediately beyond upper part of extremity of cell; second and third
spots of subapical row united in one crescent-shaped marking. Hind-
wing: in two specimens the upper side costal spot and discal bar

VOL. Ii. B

6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

represented by two irregular whitish transverse rays, interiorly broadly
bordered and in parts intruded on by dark-brown clouding,—a similar
patch of the clouding being present on hind-margin about extremity of
radial nervule ; in a third example, only the whitish ray near base is
indistinctly represented, while the whole discal region and lower half of
discoidal cell (up to base and a straight line through the cell) is dull
fuscous-brown ; and in the fourth example the whole surface is almost
uniformly grey, the rays being faintly shown by a glossier paler cloud-
ing, and the intermediate parts by some ochreous tinting,—at extremity
of cell an ill-defined blackish spot.

2 Similar to ¢, except that the markings generally are larger,
especially the bar across hind-wing. UNDER sipE.—More uniform than
in g, and nearly resembling that of the fourth ~¢ example above de-
scribed, but with a decided glaucous-green tint both in hind-wing and
in apical region of fore-wing; any trace of paler bars in hind-wing
being obsolete, or nearly so.

In the ¢ the fore-wings are more prolonged apically than in the
9; but the hind-wings are alike in both sexes, the costal prominence
beyond middle being very slight, while the projection at the extremity
of the first rhedian nervule is very well developed, forming a broad tail
or process yoth inch in length. The palpi of the ? are longer and more
attenuated than those of the ~.

This Libythea is very nearly allied to LZ. Labdaca, Westw., a native
of Sierra Leone, Camaroons, Angola, and Congo (see Genera of Diurnal
Lepidoptera, vol. 11. p. 413 note, pl. lxvi. f. 6). The South-African
form may, however, be readily distinguished by the more produced and
angulated fore-wings and by the greater prominence of the projection
in the hind-wings. The markings of the upper side are all larger, paler,
and more fulvous than in Labdaca ; in the fore-wings the conspicuous
disco-cellular bar is a feature wanting or very indistinctly represented
in the West-African species, which, moreover, possesses a dull-fulvous
or greyish irregular marking (between large discal spot and submedian
nervure) absent in Laius ; and in the hind-wings, the transverse bar 1s
nearly straight instead of arched or concave interiorly, as in Labdaca,
and the separate spot between the subcostal nervures is peculiar to
Laius. As regards the under side, the ~ Labdaca (1 have not
examined the ¢) is very much like the more strongly-marked fs of
the South-African insect; but the fulvous-ochreous in fore-wing is
limited to a short basi-disco-cellular bar.

The genus Libythea, so widely distributed over the earth, yet containing
so very few species, was not apparently known to possess any African repre-
sentative until Westwood (Joc. cit.) in 1851 described and figured the species
from Sierra Leone already mentioned. In 1866 I described (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., Ser. iii. vol. v. p. 337) as LZ. Cinyras a scarce Libythea, inhabiting
Mauritius and Madagascar, and noted at the same time that Mr. Waller, of
the Zambesi Mission, had shown me a Libythea taken near the Shiré River,
which I judged from recollection might be the same species. Since the dis-

LYCAINIDAL. 7

covery of the South-African Libythea, however, and especially looking to the
fact of its occurrence at Quilimane, not far north of the Zambesi Delta, I
have little doubt that Mr. Waller’s specimen was probably referable to Laius,
and not to Cinyras.

In December 1869, Mr. Walter Morant sent me the first evidence of the
occurrence of a Lzbythea in Natal, in the shape of a coloured drawing of a 9
taken by him on the gth of that month at Avoca, Victoria County; but I
heard nothing more of the species until 1873, when the late Mr. E. C.
Buxton met with it near D’Urban, and sent me a photograph and a much
injured @ specimen. Colonel J. H. Bowker, F.Z.S., in September 1878
landed at Quilimane, and there took six examples of the same species, which
he forwarded to the South-African Museum ; and he and Mr. P. F. Payn of
D’Urban have subsequently taken several specimens of both sexes at Pine-
town, Illovo, and other localities in the coast region of Natal. From these
latter specimens, mostly in fine condition, my description is drawn up.

Mr. Morant noted his example as taken ‘on the top of a small tree in a
waggon-road through thick bush;”’ while Colonel Bowker describes the
individuals captured by himself in April 1879 as taking short flights, like
those of a “Skipper,” from one flower to another. The latter further wrote
in December 1879 as follows, viz. :—“ I think the Libythea spoil themselves
by their fighting; the eight that I have taken were all about the tops of the
same trees, actively flying around, and settling with open wings at the ends
of the twigs. Mr. Payn says that his examples were captured under similar
circumstances. It is curious how nearly in appearance the Libythea resembles
Crenis natalensis when at rest ; both settle head downward with closed wings
on the bark of the same species of tree, and it is then hardly possible to
distinguish them from each other. This has probably led to the Libythea
being not often taken by the Natal collectors.”’

Localities of Libythea Laius.
I. South Africa.
HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (£. C. Buxton). Umgeni, Pinetown,
and junction of Umlaas and Isipingo Rivers (J. . Bowker).
Avoca (W. Morant). Illovo (P. F. Payn).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
6, Kastern Coast.—Quilimane (J. H. Bowker),

Famity III.—LYCASNIDZ.

Lyceenida, Leach, “ Edinb. Encye., ix. p. 129 (1815).”

Lycenide, Stephens, “ Mlustr. Brit. Ent., Haust., i. p. 74 (1827).”

Huménides and Lycénides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pp. 163-164 (18 36).

Erycinide (part), Swains., Hist. and Nat. Arrangem. Ins., p. 94 (1840).

Lycenide, Westw., Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii. p. 358 (1840); and Gen.

Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 468 (1852).

Imaco.—Head of moderate size or rather small; eyes naked or
hirsute ; palpi usually rather long, sometimes very long, scaly, seldom
hairy,—the terminal joint slender, distinct, often longer in 2 than in
8; antenne variable in length, but usually rather short,—the club
commonly somewhat abruptly formed, but sometimes very gradually.

8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Thorax generally rather slender or moderately stout, sometimes
robust. Wings large, variable in outline; fore-wings usually rather
truncate, but occasionally produced,—hind-margin entire, rarely elbowed
superiorly ; subcostal nervure three- to five-branched, usually four-
branched ; discoidal cell closed ; hand-wings rounded, with entire or very
slightly denticulated hind-margin, or produced in anal-angular portion,
which often bears from one to three longer or shorter tails; inner
margins often forming an incomplete groove about the abdomen; dis-
coidal cell closed by very slender nervule. Jegs rather short, often
thick, scaly, rarely hirsute; tibial terminal spurs usually small, some-
times minute, rarely wanting ; fore-legs of $ (with rare exceptions) with
tarsus not articulated, but consisting of a single long joint ending im one
slightly curved claw; those of 2 with the ordinary articulations and
terminal hooked claws.

Abdomen usually slender and rather short; rarely thickened or
elongate.

Larva.—More or less onisciform, broadest and thickest about
middle, often with dorsal humps or corrugated; sometimes downy or
with fascicles of hairs; head and feet very small, inferior, hidden from
view above.

Pupa.—Short, thick, usually much rounded; blunt at extremities.
Attached by the tail, and (usually) by a girth of silk round the middle ;
rarely unattached, and lying in the earth or under stones.

This family is a very distinct, compact, and natural one, the char-
acter of the unarticulated tarsi of the first pair of legs in the male sex
being all but universal, and the principal other points of structure
presenting but little variation. This sameness throughout so very
numerous an assemblage of species renders the task of classification
exceedingly difficult; and no lepidopterist has hitherto found charac-
ters adequate to warrant the establishment of divisions or sub-families.
To discover natural limitations to the genera is a matter of scarcely
less difficulty ; and all who have studied the family will admit that,
notwithstanding the labours of Westwood, Hewitson, Felder, Moore,
and other entomologists, the existing definitions of many of the accepted
genera are anything but satisfactory. The work of discriminating spe-
cies is an arduous one in all large genera, but it becomes specially so
in such immense groups of closely-related forms as Lyccena, Thecla, and
Aimblypodia.

Between fifteen and sixteen hundred species have been recorded,
and about forty-seven genera created for their reception,—the three
genera just mentioned by themselves including fully half of the entire
number of known species.

Among the genera which show more divergence from the common
type are specially noticeable the Oriental Liphyra and the African Liptena,
Pentila, D Urbania, Pseuderesia, Alena, Mimacreea, Deloneura, Arrugia,
and Lachnocnema, all of which bear some resemblance to butterflies of

LYCENID&. 9

other families, or even to moths, and the three latter of which present
the anomaly of completely articulated and clawed fore-tarsi in the
male. This latter character decidedly indicates affinity with the sub-
family Pierine of the Papilionde ; and a further minor feature of
resemblance is found in the reduced or obsolete spurs of the tibiee.

The great mass of the Lycenide consists of small butterflies, and
it is rare to find any that approach the middle size. In this respect
they resemble the Erycinidw, but the range of size is somewhat more
extended, the smallest members of the genus Lycena being barely half
an inch across the expanded fore-wings, while the giant of the family,
Liphyra Brassolis, Westw., reaches 34 inches. Some of the larger
species of Phytala, Epitola, Thecla, and Amblypodia, however, reach or
slightly exceed an expanse of 2} inches; but a very large majority of
Lycenide ranges between 1 inch and 1% inches. What these butter-
flies want in stature is more than compensated by their great beauty ;
very few of them are of dull colouring (except a good many of the
females), and such as are so on one surface of the wings are very often
of great splendour on the other. Intense and very generally highly-
metallic uniform tints of purple, violet, blue, green, red, or orange
prevail on the upper side,-—the males, as usual, almost always much
exceeding the females in brilliancy ; and the less dazzling but infinitely
varied colouring and elaborate patterns of the under side (of close
agreement in the sexes of each species), are often rendered still more
effective by glittering golden, silvery, or steely spots. No other
family of butterflies exhibits such a striking and varied development
of the appendages or “tails” borne on the hind-margin of the hind-
wings, varying in number from one to three, and in length from a mere
dentation to more than an inch, and often curiously widened, fringed,
and twisted. In connection with these appendages, it may be noted
that all, or nearly all, the Lycenide (as mentioned above in the general
remarks on Rhopalocera, under the heading, “ 5. Haunts and Habits”),
when settled temporarily, have the custom of moving the hind-wings
alternately up and down, so that their upper surfaces rub against
each other,—a movement which the “ tails,’ as well as the usual
metallic-dotted eye-like spots on the hind-margin, render additionally
noticeable.

The Ethiopian Region has not hitherto yielded a very large number
of species, only rather under 200 being recorded, but it is rich in
genera, 22 of the 47 recognised by most authors being known to
occur. Of these 22 genera, no less than 14 (or 13, if, as I think
most probable, Hewitsonia, Kirby (= Corydon, Boisd.), is not separable
from LEpitola, Westw.) are limited to Africa, viz., Capys, Ohrysorychia,
Pentila, Liptena, D’Urbania, Alena, Phytala, Epitola, Deloneura,
Pseuderesia, Mimacrea, Arrugia, and Lachnocnema. Those peculiar to
Tropical Africa are Phytala, Epitola, Liptena, Pseuderesia, and Mimacreea.

Southern Africa appears to be comparatively richer than the tropical

IO SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

belt of the continent, but this is no doubt partly due to its having been
better searched for the smaller butterflies. It has representatives of
17 genera, the species numbering at present 120.’ Three genera, »
viz., Capys, Hewitson, Delonewra, Trim., and Arrugia, Wallengr., are
peculiar; while Alwna, Boisd., and Lachnocnema, n.g., do not appear to
be known from north of the Equator. Zeritis is also a specially South-
African genus, 23 of the 28 species known not being found elsewhere.
The genus most numerously represented is the cosmopolitan Lycana,
of which 47 species are recorded; Jolaws has 8, Aphneus 7, Lyceenes-
thes 6, and Hypolycena 5 South-African species. Of the remaining
genera, there are of Deudoriz and D’Urbania each 4 species, of Arrugia
3, Myrina, Chrysorychia, and Lachnocnema 2, while the five others
have each but a single representative.

zLhe Lycenide exhibit no power of sustained flight, although many
of them are very active, and some even swift in their motions. They
keep very much about particular spots, and many of them (such as
Thecla and Lycena) are decidedly gregarious. Some of the finest
species of Myrina, Tolaus, &c., remain always about a special bush or
tree, returning repeatedly to it when disturbed, and seldom taking
wing when unmolested. These and many of the ground-loving species
of Zeritis can, with caution, be captured by hand. The swiftest and
most alert of the South-African species are Capys Alpheus and
Deudorix Antalus, which frequently succeed for some time in evading
the collector. Pentila, D'Urbania, and Alena are exceedingly slow on
the wing.

The curious larvee, shaped like wood-lice for the most part, are
extremely sluggish, and look in many cases more like a coccus or some
vegetable excrescence than caterpillars. Some of them are smooth,
many clothed with a short down, some with fascicles of short bristles
on regularly disposed tubercles, and a few hairy generally. Several
are regularly corrugated dorsally, and others prominently humped in
one or two places. Very few of the larvee of South-African Lycenide
have been discovered; that of Myrina ficedula, Trim. (Pl. 1. fig. 7), 1s
humped as just mentioned, and coloured protectively in imitation of
its food-plant; that of Jolaus Silas, Westw. (Pl. i. fig. 8), is very convex
dorsally, and slightly forked at the tail; that of Hypolycena Lara
(Linn.) (Pl. ii. fig. 1), of almost even width throughout; and that of the
aberrant D Urbania Amakosa, Trim. (Pl. 1. fig. 2), unusually slender
and hairy.”

1 Tn the tabular statement given above (in the general remarks on Rhopalocera, under
heading, ‘‘ 7. South-African Butterflies’’) I have given the genera as 15 and the species as
116. Since that table was drawn up I have withdrawn Liptena, as not possessing a true
South-African representative, and added Chrysophanus (which I had intended not to keep
separate from Lycana), Alena (misplaced in Acrwine), and Lachnoenema, n.g. The addi-
tional species are a Deudorix, an Aphneeus, and two Lycene.

2 The caterpillar of Spalgis Epius (Westw.) is figured in Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon

as possessing several dorsal erect and lateral horizontally projecting long curved spines (op.
cit., pl. 34, fig. 10.)

LYCAINIDS. Il

The thick blunted pwpe are usually attached to the food-plants of
their respective larvee by both the tail and a silken thread at the
middle, but the latter support is not always present (ex. Myrina,
Tolaus, &c.); and some rare cases (as of the European Zhecla Quercus)
are recorded where the chrysalis is simply buried in the ground. I
have found the pupa of Zeritis Thyra (Linn.) lying unattached beneath
a stone.

Genus LYCAINA.

Lyceena, Fab., Iliger’s Mag., vi. p. 285 (1807), Section 3 [part]; Herrich-
Schaeffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Hurop., i. p. 111 (1843); Westw.,
Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 488 (1852).

Polyommatus, Latreille [part], “ Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins., xiv. p. 116
(1805);” and Encyc. Meth., ix. p. 11 (1819).

Lycena [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 233 (1866).

Imaco.—Head small, usually more or less hairy in front; eyes hairy
or naked (hairy in the majority of South-African species); palpi long,
compressed, scaly,—second joint densely clothed with long flattened
scales, and usually also with bristly hairs, beneath,—terminal joint
variable in length, slender, closely scaled, acute, projecting forward
obliquely or horizontally ; antenne slender, of moderate length or rather
short, with each joint ringed with white at its base,—the club abruptly-
formed, rather elongate-ovate, not pointed, flattened and often hollowed
beneath, slightly curved.

Thorax moderately stout or slender, well clothed with silken down
both above and below. Fore-wings rather elongate ; costa nearly straight
beyond basal curve; hind-margin more or less convex, entire; costal
nervure short, ending about or a little before middle; subcostal nervure
almost always four-branched, but sometimes only three-branched (three
instances among South-African species),—the first and second ner-
vules given off before extremity of discoidal cell, and the first some-
times united to costal nervure at about three-fourths of latter’s length
from base (fourteen instances among South-African species),—third
nervule given off about half-way between extremity of cell and apex,—
fourth ending at apex; upper radial nervule united to subcostal ner-
vure at extremity of cell, lower to middle meeting point of slender
transverse disco-cellular nervules; lower disco-cellular joining third
median nervule at a little beyond latter’s origin. Hind-wings rather
elongate, having a very convex hind-margin, but anal-angular portion
not prominent (usually much rounded off); costa very slightly arched
or almost straight beyond basal prominence; costal nervure ending at
apex; subcostal nervure branched considerably before middle ; discoidal
cell short ; disco-cellular nervules very slightly curved outwardly,—
radial nervule originating at their middle point of junction; hind-
margin often bearing a short almost linear tail at extremity of first

12 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

median nervule (eighteen South-African instances). ore-legs of g
rather long—femur hairy beneath,—tibia scaly, sometimes armed at
extremity with a hook or curved spine superiorly, or with a single inferior
straight spine, or with a pair of (or more) straight spines,—tarsus rather
curved, spinose beneath, terminating in a single curved claw ;—of the
2 similar, but with tibia more rarely armed, and with fully-developed
articulated tarsus; middle and hind legs rather short and_ slender,
femora hairy beneath, tibizs with short terminal spurs, tarsi very
spinose beneath.

Larva.—Broad and thick, the back very convex, the under side
flattened ; head and legs very small. Usually of some shade of
green or yellow, marked dorsally with longitudinal and sometimes
oblique lateral streaks.

Pupa.—Broad, thick, rounded, smooth; anterior extremity some-
what narrowed and depressed, blunt.

(These characters of larva and pupa are derived from the figures
given by many authors.)

This genus, of world-wide distribution, is unmanageably numerous
in species, but, as in the similar case of Papilio, it seems impossible
satisfactorily to divide it. In my examination of the forty-seven
species known to inhabit South Africa, I have been met with the same
failure of distinctive characters in groups and sections that in super-
ficial features seem natural ones, which Westwood (op. cit.) commented
on thirty-four years ago in his general survey of the species then
recognised. Thus the presence of a tail on the hind-wings is found to
associate forms otherwise so different as Betica, Sybaris, and Jobates ;
the absence of one branch of the subcostal nervure (which only occurs
in three species) links to the allied Cissus and Jobates so very distinct
a congener as Barberw, while it separates the latter from such a very
close ally as Metophis ; the junction of the first subcostal nervule with
the costal nervure (which is found in the European 7iresias, fischer,
and Alsus) characterises fourteen species obviously pertaining to five
different groups; while naked eyes predominate, no fewer than nine-
teen species scattered over four groups have hairy ones; and the pre-
sence of a hook or straight spine, or both of these, or of several spines
at the extremity of the tibia of the fore-legs, in one or both sexes, is
equally irregular and misleading as a key to associate allied forms.
The only mode of arrangement available seems to be the unsatisfac-
tory one afforded by the colouring and pattern of the under side of
the wings, which was adopted by Herrich-Schiiffer (op. cit.) in tabulat-
ing the Kuropean species.

All the Lycene are of small size, the largest not measuring two
inches across the expanded fore-wings, while the smallest are the most
minute of all butterflies, expanding from half to three-quarters of an
inch only. Blue of various tints is the predominant colour in the genus,
especially in the males; the females being usually brown or grey shot

LYCANID. 13

more or less with blue. The under side varies from pure-white to
many shades of grey and brown as its ground, while the darker pattern
constantly consists, in both fore and hind wings, of a central spot or
lunule, a discal row or chain of spots, and a submarginal and hind-
marginal row of spots or lunules. These markings, in those cases
where the ground is not white, are edged or ringed with white ; and
the pattern is traceable in every variety of irregularity and confluence
throughout the very numerous species. The hind-wings are further
characterised by a sub-basal series of dark round spots, usually ringed
with white, and by one or more round black spots centred with metallic
silvery-blue or green, and edged inwardly by an orange lunule, near
the posterior angle.

It is by no means easy to define the limits of species in this genus,
and lepidopterists differ widely as to the limits permissible to simple
variation. Between four and five hundred species have been described,
and of these probably nearly four hundred will be recognized ; while
many new forms will certainly be discovered as remote and little-known
countries come within the range of systematic collecting. The Pale-
arctic, Oriental, and Australian Regions appear to be approximately
about equally rich in Lyceene, each possessing between eighty and
ninety species, the Oriental being apparently a little richer than the
other two. The Nearctic Region comes next, with about seventy
species; and then the Ethiopian with fifty-nine. The Neo-Tropical
Region is, on the contrary, extremely poor, yielding but fifteen or
sixteen kinds; but it is, on the other hand, amazingly rich in the
not distantly allied genus Zhecla, of which fully 450 South-American
species have been described. JZyccena has an almost universal distri-
bution, ranging in latitude from the far Arctic parallel of 81° 45/
(Z, Aquilo, Boisd.) to Chili (Z. Sibylla, Kirby), and in longitude lite-
rally round the globe. Oceanic islands mostly have one or more repre-
sentatives of the genus; and even the poverty-stricken (in butterflies)
New Zealand possesses two. As far as at present known, the genus
is more fully developed in Southern than in Tropical Africa, 47
species being recorded from the former and 32 from the latter;
but this is very probably not the real state of the case, as the
smaller butterflies are quite unknown from the greater part of the
huge tropical area. Of the known South-African Lycenw, 27 appear
to be peculiar to the sub-region; 19 of the remaining 20 are
recorded from South-Tropical Africa; and one (Messapus, Godt.)
from North (but not South) Tropical Africa. Of the 19 just men-
tioned, 14 extend through both African tropics, and another (Gavka,
Trim.) inhabits both South-Tropical Africa and Continental India and
Ceylon ; two (Zelicanus, Lang, and Trochilus, Frey.) range into North
Africa, Southern Europe, and the south-western extremity of Asia;
Lysimon, Hiibn., to the latter wide distribution adds India and Java;
and Betica, Linn., the most dominant species in the genus, nearly all

14 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

the Oriental Region and many parts of the Australian, including Vic-
toria and the Sandwich Islands.

The Lycene are active, flower-frequenting insects, for the most
part of short flight not far from the herbage. They are, with few
exceptions, lovers of open ground, and many are very gregarious, a
large number keeping together about a particular spot and sporting
round some favourite cluster of plants. The common and generally
distributed species in South Africa are Betica, Palemon, Lingeus, Teli-
canus, Thespis, Cissus, Messapus, and Lysimon ; but most of the others
are more or less local, and some (such as Griqua, Macalenga, Bowker,
Puneticilia, Stellata, and Barber) extremely so.

As an aid to determining the South-African species, I have
arranged them in the following manner, viz. :-—

SECTION A.—L. Osiris, Asopus, Parsimon, patricia, glauca, Caffrarie,
Asteris, Ortygia, Methymna, puncticilia, hypopolia, Cissus, Jobates, Hip-
pocrates, Niobe, Tantalus, ignota, Letsea, dolorosa, Messapus, Mahallo-
koena, Lysimon, lurida, stellata, Gaika, Trochilus, Metophis, Barber
(28 species).

Section B.-—L. Betica, Sichela, notobia, Tsomo, Noquasa (5 species).

Section C.—L. Lingeus, Palemon.

SECTION D.—JL. Telicanus.

SECTION H.—JL. Jesous, Macalenga, Moriqua, Natalensis (4 species).

Section F.—L. Hintza, Calice, Melena, Griqua, Sybaris (5 species).

SECTION G.—L. Thespis, Bowkeri.

These sections are simply characterised by the principal features in
the colouring and pattern of the under side of the wings, brief parti-
culars of which will be found below, forming the heading of the several
sections.

Section A.—Under side variable in tint, from very pale whitish-
orey to dark brownish-grey; all the markings white-edged or white-
ringed; spots near base of hind-wing constantly black or fuscous and
round ; spots of discal series often black or fuscous, but sometimes little
darker than ground-colour, and usually sufficiently confluent or con-
tiguous to form a chain; a submarginal lunulated dark transverse
streak, and a narrow hind-marginal white streak.

L. Osiris, Hopff. [tailed]; Asopus, Hopff.; Parsimon (Fab.) | tailed ] ;
patricia, Trim. [tailed]; glauca, Trim. [tailed]; Cafrarie, Trim.
[tailed]; Asteris (Godt.) [tailed]; Ortygia, Trim.; Methymna, Trim. ;
puncticilia, Trim.; hypopolia, Trim.; Cissus (Godt.); Jobates, Hopff.
[tailed]; Hippocrates (Fab.) [tailed]; Niobe, Trim.; Tantalus, Trim. ;
ignota, Trim.; JLetsea, Trim.; dolorosa, Trim.; Messapus (Godt.) ;
Mahallokoena, Wallengr.; Lysimon (Hiibn.); lucida, Trim.; stedlata,
Trim.; Gaika, Trim.; Trochilus, Frey.; Metophis, Wallengr.; Barbere,

Trim.

LYCENID. Is

119. (1.) Lyceena Osiris, Hopffer.

¢ Lycena Osiris, Hopff., Monatsh. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1855,
p. 642, n. 21;” and Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 409, pl. xxvi.
iit £2 (1002).

ieee a (fs) 1 im. 1-3 Tim.; (2) 1 im: 13—35 lin.

tf Pale shining pinkish-violaceous with a slight cupreous gloss; a
narrow greyish fuscous hind-marginal edging (submacular in hind-wing) ;
cilia shining pale-greyish, near anal angle of hind-wing becoming white.
Fore-wing: a faint, narrow, terminal, disco-cellular greyish-fuscous
lunule. Hind-wing: a linear, black, white-tipped tail at extremity of
first median nervule; above and below the nervule respectively two
black hind-marginal spots (of which the upper is the larger), bounded
internally by orange-yellow lunules (of which the upper is a good deal
broader), and externally by a very fine white line. UNDER SmDE,—Pale
whitish-grey, with a very faint tinge of brownish ; im each wing a ter-
minal disco-cellular lunule, and a discal submacular transverse stria,
both darker than the ground-colour, and white edged on each side,—
two submarginal rows of white lunules (the space between them in
fore-wing also darker than the ground-colour), and a hind-marginal
white line immediately followed by a brown terminal line. Sore-wing:
markings beyond middle extending from fourth subcostal nervule to
submedian nervure; discal row almost regular, becoming more macular
and bent slightly inwards inferiorly. Mind-wing: a sub-basal row
of three small, black, rounded, rather indistinctly white-ringed spots ;
discal row more irregular than in fore-wing, the seventh spot (between
first median nervule and submedian nervure) lunular, farther from base
than the rest; the first spot Gmmediately below costal nervure) nearer
base than the rest, black and rounded like the sub-basal ones; inner
submarginal row of lunules sagittiform, rather suffused, outer row sub-
sagittiform and forming with hind-marginal line a series of imperfect
annulets; black hind-marginal spots near anal angle rather smaller
than on upper side, incompletely ringed with greenish-silvery, their
orange-yellow lunules rather larger.

2 Brownish-grey, rather widely suffused from bases with bright pale-
bluish ; discs dingy-whitish 5 in hind-wing the rows of white lunules and
the white and blackish hind-marginal lines more distinctly marked than
on the under side. fore-wing: a distinct fuscous terminal lunule;
bluish suffusion extends over lower part of discoidal cell along inner
marginal area and over disc to beyond middle; in most specimens more
or less distinct representation of lower two-thirds of two suffused sub-
marginal rows of white lunules resembling those of hind-wing. Hind-
wing: bluish suffusion usually fills discoidal cell, but is otherwise more
restricted than in fore-wing ; upper of the two hind-marginal black spots
and its adjacent orange-yellow lunule much larger than in ~. UNDER
sipkE.—As in g, but the discal submacular row less regular and more

16 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

separated into spots in fore-wing, and wanting the eighth (inner-
marginal) spot in hind-wing. Hind-wing: the lower (anal-angular) of
two hind-marginal spots obsolete, or nearly so, but some of the greenish-
silvery scales and part of the orange-yellow lunule present.

The under side in both sexes, but especially in the 2, is some-
times very obscurely marked, the white markings being faint, and the
three sub-basal spots and first spot of discal row in the hind-wing
scarcely darker than the rest.

As Mr. A. G. Butler has remarked (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1875,
Pp. 397), Oscrts, Hopff., appears to be the African representative of the Indian
and Javan Cnejus, Fab. (Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 430, 1798). On comparing speci-
mens from Natal and Delagoa Bay with the Javan ? in the Horsfield Col-
lection in the British Museum, I could detect little difference, except that
the under-side markings of the Osiris 9s were all rather wider and less
constricted.

Hopffer founded the species on a single g from Querimba. In February
and March 1867 I met with a few examples of both sexes on the coast of
Natal. Colonel Bowker in June 1880 sent me the paired sexes taken at
D’Urban. Both sexes of this pair were remarkably obscure in the under-
side markings, but the 9 more so than the ¢. The specimens that I took
frequented long grass in sheltered spots.

Locahties of Lycena Osiris.

I. South Africa.
HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Avoca and Pinetown
(W. Morant).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower),
H. Delagoa Bay.—Hewitson Coll., Brit. Mus.
K. Transvaal.—Pretoria (W. Morant). Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
b. Hast Coast.—“ Querimba.”—Hopffer.

120. (2.) Lyceena Asopus, Hopffer.

¢ @ Lycena Asopus, Hopff., “ Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch.,
1855, p. 642, n. 22;’’ and Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 410,
pl. xxvi. ff. 13-15 (1862).

Q Lycena Kama, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Ser. iii, i, p. 403
(1862).

@ Lycena Asopus, 'Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 249, n. 149 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 1 in—tr in. 24 lin.; () I in. 1-3 lin.

ft Pale brownsh-grey, rather variable in depth of tint, slightly paler
discally ; on hind-marginal edge a fuscous line ; cilia whitish-grey ; hind-
wing with two submarginal rows of white lunules; no tail. Fore-wing :
a faint, dusky, narrow, terminal disco-cellular lunule; near posterior
angle some very indistinct traces of a hind-marginal series of whitish

LYCAENIDZE. 17

lunules. Hind-wing: outer submarginal row of lunules more or less
combining with a hind-marginal white line to form imperfect rings ;
hind-marginal spot between first median nervule and submedian nervure
conspicuous, black, bordered inwardly by a broad orange-yellow lunule ;
in some specimens, a very indistinct, thin, dusky, disco-cellular terminal
lunule. UNDER sIDE.—Agreeing very closely with that of ZL. Osiris,
Hopff. (g. v.); the grownd-colour rather more brownish, rendering the
white markings more distinct. Hind-wing: an additional spot im sub-
basal row, just below base of first median nervule; inferior hind-mar-
ginal spot (next anal angle) either wanting altogether or represented
by a few black, greenish-silvery, and (rarely) orange scales.

2 Darker, shot from bases over discs with bright pale-blue. Fore-
wing: disco-cellular lunule darker, broader; whitish lunules near
posterior angle usually less indistinct than in ¢ and margined on
both sides by darker marks; in one example, beyond these lunules,
is a short thin whitish hind-marginal line; blue suffusion occupies
lower half of discoidal cell, and extends over disc and along inner
margin to beyond middle. Hind-wing: submarginal series of white
lunules and hind-marginal white line much better marked than in 7;
black hind-marginal spot and adjoining orange lunule larger. UNDER
SIDE.—As in ¢, but the markings commonly not so distinct, especially
in hind-wing, the sub-basal spots, and the first spot of discal row.

The dull pale-grey ¢ of this species differs very much in appear-
ance from the ¢ Osiris; but the 2s of the two forms, notwithstanding
that Osiris has tails and Asopus none, are remarkably similar ; and in
both sexes the under side of the two species are almost identical.
Asopus is decidedly a smaller insect than Osiris; and the minute dif-
ferences pointed out in the description seem to be constant.

Mr. W. 8. M. D’Urban, who first sent me this Lycena, wrote that it was
not common near King William’s Town in March. I met with it sparingly
on the coast of Natal in February 1867; the few specimens I captured were
flitting about low shrubs and herbage.

Localities of Lycena Asopus.

I, South Africa,

B. Cape Colony.
b, Kastern Districts——King William’s Town (W. S. Mf, D’ Urban).
H. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Victoria County.
b. Upper Districts.—Hstcourt (J. WM. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—St, Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower),
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

* Hopffer (loc. cit.) mentions a@ from Senegal in which this inferior spot is as well
developed as the superior one.

18 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘ Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).’’—Dewitz,
b. Hastern Coast.—“ Querimba.”’—Hopffer.

B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Senegal.’”’—Hopffer.

121. (3.) Lyceena Parsimon, (Fabricius). '

&¢ Papilio Parsimon, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 526, n. 349 (1775).

Papilio Celeus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ccclxxix. ff. kK, K (1782).

$ Polyommatus Parsimon, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 683, n. 209 (1819).
Lycena Celceus, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 247, n. 148 (1866).
Lycena Asteris, Wallengr. | 9 ], K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, p. 40,

Nn. 12.

Exp. al., 1 in. 54-64 lin.; 2 1 in. 6-94 lin.

ft Dull brownish-grey ; a fuscous hind-marginal edging line; cilia
brownish-grey at base, but whitish outwardly,—in hind-wing partly
interrupted with narrow fuscous at extremities of nervules. Sore-
wing: an almost obsolete or very indistinct terminal disco-cellular
dusky lunule; in some specimens very faint, paler and darker discal
and submarginal marks indicating pattern of under side. Hind-wing :
much as in fore-wing, the indications of under-side pattern less indis-
tinct, especially towards hind-margin, where an outer submarginal
series of paler lunules appears, as well as a thin hind-marginal whitish
line, more pronounced, near anal angle; between first and second
median nervules, a rather well-marked black spot, bordered inwardly by
a pale ochrey-yellow lunule; often indistinct traces of a smaller similar
spot below first median nervule; an extremely short linear black tail,
not white-tipped, at extremity of first median nervule. UNDER SIDE—
Almost exactly as in Asopus, but the grownd-colour more tinged with
brownish, and the white markings wider and more conspicuous, especially
the inner of the two submarginal rows of lunules. ore-wing: discal
row decidedly less regular, bent inward on median nervules, its lowest
spot (above submedian nervure) often indistinct, sometimes geminate.
Hind-wing: the four black white-ringed spots of sub-basal row all con-
spicuous,—the third touching the second, and just below median ner-
vure at origin of its first nervule; in discal row the last spot (on
inner margin), as well as the first spot (close to costa), is conspicuous,
rounded, black, white-ringed, and the sixth spot (between first and second
median nervules) touching lower extremity of broad terminal disco-cellu-
lar lunule; smaller hind-marginal spot, at anal angle itself, much better
developed than in Asopus, and (except for its much smaller size and
the suffused condition of the yellow lunule) like the larger superior
one; between the lowest of the inner submarginal series of lunules and
the last inner-marginal spot of discal row a slender longitudinal white
streak.

LYCENIDA, 19

2 Darker brownish-grey ; discs paler and broadly shot from bases to
beyond middle with vrolaceous blue; hind-wing with the outer row of
submarginal lunules broad, white, and (eacept towards costa) well-marked.
Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular dusky marking much broader than
in g, rather conspicuous ; violaceous-blue suffusion just as in Asopus,
2; some very indistinct submarginal traces of paler markings. Hind-
wing: terminal disco-cellular lunule much thinner than in fore-wing,
but distinct; beyond it, a short, central, dusky, transverse streak, repre-
senting discal row; blue suffusion rather more extended outwardly
than in Asopus 2, mingling with and obscuring the wide whitish suffused
lunules of inner submarginal row ; superior hind-marginal black spot
considerably larger than in ¢, and its broader adjoining lunule orange-
yellow,—inferior one also much better developed. UNDER sIDE.—As in
f, but discal row rather more regular.

Notwithstanding its very much larger size and its possession of
a very short tail on the hind-wings, this butterfly is a close ally of
Asopus, Hopff., so much so, that it looks like an enlarged copy of the
latter. The # in both is remarkable for the entire absence of blue on
the upper side, while the @ has a considerable blue suffusion from the
bases over all the discal area except towards costa. The characters
emphasised in the above description are the chief distinguishing
features of Parsimon.

Fabricius (op. cit.) undoubtedly described the g only, making no mention
of the conspicuous blue of the 9, though he notes the variation of the disco-
cellular dark spot of the fore-wings and white lunules of the hind-wings,
which approximate to the latter sex, in appearance, some g specimens. The
supposed type of Parstémon (see Butler, Cat. Fab. D. Lep., p. 166) in the
Banksian Collection in the British Museum is, however, a ? of rather dull
colouring, but shot with bluish from the bases; and, after a minute inspec-
tion of the specimen, I came to the conclusion that it was not the 9? of
Parsimon, but of the closely-allied L. patricia, Trim. The latter species has
all the upper side of the ¢ of a pale violaceous-blue, which precludes the
possibility of that sex being taken for g Parstmon, but the 9s of the two
forms are with difficulty separable,—the only constant distinction being in
the sub-basal row of spots on the under side of the hind-wing, which in
Patricia has one spot less than in Parsimon, as the third (between median
and submedian nervures) is wanting.!

I met with a few examples of both sexes in Natal in February and

March 1867, both on the coast and inland; they flew actively about long
grass on the ridges and sides of hills.

Localities of Lyceena Parsimon.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
HE. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (4. J. M‘Ken and J. H. Bowker).
Avoca (JV. Morant). Verulam.

+ It is due to the kindness of Mr, Chr. Aurivillius, of the State Museum, Stockholm,
who sent me three of the typical specimens of Asteris, Wallengr., for inspection, that I have
been able to identify the 9 noted by the latter author to be = Parsimon, F.,¢?.

20 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

b. Upper Districtss—Udland’s Mission Station. Intzutze River.
Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (IV. Morant). Potchefstroom District
(T. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘‘ Kinsembo, Congo (H. Ansell).”—A. G.
Butler.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Sierra Leone.—Coll. Brit. Mus.
b. Hastern Coast.—‘ Abyssinia (Rafray).” —Oberthiir.

122. (4.) Lycezena patricia, sp. nov.
Lycena Asteris, Wallengr. [ g, part], K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,
Pp: 4,0. 12.
Lycena Celwus, Trim. [¢, part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 247, n. 148
(1866). |
3 Cupido Parsimon, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1875,
Pp. Oo, 1.140;

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 6-74 lin, ; (2) 1 in. 74-9 lin,

& Pale rather dull violaceous-blue with a slight pinkish tinge; a
narrow hind-marginal fuscous edging, linear im hind-wing; cilia
fuscous-grey with white typs,—between extremities of second median
nervule and submedian nervure of hind-wing also whitish at origin.
Fore-wing: a slender, sublunulate, terminal disco-cellular striola; costa
very narrowly edged with fuscous, slightly radiating on subcostal
nervules. Hind-wing: costa bordered with fuscous-grey above first
subcostal nervule; between first and second subcostal nervules, a
hind-marginal fuscous mark, sometimes succeeded inferiorly by very
indistinct traces of a hind-marginal series of similar marks; the spot
between first and second median nervules small, rounded, well-defined,
black, bordered inwardly by a broad orange-yellow lunule; tad on first
median nervule rather short, black, white-tipped. UNDER sIDE.—
Almost the same as in Parsimon, but the grownd-colour usually darker ;
the terminal disco-cellular lunule (in both wings) more or less angulated
outwardly ; and the discal row narrower, more macular, and not so close
to the inner (sagittiform) submarginal lunules. Hind-wing: only three
spots in sub-basal row,—the spot which in Parsimon lies between median
and submedian nervures being absent; these spots, as well as those at
beginning and end of discal row, always very distinctly marked, but
smaller than in Parsimon.

2 Rather broadly bordered costally and hind-marginally with dark
brownish-grey, the discal area in both wings being paler and very widely
shot from bases with bright lilac-blue inclining to a pink tinge ; markings
almost the same as in Parsiimon 2. Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular
marking very broad, more so than in Parsimon, and more or less
angulated both inwardly and outwardly. Hind-wing: blue suffusion

LYCAINIDA. 21

usually extending (less thickly) as far as hind-margin; white lunules
of outer submarginal row thinner and less conspicuous; terminal
disco-cellular lunule usually indistinct. UNDER SIDE.—As in f.

This species is so intimately allied to L. Parsimon, Fab., that I should
not have separated it except for the extraordinary difference of colouring in the
$s; the species named having the upper side of an uniform brownish-grey
without a trace of blue, while LZ. patricza has it all light violaceous-blue
except along the extreme costal and hind-marginal borders. The longer tail
on the hind-wings is, however, characteristic of Patricia. A ¢ from Zululand
is of a purer, more shining blue upper side than usual, but does not present any
other differences. A 9 from Estcourt, Natal, is darker than usual above, and
the blue is less violaceous, occupies a smaller area in the fore-wings, and is
almost obsolete in the hind-wings. In a ¢ and @ from the Transvaal, the
under side is darker than usual, and the submarginal markings are unusually |
faint; the ? is also very obscure on the upper side, with the blue much
reduced in both wings, and with an indistinct short discal row of very small
fuscous spots. One of the two ¢s kindly sent to me as typical Asteris,
Wallengr., by Mr. Chr. Aurivillius from the State Museum at Stockholm,
belonged distinctly to this form, only differing in a broader terminal, disco-
cellular lunule on the upper side of the fore-wings.!

In the Transvaal, Mr. W. Morant took this Lycena early in October
1870; and Wallengren (Joc. cit.) mentions that Mr. N. Person took, in the
same country, during that month, what is described as the $ Parsimon, but
appears to be the ¢ Patricia.

Localities of Lycena patricia.

~ IL. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
6, Hastern Districts. —Uitenhage (8. D. Bairstow).
ec. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift, Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
D, Kaffraria Proper.—T'somo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).
HK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts,— Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
F, Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres). Pretoria CH
Morant).

123. (5.) Lycena glauca, sp. nov.
Lycena Asteris, Wallengr. [$, part], K. Sv. Vet.-Akad, Handl., 1857,

pe 49, 0. 12.

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. 7-9 lin.; (?) 1 in. 64-10 lin.

& Glittering silvery-blue, with a slight greenish gloss (in tint inter-
mediate between upper sides of Z. Corydon, Scop., and Daphnis, W.
V.)3 @ very narrow fuscous hind-marginal edging, linear in hind-

1 It is possible that Lycena Negus, Felder, of which I only know the figures (Nos. 1 and
2) on t. xxxvy, vol. ii, of the Lepidoptera of the Reise der Novara, may be the 9 of L, patricia,
It is, however, smaller than usual, and the blue suffusion is represented as stopping short of
the outer disc of the fore-wings. The under side is quite like that of Patricia, except
that the third (inner-marginal) spot of the sub-basal row on the hind-wings is not given,
The locality noted for it is Bogos, in North-Eastern Africa,

VOL. WM, C

22 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

wing ; cilia as in L. patricia, Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular fus-
cous lunule usually wider and more distinct than in Patricia ; costa
narrowly edged with brownish-fuscous; nervules near apical and hind-
marginal border defined with fuscous. Hind-wing: costa bordered
with very pale fuscous-brownish above first subcostal nervule; a faint
hind-marginal mark of the same colour between first and second sub-
costal nervules; orange lunule inwardly bordering hind-marginal black
spot between first and second median nervules broader than in Patri-
cia, and slightly suffused; tad at extremity of first median nervule
longer and more slender. UNDER SIDE—Quite as in Patricia, except
jor the following slight differences :—Fore-wing: usually an additional
small spot at commencement of discal row, between second and third
subcostal nervules; terminal disco-cellular marking narrower and much
more acutely angulated outwardly. Hind-wing: terminal disco-cel-
lular marking narrower, the white edging of its outward angulation
centrally prolonged as far as inner edge of discal macular row; the
second spot of this row, between the subcostal nervules, narrower and
more elongate, and placed more obliquely.

° Pattern and markings agreeing with those of 2 Parsimon and
Patricia, but the colour of wide suffusion from bases over discs very
different, being of a pale silvery-greensh scarcely tinged with blue. Fore-
wing: terminal disco-cellular spot very conspicuous, broader than in the
Species named, and relieved on each side by a whitish edging; outer
series of submarginal lunules (mesially traversing hind-marginal dark
border) less indistinct, and slightly (Gn one example deeply) tinged
with ochre-yellow. Hind-wing : angulated terminal disco-cellular striola
very slender, more distinct in its upper portion; usually two or three
minute fuscous discal spots; both rows of submarginal white lunules
well marked, the inner one more so than in the two species named ;
orange-yellow lunules near anal angle largely developed (more so than
in Parsimon) ; in one specimen a third orange lunule between second
and third median nervules. UNDER SIDE.—As in QZ, except that the
terminal disco-cellular marking in each wing is broader and usually
much less angulated.

This remarkably-coloured form was first communicated to me by Mr.
Chr. Aurivillius in 1881, as one of the typical examples of Wallengren’s .
Asteris in the Stockholm Museum ; and I shortly after noted another g and
a @ in a collection from Kinsembo (Congoland), in the possession of Mr.
Doncaster. I have subsequently received a series of both sexes from Mr.
F. C. Selous, who took them in the North-West Transvaal in February and
March 1882. There is little but the peculiar silvery hue of the upper side

to separate this form from ZL. patricia ; but this feature is so pronounced in
both sexes that I am of opinion it justifies keeping L. glauca distinct,

Localities of Lycena glauca.
I. South Africa.

K. Transvaal.—Marico and Limpopo Rivers (F. C. Selous). Potchef-
stroom District (7. Ayres).

LYCENID A, 23

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Kinsembo, Congo (W. Doncaster). Angola.—
Coll. Brit. Mus.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Gaboon.—Coll. Brit. Mus.

124. (6.) Lycena Caffrarie, sp. nov.

3 @ Lycena Asteris, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 247, n. 148
(1866).

Hep. al. (6) 1 m, 6-74 hin.; (2) 1 in. 6—9 lin.
gf Glittering pale violaceous-blue, with a slight pinkish tinge ; narrow
blackish hind-marginal edging, linear in hind-wing and at posterior
angle of fore-wing ; cilia whiter than in L. glauca or L. patricia, espe-
cially in hind-wing. Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular mark linear,
faintly marked, or nearly obsolete; costa very thinly edged with greyish-
fuscous, radiating on subcostal nervules. Hind-wing: costa bordered
with dull-greyish above first subcostal nervule; just before hind-margin
from apex, a parallel fuscous streak, becoming widely broken into small,
more or less indistinct spots, below second subcostal nervule; black
hind-marginal spot between first and second median nervules, inwardly
bounded by an inconspicuous rather pale ochrey-yellow lunule; often
traces of a smaller similar spot below first median nervule; ¢az/ short,
edged and tipped with white. UNDER sIDE.—Brownish-grey ; trans-
verse markings darker, conspicuously edged with white on both sides.
Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular mark moderately wide, reniform ;
in discal row two lowest spots smaller than the rest, and third spot
sometimes prolonged inwardly, so as to touch disco-cellular mark ;
outer white edge of discal row fused with inner submarginal row of white
lunules ; outer submarginal row constituting an almost straight and con-
tinuous denticulated streak. Hind-wing: a sub-basal row of four small
black-ringed spots (of which the third, between median and submedian
nervures, is sometimes wanting) ; first and last spots of discal row also
black, small, white-ringed, but the rest enlarged and confluent, and the
second and third spots prolonged inwardly, and either confluent with or
touching the long, curved, narrow, terminal, disco-cellular mark; outer
white edge of discal row more or less completely confluent with suffused
sagittiform lunules of inner submarginal row; rings formed by lunules
of outer row with hind-marginal white line complete, but thin, and
pointed on inner side; hind-marginal black spot outwardly spangled
with bluish-silvery, the lunule inwardly bounding it thin, pointed, in-
conspicuous, pale-yellow.
2 fesembling the 2 Patricia, but darker; the blue suffusion more
glittering, but less extended outwardly. Fore-wing: terminal disco-cel-
lular dark spot conspicuous and well developed, but not quite so broad ;

24 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

paler traversing streak in hind-marginal dark border extremely indis-
tinct. Hind-wing: lunular white marks of inner submarginal row
acutely sagittiform, more or less shot with blue, farther than usual
from outer row; rings formed by those of outer row with hind-marginal
whitish line rather indistinct; black spot and adjoining orange-yellow
lunule better marked than in $ (in one example a second much fainter
orange lunule between second and third median nervules). UNDER SIDE.
—As in $; hind-marginal white line wider, rather suffused.

The ¢ of this beautiful Lycena is well characterised by the glossy
shining surface of its blue upper side, which in tint is almost identical with
that of L. patricia. As shown by the features of the under side in both
sexes emphasised in the above description, Caffrarie diverges from the Par-
simon group and approximates more towards Asteris, Godt.,—a tendency also
indicated in the darker upper side of the female.

I have not seen many specimens of this form. Colonel Bowker forwarded
a few from Kaffraria Proper in 1863 or 1864, and a single male from King
William’s Town in 1872. In January and February 1870 I met with several
of both sexes in the Albany District of Cape Colony. They frequented
the most elevated hills, flying with some swiftness over the bushes and
herbage.

Localities of Lycena Caffrarvwe.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.—Grahamstown, New Year’s River, and Zwaart-
water’s Poort, Albany District. King William’s Town (J. Z.
Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).

125. (7.) Lycena Asteris, (Godart).
Prat VU. fies. 3°Cg ),. 3a (oe)

¢ ? Polyommatus Asteris, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 657, n. 137 (1819).
Lycena Celeus, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 247, n. 148 (1866.)

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 6-74 lin.; (2) 1 in. 74-9 lin.

gf Dark violaceous blue ; a blackish hind-marginal border, continuous
and rather narrow wn fore-wing (rarely traversed close to its outer edge by
a slender white line), macular or submacular in hind-wing ; cilia white,
narrowly fuscous near origin, i fore-wing somewhat irregularly mixed
with fuscous, in hind-wing incompletely interrupted with fuscous at ex-
tremities of nervules, FHore-wing: terminal disco-cellular fuscous lunule
slender, rarely indistinct; costa very narrowly edged with fuscous.
Hind-wing : costa bordered with fuscous above first subcostal nervule,
and apical area as far as second subcostal nervure; maculz of hind-
marginal border relieved by more or less complete rings of bluish-
white ; spot between first and second median nervules rather larger
than the rest, black, inwardly edged by a faint, usually imperfect, thin,
yellow lunule; ¢ai/ on first median nervule extremely short, black.
Unper sive, — Pale greyish-brown, darker in hind-wing ; disco-cellular

LYCENID. 25

terminal marks very broad, almost cordiform, of a much darker brown,
white edged ; discal spots of transverse row similarly coloured, more or less
confluent, one or two of them prolonged inwardly; imner submarginal
row of white lunules (very acuminate in hind-wing) in close contact with
outer edge of discal row ; space between two submarginal rows also darker
in hue; hind-marginal white line distinct, uniting with the outer row
of lunules to form inwardly-pointed white rings. ore-wing : first spot
of discal row minute, close to costa, a little nearer base than the second ;
all the spots below second more or less elongated inwardly, especially
the fourth (which almost always touches disco-cellular spot), and the
seventh, which is much longer than any other, being extended far
towards base by two small spots (one or both of them sometimes com-
pletely confluent with it); dark space between two submarginal rows
of white lunules broad, pretty even throughout ; lowest hind-marginal
white ring suffused,"geminate. Hind-wing: a small, short, narrow
black streak, externally white-edged, at origin of costal nervure; a
sub-basal series of four small black white-ringed spots; between the
two middle spots of this row and terminal disco-cellular spot some
whitish scaling; first spot of discal row rounded and separate from
the second, but brown, not black; second spot also rounded; all the
rest (except the last, which is separate, small, rounded, black, and
inner-marginal) more or less elongate and confluent; the fourth
longest, and, with the third, sometimes confluent with disco-cellular
spot; hind-marginal black spot between first and second median
nervules small, outwardly scaled with bluish-silvery, and imperfectly
ringed with dull ochre-yellow ; a similar smaller spot close to anal
angle. Cilia more generally white than on upper side, and regularly
though narrowly interrupted with fuscous at extremities of nervules in
each wing,

2 Dull fuscous, shot from bases over discs with rather bright violaceous-
blue. Lore-wing: blue fills discoidal cell, extends a little beyond it,
and from base covers inner-marginal and discal area to rather beyond
middle; disco-cellular spot considerably wider than in g, but not very
broad; rarely from third median nervule downward, indistinct traces
of a discal series of elongate spots; occasionally, more or less indistinct
indications of the hind-marginal series of whitish rings shown on the
under side. MHind-wing: rarely the traces of a disco-cellular spot.
and a discal series of spots about middle; blue occupies much the same
area as in fore-wing, but extends farther outward—almost or quite to
hind-margin; inner submarginal series of whitish lunules usually
hardly distinguishable in blue suffusion; hind-marginal rings more
distinct ; black spot larger, and its yellow lunule better marked,
UNDER SIDE.—As in 2.

Asteris is well characterised by its dark violaceous-blue colouring on the
upper side, and by the broad, partly confluent, dark-brown markings, con-
spicuously edged with white, on the under side. The actual specimens on

26 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

which the species was founded are stated by Godart to have been taken by
M. Jules Verreaux about Table Mountain, and the description he gives accords
very nearly with numerous examples collected by myself in the same locality.
The true Asterzs has not to my knowledge been found away from the Cape
peninsula, but it has a very close ally inhabiting various parts of the Colony,
—L. Ortygia, mihi,—of which I once took an example at Wynberg, near
Cape Town, where true Aster?s is particularly prevalent.

This Lycceena appears in the later spring and early summer; I have not
noticed it until the later half of October or after the end of December. Both
sexes are conspicuous on the wing, and the male has a sustained rather swift
and irregular flight. They frequent both hills and low ground in spots well
clothed with grass and shrubs; they do not appear to visit flowers very often,
but are fond of resting on the stems of grasses,—in which latter position I
have sometimes succeeded in catching them with my fingers. They are
rather local, but often numerous where they occur.

Localities of Lycena Asteris.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts —Cape Town. Noord Hoch‘ and Simon’s
Town.

126. (8.) Lyceena Ortygia, sp. nor.
3 2 Lycena Asteris, Trim. [part], Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 361.

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 44-63 lin.; (9) 1 in. 64-7% lin.

Closely allied to LZ. Asteris, (Godt.)

f Violaceous-blue, considerably lighter than in Asteris ; terminal
disco-cellular lunules and hind-marginal markings similar but better
defined; cilia white, regularly and broadly interrupted with fuscous
at extremities of nervules, throughout. Hind-wing: no yellow lunule
adjoining inner-marginal black spot between first and second median
nervules ; no tail. UNDER stIpE.—Paler than in Aséeris, the discal and
submarginal markings very little darker than the ground-colour; ter-
minal disco-cellular marks and discal rows much narrower, the latter
rather widely separated (except at its lower extremity in fore-wing) from
the inner submarginal row of white lunules. Fore-wing: discal row
curving slightly inward as far as third median nervule, but its lowest
spot (which has none of the inward prolongation so frequent in
Asteris) more outwardly placed, so that its external white edge almost
meets the lowest white lunule of the inner row; space between two
rows of lunules narrower and more broken than in Aséeris ; outer row
scarcely forming rings with white hind-marginal line,—no suffusion at
posterior angle. Hind-wing: basal streak and sub-basal row of four
spots as in Asteris, but the latter larger and much more conspicuous ;
first (costal) spot of discal row, as well as last, round and black like the
sub-basal ones, instead of brown; inner submarginal lunules much
‘blunter and thicker, outer ones much blunter but thinner; hind-

LYCENIDA, 27

marginal black spot, ornamented externally with bluish or greenish-
silvery and ringed with yellow, larger and much more distinct.

2 Not so dark as Astercs, the blue rather paler and more violaceous ;
the white cilia regularly interrupted with fuscous, more conspicuous
than in g. Sore-wing: disco-cellular spot narrower than in Asteris ;
blue usually not occupying upper part of discoidal cell,—in one speci-
men very restricted and indistinct, but crossed discally by a row of
elongated fuscous spots. Hind-wing: blue less developed externally ;
discal lunules blunter; in one specimen two indistinct elongate dark
discal spots, and in another one spot; hind-marginal rings indistinct
and incomplete. UNDER sSIDE——As in ¢@, but lunules of inner sub-
marginal row (especially in hind-wing) more acute and elongate.

I place with this near ally of Asterzs, Godt., readily separable by its
strongly chequered cilia and non-caudate hind-wings, a 9 I captured at
Mossel Bay in September 1858, which, in the contiguity of the disco-cellular
mark and the discal row in the fore-wing, and in their actual confluence in
the hind-wing, as well as in the suffusion of the white markings generally,
approaches true Asters, but in other respects agrees with Ortygia.

I do not know whether this Lyceena is really as scarce as it appears to be.
Besides the Mossel Bay example just referred to, I have not met with it
except in the case of a worn straggler near Cape one but two specimens
from the neighbourhood of Grahamstown were sent ie me by Mrs. Barber
and Mr. H. J. Atherstone. Colonel Bowker, however, found it rather preva-
lent in Basutoland, and forwarded twelve or thirteen examples captured in
January 1869. He noted that the butterfly inhabited the tops of hills, and
that the ?s sat quietly in the grass, not moving unless disturbed, while the
ds coursed actively about. Three ¢s from the Orange Free State were sent
to me by Mr. W. Hart at end of 1871 ; they agreed in all i with the
Basutoland examples.

Localities of Lyceena Ortygia.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Mossel Bay.
b. Kastern Districts.—Grahamstown (Mrs. Barber and H. J. Ather-
stone
d. ee —Maseru and Koro-Koro (J. H. Bowker).
C. Orange Free State.—Special locality not noted (W. Hart).

127. (9.) Lyceena Methymna, Trimen.

? Lycena Methymna, Trim. [part], Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 3rd Ser.
1. p. 280 (1862).
3 3 Lycena Celeus, var., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 248 (1866),

Exp. al., (f) 1 im. 2-5 lin.; (2) 1 in. 34—74 lin.

g Glossy dark-brown, greyish-brown or warm reddish-ochreous-brown ;
cilia white, regularly and broadly interrupted with brown. Fore-wing :
disco-cellular marking very faint and slender, or altogether obsolete ;

28 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

some very indistinct indications of a submarginal row of fuscous spots.
Hind-wing : a very indistinct (often all but obsolete) small fuscous
hind-marginal spot between first and second median nervules; in some
of the paler examples faint indications of two or three similar, exter-
nally finely whitish-edged spots along lower hind-margin. UNDER
SIDE.—Browntsh-grey (or greyish-brown wm the darker specimens) with
white-edged darker markings, in arrangement and character like those of
— Ortygia, Trimen. Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular mark not very
broad, reniform; discal row more or less curved inward to first median
nervule, and then outward at its extremity,—commencing with a minute
spot on costa; occasionally the third and fourth spots of this row, or
one of them, elongated inward so as to touch disco-cellular spot; others
of the row sometimes much diminished or wanting altogether; in one
specimen the lowest spot but one is prolonged inward; inner sub-
marginal row of white lunules as in Ortygia, but occasionally indistinct ;
outer row forming with hind-marginal white line rings, whose outer
edges (opposite the white parts of the cilia) are usually widened and
conspicuous, much as in Asteris, Godt. Hind-wing: short basal streak,
usually well developed; three round, black, white-ringed spots in sub-
basal row; two similar spots respectively at beginning and end of
discal row, but separate from it; second spot of same row small, shaped
(and sometimes coloured) lke the first; fourth spot almost always
(third spot more rarely) confluent with terminal disco-cellular marking ;
inner row of acutely sagittiform white lunules usually well developed ;
outer one forming with white hind-marginal line larger, and usually
more complete rings than in fore-wing; hind-marginal black spot small,
obscure, its bluish-silvery dots and yellow ring very faint or obsolete.

® Similar, and equally variable in tint of brown. fore-wing: in
a few of the largest and darkest examples, on disc, between second
median nervule and submedian nervure, the faint imperfect bluish
linear outline of two elongate darker spots like those sometimes found
in Asteris. Hind-wing: hind-marginal fuscous spot often more dis-
tinct,—in two of the larger specimens rather conspicuously blue-centred
and very faintly yellow-edged inwardly, and in another slightly blue-
dusted and faintly bluish-edged inwardly. UNDER sIDE.—As in Z, but
discal row in fore-wing more often imperfect or deficient in parts;
outer submarginal row of lunules sometimes very faintly marked,
while inner row is occasionally suffused in both wings; and sub-basal
row in hind-wing sometimes with four instead of three spots,—the
additional one being situated just below the second spot. Hind-wing:
often some whitish suffused scaling near base.

This species is widely spread in South Africa ; it is readily recognised by
both sexes being of the same uniform brown on the upper side, and by its
being rather smaller in the ?, and much smaller in the ¢, than the nearly
related Ortygia and Asteris. The darkest (and also the largest) examples I
have seen are found in the Cape Peninsula, but some of these have a rufous

LYCANIDA. 29

tinge ;! the palest from Grahamstown and Basutoland; while those from
Kaffraria Proper and Natal are intermediate in colour. ‘The ochreous-tinged
individuals inhabit Malmesbury, N. of the Cape Peninsula, and I also took a
similar individual in Namaqualand.

T have met with this butterfly only on the summits and slopes of hills.
Though not uncommon, it does not exhibit the gregarious tendency of its
ally, L. Asteris. Though an active insect, it very often settles on low shrubs
and herbage, and is easily captured. I have met with it from August to
February, but it is prevalent most from October to December,

Localities of Lycena Methymna.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Simon’s Town, Malmesbury.
Bain’s Kloof. Spectakel, Namaqualand.

b. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown. Uitenhage (S. D. Bazrstow).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—TIsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

EK. Natal.—Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).

128. (10.) Lyceena puncticilia, Trimen.
Prats VIII. fig. 4 (3).
Lycena puncticilia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 350.

Hap. al, 1 in—t1 in. 34 lin.

Dark-brown, with a slightly brassy surface-gloss ; cilia dark-brown,
with rather small but very conspicuous pure-white inter-nervular spots.
Hind-wing : in some 2 examples, along hind-marginal edge a row of
inter-nervular minute white spots, only separated from the white spots
of the cilia by the blackish bounding line. UNDER siDE.—Dull ashy-
brown ; ordinary discal row of darker white-edged spots indistinct, or
sometimes obsolete, except for the thin internal white edging; adjoining
the conspicuous white spots of cilia vs a row of elongate-ovate white rings,
usually better marked in fore-wing than in hind-wing. Jore-wing:
dark, white-edged disco-cellular lunule broad, usually quite distinct ;
spots of discal row confluent into a nearly straight fascia, slightly bent
inward on median nervules; beyond discal row, traces of a row of thin
sharply sagittate white marks; apical white ring of hind-marginal row
thicker and more conspicuous than the rest. Mind-wing: first (costal)
and last (inner-marginal) spots of discal row distinct, ovate, black,
white-ringed ; other spots of row confluent, suffused, only their internal
white edges marked; a sub-basal transverse row of three circular black
spots in thin white rings; beyond discal row a conspicuous very sharply
dentated white transverse line, composed of contiguous sagittiform marks ;
the imperfect hind-marginal ovate ring between second and _ first

1 A dwarf male I captured at Wynberg, near Cape Town, expands barely an inch
across the wings.

30 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

median nervules is often filled with blackish, centred with a few bluish-
white scales.

A single varies from the rest in possessing on the upper side of
the hind-wing a row of four indistinct, small, whitish spots not far
from hind-margin, between costa and third median nervule.

A close ally of ZL. Methymna, mihi, but distinguished from it by
the following characters, viz.:—(1) The darker upper side, without any
reddish tinge; (2) constant absence on upper side of fore-wing of
disco-cellular lunule; (3) darker, more ashy under side, with (4)
less distinct and less macular discal row; (5) more elongate and dis-
tinctly defined white rings of hind-marginal row; and (6) in hind-
wing, much more conspicuous and acutely dentated white transverse
line beyond discal row.

The only example of this butterfly with which for many years I was
acquainted was collected at Genadendal in the Caledon Division, about 1863-
1864, and was regarded as a variation of Methymna. Inthe year 1869
(September) I met with another individual flying in company with several of
Methymna at Malmesbury, about thirty-five miles northward of Cape Town.
It was not until September 1879 that, in company with Colonel Bowker, I
found the insect common near the village of Malmesbury, and also at Rie-
beck’s Casteel in the Malmesbury District. We captured about thirty speci-
mens, and found them all to agree in the main characters above described.
This Lycena flits about, and frequently settles upon, low shrubby plants on
rocky kopjes and hillsides. On the wing it looks almost black.

Localities of Lyceena puncticilia.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Malmesbury. Riebeck’s Casteel, Malmes-
bury District. Genadendal, Caledon District (G. Hettarsch).

129. (11.) Lyceena hypopolia, sp. nov.

Exp. al. (¢) 1 in. 6—7 lin.

t Dull pale-violaceous ; a rather narrow brownish-fuscous hind-mar-
ginal border emitting short inter-nervular rays ; cilia dull-white, uniform.
Fore-wing: a rather narrow but distinct terminal disco-cellular fus-
cous lunule. Mind-wing: costa broadly bordered with brownish fuscous,
wider about apex; between first and second median nervules a small
and narrow black spot close to hind-margin, inwardly bounded by a
suffused pale-yellow lunule, and marked centrally with a few bluish
scales; no tail. UNDER SIDE.—Hoary grey; in each wing terminal
disco-cellular lunule, discal macular row (except first and last spots, which
are small and black), and indistinct row of submarginal lunules, dull
ochrey-yellow with whitish edges. ore-wing: discal row in two ex-

LYCENID A, 31

amples ending just above first median nervule, where it is slightly
curved inward,—in the third with a faint geminate additional spot
below first median nervule; submarginal lunulate row macular, very
indistinct. Hind-wing: three small, faintly whitish-ringed spots in
sub-basal row, of which the first and third are black, the second (in
discoidal cell) more or less tinged with ochrey-yellow ; in discal row
second spot quite separate from first and third,—largest spots are
third and fourth,—seventh spot nearer hind-margin than sixth or
eighth; submarginal lunulate row more distinct than in fore-wing,
with more or less apparent traces of two rows of whitish thin lunules
immediately preceding and following it respectively; hind-marginal
spot as on upper side, but very much smaller, and with the yellow
lunule very thin and indistinct; a second similar but very imperfect
spot at anal angle.

Of this fine Zycena, remarkable by the dull-violaceous of its upper side
and the hoary-grey of its under side, I have seen only three examples, viz.,
two taken by Mr. W. Morant on 21st September 1870, in the north-west of
Natal, and another captured subsequently in the Transvaal by Mr. T. Ayres.
The 9 is still unknown to me. There is no very near congener that I am
aware of; but the species most resembling Hypopolia are L. Niobe and L.
Tantalus, Trim., both smaller, and on the under side darker forms.

Localities of Lycena hypopolia.

I. South Africa.
HK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Blue Bank, near Drakensberg (W. Morant).
K. Transvaal.— Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

130. (12.) Lyceena Cissus, (Godart).

3d 3 Polyommatus Cissus, Godt., Ene, Meth., ix. p. 683, n. 210 (1819).

Q Agriades Cissus, Geyer, Forts. Hiibner Zutr. Samml. Exot. Schmett.,
p. 7, n. 206, ff. 811-812 (1837).

3 P Lycena Catharina, Trim,, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser. i. p.
281 (1862).

3 2 Lycena Cissus, Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., ii. p. 252, n. 153 (1866).

Exp. al, (f) 1 in. 24-5 lin.; (Q) 1 in. 24-54 lin.

& Dull violaceous-blue ; costa and hind-margin narrowly bordered
with greyish-brown im both wings. Hind-wing: on hind-margin,
between third median nervule and anal angle, from one to four
bright-orange lunules, the largest between second and first median
nervules, and with a round black spot touching its outer edge; no
tail. Cilia whitish-grey. UNDER sIDE.—Whitish grey, ocelliform
spots blackish or black, white-ringed; in both wings a white-edged,
blackish streak closing cell; a sinuate row of conspicuous ocelli
beyond middle (those in hind-wing smaller and fainter than those in
fore-wing) ; a submarginal row of ill-defined, fuscous, whitish-bordered

22 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

lunules; and a single small ocellus in discoidal cell. Hind-wing:
base dusted with blackish and bluish scales; an ocellus near base,
just below subcostal nervure and another on inner margin before
middle; orange lunules paler, black spot marked outwardly with
some bluish-silvery scales.

2 Blue paler, less violaceous, than in §. SFore-wing: costa, apex,
and hind-margin very broadly bordered with greyish-brown; a bluish
or whitish mark on hind-margin immediately above posterior angle.
Hind-wing; costal half of wing greyish-brown, some smail outwardly
whitish-edged fuscous lunules along hind-margin ; orange lunules paler
and larger than in gf, more or less confluent, black spot larger.
UNDER SIDE.—Quite like that of ¢; spots larger, more conspicuous.

On the under side, in both sexes, the two rows of whitish sub-
marginal lunules are very ill-defined, and the lower ones of the inner
row of the fore-wing much suffused inwardly, while the lowest lunule
of the outer row is suffused outwardly and united with a hind-marginal
whitish line. The space between the two rows of whitish lunules is
enlarged and fuscous below third median nervule in the fore-wing ;
and the three lower spots of the discal row are considerably larger than
the other three and more irregular in form. In the hind-wing the
discal spots are often exceedingly small and rather indistinct, and the
lunules of the inner submarginal row much prolonged inwardly.

A dwarf 2? which I captured at Highlands, near Grahamstown,
expands scarcely above an inch across the wings.

In the Hope Museum at Oxford in 1867 I noted a ? from Sierra Leone
in which the discs of the fore-wings were suffused with white. Another @
from the Transvaal presents the same suffusion in both fore and hind wings ;
and some of the same sex which I took in Natal exhibit it in a less degree.

The only near ally of LZ. Cissus known to me is the considerably smaller
and tailed L. Jobates, Hopff. The former is a handsome species, very pre-
valent in the Eastern parts of South Africa, and ranging widely to distant
points in the African continent. It frequents hillsides, fields, and open
ground, and has a low, short flight, keeping mostly about grassy spots. In
the Cape Colony and Natal I have met with it commonly from the middle
of October to the beginning of April.

Localities of Lycena Cissus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts. —Knysna.
b. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown. Kowie River Mouth,
Bathurst District (J. L. Fry). King William’s Town (W. S.
M. D Urban).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (MM, J. M‘Ken). Verulam. Itongati
River. Umvoti. Mapumulo.

LYCAENID ZL, a3

b. Upper Districts.—Little and Great Noodsberg. _ Udland’s
Mission Station. Greytown. Rorke’s Drift (J. H. Bowker).
Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).

F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Chinchoxo (falkenstein).’””—Dewitz.
br. Eastern Interior.—Bamangwato Country (H. Barber).
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Gaboon.—Coll. Brit. Mus. Sierra Leone.—
Coll. Hope, Oxon.

131. (13.) Lyceena Jobates, Hopfter.

$ Lycena Jobates, Hopff., “ Monatsh. K. Preuss. Akad, Wissensch., 1855,
p.642,n. 20;” and Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 408, pl. xxvi. ff.
9, 10 (1862).

Lycena Siwani, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser. i. p. 402 (1862).

Lycena Jobates, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 245, n. 146 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 1 in.—t1 in. 24 lin.; (@) 1 in. of—24 lin.

fg Pale lilacine-blue, with broad fuscous-grey margins ; hind-wing
with a short, black, white-tipped tail on first median nervule; cilia
greyish, inclining to whitish i parts. Fore-wing: grey border com-
mences narrowly on costa beyond middle, becomes very broad apically,
and gradually narrows along hind-margin to posterior angle. Hind-
wing: grey border broad costally and apically, bounded inferiorly by
subcostal nervure and its second nervule; below the latter it is hind-
marginally very narrow, and below radial or third median nervule is
represented by small separate spots, of which that between first and
second median nervules is larger than the rest, and black; imme-
diately beyond these spots a thin white line, succeeded by a blackish
one along hind-marginal edge; immediately before spots a conspicuous,
irregular, lunulated, bright-orange band, lying between third (or some-
times second) median nervule and submedian nervure,—rarely reduced
to two or three separate lunules adjoining largest spot and spots next
anal angle. UNDER SIDE.—Whitish-grey, the pattern and markings
like those of Cissus, Godt., with the exceptions noted below. Fore-wing :
no ocellus in discoidal cell; terminal disco-cellular streak thinner,
much more faint; in discal row of spots the two between upper radial
and third median nervules not so far beyond the rest, and the lower
spots only a little larger than the others; submarginal markings
fainter (especially the white ones) and straighter. MHind-wing: in
discal row all the spots well marked, and the sixth and eighth more
displaced outwardly ; orange band usually not so much developed, but
in some specimens much more so, extending brokenly to near apex ;
largest hind-marginal black spot, and smaller one below it, outwardly
edged with greenish-silvery.

34 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

2 Blue much paler and duller, inclining to whitish on dises, occu-
pying a smaller space. Fore-wing: blue fills cell, covers lower disc,
and extends along inner margin from base to a little beyond middle ;
at posterior angle a white mark as in Cissus 2, but more linear in
form. Hind-wing: blue occupying about the same space as in fore-
wing, but rising higher on disc; hind-marginal blackish spots, white
line, and orange bar usually better developed than in gf, especially the
spots. UNDER SIDE.—A<As in g, but spots of discal row usually larger
in both wings.

It is remarkable that specimens of both sexes occur in which the ocellated
spots of the hind-wing are all filled with orange-fulvous instead of black,—
the spots near base being, however, partly blackish. I have before me
examples of this kind from Griqualand West, the Transvaal, and Delagoa
Bay, and two others from the Free State and Basutoland respectively, which
exhibit the peculiarity to a much smaller extent.

The smaller size and tailed hind-wings well distinguish this butterfly from
L. Cissus, Godt , as well as the distinction indicated in the above description.
As regards the ¢, too, the paler tint of the upper side, and its three times as
broad apical dark border of the fore-wings, are features readily identifying
Jobates. The species is not unlike LZ. Tiresias (Rott.), of Central and Southern
Kurope, on the under side, but does not at all resemble it on the upper side.

I only once met with this butterfly, taking a female flitting about Acacia
trees in the “ Thorn” country, near Greytown, in Natal, on the 12th March
1867. The species has, however, a considerable known range in the east
and interior of South Africa, and also occurs at very widely distant spots in
the tropical parts of the continent. Its most southern locality known is
King William’s Town, where Mr. D’Urban found it rarely in February. It
is singular that this very delicate-looking Lycaena should share with the
robuster members of the Nymphaline a decided partiality for very strong
drink; but I am able to record that four examples sent to me by Mr. W.
Morant were taken near Hebron, in the Orange Free State, on the 26th
October 1870, sucking “ at a dead chicken in a bad egg;”’ and that another,
captured by Colonel Bowker at Boshof, in the same State, during September
1872, was busily engaged in “ drinking the blood of a freshly killed harte-
beast.’ In Basutoland the latter observer met with Jobates among grass
near the Caledon River.

Localities of Lycena Jobates.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

b, Eastern Districts;—King William’s Town (W. 8S. M. D’Urban).

c. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift, Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).

d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

C. Orange Free State.—Hebron (W. Morant). Boshof (J. H. Bowker).
HK. Natal.

b. Upper Districts.—Karkloof (J. H. Bowker). Greytown. Estcourt
(J. M. Hutchinson). Ladysmith and Biggarsberg (J. H.
Bowker). Colenso (W. Movant).

H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘ Damaraland (De Vylder).”—Aurivillius.
“Congo: Kinsembo (H. Ansell).””—Butler.

LYCANID A. 35

b. Eastern Coast.—‘“‘ Querimba.’’—Hopffer.
br. Eastern Interior.—Tati River (Pf. C. Selous).
B. North Tropical.
br, Eastern Interior.—“ Atbara River ”’ [Soudan ].—Butler.

132. (14.) Lyceena Hippocrates, (lab.)

& Hesperia Hippocrates, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. 1, p. 288, n. 105 (1793).
“* Papilio Hippocrates, Don., Ins. Ind., pl. 45, f. 3 (1800).”’

Exp. al. (f) 9-11 lin.; (2) to-114 lin.

& Dark-brown ; apex of fore-wing tipped with white; hind-wing
with a rather long, linear, black, white-tipped tart on first median nervule ;
cilia brownish mixed with white, becoming pure white tipped with
brown at apex of fore-wing and near anal angle of hind-wing. Jore-
wing: apical white not broad, but conspicuous, below second radial
nervule emitting along hind-margin, immediately before a dark bound-
ing line, a very attenuated, interrupted, indistinct white line. Hind-
wing: costa edged with whitish; between second and first median
nervules a small hind-marginal black spot, bounded inwardly by a
thin orange-yellow lunule; an extreme hind-marginal black bound-
ing line, preceded by traces of a whitish one, more apparent at
anal angle. UNDER SIDE.—G'reyish-white ; im each wing the disco-
cellular terminal lunule and the two hind-marginal rows of lunules,
and wm the hind-wing all the spots in the discal row except the
first and last, very thin and faintly-marked, pale-grey, with edgings
scarcely whiter than the ground; hind-marginal black-edging line
clearly detined. ore-wing: no spots near base; six spots of discal
row very small, thin, black, almost imperceptibly white-edged, the row
strongly curved outward superiorly. Hind-wing: discal row highly
irregular, interrupted on second subcostal and second median nervules,
and on submedian nervure,—the first spot (on costa) and the last (on
inner margin about middle) black; a sub-basal row of three small but
very distinct black spots, viz., one close to costa, another in discoidal
cell, and the third (smallest) on inner margin; hind-marginal black
spot and orange lunule well marked, the latter a little separated from
the former, which sometimes bears a few bluish-silvery scales; at anal
angle a short linear black mark just before hind-marginal black line.

