SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY Volume 50 April, 2003 Number 2 '•SB QH301 . A7a v. 50 no. 2 Apr 2003 >B ASB ASB ASB ASB ASB ASB Howard University Metasequoia. The biology students' Metasequoia presented as a gift to the University and planted at the main entrance to the University. In the background is Founder's Library. The Official Publication of The Association of Southeastern Biologists http://www.asb.appstate.edu/ SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY (ISSN 1533-8436) SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY (ISSN 1 533-8436) is published quarterly in January, April, September, and December by the Association of Southeastern Biologists, Inc , Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215. Periodicals postage paid at Burlington, NC, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER please send address changes to the SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY business manager, Tim Atkinson, Carolina Biological Supply Co , 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215 ASB members receive the SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY as part of their membership dues For non-members, the cost is $7 00 per issue. All contributions, inquiries about missing numbers and other matters should be addressed to the Print Editor. News items should be sent to the News Editor. Send books to be reviewed to the Book Review Editor Printed by Allen Press, 810 East 10th Street, Lawrence, KS 66044 Print Editor . James D Caponetti, Dept of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1100; (865) 974-2256. FAX (865) 974-2258; jcaponet@utk.edu. Associate Editor Terry Richardson, Dept of Biology, UNA Box 5212, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632-0001; (256) 765-4429; FAX (256) 765-4430; tdrichardson@una.edu. Web Editor Howard Neufeld, Dept of Biology, P O Box 32027, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2027, (828) 262-2683; FAX (828) 262-2127; neufeldhs@appstate.edu. Business Manager . Tim Atkinson, Carolina Biological Supply Co,, 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215; (336) 538- 6224; tim.atkinson@carolina.com News Editor Jon Fortman, Div of Sci and Math, Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS 39701; (601 ) 329-7379; FAX (601 ) 329-7238; jfortman@sunmuw1 muw.edu. Book Review Editor James Ross, 7196 College Station Dr , Cumberland College, Williamsburg, KY 40769-1382; (606) 549-2200 x4381 , jross@cc cumber edu ASB Officers President J Kenneth Shull, Dept of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2027; (828) 262-2675; FAX (828) 262-2127; shull]k@appstate.edu President-elect Andrew N Ash, Dept of Biology, University of North Carolina, Pembroke, NC 28372-1510; (910) 521-6418; andy.ash@uncp edu. Vice-President Claudia L Jolls, Dept of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353; (252) 328- 6295; FAX (252) 328-4178; jollsc@mail ecu.edu. Past President Robert Haynes, Dept, of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; (205) 348-1826; FAX (205) 348-6460; rhaynes@biology.as.ua.edu or rhaynes@bama.ua.edu Secretary Terry Richardson, Dept of Biology, UNA Box 5212, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632-0001; (256) 765-4429; FAX (256) 765-4430, tdnchardson@una.edu. Treasurer Tim Atkinson, Carolina Biological Supply Co , 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215; (336) 538- 6224; tim atkinson@carolina com Membership Officer Deborah Atkinson, Continuing Education, CB#8165 Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, UNC-CH School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8165; (919) 843-6892, FAX (919) 966-5692; datkinso@sph unc.edu Archivist John Herr, Dept of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; (803) j 777-8110; FAX (803) 777-4002; herr@mail biol sc.edu Executive Committee Members-at-Large 2003 Henry Bart, Tulane Museum of Natural History, Belle Chasse, LA 70037; (504) 394-1771, FAX (504) 394-5045; hank@museum.tulane edu Kim Marie Tolson, Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0520; (318) 342- i 1805; FAX (318) 342-3312; bitolson@ulm edu 2004 W Michael Dennis, Breedlove, Dennis and Associates, Inc., 330 W Canton Ave , Winter Park, FL 32789; (407) 677-1882; FAX (407)657-7008; mike@bda-mc.com Rebecca Cook, Dept of Biology, Lambuth University, 705 Lambuth Blvd , Jackson, TN 38301; (731)425-3278; FAX (731) 988-4900, Cook-reb@lambuth edu 2005 Zack E Murrell, Dept of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2027; (828) 262-2683; FAX (828) 262-2127, murrellze@appstate edu Thomas R Wentworth, Dept of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. NC 27695-7612; (919) 515- 2168; FAX (919) 515-3436; tom_wentworth@ncsu edu. Purpose The purpose of this association shall be to promote the advancement of biology as a science by encouraging research, the imparting of knowledge, the application of knowledge to the solution of biological problems, and the preservation of biological resources The ASB has representation in Section G Committee of the AAAS. Varying types of membership are available to individuals and institutions See inside back cover Time and Place of Future Meetings 2003 April 9-12 Co-hosted by Howard University, Washington, DC, and Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland; see http://www.biology.howard.edu/asb2003.htm 2004 April 14-17 Co-hosted by Univ. of Memphis, Rhodes College, and Christian Brothers Univ., Memphis, Tenn A Message from the President 37 The View from Here J. Kenneth Shull President of ASB The members of the Association of Southeastern Biologists have contributed a great deal to the study of the fauna, flora and ecosystems in the Southeast United States. We should take pride in what we and our colleagues have done for the understanding of these organisms and systems in our region. The majority of the membership in our organization consists of people who excel in just such areas - ecology, herpetology, botany, parasitology, ichthyology, etc., and that is as it should be. The animals and plants found in the Southeast are different from those found in New England, Arizona or Oregon. The environment in this region is different from that in other areas of North America. It is natural that we should attract biologists interested in what is unique to our region of the country. We can enhance our contribution by increasing the diversity of studies that are reported at our annual meetings. If ASB is to be representative of biological studies in the Southeast, then we should also have more participation from other areas of biology. In my last message I pointed out that at the Boone meeting in 2002 we had, for the first time, a paper session in animal behavior and more presentations in genetics, cell and molecular biology than we have had in some years. These are encouraging signs. I am still concerned that in 2002 we had only one paper in ornithology, almost none in animal physiology, developmental biology and very few in entomology. Although we had a few more papers than usual in microbiology, the numbers were still very small. The areas of mycology, phycology and several other disciplines are severely under-represented in our association. Since such disciplines as genetics, cell and molecular biology or physiology cannot be localized to a specific region of the country it is not surprising that there are relatively fewer ASB participants in those areas than in some others. It is disturbing that some of the other disciplines that I have mentioned are under-represented since there are regional considerations in some of them. I assume that each of us would like to see more participation in ASB from our colleagues in other disciplines. We can increase this participation in at least two ways: 1. encourage the biologists that we know who are non-ASB members to come to our meeting, to present papers and to send their graduate students Start now telling your colleagues about the Washington meeting in April and the Memphis meeting in 2004. This is by far the most effective way to get more participation. 2. ASB could get commercial sponsors for research prizes in under¬ represented areas of biology. Each of us can ask company representatives to talk to their companies to get them to exhibit at our meetings. One or more may well be willing to sponsor a prize later on. Talk to these representatives. Let them know that you think that ASB is important to you and to them 38 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 The more variety that we have at our meetings the more we can learn that can give us new ideas in our own research areas. The more variety means more opportunities for collaboration with people that can bring new techniques and approaches to our areas of interest. The more variety we have means more opportunities for our students to find laboratories in which they can further their education. Let us work to ensure that we have such variety. See you in Washington! President J. Kenneth Shull Annual Meeting PROGRAM of the 64th ANNUAL MEETING of the ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGISTS 39 Hosted by HOWARD UNIVERSITY Washington, DC AND BOWIE STATE UNIVERSITY Bowie, Maryland Meeting Location CRYSTAL CITY HYATT REGENCY HOTEL* Arlington, Virginia SOCIETIES MEETING WITH ASB American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Southeastern Division Beta Beta Beta, Southeastern District I Beta Beta Beta, Southeastern District II Ecological Society of America, Southeastern Chapter Society of Wetland Scientists, South Atlantic Chapter Southeastern Fishes Council Botanical Society of America, Southeastern Division Southern Appalachian Botanical Society CORRECTION: The telephone number of the Crystal City Hyatt Regency Hotel listed in the January issue was incorrect— the correct number is (703) 418-1234. Dr. Raymond Petersen (left) with Gregory Becoat, a biology graduate student in the plant morphology laboratory, Howard University 40 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 ASB Candidates for Office— 2003 The Nominating Committee composed of Howard Neufeld (Chair), Cliff Hupp, and Dwayne Wise has selected the following slate of nominees for the ASB offices to be filled in 2003. Voting will take place at the annual business meeting at 11:30 a.m. on Friday, April 11, 2003. Additional nominations will be accepted from the floor before voting is conducted. Please plan to attend and vote. Elections can sometimes be close. Therefore, your votes could make a difference on who gets elected to office. President-Elect Frank J. Schwartz Claudia L. Jolts Beverly S. Collins Vice President Kim Marie Tolson George Cline Secretary Terry D. Richardson Executive Committee Jennifer J. Davis Jerry C. Ritchie Debbie Moore John Aho Frank J. Schwartz Institute of Marine Sciences Morehead City, North Carolina East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina Savannah River Ecology Lab Aiken, South Carolina University of Louisiana Monroe, Louisiana Jacksonville State University Jacksonville, Alabama University of North Alabama Florence, Alabama Shorter College Rome, Georgia USDA Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, Maryland Troy State University Dothan, Alabama Auburn University Montgomery, Alabama Claudia L. Jolls Annual Meeting 41 Beverly S. Collins Kim Marie Tolson Terry D. Richardson George Cline 42 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Jerry C. Ritchie John Aho Annual Meeting 43 President-Elect Frank J. Schwartz - Dr. Schwartz is Professor of Marine Sciences and Curator of fishes at the University of North Carolina, Institute of Marine Sciences. He received his undergraduate (1950) and graduate (1954) degrees in zoology and ichthyology from the University of Pittsburgh. In the interim, he has taught and directed students at West Virginia University, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Lab, and the Institute, since 1967. His interests are in many groups especially freshwater and marine fishes, and sharks and stingrays worldwide. A long-time member of ASB, who has published widely, has served the society as Editor 1986-1995, Book review editor 1995-2000, and chairman of the Wilmington meetings. He has presented many papers at the society meetings and now awaits his book: Sharks, Skates and Rays of the Carolinas, to be published in the spring of 2003. Claudia L. Jolls - Dr. Jolls is a native of Michigan, is currently Associate Professor of Biology at East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. She received her undergraduate degree in botany summa cum laude at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1975) and her Ph D. in ecology at the University of Colorado at Boulder (1980). Her postdoctoral experience included work at W. K. Kellogg Biological Station of Michigan State University and as director of the Naturalist-Ecologist Training Program, University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, Ml, where she also has held temporary appointments for many years as summer research faculty. Her research interests in plant ecology emphasize plant reproductive biology and conservation biology: along elevational gradients in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, the influence of grazers at high altitudes, gap-phase dynamics and forest succession, the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant different breeding systems and possible economic applications for a pestilent weed of the southeast. Most recently, her research focuses on rare coastal plants, including plants of the Atlantic shore, taxa endemic to the Great Lakes shorelines, and multi-species approaches to management and conservation biology. Her research has been supported by numerous private, state and federal agencies, including The Michigan Department of Natural Resources, The North Carolina Center for Biotechnology, The NC Department of Agriculture Plant Conservation Program, The National Science Foundation, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service. She is an author in professional journals, including a submitted review chapter for Oxford University Press on the population dynamics of herbs of forests of eastern North America. She is a member of AIBS, BSA, ESA, NCAS, SABS and Sigma Xi. She has served ASB and its affiliates as a committee member and/or chair for the ASB Student and Faculty/Senior Research Awards, ESA Odum Award, North Carolina Botanical Garden Award, and the ASB Executive Committees. Beverly Collins - Dr. Collins is an Associate Research Scientist at the University of Georgia’s Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL) She earned a B.S in Botany from the University of Kentucky, and M S. and Ph.D degrees in Botany and Plant Physiology from Rutgers University. Postdoctoral experience at SREL was followed by an Assistant Professor position in the Department of 44 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Biology at (then) Memphis State University. She returned to SREL in 1994. Her research interests reflect growing up in the mixed-mesophytic forest of east Kentucky; she is intrigued by environmental variation and disturbance effects on plant community composition, structure, and dynamics. At SREL, she examines natural and land-use disturbance over vegetation gradients from dry sandhills through bottomlands and Carolina bays, including military training and forest management effects on mixed pine-hardwood forests at Fort Benning, Ga. She has served ASB as Secretary and on the Committee for Women, Minorities, and the Disabled. She has been on the Editorial Board, and is currently an Associate Editor, of the Journal of Vegetation Science. She has served as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, and guest editor for a Natural Areas Journal theme issue on rare plants of the southeastern US. In her spare time, she reads philosophy of science; practices taekwondo, weaving, and the piano; and observes the southern mixed pine-hardwood forest outside her back door. Vice President Kim Marie Tolson - Dr. Tolson is an Associate Professor of Biology at The University of Louisiana at Monroe. She received her undergraduate degree in Wildlife Conservation and Management from Louisiana Tech University, and her Ph D. from Northeast Louisiana University. Additionally, she holds the title of Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor at The University of Oklahoma. Previously she held a dual appointment in the College of Pharmacy at ULM, and served for two years as Interim Head of the Department of Biology. Her research interests include vertebrate physiology and the management of both game and nongame animals. Dr. Tolson has participated in co-operative research projects with state, federal, and non-governmental agencies. She recently received funding from the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries to study the avian communities on four large tracts of state-owned land. Kim Marie is an active member of ASB, having served as the Local Arrangements Chair for the 59th Annual Meeting in Monroe, LA, and is currently serving as Chair of the ASB Enrichment Fund and Chair of the Place of Meeting Committee as well as a Member at Large of the Executive Committee. She serves on numerous department, college, and university committees. George Cline - Dr. Cline is an Associate Professor at Jacksonville State University, Alabama. He received his BS in Biology, and Environmental Health from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and his Ph.D. in Zoology from Oklahoma State University (1990). His Undergraduate and Graduate Student research projects are regularly reported at ASB meetings. He is the University Liaison Officer to the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, and he also serves as an advisor to the JSU Scuba and Snorkel Club. George is broadly interested in amphibian and reptile ecology and conservation. His specialty is frog communication systems and acoustic community structure. He has worked with the diploid- tetraploid complex of gray tree frogs. He has also published several articles on the ecology and conservation biology of the Oklahoma salamander, Eurycea tynerensis. He and his students are currently working on acoustic interactions Annual Meeting 45 among southeastern frogs, ecology of the hellbender in Alabama, and life history studies of local turtle populations. George has served ASB previously as a member of the Executive Committee, and the Poster Awards Committee, and the Student Travel Awards Committee. He has also served as an officer of one of the ASB affiliates (SE Division of ASIH), and he is on the Board of Editors for the Southeastern Naturalist. Secretary Terry D. Richardson - Dr. Richardson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of North Alabama, Florence. He earned a B.S. in Professional Biology from the University of North Alabama, a M.S. in Aquatic Biology from the University of Alabama, and a Ph D. in Zoology and Physiology from Louisiana State University. In 1990 he received an Oak Ridge Associated Universities Postdoctoral Fellowship, and he accepted his current position at the University of North Alabama in 1991. Dr. Richardson presently teaches non-majors biology and upper division courses in Tropical Marine Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecology, General Ecology, and Animal Physiology. He also teaches a summer course in Marine Behavioral Ecology at the Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama. His research interests include environmental influences on the behavior of marine invertebrates, and population and production ecology of marine and freshwater mollusks and wetland invertebrates. He is a member of the Ecological Society of America, the North American Benthological Society, and Tri-Beta. He has served three years on and chaired both the ASB Student Research Award and Poster Award committees, and served as vice-chair of the Patrons and Exhibitors Committee. Dr. Richardson served three years as a Member-at-Large of the ASB Executive Committee and has served as Secretary of ASB for the past three years. Executive Committee Jennifer J. Davis - Dr. Davis earned the B.A. in biology from Elmhurst College in 1969 and the M.S. in biology from Emory University in 1971. Her master’s thesis, directed by Dr. William Burbanck, was "The Effects of Season, Height, and Location on the Occurrence of Ciliates on the Grass, Andropogon virginicus." After teaching secondary science in Gainesville, Florida, for a year and taking time off for the birth of her daughter, she worked from 1974-1976 as a laboratory technologist at the Pesticide Research Lab, University of Florida. In 1976, she began teaching in the Biology Department at Shorter College. In August 1985, she earned an M.Ed. from West Georgia College with a major in special education with emphasis in learning disabilities and hearing impaired learning From 1989 to 1991, she completed the residence requirements for a Ph D in biology from Mississippi State University. Dr. Dwayne Wise was her advisor and supervised her dissertation entitled “Meiotic Chromosome Abnormalities in a Laboratory Stock of the Crane Fly Nephrotoma suturalis " She received the Ph.D. in 1994. While her active biological research interests have been associated with cell biology and genetics, she considers herself to be a 46 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 ‘generalist’ in biology because her undergraduate teaching required a significant breadth of knowledge in her discipline. She has taught general biology, zoology, genetics, cell biology, histology, developmental biology, physical science, science education, bioethics, and a course in biodiversity conservation. She has developed several courses at Shorter including “Issues in Bioethics,” an integrated studies course, which examines ethical issues relating to health care and the environment; and “Issues in Biodiversity,” a course taught in connection with Shorter’s study abroad program. She has conducted two month-long study abroad courses in Europe (1997 and 2001), and will teach a four-week course in China and Thailand in May-June 2003. Jerry C. Ritchie - Dr. Ritchie is an ecologist with the USDA ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory at Beltsville, MD. His education was from Pfeiffer College (BA), University of Tennessee (MS), and University of Georgia (Ph.D.). His research is directed toward evaluating and integrating the impacts of agricultural and natural resources management practices and a changing environment on soil and water quality of complex landscapes. Dr. Ritchie has made research contributions to the understanding of sedimentation, erosion, carbon sequestration, passive and active remote sensing, and the use of native vegetation to improve marginal soils and control soil loss. He has been a member of ASB since 1966. He has been on various committees and held offices in the ASB, ESA, ESA-Southeast and Mid-Atlantic Chapters, and SSSA. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America. Debbie Moore - Dr. Moore is an assistant professor of biology in the Department of Natural Sciences at Troy State University Dothan in Dothan, Alabama. After working as a RN for several years, she returned to academia and received her B.S. in Biology (1992) and her Ph D. (1997) working with Ken Marion at the University of Alabama Birmingham. Her dissertation research involved molecular analyses of temperate hylid frogs using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. She currently teaches general studies biology as well as a variety of upper division and graduate level courses including Field Ecology, Limnology, Local Flora and Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. She serves as the advisor for the preprofessional students as well as the biology secondary education students at TSUD. She serves on numerous department, college and university committees and chairs the General Studies Committee. She currently has a faculty research grant which she is using to involve prospective teachers in amphibian monitoring programs. Her research interests include amphibian recruitment in ephemeral ponds in recurring drought conditions and the effects of sedimentation on larval success. She has served on the ASB Education Committee and is Co-Chair of the committee this year. She is a member of the Ecological Society of America, the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, and other organizations. She has been a member and chairman of the Southeastern Chapter ESA committee for the Odum Student Award for best student paper in ecology. She has been an active member and served as an officer of the Southeastern Division of ASIH. Annual Meeting 47 John M. Aho - Dr. Aho was born in Milwaukee, Wl, 1953; EDUCATION : B.A. (Biology) Wake Forest University, 1975; M.A. (Biology) Wake Forest University, 1979; Ph.D. (Ecology) University of Exeter, UK, 1981. Post-Doctoral Fellow: University of Alberta, Dept, of Zoology, 1981-1983; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia 1983-84; PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Assistant Research Ecologist, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia 1984-90; Visiting Assistant Professor, Wake Forest University 1990-92; Assistant Professor, Auburn University at Montgomery 1992-1997; Associate Professor, 1997-present. REVIEWER: J. Parasitol., Am. Midi. Nat., Comparative Parasitology (Editorial Board, 1997-2000), Can. J. Zool., Copeia (Editorial Board, Physiological Ecology, 1994-95), Ecology, Parasitology, International J. Parasitology, NSF, DOE. MEMBER: American Society of Parasitologists; Association of Southeastern Biologists (Poster Award Committee, 1999-2000; Nominations Committee, 2000-01); Southeastern Society of Parasitologists (President, 1998; President-Elect, 1997;Vice-President, 1994-95; Representative to ASB Executive Council 1993-present); Helminthological Society of Washington; Ecological Society of America (E.P. Odum Student Awards Committee, 1995-2000), North American Benthological Society; American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. AWARDS: Fulbright-Hayes Scholarship, 1977-79; Fuller Research Scholarship in Biological Science (Univ. of Exeter, UK, 1979-80); Killam Postdoctoral Fellowship (1981- 83). Research Interests: Population and community ecology of invertebrates and fishes, Stream and wetland ecology, Population and community ecology of parasites, effects of parasites on host population dynamics. Mohith Narayanan, Math-Engineering major at Bowie State University at the MIE Annual Conference at the University of Texas-EI Paso 48 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 GENERAL INFORMATION Exhibits will be located in Exhibits Hall C, in the Exhibits Foyer of the hotel. Registration begins Wednesday, April 9th at noon and will remain open until 5:00 pm. Registration hours on Thursday will begin at 8:00 am and continue until 5:00 pm. Registration on Friday will begin at 8:00 am and end at noon. Please bring this issue of Southeastern Biology with you to the meeting. It contains details of the program and abstracts of all presentations. Additional copies of Southeastern Biology will be available at the ASB booth in the exhibitors’ area at a cost of $7.00. Updated versions of the program (without abstracts) will be posted on the meeting website prior to the meeting. Hardcopies of program changes will be inserted in your registration packets, and/or posted outside meeting rooms. April Weather in the Metropolitan Washington Area: Expect the weather to be unpredictable! The meeting follows the Cherry Blossom Festival but the temperature may vary from winter to mild spring. The most accurate weather projections can be obtained by checking the Weather Channel. Ground Travel to the Hyatt Regency, Crystal City: If driving from the South, follow 1-95 North to 1-395, take exit 7A (Glebe Road South) to the 5th traffic light (approximately 2 miles). Turn left onto Jefferson Davis Highway (Route 1 North), turn right onto 27th Street. The hotel is on the left. If driving from the North, follow 1-95 South over the Woodrow Wilson Bridge into Virginia. Take the first exit (the first exit off the bridge is a three-part exit), continue via the middle exit, (Route 1 North) for approximately 5 miles. Turn right onto 27th Street The hotel is on the left. Visit the hotel website at www.crystalcity.hyatt.com for a detailed area map. Automated directions are available at 703-418-1234, ext. 4900. Air Travel: The Metropolitan Washington area is serviced by three airports - Reagan National, BWI (in Baltimore, Maryland, and Dulles (in Virginia). Flights are often cheaper into BWI or Dulles. Seek the best rates via airline websites such as www.expedia.com, or www orbitz.com, or www.travelocity.com. The Hyatt is located only a half mile from Reagan National Airport. Complimentary shuttle services to and from Reagan Airport are provided by the hotel. Both BWI and Dulles are serviced by shuttle services. Check Super Shuttle at www.supershuttle.com, one-way fare $37.00 or Maryland Shuttle at www.marylandshuttle.com (one-way fare $45.00 from BWI). The state of Maryland offers MARC rail services between BWI and Union Station in Washington, D C. From Union Station, take the Metro Red Line to Metro Center and transfer to the blue line to the Crystal City station. The hotel offers complimentary shuttle to and from the Crystal City Metro Station. Annual Meeting 49 Parking at the Hyatt: Valet parking is the only parking available at the Hyatt. The cost is $20.00 per night for hotel guests, with in and out privileges. Metropolitan Washington Transportation: The Crystal City Hyatt Hotel is conveniently located near the Yellow and Blue Metro Stations. A detailed map of the entire Metro System will be included in your registration packet. Metro is, by far, the most convenient and most efficient way to travel in the Metropolitan area. Fare cards can be purchased in amounts sufficient to cover the costs of every trip. Meeting Venue: The Crystal City Hyatt Regency hotel is the site for all meeting activities except the Thursday evening social. On Thursday evening, buses will be available, beginning at 6:30 pm for transportation to the Birchmere. There is adequate parking at the Birchmere for those who wish to drive. Driving directions from the hotel to the Birchmere will be provided in the registration packet. Job Placement and Message Board: A bulletin board will be available in the Registration Foyer for job announcements and messages. Local Dining: The registration packet will contain information on the dining in the immediate area of the hotel. Social Activities and Events: Tickets for social events will be included in your registration packet for those who have pre-paid. Times and places for the events/activities are listed in the program schedule and on the website. A limited number of tickets may be available at the registration desk for those who did not pre-pay. The Local Arrangements Committee has made every attempt to provide a selection of field trips and tours that will satisfy the most demanding tourist/spouse/family. Additional information about tours can be obtained by going to your search domain and typing in Washington, DC tours. Shoppers can take advantage of Pentagon City via the yellow or blue line of Metro, the Washington DC Shops along the Metro Red Line, Mazza Gallerie/Chevy Chase on the Metro Red Line, or White Flint Shopping Mall also on the Metro Red Line. A limit of 40 Tri Beta students will have the opportunity to participate in the Behind the Scenes at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History Tour on a first come - first serve basis at Registration. There is also a special Tour of the Howard University Main Campus for the Tri Beta students. All tours and field trips depart from the Main entrance of the Crystal City Hyatt Hotel. Lunch will be provided for all day trips. Tickets for undersubscribed tours and field trips may be purchased at the registration desk through Wednesday 50 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Wednesday Plenary Session and Welcoming Reception: President-elect Andrew Ash has promised that a dynamic plenary address will be delivered at 7:00 pm. A Welcome Reception will follow at 8:30 pm, with light hors d'oeuvres, drinks. Be sure to take advantage of the Washington After Dark Tour... the most spectacular time to view the major monuments around town. Thursday Evening at the Birchmere: The evening at the Birchmere will capture the spirit of the New Orleans French Quarter transposed to the Metropolitan Washington area. Display your pool skills in Pudges Pool Hall. Visit the microbrewry at Gonzo’s Lost Beer Hall. Dance the night away with fabulous sounds along Bourbon Street. Enjoy the Birchmere's Down-Home BBQ, veggies, salad, bread, and dessert. Your ticket for one complimentary beer, wine or two soft drinks will be included in your registration packet. Participants under 21 can expect to be carded. Banquet: The banquet will be preceded by a reception with a cash bar, beginning at 6:00 pm in the ABCD Foyer. The banquet dinner will begin promptly at 7:00 pm. in Regency ABCD. The evening will conclude with the traditional address by the past President. Information Sources: Additional information can be obtained in the January issue of Southeastern Biology and on the website: LOCAL ARRANGMENTS COMMITTEE Addresses for Chairs/Co-Chairs not identified otherwise are: Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059. FAX number for the Biology Department is 202-806-4564. Local Arrangements Co-Chairs: Lafayette Frederick GeraldineTwitty lfrederick(a)howard.edu 202-806-6931 qtwittv(a)howard.edu 202-806-6953 Early Registration: Geraldine Twitty qtwittv(a)howard.edu 202-806-6953 Program Chair: Elaine Davis* edavis(a)bowiestate.edu 301-860-3876 Beta Beta Beta: Lafayette Frederick lfrederick(a)howard.edu 202 806-6931 Exhibits: Geraldine Twitty qtwittv(a)howard.edu 202-806-6953 Field Trips: Raymond Petersen Victoria Guerreo rpetersen(a)howard.edu 202-806-6943 Annual Meeting 51 Poster and Audiovisuals: William Gordon wqordon(a)howard.edu 202-806-6945 Social Arrangements: Broderick Eribo beribo@howard.edu 202-806-6937 Kimberly Smith On-Site Registration/ Meeting Statistics: Franklin Ampy fampv(a)howard.edu 202 806 6952 Marjay Anderson manderson(a)howard.edu 202-806-6744 Transportation/ Volunteers: Mary McKenna mmckenna(a)howard.edu 202 806 6103 Clarence Lee clee(a)howard.edu 202-806-6948 Website Coordinators: William Eckberg William Lawrence** weckberq(a)howard.edu 202-806-6933 wlawrence(a)bowiestate. 301-860-3338 *Address for Dr. Elaine Davis: Director, Model Institutions for Excellence Program, 14000 Jericho Park Road, Bowie, MD 20715. **Address for Dr. William Lawrence: Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, 14000 Jericho Park Road, Bowie, MD 20715 Dr. Sisir Dutta with students in his molecular biology research laboratory, Howard University. 52 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Plenary Speaker— James T. Gladen James T. Gladen is currently the Director of the Watershed, Fish, Wildlife, Air and Rare Plants Staff (WFW) for the United States Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service, under the National Forest System Deputy Area. He is responsible for providing leadership, guidance, and support in the Natural Resources Arena. Jim has an extensive resource management background dealing with the full range of public land management issues. He has shown strong leadership in the many assignments he has held with the US Forest Service. His most recent accomplishment was becoming a member of the Senior Executive Service Development Program for the Federal Government. Prior to moving to the National Headquarters Office, he was the Deputy Regional Forester for the Southwestern Region. His responsibilities included the range, forest health, recreation, engineering, watershed, air, planning, lands, minerals, wildlife, and rare plants program areas. Jim has also held the position of Forest Supervisor of the Rogue River National Forest in Medford, Oregon where he was involved with the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan and the Southwest Oregon Province Advisory Committee. Earlier assignments included positions as Deputy Forest Supervisor, two assignments as District Ranger, and working at the Appeals and Litigation Coordinator for the Northern Region. Ryan Hash (student at Bowie State University) with his Advisor, Dr. John Cavallo (Computer Science). Annual Meeting 53 54 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Historical Buildings in Washington, D.C. The White House. The Jefferson Memorial. Annual Meeting 55 The Supreme Court. The Washington Monument at Sunset. 56 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 The Lincoln Memorial. The Capitol. The Washington Monument at cherry blossom time. Annual Meeting DIRECTIONS TO THE HYATT REGENCY CRYSTAL CITY 57 FROM GEORGETOWN: 1 . Take the M Street across Key Bridge. 2. Turn left at second light (Lee Highway). 3. Go through light for 1-66 East, take Exit 75 for Rt. 110 South. 4. Rt. 110 South for 4 miles, turns into Rt. 1 South. 5. Turn left onto 27th Street, Hotel is on the left. FROM DULLES AIRPORT 1 AND 1-66 WEST: 2 3. 4. 5. Take 1-66 East. Take Exit 75 (Rt,.110 South). Rt. 110 South for 4 miles, turns into Rt. 1 South. Rt. 1 South to 4th stop light (27th Street). Turn left onto 27th Street, Hotel is on the left. FROM RICHMOND: 1. Take 1-95 North to 1-395 North. 2. Exit 7A (Glebe Road South). 3. Glebe Road South to 5th stop light (approx. 2 miles). 4. Turn left on Jefferson Davis Highway (Rt. 1 North). 5. Turn right onto 27th Street, Hotel is on the left. FROM BALTIMORE: FROM MARYLAND AND 1-270 NORTH: 1 . Take 1-95 South over Woodrow Wilson Bridge into Virginia. 2. Exit 1 (first exit off of bridge), this is a 3 part exit. 3. Take middle exit (Rt. 1 North). 4. Travel approx. 5 miles North. 5. Turn right onto 27th Street, Hotel is on the left. 1 . Take 1-495 South across American Legion Bridge into Virginia. 2. Exit onto George Washington Parkway 3. Travel about 10 miles South. 4. Exit at Reagan National Airport, stay in right lane; follow signs to Crystal City Rt. 1 South. 5. Take Rt. 1 South exit; turn left at first light (27th Street). Hotel is on the left. Call 1-703-418-1234, ext. 4900 AUTOMATED DIRECTIONS: 58 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Aerial view of the Howard University Campus. Welcome to Bowie State University Annual Meeting 59 60 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Jared Reaves, Model Institutions for Excellence Biology Fellow at the National MIE Conference, University of Texas-EI Paso (right) being questioned about his poster presentation by Dr. Joan Langdon, Prof., Dept, of Computer Science, Bowie State University. Stanley Hooker (Bowie State University), Model Institutions for Excellence Biology Fellow at the ABRCMS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, explaining his poster. Annual Meeting 61 PROGRAM SUMMARY Al! events will be held at the Hyatt Regency Hotel, Crystal City in Arlington, VA with the exception of the Thursday evening social. See the floor plan of the Hyatt Regency Hotel in this issue. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9, 2003 Noon - 6:00 p.m. Noon - 6:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.- 6:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.- 5:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m.- 7:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m.- 8:30 p.m. Registration, Registration Wall Exhibitor Set-up, Exhibit Hall C ASB Executive Committee Meeting, Fairfax Room SABS Council Meeting, Arlington Room Mixer, Mid-Atlantic Chapter, Ecological Society of America, Prince William Room ASB Plenary Session, Regency Ballroom E, F • Convener-General Comments . Dr. Lafayette Frederick • Program . Dr. Geraldine Twitty • Greetings . Howard University Representative • Greetings . Bowie State University Representative • Introduction of Plenary Speaker . Dr. Andrew Ash • Plenary Lecturer . Dr. James T. Gladen 8:30 p.m. -10:00 p.m. ASB Welcome Social, Washington Room THURSDAY, APRIL 10, 2003 7:00 a.m.- 8:00 a.m. ASB Past Presidents’ Breakfast, Arlington Room 7:00 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. Poster Set-up, Exhibit Hall C Thursday Poster Presenters are to be with their posters from 10 to 11 a.m. POSTERS MUST BE TAKEN DOWN BY 5:00 P.M. 7:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. Slide Previewing, Regency Office 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Exhibits, Exhibit Hall C 62 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Registration, Registration Wall 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Poster Presentations, Exhibit Hall C MORNING SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. A Crisis in Field Botanical Education: A Symposium and Workshop, Regency Ballroom E 10:00 a.m. - Noon Science Education for New Civic Engagement and Responsibilities, Regency F MORNING PAPER SESSIONS 8:00 a.m. - Noon 8:00 a.m. - Noon 8:00 a.m. - Noon 8:00 a.m - 9:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. - Noon Animal Biology/Ecology 1, Washington Room A Aquatic Wetlands, Potomac 6 Plant Biology/Ecology 1, Washington Room B Invertebrate Zoology, Kennedy Microbiology/Genetics 1, Kennedy AFTERNOON SYMPOSIA/WORKSHOPS 1:15 P.M. - 3:15 P.M. Accessibility of Online Teaching Materials, Regency F 3:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. The Human Genome Project at Howard University, Regency F 5:00 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. AISH Business Meeting, Arlington Room AFTERNOON PAPER SESSIONS 1:15 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 1:15 p.m. - 4:30 p.m. 1:15 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. Animal Biology/Ecology 2, Washington Room A Plant Biology/Ecology 2, Potomac 6 Herpetology, Potomac 5 6:30p.m. - 10:30 p.m Evening at the Birchmere Annual Meeting 63 FRIDAY, APRIL 11, 2003 7:00 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. ASB Poster Set-up, Exhibit Hall C 7:00 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. SABS/BSA Breakfast, Tidewater Room 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. Tri Beta Poster Set-up, Lincoln/Roosevelt Rooms 8:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. Exhibits, Exhibit Hall C 8:30 a.m. - 9:30 a.m. Herbarium Curator’s Meeting, Tidewater Room 8:00 a.m. - 1 1:30 a.m. Registration, Registration Wall 8:00 a.m. - 1 1:30 a.m. Poster Presentations, Exhibit Hall C 8:00 a.m. - 1 1 :30 a.m. Slide Viewing, Regency Office 10:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. Beta Beta Beta Business Meeting, Potomac 3-4 MORNING PAPER/POSTER SESSIONS Friday Poster Presenters are to be with their posters from 10 to 11 a.m. POSTERS MUST BE TAKEN DOWN BY 5:00 P.M. 8:00 a.m. - 1 1 :00 a.m. Microbiology/Genetics 2, Kennedy 8:00 a.m. - 1 1 :30 a.m. Plant Biology/Ecology 3, Potomac 6 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. Plant Biology/Ecology 4, Potomac 5 9:15 a.m. - 1 1 :30 a.m. Plant Systematics 1, Potomac 5 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Beta Beta Beta Judges, Jefferson Room 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Beta Beta Beta Poster Set-ups, Lincoln/Roosevelt Rooms MORNING SYMPOSIA 8:00 a.m. - 1 1 :30 a.m. Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity in the Southeastern United States, Regency E 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Genetics and Practice of Rare Plant Reintroduction Regency F 64 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 1 1 :30 a.m. - Noon ASB Business Meeting, Potomac 3-4 12:00 p.m. - 1 :30 p.m. SE/ESA Luncheon, Tidewater Room AFTERNOON PAPER SESSIONS 1:00 P.M. - 3:45 P.M 1:00 p.m. - 3:45 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 3:45 p.m. 1:15 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. 1:15 p.m. -5:00 p.m. 1:15 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 4:00 P.M. -4:30 P.M. 4:00 p.m. - 4:30 p.m. 4:45 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m Beta Beta Beta, Arlington Room Beta Beta Beta, Fairfax Room Beta Beta Beta, Prince William Room Plant Systematics 2, Kennedy Plant Biology/Ecology 5, Potomac 5 Teaching Biology, Potomac 6 AFTERNOON MEETINGS Beta Beta Beta, District Meeting, Arlington Beta Beta Beta, District Meeting, Fairfax Beta Beta Beta, Awards Ceremony, Potomac 3-4 ASB Reception, Cash Bar, ABCD Foyer ASB Banquet, Regency ABCD SATURDAY, APRIL 12, 2003 8:00 A.M. - 12:00 P.M. ASB Executive Committee Meeting, Potomac 1 03 CORRECTION The telephone number of the Crystal City Hyatt Regency Hotel published in the January issue was incorrect; the correct number is (703) 418-1234 Poster and Paper Sessions 65 THURSDAY POSTERS Animal Biology-Ecology Poster Title 1 CARROLL, KRISTINA W.1, M.G. FRICK1, M. LEE2 AND H.M. WOODSON1. Caretta Research Project, Savannah Science Museum and Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary-Movements of Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta) from Wassaw NWR, GA. 2 GRAYSON, KRISTINE L. AND MICHAEL E. DORCAS. Davidson College- Seasonal body temperature variation in the Eastern painted turtle ( Chrysemys picta). 3 ODOM, ALLISON AND MARK MEADE. Jacksonville State University-Metabolic comparisons among commercial Tilapia strains. 4 LEWIS, ROBIN A. AND BRUCE A. STEINLY. Miami Universitv-Carrion- frequentinq arthropod communities across an urban gradient in Oxford, Ohio. 5 SHURETTE, G. RYAN, GEORGE R. CLINE, AND ROBERT E. CARTER. Jacksonville State University-The effects of hardwood mid-story removal in montane lonqleaf pine stands on breeding bird communities in the Talladega National Forest, Alabama: preliminary results. 6 TROTTER, DAVID AND DR. JOYCE BENJAMINS. Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mi-Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, and Caspase Inhibitors Protect Neural Cells from Staurosporine Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Brain Slices. 7 GREGORY L. FULLING AND WAYNE HOGGARD. NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory, Pascagoula MS-Distribution of the Ocean Sunfish ( Mola mola) from Aerial Surveys in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. 8 MILLS, EDWARD AND JANET MULLIGAN. WINGATE UNIVERSITY-Central- place foraging among beavers ( Castor canadensis) in the southern piedmont of North Carolina. 9 KEATON, MOLLY1, DENNIS C. HANEY1, JULIO BONILLA2 AND YATSKA VALENTIN2. 'Furman University and ‘Universidad Metropolitana, Puerto Rico— The effects of zinc and calcium on the biology of yellowfin shiners (Notropis lutipinnis) and bluehead chubs (Nocomis leptocephalus) in the Upper Enoree River of South Carolina. 10 PARSONS, AMANDA1, MARLA GEDDIS1, KELLI KRASE2, DENNIS C. HANEY1, AND C. BRANNON ANDERSEN1. 'Furman University and Bethany College — Evaluating the influence of water chemistry on the fishes of the Broad River basin. 11 MAXWELL, CHERIE, CHENEIN SEGALAS AND MARK MEADE Jacksonville State University-The effects of acute exposure to nitrate on the metabolic physiology of nile tilapia, Oreochromis nilotica. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 WALSH, STEPHEN J„ MATTHEW A. BURGESS, AND WILLIAM B. TATE. U.S. Geological Survey — Status of the crystal darter ( Crystallaria asprella), river redhorse ( Moxostoma carinatum ), and cypress minnow (Hybognathus havi ) in Florida. SAMS, C. MICHAEL1, NANCY M. GARRETT1, IRENE KOKKALA1, AND STEPHEN J. WALSHS ^orth Georgia College & State University and U.S. Geological Survey — Histology and survey of the juxtatesticular body in six species of jawfishes, family Opistoqnathidae. WARD, MERCEDES M. AND ANN M. FRASER. The University of the South- Modification of honeydew excretion behavior by the tuliptree scale insect, Toumeyella hriodendri , in response to ant exclusion and simulated attack. BUMPASS, DAVID AND VICTORIA TURGEON. Furman University-Increased intracellular calcium levels contribute to apoptosis in avian motoneurons following activation of the protease-activated receptor 1 . AROGUNDADE, KAREEMATULAI1. AND MICHELLE, CHENAULT2. Howard University and Food and Drug Administration — The effect of some forms of enrichment on the development and health of the Psammomys obesus (sand rat). YANG, DAZHI AND WILLIAM ECKBERG. Howard University, Washington, DC- Protein kinase C isoform expression, distribution, activation and biological function at fertilization and differentiation without cleavage in Chaetopterus eggs. WILLIAMS, KETHURAH AND WILLIAM R. ECKBERG. Howard University, Washington, DC-Phospholipase C-dependent calcium release in Chaetopterus egg microsomes in response to mammalian sperm factor. LECATOR, HEALEY T. AND ABERNATHY, SHAWN M. Howard University- Determininq the feasibility of NMR spectroscopy as a tool for analyzing airborne samples. Plant Systematics GRAND, EDWARD A., RONALD H. PETERSEN, AND KAREN W. HUGHES. Dept, of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN -Lentinus tigrinus (Fungi, Basidiomycotina) is a circum-qlobal species. STOUME, KATHERINE1, KATHLEEN HORNBERGER1, AND KIMBERLY HUNTER2. Widener University1 and Salisbury University2 -Is there more than one large endemic species of Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) in Florida? BONNER, LISA, CORI WALKER, ERIN JOLLY AND PATRICK MYER Peace College-Colonization of benthic macroinvertebrates on artificial samplers in a lotic ecosystem. Poster and Paper Sessions 67 23 MOORE, CHAD, SANDRA ROUSSEAU AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University-Utilization of concentrated Nannochloropsis oculata (Japanese Chorella) in sunfish fry survival compared to other commercial fry feeds. 