SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY (Formerly The ASB BULLETIN) Volume 48 December, 2001 Number 4 QH301 . A78 v. 48 no. 4 Dec 2001 ASB 63rd Annual Meeting April 10-13, 2002 Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone, North Carolina See Page 305 and Consult Website http://www.asb. appstate.edu/asb2002.htm The Official Publication of The Association of Southeastern Biologists http:/ /www. asb.appstate.edu/ SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY (ISSN 1533-8436) SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY (ISSN 1 533-8436) is published quarterly in January, April, September, and December by the Association of Southeastern Biologists, Inc., Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 2721 5. Periodicals postage paid at Burlington, NC, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: please send address changes to the SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY business manager, Tim Atkinson, Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215. ASB members receive the SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY as part of their membership dues. For non¬ members, the cost is $5.00 per issue. All contributions, inquiries about missing numbers and other matters should be addressed to the Print Editor. News items should be sent to the News Editor. Send books to be reviewed to the Book Review Editor. Printed by Allen Press, 1041 New Hampshire St., Lawence, KS 66044. Print Editor . James D. Caponetti, Dept, of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1100; (865) 974-2256; FAX (865) 974-2258; jcaponet@utk.edu. Associate Editor . Terry Richardson, Dept, of Biology, UNA Box 5212, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632-0001; (205) 765-4429; trichard@unanov.una.edu. Web Editor . Howard Neufeld, Dept, of Biology, P. O. Box 32027, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2027; (828) 262-2683; FAX (828) 262-2127; neufeldhs@appstate.edu. Business Manager . Tim Atkinson, Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215; (336) 538- 6224; tatkinson@carolina.com. News Editor . Jon Fortman, Div. of Sci. and Math, Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS 39701; (601) 329-7379; FAX (601) 329-7238; jfortman@sunmuw1 .muw.edu. Book Review Editor ....James Ross, 7196 College Station Dr., Cumberland College, Williamsburg, KY 40769-1382; (606) 549-2200 x4381; jross@cc.cumber.edu. ASB Officers President . Robert Haynes, Dept, of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; (205) 348-1826; FAX (205) 348-6460; rhaynes@biology.as.ua.edu. President-elect . J. Kenneth Shull, Dept, of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2027; (828) 262-2675; FAX (828) 262-2127; shulljk@appstate.edu. Vice-President . Douglas A. Rayner, Dept, of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663; (864) 597- 4624; FAX (864) 597-4629; raynerda@wofford.edu. Past President . Howard Neufeld, Dept, of Biology, P. O. Box 32027, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2027; (828) 262-2683; FAX (828) 262-2127; neufeldhs@appstate.edu. Secretary . .Terry Richardson, Dept, of Biology, UNA Box 5212, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632-0001; (205) 765-4429; trichard@unanov.una.edu. Treasurer . Tim Atkinson, Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215; (336) 538- 6224; tatkinson@carolina.com. Membership Officer .... Deborah Atkinson, Continuing Education, CB#8165 Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, UNC-CH School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8165; (919) 843-6892; FAX (919) 966-5692; datkinso@sph.unc.edu. Archivist . John Herr, Dept, of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; (803) 777-8110; FAX (803) 777-4002; herr@mail.biol.sc.edu. Executive Committee Members-at-Large 2002: Gerhard Kalmus, Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353; (252) 328-6306; FAX (252) 328-1478; kalmusg@mail.ecu.edu. Bonnie Kelley, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Pembroke, NC 28372-1510; (910) 521-6419; kelley@nat.uncp.edu. 2003: Henry Bart, Tulane Museum of Natural History, Belle Chasse, LA 70037; (504) 394-1771 , FAX (504) 394-5045; hank@museum.tulane.edu. Kim Marie Tolson, Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71 209-0520; (318) 342- 1805; FAX (318) 342-3312; bitolson@ulm.edu. 2004: W. Michael Dennis, Breedlove, Dennis and Associates, Inc., 330 W. Canton Ave., Winter Park, FL 32789; (407) 677-1882; FAX (407) 657-7008; mike@bda-inc.com. Rebecca Cook, Dept, of Biology, Lambuth University, 705 Lambuth Blvd., Jackson, TN 38301 ; (731 ) 425-3278; FAX (731) 988-4900; Cook-reb@lambuth.edu. Purpose The purpose of this association shall be to promote the advancement of biology as a science by encouraging research, the imparting of knowledge, the application of knowledge to the solution of biological problems, and the preservation of biological resources. The ASB has representation in Section G Committee of the AAAS. Varying types of membership are available to individuals and institutions. See inside back cover. Time and Place of Future Meetings 2002 April 10-13 Appalachian State University, Boone, NC; see: http://www.asb.appstate.edu/asb2002.htm 2003 April 9-12 Howard University, Washington, DC. 2002 Meeting 305 63rd Annual Meeting At-A-Glance The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association of Southeastern Biologists will be held in Boone, North Carolina, in 2002 and Appalachian State University is serving as the host institution. The meeting dates are from April 1 0th-1 3th. You may remember that Appalachian State hosted ASB in 1991 in what was then one of the most successful ASB meetings ever. The Local Arrangements Committee is made up of members of the Department of Biology and personnel in the Office of Conferences and Institutes at ASU. The Local Arrangements Committee is chaired by past ASB president Howard Neufeld, and the Program Chair is President-elect Ken Shull. A website has been set up for the meeting at http://www.asb.appstate.edu/ asb2002.htm. Please visit this site for more detailed meeting and registration information. Note that this year you will be able to register online if you desire. Highlights of the meeting will include: a plenary address on Wednesday, April 10th at 8 pm by noted paleontologist Jack Horner, of the Museum of the Rockies; several symposia and workshops, including symposia on management of Federal lands in the southeast and Genetic Engineering in Plants, plus a workshop sponsored by Prentice-Hall on teaching techniques; an evening social at the new ASU Convocation Center, complete with music, BBQ, and EtOH; field trips to a number of ecologically interesting areas, such as Grandfather Mountain, the only privately owned Man and the Biosphere Reserve, the Linville Gorge Wilderness Area, the Blue Ridge Parkway, as well as a midweek trip to the Biltmore House near Asheville, the largest home in America. There will also be the usual variety of contributed paper and poster sessions. The venue for the meeting will be the Broyhill Inn and Conference Center located on the campus of Appalachian State University. With the exceptions of the Plenary Talk and Thursday night social (which will be held in the Convocation Center, also on campus) the entire meeting will take place at the Broyhill Center. Participants are asked to first book rooms at the Broyhill Inn before searching for other accommodations because this helps hold down our meeting costs. However, other motels have rooms reserved for meeting participants, and all accommodations are quite reasonable in terms of cost. A list of available motels will be distributed in the January issue of SE Biology and be posted on the meeting website. Registration rates for the meeting are as follows: Early registration (received prior to February 22nd) is $100 for regular members, and $50 for students. Late registration is $1 50 for regular members, and $75 for students. Nonmembers will be charged $20 additional to register, but this also includes a year’s membership in ASB. Registration forms will be available on the ASB local meeting website. 306 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 Local Arrangements Committee (FAX number for all committee members is 828-262-2127) Local Arrangements Chair Howard Neufeld neufeldhs(a)appstate.edu 828-262-2683 Program Chair Ken Shull shullik(5)appstate.edu 828-262-2675 Program Co-Chairs Mary Connell Skip Sedivec connellmu(a)appstate.edu 828-262-2671 sedivecmi(2>appstate.edu 828-262-2679 Beta Beta Beta Dru Henson hensonda(a>appstate.edu 828-262-2673 Commercial Exhibits Bill Dewel dewelwc(a)appstate.edu 828-262-2682/6908 Field Trips Zack Murrell Robert Creed murrellze(a)appstate.edu 828-262-2674 creedrp(a)appstate.edu 828-262-6512 Posters and Audiovisual Michael Windelspecht windlspchtm(a)appstate.edu 828-262-2680 Registration and Meeting Statistics Jan Johnson iohnsniw(a>appstate.edu 828-262-2924 FAX: 828-262-4992 Social Committee Gary Walker walker(a)appstate.edu 828-262-2672 Transportation and Volunteers Matthew Rowe rowemp(a)appstate.edu 828-262-2676 Societies Meeting with ASB in April 2002 at Appalachian State University This year, all the ASB affiliate societies will be meeting with us at the Boone meeting. We look forward to an unprecedented variety of paper and poster presentations. The societies and their contacts are listed below and on the ASB website. 