2 Brown, paler; wm each wing a large whitish-grey space, more or
less shot with pale blue, from base over inner-marginal and lower discal
area ; cilia whiter throughout, except near apex of fore-wing, and in
hind-wing with thin nervular fuscous interruptions. ore-wing: pale
space covers lower half of cell, and half (or sometimes two-thirds) of
the median nervules; a dusky disco-cellular terminal lunule, indis-
tinctly marked, Hind-wing: pale space occupies all the wing up to
subcostal nervure and its second nervule; disco-cellular lunule and
lower par. of discal row of spots more or less distinctly represented ;

36 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

along hind-margin the edging white line unites with an inner row
of white lunules to enclose a series of dark-brown spots,—the spot
between second and first median nervules being, as in , black, with
an inward-bounding orange lunule. UNDER sIDE.—<As in ¢.

This is a very isolated species, not resembling closely any congener
known to me. It is strikingly distinguished by the white apex of the
fore-wings in the 6, forcibly contrasting with the dark-brown ground-
colour, and in both sexes by the whiteness of the under side and its very
small spots. The pattern and character of the under-side markings perhaps
more nearly resemble those of the untailed LZ. Messapus, Godt., and Mahal-
lokocena, Wallengr., than those of any other species. On the upper side the
° Hippocrates is in pattern and colouring something like the 9s of the much
larger Asopus, Hopffer, and Jobates, Hopffer.

The first example known to me as South-African was taken in Zululand
by the late Colonel H. Tower in 1866. All the others I have seen—thirteen
examples—were captured by Colonel Bowker on the coast of Natal, chiefly
in the years 1879 and 1880, the paired sexes being secured on 30th May
1880, Concerning these latter specimens, he wrote that the two were at
rest on a creeper in the Park at D’ Urban, and that it was the white tips of
the fore-wings of the male which attracted his attention. The species was
found by the same observer very numerously on the edge of the bush near
the mouth of the Umlaas River on the 8th June.

A ¢ specimen from Sherboro Island, near Sierra Leone, in the collection
of the British Museum, does not differ from southern examples except in
its slightly larger size.

Localities of Lycena Hippocrates.

I. South Africa,
EH. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Mouth of Umlaazi, D’Urban, and Pinetown
(J. H. Bowker),
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Angola.””—W. F. Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll.
bb. Eastern Islands,—“ Madagascar,’’—Oberthiir,

B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Sherboro Island, near Sierra Bicone (Cis

Salmin).—Coll. Brit. Mus.

b1, Hastern Interior.—“ Abyssinia : Shoa (Antinori lOnentin

133. (15.) Lycezena Niobe, Trimen.

3 9 Lycena Niobe, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 3rd Ser. i p. 282
(1862); and Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 253,.n. 154, pl.e4; fof OW

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. oF—4 lin.; () 1 in. of—6 lin.

a Dull cupreous-violaceous ; base narrowly purplish, and hind-margin
rather widely bordered with reddish-brown in both wings ; spotless ; cilra
brownish in fore-wing, but white at apex, in hind-wing brownish, with

LYCENID. 37

white tips throughout ; no tail on hind-wing. UNDER SIDE.—Dusky
brownish-grey ; ocelliform spots black, with pale-grey rings, arranged as
in Z. Cissus, but no ocellus in discoidal cell of fore-wing, and the outer
row of spots hardly visible on either wing ; space between the two rows
marked by a lunulate hoary-greyish band ; close to hind-margin a row
of very indistinct, darker, lunular spots. Hind-wing: between second
and first median nervules, close to hind-margin, a narrow, blackish
dot, tipped with ferruginous internally, with greyish-blue externally ;
row of discal ocelli interrupted, in one specimen nearly obliterated
inferiorly.

2 Violet brighter and better defined than in $, forming a patch on
inner-marginal half of both wings, rising very little above median ner-
vure, and extending a little beyond middle. UNDER sipE.—<As in 9;
spots more conspicuous, especially that on hind-margin between second
and first median nervules of hind-wing, in which the ferruginous and
blue colouring is distinct.

This is a variable species. Specimens from Grahamstown agree
with those above described from Knysna, Cape Colony, except in their
larger size, but examples from Kaffraria Proper differ—in the ¢ by a
purer (not cupreous) violet upper side and a darker hind-marginal
border, and in the 2 by the entire absence of violet, the upper side
being wholly reddish-brown, except for a very slight bluish tinge near
the bases. In Natal the $s agree with the Kaffrarian specimens; but
of the two 2s I have seen, the smaller has only a very small space of
basi-inner-marginal rather bright blue, while the other has all the sur-
face, except the broad borders, shot with bright shining-blue.

A constant and conspicuous distinguishing character of NViobe is the
whitish band across the under side, just beyond the discal row of spots,
formed by the inner row of submarginal lunules, in contrast with the
dusky-grey ground-colour preceding it, and especially with a dark
streak immediately succeeding it.

I founded this species on three examples captured by myself at Knysna
in October and March 1858. They were flitting about grass and low plants
on the hill-sides, and looked like some small dark Satyrinw. The butterfly
was afterwards shown to have a wide range to the eastward and northward,
but it seems to be nowhere numerous. I took a single specimen on the coast
of Victoria County, Natal, in March 1867; and in February 1870 Mr. H.
Barber captured a very fine ? near Grahamstown.

Localities of Lycena Niobe.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Knysna.
6. Kastern Districts.—Grahamstown (M. E. and H. Barber).
d. Basutoland.—Koro Koro (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
VOL, II, D

38 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Victoria County. D’Urban (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts. —Estcourt (J. 1. Hutchinson). Mooi River
(W. Morant).
F. Zululand.—8t. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

134, (16.) Lyceena Tantalus, sp. nov.

Exp. al. ($) 1 in. 4—54 lin.

Dull pale-violaceous ; a narrow brownish-fuscous hind-marginal bor-
der,—in hind-wing rather wider, indenting violaceous between nervules ;
cilia dingy-whitish, uniform. Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular fus-
cous mark linear, not very distinct. Mind-wing: costa bordered with
fuscous-grey as far as subcostal nervure and its first nervule; no hind-
marginal spot, or only the faintest trace of one; no tail. UNDER SIDE.
—Pale or whitish-grey, sometimes with a faint brownish tinge ; all the
markings linear or much attenuated ; im each wing a linear disco-cellular
terminal marking, a discal row of dark spots, a submarginal regular
lunulated dark streak, and a hind-marginal series of very indistinct
dark spots; on hind-marginal edge a series of very small dark spots,
adjacent to which the cilia are also dark. Fore-wing: disco-cellular
mark and discal row black; in the latter the third spot is obliquely
placed, its lower end inclining outward, and the fifth (between first
and second median nervules) is before the rest; submarginal lunulate
streak blackish on both sides, edged faintly and suffusedly with whitish,
and regularly interrupted by nervules; disco-cellular mark and discal
row (except first and last spots, which are black) dull-brown; in the
latter the brown spots are sublunulate, the second spot being separate,
and the sixth and eighth nearer base than the fifth and seventh spots ;
submarginal lunulate streak also brown, its component lunules larger
than in fore-wing, and the first and second of them separate both from
each other and from the rest.

2 Pale shining-blue not violaceous—duller and less developed wm
hind-wing,—with broad dull fuscous borders. Fore-wing: border of
about even width throughout, from base to apex, and from apex to
posterior angle; terminal disco-cellular lunule very much broader and
darker than in ¢. Hind-wing: blue only thinly covers lower area
from base to beyond middle, leaving a very broad costal fuscous border,
and a moderately broad hind marginal one; in the latter a series of
blue spots, of which that between first and second median nervules is
large and conspicuous, but the rest are very small, indistinct, and lunu-
late. UNDER SIDE.—<As in f, but the markings more sharply defined.

The ¢ of this species on the upper side is intermediate in tint, &c.,
between the ¢s of Hypopolia, mihi, and Niobe, mihi, but is rather nearer to

LYCENIDA, 39

the former as well in colour as in size. The? (of which f have seen but one
example) resembles the Natalian variation of the ? Niobe, but differs in
possessing a well-developed terminal disco-cellular lunule in the fore-wings,
and a blue hind-marginal spot in the hind-wings. On the under side
Tantalus comes nearer to NVzobe, but wants the transverse whitish band
beyond middle, while the discal row of spots is formed of elongate (not
rounded) scarcely whitish edged black marks in the fore-wings, and still
thinner dull-brownish marks in the hind-wings, and the submarginal common
dark streak is narrowed and more sharply defined.

This Zycena was sent by Colonel Bowker from Kaffraria Proper, but
until lately, when other specimens were sent by him from Natal (including
a 9), [had regarded it as a variety of L. Niobe. The latter examples were
captured by him in August and September.

Localities of Lyceena Tantalus.

I. South Africa.

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a, Coast Districts.—D’ Urban and Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).

135. (17.) Lyceena ignota, sp. nov.

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 3-4 lin.; (2) 1 in. 24-5 lin.

tf Very dull greyish-brown ; a narrow dull-fuscous line edging hind-
margin; cilia glossy, brownish-grey, becoming whitish outwardly. Fore-
wing: a scarcely perceptible darker, linear, terminal disco-cellular
mark, Hind-wing: a very indistinct small, narrow, fuscous hind-
marginal spot between first and second median neryules, faintly (in
one specimen. more distinctly) ringed with whitish scales; no tail.
UNDER SIDE.—Dull-grey ; markings blackish and pale-brownish, incon-
spicuously white-edged ; submarginal rows of whitish lunules, and hind-
marginal whitish line, with which the outer row forms rings, rather
faintly marked, but less indistinct in hind-wing. Fore-wing: terminal
disco-cellular mark rather narrow, lunulate, fuscous; slightly curved
discal row of six rather small blackish or dark-brownish spots, of which
the fifth is rather nearer base than the fourth and sixth. HHind-wing :
three small rounded black spots in sub-basal row; first and last spots
of discal row like them, but the first one rather larger; second spot
round, but brown instead of black; other spots of row small, pale-
brownish, the sixth rather nearer base than the fifth and seventh ;
terminal disco-cellular mark sublinear, lunulate, dark- or pale-brown ;
hind-marginal spot usually distinct, but small, silvery-scaled externally.

2 Similar, slightly paler ; disco-cellular mark in fore-wing, and
hind-marginal spot in hind-wing rather more apparent. UNDER SIDE,
—More tinged with brown ; all the markings less distinct, the dark ones

40 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

(except the sub-basal spots and hind-marginal spot of hind-wing, of
which the latter is more developed than in ¢) dull-brownish, the
whitish ones faint and dull.

On the upper side this obscurely-tinted Zyceena is not unlike the male of
the South-EHuropean LZ. Admetus, Esp., but on the under side both the ground-
colour and pattern are very different. On the whole, Z. ignota comes closest
to L. Letsea, Trim., but is distinguishable by its darker colouring, and total
want of yellowish hind-wing lunules on the upper side, and by the very
imperfect development of the whitish markings on the under side; it also
exhibits nothing of the tendency so general in Zetsea to imperfection of the
discal row of spots on the under side of the fore-wing.

Mr. T. Ayres discovered this butterfly in the Transvaal, and in 1879 the
South-African Museum obtained from him three examples of each sex. The
only other specimens that have come under my notice are two males taken
by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, who captured them in the interior of Natal, and
kindly presented them to me in the year 1881.

Localities of Lycena ignota.

I. South Africa.
HK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts. —Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts (T. Ayres).

136. (18.) Lyceena Letsea, Trimen.

3,9 Lycena Letsea, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 362, pl. vi,
ff. 3, 4.

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 34-4 lin.; (Q) 1 lin. 34—6 lin,

t Shining brownish-grey ; cilia slightly paler, not variegated. Fore-
wing : a terminal disco-cellular streak sometimes faintly visible. Mind-
wing: on hind-margin, on each side of the first median nervule, a
‘very faint yellowish lunule, forming a ring with a broken hind-mar-
ginal white line, of which the superior is large, and marked externally
with a black spot. In two examples these markings are blurred and
scarcely traceable; no tail. UNDER SIDE—(rey ; ordinary markings
small and neatly defined, resembling those of LZ. Messapus, Godt. Fore-
wing: lower portion of transverse row of white-ringed black spots beyond
middle almost always wanting, the usual number of spots present being
four (in one example there are but three, while in another there are five,
with the faint trace of a sixth on one side only). Hind-wing: a faint
pale-bluish suffusion over basal portion; yellow lunules more deeply
coloured and much better marked than on upper side, the black dot of
the superior one more or less dusted with silvery-blue.

9 Similar ; slightly darker ; cilia whiter than m §. Fore-wing:
disco-cellular lunule plainer than in ¢, but still indistinct. Hind-
wing: yellow lunules broader and brighter, the black dot strongly
marked ; in one (the largest) example there is a double row of indis-

LYCENIDA. 41

tinct whitish acute lunular marks along hind-margin, becoming obso-
lete towards costa, but in the other two the outer portion only of the
row is indicated by the very faintest whitish scaling. UNDER SIDE.—
All the markings better defined, and with wider white edgings than wn
the g. Fore-wing: discal row composed of six spots in the largest
example; of six on one side and five on the other in the smallest ;
and of five in the third.

In both sexes, when there are more than four spots in the discal
row of the fore-wings, the fifth spot is smaller, and (as well as the
sixth, when present) placed slightly before the line of the others.
The row is but very slightly curved, commencing at a little distance
from the costa, immediately above the first discoidal nervule.

Mr. Bowker found this dull-tinted species commonly about the waggon-
roads near Rouxville and the Orange River in January 1869, and also in
similar situations near Eland’s Berg and Klip Spruit in the following month.
He noted that it frequented small bushy plants, and, when roused, kept long
on the wing.

Localities of Lycceena Letsea.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
d. Basutoland.—Klip Spruit (J. H. Bowker).
C, Orange Free State.—Near Orange River, Rouxville, and Eland’s
Berg (J. H. Bowker).

137. (19.) Lyceena dolorosa, sp. nov.

Exp. al., ($) 1 in.—t in. 2 lin.; (@) 1 in. 2 lin.

g Pale-violaceous ; fore-wing with a narrow, even, fuscous hind-—
margynal border, hind-wing with only a linear black edging and a series
of indistinct fuscous spots ; cilia greyish, mixed with fuscous in fore-wing,
and narrowly interrupted with fuscous at ends of nervules in hind-wing.
Hind-wing: spot between first and second median nervules black,
larger than the other hind-marginal spots; a very thin interrupted
whitish line between the series of spots and hind-marginal black
edging ; costa bordered with greyish-brown as far as first subcostal
nervule, and at apex as far as second; no tail. UNDER SIDE. Dull
browmish-grey ; the markings scarcely darker than the ground-colour,
unconspicuously but distinetly edged with whitish on each side; in each
wing, a terminal sub-reniform disco-cellular lunule, a slightly sinuated
macular discal row, and two submarginal rows of whitish lunules,
indistinct in fore-wing. Hind-wing: three small blackish spots in
sub-basal row; first and ‘last spots of discal row small, round, and
black, and separate from the rest,—sixth spot almost touching lower
extremity of disco-cellular lunule; lunules of inner submarginal row

rs

42 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

broader, more acute than those of outer row, which form more or less
incomplete rings with a whitish line immediately before hind-margin ;
spot between first and second median nervules, on hind-margin, con-
spicuous, marked externally with brilliant greenish-silvery, and bounded
inwardly by a yellow lunule; usually the traces of a similar imperfect
spot at anal angle.

2 Violaceous paler, duller, restricted to a suffusion from bases, over
cellular, inner-marginal, and lower-discal areas ; brownish-fuscous border
of fore-wing very broad, especially apically ; that of hind-wing also very
broad costally and apically. Fore-wing: a linear fuscous terminal disco-
cellular mark. Hind-wing: hind-marginal spots better marked, incon-
spicuously ringed with dingy-whitish; spot between first and second
median nervules inwardly bounded by a very dull yellow lunule.
UnbDER sipDE.—As in gf, but the whitish edgings of the markings
better defined.

Although so much larger and darker an insect, this species shows distinct
alliance to LZ. Messapus, Godt., in the character of the under-side markings.
Only six males and a single female have come under my notice,—all from the
eastern side of South Africa, and four of them from the upper districts of
Natal. Of the habits of this butterfly I have no information ; it is probably
inconspicuous on the wing.

Localities of Lyceena dolorosa.

I. South Africa.

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.

b. Upper Districts. Estcourt (J. M Hutchinson). Biggarsberg
(J. H. Bowker). Blue Bank near the Drakensberg (W.
Morant).

F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal,—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

138. (20.) Lyceena Messapus, (Godart).

& Polyommatus Messapus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 682, n. 205 (1819).
Polyommatus Sebagadis, Guér., Lefvr. Voy. Abyss., vi. p. 385, pl. 11, ff.

7, 8 (1847). |
& Lyceena Acca, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., pl. Ixxvi. f. 1 (1852).
3 ° Lycena Messapus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 254, n. 155 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 8-114 lin.; (2) 9% lin—tr in.

ft Blue-violaceous, with a narrow blackish hind-marginal border ;
cilia greyish, whitish externally. Hind-wing: a hind-marginal black
spot between second and first median nervules (sometimes nearly obso-
lete), usually inwardly edged by an orange lunule; no tail. UNDER
SIDE.—Pale brownish-grey ; in each wing,—a streak closing cell Gn
fore-wing blackish, in hind-wing of the ground-colour) whitish-edged
on both sides,—a row of white-ringed spots beyond middle (in fore-

LYCAINID. 43

wing blackish, in hind-wing of the ground-colour and confluent except
the first and rarely the second spot),—and two rows of faint-whitish
lunules (separated by darker marks), of which the outer forms annulets
with a whitish hind-marginal line; a thin blackish line bordering hind-
margin. Hind-wing: four white-ringed dark spots before middle,—
one (usually the most conspicuous) between costal and subcostal ner-
vures, one in cell and two on inner margin; hind-marginal black spot
usually whitish-ringed and often orange-lunuled,—sometimes obso-
lete; row beyond middle angulated on second subcostal nervule.

2 Glistening dark greyish-brown ; very rarely with a few blue scales
near bases. Hind-wing: besides hind-marginal black spot (which is
very rarely indistinct), a row of indistinct pale annulets is usually
visible. UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢; markings more distinct.

In some specimens, of both sexes, the markings are very faint beneath,
and the ground-colour duller and slightly darker than usual.

I have not found any characters to distinguish Z. Sebagadis (Guér.) from
Messapus. A rather large and pale ¢ in the Hewitson Collection in the
British Museum, which I examined in 1881, was marked “type,” and was
thus probably received from M. Guérin as true Sebagadis.

In the under-side markings and in the upper side of the ¢, Messapus is
not unlike a miniature Z. Cissus (Godt.), but the wholly brown upper side
of the ? is altogether different from that of the ? Cissus, and is not unlike
that of LZ. Alsus (W. V.), so well-known a native of Europe. In size and
appearance generally it most resembles L. Lystmon (Hiibn.), but the ¢ differs
in its very much narrower dark border, and the ? in its want of any blue,
on the upper side; while both sexes present a darker, much less distinctly
spotted under side, wanting in the fore-wing the two sub-basal spots well
marked in Lystmon.

This Lycena abounds about Cape Town, occurring throughout the year in
open ground, especially in grassy spots. Its flight is very weak and close to
the ground, and it settles very frequently on low plants. It has a wide dis-
tribution in South Africa, but I am not aware of its occurrence in Natal,
and have not met with it at all numerously except near Cape Town.

Localities of Lycwna Messapus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Vogel Vley, Tulbagh Dis-
trict. Caledon (J. X. Merriman). Robertson. Montagu.
Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.

6. Kastern Districts—Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett). Grahams-
town. King William’s Town (W. S. M. D’ Urban).

d, Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).

II. Other African Regions.
B. North Tropical.
61 Hastern Interior.—‘“ Abyssinia (Lefebvre).”’—Guérin [Se-
bagadis |.

44 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

139. (21.) Lycena Mahallokogzna, (Wallengren).

3,9 Lyccena Mahallokocna, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ;
Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 41, n. 16.
Pa Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ti p. 257, 0. 159
(1866); and Trans, Ent. Soe. ‘Lond., 1870; p. 366,. pl. vi. Mita
(3,9).

Lup. al., ($) 84-115 lin.; (2) 10-11 lin. Closely allied to
L. Messapus, Godt,

Blue-violaceous ; fore-wing always, hind-wing rarely (and then very
slightly), suffused with fulvous-yellow ; narrow fuscous hind-marginal
border and greyish white-tipped cilia, as in Messapus; no tail on
hind-wing. ore-wing: yellow suffusion extremely variable in extent
and development, from a mere costal streak to a broad field occupying
all the area except a narrow basal space and broad hind-marginal
border of blue,—intermediate examples presenting a broad bar along
costa, and strong or moderate suffusion on the median nervure and its
branches and on submedian nervure. Hind-wing: yellow suffusion
never more than a slight tinge about middle of costa and on disc
beyond extremity of discoidal cell; hind-marginal black spot between
first and second median nervules very distinct, the orange lunule
bounding it internally large and conspicuous; a smaller fainter orange
lunule between second and third median nervules, and sometimes a
still smaller and fainter one immediately below first median nervule.
UNDER SIDE— Whitish-qgrey ; markings quite as in Messapus, except
that in hind-wing the hind-marginal black spot is conspicuous and
considerably larger, and there are two well-developed bright-orange
lunules instead of a single indistinct or obsolete one.

2 Dark-brown, usually rather tinged with greyish ; orange-yellow
hind-marginal lunules (always two, and usually three) of hind-wing
more or less enlarged, so as to form a small conspicuous patch,’ and each
externally bounded by a dark spot. UNDER SIDE.—Quite as in Jf, but
markings generally usually rather better defined.

The characters above given easily distinguish this very curious and beauti-
ful form from Messapus, but the instability of the fulvous-yellow suffusion on
the fore-wings of the ¢ is very noticeable, and seems to indicate that the
character, highly peculiar and apparently unique as it is in the genus, is one
of comparatively recent acquirement. The accompanying large development
of the orange-yellow lunules of the hind-wings (especially marked in the
? ) is to all appearance a feature of much more constancy.

This Lycena was originally discovered by Wahlberg, but 3 no specimens
were known to me until Colonel Bowker in 1869 sent several from Basuto-
land. In the same year a pair taken in the Free State reached me from
Mr. W. Morant, who subsequently forwarded examples from the Transvaal,

noting the species as plentiful near Potchefstroom on 25th February 1872,
and occurring in low, stony ground at Pretoria on the 16th March. Mr T.

1 This character is most largely developed in a specimen taken by Colonel Bowker
between the Tugela and Mooi Rivers in Natal. In this, as in a few other examples, there
is an incomplete fourth lunule.

LYCENID ZA. 45

Ayres almost simultaneously sent me specimens from the Potchefstroom Dis-
trict ; and fine examples from Natal and Zululand have more recently been
contributed by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson .and Colonel Bowker. The species
extends into the Tropical Regions, occurring in Damaraland on the west, and
centrally in the Bamangwato country. Mr. Morant noted the capture of a
2 in the Free State at the end of December, and Colonel Bowker that of a
¢ on the Natal coast on 27th April.

Localities of Lyceena Mahallokocna.

I, South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.

a. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

C. Orange Free State.—Vaal River (W. Morant).
EK. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.—Isipingo, D’Urban, and Pinetown (J. H.
Bowker).

b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Between Tuegla
and Mooi Rivers, Rorke’s Drift, and Biggarsberg (J. ZH.
Bowker). Colenso (W. Morant).

F. Zululand.—Isandhlwana and Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (W. Morant and 7. Ayres). Pretoria

(W. Morant).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Damaraland (Du Vylder).””—Aurivillies.

61. Kastern Interior.—Bamangwato Country (H. Barber). Tau-
wani River (f. C. Selous).

140, (22.) Lyczena Lysimon, (Hiibner).

¢ Papilio Lysymon, Hiibn., Samml. Europ. Schmett., ff. 534-35 (1798 2).
* - ‘“‘Ochs., Schmett. Europ., i. 2, p, 24 (1808).”
Ss? ra Lysimon, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. zor, n. 240
I8IQ).
3, 9 Lycena Lysimon, Herr.-Schff., Schmett. Eur., i. p. 118, t. 5, ff. 28,
29 (1843).
3, 2 Lycena Knysna, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd. Ser., i. p. 282
(1862); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 255, n. 156 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 9-104 lin.; (2) 1o4 lin.—1 in. of lin.

§ Dull-violet, with a silky gloss; hind-margin of both wings rather
wulely bordered with blackish ; cilia broad, whitish; no tail on hind-
wing. ore-wing: costa very narrowly edged with a white line.
UNDER SIDE.— Whitish-grey ; ocelli blackish, whitish-ringed; in both
wings, @ sinuate row of ocelli strongly curved superiorly, beyond
middle, a whitish-edged fuscous streak closing discoidal cell, a distinct
ocellus im cell (sometimes an indistinct ocellus below it), two sub-
marginal rows of pale-fuscous, indistinctly whitish-edged, lunular
Spots,—and a thin blackish edging line, interiorly faintly whitish-

46 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

edged. Hind-wing: three minute ocelli near base, forming with that
in discoidal cell a short row across wing; base blackish-dusted.

2 Shining greyish-brown ; wmner-marginal area of both wings more
or less suffused with violet-blue from base. Fore-wing: a fuscous line
closing discoidal cell. UNDER sIDE—Quite similar to that of ¢, but
all the spots more conspicuous, especially the marginal lunular rows.
Fore-wing: spot below that in discoidal cell always present, often
distinct.

The ¢ varies slightly in depth of colour and in the width of hind-
marginal dark border ;* but the 2 varies very greatly both as regards
extent and tint of the blue suffusion, which in some examples is
scarcely perceptible, while in others it occupies the larger part of both
wings, numerous intermediate grades of development occurring.

It seems probable that this butterfly is the Otis of Fabricius (1787), but
it is impossible to decide the point from that author’s descriptions. Judging
from the descriptions and figures (in Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1865, p. 505,
pl. 31,1. 7,9, and Lep. Ceylon, 1881, p. 77; pl, 35, i.16,.62,.¢)),,. am=turther
of opinion that the Polyommatus Karsandra of Moore is identical with
Lysimon. 'There were certainly specimens not separable from the latter in
Mr. E. L. Layard’s Cingalese collection, and I have also seen individuals
from various parts of India.

Both sexes of Lysimon are readily distinguishable from IMessapus, Godt.,
by the more whitish cilia, and the rather paler and more conspicuously
spotted under side; and the ¢ by its very much broader dark hind-marginal
border on the upper side. On the under side, moreover, Lysimon has the
discal row of ocellate spots very much more curved superiorly, and possesses
a spot in the discoidal cell of the fore-wings wholly wanting in Messapus.

This little Lyccena is scarce about Cape Town, but commoner further to
the eastward. It frequents gardens and waste land, and is fond of settling
on the ground in damp grassy depressions or almost dry ditches. It is
mainly a species of the late summer and early autumn (February to April),
but I have met with it as early as the middle of September, and Mr. D’ Urban
took it in British Kaffraria i June. The only South-African locality in
which I have met the insect at all abundantly is Plettenberg Bay, on the
south coast of the Cape Colony. Mr. J. M. Hutchinson in 1882 sent me the
sexes captured 7m copuld at Estcourt, Natal.

The only differences presented by South-African from European examples
are an average rather larger size and a more distinct spotting on the under
side; and the same is the case as regards Mauritian and Indian specimens,
which quite agree with those from South Africa. In Mauritius, Lysimon is
most abundant; I found it on waste lands all over the island, and it also
congregated on grass lawns in gardens.

Localities of Lycena Lysimon.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts;—Cape Town. Worcester. Robertson (J. £.
C. Hodges). Swellendam (A. C. Harrison). Knysna. Plet-
tenberg Bay. Clanwilliam (LZ. Péringuey).

1 Two specimens taken in Zululand by Colonel Bowker have the border darker and
broader than in any other South-African examples that have come under my notice.

LYCENIDA. 47

b, Eastern Districts.—Uitenhage. ‘Grahamstown, King William’s
Town, and Keishamma River, near Bodiam.’”—(W. S. iM.
D’ Urban). | Windvogelberg, Queenstown District (Dr.
Batho).
c. Griqualand West.—Voal River (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee and Tsomo Rivers (J. H. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
a, Coast Districts. —D’Urban (IZ. J. M‘Ken).
b. Upper Districts.—Maritzburg. Greytown. Estcourt (J. M.
Hutchinson). Colenso (W. Morant). Ladysmith.
F, Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower). Napoleon
Valley (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘“ Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).’’—Dewitz.
6, Eastern Coast.—“ Querimba.”—Hopffer. Lake Nyassa,—Coll.
Brit. Mus.
bb. Madagascar, — Coll. Brit. Mus. ‘“ Bourbon.’ — Boisduval.
Mauritius, Johanna, Comoro Islands (W. C. Bewsher),—
Coll. Brit. Mus.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Senegal.’’— Hopffer.
C. Extra-tropical North Africa.—‘“ Algeria :—Djebel Aures and
Collo.”—Oberthiir. “ Egypt.’’—Boisduval.

ITI. Europe.— Portugal, Spain, South France.’’—Staudinger, Herrich-
Schaffer, &c.
IV. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—‘ Coast of Asia Minor.”—Staudinger. Ceylon
(Z. L. Layard). Caleutta.—Coll. Hewits. in Brit. Mus.
‘* Bengal.” —Godart and Boisduval.
B, Malayan Archipelago.—“ Java.’”’— Westwood.

141, (23.) Lyceena lucida, Trimen.

3,9 Lycena lucida, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1883, p. 348.
Allied to LZ. Lysimon, Hiibn.

Hup. al., ($) 8§-11 lin.; (2) 83 lin.—1 in. of lin.

gf Pale-violaceous, inclining to pink ; nervules more or less marked
with greyish-brown ; fore-wing with a greyish-brown hind-marginal
border of variable width, usually ill-defined inwardly, but outwardly
bounded by the ordinary edging black line; hind-wing with a hind-
marginal row of six small fuscous inter-nervular spots, a little before the
ordinary black line edging hind-margin ; cilia whitish, much obscured
with brownish in fore-wing, and varied with it in hind-wing. Jore-
wing: an indistinct thin brownish lunule at extremity of discoidal
cell. Hind-wing: tailless)5 UNDER sIDE.—Pale-grey, tinged with
brownish ; spots of bases and dises very distinct, black, with white rings ;
beyond ordinary discal row, a row of sagittate white marks, succeeded
by two hind-marginal rows of white lunules almost forming inter-

48 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

nervular rings. ore-wing: a spot in cell, towards extremity ; beneath
it a similar usually rather larger one; ordinary disco-cellular lunule
black with white bordering; discal row of spots strongly incurved on
second median nervule; first and second spots of row on costa, respec-
tively before and about middle, minute but very distinct and rather
widely apart. Mind-wing: a spot at base; a transverse row of four
spots before middle; disco-cellular closing lunule narrow, of the ground-
colour, white-bordered ; discal row strongly elbowed on second subcostal
nervule; a straight white ray runs longitudinally along radial nervule
from disco-cellular terminal lunule to row of sagittate marks; near
anal angle, two small blackish spots enclosed by lunules of the two
hind-marginal rows.

@ Dark-brown, usually more or less marked with violaceous on lower
parts of discs and towards bases. Hind-wing: dusky spots of hind-
marginal row, as in g, more or less apparent in violaceous marked
specimens. UNDER SIDE.— Usually a little more brownish than in ¢;
the spots even more distinct, and the white ray of hind-wing broader.

VARIETY, ¢ and 9.—Under side darker than usual; the hind-wing
with basal and discal spots almost obsolete, but with the white ray very
broad and conspicuous. One 2 example has the violaceous on upper
side bluer than usual and largely developed.

Hab.—Pinetown, Natal (¢ W. Morant, 1869; 2 [2] J.
Bowker, 1879).

This species is allied to L. Lysimon, but is readily recognised by the much
more conspicuous spotting of the under side, with the white ray exhibited by
the hind-wing.!' The male differs also from that of Lysimon in the decided
pink tinge of the upper side, and the absence of the dusky border of the hind-
wing. ‘The female has the upper side much darker than in Lysimon, and the
violaceous colouring is deeper and not so blue in tint.

This is the butterfly noted in my Rhopalocera Africe Australis (ii. p. 255)
as probably a “‘ permanent variety”’ of the female ZL. Knysna, mihi ( = Lysz-
mon, Hiibn.). At that time (1866) I had not distinguished the male of the
form, although the female daoutbed was taken zn copuld by myself at Pletten-
berg Bay in February 1859, and so a male (probably worn) must have passed
through my hands. From the Tsomo River, in Kafirland Proper, Colonel
Bowker forwarded, only a few months later in 1866, a specimen which I could
not doubt was the male; and next year, in Natal, I met with several examples
of both sexes. It was not, however, till 1870 that I found the butterfly pretty
commonly near Grahamstown, and at Highlands (on 30th January) captured
the paired sexes.

There is nothing remarkable in the habits of this little species. It is
rather sociably disposed, and little groups are found flitting about grassy spots
on hill-sides.

1 This white ray, which wholly or in part appears in so many of the European species of
Lycena, does not occur in any known South-African representative of the genus except the
one under notice. In this one, however, it seems to be always present in both sexes, judging
from thirty-two specimens before me, although in one male it is reduced to a line merely.

LYCENID A. 49

Localities of Lycceena lucida.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Plettenberg Bay.
b. Eastern Districts.\—Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown. Zwaart-
water Poort.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Pinetown (W. Morant and J. H.
Bowker). Mapumulo. .
b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
F, Zululand.—Isandhlwana (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

142. (24.) Lyceena stellata, Trimen.
Lycena stellata, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1883, p. 349.

Exp. al., 7-9 lin.

Greyish-fuscous, with numerous subannular and other white spots
arranged in correspondence with those of the under side; hind-wing
tailless. Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular annulet, and discal infe-
riorly much incurved band of annulets, enclose spots somewhat darker
than the ground-colour; near base two similar annulets, the upper one
in discoidal cell, the lower immediately below cell; a row of six minute
white spots near and parallel to hind-margin; cilia broad, fuscous,
narrowly but very distinctly interrupted with white between nervules,—
the white interruptions close to apex and to posterior angle wider than
the rest. Hind-wing: terminal disco-cellular annulet and discal band
of annulets not so fully developed as in fore-wing, but distinct; an
indistinct annulet near base below cell; submarginal row of minute
white spots as in fore-wing, but the first spot (nearest costa) consider-
ably larger than the others; cilia broad, white, with only imperfect
fuscous interruptions along the inner edge at ends of nervules. UNDER
SIDE.—Pale brownish-grey ; the white annulets enclosing fuscous spots.
Fore-wing: the markings very distinct ; discal row begins about middle
with two small costal annulets; submarginal row of minute white spots
black-edged both internally and externally ; fuscous of cilia paler than
on upper side. Hind-wing: an annulet at base; a sub-basal trans-
verse row of four annulets, of which the first (on costa) encloses
a darker spot than the rest; terminal disco-cellular annulet rather
blurred; first and second annulets of discal band separate from the
succeeding ones, and nearer base; submarginal row of minute white
spots rather indistinct, but their inner black edges well marked, sub-
sagittate ; the first and second of these spots (like the corresponding
annulets of the discal band) are out of line with and before the others.

This very remarkable Lycwna belongs to the group of which ZL.

50 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Lysimon, Hiibn., may be regarded as the type, its under side being of
similar pattern though more strongly marked. The species, however,
with which it best agrees in the under-side markings, is ZL. lucida,
Trim.; but, as compared with the latter, it has a somewhat more
yellowish tint, and its hind-wing markings are less distinct, not having
black centres. The wpper side, however, is quite unlike that of any
species in the Lysimon group, and, indeed, that of any other known
Lycena, both sexes presenting on a blackish ground the under-side pattern
in finely-depicted white annulets and spots. In the total absence of
blue in both sexes, and in its very small size, Z. stellata resembles L.
Metophis, Wallengr,, and L. Barbere, Trim.; but its under side is of
very different pattern, and quite wants the row of metallic-dotted ocelli
So conspicuous in the hind-wing of those two species.

T am indebted for the knowledge of this most interesting little butterfly
to Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer, who noticed it for the first time in November
1882, and sent me, in February 1883, two specimens to identify. On receipt
of my reply he several times visited the spot (about a mile from the village
of Burghersdorp, in the Albert District) which the species frequented, and
by the first week in March had captured a considerable number of examples
of both sexes. Dr. Kannemeyer describes the insect as being numerous in
this special haunt of a few yards in extent. The ground is near a brook, and
sedgy ; and the little Lycena kept flying about some leguminous and other
flowers, close to the ground, in a rapid, jerky manner and in a circular direc-
tion. In these respects it evidently much resembles its even minuter con-
geners, Z. Barbere, Trim., and L. Metophis, Wallengr.!

Locality of Lycena stellata.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—Burghersdorp, Albert District (D. R. Kan-
nemeyer).

143, (25.) Lycena Gaika, 'Trimen.

d Lycena Lysimon, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 39.

& Lycena Gaika, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d Ser., i. p. 403 (1862).

&, 9 Lycena Lysimon, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il, p. 256,n. 158, pl. 4, f. 7
[d] (1866), Sank |

Lycena pygmea, Snellen, “ Tijdschrift voer Ent., xix. p. 153, 6, 7 f. 3
(1876) ;” Moore [Zizera pygmea], Lep. Ceylon, ii. p. 78, pl. 35, ff. 5,
5a | (ist).

Exp. al., (f) 9-104 lin. ; (¢) 9-11 Inn.
a Pale-blue ; a brownish-grey border (of variable width in fore-wing)
on hind-margins; cilia whitish ; hind-wing tarlless. UNDER SIDE.—

1 In April 1883 Dr. Kannemeyer wrote that he had found the true home of the Stel-
lata in the plateau of the Stormberg range, eight miles east of Burghersdorp. At Botma’s
Farm it occurred in great abundance, frequenting a minute leguminous plant (probably a
Trifolium) growing in moist places. This plant is almost certainly the food of the larva,
the butterfly keeping about it exclusively. Dr. Kannemeyer also noticed the insect at the
farm Kulfontein, six miles further eastward.

LYCENIDA, St

Whitish-grey ; with minute, whitish-ringed blackish spots; im both
wings a thin, greyish, whitish-edged mark closing discoidal cell; a
transverse row of spots beyond middle (that of fore-wing curved, com-
mencing with two minute spots on costa before and about middle, and
reaching to submedian nervure; that of hind-wing sharply curved,
composed of eight spots, from costa about middle to inner-margin) ;
two dentate, submarginal, lunular, greyish, whitish-edged lines,—the
outer one broader, interrupted, macular; and a thin, black, bounding
line immediately before cilia. Hind-wing: a basal black spot; before
middle a transverse row of four spots; no metallic-centred spots near
anal angle.

2 Dull-brown. UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢; spots more distinct.

In the 2 the dark hind-marginal border of the fore-wing is always
wider at the apex, but varies considerably in width as well as in tint,
in some examples being much darker and with a well-defined inner
edge, emitting short nervular rays, while in others it 1s suffused and
without defined inner edge. The border of the hind-wing is constantly
narrow and not well-defined inwardly, the costa being also bordered
with brownish-grey as far as first subcostal nervule. In the 2 there is
rarely a faint basal and discal suffusion of grey on the upper side. A
specimen which I took in Griqualand West, which is larger and paler
generally than usual, best exhibits this feature.

This is undoubtedly the same insect that is described and figured by
Moore (op. cit.) as Pygmea, of Snellen, a native of Java and Ceylon,—speci-
mens that I examined in the British Museum only differing in the less dis-
tinctly marked under side. Though apparently belonging to the Lysimon
group, it is of much more slender structure thoughout, and has remarkably
elongate wings. These characters, combined with its whiter under side
(which has much more sharply curved discal rows of spots, but is without
cellular or subcellular spot near base of fore-wing) readily distinguish Gaika
from Lysimon.

I found this little Lycena in some abundance about D’Urban, in Natal ;
it flew very feebly, near the ground, among grass and weeds. It seems to be
on the wing for the greater part if not the whole of the year; for I took it
in June, August, February, and March in Natal, and during September in
Griqualand West. It extends to many other parts of Natal, but seems to be
scarcer inland. Colonel Bowker sent several examples from Zululand ; and
northwards the species ranges beyond the Tropic into Damaraland on the
Western Coast. Its most southern locality known to me is the coast of
Bathurst in the Cape Colony. So small and inconspicuous a butterfly is,
however, apt to be overlooked by collectors, and, looking to its wide geo-
graphical range, there can be no doubt that it inhabits very many stations
as yet unrecorded,

1 In the British Museum there is a 6 Lycwna, ticketed ‘ Pernambuco,” which is very
closely allied to, if not identical with, Z. Gaika. The only distinctions I could discover were
its hind-marginal border of the fore-wings being broader than usual, andthe lunules of the
inner submarginal line on the under side being sagittiform instead of nearly straight.

52 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Lyceena Garka.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
6. Hastern Districts.—Kleinemond River, Bathurst District (Mrs.
Barber). King William’s Town (W. S. I. D’ Urban).
c. Griqualand West.—Kimberley. Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

Natal.

a. Coast Districts—D’Urban, Umhlanga, Verulam, and Mapu-
mulo. Avoca (J. Hf. Bowker). “ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H.
Bowker.

b. Upper Districts.—Greytown. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
Karkloof and Biggarsberg (J. H. Bowker). Colenso (W.
Morant).

F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker). St. Lucia Bay (the

late Colonel H. Tower).

K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

II, Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (Mrs. Latham).
br. Eastern Interior.—“ Kilima-njaro (H. H. Johnston)” —F. D.
Godman.

che

IV. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—India.—Cutch.—Coll. Brit. Mus. Neilgherry
Hills, Madras.—Coll. Hope Oxon. Ceylon (£. LZ. Layard).

144. (26.) Lyceena Trochilus, Freyer.
Lycena Trochilus, Frey., ‘‘ Neuere Beitr. Schmett., v. p. 98, t. 440,

£1 (1844).
one 5 Herr.-Schaeff., Schmett. Eur., i. p. 128, t. 48,
ff. 224, 225 [3 |, t. 49, £ 22619] (sae
d . 45 Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857;

Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 41, n. 14.
Polyommatus Trochilus, Kirby, Europ. Butt. p. 99 (1862).
@ Lycena Trochilus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il, p. 256, n. 157 (1866).
Lycena parva, R. P. Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 526, pl. x.,
fit.

Exp. al., (f) 8-9 lin.; (2) 9-104 lin.

a Brown, with a greyish gloss; a thin, inconspicuous hind-marginal
fuscous line ; cilia brownish’ at origin but outwardly whitish ; no tail on
hind-wing. Fore-wing: an indistinct, linear, fuscous, terminal disco-
cellular lunule. Hind-wing: a similar, even less distinct, disco-cellular
lunule ; between third median nervule and submedian nervure, close to
hind-margin, three rounded black spots, bounded internally by two
rather conspicuous orange-yellow lunules, and one (the lowest) small
and indistinct and all but obsolete, and externally by a white linear
edging. UNDER SIDE.—Pale-grey, tinged with brownish; ordinary

LYCENIDA. 53

markings distinct, with well-defined white edges. Fore-wing: no sub-
basal spots; terminal disco-cellular lunule scarcely darker than ground-
colour; discal row of six black spots, only slightly curved superiorly,
the first and fifth spots partly before the rest; two submarginal rows
of almost straight white lunulate marks; a white hind-marginal line
immediately succeeded by a thin terminal black one. Hind-wing:
sub-basal row of four round black spots; terminal disco-cellular
lunule, and all the spots of irregular discal row except the first and
last (eighth)—costal and inner-marginal respectively, which are black,
—of the ground colour; lunules of two submarginal rows more acute
than in fore-wing, those of outer row forming imperfect rings with
hind-marginal white line; three hind-marginal black spots marked
outwardly with a semicircle of brilliant greenish-golden, the orange
lunules preceding them usually well-developed; usually the nucleus of
a fourth spot in the form of greenish-golden scales, between third
median nervule and radial nervule.

2 Similar, usually darker. Hind-wing: hind-marginal black spots
and adjacent orange-yellow lunules larger, the lowest lunule better
developed, and rarely a fourth small lunule just above third median
nervule; in some European examples a row of small white lunules
precedes the orange ones. UNDER SIDE.—<As in , but all the mark-
ings better developed, especially (in hind-wing) the hind-marginal spots
and adjacent orange lunules.

On the upper side this species, especially its 9, has much the appearance
of the 2 Z. Mahallokoena, Wallengr., but the row of from three to five
jewelled spots on the under side of the hind-wings constitutes an unmistake-
able distinction in Tvochilus. The Rev. R. P. Murray (loc. cit.) has
separated a South-African example, under the species name of ZL. parva,
distinguishing the new form from 7'rochilus ‘on account of its much smaller
size, and also from its presenting in both wings a series of white markings
immediately beyond the discal row of spots.” But I find that not only is an
expanse of eight lines (which is that given by Mr. Murray for ZL. parva) the
minimum size in South-African specimens of the ¢, but that European
examples of Trochilus are often no larger, and sometimes smaller (seven
lines) ; and indeed, on the whole, taking a series of both sexes, the South-
African insect appears to be decidedly the larger of the two. The second
distinction is not to be found in any South-African specimen that I have
seen, the inner of the two ordinary submarginal rows of white lunules
succeeding the discal spots, as in typical Zrochilus, in every case.

When comparing South-African with Northern specimens in 1881, I
thought, at first, that I had discovered a difference in the former as regards
both the smaller number of jewelled spots (three instead of four or five) and
the better developed adjoining orange lunules, but I found that the Northern
examples varied much in these very. particulars,—two Egyptian ones not
differing from South-African individuals in which those characters are best
expressed.

An aberration from the White Nile, in the Hewitson Collection of
the British Museum, has an orange-yellow bar in the fore-wings near the
posterior angle.

The only example that I met with in Natal was flitting about grass in a
valley of the Great Noodsberg, on the 18th March 1867. The species has

VOL. II. r

54 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

reached me from widely-distant localities, but I do not know of any place
where it occurs in any abundance. Specimens sent from Burghersdorp, in
the north-east of the Cape Colony, by Dr. Kannemeyer, are darker than usual
on the upper side, and have the under-side pattern very strongly marked.

Localities of Lycena Trochilus,

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.— Robertson.

b. Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth (J. LZ. Fry). New Year’s
River, Albany District (Mrs. Barber). Burghersdorp (D. &.
Kannemeyer).

c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).

d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.

b. Upper Districts:x—Great Noodsberg. Biggarsberg and Rorke’s

Drift (J. H. Bowker).
F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiio).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres).

Ii. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland: ‘ River Kuisip (Wuhlberg).”—
Wallengren.
B. North Tropical.
b1. Eastern Interior,—White Nile.—Coll. Hewitson in Brit. Mus.
C. Extra-Tropical North Africa.—HEgypt.—Coll. Hewitson in Brit.
Mus.

III. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—“ Asia Minor and North Persia.””—Staudinger.

IV. Europe.—“ Turkey.’’— Doubleday, Herrich-Schiffer, &. “ Balkan
Mountains.’’—Staudinger.

145. (27.) Lyceena Metophis, Wallengren.

Lycena Metophis, Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1860, p. 37, 2. 17;
and K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1872, p. 48, n. 21.1

Exp. al., (8) 7-72 lin.; (2) 9-94 lin.
gf Dull-brown, paler and tinged with greyish basally ; cilia white, im
Jfore-wing very broadly, in hind-wing extremely narrowly, interrupted
with dark-brown at extremities of nervules ; hind-wing tailless. Fore-
wing: brown interruptions of cilia at extremities of first and second
median nervules exceedingly broad, almost uniting. Hind-wing: a
hind-marginal series of four small internervular blackish spots, of
1 Through the kind assistance of Prof. Chr. Aurivillius, of the Royal Swedish Museum
in Stockholm, I was enabled to obtain a careful coloured drawing of the type of this species,

and so more satisfactorily to determine the distinctness of Metophis from my more recently —
named close ally, Z. Barberce. ;

LYCAINID Ai, 55

which the two next anal angle are often immediately preceded by
two minute whitish spots, UNDER SIDE.—Pale greyish-brown ; mark-
ings mostly of the ground-colour, but their white edgings well defined.
Fore-wing : disco-cellular terminal lunule broad, subreniform ; discal
row of six imperfect annulets between subcostal and submedian ner-
vures, highly irregular,—the second and fourth projecting beyond the
rest, and the sixth considerably before them (so as to be in a line
with terminal cellular marking); two submarginal rows of thin white
lunulate marks, of which the lowest in each row is larger than the
rest—so that the two partly unite; a dull whitish hind-marginal line
(becoming pure-white and wider at its lower extremity), succeeded by
_a brown line. Hind-wing: a sub-basal series of three to four united
rather large white annulets, of which that next costa is oval and much
the largest; a broad terminal disco-cellular marking, with both white
edges rather suffused; discal series of very imperfect more or less
confluent annulets highly irregular,—the second annulet being only
partly beyond, and immediately above, terminal disco-cellular marking,
while the third is far beyond the second, and the first of a continuous
but irregular series of six, terminating on inner margin; between
second subcostal and first median nervules, a hind-marginal series of
four distinct round black spots, each containing a large crescent of
elittering greenish-golden scales, surrounded by a whitish ring, and
preceded at a little distance by a more or less suffused whitish
lunule; traces of two similarly coloured spots near apex (the second
immediately preceded by a rather large and conspicuous whitish spot),
and more distinct traces of another at anal angle; cilia dark-brown at
its origin.
Similar; on upper side paler. UNDER SIDE.—As in ~.

This species was discovered by Wahlberg close to Walvisch Bay, in
Damaraland, but has since been found to inhabit many localities in Extra-
Tropical South Africa. It differs from LZ. Trochilus, Frey, in its smaller
size, white cilia interrupted with brown, and want of orange lunules in the
hind-wings ; while its under side is darker, much more irregularly marked,
without black centres to any of the ordinary spots, and with never less than
four jewelled spots on the hind-margin of the hind-wings. Metophis is, how-
ever, much nearer to a Lycena from Ceylon in the British Museum, labelled
“ZL. Chinga” (but which has not, I believe, been described), and to the Cali-
fornian L. exilis, Boisd. It differs from both in its broad white cilia inter-
rupted with brown, and from the Californian species in wanting a bluish
suffusion at the bases of the wings on the upper side and a shining reddish
suffusion over the outer half of the fore-wings on the under side.

I have met with this beautiful little butterfly only at Robertson, in the
Cape Colony, where in January 1876 I captured a few specimens flitting
about close to the ground on the dry hill-sides. Colonel Bowker has forwarded
examples from the north and north-east of the Cape Colony, Mr. E. G. Alston
from the north central, and Mr. L. Péringuey from the north-west. The latter
found it generally distributed in Namaqualand, though local in its haunts,
and collected in that district and the adjoining one of Clanwilliam twenty-
four specimens. I am not aware of its occurrence near the cast of the Cape

56 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Colony, where, however, the very closely allied LZ. Barber, mihi, is known to
extend as far as Natal; but its existence at Delagoa Bay probably points to
its inhabiting the intervening territory.

Localities of Lycena Metophis,

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts. —Robertson. Van Wyk’s Vley, Carnarvon
District (HZ. G. Alston). Warsch River, Clanwilliam District
(L. Péringuey). Garies, Ookiep, Spectakel, and Klipfontein,
Namaqualand District (LZ. Périnquey).
b. Eastern Districts.—Hope Town (J. H. Bowker).
c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker). Kimberley
(Hi. L. Feltham),
H. Delagoa Bay.—In Hewitson Coll. in Brit. Mus.
Il. Other African Regions,

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— River Kuisip [Walvisch Bay] (Wahlberg).”
Wallengren.

146. (28.) Lyceena Barbere, Trimen.
Lycena Barbere, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 89, pl. v. f. 7.

Exp. al., (2) 54-63 lin.; (2) 74-9 lin.

Closely allied to L. Metophis, Wallengr. ¢ and 9. WDark-brown ;
cilia broad, white, interrupted with brown—in fore-wing broadly, in
lind-wing narrowly—at ends of nervules; hind-wing tarlless. Hind-
wing: a very indistinct hind-marginal row of small blackish spots.
UNDER SIDE.—Brownsh-grey (the hind-wing finely speckled with whit-
ish); wn both wings, terminal disco-cellular and discal incomplete white
annulets filled with browmsh rather darker than ground-colour. Fore-
wing: discal series of annulets arranged much as in MMetophis, but
commencing with a small additional (costal) one,—the lowest annulet
rather beyond disco-cellular terminal one; two submarginal rows of
white lunules rather farther apart than in JMetophis, and lunules of
inner row more sagittiform; space between two rows rather darker
than rest of ground-colour. Mind-wing: sub-basal series of four annu-
lets arranged as in Metophis, but filled with brownish darker than
eround-colour ; terminal disco-cellular annulet nearer base, and quite
separate from discal row; the latter is much wider, more even, and
continuous, forming more of a bar or narrow fascia, interrupted on
second subcostal nervule; hind-marginal series of four golden-cres-
cented black spots and other markings as in Metophis, except that the
conspicuous whitish spot immediately preceding the second hind-mar-
ginal marking is wanting.

The sexes do not differ except in size.

Besides the various differences specified above, Barberw has con-

LYCENIDZ. 57

siderably broader and shorter wings than J/efophis ; and I have never
found in either sex any trace of the small whitish spots which in
Metophis often immediately precede the blackish hind-marginal spots on
the upper side of the hind-wings, arbere is also considerably the
smaller of the two forms.

In both species, but more especially in Barbera, the discoidal cell
is in both fore and hind wings remarkably short, its termination being
considerably before the middle.

I had much pleasure in naming this smallest but by no means least
beautiful of South-African butterflies after Mrs. F. W. Barber, of Grahams-
town, who has rendered important services to entomology as well as to botany,
and from whom I first received examples of the insect. In February 1870
I was so fortunate as to make the acquaintance, under Mrs. Barber’s guidance,
of this minute species. It keeps much to spots of limited extent, usually
about stony hillsides, and is usually numerous in such restricted stations.
In the bed of the Mill River, on the roth February, I met with a large
number, settling on the large stones, and succeeded in capturing a good
series, notwithstanding the difficulty of securing such inconspicuous and fragile
little creatures among the stones under a broiling sun, In September 1872
I met with a very few specimens in Griqualand West, and in January 1876
captured four examples at Robertson in the Cape Colony. At Port Nolloth,
in August 1873, I took a single ¢, the largest I have seen (exp. nine
lines); and Mr. Peringuey has lately brought from Ookiep, in the same
district (Namaqualand), a specimen of nearly equal size captured by him in
November 1885.

It thus appears that in the Cape Colony and in Griqualand West,
Barbere and Metophis co-exist in several localities, but, as far as hitherto
known, the former is more characteristic of the eastern side of South Africa
and the latter of the western. The discovery, however, of Metophis so far
east as Delagoa Bay, is a fact that may indicate a common range of the two
forms throughout the region.

I have seen no smaller butterfly than Barlere—a ¢ that I captured
at Robertson expands only five lines, and several others spread less than
six lines,

Localities of Lycena Barbere.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Robertson. Ookiep (L. Péringucy) and
Port Nolloth, Namaqualand District.

6. Kastern Districts.—Highlands (MW. lL. Barber and H. J. Ather-
stone). Mill River, Mitford Park, and Zwaartwater’s Poort,
Albany District. Between Somerset Hast and Murraysburg
(J. H. Bowker). Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett). Burghersdorp
(D. R. Kannemeyer). Uitenhage (J. H. Bowker),

e. Griqualand West.— Kimberley and Barkly.

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. 1. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Hstcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).

SECTION B.—Under side brownish-grey or dull yellowish-grey ;
markings not or scarcely darker than ground-colour, and more or less
completely confluent as fascie, so that their well-marked white edges

58 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

have the appearance of rather irregular striz on a concolorous ground ;
a short fascia across middle of discoidal cell of fore-wing.

L. Betica (Linn.) [tailed], Sichela, Wallengr., notobia, Trim., 7somo,
‘Trim., Noquasa, Trim.

147. (29.) Lycena Betica, (Linneus).

? Papilio Beticus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 789, n. 226 (1767).

3, ¢ Polyommatus Beticus, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 653, n. 122 (1819).
Lycena Betica, Horst.. Cat. Lep. H. I. C. Mus., p. 80, n. 14 (1828),

§ Lycena Betica, Boisd., Sp. Gen, Lep., i, pl. 7, f. 9 (1836).

CO) as » Trim., Rhop. Afr. Austr., ii, p. 236, n. 138 (1866).
Larva AND Pura (South Africa), Trim., op. cit. p. 342.

Exp. al., (f) 114 lin.—t1 in. 44 lin.; (2) 1 in. 2-54 lin.

g Silky violet-blue, with a fuscous hind-marginal edging. Hind-
wing: two well-marked black spots, outwardly whitish-edged, near
anal angle, of which the larger is above first median nervule. UNDER
SIDE.—Pale-ochreous-grey, with wadulated, transverse white stric ; com-
mon to both wings, beyond middle, a fascia composed of a middle broad
streak, with a parallel line at equal distances on either side, variable in
regularity, angulated in hind-wing below first median,—a white stripe,
narrow in fore-wing, but wider and conspicuous in hind-wing, excepting
near inner-margin touching the greater portion of outer line of fascia,
—followed by a lunulate stria and a hind-marginal edging. Fore-
wing: a short triple fascia, similar to the longer one described, across _
cell, and another like it at extremity of cell. Hind-wing: base lightly
irrorated with blackish ; two to four transverse strize in basal portion,
in places more or less confluent; mixed up with these, a triple streak
closing cell; two black spots exteriorly edged with bluish or greenish-
silvery, and interiorly bordered by an orange lunule (indistinct in
lower spot).

9 Dull-brownish, vividly shot with shining blue from base and over
disc. Hind-wing: sometimes almost devoid of blue; beyond middle a
transverse row of broad, more or less conspicuous white lunules; a
row of thinner lunules near margin combine with a hind-marginal line
to form bluish-white rings, of which the two next anal angle are com-
plete, enclosing the two black spots. UNDER sipz.—As in @, but
marking more conspicuous, especially the white stripe in fore-wing.

Cilia in both sexes greyish at origin, white on outer edge.

Larva.—Bright-green ; paler on the under surface. A dark-
green dorsal line; beneath it, on each side, an indistinct line inter-
~ rupted on each segment, followed by a row of short, oblique, indistinct
streaks of the same dark-green, and a pale-green line just above the
legs, Head small, shining, reddish-brown. Two-thirds of an inch in
length. Feeds on flowers of Crotalaria capensis (a Papilionaceous
shrub), in which it lives.

LYCANIDA 59

Pupa.—Very pale greyish-ochreous, dusted unequally with black-
ish; the wing-covers more greenish in tint. A fuscous line down the
back; some blackish spots on head and back; two rows of blackish
spots on each side of back of abdomen. About half an inch in length ;
thickest and roundest in abdominal region; head blunt. The pupal
state lasts from ten to twelve days in the summer.

Godart (Joc. cit.) describes the larva in EKurope as variegated with red on
the back, and as feeding in the pods of Colutea arborescens, or of the com-
mon green pea. I have not seen any examples so marked at the Cape.
Mrs. Wollaston (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th series, vol. ii. p. 224, 1879)
mentions the partiality of the “green” larve of Leetica for the common
garden-pea both in St. Helena and Madeira; and I have noticed the butterfly
about that plant in Mauritius.!

Except in size, this well-known and beautiful Lycena varies but little,
the males differing slightly in depth of blue on the upper side, and the
females in the development and distinctness of the discal and submarginal
white lunules of the hind-wing; while on the under side, in both sexes, the
submarginal white stripe and the orange lunule of the superior hind-marginal
black spot of the hind-wing present some variation, The specimen of
Damoétes, Fab. (Syst. Ent., p. 526, n. 350, 1775), which I examined in the
Banksian Collection in the British Museum, is not separable from Beetica.
Examples that I captured near Algiers, in 1881, are slightly darker than the
South-African specimens.

Beetica is generally distributed in Southern Africa, and occurs throughout
the year, but is most numerous from October to April. It frequents numer-
ous leguminous plants when in flower, and is fond among others of the
“ Keurboom” (Virgilia capensis). Though able to fly with considerable
swiftness, it seldom does so, but flutters about the plants that chiefly attract
it, repeatedly settling on the flowers or leaves.

Not only has this butterfly an immensely wide geographical distribution,
apparently including nearly the whole of the warmer parts of the Old World,
but it is remarkable for having established itself in oceanic islands very
remote from any continent. Mrs. Wollaston (loc. cit.) observes that it is
“the most abundant of the few” [only four species noted] “ Diurnal Lepi-
doptera as yet found in St. Helena,” and the Rev. T. Blackburn (as noted
above) reared it from the larve in the Hawaiian Islands.

Inhabiting all Southern Europe, it extends sparingly into the north of
France, and stragglers have been captured on the South Coast of England.

Localities of Lyewna Betica.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Cape Town, Genadendal, Caledon District
(G. Hettarsch). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. Van Wyk’s Vley,
Carnarvon District (Z. G. Alston).

1 Mr. A. G. Butler records (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 31) two specimens of the
butterfly from the Hawaiian Islands, and gives the Rev. T. Blackburn’s note of having
bred it from larvee feeding in pods of what appeared to be a Melilotus. These Hawaiian
larvee are described as of an “obscure olive-green,” and as having the “dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines and the region included obscurely rosy,’—which latter character accords with
Godart’s description. The head is described as “testaceous, bearing a V-shaped mark
which points backward,” and the spiracles as ‘“ white.”

It thus seems evident that the larva varies considerably more than the imago does.

60

IT.

III.

IV.

Vv.

SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

b, Hastern Districts.—Grahamstown. King William’s Town (IV.
D’ Urban and J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
. Natal.
a. Coast Districts. —‘‘ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker, D’Ur-
ban (J. H. Bowker). Umvoti. Mapumulo.
b. Upper Districts. —Hermansburg. Greytown. Maritzburg (Miss
Colenso). Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker), St. Lucia Bay
(Colonel H. Tower).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (T. Ayres). Marico River (/.
C. Selous).
L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (Rev. J. Frédoux).

coe

Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘“ Damaraland (De Vylder),’’— Aurivillius.
“‘ Kinsembo, Congo (//, Ansell).”—A. G. Butler.
aa. St. Helena.
b, Hastern Coast.—Zambesi River (ev. H. Rowley).— Coll. Hope
Oxon.
bb. ‘Madagascar and Bourbon.’’—Boisduval and Guence. Mau-
ritius.
br. Eastern Interior.—Khama’s Country (ZH. Barber). Mokloutze
River (f. C. Selous).
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Sierra Leone (W. Cutter).
b, Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Harkeko and Akeek Island (J. K. Lord).”—
F. Walker.
br, Kastern Interior.—‘ Abyssinia: Shoa (Azfinorz).’’—Oberthiir.
C. Extra-Tropical North Africa.
aa. Western Islands.—Teneriffe and Madeira.—Coll Brit. Mus.
b. Mediterranean Coast.—Algiers. “Cairo (J. K. Lord).”—F.
Walker.

Europe.—Spain.—Coll. Brit. Mus. ‘France, Switzerland, Austria,
Italy, South Russia.” —Awct. Turkey.—Coll. Brit. Mus,

Asia.

A. Southern Region.—“ Arabia: Mount Sinai (J. Kk. Lord).”—F.
Walker. ‘ West Asia and Persia.’’—Staudinger. ‘“ Kurra-
chee.”—C. Swinhoe. Punjab, North India, and Landoor
(Himalaya).—Coll. Brit. Mus. Ceylon.—Coll. Brit. Mus.
China: Hongkong.—Coll. Brit. Mus. Japan: ‘“ Yamato
(Pryer).”—O, E. Janson.

B. Malayan Archipelago.—Java.—Coll, Brit. Mus.

Australia.

A. Austro-Malayan Archipelago.—‘‘ Batchian and Waigiou.”—W. F.
Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll.

B. Australia Proper.—Victoria: “ Melbourne (Zucas).’’—Butler.

Sandwich Islands: Hawaii (Llacklurn).”’—Butler,

LYCAINID i. 61

148. (30.) Lycezna Sicheia, Wallengren.

3 Lycena Sichela, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad, Handl, 1857; Lep. Rhop.
Catir, p37, 0. 4.
Lycena Emolus, 1 ¢, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 234, n. 136 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 9 lin—1 in. 14 lin.; (2) 9 lin—1 in. 24 lin.

g Silky dark-violaceous ; a fuscous line along hind-marginal edge ;
cilia dull-greyish, inclining to whitish in hind-wing. Hind-wing: an
indistinct fuscous spot (often obsolete) near hind-margin, between first
and second median nervules. UNDER SIDE—Pale brownish-grey, with
the following very finely on both sides white-edged fascice, paler mesially
and otherwise very slightly darker than the ground-colour in both wings,
viz., one across middle of discoidal cell, another at its extremity, and
the third much longer, discal, irregular, submacular; also two hind-
marginal rows of very thin white lunules (those of the inner row much
more acute—especially in hind-wing), followed by whitish and very
slender black lines along hind-marginal edge. Jore-wing: first fascia
very short from costa to median nervure, interrupted on costal nervure ;
second of about the same length; discal fascia strongly curved, from
costa to first median nervule. Hind-wing: an incomplete basal fascia ;
the sub-basal fascia from costa to inner-margin interrupted on sub-
costal and median nervures; discal fascia highly irregular, interrupted
on first subcostal and on second and first median nervules; the two
lunules of inner row at anal angle and between first and second
median nervules respectively each enclose a small but very distinct
black spot.

2 Greyish-brown with a small rather bright violaceous space in each
wing. ore-wing: violaceous extends from base along inner-margin to
about middle, rises a little above median nervure into discoidal cell,
and extends over about basal half only of median nervules, Mind-
wing: violaceous much more limited than in fore-wing, extending from
base only over discoidal cell and for a little way above and below it.
UNDER SIDE.—<As in f; but discal fascia in fore-wing prolonged almost
to submedian nervure, not far from posterior angle.

I had not seen any examples of this scarce species when, in Part IT. of my
Lhopalocera Africe Australis, p. 235, I suggested that it might be the same
as my Lycena Emolus (= Lycenesthes Liodes, Hewits.). In 1875 two worn
dS were sent to me in a small collection made by Mr. H. Barber in the
NW. Transvaal, but I did not identify them with Wallengren’s species until,
in 1879, Colonel Bowker sent a series of specimens from the coast of Natal.
In order, however, to make sure of what the Sichela of Wallengren really
was, I obtained in 1881, through the kind assistance of Mr. Chr. Aurivillius,
of the Stockholm Museum, a careful drawing of the type specimen (a ¢ ), and
found that I had correctly made out the species.

It requires close examination to detect the actual pattern and arrange-
ment of the under-side markings ; as, owing to the fasciz being paler in their
middle and laterally but very little darker than the ground-colour, the whole
surface (but especially that of the hind-wing) has the aspect of being simply

62 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

streaked with fine white irregular transverse nes to beyond the middle.
There are no tails on the hind-wings. The markings are very similar on the
whole to those of Lycenesthes Liodes, and the colour of the upper side is also
very like that in the species named. Jn the possession of a short fascia on
the under side of the fore-wing crossing the middle of the discoidal cell,
Sichela resembles Letica, Linn., and Notobia, Tsomo, and Noguasa, mihi.
In both sexes of Sichela, the first median nervule of the fore-wing is strongly
curved downward near its origin.

Most of Colonel Bowker’s specimens were taken in January, on a hill
close to the Umgeni Railway Station near D’Urban. He noted that the
insect settled on bare twigs. In October 1879 Colonel Bowker sent me a
worn @ taken by him, towards the end of the month, at Port Elizabeth.
Both sexes vary greatly in size.

Localities of Lycena Sichela.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Kastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth (J. HZ. Bowker’.
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban and Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Crocodile (Limpopo) River (ZZ, Barler).

149. (31.) Lyceena Notobia, Trimen.
Prave VILL} At. 6 Co); Gaek @ ):
3, 2 Lycena Notobia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. gt.

Exp. al., ($) 11 lin.—1 in. 24 lin.; (2) 1 in—r in. 29 lin.

a Shining opalescent-violaccous, rather pale; a very narrow hind-
marginal fuscous-brown border ; cilia broad, fuscous-brown, with narrow
white inter-nervular interruptions well-defined and conspicuous in fore-
wing, but rather suffused and ill-defined in hind-wing. Hind-wing:
a small very faint hind-marginal fuscous spot between first and second
median nervules. No tail. UNDER sIDE— Lrownish-grey, with a yellow-
ish tinge; in each wing the terminal disco-cellular striola, and discal sub-
macular fascia, except for their darker margins, are of the grownd-colour,
but edged rather conspicuously with white. Fore-wing: across middle
of discoidal cell a white-edged broad striola like that at extremity ;
the latter with its outer white edging prolonged as far as second or
first median nervule; macular discal band broad (except just at its
beginning on costal edge), regular, curved superiorly, extending to
submedian nervure; hind-marginal series of small acute white lunules
rather ill-defined, succeeded by the usual whitish and fuscous hind-
marginal bounding lines. Hind-wing: discal band more macular than
in fore-wing, narrower, more irregular, almost interrupted on second
subcostal and first median nervules, extending from costa to inner-
margin; a shorter, similar, sub-basal band crossing middle of discoidal

LYCENIDA. : 63

cell; also a short imperfect one of three separate spots at base; both
before and beyond discal band some whitish scaling; hind-marginal
markings as in fore-wing, but lunules larger; a small, black, greenish
silvery-dotted spot, faintly ringed with yellow between first and second
median nervules; a similar very minute spot at anal angle.

2 Greyish-brown, with, in each wing, a very limited space of violaceous,
duller than in ¢, extending from base only over median nervure, lower
part of discoidal cell, bases of median nervules, and along inner-margin
to about or beyond middle. ind-wing: traces of a hind-marginal
row of fuscous spots edged inwardly with bluish-white lunules, of which
the two next anal angle are usually tolerably distinct. UNDER SIDE.—
Asin ft.

In this species the neuration of the eemelon side is pale and distinct, espe-
cially in the hind-wing.

The wings of this very distinct Lycena are rather elongate, but the apical
part of the fore-wings is less prominent and the apex itself much blunter than
in Sichela or Betica. I have not met with any close ally, but think the best
position for it is next to Stchela, Wallengr.

This butterfly appears to belong to the dry upland districts of the interior.
The first specimens I received were taken in 1864-5, near Murraysburg, Cape
Colony, by Mr. J. J. Muskett, and examples have since been taken in other
parts of the north-eastern districts, in Griqualand West, the Orange Free
_ State, the Transvaal, and Bechuanaland, In 1872, during the month of Sep-
tember, I had the pleasure of capturing a good many specimens in Griqualand
West; I found them usually about a tall shrubby lilac-flowered strongly-
_ scented Salvia, common in that territory. Their flight was short and feeble,
and they were very easily netted.

Localities of Lyceena Notobia.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b, Kastern Districts—Murraysburg (J. J. Musiett). Between
Murraysburg and Somerset Hast (J. H. Bowker). Orange
River (IZ. E£. Barber).
ce. Griqualand West.—Belmont, Kolberg, Colesberg Kopje, and
Waldek’s Plant (Vaal River).
C. Orange Free State.—Boshof (J. H. Bowker). Hebron (W. Aorant).
K. Transvaal. Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

150. (32.) Lyceena Tsomo, Trimen.
Puate VIIL, fig. 7 (3).
3 9 Lycena Tsomo, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. gt.

Exp. al., (f) 9-11 lin.; (2) 95-114 lin.

g¢ Pale HEY reddish- i own ; in both wings, the base very narrowly
tinged with purplish-black, and beyond that a very faint pinkish-
violaceous suffusion along inner-margin, rising into lower part of
discoidal cell, and extending over median nervules to beyond middle.
find-wing: between first and second median nervules, a_ hind-

64 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

marginal, small, indistinct, blackish spot; no tail. Cilia shining
greyish. UNDER SIDE.—Dull yellowish-grey ; im both wings, the
ordinary transverse markings scarcely darker than the ground-colour,
and faintly edged with whitish on each side, and the hind-marginal
ones more or less indistinct; in hind-wing, the discal macular band
immediately succeeded by a suffused whitish one. Fore-wing: a median
and a terminal disco-cellular striola; discal band very regular, even,
and continuous from costa to submedian nervure. Hind-wing: discal
macular band very regular, unbroken, only shghtly curved inferiorly ;
a very indistinct white-edged basal spot, macular sub-basal band, and
terminal disco-cellular striola ; hind-marginal lunules less indistinct than
in fore-wing, more acute; the spot between first and second median
nervules black and distinct ; whitish submarginal band rather broad.

2 Darker, the violaceous very restricted (especially in hind-wing),
sometimes obsolete or barely visible. UNDER SIDE.—As in ff, but all the
markings rather better defined.

This obscure little species on the upper side much resembles the @
LL. Lysimon, Hiibn., but is widely different on the under side, which is
not unlike that of Z. Betica, although on so small a scale. Its only
near ally known to me is L. Noguasa, Trim., which has an almost
identical under side, but has much violaceous-blue on the upper side,
especially in the male.

Colonel Bowker discovered this butterfly in January 1865, near the
River Tsomo in Kaffraria Proper, and noted it as very numerous during that
and the following months in reedy, swampy spots near water. He met with
the species again in Basutoland, in March 1869, frequenting similar stations,
and found it very numerous on the flowers of a species of mint. Mrs.
Barber has sent a specimen from the Stormbergen, and Dr. Kannemeyer
several examples from Burghersdorp in the Cape Colony. So dull and small
an insect is easily passed over by collectors, and I suspect that its range in

the eastern tracts is more general and widely spread than at present
appears.

Locahties of Lycena Tsomo.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
6. Eastern Districts.—Stormbergen (MZ. E. Barber). Burghersdorp,
Albert District (D. Rk. Kannemeyer).
d. Basutoland.—Head of Orange River (Drakensberg), Tantjies
Berg, and Thaba Bosigo (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker).

151. (33.) Lyceena Noquasa, sp. nov.

Lypal,, (6 TO tins; (2) 1a sim:
a Bright pale violaceous-blue ; fore-wing rather broadly, hind-wing
narrowly bordered with fuscous-grey ; cura greyish, paler outwardly.

LYCENIDZ. 65

Fore-wing: border commencing very narrowly on costa beyond middle,
but immediately becoming broad at apex, and thence gradually narrow-
ing along hind-margin almost to a point at posterior angle. Hind-
wing : costa narrowly greyish ; inner-margin greyish mixed with white ;
border of moderate width at apex, but suddenly narrowed on second
subcostal nervule, and thence almost linear to anal angle; hind-mar-
ginal spot between first and second median nervules rather large,
round, black, conspicuous; no tail. UNDER sIDE.— Dull yellowish-
grey, slightly browner than in L. Tsomo, Trim., but with the mark-
ings almost rdentical with those in that species, only their white edges
being better marked. ore-wing: discal band more incurved at its
lower extremity. Hind-wing: discal band straighter inferiorly ; white
band beyond this not so suffused inwardly, so that its component
lunules are distinct; hind-marginal black spot larger, rounder, its
outer portion with a few bluish-silvery scales.

2 Pale brown with a reddish tinge; a small basi-inner-marginal
vrolaceous-blue space in fore-wing, and a very small basal one in hind-
wing. Fore-wing: blue extends from base over inner-marginal border
to a little beyond middle, occupying lower part of discoidal cell, and
extending thinly over median nervules near their origin. Mind-wing: ~
blue almost limited to discoidal cell, there being only a few scattered
blue scales over lower discal area; hind-marginal black spot ringed
with bluish-white; above it, traces of two imperfect smaller similar

annulets on hind-margin. UNDER SIDE.—As in @.

Though so intimately related to L. Zsomo, this species differs so
very widely from it on the upper side, especially in the g, that it is
recognisable at the first glance. The dark-bordered blue upper side of
d, and the brown partly blue one of the 2, indeed much more resemble
those of the respective sexes of Lysimon, Hiibn., than the subcupreous
tints of Z'somo.

The first example I received was taken by Mr. W. Morant, on 14th
September 1870, in the Upper Districts of Natal,t and is the only ? I have
seen. A worn ¢ reached me in 1878 from Colonel Bowker, who took it
near Maritzburg; but it was not until the end of 1884 that I received from
him four ¢sin good condition, taken at the Howick Falls of the Umgeni
on the 26th November 1884. He noted the insect as numerous about two
small swampy spots some four hundred yards above the Howick Bridge, and
as having quite the same habits as Z’somo. The specific name given to this
Lycena is a slight modification of what Colonel Bowker informs me is the
Kafir name for the Umgeni Falls,

Localities of Lycena Noquasa.
I. South Africa.
H. Natal.

b. Upper Districts.—Maritzburg and Howick (J. H. Bowker).
“ Ourry’s’’ (W. Morant).