24 FET, GALINA N.1, ROBERT MASLOWSKI2, WILLIAM G. CIBULA3. and ELIZABETH V. FET1. 'Marshall University, West Virginia, 2US Corps of Engineers, West Virginia and ‘'University of New Orleans, Louisiana-New data on the ribosomal DNA ITS regions of puffball mushrooms from West Virginia. 25 TAYLOR, OLIN S., ZACK E. MURRELL, RUTH DEWEL, AND ALEX MARTIN. Appalachian State University, NC-Biosystematic investigation of the Lindera benzoin complex in eastern North America. 26 LUTE, SUSIE K„ FAIZA FAKHAR, AHMER KHAN GHORI, RYAN WHITNEY, KENNETH G. WILSON, AND DAVID A. FRANCKO. Miami University- Mechanisms of cold-hardiness in palms: protein expression. 27 FARMER, SUSAN B. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN-Phytoqeoqraphic survey of Trilliaceae. 28 NOBLE, SARAH MARIE1 AND DAVID K. SMITH2. University of Tennessee- Spray zone flora of Falls Branch Falls, Monroe County, Tennessee. 29 KENYON, KYLE C., LINDA E. WATSON AND SUSAN R. BARNUM. Miami University— The molecular phyloqeny of the heterocystous cyanobacteria as assessed by 23S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Plant Ecology 30 WEIGANT, PATRICIA L. Peace College — Plants in hyperspace: visualizing the niche of heath bald dominants. 31 BOUTIN, ALISON. David Francko, and KE Medley. Miami University-Redefining the Northern Boundaries of Two North American Sabal Palm Species. 32 CONNER, WILLIAM AND TOMMY SOCHA. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Charleston District — Growth and survival of plants used to control erosion on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. 33 TAVERNA, KRISTIN AND PETER S. WHITE. University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill-Forests of continuity of the North Carolina Piedmont; species composition and distribution across the landscape. 34 ALEXANDER, MARK, STEPHEN ALEXANDER, AND HILL CRADDOCK University of Tennessee at Chattanooga — Conservation of Castanea dentata qermplasm of the southeastern United States. 35 ALEXANDER, STEPHEN, MARK ALEXANDER, JASON HOUCK, AND J. HILL CRADDOCK. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga — Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping of Castanea dentata genetic resources in Tennessee 68 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 36 MCLEOD, KENNETH W„ WILLIAM H. CONNER, AND JAMES. K. MCCARRON. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (University of Georgia), Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science (Clemson University), and Kansas State University-Response of baldcypress to saline inundation. 37 COCKING, DEAN, WENDY PENDLETON, JENNIFER LODER, AND JENNIFER FAIRSERVICE. James Madison University-Atmospheric mercury dust deposition from South River floodplain soil contamination at Waynesboro, VA. 38 FRANCKO, DAVID A.1 AND KENNETH G. WILSON. Dept, of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH-A Laboratory Leaf-Disc Assay for Palm Foliar Cold Tolerance. 39 HOSAKA, NAOMI1'3, JOSEF F. STUEFER2 AND DENNIS F. WHIGHAM3. Tokyo Metropolitan University1, University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands2 and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center -The ecological significance of clonal growth in an understory tree (Pawpaw -Asimma triloba). 40 JAMES, KRISTI AND MIN-KEN LIAO. Furman University-Analysis of the genetic diversity of the endangered plant, the Bunched Arrowhead, Sagittaria fasciculata E. O. Beal, using ISSR. 41 BOLIN, JAY AND KATHYRN EDGAR. Old Dominion University-Fire as a land management tool in isolated southeastern coastal-plain wetlands. 42 KUPPINGER, DANE M., PETER S. WHITE, AND MICHAEL A JENKINS University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains-Predictinq the invasion of the exotic species Paulownia tomentosa following burning in pine and oak-pine forests of the mountains. 43 STEPHENSON, STEVEN L„ HAROLD S. ADAMS, CYNTHIA D HUEBNER AND GARY W. MILLER. Fairmont State College, Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, and USDA Forest Service-Short-term dynamics of forest communities on the Fernow Experimental Forest in Tucker County, West Virginia. 44 COULLING, PHILIP P., KEVIN E. HEFFERNAN, AND JOHN F. TOWNSEND. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Richmond, VA-Rankinq invasive exotic plant species in Virginia: a critical reassessment of the evil eleven. 45 MORRIS, ASHLEY B.1, MATTHEW A. GITZENDANNER1, DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS1, AND PAMELA S. SOLTIS2 University of Florida and Florida Museum of Natural History-Clonal structure and somatic mutation within and among populations of Fagus qrandlfolia Ehrh. (Faqaceae) in the Great Smoky Mountains. 46 LESH, JOHN P AND ZACK E. MURRELL. Appalachian State University-A survey for invasive plants on the Appalachian Trail in Tennessee and North Carolina. Poster and Paper Sessions 69 47 PEOPLES. SETH1, NEUFELD, HOWARD S.1 AND ALAN W. DAVISON2, department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 2School of Biology, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK-Effects of ozone on gas exchange in cutleaf coneflower ( Rudbeckia laciniata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 48 LUTE, SUSIE K„ FAIZA FAKHAR, AHMER KHAN GHORI, RYAN WHITNEY, KENNETH G. WILSON, AND DAVID A. FRANCKO. Miami University- Mechanisms of cold-hardiness in palms: protein expression. 49 SYPHAX, COLIN, KYISHA HODGE, MELISSA MULZAC, TERRENA CARRIMAN, AND GEORGE MIDDENDORF. Howard University-Black, white and green: a transect of T Street NW, Washington, DC. 50 LEWIS, ROBIN A. AND BRUCE A. STEINLY. Miami University-Carrion- freguenting arthropod communities across an urban gradient in Oxford, Ohio. 51 DOMINGUS, JEFF L„ CHRIS I SANDERS, PETER A. HANSON AND JAY A. YODER. Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH-A physiological explanation for the presence of sex pheromone in immature and male ticks. 52 SANDERS, CHRIS I., JEFF L. DOMINGUS, JAY A. YODER AND PETER E. HANSON. Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH-ldentification of a new attractant, 2,4-dichlorophenol, in the American dog tick. 53 KIRK, PHILLIP, CLINT ROBERTSON AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University -Hemetia illucens bioconversion and optimization of foodstuffs difficult to compost. 54 PRICE, ERICA D.1, VICTOR FET1 and MICHAEL E. SOLEGLAD2. Marshall University, West Virginia and 2Borrego Springs, California-Monophyly of the genus Smerinqurus Haradon, 1983 (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) from North America confirmed by mitochondrial DNA data. 55 GRECO, TONY AND MICHAEL WINDELSPECHT. Appalachian State University -Macroinvertebrates of High Elevation Wetlands and Their Relationship to Water Quality. 56 HICKS, TONI AND EDNA STEELE. Converse College-Histological study on the effect of Ascocotyle (Digenea: Heterophyidae) infection on the heart morphology of the fish host. 57 FET, ELIZABETH V.1, VICTOR FET1, BENJAMIN GANTENBEIN2, and VALENTIN D. POPA'. 'Marshall University, West Virginia, University of Edinburgh, Scotland and 'Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania- Euscorpius carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) from Romania: mitochondrial DNA data. 58 SCARPIM, JENNIFER M. AND C. BRIAN ODOM Wingate University-RAPD analysis of genetic diversity among Red Imported Fire Ant ( Solenopsis invicta (Buren)) colonies in Union County, North Carolina. 70 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 59 FRASER, ANN M., MATTHEW G. MARTELLI AND MERCEDES M. WARD. The University of the South-A survey of ant biodiversity in hardwood forest and adjacent pine stands: an assessment of collecting techniques and sampling effort. 60 OSBORN, RAE. Northwestern State University-Dragonflies as indicators of habitat quality in Louisiana. 61 STEUDLER, SARAH, E. AND BRANT W. TOUCHETTE. Elon University-The effects of drought on the productivity and growth of the aquatic macrophyte, American water willow ( Justicia americana L.). 62 KOOZER, KELLY, PAULA BARNETT AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University-Survival of Xenopus lavius as an indicator of toxic environments for fish fry during intensive microalqae cultivation. 63 TOUCHETTE, BRANT, W. Elon University-Use of photo-panoramas to detect large-scale wetland disturbances in a piedmont reservoir. 64 LANDERS, STEPHEN C.1 AND SCOTT W. PHIPPS2. 'Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University, ‘Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve — Settlement of the acorn barnacle Balanus on artificial substrates from coastal Alabama. 65 GEORGE SOPHIE B., HAJARIWALA S, and SUTTINGER, D. Dept, of Biology, Georgia Southern University-Variation in Absorption efficiencies and reproductive output of Male and Female Sea urchins (Echinodermata: Lytechmus varieqatus). 66 FERGUSON, HEATHER J„ and RICCARDO A. FIORILLO. Dept, of Natural Sciences, Shorter College, Rome, GA-Macroinvertebrate community structure and bioassessment of an urban creek in Northwest Georgia. 67 LEE-WILLIAMS, BIANCA. Bowie State University-Isolation and characterization of fetal and cancer cells. 68 CAMPBELL, ROBERT, KRISTI JAMES, MIN-KEN LIAO. Furman University- The effect of zinc metal on antibiotic resistances of bacteria in a tributary of the Enoree River in Upstate South Carolina. 69 HOOKER, STANLEY E. Bowie State University-Inhibition of GluRI and GluR3 AMPA Glutamate receptor function by alcohol. 70 LONG, CHRISTAL. Bowie State University-Patterning biologically active molecules. 71 LU LI, DAVID A. FRANCKO, AND KENNETH G. WILSON. Department of Botany, Miami University-The identification of CBF homoloqs in cold-hardy and cold-sensitive palms. Poster and Paper Sessions 71 72 RANGASAMMY, JERMAIN G. Bowie State Universitv-Microcapillarv immunoassay platforms for the detection of TNT and screening of anti-TNT antibodies. 73 HAYGOOD, MARK, BENJIE BLAIR, TIFFANY BOHLMANN, KEVIN JENNE’, MARK MEADE, AND CHARLES OLANDER. Jacksonville State University— Population growth effects of the photoactive, xanthene dye, rose benqal, on the protist Tetrahymena pyriformis. 74 HENSON B. J., WATSON L. E. AND BARNUM S. R. Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio-Variation of the nifD element in the heterocystous cyanobacteria. 75 HENSON B. J., WATSON L. E. AND BARNUM S. R. Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio-Phylogenetic analysis of the heterocystous cyanobacteria using nifD. 76 BECNEL, LAUREN AND DWAYNE WISE. Dept, of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Miss. State, MS. -Mechanism of movement of kinetochore fragments in cells undergoing mitosis without prior DNA replication. 77 ROACH, ALLANA N. AND OHI, SEIGO. Howard University-The Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy to countermeasure immunodeficiency in Hindlimb suspended mice. 78 COHILL, TIFFANY J. Bowie State University-Detection of TNT using fluorescent assays. 79 PERKINS, M„ J. BARKER, S. PRAMANIK, L. FREDERICK, AND S.K. DUTTA. Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC-Denitrification of TNT and 2,4 DNT by several fungal cultures. 80 ANDREWS. KIMBERLY M. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia-Dead or alive: road use by snakes on the Savannah River Site, SC. 81 MANN, ADAM M. AND THOMAS K. PAULEY. Marshall University Department of Biological Sciences-Status and distribution of the Black Ratsnake ( Elaphe ) complex in West Virginia using morphometric technigues. 82 MANN, MELISSA R. AND THOMAS K. PAULEY. Marshall University Department of Biological Sciences-lntergradation of the turtle Chrysemys picta in West Virginia. 83 TOMASHESKI, JOHN C.1, VICTOR R. TOWNSEND, JR.1 AND ALAN H. SAVTIZKY". Virginia Wesleyan College and Old Dominion University-The morphological basis of variation in skin extensibility in sguamate reptiles. 84 JOHNSON, KEITH A., MARK B. WATSON AND THOMAS K PAULEY Marshall University-Comparison of inventory methods used to determine species richness and abundance of plethodontid salamanders in West Virginia. 72 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 85 PHU, LINH D.1, ROBIN E. JUNG2, SAM DROEGE2, ANDREW MONGEON2, AND THOMAS K. PAULEY1. Marshall University and USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center-Effects of monthly, seasonal and annual weather patterns on Plethodon cmereus abundance. 86 CORDOVA, CORY AND JONATHAN AKIN. Northwestern State University— Salmonella incidence in wild-caught and pet-trade lizards. 87 MEYER, HARRY A., MARK A. PAULISSEN, AND TABATHA S. HIBBS. McNeese State University-Distribution and movement of Mediterranean Geckos on a Louisiana college campus. 88 WOODSON, HEATHER MILLER1, LUCY HAWKES2, KRISTINA L. WIILIAMS1 AND MICHAEL G. FRICK1. (l)Caretta Research Project and (2)Bald Head Island Conservancy-A summary of green turtle (Chelonia mydas ) nesting north of Florida. 89 HUESTIS, DIANA L. Eckerd College-Life history and ecology of two-lined salamanders ( Eurycea blslineata complex) in upstate South Carolina. 90 TSALIAGOS, RIA N. University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory —Examining indeterminate growth in freshwater turtles. 91 MARKS, LISA C„ PIERSON HILL, DIANA CHEMOTTI AND MICHAEL E. DORCAS. Davidson College-Microhabitat selection and movement patterns of black rat snakes ( Elaphe obsoleta) in the western Piedmont of North Carolina. 92 JONES, MATT AND RICCARDO A. FIORILLO. Dept of Natural Sciences, Shorter College, Rome, GA -Helminth community structure of the northern slimy salamander, Plethodon glutinosus, from Floyd County in Northwest Georgia. 93 OSBOURN, MICHEAL S.1, LINH D. PHU1, JEFFREY E. BAILEY2 AND THOMAS K PAULEY1. Marshall University and West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection-Streamside salamanders as indicators to health of headwater streams in West Virginia. 94 MYERS, SETH J. AND THOMAS K. PAULEY. Marshall University— Breeding migration and population structure of the Spotted Salamander in West Virginia. 95 PAULEY, THOMAS K„ SETH J. MYERS AND CODY R. LOCKHART. MARSHALL UNIVERSITY — Status of the West Virginia state collection of amphibians and reptiles. 96 TOWNSEND, VICTOR R, JR.1, ALAN H. SAVITZKY2, CATHERINE E. THORSON1, AND JOHN C. TOMASHESKI1. Virginia Wesleyan College1 and Old Dominion Universitv2-A comparative study of dermal morphology in lepidosaurs. 97 BENSON, CATHERINE AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University-Population ecology of Ambystoma maculatum at an ephemeral pond in Greenville County, South Carolina. Poster and Paper Sessions 73 98 ABRUSLEY, JESSICA, JOSH SONNIER, AND JONATHAN AKIN. Northwestern State University — Substrate- versus air-borne odor discrimination in Scincella lateralis. THURSDAY, April 10, 2003 MORNING PAPER SESSIONS ANIMAL BIOLOGY - ECOLOGY 1 Washington A Presiding: Eloise Carter 8:00 99 SCHWARTZ, FRANK J. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina — Lonqnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus , of North Carolina, especially the Cape Fear River. 8:15 100 FULLING, GREGORY L. AND WAYNE HOGGARD. NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory, Pascagoula MS-Distribution of the Ocean Sunfish ( Mola mola) from aerial surveys in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. 8:30 101 TACKETT, FRED1, ERIC EMORY2, MELISSA MANN1, ADAM MANN1 AND THOMAS JONES1. Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia1 and ORSANCO, Cincinnati, Ohio2-Fish community structure of the Kanawha River. 8:45 102 SPANOVICH, STACEY, PETER H. NIEWIAROWSKI, AND RICHARD L. LONDRAVILLE. The University of Akron-Seasonal variation of leptin levels in individual lizards from two populations of Sceloporus undulatus with different life history strategies. 9:00 103 UNGER, DAVID E., ERIC M. ANDERSON, AND BRUCE KOHN Alderson-Broaddus College, University of Wisconsin, and Department of Natural Resources-Habitat analysis of timber wolf homesites in northern Wisconsin and east-central Minnesota. 9:15 104 WRIGHT, NICOLE AND LINDA NIEDZIELA. Elon University-A hatching system for collection of developmentally-synchronized populations of Artemla nauplii. 9:30 105 BRAUN, GENEVA MICHELLE AND STEPHEN C. LANDERS. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University — Acid phosphatase localization in ectocommensal symbionts of grass shrimp. 9:45 106 LITTLEJOHN CYNTHIA, MARK MEADE. CHARLES OLANDER AND BENJIE BLAIR. Jacksonville State University-Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of phloxine B on morphology, growth and metabolism of Tetrahymena pyriformis. BREAK 74 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Washington A Presiding: Diane Nelson 10:15 107 10:30 108 STOCKDALE, HEATHER, J. KENNETH SHULL and MICHAEL WINDELSPECHT. Appalachian State University-Mating and courtship behavior of Drosophila melanogaster, RAYBURN, JAMES R., DAVID STEFFY, AND CODY ST. JOHN. Biology Department, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL.~ The developmental toxicity of humic acid and its potential as a surfactant. 10:45 109 KLENC, JOAN AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University-Effects of fire and vegetation on foraging avian communities. 11:00 110 INGRAM, KATHERINE AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University- Sexual dimorphism, latitudinal variation and character displacement in the pallid bat Antrozous pallidus. 11:15 111 KUHAJDA, BERNARD R. AND STEVEN L. POWERS. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa-Status of recognized and potential endemic ichthyofauna in the Sipsey Fork Drainage, Alabama. 11:30 112 MCLAREN, DANIEL, MARK MEADE, AND BENJIE BLAIR. Jacksonville State University— Microscopic examination of the larval stages of Macrobrachium rosenberqii. 11:45 113 MOYER, TIMOTHY AND DAVID UNGER. Alderson-Broaddus College- Results of a year-long bird survey in a small semi-urban wetland. LUNCH Aquatic Wetlands Potomac 6 Presiding: Patricia Parr 8:00 114 GEORGE, ROBERT Y. University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina-Estuarine ecosystem shifts in Cape Fear River delta in response to climate change: Are we witnessing an evolutionary "gear change" from warm temperate to subtropical? 8:15 115 FOX, DAVID, DRAKE OWENS AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University-Effects of light intensity, temperature, nutrients and carbon dioxide manipulation on the intensive culture of Nannochloropsis oculata (Japanese Chlorella) for sunfish fry cultivation. Poster and Paper Sessions 75 8:30 116 MILLER, GARY L. University of North Carolina-Asheville-The ecological status of Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian watermilfoil) in the Finger Lakes Region of New York State. 8:45 117 OWENS, JANNA, KEN MARION, ROBERT ANGUS, JAIDEEP HONOVAR1, MELINDA LALOR2, ERIC MEYER AND STEVE MCKINNEY3. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Dept, of Biology1, Dept. Civil and Environmental Engineering2 and Storm Water Management Authority, Inc.3 — Aguatic Biological Communities as Indicators of Sedimentation. 9:00 118 KROES, DANIEL E.1 and CHRIST BASON2. U.S. Geological Survey and East Carolina University-Sediment storage in beaver ponds of headwater coastal plain streams, Virginia and North Carolina. 9:15 119 KEMPER, SARA AND DAVID R. ORVOS. Sweet Briar College, Virginia-Effect of fluoxetine (Prozac) on Daphnia maqna and Selenastrum capricornutum. 9:30 120 GEORGE, SOPHIE, B. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia. -The ectosymbiont crab Dissodactylus mellitae- sand dollar Mellita isometra relationship 9:45 121 POWERS, STEVEN L. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL .-Conservation genetics of the threatened ashy darter, Etheostoma cinereum (Percidae: Allohistium), in the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems. BREAK Potomac 6 Presiding: James Ross 10:15 122 TERRELL1, CHRISTOPHER G., PAUL M. STEWART1, AND THOMAS P. SIMON2., Vroy State University and 2U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service- Darters and madtoms of the coastal plain ecoregion: indicators of environmental Quality. 10:30 123 NICHOLS, JOHN D AND JAMES E PERRY. Virginia Institute of Marine Science and UNC-Chapel Hill-Evaluating wetland biological integrity through floristic Quality assessments. 10:45 124 SAUTERER, ROGER, ELIZABETH GILBERT, ROBIN HARDY, CARLA HARPER, JEREMY HARPER, LATOSHIA MILLER, MARY MILLWOOD, JAMES RAYBURN , JOSEPH SIKES, AND TATIANA TATUM. Jacksonville State University — Watersheds close to the Monsanto Plant in Anniston, AL , show distance-dependent growth inhibition of frog embryos by the FETAX assay. 11:00 125 MOLINA, M.E., ALEX MARTIN, ELLEN A COWEN, ZACK E. MURRELL. Appalachian State University-Multivariate description and classification of mountain wetlands in the New River drainage using GIS. 76 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 11:15 126 SCHAUS, MAYNARD AND HEATHER CROW. Virginia Wesleyan Colleqe-Effects of urbanization on salt marsh bird communities. 11:30 127 MORRIS, NICOLE M., BRIAN BROCK, KATIE GIBBS, TED STARNES, AND JUST CEBRIAN Jacksonville State University and the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Alabama-The effect of fertilization on internal nitrogen in the marsh plants Distichlis spicata and Salicomia virainica. LUNCH PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 1 Washington B Presiding: Beverly Collins 8:00 128 HERR, J. M., JR., J. T. MORRIS, AND G. HERRICK. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC--The effects of phosphorus and nitroqen nutrition on the spectral reflectance of leaves and leaf anatomy in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. 8:15 129 SMAW, SHERCODA AND RAYMOND L. PETERSEN. Howard University-An in vitro assessment of simulated rain and pH on the Urban-adapted moss Brvum capillare. 8:30 130 HULL, JAMES C. AND KIMBERLY LOHNAS. Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD-Factors contributing to survival Gentianopsis crinita (Frole.) Ma. (frinqed qentian) at Soldiers Delight Natural Environmental Area, Maryland. 8:45 131 STALTER, RICHARD. St. John’s Universitv, New York-A sixtv-seven vear historv of arborescent veqetation in Inwood Park, New York Citv, New York. 9:00 132 BROOKS, JANIE S. Cornell Universitv and Brevard Colleqe — Seasonal variation in chemical profiles of Daucus carota foliage: concentrations of oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polvxenes. 9:15 133 SCOTT. ANNA AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus Colleoe-Survev of the fall wildflowers of Barbour Countv, West Virqinia. 9:30 134 FRIDLEY, BROOKE AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus College- Insect visitors and insect visitation rates to Winqstem (Verbesina alternifolia ) in Barbour Countv, West Virqinia. 9:45 135 GUZZI, BETH AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus College-Plant height, patch size, and seed set in the common milkweed, Asclepias svriaca. BREAK Poster and Paper Sessions 77 Presiding: 10:15 136 10:30 137 10:45 138 11:00 139 11:15 140 11:30 141 11:45 142 LUNCH Presiding: Mary McKenna HERN, AMANDA J. AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus College- Insect visitors and insect visitation rates to isolated and mixed stands of New York Ironweed ( Vernonia noveboracensis) in Barbour County, West Virginia. MANCUSI, MICHAEL R.1'2 and N. S. NICHOLAS2. 1The University of Tennessee Department of Forestry and the ‘Public Power Institute, Tennessee Valley Authority — Successional changes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park spruce-fir forests following balsam woolly adelqid infestation. HELD, MICHAEL E.1 AND SUSAN JONES-HELD2. ’Department of Biology, Saint Peter's College, Jersey City, NJ and department of Biology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA-Analysis and description of forests communities in the Pocono Mountains Region of Pennsylvania. HERR, J. M., JR. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-A new clearing technique for the study of ovule and female qametophyte development in anqiosperms. HARTSOCK, JARED J„ KURT A. PISKIN, AND LAWRENCE W. ZETTLER. Department of Biology, The Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL-- Symbiotic seed germination of two showy terrestrial orchids ( Platanthera ciliaris, P. cristata ; Orchidaceae) using mycorrhizal fungi. KELLY, ANGELA A. and RAY S. WILLIAMS. Appalachian State University-Allocation to growth versus defense in defoliated Pinus strobus. COLLINS, BEVERLY, JOHN DILUSTRO, AND LISA DUNCAN. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory — Thresholds of disturbance and dynamics of mixed pine-hardwood forests at Fort Benmnq, GA. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Kennedy Franklin R. Ampy YODER, JAY A., JEFF L. DOMINGUS, CHRIS I SANDERS AND PETER A. HANSON. Department of Biology, Wittenberg University. Springfield, OH-Biosynthesis of the tick sex pheromone (2,6- dichlorophenol) does not require tyrosine. 8:00 143 78 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 8:15 144 FET, VICTOR1 , JOSHUA L. GREENWOOD1 and ALEXANDER V. GROMOV2. 1 Marshall University, West Virginia and 2lnstitute of Zoology, Almaty, Kazakhstan-Mitochondrial DNA data on evolution of the endemic psammophile scorpion Liobuthus kesslerl Birula, 1898 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Central Asia. 8:30 145 BRAUN, GENEVA MICHELLE AND STEPHEN C. LANDERS. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University — Acid phosphatase localization in ectocommensal symbionts of grass shrimp. 8:45 146 ENZ, JOHN AND KRISTEN PEROS. Alderson-Broaddus College- Survey of the Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of Barbour, Taylor, & Upshur Counties, West Virginia. MICROBIOLOGY AND GENETICS 1 Kennedy Presiding: W. Lena Austin 9:00 147 KERRY, SAMANTHA E. AND JEFFREY A. FRELINGER. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill-Role of CD8 coreceptor in CD8+ T cell activation: it's all about affinity. 9:15 148 HUNTLEY, COLETTE D. AND HENRY G. SPRATT, JR. University of Tennessee at Chattanooqa-An assessment of the impact of the invasive species Liqustrum sinense (Chinese privet) on forest surface soil nutrient cycles in the Tennessee River Gorge. 9:30 149 MCDONALD, TAYLOR M., JASON M. HOUCK, J. STEVEN BARGER, JAMON M. BASS, HENRY G. SPRATT, JR. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga — Experiments with a bacterial battery: Terminal electron acceptor vs. organic substrate as limiting factor in anaerobic respiration. 9:45 150 SOMERVILLE, CHARLES C. Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University-Coupled enumeration of conforms and antibiotic resistant bacteria as a bioindicator of water quality. BREAK Kennedy Presiding: Arthur L. Williams 10:15 151 BUCKALEW, DAVID W. Department of Natural Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA-Lonq-term testing for fecal coliform bacteria in southcentral Virginia: Comparing membrane filtration and Colilert methodologies. Poster and Paper Sessions 79 10:30 152 AL-DUJAILI. JAMEEL. Louisiana State University at Eunice-Bacterial evaluation of restaurant salad bars in the Southwest Louisiana area. 10:45 153 STEPHENSON, STEVEN L. Fairmont State College-Studies of Neotropical mycetozoans. 11:00 154 LAND. MICHAEL AND BRANDON KING. Northwestern State University-Musca domestica as a vector for Escherichia coli Q157:H7 in a simulated orchard setting. 11:15 155 HERRON, WILLIAM B., MARTIN-LLUESMA, SILVIA, ARANA, PILAR. DWAYNE WISE. Mississippi State University, Max Planck Institut fur Biochemie, Universidad Complutense-B Chromosomes Alter the Metaphase Checkpoint in Grasshopper Meiocytes. 11:30 156 RAMSDELL, CLIFTON, KELLY PRINCE, AND ELIZABETH THAMES. University of South Carolina — Meiotic and radiation hybrid mapping of the Peromyscus maniculatus genome. 11:45 157 GIBSON, GREG AND JAMES RAYBURN. Jacksonville State University -Activity of Cvtochrome-P-450 in early Xenopus laevis embryos as determined by modified enzyme assay. AFTERNOON SESSION ANIMAL BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2 Washington A Presiding: LaJoyce Debro 1:15 158 BRENNEMAN, WILLIAM M. Indiana University of Pennsylvania- Identification of larvae and reproductive timing in redside dace, Clinostomus elonqatus (Kirtland). 1:30 159 STEVEN L. POWERS. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL-Conservation genetics of the threatened ashy darter, Etheostoma cinereum (Percidae: Allohistium), in the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems. 1:45 160 MCCOMAS, JEREMY, KATHERINE CHANNELL, JOHN ENZ, MIKE STINSON, AND THOMAS JONES. Marshall University, Integrated Science and Technology, Huntington, West Virqinia-Evaluation of geographic information systems to predict distribution of Cambarus veteranus and C. elkensis, species of federal concern and the implementation of reproductive studies. 2:00 161 HILTON, TIFF, NOAH KENNEDY AND THOMAS JONES. Marshall University, Integrated Science and Technology, Huntington, West Virginia -Seasonality study of the West Virginia Stream Condition Index (WVSCI). 80 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No, 2, April, 2003 2:15 162 WALSH, STEPHEN J„ WILLIAM B. TATE, AND MATTHEW A. BURGESS. U.S. Geological Survey — Evaluation of fish assemblages in floodplain habitats of the Apalachicola River, Florida, relative to altered hydrology and restoration strategies. 2:30 163 WALSH, STEPHEN J, JAMES D. WILLIAMS, MATTHEW A. BURGESS, AND WILLIAM B. TATE. U.S. Geological Survey— Survey of fishes and mussels in freshwater springs of 16 Florida state parks. 2:45 164 FINK, MARK L.1, JOHN FAABORG2, AND FRANK R. THOMPSON, 1113. Longwood University, University of Missouri, and USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station-Survival and dispersal of juvenile wood thrush within a fragmented landscape. BREAK Washington A Presiding: Marjay D. Anderson 3:15 165 SPENCE, JAMES B., KATHERINE CHANNELL, THOMAS G JONES, AND RALPH W. TAYLOR. Marshall University-Relocation success and subseguent growth rate of freshwater mussels in the Muskingum River near Dresden, Ohio. 3:30 166 BARRETT, BRANDON AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University- Effects of fire, vegetation type, and time on a small mammal community in an old field habitat in the piedmont of South Carolina. 3:45 167 WOLFE, ANDREA, JAMES RAYBURN, AND LAJOYCE DEBRO. Jacksonville State University — Teratogenicity vs. mutagenicity for five sites surrounding the Anniston Army Depot (ANAD). 4:00 168 SIMMONS, JEFFREY W. AND JAMES B. LAYZER2 Survey, Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Technological University-Reproductive ecology of U.S. Geological Unit, Tennessee the endangered Bluemask Darter, Etheostomal (Doration) sp. Herpetology Potomac 5 Presiding: George Middendorf 1:15 169 JOHNSON, ANDREW N., and CHARLES C. SOMERVILLE. Marshall University-Gene flow between sub-populations of Aneides aeneus in the WestVaco Wildlife and Ecological Research Forest. Poster and Paper Sessions 81 1:30 170 LEBLANC, ANNE MARIE1, DAVID C. ROSTAL1, DEBRA E. BARNARD2, MICHAEL G. FRICK3, KRISTINA WILLIAMS3, AND THANE WIBBELS4. Georgia Southern University1, U S. Fish and Wildlife Service2, Caretta Research Project3, and The University of Alabama at Birminqham4-The effect of nest relocation on Caretta caretta sex ratios on Blackbeard Island and Wassaw National Wildlife Refuges. 1:45 171 HUTCHINSON, DEBORAH A. AND ALAN H. SAVITZKY. Old Dominion University-Vasculature of the parotoid glands of Bufo alvarius , B. marinus, B. terrestris, and B. valliceps (Amphibia: Anura). 2:00 172 GIBBONS, J. WHITFIELD. University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory-Time to put the land into wetlands: a message from the herpetofauna. 2:15 173 MOREAU, KENNETH AND JONATHAN AKIN. Northwestern State University — Agonistic behavior and tail loss status in male Scincella lateralis. 2:30 174 GLAUDAS, XAVIER. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georqia-Habituation vs. consistency of defensive behavior of cottonmouths, Agkistrodon piscivorus, to human disturbances. 2:45 175 MITCHELL, MAGGIE J. AND DAVID C. ROSTAL. Georgia Southern University-Approximating home range of the gopher tortoise ( Gopherus Polyphemus) using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). BREAK Potomac 5 Presiding: Ken Marion 3:15 176 TUBERVILLE, TRACEY D.1, ERIN CLARK1, K. A. BUHLMANN2 AND J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS1. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Conservation International-Repatriation of gopher tortoises ( Gopherus Polyphemus) to the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. 3:30 177 HOLMES, SHERRY AND KEN MARION. University of Alabama at Birmingham — The status of the populations of the flattened musk turtle ( Sternotherus depressus) in the Bankhead National Forest, and the effects of silvicultural practices within the National Forest: preliminary results. 3:45 178 WILKINSON, LUCAS R. University of Georqia-Patterns of reproductive allocation: Clutch and egg size variation in freshwater turtles. 4:00 179 WILLIAM B. TATE, STEPHEN J. WALSH, AND MATTHEW A. BURGESS. U.S. Geological Survey — Relationships between larval fish assemblages, hydrologic characteristics, and water quality in floodplain sloughs of the Apalachicola River, Florida. 82 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 4:15 180 WILLSON, JOHN AND MICHAEL DORCAS. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Davidson College-Aspects of the Ecology of Small Fossorial Snakes in the Western Piedmont of North Carolina. Plant Biology and Ecology 2 Potomac 6 Presiding: Kim Marie Tolson 1:15 181 McMULLEN, CONLEY K. Dept, of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA-Pollination studies in the Galapagos Islands. 1:30 182 LAWRENCE, DAVID M., HAROLD S. ADAMS AND STEVEN L. STEPHENSON. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, and Fairmont State College- Biogeography of forest communities in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. 1:45 183 VANDERMAST, D.B. AND P S. WHITE. University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill-Long-term vegetation change in late-successional high- elevation beech forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 2:00 184 EULISS, AMY C. Appalachian State University-Mycorrhizal associations in Houstonla montana and investigations into plant decline. 2:15 185 GALUSKY, P.1, JONATHAN L. HORTON1, ERIK T. NILSEN1, JOHN F. WALKER1 AND BARTON D. CLINTON2. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University and2 U.S. Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory-Factors contributing to the inhibition of canopy tree recruitment under evergreen subcanopy shrubs in southern Appalachia. 2:30 186 EPPARD1, HOLLY R., ERIK T. NILSEN1, JONATHAN L. HORTON1, PRESTON GALUSKY1, JOHN F. WALKER1, and BARRY D. CLINTON2. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and 2U.S. Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory-The allelopathic potential of ericaceous evergreen shrubs. 2:45 187 HORN, CHARLES N. Newberry College-Ecological Preference of May- white azalea ( Rhododendron eastmami Kron & Creel) in South Carolina. BREAK Potomac 6 Presiding: Claudia Jolls JEFFRIES, STEPHANIE B., THOMAS R. WENTWORTH, AND H. LEE ALLEN. North Carolina State University-How do short rotations and intensive management affect plant communities in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda ) plantation? 3:15 188 Poster and Paper Sessions 83 3:30 189 SELLARS, JON D., CLAUDIA L. JOLLS AND CASS A. WIGENT. Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina — Success of seabeach amaranth ( Amaranthus pumilus Raf. ) using habitat selection based on light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data. 3:45 190 KNEBEL, LARISSA, DANIEL J. ROBISON, AND THOMAS R. WENTWORTH. North Carolina State University-The influence of wounding and fungal inoculation on resin flow in loblolly pine. 4:00 191 KRUSE, LISA M. Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia- Quantification of plant species richness within varying riparian buffer zone widths, for streams in the Piedmont-Mountain transition zone in Georgia. 4:15 192 PISKIN1, KURT A., JARED J. HARTSOCK1, LAWRENCE W. ZETTLER1 2, AND MARLIN L. BOWLES2. ’Department of Biology, The Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL and 2The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL -- Seed germination reguirements of a Federally-threatened orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) in nature, and a technigue to establish leaf¬ bearing seedlings onto soil. 4:30 193 LAWRENCE, DAVID M., STEVEN L. STEPHENSON AND HAROLD S. ADAMS. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Fairmont State College, and Dabney S. Lancaster Community College-Potential changes in selected forest communities in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. 4:45 194 LAWRENCE, DAVID M, STEVEN L. STEPHENSON AND HAROLD S. ADAMS. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Fairmont State College, and Dabney S. Lancaster Community College-Tree rings, ecological theory and the distribution of North American spruce species. FRIDAY, April 11, 2003 MORNING PAPER SESSIONS MICROBIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2 Kennedy Presiding: Dwayne Wise 8:00 195 BARROW, C., J. BARKER, AND S.K.DUTTA. Howard University- Enhanced degradation of TNT and 2,4 DNT by indigenous mixed bacterial cultures. 8:15 196 DE, S., S. PRAMANIK AND S. K DUTTA. Howard University-Search for polychlorinated biodegradative biphenyl inducible genes in the Phanerochaete chrysosporium genome. 84 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 8:30 197 DUTTA, SISIR K \ GAIL P. HOLLOWELL1, FAWZY M. HASHEM2 AND L. DAVID KUYKENDALL Howard University, -Enhanced Bioremediation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene In soil by a genetically modified SinorhizobiummMeliloti. 8:45 198 COOKSEY, AMANDA AND DWAYNE A. WISE. Mississippi State University-Localization of mitotic proteins in cells dividing without prior genome replication. 9:00 199 BOHLMANN, TIFFFANY, MARK HAYGOOD AND BENJIE BLAIR. JACKSONVILLE STATE UNIVERSITY-The Effect of Temperature and Growth Substrate on the Formation of Surface Protuberances on Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5494. 9:15 200 FEDEWA, LUKE A. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georqia-The effect of ontogeny on intestinal bacterial loads in the narrow-mouthed toad ( Gastrophryne carolinensis). 9:30 201 SMITH, LISA M. AND CHARLES C. SOMERVILLE. Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University-Antibiotic resistant and fecal coliform bacteria in the Ohio River belong to distinct microbial populations. 9:45 202 FROEHLICH, LISA M. AND MARK E. VENABLE. Appalachian State University-Role of phospholipase D and ceramide in cellular senescence. BREAK Kennedy Presiding: Broderick Eribo 10:15 203 SWANSON, INGRID, MICHELLE GREENE, SHEELA PAUL, AND CHRISTI MAGRATH. Troy State University-Altered lead acetate responsiveness in S. cerevisiae gene deletions. 10:30 204 GUGSSA AYELE, CRYSTAL MCINTOSH, MOHAMMAD ASHRAF AND CLARENCE M. LEE. Howard Universitv-roduction of nitric oxide and cytokines by LPS activated mouse peritoneal macrophages co-cultured with Trypanosoma musculi in vitro. 10:45 205 HAMISSOU, MIJITABA. Jacksonville State Universitv-The Role of Organic Acid Dehydrogenases in Aluminum Tolerance in Arabidopsis thali an a. Poster and Paper Sessions Plant Biology and Ecology 3 Potomac 6 85 Presiding: Raymond Petersen 8:00 206 LEACH, ANDREA D. AND CHRIS J. PETERSON. University of Georqia-Do microsite vegetation and environmental conditions differ between microsites in salvaged and unsalvaqed wind-disturbed forest? 8:15 207 MCMILLAN, BRETT A. AND A. SCOTT BELLOWS. Old Dominion University, Virqinia-A model designed to identify pimples in barrier island ecosystems using a pseudo NOVI. 8:30 208 PETERS, MELINDA D. AND CONLEY K. McMULLEN. Dept, of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA-Vascular plant survey of Rockingham County, Virginia. 8:45 209 ROSENFELD, KRISTEN M. AND THOMAS R. WENTWORTH. North Carolina State University-The challenges of vegetation sampling design: a case study on a North Carolina barrier island. 9:00 210 TYNDALL, R. WAYNE. Maryland Natural Heritage Program-Monitoring results for an oak savanna remnant on a Maryland serpentine barren after Virginia pine removal and a prescribed burn during a 10-year period. 9:15 211 BLACKWELL, ERIC A1., GEORGE R. CLINE2 and KEN R. MARION1 ’The University of Alabama at Birmingham and Jacksonville State University-A comparison of between year differences in population estimates for a southern population of Ambystoma maculatunr 9:30 212 WIGENT, CASS A., JON D. SELLARS and CLAUDIA L JOLLS. Department of Biology, East Carolina University — Elevation and success of in situ plantings of seabeach amaranth ( Amaranthus pumilus Raf ): testing a habitat model. 9:45 213 KENNEDY, AARON AND GARY L. WALKER. Appalachian State University-The genetic architecture of populations of the Showy Lady's- Slipper orchid (Cypripedium reginae Walt.), in its glaciated and unqlaciated range. BREAK Potomac 6 Presiding: Bonnie Kelley 10:15 214 PARDINI, ELEANOR A AND JAMES L HAMRICK The University of Georgia— Patterns of paternity in crowns of mimosa ( Atbizia julibnssin). 86 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 10:30 215 HARTMAN, LORELEI J., LISA B. WILKINS AND MARY E. LEHMAN. Lonqwood University-A comparison of clear-cut and shelterwood harvesting effects on understorv plant species in central Virqinia Piedmont forests. 1:45 216 CARIVEAU, MICKAEL12., C.J. KOVACS2, and G.W. KALMUS3. 'Department of Physics, 2Department of Radiation Biology/Oncology, and Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC-- orrelations between radiation-induced mitotic delav and the expression of cvclin-dependent siqnalinq. 11:00 217 GRAYSON, KRISTINE L. AND MICHAEL E. DORCAS. Davidson Colleqe-Seasonal bodv temperature variation in the Eastern painted turtle ( Chrvsemvs picta). 11:15 218 BOOPATHY, RAJ. Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA-Post-harvest sugarcane residue burning in southeast Louisiana: Problems and microbial solutions. PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 4 Potomac 5 Presiding: Zack Murrell 8:00 219 MILLER, BRADLEY W. AND S. COLEMAN McCLENEGHAN. Appalachian State University — Identification and comparison of ectomycorrhizal colonization of Picea rubens (red spruce) using native and non-native soils in response to exponential fertilization. 8:15 220 LOKUGE, MEEPA A, DAVID A FRANCKO AND KENNETH G WILSON Miami University, Oxford, Ohio-Studies on the regeneration of Sabal palmetto (Cabbaqe palm) throuqh orqanoqenesis: qrowth characteristics and leaf morpholoqv. 8:30 221 GILLESPIE, EMILY L. AND GARY L. WALKER. Appalachian State Universitv-Genetic variation of a cliff-face sedqe, Carex eburnea, in qlaciated versus non-qlaciated areas. 8:45 222 INNIS, ANNE12, IRWIN FORSETH1 AND DENNIS WHIGHAM2. University of Maryland, College Park and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center-Comparative ecoloqv of a non-native, invasive perennial, Rubus phoenlcolaslus, and a weedv, native conqener, Rubus arautus. 9:00 223 SLAPCINSKY, JODI L.1 DORIA R. GORDON1, AND B. PACE- ALDANA2. 'The Nature Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida and "The Nature Conservancy, Babson Park, Florida-Population Trends of the Federally Endangered Lewton's Polvgala ( Polvaala lewtonll), Lake Wales Ridge, Florida. Poster and Paper Sessions 87 Presiding: 9:15 224 9:30 225 9:45 226 BREAK Presiding: 10:15 227 10:30 228 10:45 229 11:00 230 11:15 231 PLANT SYSTEMATICS 1 Potomac 5 Levester Pendergrass MARK, FISHBEIN1, CHARISSE JELKS1, STEVEN P. LYNCH2, AND ROBERTA MASON-GAMER '. 'Mississippi State University, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, and 'University of Illinois, Chicago- Phyloqeny of Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) inferred from cpDNA sequences. MURRELL, Z. E„ F. WILLIAMS, C. M. ANDERS, AND M. ESTEP. Appalachian State University-Bioqeoqraphical implications of genetic structure in Spiraea virginiana : Cumberland Plateau as a Pleistocene refugium ? FLEMING, CHRIS A. AND B. EUGENE WOFFORD. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN-The Vascular Flora of Fall Creek Falls State Park, Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties, TN. Potomac 5 Levester Pendergrass KELLY, LISA A. University of North Carolina at Pembroke — A Floristic study of Huggins Island, North Carolina. SHAW, JOEY AND RANDALL SMALL. University of Tennessee- Phyloqeny of Prunus section Prunocerasus (Rosaceae). ALLISON, JAMES R.\ MICHAEL WAYNE MORRIS2, AND THOMAS S PATRICK1. 'Georgia Department of Natural Resources and North Georgia College & State University — Pediomelum qeorqianum, a new species from the Piedmont of Georgia. WOODS, MICHAEL Department Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University-A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Agios (Fabaceae). BOWMAN, KEITH C. AND DAVID K. SMITH. University of Tennessee- Floristic and phytoqeoqraphic study of the bryophytes of Fall Creek Falls State Park (FCFSP), Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties, TN 88 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS PLANT SYSTEMATICS 2 Kennedy Presiding: Robert Haynes 1:15 232 MUSSELMAN, LYTTON JOHN. Old Dominion University-Pollen presentation in two genera of Campanulaceae ( Lobelia cardinalis and Michauxia campanuloides) 1:30 233 MICKLE, JAMES E. North Carolina State University-Conifer cones from the Late Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 1:45 234 FLEMING, CHRIS A., B. EUGENE WOFFORD, AND Q. VICTOR MA. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN-Utilization of the Internet to display the county record database of vascular plants and species images at the University of Tennessee Herbarium (TENN) . 2:00 235 FARMER, SUSAN B. and EDWARD E. SCHILLING. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN-Additional insights into Trilliaceae phyloqeny: the Delostylis group. Preliminary results. 2:15 236 PADGETT, JAMES E. AND ZACK E. MURRELL. Appalachian State Universitv-Phyloqeoqraphical, ecological, micro-morphological, and molecular analysis of the species in the Hexastylis heterophylla complex. 2:30 237 NOBLE, SARAH MARIE AND DAVID K. SMITH. University of Tennessee-Bryoqeoqraphy of spray zone taxa in a Southern Appalachian gorge. BREAK PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 5 Kennedy Presiding: Howard Neufeld 1:15 238 SILLETTI, ANDREA M., JOAN L. WALKER AND DANA MADSEN SCHULZE. USDA FS Southern Research Station, Clemson, SC-A three-year demographic study of the endangered plant Harperocallis flava McDaniel (Liliaceae): results and lessons learned. 1:30 239 HORTON1, JONATHAN L„ NILSEN1, ERIK T„ WALKER1, JOHN F„ GALUSKY1, P.S., and CLINTON2, BARTON D. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University and U S. Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory — What causes the inhibition of canopy tree seedlings under Rhododendron maximum ? Poster and Paper Sessions 89 1:45 240 WILKINS, LISA B„ LORELEI J. HARTMAN, AND MARY E. LEHMAN. Longwood University — Understory vegetation patterns in relation to shelterwood timber management. 2:00 241 WELCH, NICOLE TURRILL1, JON BELMONT2, CRAIG WAYSON2, JEFF EHMAN2 AND J.C. RANDOLPH2. ’Middle Tennessee State University and Indiana University, Bloomington, School of Public and Environmental Affairs-The contribution of herb layer vegetation to detritus production at the AmeriFlux Tower Site in the Morqan-Monroe State Forest, Indiana. 2:15 242 PERONI, PATRICIA A., HEATHER CARROLL, BRADLEY ESCARAVAGE, AMANDA JOHNSON, AND RAMYA PARTHASARATHY. Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC-The effects of mammalian herbivory on Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) in a mixed pine-hardwood forest in Piedmont, NC. 2:30 243 AL-HAMDANI, SAFAA. Jacksonville State University-Examination of the Possibility of using Kudzu as a Replacement Crop in Polluted Areas 2:45 244 FRANCKO, DAVID A.1 AND KENNETH G. WILSON. Dept, of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH-A Laboratory Leaf-Disc Assay for Palm Foliar Cold Tolerance. BREAK Potomac 5 Presiding: Joseph Winstead 3:15 245 DILUSTRO, JOHN J, BEVERLY S. COLLINS, AND LISA DUNCAN Savannah River Ecology Laboratory-Short-term response of soil to prescribed fire in mixed pine forests on Ft. Benninq, Georgia. 3:30 246 MORRIS, ASHLEY1, MATTHEW GITZENDANNER1, DOUGLAS SOLTIS1, AND PAMELA SOLTIS". University of Florida and Florida Museum of Natural History-The lllicium parviflorum Michx. ex Vent. (Illiciaceae) paradox: an endangered Florida endemic and its role in the horticultural trade. 3:45 247 DRAKE, SARA J.1, REBECCA R. SHARITZ1 2, JOHN J. DILUSTRO2 AND BEVERLY S COLLINS2. 1 Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia and "Savannah River Ecology Laboratory- Aboveground peak biomass of qroundcover plants in a mixed pine forest on sites with differing soil textures and burn frequencies. 4:00 248 CHILTON, RACHAEL, CHRISTINA TANNAHILL, ANDREA STASSI. AND LINDA FINK. Sweet Briar Colleqe-The effect of logging on the occurrence of an invasive exotic grass, Microsteqium vimineum. 90 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 4:15 249 MADDEN, KATHRYN, STEVEN HARPER, AND REBECCA SHARITZ. University of Georgia’s Savannah River Ecology Laboratory- Comparisons of tree composition, canopv openness, and soil characteristics between and amonq Fall Line sandhill communities. 4:30 250 MUSSELMAN, LYTTON JOHN. American University of Beirut and Old Dominion University-Southeastern Botany in Beirut-unexpected treasures of the Post Herbarium. FRIDAY AFTERNOON TEACHING BIOLOGY Potomac 6 Presiding: John Aliff 1:15 251 ALIFF, JOHN V. Georqia Perimeter Colleqe-Usinq Case Studies in On- line Bioloqv Courses. 1:30 252 DAVIS, JENNIFER, Shorter Colleqe-Biodiversitv conservation tauqht in the context of a study abroad proqram. 1:45 253 MEADE, MARK. Jacksonville State University-Pros and cons of underqraduate research education. 2:00 254 BLAIR, BENJIE*, William R Bowen and Frank A. Romano III Jacksonville State Universitv-A cooperative learnmq module to teach mitosis and meiosis. 2:15 255 ORVOS, DAVID R. Sweet Briar Colleqe, Virqinia — Implementation of an environmental sciences curriculum at a liberal arts institution. 2:30 256 HERR, J. M., JR. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-Calcium chloride: A durable mountinq medium for microscopv and a shor tcut to the study of plant anatomy. 2:45 257 LEHMAN, MARY E. Lonqwood Universitv-The influence of learnmq styles on qroup dynamics in a cooperative learninq project. BREAK 3:15 258 BROOKS III. S. CARROLL. Brevard Colleqe-Use of biotechnoloqv kits in a biochemistry laboratory course. 3:30 259 NUSSBAUM. FRANCIS. Kent State University. Tuscarawas-Unifv teachinq bioloqv with a communication theme. Poster and Paper Sessions 91 3:45 260 WINDELSPECHT, MICHAEL. Appalachian State University-Wasting time with WebCT: What do the students really use and what do they find useful ? SYMPOSIUM 1 THURSDAY MORNING REGENCY G THE CRISIS IN FIELD BOTANY: LOSS OF PEOPLE AND KNOWLEDGE 8:00 Keynote Remarks: 8:30 261 STRITCH, LAWRENCE R. USDA Forest Service-From Whence We Come: A Historical Retrospective of Field Botany. 9:00 262 OWEN, WAYNE. USDA Forest Service-Preparinq for a Career in Field Botany. 9:30 263 SUNDBERG, MARSHALL. D. Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS-The State of Botanical Education in U.S. Colleqes and Universities. 10:15 264 KLEIN, MARY L. AND LARRY E. MORSE. NatureServe, Arlington, VA -Detectives of Diversity - Field Botany Needs in Non-Governmental Conservation Organizations. 10:45 265 DENNIS, W. MICHAEL. Breedlove, Dennis, & Associates, Inc., Winter Park, FL-Field Botanv Needs in the Private Sector: Who's Goinq to Fill Their Shoes? 11:15 266 RANDALL, JOHNNY. North Carolina Botanical Garden, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill— The Role and Value of Botanical Gardens in Training Field Botanists. LUNCH 1:30 267 MURRELL, ZACK E. Appalachian State Universitv-The Role of Field Stations and Small Herbaria in Training Field Botanists 2:00 268 PENDERGRASS. LEVESTER. USDA Forest Service-Workforce Diversity and Botanv: Who’s Interested? 2:30 269 STEWART, RHONDA S. USDA Forest Service-Adaptation and Resourcefulness: Roots of Survival in Field Botanv 3:15 Afternoon Roundtable Discussion: Andrew Ash 92 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 WORKSHOP 1 FRIDAY AFTERNOON REGENCY - Science Education for New Civic Engagement and Responsibilities 10:00 270 Karen Oates - George Mason Univ. In this symposium we will describe the basic tenants and goals of the five year national dissemination grant from the National Science Foundation entitled "SENCER"- Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities. We will describe our cluster organizations, our models courses and the annual SENCER SUMMER INSTITUTE. Our symposium will look at the potential of SENCER courses to connect a rigorous study in the fields of science and mathematics with matters of current public policy and social importance through examples of what a variety of institutions across the US are doing. We will explore the elements of civic engagement, student voice and authorship found in the national models. We conclude the symposium with a question and answer and interactive activity which will helps to integrate elements of civic engagement into the symposium participants courses. WORKSHOP 2 THURSDAY AFTERNOON 1:15 271 ACCESSIBILITY OF ONLINE TEACHING MATERIALS REGENCY F PRESIDING: KAREN MCGLOTHLIN SYMPOSIUM 2 THURSDAY AFTERNOON GENOMIC RESEARCH IN THE AFRICAN DIASPORA REGENCY F MODERATER: GEORGE BONNEY 3:15 272 DUNSTON, GEORGIA. Director, National Human Genome Center, Howard University-Overview of the National Human Genome Center - Howard University. 3:35 273 ROTIMI, CHARLES N. Director, Genetic Epidemiology at NHGC-The African-Americal Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) study network. 3:55 274 KITTLES, RICK A. Codirector, Molecular Genetics at NHGC-The African-American hereditary prostate cancer study network. Symposia and Workshops 93 4:15 275 4:35 276 ROYAL, CHARMAINE. Principal Investigator, GenEthics at NHGC-- Interface of genetics, medicine and society. Panel Discussion: The Future of genomics in global health SYMPOSIUM 3 FRIDAY MORNING REGENCY E FOREST FRAGMENTATION AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry (http://CNIE.org/NCSE/NCSSF/) Supported by the Southeastern Chapter - Ecological Society of America Presiding: Scott Franklin 8:00 277 FRANKLIN, SCOTT B. Department of Biology, University of Memphis- Biodiversitv and forest fragmentation. 8;30 278 DUNCAN, BREAN W. AND PAUL A. SCHMALZER Dynamac Corporation, Kennedy Space Center, Florida-Fuel fragmentation and spatial fire behavior in a south-eastern pyrogenic ecosystem. 9:00 279 MATLACK, GLENN R. Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University-Beyond the edge zone: fragmentation effects unrelated to microclimate. 9:30 280 BREAK 10:15 281 10:45 282 RUDIS, VICTOR A. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station- Nonnative plant invasions and forest fragmentation at multiple scales: perspectives from ongoing regional forest resource surveys. SEAGLE, STEVEN W. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science-Do ungulates integrate ecosystem spatial pattern with function in fragmented, multiple-use landscapes? COULSON, ROBERT. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University. -Forest Fragmentation and the interactions of bark beetles, birds, and bees. 94 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 SYMPOSIUM 4 FRIDAY MORNING REGENCY F GENETICS AND PRACTICE OF RARE PLANT REINTRODUCTION 8:00 283 MENGES, ERIC S.1, JOYCE MASCHINSKI2, AND CARL W. WEEKLEY1. -Archbold Biological Station and 2-Fairchild Tropical Garden-Key genetic issues in rare plant introductions. 8:30 284 KENNEDY, KATHRYN. Center for Plant Conservation, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO-The importance of ex situ plant collections in rare plant reintroductions. 9:00 285 DUDASH, MICHELE R.1, COURTNEY J. MURREN1, AND DAVID E. CARR' 'Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD ; ‘Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA- Usinq Mimulus as a model system to understand the role of inbreeding in restoration strategies. Howard University students at the SEM. Author Index 95 Author Index for Papers and Posters with Abstract Numbers A ABERNATHY, SHAWN M, - 19 ABRUSLEY, JESSICA - 98 ADAMS, H. S. - 43, 182, 193, 194 AKIN, JONATHAN - 86, 98, 173 AL-DUJAILI. JAMEEL - 152 ALEXANDER, MARK - 34, 35 ALEXANDER, STEPHEN - 34, 35 AL-HAMDANI, SAFAA - 243 ALIFF, JOHN V. - 251 ALLEN, H LEE - 188 ALLISON, JAMES R, - 229 ANDERS, C. M. - 225 ANDERSEN, C. BRANNON . 10 ANDERSON, ERIC M, - 103 ANDREWS, KIMBERLY M. - 80 ANGUS, ROBERT - 117 ARANA, PILAR - 155 AROGUNDADE. K, - 16 ASHRAF, MOHAMMAD . 204 B BAILEY, JEFFREY E. - - 93 BARGER, J. STEVEN - 149 BARKER, J. . -79, 195 BARNARD, DEBRA E. - 170 BARNETT, PAULA - 62 BARNUM, S.R - 29, 74, 75 BARRETT, BRANDON - 166 BARROW, C. . 195 BASON, CHRIS W. - 118 BASS, JAMON M — . 149 BECNEL, LAUREN - 76 BELLOWS, A. SCOTT - 207 BELMONT, JON — . — 241 BENJAMINS, JOYCE - 6 BENSON, CATHERINE . 97 BLACKWELL, ERICA. - 211 BLAIR, B - 73, 106, 112,199, 254 BOHLMANN, TIFFANY - 73, 199 BOLIN, JAY - 41 BONILLA, JULIO . . 9 BONNER, LISA . - . — 22 BOOPATHY, RAJ - 218 BOUTIN, ALISON - 31 BOWLES, MARLIN L. - 192 BOWMAN, KEITH C. . — 231 BRAUN, GENEVA M. - 105, 145 BRENNEMAN, WILLIAM M. - — 158 BROCK, BRIAN - 127 BROOKS III. S CARROLL - 258 BROOKS, JANIE S. - 132 BUCKALEW, DAVID W, - 151 BUHLMANN, K A - 176 BUMPASS, DAVID - 15 BURGESS, M. A -12, 162, 163, 179 c CAMPBELL, ROBERT - 68 CARIVEAU, MICKAEL J. . 216 CARR, DAVID E. - 284 CARRIMAN, TERRENA - 49 CARROL, KRISTINA W. - - — 1 CARROLL, HEATHER - 242 CARTER, ROBERT E. - 5 CEBRIAN, JUST - 127 CHANNELL. KATHERINE-160, 165 CHEMOTTI, DIANA - 91 CHENAULT, MICHELLE - 16 CHILTON, RACHAEL - . — 248 CIBULA, WILLIAM G. - 24 CLARK, ERIN . 176 CLINE, GEORGE R.~~ . -5, 211 CLINTON, B. D. - 185, 186, 239 COCKING, DEAN - 37 COHILL, TIFFANY J , - 78 COLLINS, BEVERLY . 142, 250 CONNER, WILLIAM — . 32, 36 COOKSEY, AMANDA- . 198 CORDOVA, CORY - 86 COULLING, PHILIP P. - 44 COULSON, ROBERT . - 281 COWEN, ELLEN A. - 125 CRADDOCK, HILL . 34, 35 CROW, HEATHER . 126 D DAVIS, JENNIFER - 252 DAVISON, ALAN W. - 47 DE, S - 196 DEBRO, LAJOYCE - 167 DENNIS, W, MICHAEL - 265 DEWEL, RUGH - 25 DILUSTRO, JOHN . 142, 250 DOMINGUS, JEFF L. — 51, 52, 143 DORCAS, M. E. - 2, 91, 180, 217 DROEGE, SAM . . -85 DUDASH, MICHELE R. - 284 DUNCAN, BREAN W - 276 DUNCAN, LISA - - 142, 250 DUNSTON, GEORGIA - 271 DUTTA, SISIR - 79, 195, 196, 197 E ECKBERG, WILLIAM - 17, 18 EDGAR, KATHYRN - 41 EHMAN, JEFF - 241 EMORY, ERIC - 101 ENZ, J 1 33, 134, 135, 136, 146, 160 EPPARD, HOLLY R - . 186 ESCARAVAGE, BRADLEY - 242 ESTEP, M. . - . 225 EULISS, AMY C. . 184 F FAABORG, JOHN- — . 164 FAIRSERVICE, JENNIFER - 37 FAKHAR, FAIZA- . 26, 48 FARMER, SUSAN B. . 27, 235 FEDEWA, LUKE A. . 200 FERGUSON, HEATHER J - 66 FET, ELIZABETH V . 24, 57 FET, GALINA N - 24 FET, VICTOR— . 54, 57,144 FINK, LINDA - 248 FINK, MARK L . - — 164 FIORILLO. RICCARDO A. - — 66, 92 FLEMING, CHRIS A . 226,234 FOX, DAVID . . 115 FRANCKO, DAVID A. - . 26, 31, 38, 48, 71, 220, 244 FRANKLIN. SCOTT B - 277 FRASER, ANN M. . 14, 59 FREDERICK, L. - . - . 79 FRELINGER, JEFFREY A. - 147 FRICK, M. G. - 1, 88. 170 FRIDLEY, BROOKE - 134 FROEHLICH, LISA M . 202 FULLING, GREGORY L - 7, 100 G GALUSKY, P - 185, 186, 239 GANTENBEIN, BENJAMIN . 57 GARRETT, NANCY M . 13 GEDDIS, MARLA - 10 GEORGE, ROBERT Y, - 114 GEORGE, SOPHIE B - 65, 120 GHORI, AHMER KHAN . 26, 48 GIBBONS, J WHITFIELD — . 176 GIBBS, KATIE . 127 GIBSON, GREG- — . -157 GILBERT, ELIZABETH - 124 GITZENDANNER, M. A. . 45, 246 GLAUDAS, XAVIER - 174 GORDON, DORIA R - 223 GRAND, EDWARD A. . 20 GRAYSON, KRISTINE L . 2, 217 GRECO, TONY - 55 GREENE, MICHELLE - 203 GREENWOOD, JOSHUA L. -—144 GROMOV, ALEXANDER V, . 144 GUGSSA, AYELE - -203 GUZZIE, BETH - 135 H HAJARIWALA S, . 65 HAMISSOU, MIJITABA - 205 HAMRICK, JAMES L. - - 214 HANEY, DENNIS C, — . 9, 10 HANSON, PETER A — - 51, 52, 143 HARDY. ROBIN . -124 HARPER, CARLA - 124 HARPER, JEREMY . 124 HARPER, STEVEN . 249 HARTMAN. LARELEI J — - 215, 240 HARTSOCK, JARED J — - 140. 192 HASHEM, FAWZY M . 197 HAWKES, LUCY . -—88 HAYGOOD, MARK . 73, 199 HEFFFERNAN, KEVIN E. — . 14 HELD, MICHAEL E, . 138 HENSON, B J — . 74, 75 HERN, AMANDA J . 136 HERR, J M - . 128. 139, 256 HERRICK. G. . 128 HERRON. WILLIAM B - 155 96 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 HIBBS, TABATHAS. - 87 HICKS, TONI - 56 HILL, PIERSON - 91 HILTON, TIFF . 161 HODGE, KYISHA - 49 HOGGARD, WAYNE - 7,100 HOLLOWELL, GAIL P. - 197 HOLMES, SHERRY . 177 HONOVAR, JAIDEEP - 117 HOOKER, STANLEY E - 69 HORN, CHARLES N. - 187 HORNBERGER, KATHLEEN . 21 HORTON, J, L. - 185, 186, 239 HOSAKA, NAOMI - 39 HOUCK, JASON - 35, 149 HUEBNER, CYNTHIA D. - 43 HUESTIS, DIANA L. - 89 HUGHES, KAREN W . . 20 HULL, JAMES C. . 130 HUNTER, KIMBERLY - 21 HUNTLEY, COLETTE D, - 148 HUTCHINSON, DEBORAH A — 171 I INGRAM, KATHERINE - 110 J JAMES, KRISTI - - 40, 68 JEFFRIES, STEPHANIE B - 188 JELKS, CHARISSE . . 224 JENKINS, MICHAEL A. . 42 JENNE, KEVIN - 73 JOHNSON, AMANDA - 242 JOHNSON, ANDREW N. - 169 JOHNSON, KEITH A - . -84 JOLLS, CLAUDIA- — . 189 JOLLY, ERIN . -22 JONES, MATT - 92 JONES, THOMAS . 101, 160, 161 JONES, THOMAS G. . 165 JONES-HELD, SUSAN - 138 JUNG, ROBIN E . 85 K KALMUS, G. W, - 216 KEATON, MOLLY- - - 9 KELLY, ANGELA A.- — . 141 KELLY, LISA A - 227 KEMPER, SARA - 119 KENNEDY, AARON - 213 KENNEDY, KATHRYN - 283 KENNEDY, NOAH . 161 KENYON, KYLE C, - - 29 KERRY, SAMANTHA E. - 147 KING, BRANDON - 154 KIRK, PHILIP - 53 KITTLES, RICK A - 273 KLEIN, MARY L. - 264 KLENC, JOAN - 109 KNEBEL, LARISSA— . . 190 KOHN, BRUCE . . — 103 KOKKALA, IRENE- . 13 KOOZER, KELLY - 62 KOVACS, C J. - 216 KRASE, KELLI— . 10 KROES, DANIEL E. - 118 KRUSE, LISA M. - 191 KUHAJDA, BERNARD R - 111 KUPPINGER, DANE M. - 42 KUYKENDALL, L DAVID - 197 L LAND, M - 23, 53, 62, 1 15, 1 17, 154 LANDERS, S, C.~ . 64, 105, 145 LAWRENCE, DAVID M 182, 193,194 LAYZER, JAMES B . 168 LEACH, ANDREA D. . . 206 LEBLANC, ANNE MARIE . 170 LECATOR, HEALEY T. - 19 LEE, CLARENCE M. - 204 LEE-WILLIAMS, BIANCA - 67 LEHMAN, MARY E. — 215, 240, 257 LESH, JOHN P. - 46 LEWIS, ROBIN A. - 4, 50 LIAO, MIN-KEN - - 40, 68 LITTLEJOHN, CYNTHIA - 106 LOCKHART, CODY R, - 95 LODER, JENNIFER . 37 LOHNAS, KIMBERLY - 130 LOKUGE, MEEPA A. - 220 LONDRAVILLE, RICHARD L, — 102 LONG, CHRISTAL - 70 LU LI - 71 LUTE, SUSIE K. - 26, 48 LYNCH, STEVEN P, . . 224 M MA, Q VICTOR - 234 MADDEN, KATHRYN - 249 MAGRATH, CHRISTI . - 203 MANCUSI, MICHAEL R - 137 MANN, ADAM M. - 81, 101 MANN, MELISSA R - 82, 101 MARION, KEN - 117, 177 MARION, KEN R . - 211 MARK, FISHBEIN . 224 MARKS, LISAC. - 91 MARTELLI, MATTHEW G, - 59 MARTIN, ALEX . 25, 125 MARTIN-LLUESMA, SILVIA— 155 MASCHINSKI, JOYCE - 282 MASLOWSKI, ROBERT - 24 MASON-GAMER, ROBERTA — 224 MATLACK, GLENN R, - 278 MAXWELL, CHERIE - 11 MCCARRON, JAMES K. - 36 MCCLENEGHAN, S, COLEMAN - 219 MCCOMAS, JEREMY — . 160 MCDONALD, TAYLOR M - 149 MCGLOTHLIN, KAREN - 270 MCINTOSH, CRYSTAL - 203 MCKINNEY, STEVE - 117 MCLAREN, DANIEL . - 112 MCLEOD, KENNETH W. - 36 MCMILLAN, BRETT A. - 207 MCMULLEN, CONLEY K — 181, 208 MEADE, M.-3, 11, 73, 106, 112, 253 MEDLEY, K. E - 31 MENGES, ERIC S. - 282 MEYER, ERIC - 117 MEYER, HARRY A, - 87 MICKLE, JAMES E. - 233 MIDDENDORF, GEORGE - 49 MILLER, BRADLEY W. - 219 MILLER, GARY L. - 116 MILLER, GARY W. - 43 MILLER, LATOSHIA - 124 MILLS, EDWARD - 8 MILLWOOD, MARY - 124 MITCHELL, MAGGIE J. - 175 MOLINA, M E. - 125 MOORE, CHAD - 23 MOREAU, KENNETH - 173 MORRIS, ASHLEY B. - 45, 246 MORRIS, J T. - 128 MORRIS, MICHAEL WAYNE— -229 MORRIS, NICOLE M. - 127 MORSE, LARRY E. — . 264 MOYER, TIMOTHY . . 113 MULLIGAN, JANET - 8 MULZAC, MELISSA . . 49 MURRELL, ZACK E, - - 25, 46, 125, 225, 236,267 MURREN, COURTNEY - 284 MUSSELMAN, LYTTON J. 232, 245 MYER, PATRICK - 22 MYERS, SETH J - 94, 95 N NEIEWIAROWSKI, PETER H.— 102 NEUFELD, HOWARD S, . 47 NICHOLAS, N. S. - 137 NICHOLS, JOHN D. - 123 NIEDZIELA, LINDA - 104 NILSEN, ERIK T. - 185, 186, 239 NOBLE, SARAH MARIE - 28, 237 NUSSBAUM, FRANCIS - 259 o OATES, KAREN - 285 ODOM, C. BRIAN - 58 ODUM, ALLISON - 3 OHI, SEIGO - 77 OLANDER, CHARLES - 73, 106 ORVOS, DAVID R. - 119, 255 OSBORN, RAE - 60 OSBOURN, MICHAELS S. - 93 OWEN, WAYNE - 262 OWENS, DRAKE - 115 OWENS, JANNA - 117 P PACE-ALDANA, B. - 223 PADGETT, JAMES E - 236 PARDINI, ELEANOR A. - 214 PARSONS, AMANDA - 10 PARTHASARATHY, RAMYA — 242 PATRICK, THOMAS S. - 229 PAUL, SHEELA - 203 PAULEY, THOMAS K. - 81 , 82, 84, 85, 87, 93, 94, 95 Author Index 97 PAULISSEN, MARK A. - 87 PENDERGRASS. LEVESTER -268 PENDLETON. WENDY . - . 37 PEOPLES. SETH- . — - 47 PERKINS, M. - 79 PERONI. PATRICIA A. . 242 PEROS, KRISTEN - 146 PERRY. JAMES E. - 123 PERRY, TRAVIS-97, 109, 110, 166 PETERS, MELINDA D. - 208 PETERSEN, RAYMOND L. . 129 PETERSEN, RONALD H — - . 20 PETERSON, CHRIS J . 206 PHIPPS, SCOTT W, - 64 PHU, LINH D. - 93 PISKIN, KURT A, . — - 140, 192 PJU, LINH D. . . 85 POPA, VALENTIN D . 57 POWERS, STEVEN L.111, 121, 169 PRAMANIK. S. - 79 PRAMANIK, S. - 79, 196 PRICE, ERICA D. - 54 PRINCE, KELLY - - 156 R RAMSDELL, CLIFTON - 156 RANDALL, JOHNNY - 266 RANDOLPH, J. C. - - 241 RANGASAMMY, JERMAIN . 72 RAYBURN, J. R. 108, 124, 157, 167 ROACH, ALLANA N. - 77 ROBERTSON, CLINT - 53 ROBISON, DANIEL J - 190 ROSENFELD, KRISTEN M - 209 ROSTAL, DAVID C. - 170, 175 ROTIMI, CHARLES N. - 272 ROUSSEAU, SANDRA - 23 ROYAL, CHARMAINE . 274 RUDIS, VICTOR A. . 279 s SAMS, C. MICHAEL - 13 SANDERS, CHRIS I, — 51, 52, 143 SAUTERER, ROGER . 124 SAVITIZKY, ALAN H. — 83, 96, 171 SCARPIM, JENNIFER M. - 58 SCHAUS, MAYNARD - 126 SCHILLING, EDWARD E - 235 SCHMALZER, PAUL A, - 276 SCHULZE, DANA MADSEN- — 238 SCHWARTZ, FRANK J, - 99 SCOTT, ANNA - - 133 SEAGLE, STEVEN W. - 280 SEGALAS, CHENEIN - 11 SELLARS, JON D. - 189, 212 SHARITZ, REBECCA - 249 SHAW, JOEY . 228 SHULL, J. KENNETH - 107 SHURETTE, G RYAN - 5 SIKES, JOSEPH - 124 SILLETTI, ANDREA J. - 238 SIMMONS, JEFFREY W . — 168 SIMON, THOMAS P — . 122 SLAPCINSKY, JODI L. - 223 SMALL, RANDALL - 228 SMAW, SHERCODA - 129 SMITH, DAVID K. - 28, 231, 237 SMITH, LISA M - - — - 201 SOCHA, TOMMY - 32 SOLEGLAD, MICHAEL E. - 54 SOLTIS, DOUGLAS E. - 45,246 SOLTIS, PAMELA S. - 45, 246 SOMERVILLE, CHARLES C. - - 150, 169, 201 SONNIER, JOSH - 98 SPANOVICH, STACEY - 102 SPENCE, JAMES B, - 165 SPRATT, JR. HENRY G. - 148, 149 ST. JOHN, CODY - 108 STALTER, RICHARD - 131 STARNES, TED . - 127 STASSI, ANDREA - - — 248 STEELE, EDNA . 56 STEFFY, DAVID - 108 STEINLY, BRUCE A. - 4, 50 STEPHENSON, STEVEN L - - 43, 153, 182, 193, 194 STEUDLER, SARAH, E. - 61 STEWART, PAUL M. - 122 STEWART, RHONDA S. . 269 STINSON, MIKE - - 160 STOCKDALE, HEATHER - 107 STOUME, KATHERINE - 21 STRITCH, LAWRENCE R - 261 STUEFER, JOSEF F. - 39 SUNDBERG, MARSCHALL D - 263 SUTTINGER, D - 65 SWANSON, INGRID - 203 SYPHAX, COLIN . 49 T TACKETT, FRED - 101 TANNAHILL, CHRISTINA - 248 TATE, WILLIAM B 1 2, 162, 163, 179 TATUM, TATIANA - 124 TAVERNA, KRISTIN - 33 TAYLOR, OLIN S. - 25 TAYLOR, RALPH W. - 165 TERGEON, VICTORIA - 15 TERRELL, CHRISTOPHER G. - 122 THAMES, ELIZABETH - 156 THOMPSON, III. FRANK R. - 164 THORSON, CATHERINE E. - 96 TOMASHESKI, JOHN C. - 83, 96 TOUCHETTE, BRANT W. - 61,63 TOWNSEND, JOHN F. - 44 TOWNSEND, VICTOR R. - — 83, 96 TROTTER, DAVID - 6 TSALIAGOS, RIA N - 90 TURBERVILLE, TRACEY D. — 176 TYNDALL, R WAYNE - 210 u UNGER, DAVID E - 103, 113 V VALENTIN, YATSKA - 9 VANDERMAST, D B. - 183 VENABLE, MARK E . 202 w WALKER, CORI . - . 22 WALKER, GARY L. - 213 WALKER, JOAN L. - 238 WALKER, JOHN F. — 185, 186, 239 WALSH, S. J . — 12, 13, 162, 163, 179 WARD, MERCEDES M. - 14, 59 WATSON, LINDA E - 29, 74, 75 WATSON, MARK B - 85 WAYSON, CRAIG - 241 WEEKLEY, CARL W. - 282 WEIGANT, PATRICIA L. . - . 30 WELCH, NICOLE TURRILL . 242 WENTWORTH, T R.-188, 190, 209 WHIGMAN, DENNIS F. - 39 WHITE, PETER S. . 33, 42, 183 WHITFIELD, GIBBONS J. - 172 WHITNEY, RYAN - 26, 48 WIBBELS, THANE . -—170 WIGENT, CASS A. - 189, 212 WILKINS, LISA B. - 215, 240 WILKINSON, LUCAS R. . 178 WILLIAMS, F. - 225 WILLIAMS, JAMES D - 163 WILLIAMS, KETHURAH . 18 WILLIAMS, KRISTINA L. - 88, 170 WILLIAMS, RAYS. - 141 WILLSON, JOHN - 180 WILSON, KENNETH G. — . . 26, 38, 48, 71, 220, 244 WINDELSPECHT, M. - 55, 107, 260 WISE, DWAYNE - 76, 155, 198 WOFFORD, B EUGENE - 226, 234 WOLFE, ANDREA - 167 WOODS, MICHEL - 230 WOODSON, H M. . 1, 88 WRIGHT, NICOLE . - — 104 Y YAND, DAZHI . . - . 17 YODER, JAY A. . . 51,52 YODER, JAY A. . 143 Z ZETTLER, LAWRENCE W. 140, 192 98 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 ABSTRACTS 1 CARROLL, KRISTINA W.1, M.G. FRICK1, M. LEE2 AND H.M. WOODSON1. Caretta Research Project, Savannah Science Museum and Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary-Movements of Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from Wassaw NWR, GA, Much of what is known about sea turtle biology is limited to research conducted on nesting females and hatchling sea turtles, particularly due to the accessibility of these animals when on the beach. However, nearly 100% of a turtle’s life is spent in the water and it is here that turtles face their most deadly threats. Therefore, it is essential that conservation programs refocus efforts to protect turtles in the water. This is only achievable once the habitats and migratory routes that sea turtles utilize, and what time of the year turtles occupy these habitats, is known. The purpose of this research was to identify the specific marine habitats occupied by Georgia’s turtles between nesting events, as well as the post¬ nesting migratory pathways utilized by turtles away from the nesting beach via satellite telemetry. 2 GRAYSON, KRISTINE L. AND MICHAEL E. DORCAS. Davidson College- Seasonal body temperature variation in the Eastern painted turtle ( Chrysemys picta ). For ectotherms, body temperature plays an important role in many aspects of their ecology including their activity, metabolism, and growth. Unfortunately, little is known about the temperature variation of most ecotherms, especially in free-ranging animals. To measure body temperature variation, we attached newly developed micro-dataloggers (Thermochron iButtons) to the carapaces of free-ranging painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta) in a farm pond located in Davidson, NO. Environmental temperatures were simultaneously monitored using Onset dataloggers. We successfully recorded body temperature variation in 18 turtles from September 2001 to April 2002 and 14 turtles from April 2002 to October 2002. Periods of basking were most frequent in the spring and fall months. Body temperature steadily decreased through the fall and basking events continued throughout the middle of December. Minimum yearly temperatures (1-3° C) occurred on the same day (January 3, 2002) for all turtles. Body temperatures then steadily rose until basking resumed in February. During the summer months, body temperature was consistently high, indicating the similarity between basking and swimming body temperatures. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of Thermochron iButtons for measuring body temperature in small reptiles and provides the first critical step in developing a more complete understanding of painted turtle thermal biology. This research was funded by grants to KG from Sigma Xi and North Carolina Academy of Science. 3 ODOM, ALLISON AND MARK MEADE. Jacksonville State University-Metabolic comparisons among commercial tilapia strains. Tilapia are fast growers and can reach 11b in less than one year. Many strains (hybrids) of tilapia are used to obtain desired culture characteristics such as maximal growth at a particular temperature. The effects of diet and temperature on the growth of various strains are well documented, however limited information is available on the metabolism of various stains under various conditions. We report here the effects of diet and temperature on metabolism in various strains of nile tilapia, Oreochromis nilotica. Multiple groups of fish (n~250 fish /tank) were placed in 70 gal re-circulating fiberglass tanks and fed twice daily either a high or low protein diet. At two-week intervals, fish were weighed and aerobic respiratory rates determined for ten fish randomly chosen from each tank. Mortalities and weight gains were monitored for ten weeks. Growth efficiencies were Abstracts 99 calculated for the various strains and conditions and analyzed using ANOVA and multiple comparisons tests. 4 LEWIS, ROBIN A. AND BRUCE A. STEINLY. Miami University-Carrion- frequentinq arthropod communities across an urban gradient in Oxford, Ohio. Several biological diversity investigations have been completed across an urban gradient in Oxford, Ohio that included sites at a business district, an apartment complex, a residential area, a golf course, an open-space reserve, and a preserve. During the summer of 2002, arthropod communities were sampled at each site from June 8 - August 2 using carrion to attract a specific suite of arthropods. Samples were collected once a week and brought back to the laboratory for processing to morphotype. Hypotheses were that arthropod richness, abundance, and diversity would peak at the site of intermediate anthropogenic influence (i.e., the golf course). From the most complete data set, the week of June 18 - 25, morphotype richness and abundance were tabulated and Shannon- Wiener Diversity Indices were calculated. Among all sites, 90 morphotypes were present with the most abundant families in the Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (two-winged flies), and Hymenoptera (ants and wasps). Richness and abundance peaked at the golf course with 52 morphotypes and 1,152 individuals, respectively. While, diversity was the highest (SDI=2.89) at the most rural sampling site (i.e., the preserve), which yielded the second highest richness (n=45) but the lowest number of individuals (n=375). This work was funded by the NSF Research Experiences for Undergraduates and Miami University. 5 SHURETTE, G. RYAN, GEORGE R. CLINE, AND ROBERT E. CARTER. Jacksonville State University--The effects of hardwood mid-story removal in montane lonqleaf pine stands on breeding bird communities in the Talladega National Forest, Alabama: preliminary results. Recent research in longleaf pine forest management has focused on the endangered red- cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis', or ROW), however the longleaf pine ecosystem has been shown to provide critical habitat for a number of other avian species. While bird communities of low elevation and Coastal Plain longleaf forests have been well studied, montane longleaf ecosystems have received little attention. In this study, breeding bird inventories in open montane longleaf stands managed for RCWs (via mechanical hardwood mid-story removal and burning) and unburned stands with relatively dense hardwood mid-stories were compared. Species richness (n=40, managed; n=42, unmanaged) and species diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner, H-1.36 managed; H'= 1 .4 1 unmanaged) were similar for both management practices. While data are too limited to support statistical inferences, notable numbers of breeding species in managed stands seem to be displaced by a different community type as hardwood mid-story is reduced. Species of special concern (e.g., Almophila aestivalis and Sitta pusilla) were observed more frequently in managed versus unmanaged stands. Surveys will continue in the 2003 spring breeding season. This study should improve understanding of the role montane longleaf pine ecosystems play in regard to breeding bird communities. 6 TROTTER, DAVID AND DR. JOYCE BENJAMINS. Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mi-Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, and Caspase Inhibitors Protect Neural Cells from Staurosporine Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Brain Slices. Strokes, immune attacks, brain injuries, and ischemia all lead to neural cell death, through the necrosis pathway, in the specific area of insult. Following that cell death, a domino effect of neural cell death from that initial point branches out in a radial manner. However, these cell deaths all occur through another pathway call apoptosis, otherwise known as programmed cell death. There is not a known way to accurately calculate when the cell 100 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 deaths by necrosis will occur. However we do know that the apoptosis pathway does occur after the necrosis pathway. Therefore, finding out ways to protect against apoptotic death is the most sensible approach for preserving neural cell life, and thwarting the diseases that can occur from massive cell death. Using brain tissue from 15 to 17 day old mouse pups, we concentrated on chemical agents previously shown to provide protection for staurosporine treated cells. This time, however, the staurosporine and chemical agents would not be added to cells but to whole brain tissue, and model which is closer to intact brain that isolated cells in culture. We observed that staurosporine definitely increased the enzyme caspase 3 activity. Cyclic AMP protected against the activation of that enzyme in staurosporine induced cells, the addition of cyclic GMP did not improve the protection. The inhibitors of caspases 3,8 and 9 completely halted Caspase 3 enzyme activity and therefore were the most effective. Supported by supplement to Grant R01 NS13143-24S1 from the NIH 7 FULLING, GREGORY L. AND WAYNE HOGGARD. NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory, Pascagoula MS-Distribution of the Ocean Sunfish ( Mola mola) from Aerial Surveys in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Information regarding the ocean sunfish (Mola mola) distribution and habitat preferences are generally lacking; therefore any data documenting the occurrence and distribution of these fish is unique. Our data represents opportunistic sightings from aerial surveys of Northern Gulf of Mexico waters between 1992-1998 from Brownsville, Texas to Key West, Florida. Survey design targeted (or focused on) cetaceans and therefore did not provide sightings in all seasons or habitats that sunfish may occur. Inclement weather also prevented complete coverage of all areas and seasons. Ocean sunfish were sighted with greatest frequency (89/93;95.7%) during the months of February/March. Surveys conducted in 1996-1998 were supplemented with infrared sea surface temperature data. Temperatures of Mola mola sightings ranged from 13.8 -29.3 C with 96.9% (59/61) of those sightings occurring in water 24 C. Logistic regression analysis of those sightings with associated surface temperatures (61/93) demonstrated 78.8% concordance with temperatures in the range less than 24 C. Our data suggest that the greatest opportunity to sight Mola mola is (are) during winter months. One reason for these increased sightings during the cooler months may be due to the animals “basking” behavior. 8 MILLS, EDWARD AND JANET MULLIGAN WINGATE UNIVERSITY-Central- place foraging among beavers ( Castor canadensis) in the southern piedmont of North Carolina. It is believed that beavers (Castor canadensis) exhibit many characteristics of central- place foragers. They establish a home base by constructing a lodge or den, and may frequently build dams to make their habitat more suitable. If beavers are central-place foragers, they will seek food within a certain radius of their homes. The food may be eaten where it is found, or transported back to their homes and eaten later. Beavers may face greater predation risks when they forage at greater distances from water. In addition, tree diameter and distance from water increases handling time, and therefore, energy investment Larger trees must be sectioned if they are to be carried back to the beaver lodge or dam. We measured foraging site characteristics (tree species, tree diameter, distance of tree from pond, percent cover, and stem density) at five different locations adjacent to beaver colonies, and at five control sites away from beaver colonies. We tested the hypotheses that beaver feeding behaviors will show central-place foraging, and will be consistent with the strategies of predator avoidance and energy maximization. Abstracts 101 9 KEATON, MOLLY1, DENNIS C. HANEY1, JULIO BONILLA2 and YATSKA VALENTIN2. 1 Furman University and "Universidad Metropolitana, Puerto Rico-The effects of zinc and calcium on the biology of yellowfin shiners (Notropis lutipinnis) and bluehead chubs (Nocomis leptocephalus) in the Upper Enoree River of South Carolina. The Upper Enoree River located near Traveler’s Rest, SC, has high levels of zinc, calcium and conductivity, in combination with low levels of bicarbonates and total fish abundance. In preliminary experiments higher calcium concentrations appeared to decrease fish mortality, perhaps by binding to the same site as zinc and decreasing damage at the gills. We tested this by exposing yellowfin shiners (Notropis lutipinnis) to three different zinc and calcium concentrations (nine total treatments) in a laboratory setting. The highest concentration of zinc (6 ppm) caused high mortality regardless of the level of calcium. However, at a moderate zinc level (3 ppm) elevated calcium did reduce mortality. Here the highest level of calcium (14.5 ppm) significantly reduced mortality compared to both lower concentrations of calcium, and 8.5 ppm calcium significantly reduced mortality compared to the lowest calcium level. In a second experiment we examined the effect of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of zinc (from 0 to 0.57 ppm) on the metabolism of N. lutipinnis, with the hypothesis that zinc exposure would decrease metabolism. Groups of yellowfin shiners collected from a nearby uncontaminated stream were exposed to one of five zinc concentrations for 3-6 days, at which point metabolic rates of individual fishes were determined. Preliminary results support our hypothesis. Finally, we also studied mortality, growth, and gill histology of another highly abundant fish species in this watershed, the bluehead chub (Nocomis leptocephalus). Higher zinc concentrations were associated with greater dysfunction in this species as well. 10 PARSONS, AMANDA1, MARLA GEDDIS1, KELLI KRASE2, DENNIS C. HANEY1, AND C. BRANNON ANDERSEN1. Vurman University and 2Bethany College — Evaluating the influence of water chemistry on the fishes of the Broad River basin. Previous research in the Broad River basin of upstate South Carolina has suggested that changes in water chemistry associated with urban sprawl and human land use may significantly impact the diversity and abundance of the biota found in this habitat. In this study, we examined multiple aspects of the relationship between changes in water chemistry and changes in fish biota. We first compared species abundance, richness and diversity data with water chemistry data at a number of sites in the Broad River basin. Secondly, we investigated the effect of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) located along these streams on water chemistry and the biota. Results indicated that dissolved oxygen (DO), PO4, NO3, and S04 appear to be the major factors that affect diversity at sites in the Broad River basin. We then studied the effect of naturally occurring low DO conditions. Hypothesizing that the morphology of the species would affect its ability to utilize surface oxygen in a low DO environment, two species exhibiting different head morphology were chosen for this part of our study. Nocomis leptocephalus, a commonly found species with a subterminal mouth, and Cllnostomus funduloides, a species with a superior mouth, were collected from relatively pristine sites with high DO levels and transplanted to sites with high (6. 5-8. 3 mg/I), medium (6-6.5 mg/I), or low (0.9-1. 6 mg/I) levels of DO. The low DO treatment resulted in significant mortality in both species However at more moderate levels of DO a trend was seen towards greater survivorship in C. funduloides. 102 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No, 2, April, 2003 11 MAXWELL, CHERIE, CHENEIN SEGALAS AND MARK MEADE. Jacksonville State University-The effects of acute exposure to nitrate on the metabolic physiology of nile tilapia, Oreochromis nilotica. Nitrogenous waste products such as ammonia and nitrite are well known toxicants to aquatic organisms. Nitrate, however, is considered relatively non-toxic to most aquatic organisms. Research has recently begun to re-evaluate the effects of elevated nitrate concentrations on commercially important tilapia species. Tilapia are among the oldest of known families of fishes existing today. Tilapias are native to Africa and the Middle East, however due to commercial exploitation, naturalized populations exist in many temperate and tropical regions worldwide. Tilapia are fast growers, obtaining market sizes near 11b in a year. In the US, indoor recirculating systems are mainly used to produce the semi- tropical species year round. We acutely exposed tilapia fry (50-200mg) to nitrate concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000mg/l to determine the effects on metabolic rates. We also exposed fry to nitrite concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000mg/l (positive controls). Oxygen consumption rates of animals exposed to any concentration of nitrate were not significantly different from negative controls (0mg/l) and averaged 0.5-1 pmol 02/min*mg fresh weight. Oxygen consumption rates nearly quadrupled when animals were acutely exposed to 1000mg/l nitrite. Overall, these data suggest that acute, short duration exposure of tilapia fry to high nitrate concentrations are not stressful. Future studies are underway examining the effects of chronic exposure to nitrates on metabolism. 12 WALSH, STEPHEN J., MATTHEW A. BURGESS, AND WILLIAM B. TATE. U.S. Geological Survey — Status of the crystal darter ( Crystallaria asprella ), river redhorse (Moxostoma carinatum), and cypress minnow ( Hyboqnathus hayi) in Florida. In Florida, the crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella), river redhorse ( Moxostoma carinatum), and cypress minnow ( Hybognathus hayi) have distributions restricted to the Escambia River, and relatively little is known about the biology or ecology of these three species. We conducted a survey of the Florida section of the Escambia River drainage in an effort to determine the current status of these species in the state. A total of 84 collections were made using a variety of gears in the main channel of the river, backwater habitats, and tributary streams. Over 17,000 fish specimens representing 83 taxa were collected during the survey. No specimens of crystal darter or river redhorse were collected and a single cypress minnow was collected in the main channel of the river. Other rare species collected during the survey included alligator gar ( Atractosteus spatula), harlequin darter (Etheostoma histrio), bluenose shiner ( Pteronotropis welaka), and ironcolor shiner (Notropis chalybeus). Based on a combination of historical data and our results, we conclude that the crystal darter and the river redhorse are critically imperiled in the state of Florida, if not already extirpated, and merit recognition as endangered. Although recent data indicate that remnant populations of cypress minnow may still persist in the state, we recommend that this species be reclassified as threatened and that additional monitoring and study are warranted to ensure long-term protection. This project was supported by funding from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 13 SAMS, C. MICHAEL1, NANCY M. GARRETT1, IRENE KOKKALA1, AND STEPHEN J. WALSH 'North Georgia College & State University and 2U.S. Geological Survey — Histology and survey of the juxtatesticular body in six species of iawfishes, family Qpistoqnathidae. The unpaired juxtatesticular body (JTB) is a small, ovoid organ in male jawfishes, family Opistognathidae. The JTB typically ranges in diameter from 1-6 mm, lies outside the coelomic cavity, is of nephrogenic origin, lies posteroventral to the kidney, dorsal to the urinary bladder, and is flanked by the testes. The ductless tissue consists of highly Abstracts 103 vascularized follicles similar in nature to the vertebrate thyroid gland. Based on cytological and histochemical characteristics and its sexually dimorphic occurrence, the JTB is inferred to be secretory and putatively involved in reproduction, yet its function is unknown. The JTB has previously been documented in four jawfish species, all of the genus Opistognathus (O aurifrons , O. macrognathus, O. maxillosus, and O. whitehurstii). Museum specimens of six jawfish species were examined for presence of the JTB, to further document taxonomic diversity of its occurrence and in an effort to determine if this structure represents a synapomorphy for the family. Samples were mounted in hydroxyethyl methacrylate using a JB-4 embedding kit, sectioned at 1-2 microns, and stained with toluidine blue. The presence of a JTB is confirmed in additional material of O. maxillosus and O. whitehurstii , and for the first time its occurrence in O. leprocarus is reported. The presence of the JTB in limited material of O. aurifrons is not confirmed and for O. latitabunda or Lonchopisthus higmani is not to date evident. Additional studies are required to further evaluate the taxonomic distribution of the JTB, as well as to fully characterize its structure and determine its function. 14 WARD, MERCEDES M. AND ANN M. FRASER. The University of the South- Modification of honeydew excretion behavior by the tuliptree scale insect, Toumeyella liriodendri, in response to ant exclusion and simulated attack. A number of homopteran insects associate with ants. The ants harvest the honeydew excretions produced by the homopterans and in return protect the homopterans from natural enemies. A similar relationship exists between ants and larvae of some butterflies (Lycaenidae and Riodinidae), except that the butterfly larvae actively secrete food rewards through exocrine glands. Lycaenid larvae have been shown to alter their secretion rate in response to 'attack' and thus attract a larger ant guard. To determine if homopterans exhibit similar control over their rate of honeydew production, we investigated the excretion behavior of tuliptree scale insects (Toumeyella liriodendri) in the field when tended by ants ( Formica sp. ). We recorded the rate of honeydew excretion before and after ant exclusion, and before and after a simulated attack. Individual scale excretion rates under natural (undisturbed) conditions varied greatly (from 0 to 34 excretions per 10 min). During the ten minutes immediately following the exclusion of ants, the scales stopped excreting. Observations of scale behavior after an extended period of ant exclusion showed that when scales began excreting again, they often ejected the excretions instead of holding them as they did when ants were present. Simulated attacks of scales, by pinching with forceps, had no effect on honeydew excretion rates. These results suggest that tuliptree scales can control their rate of honeydew excretion, but that they may not use this ability to influence ant attendance levels. This contrasts with the behavior of lycaenid larvae, but further studies of ant-homopteran interactions are needed. 15 BUMPASS, DAVID AND VICTORIA TURGEON. Furman University-Increased intracellular calcium levels contribute to apoptosis in avian motoneurons following . activation of the protease-activated receptor 1 Activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) by thrombin has been shown to significantly decrease motoneuron survival PAR-1 is a G protein receptor that is activated when thrombin cleaves the original amino terminus generating a new terminus that binds to and activates the transmembrane portion of the receptor. Yet, the signaling pathway following PAR-1 activation has not been elucidated. Research suggests that a calcium set point, a balance between intracellular calcium (Ca‘ ',) and growth factors, is necessary for the survival of motoneurons and that imbalance leads to death. In our first study, we hypothesized that PAR-1 activated motoneuron death in vitro would correspond with increased levels of Ca"+j. Preliminary data indicate that increased Ca' f, levels do correspond with a higher incidence of motoneuron death following PAR-1 activation In addition, motoneuron death often results in the concurrent loss of target skeletal muscle 104 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 cells, which are a known source of motoneuron growth factors. However, such an event would induce a much greater degree of motoneuron cell death (>80% of the control) than we had previously observed. Therefore, in a second study, we hypothesized that PAR-1 activation in vivo would not affect skeletal muscle cell survival. The preliminary histological studies support the hypothesis that in vivo activation of PAR-1 does not alter the number of surviving skeletal muscle cells. Taken together, these data indicate that Ca^+i serves as a second messenger employed in the cell death pathway following activation of PAR-1, while muscle-derived growth factor levels are unaltered. NIH 1R15 NS40336-01 16 AROGUNDADE, KAREEMATULAI1. AND MICHELLE, CHENAULT2. Howard University and Food and Drug Administration — The effect of some forms of enrichment on the development and health of the Psammomys obesus (sand rat). Approximately 16 million Americans have diabetes mellitus (DM) with the concomitant heart disease, blindness, kidney disease and other life threatening illnesses. One third of hospitalized patients are diabetic. More and improved animal models are needed. Psammomys obesus (sand rat), a rodent in the gerbil family native to the sub-Saharan desert and Northern Africa, has been used sporadically since 1970 to study diabetes. Upon eating a high-energy diet, the sand rat (SR) develops clinical symptoms consisted with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and thus is a good model to study diabetes. However, it is not an easily bred in captivity. The research goal was to study enrichment aids on the development and health of the SR, to improve the colony breeding. Enrichment (single versus group housing and treats, i.e., plexiglass tubes, brown paper bags and alfalfa cubes) was found to impact SR health and development and thus merits additional investigation. 17 YANG, DAZHI AND WILLIAM ECKBERG. Howard University, Washington, DC- Protein kinase C isoform expression, distribution, activation and biological function at fertilization and differentiation without cleavage in Chaetopterus eggs. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been reported to be involved in various aspects of egg maturation, fertilization and early development. Because different isoforms of enzymes may have different functions, we examined the isoforms of PKC in Chaetopterus eggs and embryos. We found five PKC isoforms in Chaetopterus eggs and determined their expression levels by western blotting. The eggs contained PKC-a, -(3, -y, -£ and The levels of PKC-(, -y, -p and —t were greater than that of PKC-a. Immunocytochemistry showed that in unfertilized eggs, PKC -p, -y and -l, were in the cell membrane, cytosol and nucleus, whereas PKC-a and -e were in the membrane and cytosol, but not the nucleus. The activated PKC-a, -P, -e and isoforms decreased before the first division of the fertilized egg. Similarly, the activated PKC -p, -y, -£ and isoforms decreased by 60 min after KCI activation. Throughout development and differentiation without cleavage, these PKC isoforms became redistributed. We also tested whether activation or inhibition of PKC would affect development. Two PKC activators, thymeleatoxin and phorbol 12, 13- dibutyrate (PDBu) blocked cell division after normal fertilization. In addition, the two activators altered cell differentiation induced by 75 mM KCI. The PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I, had no effect on the processes of fertilization or differentiation without cleavage. The data provided here demonstrate that multiple PKC isoforms are present in Chaetopterus eggs. The regulation of cell division and differentiation might be achieved by manipulating the activation of specific PKC isoforms and the intracellular redistribution of these activated isoforms. Supported in part by NSF MCB-0090108 to WRE. Abstracts 105 18 WILLIAMS, KETHURAH, AND WILLIAM R. ECKBERG. Howard University, Washington, DC-Phospholipase C-dependent calcium release in Chaetopterus egg microsomes in response to mammalian sperm factor Egg activation at fertilization can result either from sperm-egg contact or fusion. Various laboratories have presented evidence in support of each of these alternatives. Regardless, the activation process in eggs of the polychaete annelid Chaetopterus and many other organisms, including mammals, requires the synthesis of inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate (IP3) from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phospholipase C. IP3 then elicits cytoplasmic calcium oscillations that in turn initiate development. Fusion- dependent hypotheses are attractive as the bulk of the evidence indicates that sperm do not activate eggs until they fuse with them. These hypotheses are supported by the fact that soluble protein from sperm can activate mammalian and other eggs. A soluble component in boar sperm that activates mammalian eggs has been suggested to be a phospholipase C isoform. We tested this hypothesis using Chaetopterus egg microsomes in vitro. Boar sperm factor elicited calcium release from the microsomes by an I PS- dependent mechanism as evidenced by mutual desensitization by IP3 and sperm factor. The phospholipase C antagonist U-73122, but not its inactive analog U-73343, blocked the ability of sperm factor to elicit calcium release, but not the ability of IP3 to elicit such a release. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the component in boar sperm lysates that activates eqqs is a PIP2-specific phospholipase C. Supported in part by NSF MCB-0090108 to WRE 19 LECATOR, HEALEY T. AND ABERNATHY, SHAWN M. Howard University— Determining the feasibility of NMR spectroscopy as a tool for analyzing airborne samples. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very versatile analytical tool that is routinely used to determine the molecular structure of organic liquids as well as solid samples. In this investigation, experiments have been designed and performed to determine the feasibility of NMR for analyzing airborne samples, which are in the gas phase. In this case, the vapor phase of a volatile organic liquid mixture was analyzed. Prior to this analysis, the proton NMR spectrum of an identical control sample in the liquid phase was collected and used for comparison to the airborne samples. Qualitatively, the experimental design and results were as predicted. The NMR spectra of the airborne sample and liquid reference were quite similar. It is possible that this experimental design and protocol can be enhanced and used to analyze the composition of airborne samples on a larger scale. Future research will entail quantification of airborne components of an organic mixture. 20 GRAND, EDWARD A., RONALD H. PETERSEN, AND KAREN W. HUGHES. Dept of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN —Lentinus tigrinus (Fungi, Basidiomycotina) is a circum-qlobal species. We employed single-basidiospore isolates (SBIs) of Lentinus tigrinus (Bull. : Fr ) from nine widely scattered geographic locations. For six collections, spores were isolated from fresh, field-collected basidiomata. For the other three collections, 20-30 year-old dikaryon cultures were fruited in vitro, and spores were collected from fruited basidiomata. SBIs from each collection were paired with those of all other collections (n = 4 or 8) to ascertain mating intercompatibility. Results showed complete infraspecific compatibility among collections, indicating that all collections represented the same biological species Likewise, morphological studies indicated that all collections were of the same morphospecies. Although infraspecific crosses showed complete intercompatibility, nrDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences indicated divergence between North American and Eurasian collections (~95 % homologous). Sequence homologies were less than would have been 106 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 expected of infraspecific collections. These data indicated that criteria for separating species based on sequence variability may be misleading in light of biological and morphological data. 21 STOUME, KATHERINE1, KATHLEEN HORNBERGER1, AND KIMBERLY HUNTER". Widener University1 and Salisbury University2-ls there more than one large endemic species of Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) in Florida? Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) is a New World genus with 80-100 taxa. Identification of species has always been difficult because of morphological subtleties. One taxonomic problem unresolved from the SE US taxa is whether S. xerophyllum Greene was the only large endemic species of blue-eyed-grass in Florida, or whether S. solstitiale Bickn. is also a valid taxon. Austin & Oliver (1974) considered them separate species based on several characteristics: populations in the northern counties tended to be short and bloomed in early spring, whereas the populations from southern counties were tall and bloomed in late summer through the fall. The type locality for both taxa (vicinity of Eustis, Lake County) in the center of the state showed both morphologies and blooming cycles. Hornberger (1987) considered only one valid taxon, S. xerophyllum Greene, with S. solstitiale Bickn. a synonym. Volume 26 of the Flora of North America (2002) concurs with the latter work. However, different Florida manuals include one or the other species, depending on the area of the state. Stomate size was measured from at least 5 populations in three different areas of the state: north, central, and south to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference; initial data indicates such is the case. This suggests that there are actually two robust blue-eyed-grass species in the state. Molecular data from cpDNA and ISSR markers will be performed for additional evidence. 22 BONNER, LISA, CORI WALKER, ERIN JOLLY AND PATRICK MYER. Peace College-Colonization of benthic macroinvertebrates on artificial samplers in a lotic ecosystem. Using Hester-Dendy artificial samplers as a substrate, we sampled two streams in Wake County, N.C. to determine the pattern and sequence of macroinvertebrate colonization within lotic ecosystems. Riffles and pools in each stream were sampled at the following time points: 5 hour sample at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours, 5-Day sample at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days, and 10-Day sample at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days. Hester-Dendy samplers were removed at the appropriate time point and placed in white enamel pans, then the plates were disassembled and rinsed. The macroinvertebrates were hand-picked with forceps and preserved in 50% ethanol. Physicochemical parameters measured in the field included stream width, depth, velocity, pH, and oxygen. We calculated species richness, species diversity and taxa richness in addition to reporting the trophic status of macroinvertebrates (predators, detritivores, filter feeders). The data suggest that new habitats were colonized quickly, however species colonization was slightly higher in riffles. Species numbers tended to remain constant during the sample period once colonization was established, and the sequence of colonization was typically based on trophic status with detritivores and filter-feeders arriving first followed by predators. Creek size did not appear to influence numbers of species, however there was a positive correlation between the number of individuals and water velocity. Because streams are chaotic environments, are subject to constant immigration and emigration of species, and are influenced by natural and anthropogenic disturbances, repeated long-term studies are necessary to determine colonization patterns of these benthic ecosystems. Abstracts 107 23 MOORE, CHAD, SANDRA ROUSSEAU AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University-Utilization of concentrated Nannochloropsis oculata (Japanese Chorella) in sunfish fry survival compared to other commercial fry feeds. Nannochloropsis oculata (Japanese Chorella) is an exceedingly small algae (3-9pm) with a high nutritional value for swim up fish fry. The mouth structure of sunfish is exceedingly small and in intensive artificial fish culture, the lack of natural algae and macrophytes leads to unacceptably high mortalities. Chorella being a small microalgae was intensively cultured and given as a starter feed to fry and compared to usual fry diets of Artemia and a commercial powder. The survival of fry on these diets was determined. 24 FET, GALINA N.1, ROBERT MASLOWSKI2, WILLIAM G. CIBULA3, and ELIZABETH V. FET1. 'Marshall University, West Virginia, 2US Corps of Engineers, West Virginia and 'University of New Orleans, Louisiana-New data on the ribosomal DNA ITS regions of puffball mushrooms from West Virginia. Two species of puffballs were collected in West Virginia: The common puffball (Gemmed Puffball) Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. and the giant puffball Calvatia (=Langermannia) gigantea (Batsch: Pers.) Lloyd (Lycoperdaceae, Lycoperdales, Basidiomycota). We obtained the sequence data on nuclear ribosomal DNA from these species. About 700 base pairs of the DNA sequence including the variable, non-coding Internal Transcribed Spacer ITS1 (273 bp) and ITS2 (210 bp) regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with ITS specific primers, and sequenced. These DNA regions lie between highly conserved portions of the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA genes. The DNA sequence of Lycoperdon perlatum was compared to a common puffball population from Europe (Czech Republic) (data of Krueger et al., 2001, available from the GenBank database, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In the ITS regions of ribosomal DNA number of variable sites between these two populations of L. perlatum was 14 in ITS1 and 16 in ITS2 (5.1 % and 7.6 %, respectively). The single most parsimonious phylogenetic tree obtained with PAUP* 4.0b10 program confirmed the position of the West Virginia population in L. perlatum (bootstrap support 100%). 25 TAYLOR, OLIN S., ZACK E. MURRELL, RUTH DEWEL, AND ALEX MARTIN. Appalachian State University, NC-Biosystematic investigation of the Lindera benzoin complex in eastern North America. North American members of Lindera are hydrophilic, occupying bogs, pocosins, and riparian borders in the Southeast. These aromatic shrubs are food sources for wetland songbirds and butterflies. Although Steyermark recognized L. subcoriacea and Wofford recognized L. melissifolia as being separate from the common species L. benzoin, species boundaries remain ambiguous. The rarity of L. melissifolia and L. subcoriacea is attributed to habitat specificity and limitations of reproductive biology. Low seedling recruitment and vegetative propagation have resulted in limited genetic diversity within populations. This project attempts to elucidate relationships within this genus, to identify chemical and morphological character states, and to combine phytochemical and morphometric techniques to evaluate species delineation and population variation Leaf and drupe materials were collected from Central and Southeastern United States. Scanning electron microscopy was used to quantify morphometric variation in epidermal leaf traits such as trichome size, stomatal structure and epicuticular papillae. We have found differences in leaf morphology among populations of L. melissifolia and L. subcoriacea. Preliminary data indicate high levels of intraspecific variation for both species. This study analyzes genetic differences using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR). Variation of essential oil distillates will be measured by fractional analysis. Secondary metabolites will be compared to the morphological and molecular data in an attempt to enhance our knowledge of species boundaries. By 108 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 understanding the genotypic and phenotypic variation in these imperiled shrubs, we hope to clarify protocols for species recovery and future breeding projects. 26 LUTE, SUSIE K„ FAIZA FAKHAR, AHMER KHAN GHORI, RYAN WHITNEY, KENNETH G. WILSON, AND DAVID A. FRANCKO. Miami University-Mechanisms of cold-hardiness in palms: protein expression Field and laboratory research conducted since 1998 at Miami University suggests that five or six temperate palms may be grown successfully under USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6 conditions. We used a leaf disc assay (Francko and Wilson, unpublished) to measure the cold hardiness of several palms under winter and summer conditions, and observed that there is little difference. Based on the leaf disc assay, palms such as Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Sabal palmetto and Trachycarpus fortunei are very resistant to cold in both summer and winter conditions. In fact, the palms tested are more resistant to cold during summer growth than winter growth. Ion leakage assays on cold-treated T. fortunei corroborate the hypothesis that palms do not acclimate to cold temperatures (Francko, Wilson, and Lu, unpublished). These results suggest a unique or novel mechanism of cold hardiness exists in cold hardy palms. We are also investigating the molecular mechanisms of this cold-hardiness in our palms using proteomics. We will study protein expression among varieties/species of palms with different levels of cold tolerance, using 2D gel electrophoresis. We will also compare protein expression in the same species of palm under various conditions. Identifying factors involved with cold tolerance in palms could allow the engineering of cold-hardy palm strains able to grow in areas where palms could not be cultivated before, and would help provide new understanding of mechanisms of cold hardiness in plants. 27 FARMER, SUSAN B. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN-Phytoqeoqraphic survey of Trilliaceae. Trilliaceae are plants of North Temperate forests with a holarctic distribution, and the family has been proposed to be Arcto-Tertiary in origin. Even though it has a pan-north temperate distribution, there is a high degree of endemism within the family; only one species has a widespread distribution. Of the six genera, three are monotypic endemics. There are many interesting distributional patterns in the family relating to morphology, merosity, and ploidy levels. The center of diversity of tribe Trillieae is in the southeastern United States; the center of diversity for tribe Parideae is in China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses show that the basal most lineage is restricted to the Siskiyou Range of the Pacific Northwest; in addition, the basal lineages in the major clades appear to be restricted to Asia or the western U S. This suggests that the origin of the family is in this region with subsequent radiations to Asia and eastern North America. 28 NOBLE, SARAH MARIE1 AND DAVID K. SMITH2. University of Tennessee-Spray zone Flora of Falls Branch Falls, Monroe County, Tennessee. Over 1800 collections were made from March 1999 to November 2001 in the spray zones of Falls Branch Falls, Monroe County, Tennessee. The spray zone bryoflora includes over 130 taxa representing several moss and liverwort families. Of particular interest are those taxa listed at the state and/or federal level. 29 KENYON, KYLE C„ LINDA E. WATSON AND SUSAN R. BARNUM. Miami Universitv-The molecular phyloqeny of the heterocystous cyanobacteria as assessed by 23S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Cyanobacterial phylogeny has undergone several revisions since their discovery. Based on morphological and reproductive characteristics, they are separated into five sections, Abstracts 109 with I, II and III comprising the nonheterocystous strains and section IV (12 genera) and V (6 genera) the heterocystous strains. Section II and IV more recently were split into two subgroups each, with a total of 56 genera across all sections. Another scheme separates the cyanobacteria into 6 orders, with 7 distinct families and 66 genera. The heterocystous cyanobacteria are distinguished by the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts. A group of 21 strains comprising representatives of the major genera of the heterocystous cyanobacteria (Section IV and V) and 3 outgroup strains from Section I, II and III were used for phylogenetic analysis. DNA was isolated from each strain, the 16S small subunit and 23S large subunit ribosomal RNA gene was amplified using PCR, cloned into E. coli and sequenced using Sanger dideoxy chemistry and an automated sequencer. Final consensus sequences were made from 3 sequenced clones. Stems and loops were weighted for the RNA secondary structure and analyses done using Paup 4.0. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance methods. Clade support was done using bootstrap analysis. Based on these analyses the section IV and V heterocystous cyanobacteria form a well supported, monophyletic lineage and should not be classified into two sections based on reproductive characteristics. 30 WEIGANT, PATRICIA L. Peace College — Plants in hyperspace: visualizing the niche of heath bald dominants. Heath balds or “slicks” are ericaceous shrub communities which occur in potential zones of spruce-fir, northern hardwood, or oak-pine forest. This study examined a series of balds (related vegetational units) across as broad a spectrum of habitats as possible in an attempt to circumscribe the “niche" for each dominant species, and in doing so, to circumscribe the community. Twenty-nine rocky ridges, peaks, and flat rock outcrops in the Blue Ridge of North Carolina were sampled for vegetation, elevation, aspect, slope, and 13 soil factors. Though usually characterized as occupying xeric south- to southwest¬ facing ridges, balds in this study were encountered at all aspects except north and north- northeast. Though best developed at elevations over 1,340m, balds ranged from 1,036 - 1,840m. Slopes varied from nearly level to 46° over felsic metamorphics such as quartzite, metasandstone, metaconglomerate, gneiss, and schist. Seven shrubs dominated the communities: Kalmia latifolia , Rhododendron minus, R. maximum, R. catawbiense, Vaccinium constablaei, Menziesia pilosa, and Pieris floribunda. Multivariate analyses indicate that elevation, aspect, and slope are the three most important abiotic factors in determining species assemblages. PCA separated three groups of species with similar edaphic requirements — (1) Menziesia pilosa, Vaccinium constablaei, Rhododendron catawbiense, and Pieris floribunda on xeric to mesic steep slopes of high elevations; (2) Rhododendron maximum and Kalmia latifolia on mesic, mid to lower elevation sites with high cation exchange capacity; and (3) Rhododendron minus at lower elevation sites which are dry, acid, and infertile. PCA of individual species with environmental factors provides “niche diagrams.” 31 BOUTIN, ALISON. DAVID FRANCKO, and KE MEDLEY. Miami University- Redefininq the Northern Boundaries of Two North American Sabal Palm Species Horticulturists are interested in macroclimatic and microclimatic variation across space and through time, and the degree to which the range limits of plants correspond with these changes. Southwest Ohio occurs across a climatic transition between cool and warm temperate climate regimes as defined by winter minimum temperatures. This study reviews changes across the transition as reflected in the boundaries between macroclimatic zones defined by Koppen, USDA, Sunset and Southern Living and relates these regional patterns to the successful propagation trials of two palm species, Sabal palmetto and Sabal minor. The study compares macroclimatic changes across the region for historical and current data and microclimatic data for five palm sites Results show 110 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 geographic shifts in the C-D Koppen boundary through time, depending on the time period and spatial resolution of the data. Microclimatic data for the palm sites further clarify the position of the tension zone, but survivorship data suggest a broader cold tolerance by palms across this region. These data, coupled with corresponding research in biotechnology, substantiate the potential for horticultural range expansion in ornamental palms. 32 CONNER, WILLIAM AND TOMMY SOCHA. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Charleston District — Growth and survival of plants used to control erosion on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Willow wattlings and seedlings of grasses, shrubs, and trees were used to establish a slope and shoreline demonstration project on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, SC. On the slope, the average height of wattling sprouts in August 2002 was 118 cm. Tree seedling survival on the slope was poor for all species with 6% of the Betula nigra , 22% of the Fraxinus pennsylvannica and Platanus occidentalis , and 44% of the Acer rubrum surviving two years. Of shrubs, Juniperus conferta survival was low at 16%, but the Ilex vomitoria and Myrica cerifera had a survival rate of 62%. Nerium oleander was the best shrub survivor at 75%. Planted grass survival ranged from 86% of Spartina patens to 97% of Liriope muscari and Panicum virgatum to 99% of Panicum amarum Northpa. All of the grass plants exhibited some degree of spread even though 2001 and 2002 were drought years. Along the shoreline, Scirpus americanus originally planted on a 0.6-m x 0.6-m spacing on the southern half of the site has spread to cover much of the area. Bareroot seedlings of Taxodium distichum , Nyssa aquatica , and Betula nigra were planted along the southern half of the shore but deer and beaver browsing have destroyed nearly all of the seedlings. Panicum repens , a plant found commonly on wet sandy shores from Texas to Florida, is invading the site and may out-compete the S. americanus. Overall, the slope and shore are well covered with a variety of plants and erosion has been minimal. 33 TAVERNA, KRISTIN AND PETER S. WHITE. University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill-Forests of continuity of the North Carolina Piedmont; species composition and distribution across the landscape. We propose that there are three attributes of “old-growth" forest: lack of human disturbance, age of the dominant trees, and continuity. The North Carolina Piedmont lacks two of these. Pristine conditions are absent because even older forest patches have a history of cutting, livestock grazing, drainage alteration, or changes in fire freguency. In addition, dominant trees are only occasionally near their maximum life spans. However, the third criterion, continuity, may apply to some Piedmont forests. We define forests of continuity as sites that have been continuously forested since presettlement times, regardless of the age of the trees or the amount of past disturbance. Though these forests often experienced human disturbances, they were never entirely clear-cut and soils were never plowed. We attempted to identify forests of continuity in the eastern piedmont of North Carolina by examining species composition and environmental characteristics. Proposed forests of continuity were found to have a non-random distribution associated with certain soil and topographic variables. This supports the idea that such forest patches primarily exist because they served as old woodlots on areas too difficult to farm or were necessary for lumber and firewood. The remnant forest patches also support a unique herbaceous species assemblage not witnessed on post-agriculture secondary forests. It is therefore critical that these areas be protected to ensure any rare or slow-migration species do not disappear from the Piedmont forest flora. Abstracts 111 34 ALEXANDER, MARK, STEPHEN ALEXANDER, AND HILL CRADDOCK. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga — Conservation of Castanea dentata qermplasm of the southeastern United States. If the ongoing effort to breed and reintroduce a blight resistant American chestnut, Castanea dentata, is to succeed, adequate diversity must be captured by inclusion of genetic resources from throughout the entire native range. This means finding and breeding surviving C. dentata stump sprouts before they are lost to blight, canopy competition, or loss of forest habitat To include the valuable germplasm of the Tennessee region we developed strategies for locating surviving trees, managing forest sites, and breeding mother trees using conventional techniques. This year our efforts resulted in the location of three surviving seed-bearing C. dentata trees in Tennessee, located in Lincoln, Blount, and Polk Counties. We bred the Lincoln and Blount Co. trees using selected pollen from three sources. We used C. dentata pollen resulting in the collection of 80 seeds. We used Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) pollen from a 1930s TVA planting resulting in six FI hybrid seeds. And we used pollen from two second-backcross (B2) Chinese-American hybrids from The American Chestnut Foundation resulting in the collection of 37 third backcross (B3) seeds. We also collected 34 open pollinated seeds from the Polk county tree. The total harvest of 265 seeds will be planted at our orchard facilities in Chattanooga, screened for blight resistance, and conserved for inclusion in the breeding project. 35 ALEXANDER, STEPHEN, MARK ALEXANDER, JASON HOUCK, AND J. HILL CRADDOCK. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga — Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping of Castanea dentata genetic resources in Tennessee. Finding and breeding surviving C. dentata stump sprouts is difficult due to their relatively short lives and remote forest locations. To facilitate successful location of surviving mother trees we employ the use of GIS overlay mapping and ArcGis software for the production of chestnut range maps. The GIS laboratory facilities at UTC allow us to integrate ecological information from county historical records, satellite image data on forest coverage, and the databases of other American chestnut researchers. The maps plot known tree locations and indicate probable geographic locations for favorable chestnut habitat. The maps help us predict the likelihood of finding surviving American chestnut trees at a particular site based on companion vegetation, geologic formation, elevation, soil composition, and historical record. The predictive function of GIS can be readily updated and expanded for use as an organizational geodatabase for breeding and pedigree information. 36 MCLEOD, KENNETH W., WILLIAM H CONNER, AND JAMES. K. MCCARRON Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (University of Georgia), Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science (Clemson University), and Kansas State University-Response of baldcypress to saline inundation Baldcypress is among the most important species in the southeastern coastal forests, but seedlings are susceptible to saline inundation due to sea level rise and hurricane storm surge. When first year seedlings were chronically exposed to 10 ppt saline inundation or acutely (48-hour) exposed to 30 ppt saline inundation, photosynthesis and ultimately survival were affected. But, when saplings, up to 4 years old, were exposed to an identical acute event, the response was inconsistent. This was probably due to the saline flood water not having ample time to diffuse into the rhizosphere of the inundated saplings Subsequently a group of potted saplings were allowed to partially dry prior to being inundated with 30 ppt saline water. The saline water could now rapidly enter the soil. In this situation, all four ages of baldcypress saplings rapidly began to wilt, indicating affected water absorption or translocation, which could be measured in reduced stomatal 112 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 conductance and rates of photosynthesis and transpiration. In less than one week following this acute salinity exposure, the foliage had browned from top to bottom, regardless of sapling age or size. Another group of saplings, which had not been dried down prior to inundating with 30 ppt saline water, showed very little response. Increased rainfall which might precede saline overland storm surge might actually protect the vegetation. This protection would be greatest in areas with convex topography and least in concave depressions where the saline storm surges would collect and eventually percolate into the soil. 37 COCKING, DEAN, WENDY PENDLETON, JENNIFER LODER, AND JENNIFER FAIRSERVICE. James Madison University-Atmospheric mercury dust deposition from South River floodplain soil contamination at Waynesboro, VA. The floodplain of Waynesboro, VA was contaminated with mercury due to industrial activity between 1929 and 1950. The presence of Hg in soils and organisms downstream from the source has been previously demonstrated. Mercury in dust deposition on plant leaves from three species: Lomcera japonica, Jumperus virginiana, and Acer negundo at both upstream and downstream (contaminated) sites was examined. An expected higher Hg content in dust at the contaminated site was found in comparison with the control site. Older plants accumulated more Hg than younger plants supporting time dependent accumulation. Unexpectedly, Hg was also present on control site leaves where soil concentrations were low. In a preliminary study, plastic petri plate “dust collectors" containing Tangle-trap organic gum were placed at locations around Wayneboro for a half year of exposure and then collected and analyzed for total Hg with a FIMS atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Widespread deposition of traces of Hg in dust is implicated; including at locations relatively distant from the Hg contaminated segment of the floodplain. The environmental and public health impacts of this observation are not expected to be great; however, interesting questions emerge from the study. 38 FRANCKO, DAVID A.1 AND KENNETH G. WILSON. Dept, of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH-A Laboratory Leaf-Disc Assay for Palm Foliar Cold Tolerance. In experiments on cultivated palms at Miami University (Oxford, OH; USDA Zone 6a), our objectives were to: (1) construct laboratory-based leaf-disc mortality curves as a function of decreasing temperature, and (2) compare foliar damage/ defoliation temperature benchmarks in laboratory leaf-disc assays to those derived from field-grown plants. Leaf discs (0.7 cm) were excised from mature leaves of Rhapidophyilum hystrix (needle palm), Sabal minor (dwarf palmetto), Sabal ‘Louisiana’ (Louisiana dwarf palmetto), Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), Trachycarpus fortunei (Chinese windmill palm), Sabal palmetto (cabbage palmetto), Chamaedorea radicalis (dwarf bamboo palm), and Chamaerops humilis (Mediterranean fan palm). Palms were sampled from multiple, microclimatically similar plots in February and March 2002 and again in summer 2002 (N = 3 plants/ experiment; 5 disks from 2 leaves per plant; 30 disks total/species/experiment). Discs placed in glass scintillation vials with moistened Perlite were returned to the laboratory and incubated for 2 h at temperatures ranging from 23F to -25F, followed by a 1 hr treatment at 39F. After 10-day room temperature incubation under indirect sunlight discs were visually scored for viability; if >50% of disk tissue non-viable (chlorosis, loss of tissue integrity, blackening) the disc was scored as dead. Control discs were assayed as above with incubation at room temperature substituted for cold treatment. This simplified disc assay adequately mirrors known palm winter field performance data and can discriminate between closely related species. Summer foliage was more cold tolerant than winter- acclimated foliage, suggesting that cold tolerance mechanisms may be constitutive in these palms. Abstracts 113 39 HOSAKA, NAOMI1'3, JOSEF F. STUEFER2 AND DENNIS F. WHIGHAM3. Tokyo Metropolitan University1, University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands2 and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center3~The ecological significance of clonal growth in an understory tree (Pawpaw -Asimina triloba). the ecological importance of clonality varies with the life histories characteristics of species and the habitats in which plants occur. In temperate deciduous forests, clonal growth is a characteristic of understory tree species but the ecological implications of clonality are not well known. We have been studying clonality in Pawpaw ( Asimina triloba) by examining the ramet dynamics of patches in forests at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Three annual censuses of 34 patches form the basis of this presentation. The turnover rate of ramets has been low and annual natality (24.1%) has exceeded mortality (9.3%). Young patches have had highly variability in net ramet increment suggesting that they may have a higher probability of going extinct. Overall ramet density was low (4.6 m'2 ). No evidence of intra-patch competition between ramets was observed. There was no clear relationship between annual growth rates and ramet size. Neither has there been any relationship between initial ramet size and mortality. The modal size of ramets in higher light patches was higher, suggesting that light availability enhances individual ramet growth. Fruits were not produced in the patches in deep shade demonstrating that clonal growth plays a crucial role in the long-term survival of Pawpaw in the forest understory, a habitat characterized by highly variable light conditions in space and time. 40 JAMES, KRISTI AND MIN-KEN LIAO. Furman University-Analysis of the genetic diversity of the endangered plant, the Bunched Arrowhead, Saqittaria fasciculata E. O. Beal, using ISSR. On July 25, 1979, the Bunched Arrowhead, Sagittaria fasciculata, was added to the endangered species list. The Bunched Arrowhead reproduces in two ways, sexually and asexually. Populations hence exhibit various levels of genetic diversity based on whether they contain only sexually or asexually-reproduced plants or a combination of the two. The purpose of this project was to determine the genetic diversity of several Bunched Arrowhead populations in the Greenville, South Carolina area using ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats). Our hypothesis was that leaves collected from genetically diverse plants will have varying “hypervariable" regions in the genomes, thus producing different band patterns on agarose gels. Analyzing these band patterns will help us assess the genetic diversity of the population. We first tested 99 different ISSR primers and determined two that produced distinguishable band patterns for the Bunched Arrowhead We then used these two primers to study the leaf samples collected from the same plant, plants from the same clone, and plants from different locations. Preliminary results show that plants from two populations do demonstrate different band patterns. We ultimately hope to streamline this procedure in order to accelerate the availability of accurate and reliable information regarding genetic diversity. 41 BOLIN, JAY AND KATHYRN EDGAR. Old Dominion University-Fire as a land management tool in isolated southeastern coastal-plain wetlands In Virginia, isolated depressional wetlands in a xeric matrix of longleaf pine savanna are known only to occur at the Blackwater Ecological Preserve (BEP), in Isle of Wight County The wetlands are a mosaic of Sphagnum cuspidatum “carpets” in the lowest areas and hummocks of Lyonia ligustrina and sapling Acer rubrum. Currently the S cuspidatum areas are being encroached by the wetland-upland transitional species, A. rubrum. Pinus taeda and P. serotina. Surrounding upland vegetation is fire dependent, suggesting that the wetlands are fire maintained. Early botanical accounts by Fernald indicate that several state rare and endangered plants were once present in the "extensive sphaganous 114 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 depressions” at BEP in 1936. Suppression of fire in this system has contributed to the success of Ericads and A. rubrum , shifting dominance from herbaceous to woody by creating a canopy over former high-light areas and reducing hydroperiod via increased evapotranspiration. With the support of an interagency management team, we are integrating hand-clearing, selective herbicide applications, and prescribed fire to control woody vegetation. Our goal is to open the shrub canopy to shift the system back to a high¬ light herbaceous vegetation dominated wetland. 42 KUPPINGER, DANE M„ PETER S. WHITE, AND MICHAEL A JENKINS University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains-Predictinq the invasion of the exotic species Paulownia tomentosa following burning in pine and oak-pine forests of the mountains. While fire has become a valuable management tool in recent years, understanding and minimizing the detrimental effects of prescribed fire is becoming critical as its use increases. Of these detrimental effects, invasion by exotic species is particularly alarming as it presents the potential to undermine the beneficial effects of prescribed fires. Regardless, natural, intentional, and accidental fires are once again becoming part of the landscape. It is important to determine the landscape, watershed and stand variables that favor the spread of exotic species into natural areas following fire. Using data from three sampling locations in the Southern Appalachians, we found that the abundance of Paulownia tomentosa following fire in mountain forest habitats is affected by a number of environmental characteristics namely live canopy cover, cover of mineral soil, and depth of humus and litter. The season of the fire is also a factor through its impact on the number of viable Paulownia seeds in the soil (seed mortality due to fire) and the degree of competition to which the Paulownia seedlings are subjected. 43 STEPHENSON, STEVEN L , HAROLD S. ADAMS, CYNTHIA D. HUEBNER AND GARY W. MILLER. Fairmont State College, Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, and USDA Forest Service-Short-term dynamics of forest communities on the Fernow Experimental Forest in Tucker County, West Virginia. During June of 2000, quantitative data on the composition and structure of all strata of vegetation were collected from sixty 0.1 ha permanent study plots that had been established during the 1994 field season for the purpose of assessing short-term dynamics in relatively undisturbed forest communities on the Fernow Experimental Forest in Tucker County, West Virginia. Data for trees (stems >10 cm DBH), small trees (stems >2.5 cm but <10 cm DBH), and saplings (stems <2.5 cm but >1.0 m tall) were obtained from the entire 0.1 study plot, while shrubs, seedlings, and herbaceous plants were tallied in smaller nested plots. In addition, a complete tally was made of all vascular plants occurring in the entire study plot. Except for striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum ), which was recorded for the tree stratum in 2000 but not in 1994, overall species composition of the tree stratum remained the same for the two time periods. However, changes were noted in the relative importance of particular species of trees. For example, based on importance value indices calculated from pooled data from all 60 plots, sugar maple (A. saccharum), red maple (A. rubrum), beech ( Fagus grandifolia), and black birch ( Betula lenta) decreased in importance over the six year period, whereas white oak ( Quercus alba), tulip-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera), and chestnut oak (G. prinus) increased in importance. As would have been anticipated, the changes that occurred in the tree stratum were less noticeable than those recorded for some of the other strata. (Funded by the USDA Forest Service.) Abstracts 115 44 COULLING, PHILIP P., KEVIN E. HEFFERNAN, AND JOHN F. TOWNSEND. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Richmond, VA-Rankinq invasive exotic plant species in Virginia: a critical reassessment of the evil eleven. Since 1993 the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage (DCR-DNH), has maintained a list of invasive alien plant species. This list currently identifies 115 species known or with the potential to threaten rare plant and animal species or natural communities. In response to a request to remove 11 (target) species from this list, DCR-DNH reexamined this list and sought to provide a more objective basis for ranking plant species as invasive. Three modes of analysis were employed. First, information on the invasive behavior, autecology, and management of each target species was compiled to develop a standard plant species invasiveness ranking form, which was adapted from criteria established by the Association for Biodiversity Information (now NatureServe). Second, data gathered from the USDA NRCS PLANTS Database were used to construct a discriminant analysis (DA) model to predict invasiveness. These data comprised 43 quantitative, ordinal, and categorical characters on 28 native and 43 exotic species (including the 1 1 target species). DA correctly predicted the invasiveness of each of the 32 non-target species used to build the model and, when applied to the 11 target species, classified eight as invasive. Third, compositional data from approximately 2000 vegetation plots across Virginia were examined for patterns of occurrence of exotic species. Species currently listed as invasive represent a disproportionately large percentage of the total exotic flora captured in these plots, and a strong positive correlation exists between DCR-DNH invasive rank and the proportion of plots in which an exotic species occurs. 45 MORRIS, ASHLEY B.1, MATTHEW A. GITZENDANNER1, DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS', AND PAMELA S. SOLTIS2. University of Florida and Florida Museum of Natural H i sto ry-Clonal structure and somatic mutation within and among populations of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (Faqaceae) in the Great Smoky Mountains. The most geographically limited and perhaps most unusual plant communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) are the high-elevation “beech gap" forests. Beech gaps are dominated by Fagus grandifolia (American beech) and occur as “deciduous islands” in spruce-fir forests above 1370 m. The beech gaps appear to be morphologically and ecologically distinct from beech stands at lower elevations in GRSM Because of their morphological appearance, clonal reproduction in response to harsh environmental conditions has been assumed to be the driving force in maintaining these populations. Work on this subject using traditional agarose gel-based inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers revealed a potentially more complex system than was previously assumed. The frequency of clonal reproduction varied across sites and was not consistently more frequent in the higher elevation beech gap populations The results of this work indicate that disturbance appears to be the factor driving variation in the frequency of clonality in this woody species. Here we revisit this question with the goal of forming a regional focus to be included in a larger range-wide phylogeographic study of the species. Using capillary electrophoresis-based ISSRs, we investigated clonal structure within and among six populations of F. grandifolia in GRSM These populations were selected based on site aspect, canopy cover, elevation, and intensity of disturbance induced by beech bark disease. In addition, we used ISSRs to assess the rate of somatic mutation in this species as a way to address concerns regarding our ability to identify clonal genotypes in a long-lived species. 116 SE Biology , Vol 50, No. 2, April, 2003 46 LESH, JOHN P. AND ZACK E. MURRELL. Appalachian State University —A survey for invasive plants on the Appalachian Trail in Tennessee and North Carolina. An exotic/introduced species is one that is non-native to an area, competes with the native species present for limited resources, and generally is dispersed artificially by humans. Exotic plants are possibly becoming one of the biggest threats to our natural areas; these "pests” already infest over 100 million acres. Our study represents an attempt to determine the extent of the problem of exotic/invasive plants along the Appalachian Trail in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. In a survey of the areas adjacent to a 400 mile section of the Appalachian Trail between Georgia and Virginia during the summer and fall of 2002, target exotic/invasive plants were located, photo-documented, and the extent of the populations was evaluated. Estimations of canopy cover and sunlight exposure were obtained for each occurrence, along with descriptions of communities and any nearby anthropogenic disturbance. Invasive/exotic plant height and percent cover of each occurrence was also recorded Distance of the site of occurrence from the trail and any nearby anthropogenic disturbance was measured. Occurrence of invasive/exotic plants was strongly correlated with anthropogenic disturbance. The lack of invasive/exotic plants away from the areas of disturbance suggests that the foot traffic along the trail is not contributing to the spread of exotics. We also found a lack of establishment of invasives into undisturbed forests. Our results suggest that most, if not all, of the observed invasives cannot compete with the established native flora unless human activity allows these species to gain a foothold in adjacent areas of disturbance. 47 PEOPLES, SETH1, NEUFELD, HOWARD S.1 AND ALAN W. DAVISON2. 'Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 2School of Biology, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK— Effects of ozone on gas exchange in cutleaf coneflower ( Rudbeckia laciniata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Previous studies have shown ozone-induced foliar injury on plants in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM). One sensitive species is Rudbeckia laciniata , cutleaf coneflower, an herbaceous perennial found in partially shaded, moist, high elevational habitats in GRSM. This study was designed to investigate the physiological responses of this species to ambient levels of ozone by comparing sensitive and insensitive genotypes in the field. Our study site was located in GRSM at Purchase Knob near Waynesville, NC. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured on all leaves of 5 sensitive and 5 insensitive plants to ascertain leaf age/position effects resulting from ozone exposure. Leaves were then harvested and dried and will be used later to measure starch, sugar, and nitrogen content. Photosynthesis declined linearly with increasing foliar injury in sensitive plants, but stomatal conductance showed no significant trend. As a result, water use efficiency also declined with increasing injury. However, leaf age and injury were correlated. When photosynthesis was measured as a function of leaf age only it declined with age in insensitive plants (r2 = 0.65, y = - 0.84X + 13.159) but more so for sensitive plants (r2 = 0.57, y = -1.01X + 10.74). Conductance showed less dependence on leafage for insensitive plants (r2 = 0.25, y = -18.879X + 312.8) than sensitive plants (r2 = 0.56, y = - 29.063X + 360). These patterns show that ozone uptake is highly dependent on leaf age/position. Decreased gas exchange rates for injured plants suggest that ozone might reduce biomass, and lower fitness of plants in the field. 48 LUTE, SUSIE K„ FAIZA FAKHAR, AHMER KHAN GHORI, RYAN WHITNEY, KENNETH G. WILSON, AND DAVID A. FRANCKO. Miami University-Mechanisms of cold-hardiness in palms: protein expression Field and laboratory research conducted since 1998 at Miami University suggests that five or six temperate palms may be grown successfully under USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6 Abstracts 117 conditions. We used a leaf disc assay (Francko and Wilson, unpublished) to measure the cold hardiness of several palms under winter and summer conditions, and observed that there is little difference. Based on the leaf disc assay, palms such as Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Sabal palmetto and Trachycarpus fortunei are very resistant to cold in both summer and winter conditions. In fact, the palms tested are more resistant to cold during summer growth than winter growth. Ion leakage assays on cold-treated T. fortunei corroborate the hypothesis that palms do not acclimate to cold temperatures (Francko, Wilson, and Lu, unpublished). These results suggest a unique or novel mechanism of cold hardiness exists in cold hardy palms. We are also investigating the molecular mechanisms of this cold-hardiness in our palms using proteomics. We will study protein expression among varieties/species of palms with different levels of cold tolerance, using 2D gel electrophoresis. We will also compare protein expression in the same species of palm under various conditions. Identifying factors involved with cold tolerance in palms could allow the engineering of cold-hardy palm strains able to grow in areas where palms could not be cultivated before, and would help provide new understanding of mechanisms of cold hardiness in plants. 