2002 Meeting 307 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Southeastern Division Dr. Mark S. Peterson Dept, of Coastal Sciences, IMS/6CRL University of Southern Mississippi 703 E. Beach Drive Ocean Springs, MS 39564 Tel: (228) 872-4203, (228) 872-4204 mark.Peterson@usm.edu Beta Beta Beta Southeastern District I Dr. Virginia Martin Queens College of Charlotte Charlotte, NC 28274 Tel: (704) 337-2261 martinv@rex.queens.edu Beta Beta Beta Southeastern District II Dr. Donald H. Roush Department of Biology Box 5181 Univ. of North Alabama Florence, AL 35632-0001 droush@unanov.una.edu Botanical Society of America Southeastern Division Dr. James E. Mickle, Chair Department of Botany North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695-7612 Tel: work (919) 515-9050 Fax: (919) 515-7519 james_mickle@ncsu.edu Ecological Society of America Southeastern Chapter Dr. Niki Stefanie Nicholas Public Power Institute Tennessee Valley Authority 129 Pine Road Norris, TN 37828 Tel: (865) 632-1676 Fax: (865) 632-1493 nsnicholas@tva.gov Society of Wetland Scientists South Atlantic Chapter Dr. Ann F. Jennings, Staff Scientist Chesapeake Bay Foundation 1108 East Main Street, Suite 1600 Richmond, VA 23219-3539 Tel: (804) 780-1392 FAX: (804) 648-4011 ajennings@savethebay.cbf.org Southeastern Fishes Council Dr. Mary Freeman, Chair USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Institute of Ecology University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 mary@ttrout.ecology.uga.edu Southeastern Society of Parasitologists Dr. Oscar J. Pung Department of Biology P.O. Box 8042 Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA 30460-8042 Tel: (912) 681-5857 opung@gasou.edu Southern Appalachian Botanical Society Dr. Joe Winstead, President Department of Biology Southern Arkansas University 100 East University Magnolia, AR 71753-5000 jewinstead@saumag.edu 308 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 Campus scene, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Important Information 309 Society of Wetland Scientists Graduate Student Travel Assistance Award The South Atlantic Chapter of SWS is offering travel awards to support graduate students presenting wetland research at the ASB meeting in Boone, North Carolina. We will award at least $100 to a maximum of five students. A committee of SWS members will judge the applicants based on the scientific quality and importance of their research. All graduate students presenting research on a wetland topic are eligible; membership in SWS or ASB is not required. To apply, send a brief cover letter and a copy of your abstract by 30 March to: Dr. Patrick Megonigal, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P. O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028. Electronic submission is acceptable. You may direct questions to Dr. Megonigal at 443-482-2346 or megonigal@serc.si.edu. so FACULTY POSITION PLANT EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Department of Botany, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, seeks a Plant Biologist for a tenure-track Assistant Professor appointment to begin August 1 , 2002. A Ph.D. and postdoctoral experience in plant biology or a related area, as well as a commitment to excellence in teaching and research are required. Though not limited to these areas, we especially seek applicants who are using state-of-the-art approaches to address evolutionary questions in the areas of plant-microbe interactions, phycology or mycology. Supervision of graduate students and success in obtaining external research support are expected. Teaching duties will include participation in core biology and in departmental undergraduate teaching as well as graduate teaching in the area of their specialty. Applicants should submit a complete CV, a brief summary of research interests and three letters of recommendation to: Beth C. Mullin, Chair, Plant Evolutionary Biologist Search Committee, Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1100. Screening of applications will begin December 3, 2001. For additional information about the Department of Botany, please see http://fp.bio.utk.edu/botany/. The University of Tennessee is an EEO/AA/Title Vl/Title IX/Section 504/ADA/ADEA institution in the provision of its education and employment programs and services. Program Chair Correction In reference to the Eugene P. Odum Award (page 258 of SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 3, September, 2001), the new Program Chair is Dr. Debbie Moore, P. O. Box 8368, Troy State University Dothan, Dothan, AL 36304; (334) 983-6556, ext. 250; dmoore@tsud.edu. 310 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 Summary of AIBS Activities During 2000-01 From Geraldine W. Twitty, AIBS Representative Howard University, Washington, DC The 52nd Annual Meeting of the AIBS was held in the Key Bridge Marriott, Arlington, Virginia, 23-26 March 2001. The meeting was organized around the theme, “From Biodiversity to Biocomplexity: A Multidisciplinary Step Toward Understanding Our Environment’-somewhat of a continuum of ideas that were brought forth at last year’s meetings. The present format of the meeting supports smaller and more intimate sessions that included a series of plenary talks followed by discussion groups. It appeared that registration was somewhat below the anticipated 250. Each morning featured a series of three consecutive plenary speakers. These included Rita Colwell, Jane Lubschenco, James Brown, Simon Levin, Nancy Rabalais, Joy Zedler, Sandra Postel, Kathryn Cottingham and Paul Ehrlich. The major themes addressed during these sessions included research, teaching, the social aspects of biodiversity, and linkages between the emerging field of biocomplexity and other scientific disciplines. Each afternoon, the plenary speakers joined with other distinguished panelists to discuss a variety of interconnected topics at the biodiversity/ biocomplexity nexus. Among the panel topics were: Unraveling Biocomplexity, Human Dimensions of Biodiversity, Researchers and Educators Working Together, Online Databases for Research and Education, Enhancing Cultural Diversity in Environmental Careers, Teaching Biology at the High School and Undergraduate Levels, and Biologists’ Participation in Public Policy. The panel organizers/participants included William Michner, the U.S. National Committee of DIVERSITAS, National Academy of Sciences, the International Biodiversity Observation Year (IBOY), Alan Berkowitz, NABT, David Goldston, and Rodger Bybee. A variety of interesting events were held in conjunction with the talks. These included field trips to the National Zoo Conservation and Research Center, the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, a Diversity Scholars luncheon sponsored by the Education Committee in honor of student poster participants, a “Town Meeting on Teaching Evolution,’’ the release of the AIBS “Review of Biological Instructional Materials for Secondary Schools” and a private showing of the new IMAX film, Ocean Oasis, highlighting biodiversity along the Baja Peninsula. The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History was the site for the special awards ceremony. At that time, awards were made for student posters, Rodger Bybee was presented the AIBS Education Award, and Paul Ehrlich was announced as the recipient of the 2001 AIBS Distinguished Scientist Award. Proceedings of the meeting were digitally recorded and will be posted on the Web site in May. The 53rd Annual AIBS Meeting will be held 23-25 March 2002 at the Key Bridge Marriott in Washington, DC. The theme will be Evolution. The scheduled speakers include Niles Eldridge, Douglas Futuyma, Joel Cracraft, Francisco Ayala, and Paula Mabee. AIBS Activities 311 The AIBS Council convened on Tuesday, 27 March, at the Key Bridge Marriott for an all-day session. There are currently 79 member societies. The morning activities covered the usual review of AIBS with reports given by the President, Past- President, and various officers and committee chairs. As a part of a revised format, the afternoon session featured thirty-minute presentations concerning BioOne, the NSF Environmental Portfolio, IBOY (the International Biodiversity Observation Year Project), Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Program, Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP), and Congressman Rush Holt (co-sponsor of the “Doubling Bill”). Among the major items deserving consideration are: (1) the Evolution listservs that are up and running in 45 states (2) the resolution generated at the 1st National Conference on the Teaching of Evolution at Berkeley in October 2000. The resolution states: Evolution is good science. Understanding evolution and the nature of science is important to society. AIBS supports teaching of evolution and the nature of science in our nation’s classrooms and informal science center. (3) the AIBS Ethics statement