1 Mr. Morant’s ticket bore the locality “Curry’s,” but I have not been able to ascertain
where the place intended is situated.

66 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Section C.—Under side brownish-grey; discal and submarginal
markings considerably darker than ground-colour, white-edged, very
irregular, more or less confluent into broken fasciee; discal fascia of
hind-wing so united with a submarginal brownish cloud as to mark off
a subquadrate whitish space in anal-angular area.

L. Lingeus (Cram.) [tailed], Z. Palemon (Cram.) [tailed].

152. (84.) Lyczeena Lingeus, (Cramer).
3 Papilio Lingeus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ccclxxix. ff. F, @ (1782).
$ Hesperia Ericus, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. 1, p. 281, n. 81 (1793).
3 2? Polyommatus Lingeus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 656, n. 130 (1819).
3 @ Lycena Lingeus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p, 239, n. 140 (1866).

Exp. al., (f) 114 lin.—1 in. 1 lin.; (2) 11 lin—1 in. of lin.

gf Dull violaceous-bluish, very glossy (in some specimens shot with
sulvery-greenish) : a blackish hind-marginal line; cilia white, wrregularly
varved with blackish, chiefly wm fore-wing ; a slender, black, white-
tipped tail on first median nervule of hind-wing. UNDER sipE.—Pale
brownish-grey, with transverse white-edged darker fascie ; a brown cloud
in hind-wing. Fore-wing: from costa, a single white stria near base,
curving inward to origin of median nervure,—a short fascia (of which
the outer white reaches below median nervure) crossing cell,—another
similar fascia at extremity of cell; beyond middle, a submacular fascia
narrowing downward, from costa to first median nervule; along hind-
margin a whitish stripe interrupted with brown on discoidal and second
and third median nervules, and containing a row of small, dark, lunular
spots. Hind-wing: base brown; an interrupted macular fascia before,
and a very irregular one about, middle; on disc, a brown clowd,—on
the lower edge of which, between second and first medians, is a con-
spicuous subguadrate white spot; on either side of first median nervule
a faintly yellow-ringed, black, bluish-silvery-dusted spot; along hind-
margin a very indistinct row of confluent whitish rings.

2 Grey-brown, shot with violet-blue from base over disc. Fore-wing:
short fascia closing cell well-marked on this side, its white edges suffused ;
two or three suffused whitish spots in broad hind-marginal brown.
Hind-wing: a dark streak closing cell; rarely, a row of indistinct
bluish-white marks beyond middle ; a nearly obsolete hind-marginal row
of whitish lunules, that above, and sometimes that below, first median,
with an outer adjacent blackish spot. UNDER sipE.—<As in ¢.

A @ taken near D’Urban, Natal, by Colonel Bowker, has much whitish
suffusion on the disc of both wings, and an unbroken series of submarginal
whitish spots (the middle one white) in the fore-wing.

In this species the ? is rather smaller than the ¢; and I possess one ?
which is only g lin. across the expanded wings, but this example, which I
captured near Cape Town, can only be regarded as abnormally dwarfed, like
the still more diminutive 9s of Z. Palemon which are not rarely met with.

LYCAENIDZ. 67

Lingeus is a very distinct species, with no near ally except Palemon,
Cram., from which it is easily distinguished by its curious dull-tinted but
exceedingly glossy violaceous-bluish instead of cupreous-violaceous upper side
in the ¢, and violaceous-bluish shot instead of plain brown or slightly cupre-
ous-violaceous shot upper side in the 9. The differences in the under-side
markings of the two species are given below in the descriptions of L.
Palemon.

This is a widely-spread butterfly and not uncommon in woods and bushy
spots. It occurs throughout the year, but is frequent only in the summer,
and I have not personally taken it before the middle of September or after
the end of May. Itis fond of hovering about low bushes, and often settles on
flowers, where it is very easy of capture. The male is much more numerous
on the wing than the ?. I captured the paired sexes on Table Mountain in
February 1865.

Localities of Lycena Lingeus.

J, South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Piketberg. Triangles Station,
Worcester District (LZ. Péringuey). Robertson. Knysna. Plet-
tenberg Bay. Oograbies, Namaqualand. Malmesbury (JL.
Péringuey).

b, Eastern Districts—Grahamstown (If, L. Barber). King Wil-
liam’s Town (J. H. Bowker). Keiskamma River (W. D’ Urban).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
K, Natal.
a. Coast Districts. —D’ Urban.
b, Upper Districts.—Great Noodsberg. Estcourt (J. MW. Hutchin-

son.
F, Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourencgo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

b1. HKastern Interior.—Zambesi River (2. C. Selous).
B. North Tropical.

a Western Coast.—Special locality not noted (Z. Bourke).

153. (35.) Lyceena Palemon, (Cramer).

3 Papilio Palemon, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ccexe., ff. n. F. (1782).
3 2 Lycena Palemon, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 240, n. 141 (1866).

Exp. ai., (f) 10 lin.—1 in. 1 lin.; (2) 10 lin.—t1 in. of lin.

Allied to Z. Lingeus (Cram.)

& Coppery-violaceous, with a brown hind-marginal edging: cilia
white, regularly interrupted with brown on nervules, Hind-wing: a
small blackish, pale-edged spot on hind-margin, just above first median
nervule; tail rather broad, twisted, blackish, edged and tipped with
white. UNDER sipE.—Very like that of Zingeus but browner. Fore-
wing: no basal stria, outer edge of terminal cellular fascia not reaching
below median nervure; costal origins of fascise more minute and

68 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

separate than in Lingeus ; fascia beyond middle more macular, inclin-
ing inwards, interrupted on second and first median nervules, and
reaching submedian nervure; marginal stripe almost obliterated with
brown, except at apex, which is rather conspicuously whitish, Hind-
wing: fascia about middle darker, much more regular, united at end of
cell with discal brown cloud; the white spot enlarged to a broad whitish
inner marginal space, and more deeply incising the cloud by a conspicuous
acute dash between third and second medians: hind marginal spots
smaller, duller than in Lingeus, the lower often obsolete.

2 Cupreous brown, more or less shot with violet from bases ; or dull
greyish-brown, without any violet lustre. Fore-wing: an indistinct
terminal disco-cellular spot. Hind-wing: black spot whitish-ringed,
sometimes dusted with bluish-silvery; indistinct traces of a hind
marginal row of whitish rings or lunules. UNDER sIDE.—As in @.

The ¢ varies considerably in the depth and intensity of the upper side
violaceous, some of the specimens being of remarkable beauty in this respect.
A ¢$ from the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal has under-side markings
very deep rich brown and their white edgings very sharp and distinct. Very
small examples of the ? are sometimes found; one that I took at Knysna
measures little over seven lines across the wings, but the smallest I have seen
—captured in Weenen County, Natal, by Mr, Hutchinson—expands 6 lines
only.

A very close ally of Palemon is found in Australia. In 1881 I sawa
specimen of what I believed to be Palemon, ticketed ‘“ Australia” in the
Hewitson Collection ; it was placed with Cape specimens, and I noted the
locality as in all probability an erroneous one. Finding, however, that Mr.
A. G. Butler recorded an example from Melbourne in the Annals and
Magazine of Natural History for February 1882 (p. 85), I wrote to him on
the subject, and he very kindly made a re-examination and comparison of the
specimens available, with the result that he was convinced that the Australian
species was not identical with Palemon, “the chief difference being that on
the under-surface of the hind-wings the dark central band is continuous
(though in confluent square spots) and not united to the external border by
the blackish shade always found in the African species.”

This Lycena is common and of wide distribution over South Africa,
appearing throughout the year. Its flight is rather weak and always near
the ground, and it constantly settles on low flowers. I have often noticed
the female fluttering about the leaves of Pelargonium, and think it probable
that the eggs are laid on them. Though frequenting open ground generally,
Palemon shows a preference for damp hollows about watercourses ; it is often
met with in gardens and cultivated spots. I took the paired sexes at Knysna
on 20th December 1858.

Localities of Lycena Palemon.

J. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Malmesbury. Caledon (J. X.
Merriman). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.

b. Kastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth (J. LZ. Fry), Uitenhage.
Grahamstown and Fort Brown, Albany District. King Wil-
liam’s Town (J. H. Bowker). Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett).

c. Basutoland.—Koro Koro and Maseru (J. //. Bowker).

LYCZNID&. 69

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. fH. Bowker).
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts. — D’Urban. ‘“ Lower Umkomazi.” —J. JI.
Bowker.
b. Upper Districts.—EHstcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. HZ. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

Section D.— Under side brownish-grey; markings darker, confluent,
broadly whitish-edged, forming irregular sinuated fasciee throughout ;
in fore-wing a longitudinal costal whitish-edged stripe from base, united
at its extremity to a similar but transverse stripe on costa before middle ;
two hind-marginal spots of hind-wing near hind-margin ringed with
glittering bluish or greenish silvery.

L. Telicanus, Lang [tailed ].

154, (36.) Lyceena Telicanus, (Lang).

Papilio Beticus, Esp., Eur. Schmett., i. Suppl., t. xci. f. 2 ¢ (1784).

Papilio Telicanus, Lang, “ Verz. sein, Schmett., 1. p. 47, n. 387-389
(1789).”

3 2 Papilio Telicanus, Hiibn., Hur. Schmett., 1 ff. 371-372, 553-554
(1798-1803).

Papilio Telicanus, Herbst., Nat. Bek. Ins., Schmett., xi. t. 305, ff. 6-9
(1804).

Polyommatus Telicanus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 655, n. 128 (1823).

Lycena Telicanus, Hopft., Peters’ Reise n. Mossamb., Ins., p. 406 (1862).

3 2 Lycena Telicanus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 238, n. 139 (1866).

Var. A.—Polyommatus [Hoffmannseggii, Zell, “ Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1850,

git2 O.)”
Lycena Hoffmannseggti, Herr.-Schaeff., Schmett. Hur., 1. pl. 133, f. 644

(1853).
Var. B.—Lycena pulchra, R. P. Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874,

p. 524, pl. x. ff. 7,8 (5 2).

Exp. al., ($) 114 lin.—1 in, 2 lin; (2) 1 in—r in. 3 lin.

a Pale, glossy, bluish-violaceous, with a pinkish tinge; a blackish
line edging hind-margin; cilia whitish, unspotted. Hind-wing: on
each side of first median nervule an indistinct blackish spot; between
spots and hind-marginal edging a white line, often indistinct; tail on
first median nervule long, linear, black, white tipped. UNDER sIDE.—
Brownmsh-grey, with double transverse white strice enclosing darker-
brownish ; common to both wings—a double stria before middle,—
another closing cell, and confluent at origin of third median with a
third, much arched, submacular similar discal stria quite across wing, —
a submarginal, continuous, white, lunular stripe,—a confluent hind-
marginal row of white-ringed sublunular spots,—and a linear blackish
edging. ore-wing: inner white edge of first stria connected with
base by a longitudinal white streak, surmounted by a dark-brown dash
on subcostal nervure. MHind-wing: base dusky, with two whitish streaks

VOL; IT, F

70 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

(one along costal edge, the other more transverse); two hind-marginal
spots (being the last of the row) conspicuous, black, ringed with brilliant
bluish- or greenish-silvery,and in a more or less complete circle of orange
or ochreous-yellow.

2 Greyish-brown, shot with vid blue from bases over discs; the
white-edged stria closing cell, with the confluent stria beyond it, more or
less distinctly marked (less apparent in hind-wing); submarginal lunular
stripe and row of spots very indistinct in fore-wing, well marked in
hind-wing: two black spots of hind-wing larger than in fg. UNDER
SIDE.—More conspicuously marked, especially submarginal lunular white
stripe, which is much broader, particularly in hind-wing, and is some-
times more or less confluent in parts with outer white edging of discal
stria.

In a 2 from D’Urban, Natal, taken by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken,
the dark discal fascia and the row of whitish marks beyond it are both
enlarged and more continuous than usual, and this is shown with con-
siderable distinctness even on the upper side. In another, captured at
King William’s Town by Colonel Bowker, the same dark marking in
both wings is completely confluent with the disco-cellular stria (and
partly so with the sub-basal one), forming one very broad dark-brownish
fascia, more broken in the hind-wing.’

Larva (EKuropean).—‘ Purplish-red, the narrow oblique lines and

the dorsal streak darker. On the flowers of Lythrum salicaria.”’—W.

Ff. Kirby, from De Villiers and Guenée, “ Tab. Synopt. Lep. d Eur.,”
1835.

If Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure of the Variety A. actually represents the
Hoffmannseggit of Zeller, this form must be regarded as differing from the
European type-form in its smaller size, and, on the under side, in the sharp
definition of the markings, the more macular discal stria of the hind-wing,
and in having the second of the hind-marginal row of white-ringed spots
no larger than the rest ; whereas in T'elicanus it is much larger, rounded,
and sub-ocelliform. Herrich-Schaeffer gives the under side only, and repre-
sents no tail on the hind-wing; but doubtless this appendage had been lost
in the specimen figured. He does not record the locality; but while Stau-
dinger (Cat. Lep. Europ. Faunengeb., 1871, p. 9) merely says of Hoffmann-
seqgit, ‘Species est Americana’’ (Hopffer, loc. cit.), while expressing great
doubt as to the locality of Portugal originally assigned to Zeller’s species,
states that the butterfly is an African variety of Telicanus, and that his
specimens from Nubia and the Cape are referable to it.

The South-African specimens (as above described) all more or less approxi-
mate to the West-African Variety B. named Pulchra by the Rev. R. P.
Murray; but in none of the 9s that I have seen is there so much white
on the upper side as shown in his fig. 8. Mr. Murray notes the ‘“ constant
smaller size”? of the specimens; but the measurements he gives, viz., “¢
rir" 3 Qo” 1/1" 2". of three ¢ and two 2 examples, are not
(except in the case of the smallest ¢) below the average size.

1 An interesting specimen, exhibiting the conjunction of the features of both sexes in a
single individual, was presented to me in 1883 by Mr. W. Billinghurst, who took it near
Grahamstown. In this example the wings on the right side are of the g coloration on the
upper side, while those on the left side are of the 9 coloration and pattern.

LYCENIDZ, 71

After carefully comparing specimens from different parts of the world,
I agree with Hopffer (doc. cit.) in considering that Telccanus, varying a good
deal in size, markings, and colouring wherever it is found, presents nowhere
any constant local race which can be satisfactorily defined as a distinct form.
There can be no doubt that, as far as is known, the tendency of the butter-
fly is to be paler and brighter in tint throughout the Hthiopian Region
proper than in Southern Europe and extra-tropical North Africa,—this being
chiefly shown in the white markings of both sexes on the under side, and
the whitish ones of the ? on the upper side. Specimens that I captured in
Mauritius were, however, as dusky as those usually found on Mediterranean
shores, and none of either sex exceeded one inch in expanse of wings. Hopffer
notes that specimens from the Cape, Mozambique, and Guinea are largest,
and those from Egypt and Arabia the smallest, while EKuropean examples
hold the middle place.

The nearest ally of L. Zelicanus is L. Cassius, Cram., an abundant species
in Central and South America. The under-side dark markings are very
similar in Casstus, but more attenuated, and the white outer ones largely
developed and completely confluent, so as to compose a white ground; the
two ocelli of the hind-wing are feebly marked, and there is no tail. On the
upper side the ¢ Cassius is much like the same sex of TJelicanus, but the
9 is broadly suffused with white discally, especially in the hind-wing, where
only the costal and hind-marginal borders are dark.

Telicanus is common and widely spread in South Africa, frequenting
gardens and open ground, where it flits rather actively about low flowers and ~°
grass. J have met with it from the beginning of November to the begin-
ning of June. I observed the paired sexes at Cape Town on 2d April 1882.
The ? carries the ¢ when flying én copuld.

Localities of Lyceena Telicanus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—-Cape Town. Robertson. Knysna. Plet-
tenberg Bay.
b. Hastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown. Hast Lon-
don. King William’s Town (J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth (J. H. Bowker’).
HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Maritzburg. Greytown. Great Noodsberg.
_ _ Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker). St. Lucia Bay (the
late Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Montei7o).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson). ‘“ Angola
(Pogge).” —Dewitz.
b. Kastern Coast.—“ Mozambique.’’— Hopffer.
61. Kastern Central Interior.—Moklontze, Tati, and Zambesi
Rivers (f. C. Selous). ‘“ Tati, Gwailo River, and near Vic-
toria Falls of Zambesi (Oates).’’— Westwood.

72 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

bb. Wastern Islands.—Madagascar (#. L. Layard). ‘ Bourbon,”—

Boisduval. Mauritius. “ Johanna, Comoro Islands (C. W.
Bewsher).”—Var. B.—A. G. Butler. “ Rodriguez (Gulliver).”
—A. G. Butler.

LB. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“Gaboon River (Theorin).’—Aurivillius.
‘* Guinea,” —Hopffer.
br. Eastern Interior.—‘ Atbara River ”’ [Soudan].—A. G. Butler,
C. Extra-Tropical North Africa.
b. Mediterranean Coast.—Algeria: Bougie. ‘ Egypt.’”—Hopffer.

III. Europe.—Spain and Italy.—Coll. Brit. Mus. “South France, Cor-
sica, Turkey, Central EKurope.”—Auct.
IV. Asia.

A. Southern Region.—“ West Asia.”’—Staudinger. ‘“ Arabia.””—
Hopffer.

Section H.—Under side grey or brownish-grey; all markings
white-edged; discal markings not much darker than ground-colour,
more or less confluent ; hind-marginal series of spots distinct, preceded
by a brownish line; fore-wing with a rather ill-defined longitudinal
basi-costal blackish or brownish stripe; hind-wing with very distinct
sub-basal, round, black, white-ringed spots.

L. Jesous (Guér ), Macalenga, fine Moriqua, Wallengr., Natalensis,
Trim.

155. (37.) Lyceena Jesous, (Guérin).

$ Polyommatus Jesous, Guér., Lefebv. Voy. Abyss., vi. p. 383, pl 11, |

ff. 3, 4 (1847).

¢ 9 Lycena Jesous, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. |

Rhop. Caffr. p. 39.
) » - Trim, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 250, n. 150 {1866}
3 Lampides Agave, Walk. , Entomologist, 1870, P53, Bs ASriasnoe

Exp. al., (f) 114 lin—t1 in. 1 lin.; (Q) 114 lin—1 in.

gf Lilac-blue, with a strong pinkish tinge; a very narrow hind-—
marginal blackish edging ; cilia white, in fore-wing indistinctly spotted —
with blackish on nervules. Hind-wing: two indistinct blackish spots |

on hind-margin, one on either side of first median nervule; no tail.

UNDER sIDE.—Brownish-white in fore-wing, greyish-white in hind-wing,
with transverse, white-edged, brownish fascie, and black spots; in each —
wing—a short, white-bordered brown streak closing cell,—a rather

oblique, inferiorly irregular, submacular fascia beyond middle, from costa
to first median nervule,—a brownish lunulate streak, followed by a row
of black spots (some indistinct),—and a blackish line on hind-margi- |

nal edge. ore-wing: a longitudinal stripe along subcostal to beyond
end of cell, black at base, thence suffused and ferruginous-brown; in

cell, near extremity, a blackish, white-edged spot, touching median —

nervure. Hind-wing: a basal oblique black stripe; a row of four

LYCANIDZ. 73

very conspicuous white-edged black spots before middle, and two
similar spots respectively at costal origin and inner-marginal end of
macular fascia; two black spots next anal angle outwardly bluish-
silvery-dusted, interiorly faintly orange-lunuled; base irrorated with

pale-bluish.

2 Dull brownish, clouded with whitish on dises, faintly shot with
bluish from bases ; in each wing a distinct disco-cellular fuscous lunule,
and a marginal row of spots (very faint in fore-wing). UNDER sIDE.—
Asin #; but markings darker and more sharply defined. Fore-wing:
an additional separate spot at lower extremity of discal fascia, prolong
ing it almost to submedian nervure.

I have not met with this species in life; though widely distributed in
South Africa, it seems to be nowhere numerous. The male is a most lovely
butterfly, well distinguished from all its South-African congeners by the
exquisite glowing-pink lustre on the upper side of the wings. South-African
specimens—as is noticeable in many other butterflies having a wide range
through the continent generally—are larger than the North-African typical
form. I was enabled to identify Z. Agave of Walker with Guérin’s species
by examination of specimens collected by Mr. Lord on the Red Sea coast, in
the possession of Mr. R. Meldola. I have not seen any authentic examples
of L. Malathana, Boisd., a native of Madagascar; but from the brief
description in Faune Ent. de Madag., &c., p. 26, it would appear to be very
closely allied to L. Jesous, but violaceous-blue above, and with only one
hind-marginal black spot near anal angle of hind-wing on the upper side,
bordered with a fulvous spot.!

Localities of Lycewna Jesous,

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

b, Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown (Jf, EL. Barber). Between
King William’s Town and Queenstown (M. #. Barber),
Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett).

c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker)

d, Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

©. Orange Free State.—Hebron (W. Morant).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. HZ. Bowker’).
K. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.—D’ Urban (J. fH. Bowker).

b. Upper Districts.—HEstcourt (J. MW. Hutchinson). Blaauwkranz
(C. Hart). Between Tugela and Mooi Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7, Ayres). Marico and
Limpopo Rivers (f, C. Selous).
L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (the late Rev. J. Frédouz).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (the late C. J. Andersson, and J. A.
Bell). “ Angola (Pogge).”—Dewitz.

1TIn 1871 I noted in the Collection of the British Museum two males of Jesous ticketed
“Port Natal,” which were labelled “ Lampides Malathana, Boisd.”

74 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

bi. Hastern Interior.—Tauwani and Mokloutse Rivers (f. C,
Selous).
B. North Tropical.
b1. Eastern Interior.—‘ Abyssinia (Lefebvre).”—Guérin. White
Nile.—Coll. Brit. Mus.

156. (38.) Lyceena Macalenga, Trimen.

3 2 Lycena Macalenga, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 364,
pl. vi fi. 5,6,

Exp. al., (¢) 10 —114 lin.; (2) 94—102 lin.

gf Pale, silky, violaceous-blue, with wide pale sandy-brown pink-tinged
borders ; bases tinged with deep purplish blue; cilia white throughout.
Fore-wing: blue space separate from basal dark blue, occupying imner
margin as far as posterior angle, but leaving a hind-marginal border
widening to the apex, and a costal border so greatly widening to the
basal dark-blue as almost to touch the inner margin; inner edge of the
discal blue strongly defined by a denticulate raised line of paler blue.
Hind-wing : borders somewhat similar, but that of the hind-margin of
even width ; the inner edge of discal blue similarly defined about the
origin of the subcostal nervules; two indistinct fuscous hind-marginal
spots between the second median nervule and anal angle, the superior
one the larger, and traces of other dark spots along rest of hind-margin.
Unper sipE.—Much resembling that of Z. Jesous, Fore-wing: the
black and ferruginous subcostal stripe ending before the extremity of
the cell; no spot in the cell; the short streak closing the cell straighter

and narrower than in Jesous; the submacular transverse white-edged

fascia commencing farther from the costa and from the base, not so
oblique, curved inwardly rather than outwardly, its terminal separate
spot much closer to, and almost immediately below, the, closing streak
of cell; submarginal lunulate streak more denticulate, obsolete infe-
riorly; no hind-marginal black dots, but indistinct brownish marks ;
between the end of the subcostal stripe and the beginning of the sub-
macular transverse fascia, a longitudinal row of three black white-ringed
dots, of which the middle one is the largest. Mind-wing: basal stripe
much thinner; third black spot of sub-basal row as large as the first

and second, the fourth indistinct (the reverse being the case in Jesous) 5 __
second spot of discal fascia elongate and oblique, instead of round; |

hind-marginal markings differing as in fore-wing; the two hind-
marginal black spots next anal angle without any bluish scaling.

2 Pale, glistening sandy-brown, with a faint pinkish gloss, but with- |

out the bluish bases,’ whitish discs, or terminal cellular spots so well —

marked in Jesous. Hind-wing: two fuscous spots more apparent than

in the Z, or in Jesous 2. UNDER SIDE.—As in fg, but the ground-colour

1 A 9 since received from Burghersdorp, Cape Colony, has the bases suffused with dark
greyish-blue.

LYCAINID/:. 5

browner throughout. Fore-wing: outermost of three subcostal dots
wanting; submacular fascia prolonged to submedian nervure (as in @
Jesous) by an additional separate spot.

The fore-wings are rather markedly elongate in both sexes, being produced
apically. It is singular that the under surface should show such decided
resemblance to that of Jesous, while the upper side differs so widely in both
é and @. Ido not remember to have seen any Lycena in which the blue
occupies quite the same position as in the g Macalenga, or in which it is
internally so curiously defined.

The South-Indian LZ. Ubaldus (Cram.), from which the Cingalese Azanus
Cramert, Moore (Lep. Ceylon, p. 80, pl. 36, f. 1), seems barely separable, is a
closer ally than even L. Jesous or L. Macalenga, its under side agreeing almost
exactly with that of the latter ; but on the upper side the male exhibits no
trace of the peculiar restriction and outline of the discal blue so conspicuous
in the male Macalengqa.

This curious species seems to be very scarce. It was originally discovered
by Colonel Bowker, who took a male and two females in Basutoland, of which
the male and one of the females were noted as captured on flowers near
Olifant’s Been, on the Cornet Spruit (Makaleng River), in February 18609.
In 1871 the same observer sent single examples of the male from north-west
of Somerset East and from Griqualand West respectively. The only other
specimens I have seen were a male and female captured,near Burghersdorp
by Dr. Kannemeyer in 1883.

Localities of Lyceena Macalenga.

I, South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
6. Eastern Districts.—Between Somerset Hast and Murraysburg
(J. H. Bowker). Burghersdorp (D. R, Kannemeyer).
c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker’).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru and Olifant’s Been (J. H. Bowker).

157. (39.) Lyceena Moriqua, Wallengren.
Puate VIII. ff. 5 (3), 5a (¢).

3 Lycena Moriqua, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. :Handl., 1857; Lep.,
Rhop. Caffr., p. 39.

3 2 Lycena Moriqua, Trim., Rhop, Afr. Aust., ii. p. 251, n. 151 (1866).

9 Lyceena benigna, Moschler, Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in Wein, 1883,
Pe os, b. Xvi. f. ¥.

Exp. al., (f) 11 lin.—1 in. 1 lin.; (2) 114 lin—t1 in. 1 lin.

Very nearly allied to LZ. Jesous, Guer.

g Darker, more violaceous ; hind-marginal border much broader, ill-
defined inwardly. Hind-wing: spots obsolete, merged in border; no
tail. UNDER sipE.—Ground-colour whiter; disco-cellular streaks
blackish. Fore-wing: longitudinal stripe fainter, brownish ; fascia
beyond middle blackish, more distinctly macular, much less oblique;
usually a small spot below median nervure, before middle. Hind-wing :

76 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

no fascia beyond middle, but an irregular row of eight distinct black
spots, of which the first, fourth, and eighth are larger than the rest;
bluish at base almost obsolete; two spots near anal angle faintly blue-
dusted, usually without orange lunule.

@ Whitish discal space smaller, less distinct, sometimes almost
obsolete; blue from base sometimes strongly-marked, sometimes
scarcely traceable. UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢; but im one specimen the
eround-colour is brownish-grey, the spots larger than usual, and their
white rings and edges conspicuous.

In Natal and at Delagoa Bay a slight variety occurs, in which
the ¢ has on the upper side a much narrower, almost linear hind-
marginal dark-edging, and both sexes have on the under side the discal
fascia of the fore-wing more oblique and with its terminal spot more
widely separated from it, and the discal series of spots of the hind-wing
in places not separate, but contiguous.

On a careful comparison of the description and figure of ZL. benigna given
by Mr. Moschler (oc. cit.) with 9s of Moriqua, I cannot find any characters
to distinguish it from those of the latter in which the upper-side bluish from
base is rather restricted.

The characters above given amply distinguish Moriqua from Jesous ; the
most readily observable, in addition to the very different, more violaceous
tint of the upper side in the ¢, being, on the under side, the absence of any
brownish tinge in the ground-colour, and, in the hind-wing, the presence of
a discal series of small black spots instead of a brownish white-edged sub-
macular fascia.

I found Moriqgua common in Natal, both on the coast and inland, and at
D’ Urban twice captured the paired sexes—on the ist and 12th February
respectively. It is a weak flyer, and delights to settle on the leaves of low
shrubs and long grass. Though more prevalent in wooded spots, it is often
met with on open ground in sheltered places. Mrs. Barber informs me that
this species abounds near the mouth of the Kleinemond River, in the Bathurst
District of Cape Colony.

Localities of Lycena Moriqua.

I. South Africa.
B Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts\—Grahamstown and Fish River Heights (Z|

E. Barber). Kleinemond River (42. HE. Barber), King
William’s Town (W. S. Mf. D’ Urban).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth, Tsomo River, and Heads of St.
John’s River (J. H. Bowker).
HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban, Verulam.
b. Upper Districts.—Great Noodsberg. Hermansburg. Grey-
town.

H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Kinsembo, Congo (ZH. Grose Smith).

LYCASNID &. yee

158. (40.) Lyczena Natalensis, sp. nov.

Exp. al., ($) 1 in.—1 in, 2 lin.; (Q) 1 in, 1-24 lin.

f Violaceous-blue with a slight pinkish tinge (very nearly the same
tint as in Moriqua, Wallengr.), the discal spots of the under side indis-
tinctly perceptible ; a well-defined black line edging hind-margins ; cilia
in fore-wing fuscous, except next apex, between third and second
median nervules, and between first median nervule and submedian
nervure, where white replaces the fuscous—in hind-wing fuscous
basally, but white externally throughout. Hind-wing: no tail; usually
an indistinct blackish hind-marginal spot at anal angle, and sometimes
a second, very indistinct one above it. UNDER SIDE. White, with
brown stripes and streaks and black spots ; im both wings—a long slender
brown terminal disco-cellular lunule; a slightly irregular, submarginal,
lunulated, brown, slender streak; and a hind-marginal row of small
spots, mostly black, but a few indistinct and brownish. fore-wing: a
conspicuous longitudinal streak, inferiorly bordering costal nervure, black
from base, but becoming brown and suffused towards extremity of dis-
coidal cell, whence it borders costa and unites with origin of brown
discal fascia; this fascia brown, rather broad, sharply defined, slightly
oblique, emitting a prominent dentation outward gust above third median
nervule, abruptly interrupted on second median nervule, its widely
separated lower part (consisting of a large upper spot and very small
inferior one) much nearer base than the rest; a conspicuous rounded
black spot in lower part of discoidal cell near extremity; the fourth
and sixth spots in hind-marginal row brownish, obsolescent. Hind-
wing: short, basal, sub-transverse black streak, and sub-basal transverse

row of four black spots as in Moriqua, but more strongly marked; an

extremely irregular and interrupted discal row of very unequal-sized
black spots, of which the first and second next costa about middle are
large and conspicuous,—the third (a good deal beyond them) minute,
—the fourth (still farther beyond) minute or quite obsolete,—the fifth
(close to submarginal streak), sixth (considerably nearer base), and
eighth (on inner margin about middle) large,—and the seventh very
small but usually geminate; spots of hind-marginal row larger than in
fore-wing (especially the first, next costa), only the fourth brownish and
obsolescent, the fifth and sixth large, spangled with silvery-blue.

2 White, with rather broad fuscous-brown costal and hind-marginal
borders, and fuscous discal submacular fascia and spots following the
pattern of the under side ; shot with vriolaceous-blue from bases. Fore-
wing: terminal disco-cellular lunule much broader, and discal fascia
much broader and its lower part less disconnected than on under side
of f; blue suffusion extending to beyond middle along inner margin
and filling discoidal cell. Hind-wing: only the lower larger spots
of discal row represented ; two hind-marginal spots next anal angle

78 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

blackish, distinct; blue suffusion filling cell and extending thinly
below and beyond it over median nervules. UNDER sIDE.—Markings
generally larger than in ¢, especially the disco-cellular lunules, the
hind-marginal spots, and in fore-wing the discal fascia. ore-wing: a
faint brownish suffusion basally.

In a singular aberration of the $ taken in Natal by Colonel Bowker,
the upper side has no white, but only a very slightly paler discal cloud
on the dusky-brownish general ground-colour; and with the exception
of the indistinct terminal disco-cellular lunules, there are no dark mark-
ings. On the under side the same lunules are conspicuous, but there

are no discal fascia or spots ; the submarginal brown streak is, however,

greatly widened and suffused, and there is also a brown suffusion along
the hind-margin itself, so that only an irregular lunulate white streak
remains between it and the submarginal streak. In the fore-wing the
basal brown suffusion is much darker than usual; and in the hind-
wing the short basal streak is confluent with the first spot of the

sub-basal row, of which row the third and fourth spots are wholly |

wanting.

This species is nearly allied to LZ. Moriqua, Wallengr., but con-
siderably larger. On the upper side the colouring of the ¢ is very
like that of the ¢ Moriqua, but the spots of the under side are repre-
sented more apparently, and the much more slender hind-marginal
edging line is like that of the g Jesous, Guér.; while the colouring
and pattern of the § are widely different from those of the 2 Moriqua
and 2 Jesous,—closely resembling, indeed, the upper side of the 9
Hintza, Trim. On the under side both sexes approximate Moriqua,
the chief distinctions being the whiter ground generally, the different
colour, form, and extent of the discal fascia of the fore-wing, and, in
the same wing, the great prolongation costally of the longitudinal
stripe; and, in the hind-wing, the totally different respective sizes and
positions of the black spots of the discal row. The fore-wings are
unusually long, not produced apically, but rather prominent subapi-
cally; and the hind-wings are also longer and with a straighter costa
than in the allied species. In this respect, and in a much less degree
as regards some of the principal under-side markings, Natalensis ex-
hibits some indications of alliance to the beautiful West-African LZ. Lsis
(Drury), in which the f has white discs on the upper side,

I captured a ¢ of this butterfly at Hermansburg, Natal, in March 1867,
and regarded it as possibly a variety of L. Moriqua. In 1869 a 9 was sent
from Natal, without any note of locality, by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken; and in
1871 I noted two 4s and a @ ticketed “ Port Natal” in the British Museum
Collection. The more recent receipt of fine specimens of both sexes from
Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, of Estcourt, Natal, has enabled me satisfactorily to
describe the insect ; but I have no notes as to its special haunts or habits.
A few examples from other parts of Natal have also reached me; and in 1881
I examined a 9 from Delagoa Bay in the Hewitson Collection, |

LYCANIDZ, 79

Localities of Lycena Natalensis.

I. South Africa.

HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Umgeni Railway Station (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Maritzburg (S. A. Windham). Estcourt and
| Bushman’s River (J. M. Hutchinson). Hermansburg.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Coll. Hewitson in Brit. Mus,

Section F.—Under side white; markings very conspicuous and
sharply defined, black; hind-marginal series (and sometimes also sub-
marginal series) of spots very distinct and regular; discal markings of
fore-wing more or less confluent into separate unequal portions; in
fore-wing a strongly-marked basi-costal longitudinal stripe and a shorter
curved one beneath it; basal area of hind-wing with several elongate
spots. .

L. Hintza, Trim. [tailed], Calice, Hopff. [tailed], Melena, Trim.
[tailed], Griqua, Trim. [tailed], Sybaris, Hopff. [tailed].

159. (41.) Lyceena Hintza, Trimen.
Prats VIII. ff. 1 (3), 1a (9).

Q Lycena Rosimon, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 38.
6 2 Lycena Hintza, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 177
(1864); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., il, p. 243, mn. 144 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 11 lin—tr in. 1 lin.; (9) 11 lin—1 in. 14 lin.

& Shining violet-blue ; on discs, the under-side dark spots are indis-
tinctly represented, with (in some cases) a few intermediate whitish ones ;
a narrow hind-marginal blackish edging. Hind-wing: the usual hind-
marginal blackish spot. UNDER SIDE.— White, with black strie and
spots: in each wing, a stria closing cell (in fore-wing from costa and
broad, in hind-wing short, thin, and angulated); an irregular, much-
interrupted, transverse row of conspicuous spots beyond middle; two
submarginal rows of spots, the inner of elongate sublinear, the outer of
very small rounded spots; and a black edging line. fore-wing: sub-
costal stripe continued on costa to end of cell; below it, a broad upward-
curving stria from submedian next base; last two spots of transverse
row confluent. Mind-wing: short subcostal stria divided into two spots ;
beyond it a curved transverse row of four spots; third spot of transverse
row of eight far beyond the rest, almost touching second spot of inner
submarginal row; last two spots of outer row large, faintly bluish-
silvery-dotted.

9 White with fuscous borders ; shot with violaceous-bluish from bases ;
the black markings of wnder side suffusedly marked. Fore-wing: costa
and hind-margin clouded with fuscous, on the latter obliterating the

80 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

markings and joining the three outermost spots of transverse row; a
whitish spot at posterior angle. Hind-wing: costa narrowly fuscous-
clouded. UNDER sIDE.—As in ¢; bluish-silvery of two spots of hind-
wing brighter.

Cilia in both sexes white, in fore-wing regularly interrupted with
blackish, in hind-wing irregularly and very faintly. ‘Tail of hind-wing
rather short, linear, black, white-tipped.

There can be little doubt that the specimen noted by Wallengren as [osz-
mon, Fab., belongs to this species. His description is not detailed, but he
particularly notes the cilia as white, spotted in fore-wings with black, a char-
acter very constant in Hintza, while in Rosimon the entire cilia are as constantly
conspicuously black-spotted.1_ The blue ¢ at once distinguishes the species
from Losimon, and denotes a relationship to Theophrastus. The 9 of Rosimon
presents a much broader white discal field, in hind-wing uncrossed by trans-
verse row of spots; the basal blue is more brilliant and with a greenish tinge ;
and with regard to the under side, the spots of the common inner submarginal
row are much broader ; while in hind-wing the spots of the discal row, instead
of being quadrate and nearly central, are elongate, and all but the two first close
to, and usually touching, those of inner submarginal row,—and the subcostal
ctria is entire.

This is apparently a scarce species. Mr. W. D’Urban, who discovered it
in British Kaffraria, noted it as not common near King William’s Town,
appearing in November and February; and Colonel Bowker sent a few of
both sexes from Kaffraria Proper. I found it scarce during my visit to Natal
in 1867, observing it only singly about grassy open spots, in different parts of
that Colony, between the end of February and beginning of April.

Localities of Lycena Hintza.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—King William’s Town (W. S. M. D’ Urban).
c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts\—D’Urban. Umblali. Verulam. Umvoti.
6b. Upper Districts.—Maritzburg. Estcourt (J. I. Hutchinson).

Tugela and Mooi River Valley (J. H. Bowker).
K, Transvaal.—Marico and Limpopo Rivers (/. C. Selous).

160. (42.) Lyceena Calice, Hopffer.

Lycena Calice, Hopff., “ Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1855,
p. 642, mn. 18;” and Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 405, t.
xxvi, ff, 4,5 [2 | (1362),

ape Oly (Gg) Lie lane (Oo tae siete

White, with black margins and spots; in each wing, a wide basal
black suffusion; a broad costal, apical, and hind-marginal border; a
terminal disco-cellular black lunule; and a broken irregular discal row

1 Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, to whom I referred the point, informs
me that the Rosimon of Wallengren is undoubtedly = Hintza, Trim.

LYCAENID Zi. SI

of spots, in parts confluent with hind-marginal border, ore-wing :
basal black sharply defined externally, having almost a straight edge;
upper spots of transverse discal row confluent, and, in conjunction with
apical border, isolating a conspicuous white spot between upper radial
and third median nervules; hind-marginal border, below this, com-
pletely confluent with other spots of discal row; at posterior angle
a short linear hind-marginal white mark. MHind-wing: basal black
not so dark or externally so sharply defined as in fore-wing; costal
border rather suffused; terminal disco-cellular lunule almost merged
in basal black; discal row of spots widely interrupted between second
subcostal and third median nervules,—the first and third spots united
respectively to costal and hind-marginal borders; an indistinct hind-
marginal row of black spots in border, immediately succeeded by a more
or less conspicuous interrupted white line usually becoming obsolete
superiorly; tail on first median nervule rather long, black, white-
tipped. UNDER SIDE.— White, with narrow black streaks and spots.
Fore-wing: a longitudinal streak from base, bounding costal nervure-
inferiorly, and ending abruptly on costa before middle; below it a
broader, upward-curving streak from submedian nervure close to base,
the end of which penetrates discoidal cell near extremity; costa narrowly
edged with black; an almost straight transverse streak closing cell,
from costa (where it is broader) to origin of third median nervule; an
irregular sub-macular discal transverse streak, emitting a more or less
marked projection outward between radial nervules, and interrupted on
second median nervule; aregular submarginal series of sub-linear or
lunulate spots, becoming rather thicker, and approximating very closely
to spots of discal row inferiorly ; a hind-marginal series of very small
rounded spots, succeeded by a black edging line. Hind-wing: at base,
a very short slightly curved streak, abruptly beginning immediately
beyond curve of costal nervure, and ending close to origin of inner
margin; a sub-basal curved transverse row of three elongate spots—
the lowest on inner-margin; a terminal disco-cellular lunule; a very
strongly curved discal row of seven rather small spots, from costal
nervure to inner-margin—a wide interruption, from second subcostal
to radial nervule, between second and third spots, and two minor
interruptions between fourth and fifth, and sixth and seventh spots
respectively ; of submarginal row of spots, only the first and second

- (next costa) and the last (on inner margin) distinctly marked, the

remainder being faint and linear, and about middle almost obsolete ;
hind-marginal row of spots very distinct (except the first, which is
almost obsolete),—the three lowest usually more or less distinctly
including a ring of bluish-silvery scales,—the spot between first and
second median nervules largest; a fine hind-marginal bounding black
line.

Cilia fuscous at origin throughout; in fore-wing fuscous with
well-marked white interruptions at apex, posterior angle, and about

82 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

middle of hind-margin, and intermediate small whitish ones; in hind-
wing white, with dull-fuscous narrow interruptions on nervules.

The sexes do not differ except in size, and in the 9’s having the
black markings narrower and the white field proportionally wider on
both upper and under sides.

It was not until July 1879, when Colonel Bowker sent me the paired
sexes from Pinetown, Natal, that I identified the true Calice of Hopffer,
having previously taken for this species the very nearly allied L. Melena,
mihi.

The absence of any blue in either sex, and the width and blackness of
the dark borders on the upper side, with the very different arrangement of
the discal transverse series of spots on the under side, readily distinguish
Calice from Hintza, Trim.

The species appears to be rarer than Melwna, and the only examples I
have received were taken in Natal. Neither Colonel Bowker nor Mr.
Hutchinson noted any particulars of the butterfly’s special haunts or habits.

Localities of Lyceena Calice.

I. South Africa.
HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Hstcourt (J. MW. Hutchinson).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast. — “Damaraland (De Vylder).” — Aurivillius.
‘Angola (J. J. Monteiro).” —H. Druce.
b, Hastern Coast.—‘ Querimba,’’— Hopffer.
B. North Tropical. |
a. Western Coast.—‘‘ Senegal.’”’—--Hopffer.

161, (43.) Lyceena Meleena, sp. nov.
Lycena Calice, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 244. n. 145 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 10 —114 lin.; (2) 10 lin—1 in.

White, with black margins and spots. Fore-wing: base and costa
broadly and inner margin narrowly suffused with blackish; a large,
elongate, black, transverse mark from inner margin near base; a spot
closing cell; and several spots of an irregular row beyond middle,

joining broad hind-marginal black, and isolating a quadrate white spot

not far from apex. Hind-wing: a blackish suffusion at base, along
costa (leaving part of its edge white), and along hind-margin; beyond
middle, a much-curved row of quadrate black spots (usually more or
less confluent with hind-marginal blackish), widely interrupted between
second subcostal and discoidal nervules ; several indistinct black spots
at base; in hind-marginal blackish a row of indistinct black spots (of
which the two next anal angle are sometimes faintly bluish-silvery-
dotted), occasionally whitish-ringed, always followed by a thin white
line, indistinct towards costa. Cilia of fore-wing blackish, with a white

LYCANID A 83

spot at posterior angle ; of hind-wing whitish, more or less blackish at
origin. UNDER SIDE.— White, with black strive. and spots; pattern as
in Rosimon and Hintza, but nearer Losumon. Sore-wing: subcostal
stripe ending abruptly in a spot on costa before end of cell; stria from
inner margin more regular; stria closing cell straighter; spots of
transverse row beyond middle confluent (the third forming an elongate
projection towards hind-margin),—the sixth and seventh widely dis-
joined from the rest, and forming a stria in a line with, and almost
touching, that closing cell ; two submarginal rows of spots,—the inner
linear a little below costa, but thence of large quadrate spots (the
second touching fifth of row beyond middle),—the outer of rounded
spots; a black edging line. Hind-wing: at base a spot (not a stripe),
followed by a transverse row of four spots; other markings very
much as in fore-wing, except row beyond middle, which is inter-
rupted as on upper side ; four to six spots of outer submarginal row
marked with bluish-silvery. ‘Tail of hind-wing long, black, white-
tipped.

The ¢ and 9 of this species are alike, except that in the ¢ the
black is more intense, and also rather broader, so that the white discal
spaces are more restricted. On the under side of fore-wing it some-
times happens that the projection from transverse row beyond middle
joins the spot commencing inner submarginal row, so that a quadrate
white spot is isolated on costa. The entire absence of any basal blue
readily distinguishes Melwna from Rosimon and from Hintza 2 ; but it
is by no means so easy to separate it from Calice, Hopff., with which I
for many years associated it. On the upper side there is scarcely any
difference, but Melena constantly presents in the fore-wing a discal
white area almost divided transversely by the approximation of the
terminal disco-cellular mark and the lower portion of the irregular discal
row, the latter beng almost in a straight line beneath the former. This
difference is also very marked on the under side, the two markings in
question forming in some specimens an almost continuous stripe,
whereas in Cualice the lower portion of the discal streak is almost con-
tinuous of the upper, and so remote from the terminal disco-cellular
streak. The principal under-side markings in Melwna are thicker than
in Calice, with the exception of the lower spots of the discal series in
the hind-wing; four at least of the hind-marginal black spots of the
hind-wing are marked with bluish-silvery ; the ground is of a purer
white without any slight tinge of yellowish; the submarginal macular
Series in the fore-wing forms a continuous streak (very attenuated be-
tween upper radial and third median nervule), and in the hind-wing
an almost continuous one; and the cilia of the hind-wing are without
fuscous interruptions.

I found this species not common in Natal in 1867; it frequented wooded
Spots, and was fond of settling on the upper leaves and twigs of bushes. I
observed it on the wing from the beginning of February to the beginning of

84 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

April; and Mr. D’Urban recorded its occurrence in British Kaffraria in
October, March, and April. Colonel Bowker forwarded a good many ex-
amples from Kaffraria Proper.

Localities of Lycena Melena.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts;—King William’s Town (W. S. MZ. D’ Urban).
c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
KH. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.\—D’Urban. Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).

b. Upper Districts—Intzutze River. Maritzburg. Estcourt (J.

M. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower).

162. (44.) Lyceena Griqua, sp. nov.

Exp. al., (f) 11 lin—t lin.; (2) 114 lin.
Markings and pattern as in L. Melena, Trim., but the basal and

marginal black duller, broader, and more suffused, especially in 2, and

the white discal field proportionally diminished, and in 2 also obscured.
Fore-wing: isolated subapical whitish spot always reduced in size and
obscured, sometimes nearly obsolete, and in one § wanting altogether ;
the spots much narrower. Hind-wing: the spots much narrower and

almost obliterated by the broad suffused blackish of the base and mar- |
gins. UNDER SIDE.—Very pale creamy-yellowish grey; all the mark-
ings arranged as in Melena, but pale fuscous instead of black, and
exceedingly attenuated, especially in hind-urng (where in 2 they are obso-
lescent). Fore-wing: longitudinal basal stripe represented by a very |
thin short mark at base and (usually) a small spot on costa before |

middle. HMind-wing: only last two spots of hind-marginal row bluish- |

silvery-dusted, except in one gf, which has three, and one 2, which has |

four so ornamented,

The five ¢s and two ?s above described are all tailless, but there is the

vestige or base of a tail on one hind-wing of a single g. As the specimens |

are in fair condition, it is difficult to believe that all of them could have lost

the tails; and yet the form is so very intimately related to LZ. Melena, Trim., |

that one would certainly expect it to be caudate.

The only specimens I have seen were collected by Colonel Bowker in |

1871 on the Vaal River, Griqualand West. They were accompanied by a

single ordinary example of L. Melena, but by no specimens of a character |

intermediate between the two forms.

Locality of Lycena Griqua.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
c. Griqualand West.

Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).

)

y

\
i

LYCENIDA, 8s

163. (45.) Lycezena Sybaris, Hopffer.

& @ Lycena Sybaris, Hopff., ‘‘ Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch.,

Tosh Ps 042.)
¢ Lycena Sybaris, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.Akad. Handl, 1857; Lep.
Rhop. Oaffr., p. 37:
& 2? Lycena Sybaris, Hopff., Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 408,
t. xxvi. ff. 6-8 (1862).
dé 9 ce fs Trim. Rhop., Afr. Aust., ii p. 242, n. 143 (1866).

Fup. al, ($) 114 lin—1 in. of lin.; (2) 104 lin—t1 in.

gf Shining violaceous-blue ; hind-margins rather widely bordered with
Fuscous, which in hind-wing is submacular and traversed in its outer por-
tion by a fine interrupted white line more pronounced inferiorly ; cilia
white, wrregularly varied with dull fuscous um fore-wing, chiefly about
extremities of nervules, not, or very slightly so, varied, in hind-wing.
Fore-wing : a large, broad, conspicuous, terminal disco-cellular, fuscous
lunule; sometimes, beyond it, two or three smaller fuscous spots repre-
senting some of the irregular discal row of the under side. Hind-wing:
costa bordered with greyish-fuscous; immediately preceding hind-
marginal border a series of more or less indistinct thin lunulate white
marks, usually obsolete in upper part of wing; a rather long, twisted,
subspatulate, black, white-tipped tail on first median nervule. UNDER
SIDE.— White, faintly tinged with yellowish, with very numerous and
well-defined mosily rounded black spots; im each wing a disco-cellular
terminal lunule, an irregular discal row, two regular submarginal rows
of spots, and a hind-marginal black line. Fore-wing: costa narrowly
edged with black from a little before middle to apex; a strongly-
marked longitudinal black streak from base inferiorly bounding costal
nervure almost to its extremity ; below this an oblique upward-curving
irregular black streak, from between median and submedian nervures,
penetrating discoidal cell rather beyond its middle; inner margin
narrowly edged with fuscous-grey; a minute spot immediately above
terminal disco-cellular lunule; discal row highly irregular, its six spots
(exclusive of a minute one next costa) arranged obliquely in pairs, the
spots confluent in the middle and lower pairs; submarginal rows of
six spots each, the inner row with larger spots, increasing in size down-
ward. Hind-wing: at base a short black streak from costal to sub-
median nervure; a sub-basal row of four spots; irregular discal row of
eight spots, of which the third and fifth are farthest from base; inner
submarginal row of eight, outer of seven spots,—the last three or four

_ of outer row spangled with bluish-silvery exteriorly.

2 Fuscous, with more or less white on dises, on which the terminal
disco-cellular lunules, part of discal row of spots, and (in hind-wing) sub-
marginal rows of spots are more or less conspicuously shown, but more
suffusedly than on under side; bases rather thinly and narrowly suffused

with violaceous blue, extending along inner margins to a little beyond

middle. UNDER sIDE—As in 2.
SOL, If, G

86 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This Lyceena is closely related to LZ. Theophrastus (Fab.), a native
of North and West Africa, as well as of India and Ceylon, but readily
distinguished by the greater size and blackness of the under-side mark-
ings, —the spots being rounder and more distinctly separate, especially
those of inner-submarginal row, which in Theophrastus are thin, sub-
lunulate, and partly united. On the upper side the f Sybaris is bluer,
with the hind-marginal border wider and in the hind-wing traversed
by a white line, while the ? has the basal blue much duller and smaller
in extent. These differences also well serve to distinguish Sybaris from
L. Balkanica, Frey. (= Psittacus, Herr.-Schaeff.), a native of Turkey
and West Asia, in which the under-side markings are thinner and more
inclined to be linear than they are in Theophrastus, and the upper
side of the 2 has scarcely a trace of whitish on the discs.

I met with only a single ¢ of this very beautiful species, at Klipdrift
(now Barkly), on the Vaal River, on 18th September 1872; it was fluttering
about low plants, and at length settled on the ground. It appears to be
widely distributed, and not uncommon in the interior districts, but is not
known to me to have occurred in the Cape Colony proper, or to have been
found within forty miles of the coast.

Mr. A. G. Butler, in noting the occurrence of Sybaris on the Atbara,
Soudan (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., December 1876, p. 482), writes—“ There
is a ¢ of this species no larger than L. Barbere, 'Trim.”’

Localities of Lycana Sybaris.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
c. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift, Vaal River.
C. Orange Free State.—Between the Rhenoster and Vaal Rivers (W.
Morant).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.

b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Rorke’s Drift, _

Ladysmith, and Biggarsberg (J. H. Bowker).
F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker’).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourencgo Marques (Mis. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.
popo Rivers (Ff. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (J. A. Bell).

Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres). Marico and Lim- |

b. Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Querimba.”—Hopffer. Zambesi (itev. H. —

Rowley).
bi. Kastern Central Interior.—Tauwani River (£2. C. Selous).
B. North Tropical.
b1. Eastern Interior.—‘“ Atbara River” [Soudan].—A. G. Butler.

Section G.—Under side white; markings chiefly dull yellow-

ochreous with fuscous edges, but partly fuscous in fore-wing ; longi-

tudinal basal stripes of fore-wing much less distinct than in Section —

|
)

LYCENIDZ. 84

F.; spots of discal series in both wings, and spots in basal area of
hind-wing, irregularly placed but separate and sub-quadrate.
L. Thespis (Linn.) [tailed], Bowker, Trim. [tailed].

164. (46.) Lyceena Thespis, (Linnezeus).
Poare VIII. ft. 2 (3), 2a.(9 ).
6 Papilio Thespis, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulv., p. 318, n. 136 (1764); and
syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 791, n. 236 (1767).
@ Papilio Pitho, Linn, , Opp. cit., P. 337, N. 2555 P. 795, n. 266.

¢ 9 Polyommatus Thespis, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 682, n. 207 (1819).
& 2 Lycena Thespis, Trim. , Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. DG. n. 147 (1866).

Exp. al., (2) 11—114 lin.; (2) 1 in—1 in. 1 lin.

& Bright shining-blue, with a narrow, blackish, hind-marginal line ;
cilia broad, white, sharply and reqularly intersected with black at ends of
nervules, Fore-wing: a faint line closing cell. Hind-wing: two faint-
blackish hind-marginal spots, one on either side of first median nervule.
UNDER SIDE.— Whitish, much intersected and chequered with quadrate
blackish-grey or ochrey-grey spots. Fore-wing: costa and hind-margin
more or less tinted with ochrey-grey ; a transverse blackish-grey spot
in cell, another (surmounted by two smaller spots) closing it; a very
irregular, interrupted transverse row of spots beyond middle, only
separated in parts by white spots from a regular row of spots (parallel
to hind-margin) beyond it; a row of minute white lunules edging the
latter combined with the ochrey tint to form a pale hind-marginal
border, marked with a row of very indistinct dark dots; inner margin
dull-grey; from base a narrow blackish streak, inferiorly bounding
subcostal nervure, terminating abruptly a little before spot in cell.
Hind-wing: three irregular transverse rows of ochrey-grey quadrate
spots, more or less confluent on inner margin; hind-marginal border
as in fore-wing, but more tinted with ochreous superiorly ; two lowest
hind-marginal spots faintly silvery-centred, the rest of the series less
distinct.

2 Llackish, shot with blue from bases over discs. Fore-wing : wner
transverse row of wnder side distinct, black, separated from hind-marginal
blackish by conspicuous pure-white spots; terminal disco-cellular spot
large, with a whitish dot on each side; a row of minute indistinct
bluish dots near hind-margin. Hind-wing: two submarginal rows of
bluish lunules, the inner row more or less confused with discal blue,
the outer forming three incomplete rings near anal angle; black spots
barely distinguishable from hind-marginal blackish edging. UNDER

_SIDE.—As in ¢; but white ground much brighter and clearer,
especially on hind-margins. Hind-wing: transverse rows separately
traceable to inner-margin; metallic centres of two lowest hind-mar-

ginal spots more brilliant.

88 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

‘Has a very short tufted tail on first median nervule of hind-wing, —

not observable in worn specimens.

This very distinct and handsome species is well distinguished by
its singularly chequered under side, and, as regards the upper side, in
the male by the brightness of the uniform blue field, and in the ? by
the discal reproduction in part of the chequered pattern of the under
side, chiefly in the fore-wings. The cilia in both sexes are unusually

broad and conspicuous, pure-white, strongly and evenly interrupted ©
with black. The female is not at all unlike (except for the strong —

blue suffusion on the upper side) Pyrgus in colouring and pattern, and
Linneeus (in the Musewm Ludovicw, &c.), compares it to the Huropean
P. Malve.

Thespis is tolerably numerous in many parts of the Cape Colony, especially
in the South-Western Districts and about Cape Town, but is usually found
singly or in pairs. It frequents open ground generally, hovering about low
shrubs and plants, and constantly settling; its flight is short and weak, so
that it is very easily captured. I have met with it from the beginning of
August until the end of April. For so small a butterfly it is unusually
conspicuous on the wing. Boisduval (Voy. de Deleg. l’Afr. Aust., p. 588)
mentions it as occurring at Port Natal, but I have not seen any examples

from that neighbourhood, Colonel Bowker did not send this species from |

either Kaffraria proper or Basutoland, nor have I received any examples from
the northern parts of the Cape Colony or from farther in the interior.

Localities of Lycena Thespis.
I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts—Cape Town. Stellenbosch. Triangles
Station, Worcester District (L. Péringuey). Plettenberg Bay.

b. Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth (W. S. M. D’Urban and |
J. L. Fry). Grahamstown. Top of Gaika’s Kop, Amatola |

Mountains (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—‘“ Bay of Port Natal.’””—Boisduval.

165. (47.) Lyceena Bowkeri, Trimen.
& ¢ Lycena Bowkert, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 351.

Exp. al., 1 in. 13-24 lin.

f Silky lilacine-blue ; each wing with a rather large blackish lunular |
mark closing discoidal cell, and a moderately-wide blackish macular —

hind-marginal border ; cilia wide, black, conspicuously interrupted with |
white between nervules. Hind-wing: the spots composing hind-mar- |
ginal border more separated than in fore-wing (especially near anal
angle), and immediately preceded by contiguous thin whitish lunules. —

UNDER SIDE.— Yellowish-white ; each wing with a lunular mark closing
discoidal cell, an irregular interrupted discal row of spots, and a sub-
marginal row of smaller subquadrate spots,—all pale ochreous-brown,
more or less distinctly finely edged internally and externally with

LYCENIDA. 89

blackish; close to hind-margin a row of very distinct sub-lunulate
black spots. Fore-wing: a longitudinal brown stripe from base (where
it is almost black) along subcostal nervure to a little before and above
extremity of discoidal cell; three pale ochreous-brown spots near base,
viz., a small one on costa almost confluent with terminal disco-cellular
lunule, a reniform one in the cell, and an irregularly-shaped one just
below the second but outside the cell; irregular discal row of spots
abruptly interrupted on second median nervule, between fifth and sixth of
its seven spots; costa from before middle to apex edged with blackish.
Hind-wing: curve of costal edge close to base black; an irregular
ochreous-brown basal marking formed of three or four contiguous small
spots; three spots near base arranged much as in fore-wing, but the
uppermost one much larger; an additional spot on inner margin near
base ; irregular discal row of spots abruptly interrupted between second
and third of its eight spots on lower subcostal nervule, and thence
sharply angulated in almost a direct line to about middle of inner mar-
gin; the seventh (and very slightly the eighth) black spot of the hind-
marginal row dotted with silvery-blue.
® Only the basal and inner-marginal region of both wings and the

hind-marginal region of hind-wing lilacine-blue, the disc being white ;
the terminal disco-cellular spot and the transverse irregular discal row
as described on under side of ¢, but black and more strongly marked ;
row of violaceous-whitish lunules internally edging hind-marginal black-
ish spots more conspicuous than in # in hind-wing, and also indis-
tinctly marked in fore-wing. UNDER sIpE.—As in @, but all the spots
somewhat sharper and clearer in outline.
This species is a near ally of Z. Zhespis (Linn.), a butterfly hitherto

much isolated in its genus by the singular chequered pattern of the
under surface of the wings, which is not unlike that of several species
of the Hesperide genus Pyrgus. In L. Bowkert the under side, owing
to its purer white ground, smaller and more neatly-defined markings,
and very distinct hind-marginal row of black spots, indicates a depar-
ture from that of Thespis in the direction of such congeners as Sybaris,
Hopff., and Hintza, Trim., but retains the peculiar pattern of Thespis
as well as the pale ochreous-brown of the spots generally. On the
upper surface the ¢~ Bowkert is readily distinguished from the ¢
_ Thespis by its much less vivid, more lilacine blue, and much wider
_ hind-marginal blackish submacular border; while the 2 may be recog-
_nised by the much more developed discal white (especially in the
_ hind-wing and hind-marginal lunulate markings. The tail of the
_ hind-wing is in both sexes longer than in Thespis.
| Colonel Bowker discovered this interesting butterfly in the earlier part of
_ the year 1881, on the summit of a high table-topped hill overlooking the
_ Inchanga Valley in Natal. He met with four specimens only, two of each
| Sex, and at the time took them to belong to a local variety of Thesp’s. They

_ were flitting about the flowers of a small leguminous shrub growing on rocks
_ at the edge of a high precipice.

go SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Locality of Lycena Bowker.

I. South Africa.
K. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—-Inchanga (J. H. Bowker).

Genus CHRYSOPHANUS.

Chrysophanus, Hiib., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 72 (1816); Westw., Gen.
Diurn. Lep., it. p. 497 (1852).

Lycena, Fab., Uliger’s Mag., vi. p. 285 (1807), sect. 3 [part].

Polyommatus, Latr. [part], Encye. Meth., ix. p. 11 (1819); Herrich-
Schiffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Hurop., i. p. 130 (1843).

ImaGo.—General characters of Lycena. Hyes always naked ; palpi
with bristly hair beneath ; antennw rather thicker. Thorax stout, as in
the robuster species of Lycena. Fore-wings more acute apically. Hind-
wings with anal angle acuter and more prominent (very slightly so in
the South-African C. Orus), and sometimes with a more or less acute
projection at extremity of first median nervule. Fore-legs of $ longer
and stouter than in Zycena,—tibia with scattered spines beneath, be-
sides several at extremity, but without terminal hook,—tarsus very
thickly spinose beneath and less so laterally, terminating in a slightly-
curved claw; of 2 similar, but with tarsus fully developed, articulated,
with much-curved terminal claws. Jfiddle and hind legs rather shorter
and thicker than in Zycwna,—tibie with two or three short spines
beneath, and with terminal spurs thick,—tarsi very spiny beneath and
with a few short spines above; the long jirst govnt im the & more or less
swollen.

Larva.— More flattened (less convex dorsally) than in Lycena ;
more or less finely pubescent.

Pupa.—Shorter, thicker, rounder than in Lycewna, especially an-
teriorly.

(These characters of larva and pupa are gathered from the figures
and descriptions of many authors.)

In structure, as well as in pattern of markings, Chrysophanus is so
intimately related to Lyceena that it is very doubtful whether the group
is entitled to more than subgeneric rank. The characters of the legs
alone seem to present any distinction of importance. At the same
time, the beautiful insects referred to Chrysophanus have a very
distinct facies, and it is perhaps better to keep them apart from the
immense genus, to which they are unquestionably most closely allied.

The Chrysophan are mostly distinguished by the golden or coppery
red of the upper side of the wings, which is specially splendid (and
sometimes, as in C. Orws, shot with blue-violaceous) in the males, but
usually much duller in the black-spotted females, whose hind-wings,
too, are sometimes brown or suffused with brown. In some species,

LYCAINID/E. gt

both sexes are spotted with black above, and occasionally (Dorilis,
Hufn.) the male is much darker and with less trace of red than the
female. The single South-African species presents but little difference
in the sexes, both being metallic orange-red; but the male has a
violaceous surface-lustre absent in the female, while the latter has
on the hind-wings as well as on the fore-wings a discal series of black
spots. On the under side Chrysophanus has quite the pattern of the
large Alexis or Corydon group of Lycena ; though in the more brilliant
species the soft orange tint of the fore-wings gives a very different
general aspect, and in some cases (as in Phlwas, Linn.) the markings
are in the hind-wings much obscured.

As in Lyccena, there has been considerable difficulty in determining
the limits of the species, and the synonymy of the European forms is
an intricate affair. There would appear, however, to be about forty
recognised species, of which rather more than half belong to the Palee-
arctic Region, ten or eleven inhabiting Europe proper. Nearly all the
remainder are recorded from North America; but a few species occur
most remarkably at isolated points far remote from each other, viz.,
four in New Zealand, one in Queensland (Australia), one at the Cape,
and one in Chili. In Abyssinia a close ally or variety of C. Phleas
(C. Pseudophleas, Lucas) occurs, and Mr. Godman has noted (Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 539) the capture of a single specimen of a
Chrysophanus on Kilima-njaro in Tropical Eastern Africa. The out-
lying species just referred to—with the exception perhaps of Pscwdo-
phleas—are of distinct facies and apparently limited range ; but many
of the genus roam widely over Europe and Asia, while Phicwas occupies
the entire Palearctic Region and great part of North America, and
was one of the five butterflies taken in Grinnell Land (lat. 81° 45’ N.)
by Captain Feilden.

Chrysophanus Orus is common and generally distributed in open
ground over most of South Africa, and may be found on the wing
throughout the year.

166. (1.) Chrysophanus Orus, (Cramer).
1 Papilio Orus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. t. cccxxxil., ff. n, F (1782),
Papilio Arcas, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii. p. 80, n. 728 (1787); and
Hesperia Arcas, Ent. Syst., iii. i. p. 311, n. 179 (1793).
Polyommatus Orus, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 672, n. 172 (1823).

3 2 Chrysophanus Orus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11 p. 259, n. 160
(1866).

Exp. al., (¢) 104 lin.—1 in. 1 lin.; (2) 11 lin—1 in. 24 lin.

g Metallic orange-red, with a blue-violaceous lustre; a narrow
blackish hind-marginal edging and some black discal spots ; bases slightly
dusky. Fore-wing: a lunule closing cell; usually a small spot in cell ;
beyond middle an irregular row of six or seven spots between costa

92 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

and submedian nervure; a black linear costal edging, abruptly widen-
ing into a broad apical border, which again grows gradually narrower
along hind-margin to anal angle. Hind-wing: markings as in fore-
wing, but inner edge of hind-marginal border indented on nervules,
and spots more minute (those of transverse row being sometimes partly
—occasionally wholly—wanting); no spot a cell. UNDER SIDE—
Hind-wing and border of fore-wing brownish-grey. Fore-wing: spots
as above, but larger and with whitish edging; an additional spot in
cell, near base; along inner edge of hind-marginal grey a row of linear
blackish lunules, most distinct near inner margin. Hind-wing: spots
as above, but scarcely darker than ground-colour, only marked by their
hoary rings; a transverse row of three minute blackish spots near
base, and a little beyond them a row of three larger, duller spots;
submarginal row of lunules continued across this wing, tinged with
ferruginous. Cilia brownish tipped with white, and with brown inter-
ruptions on nervules.

2 Simuar, but duller, and without violaceous lustre ; basal suffusion
and blackish borders wider, darker (especially in hind-wing) ; spots larger,
all distinct in both wings. UNDER SIDE.—As in @.

A number of specimens taken in Basutoland by Colonel Bowker were
paler and larger than usual, and with the blue-violaceous lustre of the males
unusually faint. A @ captured by the same gentleman in the Biggarsberg,
Natal, has all the black spots of the fore-wing enlarged, those of the discal
row being all elongated and acuminated inward.

Orus seems to resemble the weil-known and widely-ranging Phileas more
than any other Chrysophanus, the colour and pattern of the fore-wings and
the tints of the under side being very similar in the two forms. But Phleas
differs conspicuously in its dark-brown upper side of the hind-wings, with
only a hind-marginal border of orange-red, and in the absence of any viola-
ceous-blue lustre in the ¢; the fore-wings also are more pointed apically, and
the hind-wings anal-angularly, than in Orus.

This brightly-coloured little Chrysophanus is distributed over the greater
part of South Africa, and is particularly prevalent about the vicinity of Cape
Town. It flies low, but is very active, frequently sitting on the ground or on
low plants, where it suns itself with its wings half expanded. I have taken
it in every month of the year except January and February, but it is more
numerous from September to November, and again in March and April. It
often appears, however, in the winter ; and Colonel Bowker found it amongst
the very few butterflies that seemed able to bear the severe winter of Basuto-
land, appearing on sunny days in such fine condition as to induce the belief
that they were but just out of the pupa.

Localities of Chrysophanus Orus.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts\—Cape Town. Stellenbosch. Robertson.
Triangles Station, Worcester District (L. Péringuey).

b, Eastern Districts.— Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstow). Grahamstown
(H, J. Atherstone). “ King William’s Town.”—W. D’Urban.
Murraysburg (J. Muskett). Burghersdorp (D. R. Kennemeyer).

d. Basutoland.—Koro-Koro and Maseru (J. H. Bowker’).

LYCAENIDA, 93

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth, and Kei and Bashee Rivers (J. HZ.
Bowker).
EK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Maritzburg and Greytown. Estcourt (J. MW.
Hutchinson). Biggarsberg (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

Genus LYCAINESTHES.

Lyceenesthes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 773.

Lycena [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., ii. p. 234, a (1866).

Lycenesthes, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 343; and Illust.
Diurn. Lep., p. 219 (1878).

Imaco.— Head small, rather roughly hirsute in front; eyes very
finely hairy; palpi rather long, slender,—second joint much com-
pressed laterally, longer in ? than in @, densely clothed with long hair-
like scales,—third joint long, slender, acuminate, closely scaled, rising
above level of vertex; antennw of moderate length, slender, with a
rather abruptly formed club of moderate length, flattened and hollowed
superiorly, pointed at extremity.

Thorax decidedly robust, particularly in ¢; its downy clothing
dense, especially on breast. ore-wings with apex rather acute ;
nervures thick, prominent; costal nervure ending about middle of
costa; subcostal nervure four-branched,—first and second nervules
emitted separately before extremity of discoidal cell,—third very short,
emitted about midway between end of cell and apex,—fourth terminat-
ing at apex; upper radial nervule united to subcostal nervure at
extremity of cell, lower one to disco-cellular nervules about midway
between upper radial and third median nervules. Mind-wings with
costa moderately arched, but very convex at base; slightly produced
in anal-angular portion; costal nervure terminating at apex; subcostal
nervure branched considerably before middle; on hind-margin three
very fine slender tufts or pencils of hair, situated at extremities,
respectively, of second and first median nervules and submedian
nervure. Legs rather long and stout, with the femora very hairy
beneath ; fore-leys of ¢ rather large,—tibia with a pair of very fine
terminal spurs,—tarsus closely spinulose beneath, and with a slightly
curved terminal claw. Jfiddle and hind legs with terminal spurs of
tibize long.

Pupa.—Broad, moderately thick; narrowed to anal extremity,
which is recurved and flattened inferiorly ; under side much flattened,
and slightly hollowed in the middle; head rather blunted, sub-
quadrate; sides of thorax slightly sub-angulated; basal portion of
abdomen broader than thorax. Attached by tail and silken girth.

(Described from living pupa of LZ. Liodes, Hewits.)

This genus is nearly allied to the robuster forms of Lycawna, but

94 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

differs in its heavier structure generally (especially in the bulk of the
thorax), acute fore-wings, slight projection of hind-wings about anal
angle, and possession of three tufts of hairs on the hind-margin of the
hind-wings. In form and in under-side pattern Lycwnesthes bears
much likeness to Deudorix, but wants the anal-angular lobe and
linear tail on the hind-wings, and has longer palpi (especially in the
f). Most of the species exhibit on the upper side various tints of
violaceous or purple, much reduced or absent in the duller females, but
some of the West-African forms (Leptines, Luzones, and Lachares, of
Hewitson) present, instead of any shade of those colours, a large spot
of orange-yellow in one or both wings. The under side in these and
some other West-African species more resembles that of the Telicanus
group of Lycana.

Highteen of the twenty-six known species are African, three
Indian, and two Austro-Malayan. ‘The locality ‘‘ Cayenne,” recorded
by Butler (Cat. Fab. Lep., p. 188) for LZ. Moneus (Fab.), requires
confirmation. Six species have been discovered to inhabit Southern
Africa; and of these three (Amarah, Larydas, and Sylvanus) are
widely spread over both African Tropics, one (O¢acilia) extends into
the Southern Tropical region, and two (Jiodes and Livida) appear to
be peculiar to South Africa. L. Amarah is very different from the
rest in the singular glittering grey of its upper side; Zarydas,
Sylvanus, and Liodes all have in the { an upper side of glossy dark-
purple, and in the 9 a discal space of pale violaceous and whitish
marked with fuscous spots; Ofacilia has a rather bright violaceous
field in the g, replaced by cupreous-brown in the 2; and Livida is in
both sexes dull shining ochreous-grey faintly shot with bluish.

All the six species are found on the eastern side of South Africa,
but only four of them have been met with in the Cape Colony, and of
these but two (Liodes, Hewits., and Ofacilia, Trim.) reach the western
districts. Larydas, Cram., and Sylvanus, Dru., have not occurred to
the south and west of Natal, but Amarah, Guér., extends to Grahams-
town, and Livida, Trim., seems hitherto to have been taken only near
that place and in some of the adjacent eastern districts.

I have not seen living Sylvanus or Larydas, but have captured the
other species, and found all the four to be very active, alert, little butter-
flies, resembling altogether in motion and habits the well-known Thecla
group in Europe. ‘They visit flowers freely, and are also much given
to basking in the sunshine on the leaves of bushes or young trees.

167. (1.) Lyceenesthes Amarah, (Guérin).

Q Polyommatus Amarah, Guér., Lefebv. Voy. Abyss., vi. p. 384, pl. 11, ff.

5, 6 (1847).
2 Lycena Amarah, Wallgrn., Lep. Rhop. Caffr. (K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,

1857), Pp. 40.

LYCZNIDA 95

& 2 Lycena Amarah, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i, p. 235, n. 137 (1866).
Q Lampides Olympusa, Walk., Entomologist, v. p. 53, n. 49 (1870).

Exp. al., ($) 114 lin—1 in. 2 lin.; (Q) 11 lin—r in. 2 lin.

& Pale-grey, with a metallic sub-brassy lustre; a brown hind-mar-
ginal bounding line; cilia greyish-white. Hind-wing: traces of two
rows of dull-whitish lunules——those of outer row combining with a
whitish inner edging of hind-marginal line to form imperfect rings, and
the two last enlarged and orange (the upper with an adjacent black
spot) on either side of first median nervule; @ slender tadl-like tuft of
white hairs at end of first median nervule, and a similar tuft at end
of submedian nervure. UNDER SIDE.—Drownish-grey, with white and
brownish fascie and rows of lunules; in each wing, beyond middle, an
irregular, submacular fascia (composed of a broad white central streak,
on both sides bordered with brownish and edged with a white line),—
a similar short fascia, closing cell, touching edge of long fascia on third
median, and two rows of thin white lunules succeeded by a white line.
Fore-wing: between median and submedian, a short, wide, abruptly
truncate, longitudinal black stripe. Hind-wing: seven conspicuous,
black, white-ringed spots, viz., one at base, four in a transverse row
near base, and two on costa (respectively immediately before origin of
fascia and double row of lunules); orange-lunuled hind-marginal spot
bluish-silvery-dusted ; a smaller similar spot at anal angle.

2 Darker, not so metallic ; a coating of bluish-grey shining hair over
basal area of hind-wing. Sore-wing: a disco-cellular fuscous line; a
faint submacular streak just before hind-marginal line. Hind-wing :
row of lunules and rings usually conspicuous; orange lunules and spot
larger; occasionally a third orange lunule and black spot just above
second median. UNDER sIDE.—As in #3; ground-colour darker.

The peculiar hue of the upper surface at once distinguishes this species
from the other South-African Lycenesthes, which present a more or less purple
or violaceous colouring in both sexes. The strongly-marked black basal stripe
on the under side of the fore-wing is also peculiar to Amarah.

Mr. W. D’Urban found this butterfly commonly about King William’s
Town, frequenting bushy spots, from October to April. Near Grahamstown
I saw it but rarely, and it was not common on the coast of Natal from the
end of January to the beginning of April 1867. It is a brisk and active
insect, and all the specimens that I noticed settled frequently on the leaves
of various shrubs. In neither sex does there appear to be any noticeable
variation except as regards’size. The specimens from the Red Sea Coast,
described by Walker (loc. cit.) as L. Olympusa, which I examined in Mr. R.
Meldola’s collection, are undoubtedly ordinary Amarah.