49 SYPHAX, COLIN, KYISHA HODGE, MELISSA MULZAC, TERRENA CARRIMAN, AND GEORGE MIDDENDORF. Howard University-Black, white and green: a transect of T Street NW, Washington, DC. Vegetation loss (overall cover declined from 51 to 39%) in the Baltimore-Washington corridor from 1973-96 is estimated to have had serious impact on regional watersheds and airsheds — including a 19 percent increase in runoff volume estimated to have resulted in a $1B increase in the cost of stormwater services, an additional 34M pounds in pollutants, and reduced air quality benefits. While losses in the transition resulting from rural to suburban development were expected, we were surprised by the losses within the urban zones-particularly since most appeared to have occurred in minority residential neighborhoods. To examine this, we conducted a transect along T Street NW, Washington, DC, from Georgia Avenue (7th Street) to Dupont Circle (~20th Street). Data collected allowed examination of racial and economic factors with environmental changes. We hypothesized that percent owner-occupation in a given neighborhood would be positively associated with quality of both private and public green-space, including large trees, public green-space would be better maintained in areas where private green-space was well maintained, and the quality of green-space, both public and private, would vary directly with the assessed property valuation. Our research revealed substantial differences in tree size among neighborhoods, particularly related to property value Cause and effect relationships remain uncertain, but we note that recent rehabilitation of T Street properties are transforming of the eastern portion of the transect-in terms of both greenspace maintenance and apparent quality of life. 50 LEWIS, ROBIN A. AND BRUCE A. STEINLY. Miami University-Carrion- frequentinq arthropod communities across an urban gradient in Oxford, Ohio. Several biological diversity investigations have been completed across an urban gradient in Oxford, Ohio that included sites at a business district, an apartment complex, a residential area, a golf course, an open-space reserve, and a preserve. During the summer of 2002, arthropod communities were sampled at each site from June 8 - August 2 using carrion to attract a specific suite of arthropods. Samples were collected once a week and brought back to the laboratory for processing to morphotype. Hypotheses were that arthropod richness, abundance, and diversity would peak at the site of intermediate anthropogenic influence (i.e., the golf course). From the most complete data set. the week of June 18 - 25, morphotype richness and abundance were tabulated and Shannon- Wiener Diversity Indices were calculated. Among all sites, 90 morphotypes were present with the most abundant families in the Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (two-winged flies), 118 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No, 2, April, 2003 and Hymenoptera (ants and wasps). Richness and abundance peaked at the golf course with 52 morphotypes and 1,152 individuals, respectively. While, diversity was the highest (SDI=2.89) at the most rural sampling site (i.e. , the preserve), which yielded the second highest richness (n=45) but the lowest number of individuals (n=375). This work was funded by the NSF Research Experiences for Undergraduates and Miami University. 51 DOMINGUS, JEFF L., CHRIS I. SANDERS, PETER A. HANSON AND JAY A. YODER. Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH-A physiological explanation for the presence of sex pheromone in immature and male ticks. We report the occurrence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), which supplements our previous detection of other chlorophenols, namely 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP). 2,4,6-TCP was detected in extracts prepared using a Soxhlet extractor and analyzed by single ion monitoring GC/MS. Identification was based on retention time of authentic standards and by co-injection techniques. 2,4,6-TCP was detected in nonfed and blood- engorged female and male adults and nymphs, but not larvae or eggs. Thus, the presence of 2,4,6-TCP is associated with having ingested a bloodmeal. Because host blood is a salt solution, containing Na+ and Cl , production of 2,4,6-TCP represents an efficient method of chloride elimination (3 chlorides eliminated per each 2,4,6-TCP produced), to produce fresh water. Less efficient, though more prevalent and chemically favorable, is the production of 2,4- and 2,6-DCP. Interestingly, while females of D. varibilis release 2,6- DCP during feeding, in males and nymphs, 2,6-DCP is retained. Both 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4- DCP are attractive to partially fed sexually excited males and may also serve as sex pheromones. Our conclusion is that chlorophenol production in ticks is a result of desalinating a salt-rich bloodmeal and thus serves as a water conservation mechanism. The chlorophenols are sequestered in glands as the tick completes its life cycle. When females, but no other tick stages, feed, these chlorophenols (namely 2,6-DCP) are released and are attractive to males, and thereby play a role as a sex pheromone in addition to water conservation. 52 SANDERS, CHRIS I., JEFF L. DOMINGUS, JAY A. YODER AND PETER E. HANSON. Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH-ldentification of a new attractant, 2,4-dichlorophenol, in the American dog tick. The sole verified attractant sex pheromone in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) is 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP). During feeding, this pheromone is released by female ticks and prompts nearby feeding males to detach from the host and search for the female emitter, thus functioning to bring members of the mating pair together. Extracts of fully engorged female adults obtained by Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by single-ion monitoring GC/MS contained 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), in addition to the expected 2,6-DCP, in a 1:9 ratio. No monochlorophenols (ie- 2- chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol) were detected. Eggs, used as a negative control, contained no chlorophenols. When tested in a short-range bioassay, 2,4-DCP elicited strong attraction responses by partially fed, sexually excited males. The number of males attracted to 2,4-DCP was comparable to the number attracted to 2,6-DCP. Monochlorophenols were not attractive. We conclude that 2,4-DCP is a component of the attractant sex pheromone and may have practical application as a supplement to 2,6-DCP trap baits used in tick control. 53 KIRK, PHILLIP, CLINT ROBERTSON AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University - Hemetia illucens bioconversion and optimization of foodstuffs difficult to compost. Abstracts 119 Hemetia illucens , the Black Soldier Fly (BSF), is native to the Americas and the larva are voracious feeders. The adults have no working mouth parts and have a life span of two weeks. To metamorphose into the adult stage and maintain the energy needed for the adult life span, the pupa digests and concentrates nutrients (approximately 42% protein, 38% fat and 5% chitin). BSF larva were given diets of spent and unspent cooking oils as well as concentrated portions of chicken viscera. Hemetia illucens tolerances and bioconversions of the food waste biomass was determined and optimized in a prelude to poultry carcass conversion. Funding for this study was provided by the J. Bennet Johnston Foundation. 54 PRICE. ERICA D.1, VICTOR FET1 and MICHAEL E. SOLEGLAD2. ''Marshall University, West Virginia and ^Borrego Springs, California-Monophyly of the genus Smeringurus Haradon, 1983 (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) from North America confirmed by mitochondrial DNA data. Smeringurus Haradon, 1983 was proposed as a subgenus of Paruroctonus Werner, 1934, with the type species S. vachoni (Stahnke, 1961). Stockwell (1992) elevated this subgenus to the genus rank based on brief consideration of morphological criteria. Many researchers unfamiliar with this new division continue to list its species under Paruroctonus and often question the validity of new genus. We obtained and compared mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequence data on all four species of Smeringurus currently recognized (Sissom, 2000). All studied species group together in a single clade with very high statistical support (bootstrap value 99 %). The genetic divergence within Smeringurus did not exceed 5 % which indicates a relatively recent timing, consistent with the limited range of this genus in the Southwest USA and Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California Norte. The study was supported by Student Support Committee award from the Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University. 55 GRECO, TONY AND MICHAEL WINDELSPECHT. Appalachian State University- Macroinvertebrates of High Elevation Wetlands and Their Relationship to Water Quality High-elevation wetlands represent an important source of high-quality water for many watersheds. Threats from residential development, forest and mining industry and climate change negatively influence these ecosystems. In cooperation with the National Committee for the New River, we have begun a monitoring campaign to classify water- quality sensitive macroinvertebrates of a high-elevation wetland at several points along the watershed. This study is being coupled to chemical monitoring and identification of flora along the watershed in an attempt to more fully understand the dynamics of this important ecosystem. 56 HICKS, TONI AND EDNA STEELE. Converse College— Histological study on the effect of Ascocotyle (Diqenea: Heterophyidae) infection on the heart morphology of the fish host. Ascocotyle is a parasitic intestinal fluke of fish-eating birds and mammals The juveniles exist as metacercarial cysts in various organs of the fish hosts In the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) the metacercariae are located in the bulbus arteriosus of the heart A total of 40 mummichogs from 3 localities in the Massachusetts area and 9 fish from Georgetown, South Carolina were examined for the presence of metacercariae All fish from New Bedford Harbor were infected (mean intensity = 168; n = 25). Four out of five fish from West Island were infected (mean intensity = 2), and only 1 out of 10 fish collected from Slocums River Basin was infected (intensity = I). None of the fish from Georgetown were infected. All metacercariae were identified as those of Ascocotyle 120 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 tenuicollis. Infection with these juvenile parasites produced no obvious signs of pathogenicity. To determine if morphological consequences resulted from metacercarial infection, histological sections of infected hearts were examined and compared with those of normal (uninfected) hearts. Extensive examination of the bulbus arteriosus and the ventricle revealed no significant damage to infected heart tissues. Examination of certain areas near the bulbo-ventricular junction, however, revealed areas of elongated nuclei and decreased width of muscle fibers, suggesting stretching of the cells. No evidence of tearing or any other damage was identified. Further examination of infected tissues with the electron microscope revealed similar results. This research suggests that Ascocotyle infection has a minimal morphological effect on the mummichog heart. 57 FET, ELIZABETH V.1, VICTOR FET1, BENJAMIN GANTENBEIN2, and VALENTIN D. POPA 'Marshall University, West Virginia, University of Edinburgh, Scotland and Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania -Euscorpius carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) from Romania: mitochondrial DNA data. Scorpions of the genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) are very common in southern Europe. As a result of an extensive recent revision by Fet & Soleglad (2002), the species E. carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) was restricted only to Romania, its type locality. The new mitochondrial 16S rRNA DNA data from Baile Herculane, Transylvanian Alps, Romania, are reported The phylogenetic analysis supports position of the Romanian species as close to several other members of “E. carpathicus " complex, among them E. tergestinus (C.L. Koch, 1837) (France, Italy, western Balkans), and E. hadzii Caporiacco, 1950 (Balkans). We also demonstrate that the Romanian populations are not related to the Alpine species E germanus (C.L. Koch, 1837) as suggested by Vachon & Jaques (1977). 58 SCARPIM, JENNIFER M. AND C. BRIAN ODOM. Wingate Universitv-RAPD analysis of genetic diversity among Red Imported Fire Ant ( Solenopsis invicta (Buren)) colonies in Union County, North Carolina. Ten-base oligonucleotide PCR primers have proved valuable in identifying sequence polymorphisms via RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA ) analysis. Red imported fire ant (RIFA) specimens were collected from geographically diverse locations within Union County, NC and subjected to RAPD analysis to examine genetic diversity. 59 FRASER, ANN M., MATTHEW G. MARTELLI AND MERCEDES M. WARD. The University of the South-A survey of ant biodiversity in hardwood forest and adjacent pine stands: an assessment of collecting techniques and sampling effort. We sampled the diversity and abundance of ground-dwelling ants in stands of native oak- hickory forest and adjacent stands of non-native pines on the Domain of the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee. Ants were collected using pitfall trapping (25mm and 75mm diameter traps), and Winkler extraction of leaf litter. Collections were made at 10m intervals along a 50m transect and three parallel transects, spaced 25m apart, were run at each site. Two hardwood and two pine sites were inventoried. Specimen identifications and analyses of diversity and abundance data are in progress. 60 OSBORN, RAE. Northwestern State University-Dragonflies as indicators of habitat quality in Louisiana. The aim of the study was to determine the species assemblage of dragonflies (Odonata) at three lakes in Louisiana, and to assess if certain chemical and physical parameters of the habitat could be influencing the assemblage patterns. Only larvae were sampled since Abstracts 121 they are constrained to the water, long-lived and thus and are good indicators of habitat conditions. Species diversity increased with increased aquatic vegetation and cover. More Zygoptera species were found at Cross lake, than Chaplin’s or Sibley lake, since there was more vegetation present Classification by UPGMA and ordination by CCA indicated similar species groups. These groups were associated with environmental gradients, with more eurytopic species associated with increased levels of ammonia, hardness, conductivity, aluminum and nitrates. These were species typically abundant at Chaplin's lake. Such species included migrants such as Anax junius and Pantala hymenaea. Cross¬ lake had groups of species that were more stenotopic and associated with increased percentage vegetation, oxygen, available C, lower turbidity and increased calcium. Some species restricted to this lake were: Ischnura kellicotti, Enallagma basidens, and Nasiaeschna pentacantha. Similar results for species groups have been found for studies on odonate larvae in other localities. The next part of the study is to investigate species assemblage patterns and variables overtime, and to complete bioassay studies. 61 STEUDLER, SARAH, E. AND BRANT W. TOUCHETTE. Elon Universitv-The effects of drought on the productivity and growth of the aquatic macrophyte, American water willow ( Justicia americana L.). American water willow (Justicia americana L.) is a perennial, herbaceous wetland plant that forms dense beds extending into freshwaters at depths greater than 0.5m. This plant is regarded as a valuable habitat species, supporting a diverse array of aquatic life. However, in managed reservoirs (typical of Piedmont lakes in North Carolina), water levels can fluctuate due to drought and/or increased water demands from agriculture, municipalities, and industries (including hydroelectric operations). In extreme cases, areas that would support highly diverse wetlands would undergo significant water fluctuations that prevent the establishment of common wetland flora. Notwithstanding, J. americana can form monocultures in areas that are prone to extended periods of water deficit. Therefore the purpose of this investigation was to determine the degree of drought tolerance in J. americana and evaluate how water availability influences overall plant growth and productivity. This experiment involved the culture of field-collected plants in microcosms (0.7 m2; N = 35) under controlled greenhouse conditions. Once plants were established in microcosms they were treated with varying water conditions including (n=3); completely immersed (control), simulated 1 -in-4 year precipitation low (for 2, 4, and 6 wks), and 1 -in-20 year drought (for 2, 4, 6 wks). The results indicate that J. americana is relatively resistant to short periods of water deficit (approximately 2 wks), however, extended periods of severe drought (greater than 2 wks for 1 -in-20 yr precipitation) resulted in significant reductions in plant growth, productivity, and survival rates. 62 KOOZER, KELLY, PAULA BARNETT AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University-Survival of Xenopus lavius as an indicator of toxic environments for fish fry during intensive microalqae cultivation. Nannochloropsis oculata (Japanese Chorella) is an exceedingly small algae (3-9pm) with a high nutritional value for swim up fish fry. The intensive cultivation of Chorella produces a variety of environmental hardships for developing vertebrates. The possibility of co¬ culturing fish fry during intensive microalgae cultivation could ease the process of feeding fry. However, the physical stresses resulting from the manipulated environmental parameters could prove counterproductive. Xenopus lavius tadpoles have long been used in FETAX protocols to predict an environment's potential to serve as a mutagenic and tetragenic factor in development. Xenopus lavius tadpoles were co-cultured with Chlorella under intensive culturing conditions and analyzed for survival in these culturing conditions. 122 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 63 TOUCHETTE, BRANT, W. Elon University-Use of photo-panoramas to detect large-scale wetland disturbances in a piedmont reservoir. Photo-documentations of habitats have been useful in characterizing the extent and pattern of vegetation change over time. Examples of studies that have used quadrat images and/or photo-panoramas to investigate changes in vegetation include plant successional changes in scrub-shrub habitats in Africa, plant species cover and number in Finnish boreal forests, understory responses to thinning in managed temperate forests, and vegetation patterns associated with soil erosion. Advantages of using photo¬ documentation to monitor changes in vegetation structure and composition include sampling large areas with relatively high resolution. In this study, photo-panoramas were used to document vegetation changes in Justicia americana dominated wetlands in response to anthropogenic perturbations in a piedmont reservoir. Specifically, this study focused on the effects of marina construction and increased boat traffic/operations on wetland vegetation. To assess changes in vegetation, a series photographs were recorded of the shoreline (covering between 450 to 500 m) from approximately 30 m offshore. This was completed at four different locations where marina construction was eminent. Photo-panoramas were also recorded in a relatively undisturbed region of the lake - adjacent to a national forest where human activities are substantially restricted. Photographs were taken before, during, and following construction. For comparison purposes, the photographic estimates were compared with quadrat data form the same locations and periods. This study showed that photo-panoramas can be useful in monitoring large-scale disturbances in wetland habitats. Moreover, the resolution provided by these images can allow the detection of changes in different portions of the littoral zone (i.e. , upper, middle, lower marsh). 64 LANDERS, STEPHEN C.1 AND SCOTT W. PHIPPS2. 'Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University, 'Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve — Settlement of the acorn barnacle Balanus on artificial substrates from coastal Alabama. Settlement of the acorn barnacle Balanus was recorded in Weeks Bay, Alabama and along the north shore of Dauphin Island, Alabama using artificial substrates. In two separate studies, glass slides were suspended into the water at three locations within the Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and at three locations on the north shore of Dauphin Island. The slides were submerged each month for a period of one week and then collected for barnacle counts. The Dauphin Island study was conducted for 17 months, and the Weeks Bay study for 12 months. Both studies revealed two principle settlement periods for acorn barnacles in coastal Alabama, February-March and August- September. Statistical analysis did not reveal a correlation between settlement and temperature, salinity, or dissolved oxygen. This study was supported by an Alabama Department of Public Health ALERT grant awarded to Troy State University. 65 GEORGE SOPHIE B„ HAJARIWALA S, and SUTTINGER, D. Dept, of Biology, Georgia Southern University-Variation in Absorption efficiencies and reproductive output of Male and Female Sea urchins (Echinodermata: Lytechinus variepatus). Absorption efficiencies, egg size and numbers of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus were investigated in the laboratory. Sea urchins were collected off the West Coast of Florida in August 2002. In the lab, they were placed in 4 tanks with 2 replicate tanks per treatment. Two tanks had all male sea urchins and two tanks had a mixture of males and females. Sea urchins were fed 0.31-0.62 g of an artificial diet mostly composed of hydrolyzed algae, wheat gluten, and modified starch. The feces and leftover food was collected, weighed and fresh food added every two days. They were spawned at the start and end of the experiment and the number of eggs and the sizes of eggs recorded. No Abstracts 123 significant difference was observed in the size and consumption rates (100%) of male and female sea urchins in the laboratory. Tanks with all males had higher absorption efficiencies than tanks with a mixture of male and female sea urchins. Females produced larger eggs in the laboratory than in the field. Females with higher absorption efficiencies produced large numbers of small eggs and females with low absorption efficiencies produced a few large eggs. After spawning, absorption efficiencies increased and were higher for females than males. The mechanism involved in energy partitioning by males and females needs further investigation 66 FERGUSON, HEATHER J„ and RICCARDO A. FIORILLO. Dept, of Natural Sciences, Shorter College, Rome, GA-Macroinvertebrate community structure and bioassessment of an urban creek in Northwest Georgia. Horseleg Creek is a highly impacted tributary of the Coosa River that flows through commercial and housing areas in the city of Rome, Georgia, and sediments in this creek have been shown to contain high levels of PCB’s. We examined the spatial distribution of the benthic macroinvertebrates by sampling 3 riffles, 3 runs and 3 pools in a lower reach of the stream near its tailwaters. Runs and riffles were sampled with a Surber sampler, while we used a kick net to sample pools. We also examined the effect of seasonality on the macroinvertebrate community structure by sampling these microhabitats in February, April, and August 2002. We compared species richness and diversity among microhabitat type and collection times. In addition, we used these macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality. 67 LEE-WILLIAMS, BIANCA. Bowie State University-Isolation and characterization of fetal and cancer cells. Micro-fabricated arrays have the potential to isolate rare cells including fNRBCs (fetal nucleated red blood cells) in peripheral circulation. This strategy relies on cell shape, size, adhesive, and deformability properties, which permit different cells to penetrate and separate at different widths of a device. Many companies employ etched silicon wafers to sort cells based upon shap, size, adhesive, and deformability properties. Etched silicon is used as the master for transferring the pattern to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold, which is subsequently transferred to either polystyrene or polyurethane (Crystal Clear 200). Thirty devices were assembled and 43% were successful. Problems in device assembly stemmed mainly from poor bonding and leakage. Several modifications including over-curing, trimming of the PDMS, and increased time in the plasma cleaner all increased yields. Test were done to assess the material used for device assembly, and its degradation over time in order to examine the integrity of the PDMS molds throughout the casting process. Neuroblastoma cells, avian NRBCs, and goat white blood cells (WBCs) were successfully sorted. Much work is still needed, but in the future, these devices will be used "by the bedside" for tumor typing, prognosis, or genetic diagnosis. 68 CAMPBELL, ROBERT, KRISTI JAMES, MIN-KEN LIAO. Furman Universitv-The effect of zinc metal on antibiotic resistances of bacteria in a tributary of the Enoree River in Upstate South Carolina. Previous studies have shown a correlation between heavy-metal resistance and antibiotic- resistance in bacteria. The present study was set up to determine if this pattern is followed in a tributary of the Enoree River in upstate South Carolina where a high concentration of zinc was detected due to a spill from a local galvanizing plant in 1985 Water samples were taken from two sample sites in the contaminated tributary, while a control sample was taken from an uncontaminated tributary. It is believed that the samples from the zinc- contaminated sites will have a higher percentage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria when compared to the bacteria found in the uncontaminated tributary. Two hundred bacterial 124 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 colonies were isolated from each site, and their resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin was tested. The antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates will be identified using the BIOLOG identification system. Identification of these isolates will help us determine how the antibiotic-resistant trait is acquired. The antibiotic-resistant patterns of these isolates will be determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk method, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations will also be determined. Currently in our collection, we have a total of five antibiotic-resistant bacteria from one of the contaminated sites and three from the second site. All of the isolates show multi-antibiotic resistance. 69 HOOKER, STANLEY E. Bowie State University --Inhibition of GluRI and GluR3 AMPA Glutamate receptor function by alcohol. This study represents an “in vitro" investigation of the effect of alcohol on AMPA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. It is known that alcohol inhibits the function of AMPA/glutamate receptors, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. This effect of alcohol on AMPA receptors was studied in the lab "in vitro" using Xenopus oocytes. The oocytes were injected with cRNA coding for GluRI and GluR3 AMPA glutamate receptors. On the third day after microinjection, oocytes were tested for receptor expression with 200 urn Kainic Acid (KA), a glutamate receptor agonist. Oocytes expressing GluRI and GluR3 receptor subunits were then exposed to alcohol concentrations between (3 mM to 500 mM) to test for inhibition of receptor currents. The KA only responses were then compared to the Ethanol (EtOH) and KA combination responses to show the inhibition of KA activated receptor currents by alcohol. The IC5o of alcohol inhibition of GluRI receptor subunit current is (170 mM). Similarly, the IC50 of alcohol inhibition of GluR3 receptor subunit current is (238 mM). Intoxication concentrations of alcohol (10 mM to 100 mM) inhibit both the GluRI and GluR3 AMPA receptor subunits. However, GluR3 was more sensitive to alcohol inhibition than GluRI . 70 LONG, CHRISTAL. Bowie State University-Patterning biologically active molecules. The purpose of this study is to validate a method for patterning proteins onto silicon surfaces. To successfully pattern proteins, Mouse Monoclonal antibody 46.3h6.b7 anti follicle stimulating hormone and protein A were stamped onto a glass cover slip. After stamping the proteins, the Mouse monoclonal antibody 46.3h6.b7, follicle stimulating hormone and the detection antibodies were bath applied to the stamped protein A and Mouse monoclonal antibody. After the bath applications, immunodetection was performed to determine if the follicle stimulating hormone was captured by the Mouse monoclonal antibody. Once it was determined that the follicle stimulating hormone would bind to the mouse monoclonal antibody, the FSH receptor was bath applied to determine whether or not Sertoli cells would bind to the FSH. Finally after successfully binding the follicle stimulating hormone receptor to the FSH, the mouse Sertoli, line A4, was bath applied to the Follicle stimulating hormone. 71 LU LI, DAVID A. FRANCKO, AND KENNETH G. WILSON. Department of Botany, Miami University-The identification of CBF homoloqs in cold-hardy and cold- sensitive palms. Several palm varieties are naturally resistant to freezing temperatures even though they are predominantly tropical to subtropical plants. Based on our field experiments, many species of palms, such as Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Sabal minor, Sabal palmetto and others, can survive freezing temperatures approaching CPF and even lower with little or no foliar damage. The mechanism of this cold resistance is unknown. Thomashow and co¬ workers have demonstrated that a small family of regulatory genes, the CBF genes, is Abstracts 125 important in the plant cold response of Arabidopsis thaliana. After plant exposure to low nonfreezing temperatures, the CBF genes are quickly induced and in turn up-regulate a series of cold-related genes. The CBF-like genes have also been reported in Brassica napus, rye, wheat, rice, and tomato. We have identified possible CBF homologs from cDNAs and genomic DNAs of known cold-resistant palms such as R. hystrix (needle palm) and S. minor, and cold-sensitive palms such as Ravenea rivularis (majestic palm) and Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (areca palm). We report on the sequences of these CBF- like genes and their expression patterns under cold stress (in needle palm and areca palm). The functions of these genes in palm cold tolerance and their potential applications to commercial palm propagation will be discussed. 72 RANGASAMMY, JERMAIN G. Bowie State University-Microcapillary immunoassay platforms for the detection of TNT and screening of anti-TNT antibodies. Multiple microcapillary immunoassays will be conducted comparing the standard displacement immunoassay format and the reverse displacement format. The standard displacement immunoassay format will use immobilized antibodies to detect TNT with Cy5-CAD-TNB as the fluorescence reporter molecule. Immunoassays performed in the reverse format will have immobilized TNB and Cy5-labeled anti-TNT antibodies as the fluorescence reporter molecule. These assays will be performed using four Cy5-lableled anti-TNT antibodies 2E3, SDI, 30-1, and 5-1. Within each format the different anti-TNT antibodies will be compared to find out which yields the highest fluorescence dose response. These assays will be preformed to determine which format provided the most longevity and yields the highest peak areas. The best displacement immunoassay format will be chosen and then a displacement immunoassay was ran in seawater. Typically, the reverse displacement immunoassay format was chosen and tested in seawater. 73 HAYGOOD, MARK, BENJIE BLAIR, TIFFANY BOHLMANN, KEVIN JENNE', MARK MEADE, AND CHARLES OLANDER. Jacksonville State University — Population growth effects of the photoactive, xanthene dye, rose benqal, on the protist Tetrahymena pyriformis. Rose bengal is a red photoactive, xanthene dye similar to other members of the xanthene series, such as fluorescein, eosin, erythrosine, and phyloxine b. These photoactive dyes have been known to be toxic to insects, causing detrimental effects in small concentrations. Tetrahymena pyriformis is a protist found in many aquatic environments, is easily propagated, and is considered to be an ideal model for the study of toxicological organisms. Previous research in associated laboratories has illustrated that phyloxine b has a negative impact on the growth rate, cell morphology, and metabolism of T. pyriformis. Similarly, rose bengal was used in various concentrations to test the effects on a population of T. pyriformis. By analyzing growth curves after being exposed to periods of light, notable population effects can be observed in this protist. 74 HENSON B. J., WATSON L. E. AND BARNUM S. R. Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio-Variation of the nifD element in the heterocystous cyanobacteria. In some heterocystous cyanobacteria, heterocyst differentiation is accompanied by programmed DNA rearrangements in three separate genes, nifD, fdx N, and hupL genes Programmed rearrangements are common among eukaryotes, but are otherwise known only to occur in two prokaryotes, heterocystous cyanobacteria and Bacillus subtilis. An 1 1 kb insertion element has been found in the nitrogen fixation gene, nifD, in Nostoc sp PCC 7120, which is removed by site-specific recombination between 1 1 bp direct repeats that flank the element. The nifD element is excised by the enzyme encoded by x/sA, which is 126 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 located within the element itself. Other potential open reading frames (ORF’s) occur on the element, but none are believed to be required for excision. Self-excision of the nifD element is essential for expression of the n/7HDK operon and concomitant nitrogen fixation. To examine the evolution of the nifD element, we screened several representative heterocystous cyanobacteria for the presence of the 1 1 kb nifD element by Southern blot hybridization. Variation in length and sequence was determined. Thus far, the nifD element has been detected in eight representatives of the heterocystous cyanobacteria. The elements vary in length from 4 kb to 12 kb. We sequence the 4 kb element in Anabaena sp. UTEX 33047 and compared it to the published 1 1 kb nifD element in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. The two elements are similar in nucleotide sequence, however, many ORF’s are absent in the 4kb element. We are in the process of examining the nifD elements from additional strains. 75 HENSON B. J„ WATSON L. E. AND BARNUM S. R. Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio-Phylogenetic analysis of the heterocystous cyanobacteria using nifD. The heterocystous cyanobacteria are currently divided into Subsections IV and V, with the latter undergoing cell division in more than one plane, whereas the former can undergo cell division in only one plane. It is believed that members of Subsection V arose from within Subsection IV, possibly multiple times. Analysis of 16S rRNA supports the monophyly of Subsection V; however, Subsection IV is not supported as monophyletic. It has been suggested that the distinction of Subsections IV and V may not represent true phylogenetic relationships within the heterocystous cyanobacteria. Here we analyzed DNA sequences of the nitrogen fixation gene, nifD, from representativestrains of both Subsections IV and V using maximum likelihood analysis rooted with representatives of non-heterocystous cyanobacteria, proteobacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria (actinobacteria). The heterocystous cyanobacteria are strongly supported as monophyletic, with the non-heterocystous cyanobacteria as the closest sister. However, neither subsection was monophyletic, with representatives of both subsections intermixed. Our results are concordant with the hypothesis that members of Subsection V arose from within Subsection IV, possibly multiple times, and the data do not support the recognition of two subsections for the heterocystous cyanobacteria. 76 BECNEL, LAUREN AND DWAYNE WISE. Dept, of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Miss. State, MS-Mechanism of movement of kinetochore fragments in cells undergoing mitosis without prior DNA replication. During the normal cell cycle, mitosis is preceded by S phase, during which the DNA is replicated. After S phase the chromosomes exist as identical sister chromatids, one for each daughter cell. Treatment with hydroxyurea prevents progression into S phase by inhibiting the production of thymidine. Cells subsequently treated with caffeine proceed into mitosis despite the fact that they only have one set of chromosomes. These cells are referred to as MUG (mitosis with unreplicated genomes) cells. They exhibit extensive chromosome damage, including detachment and fragmentation of kinetochores to produce centromere-kinetochore fragments (CKFs). Spindle formation occurs as in control cells, except that anaphase B (spindle elongation) is absent. After the completion of cytokinesis, equal numbers of CKFs can be found in the two daughter cells. We have tested the hypothesis that microtubule turnover is required for kinetochore fragment movement by treatment of MUG cells with taxol, which stabilizes microtubules. We find that, during such treatments, cells are arrested in “metaphase”, implying that microtubule turnover is required for movement, as would occur in control cells. Even though kinetochores are unreplicated and fragmented, they can, apparently, move on the spindle in a “normal” manner. Abstracts 127 77 ROACH, ALLANA N. AND OHI, SEIGO. -Howard University-The Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy to countermeasure immunodeficiency in Hindlimb suspended mice. It is known that astronauts develop immunodeficiency in microgravity environment. While the cause of this symptom is not yet fully delineated, one possible explanation could be the inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell growth and hematopoiesis in space, resulting in less or abnormal immune cells. If these were the case, the hematopoietic stem cell based therapy herein called the hematopoietic stem cell therapy (HSCT), could mitigate the immunodeficiency. Since there are reports that hindlimb suspended mice, a space flight model, show decreased immunity, an ability to eliminate bacterial infection by the host immune system may be compromised in these mice. The hindlimb suspended mice are therefore expected to be less efficient in eliminating the reporter gene-marked Escherichia coli. To prove this, we transformed E. coli with a plasmid harboring |3-galactosidase (lacZ) gene, pCMV.SPORT-p-gal, to be used as the gene-marked bacteria. To test of the X-gal staining method, we stained various tissues (lung, spleen, intestine, kidney) from a p-gal transgenic mouse and observed uniform and intense blue stains. We then stained corresponding tissues from pp-gal-E ,co//-infected mouse and observed that the stains in tissues examined were to a much lesser extent than those of the p-gal mouse. We then stained corresponding tissue from hindlimb suspended mice that were injected with pp- gal-E. coli after two weeks of suspension and observed increased tissue staining, thereby confirming immunodeficiency in these mice. Now that this decrease in immunity is established, we will then test whether the HSCT could restore the immunity of the hindlimb suspended mouse. (Supported by grant from the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts/USRA). 78 COHILL, TIFFANY J. Bowie State University-Detection of TNT using fluorescent assays. Inadequate disposal of explosives, in particular 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), has lead to the contamination of soil and groundwater. Sites contaminated with this explosive are undergoing characterization and remediation. This research was designed to find an on¬ site, quick, and accurate method of TNT detection. Buffer spiked with TNT was used to determine which anti-TNT antibodies and assay format had the best potential for on-site detection of TNT. Anti-TNT antibodies (A1.1.1, 2E3, 30-1, 5-1) were compared in homogeneous and conventional fluorescent immunoassays for effectiveness. The best combination was used to detect TNT contamination. Extract samples from soil were obtained by a 3-minute acetone extraction and diluted with buffer. Groundwater samples were spiked with various dilutions of TNT. Multiple concentrations of TNT in buffer were used in order to determine the limitations of detection and to construct standard curves. Each well consisted of 25 I of 5 g/ml Antibody A1.1.1, 25 I of lOOnM TNB-Cy5, and 50 Hi of various dilutions of TNT in an extract, spiked groundwater, or spiked buffer. Then imaged by a fluorescent microplate reader (Tecan SpectraFluor) and collected at an excitation of 620nm and emission of 670nm. Fluorescent signals decreased as the dilutions of TNT increased. Agreement was found between the TNT concentrations measured in soil samples, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Spiked groundwater samples were compared to spiked buffer samples. 79 PERKINS, M., J. BARKER, S. PRAMANIK, L. FREDERICK, AND S.K. DUTTA. Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC - Denitrification of TNT and 2,4 DNT by several fungal cultures. The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is well known for its capability for degrading several hazardous chemicals. There are several other white rot fungi but very little is known about their biodegrading capabilities In this study we have tested four white 128 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 rot fungal cultures such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Hypholoma fasciculare, Kuehneromyces mutabilis and Phlebia radiate for their abilities to degrade TNE (trinitrotoluene) and 2,4 DNT (dinitrotoluene) which are well known health hazards. These fungal cultures were grown on UM (Yeast Malt), on the ligninolytic Minimal Salt Medium (MSM) and on the non-ligninolytic ME (Malt Extract). Aliquots were then transferred to 12- well plates containing minimal salt medium with varying concentration of 2,4 DNT and Fe (iron). Samples were collected at 1 minute, 5 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours and 24 hours. About 500 ul of each sample was collected and extracted for HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and IR (Infra-Red) spectroscopy. The results obtained so far showed that P. chrysporium can degrade TNT and 2.4 DNT under both conditions. The H. fasciculare can degrade these pollutants better under non-ligninolytic conditions. These studies also showed that there is a higher accumulation of nitrite release with the addition of Fe in comparison to the control (Oppm) and 25 ppm 2,4 DNT without Fe. In addition, the i4C-TNT mass balance studies were done under both conditions and did confirm 12-15 percent mineralization. The research was supported in part by NIH-NIGMS, EPA, and by US Army grants to SKD. 80 ANDREWS, KIMBERLY M. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia-Dead or alive: road use by snakes on the Savannah River Site, SC Road mortality of snakes is an issue both locally in the southeastern United States and globally. Although only relative impacts can be ascertained due to a lack of data in true abundance of many local populations, it is commonly thought that this mortality is detrimental to wild populations. Consistently finding certain species of snakes dead on the road suggests vulnerability for particular snakes. However, it is unknown whether other species of snakes not found on the road are also impacted by this development. Roads potentially act as a barrier for snakes unwilling to venture onto the road, therefore, serving as a source of habitat fragmentation for certain species. Information from a Savannah River Site (SRS) long-term database (>35 years) will be presented regarding the prevalence of certain species on the road in relation to species found opportunistically. These data are compared with current research examining the propensity of different species to avoid or cross the road through a series of behavioral trials that test the responses of snakes to road encounters. Preliminary results, including crossing frequencies, speeds, and angles, in addition to avoidance numbers, are presented for several species of SRS snakes. Correlating information obtained from the behavioral trials and the database will permit the investigation of species-specific road impacts and allow insight into a currently blurry, larger picture of road impacts. 81 MANN, ADAM M. AND THOMAS K. PAULEY. Marshall University Department of Biological Sciences-Status and distribution of the Black Ratsnake ( Elaphe ) complex in West Virginia using morphometric techniques. Recent publications have determined that the common Black Ratsnake, Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta , evolved from separate evolutionary lineages and can no longer be classified under a single species name. Distinct morphologic and genetic characteristics separate individuals found in parts of the eastern United States. The Appalachian Mountain Range, which splits the state of West Virginia into separate geographic regions, is described as the main barrier between two of the newly described species, Elaphe alleghaniensis and Elaphe spiloides. Individuals collected statewide were analyzed using predetermined morphometric techniques such as scale counts, body measurements and individual scale measurements to re-evaluate current distribution patterns. 82 MANN, MELISSA R. AND THOMAS K. PAULEY. Marshall University Department of Biological Sciences-lnterqradation of the turtle Chrysemys picta in West Virginia. Abstracts 129 Painted turtles, Chrysemys picta, were measured and analyzed based on morphological comparisons outlined by Hartman (1958). Two subspecies of painted turtles, Chrysemys picta marginata and Chrysemys picta picta , occur in West Virginia. The Allegheny Mountains have historically separated the distribution of C. p. marginata and C. p. picta\ however, intergrades occur with morphological characteristics that are intermediate of both subspecies. The distribution of painted turtles in West Virginia was evaluated based on the morphological examination and classification at the subspecies level, particularly in those areas where intergradation occurs. 83 TOMASHESKI, JOHN C.1, VICTOR R. TOWNSEND, JR.1 AND ALAN H. SAVTIZKY2. Virginia Wesleyan College and Old Dominion University-Tine morphological basis of variation in skin extensibility in squamate reptiles. Although the epidermis of reptiles has been the subject of considerable research, relatively few studies have focused on the morphology of the dermis of squamates, especially with regard to the distribution of elastin fibers. In this study, we examined and compared the morphology of the skin of several species of lizards and snakes. Because snakes generally ingest relatively larger prey than do lizards, we hypothesized that the distribution of dermal elastin fibers would vary between snakes and lizards. Furthermore, we also predicted that dermal structure would exhibit regional variation, with prepyloric regions of the body exhibiting more folds and correspondingly more elastin fibers than postpyloric regions. For each species, samples of skin were removed from prepyloric and postpyloric regions of the body. From each region, one set of samples was pinned and fixed in a stretched position (extended manually to a maximal stretch in both the lateral and longitudinal axes), while another set was fixed in the unstretched position. Skin samples were embedded in paraffin and sectioned with a rotary microtome. Serial sections were stained with either iron gallein or a trichrome stain to reveal the distribution of elastin or collagen fibers, respectively. Our results indicate that considerable interspecific variation exists in skin folding and dermal structure in both lizards and snakes. In addition, within individual snakes, skin structure may exhibit regional variation. 