is under review. Input is welcomed. “Preamble: The American Institute of Biological Sciences is dedicated to advancing biological research and education. The AIBS seeks to provide a forum for exchange of ideas and opportunity to highlight those concepts that unify the study of biology. The AIBS also believes that a code of ethics is basic to the conduct and maintenance of an honorable and respectable profession. In accordance with this purpose, each member of AIBS shall adhere to the ethics standards stated below in their professional lives. “Conduct research in a manner that is consistent with acceptable scientific methods, maintaining the highest standards of honesty and integrity in all professional endeavors. Be civil and respectful in behavior in professional interactions avoiding discriminations based on race, gender, sex, religion or age. Treat colleagues, students and employees fairly. Do not speak on behalf of AIBS without written permission from the president of the society. Promote the free and open exchange of information, not withholding information to substantiate a personal or scientific point of view. Provide recognition of past and present contributions of others to science and present professional opinions only on those topics for which you have training and knowledge. Comply with all laws and regulations that apply to the treatment of test subjects and other aspects of our professional conduct. Expose scientific fraud and other forms of professional misconduct whenever it is found and when possible. Be candid about potential conflicts of interest in the conduct of professional duties. Be constructive and professional in evaluating the work of colleagues, students and employees. ” 312 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 (4) a Public Policy Office expansion is being considered. Member societies are invited to make optional contributions in addition to their regular AIBS membership dues as ear-marked funds for the AIBS Public Policy Office. Societies paying $1 00/yr. dues would pay an additional $1,000; those paying $300/yr. would pay an additional $3,000/yr, and those paying $500/yr. would pay an additional $5,000/yr. (5) Themes for subsequent meetings are requested. Among those being considered are: Bioinformatics, Invasive Species, Ecosystem Health, Global Change, Science Policy, and Planet Earth — the ecological infrastructure. (6) the Education Committee, chaired by Trish Morse, has been working on a review of high school biology textbooks. The recently completed document, “A Review of Biological Instructional Materials for Secondary Schools” was released free online on the AIBS website on 3/20. Hardcopies are available for $15 plus S&H. Review of college texts will follow. (7) AIBS continues to be associated with the AAAS Digital Libraries project called the Biosci Ed Net (BEN) Collaborative. This NSF-funded project puts educational, pedagogical, and curricular materials from biological societies/ organizations online and linked through a single website. 2001 Meeting in New Orleans. From left, Jim Fralish, Eugene Odum, Bill Martin, and Ken McLeod. Memorandum of Understanding 313 Memorandum of Understanding BETWEEN THE Association of Southeastern Biologists AND THE Humboldt Field Research Institute This Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is entered into between the Association of Southeastern Biologists, a non-profit organization established under the laws of the United States and the State of NORTH CAROLINA, and whose principal place of business is BURLINGTON, NC (hereinafter ASB), and the Humboldt Field Research Institute, a non-profit educational and research organization established under the laws of the United States and the State of Maine, and whose principal place of business is Steuben, ME (hereinafter the Institute). WHEREAS, ASB encourages the advancement of biology in the southeastern United States by promoting EDUCATION AND research in biology, the increase and diffusion of knowledge of biology, the application of biology to the solution of biological problems, and the preservation of biological resources; and WHEREAS, the Institute will publish a quarterly peer-reviewed and edited interdisciplinary scientific journal, entitled the Southeastern Naturalist, which has a geographic focus on the southeastern United States and will include articles on terrestrial, fresh-water, and marine organisms, and their habitats, especially including articles on field ecology, biology, behavior, biogeography, taxonomy, evolution, anatomy, physiology, geology, and related fields; and WHEREAS, ASB has determined that the Southeastern Naturalist is consistent with the scientific and educational objectives of ASB; and WHEREAS, ASB and the Institute mutually desire the ASB be officially designated as a co-sponsor of the Southeastern Naturalist, the Parties hereto agree to such a designation under the conditions herein set forth. NOW THEREFORE: I. ASB agrees to A. Serve as a COSPONSOR of the Southeastern Naturalist, with the rights and responsibilities as specified in this MOU, and with "Association of Southeastern Biologists" to appear as a co-sponsor on the masthead of the journal; B. Provide advice upon request, or voluntarily at the discretion of ASB, to the Southeastern Naturalist regarding (1) potential members for the Board of Editors and potential Senior Editors, (2) business or policy matters deemed helpful for the journal, (3) business or policy matters deemed controversial, 314 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 or that might otherwise be unacceptable to ASB, and (4) any article or related materials submitted for publication that might be inconsistent with ASB policy. For matters deemed controversial, or that might otherwise be unacceptable to ASB, ASB shall be offered the opportunity to publish a specific disclaimer in the appropriate journal issue, and/or adequate time for ASB to withdraw from co-sponsorship; and C. Publicize the Southeastern Naturalist in its publication, Southeastern Biology, and in its web pages and general flyers; and D. Periodically provide the up-to-date ASB membership list in digital format to the Southeastern Naturalist for the purpose of publicizing the Southeastern Naturalist. II. The Institute and the Board of Editors of the Southeastern Naturalist agree to A. Publish the Southeastern Naturalist in such a way that it will be identical in focus, format, quality, and features to its sister journal, the Northeastern Naturalist, thus providing an integrated publishing resource for the eastern United States; and B. Consult with ASB regarding potential significant changes in overall publishing policies of the Southeastern Naturalist; and C. Consult with ASB regarding manuscripts that might appear to draw the Southeastern Naturalist away from its predefined policies; and D. ABSOLVE ASB OF any present or future financial obligations CONCERNING THE SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST, unless otherwise agreed to in writing by the Parties; and E. Provide a discounted subscription rate to ASB members and members of ASB affiliate organizations; and F. Provide ASB with an annual written commitment that the Southeastern Naturalist will continue its editorial policies unchanged in the succeeding year, and that proposed significant changes in its editorial policy and other co-sponsors will be submitted to ASB for prior written approval. III. Except as provided herein, and unless otherwise agreed to in writing, each Party to this MOU agrees not to use the name(s) or registered trademark(s) of the other for purposes other than to promote the Southeastern Naturalist. IV. This MOU may be modified or otherwise amended upon prior written consent of both Parties, hereto, and such modifications or amendments shall be incorporated herein by reference. V. Either Party may unilaterally terminate this agreement upon 60 days prior written notice to the other Party. Memorandum of Understanding 315 VI. The terms and provisions set forth herein constitute the full and complete understanding and agreement of both Parties, hereto. VII. This MOU shall become effective upon the last date of signature, below, and shall remain in effect unless terminated in the manner provided herein. AGREED: _ DATE: Joerg-Henner Lotze Director Humboldt Field Research Institute Publisher Southeastern Naturalist AGREED: _ DATE: Robert R. Haynes The University of Alabama President Association of Southeastern Biologists 2001 Meeting in New Orleans. Social hour before banquet. 