Localities of Lyccenesthes Amarah.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.—Grahamstown, New Year’s River, and Mitford Park,
Albany District. King William’s Town (W. D’Urban and J.
H. Bowker). ast London.

96 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Tsomo and Bashee Rivers
(J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’ Urban and Umvoti. “ Lower Umkomazi.”—
J. H. Bowker.
b. Upper Districts.—Hstcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Rorke’s Drift
(J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres). Limpopo and
Marico Rivers (Ff. C. Selous).

If. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Angola.”—Kirby (Cat. Hewits. Coll.)
B. North Tropical.
b. Hastern Coast.—‘“ Abyssinia (Lefebvre).’”—Guérin. Hor Tamanib,
near Red Sea (J. K. Lord).

168, (2.) Lyceenesthes Larydas, (Cramer).

29 Papilio Larydas, Cram., Pap, Exot., 11. pl. eclxxxii. f. w (1782).

¢ Polyommatus Larydas, Godt. [part]. nae Meth., ix. p. 619, n. 6 (1819).

d Lycena Kersteni, Gerst., “ Archiv..f. Naturg., 18471, Dp: 359) 27

and Gliederth.-Fauna Sansib. -Gebiet., p. 373, n. 27, t. xv. f. 5 (187aR
2 Lyceenesthes Larydas, Hewits., Il Diurn. flep:,. p. 2225 mi: a pl. 93%
f. 4o (1878).

hinp. al, (8) 1 ims, 1-4 dings ( 2) me 2" tie

f Glistening dark-purple; a black hind-marginal line; cilia in
fore-wing dark-grey except at posterior angle, where rt 1s white,—in hind-
wing paler, becoming white near anal angle; tufts of hair at ends of
second and first median nervules, and submedian nervure thin, rather
long, dusky at base, but thence white. UnpbEeR sipe—VPale greyish-
brown, with slightly darker, on both sides white-edged, transverse stric.
Fore-wing: terminal disco-cellular stria broad, beginning on first sub-
costal nervule; ordinary discal stria abruptly broken on third and
first median nervules into three nearly equal portions, of which the
uppermost is farthest, and the lowest (an a line with terminal disco-
cellular stria) nearest to base; a nearly straight submarginal stria, the
white inner edge of which touches outer edge of second division of
discal stria on first median nervule; a hind-marginal white line; costa

edged with white at base, with ochrey-yellow (indistinctly) elsewhere ; —

a broad stria from costal to submedian nervure, curved inward infe-
riorly, crossing middle of discoidal cell; in cell, at base, a short white
longitudinal line curving upward at extremity. Mind-wing: terminal
disco-cellular stria broad, well-marked ; discal stria very irregular, com-
mencing with a costal darker and sub-ocellate spot before the succeed-

ing portion, narrowed in its lower part, and from submedian nervure —
recurved (and with a central line of white) to inner margin about |

middle; submarginal stria more irregular than in fore-wing, especially
its inner white edge, which inferiorly is recurved (like discal stria) to
inner margin; hind-marginal white line as in fore-wing; between it

LYCENIDZ. 97

and submarginal stria two black bluish- or greenish-silvery speckled
spots,—one between second and first median nervules, circled (except
externally) with orange-yellow, the other on and chiefly above sub-
median nervure internally edged with orange-yellow; costa at base
edged with white; a sub-basal transverse row of four dark white-
ringed spots (the third of which is brown, and the rest are black) from
costal nervure to inner margin.

2 Dull-fuscous ; bases slightly tinged for some distance with slaty-
grey; discs paler, im some instances whitish or white in fore-wing ; two
submarginal rows of white lunules in hind-wing. Fore-wing: near pos-
terior angle, between second median nervule and submedian nervure,
four whitish marks, of which the two inner are broad and more or less
suffused (sometimes merged in discal whitish), the two outer narrow.
Hind-wing: lunules of inner submarginal row wider than those of
outer row, and somewhat suffused; lunules of outer row thin, acute,—
that between second and first median nervules immediately succeeded
by a sub-trigonate black spot; a very distinct pure-white hind-mar-
ginal line immediately followed by a black one. Cilia with white
parts more developed than in ¢. UNDER stbE.—Markings arranged
asin ¢, but the white edges of nearly all the strice—especially the sub-
marginal ones and those near inner-margin of fore-wing—widened and
more or less confluent, so that the greyish-brown ground-colour is con-
siderably reduced.

Cramer’s figure represents the under side, and, though rough and enlarged,
gives the markings with tolerable fidelity; but the ground colour is much
darker than in any examples I have seen,—darker, indeed, than in the ¢,
although from the notice in the text (p. 160), that “le dessus des ailes est
dun blanc blendtre, les bords en sont d’un [brun] clair,” it seems clear that
the specimen figured (a West-African one) was a female.

The upper side of the ¢ in this species is the same as that of L. Sylvanus,
Dru., and not very much darker than in L. Liodes, Hewits. ; but that of the ?
is quite peculiar, owing to the absence of any violaceous suffusion, and to the
white markings existing near the posterior angle of the fore-wings. On the
under side the curious striation in the basal part of the forewings distin-
guishes Larydas from all the known South-African species, and shows its
alliance to L. Lysicles and numerous other West-African species figured by
Mr. Hewitson.

The first South-African example of Larydas I met with was a worn 4,
taken at D’Urban, Natal, in 1870 by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken. From 1879
to 1881, however, Colonel Bowker forwarded ‘a good many specimens of
both sexes captured in the same locality, including two pairs found in coitu
on the 17th January 1879 and 25th March 1881 respectively. He noted
nothing peculiar in the habits of the butterfly.

Localities of Lyceenesthes Larydas.

I. South Africa.
HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (M. J. M‘Ken and J. H. Bowker). —
Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Montero).

98 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Congo.——Coll. Brit. Mus. ‘“ Angola.’”’—Kirby,
Cat. Hewits. Coll.
b. Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Mbaramu, Usambara (0. IKersten).’’—Ger-
stacker.

B. North Tropical.— Old Calabar.”—Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. —

169. (3.) Lyczenesthes Sylvanus, (Drury).

3 Papilio Sylvanus, Dru., Ill. Nat. Hist., ii. pl. ii. ff. 2, 3 (1773).

3 Polyommatus Larydas, var. Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 619 (1819).

9? Lycena Emolus, Gerst., Gliederth.-Fauna Sansib.-Gebiet., p. 373, n. 26,
te eV, er DO

3 Lycenesthes Lemnos, Hewits., Ill. D. Lep., p. 221, n. 8, pl. xe. ff. 13,
14 (1878).

© Lycenesthes Sylvanus, Hewits., op. cit., p. 222, n. 10, pl. xeil. f. 41
(1878).

Exp. al., (¢) 1 in. 1-3 lin.; (P) 1 in. 2-34 lin.

g Glistemng dark-purple ; a black hind-marginal line; cilia dull-
grey, slightly mixed with whitish. Hind-wing: close to hind-margin,
between first median nervule and submedian nervure, an elongate
black mark; three caudal tufts, not very slender, dusky at bases, but
thence whitish. UNDER sIDE.—Pale greyish-brown, with scarcely darker,
on both sides thinly whitish-edged, transverse strie. Fore-wing: no
markings before middle ; terminal disco-cellular striola short, not pro-
duced towards costa, but a minute white-ringed spot just above it;
discal stria submacular, slightly irregular, and curved superiorly, but
actually interrupted only on first median nervule, beneath which its
terminal portion is nearer base than the rest; submarginal stria nar-
row, faintly marked, obsolescent superiorly ; hind-marginal whitish line
scarcely visible. Mind-wing: terminal disco-cellular striola well-
marked, rather long; discal stria decidedly submacular, scarcely irre-
gular, not interrupted, widened just above submedian nervure, but
below it abruptly narrowed, marked mesially with a whitish line, and
deflected to inner margin about middle; first (costal) spot of discal
fascia much darker than the rest, partly filled with fuscous or fuscous-
ferruginous; submarginal stria much better marked than in fore-wing,
both its whitish edges sublunulate and rather suffused; a whitish
hind-marginal line (obsolescent superiorly) immediately succeeded by a
fuscous one; two hind-marginal black greenish-silvery spangled spots,
—the upper and larger one between second and first median nervules
encircled (except externally) by an ochre-yellow edging,—the lower
one, on each side of submedian nervure, edged interiorly with ochre-
yellow, which extends a little along inner-marginal edge; a sub-basal
transverse row of three round spots in very thin whitish rings, of
which the first and second (respectively near costa and in discoidal

LYCENID.Z 99

cell) are ferruginous-red or fuscous-ferruginous, and the third (on
inner margin) 1s fuscous.

2 Dull fuscous; a violaceous patch (variable in size) from near
base to beyond middle, sometimes extending over lower part of discordal
cell, in fore-wing ; hind-wing with two submarginal rows of whate lunules,
of which the inner is usually somewhat suffused wmwardly, and some-
times enlarged into a discal whitish space ; all lower half of hind-wing shot
with violaceous. Fore-wing: a terminal disco-cellular blackish striola ;
in some examples, close to hind-margin, between second median ner-
vule and submedian nervure, a whitish streak tinged with violaceous,
followed by a similar line of great tenuity; violaceous patch rarely
touches any part of inner margin. Hind-wing: terminal disco-cellular
blackish striola as in fore-wing, but less distinct; on disc, between
second subcostal and origin of second median nervule, a short, blackish
macular stria (very conspicuous in specimens with a more or less
whitish discal area); upper of two hind-marginal spots, between second
and first median nervules, large, black, with a conspicuous orange-
yellow lunule bounding it inwardly ; a clearly-defined white hind-mar-
ginal line, immediately succeeded by a black one, from anal angle as
far as second subcostal nervule, where the outer submarginal white
lunular row also terminates. UNDER SIDE.—IWMuch paler than in %;
markings similar, but their white edges much more developed, those beyond
discal stria (which is comparatiwely darker than wm f) combining suf-
fusedly, particularly wm hind-wing, into a white submarginal band.
Hind-wing: hind-marginal spangled spots larger than in ~.

Gerstiicker (op. cit.), while admitting the difficulty he had expe-
rienced, in common with myself and other lepidopterists, in determin-
ing what Godart’s Hmolus really is, refers this species to Lmolus,
mihi, which=Z. Liodes, Hewits., described below. The @? figured by
him, however, differs from my insects as well as from Godart’s descrip-
tion in possessing a sub-basal row of three conspicuous round white-
ringed spots in the hind-wing. Godart’s Hmolus (as more fully explained
under Z. Liodes) is in all probability identical with Z. bengalensis,
Moore, the type of the genus Lycenesthes.

I have examined the type of LZ. Lemnos, Hewits., a male from Delagoa
Bay, and do not find that it can be separated as a species. The only dif-
ferences from the ¢ Sylvanus that it presents are, on the upper side, a
rather paler, more glistening purple, and in the hind-wing a short white
(instead of indistinct whitish) line between the black hind-marginal and short
preceding lines at anal angle; and, on the under side, rather brighter red in
the upper and middle spots of the sub-basal transverse row.

The late Mr. E. C. Buxton was the first to discover this Lycwnesthes as
South-African, having sent me a pair taken by himself in some part of Natal
in 1373. From D’Urban and Pinetown, during the years 1878 to 1884,
Colonel Bowker has forwarded nine of each sex, taken at different times of
the year. The best locality noted by him was the Park at D’Urban, where
- found many specimens on the wing during the last three days of October
as 79:

TOO SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Lyccenesthes Sylvanus.

I. South Africa.

K. Natal.—D’Urban and Pinetown (J. H. Bowker and T. Ayres).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

LI. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Angola.”’—Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll.
6. Hastern Coast.—‘‘ Mombas (Mersten).’”’—Gerstiicker.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Old Calabar.’’—Kirby, op. cit. “Sierra
Leone.””—Drury.
bi. Eastern Interior.—‘ White Nile.”—Kirby, op. cit.

170. (4.) Lyceenesthes Liodes, Hewitson.

3 2 Lycena Emolus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 234, n. 136, pl. 4,
ff. 8, g (1866).

3d Lyceenesthes Iiodes, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 349.

3 Lycenesthes Sichela, Hewits., Ill. D. Lep., p. 222, n. 12 (1878).

Hep. al, (f) 1 ine O42 lin. 3") 1 ime 125i

gf Glistening dark-violaceous ; a slender black, hind-marginal edging

lune; cilia whitish. Hind-wing: close to hind-margin two to three

inconspicuous black spots between second median nervule and sub- —
median nervure; at extremity of each of these nervures, as well as that |
of first median, a thin tuft of whitish hairs. UNDER SIDE.—Brownish-_

grey ; in each wing—a double dark streak (enclosing one of ground-
colour) closing cell, the whole marking being on both sides white-edged,

—a similar fascia, composed of confluent spots, across wing beyond |
cell, in hind-wing bi-angulated near inner margin, in fore-wing with —

the last spot before the rest of the fascia,—two submarginal rows
of whitish lunules enclosing a darker space, and a very indistinct

interior whitish edging to hind-marginal dark line. Fore-wing: rarely —
a whitish ring in cell. Mind-wing: on costa before middle, a white- —
ringed spot similar to that closing cell; first and last of three black |

hind-marginal spots always distinct, greenish-silvery-dusted and in- |
teriorly orange-lunuled, the second indistinct, silvery-dusted—some- —

times obsolete.
2 Pale-greyish, shot with violaceous-blue from base ; a blackish disco-

cellular spot and transverse macular fascia in each wing; a blackish —
hind-marginal border, in hind-wing intersected by a row of whitish

lunules. Hind-wing: hind-marginal white line conspicuous; hind-—

marginal spots black, the first orange-lunuled. UNDER sIDE.—As in
g, but all white edgings broader, conspicuous ; outer edging of trans-

verse fascia and inner submarginal row of lunules sometimes suffused ©

and confluent, forming a white band.

)

EY CAND A, 10!

Two dwarf #s, from Cape Town and Grahamstown respectively,
expand only 10 and 9 lines across the fore-wings.

Pupa.—Above bright yellowish-green ; beneath much paler, shining
whitish-green ; semi-transparent, abdomen more opaque. On back an
indistinct median thin fuscous line; on this line, marking junction of
thorax and abdomen, a conspicuous, oblong-ovate, salmon-pink, brown-
edged spot; on each gide of abdomen a row of minute, indistinct,
fuscous dots. About 44 lin. in length.

The remains of a silken girth were attached on each side of the
basal segment of the abdomen in the specimen here described, which
was sent to me by the late Mr. Kay, on 23d October 1869, with the
information that it had been found fastened to the upper side of the
leaf of a Pelargonium in Cape Town. The imago (a ¢) emerged on the
Ath November.

As noted by me (op. cit., p. 235), it was with considerable uncertainty
that I referred this butterfly to the Polyommatus Emolus of Godart, and that
I also suggested that the ¢ might be the same as Lycena Sichela, Wallen-
gren. The late Mr. Hewitson adopted this latter suggestion in his Jllustra-
tions of Diurnal Lepidoptera ; but I have since discovered Szchela to be an
entirely different insect, not belonging to the group Lyccenesthes. Godart’s
Emolus, however,—described at p. 656 of Eneyc. Method., tom. ix.—is very
near to L. Liodes; and I think that Mr. F. Moore’s type of his genus
Lyceenesthes, viz., L. Bengalensis—described in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865,
p. 773—is almost certainly the same as Godart’s species, which is stated to be
from Bengal. Bengalensis is described as expanding r} in., and so should be
a little larger than Liodes. Moore points out its alliance to Dipsas lycenoides
of Felder (1860), and Hewitson (J/l. D. Lep., pp. 214, 219) treats the two as
identical. Judging from Felder’s figure (‘“ Reise der Novara,” Zool., Lepid.,
ii. t, 30, f. 25) of the under side, and his description (p. 258) of the ¢, and
Hewitson’s figure (op. cit., pl. xcii. f. 39) of the ¢, I consider it very doubtful
whether Lycenotdes can be held synonymous with Moore’s butterfly. I have
examined the specimens of LZ. Liodes in the Hewitson Collection ; they are
marked as from the Cape, and agree entirely with the Colonial examples
above described ; and I think it very probable that the locality ‘“‘ Gaboon,”
assigned to the species in Hewitson’s original diagnosis in 1874, and again in
1878, was erroneous.

Liodes belongs to the Sylvanus group of the genus; it is considerably
smaller than Sylvanus, and the ¢ is of a paler tint on the upper side, while

_ the ? is much bluer, and has a well-marked discal fuscous fascia in the fore-

,
:

wings, besides a much more developed one in the hind-wings. On the under
side Liodes is distinguished by its much less distinct markings in the ¢, and

especially by the absence in both sexes of the sub-basal transverse row of

round spots in white rings.

This is a common insect in and near Cape Town, frequenting gardens and
open places in plantations. It visits many flowers, and is fond of sunning
itself on oak-leaves. It is active and wary, and very swift in its short flights,
reminding the collector of the species of Z'ecla. I have observed it on the

_ wing throughout the year, except from the beginning of May to the middle
_ of July. It was not uncommon near Grahamstown in January and February

1870. I took it rarely near D’Urban, Natal, in March 1867.

wou. II. | H

102 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Lyccenesthes Liodes.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Robertson. Knysna.

b. Eastern Districts\—Grahamstown. King William’s Town (W.
D Urban and J. H. Bowker). Windvogelberg, Queenstown
District (Dr. Batho). Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett). Burghers-
dorp (D. £. Kannemeyer).

. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
Natal.

a. Coast Districts. —D’ Urban.

K, Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (T. Ayres).

essa!

171. (5.) Lyceenesthes Otacilia, (Trimen).
Puate VIL, fig. 8 (3).
d Lycena Otaciia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. go.

Exp. al., ($) 11 lin—t1 in.; (2) 1 in—1 in. of lin.

& Shining pale-violaceous. Fore-wing: apical area, as far as end
of discoidal cell and third median nervule, brown with a cupreous tinge ;
short, rather narrow borders of the same colouring, extending on costa
to base and on hind-margin to posterior angle. Hind-wing: a
cupreous-brown border, wide along costa and at apex, narrow along
hind-margin to anal angle; a rather well-defined hind-marginal black
spot between second and first median nervules; below the latter
nervule the trace of a similar spot. Cilia whitish, with faint dusky

nervular interruptions on lower part of hind-wing. UNDER SIDE.—_

Pale brownish-grey ; wm each wing, the ordinary terminal disco-cellular
spot, and discal and submarginal transverse submacular bands, slightly
darker than ground-colour and rather conspicuously white-edged on each
side. Fore-wing: no markings near base; discal band strongly curved
inward below cell. Hind-wing: a sub-basal transverse row of three
round blackish white-ringed spots,—that above cell conspicuous, the
other two (respectively in cell and below it) rather faintly marked ;
discal band so strongly curved as half to encircle terminal disco-cellular
spot, and with part of its outer white edging confluent with inner
white edging of submarginal lunulated row; hind-marginal spot
inwardly edged by an orange-yellow lunule,—as is also a minute spot
close to anal angle; an indistinct hind-marginal whitish line forming
annulets with the lunulated outer white edging of submarginal row.

2 Pale-brownish, with a subcupreous lustre; a very faint basal
violaceous suffusion, rather better pronounced in hind-wing; bases
narrowly blackish. Hind-wing: in one example traces of a hind-
marginal row of whitish annulets like that on under side; hind-
marginal black spot as in ¢. UNDER sipE—As in g, but rather
paler.

LYCAINID. 103

In a & from Swellendam, Cape Colony, the discal row is very much
narrowed, and its whitish edges, as well as those of the other markings, are
everywhere suffused and confluent with the adjacent ones.

The bright-violaceous upper side, with its broad cupreous-brown borders,
at once distinguish the ¢ Otacilia from the same sex in Liodes and Sylvanus,
and approximate it to ZL. livida, Trim., in which, however, the violaceous is
very much duller and more limited in extent. In the ? Ofacdlra, on the
contrary, the upper side is almost devoid of violaceous. The under side is of
a browner less grey tint than in its congeners, and the markings on the whole
most resemble those of the 9 Liodes. In size Otacilia is the smallest of the
South-African species of Liccenesthes.

The Otacilia of Hewitson (Iilustr. Diurn. Lep., pl. 92, ff. 35-37, 1878),
which I have examined in that author’s collection, is, I think, a distinct
species, the ¢ having the upper side violaceous much intenser, and occupying
a considerably larger space (especially in the fore-wing), and the ? present-
ing almost as much as in the ¢ Ofacilia, mihi; both sexes further exhibiting
a very conspicuous bright-orange crescent bounding the black hind-marginal
spot of the hind-wings. On the under side the markings are darker and more
pronounced. Mr. Hewitson’s specimens were ticketed as natives of Angola
and Sierra Leone.

This little species seems rather widely spread in South Africa, but is not
frequent in collections. The first specimen that came under my notice was
sent from Swellendam in 1864 by Mr. L. Taats. Mrs. Barber subsequently

sent one from Grahamstown, and Colonel Bowker two from Kaffraria Proper,

and one, captured on 1st May 1874, from King William’s Town. It was
not until January 1876 that I met with the species at all numerously. At
Robertson, in the Cape Colony, during that month, I observed a good num-
ber about the flowers of Acacta horrida, and captured examples of both sexes.
Like the rest of the genus, they were active and wary, and not very easy to
secure among the thorny bushes under the noonday sun of January. I had
previously (in March 1867) taken a single female at Greytown, Natal.

Localities of Zyccenesthes Otacilia.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Robertson. Swellendam (L. Taats).
b. Hastern Districts.—Grahamstown (Md. #. Barber). King Wil-

liam’s Town (J. H, Bowker)

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker).

HK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Greytown. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.—Central Interior.—‘ Victoria Falls, Zambesi
River (£. Oates).”— Westwood.

172. (6.) Lyceenesthes livida, Trimen.
Puan Vl tt. 9 (6 )y ya (2).
3, 2 Lycenesthes lividu, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 443.
Exp. al, ($) 1 in.—1 in, 2 lin.; (@) 1 in. 14 lin.—3 lin,
& Shining greyish-brown, with a cupreous gloss; in both wings a
very pale greyish-blue suffusion from base. Fore-wing: the suffusion

104 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

vaguely occupies the lower half of discoidal cell, and covers space
between median nervure and its first nervule and inner-margin to near
posterior angle; an indistinct dark-grey lunular mark at extremity of
discoidal cell. Hind-wing: the suffusion covers middle field of wing

from base, leaving the costa and apical, hind-marginal, and inner-

marginal border free; an indistinct dark lunule at extremity of dis-
coidal cell; a little beyond it, a curved macular streak between second
subcostal and second median nervules; a thin black line on hind-mar-
ginal edge; within it a thin white line, most apparent near anal
angle, itself immediately preceded by four to six thin whitish lunules,
which join with it to isolate spots of the ground-colour; these spots
are darker near anal angle, that between second and first median ner-
vules being black, bounded interiorly by a well-marked orange lunule.
Cilia in both wings whitish. UNDER sIpE.—Soft pale-grey ; the mark-
ings slightly darker, but distinctly edged on both sides with whitish ; in
each wing a roughly 8-shaped mark at extremity of discoidal cell, a
discal inferiorly-incurved row of more or less confluent similar imper-
fect rings; a submarginal row of lunules; and a thin hind-marginal
whitish edging line. Jore-wing: basal area quite spotless as far as
extremity of cell. Hind-wing: near base, just below costal nervure,
a small but distinct round black spot in a whitish ring; the hind-
marginal black spot between second and first median nervules, and a
smaller similar spot close to anal angle, conspicuously spangled with a
few greenish-silvery scales, and interiorly bounded by an orange
lunule; between these two spots a few greenish-silvery scales.

2 Similar to male, but ground colour paler and duller, while the
blue suffusion is considerably brighter in hue. Hind-wing: blue be-
coming very faint on disc, which bears a transverse row of rather
aciceics whitish lunules. UNDER sIpE.—QAs in male.

This Lycenesthes is in several respects intermediate between J.
Liodes, Hew. (the Hmolus of my Rhop. Afr. Aust., not the true Lmolus
of Godart), and Z. Otacilia, mihi. It is at once to be distinguished,

however, from both species by the singularly pale and dull hue of the
bluish suffusion on its upper surface, which in the male contrasts —
remarkably with the universal dark purple of Z. Liodes, and the well- —
defined bright violaceous of Z. Otacilia. In size LZ. livida is larger |

than JZ. Liodes, and very much larger than L. Olacilia. The female
has, on the upper side of the fore-wing, none of the fuscous spots so
strongly marked in the female Z. Liodes. The under side markings
are in both sexes less irregular, and not so dark as in LZ. Liodes, and
the ground-colour has none of the yellowish-brown tinge observable on
the under side of LZ. Otacilia.

I first noticed this butterfly in Mrs. Barber’s collection in February
1870, and made a description of the two female specimens which the collec-
tion contained, under the impression that they would probably prove to be
the female of Z. Otacilia, mihi. These examples were taken at Highlands,

LYCAENIDZ 105

near Grahamstown, and were kindly presented to me by Mrs. Barber. On
the 23d of the same month I captured, at Uitenhage (on Cannon Hill),
three males of a Lycwnesthes, which so closely corresponded with the females
mentioned that, upon subsequent comparison, no doubt could be entertained
of the identity of species. ‘The males in question were flitting about and
settling on the twigs of some bushes at the summit of the hill. A fourth
male, taken in Somerset East district, was received from Colonel Bowker in

1871.
I have not seen any further examples of this dull-coloured Lycenid in

the collections that I have been able to examine.

Localities of Lycenesthes livida.

T. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
6. Kastern Districts.—Uitenhage. Grahamstown (IZ. £. Barber).
Between Somerset Hast and Murraysburg (J. H. Bowker).

Genus DEUDORIX.

Deudoriz, Hewitson, Ilustr. Diurn. Lep., p. 16 (1862).
Dipsas, Westw. [part], Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 479 (1852).
Sithon, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 231 (1866).

Imaco.—Head rather broad; eyes clothed with short hair; palpe
short, slender—second joint long, densely scaly, laterally flattened,—
terminal joint acute, slender, directed forward, very short in f but
long in 2 ; antenne long, slender, with a distinct elongate club, more
pronounced in f than in 2.

Thorax robust (very stout in ¢), densely downy—especially on
breast. Fore-wings somewhat variable in form, apically usually rather
acute (but always less so in ? than in #); on inner-margin in ¢ almost
always a tuft of stiff bristly hairs on under side before middle; sub-
costal nervure four-branched, and neuration quite agreeing with that
of Aphneus. Hind-wings more or less produced in anal-angular
portion—anal angle itself bearing a very prominent lobe; a rather
long linear tail at extremity of first median nervule, and generally a
slight acute projection at extremity of second median nervule; costal
nervure terminating at apex; subcostal nervure branched just before
extremity of cell; neuration generally as in Aphneus and Hypolycena ;
in $ usually a small smooth shining spot near costa before middle, just
at base of two branches of subcostal nervure. Jore-legs of $ much as
in Aphneeus,—but femur more hairy beneath—tibia only spined at
extremity,—tarsus more strongly spined beneath ;—of the 2 generally
thicker,—tarsus longer, completely articulate, and with two claws.
Middle and hind legs rather short, moderately thick ;—coxee and femora
hairy,—tibize smooth, with short terminal spurs,—tarsi thickly spinulose
beneath.

Larva.—Elongate, depressed ; set transversely with rows of well-
Separated fascicles of very short stiff hairs or bristles.

106 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Pupa. — Blunt, thick, rounded; tail considerably incurved.
Attached by the. tail and a girth round the body.

[These characters of Larva and Pupa are taken from the figures of
the early states of D. Xenophon (Fab.), and D. Melampus (Cram.),—
both natives of Java—given in Horsfield and Moore’s Catalogue of
the Lepidopterous Insects in the EH. I. Cos Museum, vol. 1. pl. 1,
ff. 2, 2a, and 3, 3a. The larva of the former species is stated to feed
on Schmiedelia racemosa, and that of the Indian D. Jsocrates (Fab.), on
the interior of the fruit of the common Pomegranate. |

This genus is equivalent to Sithon, Hiibn. (Verz. bekannt. Schmett.,
p- 77); but its characters were first defined by Hewitson (op. cit.), in |
1862, and the latter author’s name of Deudorix is thus to be preferred. |
It is well characterised by the robust body, very slender palpi, long |
slender antennz with long but well-developed clavation, hairy eyes, |
and very prominent lobate appendage at the anal angle of the hind- |
wings. The forehead—and sometimes also the tip of the abdomen— |
is commonly adorned with a red or orange patch. The under side is |

|

== Sac Se

not nearly so elaborately ornamented as in Aphneus, and is usually of
some tint of grey or greyish-brown, with slightly-darker, usually
whitish-edged, more or less macular discal bands. The Austro- |
Malayan D. Despena, Hewits., and allies have, however, a more ornate
under side of creamy-yellowish, strikingly barred with black ; and the |
North-Indian D. Amyntor, Herbst., has an almost uniform under side —
of dull-green. In the majority of spines the male is blue on the
upper side, but in eight or nine cases intense red or orange-red, and in
a few of a bronzy or of an ochrey-yellow tint. The female is almost
always of a dull-brownish or greyish on the upper surface, but some-
times exhibits a considerable tinge of the brighter hue of the male, |
and occasionally (as in D. Antalus (Hopff.), and D. Pheretima, Hewits.), ©
a different tint from that of her partner. |
About forty-two species are on record. The genus ranges from |
Western Africa to Australia, but finds its principal development in |
India and the Indo-Malayan Islands, which together possess twenty-
two species. The Austro-Malayan Islands have yielded eight, and —
Australia itself two; while seven are known from Africa. Four of |
the last-named inhabit Southern Africa, but only one—D. Dioeles,
Hewits.,—seems to be confined to that subregion; the others being.
found also in the South-Tropical belt, and D. Antalus (Hopff.), appa-
rently extending all over the Ethiopian Region. The Jast-men-
tioned species is the only form that I have seen in life; both sexes
are very active in their frequent short flights, and the male 1s
particularly rapid on the wing. In Antalus the f has the upper side—
of a submetallic bronzy-brown suffused from base with violaceous, —
while the 2 is of a paler and more bluish colour ; in the other three |
species, the upper side of the ¢ is more or less occupied with bright-
red (not metallic), and that of the 2? of two of them pale-fuscous with —
dull-whitish on the discal areas. |

——_--—

LYCANID/.. 107

173. (1.) Deudorix Antalus, (Hopffer).

Dipsas Antalus, Hopff., Monatsb. K. Akad. Wissens. Berlin, 1855, p. 641,
mers; and (g 2)

Sithon Antalus, Peters’ Reise Mossamb.,—Ins., p. 400, pl. xxv. ff. 7-9 [ @ ]
1862).

ad 9 a Anta, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d ser., i. p. 402 (1862).

& 2 Deudorix Anta, Hewits., Ill. D. Lep., p. 25, pl. v., ff. 49-51; also
Talmenus Antalus, p. 55 (1863 and 1865).

& 2 Sithon Batikeli, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 232, n. 135 (1866).

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. of—5 lin.; (2) I in. 3—7 lin.

g Shining ceneous-brown, shot with violet from bases ; cilia greyrsh-
white. Fore-wing: inner marginal tuft of hairs black. Hind-wing :
a rather long, linear, black, white-tipped tail at extremity of third
median nervule; two black spots on hind-margin, respectively just
above and below origin of tail; lobe of anal angle marked with a
greenish silvery-scaled black spot. UNDER SIDE.—Jale-greyish ; in
both wings an incomplete, brownish-grey, whitish-edged ring, closing
discoidal cell, a row of similar rings, confluent, forming a rather broad
transverse band beyond middle, and a submarginal row of brownish-
grey lunular markings, indistinctly white-edged inwardly and out-
wardly. Hind-wing: near base, two or three whitish-ringed fuscous
(sometimes dull-ferruginous) spots, forming a short transverse row;
hind-marginal spot above tail marked inwardly by a yellowish lunule,
that below tail all bluish-silvery; spot on anal lobe inwardly scaled
with bluish-silvery.

9 Bluer than g, excepting near hind-margins, which are broadly-
brown ; markings similar; a dusky disco-cellular terminal streak in
each wing. UNDER SIDE.—Quite similar, the markings more distinct.

From Boisduval’s description (Faune Ent. de Madagq., Sc., p. 24) I was
led—as stated in my book above cited—to consider his Lycena Batikeli, as
identical with the South-African species which in 1862 I had described as
Lycena Anta, but which I subsequently discovered Hopffer had previously
received from Kast Africa and named Dipsas Antalus. Boisduval’s figure on
pl. 3 (op. cit.) appeared to me as a rough and highly-coloured representation
of Antalus, Hopff., of which I had seen several Malagasy specimens. Having
lately (1886) seen the figures of Batikeli given by Grandidier in the Lepi-
doptera volume of the Hist. Physique, Nat. et Polit. de Madag. (Paris, 1885)
on pl. 29, I am, however, satisfied that it is a distinct species from Antalus.
It is apparently a ? that is figured, and the upper side is depicted as con-
siderably darker than in @ Antalus, especially in the hind-wing, the dull
violaceous-blue of the fore-wing being better defined, but that of the hind-
wing being reduced to a dull pale longitudinal ray from base between median
and submedian nervures. On the under side, the markings generally are
redder, less regular, and with their whitish edgings better developed ; in
the fore-wing there is a linear red hind-marginal edging from apex to
second median nervule, and in the hind-wing the three sub-basal white-
ringed spots are larger and conspicuously red.

There cannot be any doubt, on comparison, of the identity of Hopffer’s
Kast-African Antalus and my South-African Anta. Both sexes are very
variable in size, and this is the case with individuals from the same locality.

This is a near ally of the well-known D. Isocrates (Fab.), of India, but

108 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

is readily distinguished from it by the three small but distinct ocelli near
the base of the hind-wings, which are entirely wanting in the Indian species ;
the 2, too, is much bluer above, and wants in the fore-wings the ochre-
yellow spot immediately beyond the discoidal cell, and in the hind-wings the
ochre-yellow lunule edging the upper hind-marginal black spot, which are
conspicuous features of the ? Isocrates.

I met with this species rather sparingly on the Natal coast in February
1867, and again near Grahamstown in January and February 1870. It
frequents wooded spots, and often settles on shrubs and low trees; near
Grahamstown I found it partial to the blossoms of Acacia horrida. Colonel
Bowker took it during March and April in Kaffraria, and in July and August
in Natal. Both sexes are active and rapid on the wing, but the male especi-

ally so. A fine female that I took near D’Urban had just before been —

pounced upon by a predaceous fly of the Asdlus group.

Localities of Deudoria Antalus,
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
6. Kastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Between Zwartkops and
Coega Rivers (J. H. Bowker). Grahamstown. King William’s
Town (Mrs. Drake). Fort Beaufort: Fish River Randt (1.
LE. Barber).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts\—D’Urban. Verulam.

b. Upper Districts.—Hstcourt (J. IM. Hutchinson). Maritzburg (J.
Windham).

F. Zululand.—8St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
G. ‘ Swaziland.”—The late E. C. Buxton.
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres). Limpopo River (Ff. C.
Selous).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— Damaraland (J. A. Bell). ‘Congo: Kin-

sembo (H. Ansell).”,—Butler. ‘‘Chinchoxo (Lalkenstein).”—
Dewitz.

b. Hastern Coast.—“Querimba.’’—Hopffer. ‘ Zanzibar and Tongor
(Raffray).’’—Oberthiir.
b1. Hastern Interior.—Tauwani River (Ff. C. Selons).

bb. Madagascar (J. Caldwell). ‘ Johanna, Comoro Islands (W. C.
Bewsher).”’ —Butler.
B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Sierra Leone (Cutter).—Coll. Trim. Sierra

Leone.—Coll. Hope. Mus. Oxon. and Coll. Hewitson. Casa-
manza, Senegal.—Coll. Boisduval.

174. (2.) Deudorix Diocles, Hewitson.
Puate VIL, fig. 6 (¢ ).

& Deudorix Diocles, Hewits., Ill. D. Lep., Suppl. pl. v. ff. 55, 56 (1869);
and: p: 29, pl. va.4. 57 (2378).
Exp. al., (f) 1 ma. 2—54 lin.; (9) I in. 5—8 lin.
gf Fuscous-brown, with a common, broad, transverse, discal, orange-red
band—so much widened in hind-wing as to cover all but a space near

LYCAINID/L. 109

base and an inner-marginal border. Fore-wing: band variable in width,
commencing abruptly on or a little above median nervure and first
median nervule, and widening more or less to inner margin; tuft of
hairs on inner margin brown. Hind-wing: basal brown not extending
nearly to middle, but emitting a thin ray along fold between median and
submedian nervures; inner-marginal border dull-greyish ; orange-red
much paler along costal edge; hind-margin with a linear black edging
thicker inferiorly ; sometimes a very small blackish spot close to hind-
margin between first and second median nervules ; a larger black spot
scaled with golden-green on anal-angular lobe ; tail linear, black, white-
tipped ; circular badge small, shining-violaceous, just on the branching
of subcostal nervure. UNDER SIDE.—DPaler or darker brownish-grey ;
an both wings the following rather darker, on both sides white-edged
markings, viz., a terminal disco-cellular spot,—a discal transverse sub-
macular, irregular band,—and a submarginal row of lunules. Jore-
wing: costa narrowly edged with orange from base; inner-marginal
area more or less faintly tinged with orange. Hind-wing: discal band
much more irregular than in fore-wing, angulated sharply between first
median nervule and submedian nervure, and thence much narrowed to
inner margin; inferior half of hind-margin and terminal third of inner
margin with a linear black edging; hind-marginal black spot very
well defined, and immediately preceded by a conspicuous orange lunule ;
spot on anal-angular lobe as above. Cu%lia fuscous mixed with dull-
whitish ; inferiorly glossed with ochre-yellow. Abdomen superiorly
tipped with orange-red.

2 Dull-fuscous, the discs dusky-whitish ; a dull violaceous-bluish
gloss, chiefly in basal area; cilia grey. Fore-wing: 1nner-marginal area
whitish. Hind-wing: hind-marginal black edging thicker than in Z,
and bordered anteriorly by a white line, thicker inferiorly ; some orange
as well as golden-green scales on anal-angular lobe. UNDER SIDE.—
Much paler than in ¢; all the markings better developed and defined.

Head in both sexes orange-red in front, edged with white on each
side.

This species comes nearest to the Oriental D. Epijarbas (Moore), given by
Hewitson (op. cit.. p. 17) as typical of the genus Deudorix, but is smaller,
paler beneath, with blunter and less elongate wings; the orange-red band
of the ¢ is in the fore-wing transversely instead of longitudinally disposed,
and in the hind-wing very much broader costally ; while the ? is on the
upper side very much paler discally and has a bluish suffusion wanting in
Epijarbas.

The brilliant colouring of the ¢ instantly separates Diocles from Antalus ;
but the ?s of the two butterflies are very much alike, and the distinguishing
characters of Diocles @ are its larger size, orange-red forehead, whiter more
faintly blue-shot discs of upper side, and want of basal ocelli on under side
of hind-wings. The last character is common to both sexes, and also marks
D. Isocrates (Fab.).

It was not until October 1869, when I received a $ from Mr. W. Morant,
that I was aware of the existence of this butterfly. This example was cap-
tured in Natal, on the Umgeni; and in the December following I received

IIO SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

from the same gentleman a 9 from the same locality. These examples were
taken respectively in June and July 1868. In 1870 the late Mr. M. J.
M‘Ken forwarded a ¢, taken in D’Urban Botanic Gardens, on Poinsettia
pulcherrima, and alsoa ¢ from the same locality. The late Mr. EK. C. Buxton

met with the species in Swaziland, and in 1873 sent me a photograph of the |

gd. Colonel Bowker has contributed about a dozen examples, taken in March,
April, June, and August, at D’Urban, Avoca, and Pinetown, Natal. He and
Mr. Morant both describe the habits of Dzocles as resembling those of Antalus,

Localities of Dendorix Diocles.

I. South Africa.
K. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. D’ Urban (W. Morant, M. J. M‘Ken, and J. H. |

Bowker). Avoca and Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).
G. “ Swaziland.””—The late E. C. Buxton.

175. (3.) Deudorix Dariaves, Hewitson.

3 9 Deudorix Dariaves, Hewits., “‘ Ent. Month. Mag., xiii. p. 205 (1877) 3”
Ill. D. Lep., Suppl., p. 30, pl. Va. ff. 60-62 (1878).

Exp. al, ($) 1 in. 2—3 lin.; (@) 1 in. 63 lin.

gf Fuscous-brown ; fore-wing without marking; hind-wing very.
broadly orange-red exteriorly. Fore-wing: inner-margin rather convex |
near base; sexual tuft of hair long, grey, mixed with fuscous-brown. |

Hind-wing: orange-red occupying most of the field as in D. Diocles,
Hewits., but extending subcostally (below sexual violaceous badge)
nearer to base; fuscous-brown of basal area reaching to extremity of
discoidal cell, and emitting a broad streak all along fold between first
median nervule and submedian nervure; hind-marginal black linear
edging, tail, anal-angular lobe, and inner-marginal greyish border, as
in Diocles. UNDER SIDE.—Jore-wing: dull pale-grey; white-edged
markings as in Diocles, but discal macular band more curved near costa.
Hind-wing: a sub-basal series of four large, conspicuous, white-ringed

spots, of which three are ferruginous-red and the fourth (close to inner- |
margin) dull brown; terminal disco-cellular mark and discal band —
arranged as in Diocles, but whitish mesially, and with their white edges —
(as well as inner edge of submarginal lunular streak) enlarged; costal —
spot of discal band interiorly tinged with ferruginous; hind-marginal |
black spots strongly marked, especially that on anal-angular lobe, the ©
lunule interiorly edging upper spot pale-yellow; fuscous space between —

spots spangled with bluish-silvery scales.

———————————————

2 Dull-greyish brown, with a paler discal space in both wings; —

hind-wing with a submarginal macular whitish band. Fore-wing: paler
space suffusedly covering basal half of median nervules. Hind-wing:

paler space less apparent, but extending towards base; whitish band —

lying between second subcostal and first median nervules; hind-mar-
ginal spots, black and white edging, and tail quite as in Dvzocles.

(This description of the 9 is made from Hewitson’s figure ; the under side
is not figured, but is stated by Hewitson to be like that of the ¢, but paler.)

|
}

LYCANIDZ.. II!

This close ally of D. Diocles, Hewits., may at once be recognised by the red
sub-basal ocelli on the under side of the hind-wings, and, as regards the ¢,
by the uniform dark-brown of the fore-wing. In the latter sex of Dariaves
the forehead and tip of abdomen are red, but the former is of a duller
tint. The female, to judge from Hewitson’s figure and description, is darker
than that of Diocles, and without any violaceous-blue gloss, while possessing
a whitish band in the hind-wings not represented in Diocles. On the under
side the hind-wings, except near base, are much whiter than the fore-wings
(owing to the enlargement of the white edges of the principal markings),—a
character which also distinguishes the species from Dvocles.

D. Dariaves was discovered at Delagoa Bay by the late Mr. J. J. Mon-
teiro, and I have received a specimen of the ¢ taken by Mrs. Monteiro in
the same locality.

Localities of Deudoriz Darvaves.
I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
II, Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
b. Hast Coast.—‘‘ Zanzibar.’’— Cat. Hewitson Coll.

176. (4.) Deudorix Licinia, (Mabille).

6 Thecla Licinia, Mab. in Grandid. Hist. Phys., &c., de Madag., pl. 30a,
5, 52 (1855).

Hcp. ab, 1 in. 3 lin.

d Orange-red ; fore-wing with a rather narrow fuscous-brown border.
Fore-wing : base of inner margin suffused with fuscous-brown ; border
commencing rather widely at base, narrower about middle, wide at
apex, and thence gradually narrowing along hind-margin to posterior
angle; inner-marginal sexual tuft reddish-brown. Hind-wing: a nar-
row blackish-brown suffusion at base; sexual badge small, shining
leaden-grey ; inner margin with a dull-greyish border, set with whitish
hairs ; orange-red extends to hind-margin itself, except close to anal
angle, where there is a fine linear black edging; tail black, white-
tipped ; a small hind-marginal black spot immediately below tail; a
larger black spot, sprinkled with greenish-silvery scales, on anal-angular
lobe. UNDER sIDE.—Brownish-grey (except inner-marginal area of
fore-wing, which is whitish tinged superiorly with ochre-yellow); in
both wings, terminal disco-cellular mark and irregular discal band out-
lined with dark-red, and with faint white outer edges,—submarginal
lunulate streak dark-grey and white, indistinct. Hind-wing: a sub-
basal row of three round dark-red white-ringed spots; a linear black
edging, immediately preceded by a white line, along inferior half of
hind-margin ; upper hind-marginal black spot bounded interiorly by
an orange-yellow lunule; anal-angular one inferiorly edged with orange-
yellow ; between the two spots some fuscous and greenish-silvery scales.
Cilia on upper side fuscous in fore-wing, red in hind-wing; on under

side reddish generally, but mixed with white near anal angle of hind-
wing,

I12 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

I have not seen the 9 of this Deudoriz. The g, both in the elongated
wings and in the pattern and colouring of the upper side, closely resembles
D. Melampus (Cram.), except that the red is paler, inclining to orange; but

the under side markings are very dissimilar, those of Melampus being very

greatly narrowed, indistinct, and not at all red, but of a tint scarcely separable

from that of the ground-colour ; the Indian species also wants the sub-basal

ocelli in the hind-wing.

Mr. Henley Grose Smith, who kindly sent me two specimens and draw-
ings of this butterfly, writes that it closely resembles a Madagascar species
named Licinia by M. Mabille, but that this gentleman and M. Grandidier,
having examined a specimen forwarded to the latter by Mr. Smith, had pro-
nounced it to be distinct from that species.

On comparison subsequently, however, of several South-African specimens
with the figures given in the work of Grandidier above quoted, I find the
former to agree too closely with the latter to admit of their separation as
species. The South-African examples have a rather narrower dark border
to the fore-wing, especially at base and apically, and a paler, almost obsolete,
brownish inner-marginal cloud in the hind-wing; while the under side is

somewhat darker in ground-colour and has the red markings rather brighter. |

Compared with the allied D. Livia (Klug), from Upper Egypt and
Arabia, the South-African specimens of Zic¢nda differ in the other direction,
being larger, of a deeper (less orange) red, and with the border of the fore-
wing broader (especially on costa and hind-margin) and better defined
inwardly ; but on the under side the markings are very much redder—those
of Livia having scarcely a tinge of that colour.

In 1879, I received from Mrs. Barber a ¢ taken in Matabeleland by Mr.
H. Barber, which quite agrees with the examples above described.

Localities of Deudoria Incinia.
I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay (Mrs. Monteiro).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

_ b1. Eastern Interior.—Matabeleland (7. Barber).
bb, Eastern Islands. —‘‘ Madagascar.”’—Grandidier.

Genus CAPYS.

Capys, Hewits., Dlustr. Diurn. Lep., p. 59 (1865).
Zeritis, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 270 (1866).

ImaGo.—Closely allied to Deudorix. Head rather broader; palpi
in ¢ shorter, the terminal joint being minute,—in ? longer, the termi-

nal joint being very long and slender, and porrected far in front of |

the head; antennz with a longer club.
Thorax considerably longer and stouter in both sexes, but espe-
cially in g. ore-wings in f more produced in apical region, in 2

se ANS A ER A AR

————eE

more convex on hind-marginal border; neuration as in Deudoriz; no |

tuft of hairs on inner margin. Hind-wings more rounded, especially
in 9, not produced in anal-angular portion, but at anal angle itself a
marked sublobate projection, more prominent in f; hind-margin regu-
larly dentated; neuration as in Deudorix. Legs as in Deudorix, but
thicker, and the tibize of middle and hind legs considerably shorter.

LYCAINID. 113

Abdomen larger and thicker than in Deudorix, especially in 9.

Hewitson rightly removed the noble Lyceenide on which he founded
this genus from its questionable association with Zeritis; but he
admits it to be ‘‘ very nearly allied to the genus Deudorix,” and it is
perhaps hardly separable from the latter. Besides the distinctions above
given, Capys wants the rather long linear tail on each hind-wing, so
characteristic of Deudorix.

The only species known is the Alphwus of Cramer, a butterfly
which on the upper side is black, with a broad metallic-red band across
the wings, and on the under side chiefly pale-grey crossed by a bar of
darker grey and ferruginous. With the exception of Zeritis Thero
(Linn.), its expanse across the fore-wings 1s the largest among the
South-African Lycenide, and in bulk of body it exceeds them all.
Though widely distributed throughout Southern Africa, it is very local
in its haunts, and seems more prevalent in the vicinity of Cape Town
than elsewhere. It occurs in the T'ransvaal, but has not hitherto
been recorded from any tropical locality. The butterfly is fond of
rocky elevated spots; and several males usually sport about in com-
pany, taking frequent short flights of extreme rapidity; while the
female, though well able to fly, is rarely seen on the wing.

177. (1.) Capys Alpheeus, (Cramer).
boar Ville; £5 (9 ).
3 Papilio Alpheus, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. t. clxxxi. ff. =, F. (1779).
3 Polyommatus Alpheus, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 663, n. 155 (1819).
& Zeritis? Alpheus, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. p. 500, pl. Ixxvii. f. 3 (1852).
3 2 Zeritis Alpheus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 270, n. 168 (1866).
Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 4—g4 lin.; (2) 1 in. 6—11 lin.
& Glossy-black, with a broad, discal, sub-metallic red band, from

- fourth subcostal nervule, or from upper radial nervule of fore-wing to
- submedian nervure of hind-wing, near anal angle; a mixed golden and
purplish gloss over basal region; cilia white, with black spots at ends

ofnervules. Fore-wing: band exteriorly indented with black on nervules,
and narrowed on inner margin. Hind-wing: a narrow costal blackish
border; inner-marginal border hairy, dull grey; anal angle bluntly
produced, marked with a red spot; on subcostal nervure, at origin of
nervules, a small, subovate, glistening space. UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing
and border of fore-wing (except inner margin) hoary grey, clouded with
darker. Fore-wing: bright orange, paling into dull-yellowish on inner
margin ; at end of cell two short, ferruginous, blackish-edged, transverse
marks, between which is a greyish space; between them and apex two

_ longer similar, more widely apart, crenelated streaks from costa, con-
| verging as far as orange where the inner one ends, but the outer is
dimly prolonged along external edge of orange. Hind-wing: a broad,
_ central, irregular, dark-grey, ferruginous- and black-edged, transverse
| Stripe, on its inner edge deeply pierced upwardly by a streak of ground-

Erg SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

colour; a bright ferruginous hind-marginal edging and parallel sub-
marginal streak, both obsolete near apex; on anal angle a black spot.

° Wings rounder, especially hind-wing; fore-wing not apically
prominent, but with hind-margin rather convex. Led less metallic and
paler, but occupying a larger field, reaching nearer to base; dark borders
narrower except on costa, not so black; cilia broader. UNDER SIDE—
Asin fg. Fore-wing: streaks from costa not convergent.

The central band on under side of hind-wing is sometimes quite
divided by the grey intersection on discoidal nervule.

In two @s from Port Elizabeth, taken by Mr. 8. D. Bairstow, the red
field is more restricted than usual, especially in the hind-wing, where the
costal border is broadly black as far as second subcostal nervule. A @? from
the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal exhibits quite the opposite tendency,
having the red in both wings much enlarged and paler than usual. The three
ds accompanying this ? show a slight or moderate enlargement of the red,
but a ¢ from Natal has it as much developed as in the Transvaal ?, and is
also remarkable for acuter wings. ‘The five examples just mentioned all
possess a feature not noticed in any specimens from the Cape Colony, viz., an
orange-red base to the cilia of the lower half of the hind-wing.

This splendid Lycenide frequents hill ridges and rocky “ kopjes” on
mountain sides, seldom occurring in low-lying situations. Both sexes are
rapid on the wing, but the male extremely so ; female specimens are, however,
rarely met with, and no doubt are habitually inactive, while the males keep
flying about a particular spot of limited extent, darting away in pursuit of
each other or of different butterflies, and quickly returning to some favourite
perch. Near Cape Town I have found it settling most frequently on the
leaves of young Proteacee and of Watsonia; I have only twice noticed it on
flowers, and never saw it settle on the ground. Mr. T. D. Butler, the
Museum taxidermist, brought me a female which he found on the Devil’s
Mountain, Cape Town, sitting on damp ground in a slight hollow. The long
hill lying between Wynberg and Protea is the best locality for Alpheus near
Cape Town, and on one occasion I found it rather numerous near the highest
block-house on the Devil’s Mountain. In this neighbourhood it is apparently
on the wing all the year round, though October and March seem to be the
months most favourable for it, and I have not captured it during November,
May, or June.

Localities of Capys Alpheus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Montagu. Knysna.
b. Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth (S. D. Bazrstow). Grahams-
town (M. E. Barber).
KE. Natal.—Special locality not noted (I. J. M‘Ken),
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom and Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

Genus HYPOLYCAINA.

' Hypolycena, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vi. p. 293 (1862) ; Hewit-
son, Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 48 (1865).
Myrina [part], Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., il. p. 475 (1852).
Amblypodia [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 226 (1866).
ImaGo.—Structure more slender than in Jolaus. Head small; eyes
smooth; palpi long, ascendant, divergent,—the second joint much

ne en AAA ——

LY CAINID AL. 115

flattened laterally, with a dense clothing of long stiff scales laterally
and inferiorly,—the terminal joint long, slender, smooth, sharply
pointed ; antenne quite slender, white-ringed, not gradually incrassated,
but with a distinct elongated club.

Fore-wings rather variable in shape,—in the typical (Z7rylus) group
more elongate and pointed apically,—in the /aunus group more trun-

~ cate and with a more convex costa: subcostal nervure with only three
nervules, of which the first and second are emitted at some distance
apart towards the end of discoidal cell, and the third from the end
itself of the cell, and ending at the apex; first radial nervule originat-
ing from same point as third subcostal, second from junction of curved
middle and lower disco-cellular nervules. Mind-wings more or less
produced in the anal-angular portion, bearing a lobe at anal angle
itself, and a more or less developed tail at extremity of submedian
nervure; almost always a second sublinear tail on first median ner-
vule, and sometimes a third on second median; costa more or less
convex; costal nervure terminating at apex (except in HZ. Ceculus,
Hopffer, where it ends about middle of costa) ; discoidal cell short,
truncate ; radial nervule originating at meeting-point of disco-cellular
nervules, the lower of which joins median nervure at origin of third
median nervule. Jore-legs of f rather long and slender,—the femur
hairy beneath,—the tibia scaly, with a few fine hairs,—the tarsus very
indistinctly articulated, finely spiny beneath, and terminating in a
single curved claw ;—of 2 somewhat stouter and shorter, with tarsus
longer and thicker, more spiny beneath, distinctly articulate, and
terminating in two claws. Middle and hind legs rather short,—the
tibia considerably shorter than the femur, and its terminal spurs long
and stout,—the tarsus, owing to the length of the first joint (which is
swollen in the hind-legs of the ¢), considerably longer than the tibia.

Larva.—Very broad and thick, slightly narrower and thinner
posteriorly ; head very small.

Pupa.—Robust, rounded, rather tapering posteriorly ; head and
back of thorax but slightly prominent.

(The characters of larva and pupa are from drawings by Mrs.
Barber of those of H. Zara (Linn.) )

There is considerable diversity among the butterflies of this genus,
as shown by the characters above given, but their slender structure
and only three-branched subcostal nervure of the fore-wings are
features which readily distinguish them from their allies the Myrine
and Jolai. The upper surface of the males, though less metallic than

in the genera just named, is usually of some deep rich purplish or
violaceous-blue, while that of the females is dull grey or brown with
more or less discal white. The under surface resembles that of the
genus Jolaus, being white or greyish with neatly-defined discal trans-
verse stripes, sometimes more or less broken up into separate spots.
In the typical group (H. Erylus, Godt., Philippus, Fab., and allies)

116 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

there are two linear black tails of only moderate length on each hind-
wing; but in the West-African group represented by H. Fawnus
(Drury), H. Antifaunus (Doubl.), and H. Lebona (Hewits.), the corre-
sponding two tails, and especially that on the submedian nervure, are
greatly elongated, broad, and white, while there is a similar but shorter
additional tail on the second median nervule.

About thirty species are recorded. North India has yielded seven,
and the Indo-Malayan Islands nine; while only three are known from
the Austro-Malayan Islands. Africa has as many as thirteen, but of
these five only have been discovered in Southern Africa. The most
widely distributed of the five are H. Philippus and H. Lara (Linn.),
inhabiting both North and South Tropical Africa; H. Caculus (Hopff.)
is really South Tropical, only just entering the South-African Sub-
Region at Delagoa Bay. H. Hirundo, Wallengr., and H. Buzxtoni,
Hewits., extend over a large part of Hastern South Africa, but do not
appear to be recorded from any place within the Tropics; both range
into the eastern districts of the Cape Colony, but while Hirundo is not
uncommon there, only one capture of Buxton so far to the south and
west is known to me. WH. Lara is the only species generally distri-
buted throughout South Africa; it is common about Cape Town.

The last-named species is very unlike nearly all its congeners, the
upper side colouring being in both sexes of a glistening pale-ferruginous,
shot basally with a pearly gloss. At the posterior angle of each wing
there are two or more conspicuous black spots in white rings. These
ocelli recur less distinctly in H. Rabe (Boisd.), from Madagascar, and

in H. Hirundo ; and these two species—but especially the latter, with

its single long white-fringed tail at the posterior angle of the hind-
wing—-serve to connect Zara with the rest of the genus.

178. (1.) Hypolyceena Ceeculus, (Hopffer).

Tolaus Ceeculus, Hopff., Monatsb. d. K. Akad Wissensch. Berl., 1855, p.
642, n. 17; and Peters’ Reise Mossamb.-Ins., p. 402, pl. xxv.
ff. 12-14 (1862).

Hypolycena Ceculus, Hewits., Ul. D. Lep., p. 52, n. 14 (1865).

Exp. al., 1 in. 2—4 lin.

g Bright submetallic blue ; fore-wing with very broad apical hind-
marginal, hind-wing with moderately broad costal-apical, black border.
Fore-wing : costal edge before middle pale-reddish; blue only thinly
covering costal border before middle, and leaving inner-marginal lobe
close to base uniform grey, but extending from base to beyond middle,
—its outer edge rather deeply indented with black on median nervules ;
hind-marginal black border (in two out of three specimens) extending
broadly and evenly to posterior angle (in the third narrowing to a

point). Hind-wing: on costa at base, a large subovate glistening |

erey patch, containing a transverse dull-fuscous mark, partly over-

LYCAINID &. 117

lapped by lobe of fore-wing; above and beyond this patch the costal
black border runs pretty evenly from base to apex; close to hind-
margin, two rather large black spots between second median nervule
and submedian nervure ; a smaller black spot, marked outwardly with
some greenish-silvery scales, on anal-angular lobe; a thin but very
distinct black linear edging all along hind-margin ;_ bases of cilia pure-
white, forming a very distinct line immediately beyond the black linear
edging of hind-margin, and conspicuously margining and tipping the
tails (which are mesially rufous) on first median nervule and submedian
nervure. UNDER SIDE.— Very pale-grey, with a farnt yellowish tinge; the
following rufous-ochreous, very thinly fuscous-edged, narrow transverse
strié common to both wings, viz. :—one near base, not extending below
median nervure in fore-wing, and angulated and interrupted near inner
margin in hind-wing; a short stria marking extremity of discoidal
cell; two (not parallel) beyond middle, becoming fuscous near inner
margin of fore-wing, and biangulated towards that of hind-wing ; and
a hind-marginal edging stria; all these striz more or less faintly mar-
gined with whitish, except the hind-marginal one, which in hind-wing

is internally bounded by a well-defined white line. Sore-wing: inner-
marginal area before middle smooth, silvery. Hind-wing: basal lobe

very prominent, and a sub-vesicular swelling near base ; some fuscous
irroration near hind-margin ; the middle hind-marginal black spot
obsolete, but the upper one and that on anal-angular lobe well-marked,
conspicuously edged with greenish-silvery, and inwardly bounded with
golden-yellow scaling ; base of cilia conspicuously white, as on upper side.

9 Much paler and duller ; the blue wn both wings becoming obscurely
whitish in dise. Fore-wing: a dusky striola marking extremity of dis-
coidal cell. Hind-wing: a white line inwardly bounding linear black
hind-marginal edging ; black spots near anal angle large; above them,
just before white line, two or three smaller more obscure similar spots.
UNDER sipE.—As in 2.

In one 2 from Delagoa Bay, the blue of the upper side is scarcely
visible, the whole surface except for some very obscure bluish-grey
scaling being pale fuscous-brownish. The under side is quite as usual.

The last-named specimen together with a normal representative of each
Sex were kindly lent to me by Mr. H. Grose Smith, who received them from
Delagoa Bay. From the same locality Mrs. Monteiro, in 1878, was so good
as to send me a pair; and a fine ¢, now in the South-African Museum, was
also one of her captures in the year 1883.

Hewitson (op. cit.) notices that his example of this butterfly from the Zam-
besi had the under side darker than usual and of a rufous-grey, but he does
not mention the sex of this specimen.

_ Al. Ceculus ¢, in its deep-blue black-bordered upper-side colouring and
glistening badge of the hind-wing, has quite the appearance of an Jolaus, but
the general structure and under-side pattern in both sexes justify Hewitson’s
location of the species in the genus Hypolycena. On the under side, the
well-marked stria before the middle is a good distinguishing character, neither
H. Philippus nor H. Buaxtoni presenting it.

VOL. II. | I

118 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Hypolycena Coeculus.

I. South Africa
HH. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mr7's. Monteiro).

IJ. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Angola (Pogge).’’—Dewitz.
b. Eastern Coast. — ‘ Zambesi.’””— Hewitson. ‘ Querimba.’”’ —
Hopffer. ‘“'Tchouaka (Raffray).’’—Oberthiir.
61. Interior. ‘Tete.”—Hopffer. ‘‘ Lake Nyassa.’’—Kirby, Cat.
Hewits. Coll.

179. (2.) Hypolyceena Philippus, (Fabricius).

° Hesperia Philippus, Fab., Ent. Syst., ili. 1, p. 283, n. 87 (1793).

Lolaus Orejus, Hopff., Monatsb. K, Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1855, p. 641;
and Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 401, pl. xxv. ff. 10, 11 [?]
1862).

d nee Orejus, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep.
Rhop: Catir.; p. 45- |

d Hypolycena Philippus, Hewits., Il. Diurn. Lep., p. 50, pl. 22, ff. 15, 16
186

3 : yee Erylus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 228, n. 132 (1866).

Hap. al., 1 in. 1-4 lin.

& Dull-brown, with a more or less intense changing pink-violet
lustre ; a brown line along hind-marginal edge. ore-wing: covering
bases of median nervures, an ill-defined dusky patch. AMind-wing :
hind-marginal line edged with white on both sides (except near apex) ;
touching it internally, between second median nervule and anal angle,
three black spots, of which the first is inwardly edged by an orange,

the second by a whitish lunule, and the third, on lobe of angle, small, |

broadly orange, with an inward white lunule; tails black, white-edged
and tipped. Cla greyish, paler in hind-wing. UNDER SIDE.— Whitish-
grey, with glistening white-edged orange-ochreous transverse strié ; com-
mon to both wings, a well-marked stria beyond middle, in hind-wing
interrupted, and acutely angulated beyond first median nervule,—a
submarginal, sublunulate thin stria, also angulated in hind-wing,—and
a hind-marginal edging line; in each wing a double striola closing
cell. Hind-wing: a conspicuous spot, coloured like striz, near base,
between costal and subcostal nervures; orange lunules of first and

third spots near anal angle more conspicuous, the third marked with ©

bluish or greenish-silvery scales, a patch of which also marks the inter-
val between these two spots.

2 Brownish-grey, without violet lustre; a faint bluish tinge near
bases. ore-wing: costa with a narrow ochreous edge; sometimes an
indistinct paler fascia on disc, widening downwards from its origin on
third median nervule. Hind-wing: two submarginal rows of white
lunular markings (of which the inner is broader) between second sub-
costal and submedian nervure; the outer row ends with the three

LYCANIDA 119

black spots, which are more conspicuous (especially as regards the
orange lunules edging two of them) than in ¢; hind-marginal line and
its white edges very distinct. UNDER sIDE.— Whiter; the markings
brighter, clearer, and more conspicuous.

This butterfly is allied to H. Erylus (Godt.), but considerably smaller.
Its under side is much paler, and the markings of a brighter tint and more
clearly defined ; while the upper side of the ¢ is of a much less intense, more
pinkish-violaceous than purple-blue lustre, and has the patch in fore-wing
very much smaller and less conspicuous.

An unusually small ¢, which I took near D’ Urban, Natal, has an expanse
of wings of only 1o4 lines.

H. Philippus has a wide African distribution, but does not appear to
penetrate the Cape Colony far beyond its eastern border. I found it a com-
mon insect on the coast of Natal, where I captured the paired sexes on 21st
February 1867. I observed it on the wing from the end of January to the
beginning of April; it was always about rather low shrubs, usually perching
on the leaves, but occasionally sucking the flowers. The males, as a rule,
perched higher than the females, keeping to the topmost sprigs; but they
were not specially active, and their flights were very short. Colonel Bowker
has taken this species in July and August. ,

Localities of Hypolyceena Philippus.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
6. Kastern Districts—King William’s Town (W. S. Al. DUrban
and J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. ZZ. Bowker).
HK. Natal. 7
a. Coast Districts.—D’ Urban. Umvoti. Mouth of Tugela River
(J. H. Bowker). ‘ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker.
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘ Angola (J. J. Monteiio).”—Druce. ‘‘ Chin-
choxo (Falkenstein).””—Dewitz.
b1. Hastern Interior —“ Tette, Zambesi River.”’—Hopffer.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Sierra Leone.— Hope Mus. Oxon. and Brit. Mus.
61. Hastern Interior.—“ Atbara.’’— Butler.

180. (3.) Hypolyceena Buxtoni, Hewitson.
° Hypolyceena Buxtoni, Hewits., Ent. M. Mag., x. p. 206 (1874).
S$ 2 Hypolycena Seamani, Trim.,! Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 332,
plzils ff.+3, 4.
Lixp. al., (eam, 12 lin; (2) i in. 3 lin.
§ Lich violaceous-purple. Hind-wing: a hind-marginal black line
from second median nervule to anal angle, immediately preceded by a
1 T named this butterfly in memory of its discoverer, the late Dr. J. E. Seaman; but

Hewitson’s description was published in February 1874, six months before my own, and con-
sequently his name, Buzxtoni, has priority.

120 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. |

concurrent pure white line, the latter widening into a white space on
anal-angular lobe; two very indistinct dark spots just before the white
line, one above, the other below, first median nervule; a third spot,
black, densely scaled with silvery-bluish and golden scales, on anal-
angular lobe, edged interiorly and exteriorly with pure white; tails at
extremities of first median nervule and submedian nervure respectively
(of which the latter is nearly twice as long as the former), thin, black,

conspicuously fringed and tipped with pure white. Cilia of fore-wing |
apparently greyish, of hind-wing pure white, both on hind and inner |

margin. UNDER SIDE.— White, with thin yellow-ochreous strie ; in both —

wings a short stria closing discoidal cell, and two transverse strize —

(convergent downward, the outer one thinner and fainter than the

inner) beyond middle. ore-wing: the strie beyond middle commence —
on costa, but do not reach inner margin, ending a little below submedian |
nervure. Hind-wing: elongate spot near base, below precostal nervure, —
ved ; the outer and inner striae meet below third median nervule, but |
are thence independently deflected to inner margin; the outer stria |

becomes fuscous near the point of meeting with the inner, and is thence

black; the usual hind-marginal spots between second and first median |
nervules and on anal-angular lobe respectively, the former black, inwardly ©
bordered rather conspicuously with fulvous-yellow, the latter as on upper |
side; faint traces of a dusky line just before hind-margin, which is itself _

very finely edged with black.

2 White, with broad fuscous clouding and borders. Fore-wing: |
fuscous basal clouding fills discoidal cell for about three-fourths of its —
length, and extends below it to inner-margin, but does not reach beyond ©
middle ; fuscous border extends from base to anal angle, and is very —
broad in apical region; disco-cellular stria indistinctly marked, and |
traces visible of the longer strize beyond middle. Hind-wing: fuscous |
clouding in basal region fills cell, and extends irregularly beyond, above,
and below it about to middle; the two under-side stria strongly |
marked, fuscous, suffused, not meeting, but widely separated, between
first median nervule and submedian nervure; some fuscous scaling -
near apex; hind-marginal and sub-marginal streaks and spots well

marked. UNDER SIDE.—Quite as in g, except that in the hind-wing
the two stria beyond middle, though approximating much more nearly
than on upper side, do not meet.

This butterfly is a close ally of H. Philippus, Fab. In the $ it is

distinguished by the more purple, less cupreous colour of the wpper side, -

and the conspicuous white cilia of the hind-wings; and in both sexes by.
the whiteness of the under side, with its thinner, much straighter striae, —

and by the longer tails of the hind-wings.

The upper side of the @ is most strikingly different from the
brownish-grey colouring of that of the 2 Philippus, and the disparity
is almost as remarkable as that between the ¢s of Deudorix Antalus
(Hopff.), and D. Diocles, Hewits., the 2s of which can scarcely be dis-

LYC/AENID. 121

tinguished, except by one or two slight characters that would escape a
cursory comparison.

A single 2 specimen was sent me from Pinetown, Natal, by the late Dr.
J. E. Seaman, and a ¢ by Mr. Walter Morant, towards the end of 1869. Dr.
Seaman noted the 9 as having been taken in July, “at an opening in the
bush ;” and Mr. Morant described the ¢ as occurring in June “on small trees
by the waterside,” and further observed, with reference to the ? sent by Dr.
Seaman (which he did not recognise as of the same species as the ¢ sent by
himself), ‘‘ This is very scarce; I have a single specimen in my collection,
taken on a low tree near water” (see note on ¢ above) “ about two years ago,
since which time I have seen but one other.” The late Mr. KE. C. Buxton
sent me the photograph of a ¢, taken by him in the Amaswazi country.

Since 1874 Colonel Bowker has forwarded a ? from the mouth of the Kei
River, and five ¢s and three 9s from Natal, the latter taken chiefly in the
neighbourhood of Pinetown. The first-mentioned specimen was taken in
March 1875; the Natalian examples at intervals from 1879 to January 1885.}
In habits H. Buxtoni does not appear to present any peculiarities, but it is
evidently very much rarer than its nearest congener, H, Philippus.

Localities of Hypolycena Buxton.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Kastern Districts.—Kei River Mouth (west bank) (J. H. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Isipingo. Pinetown (also J. £. Seaman and
W. Morant) ; and Inanda (J. H. Bowker).
G. Swaziland.—“ Usutu River.” —E. C. Buxton.

181, (4.) Hypolycena Hirundo, (Wallengren).

Thecla Hirundo, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, p. 35, n. 4.

Amblypodia Hirundo, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 230, n. 133, pl. 4,
fit |) | (1866).

Hypolyceena Hirundo, Hewits., Ill, Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 12 (1869).

Hep. al., g intr in. 1 lin.
Dark ash-grey, irrorated from bases with very pale bluish-grey ; anal

angle of hind-wing produced and lobed, and ending in a long twisted,

black, broadly white-edged and fringed tail, on submedian nervure.

_ HMore-wing: on hind-margin, close to posterior angle, a_ black,

indistinctly white-ringed spot. Hind-wing: paler nearer inner

_ Margin; along hind-margin a row of dark white-ringed spots, very
indistinct, excepting the three last, which are black and well-marked

(that on anal-angular lobe being the largest); before this, a row of
indistinct whitish lunules, Cilia of fore-wing grey, white at anal
angle; of hind-wing wholly white. UNDER sIDE.— Whitish-grey ;
with white-bordered yellow-ochreous strie: common to both wings—a

1'The fine pair taken at this last date was presented by Colonel Bowker to the British
Museum,

122 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

transverse, irregular streak, interrupted on nervules, beyond middle,—
a submarginal lunulate streak,—a very indistinct row of dusky spots
just beyond this,—and a line just within hind-marginal edge; in each
wing a double disco-cellular striola, with two costal spots above it.
Fore-wing: ocellus at anal angle conspicuous, bounded internally by
last lunule of submarginal streak. JIind-wing: spot on lobe and that
between second and third median nervules black, inwardly edged by a
faint-yellow lunule,—the space between the two spots fuscous; streak
beyond middle strongly recurved below first median nervule, and
widely interrupted on submedian nervure.

In the 2, the hind-marginal and submarginal white markings are
more distinct on the upper side; and there is usually an additional,
imperfect, smaller, white-ringed spot, immediately above that at the
posterior angle of the fore-wing on the upper side.

This curious little species comes nearest to H. Rabe (Boisd.),’ of
Madagascar, but is smaller, and has a much darker upper side (that of
Rabe being all pale-grey except near bases, and a broad costal, apical,
and hind-marginal fuscous border of the fore-wing), while the under-
side striae on disc are much more regular, and in their colour and
arrangement more resemble those of H. Philippus (Fab.) The fore-
wing ocellus and single long white tail of the hind-wings give it a
very peculiar aspect.

I only once met with H. hirundo, and then with a single individual only.
I was collecting on 22d February 1870 in the dense prickly scrub at the
back of the village of Uitenhage, and noticed this butterfly flutter from a low
bush and settle on the ground. Mr. W. 8S. M. D’Urban found the species
abundant in the King William’s Town district in the months of March,
June, and October,

Localities of Hypolycena Hirundo.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
6. Eastern Districts.—Uitenhage. Keiskamma River near Bodiam;

King William’s Town (W. 8. M. D’Urban, M. E. Barber, and

J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Esidumbeni (M. J. M‘Ken). D’Urban (J. H.
Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Montezro).

1Mr. Butler (Cat. Fab. D. Lep., p. 181) identifies Rabe—from a comparison of Jones's
unpublished “Icones”—with the Hesperia Phidias of Fabricius (Ent. Syst., iii. 1, p. 286,
n. 99).

LYCAINID AL. 123

182. (5.) Hypolyceena Lara, (Linnzus).

Papilio Lara, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 320, n. 138 (1764); and
Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 791, n. 328 (1767).1

9 Papilio Tolaus, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. pl. cclxx. ff. F, @ (1782).

& Papilio Gorgias, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot., pl. xxxiii. ff. 5, 5p

(1791).

3 2 Polyommatus Lara, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 675, n. 179 (1819).

Thecla Iolaus and Thecla Lara, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1857; Lep. Rhop. Caflr., pp. 34, 35.

3 2 Chrysophanus Lara, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 260, n. 116
(1866).

Hypolycena Lara, Hewits., Tl. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 13 (1869).

Eup. al., (¢) 10 lin.—1 in. 24 lin.; (2) 1 in. 1-6 lin.

Glistening pale-ferruginous, darker on margins, with a brilliant-
pearly basal lustre. Fore-wing: at posterior angle, a good-sized white-
ringed black spot, often surmounted by one or two indistinct white
rings, of which the lower is sometimes distinct and filled with black.
Hind-wing: at anal angle two spots like those of fore-wing, but smaller ;
above them, along hind-margin, a series of whitish rings, becoming
obsolete towards costa; beyond middle, occasionally an indistinct
transverse row of whitish lunules. Cilia white, interrupted with fus-
cous at extremities of nervules. UNDER SIDE.—Whitish-grey. Fore-
wing : tinged with brownish, except on costa and hind-margin; pos-
terior-angular spots distinct, whitish rings above suffused, all inte-
riorly edged by a brownish line; a pale-edged disco-cellular terminal
streak ; beyond middle, a macular, brownish, transverse, outwardly
white-edged streak, sharply curved at costa. Hind-wing: disco-
cellular streak and streak about middle (much sinuated) usually in-
distinct ; no spots at anal angle or on hind-margin; an irregular,
submarginal, suffused brownish fascia, broadest on discoidal nervule ;
near base two or three indistinct spots.

The male has the fore-wing at apex and the hind-wing at anal
angle more acuminate than in the female, but the difference is not
striking in the typical smaller form prevailing about Cape Town and
the neighbouring districts, whereas in some of the larger examples
from Kaffraria, Natal, and the Transvaal, it is very pronounced—
almost as much as in Stoll’s figure above quoted, This acute-winged
larger ¢ also has the basal lustre usually more developed and slightly
bluer in tint, and as a rule shows with tolerable distinctness the
whitish lunules across the disc of the hind-wing. The ? accompanying
this f (the paired sexes taken near Potchefstroom on 28th February
1872 were sent me by Mr. W. Morant) is generally larger and less
rufous in tint than the South-Western examples,—in two individuals

1 As I have pointed out (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 287), the Lara of Donovan
(Nat. Repos., ii. pl. 71, 1824) has nothing to do with Linné’s species ; it is a small Satyride,
and placed by Westwood and Butler in the genus Ypthima, near the Oriental Y. Lisandra
(Cram. )

124 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

from the Transvaal, viz., that above mentioned from near Potchef-
stroom, and one from the Lydenburg district taken by Mr. T. Ayres,
the expanse of wings reaches 1} inches. If it were not for some inter-
mediate specimens from the Hastern districts, I should have been dis-
posed to treat Stoll’s Gorgias as distinct; and it is perhaps entitled
to rank as a Variety, especially as it exhibits a decided tendency to a
constant greater development of the hind-marginal white rings. This
is most remarkably shown in an aberrant ? taken near Pinetown in
1879 by Colonel Bowker, where each wing presents three perfect white

rings with black centres, besides two superior imperfect white rings;
the whole upper-side colouring of this specimen is paler and more |
metallic than usual. An abnormally small g¢, which I took near Cape ©

Town in April 1860, is only 8 lines across the expanded wings.