84 JOHNSON, KEITH A., MARK B. WATSON AND THOMAS K. PAULEY. Marshall University-Comparison of inventory methods used to determine species richness and abundance of plethodontid salamanders in West Virginia. The Appalachian Mountains probably contain the highest species richness of plethodontid salamanders in the world. There have been several studies of inventory methods in this geographical area to determine species abundance and species richness. We compared diurnal cover board arrays, point surveys and nocturnal transects to determine species abundance and species richness. We found significantly more salamanders under cover board arrays than during nocturnal transects or point surveys. There was a difference in species richness between the three methods. This report is part of a 7-year study funded by the US Department of Agriculture/Forest Service. 85 PHU, LINH D.1, ROBIN E. JUNG2, SAM DROEGE2, ANDREW MONGEON2, AND THOMAS K. PAULEY1. Marshall University and USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center-Effects of monthly, seasonal and annual weather patterns on Plethodon cinereus abundance A long-term monitoring study of salamander populations at the Patuxent Wildlife Refuge in Laurel, MD was conducted between 1997 and 2001 A U-shaped transect of 75 wooden cover boards arrays was established in a mesic, mixed deciduous forest Over the course of the 5-year study, boards were checked a total of 83 times and data were recorded on environmental parameters, cover type, species, salamander abundance, snout-vent length 130 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 and total length. Weather data collected included high and low temperatures, high and low atmospheric pressure (inches Hg), daily rainfall (inches), and maximum and minimum relative humidity. Data was analyzed using a regression analysis to compare the significance of average salamander counts to average single weather variables on a monthly, seasonal, and annual basis. This data will determine the correlation of individual weather variables on Plethodon cinereus abundance and their significance. 86 CORDOVA, CORY AND JONATHAN AKIN. Northwestern State University — Salmonella incidence in wild-caught and pet-trade lizards. With the increasing popularity of reptiles as pets, especially concerning lizards, the spread of Salmonella from improper handling is once again of concern in light of previous outbreaks in the turtle pet trade. In this study, we swabbed specimens of both wild-caught and captive-bred specimens of two species of lizards common to the pet trade, Scincella lateralis and Anolis carolinensis , and cultured for Salmonella. The Salmonella levels from these specimens were also compared to background levels in the surrounding leaf litter from where the specimens were caught as well as to surfaces in the trade pets’ habitats. We found that, although Salmonella levels varied from specimen to specimen, levels were higher in the wild-caught group. As expected levels in the pet-trade specimens appeared more correlated to sanitation than species type. The results of this study suggest that the risk of Salmonella contamination from a pet lizard remains low. 87 MEYER, HARRY A., MARK A. PAULISSEN, AND TABATHA S. HIBBS. McNeese State University-Distribution and movement of Mediterranean Geckos on a Louisiana college campus. The Mediterranean Gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus, is a small, nocturnal, insectivorous lizard that has been introduced to the southeastern U.S., where it lives almost exclusively on buildings. In 1999, we began a mark-recapture study of geckos living on a one-story brick building on the campus of McNeese State University. Distribution data show adult geckos were found almost exclusively at the highest point of the outside wall of the building, whereas juveniles were frequently found lower down. Insect sampling (sticky traps) shows insect prey are more common at the top of the wall than at the bottom in June and July, but not in August when hatchling geckos emerge. Analysis of recapture location of 24 geckos shows that all but one moved only a short distance, or had not changed location at all, between recaptures, regardless of whether the time between captures was 30 days or 3 years. 88 WOODSON, HEATHER MILLER1, LUCY HAWKES2, KRISTINA L. WIILIAMS1 AND MICHAEL G. FRICK1 (1)Caretta Research Project and (2,Bald Head Island Conservancv-A summary of green turtle ( Chelonia mydas) nesting north of Florida. The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is one of the three sea turtle species known to nest regularly in the United States. Nesting distribution for this species in the U.S. is normally considered as limited to Florida. Published accounts of green turtle nesting north of Florida are few, however, numerous nesting events in Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina by the green turtle have been documented. In Georgia, seven nests have been confirmed to date with the earliest known activity from 1974. Five nests were reported in South Carolina from 1996 to 2002. Reliable confirmations of nesting in North Carolina began in 1980 and continued through 2002, with over 80 nests verified. In recent years, nesting by the green turtle in North Carolina has been consistent and fairly predictable. In this report, a summary of incubation period, clutch size and frequency, hatching success and available tagging data for green turtle nesting north of Florida to date is presented. Abstracts 131 89 HUESTIS, DIANA L. Eckerd College-Life history and ecology of two-lined salamanders ( Eurycea bislineata complex) in upstate South Carolina. Larval and adult two-lined salamanders ( Eurycea bislineata complex) were sampled regularly at four sites in the Enoree River basin of upstate South Carolina to determine several larval life history characteristics of each population, including length of the larval period, age and size at metamorphosis, and larval growth rates. Species identifications were made by mitochondrial DNA analysis, and sites were selected to allow examination of environmental effects on the length of the larval period. Salamanders were collected from three montane streams, two first order and one second order, and from one lowland second order stream. It was determined that two cryptic species of Eurycea live within the Enoree River basin, one of which is new and undescribed. Larvae at all three montane sites metamorphosed in late June and July of their second summer, while larvae at the lowland site metamorphosed in late July and throughout August of their second summer and at a significantly larger size. Larval growth rates were greater for the lowland population as compared to the montane populations. These life history differences may be attributable to environmental differences between the streams to which each population is ideally adapted. Alternatively, the observed differences may be due to genetic dissimilarities between these morphologically cryptic species. This study explores the relative importance of phylogenetic constraints compared to environmental influences on salamander life histories. 90 TSALIAGOS, RIA N. University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory-- Examining Indeterminate Growth in Freshwater Turtles. The assumption that reptiles exhibit indeterminate growth is widely accepted as a form of conventional wisdom, although the supporting evidence is equivocal. Over time, there has been frequent speculation backed by anecdotal evidence for and against continued growth in large, old, individual reptiles. Although documentation of growth in old, mature reptiles has been reported for some turtle species (e.g., Terrapene ornata. Trachemys scripta), it has been stated as not occurring in others (e.g., Chelonia mydas. Kinosternon subrubrum, Emydoidea blandingi). Definitive evidence of patterns of indeterminate growth in turtles and other reptiles has remained obscure. Several freshwater turtle populations on the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina contain known-age individuals, many originally captured in the 1960's and 1970's. Since then, over 30,000 turtles have been involved in mark-release-recapture studies. This study investigated whether turtles continue to grow at a diminishing rate throughout their life by using two species of freshwater turtles found on the SRS. Data from both the mud turtle (K. subrubrum) and the slider turtle (T. scripta) demonstrate unequivocally that some reptiles have indeterminate growth. Manuscript preparation was aided by Financial Assistance Award Number DE- FC09-96SR18546 from the U.S. Department of Energy to the University of Georgia Research Foundation. 91 MARKS, LISA C., PIERSON HILL, DIANA CHEMOTTI AND MICHAEL E. DORCAS. Davidson Colleqe-Microhabitat selection and movement patterns of black rat snakes ( Elaphe obsoleta) in the western Piedmont of North Carolina. In February 2002 we began an investigation into the ecology of black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) in Davidson, North Carolina. We surgically implanted radio transmitters and tracked ten adult snakes twice a week. When a snake was located, we recorded its location, habitat, microhabitat, behavior, position, exposure to the sun, and GPS coordinates. We used a GIS to analyze home range size and activity patterns. Preliminary results from the last nine months indicate that the four most frequented microhabitats are underground (24%), in trees (23%), on the surface (20%), and in fallen tree stumps (14%). We found snakes inside fallen trees 3% of the time and in "other" microhabitats including 132 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 kudzu patches, barns, junk piles, and abandoned structures 16% of the time. When observed on the surface, snakes were crawling and extended approximately 50% of the time and coiled approximately 50% of the time. We also observed that snakes frequented edge habitats, which may be related to optimizing basking opportunities. During the active season, the maximum movement of any single snake was slightly over one kilometer. Continuation of this study will allow further investigation of black rat snake home ranges, microhabitat preferences and movement patterns. In addition, we plan to examine continuous body temperature variation of individual snakes over time using surgically implanted microdataloggers. 92 JONES, MATT AND RICCARDO A. FIORILLO. Dept, of Natural Sciences, Shorter College, Rome, GA-Helminth community structure of the northern slimy salamander, Plethodon plutinosus, from Floyd County in Northwest Georgia. We examined the helminth community structure of a population of northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus from a pine-mixed hardwood forest in Floyd County, Georgia. Approximately 25 Individuals were collected by hand from an hill side overlooking a small man made pond. This locality consists of mostly contiguous forest along the Oostanaula River, but urban development is encroaching on this population, as, less than a tenth of a mile away, approximately 16 acres of pine-mixed hardwood forest have been clear cut to make way for new construction. We examined the stomach, small and large intestine and all other visceral organs for helminth parasites. We report a helminth species list for this “suburban” population of salamanders and examine the effects of sex and body size on helminth species richness and diversity. 93 OSBOURN, MICHEAL S.1, LINH D. PHU1, JEFFREY E. BAILEY2 AND THOMAS K. PAULEY1 Marshall University and West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection-Streamside salamanders as indicators to health of headwater streams in West Virginia Many different bioindicators have been used to assess the health of streams throughout the United States. Some of these include benthic invertebrates and fishes. In our study funded by the USGS and the US EPA we examined the potential use of streamside salamanders as another type of bioindicator. Thirty-two randomly selected sites in West Virginia were surveyed using complete census and removal sampling techniques. Environmental parameters were recorded and included temperature, pH, relative humidity, turbidity, cobble count, etc. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine any correlations between habitat data and salamander abundance. This data will help to determine the viability of streamside salamanders as bioindicators in West Virginia. 94 MYERS, SETH J. AND THOMAS K. PAULEY. Marshall University— Breeding migration and population structure of the Spotted Salamander in West Virginia. The movements of Spotted Salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum , in and out of a breeding site in Wayne County, WV were monitored for one breeding season (January- April 2002) using a drift fence lined with funnel traps. The breeding site is an ephemeral pool located in a mesic, mixed-deciduous woodland area at an elevation of 253 m. Data obtained from this study were used to determine the climatic conditions correlated with the onset of migration, length of the breeding season, ability of A. maculatum to orient non- randomly while exiting the pool, and structure of the breeding population. 95 PAULEY, THOMAS K„ SETH J. MYERS AND CODY R LOCKHART. MARSHALL UNIVERSITY — Status of the West Virginia state collection of amphibians and reptiles. Abstracts 133 The West Virginia Academy of Science gave Neil D. Richmond $100 in 1935 to travel the state and collect amphibians and reptiles. These specimens and supplemental collections in 1937 and 1938 formed the nucleus for a state collection of amphibians and reptiles. Since Richmond was not associated with a museum or university, he lacked curatorial services and a building to hold the collections. To provide curatorial services, the collections were moved to Marshall College in 1939 under the care of N. Bayard Green. N. B. Green maintained the collections from 1939 to 1971. During this time the collections grew from approximately 1,000 to over 5,000. Michael Siedel served as the curator from 1971 to 1987 and Thomas K. Pauley assumed the curatorship in 1987 and continues to provide curatorial services for the collection today. Presently, there are over 12,000 specimens. The West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, United States Park Service, and United States Department of Agriculture-Forest Service have provided financial assistance for the maintenance of the collections. 96 TOWNSEND, VICTOR R, JR.1, ALAN H. SAVITZKY2, CATHERINE E. THORSON1, AND JOHN C. TOMASHESKI1. Virginia Wesleyan College1 and Old Dominion University2 -A comparative study of dermal morphology in lepidosaurs. Although dermal elastin fibers are considered to be important components of vertebrate skin, they can only be visualized through the use of specific stains (e.g., iron gallein, orcein, Verhoefs elastin stain). In comparison to collagen fibers, relatively little is known about the distribution of elastin fibers in the skin of reptiles. In this study, we examined the distribution of dermal elastin fibers in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, and compared the morphology of its skin with that of squamates. Our results indicate that elastin fibers occur in both layers of the dermis (stratum laxum and stratum compactum) of Sphenodon. In addition, we found that elastin fibers were often intimately associated with collagen fibers interconnecting the stratum compactum with the overlying epidermis. In addition, a continuous layer of elastin fibers occurs at the interface between the deeper regions of the stratum compactum and the superficial fascia. This subdermal layer of elastin was also observed in both lizards and snakes, and thus appears to be a trait common to all lepidosaurs. The skin of squamates exhibited considerable interspecific variation with respect to the distribution of elastin fibers. In both lizards and snakes, elastin fibers were not observed in the stratum laxum. In general, snakes differed from lizards in having the elastin fibers concentrated in the intersquamous skin and beneath the free edges of the scales. 97 BENSON, CATHERINE AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University-Population ecology of Ambystoma maculatum at an ephemeral pond in Greenville County, South Carolina. Spotted salamanders ( Ambystoma maculatum) are often locally common in the southeast and may serve as important biological indicators due to their sensitivity to environmental change. This study begins the collection of baseline data for the population ecology of A. maculatum from a single breeding pond on the campus of Furman University. The timing of reproduction, breeding population size, resulting egg masses, approximate rates of larval population decline and larval growth rates are reported. 98 ABRUSLEY, JESSICA, JOSH SONNIER, AND JONATHAN AKIN Northwestern State University — Substrate- versus air-borne odor discrimination in Scincella lateralis. Autarchoglossan lizards, such as skinks, are believed to use chemical signals more frequently in intraspecific interactions than visual displays, due to their well-developed vomeronasal systems. In this study, we compared the response of adult skinks to both substrate-borne and air-borne olfactory cues. These lizards live in a complex leaf litter 134 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 environment where air-borne odors may not be as easily detected as substrate-borne odors. The lizards’ responses were scored both in terms of tongue-flicking behavior and in the time spent in either an area marked with a fecal scent or in the presence of an air¬ borne cue. We found that lizards responded significantly more to air-borne cues than to substrate-cues but, in all cases, male odors were more significantly avoided than female odors. THURSDAY MORNING ANIMAL BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 1 99 SCHWARTZ, FRANK J. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina — Lonqnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus, of North Carolina, especially the Cape Fear River. The primitive longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus), considered a trash or worthless fish, inhabits waters of the eastern two-thirds of North America from Quebec to Rio Grande, Texas. Their biology is poorly known. They have no commercial value and are rarely eaten. Longnose gar are common to abundant in North Carolina, especially Albemarle Sound and its tributaries, occasionally Pamlico and Core Sounds, and common to abundant in the mid to upOper Cape Fear River, especially north of Wilmington in the Black River. Sampling 22 stations throughout the Cape Fear River from 1973 through 1978 produced 2512 longnose gar caught in gill nets (980 were measured and weighed). Captures occurred, primarily in March to May and September to November, with 498 captures in 1977 alone. Smallest specimens were 400 mm standard length (SL), largest 1110 mm SL, both caught in 1977; smallest weight was 409 g in 1974, heaviest 5136 g in 1977. Longnose gar preferred to inhabit shoal river areas from Snows Cut northward in 3.7-29° and 3-30 ppt waters; few strayed south to shoals opposite buoy 18, three kilometers from the river mouth and the Atlantic Ocean. Length-weight relationships were expressed by the formula: log w = 3.2989 log SL - 6.2489, r = 0.7993, n = 973. Compared to specimens inhabiting freshwaters of Missouri and Kansas, the freshwater marine- inhabiting longnose gar of the Cape Fear River were longer but lighter, in weight, than those from freshwater. North Carolina record longnose gar caught in the northeast Cape Fear River 15 May 2002 is 1259 mm TL, 8732 g. 100 FULLING, GREGORY L. AND WAYNE HOGGARD. NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory, Pascagoula MS-Distribution of the Ocean Sunfish ( Mola mota) from Aerial Surveys in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Information regarding the ocean sunfish (Mola mola) distribution and habitat preferences are generally lacking; therefore any data documenting the occurrence and distribution of these fish is unique. Our data represents opportunistic sightings from aerial surveys of Northern Gulf of Mexico waters between 1992-1998 from Brownsville, Texas to Key West, Florida. Survey design targeted (or focused on) cetaceans and therefore did not provide sightings in all seasons or habitats that sunfish may occur. Inclement weather also prevented complete coverage of all areas and seasons. Ocean sunfish were sighted with greatest frequency (89/93,95.7%) during the months of February/March. Surveys conducted in 1996-1998 were supplemented with infrared sea surface temperature data. Temperatures of Mola mola sightings ranged from 13.8 -29.3 C with 96.9% (59/61) of those sightings occurring in water 24 C. Logistic regression analysis of those sightings with associated surface temperatures (61/93) demonstrated 78.8% concordance with temperatures in the range less than 24 C. Our data suggest that the greatest opportunity to sight Mola mola is (are) during winter months. One reason for these increased sightings during the cooler months may be due to the animals “basking” behavior. Abstracts 135 101 TACKETT, FRED1, ERIC EMORY2, MELISSA MANN1, ADAM MANN1 AND THOMAS JONES1. Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia1 and ORSANCO, Cincinnati, Ohio2 -Fish community structure of the Kanawha River. Electrofishing studies on the mainstem of the Ohio River have been conducted by the Ohio River Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) for the past decade. Recently, an index of biological integrity was created based on their sampling procedures. This index has not been normalized for the navigable tributaries. Forty collection sites consisting of 500 meter transects were established along the 92 miles of navigable waterways of the Kanawha River drainage in West Virginia. Multivariate analysis (PCA) demonstrated a separation of fish communities from the mouth of the river at Point Pleasant to the confluence of the Gauley River and New River at Kanawha Falls. The three most common fish collected were Emerald Shiners, Gizzard Shad and Freshwater Drum. Fish communities near the mouth more closely correlated to those of the Ohio River, while communities in the upstream sections resembled those of more medium-sized streams. 102 SPANOVICH, STACEY, PETER H. NIEWIAROWSKI, AND RICHARD L. LONDRAVILLE. The University of Akron-Seasonal variation of leptin levels in individual lizards from two populations of Sceloporus undulatus with different life history strategies. Two geographically separate populations of Sceloporus undulatus , fence lizards, differ in life history strategies, differentially allocating similar amounts of energy to growth, storage, and reproduction. Lizards from a population in Nebraska grow rapidly, increase fat stores rapidly, reach maturity at a smaller size, and reproduce as yearlings. Individuals from a population in Ohio grow slowly, reach maturity at a larger size, and reproduce at two years of age. Because fat storage is a very important correlate for reproduction in vertebrate organisms, the lipostatic hormone, leptin, could be involved in the regulation of these lizards’ life history strategies. In fence lizards fat stores vary seasonally with reproduction, and in mammals leptin levels vary with fat. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin amounts in whole blood of Sceloporus undulatus will be different upon emergence in the spring, mid-reproductive season, and in preparation for hibernation in the fall within each population of lizards and between early maturing (Nebraska) and late maturing (Ohio) populations. Lizards were collected in Nebraska and Ohio each season and their blood was sampled. Western blots were performed to separate and identify leptin from lizard whole blood. Densitometry was used to estimate circulating leptin concentrations. This work is partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, IBN- 0099303. 103 UNGER, DAVID E., ERIC M. ANDERSON, AND BRUCE KOHN Alderson- Broaddus College, University of Wisconsin, and Department of Natural Resources- Habitat analysis of timber wolf homesites in northern Wisconsin and east-central Minnesota. Timber wolf (Canis lupus nubllus) den (n=13) and rendezvous (n=10) sites were studied in northwestern Wisconsin and east-central Minnesota from 1 Jul - 31 Dec 1994 and 1995 and 1 Jun - 31 Sept 1996 using spatial and habitat variables measured at three spatial scales: homerange, macrohabitat (attributes within 1 km of site) and microhabitat (attributes within 24 m or 50 m of a den or rendezvous site, respectively). We used geographic information systems to analyze the position of sites within annual territories, location relative to roadways, and landscape covertype characteristics. Logistic regression analysis indicated selection of central core area of the annual territory was the most significant feature of den sites. Prevention of interpack strife and optimal foraging may explain this behavior. At the microscale level wolves selected areas with steep slope 136 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 (P=0.016) and sandy soil (P <0.0001), most likely for ease of digging and drainage purposes. Habitat features appear to override locational features in the selection of rendezvous sites. Wolves selected wetland habitat (P =0.05) in close proximity to water (P =0.007) for rendezvous sites, most likely due to increased water needs of pups after weaning. Sites also had a higher visual obscurity (P =0.05), possibly for hiding pups from humans, competitors and/or predators. The needs of the pups may dictate the selection of different characteristics between den and rendezvous sites. Increasing resource needs and increased pup mobility may render habitat features more important than spatial features when selecting a rendezvous site. 104 WRIGHT, NICOLE AND LINDA NIEDZIELA. Elon University-A hatching system for collection of developmentally-synchronized populations of Artemia nauplii. Large numbers of Artemia (brine shrimp) nauplii at the same developmental stage are required for various toxicology assays, molecular evaluations of gene expression, and behavioral research Artemia are relatively easy to hatch from dormant cysts once rehydrated. Hatching begins at 16 hours, but continues for many hours resulting in a population containing Artemia nauplii of multiple instar stages. A system for hatching, collecting, and storing large developmentally-synchronized populations of freshly hatched Artemia nauplii is described here. Sanitized and rehydrated cysts are placed in a modified 125 ml side-arm Erlenmeyer flask hatching vessel and placed in a 30°C water bath for hatching. A light source that radiates down the length of a glass tube inserted in the vessel is used to attract newly hatched nauplii. They are collected using a flow through system connected to a collection sieve that maintains the temperature of the nauplii at 4°C. At this temperature the Artemia enter a cold-induced quiescent state arid stop developing. When enough nauplii are collected, they can be returned to ambient temperature and development continues normally. Using this system, highly synchronized populations of instar I nauplii were collected. The effects of prolonged 4°C storage on naupliar viability and subsequent development will also be reported. 105 BRAUN, GENEVA MICHELLE AND STEPHEN C. LANDERS. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University — Acid phosphatase localization in ectocomrriensal symbionts of grass shrimp. Acid phosphatase is one of many enzymes present in the lysosomes of cells. This project was designed to localize acid phosphatase in selected ciliated protozoa in order to better understand their digestive pathways. Two ectocommensal symbionts of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio were stained for acid phosphatase activity. Lagenophrys spp. is a sessile peritrich ciliate that lives within a secreted lorica on the shrimp exoskeleton. Hyalophysa chattoni is an apostome ciliate that also attaches and encysts on the exoskeleton. These protozoa have markedly different diets. Lagenophrys feeds on plankton continually, while H. chattoni feeds on crustacean exuvial fluid during one stage of its complex life cycle. The phoront stage of H. chattoni studied for our experiments is found on the shrimp and lives off its food pellet reserves formed from an earlier opportunity to feed. Our results show strong acid phosphatase staining in Lagenophrys, and variable levels of expression in the apostome H. chattoni. The staining variation in the apostome is possibly related to the stage of food pellet digestion occurring within the cell. 106 LITTLEJOHN CYNTHIA, MARK MEADE, CHARLES OLANDER AND BENJIE BLAIR. Jacksonville State University-Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of phloxine B on morphology, growth and metabolism of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Phloxine B is a water-soluble halogenated xanthene dye. FDA approved, phloxine B has been used in cosmetics and drugs for over 50 years. Currently, researchers are examining the efficiency of phloxine B as an externally applied therapeutic bath for fish. FDA Abstracts 137 approval for use in treating aquatic pathogens is contingent on toxicity studies examining the effects of phloxine B on both target and non-target species. This study examines the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of Phloxine B on morphology, population growth, and metabolism of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. Tetrahymena pyriformis is found in all freshwater and many marine ecosystems. Tetrahymena is considered a sensitive, rapid, simple, and cost effective model toxicological organism. Tetrahymena pyriformis is the most commonly used protozoan model for ecotoxicological evaluation. When exposed to the light, phloxine B does in fact cause cell damage in T. pyriformis resulting in decreased cell density. Phloxine B also has a significant effect on oxygen consumption rates of T. pyriformis. The effects of the dye can be detected at concentrations as low as Ippm. 107 STOCKDALE, HEATHER, J. KENNETH SHULL AND MICHAEL WINDELSPECHT Appalachian State University-Mating and courtship behavior of Drosophila malanoqaster. There are several aspects of the mating behavior of Drosophila melanogaster that are unknown. If mating is to occur, the female must accept the male after he performs an extensive courtship that involves wing vibration and the production of a courtship song. However, male flies with the vestigial wing mutation are unable to produce the courtship song, yet are still successful in mating. Our laboratory found that sexual selection among vestigial winged females is not based on the males’ ability to produce a courtship song, and that females with the vestigial wing mutation prefer males of the same mutant variety. This infers that females are assessing male fitness in ways that do not involve the courtship song. We video taped the courtship and mating of virgin male and female vestigial D. melanogaster, virgin male and female wild type D. melanogaster and various combinations between the vestigial and wild types. We found that during courtship, males with vestigial wing mutations approach females from the side at a right angle. This is unlike the courtship behavior of the wild type males, who approach females from behind. This behavior difference may have an effect on how females assess male fitness when a courtship song is not produced. 108 RAYBURN, JAMES R., DAVID STEFFY, AND CODY ST. JOHN. Biology Department, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL-The Developmental Toxicity of Humic Acid and its potential as a Surfactant Humic acid (HA) is as an anionic surfactant that promotes the mobilization of a non- aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in a porous medium. HA is extracted from peat by a simple series of batch processing steps of acid/base extractions. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined as the lowest concentration of HA needed to produce maximal effect on the surface tension in distilled water. Short-column tests of a HA solution at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 3.4 mg/ml were used to evaluate the applicability of HA as a surfactant. HA improved the NAPL removal efficiency up to about 81% as measured by simple column flushing tests. HA developmental toxicity was also tested using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) methods ToxTools® was used to estimate 50% effect levels, 30% and 10% effect levels for HA The 96-hr LC50 was approximately 4.0 mg/ml and the 96-hr EC50 (malformation) was greater than 4.05 mg/ml and therefore could not be estimated accurately Although malformations were observed, no significant teratogenic effect is evident for HA in Xenopus embryos. The Maximum effect indicated for malformation by ToxTools was approximately 30%. A 1 mg/ml is estimated to be the LC10 of for Xenopus embryos Advantages of HA as a surfactant are that its inexpensive, a naturally occurring substance, abundant, low oxygen demand, and promotes the mobilization of NAPL Disadvantages of HA are that it is anionic, which results in the dispersion of clays that may lead to clogging of the pores, and that the HA has an LC50 in the vicinity of the CMC. 138 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 which is the optimum concentration for using the HA as a surfactant. This indicates that the toxicity maybe due to the disruption of cell membranes. 109 KLENC, JOAN AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University-Effects of fire and vegetation on foraging avian communities. We examined the effects of old field vegetation types, fire and succession on foraging bird diversity, abundance, and species richness. The study was conducted on a 2.18 ha. old field in Greenville, County, South Carolina at the Bunched Arrowhead Natural Heritage Preserve from 8 March to 22 May 2002. Results were then compared to an identical study conducted from 9 March to 24 May 2001, following controlled burning on 27 February 2001, The study area was divided into 10 separate, similar sized plots distributed across three dominant vegetation types: (1) broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), Aster spp. and blackberry Rubus spp.; (2) switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum)\ and (3) deer tongue (P. clandestinum). Half the plots in each vegetation type were burned. Four-hundred and eleven bird sightings of 15 species were recorded in the second year as compared to 820 bird sightings of 30 species the first year. In 2002, species richness differed significantly across vegetation types with the lowest species richness in switchgrass plots (F=3.589; df=2; p=0.041). A comparison with 2001 data revealed 3 significant patterns: (1) interactive effect between fire and time on abundance (F=6.245; df=1; p=0.015), species richness (F=8.167; df=1; p=0.006), and diversity (F=3.614; df=1; p=0.062); (2) interactive effect between time and vegetation type on diversity (F=3.219; df=2; p=0.047); (3) three- way interactive effect between fire, vegetation type and time on diversity (F=3.869; df=4; p=0.008). This study suggests that management of avian communities in old fields may be best accomplished by planting P. clandestinum and periodic burning. 110 INGRAM, KATHERINE AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University-Sexual dimorphism, latitudinal variation and character displacement in the pallid bat Antrozous pallidus. The pallid bat ( Antrozous pallidus) occurs across a wide variety of habitats from southern Mexico to British Columbia exhibiting significant geographic variation in skull morphology. Further, previous studies suggest that the degree and extent of sexual dimorphism also varies across this broad range. Finally, A. pallidus is sympatric with a potential competitor ( Macrotus californicus) in the southwestern part of its range, which could contribute to geographic variation and sexual dimorphism through competitive displacement. This study demonstrates: (1) that skull size changes significantly with latitude within designated subspecies; (2) that there is a significant interactive effect between subspecies and gender on skull morphology; and (3) investigates the potential contribution of competition to geographic variation in A. pallidus. 111 KUHAJDA, BERNARD R. AND STEVEN L. POWERS. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa-Status of recognized and potential endemic ichthyofauna in the Sipsey Fork Drainage, Alabama. Most of the fish diversity within the Sipsey Fork Drainage of the Black Warrior River Basin lies within two western systems, the Sipsey Fork proper and the Brushy Creek System, with a total of 44 native species. Two recently recognized undescribed species are endemic to these systems, the Sipsey darter ( Etheostoma sp. cf. bellator) and the Warrior bridled darter (Percina sp. cf. macrocephala). All known localities for these darters are located in either the main stem of the Sipsey Fork or in two to three direct tributaries, with one additional locality for the Warrior bridled darter in the main stem of Brushy Fork. These species are considered imperiled because of their limited distribution and the low number of specimens in collections. Although there are no records for either species within the section of the Sipsey Fork impounded by Lewis Smith Reservoir it is likely that Abstracts 139 they occurred there before impoundment. The Sipsey Fork and Brushy Creek systems share 32 other fish species; 5 of them (Hybopsis winchelli , Notropis volucellus , Moxostoma duquesnii, Noturus leptacanthus, and Percina shumardi) represent disjunct populations isolated from more wide-ranging populations found elsewhere. Recent studies on other species of fishes with disjunct populations have discovered genetic variability between populations, and some isolated populations, such as the Sipsey darter and the Warrior bridled darter, have represented distinct species. These other Sipsey Fork populations of fishes may represent additional endemic taxa with limited distributions and abundances. 112 MCLAREN, DANIEL, DR MARK MEADE, AND DR.BENJIE BLAIR. Jacksonville State University — Microscopic examination of the larval stages of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The Malaysian freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is gaining popularity as a commercial food source and has a very high reproduction rate in artificial environments. Previous studies of the freshwater prawn have mainly focused on hatchery techniques. Classification of larval stages was originally conducted in the 1960’s using light microscopy and 35mm photography. Other than this work, little has been done to examine the different developmental stages associated with the larval phase of growth. Females extrude up to 76,000 eggs dependent upon body size and multiple morphological stages can be found at any given time. Twelve larval stages have been previously reported and there were four main features associated with the classification of the different stages: eyestalks, pleopod formation, telson/uropod development, and number of rostrum teeth. Larva were reexamined to confirm the classification parameters set in earlier studies. Ovigerous females were hatched and reared at JSU. Larva were collected and examined using a Sony model DXC-960MD 3CCD color video camera linked to a Nikon SMZ-U Zoom 1:10 microscope and digitized using the Image-Pro Plus software version 4. 1.0.0 (Media Cybernetics, L.P.). These results were confirmed using a JOEL 5600? scanning electron microscope. The SEM allowed for early detection of developmental characteristics. This project was funded in part by NSF-CCLI Grant #0088299. 113 MOYER, TIMOTHY AND DAVID UNGER. Alderson-Broaddus College-Results of a year-long bird survey in a small semi-urban wetland. W3 conducted this survey at a small (approximately 6 hectares), semi-urban wetland in Buckhannon, WV from 9 Oct 2001 to 9 Nov 2002. The purpose of the survey was to acquire an annual species list and determine residential, seasonal, and/or accidental, species. We identified 52 species representing 10 orders. Observations suggested that species diversity varied with the time of year, soft mass production, breeding, and water levels. Bird activity also appeared to be affected by human disturbance, including automobiles, trains, and hunting. Future research will attempt to quantitatively investigate the habitat suitability of the site for various wetland and migratory species. AQUATIC WETLANDS 114 GEORGE, ROBERT Y. University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina-Estuarine ecosystem shifts in Cape Fear River delta in response to climate change: Are we witnessing an evolutionary “gear change" from warm temperate to subtropical? The Cape Fear River delta is experiencing in the course of the last two decades significant changes in the trophodynamics of the estuarine ecosystem in response to subtle increase in sea level and associated elevation in salinity. Species composition, predator-prey interaction, foraging activities of blue crab Callinectes sapidus on the fiddler crab Uca 140 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 pugnax, predator-prey density patterns and physiological responses to a changing environment in this complex Spartina alterniflora salt marsh ecosystem are the subjects of a study for two consecutive years (2000 and 2001). The results indicate the following changes in the ecosystem: (1) Dominant primary consumers are fiddler crabs, not oysters as it was in the past, (2) Male blue crabs of certain size classes (10 - 15 cm wide carapace) increased in density as a consequence of elevated salinity (3) Patchiness in blue crab and fiddler crab density in Cape Fear delta was influenced by optimum nutrient conditions (nitrate availably for primary production) and (4) Salinity gradient laboratory experiments revealed that both blue crab and fiddler crabs experienced optimum survival in higher salinity conditions ( 25 to 35 parts per thousand) and showed significant stress in low salinity (15 to 5 parts per thousand) as a reflection of high cost of metabolism for osmoregulation. This paper presents the new and provocative “ecosystem gear shift hypothesis" or (ECO-SHIFT theory) as a consequence of decadal global warming and sea level changes. However, deepening of the river delta by Army Corps of Engineers, nitrogen flux from nearby Golf courses, storm-water pollution, thermal shift due to effluents from Carolina Power Plant in South Port near the river delta and effects of episodic toxic algal blooms present a multifactorial stress to this resourceful ecosystem that calls for careful future study to delineate the influence of sea-level change scenario from human impact. 115 FOX, DAVID, DRAKE OWENS AND MICHAEL LAND. Northwestern State University-Effects of light intensity, temperature, nutrients and carbon dioxide manipulation on the intensive culture of Nannochloropsis oculata (Japanese Chlorella) for sunfish fry cultivation. Nannochloropsis oculata (Japanese Chorella) is an exceedingly small algae (3-9pm) with a high nutritional value for swim up fish fry. Small scale manipulation and culture of Chlorella was performed to obtain the steepest growth curve possible by maximizing a number of growth parameters. The mouth structure of sunfish is exceedingly small and in intensive artificial fish culture, the lack of natural algae and macrophytes leads to unacceptably high mortalities. A ready and reliable source of Chlorella could provide a much greater survival rate in sunfish fry. Therefore large scale microalge production was attempted by extrapolating the small scale results. The resulting growth curves and harvesting techniques of the small and large scale cultivation was compared. 116 MILLER, GARY L. University of North Carolina-Asheville-The ecological status of Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian watermilfoil) in the Finger Lakes Region of New York State. During the past 50 years many lakes in eastern North America have lost much of their scenic and recreational appeal due to the explosive growth of one or more attached macrobenthic plants. In the Finger Lakes region of New York State, there has been a change in the status of numerous native macrobenthics such as Najas, Chara and Potamoqeton as a result of the aggressive expansion of the exotic Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian watermilfoil). This species is now the most important pest species throughout the region and dominates the vegetation in numerous recreation lakes. Vegetation analyses of the eleven main Finger Lakes and eleven other associated water bodies were analyzed for species composition, density, diversity and biomass. Population distribution maps were developed for each species. 117 OWENS, JANNA, KEN MARION, ROBERT ANGUS, JAIDEEP HONOVAR1, MELINDA LALOR2, ERIC MEYER AND STEVE MCKINNEY3. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Dept, of Biology', Dept. Civil and Environmental Engineering2 and Storm Water Management Authority, Inc.3 — Aquatic Biological Communities as Indicators of Sedimentation. Abstracts 141 Nonpoint source pollutants, which are the current predominant stressors of US waterbodies, require integrated monitoring programs for adequate water quality assessment. Standard chemical protocols can fail to reflect the magnitude of pollutants generated during runoff events, such as excessive sedimentation. Chemical and physical parameters, in conjunction with biological monitoring, depict the present levels of a stressor, as well as the short- and long-term effects of exposure. Our objective was to examine possible correlations between sedimentation status and the community structures of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates. The upper Cahaba River basin and several tributaries were sampled seasonally according to the US EPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocol. A series of metrics were utilized for analysis of the biological status of the resident organisms and compared to habitat conditions, sediment depths and land usages. To calculate the upstream sedimentation characteristics, geographic information systems (GIS) and selected data layers were used to construct a cartographic model. This enabled a sedimentation index (SPI) value to be generated for the upstream watershed of each sample site. Significant correlations were evident between SPI values and the known sediment sensitive macroinvertebrate metrics, such as the EPT and Hilsenhoff biotic indices. Darter, sucker and selected minnow species had negative correlations with habitat scores and SPI values for upstream land usage. Watershed management that combines multiple parameters into the monitoring of water quality will be able to more accurately characterize the effects of point and nonpoint pollutants. 118 KROES, DANIEL E.1 and CHRIS W. BASON. U.S. Geological Survey and East Carolina University-Sediment storage in beaver ponds of headwater coastal plain streams, Virginia and North Carolina. In the last 20 years beaver populations and ponds have increased dramatically on the Coastal Plain, although most studies have been limited to Canada and mountainous regions. The effect of beaver and sediment storage is investigated in three catchments; (1) suburbanized Fairfax County, Virginia (Piedmont), (2) agricultural tributaries to Popes Creek, Virginia (Coastal Plain), and (3) agricultural North Carolina (Coastal Plain). Five beaver pond areas were selected in each region. Ponds were located on 2nd to 4th order streams with drainage basin from 1.5 km2 to 59 km2. Ponded channel bed storage is measured by repeated annual elevational surveys. Sediment storage on the ponded floodplain is measured annually using clay pads and texturized sediment collection boards. Suspended sediment is collected during storm events using single stage samplers placed in the center of channels upstream of ponded areas and 5m downstream of dams and depth integrated samples are taken periodically. Preliminary results from single stage samplers indicate a suspended sediment reduction between input and output of 59 and 45 percent for suburban and agricultural areas respectively for storms during August - October 2002. In suburban and agricultural areas depth integrated samples taken after the maximum storm discharge and low discharges show an increase of sediment load between input and output stations. Sediment collectors on ponded floodplains show trace deposition. Preliminary results indicate beaver ponds are effective coarse (sand) sediment traps. Ponds may be sources of fine (clay, silt) sediment, possibly due to bioturbation and/or downstream bank erosion. 