316 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 The Southeastern Na turalist On schedule, with the first issue to be available in time for the ASB meeting in Boone, NC in 2002! • A peer-reviewed and edited interdisciplinary scientific journal with a regional focus on the southeastern United States (ISSN 1528-7092). • Featuring research articles and notes on terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, and their habitats. • Focusing on field ecology, biology, behavior, biogeography, wildlife and fisheries management, taxonomy, evolution, anatomy, physiology, geology, and related fields. • A sister journal of the Northeastern Naturalist, published since 1997. Both journals are identical in focus, format, quality, and features. The journals together serve as a matched-pair of regional journals that provide an integrated publishing and research resource for the eastern part of North America. • Starting with volume 1(1), will be indexed in Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, EBSCOhost, FISHLIT (Fish and Fisheries Worldwide; Aquatic Biology, Aquaculture, and Fisheries Resources), Wildlife Review Abstracts, and Zoological Record (BIOSIS UK). Arrangements for indexing in Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS) and other services pending publication of first issue. • Printed by Allen Press, printer of many journals in the biological and environmental sciences, especially those whose parent organization is a member society of AIBS. • Starting with volume 1(1) will be available online in full-text version in the BioOne database (www.bioone.org, a collaborative effort of Allen Press, AIBS, et al.) and the Proquest Information and Learning databases (www.il.proquest.com). The Southeastern Naturalist welcomes your interest as a subscriber and as an author! Subscription cost, 1 year, 4 issues, US addresses: □ Individual - $40 (-20% = $32 with lst-time subscriber or ASB member discount). □ Institution - $60 (-20% = $48 with lst-time subscriber discount). □ Student - $30 (-20% = $24 with lst-time subscriber or ASB member discount). Student Institution _ Complete mailing address to which issues should be sent: Name _ (Department) _ (Organization) _ Address _ City _ State _ Zip (+4) _ Phone: Day _ Evening _ E-mail _ Please print clearly Payments may be made by check, money order, or credit card. Card type: VISA Mastercard American Express Total enclosed/charged: $ _ Cardholder’s name _ Card # _ Exp. date _ Southeastern Naturalist, Humboldt Field Research Institute, P. O. Box 9, Steuben, ME 04680-0009. Phone 207-546-2821, FAX 207-546-3042, humboldt@loa.com. ASB Archivist’s Report 317 Report: The Archives of ASB When first I became archivist for the Association, I visited Emory University to examine the collection and found that the items accessioned vary considerably from year to year. Indeed, the archives include some items we need not save and conversely exclude items that future historians might find useful in grasping the nature of the Association. My first task, therefore, was to devise a uniform, hierarchal system for saving the rather diverse documents produced by officers of the Association and the various committees. Accordingly, items for the archives first will be designated for one of seven Series and then placed in a specific folder in that Series so named to indicate clearly the nature of its contents. The Series, which contain two to eight folders, are: Agendas and Minutes; Executive File; Annual Reports (Operations); Annual Reports (Awards); Periodical Reports; Special Documents; and Miscellaneous Folders. The Archives, presently housed in the Department of Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library at Emory University, do not include a type set of the ASB Bulletin (now Southeastern Biology ), and so I proposed adding a complete, unaltered set of the journal to our collection. A complete set was obtained earlier by Don Shure, a former archivist, by way of the generous contribution of Madeline and Bill Burbanck. Unfortunately, Linda Matthews, Head of Special Collections and Vice Provost Joan Gotwals, Head Librarian at Woodruff Library, concurred with a long¬ term policy at Emory University not to archive journal type sets. Since the first two meetings of the Association were held at the University of Georgia under the leadership of the first President, Professor George H. Boyd, at that institution, I proposed to the Executive Committee that we place the type set of the Bulletin there. William G. Potter, Head Librarian; Mary Ellen Brooks, Director of the Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscripts Library; and Steven Allan Brown, Head of University Archives, enthusiastically agreed to accept the type set for safe keeping in the Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscripts Library of the University of Georgia. This special set of the journal now resides there. Later, the librarians of Emory University and of the University of Georgia jointly offered a proposal that all of the Association's Archives be placed in the Hargrett Library of the University of Georgia. They pointed out that all items related to ASB should be in one place, and I believe that a need for the space occupied by our collection at Emory University was a factor. The Executive Committee has accepted this proposal. However, Article IX of our Constitution states, "The Archives of The Association of Southeastern Biologists shall be maintained permanently at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia." Therefore, a transfer to the University of Georgia will require an amendment to the Constitution approved by the membership at the next annual meeting. The membership will be notified of the wording of the amendment in the January issue of Southeastern Biology in compliance with Article X of the Constitution. Since the proposal was initiated by the librarians of both universities, I hope the membership will adopt this change. Respectfully submitted, John M. Herr, Jr. ASB Archivist 318 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 The University of Tennessee Arboretum Society Oak Ridge, Tennessee News from Richard Evans, Director Reprinted with permission from the Vol. 21, No. 2, Late Summer 2001 issue of “The Leaflet ” It probably goes without saying, that in my position at the UT Forestry Experiment Station and Arboretum I get a lot of questions about plants, mostly about trees. Many of the questions are what you might expect. They are about tree culture, care, identification, insects, diseases, etc. I really enjoy answering these questions, although the task may take valuable time away from the sometimes more mundane business duties of the operation. Answering these questions (or, sometimes trying to) keeps me on my toes, professionally, and in contact with the problems that are important to our constituents and supporters. In these situations, I have found one question that invariably comes up if the conversation lingers beyond the point of a simple answer. In that moment, just before a normal conversation would draw to a close, the inquirer usually springs the question — “What about the American chestnut?” It is at that point that I wish I had a prerecorded response that I could play at the touch of a button. All plant enthusiasts are eager for information about the American chestnut, particularly about the efforts to develop a blight resistant chestnut. This interest has not gone un-noticed at the Arboretum. There are several exhibits that feature the chestnut — a leaf display in the visitor’s lobby, an information kiosk at the head of the Lost Chestnut T rail and of course, the Lost Chestnut T rail itself. These displays serve to highlight the life, and death, of the American chestnut, as well as tell the story of its importance as a component of our forest in those bygone years. Very few remnants of chestnuts can be found in today’s forest. There are only the occasional sprouts and an ever-dwindling number of decaying stumps and logs. Chestnut’s wood is highly decay resistant and, not so many years ago, stumps and logs were prominent features of our forest at the Arboretum. The site for the location of our Lost Chestnut Trail was chosen for that reason. At the time the trail was established (1975), there were numerous stumps that littered the woods adjacent to the trail. A favorite game to play with visiting school groups was to ask how many chestnut stumps could they identify on their trek around the trail. The magic number was “26.” Today, the game is not worth playing. Fora keen observer the number might be only three. Time, weather and natural processes have taken their toll and, the “largest stump of them all” is only a few pieces of solid wood and a mound of duff.... The sadness in the loss of these remnant stumps and logs in our forest is only a comment on the history that I’ve observed in my relatively short association with this property. The loss of this tangible evidence of the once mighty chestnut does not Tennessee Research Reports 319 compare to the loss of the tree species, yet is sad nonetheless. History has a way of revealing our mistakes and teaching us a lesson, but only if we are observed and mindful of the experience. so Imported Fire Ants Make Themselves at Home in Tennessee Lynn Snodderly Tennessee Department of Agriculture Reprinted with permission from the Vol. 21, No. 2, Late Summer 2001 issue of ‘‘The Leaflet” Each year in Tennessee many residents find they have new unwanted neighbors and guests that can be dangerous and expensive. The new neighbors are Imported Fire Ants (IFA) that are becoming a common site across the southern counties of our state. They are delighted with their new habitat and are advancing northward. Tennesseans may discover these new pests while engaging in outdoor