Specimens of both sexes, taken in Basutoland by Colonel Bowker, ©

are rather darker than usual, and with the under-side markings strongly

developed. They are of moderate size, and the wings of the ¢ are |

rather blunt. In two examples (f and @) the ocelli of both wings are

on the upper side ill defined, the white rings being very imperfect; and |

in one of them (the ¢) the upper ocellus is wanting in the fore-wing.

I found the butterfly uncommon in Natal. The specimens I took |

inland were like the Western Cape Colony form, though larger; but
the solitary male I met with on the coast had the acute wings and

other peculiarities of Stoll’s Gorgias very pronounced. The latter form |
of g has, however, been sent me from Estcourt (far inland) by Mr. J.

M. Hutchinson.
LARVA.

spots. Feeds on Cotyledon cuneatum.

Pupa.—Rather darker green than larva; a faint median line of |
red along hinder half of back of abdomen. Attached head downward >

to under side of leaf of Cotyledon cuneatwm.

Larva and pupa described from a drawing of specimens observed —
near Grahamstown by Mrs. Barber, which is reproduced in Plate II. |
ff. 1, 1a. (Mrs. Barber gave me the name of the larva’s food-plant;

Pale-green; head, front edge of second (?) segment, and >
a median dorsal line lake-red; on each side a row of very small black |

=

and it is interesting to observe in her drawing how closely the green, |

red-edged colouring of the insects accords with that of the Cotyledon.)

This delicately-marked little species is very easily recognised by its peculiar |

colouring and the conspicuous ocelli at the posterior angles of the wings. It |

frequents broken rocky ground at the foot or on the ascent of hills, and often

occurs at considerable elevations. I have taken it in every month of the

year, but it is scarce in the winter months. Its flight is rapid and frequent,

but never far from the ground; on the wing it is particularly indistinct. —

Besides perching on twigs of low plants, it is fond of settling on stones,
keeping the wings half open. I have not very often noticed it on flowers.

IT have not found any record of Lara’s occurrence within the tropical

parts of the continent, except near Bamangwato (Shoshong), where Mr. H.
Barber took an acute-winged ¢ in 1878, and the very remote locality of Shoa
in Abyssinia,

LYCENIDA. 125

Localities of Hypolycena Lara.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts—Cape Town. Malmesbury. Kalk Bay.
Stellenbosch. Caledon (J. H. Merriman). Robertson.
b. Hastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown. King
William’s Town (W. S. AL D’Urian).
ce. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift, Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru and Koro-Koro (J. H. Bowker).
C. Orange Free State.—Special locality not noted (C. Hart).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal. |
a. Coast Districts. —D’ Urban.
6b. Upper Districts.—Great Noodsberg. Greytown. Estcourt
(J. M. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker’).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts (W. Morant
and T. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
br. Hastern Interior.—Bamangwato, Kama’s Country (H. Barber).
B. North Tropical.
6, Hastern Coast.—“ Shoa, Abyssinia (4 ntinorz).’’—Oberthiir.

GENUS IOLAUS.

Iolaus, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 81 (1816); Westw., Gen. Diurn.
Lep., ii. p. 480 (1852); Hewits., Illustr. D. Lep., p. 40 (1865);
Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 222 (1866).

ImaGo.—Head of moderate size; eyes smooth; palpz rather long,
slender, separated throughout, densely scaled,—the second joint very
long, rising to about level of summit of eyes,—terminal joint slender,
of moderate length (rather shorter in f); antenne rather thick, of
moderate length (longer than in Myrina), very gradually clavate.

Thorax of moderate size, clothed with silky down in front, on sides,
and at back. ore-wings rather broad; costa rather strongly convex
near base; apex usually rather prominent ; hind-margin almost straight,
or but slightly convex not far below apex; inner margin always some-
what projecting in the f (in some species very strongly convex) before
middle, and usually bearing on under side a tuft of long stiff hairs
surmounted by a semicircular polished space; costal nervure short,
ending a little before middle; subcostal nervures as in Myrina ; upper
radial nervule joined to subcostal nervure at upper end of extremity of
discoidal cell ;. middle and lower disco-cellular nervules of about equal
length, slightly curved inwardly,—the lower joining third median
nervule about latter’s origin. Hind-wings rather truncate, but some-
what produced in anal-angular portion; costa convex; hind-margin

126 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

bearing two slender tails (the longer on submedian nervure, the other
on first median nervule), and a dentation (rarely a short third tail) on
second median nervule; anal angle more or less prominently lobed;
costal nervure not reaching apex, but first subcostal nervule terminat-
ing there; in g, near base and costa (partly overlapped by inner
margin of fore-wings), a circular polished space, large or very large,
blackish or greyish, with a paler shining centre.

Legs as in Myrina, but very much more slender; the femora not
hairy, and the first tarsal joint of the hind pair not swollen.

Pura. (J. Silas, Westw.) Very thick, rounded; the back very con-
vex, with a slight prominence on the thorax and second abdominal
segment; posterior region rather suddenly narrowed; anal extremity

truncate and slightly expanded. Attached with silk by the tail only, —

horizontally on the under side of a leaf.

Tolaus, as characterised above, seems a tolerably distinct genus, _

distinguished from MMyrina by the wide separation of the radial

nervules of the fore-wings at their origins, in addition to its much |

more slender structure in all respects, and constant possession of more
than one tail on each hind-wing. The curious and conspicuous sexual

badges in the ¢ appear not to exist in eight Indian and Malayan |

eG SN NR

— > -

species catalogued by Hewitson (loc. cit.), but are constant in the —

African species, with the exception of J. Pallene (Wallengr.)

To the thirty-five species on record by Messrs. Hewitson and Kirby,
I consider that Myrina Creta, Hewits., from Congo, and JL Paillene,
Wallengr., should be added. Nearly all of these lovely butterflies are
blue above, intense as a rule in the ¢, but duller and mixed with
whitish in the $, with the apical part of the fore-wings black, while

beneath they are shining-white or yellowish-white, sometimes tinged
with grey, with one or two transverse streaks of black, crimson-red, |

ferruginous-red, or orange-ochreous, usually common to both fore and
hind wings.

There are eight known South-African species. The finest is Z. Silas, ©
which is characterised by the very deep metallic-blue upper side of the —
4, and brilliant white under side, with a single crimson and black line, ©
of both sexes. The rather larger but paler J. Zrimenz is known only |
from the Transvaal. J. Sidws, a smaller butterfly, is of remarkable |
beauty, azure-blue above and beneath greyish-white, with two very

= ——

——

pronounced crimson streaks. In JL. Bowkert both sexes are white- |
spotted on the disc of the fore-wings above; 7. Mimose is of a rather
dull blue, and on the under side is grey; JI. Aphneoides has the under |

side banded with orange-ochreous edged with black; and the aberrant |

I. Pallene is all cream-colour with a black edging, and beneath with —

two transverse black streaks.

The perfect insects rest on the twigs and leaves of shrubs or small
trees, quite in the manner of Thecla, taking brief but rapid flights—
usually in chase one of another—and occasionally visiting flowers. The

LYCAENIDL. 127

only species as yet met with in the western districts of the Cape Colony
is I. Bowkeri, of which I captured several specimens at Robertson in
1875 and 1876; but in the eastern districts J. Silas, Sidus, Mimose,
and Aphneoides occur,—the last-named being apparently of extreme
rarity. J. Pallene is a tropical species, and has hitherto not been found
in South Africa proper, except in Swaziland.

Of the thirty-seven species recorded, no fewer than eighteen are
African; and of the rest, one is Arabian, ten are Indian, seven from the
Malayan Archipelago, and one from some unregistered locality.

183. (1.) Iolaus Silas, Westwood.

@ Lolaus Silas, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 481 n. pl. 74, £. 5! (1852).
3 Thecla Nega, Herr.-Schaff., Aussereur. Schmett., ff. 51, 52 (1853 ?).
3 2 Lolaus Silas, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 222, n. 128 (1866).

Eup. al., (f) 1 in. 5-7 lin.s (2) 1 in. 6-9 lin.

f Metallic pure-blue, without any purplish tinge. SFore-wing: blue
forming a large semicircle; a moderately-wide black border on costa
becomes very broad at apex, extending thence rather broadly to anal
angle; inner-marginal tuft of hairs ochrey-yellow. Hind-wing: a black
costal and hind-marginal border, rather variable in width, but becom-
ing very narrow towards anal angle; a more or less complete black
streak parallel to it, between discoidal nervule and submedian nervure,
interiorly edges two crimson-red spots between submedian and second
median nervule; on anal-angular lobe, a crimson, blue-dusted spot;
inner margin rather widely dark-grey; tails black, white-tipped, that
on submedian white-edged; shining costal circular space black, filling
nearly whole of cell. Cilia of fore-wing grey; of hind-wing white.
UNDER SIDE.—CGlistening white ; a common, transverse, dull, crimson-red
line beyond middle. Fore-wing: line commencing near costa, inter-
rupted on each nervule, not reaching inner margin, often indistinctly
marked. Aind-wing : streak well marked, straight from costa to second
median nervule, where it bends outwardly, forming a spot (correspond-
ing in position with the superior of the two spots on upper side),
beyond which it is black, interrupted, and inclining inwards to inner
margin; immediately before this part of line, a similar interrupted
black one, not reaching beyond submedian; spot on lobe conspicuous,
including a black spot; an indistinct greyish clouding between line
and hind-margin, which is black-edged towards anal angle.

2 Blue pale, faint, inclining to violet, not metallic, occupying a
smaller space, so that the dark margins (which are dull-blackish) are
broader, especially in hind-wing. ore-wing: blue much paler on
median nervules, occasionally almost white. Hind-wing: black streak

1 Tn this figure the dentation at the extremity of the second median nervule of the hind-
wings has been erroneously lengthened into a linear tail.

128 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

broader, usually more or less dentate, extending to join apical blackish ;
instead of two crimson spots, an orange-ochreous broad band, formed of
from three to five large spots, between second subcostal and submedian,
UNDER SIDE.—Quite like that of ¢.

Var. A. (f andi Qs

¢ Blue much duller, inclining to violaceous; black border nar-
rower, especially at posterior angle of fore-wing, and throughout in
hind-wing. Mind-wing: upper crimson-red spot obsolete, and the
others small and dull.

& Blue almost obsolete, only indicated by bluish-grey scaling over
a strong dull-fuscous suffusion from base.

Under side in both sexes normal.

Hab.—Delagoa Bay (Mrs. Monteiro), In the Collection of Mr. H.
Grose Smith.

Larva.—Dull-green, rather paler laterally; a pale-reddish dorsal
median line. About 7 lines in length and 2 lines in width, across
middle of back. Anterior extremity blunt and rounded; posterior
extremity tapering and terminating bifidly ; central portion very thick
and convex superiorly.

(Described from a drawing by Captain H. C. Harford of a specimen
found near D’Urban, Natal, on 20th September 1868. The figures—
No. 8 on Plate I.—are from drawings of King William’s Town speci-
mens by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale.)

Pupa.—Bright-green, paler on under side. Along median line of
back a row of five sub-rhomboidal, creamy, ferruginous-edged spots,
viz., one apart from the rest and more rounded on posterior part of
thorax, and four along abdomen; on each side of abdomen a row of
three similar, smaller, rounded spots.’ Length $ inch; width (greatest
across anterior part of abdomen) 4 inch.

(Described from two specimens received alive from Miss F. Bowker,
of Pembroke, near King William’s Town, in February 1873. A third
specimen had produced the imago en route, and I obtained perfect
butterflies from the two pup described. The figure on Plate I. is
from a drawing by Captain Harford, who noted that the species remained
twenty-five days in the pupal state.)

This lovely Jolaus haunts wooded places, and, like most of the larger
Lycenids, is fond of perching-on leaves at the summit of some tall shrub,
thence taking short jerky flights, and returning often to the same seat, or
to one close to the first. I noticed in Natal that the brilliant white of the
under side, which looks so extremely conspicuous in the cabinet, was really
protective to the insect when sitting among exceedingly glossy leaves in the
full sunshine. Colonel Bowker found that, on the Bashee River, the flowers
of mistletoe (Loranthus) were the favourite resort of this butterfly. I met
with Silas but sparingly during my visit to Natal in the months of February

1 These spots are variable; in one specimen the first, second, and third on back of
abdomen are large and contiguous, while in another they are small and widely separate.
In the latter, too, the lateral abdominal spots are altogether wanting,

ES 5

LYCAINIDZ. 129

and March; but it is numerous in some seasons, the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken
having sent long series to the South-African Museum. In the Botanic
Gardens at D’Urban I saw it most frequently on the leaves of the orange.
Colonel Bowker notes its appearing in Kaffraria from November to July,
and also met with specimens near D’Urban in August.

Localities of Jolaus Silas.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts —“‘ Grahamstown (Pluto’s Vale).”—W. 8. M.
D’Urban. King William’s Town (Miss F. Bowker). Kei
River (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts —D’Urban. ‘“ Lower Umkomazi,”—J. H.
Bowker.
b. Upper Districts.—Tunjumbili, Tugela River.
F. “ Zululand.” —Coll. Brit. Mus.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (M7s. Monteiro).

184. (2.) Iolaus Trimeni, Wallengren.
Jeger AY) 1 coker (2
Iolaus Trimeni, Wallgrn. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1875, "p. 87, n. 29.

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 8 lin.; (Q) 1 in. oF lin.

gf Pure pale-blue. Fore-wing: a black border, beginning about
middle of costa, extremely broad apically, and thence narrowing to
posterior angle, where it is tolerably broad; this border is curved and
crenelated with ground-colour on its inner edge; costa from base
to middle narrowly fuscous, the edge itself fulvescent close to base.
Hind-wing: base and costa bordered with black; at middle of costa
a rather large rounded black spot extending partly into discoidal cell;
hind-margin slenderly, inner margin more widely bordered with black ;
near anal angle two black spots, of which the inner one is oblong and
the outer rounded; some of the nervules black. UNDER sIDE, —
Silvery-white. Fore-wing: without markings. Hind-wing: consider-
ably beyond middle, avery slender transverse black line, interrupted on
nervules, and towards anal angle strongly angulated ; beyond it a still
more slender fulvous line, ending in a rounded fulvous spot, between
first and second median nervules ; at anal angle another larger fulvous
spot, inferiorly black-bordered, and superiorly blue-edged; hind-margin
edged with a thin black line; tail on first median nervule black tipped
with white ; tail on submedian nervure black, edged on both sides with
white.

Cilia of fore-wings greyish above, white beneath ; of hind-wings
white on both sides.

Forehead white, but fulvous mesially ; palpi white, with black tips;

130 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

antenne black, ringed beneath with white. Thorax black above, here
and there tinged with blue; breast and legs white. Abdomen black
above, white beneath.

2 Lather dull pale-blue ; borders fuscous in fore-wing, fuscous-grey

in hind-wing. Hind-wing: a discal transverse interrupted fuscous
streak extending from second subcostal nervule to first median nervule;
two black spots near anal angle enlarged and with large orange-fulvous
centres; a similar brighter spot, inferiorly blue-scaled on anal angular
lobe. UNDER SIDE—Hind-wing : anal-angular spot more crimson than
fulvous.

The above description of the ¢ is adapted from Wallengren’s, as I have |
not seen an example of that sex.1 The 9 agrees with it in all respects except

those just noted.

In tint of blue, Z. Zriment g appears to resemble J. Sidus, to which species,
as regards form, Wallengren compares it. In its large size, however, and
very feebly-marked under side, Zriment is much nearer to Silas, Westw. ;
but the ¢ appears to want the crimson upper-side spots near the anal angle
of the hind-wing, while the ?’s orange spots are very much less developed ;
and on the under side the red transverse discal streak is wanting in both
wings.

This appears to be a rare species. The single specimen received by
Wallengren is noted as having been taken in December on the crest of a
mountain on Schoman’s Farm near the Vaal River. The 9 here described
and figured was sent to me in 1873 by Mr. H. Barber, who took it in some
part of the Transvaal, but made no note of the particular locality.

Localities of Jolaus Trimeni.
I. South Africa.

K. Transvaal.—‘“ Schoman’s Farm, near Vaal River (VV. Person).”’— |

Wallengren. Some locality not noted (7. Barber).

185. (3.) Iolaus Sidus, Trimen.

d 2 Lolaus Sidus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 176
(1864); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 224, n. 129, pl. 4, ff. 57mm
(1866). |

@ Lolaus Sidus, Hewits., Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 41, pl. 20, f. 25 (1865).

af Soft pale blue; apical half of fore-wing black; circular costal |
patch on hind-wing large, conspicuous, glistening-whitish, broadly |
ringed with blackish. ore-wing: costa grey, edged with pale-reddish _
near base, abruptly widening and deepening into apical black before |

extremity of discoidal cell; blue forming an imperfect semicircle, having

for its base the inner margin of wing, but not reaching anal angle, to

which the apical black (covering the entire hind-margin) narrowly

extends. Hind-wing: hind-margin edged with a black line; three

tails precisely as in Silas, but less twisted; inner-marginal groove
dark-grey, clothed and fringed with whitish hairs; lobe of anal angle

1 Though “¢” is printed in Wallengren’s description, it is certain, from the mention of |

the circular costal spot of the hind-wings, that the ¢ was intended,

a A

— aoepeieral . —

3s

a

LYCAENIDZ. V3

marked with a pale crimson-red spot, outwardly black dotted, and
marked with a few bluish scales; a small, indistinct, similar spot
immediately above it. Cilia greyish in fore-wing, white in hind-wing
(tinged with yellow near anal angle). UNDER sIDE.— White, tinged
with greyish ; one transverse ferruginous-red streak in fore-wing, two
in hind-wing; costa and hind-margin of fore-wing and hind-margin of
hind-wing with an orange edging. ore-wing: ferruginous-red streak
rather broad, straight from costa beyond cell, in direction of anal angle
to second median nervule, where it abruptly terminates; a semicircular
patch of grey on inner margin near base, and lying over it a curious
row of long black hairs springing from edge of inner margin; near

anal angle, above submedian nervure, an elongate blackish mark.

Hind-wing: first red streak as in fore-wing, from costal nervure (before
middle) as far as first median nervule, where it narrows, and is thence
a biangulated thin dlack streak to inner margin a little beyond middle;
outer red streak not far from and almost parallel to hind-margin, narrow-
ing and becoming almost obsolete after passing discoidal nervure ; space
between streak and hind-margin greyish, enclosing an additional red
spot between second and first median nervules similar to that at anal
angle, which is larger than on upper side, merged with the smaller red
spot, and outwardly edged with a bluish line; from discoidal nervure
the hind-marginal edging is black.

2 Violaceous-whitish, suffused with blue from bases. Fore-wing:
border narrower and dusky-blackish. Hind-wing: costa with a dusky
border, widest at apex; from it run two diminishing dusky streaks
along hind-margin, the outer as far as second median nervule, the inner
indistinctly to inner margin; spot on anal angle, with that above it
(which is large) centred with white; a third, conspicuous, subquadrate,
orange, black-dotted spot between second and third median nervule,
UNDER SIDE.—Quite like that of 3, save for the absence of any grey

_ patch on inner margin of fore-wing; and the spots on hind-wing being
less conspicuous. (Described from single specimen.)

The f is readily distinguished from ¢ J. Silas, Westw., by its

smaller size, less littering blue surface, strongly and doubly streaked

under surface, with its orange edging, and more conspicuous circular
patch on upper side of hind-wing. The front of the head and bases of

_ pterygodes, which are both black (the former being white striped) in

Silas, are ferruginous-red in Sidus. The fringe of hairs on inner
margin of fore-wing, which is yellow in Silas, is black in the latter
Species. The ? is very different in the two species.

_ This very handsome Jolaus was discovered by Colonel Bowker in Kaffraria
in the year 1862, and in the following year Mr. H. J. Atherstone met with
it on the coast of the Bathurst District in Cape Colony. The former noted
it as rare and local, occurring from December to April,! and took most of his

specimens on a Sneezewood tree (Pteroxylon utile) at the edge of a forest. I
____ Sees OE, tt Sel

_ } He subsequently wrote that he had observed it throughout the year.

132 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

did not find this butterfly during my stay on the Natal Coast in 1867, but a
good many examples taken at D’Urban have reached me at different times,
and Colonel Bowker has fallen in with it both at Pinetown and on the Lower
Umkomazi.

Localities of Jolaus Sidus.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Kastern Districts.—Kleinemond River, Bathurst (H. J. Ather-
stone).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
EH. Natal.

a. Coast Districts —D’Urban (W. Guienzius, M. J. M'Ken, T.

Ayres, J. H. Bowker). Pinetown (J. H. Bowker). ‘ Lower
Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker.
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower’.

Il. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
br. Kastern Interior.—‘‘ Lake Nyassa.”—W. F. Kirby, Cat.
Hewits. Coll.

186. (4.) Iolaus BowkKeri, Trimen.

9 Iolaus Bowker’, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 176
(1864); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 225, n. 130, pl. 4, f. 2a

(1866).

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. 24-4 lin.; (2) 1 in. 4-54 lin.

a Very pale blue; apical half of fore-wing and costal border of
hind-wing greyish-fuscous, with white spots. Fore-wing: blue extends
from base, not quite reaching costal edge, to extremity of discoidal
cell and along inner margin to beyond middle; a fuscous lunule
closing cell, sometimes preceded by a more or less distinct small
fuscous spot; immediately beyond lunule a small whitish space shot

with blue, crossed by radial nervule; a submarginal row of six white |
spots, of which the first and second are lanceolate, the third minute, |

os

the fourth very small, the fifth large and quadrate, and the sixth ©
(between first median nervule and submedian nervure) also quadrate, ©

much the largest of all, more or less suffused with blue, and internally |

confluent with the ground-colour inferiorly. Hind-wing: costal border |

rather broad, darker at apex; a submarginal row of white spots, of |

which only the first and second (rarely the third) are distinct, the

rest being lost in the blue field; immediately preceding this row, a
series of four or five black spots, of which the two lowermost (between |
radial and second median nervules) are usually very distinct; imme- —

diately beyond the row of white spots a lunulate fuscous streak, inter- —

rupted on nervules, extending from costal border to submedian nervure ;
a narrow distinct black edge to hind-margin, bounded internally by a

white line; three good-sized hind-marginal black spots, preceded by |

l
|

LYCENIDA. 133

ill-defined whitish lunules, between second median nervule and anal
angle; an indistinct fuscous lunule at extremity of discoidal cell ;
inner-marginal fold grey, clouded with whitish ; tails black, with white
tips and edges. Cilia of fore-wing fuscous-grey mixed with white,
the latter predominating near anal angle; of hind-wing white, with
small black marks at extremities of nervules. UNDER SIDE.— White,
with ochreous- and rufous-brown irregular transverse strié; in each
wing, commencing on costa, a stria before middle, an elongate sub-
lunulate mark closing discoidal cell, a broad stria beyond middle, a
submarginal linear streak, and a hind-marginal linear edging. ore-
wing: close to base, a short broad transverse marking, between sub-
costal and submedian nervures; outer transverse stria more irregular
and much dentate on both edges. Hind-wing: costa at base narrowly
edged with brownish-ochreous; inner transverse stria much narrower
than in fore-wing; both striz very acutely angulated on submedian
nervure, and thence diverted, the inner quite, the outer very nearly, to
base; sub-marginal linear streak adjoins two black spots (the lower
larger) close to costa, is there, as well as on submedian nervure, inter-
rupted, and from the latter point diverted, edging inner margin to
before middle ; black spots at and near anal angle inwardly scaled with
bluish-silvery—the middle one often obsolete, and represented by some
fuscous and bluish-silvery scales.

® Similar; the blue duller and its area more restricted; all the
white markings larger and almost wholly free from any blue suffusion,
especially in hind-wing. UNDER SIDE As in jg, but the striz (espe-
cially the sub-marginal and hind-marginal linear ones) of a decidedly
clearer, more fulvous tint.

Aberration (or Variety 2).

A @ from Springbokfontein, in Little Namaqualand, has in the
fore-wing the white mark just beyond disco-cellular lunule obsolete,

the two upper white spots of discal row quadrate, and the third and
fourth entirely wanting; while in the hind-wing the white markings
are even fainter than is usual in the ¢, and the sub-marginal lunulate
blackish streak is obsolete. On the under side the principal striz are
greatly widened and of a duller brown; the space between the sub-

marginal and hind-marginal streaks is filled with paler-brown mixed

with grey, and in the hind-wing the space before middle is similarly

but more thinly obscured. (In the South-African Museum, presented

| by Mr. G. A. Reynolds, who took the specimen at Matje’s Kloof in

573.)

1 In 1867 I made a note of an apparent aberration of J. Bowkeri in the remains of the
_ Burchell Collection at the Oxford Museum, which seems closely to resemble that described

| in the text. In Burchell’s MS. list, kindly lent to me by Professor Westwood, I found the
| locality of this specimen, which was taken in the ae 1814, given as ‘ Chue Spring, on

| Maadje Mountains; lat. 26° 18’ 11”, long. about 24°,”’—in the territory now known as
Bechuanaland.

WOL., I, K

134 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Hewitson (Jllust. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 11) thought J. marmoreus
(Butl.), from the White Nile, to be a variety of I. Bowkeri; but I have
not been able to ascertain if this is the case.

The strongly and intricately marked under side strikingly distinguishes
this fine Jolaus from its congeners. JI. aphnceeoides, Trim., resembles it in
the width of the under-side striz; but these are regular and even, and dis-
posed quite differently from the corresponding markings in Bowker.

Colonel Bowker, to whom I have dedicated this very beautiful species,
first met with it in Kaffraria in the year 1862, and afterwards took a good
many examples in that territory. I have also received a specimen taken in
the Albany District of the Cape Colony; and in 1867 I found two or three
about stunted Acacia horrida near Greytown, Natal. It was not until 1876
that I discovered the butterfly as far to the south and west as Robertson
in the Cape Colony; but I had received the ? Variety or Aberration from
Namaqualand above described as early as 1873. Colonel Bowkevr’s original

specimen was taken ona sprig of mistletoe (Loranthus); and in October.

1864 he noted that other specimens had the habit (which I subsequently
observed in Natal and at Robertson) of settling on the dry stems and twigs
of acacias and other thorny shrubs. At Robertson I found the few speci-
mens I saw very fond of the yellow flowers of a tall straggling Senecio which
was growing through a clump of rigid thorny bush. The flight of LZ. Bowkeri
is exceedingly short, and, apart from the twigs and thorns about its favourite
resting-places, it is very easily captured.

Localities of Zolaus Bowker.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Springbokfontein, Little Namaqualand (G.
A, Reynolds.—Var. or Aberr.) Robertson.

b. Hastern Districts.—Rockdale, near Grahamstown (//. I. Ather-

stone).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H/. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Greytown.
L. Bechuanaland.—‘‘ Chue Spring” (W. Burchell). [Var. or Aberr. ]

If. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘ Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”—Druce. “ Kin-

sembo, Congo (H. Ansell).”—Butler.
bi. Eastern Interior.—Tauwani River (/. C. Selous).

187. (5.) Iolaus Ceres, (Hewitson).
3 Myrina. Ceres, Hewits., Ill. D. Lep., p. 39, n. 42, pl. 17, f. 63 (1865).

ips Cla) < Ba amelie:

gf “Uilac-blue. Anterior wing with the apex and outer margin
broadly dark-brown. Posterior wing with the apex rufous-brown;
two slender tails; a small black spot at the base of the outer tail; the
apical” [evidently anal-angular is meant] “spot gold and carmine
bordered below with pale-blue, on the left side with black. UNDER

ee eee

LYCENID. 135

sIDE—Grey-white, clouded near the base of both wings with pale
rufous-brown ; both with a linear band at the end of the cell. Ante-

rior wing with a lunular spot within the cell, a linear zigzag band

a little beyond the middle (bordered inwardly with rufous-brown), a

sub-marginal indistinct linear band, and the outer margin all carmine.

Posterior wing crossed near the base by a curved broken band of five

lunular spots, and by a very angular, linear, broken band, all carmine ;

a sub-marginal band indistinct and carmine from the costal margin to
the middle, black above the anal spots; the spots black bordered above
with orange, below with pale blue; the outer margin carmine; the
apex pale rufous brown.”—Hewitson, Joc. cit.

9 Pale-blue over discal inner-marginal area of both wings.
Hind-wing: three fuscous spots near anal angle; hind-margin with
a black bounding line edged with whitish on each side; both tails
orange at base, the upper (shorter) one orange throughout except its
black and white tip. UNbDER stpE.—Redder than in 2 (judging from
Hewitson’s figure), especially the strie themselves; hind-margin in
both wings much clouded with brownish.

I have not seen the male of this species, which was described and figured
by Hewitson from a Zululand example in the collection of Boisduval. The
female above noted is in the Hewitson Collection at the British Museum,
and came from Delagoa Bay ; it was in very poor condition when I examined
it in 1881.

Localities of Jolaus Ceres.

I. South Africa.
F. “ Zululand.”’—Hewitson.
H. Delagoa Bay.—(Hewitson Collection).

188. (6.) Iolaus Mimose, Trimen.

Lolaus Mimosce, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 330, pl. ii. ff. 1, 2.

op. al., (4) 1 in. 2% lin.; (2) 1 in. 3—4$ lin.

f Glossy pale-blue, with fuscous-grey borders. Fore-wing: costa from
base rather widely bordered with pale-grey, diminishing to a point about
middle; extreme costal margin very narrowly edged with ochreous;
apical border very broad, commencing just at extremity of discoidal
cell, but somewhat abruptly narrowing on second median nervule, whence
the hind-marginal border to anal angle is not wide; sexual tuft on inner
margin thin, dark-grey ; inner margin rather prominently lobed in basal
half. Hind-wing: costal and apical margin narrowly, hind-margin very
narrowly edged with fuscous-grey ; two usual hind-marginal spots black,
that on anal angular lobe superiorly edged with greenish-silvery, and
partly encircled with dull white; between the two spots a third lunu-
late one, immediately preceded by a whitish mark, which is itself pre-
ceded by a faint fuscous one; inner margin rather widely pale-grey,

136 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

hoary towards base; sexual badge near base conspicuous, consisting of
a fuscous spot in a shining grey ring. UNDER SIDE.—Soft pale-grey,
with thin ferruginous-ochreous strie ; in both wings a short stria closing
discoidal cell, and two long ones beyond middle, of which the inner ig
continuous and well defined, the outer sub-lunulate and rather faintly
marked ; between these two struw some white suffusion, in fore-wing only
towards inner margin, but in hind-wing from costa to inner margin.
Hind-wing : before middle a third stria, irregular and angulated, well
defined, extending from precostal to submedian nervure; first stria
beyond middle very irregular, almost meeting the outer one between
first median nervule and submedian nervure, where it is sharply deflected ;
a little before its inner-marginal extremity a small detached marking of
the same ferruginous-ochreous; between the two hind-marginal spots
some rather conspicuous greenish-silvery scaling.

2 Very sinular to f; the blue scarcely duller ; the fuscous bordering
rather darker, and in parts broader or narrower. Fore-wing: costal
grey less pronounced, mixed with fuscous; apical border not so wide,
not reaching to extremity of cell; hind-marginal border rather wider,
especially at anal angle. Hind-wing: costal and apical border darker
and considerably broader; a sub-marginal and hind-marginal row of
faintly marked fuscous spots, the latter row in line with the usual three
black spots, which are more strongly marked than in the ¢. UNDER
SIDE.—Quite as in ¢, but shghtly duller in tint, inclining to brownish,
and with the white clouding beyond middle less distinct.

This species should be placed next to J. Ceres (Hewits.) On the
under side it differs from that species in being wholly devoid of any
rufous tinge or brown basal clouding; in having the transverse strize
beyond middle more regular and closer together ; in wanting altogether
the conspicuous lunular streak a the discoidal cell of the fore-wings;
in possessing a continuous transverse stria before the middle of the
hind-wings, instead of one broken into six or seven portions; and in

wanting the conspicuous orange lunule which adjoins the upper hind- —

marginal spot of the hind-wings.

' Mr. Henry I. Atherstone sent me two females of this butterfly as long
ago as the end of 1863, having taken them at Rockdale and New Year’s

River, near Grahamstown, in August and November of that year. From |

the circumstance of finding one of them in company with I. Bowker?, mihi,
Mr. Atherstone imagined the two to be sexes of one species. In 1865 Mr.
J. H. Bowker sent a male from the neighbourhood of the Tsomo River, in
Kaffraria Proper, and noted it frequenting Acacia trees, and, like I. Bowker,
having the habit of lighting in among the branches and settling on dry
twigs, where it was easily taken with the fingers. This is the only ¢ of the
insect that I have seen,! but three others, 9s, have reached me from Mrs.

1 T have since received another ¢, taken in 1884 by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson near
Estcourt, Natal. This example differs from Colonel Bowker’s in being of a brighter blue
above. I have also seen a third, from “ Kaffraria,” belonging to Mr. H. Grose Smith, and
a fourth, taken by Mr. F. C. Selous, a little N. of Bamangwato (River Tauwani).

LYCAENID As. ese

Barber, one taken near King William’s Town by Miss Fanny Bowker in
1869, and the others by Mrs. Barber herself while travelling through the north-
eastern portion of the Colony in 1872. Mrs. Barber confirms her brother’s
account of the habits of J. Mimose, and adds that both it and I. Bowkeri
chiefly haunt the mistletoe (Loranthus sp.), which so generally infests the

mimosa trees.
Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale sent me an excellent drawing of a ? that he cap-
tured at Cradock in December 1866 on a “thorn tree” (Acacza horrida).

Localities of Jolaus Minose.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

6. Hastern Districts. — Grahamstown (1/7. I. Atherstone). King
William’s Town (Miss F. Bowker). Cradock (J. P. Mansel
Weale).

D. Caffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker).
HK. Natal.

b. Upper Districts.— Estcourt (J. MW. Hutchinson).
K. Transvaal.—Limpopo River (£. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
br. EHastern Interior.—Tauwani River (F. C. Selous).

189. (7.) Iolaus Aphneeoides, Trimen.

d 2? Lolaus Aphneoides, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 110.

Lolaus Canissus, Hewits., Ent. M. Mag., x. p. 123 (1873).

? Lolaus Aphneeoides, Hewits., Ill. D. Lep., Suppl., pl. iv. a, ff. 50, 51
(1878).

op. Gl..(S)\ 1 im. 2° lin. ; (2) 1 in. 25 lin.

f Pale-blue; the fore-wings broadly bordered with blackish. fore-
wing: blackish border tolerably broad from base along costa, very
wide in apical region, and narrowing to anal angle. Hind-wing:
sexual patch on costa not strongly marked, dull-greyish, glistening ;
beyond middle, traces of two sub-oblique blackish streaks running to
anal angle; on hind-margin, a sharp projecting point at end of second
median nervule, and tails at ends of first median nervule and sub-
median nervure moderately long; on hind-margin a blackish spot on
each side of first median nervule, that on the lower side edged with
pale-yellowish both anteriorly and posteriorly. UNDER sIDE.— White,
with orange-ochreous, blackish-edged, rather broad, transverse stripes ;
common to both wings are (1) a basal stripe, which in hind-wing runs
parallel to and very near inner margin to a point a little before anal
angle; (2) a stripe before middle, which from costa of fore-wing
extends as far as first median nervule rather beyond middle of hind-
wing ; (3) a stripe about middle, which, after leaving costa of fore-
wing, is abruptly interrupted from first median nervule as far as inner
margin, but in hind-wing extends from costa straight to extremity ot

138 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

basal stripe before anal angle; (4) a row of small black spots (six in
each wing) a lttle before hind-margin; and (5) a rather wide, orange-
ochreous, hind-marginal edging, becoming obsolete at end of second
median nervule. ore-wing: beyond middle, an additional stripe from
costa extending in the direction of anal angle, but becoming obsolete
just beyond first median nervule. MHind-wing: at anal angle a black
spot, from which runs a narrow black streak for a little way along
Inner margin.

2 LHind-wing and outer portion of fore-wing white ; in both wings,
basal region to a little beyond middle clouded with pale-blue, and
nervules clouded with blue and blackish mixed. Fore-wing: a rather
strongly-marked fuscous streak closing cell. Mind-wing: a broad
blackish streak corresponding to third transverse stripe of under side;
a sub-marginal row of spots corresponding to those of under side, but
smaller. UNDER SIDE.—Quite as in ff.

The forehead is orange-red in both sexes.

Described from a single specimen of each sex, taken on a small
tree at the edge of scattered bush about the base of Woest Hill, near
Grahamstown, by Mr. James, in October or November. Both examples
are considerably worn.

It is very singular that so few examples of this very distinct Jolaus

should have been recorded, and those few from two such very widely distant |

localities as Grahamstown and Lake Nyassa. J much fear that the typical
examples, of which I made a description in 1870, must have been lost, as
they could not be traced in the Grahamstown Museum when I was last
there in 1883. It is thus very fortunate that two specimens exist in the
Hewitson Collection, and that Mr. Hewitson published figures of the female.

Localities of Jolaus Aphneoides.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Hastern Districts. —Grahamstown (1. James).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
b1. Eastern Interior.—“ Lake Nyassa (7helwall).””—Hewitson.

190. (8.) Iolaus Pallene, (Wallengren).

Muyrina Pallene, Wallengy., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,—Lep. Rhop.
Calir., p. 26,

Exp. al., 1 in. 9-10 lin.

Cream-colour, the hind-wing rather yellower ; a linear black hind- —

marginal edging. Fore-wing: a very small black spot at upper end |

of extremity of discoidal cell; at apex a rather broad but thinly-suf-_

fused dull-brownish patch, ill-defined inwardly, commencing on costa —
about termination of second subcostal nervule, and not extending along |

LYCAINID/. 139

hind-margin below third median nervule; short transverse disco-cel-
lular dusky stria and long transverse dusky discal stria faintly repre-
senting the markings of the wnder side. Hind-wing: an orange-fulvous
ill-defined anal-angular stain, marked exteriorly by one or two small
black spots; a median oblique dusky stria from costa towards anal
angle, representing part of the under-side marking. Cilia blackish,
slightly mixed with white at posterior angle of fore-wing and apex of
hind-wing. UNDER sipE.—Tinged with ochre-yellow near bases and
margins ; black edging and cilia as on wpper side. Fore-wing: a very
conspicuous short black transverse striola at extremity of discoidal
cell; a long black transverse stria beyond middle, from costa almost to
submedian nervure, inclining a little outward, interrupted on ner-
vules,.and slightly irregular. Mind-wing: anal-angular orange-ful-
vous deeper than on upper side, more suffused inwardly, its outer
black spots better marked; an oblique black stria, from costa before
middle to third median nervule beyond middle, where it is widely
interrupted, but from submedian nervure continued, at an upward
angle, almost to inner margin. ‘Tails black.

Head ochre-yellow in front ; palpi and antennze black,—the former
creamy-white beneath to end of middle joint. Thorax and abdomen
fuscous above, ochre-yellow beneath. Legs black, the femora of the
middle and hind pair white beneath.

The sexes do not seem to differ in appearance, the male in my
possession agreeing very well with Wallengren’s description of the
female.

This butterfly, which, from its pale-creamy colour and very well-defined
jet-black streaks, should be a conspicuous member of its tribe, appears to be
exceedingly rare. The late Mr. K. C. Buxton presented me with an injured
specimen, one of three which he took in Swaziland; but I have seen no
other South-African examples. Two Pallene from Lake Nyassa in the
Hewitson Collection quite agree with Wallengren’s description and with
my solitary individual. The general aspect of the insect is very peculiar,
and reminds one more of a small Pieride than of a Lycenide. Mr. Bux-
ton wrote that his three examples were taken on flowers in the month of
August,

Localities of Jolaus Pallene.

T. South Africa.
G. Swaziland (#. C. Buxton).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical,
br. Kastern Interior.—‘ Lake Nyassa (Theliwaill).”—In Hewitson
Collection. “Lake Victoria Nyanza.”—Butle:, August 1883.

140 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Genus MYRINA.

Myrina, Fab., “ Iliger’s Mag., vi. p. 286 (1807);” Latreille, Encye,
Meth., ix. pp. rr and 592 (1819-23) [Sect. C.]

? Loxura, Horsfield, ‘Cat. Lep. Mus. HE. Ind. Comp., p. 119 (1829) ;”
Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 474,—and Myrina [part], op. cit.,
p- 475 (1852); Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 219 (1866).

Imago. — Head rather broad; eyes smooth; forehead densely
clothed with scales and short hair; palpi separate, parallel, very long,
densely clothed with scales and with very short closely appressed
hairs,—the second joint long, rather thick, only very slightly ascendant,
not rising above middle line of eyes,—third joint long (rather longer
and stouter in $), porrected horizontally or slightly deflected ; antenna
short, stout, very gradually thickened from base to extremity, which
is blunt.

Thorax long, very stout, with long silky hair laterally and poste-
riorly ; pterygodes long and tufted. Fore-wings: short, broad, sub-
truncate ; costa very convex at base, but thence almost straight to
apex; hind-margin more or less bluntly prominent about lower radial
and third median nervules; subcostal nervure with four branches—the
first and second originating considerably apart, far before extremity of
discoidal cell, the third and fourth short, diverging not far from apex,
at which the latter terminates; radial nervules with a common origin
at upper corner of extremity of cell, so that middle disco-cellular
nervule is obsolete; lower disco-cellular nervule rather long, curved
inwardly, joining third median nervule not far beyond latter’s origin ;
space between first median nervule and submedian nervure unusually
broad. Hind-wings: rounded and blunted, except at anal angle, which
is elongated, prominently lobed, and produced (on submedian nervure)
into a long, or very long, broad, twisted tail; costa convex throughout,
but especially at base; apex rounded ; hind-margin very slightly den-
tate on nervules; inner margins convex and meeting, so as to conceal
all but tip of abdomen beneath; costal nervure terminating at apex;
discoidal cell short, truncate, closed by nervules, of which the lower is
very slender and oblique, and joins third median nervule at latter's
origin. ore-legs of ¢ thick, rather large, scaly,—femur robust, closely
hairy beneath,—tibia shorter than femur,—tarsus about two-thirds the
length of tibia, obtuse, without apparent articulation, finely spinulose
beneath and with a few longer inferior spines at the tip; of the ?
about the same size and proportions, but the tarsus with distinct articu-
lations and minute terminal claws. Jfiddle and hind legs stout, densely
scaly, the femur densely hairy beneath (especially in f), tibia a little
shorter than femur, with strong terminal spurs, tarsus longer than tibia,
its first joint very long (as long as the other four joints together), and
thick (especially in hind-legs), very spinose beneath, broad at tip, with
terminal claws short, strong, and widely apart.

Sa RE A A I

a

LYCANLD AL: 141

| Abdomen short, thick, but terminally rather acute.

‘Larva.—Broad, very convex dorsally; each segment from second
to ninth inclusive with a dorsal hump, most prominent on fourth, eighth,
| and ninth segments. Lateral margins of body widened so as to com-
| pletely conceal head and legs from above. ood-plant, species of Ficus.

Pupa.—Stout and broad (not unlike a contracted larva in general
form), constricted about middle; thorax very bluntly ridged on the
back; abdomen very broad and globose. Attached to leaves or bark
horizontally, by the tail only.

I follow Mr. W. I’. Kirby in restoring the West-African S¢lenus,
Fab. (= Alcides, Cram.), to its original position as the type of the
Fabrician genus Myrina, placing with it the closely-allied African species
M. ficedula, Trim., and dermaptera, Wallengr.; but I think it very
questionable whether these butterflies can be identified generically with
the Indian species (Atymnws, Cram., and allies) typical of Horsfield’s
genus Loxura. The latter are not only of much slenderer structure
throughout, but have the palpi much thinner and longer, and present
a very different neuration in part of the fore-wings, the radial nervules
not originating together, but far apart, so that while the upper disco-
cellular nervule is very short, the middle one (separating the radials) is
of a good length, indeed as long as the lower one.

The two species found in South Africa are very strongly-made
little butterflies, with robust bodies and thick legs and wings, IM. jice-
dula more so than J. dermaptera. The former is readily distinguished
by its larger size and chestnut-red or ferruginous apical and _ hind-
marginal space in the fore-wings; it is also much more widely dis-
tributed over South Africa, MZ. dermaptera being only hitherto known
from the coast of Natal and Zululand. Though capable of rapid flight
for short distances, these J/yrinw do not seem to use their wings much,
sitting very closely to their favourite perches among the wild and culti-
vated fig-trees, but occasionally visiting other plants. I have found I.
ficedula sucking the fruit of the cultivated fig, and also the moisture
exuding from wounds on a large kind of Acacia.

191. (1.) Myrina ficedula, Trimen.
8 Loxura Alcides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pl. 22, f. 3 (1836).

- » Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,—Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 34.
4 ae » ‘Trim., [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 219, n. 125
(1866).

3 2 Myrina ficedula, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 324.

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. 24-7 lin.; (Q) 1 in. 6-74 lin.

Black, with very large basi-discal space of intense metallic ultra-
marvne-blue in both wings; fore-wing with an apical hind-marginal
ferruginous patch. Fore-wing: blue occupies inner margin and dis-

142 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

coidal cell, but is rather widely bordered with black costally (most
widely beyond extremity of discoidal cell), and outwardly from third
median nervule to anal angle; ferruginous patch occupying hind-
margin from apex to submedian nervure, irregularly convex inwardly,
very broad on discoidal nervules, narrowing abruptly at apex, but more
eradually to its lower extremity. Hind-wing: blue fills entire disc
and discoidal cell, and is bordered to a moderate width with black along
costa and hind-margin (the apical portion being broadest, and the
hind-marginal narrowest) ; inner-marginal border broadly fuscous up
to third median nervule, but blue-scaled along submedian nervure;
anal-angular lobe and tail ferruginous, densely grey-scaled; edging
base of lobe superiorly, and sometimes extending for a little distance
along hind-margin, a fine streak of blue scales; on lobe a spot of
unirrorated ferruginous. UNDER SIDE—SFerruginous-brown, in most
parts very finely and densely irrorated with yellowish and grey scales;
in both wings (better defined in hind-wing) an ochreous-yellow line
closing discoidal cell, and a transverse streak of the same colour beyond
middle. ore-wing: the streak only extends from near costal edge to
between third and second median nervules; costa thinly edged with
yellow; a conspicuous cloud of yellow scales occupies costa between
streak and apex; inner margin pale-grey, gradually fading into ground-
colour superiorly; hind-marginal border darker ferruginous, not (or
very thinly) irrorated. Hind-wing: darker ferruginous before trans-
verse streak; the streak itself well defined, continuous from costa to
below first median nervule, where it is slightly broken and abruptly
angulated, and is thence white to inner margin and along its edge to
base ; between this portion of the streak and anal angle, dense greyish-
white irroration; a thin greyish lne along hind-margin, indistinct
superiorly ; spot on lobe conspicuous, tinged with crimson.

2 Blue much less brilliant ; its area much smaller, so that its black-
bordering is broader, especially in hind-wing, where, in apical region,
this is wider than inner-marginal fuscous. Hind-wing: hind-marginal
streak of blue scales more marked, extending to third median nervule
or a little farther. UNDER SIDE.—Quite as in Z.

This Myrina is recognised at once from its congener, the West-
African If. Stlenus, Fab. (Alcides, Cram.), by (1) the greatly-enlarged
field of blue, and (2) the ferruginous bar along hind-margin of fore-
wings from apex. Judging from Cramer’s figure (Pap. Exot. i. t. 96,
D, E), AL. Silenus has only a slightly paler fascia near the hind-margin
of the fore-wings, with no trace of ferruginous; and the under side is
generally much darker than in J. ficedula, and without yellowish
clouding. JBoisduval’s figure purports to represent Loxura Alcides
from “ Guinée ;” it is evidently that of rather a small f. In pattern
and colouring (only the upper side being depicted) it agrees fairly with
the Southern form, except that along hind-margin the ferruginous
border has a narrow black-edging, and that the outline of the hind-

LYCENID/L. 143

_ margin of the fore-wing is not elbowed. If the locality of Boisduval's
example be correctly recorded, it would appear that J/. jficedula, or a
very near ally, inhabits Western Africa in company with J/. Stlenus.
_ That this is probably the case is further indicated by some specimens
— from Ambriz (Congo) in Mrs. Monteiro’s collection, which do not differ
from the Southern species except that the #s have less ferruginous in
the apical hind-marginal area of the fore-wing.’
Larva.—Length, 9 to 11 lin.; greatest width, 37 lin. Very
strongly convex on back, but flattened ventrally; lateral margin
throughout produced into a fleshy border, concealing head and legs;
each segment from second to ninth (both inclusive) with a dorsal hump,
most prominent on fourth, eighth, and ninth segments. Yellowish-
green ; first and last segments, as well as a more or less interrupted
median dorsal stripe, pale-ashy; the stripe irregularly varied with
ferruginous-ochreous, slightly narrowing from first segment to dorsal
hump (ferruginous-ochreous) on fourth segment, but widening much from
sixth segment so as to cover all dorsal portion of seventh and eighth
segments except a large and conspicuous pure-white spot on eighth
segment terminating in white hump. On ninth segment, dorsal hump
pale-ashy, and a good-sized pure-white spot on each lateral margin.
All darker parts distinctly speckled with black; the green parts only
very thinly so. Head and legs black. Spiracles and pro-legs ferru-
ginous-ochreous. Feeds on Ficus natalensis and on the cultivated fig
(Ff. carica).—Plate 1, ff. 7 (from my own drawings).

-Pupa.—Stout and broad, not unlike the contracted larva in gene-
ral form, constricted about middle; back of thorax bluntly ridged;
abdomen very wide and rotund, varying from greenish-brown to dull
brownish-ochreous, the wing-covers and under side generally, and a
narrow median dorsal stripe dull dark-brown. Frontal region of
thorax varied with paler brown, which also forms a broad border on
each side of dorsal stripe on abdomen. In some specimens the hinder
part of the thorax and the sides of the abdomen are on the back varied
with white. Attached by the tail only, but in a horizontal position,
to leaves of the food-plant—usually on the under side, or to its twigs.
—Plate I., ff 7a (from my own drawings).

This very handsome Myrina first makes its appearance at the end of
January, and worn individuals occur as late as the end of April. Though
very swift when it does take flight, the butterfly is disinclined to move
except in chase of other individuals of its species, and is perpetually resettling
on the twigs and leaves of its food-plant. In these brief excursions it soon
gets worn, and is apt to lose its long tails. It is fond of sucking the ripe
figs split open by birds, and when so engaged may with caution be taken by
hand.

The larvee found by me in March 1859 at Knysna (see Rhop. Afr. Aust.,
li. p. 220, note), feeding on the cultivated fig, were proved to belong to this

1 T have since seen examples of M. ficcdula marked “ West Africa” in the Collection of
the British Museum.

144 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

species by the subsequent discovery and rearing to their perfect state of
quite similar ones taken on Ficus Natalensis by Mrs. Barber near Grahams-
town. In 1870 I had the pleasure of visiting Mrs. Barber at Highlands,
and gladly took the opportunity of studying and rearing the larve, the food-
plants of which were growing against the stoep of the house. There is
no doubt that their peculiar colouring is highly protective, agreeing very
thoroughly with that of the terminal green shoots, the bract and occasional
withered portions of which are ferruginous; while the conspicuous white
spots most completely resemble the drops of milk-like sap that exude from
the stems and leaves on the slightest wound. Moreover, both the larva
(when in a slightly contracted position) and the pupa bear a very strong
resemblance to the small, rough, ashy-varied fruits of their food-plant. I
found that those pupe which were disclosed at large on the plants were
much greener and more like the little figs than those which resulted from
larve kept captive in a dimly-lighted breeding-cage.

M. ficedula does not seem to be often met with in Natal. I took a few
in the inland districts, and Colonel Bowker has forwarded two or three from
the coast, and two from quite the northern extremity of that Colony.

Localities of Myrina ficedula.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Knysna. Oudtshoorn (Adams).

b, Hastern Districts:—Grahamstown. ‘ King William’s Town.”
—W. 8. M. D’'Urban. Fort Warden, Kei River (J. 4.
Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
iH. Natal.

a, Coast Districts.—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker). ‘ Lower Umko-
mazi.”—J. H. Bowker. Udlands Mission Station. Great
Noodsberg.

b. Upper Districts.—Biggarsberg (J. H. Bowker), Pietermaritz-
burg (Windham).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).
Il. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Congo: Ambriz (Mrs. Monteiro).

192, (2.) Myrina dermaptera, (Wallengren).

@ Myrina n. sp., Angas, Kafirs. Illustr., pl. xxx. f. 9 (1849).

@ Loxura dermaptera, Wallengr., K. 8. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,—Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 34.

@ (as g) Loxura dermaptera, Hewits., Ill. D. Lep., pl. 4, ff. 3, 4 (1863).

@ Loxura dermaptera, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., li. p. 220, n. 126 (1866).

Exp. al., (£) 1 in. 2-34 lin.; (2) 1 in. 2-54 lin.

a Black, with very large basi-discal space of intense metallic-blue
(with a greenish surface lustre in some lights) in both wings. Fore-wing :
blue occupies inner margin from base to beyond middle, forming a large
semicircle, the upper part of which almost fills discoidal cell. Hind-
wing: blue occupies entire disc and discoidal cell, leaving costa and

LYCENIDZ, 145

apex broadly bordered, but hind-margin only lineally edged with black ;
inner-marginal border broadly blackish as far as submedian nervure ;
longitudinal fold between median and submedian nervures marked with
a broad silky black ray; anal-angular lobe marked with a dull-crimson
spot speckled with a few bluish scales; tail black, with a white tip and
a white central streak, more or less stained with orange at base. Cilia
greyish, in hind-wing mixed with whitish. UNDER SIDE.—Sof¢ brownish
grey ; costa and hind-margin of fore-wing and hind and inner margins
of hind-wing edged with ochre-yellow. Fore-wing: paler about inner-
marginal area. Hind-wing: dull-crimson spot on anal-angular lobe
conspicuous, and accompanied by two similar smaller (sometimes con-
tiguous) spots between it and second median nervule; before these
spots, between the same nervule and inner margin, two short, irregular,
subangulated transverse blackish lines, interiorly edged with white, of
which the outer line is often and the inner occasionally indistinct ; tail
black, with a yellowish median streak in its basal half.

2 Fuscous or fuscous-brown ; blue very variable in brightness and
catent, and in some examples wholly wanting ; when present, always paler
and duller than in $. Hind-wing: blue at its greatest development
occupying a smaller area than in fy so that all the margins are more
broadly fuscous.

In both sexes the top and front of head are dark-red mixed with
black, and marked with the following white spots, viz., two on fore-
head, one at base of each antenna, and one on vertex; eyes edged
with white; palpi black mixed with red, their middle joint externally
white. Breast white and ferruginous mixed; legs ferruginous mixed
with black, the femora with white hairs, the tibize and tarsi conspi-
cuously barred with white.

From JM. jficedula this species is readily known by its want on the
upper side of the apical hind-marginal ferruginous, and by presenting
a brownish-grey instead of a ferruginous-brown under side; it has, too,
the tails of the hind-wing considerably narrower and shorter. The
two latter characters also separate it from JZ Silenus, Fab., of Western
Africa, to which on the upper side some of the duller 2s of ML. dermap-
tera bear considerable resemblance. There is in these 2s a complete
gradation from individuals with the field of blue in the fore-wing quite,
and in the hind-wing almost as much developed as in the f, to those in
which even the few sprinkled scales of blue found in others are totally
absent.

Pupa.—Resembling that of MW. jicedula. Dull-brown, paler along
middle of back. Under side, including head and wing covers, dark
olivaceous-brown.—Described from a drawing by Mr. (now Captain)
H. C. Harford, who wrote in 1869 that he had found the larvee on a
fig-tree near D’Urban.

This curious Myrina seems to be extremely local, and but few specimens
are seen in collections. During my stay in Natal I saw only one example, a

146 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

fine @, which I captured in the Botanic Garden at D’Urban, on 14th Feb-

ruary 1867 ;—it was flitting about the top of a tall shrub, and settling on |

the leaves. The late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken took several specimens in the same
locality, but at long intervals. Colonel Bowker sent three Dermaptera taken
near D’Urban in August 1873, and in the course of 1879 forwarded in all
nine others ; but it was not until July 1880 that he discovered a little metro-
polis of the species at Claremont, near D’ Urban, in the shape of a large wild
fig-tree.’ He wrote at that time: “ My attention was attracted to a fine
specimen sitting with closed wings on the bark of the tree. He was soon
boxed, and I then looked round for others. You may guess my surprise at
finding them in great numbers, in all degrees of development, from the little
twisted-up lump creeping out of the pupa skin to the fully expanded butterfly,
I secured about fifty, and an equal number must have got away. They were
most numerous at about a foot from the ground, and the pupz were collected
together in the hollows of the bark and suspended to a mass of web. I
send some of this web, which you will see is full of imperfect specimens, bits
of wings, &e.’’ Colonel Bowker thought that this web was the work of the
congregated larvee of the butterfly, but it appeared to me to be certainly that
of a spider; and he himself added that he found a spider in one part of the
mass. On the 30th July he further noted that the butterflies were still
coming out, but not so numerously, and estimated that over a thousand must
have appeared from the same tree between that date and the 15th of the same
month.

Localities of Myrina dermaptera.

I. South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’ Urban.
F. “ Zululand.’’—Coll. Brit. Mus.

Genus APHNASUS.

Aphneus, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 81 (1816); Hewits., Illust,
Diurn. Lep., p. 60 (1865).

Amblypodia [part], Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., il. p. 477 (1852); Trim.,
Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 226 (1866).

Spindasis, Wallengr., Lep. Rhop. Caffr., in K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., p. 45

(1857).

ImaGo.—Head of moderate size; eyes smooth; palpt moderately
long, separated throughout, divergent, ascendant, densely and compactly
clothed with scales,—the second joint not rising quite to level of summit
of eyes,—terminal joint shorter than in Jolaus or Hypolycena, not very
slender; antennw of moderate length, rather thick (less so than in
Lolaus), very gradually incrassated from rather before their middle.

Thorax robust, proportionally more so than in Jolaus, well clothed
with silky down. ore-wings apically acute and subapically somewhat
convex in the Z, but blunter and sub-truncate in the 9; costa very
slightly arched near base, and thence almost straight; costal nervure

1 Mr. T. Ayres, in the list furnished by him of a collection of South-African insects,

mentions his having reared Dermaptera from the pupa found near D’Urban, “at the foot of
a banyan fig-tree.”

/

LYCENIDZ. 147

_ yery strong, terminating about middle of costa; subcostal nervure four-

branched,’ —the first and second nervules originating (widely apart)
considerably before extremity of discoidal cell, third rather nearer apex
than to extremity of cell, and fourth terminating at apex ; upper radial

nervule springing from subcostal nervure a little distance beyond ex-

tremity of cell; middle and lower disco-cellular nervules about equal
in length, slightly curved; no tuft on inner margin in f. Hind-wings
prominently produced in anal-angular portion; costa rather strongly
arched ; costal nervure much arched, terminating at a little distance
before apex; radial and disco-cellular nervules as in Hypolyccena ; two
rather short, linear tails, respectively on submedian nervure and first
median nervule, of which the former is the longer; no badge in ¢.
Fore-legs of $ rather large, scaly—femur with some thin fine hair
beneath ; tibia with three or four pairs of rather long spines beneath ;
tarsus closely spinulose beneath, and not perceptibly articulate, but with
pairs of longer spines indicating the articulations ;—of the ? but a litle
larger and thicker,—tarsus considerably thicker, distinctly articulate,
and with a pair of claws at extremity. Jfiddle and hind legs stout,—
tibie with well-developed terminal spurs; tarsi strong, thickly spinulose
beneath.

Larva.—Rather elongate, broad anteriorly and about middle, but
narrowing considerably posteriorly ; segment next head apparently pro-
jecting as a short hood; anal segment produced, and bristly. “On
Convolvulacee (Thwaites).”—F. Moore.

Pupa.—Rather slender, elongate; thorax angulated laterally.

(These characters of the larva and pupa are taken from the figures
of those of the Cingalese A. lazularia in Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon,
pl. 41, ff. Ic.)

Aphneus is strictly an Old-World genus, but ranges widely through
Africa and Southern Asia, from Sierra Leone (4. Orcas, Drury *) to
the Philippine Islands (4. Syama, Hewits.) Two species are Arabian,
and one of them (A. Acamas, Klug) is recorded from Asia Minor.
Of the twenty species known, nine are African and nine from India
and the Indo-Malayan Islands, four of the latter inhabiting Ceylon.
Seven of the African species are found in Southern Africa, and four of
them seem to be peculiar to the sub-region. I exclude from the genus
the Syrian and North-African species Cilissa, Zohra, and Siphaz,

1 In A. Hutchinsoniti, Trim. (and I believe in A. Orcas, Drury), this nervure has five
branches, the third nervule arising rather nearer end of cell, and the fourth and fifth nervules
(of which the former ends at apex and the latter a little below it) originating about midway
between the origin of the third and the apex.

2 Hewitson (Joc. cit.) describes an example of what he believes to be the female of Drury’s
Orcas from the Hope Collection at Oxford. Through the kindness of Professor Westwood,
I had the opportunity, in 1867, of examining and noting the characters of this very speci-
men. It appeared to me to bea ¢, and certainly not identical with Orcas,—the under side
being ochreous-yellow, with all the silvery markings edged with purplish-ferruginous, while
that of Orcas is both described and figured by Drury as chocolate-brown generally, without
mention or delineation of any edging to the silvery markings,

148 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

included in it by Hewitson and Kirby, but which are rightly referable
to the genus Zeritis.

The Aphnei are on the upper side for the most part of rather dull-
brownish colouring varied with ochre-yellow, but several (especially the
ds) have a vivid purple or violaceous-blue gloss extending from the
bases over a considerable area of the wings. On the under side their
beauty is very remarkable, the pale-creamy or yellowish ground-colour

being crossed by numerous well-defined bands of orange or ochre- —
yellow, brown or purple, containing brilliant silvery or very pale-golden |

stripes. In the Oreas group (noted above as having five branches to
the subcostal nervure of the fore-wings), the silvery marks, though
very largely developed, are broken up into separate spots, the rest of
the bands being either merged in the ground-colour or represented by
a dark edging to the spots. A tendency in the same direction is exhi-

bited by the under-side pattern of A. Jza, Hewits., a small species from —

the Gaboon.
Of the South-African species, only one—the largest and most beau-
tiful, viz, the newly-discovered A. Hutchinsonu, Trim.—belongs to

the Orcas group; five represent the most numerous group, viz., that of |

Etolus, Cram.; and the remaining one, A. Pseudo-zeritis, Trim., has a
very distinct aspect, and in the under-side characters shows a resem-
blance to some species of Zeritis.

These butterflies are very swift on the wing, but settle very fre-

quently on twigs and leaves of shrubs, more rarely on flowers, and
sometimes on the ground. Of the four species I have seen in nature,

I think the very handsome 4. Masilikazi is the most easily captured, —
though it usually frequents higher twigs and flowers than the others. _
This species is most prevalent on the Natal coast, but several of the |

genus haunt exceedingly dry or almost desert country, notably A.
Namaquus, Trim.," which I discovered in Little Namaqualand.

193. (1.) Aphneeus Hutchinsonii, sp. nov.

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. 6 lin.

f Fuscous, with disco-inner-marginal area from base widely suffused —

with violaceous-blue in both wings; six conspicuous white spots in sub-

apical area of fore-wing. Fore-wing: blue occupies basal two-thirds of _

3 Se A I

ne

—

Se

a

—

ee

discoidal cell, and all the space between first median nervule and inner |
margin, except a moderately wide border on hind-margin; immediately |

beyond extremity of cell a rather large subquadrate pure white spot;
a submarginal row of five similar but rather smaller spots, of which the
third (between lower radial and third median nervules) is out of line

1 The North-African and Arabian A. Acamas and A. Tamaniba are also dwellers in

desert tracts.

LYCAENID A, 149

with and beyond the rest, the upper two almost united, and the lower
two (between third and first median nervules) a little apart; costa
yellow-ochreous at and near base, with a reddish stain. Hind-wing:

blue occupies entire cellular und discal area, being bounded superiorly
by subcostal nervure and its second nervule, inferiorly by submedian
nervure, and externally by a hind-marginal border rapidly narrowing
inferiorly ; lower part of hind-marginal border traversed by an ill-
defined ochre-red streak widening on anal-angular projection. Under-
side: dull, pale ochreous-yellow, with numerous (mostly large) silvery-
white spots, distinctly outlined with black, and further less regularly edged
with ferruginous. Fore-wing: the following silvery markings, viz.,
along costal border and superiorly touching its edge, a moderate-sized
longitudinally ovate spot close to base,—two large transversely-lying
spots (or short bands), one crossing discoidal cell, the other just beyond
its extremity,—a smaller and shorter but similarly-shaped spot beyond
that last named, and a still smaller one just before apex; two sub-
marginal spots, one small and round, between lower radial and third
median nervules, the other large and elongate on the median nervules ;
another spot (the smallest on the wing) in discoidal cell below and
slightly beyond basal spot on costa; between first median nervule and
submedian nervure, a very large superiorly arched and _ black-edged
but inferiorly and interiorly ill-defined white patch, shghtly silvery in
its upper part; traces of a ferruginous line very near and parallel to
hind-margin, which is narrowly edged with black. Hind-wing: the
following silvery spots, viz., at base, one in size and shape like that |
in fore-wing, but placed transversely ; before middle, a transverse row
of four, of which the first is large and very round, between costal and

subcostal nervures,—the second in discoidal cell, also rounded, but very
much smaller,—the third very small, and with the fourth (smaller,
quadrate, and farther from base) situate on inner margin; and about
and beyond middle an irregular series of four very large differently-
shaped spots (the central one, just at extremity of cell, the largest and

-roundest, and the lowest, on inner margin, very elongate and crossed

|
i

by a black line), and two very small ones, situate respectively below
upper and middle large spots; two very small similar spots respectively

at the beginning and end of a submarginal ferruginous streak; a

blackish spot on anal-angular projection; hind-margin narrowly edged

' with black.

Head reddish-brown; a conspicuous white spot on vertex and two

|

smaller ones in front; palpi white with black tips; antennae dark
reddish-brown with cream-coloured tips; eyes narrowly edged with
white ; thorax brown beneath, spotted with white ; legs reddish-brown,

barred here and with white, and with tufts of white hair on coxe;

abdomen black, with white segmental stripes on the sides and beneath.

(Described from a single specimen in worn condition, in which the

| tails and part of the anal-angular lobe of the hind-wings are wanting.)

WOR, “II. L
|

|

|

150 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This Aphneeus is evidently related to A. Orcas, Drury, judging from the
figures given on pl. xxxiv. of the third volume of that author’s Illustrations,
but 1s at once distinguishable by its conspicuous white spots on the upper
side in the fore-wing and its yellowish instead of chocolate-brown under side.
The large and brilliant silvery spots of the under side (which altogether
separate it from any other South-African species known) are arranged much
as in Orcas, but those in and beyond middle are perfectly separate, instead of
being confluent into transverse bands.

The only example I have seen of this exceedingly beautiful butterfly was
captured by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, who liberally presented it to the South-
African Museum, and after whom, in recognition of his services to Ento-
mology, I have great pleasure in naming the species. Mr. Hutchinson wrote
in February 1886, that he met with only this single specimen, on the summit
of a hill near Estcourt, Natal. It was flying round a tree with much rapidity,
but settled several times ; when captured, it was resting on the upper side of
a leaf. A second example, believed by Mr. Hutchinson to be also a 6, was
taken by a Mr. Morrison at a spot about twelve miles distant. Colonel

Bowker, who saw both specimens at Estcourt, informs me that Mr. Morri-

NS eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeEeEeEeEeEeEeeeeeeeEeEeEeEeeeeEeee—eeeeeeee aa

son’s was also without tails on the hind-wings. When in perfect condition, |

this Aphneus must rival in beauty the most brilliant of the family Lycenide,

Locality of Aphneeus Hutchinsonit,

I. South Africa,
HK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—EHstcourt (J. Ml. Hutchinson).

194, (2.) Aphneeus Natalensis, (Westwood).

Q(t) Amblypodia Natalensis, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 479, pl.
Ixxv. f. 4 [Aphneus N.] (1852).

6 PQ Aphneus Natalensis, Hewits., Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 62, pl. 25, ff. 1, 2
(1865).

6 PQ Aphneus Caper, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 88, and
1370; p, 300.

Kzpl. al., 1 1a—1 in. 4 hn.
Fuscous-brown, with glistening violaceous-blue discs; fore-win
, J

with three transverse stripes of ochre-yellow. Fore-wing: blue occupies —

inner-marginal area to beyond middle, but enters discoidal cell only
just at base; a short ochre-yellow stripe, crossing discoidal cell towards
extremity, from subcostal nervure to base of first median nervule,—
another, beyond middle, longer, from near costa rather obliquely to
first median nervule or a little below it,—the third one, submarginal,

sometimes ends on third median nervule and sometimes joins second —

stripe just above second median nervule. Hind-wing: blue covers
all but a wide costal and apical, and a narrow inner-marginal dull-grey
border; a very indistinct, darker, rather oblique, short stripe from
costa beyond middle, and a similar but longer submarginal one; at
anal angle a large, conspicuous orange-yellow spot, marked inferiorly
by a silvery-spangled small black spot; a well-marked black edging

LYCANID A. I51

along hind-margin ; tails black, white-tipped, the lower one orange at
base. Cilia ochre-yellow. UNDER sIpE.—Pale whitish-yellow, with
orange-ochreous or oranye, mesially golden-spangled transverse stripes,
finely but distinctly black-edged on both sides. Fore-wing: three stripes
from costal edge, viz., first short, quite transverse, before middle to
median nervure or a little below it,—second long, oblique, fuscous
below first median nervule, extending to submedian nervure not far
before posterior angle,—third beyond middle, quite transverse, abruptly
terminating (with rounded, black-edged extremity) just below third
median nervule ; between second and third stripes a costal spot of the
same colouring; a similar sub-basal spot in discoidal cell; two sub-
marginal black streaks, of which the inner is thicker and more irregular
inferiorly ; hind-margin with a very well-defined linear black edging.
Hind-wing: base and inner margin to beyond middle rather widely
bordered with orange-ochreous, edged outwardly by a series of five
small black spots; two stripes from costal edge of a brighter orange
than those of fore-wing, viz., first very long, oblique, from before
middle to below first median nervule, where it is sharply angulated,
and whence its black edges only are continued to inner margin,—the
second almost parallel from a little before apex to third median
nervule, where (like the first at its angulation) it joins an irregular,
inferiorly-widened, golden-spangled orange inner submarginal streak.
terminating at anal angle; outer submarginal black streak and hind-
marginal linear edging as in fore-wing; anal-angular black spot larger
than on upper side. Cilia orange, Collar rufous.

@ Like gf, but blue in fore-wing occupying more of discoidal cell,
and usually more or less obscuring first transverse ochre-yellow stripe ;
two outer stripes of fore-wing broader, and usually more widely con-
fluent at lower extremities. UNDER SIDE.—Quite as in @.

Numerous specimens of both sexes collected in Basutoland by Colonel
Bowker, as well as one which I took in Griqualand West, are rather smaller
than the Natal examples, and the orange of the under-side stripes, &c., is
replaced by pale creamy-ochreous with a slight ferruginous tinge ; the tails
of the hind-wings are also rather shorter.

I have had great difficulty in deciding whether Westwood’s Natalensis is
the butterfly above described, or the species immediately following. There is
no description given in the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, and only the
upper side of an apparently worn individual (? female) is figured. The pre-
valent form on the coast of Natal is the species (Masilikazt of Wallengren,
Natalensis of Hopffer and myself) with purple fascia on the under side; and
in the British Museum Collection this was the species labelled “ Natalensis,”
although associated with it was the single Sierra Leone individual mentioned
in my Lhopalocera Afriece Australis (p. 228) with orange fascie. When
in 1868 (loc. cit.) I described the orange-banded form as a distinct species
(A. caffer), I found that Hewitson (op. cit.) had figured it as Natalensis,
Westw., giving the upper side of a $ and the under side of a 9. Re-exa-
mination of Hewitson’s figure of the upper side in the Genera, in com-
parison with a large number of specimens, has led me to conclude—especially
in view of the large size of the orange anal-angular marking in the hind-

"Se SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

wing, and the small development of the adjacent hind-marginal lunulate
whitish streak—that it represents the species with orange-banded under
side; but it must be admitted that much uncertainty attends this conclusion.
My A. caffer being thus sunk in Natalensis, Westw., the reputed Natalensis
(purple-banded beneath) must take Wallengren’s name of Masilikazi, pro-
posed in 1857.

From the latter, the form under notice is separated on the upper side by
its paler, less purplish blue, by the much more constant and well-developed
ochreous-yellow stripes of the fore-wing, and by the brighter and wider
anal-angular orange of the hind-wing; while on the under side the stripes
are orange or ochreous instead of dull-purple; the fore-wing has no spot on
costa at base or at origin of inner submarginal streak ; and the hind-wing
has the base and inner margin orange-ochreous, the band beyond middle
inclining outward more than inward, and always joining the inner submar-
ginal streak, which latter is orange instead of dull-purplish.

A. Natalensis is nearer than A. Masilikaz to the Indian A. Htolus, Cram.,

having the under-side stripes of the same colour ; but both the African species
want the hind-marginal and sub-marginal orange stripes of the fore-wing,
and the additional sub-basal orange stripe of the hind-wing which Eitolus
displays.

Remarkably diminutive specimens of Natalensis occur; one ¢, taken in
Natal by Mr. T. Ayres, expands only ro lines, anda 9 from the Transvaal
country barely rr lines.

I found this butterfly not uncommon in the upland grassy hills in the

interior of Natal.t It was swift and active in flight, but settled very fre-

quently on the leaves and flowers of low plants. JI captured the paired sexes
in the Noodsberg on the 16th March 1867. In Basutoland the slight variety
found abundantly by Colonel Bowker was described by him as usually sitting
on the ground or on stones, keeping much in pairs, and only flying for a very
few yards at a time, so as to be easily captured.

Localities of Aphneus Natalensis.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
ce. Griqualand West.—Kuimberley.
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Great Noodsberg. Udland’s Mission Station.
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (TZ. Ayres).

195, (3.) Aphnesus Masilikazi, (Wallengren).

3 Spindasis Masilikazi, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,
Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 45.
Amblypodia Natalensis, Hopff., Peters’ Reise n. Mossamb.,—Ins., p. 399
(1862).
ae as MF Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 227, n. 131 (1866).

Hp. al., 1 in. 2-7 lin.
gf Dull violaceous-blue shot with rich purple, with broad brownish-
black borders. Fore-wing: blue forms a semicircle on inner margin

1 Colonel Bowker has this month (August 1885) sent specimens taken at Malvern, ten
miles from D’ Urban.

ee

LYCENIDA, 153

from base to beyond middle, sometimes extending upwards into cell;
just beyond end of cell an orange spot, sometimes very indistinct; in
some specimens a faint trace of a second orange spot a little beyond
the other; more rarely these two markings are developed into short
stripes (of which the inner is oblique and longer), and in one specimen
they are confluent above second median nervule ; occasionally a third
yellow mark in discoidal cell. Mind-wing: blue leaves a_ tolerably
broad costal, hind-marginal and inner-marginal dark border; hind-
marginal border containing a bluish lunular line near anal-angular
projection, which is orange-yellow, marked with two silvery-dotted black
spots; tails black, orange at base and white at tip. UNDER-sIDE.—
Pale whitish-yellow, with gold-lined, purple-bordered, black-edged trans-
verse fascie ; common to both wings, a fascia from costa before middle
(confluent on median nervure with a black basal patch), extends across
hind-wing to before anal angle, whence it is angulated to about middle
of inner margin,—a fascia from costa about middle (becoming dull and
gradually obsolete below second median) to third median nervule of
hind-wing beyond middle,—two submarginal purplish striz (of which
the inner commences with a costal gold spot) becoming confluent and
bright-orange, with a gold streak before anal angle of hind-wing,—and
a hind-marginal, black, edging line. Jore-wing: at base, two purple
spots, and a short transverse streak a little beyond them, no? gilt;
beyond second fascia, a costal spot and a fascia from costa to third
median nervule, coloured like other fascie. Mind-wing: seven spots,
of which the larger have gilt centres, in basal area; anal-angular pro-
jection of ground-colour, its black spots very conspicuous; a remarkable
longitudinal fold, clothed with silky pale-brown hairs, runs from base
between median and submedian nervures as far as orange colouring
before anal angle.