119 KEMPER, SARA AND DAVID R. ORVOS. Sweet Briar College, Virginia— Effect of fluoxetine (Prozac) on Daphnia maqna and Selenastrum capricomutum. Fluoxetine HCI (Prozac) was the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and is commonly prescribed. Recent investigations have detected pharmaceuticals, including fluoxetine, in surface waters across the U S. The U.S. Geological Survey detected fluoxetine at a median concentration of 0.012 ug/L Since aquatic organisms are exposed to a myriad of pharmaceuticals and their excreted metabolites, this investigation examined 142 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 the effect of fluoxetine HCI on organisms from two trophic levels. Daphnia magna were exposed to 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, and 8.00 mg/L fluoxetine using a static system and reconstituted dilution water at pH 6.5. Fluoxetine concentrations were measured using reversed phase HPLC and fluorescence detection No toxicity was observed until day 4 of the study. The median effective concentration (EC50) is the calculated concentration of a substance that affects 50% of a test population. The EC50s for fluoxetine HCI at 6, 7, 8, and 9 days were 2.62, 2.12, 1.03, and 0.97 mg/L, respectively, using the trimmed Spearman-Karber method for EC50 calculation. Current experiments are examining the effect of fluoxetine on algal biomass and growth rate. The 8-day deterministic safety factor was calculated to be 81. Thus far, this investigation has demonstrated shown that the environmental risk for D. magna from fluoxetine is negligible using EC50 as an endpoint. 120 GEORGE, SOPHIE, B. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia-The ectosymbiont crab Dissodactylus mellitae- sand dollar Melllta isometra relationship. The number of crabs found on the sand dollar Mellita isometra, stage of maturity, sex, numbers of eggs, and size of eggs produced by crabs ( Dissodactylus mellitae) were noted over a two year period. The test diameter of sand dollars, and the number and diameter of eggs produced were also noted. Infestation rates of crabs on sand dollars varied over time. The three types of population dispersion; random, uniform, and clumped were observed for crabs on sand dollars throughout the sampling period. Clumped or gregarious distribution was observed when juvenile crabs were abundant, uniform and random distribution when adult crabs were abundant. Female crabs were significantly larger than male crabs, with carapace width of the largest adult female crab being 4.6 mm and the largest male 3.1mm. Crabs produced between 80 and 300 eggs ranging from 0.188 mm to 0.291 mm in diameter. Bigger crabs produced significantly more eggs than smaller crabs. Sand dollar sizes ranged from 50-110 mm. The effect of crab burden on egg production in the sand dollar was time-dependent. The presence of crabs on sand dollars affected total egg production of sand dollars in May, the peak of the spawning season, with sand dollars carrying one or two crabs having a lower egg production than those without crabs. 121 POWERS, STEVEN L. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL-Conservation genetics of the threatened ashy darter, Etheostoma cmereum (Percidae: Allohistium), in the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems Ashy darters, Etheostoma clnereum, (Percidae: Allohistium) are restricted to flowing pools of relatively silt free, medium to large rivers in the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems. Degradation of these habitats by widespread dam construction, mining, logging, agriculture and development within the Cumberland and Tennessee drainages has apparently fragmented the range of ashy darters into several disjunct populations. The mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b gene was sequenced from individuals (n = 9) representing each of the extant populations of E. cinereum. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data indicated genetic partitioning among populations from the Cumberland, Duck and upper Tennessee river systems. These analyses combined with morphological variation noted in previous studies indicated that the three different drainages are home to three different evolutionarily significant units (ESU) currently recognized as E. cinereum. Other taxa appear to display similar biogeographic patterns to provide further support for this conclusion. Future conservation efforts should consider the distinctiveness of the different ESUs for management and propogation. 122 TERRELL1, CHRISTOPHER G„ PAUL M. STEWART1, AND THOMAS P. SIMON2., Yroy State University and 2U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service-Darters and madtoms of the coastal plain ecoreqion: indicators of environmental quality. Abstracts 143 Darters and madtoms are indicator taxa and intolerant of sedimentation and water quality impairments. Over 70 darter species are found in Alabama, yet only about 10 are found in southeastern Alabama coastal plains streams. Disturbances such as elevated nutrient and sedimentation are thought to limit darter and madtom distributions. These taxa are often the first to disappear with sediment-related disturbance due to their lithophilic habitat preference. This study was done to evaluate water quality and habitat preferences of darters and madtoms in the coastal plain ecoregion of southeastern Alabama. Fifty stream sites were sampled during 2001 and more will be sampled in the spring of 2003. Thus far, six species of darters and two madtom species have been collected with a single site yielding from zero to four darter and madtom species. Indications are that these species occupy a range of habitat and water quality preferences, but still occupy the upper limits of quality sites in the ecoregion. Stream samples from 2001 suggest that sites with higher numbers of darter and madtom species typically are the least-impacted sites. Increased knowledge of water quality and habitat preferences of darter and madtom species could assist in a better understanding of past impairment and future improvement of the southeastern Alabama portion of the coastal plain ecoregion. 123 NICHOLS, JOHN D. AND JAMES E. PERRY. Virginia Institute of Marine Science and UNC-Chapel Hill-Evaluating wetland biological integrity through floristic quality assessments. Given the continuing degradation of freshwater wetland ecosystems throughout the Southeast, there has been significant interest in developing methods and indices to evaluate and monitor wetland biological integrity. We sought to adapt a vegetation-based survey known as the floristic quality assessment and test its ability to assess the level of naturalness and human impact in hardwood flat wetlands of southeastern Virginia. At eleven sites we measured plant species diversity and composition within each vertical strata of the wetland (herbaceous, understory, and canopy) to calculate the floristic quality index (FQI) of each layer. We then tested index scores in each layer for their relationship to land-use disturbance patterns within site buffer and watershed areas. We found the floristic quality of the herbaceous and understory layers to be negatively correlated with the level of land-use disturbance at both the buffer and watershed scale, suggesting that FQI scores within these strata can serve as a useful reflection of current anthropogenic stress. While the FQI of the canopy layer was not a reliable indicator of current land-use disturbance, we found that a comparison of the floristic quality of the understory and canopy layers gave insights into the historical vs. recent integrity of a site. Overall these findings support the use of floristic quality assessments in evaluating wetland biological integrity when survey and index calculation methodology are carefully adapted to local flora and community types. 124 SAUTERER, ROGER, ELIZABETH GILBERT, ROBIN HARDY, CARLA HARPER. JEREMY HARPER, LATOSHIA MILLER, MARY MILLWOOD, JAMES RAYBURN, JOSEPH SIKES, AND TATIANA TATUM. Jacksonville State University— Watersheds close to the Monsanto Plant in Anniston, AL , show distance- dependent growth inhibition of frog embryos by the FETAX assay. The Monsanto/Solutia plant in Anniston, AL, is of environmental and public health concern due to soil and watershed contamination by PCB-laden runoff from on-site landfills. In order to determine potential toxic effects on embryonic frogs under controlled laboratory conditions, we analyzed water samples and aqueous sediment extracts from three PCB- contaminated study sites ranging from 1 - 30 km from the Monsanto plant using the FETAX developmental toxicity assay. None of the samples from the three sites showed significant differences in embryonic mortality or malformations, however, embryonic growth inhibition was observed at all three sites with more pronounced effects closer to the Monsanto plant. The Snow Creek site, 1 km from the Monsanto plant and a site of 144 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 heavy contamination, showed significant growth inhibition using both diluted and undiluted water and sediment extracts. A proximal Choccolocco Creek site, 5 km from the plant, showed growth inhibition only in undiluted water and sediment extracts The distal Choccolocco Creek site showed growth inhibition only with undiluted water samples. Embryonic growth inhibition is more pronounced at sites closer to the Monsanto plant, suggesting that Monsanto plant contamination may contribute to the observed effects. Since PCB exposure induces Cytochrome P-450 1A (CYP 1A) in a variety of organisms, we are currently attempting to detect and quantitate CYP 1A in frog embryos by Western blotting using commercially available CYP 1A antibodies. Preliminary work indicates these antibodies weakly cross-react with embryonic CYP 1A but considerable background is present, and we are optimizing these proceduresto increase specificity. 125 MOLINA, M.E., ALEX MARTIN, ELLEN A. COWEN, ZACK E. MURRELL. Appalachian State University-Multivariate description and classification of mountain wetlands in the New River drainage using GIS. Wetlands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains provide habitat for many imperiled plants and animals. Bogs in the region develop where the topography is gentle enough to prevent runoff, while fens develop where discharge from groundwater seeps through hydric soils before discharging into a channel or stream. The topography of these sites makes them excellent areas for farming and development, making competition between imperiled species and humans inevitable. Our preliminary GIS analysis supports Weakley and Schafale’s (1994) estimation that less than 15% of the original wetlands remain after three centuries of aggressive human development. Wetlands also act as important components of the water regime by recharging aquifers, reducing sediment load, and as areas of natural flood control. Our study attempts to classify wetlands in the headwaters of the New River based on hydrology, soil chemistry and texture, vegetation, and geomorphology. We have developed a methodology that combines the use of field data and digital datasets in a GIS to examine these parameters at a relatively undisturbed site near Tater Hill, NC. We intend to extend this methodology to include other sites with varying land use impacts. Since most wetlands, including those in the New River drainage, are degraded, results from the parameters used in this study can be used as a reference by conservationists, land managers, and wetland scientists to prioritize Southern Appalachian wetlands of restoration and conservation importance. 126 SCHAUS, MAYNARD AND HEATHER CROW. Virginia Wesleyan College-Effects of urbanization on salt marsh bird communities. The impact of urbanization on salt marsh bird communities was investigated in the Lynnhaven River estuary, Virginia Beach, VA. Bird diversity, abundance, and community composition was compared across 24 sites grouped into 4 urbanization categories (low, medium, high, and very high), which were sampled during summer, 2002. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicted highest diversity and abundance in areas of moderate disturbance, in this case the medium to high urbanization categories. However, diversity did not differ significantly across urbanization categories, and abundance showed only a marginally significant increase at the highest level of urbanization. Bird community structure differed substantially across urbanization categories, with Clapper Rail and Salt Marsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow abundant only in areas with low urbanization, and generalist species (e.g., Laughing Gull, Common Grackle, Mallard, Green Heron) dominating in areas with very high levels of urbanization. This shift in bird community structure is similar to the type of shift observed in forest bird communities across a gradient of urbanization. However, unlike forest bird communities, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis was not supported Abstracts 145 127 MORRIS, NICOLE M., BRIAN BROCK, KATIE GIBBS, TED STARNES, AND JUST CEBRIAN Jacksonville State University and the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Alabama -The effect of fertilization on internal nitrogen in the marsh plants Distichlis spicata and Salicornia virginica. Marshes are distributed from artic to subtropical regions. They play important roles in coastal ecosystems such as shelter, food source, filters estuarine and terrestrial ecosystems, coastal stabilization, and carbon accumulation. Worldwide, eutrophication has become an increased problem for marshes. The increased nutrient loads can be caused of human activity and may lead to harmful algal blooms. In Alabama marshes, Salicornia virginica , a succulent marsh plant, and Distichlis spicata, a clonal grass, are very common and have adopted strategies to survive in this environment. D. spicata has adapted a strategy to minimize water loss, while S. virginica has a strategy to maximize water storage. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the nitrogen accumulation in D. spicata and S. virginica under increased fertilization. Twelve sample sites, six fertilized and six controls, were chosen at Airport Marsh on Dauphin Island. A suitable site was defined as a site containing S. virginica and D. spicata. Before and after fertilization, air temperature, soil temperature, light, salinity, and pore water nutrients were measured. The six fertilized sites were injected with 0.0528 moles of nitrogen, A week later, one S. virginica and two D. spicata plants were collected and analyzed for nitrogen (using a Carlo-Erba auto analyzer). Abiotic factors remained relatively constant; however, salinity fluctuated with location. After analyzing the selected plants, the nitrogen content of fertilized S. virginica (0.3% mean composition) was significantly higher than the content of fertilized D. spicata (0.05% mean composition)(p < 0.05). PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 1 128 HERR, J. M„ JR., J. T. MORRIS, AND G. HERRICK. Dept Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-The effects of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition on the spectral reflectance of leaves and leaf anatomy in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Since 1984, plots of Spartina alterniflora in a South Carolina salt marsh have been treated with nitrogen (ammonium nitrate [NH4N03], 14 mols/m2/year) and phosphorus (triple superphosphate [Ca(H2P04)2H20], 7 mols/m'Vyear) applied separately or in combination. Spectroradiometric scanning of the leaves shows that plants treated with phosphorus alone or combined with nitrogen have a significantly higher reflectance in the near infrared (NIR 700 to 1100 nm) than do control plants or those treated with nitrogen alone. The portion of the bundle sheath toward the axial surface of the leaf is significantly thinner and more lignified in plants treated with phosphorus, and this location of highly reflective, lignified cells near the leaf surface may account for their higher NIR reflectance. 129 SMAW, SHERCODA AND RAYMOND L. PETERSEN. Howard Universitv-An in vitro assessment of simulated rain and pH on the Urban-adapted moss Bryum capi Hare. Bryum capillare ubiquitous to cities grows between the cracks of sidewalks cracks. Such urban-adaptation implies resistance to pollutants, such as acid rain. Testing the effects of simulated rain (SR) and pH on B. capillare colony growth (mmj in axenic culture we found that colony growth progressively decreased with the increasing acidity of the SR (pH 8.0 - 2.0). Applications of pH 4.0 SR caused a 50% reduction in growth from that obtained in the pH 8.0-treatment, suggesting that the average pH of 4.2 of rain in Washington. DC should have a negative effect on the growth of B. capillare. Yet, the moss is both common and abundant in the city. In a second experiment the optimal pH for the in vitro culturing of B. capillare was determined to range between pH 6 - 8. This finding was collaborated when field samples of B. capillare substrates were shown to have an average value of pH 146 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 7.5. We attributed the near neutral pH of the in situ substrate of the moss to the surrounding concrete of its typical urban habitat. In a third experiment the adverse effects of low pH-SR on B. capillare, detected earlier were reversed by culturing the moss on cement-amended medium (pH 7.6). Based on these findings and on the analysis of field samples, it was concluded that while B. capillare has little or no apparent resistance to acid rain, it is protected from its adverse effects by the apparent buffering and neutralizing capacity of its preferred substrate, the cement of city sidewalks. 130 HULL, JAMES C. AND KIMBERLY LOHNAS. Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD-Factors contributing to survival Gentianopsis crimta (Frole.) Ma. (fringed gentian) at Soldiers Delight Natural Environmental Area, Maryland. Fringed gentian (Gentianopsis crinita (Frole.) Ma.) is a state-endangered species found in serpentine soils at Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, Maryland. The overall purpose of this research is to determine factors that contribute to the decline of fringed gentian at Soldiers Delight. Above and belowground interactions between fringed gentian and Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vamineum ) and between fringed gentian and cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated in a split-pot, factorial design in the greenhouse. A similar design was established at Soldiers Delight. In addition, seedlings of fringed gentian were transplanted into Soldiers Delight in spring 2002. Transplant habitats ranged in irradiance and potential soil moisture. First year survival of seedlings was monitored with respect to soil moisture and irradiance. In the greenhouse aboveground interactions with Japanese stilt grass did not significantly reduce growth of fringed gentian. Belowground interactions significantly reduced growth of fringed gentian both in the presence of stilt grass and cultivated wheat. These results were corroborated in the field experiment. Survival of transplanted seedlings was positively correlated with soil moisture, however seedlings in flooded microhabitats did not survive. In mid-summer there was no correlation between survival and irradiance, yet in late summer a slight negative correlation was observed indicating that some shade might increase survival. 131 STALTER, RICHARD. St. John’s University, New York-A sixty seven year history of arborescent vegetation in Inwood Park, New York City, New York. The arborescent vegetation of Inwood Park, New York City, New York, was sampled by the quadrat method in 2001 and compared with the arborescent vegetation present on a map of individual tree species in Inwood Park prepared by the Works Program Administration in 1935. Arborescent vegetation in twenty five 10x10 m plots was sampled at three sites: moist valley, south-facing slope and dry ridge. The identity and dbh of all of the stems >7.6 cm were recorded and relative dominance (percent basal area) determined for each tree species within the 25 quadrats; the relative dominance of tree species at each of the three sites was compared. Liriodendron tulipifers was dominant at the dry ridge in 1935 (RD = 95.6) and 2001 (RD - 98.3). Acer spp. increased in relative dominance at the moist valley site (RD = 5.3 to 15.3) but has decreased at the south¬ facing slope site (RD = 13.2 to 0.2). There was no change in the dominant genera, Liriodendron and Quercus at all sites over the past 67 years. 132 BROOKS, JANIE S. Cornell University and Brevard College — Seasonal variation in chemical profiles of Daucus carota foliage: concentrations of oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes. Plants are dynamic, not static, members of their interactions with insects. Plant secondary chemistry shows considerable variability within a plant, among individuals of different genotypes, and temporally in the course of one, or many, seasons. Seasonal variation in secondary chemistry has been well studied in long-lived trees, shrubby perennials, and Abstracts 147 annuals; however, this work has focused on whole-tissue chemistry. Variation in leaf- surface chemistry has been largely overlooked. Little is known about seasonal variation of oviposition stimulants on the leaf-surface and how that variation relates to fluctuations in leaf-tissue chemistry or changes in plant phenology. This study documented seasonal changes in leaf-surface and whole-leaf chemistry of oviposition stimulants for Papilio polyxenes, the black swallowtail butterfly, in wild-type Daucus carota plants exhibiting winter annual, biennial, or annual life-cycle phenologies. Leaf-surface concentrations of chlorogenic acid and luteolin-7-0-(6"-0-malonyl)-p-D-glucopyranoside were not correlated with levels measured in leaf tissues. Rather, leaf-surface concentrations of these compounds were highest at the point in the lifecycle when plants were differentiating (in winter annuals and biennials) or bolting (in annuals). Since black swallowtail females choose sites for oviposition based on the levels of these stimulants present on the leaf surface, differences in leaf-surface chemistry among carrot plants at various stages of plant development could potentially affect the oviposition behavior of Papilio polyxenes. 133 SCOTT, ANNA AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus College-Survey of the fall wildflowers of Barbour County, West Virginia. Few county by county lists exist concerning the fall wildflowers in West Virginia. The purpose of this study was to create a list of late fall wildflowers in Barbour County, West Virginia. This study was conducted from September 1st thru October 15th. Major roads, county roads, and hiking were used to access the fields and woodlands of Barbour County. Individual voucher specimens of each species were collected and preserved using standard techniques. Identifications were performed using widely available field guides in conjunction with comparison to herbarium specimens. A total of thirty species were recorded as blooming during the study period. The most common family encountered was the Composite family 134 FRIDLEY, BROOKE AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus College-Insect visitors and insect visitation rates to Wingstem ( Verbesina alternifolia) in Barbour County, West Virginia. Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia) is a perennial wildflower that can reach a height of over 3 meters. It has toothed alternate leaves that are oblong or lance-shaped and extend down the stem to form “wings”. The brilliant yellow daisy-like flowers usually have less than ten ray flowers that radiate downward and appear mop-like. Wingstem's fruit is a flat achene. The blooms appear in mid-summer and continue into fall and can be found inhabiting fields, roadsides, borders, and woods. Wingstem ranges across the United States east from Nebraska except for far northern New England The purpose of this study was to determine the insect visitors to wingstem and their visitation rates. During September of 2002, three study plots were chosen along Arden Road in Barbour County, West Virginia. These plots were observed throughout the day in ten minute intervals for three weeks. Voucher insect species specimens were collected and preserved for later identification. The types of insect species visiting wingstem and the time each insect spent per visit were recorded. Visitation rates among insect species was compared and a potential pollinator list was generated. 135 GUZZI, BETH AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus College-Plant height, patch size, and seed set in the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. The common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, is a perennial herb that grows from a deeply buried rhizome. The stout stems are usually solitary, covered with short, fine hairs, and, when severed, exude copious amounts of milky latex. Plants can be up to six feet tall Several inflorescences, each bearing 20 to 100 or more rose- to purplish-white flowers are borne on short peduncles that arise from upper leaf axils. At maturity, the fruits are pod- 148 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 like structures up to four inches long with large seeds bearing white hairs nearly two inches long. The common milkweed grows from June through August on native prairie, roadsides, and open habitats that are not heavily grazed by livestock. The objective of this study was to find if overall plant height influences plant seed set success. A total of 500 milkweed plants were sampled in multiple patches throughout Barbour County, West Virginia during the late fall of 2002. For each plant, the overall height, and the total number of fertile seed pods produced were recorded. Patch size was also noted at each location. Relationships between patch size and plant height to seed pod set were then examined and compared. 136 HERN, AMANDA J. AND JOHN ENZ. Alderson-Broaddus College-Insect visitors and insect visitation rates to isolated and mixed stands of New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis ) in Barbour County, West Virginia. New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis) is a perennial herb that can be found growing along streams, meadows and woodlands throughout the eastern United States. It has finely toothed, lance-shaped leaves and small purple flowers in clustered heads. Plants can grow over 3 meters in height and bloom from late summer through fall. This study consisted of two study plots in Barbour County, West Virginia. One plot consisted of an isolated stand of Ironweed, while the other plot consisted of Ironweed mixed with Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima). Multiple observations at each plot were made in ten- minute intervals throughout the days from September 10,H to September 25th, 2002. Insect species specimens were collected and preserved for later identification. Insect visitors and their visitation rates were compared between the two plots 137 MANCUSI, MICHAEL R.1'2 AND N. S. NICHOLAS2. ’The University of Tennessee Department of Forestry and the Public Power Institute, Tennessee Valley Authority — Successional changes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park spruce-fir forests following balsam woolly adelgid infestation. The southern Appalachian red spruce Picea rubens (Sarg)-Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. forests have been subjected to high amounts of stress since the beginning of the 20’th century. The demand for spruce lumber, forest fires, atmospheric deposition, global climate change, and the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratz.) has altered the structure of this unique ecosystem. In order to monitor successional changes in 1990, the National Park Service established thirty-six 20 x 20 meter permanent NAPAP style plots on five mountain peaks in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The overstory, saplings, seedlings, and herbaceous layers were sampled. Plots were re-sampled ten years later. Since 1990 the mean live fir basal area decreased only by 4.3% while the density increased by 25.8%. Spruce basal area and density decreased. Mortality rates of all species have decreased since the late 1980s. Mountain-ash (Sorbus americana Marsh.), which has previously shown high amounts of mortality due to the mountain ash sawfly (Pristiphora geniculata Hartig), showed the greatest decrease in mortality rate. In addition, the ages of all size classes of Fraser fir decreased suggesting an accelerated growth rate in response to disturbance. This new cohort of healthy, fast growing fir trees, with low mortality rates may be in jeopardy once it reaches maturity. Past studies have shown that pure even-aged mature fir creates an ideal habitat for the balsam woolly adelgid. 138 HELD, MICHAEL E.1 AND SUSAN JONES-HELD2. ’Department of Biology, Saint Peter’s College, Jersey City, NJ 07306 and "’Department of Biology, King’s College, Wilkes-Barre, PA-Analvsis and description of forests communities in the Pocono Mountains Region of Pennsylvania. Abstracts 149 Variations in topography, climate, geologic formation, glacial activity, soil types, and especially today, human activities, have contributed to a diversity of environments, forest types, and forest development patterns in northeastern Pennsylvania. While there has been much work done in this area in the past, more recent studies of these forests have been sparse. Some of the communities we re-examined had not been surveyed in 50 years. During this 50 year period the composition of the forest communities had not significantly changed. A further analysis of the forest communities in the Pocono Mountains included data collected from either field studies undertaken by the authors or from the published literature. Fourteen forest communities were examined. Cluster analysis [using relative density] indicated there are five community types represented by the 14 stands. Four are upland communities: Maple-White Oak-Sassafras; Maple-Beech- Birch; Maple-Red Oak-Chestnut Oak; and Flemlock-Maple-White Pine-Beech. The fifth community type is a lowland system dominated by hemlock, beech, and maple. 139 FIERR, J. M., JR. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-A new clearing technique for the study of ovule and female qametophyte development in anqiosperms. For all 4 -type clearing fluids, chloral hydrate is an essential ingredient, and these fluids are effective only in clearing plant tissue preserved in formalin-based fixatives. Chloral hydrate, a controlled substance, is often difficult to obtain, and formalin is considered potentially carcinogenic. Ethanolamine, phenol, 1:1 (ETAPFI) is an alternative clearing fluid that is effective with formalin-free fixatives, e.g., Carnoy’s fixative (100% ethanol, acetic acid, 3:1). Whole ovaries or ovules from several species placed in Carnoy's fixative for 24 hr to several months were stored directly in ethanolamine, 100% ethanol, 2:1 instead of 70%ethanol. The maximal time for suitable storage varies with the species. Ovules of Senna corymbosa (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby were structurally unaltered after three months in the storage fluid, while those of Oenothera fruticosa L. were no longer suitable for clearing after two months exposure. The ovules were transferred from the storage solution to ETAPFI for at least 24 hrs, and then mounted in a drop of that fluid under the supported cover glass of a Raj slide. They were then observed with phase contrast or Nomarski interference optics. Through optical sections in the sagittal plane, stages of ovule and female gametophyte development were observed. Exposure to ethanolamine may cause eye, skin, and lung irritation as well as allergic reaction. It should be handled with caution in a well ventilated laboratory. 140 HARTSOCK, JARED J., KURT A. PISKIN, AND LAWRENCE W. ZETTLER. Department of Biology, The Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL-Symbiotic seed germination of two showy terrestrial orchids ( Platanthera ciliaris , P. cristata: Orchidaceae) using mycorrhizal fungi North American terrestrial orchids generally have a wide appeal, but few have been successfully cultivated from seed because of their absolute requirement for mycorrhizal fungi to prompt seedling development and establishment. Consequently, they remain extremely vulnerable to collection pressures (e.g., poaching) and habitat loss Although relatively common now, Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindley and P. cristata (Mich.) Lmdley, have been targeted for the landscape for their yellow-orange floral displays, yet no reliable means to grow these species from seed exists. This possibility was the focus of our study Seeds from 8 populations in 3 states (NC, SC, TN) were inoculated with 3 strains of mycorrhizal fungi (Epulorhiza spp.) in vitro (= symbiotic seed germination). Seed viability values were highest (>80%) for seed collected from larger populations, presumably because of cross pollination between unrelated individuals Percent seed germination and seedling development were evaluated weekly. Percent germination was highest for both species inoculated with a fungus from an epiphytic orchid (Epidendruni conopseum R Brown) from Florida. Leaf-bearing seedlings were obtained for both orchids using the 150 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 same fungus, and a fungus from Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley also promoted leaf-bearing seedlings in P. ciliaris. Seedling development continued on soil under a white light photoperiod (LD:12:12 hrs). 141 KELLY, ANGELA A. and RAY S. WILLIAMS. Appalachian State University- Allocation to growth versus defense in defoliated Pinus strobus. Throughout a single growing season, plants may experience a number of nutritional constraints due to changes in available sunlight, nutrients, water, and herbivory. When the loss of resources is due to herbivory, plants may attempt to outgrow the herbivory or defend themselves via allelochemicals. However, a balance must be made between allocation of resources (e.g. carbon) for growth or the production of allelochemicals. This study compares allocation among trees with and without a resource reduction (foliage removal). In August of 2001, three blocks containing eight white pine (Pinus strobus) saplings each were set up at the Department of Biology Gilley Research Station in Boone, NC. In one-half of the trees per block, 50% of the needles were removed. The height and diameter of each tree was measured. In spring and summer 2002, trees were again subjected to a resource loss by manually removing 50% of new leaves. Tree growth (D2H) was measured throughout the season (monthly) and old and new leaves sampled for allelochemicals (volatile terpenes) and carbomnutrient analysis. From August 2001 to May 2002, saplings with needles removed attained less biomass. This result continued in the 2002 growing season where there was a significant negative effect of leaf removal on plant growth. The results of the allelochemical analysis on needles sampled in May and July 2002 show that there was no treatment effect on the amount of terpenes produced. 142 COLLINS, BEVERLY, JOHN DILUSTRO, AND LISA DUNCAN. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory — Thresholds of disturbance and dynamics of mixed pine- hardwood forests at Fort Benninq, GA. Ecosystems may not be sustainable beyond some threshold of disturbance intensity or frequency. That is, they may change trajectory or lose desirable species. At Fort Benning, GA, upland mixed pine-hardwood forests are managed, primarily through thinning and prescribed burning, for longleaf pine. Forest management is set within the context of military use, which varies from lighter, dismounted infantry training through heavier, tracked vehicle use. Are there thresholds of past fire frequency or military use beyond which these forests have not maintained longleaf pine? Results of vegetation surveys suggest canopy and ground layer vegetation are related to disturbance intensity and soil texture. Differences among sites reflect the proportion of pine (species combined) in the canopy. Sites dominated by longleaf pine include those that are burned frequently or are in heavier use compartments. These data are preliminary, but they suggest that modifying management practices toward more frequent burning can sustain mature longleaf pine. Identifying thresholds of burn frequency over variation in soil and military training can guide adaptive management of upland forests at Fort Benning. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 143 YODER, JAY A., JEFF L DOMINGUS, CHRIS I. SANDERS AND PETER A. HANSON. Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH-- Biosynthesis of the tick sex pheromone (2,6-dichlorophenol) does not require tyrosine. 2,6-Dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) is an attractant sex pheromone released during feeding by females of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). 2,6-DCP's function is to bring members of the mating pair together, by exciting nearby feeding males, prompting them to detach and search for the female emitter. Host blood provides the bulk of material Abstracts 151 secreted by ticks and, indeed, is the source of chlorides on 2,6-dichlorophenol. In this study we seek to determine the source of the aromatic ring in 2,6-DCP, hypothesizing that it may derive from the phenolic amino acid tyrosine. Isotopically enriched tyrosine (ring l3C6-tyrosine) was used as a tracer and loaded into ticks by capillary feeding (female adults) or microapplicator injection (fed nymphs, analyzed as adult females). Analysis for incorporation of the ] 'C label into 2,6-DCP was conducted using single ion monitoring GC/MS. Monitoring for the presence of compounds having m/z = 162 (M+ of 2,6-DCP, natural isotopic abundance) and m/z = 168 (M+ of l3C6 2,6-DCP) confirmed the presence of 2,6-DCP in all of the tick extracts, but none of the 2,6-DCP was isotopically enriched. Our conclusion is that the most likely source of the aromatic ring contained in 2,6-DCP is phenylalanine. 144 FET, VICTOR1, JOSHUA L. GREENWOOD1 and ALEXANDER V. GROMOV2. 'Marshall University, West Virginia and institute of Zoology, Almaty, Kazakhstan- Mitochondrial DNA data on evolution of the endemic psammophile scorpion Liobuthus kessleri Birula, 1898 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Central Asia. We report the first mitochondrial data (16S rRNA gene sequence) for the monotypic psammophile scorpion genus Liobuthus Birula, 1898 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the sand deserts of three Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Four populations of Liobuthus kessleri Birula have been analyzed. Genetic distance between the populations was 3.6 to 6.4 %. The lineage of northern deserts (East Kizylkum + Baigakum) has a high statistical support (bootstrap value 90 %). The most southern population (Repetek, Karakum) formed an outgroup to all other populations. Topology of this phylogenetic tree supports the hypothesis of psammophile species spreading from south to north during the formation of Central Asian sand deserts and their endemic fauna (Kryzhanovsky, 1965), and point at the southern part of Central Asia (Turkmenistan) as the possible place of origin of the genus Liobuthus. The study was based on the materials collected during the expedition funded by the National Geographic Society Research & Exploration Fund in April-May 2002. 145 BRAUN, GENEVA MICHELLE AND STEPHEN C. LANDERS. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University — Acid phosphatase localization in ectocommensal symbionts of grass shrimp. Acid phosphatase is one of many enzymes present in the lysosomes of cells. This project was designed to localize acid phosphatase in selected ciliated protozoa in order to better understand their digestive pathways. Two ectocommensal symbionts of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio were stained for acid phosphatase activity. Lagenophrys spp. is a sessile peritrich ciliate that lives within a secreted lorica on the shrimp exoskeleton Hyalophysa chattoni is an apostome ciliate that also attaches and encysts on the exoskeleton. These protozoa have markedly different diets. Lagenophrys feeds on plankton continually, while H. chattoni feeds on crustacean exuvial fluid during one stage of its complex life cycle. The phoront stage of H. chattoni studied for our experiments is found on the shrimp and lives off its food pellet reserves formed from an earlier opportunity to feed. Our results show strong acid phosphatase staining in Lagenophrys. and variable levels of expression in the apostome H. chattoni. The staining variation in the apostome is possibly related to the stage of food pellet digestion occurring within the cell 146 ENZ, JOHN AND KRISTEN PEROS. Alderson-Broaddus College-Survey of the Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of Barbour, Taylor, & Upshur Counties, West Virginia. The dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of West Virginia are an understudied and under documented group as attested by the paucity of literature citations. In addition. 152 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 information regarding the distribution of Odonata in West Virginia is lacking and/or needs updating. The purpose of this study was to survey the Odonata present in Barbour, Taylor, and Upshur counties, West Virginia. Several sites, both lotic and lentic, within each county were sampled for both larvae and adults during the time period 1 May 2000 through 1 September 2000. Larvae were surveyed using D-nets and Kick-nets and were then preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Two methods were employed to prepare captured adults for identification. To preserve adult coloration, a portion of the adults were placed in glassine envelopes, soaked in acetone for 12 hours, dried, and placed in dragonfly museum envelopes for identification. The remaining adults were killed using ethyl acetate and pinned for better viewing of wing venation. Identifications were made using published keys in conjunction with comparisons to museum collections. This study found 35 Odonate species in Barbour County (34 new county records), 1 1 species in Taylor County (4 new county records), and 21 species in Upshur County (15 new county records). The majority of the species found were members of the Family Libellulidae. This study was supported by a grant to Dr. John Enz from the Nongame Wildlife and Natural Heritage Program of the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. MICROBIOLOGY AND GENETICS 1 147 KERRY, SAMANTHA E. AND JEFFREY A. FRELINGER. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill-Role of CD8 coreceptor in CD84 T cell activation: it’s all about affinity. CD8+ T lymphocytes provide a primary arm of the body’s defense against viruses and tumors. However, much remains unknown about how a CD8+ T cell becomes activated to initiate an immune response. A T cell becomes activated when the T cell receptor (TCR) on a T cell recognizes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on an antigen presenting cell. CD8 coreceptor also binds to the MHC along with the TCR. However, it is unclear if CD8 coreceptor binding is necessary for T cell activation. We have studied the requirement of CD8 coreceptor binding in initiating a CD8+ T cell immune response. Through biochemical and functional assays, we show that engagement of CD8 coreceptor is necessary to initiate optimal CD8+ T cell responses. Interestingly, increased affinity between the TCR and MHC can overcome this necessity of CD8 engagement. Fluorescence imaging reveals that CD8 coreceptor is closely localized to the TCR, even when not bound by the MHC. This implies that the proximity of CD8 coreceptor to the TCR may allow a basal level of T cell signaling. In support of this hypothesis, we have evidence that high affinity interactions of the TCR and MHC allow an accumulation of activation signals over time. This knowledge of CD84 T cell activation can be applied to broader immunological problems, such as vaccine efficacy and organ transplantation. This research was funded by NIH grants GM67143 and T32A1007273. 148 HUNTLEY, COLETTE D., AND HENRY G. SPRATT, JR. University of Tennessee at Chattanooqa-An assessment of the impact of the invasive species Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) on forest surface soil nutrient cycles in the Tennessee River Gorge. The impact of the invasion by the shrub Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) on TN River Gorge (TRG) forest soils, microbial communities, and nutrient pools was studied from June to August 2002. Carbon transformation was studied in surface soils by measuring the mineralization of ,4C-lignocellulose (from Quercus alba) via catabolism by soil microorganisms in 200mL microcosms. To quantify lignocellulose mineralization, 14C02 generated during time course experiments in the microcosms was trapped in 0.1N NaOH and quantified using a liquid scintillation counter. Element pools of total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur were measured by elemental analysis for all soils tested. For organic and mineral soils, the exchangeable cations, Ca2+, Mg' 4', and K+ were determined by AA. Soil Abstracts 153 percent moisture was also measured. As expected due to the more complex structure of lignin, rates of cellulose mineralization were approximately 87% greater than those of lignin. A declining linear trend in rates of cellulose degradation was seen in no-privet plots but was not seen in privet plots, although decreased rates were seen for two of the three sample dates. Rates of lignin degradation were conversely linear in privet and no-privet plots for the same time period. Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were lower in privet plots, while K+ appeared to be unaffected. Total C was lower in the litter of privet plots and total S was higher. Moisture content was consistently lower in privet plots. This data suggests that Chinese privet has an impact on the surface soil microbial community and several key soil nutrient pools. 149 MCDONALD, TAYLOR M., JASON M. HOUCK, J. STEVEN BARGER, JAMON M. BASS, HENRY G. SPRATT, JR. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga — Experiments with a bacterial battery: Terminal electron acceptor vs. organic substrate as limiting factor in anaerobic respiration. Microorganisms living in anaerobic sediments can generate energy for growth by anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiring bacteria can use a variety of oxides found at the aerobic/anaerobic interface as terminal electron acceptors (TEA’s). Populations of these bacteria are often small due to limited concentrations of TEA’S. Recent research has indicated that certain species of anaerobic respiring bacteria can use a graphite electrode (anode) imbedded in sediment connected to a cathode in overlying aerobic water in place of their usual TEA, resulting in the generation of an electrical current. Here, we replicate this experiment using sediments collected from a salt marsh (SM) near Savannah, GA., and sewage sludge (SS) from the Cleveland, TN wastewater treatment facility. Ten-gallon aquaria, subdivided into three sections (cells) by glass partitions were outfitted with PVC “cradles” to hold the electrodes. Sediments or sludge was added to each cell, with the anode at least 10 cm deeper than the sediment/water interface and the cathode in water at least 5 cm above the sediment. Baseline current established after 2 weeks of equilibrium, and the addition of O2 by bubbling air in the overlying water, resulted in 75 pA of current in SM sediment and 190 pA of current in SS sediment. For the SM treatment, the addition of glucose resulted in an increased current generation to 136 pA. This suggests that concentrations of readily utilizable organic electron donors may limit the anaerobic respirors in the SM system. Preliminary data suggests similar results in the SS treatment. 