activities, as imported fire ants can sting repeatedly and multiple stinging incidents are common when mounds are disturbed. Fire ants are aggressive and will attack anything they feel is a threat to their mound. The sting may cause a white pustule to form within days, which is easily infected and may leave permanent scars. Some people may become exceptionally sensitive to fire ant stings and should seek the advice of an allergist. However, relatively few deaths from fire ant stings have been documented when compared to deaths from bee and wasp stings. Imported fire ants disperse naturally through mating flights and colony movement. Mated queens generally fly % of a mile from the parent nest to start a colony, but have been documented to fly 1 7 miles. However, artificial movement has rapidly increased their spread. The fast spread of these pests in the early 1 950s was largely due to the movement of grass sod and woody ornamental plants used in landscaping. In 1957 the USDA recognized the link existing between commercial plant nurseries and the spread of imported fire ants. As a part of their plan, a federally imposed imported fire ant quarantine was established in 1 958 to aid in the prevention of artificial movement of imported fire ants in nursery stock, grass sod, hay straw, and other regulated items. The first confirmed sighting of IFA in Tennessee was an artificial infestation in Shelby County in 1 948. Natural migration of IFA was first documented in Tennessee in Hardin County in 1987. Now, much of the southern part of Tennessee is infested with IFA. Non-quarantined counties are surveyed annually to determine if they should be placed within the quarantined area. Tennessee’s current IFA quarantine areas are defined at the end of this article. Imported fire ants attack and kill native ant species, domestic animals and wildlife as well as destroy seedling corn, soybeans, and other crops. Mounds can damage farm and lawn equipment and cause distress to workers or owners when repairing damaged equipment. Imported fire ants frequently move into bales of hay 320 SE Biology , Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 when left in the field, which is why hay and straw are regulated items when moved from an IFA infested area. Calves can be attacked shortly after birth and sometimes blinded and/or killed. Imported fire ants can cause problems in poultry farms, animal feeding stations, barns, and feedlots by attacking domestic animals and foraging on broken eggs or other protein sources generated by livestock. Fire ants also have been reported to feed on young watermelon, cucumber and sunflower plants. They can also be a nuisance to okra growers due to the ants’ attraction to the plant’s oils. Fire ants commonly infest lawns, school yards, athletic fields, golf courses and parks. In these places, they pose a medical threat to man and animals. In addition, their mounds also detract from the aesthetic value of the landscape. Imported fire ants damage sidewalks and roadways by removing underpinning soil. They are attracted to electrical equipment and can remove wiring insulation. This can result in short circuits and interference with switching mechanisms, air conditioners, traffic signal boxes, airport runway lights and other types of electrical equipment. Costs for damage repair, private landowner suppression, and federal eradication programs are an estimated $2 billion in the United States each year. The mound, a diagnostic character of fire ants, is a dome shape made of excavated soil that has a hard crusty outer layer. When disturbed one will notice a honeycomb look to the soil within the mound, which appears “cemented” together. They are usually about 6 to 8 inches in height but have been documented as tall as 16 inches. When the hard crust of the mound is disturbed one will notice the aggressive behavior of the ants. The worker ants vary in size ranging from 1 .5 to 4 mm, which is an identifying characteristic. The workers have 10-segmented antenna, the distal two segments forming a club. The body of the ant has a two-segmented pedicel, an unarmed propodeum, and, of course, a sting. Imported Fire Ants comprise two species in the genus Solenopsis. Solenopsis richteri is the black imported fire ant, which was first reported in the US in 1918 at Mobile, Alabama. Solenopsis invicta, the red imported fire ant was reported in the 1 930s in the same area. Both of these species are native to South America, and it is thought they were brought from that Continent in debris used to ship ballast. It is now known that a hybrid species exists in our state. Dr. Karen M. Vail (kvail@utk.edu) is our resident fire ant expert with the University of T ennessee Extension Service; she is involved in winter mortality research, as well as predator, parasite, and pathogen introduction research. More information can be found online: http://www. amesplantation.org/FireAntResearch/fireantres.htm. SAFC Information 321 Conservation Coalition Launches Great Forests Campaign By Amy Belanger and Hugh Irwin Since its founding in 1994, the Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition (SAFC) has established a highly effective collaboration of land conservation groups in the Southern Appalachians, working to achieve broad-scale, permanent protection of the unique natural and cultural heritage of our region. Where groups did not exist, SAFC helped create them. Where groups were weak, SAFC strengthened them. All six SAFC states-Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia--now have staffed forest watch groups, buoyed by a growing network of regional organizations. Together with these groups, SAFC has been a leader in bringing roadless protection to the brink of reality. Its mapping of watersheds, “new” old growth and species distribution and threats has directly affected the fate of timber sales and agency standards. SAFC’s central presence in the revision of forest plans has shaped positive outcomes that would now be more apparent if not for delays within the agency. The growth of conservation action resources, talent and coordination within the region and the presence of staffed forest watch groups are a direct result of SAFC’s capacity-building work. It is now time to reap the highest dividends from these investments. SAFC will do just that, with its new, targeted campaign to deliver permanent protection for an ecologically sustainable network of conservation lands in the Southern Appalachians. With a wealth of peer input, SAFC has developed its Conservation Vision, the scientific bedrock to underpin a powerful forest conservation campaign and its associated outreach to the public, community leaders, and lawmakers. This document will be released this spring in a highly publicized and celebratory unveiling. The Great Forests Campaign seeks to protect and restore 2.8 million acres of Southeastern forestlands in the Appalachian mountain range. The Great Forests Campaign is the number one goal in SAFC’s plan for conservation work in the region, a plan developed in a consensus based process engaging all 17 member groups in establishing shared conservation priorities. The campaign is convening, coordinating and mobilizing a broad spectrum of state and regional organizations in grassroots-style campaigns with three key objectives: 1 ) protecting priority public lands and streams through legislative special areas designations; 2) implementing and defending the Roadless Area Conservation Rule; and 3) pursuing land acquisition opportunities (from willing sellers) to add to public conservation ownership. 322 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 WILDERNESS SPECIAL AREAS DESIGNATIONS Of course, wilderness efforts are not a new phenomenon in the region. New wilderness was secured most recently in Virginia, with The Priest and Three Ridges designations. What is new is a focused, regionally coordinated campaign, backed by sound conservation science (in the form of a regional Conservation Vision, to be published spring 2002), and led by local citizens and lawmakers. Throughout the region, support committees are forming to determine which areas are most threatened, have the highest biological values, and are favored by local citizens and lawmakers. Armed with the SAFC Conservation Vision and campaign tools, teams have formed in Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. These teams will be supported by four field organizers who will assist groups in gearing up for campaigns, while helping to lay the groundwork for grassroots support. In addition, on-site campaign assessments and trainings will be organized for SAFC groups requesting them, followed by a wilderness mentoring conference with assistance from the Pew Wilderness Center and the Wilderness Society’s Wilderness Support Center. ROADLESS DEFENSE SAFC’s roadless defense program defends inventoried roadless areas from intrusion until they are permanently protected, and works to influence the policies governing these areas. Prior to the Bush presidency, remaining roadless areas were protected under the Roadless Area Conservation Rule. That rule is about to be rewritten under the Bush administration. SAFC is a member of