2 Paler; blue much duller and paler, without purple gloss. Fore-
wing: orange spots beyond cell larger, sometimes expanded into trans-
verse bands, sometimes confluent on median nervules; a short dull-
whitish band before them, crossing cell and joining blue. Hind-wing :
a dusky band from costa crosses a dull-whitish space before hind-
marginal border; anal-angular orange pale and dull; lunular marginal
line white. UNDER SIDE.—As in ~.

In this beautiful Aphneeus, while the under-side pattern is most constant,
the upper side of the fore-wing is remarkably variable, especially in the ¢,
as regards the ochre-yellow markings. In a series of gs before me there is
every gradation, from‘uniform fuscous beyond the blue area to a development
of the yellow markings as full as in the allied A. Natalens’s, Westw. In the
? the markings in question are broader and always to some extent repre-
sented, but they are very often incomplete, and sometimes inclining to
whitish and suffused.

I have noted under A. Natalensis the differences existing between that
Species and A. Masilikazi.

_ _On the coast of Natal this butterfly is byno means rare. I always found
it In wooded spots, keeping about rather high bushes, and often settling on

154 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

their twigs or flowers. It was on the wing in February, March, and April;
and Colonel Bowker writes that he has taken it also in Fale, Though
hitherto not recorded from Kaffraria proper, the insect probably occurs
there, as Colonel Bowker sent an example from British Kaffraria, and in

1870 Miss M. Barber gave me two gs captured by her as far south as the |

coast of the Bathurst district of the Cape Colony.

Localities of Aphneus Masilikazt.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.— Mouth of Kleinemond River (Miss M.
Barber). British Kaffraria (J. H. Bowker).
c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).
EK, Natal, |
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Pinetown and Mouth
of Tugela River (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Rorke’s Drift, Buffalo River (J. H. Bowker).
F. Zululand.—st. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower’).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (CL J. Andersson).
b. Kastern Coast.—‘‘ Querimba.’’—Hopffer.
br. Kastern Interior.—Shashani and Makloutze Rivers (Ff. 0,
Selous). ‘ Near Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (F. Oates).”—
Westwood.

196. (4.) Aphneeus Ella, Hewitson.

Aphneus Ella, Hewits., Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 63, n. 10, pl. 25, f. 6 (1865).
Aphneus Chaka, Wallengr., Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1875, p. 89, n. 46.

Exp. al., 1 w.—T in, 3 lin.

gf Colouring and general pattern quite like those of A. Natalensis,
Westw. ore-wing: middle ochre-yellow stripe not oblique outwardly,
but quite transverse, irregularly dentate on its outer edge, narrowed
inferiorly, and sometimes confluent on median nervure (between first
and second nervules), with the preceding short ochre-yellow stripe
crossing discoidal cell ; outer ochre-yellow stripe completely separated
from, being parallel to, middle stripe, very variable in form and width,
—its superior extremity very narrow and often indistinct; its middle
portion, on third median nervule, partly or sometimes wholly separated
by the fuscous-brown ground-colour. Hind-wing: two indistinct
oblique discal darker stripes, and a submarginal one; bluish-white
streak close along lower half of hind-margin well developed ; no orange
at anal angle, but tails of that colour at their base. Cilia whitish
mixed with brown in fore-wing. UNDER sIDE.—The stripes not orange
or orange-ochreous, as in Natalensis, but of a darker purple than m
Masilikaxn, and differing in form and arrangement from those of both

LYCAENIDL. 155

the species named. Fore-wing : two basal and two sub-basal small dark-
purple spots, two on costa and the other two in discoidal cell; first
stripe from costa as usual; second, about middle, wholly different,
being transverse instead of outwardly oblique, and not longer than the
first, terminating abruptly (with a dark-purple edging) just below
median nervure ; costal spot as usual; third stripe from costa very
much longer, roughly parallel with hind-margin as far as submedian
nervure, irregular, in some specimens even interrupted on third median
nervule ; inner submarginal streak commencing with a costal spot and
widening into a similar spot on third median nervule, when it almost
touches a projection of the third stripe; outer streak linear, close to
hind-margin. Hind-wing: sub-basal row of spots as in Masilikazi,
but the spots larger; three smaller basal spots better marked; long
central oblique angulated stripe having same direction as usual, but
irregular and more or less interrupted on second subcostal and third
median nervules; second stripe in usual position, but curved inwardly,
and touching, or even occasionally confluent with, first stripe at the latter's
points of interruption ; inner submarginal streak replaced by a stripe
similar to the others, which (as in Lolus, Cram.) is widened about the
middle, and there meets both the extremity of the second stripe and the
angulation of the first, and from the latter point is itself narrowed and
angulated to inner margin; outer submarginal streak obsolete except
near apex and anal angle; at the latter two black spots, of which the
upper one is silvery-spangled; immediately bordering outer edge of
lower part of submarginal stripe some bright-orange scaling.

2 Blue much paler, without purple lustre. Pore-wing: first short
ochre-yellow stripe much reduced, second and third more even and
wider than in ¢. Hind-wing: inclining to whitish on upper part of
disc, rendering the dusky stripes less indistinct; submarginal bluish
streak whiter and broader. UNDER SIDE—As in ¢.

The specimen, of which the under side is figured by Hewitson, has
all the stripes of a faded greyish ochre-yellow instead of dark-purple ;
he gives Natal as its locality. Two similar $s (one with the stripes
rather darker) were sent to me by Colonel Bowker from Griqualand
West.

This species, most like Natalensis on the upper side, is nearer to
Masilikazt on the under side, but may at once be distinguished from
both by the shortness of the second and length of the third stripes in
the fore-wings (just the reverse of the corresponding markings in those
Species, and indeed in the other South-African Aphnei), and by the
irregularity and crowding together of the stripes of the hind-wing.

This is by no means a common species, the Transvaal territory seeming to
be its metropolis. It occurs as far north as the Makalaka country.

Mr. W. Morant captured specimens near Potchefstroom at the end of
February, and Mr. F. C. Selous in the North-West Transvaal in February and

March. Wallengren’s full description is taken from a single individual cap-
tured in the Transvaal by Mr. N. Person. Mr. H. L. Feltham notes it as

156 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

occurring in plenty at Barkly West (= Klipdrift) at about the end of Decem-
ber 1885; and four specimens have been presented by him to the South-
African Museum.

Localities of Aphneus Ella.
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
ce. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift, Vaal River (J. H. Bowker and H.
L. Feltham).
EH. “ Natal.”’—Hewitson.
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (W. Morant and 7. Ayres). Marico
and Limpopo Rivers (/. C. Selous).
If. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
br. Kastern Interior.—Makloutze and Tati Rivers (2. C. Selous).

197. (5.) Aphneeus Phanes, Trimen.

3 2 Aphneus Phanes, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 111,
joy earls 2

Exp. al. ($) 1 in. 14 lin.; (2) 1 in. 34-5 lin.

g Fuscous, shot with rich purple; fore-wing with yellow-ochreous

markings. ore-wing: the purple gloss covers inner-marginal region,
but extends upward only as far as median nervure and its second nervule ;
costa rather broadly marked with dull ochreous at and near base; an
almost square marking in discoidal cell near extremity; beyond cell,
near costa, an irregular roughly V-shaped marking; a narrow, sub-
marginal, irregular stripe commencing close to apex, more or less dis-
tinctly interrupted on third median nervule, and ending on first median
nervule. Hind-wing: purple gloss does not extend above subcostal or
below submedian nervure, but covers the space between those nervures
from base to hind-marginal edge; a hind-marginal whitish streak from
radial to anal angle; on either side of submedian nervure a hind-mar-
ginal black spot dotted with silvery; just before the space between
these two spots, an indistinct yellow-ochreous mark; tails black,
ochreous at base and white at tip. Cilia white. UNDER SIDE.—

Metallic silvery-white, with dull ochreous, mesially silvery-streaked,

narrowly black-edged, broad transverse bands. Fore-wing: base narrowly
suffused with yellow-ochreous, inner margin widely with pale grey;
three transverse bands commence on costal edge; the first, before
middle, short, straight, ending a lttle below median nervure; the
second, long, oblique, commencing about middle, extending in direction
of anal angle, but becoming obsolete above submedian nervure; the
third, near apex, rather short, ending abruptly between third and second
median nervules, where it touches the second band; between second
and third bands a costal spot of the same colouring; a fourth band
(not marked with silvery) occupies hind-margin, and is traversed by an
interrupted black line, which is inwardly bordered by white sub-lunulate

7
|
1

LYCANID A. 157

marks, both line and marks being strongest at submedian nervure
where they abruptly terminate. Hind-wing: a basal and inner-mar-
ginal band, irregularly dentate on its edges, leaving a very narrow
inner-marginal edging of white; a second band, continuous of first
band of fore-wing, crossing obliquely from costa about middle to a little
distance before anal-angular lobe, where it narrows and coalesces with
extremity of inner-marginal band; a third band, running parallel to
the second, is confluent at apex and about middle of hind-margin, with
a hind-marginal band similar to that of fore-wing, and near anal angle
with the second band; no black traversing line in hind-marginal band,
but the white markings more continuous than in fore-wing.

2 Without purple gloss; yellow-ochreous markings in both wings ;
basal region of wings irrorated with light-bluish scales. ore-wing:
all the markings much more developed than in #; the quadrate cellular
marking more or less indistinctly produced into an oblique band, which,
on submedian nervure beyond middle, meets the extremity of the vari-
able but uninterrupted submarginal stripe ; the much-enlarged V-shaped

_ subcostal marking beyond middle is prolonged to join submarginal stripe

on second median nervule (in two specimens it is confluent with the
stripe). Hind-wing: inner-marginal region from base clothed with
light-bluish hairs; a narrow submarginal yellow-ochreous stripe, com-
mencing indistinctly about first subcostal nervule, is joined between
third and second median nervules by an oblique wider stripe of the
same colour, commencing on first subcostal nervule about middle.
UNDER sIDE—As in Z, but the transverse bands paler, and inclining

‘to an orange-ochreous tint; whitish lunulate marks in hind-marginal

border much enlarged and suffused. ore-wing: extremity of third
band does not meet the second band. Jfind-wing: the inner-marginal
band is externally more irregularly dentate than in g, a small portion
at origin of first median nervule forming a separate spot.

This Aphneus is distinguished from all its congeners except A.
Namaquus by the silvery-white grownd-colour of the wnder side of the
wings. The arrangement of the bands of the under side comes nearest
to that presented by A. Natalensis, Westw. On the upper side the ¢
is further remarkable for its rich purple gloss and want of discal blue,
and the for the great development of the yellow-ochreous markings,
particularly in the hind-wings.

Mr. J. H. Bowker sent me a 9 of this beautiful species from the Vaal
River, Griqualand West, in July 1871, and has since forwarded three $s and
three 9s from Klipdrift, on the same river. He notes the habits of the
Insect as closely resembling those of A. Natalensis.

On the 18th September 1872 I captured a ¢ at Klipdrift; it was
settling on a high bush.

I have not seen any other examples ;! and the only record I have met

1 Mr. H. L. Feltham has lately (March 1886) presented three specimens to the South-
African Museum, which were taken at Barkly (Klipdrift), He describes the butterfly as
very plentiful in that locality about the end of December 1885.

158 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

with of the occurrence of the species elsewhere is by Mr P. Aurivillius
(O/v. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1879, p 44), who notes a single 3 taken by G. de
Vylder in Damaraland on February 4th, and a ? in the Stockholm Museum
found by Wahlberg in “ Kaffraria.”’

?

Localities of Aphneus Phanes.
TI. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
c. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift, Vaal River (J. H. Bowker and
Hi, L. Feltham),

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. West Coast.—“ Damaraland (De Vylder).”—Aurivillius.

198. (6.) Aphnzeeus Namaquus, Trimen.

3 PAphneus namaquus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 334, pl.
its 5. 0:

Hep. al, (S) 1 im, 23: lin. 5 42), ein, ae) len

gd Fuscous, with a vivid purple gloss. Fore-wing: three rather |
narrow yellow-ochreous markings, viz., a short, quadrate, cellular one, —

adjoining median nervure between origins of first and second nervules,

an elongate, curved, irregular streak beyond middle, from close to |

costa, as far as first median nervule, and a small sub-lunulate spot
near apex, between upper radial and third median nervules; the purple

gloss covering inner-marginal region from base to hind-margin, but |

not rising above median nervure or its second nervule. Hind-wing:
purple extends from base to hind-margin, between subcostal nervure
and its first nervule and submedian nervure; on anal-angular lobe two
blackish dots, scaled and ringed with silvery and whitish. Ctlia white.
UNDER SIDE.—Silvery-white, with broad, dull ochreous-brown, centrally
silver-streaked, black-edged bars and spots. Fore-wing: a quadrate spot
at base, leaving costal edge and median nervure very narrowly silvery-
white ; before middle, a short bar from costa to submedian nervure ;
from about middle of costa a long oblique bar extending towards anal
angle, but becoming obsolete just above submedian nervure; a round
spot on costa beyond middle; from costa, near apex, a much-curved

bar extending to between third and second median nervules, where it

abruptly and bluntly ends; a hind-marginal border of the same colour
as the bars, commencing at apex and becoming obsolete about sub-
median nervure, interiorly black-edged and rather sharply dentated,
mesially traversed by an interrupted black line edged with whitish on
both sides. Hind-wing: a basal and inner-marginal submacular bar,
externally presenting five blunt projections, extending to about middle;
an irregular, oblique central bar (continuous of first bar of fore-wing)
extending to a little before anal angle, where it is angulated back-

f

SE

1

LYCENID &. 159

ward to inner margin by an elongate usually separate portion; a large
costal spot just before apex, in contact or confluent with a very
strongly angulated bar, which, commencing just below apex, touches
or is confluent with the central bar just beyond extremity of discoidal
cell, and between third and second median nervules becomes confluent
with a hind-marginal border similar to that of fore-wing; the travers-
ing white-edged line of the hind-marginal border is more continuous
than in fore-wing; black dots on anal-angular lobe more conspicuous
than on the upper side.

9 Without purple gloss, only presenting a slight violaceous suffusion
from bases; yellow-ochreous markings strongly developed in both wings.
Fore-wing: the yellow-ochreous markings much enlarged and _ pro-
longed inferiorly, so that the first and second are widely confluent
below first median nervule, and the second and third narrowly so
between third and second median nervules; a faint yellow mark in
cell, near base. ind-wing: the position of the silvery-white parts of
the under side is roughly indicated by suffused markings of yellow-
ochreous, viz., one in cell near base, one on costa near apex, one on
hind-margin below apex, and one (largest) on median nervules; a
whitish line close and parallel to hind-margin scaled with silvery on
anal-angular lobe. UNDER SsiDE.—As in §, but the bars and spots
proportionally narrower, leaving more of the silvery-white ground-
colour unoccupied.

(Described from ten f and one ? specimens.) *

This Aphneeus is a near ally of A. Phanes, mihi (Trans. Ent. Soc.,
1873, p. I11, pl. 1. figs. 4, 5), resembling the latter particularly in
the silvery-white ground colour of the under side, and the great
development of the yellow-ochreous bands on the upper side of the 2.
The chief difference of importance is presented by the wader side of the
hind-wing, in which, instead of being rather even and almost parallel,
the oblique bars are irregular and almost submacular, and the outer one
as so strongly angulated as to be confluent with the inner one near the end
of the discoidal cell. This arrangement breaks the silvery ground-
colour beyond the middle into three irregular markings, and gives the
under side an appearance quite different from that of other Aphnat.
Other distinctions from A. Phanes are (in the ~¢) the very undeveloped
State of the ochreous fore-wing upper-side markings, which in one
example are very small and dull, and in another all but obsolete; and
(in the ?) the different arrangement of the hind-wing upper-side
markings, which in both species follow or correspond with the silvery-
white portions of the under side. In both sexes, the very dark colour-

ing of the spots and bars of the under side is a marked distinguishing
feature,

? Four ? examples, taken in Namaqualand by Mr. Péringuey during November 1885,
closely resemble the one here described, only varying in the development of the outermost
yellow bar, which in two of them is in both wings much narrowed and interrupted.

160 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

I first met with this species under a thorn-tree (known as the “One
Tree,” in a wide expanse of country) a few miles from Annenous, on the line
of railway laid down by the Cape Copper Mining Company, and afterwards
on the road between Elboogfontein and Kockfontein ; near the Komagegas
Mission Station ; and at Oograbies ; but it was numerous at the latter place
only. It has the short active flight of its congeners, but is less wary when
settled. It usually rests on the bare twigs of some low shrub, with its head
downward, and when disturbed will sometimes return to the same perch,
The ¢ has a very dark, almost black appearance on the wing ; but the only 9?
I met with had in flight more the look of A. Natalensis, Westw.

Localities of Aphnewus Namaquus.

I, South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Annenous, Oograbies, &c., District of
Namaqualand. Garries, Spectakel, Ookiep, and Klipfontein,
District of Namaqualand (L. Péringuey).

199. (7.) Aphneeus pseudo-zeritis, Trimen.

¢ Aphneus pseudo-zeritis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 113,
Pi. a, £, 16,

Bop Gls Yi in,

S$ Fuscous, glossed with metallic blue. Fore-wing: blue forms a |

patch on inner margin, rising only very little above first median
nervule, and not entering discoidal cell or extending much beyond
middle. Hind-wing: blue occupies greater part of wing from base
to hind-margin, leaving a broad costal and narrower inner-marginal
fuscous border; a good-sized fulvous-ochreous spot at anal angle,
marked exteriorly by two black dots, and interiorly by a few minute
brassy scales. UNDER SIDE.—Dull, pale greyish-ochreous, with sub-
quadrate, darker spots centred with glittering brassy scales. Fore-wing:
five spots in discoidal cell, irregularly placed, the elongate one at
extremity and the spot nearest to it being considerably larger than the
other three ; a row of three minute brassy dots along costal edge near ‘
base; beyond the latter, four small elongate spots form a curved row,
near costal edge, from second cellular spot to a little beyond middle;
an irregular transverse row of about six spots beyond middle, of which
the first three are distinct and well-separated, but the lower ones con-
fluent, larger, and indistinct; two parallel rows of six spots each along
hind-margin, the outer row on hind-marginal edge, and consisting of
smaller spots than those of the inner row; a short, oblique, apical
streak is formed by the confluence of the first spots of the two rows;
cellular region and costa adjacent suffused with fulvous-yellow from
base; between median nervure and inner margin an irregular, elongate,
fuscous marking. Hind-wing: spots arranged similarly to those in
fore-wing, but more suffused and indistinct, especially in basal region

EyC ANE Ay 161

and beyond middle towards lower part of hind-margin, where there is
a clouding of brownish-fuscous; anal-angular fulvous-ochreous spot
smaller than on upper side, and edged inferiorly with black.

This curious little species appears to constitute a passage between the
genera Aphneus and Zeritis ; the upper side of the wings, with a blue gloss
and fulvous anal-angular spot (but without the usual yellow-ochreous mark-
ings), resembling that prevalent in the former genus, while the metallic-
centred spots of the under side are so similar in arrangement and appearance
to the characteristic spotting of Zeritis (and particularly to that of the little
Z. Phosphor, woibi) that, until I detected the remains of a second tail on each
hind-wing, I was strongly disposed to place the butterfly in the latter genus.

I am indebted to Miss Fanny Bowker, of Pembroke, near King William’s
Town, for the first specimen that I have seen; it was taken by her on a low
shrub (a species of Huclea), on the border of a wood at Tharfield, in the
Division of Bathurst.!

A second example occurred in a collection formed by Mr. J. M. Hutchin-
son, shown to me in the year 1881; he informed me that he captured it on
the Bushman River in Natal.

Localities of Aphneus pseudo-zeritis.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Hastern Districts. —Tharfield, Bathurst District (Miss F.
Bowker).
K. Natal.
6. Upper Districts.—Bushman River (J. I. Hutchinson).

Genus CHRYSORYCHIA.

Chrysorychia, Wallengr., Kongl. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 1857, —
Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 44.
Axtocerses, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 71 (1816).
Zeritis [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 261 (1866).
Imaco.—Head rather small, rather roughly hairy in front; eyes
smooth ; palpi short,—second joint rather roughly hirsute and scaly,
especially towards extremity,—terminal joint short, scaly, moderately
slender, acuminate, obliquely ascendant; antennw rather long, mode-
rately thick, with an elongated, cylindrical, but very pronounced club.
Thorax robust, clothed above frontally, laterally, and posteriorly,
with close silky hair, and beneath with dense woolly hair. Jore-
wings rather produced apically and elbowed hind-marginally, espe-
cially in #3; costa slightly hollowed about middle; costal nervure
ending about middle; subcostal nervure with only three nervules,—
the first arising midway between base and extremity of discoidal
cell,—the second about midway between the first and extremity of
cell,—the third at a little beyond extremity of cell (having a com-
1 About the same bush were several Zeritis Chrysaor, Trimen ; and Mrs. Barber informs

me that Ebenacece, of the genus Luclea, are the plants most frequented by the species of
Zeritis in the eastern districts of the Colony.

162 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

mon origin with upper radial nervule) and terminating at apex; upper

disvo-cellular nervule much shorter than lower one. Mind-wings nar- —

rowly somewhat produced at anal angle, which is prominently but
bluntly lobed inferiorly; hind-margin denticulate, and bearing at
extremity of submedian nervure a short or moderately long rather hirsute
tail, wider at its base; costal nervure basally strongly arched, termi-
nating at apex; subcostal nervure branched a little before middle,
Fore-legs of § very robust,—femur and tibia about equal in length,
both densely hairy (especially the latter, which has a terminal external
spur, and two internal terminal spines),—tarsus thick, scaly, with three
pairs of strong spinules beneath, several lateral spinules, and a rather
long terminal slightly-curved claw ;—of 2 less hirsute,—the tarsus
longer, complete, with short curved terminal claws. Middle and hind
legs very robust,—femora and tibiz moderately hirsute (the latter much
shorter and with short terminal spurs),—tarsi long and thick (especially
first joint), strongly spinulose beneath, with terminal claws short.

This genus, which includes only the P. Harpax, Fab., Pevion,
Cram., and Amanga, Westw., is nearly related to Deudoriz, Capys, and
Zeritis, but differs from all in haying only three branches to the sub-
costal nervure of the fore-wings. In colouring and pattern, especially
on the under side, these butterflies nearly approach Zeritis, but are
further structurally distinguished from that genus by their longer,
more slender, distinctly clavate antenne; shorter palpi; more hirsute
head, body, and legs ; and prominently lobate anal angle of hind-wings.

Hiibner gave the generic name of Axiocerses to Cramer’s Perion, a
West-African species; but I give preference to Chrysorychia, seeing
that Wallengren was the first to diagnose the group, taking his Zjoane
(= Harpax, Fab.) as the type.

All the three species are known to inhabit Tropical Africa, and
Perion, Cram., has not been found out of that region. C. Harpax has
the widest distribution, ranging from the North-Tropical West Coast
to the eastern districts of Cape Colony; while C. Amanga appears
to be proper to the South-Tropical belt, but has occurred in Natal.
Both the South-African species are orange-red above with dark-brown
borders, but Harpaz is darker in tint and has blackish spots; while
beneath Amanga presents only a few silvery markings near the base,
in contrast to the numerous golden or brassy spots of Harpax.

200. (1.) Chrysorychia Harpax, (Fabricius).

@ Papilio Harpax, Fab., Syst. Ent., App., p. 829, n. 327-328 (1775).
& Chrysorychia Tjoane, @ Chr. Thyra, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1857,—Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 44.4

1 I pointed out that Wallengren’s Thyra was quite distinct from Linné’s insect, and sug-
gested (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 372) that it might be a well-marked ¢ Z. Chrysaor,
Trim. ; but Aurivillius (K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1882, p. 117) has satisfactorily determined
it to be the ? of Zjoane, Wallengr.

LYCAENIDZ. 163

Bo Zeriiis Croesus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 283
(1862).

& 2 Chrysophanus Perion, Hopff., Peters’ Reise n. Mossamb.,—Ins., p. 403,
pl xxvi. if. 1-3 (1862).

3 @ Zeritis Perion, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 267, n. 166
(1866).

Exp. al., ($) 1 in.—t1 in 3 lin.; (@) I in. 2-3 lin.

f Red, inclining to orange, not brilliant; with shining brown-
blackish borders. Fore-wing: base suffused with brown-blackish ; bor-
der wide along costa and hind-margin, and very broad in apical
region (almost reaching extremity of discoidal cell) ; two spots in cell,
and a quadrate one closing it, all touching costal border, and dark-
brown; two similar spots between second and first median nervules,
one just beneath extremity of cell, the other more or less incorporate
with hind-marginal border (a spot above, and rarely another below, this
latter spot, touching it, sometimes separable from border); cilia narrow,
white, interrupted with brown. Hind-wing: costa from base widely,
hind-margin very narrowly, bordered; a fuscous streak closing cell; a
sub-marginal row of blackish lunular marks, more or less distinct ;1
anal angle prominently lobed, ferruginous-red, marked with a gilded
dot, bearing a short, slightly twisted, acute tail of the same hue, white-
tipped, on submedian nervure. C%lia mingled greyish and ferruginous.
UNDER SIDE. — Fore-wing: dull orange-yellow, very pale on inner
margin; border varying from cinereous to ferruginous-brown; spots
in and bordering discoidal cell, transverse row of spots beyond middle,
and row of four dots on costa, all with large, brillant, greenish-golden
centres; below median nervure, a large, dull-black, whitish-centred,
often gold-dotted spot; a whitish, gold-dusted streak along bend of
costal edge at base; a sub-marginal row of golden dots, sometimes
indistinct. Hind-wing: varies in tint like border of fore-wing; three
transverse rows of small golden spots, some of which are indistinct, the
middle row including a golden streak closing cell; a dark-brown trans-
verse shade near hind-margin, ending on inner margin with a golden
streak, and often marked externally with some indistinct golden dots ;
a pale hind-marginal edging becomes golden near anal angle.

2 Dull orange-yellow ; brown borders paler, narrower. Fore-wing:
base more widely suffused with brown, mingled with ochreous; apical
border not half as wide as in %; spots in and about cell larger;
beyond middle, a zigzage row of small, quadrate, blackish spots across
wing. Hind-wing: base dark-brown to extremity of discoidal cell;
costa broadly bordered; hind-margin edged with a brown line; sub-
marginal lunular row well marked, the lunules contiguous; a more or
less incomplete row of small spots a little beyond middle, like that in
fore-wing. UNDER SIDE.—Quite like that of ¢; rather paler; spots
larger, the gilding slightly paler but not less brilliant.

1 In three Natalian specimens this marking is altogether wanting.

164 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Antenne, in both sexes, marked beneath with a conspicuous broad
white bar, just at the base of the club.

There is considerable variety in the depth of colouring of the under
side, especially in the ¢, the ferruginous in some being much paler and
duller, and the metallic spots much reduced and mostly indistinct. The
upper side of the 2 varies much in the extent of the basal fuscous suf-
fusion and the completeness of the discal row of spots in the hind-
wing.

Hopffer (loc. cit.) points out that the Mozambique specimens are smaller
and of a duller red, but have more brilliant metallic spots (especially in the
hind-wings) than those from the Cape. His figures represent longer and
straighter tails on the hind-wings than I have seen in any South-African
examples. Four ¢s and a 9 from Sierra Leone, in the Hope Museum at
Oxford (1867) also differed from the South-African specimens in their longer
tails and more brilliant under-side spots, and the ? had the hind-wings uni-
formly fulvous to the hind-margin.

Though a near ally of the West-African Perion, Cram. (Pap. Exot., t.
ecelxxix, B, C), with which both Hopffer and myself associated it, this butter-
fly is really quite distinct, presenting a much less regular transverse series of
spots on both surfaces, and a very much shorter and narrower tail in the
hind-wings.

Mr. W. 8S. M. D’ Urban found Harpazx very abundant near King William’s
Town, taking it from October to December, and again in March ; he noted
that it frequented bushes with sweet-scented flowers, one of its favourites
being the thorny Arduina ferox, Colonel Bowker noted the same habits in
Kaffraria Proper ; and the few individuals I met with in Natal were all taken
on or about various shrubs in February and March. Its flight and motions
quite resemble those of the species of Aphnceus. I met with single specimens
at Uitenhage and at Hast London in the month of February.

This butterfly has a very wide range over Africa, but, as far as it is
known, seems more prevalent to the south of the Equator.

Localities of Chrysorychia Harpax.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—Uitenhage. Grahamstown and Fish River
(i. £. Barber). King William’s Town (W. D’Urban). Hast
London.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

1 Two gs anda @ since received from Delagoa Bay quite agree with Hopffer’s diagnosis,
and the tails of the hind-wings (though not so straight as in his figures) are much longer and
more linear than in Natalian and other more southern examples. The red of the ¢ is decidedly
paler and more orange on the upper side ; and in both sexes the under side is paler, and its
metallic spots more brilliant and more numerous, especially in the hind-wing,—the sub-
marginal spots in the fore-wing being also metallic, as well as a hind-marginal streak in the
hind-wing.

Specimens from Matabeleland are remarkable in both sexes for their paler upper-side
colouring, and in the ¢ for the narrower apical border ; while in the ? (which is larger than
usual) the discal spots, and, in the hind-wings, the sub-marginal spots are much reduced.

Two és from Zumbo on the Zambesi, taken by Mr. Selous, agree closely with those from
Querimba,

LYCANIDA. 165

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban and Mouth of Tugela River (J. //,
Bowker). ‘Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker. Verulam.
Mapumulo. Intzutze River.

b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Blue Krantz,
near |Colenso (W. Morant). Junction of Tugela and Mooi
Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Marico and Limpopo Rivers (£. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘ Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”—Druce.
b. Kastern Coast.—‘ Querimba.’’— Hopffer.
b1. Eastern Interior. —'Tauwani, Makloutze, Tati, and Zambesi
Rivers (F. C. Selous). ‘* Gubulewayo (/. Oates).”—Westweood.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Whydah.—Coll. Brit. Mus. Sierra Leone.—
Coll. Hope, Oxon.

201. (2.) Chrysorychia Amanga, Westwood.
Prats IX. fig. 1 (¢ ).

3 @ Zeritis Amanga, Westw., in Oates’ Matabele Land, &c., p. 351,
m. 62 (1881).

Hap. al., 1 im. 3-4 lin.

gf Fuscous, with an orange-red transverse discal band, which in fore-
wing commences rather acutely vmmediately below third median nervule, and
thence widens so as to occupy nearly all inner margin, and in hind-wing
occupies entire area except a fuscous space at base. Lore-wing : costa for

a little distance from base with a rather wide orange-ochreous border ;
first and second median nervules and submedian nervure more or less
defined with fuscous where crossing the red band. Hind-wing: basal
_fuscous broader near costa; subcostal nervules fuscous; a fine linear
fuscous hind-marginal edging; anal-angular lobe and tail ferruginous.
Cilia of fore-wing dark-greyish, slightly mixed with ferruginous and

whitish, but wholly whitish from apex to third median nervule ; of

hind-wing ferruginous. UNDER SIDE.— Warm ferruginous ; outer half
of costal area in both wings clouded with lilac-grey. Fore-wing: basi-
costal border widely brilliant-silvery, tinged with pale-yellow on extreme
edge; two small spots close together (sometimes confluent inferiorly)
in discoidal cell, a rather larger spot immediately below cell between
first and second median nervules, a macular thin streak at extremity of
cell inferiorly joining last-named spot, and two or three dots close to

_ costa,—brilliant-silvery edged with black ; faint traces of a discal row

of thin silvery-and-fuscous spots; inner-marginal area orange-yellow,

much paler inferiorly. Hind-wing: traces of three indistinct trans-

verse rows of darker lunulate marks, of which the outermost (sub-
WOE. Il, M

166 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

marginal) becomes silvery-scaled near anal angle; a silvery edging along
excavation of inner margin before projection of anal-angular lobe.

2 Orange-red paler, in fore-wing much enlarged, forming a very broad
discal band, which leaves only a narrow fuscous border along costa, apex,
and hind-margin to just above submedian nervure. Fore-wing: basi-
costal orange-ochreous border paler, longer, and wider; fuscous of
basal area much varied with orange-red, especially in discoidal cell.
Hind-wing: basal fuscous narrower, not so dark; hind-marginal linear
edging obsolete. UNDER SIDE— Very much paler than in g, of an
almost uniform reddish-ochreous tint, without any lilac-whitish cloud-
ing. Sore-wing: basi-costal silvery border much narrower ; cellular
and adjacent metallic spots smaller, and steely rather than silvery;
discal traces of spots wanting; inner-marginal orange-yellow fainter.
Hind-wing: markings quite obsolete, except inner-marginal silvery
edging before anal-angular lobe.

The 2 here described is from the interior of Natal; that described
by Westwood from Matabeleland appears to have been more like the
g on the under side.’

This ally of Harpax, Fab., is well distinguished by the very bril-
liant and conspicuous basi-costal silvery border on the under side of
the fore-wings, and the small development or absence of the metallic
spots, with the exception of those before the middle of the fore-wing.

On the upper side Amanga has in both sexes a basi-costal ochreous-

orange border not developed in Harpaz; the red in the ¢ is of a much
more orange tint and in the fore-wing of smaller extent, while in the
? it is unspotted in both wings.

I first saw a specimen of this butterfly in the year 1860; it was in the
collection of the late Mr. C. J. Andersson, who took it during his explora-
tion of Damaraland. Mr. J. A. Bell brought me a very tattered individual
from the same region in 1862. Jt was not until 1867 that I saw a third
example, viz., the Zambesi ¢,in the Hopeian Museum at Oxford, described
by Professor Westwood (loc. cit.) The ¢ figured in the present work was
taken in 1875 in the northern part of the Transvaal by Mr. H. Barber,
and the Natal ? just described in 1884 by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson. Mr. F.
C. Selous met with the species at several places on the road between Bamang-
wato and the Zambesi River. Mr. Hutchinson wrote that the specimen he

captured (on 22d May 1884) was on the summit of a very lofty hill, and

settled several times on the same stone.

Localities of Zeritis Amanga.

I. South Africa.

K. Natal. ,
b. Upper Districts —Weenen (J. Mf. Hutchinson).

1 A @ received from Mr. T. Ayres, with the note “Between Limpopo and Zambesi
Rivers,” is coloured and marked on the under side quite similarly to the ¢, except in being
paler and in the reduction of the basal silvery border of the fore-wings. Mr. Selous’s speci-
mens from the Tropical Interior (especially from the Tauwani River) exhibit in both sexes
considerable variation both in depth of colouring and distinctness of markings on the under

side.

LYCENIDA. 167

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and J. A. Bell).
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).
br. Eastern Interior.—Makalapisi and Tauwani Rivers, Tchakani
Viley, Makloutze River, and Zumbo (Zambesi River).—(”. C.
Selous). “ Gwailo River (2. Oates).’”’—Westwood.

Genus ZERITIS.

Zeritis, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., t. 22, f. 6 (1836).

Phasis and Aloeides, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 73 (1816).

Nais, Swainson, Zool. Illustr., 2nd Series, i. p. 136 (1833).

Zerythis, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., iii. p. 463 (1840).

Cigaritis, Lucas, Expl. Alger., Zool., iii. p. 362 (1840).

Zeritis, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 500 (1852); and Trim. [part],
Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 261 (1866).

Crudaria, Wallengr., Sv. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 1875, p. 86.

ImaGo.—Head rather broad, very hairy in front; eyes smooth;
palpi long, separate throughout their length, thickly scaly,—second
joint rather stout, long, ascendant, densely scaly (and sometimes rather
hairy) beneath,—terminal joint porrected horizontally, slender, acuminate,
smoothly scaled, usually rather long (longer in 2 than in ¢); antenne
of moderate length, or rather short, straight, thick, very gradually
incrassate from before their middle, or sometimes even from their base,
the tip obtuse.

Thorax robust (especially in ¢), clothed as in Chrysorychia. Fore-
wings usually more or less prolonged, especially in g, but blunt and
with convex hind-margin in $; in some species, however, hind-margin
in both sexes is angulated or elbowed at end of lower radial nervule,
and slightly dentate throughout; subcostal nervure five-branched,'-—
the first and second nervules originating widely apart from each other
well before extremity of discoidal cell—the third and fourth similarly
well beyond extremity of cell, the latter being short and terminating
at apex,—the fifth terminating on hind-margin a little distance from
apex; upper radial nervule united to superior extremity of upper disco-
cellular nervule, lower radial at junction of two disco-cellulars. Hind-
wings not produced in anal-angular portion, but roundly prominent
outwardly about middle of hind-margin; costa but slightly arched or
nearly straight; hind-margin more dentate than that of fore-wing,
often with a more or less marked projection or short pointed tail at
extremity of submedian nervure, and sometimes with also a similar
shorter one at extremity of first median nervule; neuration as in

1 In Z. Chrysantas (Trim.) and Z. Leroma (Wallengr.) the fifth subcostal is wanting, the
third being given off very much nearer to apex, and the shorter fourth (which ends at apex)
being somewhat sinuated. Wallengren has made Leroma the type of his new genus Crudaria

(K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1875, p. 86), but in his short diagnosis I find no character
of importance except that of the subcostal nervure just mentioned.

168 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Chrysorychia. Legs longer and thinner than in Chrysorychia, and not,
or very slightly, hairy ; fore-legs of { usually with more or less developed
spur and spine at extremity of tibia ;—-of 2 rarely similarly armed ;
middle and hind-legs with tibial spurs longer than in Chrysorychia.

Pupa.—Thick, rounded, with blunt head and dorso-thoracic pro-
minence. Without silken attachment, lying quite free under stones
(Z. Thyra).

Boisduval did not describe this genus, but merely figured as its
type (op. cit.) Zeritis Neriene, a species said to be from Guinea,
Blanchard’s brief diagnosis gives the generic name as “ Zerythis,
Boisd.,” with the obvious intention of preserving the earlier author’s
designation; his types are Z TZhero and Z. Thysbe of Linneus.
Hiibner’s much earlier nominal generic titles of Phasis (for the two
species just named and Z Palmus of Cramer) and <Aloeides (for Z.
Thyra of Linneeus and Z. Pierus of Cramer) have never been diagnosed
by any author,’ and are therefore not adopted; while Swainson’s Nais,
as Westwood (op. cit.) remarks, is inadmissible from the fact that it is
Cramer’s species-name for the type (= Zhysbe, Linn.) converted into the
name of the genus.

There are five tolerably pronounced forms in this interesting genus,
represented by the following species, viz., Z. Neriene, Boisd. (with
which I provisionally—not having seen Neriene in nature—associate
Leroma, Wallengr.); Z. Zeuxo (Linn.); Z Thysbe (Linn.); 7. Thero
(Linn.); and Z. Thyra (Linn.) The first section is characterised by a
rather squarely chequered under surface of ochrey-yellow and cream-
coloured spots separated by black lines; but this in Leroma is much

obscurer in tint (though dotted here and there with silvery points),

while the upper side is in both sexes uniform glossy dull-grey. The
Zeuxo section includes the briliant forms which, in their shining
golden or coppery-red upper sides spotted with black, so nearly re-
semble the genus Chrysophanus; their under side is more or less
ornamented with glittering steely or brassy spots. The third or
Thysbe section is closely related to the second, but the fore-wings are
angulated, the hind-wings with a distinct process at anal angle, and
the under side adorned with remarkable silvery H- and W-like char-
acters in the hind-wings. In the Zero section, the upper-side colour-
ing is dark-brown with orange-red (not metallic or glossy) spots or
patches; the under side is splendidly adorned with metallic silvery-
white spots and other markings; the fore-wings are angulated or
elbowed; and there is usually, besides the anal-angular projection, a
small pointed process at the end of the first median nervule. ‘The last
section, represented by Zhyra, is of a more robust type, with the
upper side non-metallic, almost always orange-red bordered with
blackish-brown and unspotted, while the under side is coloured with

1 Hiibner’s own line and a half of description are, as usual, utterly insufficient for the
purpose.

LYCAENID 2. 169

ochreous-brown, ferruginous, or vinaceous, varied with sub-metallic
white or greyish spots,

This is an eminently South-African genus, only three of the
twenty-eight species known being peculiar to other parts of Africa.
The two North-African species (Syphax, Lucas, and Zohra, Donzel)
belong to the Zewxo group, which includes eight South-African species.
The Zhysbe group contains three, the 7hero group four, and the Thyra
group nine natives of South Africa. It is very noteworthy that out of
the twenty-five recorded South-African species only two (Tatkosama,
Wallengr., and Orthrus, Trim.) have been found within the Southern
Tropic, and not one elsewhere in the Ethiopian Region. Z. Leroma
and the Zeuxo and Thysbe groups have much the same habits as
Chrysophanus, actively flitting about bushes and flowering shrubs, but
‘several of them are at the same time fond of settling on the ground,
a practice which prevails also in the Zhero group (though not in the
case of hero itself), and becomes quite constant in the Thyra group.
Many inhabit the most arid and desolate tracts of country, and seem to
delight in the intense heat of the parched sandy soil under the noon-
day sunshine, seldom visiting flowers or seeming to need liquid nourish-
ment of any kind. ‘The under surface colouring of the Zhyra group is
generally highly protective, closely resembling the tints of the ground
frequented by these butterflies. ‘The flight of the ground-frequenting
‘Species is rapid but very short; and I have noticed a great difference
among them in wariness and alacrity in evading attack. Thus, while
it is easy to capture Wallengreni and Aglaspis with finger and thumb,
‘Thyra and Barkly are extremely shy of the collector’s advances,—the
latter (except when settled on flowers) being on this account by no
means easily taken.

Zeritis 1s very generally distributed over South Africa, fourteen
species being found alike in the Western and Hastern districts; four
others appearing to be limited to the former, and seven to the latter,
but mostly possessing a considerable range towards the Interior.

202. (1.) Zeritis Leroma, (Wallengren).

2 Arhopala? Leroma, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1857, Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 42.

Amblypodia? Leroma, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il, p. 231, n. 134
(1886).

3 2 Zeritis Leroma, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 375, pl. vi.
eror(S ):

3 Zeritis Zorites, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 354.

Hap. al., (£) 94 lin.—1 in. 14 lin.; (Q) 1 in. 1-4 lin.

g Pale brownsh-grey, with a silky or sub-metallic lustre; a linear
hind-marginal fuscous edging ; cilia whitish with a shining-greyish gloss.
Hind-wing : a short black linear tail, slightly tipped with whitish, on
Submedian nervure; just below it, an anal-angular small indistinct

170 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

fuscous spot bounded interiorly by a small shining-whitish or silvery
spot ; sometimes an indistinct hind-marginal ochreous-yellow spot just
above submedian nervure. UNDER SIDE.—Very pale dull brownish-grey,
with more or less of an ochrey-yellow tinge ; disco-cellular, discal, and
submarginal spots paler (almost whitish), with dark edging on both sides,
in fore-wing generally, in hind-wing more sparsely, scaled with silvery.
Fore-wing : three ordinary disco-cellular spots; discal row of six spots,
of which the second is out of lne, being before the first and third ;
a longitudinal row of three similar much smaller spots not far from
costal edge; submarginal row of spots less distinct, usually only their
outer black edging represented by blackish dots ; a good-sized blackish
basal mark between median and submedian nervures. Hind-wing:
a spot between costal and subcostal nervures near base; two in dis-
coidal cell; a sub-basal row of four, of which the second is at extremity
of cell ; eight spots in irregular discal row, their darker edging usually
very indistinct ; submarginal row regular but usually indistinct; anal-
angular black spot better marked than on upper side, and really the
outer edging of the last spot of submarginal row.

2 Slightly paler ; in fore-wing usually an indistinct lunulate darker
marking at extremity of discoidal cell. UNDER SIDE.—Markings generally
more defined, especially those of fore-wing, whose black edging is
usually well developed.

Though the unicolorous upper side of this dull-coloured species presents
little or no variation except in depth of tint, the under side is very variable,
whether as regards the shade of the ground-colour, the distinctness of the
markings, or the amount and distribution of the silvery scaling of the spots.
The latter feature is best developed in a g from Pinetown, anda ¢ and two
Qs from the Vaal River, Griqualand West. Three of the ¢s I took near
Grahamstown have the black interior edges of the discal spots enlarged so as
to form three inter-nervular rays as far as median nervure in the fore-wings.
The Transvaal specimens are much paler than those taken in Cape Colony
and Natal, the silvery scaling is almost obsolete, and there exists in three of
them a small faint ochre-yellew mark on hind-margin just above submedian
nervure (which is also very fully indicated on the upper side. The 9 de-
scribed by Wallengren is evidently of this local variation, in which that sex
is considerably larger than elsewhere. The only specimen (a g) taken by
Colonel Bowker in Basutoland was darker than usual, and the largest of that
sex I have seen; the fore-wings, too, were acuter at the apex than in any other
example.

Wallengren (Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1875, pp. 86, 87) has made this,

insect the type of a new genus, viz., Crudaria; but the characters given do
not seem to me to warrant this course,—the only feature of moment being the
subcostal nervure of the fore-wings, which is vaguely described as “ bzra-
mosa vel triramosa,” and Leroma having really a short third branch of that
nervure ending on costa not far from apex. The palpi have the terminal joint
long and slender in both sexes, but more so in the female.

I did not receive any examples of this butterfly until 1869, when two
specimens reached me from Natal.!_ In January 1870 the Basutoland 3 above-

1 T had in 1867 seen and described a damaged specimen in the Burchell Collection at
the Hopeian Museum, Oxford, but did not at the time identify it with Leroma.

LYCENIDA. 171

mentioned arrived from Colonel Bowker, and during the same and the follow-
ing months I had the pleasure of capturing numerous examples in the neigh-
bourhood of Grahamstown. It is a very obscure little species, and would
readily be passed over for one of the duller species of Lycena. The first individual
I noticed was sitting on a flower of Acacia horrida, but numerous others were
taken flitting about near the ground, among herbage and low shrubs. Colonel
Bowker’s specimen was noted by him as taken ‘on the stony ground among
short grass and flowers, 14th December 1869.”

Localities of Zerttis Leroma.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
6. Eastern Districts—Grahamstown.
ce. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift, Vaal River (J. H. Bowker). Kim-
berley (Zl. G. Smith).
d. Basutoland.— Vogel Vley, Jammerberg (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Pinetown (JV. Morant). D’Urban (the late MW.
J, M‘Ken),.
b. Upper Districts.—Lstcourt, (J. M. Hutchinson). Colenso (W.
Morant). Valley of Mooi and Tugela Rivers (J. H. Bowker).
KX. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical. .
a. Western Coast.—“ Damaraland (De Vylder).”—Aurivillius.

203. (2.) Zeritis Zeuxo, (Linneus).
Papilio Zeuxo, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 331, mn. 149 (1764); and
Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 789; n. 231 (1767).
6 2? Zeritis Zeuxo, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 262, n. 162, pl. 5, f. 2
[3] (1866).

Hap. ol., i m.—T im. 2 lin.

gf Metallic golden-orange, with a slight basal fuscous suffusion, and
spotted with black ; a hind-marginal blackish border, broad and even in
fore-wing, narrow and dentated in hind-wing. ore-wing: a small
spot in cell; an elongate spot closing cell, with a small costal spot
a little above and beyond it; an irregular discal transverse row of
seven spots, of which the first three are usually confluent, and the two
last (just above submedian nervure) rarely so; costa slightly fuscous-
clouded; usually a dot before middle below cell. Hind-wing: spots
similarly arranged, but none in cell or just below it; a submarginal
row of lunular spots, near costa confluent with hind-marginal border ;
costa and inner margin fuscous-clouded. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing
and border of fore-wing (except inner margin) brownish-grey. Fore-
wing : yellowish-orange, not metallic ; an additional dot on costa before
middle, and another in cell at base; all spots above median nervure
and its third branch centred with glistening-steely ; spot below cell

172 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

large; a very faint submarginal row of spots, the two about its middle

dimly steely-scaled. Hind-wing: spots indistinct, but little paler than
eround-colour, indicated by their dark edges; a row of three before
middle; a discal row of eight sub-lunulate spots; two indistinct lunu-
lar submarginal streaks, of which the outer one is more strongly
marked and interrupted.

@ Like the J, but paler and not quite so metallic; basal fuscous
suffusion rather wider.

Three specimens which I took at Blaauwberg in the Cape District in
October 1878 are smaller and duller than those found in the more immediate
vicinity of Cape Town, and have a costal blackish border in the fore-wing,
besides a broader basal suffusion and hind-marginal border in both wings.

The fore-wings of this bright little species are both in colouring and
pattern very like those of the abundant European Chrysophanus Phileas, the
‘‘Small Copper” of English collectors. Its range seems to be extremely
limited, and Iam not aware of its occurrence beyond the Cape District. It
is, moreover, very local, haunting almost exclusively the leaves and flowers of
a tall, shrubby, thick-leaved Senecio, which flourishes about the rough broken
slopes and rocky ‘‘kopjes” near Cape Town, but grows in rather detached
groups in certain spots only. I feel pretty sure that the larva must feed on
this plant, but much searching has not resulted in its discovery. The butter-
fly is usually numerous where it occurs, and easily captured. October and
November are its favourite months, but I have met with it from September to
January.

Localities of Zeritis Zeuxo.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.—Cape Town. Blaauwhberg, Cape District.

204. (3.) Zeritis Chrysaor, Trimen.
PuatE IX. fig. 2 (¢).

Zeritis Chrysaor, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 177 (1864) ;
and Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 263, n. 163 (1866).

Exp. al., 10 lin.—tr in. 2 lin.

Glittering golden-orange ; spots arranged much as in Zeuxo, but usually
smaller and more distinct (the submarginal row of hind-wing wholly
wanting) ; hind-marginal border much narrower (in fore-wing widest at
apex, in hind-wing macular or nearly so, being sharply indented
interiorly on nervules). ind-wing: a dot or short linear mark
at end of cell; no costal clouding. UNDER sIpE.—Hind-wing, and
costa at base with apical area of fore-wing, varying from pale creamy-
ochreous to pale ferruginous-ochreous. Fore-wing: spots arranged as in
Zeuxo, but filled with more glittering silvery, the whole (except dots
of submarginal row) usually metallic-centred, but sometimes only those
near costa. Hind-wing: spots small, slightly glistening, arranged as
in Zeuxo, but less distinct; on hind-margin of paler specimens (usually
2s) some ferruginous clouding; anal-angular projection more acute
than in Zeuxo.

LYCAINIDZE. 073

This species further differs from Zewvo in having the lowest spot of the
discal row (below first median nervule) in both wings situated beyond, instead
of before, the fifth spot, and in wanting on the upper side the isolated spots
in and below the cell. It exhibits considerable variation in the size of the
spots of the discal row. Ina ¢ from Basutoland the lowest spot in both wings
is wanting, and those of the hind-wing are minute; while in three ?s from
Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage the spots in the hind-wing are so much enlarged
as to be for the greater part contiguous. Ina very small ? taken at D’Urban,
Natal, by Colonel Bowker, this enlargement of the spots is carried still farther,
those of the fore-wing also uniting to form a continuous irregular stripe. Both
this last-named example! and a g taken by myself in the same locality present
a rather conspicuous ferruginous submarginal suffused streak in the hind-wing,
which is also more faintly represented in two gs sent by Colonel Bowker from
the Bashee River and near Somerset Kast respectively. The spots on the under-
side of the hind-wings are usually less indistinct in the ? ; they are in both
sexes more apparent in specimens from the eastern side of South Africa, espe-
cially in the few I have seen from Natal, and inone ¢ that I captured at Port
Elizabeth they are sub-metalliic. The anal-angular projection of the hind-wing
is little developed in specimens found near Cape Town, and not much more so
in Western examples generally, but farther eastward it is marked, and in the

_”Natalian examples becomes very prominent and widened, forming quite a ‘‘ tail.”
In both sexes from Basutoland the silvery spots of the fore-wings are very
faintly developed.

This is the most metallic of the South-African members of the genus,
rivalling the European Chrysophant. It is rather scarce near Cape Town, but
numerous at Malmesbury and other places in the Western Districts, frequenting
rocky ‘‘kopjes” and the stony sides of hills. On Table Mountain I have usually
found it at a considerable elevation, and always singly. It is an active and
conspicuous insect on the wing, and settles very frequently on low shrubs.
‘Near Malmesbury it specially affected a species of Cotyledon, and at Lady Grey,
in the Robertson District, I observed it on the flowers of Mesembryanthemum.
It seems to occur throughout the year, but I have no record of it as appearing
in December.

Localities of Zeritis Chrysaor.

I, South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts—Cape Town. Kalk Bay and Blaauwberg,
Cape District. Malmesbury. Waagenmaaker’s Kraal, Beaufort
District. Robertson and Lady Grey. Swellendam (L. Taats).
6. Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstow).
Zwaarte Ruggens, Uitenhage District (J. H. Bowker). Grahams-
town, King William’s Town (J. H. Bowker). Between Somerset
East and Murraysburg (J. H. Bowker). ‘Bodiam, near Keis-
kamma River.”—W. D’Urban. Summit of Gaika’s Kop, Amatola
Mountains (J. H. Bowker).
e. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru and Koro-Koro (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.
Kei and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker’).
iE. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’ Urban.

1 A 9 of ordinary size, found by Colonel Bowker at Malvern, near D’Urban, in August
1885, has just reached me. ‘The upper-side spots are considerably enlarged, but not quite
confluent, and the under side has the ferruginous streak on the hind-wing well marked.

174 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

205. (4.) Zeritis Lyncurium, Trimen.
PuatE IX, figs. 3 (¢), 3a (2).
3 2 Zeritis Lyncurium, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1868, p. 86.

Exy, al., ($) 1 in—t in. of ling (2) 1 in. r_1 lin.

gf Metallic golden-red, with narrow hind-marginal black borders,
Fore-wing: base slightly blackish; costa narrowly black to beyond
middle, where the edging widens to join hind-marginal black border,
which is broadest at apex, and the inner edge of which is irregularly
dentated with the ground-colour on median nervules; a narrow black
spot at extremity of discoidal cell; sometimes an indistinct smaller
spot in cell, usually from one to four spots representing a discal trans-
verse row. Jfind-wing: base and costa broadly or very broadly

clouded with blackish; in some specimens a faint, narrow, blackish

mark at extremity of discoidal cell; hind-marginal border very
sharply indented on its inner edge with the ground-colour on ner-
vules. UNDER sipE.—Hind-wing and a narrow costal and apical
border of fore-wing pale creamy-ferruginous. ore-wing: discal row
of spots irregular, interrupted,—the sixth (lowest) spot situated, as in
Aithon, Trim., not beyond the fifth; a submarginal row of five or six
small spots; below median nervure a short basal blackish suffusion,
succeeded by a black spot; the following spots more or less marked
with glittering steely scales, viz., two in discoidal cell, one at extremity
of cell, two minute costal ones, first of discal row, and first three of sub-
marginal row. Jfind-wing: the following inconspicuous darker mark-
ings, here and there edged interiorly by dull metallic scales, viz., a thin
terminal disco-cellular striola; a spot in cell; two spots between costal
and subcostal nervures, one before, the other about middle; and an
irregular, interrupted discal macular row ; some red suffusion along hind-
margin, varied by a very indistinct submarginal row of paler lunulate
marks. Ctlia dull-grey, with nervular blackish interruptions.

9 Paler, less metallic. Hind-wing: costal clouding considerably
narrower and paler; red indentations of border more numerous and
deeper, almost reaching hind-marginal edge. UNDER sIDE—Hind-
wing and costal-apical border of fore-wing paler, yellower. ore-wing:
steely scaling much duller and fainter, and in submarginal row of
spots wanting entirely. Hind-wing : markings generally more distinct.

From both Chrysaor, Trim., and thon, Trim., this butterfly is distin-
cuished by its smaller size, rather deeper red, comparatively broader hind-
marginal border, great imperfection of discal row of spots in the fore-wing, and
entire absence of that of hind-wing, and particularly by the broad costal black
or blackish clouding in hind-wing, of which latter no trace is found in either of
the species mentioned. On the under side, Lyncwrzwm is decidedly nearer to

ZEthon than to Chrysaor, especially as regards the position of the lowest spot of

the discal row in the fore-wing, the extent of red and the slight development
of the metallic scaling in the same wing, and the nature and position of the
markings of the hind-wing.

Se re ee

LYCANIDA. 175

This species was discovered by Colonel Bowker near the River Tsomo in
December 1864. In that month and in the following January he captured a
good many specimens, but only in two spots, “flitting about stunted bushes
growing between rocks upon a lofty hill ridge.” No other examples have
come under my notice.

Locality of Zeritis Lyncurivm.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker).

206. (5.) Zeritis Lycegenes, Trimen.

° (2). Zeritis Lycegenes, Trim., Trans, Ent. Soc, Lond., 1874, p. 337, pl. u.
tye

Exp. al., 114 lin.

Q (2). Bright sub-metallic orange-red, hind-marginally edged with
black ; fore-wing only with black spots. ore-wing: an elongate, sub-
ovate spot at extremity of discoidal cell; an indistinct smaller spot
below cell, close to origin of first median nervule; beyond middle a
row of six spots, of which the first three (between costa and third
median nervule) are farther from the base than the other three (be-
tween third median nervule and submedian nervure); costa narrowly
edged with blackish, widening at apex; hind-marginal edging narrow,
with slight projections between the nervules, Mind-wing: no spots or
other markings, except the hind-marginal edging, which emits promi-
nent inter-nervular projections. Cilia long, dull brownish-grey, very
slightly mixed with whitish. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing and basal,
costal and apical border of fore-wing, pale greyish-ochreous. Fore-wing :
besides markings of upper side (of which the spot below cell is con-
spicuous), there are two cellular spots, of which that nearer base is
minute; two costal dots above and beyond the spot closing cell; and
a submarginal row of four small sub-lunulate spots between lower
radial nervule and submedian nervure (traces of two spots commencing
this row are just visible in the apical ochreous). Hind-wing: five
small indistinct round brown spots in basal region, viz., two close to
costa (one near base, the other about middle), one in discoidal cell, one
(elongate) closing cell, and one between first median nervule and sub-
median nervure; a little beyond middle, a transverse, irregular, sub-
macular brown streak, not parallel to hind-margin, extending from near
apex to submedian nervure; a submarginal, very indistinct, deeply-
festooned, brownish streak, touching the submacular streak on sub-
costal nervules,

This little Zeritis 1s in character intermediate between Z. Chrysaor,
Trim., and Z. Lyncurium, Trim. JFrom the former it is separable
by its smaller size, less metallic upper side, different arrangement of
the discal row of spots in the fore-wings, and total want of spots in

176 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

the hind-wings, while on the under side the brilliant metallic spots of
Chrysaor are scarcely indicated in the fore-wings, and the duller ones
of the hind-wings wanting. From Z. Lyncuriwm it differs on the upper
side in its paler colouring, well-marked discal row of spots, and narrower
hind-marginal border in the fore-wings, and entire want of the broad
basal, and especially costal, fuscous clouding in the hind-wings ; but on
the under side is very similar, differing chiefly in the discal row of
spots in the fore-wings being much more regular.’

The above description is made from the only example that I have seen,
which was taken by Mr. Walter Morant near the Mooi River, in Natal, on the
15th September 1870.

I believe it to be a 9, but cannot decide, the first pair of legs being absent.

Locality of Zeritis Lycegenes.
I. South Africa.

i. Natal.
b. Upper Districts. — Mooi River (W. Morant).

207. (6.) Zeritis Atthon, sp. nov.
Prats IX. fig. 4 (?).

Ti Gl Oy in, 2 ime (Fa aes li

gf Metallic golden-red, deeper than in Chrysaor, spotted and narrowly
bordered with black. Fore-wing: hind-marginal border rather broader
than in Chrysaor, its inner edge more regularly and deeply indented

with the ground-colour on nervules; terminal disco-cellular spot and |

spots of discal row larger and much broader; the latter arranged as in
Chrysaor, with the exception of the sixth (lowest) spot, which is minute
and immediately below, not beyond, the fifth. Hind-wing : hind-marginal
border rather broader; discal row of spots very differently arranged,—
the first (upper-most) spot being isolated from the others and considerably
nearer origin of first subcostal nervule than in Chrysaor,—the second
much nearer termination of that nervule, and with the third and fourth
forming a nearly straight transverse row as far as third median nervule,
—the fifth and seventh wanting, and the sixth minute but occupying the
same position (between first and second median nervules) as in Chrysaor.
UnDER sIDE.—AHind-wing and narrow apical border of fore-wing pale
creamy-ferruginous. Fore-wing :—Pale orange-yellow almost to costal
edge (which has an almost linear border of pale creamy-ferruginous),
and quite to hind-margin below second median nervule ; a slender dark-
red line on extreme edge of hind-margin; all the spots very much
thinner than above; two spots in cell reduced to mere dots, and spot
beneath cell very small; an incomplete submarginal row of very small

1 Tn this latter feature, Lycegenes differs from both the species named as well as from th
allied Z. ?thon, Trim., the three lower spots being almost in a straight line.

LYCANID AL 177

spots ; only two minute costal spots, upper part of terminal disco-
cellular spot, first and second spots of discal row, and upper three spots
of submarginal row filled with metallic-golden scales. Mind-wing:
the following slender dark-ferruginous markings interiorly rather con-
spicuously edged with subdued-silvery, viz., a spot near costa before
middle, a terminal disco-cellular striola, and a spot and two separate
striola representing and following the course of the disjointed discal
row of spots on the upper side; a very indistinct submarginal greyish
suffused streak, and a very indistinct small ferruginous spot in dis-
coidal cell. Cilia grey, with nervular blackish interruptions.

——-® ~Less metallic than g. Fore-wing: last spot of discal row larger ;
a minute spot just above and slightly beyond terminal disco-cellular
spot, and another just below origin of first median nervule. Hind-
wing: spots of discal row larger, especially the sixth,—the fifth spot
present. UNDER SIDE.—As in @, but all the markings more distinct.
Hind-wing: the two discal striole almost united on first median
nervule.

This close ally of Z. Chrysaor, Trim., is further distinguished by its larger
size, and by the different outline of its fore-wings, which in the ¢ are not
produced apically, and in the @ are not nearly so convex hind-marginally.

My description is made from a single example of each sex, acquired by the
South-African Museum in 1879 from Mr. T. Ayres, who noted them as having

been captured in the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal. I have not met
with any other specimens.

Locality of Zeritis thon.

I. South Africa.
B. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

208. (7.) Zeritis Chrysantas, ‘Trimen.
Zeritis Chrysantas, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 85, pl. v. f. 6.

wip. ab., 1 in. 1—2 lim.

2 Pale-orange, scarcely sub-metallic, with black discal spots and
narrow hind-marginal border; cilia broad, blackish, interrupted con-
spicuously with white between nervules. Lore-wing: a terminal well-
marked disco-cellular black lunulate spot; an irregular discal row of
five small spots (of which the third and fifth are beyond the line of the
other three) extending from close to costa as far as first median nervule ;
base narrowly greyish; hind-marginal border broadest at apex, narrow-
ing to posterior angle, its inner edge dentated with ground-colour on
median nervules; a rounded whitish spot at apex, touching white cilia ;
on costal edge, beyond middle, three very short sub-oblique white lines,
separated by black. Hind-wing: base very narrowly greyish; in one
Specimen without any spots, in the other with a minute terminal disco-
cellular one, and a discal row of three spots (of which first and third
are minute) between second subcostal and first median nervules; hind-

178 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

marginal border broadest near costa, its inner edge irregularly but
deeply dentated with ground-colour on nervules. UNDER SIDE— Hind-
wing, and costal edge and narrow apical and hind-marginal border of
fore-wing, pale-grey varied with whitish ; in both wings some glittering

pale-golden spots. Fore-wing: orange fading into pale-yellowish on —

inner margin; a submarginal row of six small black spots, of which
the upper three are more or less filled with golden scaling; first spot
of discal row, two. small costal spots before it, terminal disco-cellular
spot, and two additional spots in discoidal cell, all filled with pale-
golden scaling; below median nervure a blackish spot; a hind-mar-
ginal row of indistinct whitish lunules, commencing with that at apex.
Hind-wing : the following pale-golden brownish-edged spots, viz., three
in discoidal cell—first (minute) at base, second (larger) midway, third
(large) at extremity ; two near base—one just below costal, the other
just below median nervure; nine forming a regular submarginal row—
the third and fourth conspicuously clouded with dark-brown; a rather
irregular discal row of nine whitish-grey spots, of which the first,
second, eighth, and ninth are more or less marked with pale-golden
scales; several whitish subquadrate marks interspersed between the
golden spots; hind-marginal lunules as in fore-wing, that next anal
angle largest, interiorly edged with dark-brown. Dark part of cilia
mixed with grey.

This very distinct species appears on the whole to be nearer to Z. Pyroeis,
Trim., than to any other member of the genus, resembling it in the absence of
metallic lustre in the orange of the upper side, the shape of the wings, and the
arrangement of the under-side markings; but also differing conspicuously in
its total want of any basal blue on the upper side, and possession of golden
spots on the under side of the hind-wings, and of cilia black and white instead
of almost uniform greyish. The defective or obsolete condition of the discal
spots on the upper side of the hind-wings reminds one of Z. Lyncurium, Trim.,
but it is not at all hke the latter in other respects.

I have seen only two examples—both 9 —of this beautiful little Zeritzs.
The first (on which I founded the species in 1868) was found at Murraysburg
in the Cape Colony by Dr. and Mrs. Muskett, who sent it to me in July 1864.
The other I had the good fortune to capture on August 20, 1873, at the very
distant locality of Oograbies, in Little Namaqualand. It was very active and
wary, settling sometimes on the ground, and sometimes on a shrubby Mesem-
bryanthemum, with small white flowers, at the opening of a dry ravine. It for
a long time eluded my pursuit, as I lost sight of it altogether for more than an
hour, much to my disappointment at the time, as I had at the first glance
recognised it as the hitherto unique Chrysantas. This Namaqualand example
is a little smaller than the Murraysburg one, and has the under-side markings
all less distinct, but presents an imperfect discal row of spots on the upper side
of the hind-wings.

Localities of Zeritis Chrysantas.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Oograbies, Namaqualand.
b, Eastern Districts —Murraysburg (Mrs. Muskett).

1 eee ee a | —_—

LYCENID&. 179

209. (8.) Zeritis Phosphor, Trimen.
Q Zeritis Phosphor, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 269, pl. 4, f. 12 (1866).

Exp. al., 10 lin.—1 in. 1 lin.

2 Shining golden-orange, with dark borders. Fore-wing: costa
dusky at base: a conspicuous brownish-black spot closing discoidal
cell, and united to a border of the same colour, which, commencing on
costa just above it, and very broad in apical portion, diminishes in
width to anal angle, where it turns inward a little on inner margin.
Hind-wing : costa, base, and inner margin broadly bordered or suffused
with blackish-brown; a dark disco-cellular lunule; beyond middle,
parallel to hind-margin (which is edged with a black line) a row of
blackish spots, forming a macular stripe from costal to inner-marginal
bordering; lobe and tail on anal angle reddish-brown, the former
sparsely scaled with bluish-silvery, the latter white-tipped and slightly
‘twisted. UNDER sIDE.—Jore-wing: costa, apex, and hind-margin
bordered with pale greyish-ochreous, with a reddish tint on hind-
margin; ground-colour very pale orange-yellow ; three metallic, black-
edged spots in cell,—below cell a black spot contiguous to middle
cellular one; two metallic dots on costa; transverse stripe of six
metallic, black-edged spots beyond cell (of which the three lower are
confluent) turning inwards so as to appear almost continuous of spot
closing discoidal cell; a submarginal metallic-dotted streak rather
strongly marked. Hind-wing: greyish-ochreous, with a ferruginous
hind-marginal tinge; metallic dark-edged spots arranged much as in
Harpax, Fab.; two in cell, one closing it; row beyond middle more
conspicuous, composed of seven spots, arranged in pairs, except the
seventh,—which, with the sixth, is large and brilliant; submarginal
streak as in fore-wing, but strongly metallic at anal angle.

The above description is that of the first example discovered by Colonel
Bowker, a @ expanding only ro lines across the wings, taken on the Bashee
‘River in Kaffraria Proper. Two @ specimens subsequently captured on the
Tsomo River, in the same territory, are considerably larger, expanding respec-
tively 12 and 13 lines. Of these two, the larger has the outline of the hind-
margin of the fore-wings elbowed about extremity of third median nervule,
while in the other (as well as in the small Bashee River example) there is only
a slicht prominence in that part. The hind-marginal dark border of the fore-
wings is very broad in the largest specimen, and the submarginal dark streak
of the hind-wings suffused and almost continuous. I have not seen any but
these three examples.

Though near Harpax, Fab., in outline of wings (including the form of the
tail on the hind-wings) and in the pattern of the under side, this curious species
is very different as regards the palpi, the length of which—together with the
metallic-orange of the upper side of the wings—approximate it to Zewao, Linn.,
Chrysaor, Trim., and their allies.

Concerning the Bashee River specimen, Colonel Bowker wrote that it was
the only one he saw, and was caught at the edge of a forest in the month of
March. The two larger examples were also taken on the edge of a large forest
(called the “ Boolo”) in December 1865, and were observed to fly down from
some trees to drink at a small pool.

180 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Zeritts Phosphor.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper. Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

210. (9.) Zeritis Pyroeis, Trimen.

3 2? Zeritis Pyroets, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser, i. p. 17a
(1864); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 264, n. 164, pl. 5, £ 1 [am
(1866).

Lixp. al., (¢) 1 in.—I in, 3 lin.; (f) 1 in. 3-44 lin.
Orange-yellow, not metallic, with black spots; base of both wvngs
broadly blackish and densely blue-scaled; hind-wing of g richly shot
with a shifting blue lustre. Fore-wing: costa and hind-margin bordered
with black; costal border broadest near base, where it is powdered
with fulvous-ochreous, but usually much narrowed beyond middle; hind-
marginal border very regular, of even width, very slightly crenelated
on inner edge; just beyond basal clouding a small round spot in dis-
coidal cell, a longer quadrate spot closing cell; beyond middle an
irregular row of six spots, of which the three first form a continuous
costal stripe, the fourth is nearer base, the fifth in a line beneath the
three first, and the sixth (above submedian nervure) in a line beneath
the fourth. Hind-wing: a row of six spots as in fore-wing, except
that the three first spots are more separate,—in ¢ the first spot is
almost merged in costal blackish band, which is wider than in 2; on
hind-margin a row of black arches (sharper in ¢) intersecting the
eround-colour between nervules, which carry the orange to edge;
closing cell is a black streak usually merged with basal clouding.
Cilia fuscous mixed with white; in hind-wing mingled with red.
UNDER SIDE.—Costa and apex of fore-wing and whole of hind-wing pale

creamy-ferruginous. Fore-wing: two cellular spots and first spot of

transverse row silver-centred; a third black dot near base in cell,
and another (silver-centred) on costa beyond cell; beneath central
spot of cell a good-sized rounded spot below submedian nervure; close
and parallel to hind-margin a row of fuscous spots, indistinct near
costa. Hind-wing: often almost spotless; a pale glistening line clos-
ing cell; near it, towards inner margin, a pale dot; a submarginal
row of pale dots, sometimes replaced by a faint reddish line; transverse
discal row sometimes represented by spots barely distinguishable from
eround-colour except by their fusco-ferruginous outlines.

From its allied congeners, Z. Zewxo and Z. Chrysaor, mihi, this species is
at once distinguished by its blue-glistening basal patches, while its entire out-
line of wings and plainly-tinted under surface preclude its being mistaken
for the angulated Z. Thysbe, Linn. In the two species first named, also, the
ground-colour is metallic, strikingly so in Chrysaor. The width and evenness
of the hind-marginal border of the fore-wings resemble the corresponding features
in Zeuxo, Linn.

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LYCAENID i. 181

Sandy spots in level country. October (e)—December (m)—February (b)
—March (m).

I first met with this very beautiful Zerzt7s, interesting from its relations to
the three species just mentioned, on the sand flats near the coast of False Bay,
afew miles from Wynberg, in October 1861. I have since taken it in other
parts of the Flats, usually settling on spaces of white sand, or on the low plants
that fringe such arid spots. I once took a specimen at a little distance from
the Flats, on a hillside at Wynberg, and subsequently took five specimens at
Kalk Bay, in the Cape District, about the steep hillside above the village.
I also captured a single @ on the summit of the hill behind Simon’s Town.
Mr. Péringuey, in 1882 and 1883, met with two or three examples (one an
unusually large 9) at a considerable elevation in the Worcester District, viz.,
at Hex River Mountain and Touws River.

It does not appear to be numerous in any locality, occurring singly or in
pairs.

Localities of Zeritis Pyroeis.

I, South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a, Western Districts—Cape Town, Wynberg, Kalk Bay, Simon’s
Town, Cape District. Hex River Mountain and Touws River,
Worcester District (LZ. Péringuey).

211. (10.) Zeritis Thysbe, (Linneeus).

Papilio Thysbe, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 330, n. 148 (1764); and
myc. Nat. 1. 2; p. 789, nm. 228 (1767).

Papilio Nais, Cram., Pap. Exot., pl. xlvii. ff p, e[ ¢ aberr.], (1779).

Polyommatus Thysbe, Godt. [part], Enc. Meth., ix. p. 663, n. 157 (1819).

Nais splendens, Swains., Zool. Ilust., 2nd Ser., 11, pl. 136 [ ¢ and 9 var.],
(1833).

3 Zeritis Thysbe, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 265, n. 165 (1866).

% 33 Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 223, pl. xvii.
f. 5 [¢ aberr.|

Exp. al., ($) 11 lin.—1 in, 3 lin.; (2) 1 in. 13-3 lin.

gf Orange, slightly glistening but not metallic, with brilliant silvery-
blue gloss from bases; spotted and margined with black. Lore-wing :
blue usually completely covering basal half of wing, extending obliquely
from costa at end of cell nearly to anal angle; cellular spot and discal
Tow as in Pyroeis, but the spots squarer; a rather wide black costal
_ border from end of cell to apex, marked with three white dashes between
nervules; joining it a hind-marginal border of variable width, some-
times entire up to cilia, but usually with an external lunulate orange
edging. Hind-wing: blue not extending beyond discal row of spots,
which are arranged as in Pyrocis ; costal and hind-marginal border very
much narrower than in fore-wing, its latter portion often reduced to a
row of dots at ends of nervules; anal-angular projection long and rather
acute. Cilia white, interrupted with blackish mixed with orange on
dentations of margin. UNDER sipE.—Jore-wing : orange-yellow; costa
narrowly, apex broadly, hind-margin rather widely bordered with pale

WOL, IT, N

182 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

creamy-ochreous, the nervules crossing border being ferruginous, with
short white dashes from margin between them; spots as in Pyroeis
(occasionally two first of discal row silvery-centred); submarginal
macular streak as in Pyroeis, of variable intensity. Hind-wing: pale
brownish-ochreous, clouded with darker-brownish, and spotted with
silvery ditwre edged broadly with ferruginous; two elongate liture
between costal and subcostal nervures,—another (sometimes like a V
reversed) closing and piercing far into cell,—occasionally a small silvery
dot both above and below this mark,—and a discal row of three double
ones, very singularly shaped (more or less resembling reversed W’s) ;
hind-margin varied as in fore-wing. No black in cilia.

° Wings more rounded, not so dentate. Similar to %, but dlue
of very much less extent and duller, being mixed with blackish; ground-
colour rather paler and duller; spots larger. UNDER sIDE.—As in 2,
but paler and duller.

Aberration ¢ (Hab.—Cape Town). Blue suffusion of unusual bril-
liancy and extent, completely obliterating all orange of fore-wing as
well as black spots, but leaving a very broad apical and hind-marginal
black border, edged outwardly by the usual small orange lunules; while

in the hind-wing the blue extends to beyond middle, but leaves a broad

even hind-marginal border of orange. Under-side markings as usual,
but very dark in tint. Fore-wing more acutely angulated than usual ;
hind-wing with unusually long anal-angular projection.

This remarkable and very beautiful “ sport” of Thysbe was taken on Table
Mountain by Herr Gross in 1865, and has been figured by Mr, A. G. Butler
LOGS CUE,
meee somewhat similar ¢ example was captured near Cape Town by
Mr. E. L. Layard (I believe in 1868), and is in the South-African Museum.
It is small (exp. 114 lin.), and the blue is even more developed than in the
specimen just described, leaving no trace whatever of orange in fore-wing, and
reducing that of hind-wing to an imperfect hind-marginal row of narrow spots.
On the under side the inner-marginal region of fore-wing is suffused with
blackish, and metallic spots are broadly black-ringed, while hind-wing generally
is darker than usual, with all the markings less distinct.

The extent of the basal blue in the $ Thysbe varies considerably in the
Western Districts of the Cape Colony, specimens taken on the coast having it
more developed than those found more inland, in which latter (from Berg River
Bridge, Robertson, &c.) the blue nowhere reaches beyond middle, and in the
fore-wing discoidal cell is bounded by a small black spot some way before the
extremity. These inland ¢ specimens are also smaller than the coast ones,
though I have not found the 9s to be so; but the under side is in both sexes
paler, with the ferruginous in the hind-wing much less developed. This latter
feature in some Western examples (including one from Malmesbury) consti-
tutes quite a broad basal space and wide hind-marginal border, leaving little
more than a median band of the pale ground-colour.

In Kaffraria Proper a different variation prevails, three $s from the Bashee
River being of smaller size than the ordinary Western $s, and having the blue
very broad, reaching in fore-wing from extremity of discoidal cell obliquely
quite up to hind-marginal black border at posterior angle, and in hind-wong
quite up to spots of discal row. The hind-marginal border is broader and more
even than usual in fore-wing (and with no orange lunules beyond it), and m

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LYCASNIDZE. 183

hind-wing continuous, though narrow, to anal angle. On the under side the
silvery lituree are paler and thicker than usual. A ? from the same locality
differs similarly from Western individuals of that sex (except as regards the
blue), and has the blackish border of both wings—though less distinctly in
hind-wing—pierced exteriorly by acute white denticulations adjoining the white
parts of the cilia.

This Zeritis is the most highly ornamented of its genus, and perhaps excels
in beauty all other South-African Lycenide. On the wing its general hue
seems to be silvery, but when basking in the sunshine with half-opened wings
it looks like some brilliantly burnished jewel. Though local in its haunts,
frequenting sandy hillsides and the dunes on the sea-coast, it is usually rather
numerous where it occurs; it settles frequently on the ground or on low plants,
and is partial to the fleshy leaves of the larger species of Mesembryanthemum.
I have found it at various dates from the middle of September to the end of
April, but it appears most numerously in October and January. The males are
much oftener met with than the females. I have not taken it near Cape Town,
where it is very scarce; but if inhabits Kalk Bay, and is occasionally almost
abundant on the hills at the back of Simon’s Bay. At Mossel Bay, where I
first saw the species, it was very numerous on zoth September 1858, and I
took many near Robertson in January 1876.

Localities of Zeritis Thysbe.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a, Western Districts.—Cape Town (£. Z. Layard and — Gross),
Kalk Bay and Simon’s Town, Cape District. Mossel Bay.
Knysna. Malmesbury (J. #. Bowker). Swellendam (L. Taats).
Caledon (J. X. Merriman). Robertson and Lady Grey. Berg
River Bridge (Piketberg side).

b, Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Top of Gaika’s Kop, Amatola
Mountains (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
F. Zululand.—Special locality not noted (Dr. Andrew Smith). In Coll.
Brit. Mus.

212. (11.) Zeritis Osbecki (Aurivillius).

d Phasis Osbecki, Auriv., Lep. Mus. Lud. Ulr., in K. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Hema; diego, 1.15, p0117 (1582).

Exp. al., 1 i1.—1 in. 1 hn.

Very closely allied to Thysbe, Linn.

f Pale-orange, with an wrreqular discal row of quadrate black spots ;
very broadly shot with silvery-blue. Fore-wing: blue extends over the whole
surface from base to extremity of discoidal cell and along inner margin to
beyond middle, usually almost obliterating terminal disco-cellular black
spot and sometimes partly the lower three spots of discal row,—in the latter
case meeting hind-marginal blackish border at posterior angle; this border
moderately wide, even throughout, usually marked externally with more
or less defined orange lunules ; spots of discal row arranged as in Thysbe.
Hind-wing: discal row of spots as in Zhysbe, but smaller, the fourth,

184 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

fifth, and sixth sometimes obsolete; blue usually extending as far ag
discal row; hind-marginal blackish border linear, usually obsolete or
fragmentary below third median nervule. Cilia only slightly mixed
with whitish between nervules. UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing, and mode-
rately-wide costal, apical, and hind-marginal border of fore-wing, dull
greyish ochrey-yellow, without or with very faint markings. Fore-wing:
all the spots as in 7hysbe, those above median nervure and its third
nervule similarly centred with silvery; submarginal macular streak
indistinct, ferruginous, with a broad blackish inferior termination above
submedian nervure; hind-marginal border unvaried by any crossing
streaks. Hind-wing: markings either absent altogether or very faintly
exhibited in outlines indicating the characteristic darker clouding and
silvery lituree of Zhysbe.

2 Blue very much paler and duller, and not extending to middle
in either wing; spots of discal row larger, especially in hind-wing,
where all six are well developed; cilia more whitish between nervules.
UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢; but in hind-wing the darker cloudings and
silvery lituree more apparent—especially the latter, which are faintly
metallic. ,

Hind-margins not so dentate as in Zhysbe ; the angulation in fore-
wing blunter, not so prominent.

It is doubtful whether this form is really more than a variety of Thysbe,
especially as the only 9s (two) I have seen, and also one ¢ taken near Malmes-
bury and another at Port Nolloth, in the Cape Colony, indicate with some clear-
ness on the under side of the hind-wings the characteristic markings of that
species. At the same time, the smaller size, blunter outline of wings, usually
more extended silvery-blue in the ¢, and (even in the examples just specified)
obscureness of the under side, render Osbech? easily recognised. ‘The character
last named approximates this form to Pyroeds, Trim., in which, however, the
spots indicated are rounded.

Mr. Aurivillius sent me for inspection the type of this species from the
Stockholm Museum; it is a g. He notes (loc. cit.) that it bore the un-
doubtedly wrong label of ‘‘India orientalis.” It agreed very nearly with the
¢ mentioned beneath as having been taken by myself at Blaauwberg.

I took a ¢ and a very small 2 (exp. only ro lines) at Port Nolloth in
August 1873, and did not meet with the form again until September 1879,
when Colonel Bowker and myself each captured a ¢ near Malmesbury. At
Blaauwberg, on the coast of the Cape District, I met with a fine pair in the
following January; and Mr. L. Péringuey gave me four similar $s which he
captured rather farther to the north, at Paternoster Bay, Malmesbury District.
Thus far, therefore, it would appear to be a form peculiar to the Western
Coast Districts of the Cape Colony. There is nothing in its habits to distin-
guish it from its nearest allies.

Localities of Zerttis Osbecki.

I, South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.—Fort Nolloth, Little Namaqualand. Paternoster
Bay, Malmesbury District (Z. Péringuey). Malmesbury. Blaauw-
berg Beach, Cape District.

we en

a
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LYCANID. 185
213. (12.) Zeritis Palmus (Cramer).

Papilio Paimus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. cccxli. ff F, a (1782).
enn. Zeriis Thiysbe, Var., Irim., Rhop. Afr. Aust.,u. p. 265, n.-r65
(1866).

Eup. al., (f) 1 in—t in. 2} lin,; (Q) 1 in—t1r in, 34 lin.

— & Orange-red, sub-metallic near bases; an irregular discal row of
small black spots; and a narrow black hind-marginal border, becoming
obsolete in lower half of hind-wing. Fore-wing: base (except on costa)
with a narrow black suffusion; costa with a linear edging of black; a
terminal disco-cellular spot, and a discal row of six spots, arranged
quite asin Zhysbe, Linn., but all considerably smaller and less quadrate ;
hind-marginal border and external orange-red lunules as in Zhysbe.
Hind-wing: a basal black suffusion, broader than in fore-wing and
prolonged somewhat widely along inner margin to considerably beyond
middle, where it terminates in a point; discal spots arranged as in

Thysbe, but smaller and thinner, the sixth (last) spot of row minute or

sometimes absent; hind-marginal linear border quite as in TZhysbe,
UNDER SIDE.—As in Thysbe, except that the black discal spots of the
fore-wing are smaller, and the ferruginous markings of hind-wing
constantly well developed.

@ Paler than g¢; less sub-metallic near bases; basal blackish
duller, and slightly narrower. UNDER SIDE.—As in @.

Seven specimens collected at Maseru, in Basutoland, by Colonel Bowker
are smaller than usual; the bases of the wings have a much wider though
duller blackish suffusion, the hind-marginal border is wider, and the cilia
strongly alternated with black and white. One ¢ has the costa of both
wings (more especially that of the hind-wing) clouded with blackish ; all the
hind-wing discal spots prolonged interiorly, and a total want of the external
lunulate orange edging between hind-marginal border and cilia. <A ? of
this small dark description has been sent from Burghersdorp by Dr. Kanne-
meyer.

Though so conspicuously different from Thysbe (Linn.) in the total want
of the splendid silvery-blue basal gloss, Palmus is so exceedingly close to that
species that I have long doubted whether to treat it as distinct. The under-side
pattern is identically the same in the two butterflies; but the discal spots
seem to be constantly smaller (except in the small northern examples just
mentioned) on both surfaces; and on the upper side the deeper red ground-
colour and the more pronounced inner-marginal black of the hind-wing appear
to be constant distinctions.

As noted in Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 266, I possess a single ¢, taken near
Cape Town, which has a faint but distinct blue lustre over the basal region
of the hind-wings, but in no other way differs from ordinary specimens.

Though not numerous in individuals, Palimus is more generally to be met
with than Thysbe, especially near Cape Town. Its warm bright-red colouring
makes it conspicuous during its short flights, or when perched on twigs or
flowers of low plants. It appears from the middle of September to the end
of April.

186 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Zeritis Palmus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts;—Cape Town. Eerste River, Noord Hoek, and
Simon’s Town, Cape District. Paarl. Robertson. Swellendam
(LZ. Taats). Knysna. Plattenberg Bay.
b, Eastern Districts:—Burghersdorp (D. R. Kannemeyer).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

214, (13.) Zeritis Thero, (Linnzeus).

EPapilio Thero, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 328, n. 146 (1764); and
Syst. Nat., 1. 2, p.-7o7,.m. 210. (1707).

Papilio Rumina, Dru., Ill. Nat. Hist., i. pl. ii. ff. 1, 1 (1770).

@ Papilio Salmoneus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ccexli. ff. p, B (1782).

Papilio Erosine, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii. p. 51, n. 506 (1787).

Papilio Pulsius, Herbst., Nat. Bek. Ins.,—Schmett., vi. pl. 156, ff. 6, 7

(1793).
3 @ Polyommatus Thero, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 662, n. 154 (1819).
Zerythis Thero, Chenu, Ene. d’Hist. Nat., Pap., i. f. 351 (1852).
3 2 Zeritis Thero, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 276, n. 172 (1866).

Lup. al., (¢) 1 in. 44-8 lin.; (2) 1 in. 8 ln.—2 in.

g Dark-brown, with orange-red spots; bases rather widely scaled
with orange-ochreous ; hind-wing with two tails, a rather long acute
one on submedian nervure, and a shorter one on first median nervule;
cilia whitish, with wide brown interruptions at ends of nervules. ore-
wing: spots subquadrate ; one in cell, and another just beyond it; a
discal row of five parallel to hind-margin (of which the first three are
smaller and sometimes indistinct) between fourth subcostal and third
median nervules; below first median, rather before middle, the largest
spot in wing. Hind-wing: a submarginal row of four broad lunular
spots between discoidal nervule and submedian nervure (the first, and
sometimes the second, and even the third also, occasionally obsolete),
of which the last, as well as anal-angular lobe, is marked with a pale
ereyish-edged black spot. UNDER sIDE.—AHind-wing and borders of
fore-wing, soft-grey clouded with brown. Sore-wing: orange-red ; two
silvery-white centred black spots in cell, and a third, larger, closing it;
spots of discal row more or less confluent, the first four (there being
an additional costal one) dimly white-centred; a spot on either side
of origin of first median nervule ; midway between discal row and hind-
margin, a parallel submacular suffused fuscous stripe, outwardly mixed
with ferruginous. Hind-wing: central area brown; the following
silvery-white markings, sometimes with ferruginous edges, viz., a small
spot near base, just below costal nervure; a transverse row of four
before middle, of which the second (in cell) is large and elongate ;
closing cell, a large irregular marking, emitting a broad ray along dis-

LYCANIDZ. 187

coidal nervule to beyond middle, where it unites with the fourth spot of a
very irregular discal row of seven or eight linear spots; immediately
beyond this row, a dark-brown narrow fascia; hind-margin paler, with
a submarginal row of more or less distinct blackish lunules.

® Similar to #; the orange spots larger, those of discal row of
fore-wing confluent. ore-wing: sometimes an additional orange spot
between second and first median nervules, close to their origin. Hind-
wings : some two or three small orange marks on disc before lunular
row, of which the spots are larger and brighter. UNDER SIDE.— All
markings more clearly defined.

Wan. A. (¢ and 2).

Orange markings feebly developed,—in 2 almost obsolete in one
example, and in another broad and suffused in fore-wing only. UNDER
SIDE.—Grey of a hoarier tint, the brown clouding indistinct. Fore-wing:
dark band beyond discal row more suffused, and marked mesially with
a row of seven small rather indistinct hoary-grey spots. Hind-wing :
silvery-white spots reduced in number, those present attenuated, especially

the large elongate marking from extremity of discoidal cell; all spots

before middle (except lowest of row of four) obsolete,—the absence of the
usually conspicuous spot in cell very noticeable. The subapical angu-
lation of the fore-wing is much less marked, especially in the 2. (//ad.
—Namaqualand, Cape Colony.)

An approach to this variety is exhibited by a ¢ taken by Colonel Bowker
between Somerset East and Murraysburg, Cape Colony. In this example,
while the upper side is normal, there is almost as much failure of the silvery-
white spots on the under side of the hind-wing, where, however, the dark-
brown clouding remains,

Specimens of both sexes taken at Uitenhage by the same gentleman are
larger than usual, and, while they resemble the variety as far as the hoary-grey
and rather attenuated markings of the under side of the hind-wings are con-
cerned, differ remarkably from it on the upper side, having the orange mark-
ings extremely well developed,—the 3, in particular, exhibiting one four and
the other five conspicuous spots in the submarginal row of the hind-wings, and
having the lowest of them tinged with lake. These very handsome examples
further differ from the variety in having the dark-brown clouding of the under
side of the hind-wings well marked.

This very handsome and distinct species attains a wider expanse of wings
than any other South-African Lyceenide. The large and conspicuous silvery-
white marking (which, as Linné remarks (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 328), is
hooked at the extremity), is a central feature of the under side of the hind-
wings quite peculiar to the species, and often catches the eye when the butter-
fly is at rest. Zhero frequents shrubs in waste sandy places, and seems
specially to delight in the hardy rigid plants that grow on sandhills close to
the sea. Near Malmesbury I observed that it was very partial to the common
Melianthus major. It is very wary and its short flights are very rapid, but
it settles so frequently on exposed twigs or shoots, that, with a little patience,
the collector will not fail to secure specimens. When flying it much resembles
an Hrebia or Pseudonympha in size and colour, but its motions are very
different. September and October are the months in which it is most pre-
valent, but it is not uncommon in August and November, and I once took
it early in January,

188 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Zerttis Thero.

I, South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts—D’Urban Road, Hont Bay, and Kalk Bay,
Cape District. Malmesbury, Riebeck’s Kasteel, Kalbas Kraal,
and Bridgetown, Malmesbury District. Piketberg. Stellen-
bosch. Paarl. Worcester, and Hex River Station (L. Péringuey),
Worcester District. Robertson. Swellendam (L. Taats). Mossel
Bay. Messkraal, Elboogfontein, and Oograbies, Namaqualand
District | Var].

b, Eastern District.—Uitenhage (J. H. Bowker). Between Somer-
set Hast and Murraysburg (J. H. Bowker).

215. (14.) Zeritis Sardonyx, Trimen.

3 2 Zeritis Sardonyx, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 83, pl. v.
TG; ls Vie Ul, O57,

Hap. al., ($) 1 in. 7-9} lin.; (G) I in. 9 lin—2 in. 1 lin.

& Fulvous-orange, with fuscous markings and hind-marginal bor-
der, Fore-wing: base with a slight fuscous-grey suffusion ; costa rather
narrowly bordered with creamy or vinous-yellow from base to a little
before middle, thence with fuscous to apex; hind-marginal border
broad, of nearly even width to about posterior angle, where it is con-
siderably enlarged ; a rather irregular submacular transverse discal band,
of moderate width, from costal border, its lower extremity joining hind-
marginal border on first median nervule ; usually a small rounded black
spot in discoidal cell; a larger, squarer, terminal disco-cellular spot
confluent with costal border. Hind-wing: base next costa shining
pale ochreous-grey, next inner margin narrowly suffused with fuscous-
erey ; apical area occupied broadly with brownish-black, which divides
to form (1) a narrow hind-marginal edging, disappearing before attain-
ing submedian nervure, and (2) a broader discal ray, ending rather
abruptly on first median nervule; inner margin whitish; anal-angular
lobe and caudal projection vinous-ochreous. Cilia conspicuously alter-
nated with black and white. UNDER sIDE.—AHind-wing and margins
of fore-wing varying from dull vinous to dark ferruginous-ochreous.
Fore-wing: orange ground-colour paler than on upper side; the fol-
lowing silvery-white black-ringed spots, viz., three disco-cellular (the
additional spot being near base), and an irregular discal band of six.
Hind-wing: two conspicuous, short, transverse, pure-white streaks
about middle, between costal and subcostal nervures, at a little distance
apart; beyond middle a similar but much longer, slightly irregular,
streak extending from first subcostal nervule to inner margin ; adjoining
this streak a hoary-grey inner-marginal space, extending narrowly
along margin, outwardly to lobe at anal angle, and inwardly as far as
a small narrow white mark; externally bounding upper part of discal
white streak, a small purplish-fuscous cloud; usually some pruinose

— Be
—=— 2 — =

LYCANID A. 189

bloom over basal half of inner margin and middle of hind-margin.
Cilia of the colour of the margins alternated with whitish.

2 Considerably paler, markings simular. Fore-wing : hind-marginal
border comparatively narrower, the space of ground-colour between it
and discal band broader. Hind-wing: apical black not so extended,
the discal part ending on third median nervule and the hind-marginal
edging being narrower. UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢.

Considerable variation is shown in the width and extent of the discal band.
A ¢ from Griqualand West, taken by Mrs. Barber, has the band in both
wings much attenuated inferiorly ; anda ? from the same country, captured
by myself, has it in the fore-wing very narrow throughout, and in the hind-
wing prolonged, as in the ¢, but broader. A very worn 9, the locality of
which is not recorded, in the South-African Museum exhibits the band in the
fore-wing in a yet more reduced form, its upper part being very narrow and its
lower part obsolete.

This very distinct species has no close ally known to science. In outline
of wings and the character of the upper-side markings it has much of the aspect
of Chrysorychia Harpax (Fab.), but, apart from its much larger size, the under
side of the hind-wings has a totally different pattern, three pure-white streaks
replacing the numerous metallic spots of that species. Structurally it has no
near affinity to Harpax, the gradually clavate antenne, long palpi, and five-
branched subcostal nervure of fore-wing showing its close relationship to Z.
Thero (Linn.) and Argyraspis, Trim.

Sardonyzx inhabits the dry upland districts of the north and north-east of
the Cape Colony. In 1864 single examples reached me simultaneously from
Burghersdorp and Murraysburg, having been captured respectively by Mr. D. R.
Kannemeyer and Mr. J. J. Muskett. The latter correspondent subsequently
sent me several fine specimens, from which I described the species at the end
of 1867. In December of that year Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale sent me a good
drawing of a 2 taken at Cradock, with the note that the species was “ abun-
dant about Cradock Flats on the ice-plant ;* all the specimens varying slightly.”
The only living example I have seen is the 9 above mentioned as having been
captured in Griqualand West; I met with it at Kolberg on the 6th September
1872, flying about a rocky hillside.

Localities of Zeritis Sardonyx.

I, South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts——Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett). Cradock (J. P.
Mansel Weale). Burghersdorp (D. R. Kannemeyer).
c. Griqualand West.—Kolberg. Vaal River (Mrs. Barber).

216. (15.) Zeritis Argyraspis, Trimen.
Zeritis Malagrida (part), Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 344 (1866).
3 2 Zeritis Argyraspis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 114, pl. i.
22 i. S:
Min dl..(d) Tin... 4-64 ln.; (2) 1 in. 7=9 lin.
g Orange-fulvous, with rather wide fuscous bordering; cilia wide,
Juscous, conspicuously varied with pure white between extremities of ner-

1 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

190 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

vules. Fore-wing: fuscous border very broad in apical region, occupy-
ing outer half of costa, and emitting a short ray towards base along
subcostal nervure; on third median nervule the border abruptly nar-
rows, thence forming a rather wide and tolerably even band to anal
angle ; base slightly clouded with fuscous. Hind-wing : border similarly
developed in apical region, but abruptly constricted a little above third
median nervule, and thence to anal angle being very much narrower
than the corresponding portion in fore-wing; base faintly tinged with
fuscous-grey ; Inner margin clouded with an ill-defined fuscous border-
ing beyond middle. UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing and bordering of fore-
wing fuscous-ochreous, with bright-silvery, narrowly black-edged spots.
Fore-wing : on costa, at base, a longitudinal silvery streak; two small,
rounded, silvery-white spots in discoidal cell near base, and an elon-
gated similar spot at extremity of cell; nine spots in apical region,
viz., two minute ones close to costa; one small rounded one a little be-
yond end of cell ; two larger ones placed so as to form an oblique elongate
marking between small rounded spot and apex, and four in a row from
apex along hind-margin as far as third median nervule, the lowest
spot the largest; orange-fulvous replaced by a broad creamy band
along inner margin; inner portion of hind-marginal border below apical
region marked with a row of three good-sized blackish spots. Hind-
wing: on basal lobe of costa a rather large subovate spot; beyond it,
below costal nervure, two similar spots placed longitudinally ; a small
spot in discoidal cell close to base, followed by a dot; a very irregular,
roughly V-shaped marking at extremity of cell; between this marking
and inner margin are a similar but more elongate marking and a rather
small subovate spot; beyond middle a very irregular transverse row of
eight spots of various sizes and shapes, of which the second and fourth
(of about equal size) are much larger than the rest; a hind-marginal
row of nine spots, of which the three last form an oblique line to inner
margin beyond middle; at anal angle a small, short, oblique, red mark,
bordered on each side with white; quite at base, below origin of sub-
median nervure, a small round spot like the rest.

Fore-wing with hind-marginal outline strongly elbowed about
extremity of radial nervures. Mind-wing with a slight anal-angular
lobe, and two tails of moderate length, broad at the base and taper-
ing gradually to a point at extremities of first median nervule and sub-
median nervure respectively.

2 Similar to g, but fuscous bordering relatively not so broad, and
scarcely any tinge of fuscous at bases. ore-wing: bordering in
apical region not so greatly wider than its other portion, and emitting
no ray along subcostal nervure, but only two lines from costal edge on
second and third subcostal nervules; near anal angle the bordering
is wider than about middle of hind-margin. UNDER sipE.—Rather
paler in ground-colour, but otherwise as in f. Fore-wing: the lowest

LYCANIDZ. 191

spot of hind-marginal row vertically divided into two well-separated
spots.

In outline the wings of the 2 are more even and blunted, the
fore-wings being less elbowed below apex, but with a slight prominence
at end of first median nervule.

A streak margining the front of each eye; another at lateral base of
each palpus; and six spots on each side of the abdomen (the latter
edged with black); silvery-white. General colouring of body fuscous-
ochreous, with two longitudinal whitish stripes on each side of breast ;
legs ochreous, with whitish femora.

A @ example from Murraysburg differs from other specimens in the great
breadth of the fuscous bordering, particularly in the fore-wings.

There is a series of variations which leads from Z. Afalagrida, Wallern., in
the direction of Z. Argyraspis, but the latter, which is the largest and finest
form I have seen, is sufficiently well marked in both sexes to demand separa-
tion as a species. From the type Z. Malagrida (to which M. Wallengren, who
has seen specimens which I have forwarded to him, informs me must be
referred the “var, Aglaspis” of Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 272) Z. Argyraspis
seems to be constantly distinguished by the very broad field of orange-fulvous,
which extends to the costal edge of fore-wings on the upper side, and by the
much brighter, more clearly defined, and rounder silvery spots of the under side.
As regards the latter, it is very noticeable that the spots of the hind-marginal
row in: the hind-wings are not sagittate, and that those of the row beyond .the
middle are far more trregularly placed than in Malagrida, and present no
approach to the continuity which almost forms a stripe in that species. In
addition to these distinctions should be mentioned the much larger size of
Argyraspis, and the different outline of the wings, which latter consists in a
marked prominence of the apical region of the fore-wings, and the production
of the slight dentations in the hind-wings of Malagrida at the ends of the sub-
median nervure and first median nervule into distinct pointed tails.

Dr. Kannemeyer was the first to communicate to me this striking form in
the shape of a 9 taken near burghersdorp, in the Albert Division of the Cape
Colony. Mr. Muskett, in 1864 and in 1870, sent me examples of both sexes
from Murraysburg. Mr. E. L. Layard showed me a specimen taken by him
near Beaufort West, and early in 1871, Mr. J. H. Bowker sent me a very
fine ¢, taken “on the way from Murraysburg to Somerset East.”

In August 1873 I had the good fortune to meet with this butterfly in the
Namaqualand District, capturing two of each sex. These specimens were all
easily taken, sitting constantly on the bare ground. They differ from the
Murraysburg specimens in their narrower fuscous border (especially in the fore-
Wings), and in the larger silvery spots of their under side.

Localities of Zeritis Argyraspis.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Jistricts.—Springbokfontein, Messkraal, and Buffel’s
River, Namaqualand District. Beaufort (4. L. Layard).

b. Eastern Districts.—Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett). Between Mur-
raysburg and Somerset East (J. HW. Bowker). Burghersdorp
(D. R. Kannemeyer).

192 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

217. (16.) Zeritis Wallengrenii, sp. nov.

3 2? Zeritis Malagrida (part), Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 272, pl. 5,

f314 ip 1830.

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 2-6 lin.; (?) a in. 54-84 lin.

gf Fuscous-black, with a large dull-orange basi-discal patch im each
wing ; bases rather widely tinged with fuscous-grey ; cilia fuscous-black,
with small but conspicuous inter-nervular white interruptions. Fore-

wing: costa edged narrowly with greyish yellow-ochreous, wider near
base; orange patch commencing near base, occupying lower part of
discoidal cell, covering median nervure and basal halves of its three
nervules, and extending narrowly to inner margin about middle; ex-
tremity of discoidal cell marked by a pale ochreous-yellow narrow spot
indenting the black above. Hind-wing: orange patch occupying
costa to about middle, and crossing to inner margin, near which,
beyond middle, it is usually confluent with a partly oblique sub-
marginal orange band commencing on third median nervule and end-
ing at anal angle; projection at extremity of first median nervule short,
rather blunt,—that at anal angle much longer, slightly curved, rather
broad, rounded at tip, ochrey-yellow tinged with lake. UNDER SsIDE.—
Hind-wing and apical area and hind-marginal border of fore-wing
yellow- or vinous-oclreous, clouded with brownish between nervures, and with
numerous slender, mostly arrow-shaped, bright-silvery, very thinly black-

edged marks. Fore-wing: costa narrowly bordered with ochreous, and

near base edged with whitish; orange extends from base over whole of
cell and almost to hind-margin, fading into whitish all along inner
margin; two small round black-edged silvery spots in discoidal
cell; a larger one externally angulated at extremity of cell; spots
of apical area arranged as in Argyraspis, but the four spots
along hind-marginal portion sagittiform; the lowest spot of these
four interiorly touches a round one which is the first of an oblique
row of three reaching to first median nervule (occasionally a fourth,
nearer base, very faintly indicated beneath that nervule); outwardly
bordering orange, between third median nervule and submedian ner-
vure, a row of three large suffused fuscous sub-sagittiform spots, with
silvery points externally. Mind-wing: neuration and a submarginal
ray paler than rest of area; the following silvery markings, viz., a
narrow spot close to costa and base; two opposedly sub-sagittiform
marks between costal and subcostal nervures; two small round spots
in discoidal cell; a large superiorly-acuminate spot at extremity of
cell; three or four small spots below cell; a discal irregular row of
eight or nine variously shaped marks, of which the two respectively
between subcostal nervules and second and first median nervules are
opposedly sagittiform; and a hind-marginal row, interrupted near
costa and near anal angle, of sharply-sagittiform marks resembling

LYCAENID Ai. 193

those in the fore-wing. Cilia, mixed fuscous and ochreous, the white
interruptions less conspicuous than on upper side.

9 Duller, paler. ore-wing: a submacular narrow transverse
orange ray from subcostal nervure, not far before apex, joins discal
orange on third median nervule; costal ochreous more developed.
Hind-wing: submarginal orange ray beginning on radial nervule,
separated from discal orange by an irregular fuscous stripe; anal-
angular projection much shorter than in g, but that at extremity of
first median nervule rather better developed,—a deep excavation
between the two. UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢.

War AG (fvand 2).

g Orange in fore-wing a little broader exteriorly; submarginal
orange ray in hind-wing much broader on third median nervule, and
usually completely confluent with discal orange. UNDER SIDE.—
Hind-wing and apical area of fore-wing pale-fuscous, the newration yellow-
ochreous in parts only; all the silvery spots (except disco-cellular ones
of fore-wing) much thickened, but decidedly less so than in Argyraspis,
the arrow-head ones retaining their characteristic form. Sore-wing:
edging of costa, from base to middle, silvery-white. Mind-wing: no
marked projection on first median nervule, but anal-angular one very
prominent.

@ Orange very pale and dull; the ray in fore-wing indistinct or
obsolete; that in hind-wing more even than in typical 9. UNDER
SIDE.—As in ff.

(Hab.—Swellendam and Grahamstown, Cape Colony.)

A few examples (three gs and a @) sent from near Grahamstown by
Colonel Bowker and Mrs. Barber exhibit some divergence from the variety in
their duller upper-side orange (especially dusky in basal half of hind-wing) and
in the thicker, blunter silvery markings of the under side, some of which partly
coalesce, The #8, too, are unusually small (1 in. 1-34 lin.), and the fore-
wings less produced apically.

The markings of the head and body agree with those of Argyraspis, but are
thinner and less conspicuous.

In outline of wing this species is in both sexes blunter and less elbowed
hind-marginally than Argyraspis, and the ¢ has the anal-angular projection
well developed in the hind-wing, and that at extremity of first median nervule
small or obsolete—just the opposite of what occurs in Argyraspis. In most
respects it holds a middle place between the species just mentioned and Mala-
grida, Wallengr., but the silvery markings are remarkably thin and acute,
more so than in the latter. The variety, however, is unmistakably closer to
Argyraspis as regards its under-side colouring and marking; but both forms of
Wadllengrenii differ greatly from that species in their very limited field of orange
on the upper side, which is, on the contrary, much larger and brighter than in
Malagrida.

I met with this butterfly rather numerously on hills near Stellenbosch in
December 1862, and captured the paired sexes on the 2zoth of that month. It
constantly settles on the ground, and can be taken with the fingers if cautiously
approached,

It is with much pleasure that I dedicate this species to the well-known
Swedish lepidopterist, Pastor H. D. J. Wallengren, the recorder of the rich
South-African collections formed by the lamented Wahlberg.

194 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Zeritis Wallengrenit.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Stellenbosch. Swellendam (LZ. Taats).—
Var. A.
b, Eastern Districts—Grahamstown (J. H. Bowker and M. E.
Barber.)—Var, A

218. (17.) Zeritis Malagrida, Wallengren.

3 Cygaritis Malagrida, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep.
Rhop. Cafft., p. 43.

3 @ Zeritis Aglaspis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 286
(1862). ,

3 @ Zeritis Malagrida, Var., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 272 (1866).

Hop. al., (f) Tr lin=—1 m2 lines (@) a im 27 lime

& Llackish-brown, with a dull-orange discal space in each wing;
cilia long, blackish-brown, widely interrupted with white between nervules.
Fore-wing: basal area widely suffused with glossy yellowish-grey ;
orange longitudinal space very restricted, barely entering discoidal cell,
covering three median nervules from their origins, and ending abruptly
at some distance before hind-margin; a narrow pale-yellowish terminal
disco-cellular spot touching orange space; usually a very faint, small,
suffused, subapical orange spot near costa. Hind-wing: a rather
wide submarginal orange band between discoidal nervule and submedian
nervure, dentated both interiorly and exteriorly by three dark crossing
nervules; a slight suffusion of orange about origins of median nervules ;
inner-margin bordered with whitish-grey from base to beyond middle.
UNDER SsIDE—Hind-wing and apical area and narrow hind-marginal
border of fore-wing greyish or vinous-greyish, intersected by pale-yellowish
newration, and with rather dull silvery markings thinly edged with black.
Fore-wing : orange-yellow fading into white along inner margin; two
small longitudinally elongate-ovate silvery-white black-ringed spots in
discoidal cell, and a similar vertically elongate one at its extremity ;
two similar very small spots close to costa beyond middle; an oblique
silvery streak from apex, commencing a bi-angulated row of small
silvery spots extending to first median nervule; close to hind-margin
a row of outwardly-produced sub-sagittiform silvery marks from apex to

third median nervule, below which the row is continued to submedian

nervure by three rather suffused blackish marks. Hind-wing: the
following silvery markings, viz., a dot at base, close to costa; two in
discoidal cell, and a large sub-trigonate spot at its extremity ; two con-
verging short curved streaks from costal to subcostal nervure, before
middle; an irregular, discal, zigzag macular streak, rather suffused on
its inner edge, continuous from second subcostal nervule to inner
margin; a row, close to hind-margin, of sagittiform marks, becoming

LYCANID A. 195

acuter inferiorly, edged interiorly with red and preceded by a whitish
streak. Cilia greyish or vinous-greyish, with white inter-nervular inter-
ruptions.

2 Duller and paler. Fore-wing: basal area more decidedly tinged
with ochrey-yellow; a rather suffused macular orange ray from sub-
costal nervure near apex joining discal orange on third median nervule.
Hind-wing : basal and inner-marginal area much suffused with ochrey-
yellow; orange band less macular, more continuous, not so dentated by
nervules, suffused on its inner edge. UNDER sipDE—As in f. SHind-
wing: discal macular silvery streak more completely interrupted on
first and second subcostal nervules.

A @ sent to me from the Transvaal by Mr. David Arnot is considerably
larger than usual, expanding 2 in. 7 lin.; the orange of the fore-wing, and to
a rather less extent that of the hind-wing, is extended basewards and mingled
imperceptibly with the ochrey-yellow suffusion, and the silvery markings of
the under side are much enlarged and conspicuously whiter than usual.

The fore-wing in J/alagrida has scarcely any trace of hind-marginal sub-
apical prominence in the g, and none at all in the 9. This, together with
its smaller size, very restricted field of orange in both wings, and the continuous
and comparatively regular course of the discal silvery streak on the under side
of the hind-wings, readily distinguish it from its allies Wallengrenit and Argy-
raspis, Trim. It is also very noticeable that the anal-angular projection of
the hind-wing is very short, and that on first median nervule scarcely per-
ceptible.

I first met with this species in March 1860 on the Lion’s Hill at Cape
Town, mistaking the first example for a brightly-marked Thyra, Linn., as it
pitched on the ground or on stones. It is extremely local, but numerous about
its special haunts. Though tolerably swift on the wing, it is not easily roused,
and never flies for more than a few yards at a time; it almost always settles
on the ground, and I have taken several examples with my fingers. It seems

_to be strictly a late summer butterfly, as I have not met with it before the

beginning of February or after the end of March.

Localities of Zeritis Malagrida.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Cape Town.
K. Transvaal.—Locality not noted (D. Arnot).

219. (18.) Zeritis Thyra, (Linnzeus).
Prarn UX. fies 5 (9 ).

$ Papilio Thyra, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 329, n. 147 (1764);
and Syst. Nati, 2, p. 789, 0. 227 (1767).

¢ Papilio Nycetus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ccclxxx, ff. F, a.

Papilio Evadrus, Fab.,*Mant. Ins., p. 89, n. 806 (1787); and (Hesperia
Evadrus) Ent. Syst., ii. 1, p. 343, n. 306 (1793).

$ Aloeides Thyra, Hibn., Samml, Exot. Schmett., 1, pl. 88 (2 1806).

196 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Polyommatus Evadrus (Var. 2), Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 672 (1819).
2 Zeritis Thyra, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. 76, f. 9 (1852).
3 2 Zeritis Thyra, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust, ii, p. 273, n. 170 (1866),

Hap. a., (§) 1am 2=6 line; (@) 1 ms 2t—-72 im

g Orange-red, with blackish borders. Fore-wing: border rather
narrow at base (where it is suffused with greyish-yellow-ochreous,
which sometimes narrowly edges costa to apex), but widening greatly
to apex, whence, abruptly narrowing on third median nervule, it is
moderately broad along hind-margin to posterior angle, where it
usually widens again; base blackish mixed with ochreous. Hind-
wing: border sometimes nearly obsolete on costa, but in many Cape
Town examples rather broad; always developed very broadly about
apex, narrowed abruptly on third median nervule, and thence only a
dentate edging to anal angle. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing and border
of fore-wing greyish or brownish ochreous, or often purplish-lake, the
former with irregular whitish streaks and spots. Fore-wing: orange
usually paler, especially towards inner margin, which is bordered with
whitish ; two black spots in cell, one closing it; an inwardly-oblique,
transverse, bi-angulated row of five or six beyond it, and a suffused
submarginal row,—all spots above median nervure and its first branch
silvery-white centred, those of cell very conspicuously ; below cell two
blackish markings (one basal, one just beyond), usually confluent.
Hind-wing: two small spots at base, one on costa, one in cell; a
transverse row of four before middle (one in cell) ; a long streak closing
cell, usually confluent inferiorly with a most irregular, very sharply
dentated, more or less suffused transverse stripe immediately succeeding
it; a small spot touching costal nervure about middle; a submarginal
dentated streak, often indistinct, always so towards costa. In both
wings a rather indistinct hind-marginal row of spots, sometimes in-
teriorly bordered by some whitish marks. Cilia blackish, interrupted
with white between nervules.

2 Orange usually rather paler and duller, border not so dark ;
ochreous basal suffusion usually much broader. ore-wing: at outer
and upper edge of orange there is often an upward projection of that
colour as far as first radial nervule; border often very broad at
posterior angle. Hind-wing: apical border usually broader than in
a; usually a suffused blackish spot between first median nervule and
submedian nervure near anal angle. UNDER sIDE.—As in ff.

This species is very variable, chiefly in the colour of under side
of hind-wing and the distinctness of its markings, but also in the
extent and tint of the orange of upper side, which in some specimens
is very limited in extent, in others very broad. JI have no doubt of
this being the true Thyra of Linné, having taken one specimen near
Cape Town which answers in every particular to the details given in
“Museum Ludovicee, &c.” In the majority of examples the under-
side markings are not so bright as Linné notes them.

|
)

LYCAINID:. 197

The Cape Town specimens, in both sexes, have the upper side red
deeper in colour, and more restricted in area (especially as regards the
hind-wing) than those from more eastern localities.1 In the latter,
the red in both wings commences close to base, and in the hind-wing
always occupies basal half of costa, while in the fore-wing it is usually
confluent with the basal ochrey-yellow border of costa. In a very
large pair (f I in. 6 lin, 2 1 in. 74 lin.), which I took in Bain’s
Kloof, on the Worcester side, the ¢ presents a very broad area of
bright orange-red, while the ?, though the red is well developed
basally, has the dark border so enlarged as to cover the outer half of
each wing. Specimens from the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth, and
in a less degree those from near Grahamstown, are not only smaller
than usual, but exhibit on the under side of the hind-wing rather
less irregularity in the discal whitish streak, and about the middle of
the submarginal streak a small but distinct whitish cloud or suffu-
sion.” The paired sexes of this variation, captured in October 1879,
at Zwartkops railway cutting, were sent to me by Colonel Bowker.
Examples from Kaffraria Proper and Natal are also small, and in
them the very wide red field is decidedly paler and yellower, and on
the under side a more or less decided lake hue seems constantly pre-
sent, together with more glistening whitish markings in the hind-wing.
Cramer’s figures (op. cit.) roughly represent a ¢ in which the upper-
side orange is rather pale and of restricted area, and indented in both
wings by a disco-cellular dark spot; the under side is of the purplish-
Jake coloration. Hiibner’s excellent illustrations are evidently from
Cape Town specimens ; they exhibit ¢s of both colorations, but Hiibner
has given the larger (lake beneath) as the 9.

Pupa.—Dull yellowish-green; back of thorax greener than the
other parts. Abdomen with a median dorsal dark-ashy streak. Spi-
racles raised, brownish. About half an inch in length; thick, rounded,
smooth; head blunt; dorso-thoracic prominence elevated but blunt.
(Lying, quite free of any attachment or cocoon, under a stone, near
Cape Town, 27th September 1874.)

The larva’s skin, which still surrounded the tail of this pupa, was
dull-brown, rather closely set with short black (and some white) spines ;
the head rather large, shining dark-brown.

A § imago emerged on 20th October.

1 A remarkable ‘exception occurs in a g taken by M. L. .Pévinguey at Hex River
Mountain in the Worcester District, where the red is much more restricted than in any Cape
Town example that I have seen, forming in the fore-wing only a narrow discal ray, and in
the hind-wing only a discal patch wholly beyond middle.

2 Very near these, but paler and duller generally, and with the whitish cloud much lexs
apparent, are a 9 from Basutoland, and another (with border of fore-wing broader than
usual) from Griqualand West, both taken by Colonel Bowker. Two larger 9s from Little
Namaqualand are similar, but have the lake coloration on the under side. A small g from
the Eastern Transvaal has the fore-wing border remarkably narrow, and the strive of the
under side (lake) of the hind-wing glistening and unusually regular. ,

VOL. I. O

198 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This widely-distributed species is common in many localities, preferring
pathways and other spots of bare ground on hillsides on which it constantly
settles, taking short rapid flights, and returning to the same or an immediately
adjacent spot. It seldom visits flowers, but T have occasionally noticed it on
Brunia and some others. Though most prevalent from Octoher to March, I
have taken it as early as August and as late as the end of April.

' Localities of Zeritis Thyra.

J. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Springbokfontein, Namaqualand. Cape Town.
Stellenbosch. Bain’s Kloof (Worcester side). Hex River Moun-
tain (L. Péringuey). Genadendal, Caledon District (G. Hettarsch).
Jcnysna.
6, Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Between Zwartkops and
Coega Rivers (J. H. Bowker). Grahamstown.
c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Koesberg (J. H. Bowker’).
DD. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
Ik. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban and Pinetown (J. lf. Bowker). Great
Noodsberg.
KX. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

220. (19.) Zeritis Aranda, (Wallengren).

¢ Cygaritis Aranda, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,—Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 43.

3 ¢ Zeritis Mars, Trim., Trans, Ent, Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 285
(1862).

3 9 Zeritis Prerus, Cram., Var. A., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 275s

Exp. al., ($) 11 lin.—1 in. 1 lin.; (2) 1 in.—1 in. 34 hin.

a Oranges yellow, with blackish-brown borders. Fore-wing: base
below median nervure very narrowly tinged with dark-grey; orange-
yellow covers costa to a point a little before extremity of discoidal cell,
but is there slightly paler and duller; a small, more or less distinct,
fuscous, terminal disco-cellular spot ; border commencing abruptly and
rather broadly on costa, widening considerably to apex, and continued
below third median nervule, evenly and rather broadly, along hind-
margin to posterior angle. Hind-wing: sometimes an indistinct ter-
minal disco-cellular fuscous lunule; border commencing with a large,
broad, inferiorly-rounded, costal-apical patch, very abruptly narrowing
on discoidal nervule into a streak (interiorly dentated between nervules)
along hind-margin to anal angle; an ill-defined fuscous spot near anal
angle, between first median nervule and submedian nervure (sometimes
obsolete) ; a short, acute, anal-angular projection at extremity of sub-
median nervure. Cilia glistening fuscous-grey mixed with purplish-
lake, not interrupted with white. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing and costal,
apical, and hind-marginal border of fore-wing variable in tint, ochrey-
brownish, ferruginous-brownish, or purplish-lake, marked with small,

LYCAINIDAL 199

mostly rather ill-defined, glistening sub-metallic spots with dark edges.
Fore-wing: three disco-cellular spots, one below cell; an irregular,
bi-angulated, oblique discal row of six, all black with brilliant silvery-
white centres; a submarginal regular row of six spots, of which the
three superior are small and indistinct, but the three inferior large and
black, occasionally with minute silvery dots on their inner side. Hind-
wing: three rather ill-defined transverse rows of small sub-metallic
spots,—the first of four or five before middle including a terminal
disco-cellular lunule,—the second of eight or nine discal, sinuate, irre-
gular,—the third submarginal, regular, but becoming obsolete supe-
riorly ; near base three glistening small spots, viz., one close to costa
and two in discoidal cell.

2 Similar; dark borders broader. Fore-wing : border more deeply
excavating orange-yellow immediately beyond extremity of discoidal
cell, and sometimes emitting an ill-defined suffused ray across median
nervules. Hind-wing: apical dark patch larger, usually a little suf-
fused; anal-angular projection blunter. UNDER sipE.—As in ¢, but
all the spots usually better defined.

In a @ which I captured at Knysna, in the Cape Colony, the dark border
of the fore-wing is so enlarged as to occupy the outer two-thirds of the whole
area, With the exception of a small indistinct discal orange-yellow spot; and
the costal-apical patch of the hind-wing is much larger than usual, as well as
the spot near anal angle.!

Specimens from the Basuto Territory and the Transvaal exhibit in both

sexes a narrower dark border, especially near the apex of the fore-wing, where
it is, moreover, usually penetrated (in some cases almost divided) by an upward.
projection or short ray from the discal part of the orange-yellow.? Examples
from the Coast of Natal resemble these, and some of the ¢s have the costal

part of the border of the fore-wing still narrower, while in both sexes the anal-

angular projection of the hind-wing is longer.

In colouring and in the extent of the orange on the upper side, Aranda
much resembles the Eastern specimens of Thyra, Linn., but the under-side
markings, particularly those of the hind-wings, and the greater proportion
of silvery-centred spots on the fore-wings, show that it is more nearly
allied to Prerus, Cram., Taikosama, Wallengr., and Almeida, Feld., though
differing from all of these in the entire absence of the row of fuscous spots
close to the hind-margin. The anal-angular projection of the hind-wing is
much acuter and longer in Aranda than in its near allies; the butterfly is also
the smallest of the group.

I met with this species pretty commonly at Knysna in 1858-59 from the
middle of October to the middle of January, and again from the beginning of
March to that of April. It was almost confined to the hills, frequenting dry
sandy spots, and in habits did not differ from its near congeners. In Feb-

1 There are two similar but larger ?s (unfortunately without locality) in the South
African Museum ; they have the bases, however, much suffused with fuscous-grey, so that
the orange is greatly obscured or obsolete on costa, and in the hind-wing as well as in the
fore-wing a more or less marked fuscous discal ray divides the orange. Two és accom:
panying them have the orange redder, and reduced by wider dusky bases and dark borders ;
in both there is an indication of the dark discal ray across the orange of each wing.

* Of two 9s from Kaffraria Proper, one possesses and the other (the largest specimen I
have seen) does not possess this short orange ray. Both have the border of fore-wing
broadly developed, especially on costa beyond middle.

200 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ruary 1867 I took a g specimen of the Natal variation on a hillside near
Verulam, and Colonel Bowker has lately (1884-85) sent several examples of
both sexes found near Pinetown. The only Cape Town specimen I have seen
was taken by myself on 30th November 1862.

Localities of Zeritis Aranda.
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Knysna.
b. Eastern Districts.—Fort Murray and Fort Hare, British Kaffraria
(W. 8S. MM. D’ Urban).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Pinetown (J. H. Bowker). Verulam.
b. Upper Districts.—Riet Spruit, near Upper Umgeni (W. Morant).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts (7. Ayres). ,

221. (20.) Zeritis Almeida, (Felder).

¢ Nais Almeida, Feld., “Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien., xil. 1, p. 478
(1862);” and Reise d. Novara, Lep., ii. p. 264, pl. xxxil. ff 25, 26
1865).
4 F a Pierus,, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 274, m. 17a
(1866).
Exp. al., ($) 114 lin,—1 in. 24 lin.; (2) 1 in. 2-4 lin.
gf Dark orange-red, with very broad blackish-brown borders ; bases
widely suffused with mixed ochrey-yellow and fuscous-grey ; cilia greyish
mixed with fuscous, at posterior angle of fore-wing slightly whitish.
Fore-wing : orange-red very restricted, commencing at about origin
of first median nervule, scarcely extending below submedian nervure
or above median nervure and its third nervule (except, rarely, at its
outer superior extremity, where a narrow projection sometimes reaches
subcostal nervure), and much narrowed inferiorly by broadening in-
ward of hind-marginal border from near posterior angle. Hind-wing :
basal suffusion extending more or less along inner margin beyond
middle; costal-apical patch very large, extending to base of third
(and sometimes of second) median nervule; hind-marginal border very
narrow, sharply and regularly dentating orange between nervules;
orange-red just enters extremity of discoidal cell. UNDER SIDE.—
Hind-wing and border of fore-wing greyish or ferruginous-brown (rarely
purplish-lake), the former with transverse rows of indistinct dark-edged
shining-grey or sub-metallic spots, and usually with more or less whitish
suffusion on disc. Fore-wing: costa near base thinly edged with white ;
ordinary black spots arranged as in Aranda, Wallengr., but very rarely
any silvery white-centred ones below median nervure; last blackish

spot of submarginal row usually much suffused interiorly ; posterior _

angle whitish; an additional hind-marginal row of rather indistinct
elongate dark spots. Hind-wing: spots arranged as in Aranda, but

LYCAINID Zé. 201

(as in fore-wing)) an indistinct hind-marginal row of dark spots; often a —
faint whitish or hoary suffusion immediately preceding indistinct spots
of submarginal row.

9 Rather paler and duller; cilia paler generally, but with darker
interruptions on nervules, whiter at posterior angle of fore-wing. ore-
wing: orange usually rather more extended at extremity of discoidal
cell and on inner margin about middle, and almost always emitting a
more or less developed upward discal ray to or towards subcostal ner-
vure. UNDER SIDE.—As in ~. Hind-wing: discal whitish rather more
diffused.

A ¢ from between the Zwartkops and Coega Rivers, anda ¢ and two ?s
from Murraysburg, are considerably larger (gs 1 in. 4 lin, 9s 1 in. 5-6 lin.)
than the more Western examples. On the under side these ¢s have the
whitish at posterior angle of fore-wing more pronounced, and extending along
inner margin, and the discal whitish suffusion of hind-wing immensely deve-
loped; while in the 9s the former character is equally, the latter less markedly,
exhibited. In the 2s, moreover, the former character is unusually well mani-
fested in the cilia on the upper side, and on the same surface the orange-red is
much developed towards base, the customary basal suffusion being in one speci-
men almost obsolete.

A g I took at Knysna much resembles the darkest of the dusky 9@s of
Aranda above mentioned, the orange-red being on the upper side limited in
the fore-wing to a small patch before middle and a small discal spot, and in
the hind-wing to a faint central-inferior ray and a patch along lower half of
hind-margin. Another ¢ from the same locality is, however, remarkable for
the increased size and brighter tint of the orange-red in both wings.

In general aspect and colouring of the upper side Almeida bears consider-
able resemblance to Thyra, Linn., especially in the larger 2 examples. Besides
the much more rounded outline of the wings in the ¢, and the absence of white
in the cilia, the markings of the under side of the hind-wing are altogether
different, the central irregular whitish streaks and the submarginal similar
streak of Zhyra being replaced by rows of small shining dark-edged spots
arranged as in Aranda. ‘To the latter Almeida is very closely allied, though
its much darker colouring and more limited orange-red field (especially in the
fore-wings) give it a very different aspect. The additional row of spots close to
hind-margin seems the most constant distinction of Almedda, but this character
recurs in all the nearly allied forms except Aranda.

The habits and haunts of Almezda do not differ from those of its near
allies; it constantly settles on the bare ground in hilly places, and is very
easily captured. I found it rather numerously at Knysna from the middle of
October to the middle of March. Near Cape Town it is certainly rare, and I
have only met with a very few individuals in the neighbourhood of Wyn-
pers. A single example only, taken by Mr. T. Ayres, has reached me from the

ransvaal.

Localities of Zeritis Almeida.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.
Plettenberg Bay.
6. Eastern Districts.—Between Zwartkops and Coega Rivers, Uiten-
hage District (7. H. Bowker). Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett),
K Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres).

Cape Town. Caledon (7. D. Butler). Knysna.

202 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

222. (21.) Zeritis Pierus, (Cramer).
Puate IX. fig. 6 (3).

@ Papilio Pierus, Cram., Pap. Exot., ili. p. 84, pl. cexliii. ff. n, F (1782),

Hesperia Suetonius, Fab., Ent. Syst., ii. 1, p. 320, n. 213 (1793).

3 2 Zeritis Pierus, Var. B., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 275 (1866).

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 2-44 lin.; (2) 1 in. 2-5 lin. |

§ Greyish-brown, with a wide basal suffusion of rather glistening
hoary-grey ; a small orange marking in each wing, sometimes obsolete,
or nearly so, in fore-wing. Fore-wing: orange limited to two or three
short central rays about the median nervules, and often only repre-
sented by two small indistinct spots or a few scales,—occasionally
altogether wanting. Hind-wing: hoary-grey suffusion extends along
inner-marginal area; orange forming a small patch of two or three
rays near hind-margin between third median nervule and submedian
nervure, sometimes much obscured and indistinct. Cilia greyish-white
(becoming white about posterior angle of fore-wing) interrupted with
ereyish-brown on nervules. UNDER sIDE—Varying from whitish to
greyish and ferruginous brown, with paler glistening dark-edged spots
in hind-wing. Fore-wing: orange; silvery-white-centred, black disco-
cellular, and other spots, quite as in Aranda, Wallengr. ; additional hind-
marginal row of spots as in Almeida, Feld., but more distinct. Hind-
wing: spots arranged for the most part as in Almeida, but considerably
larger, paler, and with their dark edges much more strongly marked,
especially exteriorly,—those of discal row elongated and contiguous,
forming a macular streak interrupted only on third median nervule and
submedian nervure; row of submarginal spots obsolete; hind-marginal
row almost so, except the two spots next anal angle, which are blackish,
immediately preceded by a paler mark.

2 Basal grey suffusion wider, mixed with dull-yellowish ; orange
paler, more developed in both wings. Fore-wing : orange interiorly blend-
ing insensibly with basal suffusion, reaching narrowly as far as sub-

median nervure, and from its upper outer extremity on third median

nervule emitting (as in Almeida, &c.) a ray as far as subcostal nervure.
Hind-wing: orange largely developed over hind-marginal area (as in
Almeida, &c.); dentated hind-marginal edging sometimes reduced to
inter-nervular fuscous spots. UNDER sIDE.— Usually rather paler than
in &, and with the spots of the hind-wing and the marginal ones of both
wings more distinct.

This is a very close ally of Alme¢da, Feld., but distinguishable by the much
paler brown of the upper side in both sexes, the remarkable limitation of the
orange on the upper side of the g, and the disposition and development of the
spots on the under side of the hind-wings, which are so strongly bordered with
brown, and in the discal row form an almost continuous streak. It is the
exaggeration of this last feature in Cramer’s figure above cited which convinced
me that this was the actual butterfly intended to be delineated by that very
rough representation, which in its darker colouring rather more resembles the
@ Almeida.

LYCAINID. 203

This is by far the commonest Zerttis about Cape Town, usually making
its appearance early in October, and remaining out till the end of April. In
1870 I saw a specimen on the wing as early as the gth September, It is to
be noticed everywhere on dry open spots, especially frequenting pathways, and
sitting so close as almost to be trodden on by the passing foot. Both sexes
present rather a dull appearance when taking their very short flight, but the male
looks particularly dingy. The under-side colouring so resembles the soil as to
be an excellent protective disguise when the butterfly is at rest. The only
specimen I took at Knysna isa ¢ with a larger orange patch than usual on
the upper side of both wings, and with the brown borders of the spots on the
under side of the hind-wing unusually broad."

Localities of Zeritis Pierus.
I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a, Western Districts.—Cape Town. Wellington. Stellenbosch.
Vogel Vley, Tulbagh District. Robertson. Swellingdam (4.
C. Harrison).

b, Eastern Districts—Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage (J. H. Bowker
and S. D. Bairstow). Between Zwartkops and Coega Rivers,
Uitenhage District (J. H. Bowker). King William’s Town (WW.
S. M. D'Urban). Between Somerset East and Murraysburg
(J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—-Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).

223. (22.) Zeritis Taikosama, (Wallengren).

9 Cygaritis Tatkosama, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad, Handl., 1857,—Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 43.

3 2 Zeritis Pierus, Var. B. [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 275
(1866) ; and Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 372.

Exp. al., ($) 11 lin.—t in. 14 lin.; (2) 1 in.—t1 in. 4 lin.

Very closely allied to Pierus, Cram.

g Brownish-grey, paler, and with a faint glistening-yellow suffusion
over basal area ; a narrow discal, macular, pale, dull orange-yellow streak
in fore-wing, and a similar larger hind-marginal marking in hind-wing ;
cilia greyish, indistinctly interrupted with fuscous on nervules. FKore-wing :
pale, dull, orange-yellow streak narrow, submacular, lying between sub-
costal nervure and first median nervule, paler and less distinct in its
superior portion, sometimes wholly very indistinct, and rarely quite obso-
lete. Mind-wing: hind-marginal pale, dull, orange-yellow markings,
almost as variable in extent of development as the streak of fore-wing,
sometimes all but obsolete, but when fullest developed forming a mode-
rately broad band between radial nervule and anal angle, rather sharply
indented with fuscous exteriorly between nervules. UNDER sIDE.— Hind-
wing and border of fore-wing greyish or reddish-brown, the former with

1 In a series of examples taken by Colonel Bowker between Somerset East and Murrays-

burg, there are gradations of the g in which the orange of the fore-wing on the upper side
varies from a few scales only to a patch almost as large as in Almeida 6.

204 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

three transverse rows of sub-metallic or glistening dark-edged spots. Fore-

wing: orange-yellow field very pale, whitish towards inner margin ; black —

spots as in Pierus, Cram., but their silvery-white centres more metallic,
and those of the submarginal row also bearing a silvery-white dot on their
inward side. Hind-wing: spots smaller than in Pierws, those near
base and in row before middle similarly disposed; but those of discal
row all separate, not forming an almost continuous streak, and with
the third spot from costa (between second subcostal and radial nervules)
out of line with and nearer base than the rest, and the three lower spots
not inclining towards anal angle; an additional row of similar spots
midway between drscal row and hind-margin, sinuated similarly, but not
quite parallel to the former.

2 Basal suffusion more tinged with yellow ; orange-yellow varying in
extent from being little more developed than in g to presenting a broad
discal field much as vn Pierus, though of a paler and duller tint. Fore-
wing: orange-yellow either entire from outer part of basal suffusion, or
narrowly, broadly, or very broadly divided into two by the ground-
colour on median nervules. Hind-wing: orange-yellow always better
developed than in f, sometimes merging into basal suffusion, its outer
edge strongly indented by fuscous, which sometimes forms separate
inter-nervular spots. UNDER sIDE.—As in gf, but the spots of hind-
wing less metallic; the hind-marginal fuscous spots better defined,
especially in hind-wing.

The characters italicised above seem constantly to distinguish this form
from Pierus,—the principal ones being, on the under side, the smallness and
separateness of the spots of the discal row and the presence of an outer row of
spots besides the latter in the hind-wings, and the more or less conspicuous
silvery-white dots marking inwardly the black spots of the submarginal row in
the fore-wings. Usually Taikosama is smaller than Pierus, but two or three
females from the upper districts of Natal, in which the upper-side orange,
though dull in tint, occupies a wider space than usual, are quite as large.
Much resembling these 9s is a ¢ from Zululand of unusually large size, with
the upper side orange, though paler, developed quite as largely as in Almeida,
Feld. |

This form seems peculiar to the interior of South Africa, where it has
evidently a considerable range. It was first brought prominently to my notice
as probably separable from Pverus by a long series of specimens taken in
Basutoland by Colonel Bowker; and Mr. W. Morant subsequently sent me

several examples from Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal, all
taken in September and October 1870.

Localities of Zeritis Taikosama.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts;—Burghersdorp, Albert District (D. R. Kanne-
meyer).
d. Basa Maseru, and Maluti Mountains (J.
Bowker).
C. Orange Free State.—Hebron, between Caledon and Orange Rivers
(W. Morant).

LYCANIDA, 205

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Blue Krantz River and Colenso (W. Morant).
F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Special localities not noted (W. Morant, H. Barber,
and 7. Ayres).

IT. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
br. Interior.—Tauwani River, near Bamangwato (/. C. Selous).

224 (23.) Geritis Molomo, Trimen.
9 Zeritis Molomo, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 373, pl. vi. f. 9.

Hep, al., (f) 1 in. 24 lim.; (2) 1 m. 4—54 lin.

gt Orange-yellow, with a blackish-brown costal patch and hind-
marginal border vn fore-wing, and costal-apical patch and hind-marginal
edging in hind-wing. Hore-wing: costa from base to a little before
middle rather broadly bordered by ochre-yellow; costal patch united
narrowly on costa to apical commencement of hind-marginal border,
acuminate inferiorly, piercing the orange field as far as third median
nervule, so as to leave a narrow orange ray beyond its outer edge;
hind-marginal border broad, of even width from apex to posterior
angle, slightly denticulate on its inner edge; an indistinct paler lunule
at extremity of discoidal cell. Mind-wing: costal-apical patch like
that in fore-wing and also piercing the orange as far as third median
nervule, but narrower and much closer to hind-margin and more inti-
mately united to the commencement of hind-marginal edging; the
latter almost linear below second subcostal nervule, but distinct, well-
defined, and rather sharply dentating the orange between nervules.
Cilia broad, whitish, with wide fuscous interruptions on nervules.
UNDER SIDE — Hind-wing and costal, apical, and hind-marginal border
of fore-wing very pale creany-ochreous ; hind-wing with large dark-edged
dull-silvery spots, and with a dark-brownish suffusion over basal and inner
marginal area, and also between central and discal rows of spots. Fore-
wing: silvery-white centred black spots quite as in Zaikosama, Wal-
lengr., and Orthrus, Trim., but more brilliant; spots of hind-marginal
row minute but distinct, very slightly edged with orange. Hind-wing :
spots arranged as in the species just named, except that the second
and third rows are considerably closer together, and that the spots of
the hind-marginal row are very minute; a whitish suffusion between
discal and hind-marginal rows of spots; an additional metallic spot
near base, just below and beyond first spot of first transverse row.

2 Similar to f, orange-yellow rather deeper in tint, dark marginal
markings wn fore-wing rather broader. Fore-wing: between hind-mar-
ginal border and cilia an orange-yellow line, interrupted by small
nervular black spots corresponding with the dark interruptions of the

206 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

cilia. Hind-wing: costal-apical patch blunter inferiorly, with (in two
examples) faint indications of a linear continuation over lower part of
disc; hind-marginal edging broken into a series of quite free and
separate inter-nervular spots and an outer series of nervular ones.
UNDER SIDE.—Rather deeper in tint; spots generally better defined;
the brown clouding in hind-wing inclining to ferruginous.

Variety A. (f and 2).

g Fore-wing: costal patch much longer, beginning at a point
below costal nervure about middle of superior margin of discoidal cell ;
hind-marginal border rather narrowed about the middle, more deeply
dentated with orange on nervules along its inner edge. Hind-wing:
costal-apical patch considerably broader, its inferior extremity much
farther from hind-margin, not far from origin of third median nervule.

® Rather paler and duller. ore-wing: costal border more or less
tinged with greyish; costal patch smaller, sometimes suffused and ill-
defined; hind-marginal border more or less deeply prerced by orange
rays on median nervules and second radial nervule (in one specimen as
far as hind-margin itself). Hind-wing: costal-apical patch occupying
same position as in g, but usually suffused and much reduced in size.

UNDER SIDE in both sexes with the spots smaller and duller, and
with the tint of the hind-wing rather more reddish and with less distinct
brownish clouding.

(Hab.—Griqualand West, Eastern Interior of Cape Colony, Delagoa
Bay.)

On the upper side this species bears much resemblance to Aranda, Wallengr.,
but its under-side markings plainly indicate its nearer alliance to Orthrus, Trim.,
and Laikosama, Wallengr. The larger size and greater lustre of the metallic
spots on the under side of the hind wings perhaps best distinguish it from the
two latter, though the very great difference in the upper-side colouring consti-
tutes the most immediately obvious distinction. JI do not think it advisable
to separate the variety just described from Molomo, though the invasion of the
hind-marginal border of the fore-wing by the orange ground-colour gives the 9
a very peculiar aspect.

The ¢ of this butterfly was taken by Mr. W. Morant in the Orange Free
State in November 1868, and in the Transvaal on 25th October 1870. Colonel
Bowker had previously (October 1864) sent 9s from Kaffraria Proper, and in
December 1868 forwarded another from Basutoland. The latter naturalist also
sent me all the examples of the variety I have seen, except a $ which I took
at Klipdrift, Griqualand West, on 19th September 1872, a ? from Kimberley
(in which the dark markings are almost obsolete) belonging to Mr. H. Grose
Smith, anda ? from Delagoa Bay given me by Mrs. Monteiro.

Localities of Zeritis Molomo.
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts—Between Somerset East and Murraysburg
(J. H. Bowker).

c. Griqualand West.—(Var. A.) Klipdrift, Vaal River. Kimberley
(H. G. Smith). Vaal River (J. H. Bowker).

d, Basutoland.—Koro-Koro (J. H. Bowker).

Se SE 5

LY CAINTDAL. 207

C. Orange Free State.-—Special locality not noted (W. Morant).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Monteiro.—Var. A.)
K. Transvaal.—Special locality not noted (W. Morant).

995. (24.) Zeritis Orthrus, Trimen.

& Zeritis Orthrus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 340, pl. 1.
£. 10.

Exp. al., ($) 114 lin.—1 in. 24 lin.; (9) 1 in. 1-5 lin.

a Fuscous-grey, with pale-grey submarginal markings. Fore-wing :
costa narrowly clouded with pale-grey from base to near apex ; a trans-
verse submarginal stripe, ill-defined and somewhat dentated on its
edges, extending from costa to first median nervule; usually a thin
terminal pale disco-cellular lunule. Hind-wing: between radial ner-
vule and anal angle a narrow, sharply-dentated streak, of which the
outward dentations reach the hind-marginal edge upon the extremities
of the nervules. Cilia of the ground-colour irregularly varied with
pale-grey, chiefly between nervules. UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing and
costal, apical, and hind-marginal border of fore-wing very pale creamy-
grey, with sub-metallic spots ; the markings generally almost vdentical with
those of Z. Taikosama, Wallgrn. Fore-wing : the two spots before middle,
below median nervure and its first nervule, smaller and much more
indistinct than in Z'aikosama, the white centre often wanting in one or
the other of these spots; the outer of the two submarginal rows of
spots better marked than in Zaihosama. Hind-wing: the third row of
spots (beyond middle) obsolete, only represented by some scarcely trace-
able darker clouding, mixed with a few sub-metallic scales; a rather
well-marked hind-marginal row of pale fuscous spots ending with a
black spot at anal angle; a little before the last-mentioned spot a
black dot.

9 Like the $, but with the pale-grey stripe in fore-wing suffused and
indistinctly radiating along nervules to hind-margin ; or considerably
darker and browner, with the strype wm both wings ochre-yellow, usually
more or less radiating wm fore-wing. Fore-wing: stripe varying much
in length, width, and distinctness,—in one example grey superiorly and
ochre-yellow inferiorly, usually emitting more or less prolonged projec-
tions on nervules towards hind-margin; terminal disco-cellular lunule
usually indistinct or obsolete. Hind-wing: hind-marginal stripe always
narrow, usually commencing on second, but sometimes on first, sub-
costal nervule; the deep dark inter-nervular indentations along its outer
edge sometimes (as in Yaikosama) forming distinct spots. UNDER
SIDE.— Always rather darker than in fg, and often more or less tinged
with ferruginous in hind-wing and along border of fore-wing. Hind-
wing: spots generally more distinct and shining, especially those of
third transverse row, which are more or less arrowhead-shaped and
form a pretty even series quite across wing; preceding (median) row

208 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

more constantly complete than in ¢, where some of the middle spots
are often wanting.

There is a slight approach in several examples (of both sexes) to
caudation of the hind-wing on first median nervule and submedian
nervure, and in specimens from Delagoa Bay (two ¢s, three 28) this
tendency is more pronounced,

This near ally of Yaikosama is distinguished by its darker, more ashy
ground-colour of the upper side, with (in the g constantly and in the ¢ occa-
sionally) pale-grey submarginal marking, which is always restricted (whether
grey or yellow) in the hind-wing to a narrow hind-marginal stripe; by the
absence or shght development of any basal suffusion ; and on the under side
by the larger and brighter spots of the hind-wing, and the larger silvery-white
centres of the spots of the fore-wing. The under-side colouring is also
(especially in the g ) much paler, and the spots of the third transverse row (all
but obsolete in the ¢) of the lind-wing are distinctly sagittiform instead of
rounded or sublunulate. The females in which the stripes are grey come from
Delagoa Bay, as well as one in which that of the fore-wing is half grey and
half yellow.

Mr. Walter Morant was the first to bring this form to my notice, in the
year 1872; the two males he sent having been taken in the upper districts
of Natal in September 1870. Mr. J. M. Hutchinson and Colonel Bowker
have subsequently forwarded examples of both sexes from the same region ;
and I have received others from the Transvaal, collected by Mr. T. Ayres, and
from Delagoa Bay, taken by Mrs, Monteiro.

Localities of Zeritis Orthrus.

I. South Africa.
iE. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Bushman’s River

and Colenso (W. Morant). Between Tugela and Mooi Rivers
(J. H. Bowker).

F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).

H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
bi, Interior.—Tauwani River, near Bamangwato (£. C. Selous).

226. (25.) Zeritis Barklyi, Trimen.

3 @ Zeritis Barklyi, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 338, pl. il.
if, 8, 9.

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. 4-4% lin.; (@) 1 in. 4-54 lin.

g Pale silvery-grey, spotless. Kore-wing: an ill-defined, dull-
fuscous, macular or submacular, hind-marginal border, forming
rather a broad apical mark, but narrowing lower down, and usually
more or less interrupted by the ground-colour on nervules. Hind-
wing: an elongate, ill-defined, apical, fuscous marking lying between
first subcostal and radial nervules. UNDER siDE.—Hind-wing and

LYCENID A. 209

narrow border of fore-wing ashy brownish grey ; rest of fore-wing orange-
ved. Fore-wing: grey border widening slightly just before and at
apex; a dark fuscous dash at base inferiorly edging median nervure ;
black spots in number and arrangement like those of Zhyra, Linn.,
and allies, viz., three white-centred cellular spots, a transverse, discal,
irregular row of six, of which the four upper are white-dotted inte-
riorly, and two parallel submarginal rows of seven each, of which the
outer row is composed of very small spots indistinctly marking the
inner edge of the hind-marginal grey border. Hind-wing: the follow-
ing indistinct, hardly sub-metallic, fuscous-edged, greyish spots, viz.,
three cellular (basal one minute, middle one near third), two supra-
cellular (wide apart), two infra-cellular, and six sub-confluent, form-
ing an irregular discal row; a submarginal row of seven thin fuscous
lunules, and a marginal spot of seven fuscous sublunulate spots (of
which the three lower are well marked); between the two rows one
of pale orange lunular marks (the three lower of which are usually well
marked); on each side of the irregular discal row of spots several more
or less indistinct pale orange marks. Cilia fuscous, varied between
nervules with greyish-white.

2 Not so glossy ; fore-wing with a subapical pale orange-yellow
rounded patch. Fore-wing: patch hes between third subcostal and
first median nervure, extending from extremity of discoidal cell, and
bounded externally by the hind-marginal fuscous band, which is darker
than in fg, broad, even, and not macular. Mind-wing: apical fuscous
marking smaller, less distinct. UNDER sipE.—<As in gf, but paler and
duller throughout. |

(Described from ten f and three specimens.)

In structure and in the colouring and marking of the under side
of the wings this species is plainly referable to the group of which
Z. Pierus, Cram., may be considered as the type, but the silvery-grey
of the upper side is a most striking distinctive character, quite unique
in the genus. ‘This peculiar colour is so pale that at first sight the
expanded 2, with its orange apical patch in the fore-wings, might
almost be taken for a small dull f Anthocharis or Teracolus. The
under-side markings combine to some extent the characters of Z.
Thyra, Linn., and Z. Pierus, Cram., but the brownish-grey inclines
much more to ashy than in either of the species named, and the lunular
and scattered marks of pale orange in the hind-wings are only found in
4. Barklyt.

I have named this butterfly after his Excellency Sir Henry Barkly, the
Governor of the Cape Colony, to wl.ose kindness I owe the opportunity of
visiting Namaqualand, and who first called my attention to the species as some-
thing unusual. It was on the 17th August 1873, between Koekfontein
and the Komaggas Mission Station, that the insect was first observed, settling
on the small pink flowers of a species of Mesembryanthemum which car-

peted the sides offthe waggon-road. Other localities where it was subsequently
seen were on the road from Komaggas to Spectakel; near Steinbokfontein

210 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

(between Spectakel and Abbevlakte); and at Oograbies (about fifteen miles
inland from Port Nolloth). It is very conspicuous on the wing, the pale upper
side (of the ¢ especially) flashing like silver in the sunshine. Though settling
frequently on flowers and on the ground, it is by no means so easy of capture
as most of its allies, being unusually wary of approach and swift in flight.
While in motion it has much the appearance of a large pale Lycceena, such as
L. Corydon, Scop., or L, Asteris, Godt.; but when it has settled, its under-side
colouring renders it as inconspicuous as its near congeners in repose usually
are. In the elevated hilly country Z. Barkly seemed to be rather widely dis-
persed, but was local in its haunts, being numerous in a few spots only, on
the sunny slopes of hills. In the flat sandy country near the coast no
examples were to be found.

Localities of Zeritis Barklyi.
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Oograbies, Steinbokfontein, between Komag-

gas and Spectakel, and between Komaggas and Koekfontein,
Namaqualand District.

GEeNuS PENTILA.

Pentila, Westwood [part], Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 503 (1852); Hewitson,
Exot. Butt., ii. p. 119 (1866); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 284
(1866).

Imaco.—Head small, densely scaled in front, vertex with closely-
appressed hair; eyes large, globose, naked ; palpi inferior, exceedingly
small and short,—basal and second joints clothed beneath with long
scales of unequal length,—terminal joint minute, short, obtuse;
antenne short, rather thick, with abruptly-formed elongate-ovate club,
obtuse at tip.

Thorax very short and slender, thinly scaled. ore-wings large,
long; hind-margin convex, entire; costa moderately arched; costal
nervure ending about middle of costa ; subcostal nervure five-branched,
—first and second nervules given off, not far from each other, some
distance before extremity of discoidal cell,—third about midway be-
tween cell and apex,—fourth about midway between third and apex,
and terminating at apex; discoidal cell unusually long; first disco-
cellular nervule long, lying longitudinally,—second much shorter,
oblique,—third the longest, curved, meeting first median nervule at a
decided angle a good way beyond latter’s origin. Hind-wings elongate ;
hind-margin very convex, entire; precostal nervure distinct; costal
nervure short, ending not far beyond middle; first subcostal nervule
emitted considerably before extremity of cell and ending at apex;
upper disco-cellular nervule short, oblique,—lower twice as long as
upper, much curved, meeting first median nervule as in fore-wing ;
submedian nervure extending to anal angle; internal nervure very

long, ending not far before anal angle; discoidal cell rather long and

LYCAINID~. 211

narrow. Legs short, very stout, thinly scaled, without hairs; tibie
without terminal spurs; tarsi spinose beneath: fore-legs of $ with tibia
very finely spinose beneath,—tarsus very short, not articulated, blunt
at tip, spinose beneath.

Abdomen long, much thickened posteriorly, where it is also clothed
with short appressed hair.

This curious genus consists of nine or ten species of yellow or
reddish-ochreous or yellowish-white butterflies, more or less spotted
and bordered with blackish, whose weak structure and sub-diaphanous,
thin, lustreless wings give them the aspect of moths of the Geometra
group. The very small palpi, short and somewhat thick antennee, very
- small thorax, long discoidal cell in both fore and hind wings, ample
wings, and long incrassate abdomen, render Pentila easily recognised,
and very unlike the mass of Lyceenideous genera. In the minute palpi
it resembles Alwna, and in the development of the superior (first) disco-
cellular nervule of the fore-wings, and short, thick, hairless legs, it is
like Deloneura ; but in most respects it is a very isolated form, its
general habit somewhat recalling that of Pontia (= Nychitona, Butl.)
among the Perine.

All the known species inhabit Tropical Africa, and, with the excep-
tion of P. Peucetia, Hewits., and P. tropicalis (Boisd.), appear to be
confined to the West Coast. The two species named inhabit Eastern
Africas (the Zambesi and Mozambique respectively), and Z’vropicalis is
abundant on the coast of Natal. It is very doubtful whether the latter
also occurs in West Africa, Hewitson having associated with it the
P. Abraxas of Westwood, an Ashanti form, which appears to be quite
distinct.