the Heritage Forest Campaign, the national vehicle for defending the roadless policy. Together with HFC, SAFC helped generate the public pressure that led to the Bush administration’s late-hour withdrawal from its plan to kill the policy. SAFC served as the lead organization mobilizing groups in the Southern Appalachians. SAFC defense activities have included: two 1 5,500-piece direct mail campaigns; a 2,500-number phone bank; e-mail action alert to over 5,000 addresses; a day-long regional flyover of the Cumberland Plateau, Southern Ridge and Valley and the Unicoi Mountains with the AP wire service; a 192-target press releases to newspapers, daily and non-daily, across the region; press conferences and rallies in Greenville, South Carolina and Atlanta, Georgia with SAFC member groups; roadless defense web resources; and participation in securing legislative sign-ons to administration-targeted letters and phone calls. We are conducting similar support in preparation for Forest Service scoping activities and later, organizing turnout to public hearings through e-mail alerts, direct mail, and phone banking. SAFC Information 323 The Bush administration’s handling of the roadless policy further demonstrates that forest conservation must not be vulnerable to the whims of the administration, but must be assured through permanent legislative protection. ACQUISITIONS SAFC launched the newest phase of our acquisitions work on May 1 , to monitor the Congressional appropriations process that allocates funds for acquiring new lands to place in the public trust. We are making sure citizens within SAFC groups make known their support for federal and state Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) land acquisition priorities for FY 2002 and 2003. This effort holds great potential for protecting land on a state-by-state basis that would help realize SAFC’s regional Conservation Vision. We have prepared and circulated fact sheets and action alerts to generate grassroots support for full funding of LWCF, making the case for a higher percentage of the funds to be allocated to the Southern Appalachian region than has historically been the case. And we have been monitoring Forest Legacy, the reauthorized Farm Bill, Land Legacy and generating grassroots support when needed. SAFC plans for spring include updating the SAFC publication “Protecting Special Places at Risk in the Southern Appalachian Mountains” and hosting a land acquisitions convening of conservation groups, land trusts, agency leaders, elected officials, private individuals, and other interested parties to better coordinate our joint efforts. CONCLUSION The Great Forests Campaign joins other SAFC programs in forming a forest safety net for the Southern Appalachians. SAFC’s ongoing programs include conservation planning participation in the USFS forest planning process, watershed and aquatics initiatives, and influencing our public lands policies at the national and regional level. • The Conservation Planning program brings the insights and analysis from conservation biology to bear on the practical questions of prioritizing and working toward conservation protection and recovery for the Southern Appalachians. It provides conservation planning support and GIS analysis and mapping to member groups in local conservation protection efforts and initiatives. • The Agency Reform program pursues protection and restoration of special areas on national forest lands through agency planning and policy initiatives, and works to reform the operation of the Forest Service to become more eco-friendly and community oriented. 324 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 • The Forest Defense program assists member groups in defense of key areas within their states and ensures ecosystem protection and restoration of national forest lands. Activities include special area ground truthing, biological field surveys, and timber sale challenges. • The Watershed/Aquatics program focuses on achieving interim protection for critical watersheds on the national forests, in part by establishing a “time out” for extraction and other destructive management practices in critical watersheds. • The web-based Forest Link program puts individuals and groups in touch with specialists-scientists, political advisors, organizational planners, and other experts-to get their forest related questions answered. • And the newest program, WildShare, funds forest protection activities by member and partner groups in support of the SAFC agenda. With all of these activities taking place on the ground among SAFC’s 1 7 member groups and coordinated regionally, SAFC can expect to see a lot of land protected for present and future generations. The SAFC vision and agenda represents the most comprehensive region-wide forest protection effort of our time. We hope you will join us in making it a successful one. To read more about SAFC’s programs and campaign, visit www.safc.org. Amy Belanger holds a B.A. in philosophy with a focus on environmental ethics. She is SAFC’s campaign director and brings 12 years’ experience leading national, regional and local conservation organizations, including two years in the Southern Appalachian region. Hugh Irwin holds an M. S. in Forest Ecology. He has served as SAFC’s conservation planner for the past six years and has been involved in Southern Appalachian public lands conservation for over 20 years. ATBI Information 325 All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) Over $50,000 in Awards Presented to ATBI Researchers Jeanie Hilten, Administrative Officer Discover Life in America Gatiinburg, Tennessee Reprinted with permission from the Spring Newsletter 2001 “ATBI Quarterly.” Grant money supplied by the Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association and Friends of Great Smoky Mountains National Park is supporting All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory research in the Park for the 2001 season. John Morse, Discover Life in America Board member and Science Committee Co-Chair, administered the “mini-grant” program. The review panel included eight DLIA scientists. Although $50,000 was budgeted for this year, submitted proposals totaled $130,000. The granted proposals executive summaries may be viewed on the Discover Life web site: www.discoverlife.org. Sixteen proposals were funded; six fully and ten partially. The research will encompass a variety of life forms in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, from algae to spiders. Two of this year’s projects involve young people designing and conducting scientific research in the Park. Several studies include examining little known habitats such as the forest canopy and mossy seeps on rock exposures. Some of the proposals are continuations of previous and ongoing work. All are coordinated with the DLIA Science Plan. Recipients of the grants will present a written and oral report of results to date at the winter 2001 annual meeting of the ATBI, with a final report by 1 May 2002. Discover Life hopes to obtain additional sources of financial support in order to encourage the tremendous amount of research needed to complete the ATBI. Individuals and organizations interested in assisting with the funding of future ATBI research, please contact Friends of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 865-453- 2428. Congratulations to these scientists for their awards: Dr. Peter H. Adler and Mr. Will K. Reeves, Department of Entomology, Clemson University. Biting flies and their symbionts. Dr. Paul J. Bartels, Environmental Studies Department, Warren Wilson College. Initial tardigrade and meiofauna inventory. Dr. Christopher E. Carlton, Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University. Coleoptera. Dr. R. Edward DeWalt, Illinois Natural History Survey. Abrams Creek Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera. Dr. Jeffrey R. Johansen, Department of Biology, John Carroll University. Algal species in hydroterrestrial environments. Dr. Harold W. Keller, Central Missouri State University. Tree canopy biodiversity. Dr. Joe B. Keiper, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Dr. B. A. Foote, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University. Diptera, selected families. Dr. John C. Landolt, Department of Biology, Shepherd College. Slime molds. 