As might be inferred from its structure, Pentila is an exceedingly
slow flyer. JP. tropicalis, which I had many opportunities of observing
in Natal, is of somewhat gregarious habits, and many examples may
be met with about a particular spot, flitting feebly among shrubs or
long grass.

227. (1.) Pentila tropicalis, (Boisduval).

3 Tingra tropicalis, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. ’Afr. Aust., p. 589, n. 46
(1847).

fe) s re Var., Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. HandlL, 1857,—
Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 46.

3 LPentila tropicalis, Hopft., Peters’ Reise Mossamb., p. 413 (1862).

3 : BS Hewits., Exot. Butt., iii, pl. 60, f. 2 (1866).

Ones S Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 284, n. 176 (1866).

Hopea., (4) 1 im. 34—5% lin. ; (2) 1 ins 3=—7 lin.

g Ochre-yellow, with a few small rounded blackish spots; in both
wings a terninal disco-cellular spot ; fore-wing with a rather wide
apical hind-marginal blackish border ; cilia ochre-yellow, in fore-wing

Bile SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

with black nervular interruptions. Fore-wing: costal border more or
less thickly sprinkled with blackish atoms, especially near base ; border
rather broad at apex, usually marked exteriorly by linear inter-nervular
ochre-yellow marks (which become continuous below third or second
median nervule), but usually broken into separate spots below third
or second median nervule; above cell two or three small spots,
in it generally two or three others centrally situated, below it two
(of which the inner is sometimes obsolete), one on each side of third
median nervule. Hind-wing : a spot on costa before middle ; on hind-
marginal edge a series of minute usually sublinear nervular spots.
UNDER SIDE.—Same colour as on wpper side, but everywhere, except on
inner-marginal area of fore-wing, thinly sprinkled with blackish atoms ;
common to both wings, an irregular discal row, and a regular sub-
marginal row of small blackish spots, and a series of minute nervular
spots on hind-marginal edge ; terminal disco-cellular spots as on upper
side. ore-wing: blackish border wanting, except as slightly repre-
sented by the spots of submarginal row, of which the lowest spot is
much larger than the rest. Hind-wing. four very small spots near
base, viz., two above, one in, and one below cell; one or two similar
spots in cell, farther from base; two larger spots below cell, one on
each side of first median nervule.

2 Like gf, except that the spots generally are smaller and fainter, and
that wn fore-wing the costal wrroration is thinner, and the apical hind-
marginal border almost or entirely obsolete. UNDER SIDE.—<As in Z, but
irroration fainter and sparser.

The nearest allies of this species are P. Amenaida and P. Rotha,
Hewits., from Angola and Gaboon respectively, but both possess larger,
differently situated spots, and a broad blackish border to both wings.
P, Abraxas, Westw., associated by Hewitson (op. cit., p. 119) with
Tropicalis as a variety of the @, has every appearance of being quite
distinct; it is yellowish-white, with both discal and marginal spots
large and rounded, and is recorded from several parts of Western
Africa.

I met with this curious butterfly not uncommonly on the coast of Natal in
1867, from the end of February to the end of March. It flies very slowly,
always frequenting shady spots on the edge of woods. It is usual to find a
good many specimens about some particular spot ; at the Itongati River I met
with quite a company of them settled on stems of grass, and flitting deliberately
about in an avenue just at sunset. On almost all other occasions of noticing
this species, I took them while flying slowly in bushy places at some height
(10 to 15 feet) from the ground. Among examples received from Colonel
Bowker were several noted as captured near D’Urban in the months of Novem-
ber and December.

Hopffer (op. cit.) remarks that the three specimens (4 ) which he describes
from Querimba were considerably smaller than Boisduval’s from Natal, mea-
suring only 1 in. 1 lin. across the fore-wings.

LYCANIDZ, 213

Localities of Pentila Troprcalrs,

T. South Africa.
EK. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban, Verulam, and Itongati River.
WY. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (M/s. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.
A, South Tropical.
b. Eastern Coast.—‘ Querimba ” (Hopffer).
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— Old Calabar” (ZZewdtson).

Genus DURBANIA.

D Urbania, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., vol. i. p. 400 (1862) ;
Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 282 (1866).

Pentila, Westw. [part], Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 503 (1852).

Liptena [part], Hewits., Exot. Butt., 11. p. 119 (1866).

Imaco.—Head small, clothed on front and on vertex with very
short down; eyes smooth; palpr rather long, scaly, divergent, not or
barely rising above top of head,—second joint long and stout, third
short, slender, acuminate ; antennw short, rather stout, with club rather
abruptly formed, sub-cylindrical, blunt at tip.

Thorax short, rather slender, laterally and posteriorly with a few
short hairs above; prothorax superiorly coated densely with short
hair; breast scaly anddowny. /ore-wings more or less elongate; costa
usually but slightly or moderately arched,—sometimes more decidedly
so; hind-margin convex, entire; posterior angle rounded; costal ner-
vure ending about middle of costa; subcostal nervure five-branched,
first nervule emitted at half the length of discoidal cell, second mid-
way between first and extremity of cell, third and fourth nearer apex
than cell, fourth ending on costa just before apex, fifth ending a little
below apex; discoidal cell short or very short; upper radial nervule
joined to subcostal nervure at or a little beyond extremity of cell;
inferior disco-cellular nervule considerably longer than middle one,
curved, joining third median nervule at an angle some distance from
latter’s origin; first median nervule given off before or considerably
before middle. Hind-wings elongate ; costa prominent or very pro-
minent at base, thence little arched or nearly straight; hind-margin
entire, very convex; apex and anal angle much rounded ; inner margins
but slightly convex, only covering sides of abdomen; costal nervure
ending about or a little beyond middle; first subcostal nervule emitted
at or a little before extremity of discoidal cell; cell short ; upper disco-
cellular nervule rather short, transverse; lower one oblique, long,
curved, joining first median nervule at an angle a good way from
latter’s origin; submedian nervure short. Legs stout, scaly, w:thout

VOL, I. P

214 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

hairs; under side of tibiz with two or three minute spines, but no
terminal spurs; tarsi long, spinose beneath ; fore-legs of $ more slender,
with tarsus not articulated, spinose beneath, and ending in a fringe of
small spines.

Abdomen of moderate length, stout in &.

Larva.—Elongate, not onisciform, the segments well marked, clothed
with down and with long hair. (Described from drawings by Mrs.
Barber.)

Pura.—Broad, rather thick, convex above, flattened below; back
of thorax, and especially back and sides of abdomen, with fascicles of
long hair.

The rather long, divergent, almost horizontally projecting palpi,
short, abruptly-clavate antennz, short discoidal cell, and very long first
subcostal and first median nervules in the fore-wings, short submedian
nervure of hind-wings, and stout hairless legs are characteristic features
of this genus, which I founded for the reception of a species discovered
in British Kaffraria by Mr. W. 8. M. D’Urban, F.L.8. Since the
publication of Lhopalocera Africe Australis, two closely allied species
(D. limbata and D. saga, Trim.) have been found in South Africa, and
to them I consider must be added the little species Aslauga, Trim.,
which in 1873 I referred to the genus Liptena of Hewitson. On
investigating, also, some of the species referred by Hewitson to Liptena,'
I have come to the conclusion that Jsca, Hewits., Acrwa, Westw., and
probably also Zima, Libyssa, Lagyra, undularis, and Lircea, Hewits.,
should be included in D’Urbania. The species named L. Hleaza by
Hewitson is (to judge by the figures) rightly referred by Mr. Kirby
to Butler’s genus Pseuderesia (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 532),
founded on a Gold Coast butterfly which I have not seen.

The species mentioned are all purely African; out of the eleven
held to belong to D’Urbania, three (Amakosa, limbata, and saga) are
peculiar to the Southern Sub-Region, one (Aslauga) is common to
South Africa and Zanzibar, and the rest are only known from Western
Tropical Africa. The more typical species (Amakosa and near allies)
are dark-brown, with spots or patches of some shade of red, and have
the under side much mottled with fuscous and grey; but the longer-
winged Acrea, Westw., has an ochrey-yellow under surface barred
marginally with black and white; and the Zagyra group consists of
white almost unspotted species with blackish margins.

The only species that I have seen in life is D. Amakosa, and that
only on one occasion; the ¢ which 1 captured flew very slowly and
looked like a small species of Acrwa. This species, however, as Mrs.

Barber and Colonel Bowker inform me, habitually settles on stones;

¥' 1 Mr. Hewitson was aware that he had brought together under this genus butterflies of
considerably differing characters, for he wrote (Hxot. Butt., v. p. 84), “I have preferred to
place several heterogeneous species in the genus Lzptena, rather than to make new genera
to receive them,”

|

}

|

|

LYCAINIDA, 215

and so does D. saga, as I learn from M. Péringuey, who discovered
the latter in the Hex River Mountains of the Cape Colony. D. limbata
is stated by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson to be similarly attached to stones
on the hills of the interior of Natal; but Aslawga was found by Colonel
Bowker to frequent dry branches and twigs.

D. Amakosa has a wide range over Hastern South Africa, but is
not known to have occurred west of Grahamstown. ‘The Hex River
Mountains, in the west of the Cape Colony, are the only recorded loca-
lity for D. saga ; and D. limbata appears to be peculiar to Upper Natal,
while Aslauga is limited to the coast of that Colony.

It is worthy of note that the larva departs widely from the ordinary
onisciform Lycenide type, and that both it and the pupa are very
hairy.

228. (1.) D’Urbania Amakosa, Trimen.

6 9 DUrbaniu Amakosa, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., 1.
p: 4oz (1862); and Rhop, Air. Aust. u. p. 283, pl. 5, ff. 4,5
(1866).

Lxp. al., (f) 1 in. 1-4 lin.; (f) 1 im. 5—9 lin.

Dark-brown, inelining to fuscous; each wing with a submarginal,
curved, transverse row of orange-yellow spots.

g fore-wing: row of six spots, forming almost a semicircle, ex-
tending from subcostal to submedian nervure,—sometimes indistinctly
marked. Hind-wing: somewhat paler than fore-wing; only four spots
in transverse row, which is not markedly curved, extending from second
subcostal to third median nervule, Cilia of both wings conspicuously
chequered brown and white. UNDER sIDE—Jore-wing: before trans-
verse row of spots rather thinly, beyond it thickly, wrorated with whitish ;
row of orange spots increased to a broad macular stripe, narrowly edged
with black on each side; the irrorations immediately succeeding stripe
forming a series of acute, rather indistinct lunules. Mind-wing: wii-
versally and densely irrorated with whitish ; the position of the transverse
row of upper side faintly indicated by some scarcely distinguishable
whitish spots, followed by some indistinct fuscous lunules. Cilia not
So conspicuously chequered as above.

2 Orange spots in both wings enlarged and confluent, forming a
broad band, which in fore-wing widens at its lower extremity. Cilia
asin f. UNDER SIDE—Quite similar to that of ¢; orange band of
fore-wing paler than on upper side.

Both sexes are exceedingly variable as regards the orange markings.
The typical examples from near King William’s Town and others from
Kaffraria Proper have these markings in their least developed condition,
and in the ¢ especially the spots are always very small, and some of
them occasionally obsolete. Examples from the Natal Coast and the

216 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Transvaal exhibit an intermediate development,’ the spots in the fore-
wing of the $ being enlarged and elongated, while those of the hind-
wing form a confluent band as broad as in the typical 2; and the same
markings in the 2 are much widened, and in the fore-wing connected
with the base by a partly interrupted broad inner-marginal orange ray.
The examples in which these markings attain their utmost expansion
are from near Grahamstown and other localities in the Albany District,
where in the gf the hind-wing band is suffusedly extended towards base,
and in the ? really occupies all the area except a more or less suffused
central costal patch and rather narrow hind-marginal border; while
in the fore-wing the spots of the ¢ are not much enlarged, but in the
° the inner-marginal orange is broad and uninterrupted almost to
base.

In some examples of both sexes the whitish spots of the discal
row on the under side of the hind-wings are outwardly marked with
red.

Larva.—Ashy-erey ; a dorsal central darker line bordered on each
side by a row of rather ill-defined whitish spots; on each side infe-
riorly a row of round red spots—those along anterior half of body with
white marks between them. Head red. Rather sparsely set with
moderately-long ashy-grey hairs, and (apparently) with a shorter closer
clothing of ochrey-yellow hairs along the back and on each side;
the long hairs apparently springing from series of tubercles. Length,
6 lin. ‘On acommon species of grass, Anthistiria ciliata.” —M. H.
Barber. PuatTe II. ff. 2 (from drawings by Mrs. Barber).

Pupa.—Pale-brown ; some darker lines indicating outline of limbs.
Under side smooth; a flat silken coating covering most of abdominal
surface (only basal segment bare). Back and sides very hairy; the
thorax and basal half of abdomen with tufts of short sandy and longer
whitish hairs; the terminal half with four rows (two dorsal and two
lateral) of tubercles supporting fascicles of very long bristly brown and
whitish hairs, the lateral tufts being the longest. Length, 5—6 lin.
—Puate II. ff. 2a (from my own drawings).

The above descriptions are made from drawings (of the larva) and
specimens (of the pupa) received from Mrs. Barber, who wrote that
these earlier stages of Amakosa were discovered by Miss Fanny Bowker
at Pembroke, near King William’s Town. ‘The caterpillars were feed-
ing on the grass above named, and were gregarious; on a flat rock
beneath the grass numerous chrysalides were attached in a group, five
or six within a square inch, by a slight silken web; and among several
of the butterflies close at hand there were some quite fresh from the
chrysalis and unable to fly. Mrs. Barber notes that the chrysalis state

1 Two gs anda ? from the high country near the source of the Kraai River, in the
extreme north-east of Cape Colony, are smaller than usual; in the ¢ the hind-wing spots
are confluent, but form a very narrow stripe, and in the ? the orange is of considerable
width, but has scarcely any baseward extension in fore-wing, and none in hind-wing.

LYCAENID Zi. 217

is of very short duration. A good many butterflies emerged on the
journey to Grahamstown, and I extracted a fully-developed dead 9 from
one of the pup sent to me.

This species was first brought to my notice by Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban,
F.L.S., who found it commonly near King William’s Town in November 1860
and January 1861, sitting on rocks and stones. The same habits have been
recorded for it by Mrs. Barber and Colonel Bowker. During my stay at
Grahamstown in 1870, the season appeared to be an unfavourable one for the
species, and I only met with a single specimen—a ? with very largely deve-
~ loped orange markings, which was flying slowly on the Beacon Hill at High-
lands, and looked on the wing hke Acrea Rahira. With a wide range over
Eastern South Africa, Amakosa does not seem to be recorded from any station
westward of the Albany district of Cape Colony.

Localities of D Urbauia Amakosa.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts; —Grahamstown. Fort Brown, Fish River,
Albany District (4. £. Barber). King William’s Town (W.
S. M. D Urban). ‘ Windvogelberg, Queenstown District.”—
W.S. M. D’Urban. Pembroke, near King William’s Town
(Miss F. Bowker). Heads of Kraai River, Barkly District
(J. H. Bowker). Fort Warden, Kei River (J. H. Bowker).
. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).
. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).
K, Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

sails)

229. (2.) D’Urbania limbata, sp. nov.

Hap. al., ($) 1 im. of—3 lin.; (2) 1 in. 44 lin.

Closely allied to D. Amakosa, Trim.

gf Blackish-brown, with a hind-marginal orange-red band, macular
in fore-wing, very broad and unbroken in hind-wing. Fore-wing: band
lying very close to hind-margin, composed of five elongate-ovate
spots, between subcostal nervure and first median nervule, gradually
diminishing downward; a small or minute orange spot immediately
above first spot of band, and the trace of a still smaller spot just before
it. Hind-wing: band more than twice as broad as in fore-wing,
except the first spot (between subcostal nervules), which is small, and
in two out of three examples partly separate from band, and extending
to submedian nervure, its outer edge sinuated by the very narrow dark
hind-marginal streak. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing and narrow apical
and hind-marginal border of fore-wing very pale greyish-brown irre-
gularly speckled with white. Fore-wing: orange band situated as on
upper side, but not macular, the five spots being enlarged and con-
fluent,-—its outer edge with a series of blackish nervular indentations,
its inner edge bounded by a conspicuous black streak ; costal area from

218 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

base to band rather widely speckled with white; inner discal area
smooth fuscous, not speckled; in discoidal cell two blackish white-
ringed spots, one near base rounded, the other 8-shaped about
middle; a similar larger, curved, sublunulate mark at extremity of
cell. HHind-wing: a double parallel series of white annulets near base,
—two annulets being above discoidal cell, two 8-shaped ones in
cell, and two below cell; an imperfect elongate suffused white lunule
at extremity of cell; a serves of nine elongate, orange, outwardly black
and brown dotted, white-ringed spots, submarginal for the greater part
of rts course, round the wing from costa beyond middle to wmner margin
close to base. Cilia brownish, with very smal] white inter-nervular
interruptions.

2 Similar, slightly paler. Fore-wing: band broader, its upper
three spots confluent; a very small additional (sixth) spot between
first median nervule and submedian nervure. MHind-wing : band broader,
except as regards the first spot. UNDER sIDE.—As in f, but subocellate
orange and blackish white-ringed spots in the hind-wing enlarged and
shghtly suffused,

The position of the orange band on the wpper side of both wings at
once distinguishes this very handsome form from D. Amakosa, as in
none of those of the latter in which the orange is most developed does
its external edge come nearly so close to the hind-margin; the brighter,
redder tint of the orange is also very noticeable in Limbata, as well
as the more important distinction that, in both sexes, the band of
the fore-wings 1s broader wn ats wpper than wm tts lower portion (the
reverse being the case in Amakosa); in the g, also the sixth (lowest)
spot in the fore-wing band is absent, and in the 2 it is very small.
On the under side, the browner less ashy tint of the hind-wing and
border of fore-wing, with the distinct black cellular markings and
inner edging of orange band, and in the hind-wing the very distinct
basal annulets and the long and conspicuous series (following three-
fourths of the circuit of the wing) of white-ringed red-and-blackish
spots—only a portion of which are indistinctly represented in some
specimens of Amakosa, are also noticeable distinctions. There is much
less white in the cilia of D. limbata.

The discovery of this butterfly is due to Mr. J. M. Hutchinson of Kim-
bolton, near Estcourt, Natal, who sent me a ¢ in June 1882. I thought it
pessible that this might be merely a sport of the variable D. Amakosa, but
recommended Mr. Hutchinson to look out for other specimens; and in July
1884 I was delighted to receive from him two more gsanda Q, with the
information that seven had been captured, including the paired sexes, about
three miles from Estcourt, and that these examples did not present any varia-
tion, particularly in the important feature of the position of the orange
bands.

Mr. Hutchinson writes that the insect occurs in several spots along the
Bushman’s River, but always in the same kind of station, viz., the sides or
summits of rocky hills. The specimens noticed were all—with one exception,
which was on the wing—sitting on stones, and were easily boxed while settled.

LYCAINID. 219

Localities of D’Urbania limbata.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt and Bushman’s River (J. Md. Hutchin-
son).

230. (3.) D’Urbania saga, Trimen.
¢ D’Urbania saga, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 354.

wapeal., (f)-1 im. 1-5 lim.; (2) Fr im. 6 hn.

g Dark-brown; a discal row of dull pale ochreous-yellow elongate
spots im each wing. Sore-wing: discal row of five spots strongly in-
curved, so that the last spot (between first and second median nervules)
is rather nearer base than the first spot (immediately above first radial) ;
a faint indication of a sixth spot just below first median nervule; a
row of three small and very indistinct spots of the same colour a little
beyond and parallel with upper part of discal row ; at extremity of dis-
coidal cell a scarcely perceptible ochreous-yellow spot, preceded by a
similar not quite so indistinct marking in the cell not far from its
extremity. Hind-wing: discal row of five spots usually not so dis-
tinct as in fore-wing, not curved, but rather irregular,—the first and
second spots sublinear and rarely confluent,—the second being much
longer than any of the others,—the last (below first median nervule)
minute. Cilia of both wings dark-brown, conspicuously interrupted
with white between the nervules. UNDER SIDE.—Dark-brown, varie-
gated with whitish. Fore-wing : first spot of discal row small, white,—
the remainder larger than on upper side, acuminate exteriorly, and of a
paler yellow; in discoidal cell a longitudinal whitish streak from base
and a terminal whitish spot; between end of cell and discal spots a
transverse row of three short whitish rays; spots beyond discal row
distinct, white; three or four small white marks between nervules on
costal edge beyond middle. Hind-wing: a conspicuous irregular discal
white stripe, well defined internally, but not externally, and very sharply
angulated on radial nervule ; the following whitish marks before discal
stripe, viz., one on costa at base, one in discoidal cell at base, and another
just before extremity of cell, confluent with one immediately above it
on costa; between white stripe and hind-margin a row of thin inter-
nervular lunules, inwardly bordered by dark sagittiform marks.

2 Similar, larger ; spots on wpper side larger and deeper in colour.
UNDER SIDE.—Duller; all the whitish markings much reduced, espe-
cially the stripe in hind-wing, which is not nearly so widely suffused
exteriorly.

Though a close ally of the very variable D. Amakosa, Trim., this
species may at once be distinguished by the conspicuous sharply-angu-
lated white stripe on the under side of its hind-wings. The under side

220 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

of the wings generally also wants the whitish irroration always preva-
lent in Amakosa, so that the whitish markings show plainly out on the
dark ground-colour. On the upper surface the discal row of spots is
in the fore-wings more sharply incurved, and in the hind-wings not
incurved and more irregular. ‘The shape of the wings is also charac-
teristic, as they (especially the fore-wings) have a much less curved
costa and more produced apical region.

This very interesting addition to the genus D’Urbania was discovered by
M. L. Péringuey, of Cape Town, on the Hex River Mountain in the district
of Worcester, Cape Colony, on the 2d January 1882. On that occasion he
secured only one of the two specimens observed ; but in December 1884 he
was fortunate enough to capture ten more examples in the sane locality, one
of them being the ¢ above described. The butterfly frequented a steep ravine,
and all the examples observed settled on the sides or face of the bare rocks in
the full sunshine. When at rest, they could with difficulty be distinguished,
so assimilated is their under surface to the colour of the rock ; and on the wing

they were very inconspicuous, flying in a slow, wavering manner, and suddenly
dropping to settle.

Locality of D’Urbama saga.
I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a, Western Districts—Hex River Mountain, Worcester District
(L. Péringuey). |

231. (4.) DUrbania Aslauga, (Trimen).
Pirate IX. figs. 9 (3), 9a (¢).
$1? Liptena Aslauga, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 117.

Eap. al., (f) 114 lin.—t in. 1} lin.; (2) 1 in.—1 in. 2 lin.

g Pale orange-ochreous ; fore-wings with blackish bordering. Fore-
wing: border rather wide from base along costa, abruptly interrupted
on costal edge beyond middle, but thence forming a broad apical
border, which rapidly narrows along hind-margin to a point at anal
angle ; border marked on costal edge by four sub-quadrate spots of the
ground-colour, and emitting at the point of abrupt interruption a
broad ray downward as far as second median nervule; before this ray,
and united to the border, a blackish marking defines extremity of dis-
coidal cell; in some examples a similar blackish spot about middle
of cell, and a smaller more indistinct one in cell nearer base. Hind-
wing: spotless; a narrow, ill-defined, reddish-fuscous, hind-marginal
edging. Cilia fuscous, with paler dull-whitish interruptions (more
visible in fore-wing). UNDER SIDE—Hind-wing and markings of fore-
wing shining leaden-grey, varied with reddish-ochreous spots. Fore-wing :
ground-colour towards inner margin paler than on upper side, but
darker near costa and hind-margin ; markings similar in position to
those of upper side; mark at extremity of cell broader, and preceded
by two similar cellular marks; ray from costal border before middle

LYCAINID AS. 221

prolonged, with an inward curve, to first median nervule ; cellular grey
marks indistinctly prolonged below median nervure ; costal spots of the
ground-colour distinct; apical grey border intersected by two macular
streaks of the ground-colour from costal edge, joining the ground-
colour at their lower extremity; the outer of these rows is the longer,
composed of more lunulate, often united spots, and situated immediately
before the hind-marginal narrow grey edging. HMind-wing: reddish-
ochreous spots arranged in five transverse rows at about equal distances
apart, viz., the first, near base, of five minute elongated spots; the
second, before middle, of five or six linear more or less united spots;
the third, about middle, conspicuous, very irregular, of eight elongate
spots touching each other and edged with blackish (which is suffused
exteriorly) ; the fourth and fifth each of seven separated sagittiform
spots, the outermost row corresponding with that on hind-margin of
fore-wing ; a spot at extremity of cell; three spots at base. Antenne
ringed alternately with black and white.

2 Ground-colour the same, but costal blackish bordering of fore-
wing to beyond middle reduced to three or four small dusky spots on edge
of costa, the outermost and darkest of which represents the abrupt ter-
mination of the border; apical portion of border narrower and duller
than in g, and usually terminating hind-marginally on second median
nervule. UNDER SIDE.—As in ~.

There is a little variation as regards the reddish-fuscous hind-
marginal edging on the upper side of the hind-wing, which in both
sexes is sometimes slightly widened and with more or less marked
inward projection on nervules. ‘Two specimens from Zanzibar in the
Hewitson Collection are rather paler than the typical examples.

This very distinct little species appears to have no near congener. The
pattern of the upper side and its colouring are not dissimilar from those of the
2 sof D. Amakosa, Trim., in which the orange is more than usually developed,
but the under side is very different from that of any other D’ Urbania.

I originally described Aslauga from a ¢ lent to me in 1869 by Mr. W.
Morant, who took it in his garden at Pinetown, Natal, on the roth May in
that year. Mr. W. D. Gooch informed me that he had noticed it near D’ Urban
very rarely, but I did not receive any more specimens until the end of 1878,
when Colonel Bowker sent seven gs and three 9s, captured near that town
on the 30th November and 1st December. The latter observer wrote that the
butterfly was local, but of sociable habits, frequenting dry vine-stems and
dead branches and twigs at about ten feet from the ground, and settling in
little groups, repeatedly opening and closing the wings towards the sunshine.

Localities of D Urbana Aslauga.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts. D’ Urban (J. 7. Bowker). Pinetown (W. Morant).
IJ. Other African Regions.
A, South Tropical.
b, Eastern Coast.—Zanzibar.—Hewitson Coll.

222 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Genus ALAINA.

Alena, Boisd., Voy. Deleg. dans Afr. Aust., App., p. 591 (1847).
Acrea, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 111 (1862).

Imaco.—Head small, hairy (especially in front); eyes smooth ;
palpr extremely short, inferior hairy,—terminal joint minute, not
visible ; antenne short, with large, broad, abruptly-formed, flattened,
spoon-shaped club.

Thorax short, rather broad, slightly hairy on sides of back, pubes-
cent on prothorax. fore-wings elongate; costa almost straight; apex
slightly rounded; hind-margin entire ; inner margin slightly hollowed,
thinly ciliated ; costal nervure short, ending a lttle beyond middle;
subcostal nervure five-branched,—first and second nervules given off
before extremity of discoidal cell,—third and fourth not far from each
other, nearer to apex than to extremity of cell (fourth terminating at
apex); upper radial united to subcostal nervure a little beyond end of
cell; discoidal cell of moderate length, rather narrow; disco-cellular
nervules transverse, the inferior one slightly inclined outward and
joining third median nervule at some little distance from latter’s
origin. Hind-wings elongate; costa very prominent at base, thence
straight, ciliated throughout; costal nervure rather short, ending some
distance before apex; subcostal nervure branched at extremity of dis-
coidal cell; discoidal cell rather short and truncate; disco-cellular
nervules almost equal in length, slightly oblique,—the lower one join-
ing third median nervule (which is angulated at point of junction) at
some little distance from latter’s origin; internal nervure extending to
about middle of inner margin, which is fringed throughout with long
hairs. ore-legs of ¢ stout, very hairy (especially the tibia),—tarsus
short, downy, without distinct articulations, finely spinose beneath,
without terminal claws ;—of @ fully developed, less hairy than in ¢.
Middle and hind legs stout, rather short, very hairy, with femora, tibiee,
and tarsi about equal in length,—tarsi strongly spinose beneath, hairy
above and laterally, with terminal claws robust, strongly hooked.

Abdomen of moderate length, thick (especially in 2), arched dor-
sally, blunt at tip, hairy laterally and very hairy beneath (especially in
¢) towards extremity.

This genus has undoubtedly been misplaced (from its foundation)
among the Acrwime, to which group it has merely a superficial lke-
ness, and that not a strong one. Mr. H. W. Bates many years ago
expressed to me his doubt whether the then only known species, A.
Amazoula, Boisd., was really allied to Acrwa ; and the receipt since of
ample material for dissection has enabled me to ascertain that Alena
is an aberrant form of Lycenide related to D’Urbania and Pentila.
In neuration it more nearly agrees with the former genus, but differs
in the longer discoidal cells and longer costal nervure and upper disco-

LYCAANID. 223

cellular nervule of the hind-wings. Its very short palpi link it to
Pentila, but are hairy instead of smooth; while its antenne, with their
large broad club, differ much from those of both genera. ‘The very
hairy legs to some extent resemble those of Lachnocnema, but the fore-
tarsi of the male are of the ordinary non-articulate form, instead of
being completely developed like those of the female, as in the latter
oenus.

Three species are now recorded, all African. The type, A. Amazoula,
is ochre-yellow above and cream-colour below, without spots, but with
the margins and neuration generally on both surfaces defined conspi-
cuously with blackish. A. Nyassa, Hewits. (described in 1877), pre-
sents a very different appearance above, being blackish with a common
central white band, but beneath, though whiter, is not unlike Amazoula.
This species has been taken by Mr. Selous on the Shashani River, and
may perhaps extend south of the Tropic. A third species, A. inter-
posita, Butl. (described in 1883), appears intermediate in character
between the two, but nearer to A. Nyassa.

A, Amazoula has a wide range in Eastern South Africa, from King
William’s Town to Zululand, but is not known from beyond those
limits. It is by no means of general distribution, but extremely local,
keeping to certain spots of very limited extent. Its flight is exceed-
ingly slow, weak, and near the ground, and it settles at very short
intervals.

232. (1.) Alena Amazoula, Boisduval.

Acrea (Alena) Amazoula, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. dans l’Afr. Aust.,

Pp. 591, n. 60 (1847).
Acrea Amazoula, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 111, n. 71 (1862), and

pl. 3, £ 3 [5 ], (1866).

Exp. al., 11 lin.—1 in. 3 lin.

f Blackish-brown, rayed between nervures with yellow-ochreous ; in
both wings a longitudinal disco-cellular ray, indistinct or obsolete near
base, and a curved discal transverse row of 7—8 more or less acu-
minate rays, of which the lowest (surmounting submedian nervure) is
very much the longest, extending from just before posterior angle
almost to base; cilia whitish, with faint brownish interruptions at
extremities of nervules. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing, and narrow costal,
wide apical, and moderate hind-marginal border of fore-wing white, with
all the crossing nervures strongly defined with black ; hind-margin edged
with a black line. Jore-wing: field of wing pale yellow-ochreous ;
subcostal and median nervures clouded with black from base ; extremity
of discoidal cell closed by a black lunule.

9 All the yellow-ochreous markings enlarged and confluent, occupy-
ing all the field except a narrow blackish border. Fore-wing: base very
narrowly blackish ; costa rather broadly bordered as far as extremity

228 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

of discoidal cell, which is itself marked by a black closing lunule; a
rather broad apical and hind-marginal border, more or less radiating
on nervules; subcostal nervure clouded with black from base to about
middle. Hind-wing: all the nervures and nervules defined with black
except radial; hind-marginal border narrower than in fore-wing, but
radiating strongly on nervules; base more or less clouded with blackish,
sometimes extending along costa to about middle. UNDER sIDE.—
Astin ye.

In a few ¢ individuals I have found the disco-cellular yellow-ochreous ray
all but obsolete.

I met with this remarkable little butterfly in Natal in March and April
1867, but only in two localities, viz., on the Intzutze in the Great Noodsberg,
and at the Umgeni Falls near Maritzburg. On each occasion there were a few
specimens only, flitting slowly about the grass and herbage on the side of a
ravine, and constantly settling on the stems of grasses. As noted in my
Rhopalocera Africe Australis, Mr. D’Urban noted quite similar habits of the
insect in British Kaffraria as long ago as 18613; while on the Bashee, Colonel
Bowker observed that the butterfly was fond of settling on the ground or on
small stones. The last-named gentleman took many specimens in Napoleon
Valley, Zululand, in 1880.

Localities of Alena Amazoula.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—Fort Murray, near King William’s Town
(W.S. M. D’Urban). Fort Warden, Kei River (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
Ei. Natal.
b. Upper Districts—Great Noodsberg. Howick, near Pietermaritz-
burg. Estcourt (J. WM. Hutchinson). Ladysmith (J. H. Bowker).
F, Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).

Genus DELONEURA.

Deloneura, Trim., Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 81.

Imaco.—Head wide, flattened anteriorly, scaly superiorly ; eyes
smooth ; palpi of moderate length, without scales or hairs, ascendant,
widely divergent, second joint much swollen, terminal joint slender,
rather long, acuminate; antenne of moderate length, stout, very
gradually incrassate, extremity slightly curved outwardly, subacute
at tip.
Thorax short, moderately stout, clothed with some short down
anteriorly, and with scales and thin hair laterally and posteriorly ;
breast bare, except for some scattered groups of scales. Fore-wings
large, broad ; hind-margin entire, very convex; costa strongly arched
from base to middle, thence nearly straight; apex pronounced; costal

LYCAINID/. 226

nervure very short, extending only one-third length of costa; sub-
costal nervure five-branched ; first and second nervules emitted before
extremity of discoidal cell; third and fourth very short, emitted (not
far apart) nearer apex than cell, fourth ending at apex; discoidal cell
short, rather narrow ; upper disco-cellular nervule long, directed longi-
tudinally as in Pentila, middle one wanting, the radial nervules having
a common origin at extrenuty of upper one,—lower one long, oblique,
joining third median nervule at a very pronounced angle not far
beyond latter’s origin ; median nervules emitted near together at lower
part of extremity of cell. Hind-wings almost ovate ; hind-margin very
convex, entire; costa moderately arched; costal nervure ending a little
beyond middle ; subcostal nervure branched a little before extremity of
cell, first nervule terminating at apex; upper disco-cellular nervule
short, oblique, lower one much longer, scarcely curved, joining median
nervure at origin of second and third nervules; submedian nervure
extending to anal angle; internal nervure unusually long, extending to
considerably beyond middle of inner margin; discoidal cell short,
rather narrow. Legs short, very thick, perfectly smooth; femora and
tibiae about equal in length; tibiae without terminal spurs, but slightly
spinulose beneath; tarsi rather long, spinulose beneath ; fore-legs not
differing in either sex (?) from the rest except in being rather smaller.

Abdomen rather short and thick, scaly above, downy beneath (espe-
cially at extremity).

This very isolated genus is difficult to place satisfactorily. In the
marked feature of the common origin of the radial nervules (so that the
middle disco-cellular nervule is obsolete) in the fore-wing, it stands alone
in the Family, nor have I found the same arrangement in any other
genus of butterflies.1 When to this are added its wide head, very
swollen second joint of palpi, perfectly smooth legs (with tarsus of front
pair apparently fully developed in both sexes”), and large wings with-
out spot or marking of any kind, it will be perceived that the sum of
its characters does not warrant its close association with any of the
other aberrant genera of Lycenide.

The only species, D. immaculata, Trim., from its general aspect and
pale ochreous-yellow colour, might easily be mistaken for one of the
smaller Pierinw. It was one of Colonel Bowker’s most valuable dis-
coveries in Kaffraria; and so exceedingly rare and local does the insect
appear to be, that during the past twenty-three years no addition has
been made to the three examples originally secured.

1 In Hesperocharis, a genus of South-American Pierine, there is some approach to this
peculiarity, the middle disco-cellular nervule being very short, so that the two radials origi-
nate not far apart.

i? As mentioned in my original notice of this genus (loc. czt., p. 82, note), I believe that
two of the only three specimens known to exist are males, judging from the smaller size
and much more slender abdomen. The large example figured (loc. cit., pl. v. f. 4) is
undoubtedly a @?. The fore-tarsi do not differ in these three individuals.

226 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

233. (1.) Deloneura immaculata, Trimen.

Deloneura inmaculata, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 83, pl. 5,
£24;

Hap. al., 1 in. 5-9 lin.

Ochreous-yellow, without markings of any kind. UNDER SIDE.—
Hind-wing and an ill-defined costal, apical, and hind-marginal border
rather paler.

Head, with palpi and antenne, dull-black,—the former with two
spots on forehead, two on summit, and two behind eyes ochreous-
yellow ; antennze tipped with ochreous-yellow. Zhorax dull-black, with
pale ochreous-yellow scales and short hairs superiorly, and four or five

ochreous-yellow spots laterally. Abdomen ochreous-yellow, mixed with
fuscous superiorly.

The three examples discovered by Colonel Bowker at the end of December
1863 at Fort Bowker, on the Bashee River, remain the only known represen-
tatives of this remarkable butterfly. The first specimen was captured on the
27th December, and the other two during the remaining days before the 1st
January. Colonel Bowker described the insect as very rare, and only appear-
ing for a few days; specimens were also most difficult to procure, owing to
their habit of ‘‘ whirling slowly with flapping wings round the tops of trees,
rising and falling, sailing away and returning.” He was struck with its resem-
blance to the “ yellow tree-moth”—I believe a species of Aroa (a day-flying
Liparide form allied to Orgyia)—which abounds in the wooded parts of South
Africa, and it is not impossible that Delonewra mimics these probably pro-
tected moths, and so may escape notice among the companies of the latter. It
must be observed, however, that Colonel Bowker has in vain looked out for
the butterfly during all his subsequent years of active search in the various
forest-clad districts he has visited ; and I think it unlikely to have escaped

the notice of so practised a collector if it were really native to those tracts of
country.

Locality of Deloneura immaculata.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).

Genus ARRUGIA.

Arrugia, Wallengren, K. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 1872, p. 47.
? Zeritis, Trim., Rhop, Afr. Aust., il. p. 278 (1866).

Imaco.—Head small,—narrower in 2 ; palpi long, with both second
and terminal joints longer in 2; antenne short or very short, thick,
blunt at tip,—in f gradually incrassate from base, in 2 of almost equal
thickness from very near base.

Thorax very or exceedingly robust in ¢, and not much less so in
2. Wings rather elongate, quite entire; fore-wings with costa nearly
straight, a little deflected at apex; hind-margin slightly convex in
gt, decidedly so in $; subcostal nervure four-branched,—the first and

TT

LYCAINID AL. 225

second nervules originating at some distance apart, before extremity of
discoidal cell,—the third and fourth together about midway between
extremity of cell and apex,—the fourth terminating at apex ; in the @,
an ill-defined smooth patch over the median nervules at their origin ;
hind-wings with very short discoidal cell; subcostal nervure branched
considerably before middle. Legs short, scaly, not hairy; tibiee very
much shorter than femora, and without terminal spurs; fore-legs alike
in both sexes, those of f having the tarsi distinctly five-jointed and with
a pair of terminal curved claws.

Abdomen long and thick,—in ¢ bulky.

The three known species of this singular genus, which is confined
to South Africa, bear much resemblance to the more robust members
of the section of the genus Zeritis represented by Thyra, Linn., but the
characters above given——especially the full development of the fore-
tarsi in the f—amply serve to distinguish Arrugia. With the excep-
tion of Lachnocnema, and apparently also Delonewra, both endemic South-
African genera, I do not know of any other form of Lycwnide in which
the fore-tarsi are equally developed in both sexes,—a feature indicative
of approach to the Pierine in the family Papilwnide.

Wallengren created the genus for the reception of his Basuta and
Linné’s Protumnus. To these I have added a third, A. brachycera,
which, to some extent intermediate between them, is distinguished from
both by the extreme shortness of the antenne. The colouring of all is
very dull, and A. brachycera is particularly dingy, the paler specimens
of A. Protwmnus only presenting on the upper side a considerable space
of ochre-yellow. On the under side the tint is mainly a hoary-grey
varied with darker markings. The sexes of Protumnus and Brachycera
are much alike, but those of Basuta very different, owing principally
to the exceptional size and mass of the thorax of the ¢ and the
general suffused fuscous-ochreous of his wings, in contrast with the
moderately robust thorax and darker conspicuously white-spotted wings
of the @.

A, Protwmnus is widely distributed over both the Eastern and
Western Districts of Cape Colony, and has occurred in the Transvaal ;
while A. Basuta has a large eastern range over Kaffaria, Natal, and
the Transvaal, but is not known within the limits of the Cape Colony
except in Basutoland. A. brachycera seems to be exceedingly local;
it was numerous at Knysna on the southern coast of Cape Colony, but
elsewhere I know only of its very rare occurrence, and that as a small
dark variety, at Cape Town.

I have not met with Basuta in life, but have frequently captured
Protumnus and Brachycera. ‘The latter both frequent the hottest and
driest spots, resting on the bare ground after the manner of many
species.of Zeritis ; they are with difficulty roused, and then only shift
their position by a very short though rapid flight,

228 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

234. (1.) Arrugia Protumnus, (Linnzus).

Papilio Protumnus, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 340, n. 158 (1764) ;
and Syst. Nat., 1. 2, p. 794, n. 258 (1767).

9 Papilio Petalus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pl. coxliii. ff. c, p. (1782).

Papilio Silvius, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii. p. 88, n. 800 (1787) ; and Ent. Syst.,
lll. p. 342, 0. 299 (1793).

Polyommatus Petalus, Godt., Enc, Meth., ix. p. 672, n. 171 (1819).

Papilio Protumnus, Donov., Nat. Repos., v. pl. 161 (1827).

3 2 Zeritis? Protumnus, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 278, n. 173
(1866).

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 3-6 lin.; (2) 1 in. 5-rod lin.

ad Dull fuscous-yellow-ochreous, with black spots, and dull blackish
borders. Fore-wing: a large, more or less defined, elongate spot at
end of, and running into, cell; beyond it, from costa, a row of con-
fluent spots, angulated inwardly on third median nervule and extending
to middle of submedian nervure (the whole of the row below third
median is often wanting or very faintly marked) ; costa rather narrowly
bordered with greyish; hind-marginal blackish border broad, nearly
even throughout; a smooth greyish space covers median nervules at their
origin. Hind-wing: the broad blackish border leaves only an inner-
marginal and discal ochreous space, not extending above discoidal
nervule ; crossing ochreous nearly to submedian nervure an ill-defined
macular stripe. UNDER sIpE.—Hind-wing and borders of fore-wing
hoary-grey, the former crossed by two rows of faint-brownish confluent
spots. Fore-wing: pale yellow-ochreous ; spots as above, but smaller and
more distinct,—that closing cell divided into two, of which the inner
is very much the smaller; below the inner of these two, outside cell,
a small round spot; hind-marginal border faint-fuscous towards anal
angle, sometimes marked interiorly by a row of very indistinct, small,

dark spots. Hind-wing: markings variable and often very indistinct ;

macular row before middle very irregular and sometimes very much
broken up,—a portion of it always marks end of cell, where it is often
confluent with the more regular, broader, and better-defined discal
row; two or three indistinct brownish spots near base. Cilia white
or whitish, interrupted with dull-blackish on nervules.

2 Similar, but ochreous much clearer and yellower, so that the black
spots are more conspicuous ; borders brownish. Fore-wing : spot at end
of cell often divided, sometimes confluent with discal row on third
median; no grey space at origin of median nervules. Hind-wing :
a streak closing cell sometimes visible. UNDER sIDE.—As in f, but
markings of hind-wing sometimes better marked.

This species varies much in both sexes, both as regards the extent and
clearness of the ochreous-yellow of the upper side, and the definition, size, and
shape of the spots on the under side of the hind-wing. Near Cape Town and
at Stellenbosch, the dusky typical form (described by Linneeus and the ¢
figured by Cramer) prevails, and in these the discal black spots are almost
always strongly developed on the upper side. At Triangle Station (elevation

ee A SN

LYCENIDZ. | 229

3193 feet) in the Worcester District, a ¢ and two gs were taken by M. L.
Péringuey, exhibiting much divergence from the typical form. The ¢ is of
ordinary size, and, except for a rather marked yellow basal suffusion in the
fore-wing, more obscure than usual on the upper side, the discal ochre-yellow
being reduced to a row of small separate spots. The 92s, on the contrary, are
unusually large (exp. 1 in. 104 lin.), with the yellow on the upper side much
paler and largely developed from the bases outward. On the under side these
three examples agree in having the markings of the hind-wing only faintly out-
lined, but in the ¢ the hoary tint still prevails, while inthe ?s a general faint-
brownish tinge makes the markings even more indistinct. At Plettenberg Bay
I met with two ¢s anda @? not unlike those just described, and agreeing with
them in the remarkable detail of having the small submarginal blackish spots
on the under side much less indistinct than in the typical form and sagittate in
shape—in this particular resembling A. brachycera, Trim. The ¢s, however,
are even duller than the Worcester ¢, having no basal yellow, and the pale
space representing discal ochre-yellow, being very obscure dull-yellowish in both
wings. On the under side these specimens have the markings much narrowed
but very well defined; and in the hind-wing the terminal disco-cellular spot
emits superiorly a long ray extending along upper part of discoidal cell almost
to base. In these variations from the Western and Southern Districts of the
- Cape Colony, the ¢s are much more sombre-hued than the ¢s, but this does
not appear to be the case farther to the North and East, for I have before me
three ¢s from near Burghersdorp and one from the Transvaal which quite rival
their 9s (brighter in those interior tracts than elsewhere) in the extent and
brightness of the upper-side ochre-yellow. Of this variation, 9s, but not gs,
have reached me from near Grahamstown, Griqualand West,! and the Carnarvon
District of the Cape Colony; they (as well as the ¢ s just mentioned) agree
pretty closely with the typical form as regards the under-side markings, and all
the ?s have the lower spots of the discal row in the fore-wing obsolete on the
upper side,

This curious butterfly only appears at the hottest time of the year, from the
end of November to early in February. It is extremely local, occurring in spots
of very limited extent, and is not by any means numerous in these favoured
haunts. Its habits are quite those of the more sluggish species of Zeritis ; it
always frequents bare sandy spots, whether on low lands or mountain-sides, and
almost invariably settles on the ground, seldom moving unless disturbed, and
then taking but a very short though swift flight. Mr. Morant noted his Trans-
vaal examples as captured on 21st and 23d October 1870.

Localities of Arrugia Protununus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Stellenbosch. Triangle Station,
Worcester District (L. Péringuey). Plettenberg Bay. Van
Wyk’s Vley, Carnarvon District (Z. G. Alston). Garries and
Springbokfontein, Little Namaqualand (Z. Péringuey).

b. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown (M/Z. EL. Barber). New Year’s
River (H. I. Atherstone). Burghersdorp (D. R. Kannemeyer
and J. H. Bowker).

c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker). Kimberley
(1. Grose Smith).

K. Transvaal. Kalkfontein (W. Morant).

1 T have since seen a g from Kimberley of this coloration belonging to Mr. H. Grose
Smith; and another (November 1885) has reached me from the Carnarvon District.
VOL. 1. Q

230 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

235. (2.) Arrugia brachycera, Trimen.
Prats IX. fig. 7 (¢ ).

Zeritis Protumnus, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 279 obs. (1866).
Arrugia brachycera, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 353.

Hap. dif) < im, 4-6 line; (2) 1 in 7—o lam:

gf Dull fuscous-grey with a slight ochraceous tinge ; wn both wings a
blackish terminal disco-cellular spot and row of discal spots (indistinct in
hind-wing). Fore-wing: hind-marginal area beyond discal spots darker
than basal area; disco-cellular spot rather small, ill-defined inwardly ;_
between it and discal spots a dull suffused space of pale dingy-crey
tinged with ochraceous, radiating on the basal portion of the three
median nervules; spots of discal row ill-defined, the first four con- —
fluent and forming a moderately broad costal bar as far as third
median nervule,—the other four small, indistinct, separate, in a row
inclining inwardly, between third median nervule and submedian
nervure. Hind-wing: disco-cellular lunule, and median discal curved
row of three or four spots indistinct or almost obsolete. Cilia dull-
white, with rather narrow fuscous interruptions at extremities of ner-
vules. UNDER SsIDE.—Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing dull hoary-
grey. Fore-wing: basal area whitish-grey, scarcely separable from
discal suffused space, which is dingy-whitish and much more ex-
tensive than on upper side, forming a band beyond the discal row
of spots; this row and the disco-cellular spot are very distinctly
defined on the pale ground-colour; near base, two less distinct small
fuscous spots, one in cell, the other below it; outwardly edging discal
dingy-whitish band, a row of somewhat ill-defined fuscous sagittate
marks; hind-marginal border pale-brownish from a little below apex.
Hind-wing: disco-cellular spot (irregularly reniform), and chain-like,
almost regular discal row of spots, very pale brownish, with a thin
dark-brown edging line (stronger on inner edge of row), relieved ex-
ternally by a thin white line; in basal area, the traces of two highly
irregular transverse rows of broken-up pale-brownish spots, of which
the first and last spots of the outer row are least indistinct ; parallel
to and not far from hind-margin an almost obsolete row of minute
black sub-sagittiform spots ; hind-marginal border clouded with pale-
brownish.

2 Rather paler and slightly more ochraceous. Fore-wing: discal i
pale space less obscure, not radiating on median nervules, but extend- —
ing more or less distinctly beyond discal row of spots. Hind-wing:
spots not quite so indistinct. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing and apex of
fore-wing less hoary, more brownish-grey. Hind-wing: spots of basal -
area (except first and last of outer row) altogether obsolete; sagitti- —
form spots of submarginal row much larger and more distinct.

Variety $.—Ezp. al. 1 in. 2-34 lin.

Darker than type-form. ore-wing : no paler discal space ; blackish

LYCAINID/. 231

spots almost obsolete. Hind-wing: spots altogether obsolete. UNDER

SIDE,—ore-wing: much obscured; disc grey, the spots dusky and
ill-defined. 7
Hab.— Cape Town.

The absence of yellow-ochreous colouring at once serves to distinguish this
dingy Lycenide from A. Protumnus (Linn.), and tends to approximate it to
A. basuta, Walgrn. From the latter, as far as the ¢ is concerned, 4. brachy-
cera may be known by its darker colouring, larger and more pronounced spots,
and want of whitish on disc; while on the under side it is considerably darker,
has the fore-wing spots much larger (with the marked exception of the spot
near base below cell), and the discal row of hind-wing much broader and more
regular. The 9 is readily recognised by wanting the conspicuous white discal
markings of the @ A. basuta on the upper side. Apart from pattern and
colouring, however, A. brachycera exhibits a remarkable structural distinction
in the extreme shortness of the antennz. This is noticeable in both sexes, but
especially in the 9, whose antenne are only about 24 lines in length,—shorter
than in Protumnus, and much shorter than in Basuta.

The variety noted seems to be very rare. Ihave only met with three exam-
ples, all near Cape Town; and a fourth, in the collection of the South African
Museum, was, I believe, captured by Mr. E. L. Layard in the same locality. It
is, however, such a small obscure insect, that it would very readily escape notice.
Two specimens I took occurred at a considerable elevation on the southern spur
of Table Mountain, and the third at the base of the mountain itself.

With the exception of these specimens of the variety, all the Brachycera I
have seen were taken at Knysna. Like Protumnus, they were strictly summer
butterflies, appearing between the end of November and beginning of February.
They settle on the bare ground, and J used often to find them sitting on the
heaped-up dust of the waggon-roads, to which they would return after being
roused by the passing passenger or vehicle. Their flight is weak and very
short.

Localities of Arrugia brachycera.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Cape Town [variety]. Knysna.

236. (3.) Arrugia Basuta, Wallengren.
Puate IX. figs. 8 (¢), 8a (?).

3 @ Zeritis? Basuta, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,—Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 46.

3 Q Zeritis Protumnus, Trim., Var. A., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 279
(1866).

Zeritis Basuta, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 377.

Arrugia Basuta, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl, 1872, No. 3,

Pp. 47:
' $6 2 Zeritis Zaraces, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 354.

Hopeola(a et im 5-7 lin.; (2). 1 1m. 6—o jin.

fg Dull pale fuscous tinged with yellowish-ochreous ; disco-cellular
and discal blackish spot’ arranged as in Protumnus and Brachycera,
but smaller, more separate, and less distinct (especially in Iind-wing).

232 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Fore-wing : immediately beyond terminal disco-cellular spot a whitish
spot, and outwardly edging discal row of blackish spots a series of six
or seven more or less developed dull-whitish spots ; blackish spot in cell
and another below its outside cell larger than in Protwmnus, but
suffused. Hind-wing : almost spotless, the paler and darker markings
of the disc being extremely indistinct; in some specimens a broad
deeper-fuscous shade over costal area from base to beyond middle.
UNDER SIDE.— Almost uniform whitish-grey, with a very faint yellowish
tinge over disc of fore-wing ; all the markings of hind-wing very thin
and faint ; a common submarginal row of very small blackish spots, not
sagittate. Fore-wing: all the blackish spots distinct, but separate and
very small, except the spot below discoidal cell, which is enlarged,
and confluent with a fuscous mark extending to base; a small ad-
ditional spot in discoidal cell near base. Hind-wing : spots arranged
as in Protumnus, but separate, very much smaller, and extremely
indistinct; the discal row sharply interrupted on second subcostal
nervule. Cilia greyish or greyish-white, very indistinctly varied with
fuscous on nervules.

2 Darker, without yellow-ochreous tinge ; all the black and whitish
markings much enlarged. Fore-wing: black spots strongly marked and
more or less confluent, as in typical Protumnus ; the white spots very
conspicuous, and those of discal row occasionally confluent; usually
a whitish spot between the terminal and interior disco-cellular black
spots. Mind-wing : disco-cellular terminal spot and discal row of spots
better marked than in f, sometimes quite distinct, and relieved by
whitish suffused markings corresponding to the much more conspicuous
white ones of fore-wing. UNDER SIDE—AHind-wing and border of fore-
wing pale ashy-grey ; dise of fore-wing much whiter. Fore-wing: spots
larger than in ff, but still separate. Hind-wing: all the spots larger
and much more distinct, being of a light-brownish tint (but smaller
than in Protumnus). Cilia greyish mixed, but not regularly interrupted
with fuscous.

The characters italicised afford ready distinctions between this
species and its congeners. In its dingy colouring the ¢ is nearer to
the ¢ Brachycera ; but the 2, though nearer to the 2 Protuwmnus in the
size and confluence of the black markings of the fore-wing, differs
strikingly from both that species and the 2 Brachycera in the conspi-
cuous white spots of the same wing. The paleness and faint small
spotting of the under side distinguish both sexes of Basuta from the
other species; and the greater development of the thorax (which in
the f is most remarkable, and gives that sex the look of a Hesperide)
is also a singular distinction.

I have not met with this interesting species in life. Colonel Bowker wrote
to me that it frequented grassy spots at Fort Bowker, near the Bashee River ;
and Mr. W. Morant noted that he had found the species in the Orange Free
State on stony hillsides during the month of December, and in the Transvaal

LYCAINID A. 233

on the 24th October 1870. Two of the three 9s sent by Mr. T. Ayres from
the Potchefstroom District have the white markings of the fore-wings better
developed than in any other examples I have seen ; their general colouring is
rather paler and their black spots are smaller than usual.

Localities of Arrugia Basuta.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Pinetown (W. Morant).
b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres). Locality not noted
(W. Morant). |

Genus LACHNOCNEMA, W.G.*

Lucia [part], Hopffer, in Peter’s Reise nach Mossamb.,—Ins., p. 412 (1862).
? Lucia, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 280 (1866).

Imaco.—Head small, roughly hairy (especially in front); eyes
densely hairy; palpi long, ascendant, densely clothed beneath with
bristly hair (especially on first and second joints),—terminal joint
long, acute; antenne short, thick, very gradually and cylindrically
clavate, blunt at tip.

Thorax short, moderately stout, or rather slender, very hairy
throughout. ore-wings rather long; hind-margin convex, entire;
costa very slightly convex; apex pronounced; inner margin thinly
ciliated; costal nervure short, ending about middle; subcostal nervure
four-branched,—first and second nervules emitted before extremity of
discoidal cell,—third and fourth at origins much nearer to extremity
of cell than to apex (fourth ending at apex); discoidal cell of moderate
width, rather short; upper radial nervule joined to subcostal nervure
at extremity of cell; disco-cellular nervules almost vertical,—lower
one joining third median nervule at some distance from latter’s origin.
Hind-wings rather long, broad; hind-margin very convex, entire; inner
margin with long thin cilia; costal nervure extending to apex; sub-
costal nervure branched at extremity of discoidal cell; disco-cellular
nervules almost equal in length, rather oblique,—lower one joining
third median nervule at an angle some way beyond latter’s origin ;
discoidal cell very short, rather broad; submedian nervure unusually
short; internal nervure very short. (Hind-marginal cilia in both
wings dense and long.) Jegs short, stout; femora and (especially)
tibize clothed with scales and with very long extremely dense woolly

1 From Adxvy, wool, and xv7jun, tibia.

234 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

hair, hiding basal part of tarsi; tarsi scaly, and with a few short
bristles, stout, spinose beneath: jfore-legs in both sexes like the rest, except
in being slightly smaller and perhaps even more hairy.

Abdomen of moderate length, arched dorsally, much compressed
laterally.

As long ago as 1847, Boisduval (Appendix to Delegorgue’s
Voyage dans l Afrique Australe, p. 588) observed that his Lycena
Delegorguet would doubtless constitute a new genus, and mentioned the
characteristic features of its legs, antenne, and palpi, but did not give it
any generic name. Hopffer referred the butterfly to the genus Lucia
of Swainson, and I, with the expression of much doubt and uncertainty,
provisionally followed him in 1866. I find that Delegorguei (identified
by Mr. A.G. Butler with Bibulus, Fab.) has no agreement with Swain-
son’s type, the Australian Lucia limbaria, but is less remote from the
Cingalese Lucia Epius, Westw., the type of Moore’s genus Spalgis (Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 1373; and Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 70, 1881).
From the latter, however, it is well distinguished by the densely hairy
palpi, extraordinarily hairy tibie, the first subcostal nervule rising from
the extremity of the discoidal cell of the hind-wings, and particularly
by the completely articulated and two-clawed fore-tarsi of the male.
This last character is, as far as I can learn, shown only in two other
genera of the family, viz. Arrugia and Deloneura, and constitutes a
distinction of great importance. Superficially, Zachnocnema bears con-
siderable resemblance to the very hirsute Mediterranean and West
Asian genus Zhestor, Hiibn. (especially to 7. Mauwritanicus, Lucas), but
the latter genus is most remarkably distinguished by its extremely
short and very massively spurred fore and middle tibize, while the fore-
tarsi of the ¢ are of the ordinary unarticulated type with a single
curved terminal claw.

I have separated from LZ. Sibulus, Fab., under the name of JL,
DUrbam, the smaller and duller form alluded to at p. 281 of my
earlier book, as I found that it was of constantly slenderer structure,
and had a different station. I have received from the Limpopo River
a very large 2 Lachnocnema, which I believe represents a third species ;
it is very pale beneath, and has barely a trace of the characteristic
steely dots.

In this genus the ¢ is of a plain uniform brown above, but the ?
Bibulus has a more or less developed whitish or white disc in both
wings, and the 2 D’Urbani a discal suffusion of pale grey. On the
under side the reddish-brown and brownish macular transverse bands,
and the hind-margins are ornamented with glittering steely points or
dots. JL. Bibulus has a wide distribution over South-Eastern Africa, and
L. DUrbam almost as large a one, but the former only is recorded as
a native of Mozambique, while the latter is not known from any place
north-east of Natal.

LYCENIDA, 235

237. (1.) Lachnocnema Bibulus, Fabricius.

& Papilio Bibulus, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. 1, p. 307, n. 163 (1793).

@ Papilio Laches, Fab., op. cit., p. 317, 2. 199 (1793).

$ Papilio Bibulus, Don., ‘‘ Ins. Ind., pl. 46, f. 1 (1800).”

$ 2 Lycena Delegorguet, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 588

(1847).
& 2 Lucia Delegorquet, Hopff., Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 411 (1862).
6 2? Lucia? Delegorquei, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il, p. 280, n. 174
(1866).

Exp. al., (f) 1 in.—t1 in. 2 lin.; (2) 104 lin—1 in. 2 lin.

a Fuscous-brown, with a very slight purplish gloss. Fore-wing: a
faint indication of a darker spot at end of cell. UNDER sipDE.—Much
paler. Fore-wing: a row of very brilliant steely dots along costa,
larger and dark-edged beyond middle; on hind-margin a row of five
larger steely spots, inwardly black-edged, between apex and _ first
median nervule; spot at end of cell large, ill-defined, dark-brown ;
a little beyond it a similar larger, sub-quadrate mark on discoidal
nervules, usually marked with some steely scales; costa near base
and hind-marginal edge tinged with golden-ochreous. Hind-wing: a
central straight transverse band of glossy ochrey-brown, of unequal
width, marked on both its edges with steely points (of which there
are also a few in middle of stripe) from costa beyond to inner margin
before middle: a good-sized similarly hued spot in cell and two others
on costa before middle; beyond middle a row of five contiguous, pale-
edged, steely-centred ochrey spots, obsolete above second subcostal
nervule; hind-marginal spots as in fore-wing, but more conspicuous
and occupying the whole length—the three next anal angle larger
than the rest, geminate, with black edges; inner marginal and discal
region thickly irrorated with violaceous-white scales. Cilia greyish.

2 Bases with bluish-grey hairs and scales; in each wing a discal
space of white outwardly wl-defined. Cilia paler, nearly white in
hind-wing, inconspicuously interrupted with fuscous. UNDER sIDE.—
Markings similar to ¢, but white occupies the ground, except on hind-
margins and on costa of fore-wing. ore-wing: discal and cellular
spots very conspicuous, the latter confluent with a brownish space on
median nervure from base. Mind-wing: markings very conspicuous
on white ground.

Mr. A. G. Butler first pointed out (Cat. Fab. Diurn. Lep. Brit. Mus., 1860,
p. 175) the close alliance between, if not the identity of, the Delegorguei of
Boisduval and the Bibulus of Fabricius,—he having found both sexes well
ficured in Jones’s Icones, quoted by Fabricius, op. cit. The description of
Bibulus by this author is so inaccurate that no one without the aid of Jones’s
figure could have assigned it to Delegorguet $; but that of Laches, Fab., ap-
plies thoroughly to Delegorguet ¢°.

Both sexes vary much in size ; but as regards markings and colouring, while
the ¢ seems remarkably constant, the ? exhibits much variation in the discal
white on the upper side of both wings, ranging from a mere dull-whitish mark

236 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

(in hind-wings scarcely distinguishable) to a broad space of pure-white occupy-
ing nearly all the disc except the upper part.

Bibulus has a wide range over Eastern South Africa, and is recorded also
from Mozambique. In the Cape Colony I am not aware of its occurrence to
the west of Port Elizabeth. The butterfly is by no means uncommon; it
usually flies but little, keeping about the minor branches and twigs of shrubby
plants. When at rest on these, it is with difficulty to be seen, the pattern and
colouring of the under side according well with the bark and lichens, while the
densely woolly legs form a solid base to the insect, disguising its real character
and increasing its likeness to some vegetable growth on the twigs. The ¢s
appear at times to exhibit more activity, Colonel Bowker having in 1865
written from the Tsomo River in Kaffraria that the butterfly was “ very nume-
rous at the Ohita, Kreli’s old kraal,” and that “the ¢s kept flying, often five
or six together, about the tops of the trees, darting and whirling round and
round like a lot of flies; while the 9s were quietly settled on the trees, feeding
on the moisture from the bark or on the injured galls of the wild vine.”

I have met with Bibulus pretty numerously in the height of summer, from
the end of January to the end of March, and rarely in the winter, during June
and August. Colonel Bowker has also captured it in May.

Localities of Zachnocnema Bibulus.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

b, Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage. Grahamstown.
Peddie District. Bathurst District (4 E. Barber). King
William’s Town (W. S. M. D’ Urban and J. H. Bowker). Keis-
kamma (M. EH. Barber).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth, Tsomo River, and Bashee River
(J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo. Mouth
of Tugela River (J. H. Bowker).

b. Upper Districts——Maritzburg (J. H. Bowker). Estcourt and
Weenen County (J. M. Hutchinson).

F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
b. Eastern Coast.— “‘ Querimba.”—Hopffer.

938. (2.) Lachnocnema D’Urbani, sp. nov.
& 2 Lucia? Delegorguei, Trim., part., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 281 (1866).

Exp. al., (f) 114 lin—t1 in. 2 lin.; (9) 10 lin—1 in. 2 lin.

Very closely allied to L. Bibulus (Fab.)

a Dull greyish-brown, much paler than wn Bribulus ; terminal disco-
cellular darker spot in fore-wing more apparent. UNDER SIDE.— Very
pale grey, with a faint yellowish tinge over hind-wing and narrow
costal border of fore-wing ; steely spots as in Libulus, but less brillant ;
the transverse band and discal row of spots much yellower. Lore-wing:
base dusky (except on inner margin) as far as end of discoidal cell;

a

LYCANIDA, 237

quadrate mark on discoidal nervules much farther from extremity of
cell. Hind-wing: central band much narrower at its beginning on
costa, more irregular, being broken up into mostly separate unequal
spots; discal row of spots also more irregular.

2 Very much paler and duller than in Bibulus, without dark costal
borders and with only wl-defined dusky hind-marginal borders ; no discal
white patches, but a diffused very pale grey discal shade, inclining to
whitish in hind-wing ; bluish-grey basal suffusion obsolete. ore-wing :
terminal disco-cellular fuscous spot rather conspicuous, isolated, much
smaller. Mind-wing: a more or less indistinct sub-lunulate terminal
disco-cellular fuscous spot. UNDER SIDE—As in ¢; much duller than
in Bibulus, the markings less distinct. Fore-wing: the discal quadrate
marking often (in four out of eight examples) expanded into a series
of dusky spots extending from near costa to first median nervule.

In addition to the differences above indicated, D’Urbanz presents a slen-
derer body, less densely woolly legs, and considerably longer and narrower
wings than Bibulus. Mr. W. 8. M. D’Urban, who (as noted in my work
above quoted) first brought specimens of this form to my notice, and was dis-
posed to regard it as a distinct species, told me that in British Kaffraria it
appeared earlier in the year than the typical Bzbulus ; and both Mrs. Barber
and Colonel Bowker have noted its occurrence in a different station, viz., among
long grass and low bushes. The former of these two observers wrote that the
stronghold of this butterfly was along the coast of Bathurst District, where it
occurred in great numbers ; and the latter found it among long dry grass on the
Bashee River, and noted that it kept on the wing for a long time together.
I took a single ¢@ flitting about some bushes on the margin of the New Year’s
River, in the Albany District, on roth February 1870. The geographical range
corresponds pretty closely with that of Bibulus, but I have not seen any
examples from any part to the north-eastward of Natal.

I have great pleasure in naming this butterfly after Mr. W. 8. M. D’Urban,
F.L.S., Curator of the Exeter Museum, who added so much to our knowledge
of the South-African Rhopalocera during his sojourn in British Kaffraria in
1860-61.

Localities of Lachnocnema D Urbani.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown (MW. £. Barber). New Year's
River, Albany District. Between Kowie and Fish Rivers, Coast
of Bathurst District (Md. #. Barber). King William’s Town
(W. D Urban).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
b. Upper Districts—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Ladysmith,
Biggarsberg, and Rorke’s Drift (J. H. Bowker).

(9 233913)

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO THE RHOPALOCERA

DESCRIBED IN VOLUME II.

Family ERYCINIDA

Sub-Family LIBYTH AINA
Genus LinytHeEa, Fabricius

L.

Laius, Trim.

Family LYCASNIDAG
Genus Lyca#na, Fabricius .

Sl a i ceca a cold a oa a ol sae

a Sa oo

. Osiris, Hopf.

. Asopus, Hopf.

. Parsimon, Jad. .

. patricia, Trim., sp. n.
. glauca, Trvm., sp. 2.

. Caffrarie, Trim., sp. n.
. Asteris, (Godt.) .

Ortygia, Trim., sp. n.
Methymna, Trim.
puncticilia, Trim.
hypopolia, Zrim., sp. 1.
Cissus, (Grodt.) .
Jobates, Hopf. .
Hippocrates, (Fab.)
Niobe, Trim.
Tantalus, Trim., sp. n.
ignota, Trim., sp. 1.
Letsea, Trim.

. dolorosa, Trim., sp. n.

. Messapus, (Codt.)

Mahallokorxna, Wal-
leng. : : ;

. Lysimon, (Hiibn.)

lucida, Trim.
stellata, Z'rim.
Gaika, Trim.

. Trochilus, Preyer

Metophis, Wadlleng.

. Barber, Trim. .

Genus Lyrcana—continued.

Bee Ste bt Et Pate aeermeger Gli) Ge

. Betica (Linn.) .
. Sichela, Walleng.
. notobia, Trim.

Tsomo, Trim.
Noquasa, Trim., sp. n.

. Lingeus, (Cram.)

Palemon, (Cram.)
Telicanus, Lang.
Jesous, (Guérin)
Macalenga, Trim.
Moriqua, Walleng.

Natalensis, Trim.,sp.n.

Hintza, Trim.
Calice, Hopf:

. Melena, Trim., sp. n.
. Griqua, Trim., sp. n. .
. Sybaris, Hopf. .

. Thespis, (Linn.)

. Bowkeri, Trim. .

Genus CHRYSOPHANUS, Westw.

C.

Orus, (Cram.)

Genus LycanestHeEs, Moore

L.
L.
ie
L.
L.
L.

Amarah, (Gué.)
Larydas, (Cram.)
Sylvanus, (Drury)
Liodes, Hewits. .
Otacilia, 7rim.
livida, Trim.

Genus DrEuporix, Hewitson
D. Antalus, (Hopf:)
D. Diocles, Hewits,
D. Dariaves, Hewits.
D. Licinia, (Mabiile)
Genus Capys, Hewitson

Of

Alpheus, (Cram.)

SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

PAGE PAGE

Genus Hypotycana, Felder 114 Genus ZERITIS—continued.

H. Ceculus, (Hopf) . 116 Z. Phosphor, Trim. . 17a
H. Philippus, (Fab.) . 118 Z. Pyroeis, Trim. . . 8g
H. Buxtoni, Hewits, #119 Z. Thysbe, (Linn.) . . dm
H. hirundo, Walleng. . 121 Z. Osbecki, Auriv. . . ioe 4
H. Lara, (Zinn). eyetes Z. Palmus, (Cram.) . Fem 1

Genus IoLtaus, Westwood . 125 Z. Thero, (Linn.) . .. 186%
I. Silas, Westw. .. 27 Z. Sardonyx, Trim. . 1889
I. Trimeni, Wailleng. 4 E20 Z. Argyraspis, Trim. . 189
I. Sidus, Trem. : eyo) Z. Wallengrenii, Zrim. . 192 |
I. Bowkeri, Trim. . if eagle Z. Malagrida, (Wailleng.) 194 i
I. Ceres, (Hewits.) . 134 Z. Thyra, (Linn.) . . 195 @
I. Mimose, Trim. . » Blog Z. Aranda, (Walleng.) . 198
I. Aphneoides, Trim. . 137 Z. Almeida, (Felder) . 200
I. Pallene, (Walleng.) . 138 Z. Pierus, (Cram.) . . 202

Genus Myrina, Fabricius . 140 Z. Taikosama, (Walleng.) 203
M. ficedula, Trim. . SAT Z. Molomo, Zrim. . 1 BOE
M. dermaptera, (Walleng.) 144 Z. Orthrus, Trim. . : ZF

Genus ApHNa&uUS, Hewitson 146 Z. Barklyi, Trim. $4:\ 220s
A. Hutchinsonii, 777m., Genus Prentita, Westwood. 210

SDI , 148 P. tropicalis, (Boisda) . 211
A. Natalensis, (West ye 150 Genus D’Urpania, Trimen. 213
A. Masilikazi, eee G52 D. Amakosa, 7'rim. .y 205
A. Ella, Hewits. . 154 D. limbata, 77m, sp. %. 217
A. Phanes, Trim. . . 156 D. saga, Trim. ; . 219
A. Namaquus, Trim. . 158 D. Aslauga, (7rim.) . 220
A. pseudo-zeritis, Trim. . 160 Genus ALa&NA, Boisduval . 222

Genus igs: Wal- A. Amazoula, Boisd. . 223

lengren.. =) On Genus DEeLonEuRA, Trimen 224
C. Harpax, (fad.). . a D. immaculata, Trim. . 226
C. Amanga, (Westw.) . 165 Genus Arruci4, Wallen-

Genus ZEriTIs, Boisduval . 167 gren . 226
Z. Leroma, (WValleng.) . 169 A. Beaeantete La 228
Z. Zeuxo, (Linn.) . ee i A. brachycera, Trim. . 230
Z. Chrysaor, Trim. 1 172 A. Basuta, Walleng. an 2eur
Z. Lyncurium, Trim. . 174 Genus LacHnocnema, Tri-

Z. Lycegenes, Trim. s 175 men, 3G". 5 238
Z. Aithon, Trim., sp.n. . 176 L. Bibulus, (Yad.) . i 235
Z. Chrysantas, Trim. . 177 L. D’Urbani, 7rim., sp.n. 236

(Bere)

LIST OF SPECIES FIGURED IN THE PLATES.’

PLATE VII.
VOL. I.
Fig. 1.—Lethe Indosa, Trimen, ¢. Hab.—Pinetown, Natal (7. H. pacn
Bowker) 121

Fig. 2.—Pseudonympha Noita, syallns Ore Hab, ee Ree
Kaftfraria (J. H. Bowker)

Fig. 3.—Libythea Laius, Trimen, 9. Hab.—Umeeni River Station, von. m

Natal (J. H. Bowker) ‘
Fig. 4.—Jolaus Triment, Wallengr., 9. Hab.—Transvaal (/. Barber)
Fig. 5.—Capys Alpheus (Cram.), 9. Hab.—Cape Town (2. Trimen)
Fig. 6.—Deudorix Diocles, Hewits., 9. Hab.—D’Urban, Natal (J. H.
Bowker) ° : :
Fig. 7, 7a.—Lyccenesthes ee Trimen, 4 nal 9, Hab.—Uiten-
hage, Cape Colony (&. Trimen), and Grahamstown, Cape |
(iM. £. Barber) :
Fig. 8.—Lycenesthes Otacilia, Trimen, a Hab, ARF Eas ne
Colony (R. Trimen)

PLATE VIIL

Fig. 1, 1a.—Lycceena Hintza, Trimen, ¢ and ?. Hab.—Vaal River,
Griqualand West (J. H. Bowker), and Maritzburg, Natal (R.
Trimen) : ; : ;

Fig. 2, 2a.—Lycena Thespis, titan 3 or 9. Hab.—-Cape Town
(R. Trimen) .

Fig. 3. 3a.—Lycena Asteris, (Godt. \, Re al °. Hab. ee ee
and Cape Town (&. Trimen)

Fig. 4.—Lycena puncticilia, Trimen, 6. Hab. siti yee ee
Colony (2. Zrimen) ;

Fig. 5, 5a.—Lycena Moriqua, Wallengr., 4 ma Q. Hab.—D’ Urban
and Great Noodsberg, Natal (2. Trimen)

103

102

79
37
24
29

75

1 The habitat of each of the specimens figured is given, with the name of the collector

who is the authority for it.
VOL. Il. R

. 6, 6a.—Lycena notobia, |

ig. 7.—Lycena Tsomo, Trimen,

ig. 5.—Zeritis Thyra (Linn.), 9. Hab.—Knysna, Cape Cok ny

SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

en, ¢ and 9. PP 2b.-_Potchet-

stroom District, Transvaal (T. Ayres)

, 6. Hab—Tsomo River, Kaffraria
(J. H. Bowker)

PLATE IX.

ig. 1.—Chrysorychia Amanga (Westw.), 6. Hab.—Transvaal (ZH.

Barter)

ig. 2,—Zeritis Chrysaor, Trimen, ¢. Hab. — Malmesbury, Cape

Colony (R. Z'rimen)

2. 3, 3a.—Zeritis Lyncurium, Trimen, g and 9. Figh om

River, Kaffraria (J. H. Bowker) .

ig, 4.—Zeritis Aithon, Trimen, 9. Hab.—Lydenbureg District, Trans-

vaal (7. Ayres)

(R. Trimen)

; : ae
ig. 6.—Zeritis Pierus (Cram.), §. Hab.—Cape Town (R. Trimen) .
ig. 7.—Arrugia brachycera, Trimen, 3. Hab.—Knysna, Cape Colony

(R. Trimen) *

: ° . . ek, : .
ic. 8, 8a.—Arrugia Basuta, Wallengr., ¢ and 9. Hab.—(?) Trans-

vaal (W. Morant), and Pochefstroom District, Transvaal
(T. Ayres) . :

ig. 9, 9a.—D’Urbania Aslauga, Trimen, g and 9. Hab.—D’Urban,

Natal (J. H. Bowker) .

END OF VOL. II. oe

PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON,

PAGE
62

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