326 SE Biology , Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 Dr. William Moser, Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Donald Klemm, Ecosystems Research Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Leeches. Mr. Edward G. Riley, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University. Nomenclature, distributions and associations of leaf beetles. Dr. Brian G. Scholtens, Department of Biology, College of Charleston. Lepidoptera. Dr. Michael J. Sharkey, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky. Hymenoptera. Mr. Jon Souders, Glen Este High School. Little River insects. Mr. Paul Super, Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont. Student interns. Mr. Mark J. Wetzel, Illinois Natural History Survey. Oligochaetes. Ms. Emily C. Whiteley, Department of Biology, Western Carolina University. Spiders. Cedar Barren on the Oak Ridge Reservation. ATBI Information 327 Note on Caddisflies Chuck Parker, Entomologist Biological Resources Division U.S. Geological Survey Reprinted with permission from the Summer Newsletter 2001 “ATBI Quarterly.” The insect Order T richoptera, or caddisflies, consists of an estimated 50,000 species worldwide, with approximately 1700 species known from North America north of Mexico. One hundred sixty-five have been identified from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, out of possibly 300 species that may eventually be found here. This compares with a total of slightly more than 400 species presently known from Tennessee as a whole. Caddisflies are very abundant in the Smokies, but are rarely noticed by most Park visitors. Adult caddisflies are nocturnal and closely resemble moths. Larval caddisflies are aquatic, living in virtually all of the Park’s 2000 miles of streams, as well as in the springs, seeps, ponds, and lakes. Some caddisfly larvae are free-living, ranging about the rocks and moss in the streams searching for food. Many other larvae build shelters fixed to rocks, logs, or other stable substrates. These shelters may be made almost entirely of a sheet of silk and placed over a slight depression on the substrate surface. Others build delicate tubes of silk that are kept open by the current, which also brings food to a net which they construct. The larvae then simply graze their meals from particles trapped by the nets. Larvae of the family Hydropsychidae build sturdy retreats of sand particles glued together with silk, securely fixed to rocks and logs often in the strongest currents. At the front of the retreats the larvae spin “fish nets” of silk, which are strong enough to withstand the fast current. The whole structure is sturdy enough that if removed carefully from the water, it will be perfectly preserved. Because of the large mesh of the nets, these larvae feed on larger particles than do the larvae whose nets are more delicate and have smaller mesh sizes. Many caddisfly larvae build portable cases that they carry about with them, enlarging the cases as they grow. Cases are characteristic of genera and occasionally of species. They may be made from either sand or other hard materials, or from leaf or stick pieces cut to the proper size and shape by the larvae and fitted together in genus- or species-specific patterns. Some larvae begin life making cases out of sand grains, and as they grow, change to making cases out of plant material. Helicopsyche borealis makes a coiled case of sand that looks just like a snail shell. Ceraclea ancylus makes a flattened case of very fine sand grains and has an extended hood with lateral flanges. The larva’s head and legs are completely covered, concealing it from potential predators while it grazes on periphyton (algae, diatoms, and fungi) which grows on the surfaces of rocks. Caddisflies are being investigated for the ATBI by the Aquatic Orders, Taxonomic Working Group (TWIG). In 1999 and 2000, we relied on student assistants John 328 SE Biology , Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 Cooper, Rich Harrington, and Dan Jones to make collections throughout the Park and to sort specimens to Order. Specimens then were sent to John Morse (Clemson University), Ollie Flint (Smithsonian Institution), Dave Etnier (University of Tennessee), Wayne Gall (Buffalo Museum of Science), and Chuck Parker (USGS) for identification and enumeration. BO Three Days of Fern Forays in the Park Patricia Cox Department of Botany University of Tennessee, Knoxville Reprinted with permission from the Summer Newsletter 2001 “ATBI Quarterly.” As a component of the ATBI, a re-evaluation of the pteridophyte flora is being conducted. Currently there are 64 species of ferns reported from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The purpose of this study is fivefold: 1. to locate and validate herbarium voucher specimens for all species reported from the Park; 2. to revisit known fern localities to verify the plant’s occurrence in the Park; 3. to search for new populations of species occurring in the Park and to find new additions to the pteridophyte flora; 4. to produce a database of current information on the pteridopytes; 5. to map the distribution of ferns in the Park. Mapping the locations of species in the Park is the focus of the three days of research this summer. We will use the trail system as our transects and every 200 meters we will stop and make a 15 meter round plot and record which ferns are present, the percent coverage of each species, the associated tree species, the latitude and longitude, and elevation. The last two entries will be made from a GPS (global positioning system) unit. Specimens will be collected only if they cannot be identified in the field. The dates of the forays [were] June 23rd, July 14th, and July 21st. The first foray [took] place in the vicinity of Metcalf Bottoms and the second at higher elevations near Newfound Gap. My goal [was] to field a minimum of four teams/day.... Reviews 329 REVIEWS James Ross, Review Editor 7196 College Station Dr., Cumberland College Williamsburg, KY 40769-1382 Bursess, Bonnie B. 2001 . Fate of the Wild, the Endangered Species Act and the Future of Biodiversity. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA. $29.95. 189 pages. This book is of particular interest to me because in 1997 I spent some time roaming the halls of Congress armed with an ASB resolution supporting the reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The main image I carried away from that was that there were very few congressmen who were willing to spend any political capital on this issue and that the future of the ESA was not very bright. The ESA remains unauthorized since 1992. I must say from the outset that I strongly recommend this book to anyone with an interest in biodiversity or the ESA. Also, this book should be on a reading list for any wildlife management class or conservation biology class. It not particularly long and is well written, interesting and concise. The book is composed of 11 chapters, divided into 4 parts. The four parts are: Setting the Stage, Characters, Conflict, and Resolution. The Introduction to the book consists of a list of many of the serious environmental and ecological issues that we face today. The list is so overwhelming that I presupposed the book to be a total indictment of the attitudes and barriers that seem so shortsighted and so common not only in our political scene but also in many of our working, non-science oriented citizens. Even though I was in agreement with the author, another alarmist book would not be very helpful. However, this book is one of the better-balanced books I have seen to date on this issue. There have been a number of problems associated with the enforcement of the ESA. Much of the problem lies with enforcement of the ESA on private lands. Enforcement on public lands has generally not been as big an issue. Although there is no doubt as to where the author stands on these issues, she does acknowledge numerous mistakes and cases of overzealous enforcement by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Understanding the problems of the ESA and the problems private landholders face is essential to developing a workable national biodiversity policy. The book is information packed without a lot of inflammatory rhetoric. The first half of the book, Setting the Stage and the Characters, although very informative, reads a bit slowly. It necessarily uses a lot of acronyms that may not be familiar to many readers. I found myself often thumbing back to the list of abbreviations to keep up with the cast of characters and the chronology. The second half, Conflict and Resolution reads much more quickly. One note for those of us who remember the Howard Baker driven Telico Dam project in east Tennessee in the early 1970s: the author gives a relatively complete, interesting, historical accounting of those events. The topic that Bonnie Burgess has taken on is an extremely complex and difficult undertaking but she has done an admirable job. As I indicated at the beginning, this is well worth having on your bookshelf and should be on the reading list of any developing biology or wildlife management student. Jim Ross. Cumberland College, Williamsburg, KY. 330 SE Biology , Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 Purves, W. K., D. Sadava, G. H. Orians, and H. C. Heller. 2000. Life: The Science of Biology. Sixth Edition. Sinauer Associates. The authors of this textbook state in the preface that they sought to improve upon their 5th edition with brevity, emphasis on experiments and research, and facilitation of student learning. Indeed, they have reached these goals to produce a visually-appealing and concise introductory textbook. This edition includes 58 chapters divided among 7 major parts including: 1 . The Cell, 2. Information and Heredity, 3. Evolutionary Processes, 4. The Evolution of Diversity, 5. The Biology of Flowering Plants, 6. The Biology of Animals, and 7. Ecology and Biogeography. Discussion questions at the end of each chapter require synthesis and application of concepts and material covered within the text. The glossary is complete and includes the origins of many of the terms, a real asset for students. The photographs used in this edition are superb, engaging the reader to investigate further. Most illustrations and graphs are supplemented with balloon captions to guide the reader in assessing the import of the information and sequence of events. This is extremely helpful for introductory-level classes. Unfortunately, many introductory texts eliminate graphs instead of better explaining their significance. These figures are also cross-referenced in the chapter summaries, thereby reinforcing their value to the reader. The emphasis on the process of science should be applauded. Several chapters include illustrations that summarize how both classic and recent scientific studies were conducted. While these figures and the text sometimes oversimplify the process and interpretations of some studies, the level of detail is appropriate for an introductory text. One of the most difficult tasks of an instructor is to convince their students that reading the text is beneficial. This textbook makes that mission a bit easier by providing both guidance and visual stimulation to the reader. Sara Ash. Department of Biology, Cumberland College, Williamsburg, Kentucky. Reviews 331 Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. 2000. Flora of Florida: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, Vol. 1. University Press of Florida. (ISBN 0813018056) 384 pp. Hardcover. The Flora of Florida Vol. I is, in many ways, a state-level equivalent of Flora North America. This first volume includes three very rich introductory chapters on the physical setting of Florida, the Vegetation of Florida, and a historical section on Botanical Exploration in the state. These chapters precede keys to major groups, treatments of the pteridophytes, and finally treatments of the gymnosperms. The introductory treatments are very well done. The Physical Setting chapter by Ronald Myers gives a nice overview of the state, especially for one not familiar with it. It is written in a simple style that is easy to read, and is filled with just enough detail to keep the reader informed without becoming bored. The Vegetation chapter, also written by Myers, is longer and more detailed but again is well written. In this chapter, 13 vegetation types, distributed among three communities, are described. These introductions to the vegetation types integrate physical and biotic aspects nicely. The final introductory chapter is written by R. P. Wunderlin, B. F. Hansen and J. Beckner. This historical account of botanical exploration in Florida is quite detailed and interesting. The taxonomic treatments are thoroughly done, with considerable attention to detail. The general keys, as well as those at the species level, are clear, parallel, and definitive. I was impressed especially with the detail in species descriptions, which in so many floras are reduced to diagnostics. Each species account includes a synonymy section, which although derived primarily from local treatments, provides a mechanism for comparing treatments and for understanding the taxonomic history of the various taxa. The latter aspect should be quite instructive for younger field botanists just beginning their careers. The elaboration of synonymy in paragraphs centered around basionyms provides clarity and logic to a difficult aspect in systematics. The individual species treatments are wonderfully detailed and provide a strong backup to the keys. The rich and thorough descriptive nature of these descriptions stands in contrast to the more trendy ‘diagnostic’ approach to species accounts. Each species description is followed by a geographic account at both the state and total range level, and by a phenological descriptor. Overall I found this volume to be exceptionally well done and I do not hesitate at all in recommending it. The few reservations I have are more on the order of personal preference. I found the illustrations to be nicely done, but perhaps a bit too few in number. For some of the larger or especially difficult genera such as Isoetes, Lycopodiella, Ophioglossum, Thelypteris, Asplenium, Nephrolepis, Marsilea , and perhaps Pinus , it would have been nice to have had additional species illustrations, or perhaps diagnostic vignettes as for Acrostichum. I also wanted to have more biological information about some of the species, such as chromosome number. Volume I of the Flora of Florida is an excellent buy at its price and will be a welcomed addition to a personal or institutional library. The authors are to be commended on their attention to detail and for their ongoing attempts to complete a flora for such a botanically rich state. R. James Hickey, Botany Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056. 332 SE Biology, Vol. 48, No. 4, December, 2001 Mayer, J. R. 2001. Connections in Environmental Science: A Case Study Approach. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. $55.75. 330 pages. Connections in Environmental Science: A Case Study Approach by J. Richard Mayer provides readers with the basic information to understand the environmental issues of today as well as the underlying ecological principles essential to a study of any environmental issue. This book is suitable for lay people with a deeper than average interest in ecology and environmental issues as well as for either an advanced high school issues course or an introductory college environmental science course. The introductory chapter gives a concise discussion of general ecology and the principles essential to environmental science as well as a very brief overview of the history of the environmental movement in the United States. The case study approach of this book takes the reader through the environmental, economic, and human issues associated with each specific case study. The author introduces each topic by applying the basic ecological principles to a particular case study. That case study is then followed from its origin or point of identification, through the process of developing a working solution and finally, to the current status of the issue. The Regional Perspectives section found at the end of each chapter expands the focus of that chapter to include additional examples of the environmental issue presented in the case study. These additional examples come from areas of the United States distinctly different from that of the case study as well as from other parts of the world. Although these examples are not as thoroughly documented as the case study itself, the presentation of these additional examples allows the reader to extend the information beyond the specific example of the case study. In addition to the Regional Perspectives, the author also includes a list of key terms, a set of discussion questions, an independent project, Internet websites, and list of suggested readings at the end of each chapter. The discussion questions are written in a manner that avoids simple repetition of the concepts and attempts to get the reader to think critically and apply the information presented in the chapter to other situations relevant to the topic. The independent projects are projects that may be of interest to the layperson and could easily be assigned to students as homework or undertaken as laboratory activities. The Internet website directs the reader to the primary book website that then directs the individual further by providing specific resources and Internet links. This book is definitely an introductory text. While the author does a wonderful job of applying the basic principles to the case study topics, the text is limited in terms of the details of the ecological, social, and economic effects associated with the environmental issues addressed. The reader is often forced to generalize when trying to extend the information presented for the case study to similar environmental issues in other areas. The major shortcomings I found with this book are the lack of thorough coverage of the economic aspects of environmental policymaking as well as the implication in many of the case studies that the environmental movement is a primarily reactive process as opposed to any proactive action. There is also virtually no coverage of environmental racism, an issue of importance both within the United States and around the world. There is also little coverage devoted to activities or lifestyle choices an individual can make on a personal level or at the grassroots level Reviews 333 to help solve some of these environmental problems. The focus tends to be placed on governmental regulation. This book goes a long way in helping the layperson or student understand the basics of the environment and how it works, as well as the problems associated with our use of the environment. The case study approach makes the book very readable and applies the principles to real situations. The book is, however, very introductory in nature and should not be expected to provide in-depth information. Pat Clark. Department of Biology, Utah State University, Vernal, UT. 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