150 SOMERVILLE, CHARLES C. Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University-Coupled enumeration of conforms and antibiotic resistant bacteria as a bioindicator of water quality Microbiological surveys of the Ohio River from Pittsburgh, PA to Rising Sun, IN were made in August of 2001 and 2002. Samples were taken every five river miles (RM) along the mainstem of the river and in major tributaries. Total cultivable bacteria were enumerated on R2A agar plus fungizone (250 ng/ml). Antibiotic resistant bacteria were enumerated on R2A plus fungizone and ampicillin (50 g/ml), ciprofloxacin (4 g/ml), erythromycin (8 Llg/ml), streptomycin (25 g/ml), or tetracycline (12.5 - 25 g/ml) Fecal coliform bacteria were enumerated by membrane filtration and cultivation on m-FC at 44.5°C for 24 hours. In 2001, data from RM 0-265 showed a significant correlation among antibiotic resistant bacteria, but not between antibiotic resistant bacteria and fecal coliforms. Data from RM 270-505 indicated that flooding resulted in mixed antibiotic resistant and fecal coliform sources. In 2002 both antibiotic resistant and fecal coliform counts were significantly reduced relative to 2001. These data allow us to propose and test a bacteria-based bio-indicator for water quality. The method uses three values (high, intermediate and low) for each of two variables (antibiotic resistant and fecal coliform counts), resulting in nine potential states for any water sample. The nine states can be 154 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 assigned qualitative or numerical descriptors to facilitate site comparisons. The assignment of numerical descriptors based on yearly means normalized the data from very different flow patterns, and allows for long term site comparisons. Furthermore, these studies could lead to simplified methods for bacterial source tracking in fecal contaminated surface waters. 151 BUCKALEW, DAVID W. Department of Natural Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA-Lonq-term testing for fecal coliform bacteria in southcentral Virginia: Comparing membrane filtration and Colilert methodologies. Section 303(d) of the US Clean Water Act requires states to identify and list all waters for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) determinations for impacts due to fecal bacteria and other pollutant parameters. Of the currently used detection methodologies for enumerating fecal coliforms in natural waters, membrane filtration (MF) and Colilert defined substrates are two popular techniques that have been studied and compared for precision and reliability worldwide. A total of 36 monthly water samples were obtained from each of 10 sampling sites within the upper Appomattox watershed of Virginia from 1999-2002. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the counts of fecal coliforms obtained by MF and the counts of Escherichia coli by the Colilert method for each of the 10 sites monitored. The lack of difference between bacterial counts was revealed in seasonal comparisons, and in 12-, 24, and 36-month comparisons on a site-by-site basis. These results confirm other reports of the precision and comparability of the Colilert method with traditional methods of coliform analysis. Although more costly, given the greater sensitivity and faster result, Colilert use may be justified by local and state authorities for bacterial testing of natural waters. Other findings of the 3-year study will be discussed relating to frequency of false-positive/negative results and relating to versatility of the Colilert method in varying meteorological conditions. 152 AL-DUJAILI, JAMEEL. Louisiana State University at Eunice-Bacterial evaluation of restaurant salad bars in the Southwest Louisiana area. Due to the recent push for healthier eating in this country, salads have become very popular items in restaurants. Various items of salad bar including lettuce, celery, tomato, onion, cucumber, carrot, spinach, cabbage and green pepper have been identified as vehicles of infection by pathogens such as Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Research was conducted to determine total aerobic bacteria, coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Listeria monoyctogenes in 35 salad bars. Salads were purchase from 35 local restaurants in the Southwest Louisiana area. The samples were packaged with polyethylene sheets and transport in ice to LSUE microbiology laboratory with 1 hour, The samples were submit for examination of aerobic plate count, coliforms and E. coli immediately upon arrival. The results of this study showed that 21 were positive for coliform and 18 were positive for fecal coliform. Also, 15 of the 35 samples were positive for E. coli and 6 were positive for the human pathogen, E. coli 0157:H7. Meanwhile, this study also showed that 28 of the samples were positive for Listeria monocytogenes. 153 STEPHENSON, STEVEN L. Fairmont State College-Studies of Neotropical mycetozoans. During the period of 1995 to 2002, biotic surveys for mycetozoans (slime molds) were carried out in a number of study areas in Central and South America to document more completely the species associated with tropical forests in this region of the world. Primary emphasis of these surveys was on myxomycetes; more limited data were obtained for dictyostelids and protostelids, two other groups of mycetozoans that share some of the same microhabitats as myxomycetes. The body of data represented by the more than Abstracts 155 8,000 field and moist chamber collections of myxomycetes accumulated during these surveys have provided evidence for a number of ecological patterns not previously reported for myxomycetes. The most important of these are that (1) both overall abundance and species richness of myxomycetes appear to be lower in tropical forests than in temperate forests, (2) species richness and [especially] relative abundance increase with decreasing moisture conditions, and (3) in tropical forests, distinct assemblages of myxomycetes are associated with microhabitats that have no counterparts in temperate forests. Most of the dictyostelids recovered from samples collected in the various study areas are cosmopolitan forms or species known to have tropical or subtropical affinities, whereas the species of protostelids associated with Neotropical forests appear to be the same as those found in temperate regions of the world. (Funded by the National Science Foundation.) 154 LAND, MICHAEL AND BRANDON KING. Northwestern State University-Mucosa domestica as a vector for Escherichia coli Q157:H7 in a simulated orchard setting. Mucosa domestica, the common fly, was able to self-contaminate from contact with bovine feces artificially infected with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 at 10h colony forming units per gram of fecal matter. There was a significant difference in the recovery of E. coli from the fly's external and internal structures. The level of contamination associated with the flies was found to be significant in Mucosa domestica's ability to act as a vector for pathogenic E. coli 0157:H7 to fruit (Red Delicious apples and Plums). Fruits were artificially bruised before exposing to flies. E. coli 0157:H7 recovery from bruised portions of the fruits were significantly less than the unbruised portions of fruit skin. There was a direct correlation in the fly’s ability to act as a vector for E. coli 0157:H7 to fruit in relation to the external and internal E. coli 01 57:H7 log counts. 155 HERRON, WILLIAM B, SILVIA MARTIN- LLUESMA, PILAR ARANA, AND DWAYNE WISE. Mississippi State University, Max Planck Institut fur Biochemie, Universidad Complutense-B Chromosomes Alter the Metaphase Checkpoint in Grasshopper Meiocytes. More than forty variants of B-chromosomes present in Spanish populations of the grasshopper, Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charpentier), have been documented. Of these, B5 is known to be a derivative of the original B1. Meiocytes containing B5 were analyzed in our laboratory using the 3F3/2 monoclonal antibody, which binds to a kinetochore phosphoepitope whose degree of phosphorylation is sensitive to tension applied to the kinetochore. Further, the tension created by the spindle at metaphase controls a checkpoint (the "metaphase checkpoint") that allows the cell to begin anaphase when all chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. Fluorescence patterns of the 3F3/2 phosphoepitope in cells containing B5 were determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The phosphorylation pattern of kinetochores in these cells was shown to be different from those of cells without B5. This suggests that the metaphase checkpoint has been modified in some way. We propose that the B5 variant, as well as other B chromosomes in the system, may have survived evolutionarily due to an alteration of the metaphase checkpoint, which may provide a selective advantage by delaying the onset of anaphase and increasing the probability that the B chromosomes will be included in gametes and passed to the next generation. 156 RAMSDELL, CLIFTON, KELLY PRINCE, AND ELIZABETH THAMES University of South Carolina — Meiotic and radiation hybrid mapping of the PeromyscLJS maniculatus genome. A medium density linkage map is being developed to better utilize the deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus) as an important research model. Deer mice are used in a wide 156 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 variety of studies from field ecology and species adaptation to viral pathogenesis. In order to create this map, two complementary approaches are currently being used. Traditional meiotic linkage mapping is being performed by creating interspecies hybrids of Peromyscus maniculatus and Peromyscus polionotus and then crossing them back to P. maniculatus. Allellic differences in the progeny are detected via PCR. A radiation hybrid cell panel has also been developed by combining irradiated embryonic fibroblasts from P. maniculatus with thymidine kinase-deficient (TK1-) immortal Chinese Hamster A23 cells. The resulting cells were selected for and then screened for Peromyscus DNA using Peromyscus- specific PCR primers for TK1. Currently, 102 cell lines have been created. These cell lines are in the process of being analyzed for the presence of Peromyscus Type I (gene) and Type II (microsatellite) markers. Data from the radiation hybrid panel will be combined with recombinant data from backcross animals to yield a high fidelity, intermediate density, whole genome genetic map for P. maniculatus. 157 GIBSON, GREG AND JAMES RAYBURN. Jacksonville State University-Activity of Cytochrome-P-450 in early Xenopus laevls embryos as determined by modified enzyme assay. Cytochrome-P-450 is an important enzyme involved in detoxification. It is found in the mitochondrial membranes of liver cells. The objective of this experiment is to measure its activity in early stage Xenopus laevis (South-African Clawed frog) embryos. The Modified Nash Assay is a reliable metabolic system that measures the product of enzyme substrate/activity of Cytochrome-P-450 as a product of formalin from Aminopyrine. For the first part of this experiment Xenopus embryos were grown in Fetax and collected at 24,48,72,96 hour intervals, and frozen until S-9 preparation. Samples were homogenized and supernatant from 900g centrifugation were taken for S-9 preparation. Samples were then aliquoted at lOOul volumes with 2,900ul of prepared reaction mixture that served as a Metabolic Activation System. Reaction mixture used was a NADPH generator system consisting of: NADPH, glucose-6-phophate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and magnesium chloride. Aminopyrine was used as a substrate in this system. The formalin produced by this reaction was measured using a spectrophotometer. Following this, remaining protein from S-9 was measured to give activity /mg of protein in the sample. Results suggest that while no significant amounts of Cytochrome-P-450 exist in early stage Xenopus embryos, the Nash assay can be used to demonstrate activity of Cytochrome P-450. THURSDAY AFTERNOON ANIMAL BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2 158 BRENNEMAN, WILLIAM M. Indiana University of Pennsvlvania-ldentification of larvae and reproductive timing in redside dace, Clinostomus elongatus (Kirtland). Weekly, replicated dipnet samples of larvae and early juveniles (April - August, 2002) taken from four different headwater sites of Ramsey Run, Indiana County, Pennsylvania, revealed redside dace reproduction beginning in mid-May (water = 13 C) and continuing until near the end of June (water = 20 C). Meso- and metalarval redside dace were differentiable from other syntopic cyprinids ( Campostoma anomalum, Rhlnichthys atratulus , and Semotllus atromaculatus) primarily by their distinctive pigmentation patterns, most noticeable of which were the very thin mid-lateral stripe and lack of a distinct caudal spot on redside dace (cf broad mid-lateral stripes and distinct caudal spots on the other cyprinids). Preliminary analyses of proportional measurements has shown promise for head length (as % of total length) as a distinguishing character separating redside dace from other cyprinid larvae collected in this study. This study was supported in part by a Senate Fellowship Grant from the IUP Senate Research Committee. Abstracts 157 159 STEVEN L. POWERS. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL-Conservation genetics of the threatened ashy darter, Etheostoma cinereum (Percidae: Allohistium), in the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems Ashy darters, Etheostoma cinereum, (Percidae: Allohistium) are restricted to flowing pools of relatively silt free, medium to large rivers in the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems. Degradation of these habitats by widespread dam construction, mining, logging, agriculture and development within the Cumberland and Tennessee drainages has apparently fragmented the range of ashy darters into several disjunct populations. The mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b gene was sequenced from individuals (n = 9) representing each of the extant populations of E. cinereum. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data indicated genetic partitioning among populations from the Cumberland, Duck and upper Tennessee river systems. These analyses combined with morphological variation noted in previous studies indicated that the three different drainages are home to three different evolutionarily significant units (ESU) currently recognized as E. cinereum. Other taxa appear to display similar biogeographic patterns to provide further support for this conclusion. Future conservation efforts should consider the distinctiveness of the different ESUs for management and propogation. 160 MCCOMAS, JEREMY, KATHERINE CHANNELL, JOHN ENZ, MIKE STINSON, AND THOMAS JONES. Marshall University, Integrated Science and Technology, Huntington, West Virqinia-Evaluation of geographic information systems to predict distribution of Cambarus veteranus and C. elkensis, species of federal concern, and the implementation of reproductive studies. Crayfish are the second most numerous taxa on endangered and/or threatened lists. Preserving biodiversity is difficult in light of small native ranges threatened by habitat loss through road construction, mining, timbering and degradation of water quality. Cambarus veteranus and C. elkensis, federal species of concern, are known to limited ranges in West Virginia, Virginia and Kentucky. In particular, C. elkensis is endemic to the Elk River drainage of West Virginia and the last reconnaissance (2002) in West Virginia of the sixteen known C. veteranus sites, failed detection of C. veteranus. A generated Access database including biotic and abiotic data is linked to an ArcGIS 8.2, a geographic information system (GIS), to map potential habitat locations of C. veteranus and elkensis using spatial-temporal analysis based on known habitat requirements. GIS analysis will provide agencies with a focused search area from which field verification of crayfish distribution will be conducted. Future management decisions can then be discerned. Concurrent with GIS analysis, reproductive studies are being conducted in rearing chambers that may allow a methodology for maintenance and possible re-introduction of the species to their native range. 161 HILTON, TIFF, NOAH KENNEDY AND THOMAS JONES. Marshall University. Integrated Science and Technology, Huntington, West Virqinia-Seasonality Study of the West Virginia Stream Condition Index (WVSCI) The WVSCI was created by Tetra Tech in 2000 for the EPA in response to the EPA's regionalization of bioassesment protocols. This index includes six metrics and was based on data collected from April to October. Preliminary assessment for ecoregional and seasonality differences found no significant correlation but the authors did suggest concerns about utilizing data collected outside of the original period. This study investigated the role seasonality of index values. To assess seasonality in the index three different data sets: WVDEP reference site data, site specific study data sampled quarterly for three years, and Mining Permit data that has been collected biannually/quarterly for a large number of years. The data was compared by using box-and-whisker plots, a nested 158 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 ANOVA, and multivariate statistics. Metrics that included Plecoptera data expressed the greatest variability. The presence and abundance of winter stoneflies had significant impacts on the calculated WVSCI scores of all data sets. Reference and highly-impacted sites expressed less index variability than did intermediately-impacted sites. This study suggests a restructuring of the index score criteria by season or a recalculation of the metrics by season. 162 WALSH, STEPHEN J„ WILLIAM B. TATE, AND MATTHEW A. BURGESS. U.S. Geological Survey — Evaluation of fish assemblages in floodplain habitats of the Apalachicola River, Florida, relative to altered hydrology and restoration strategies. The Apalachicola River, Florida’s largest river by discharge, represents the lowermost segment of the 50,777-km2 Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) drainage, one of the major watersheds of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Historically, the ACF drainage has been modified by reservoirs, sedimentation, altered flows, navigational dredging, and other land-use changes. The Apalachicola River also has among the most extensive forested floodplains of the eastern Gulf Slope, yet landscape-scale physical changes have elicited concern over the fate of aquatic habitats and communities associated with the floodplain. In an effort to assess hydrological and biological impacts, and prospects for restoration, we are examining fish communities and habitats of the forested floodplain. We report results of the first phase of this study, to characterize the fish fauna and habitat utilization in a central portion of the drainage within Florida. Using a variety of qualitative and quantitative sampling methods, we surveyed fishes in isolated and connected backwater habitats of the floodplain. Excluding light trap samples designed to target larval fishes, a total of 53 fish species representing 38 genera and 19 families were collected. Nearly 75% of all specimens were centrarchids, cyprinids, and clupeids, with numerical dominance limited to relatively few species. Among backwater habitats, large oxbow lakes and systems continuously connected to the river had the greatest diversity and abundance of fishes; small, disconnected sloughs had fewer species, yet these habitats were nevertheless important refugia under suitable physicochemical conditions. This project is supported by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 163 WALSH, STEPHEN J„ JAMES D. WILLIAMS, MATTHEW A. BURGESS, AND WILLIAM B. TATE. U.S. Geological Survey — Survey of fishes and mussels in freshwater springs of 16 Florida state parks. Agriculture, urbanization, and groundwater impacts have caused profound changes to Florida’s spring ecosystems. Recent legislative and proactive initiatives have been implemented to examine historical conditions, status, and trends associated with the hydrology, geology, and biology of these extraordinary systems. We surveyed fishes and mussels in 16 north-Florida state parks with significant spring resources, including 10 (of 33 state-wide) with first-magnitude artesian springs (discharge >100 cfs). Fish diversity per system ranged from 9 to 33 species, with the ichthyofauna dominated taxonomically and numerically by centrarchids and cyprinids. Several marine species were found far inland and persist due to high groundwater carbonate composition. Fish diversity and abundance was associated primarily with submergent and emergent macrophytes; few species were present over open sand substrates or near deoxygenated vent regions. Of the approximately 60 species of freshwater mussels known from Florida, 18 were found in spring runs or in the mixing zone with adjacent streams. Nine species were found in springs of the Atlantic Slope, and 12 in springs of the Gulf of Mexico drainage, with only three species (Elliptio icterina, Toxolasma paulus, and Uniomerus carolinianus) shared between these drainage units. Mussel diversity was low, usually 2 to 4 species in each spring run; however, some species of Elliptio were abundant. The Asian clam ( Corbicula fluminea), was present in all areas where native unionids were found. No endangered or Abstracts 159 threatened mussels were found to be associated with springs. This project was supported by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Recreation and Parks. 164 FINK, MARK L.1, JOHN FAABORG2, AND FRANK R. THOMPSON, III3. Longwood University, University of Missouri, and USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station-Survival and dispersal of juvenile wood thrush within a fragmented landscape. Few data exist on survival rates of fledged, juvenile songbirds and patterns of dispersal from the nest prior to migration. Yet juvenile survival and dispersal may be important demographic processes driving local and landscape population dynamics. We examined potential effects of habitat fragmentation on survival and dispersal characteristics of juvenile wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) in Missouri. We radio-tracked 89 individuals between 1997 and 1999. Upon leaving natal areas, juvenile wood thrush select second- growth habitats and sample other nearby patches in a continuously wandering fashion. Overall survival of juveniles was higher (.73) in fragmented sites than in contiguous sites (.42). This research has important implications for our understanding of the effect of habitat fragmentation on bird populations. 165 SPENCE, JAMES B., KATHERINE CHANNELL, DR. THOMAS G. JONES, AND DR. RALPH W. TAYLOR. Marshall University-Relocation success and subsequent growth rate of freshwater mussels in the Muskingum River near Dresden, Ohio. A relocation of approximately 2,300 mussels from a thousand-foot reach of the Muskingum River near Dresden, Ohio was accomplished in October of 2002. The authors identified all species, recorded weights, and digitally imaged all relocated mussels. Substrate composition of the impacted area and relocation sites was also recorded. The results demonstrate that the mussels were moved from an area of suboptimal habitat to an improved habitat based on the relocated substrate composition. Growth rates using shell dimensions and weights will be monitored both short-term and long-term to determine relocation success of all species. The method of planting the relocated mussels versus placing them on top of the substrate will also be evaluated to determine the most successful method. Historical inferred growth rate of the species Quadrula pustulosa was determined using shells from muskrat middens and the image analysis program ImageJ. The age (number of annuli) of the organism and the length of the shell parallel to the hinge line had the strongest correlation to determine growth rate. This growth rate will be compared with data gathered in previous studies at other sites in the Muskingum River. 166 BARRETT, BRANDON AND TRAVIS PERRY. Furman University-Effects of fire, vegetation type, and time on a small mammal community in an old field habitat in the piedmont of South Carolina. Effective management of biodiversity requires that we know whether species vary in their response to vegetation type and disturbance events across habitats. This study examined the main and interactive effects of fire, vegetation type, and time on small mammal abundance, species richness and diversity in an old field habitat in Greenville County, South Carolina. A field consisting of three dominant vegetation types (Andropogon virginica, Panicum virgatum, and Dicanthelium clandestinum) was divided into 10 equal sized plots. Half the plots in each vegetation type were burned by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources on 27 February, 2001. Small mammals were subsequently captured by live trapping over the following seventeen months. Statistical analysis revealed significant interactive effects of fire, vegetation type and time on abundance (F= 1 1 .99; df=4 p<0.001), species richness (F=10.313; df=4; p<0 00 1 ) and diversity (F=1 1.123; df=4; p<0.001). All three community measurements were highest in 160 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 plots of unburned P. virgatum. This study suggests ways to enhance or maintain small mammal communities on wildlife preserves in the southeast piedmont. 167 WOLFE, ANDREA, JAMES RAYBURN, AND LAJOYCE DEBRO. Jacksonville State University — Teratogenicity vs. mutagenicity for five sites surrounding the Anniston Army Depot (ANAD). In order to determine whether the water samples collected from around the Anniston Army Depot (ANAD) contained potentially harmful chemicals, two biological assays and one chemical assay were performed. A pure chemical, TCA, was also tested in the biological assays. Five sites were chosen from around ANAD and water was collected from each site at two separate collection times, namely January and April, 2002. The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay -Xenopus (FETAX) was used to determine the developmental toxicity of the water samples and TCA. A microtiter mutagenicity assay utilizing Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was used to determine mutagenicity of the water samples and TCA. Metal determination was done on water samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Four of the sites showed significant increases in mortality and all of the sites showed significant increases in malformation as well as reduction in embryo growth as compared to controls in the FETAX assay. One sample showed a significant increase in mutation rate over controls, however, mutation rate was <20%. No metals showed differences between the sites. TCA tested in FETAX had a 96h-LC50 of 6.36 mg/mL, a 96h-EC50 of 8.64 mg/mL, and a Tl of 0.7, which indicates low teratogenicity. TCA showed no significant mutation in either strain of Salmonella. A Faculty Research Grant from Jacksonville State University funded this research. 168 SIMMONS, JEFFREY W.1 AND JAMES B. LAYZER2. U S. Geological Survey, Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Tennessee Technological University-Reproductive Ecology of the Endangered Bluemask Darter, Etheostoma(Doration) sp. The bluemask darter is a federally endangered species restricted to the upper Caney Fork River system in the Cumberland River drainage in Tennessee. Historically this species was known from five rivers but factors such as impoundments and water guality degradation have reduced the distribution of bluemask darters. Little is known about the life history of this species and an understanding of its reproductive ecology is necessary to implement management and recovery. Spawning behavior and habitat were studied from May 29 - July 1 2002 in the Collins River. Spawning events (N=225) averaged 7.6 + 0.1 s, and intervals between spawning events averaged 127.0 + 5.0 s. Differences in micro¬ habitat use were observed between non-spawning females, non-spawning males, and spawning pairs. Depths differed significantly (P< 0.05) between areas occupied by lone females (N=44), lone males (N=52), and spawning pairs (N=52). Mean bottom velocity differed significantly (P< 0.05) in areas occupied by lone females (8.6 + 1.0 cm/s) compared to areas occupied by individual males (16 + 0.9 cm/s) and spawning pairs (18.5 + 0.6 cm/s). Substrate was dominated by gravel in areas occupied by lone males and spawning pairs, while most lone females were found over a sand dominant substrate. Spawning micro-habitats differed from habitats used during the summer. HERPETOLOGY 169 JOHNSON, ANDREW N„ and CHARLES C. SOMERVILLE. Marshall University- Gene flow between sub-populations of Aneides aeneus in the WestVaco Wildlife and Ecological Research Forest. Aneides aeneus, the green salamander, is a plethodontid species inhabiting cliffs and rock outcrops from Pennsylvania to Mississippi. The animal is listed as a species of special Abstracts 161 concern in West Virginia. Reproductive isolation due to the strict habitat preferences of the green salamander could be a factor in the decline of the species. Seventeen tissue samples were collected from five sites within the Westvaco Wildlife and Ecosystem Research Forest (WWERF) in Randolph County, West Virginia for the purposes of determining the extent of gene flow between salamanders at those sites. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify 942 base pairs of the ND4 NADH dehydrogenase region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed by distance matrix phylograms, maximum parsimony cladograms, and linear regression analyses. Tree topologies, rooted by an outgroup green salamander specimen from North Carolina, did not consistently cluster individuals by site of capture. However, the North Carolina specimen consistently branched away from the West Virginia specimens. Linear regression analyses showed a significant correlation (R=0.645, P=0.008) between genetic distances and geographical distances for samples taken within the WWERF. However, there was not a significant correlation for samples taken within one kilometer of each other. We were unable to demonstrate, through phylogenetic methods or linear regressions, that individuals within one kilometer are genetically isolated. This work suggests that gene flow can occur within a one kilometer radius, but is reduced or absent at three kilometers for A. aeneus in the WWERF. 170 LEBLANC, ANNE MARIE1, DAVID C. ROSTAL1, DEBRA E BARNARD2, MICHAEL G. FRICK3, KRISTINA WILLIAMS3, AND THANE WIBBELS4. Georgia 1 2 3 Southern University , U S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Caretta Research Project , and The University of Alabama at Birminqham4~The effect of nest relocation on Caretta caretta sex ratios on Blackbeard Island and Wassaw National Wildlife Refuges. Temperature-dependent sex determination was studied in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting on two of Georgia’s barrier islands. Studies were conducted on Blackbeard Island and Wassaw National Wildlife Refuges from 2000-2002. Current management practices involve the relocation of nests determined to be at risk of seawater inundation. Our study focused on comparing sex ratios produced from in situ and relocated nests to determine if this management practice was altering natural sex ratios. Nest temperatures were monitored with temperature data loggers to determine the sex ratio produced from both in situ (n=27) and relocated nests (n=53) laid throughout the nesting seasons. Based on nest temperatures during the critical period of development, theoretical hatchling sex ratios for Georgia's beaches were predicted using the currently accepted pivotal temperature of 29°C. Sex ratios, based on gonadal histology of dead hatchlings collected from nests post-emergence, were compared with the predicted sex ratios. Nest parameters were also measured to determine if any differences were present between in situ and relocated nests. Preliminary results show that there is no difference in sex ratios produced or hatchling size (SCL) between in situ and relocated nests Results support that approximately 75% of the hatchlings produced on Georgia beaches are female. 171 HUTCHINSON, DEBORAH A. AND ALAN H SAVITZKY. Old Dominion University- -Vasculature of the parotoid glands of Bufo alvarius , B. marinus, B. terrestris, and 8. valliceps (Amphibia: Anura). The parotoid glands of toads are large aggregations of granular glands located near the shoulders. To determine the circulatory pattern of these glands, we perfused the vascular systems of Bufo alvarius , 8. marinus, 8. terrestris, and 8 valliceps with either India ink or Microfil, a fine latex. The perfused glands were studied by gross dissection, microscopic examination, and histology. The vasculature of the parotoid glands was compared to that of the dorsal skin of Rana sphenocephala, a frog that lacks parotoid glands. The parotoid 162 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 glands of the four species of toads are supplied with blood by the lateral and dorsal rami of the cutaneous artery and are drained by one or more branches of the internal jugular vein. The dorsal ramus of the cutaneous artery supplies most of the blood to the parotoid glands in B. terrestris and 8. valliceps. In 8. alvarius and B. marinus , both the lateral and dorsal rami of the cutaneous artery contribute equally to the blood supply of the glands. This pattern of blood flow has not been described for parotoid glands and conflicts with previous accounts of 8. alvarius and 8. marinus. The arteries and veins associated with the parotoid glands of toads are present in R. sphenocephala, but are arranged differently. In the toads, these vessels ramify into capillaries that surround the individual lobules of the parotoid glands. Extensive vasculature presumably is important for delivering cholesterol and other precursor molecules to the parotoid glands, where those compounds are converted into toxins. 172 GIBBONS, J. WHITFIELD. University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory-Time to put the land into wetlands: a message from the herpetofauna. A wetland ecosystem, no matter how small or isolated, includes biotic and abiotic features that interact to promote biodiversity at larger landscape scales. Isolated wetlands in particular are critical habitats for a significant portion of regional biodiversity and in many regions actually harbor the majority of herpetofaunal biodiversity. Long-term research on abundance and diversity of reptiles and amphibians associated with isolated wetlands reveals that the dry portion of wetlands, especially adjacent terrestrial habitats and those connecting wetlands, is vital for a significant component of the animal community. Although wetlands biologists recognize isolated wetlands as biologically important, the continued existence of such wetlands and their associated animals has been threatened by the legal ruling of the SWANCC decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. Developing an awareness among regulators and resource managers that, like the hydric portion, terrestrial habitats are essential elements for enhancing wetland biodiversity, can help reveal that the negative consequences of the SWANCC decision on regional ecosystems are even greater than initially expected. Documentation of potential impacts terrestrially on herpetofauna associated with wetlands provides evidence that reinforces environmentalist concerns that wetlands protection has been weakened to unacceptable levels. 173 MOREAU, KENNETH AND JONATHAN AKIN. Northwestern State University— Agonistic behavior and tail loss status in male Scincella lateralis. Tail regeneration is well-documented in many species of scincid lizards. We examined the effects of tail length on agonistic behaviors among male Scincella lateralis with varying tail conditions: fully intact, autotomized, and regenerated. We found that males were significantly more aggressive with either an intact or regenerated tail when compared to tailless individuals. Moreover, individuals with regenerated tails behaved significantly less aggressively when compared to males with intact tails. In light of the fact that tail status is a conspicuous and honest signal, social status with respect to dominance behavior and, perhaps, contest settlement during escalation does appear to be influenced by tail autotomy. 174 GLAUDAS, XAVIER. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia- Habituation vs. consistency of defensive behavior of cottonmouths, Aqkistrodon piscivorus, to human disturbances. The interest in quantifying the defensive behavior of venomous snakes has grown rapidly in recent years. One problem that most field herpetologists face is obtaining a large sample size, which is due to the difficulty of finding ophidians in the wild. Consequently, most studies of defensive behavior have been conducted on snake species that occur at high densities. Many of the snakes in such study sites may have been handled repeatedly Abstracts 163 for scientific research, and thus testing these populations may not depict the true nature of the defensive behavior of the species. I performed laboratory tests daily over a period of 5 days to investigate whether cottonmouths would habituate to handling. Ten days after the last habituation test, snakes were tested again to see if A. piscivorus shows a recovery response. For each snake, a daily score was determined by observing the behavioral state of the snake's head and tail In addition, the release of musk was recorded. An overall score for each individual was obtained by adding the scores for each component. I tested (1) habituation vs. consistency of defensive behavior of individuals over time, and (2) whether A. piscivorus showed habituation, if a recovery response occurred 175 MITCHELL, MAGGIE J. AND DAVID C. ROSTAL. Georgia Southern University-- Approximatinq Home Range of the Gopher Tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus) using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Female home range was studied for the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) on Ft. Stewart Army Reserve in Georgia. Gopher tortoises are long lived organisms (80+ years) and a keystone species in long leaf pine / wiregrass ecosystems. Most estimations of home range are based on short term radiotracking studies (1 year or less). We tested the relationships of short term radiotracking studies (1 active season) to long term recapture data (8 years) to assess which method provided a more accurate estimation of true home range. Fifty-three gopher tortoises were fitted with radiotags and were tracked from May through November 2002. All burrows and above ground locations were recorded using a GPS unit. Long term recapture data from 1994 to 2002 was used for female tortoises with three or more captures at different locations. The locations were mapped using ArcView and the home range analysis was performed using extensions of ArcView that included spatial analyst, 3D analyst, xtools 1.0 and Movement 2.0. Results will be presented and compared with published home range sizes. 176 TUBERVILLE, TRACEY D.1, ERIN CLARK1, K. A. BUHLMANN2 AND J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS1. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Conservation International-Repatriation of gopher tortoises ( Gopherus polyphemus) to the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. Gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) are large terrestrial turtles associated with xeric habitats of the southeastern Coastal Plain. However, due to habitat loss and degradation, tortoise numbers are declining and populations have become fragmented and isolated. Removal and subsequent relocation of individual animals or populations is commonly practiced as a “solution” to human development of sites occupied by tortoises. Biologists have criticized current relocation policies because the policies do not recognize the importance of an overall conservation plan for the protection of the species nor do they adequately address the potential associated risks (e.g., disease, genetic mixing). In Fall 2001, approximately 100 tortoises were removed from an industrial development site and repatriated to the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina. The SRS is located within the historic range of the species, but tortoises had been extirpated from the site prior to the 1950s. The goals of the project were to: (1) re-establish a protected, viable population of tortoises on the SRS, (2) test the efficacy of existing relocation methods, and (3) develop a model for relocation of other tortoise species. Results of the first year of post¬ relocation monitoring will be presented, including a radio-telemetry study designed to experimentally test the effects of penning and penning duration on movement patterns and site fidelity in relocated tortoises. 164 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 177 HOLMES, SHERRY AND KEN MARION. University of Alabama at Birmingham — The status of the populations of the flattened musk turtle ( Sternotherus depressus) in the Bankhead National Forest, and the effects of silvicultural practices within the National Forest: preliminary results. Past work on the population status of S. depressus indicated that its numbers were declining. It is currently listed as threatened under the endangered species act. After one season of trapping efforts in the Bankhead National Forest and surrounding areas, preliminary results indicate populations are doing well in some areas, but that dense populations are spotty in distribution. The use of large streamside management zones appears to be minimizing the impact of silviculture on stream habitats. Preliminary results also indicate that at least some recruitment is occurring in the upper inundation zones of Smith Lake in the Brushy Creek and Sipsey Forks and that populations exist in isolated pockets and coves of the reservoir. This research was made possible by the support of the U S. D A. Forest Service, Alabama Power, The Nature Conservancy of Alabama, and the Birmingham Audubon Society. 178 WILKINSON, LUCAS R. University of Georgia-Patterns of reproductive allocation: Clutch and egg size variation in freshwater turtles. Two primary components of an organism’s life history are the allocation of energy into reproduction and the division of that energy into individual offspring. Several models have predicted that selection for increased fecundity opposed by selection for larger, fitter offspring will lead to the establishment of an optimal offspring size within a stable environment. However, these theoretical models have often failed to explain empirical data. Previous evidence from freshwater turtles has demonstrated correlation of egg size and maternal size in some species, perhaps due to morphological constraint, as well as unexplained variances in egg and clutch sizes after correction for maternal size. To augment empirical understanding of turtle life-history, I examined patterns of reproductive allocation in Kmosternon subrubrum, Pseudemys floridana, and Sternotherus odoratus using field data and x-ray photographs of over 1000 clutches from marked populations. I assessed whether reproductive output and allocation were correlated with measures of maternal body size. Variation in reproductive output was partitioned into clutch size variation and egg size variation to determine the relative plasticity of these traits. I also examined the relationship of clutch size with egg size and among-female variation in egg size to determine if variation in egg size was due to a phenotypic trade-off between offspring size and number or the fractional offspring size problem. Finally, I investigated climatic correlates of reproductive patterns to suggest how reproductive traits vary under heterogeneous resource regimes. 179 WILLIAM B. TATE, STEPHEN J. WALSH, AND MATTHEW A. BURGESS. U.S. Geological Survey — Relationships between larval fish assemblages, hydrologic characteristics, and water quality in floodplain sloughs of the Apalachicola River, Florida. We used light traps to sample larval fish assemblages in floodplain habitats of the Apalachicola River, Florida. Light trap collections were grouped by slough system and replicates within each system were clustered by proximity to other traps. For 118 trap sets containing fish, we collected a total of 2,033 specimens representing 1 1 different families, 19 genera, and 23 species. Centrarchids dominated collections, numbering 1,348 (66%) of all specimens. Cyprinids were second (18%) in abundance and all other families individually comprised less than 5% of the total number of specimens collected. The number of empty traps, diversity, mean number of fish, mean number by family, and relative freguency of centrarchids were calculated for each system and cluster. Correlation analysis was used to determine associations with hydrologic condition, water quality, and Abstracts 165 distance from the Apalachicola River. Diversity and mean number of fish were not significantly associated with hydrologic condition, water quality variables, or mean distance from the Apalachicola River. The number of empty traps was negatively associated with temperature and conductivity, but positively associated with dissolved oxygen. The mean numbers of fish representing some families were related to temperature, conductivity, distance from the river channel, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Additional exploratory tools (i. e. multivariate techniques) are planned to further evaluate associations between the biological and physiochemical parameters. Continued sampling will also provide better characterization of larval and juvenile fish assemblages in backwater habitats. This project is supported by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and U S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 180 WILLSON, JOHN AND MICHAEL DORCAS. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Davidson College-Aspects of the Ecology of Small Fossorial Snakes in the Western Piedmont of North Carolina. In many areas small fossorial snakes are among the most abundant vertebrates present, yet the ecology of these species remains poorly understood. Between 1999 and 2002 we collected 192 small fossorial snakes representing five species in the vicinity of Davidson, North Carolina. The eastern worm snake (Carphophis amoenus ; n = 110) and ringneck snake ( Diadophis punctatus: n = 37) were the most frequently captured snakes in this region, with fewer numbers of brown snakes (Storeria dekayi: n = 24) and redbellied snakes (S. occipitomaculata: n = 16) captured. Smooth earth snakes ( Virginia valeriae ; n = 6) were rarely encountered. The three most abundant species all exhibited significant sexual dimorphism, with females being substantially larger and having shorter relative tail lengths than males. Carphophis amoenus , D. punctatus , and S. occipitomaculata were all most active during September, suggesting fall breeding seasons. We also provide some reproductive and dietary notes for each species. PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2 181 McMULLEN, CONLEY K. Dept, of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA-Pollination studies in the Galapagos Islands. Previous research on the relationships that exist between Galapagos Islands angiosperms and their insect neighbors has been conducted almost exclusively during daylight hours. In arid environments, however, nocturnal activity of insects is often much greater than diurnal activity. This investigation, conducted on two of the archipelago's islands (Pinta and Santa Cruz), addresses both diurnal and nocturnal pollination. Breeding studies, flower-visitor observations, and nectar studies were conducted on Cordia lutea Lam (Boraginaceae), Tournefortia rufo-sericea Hook. f. (Boraginaceae), Ipomoea habeliana (Convolvulaceae), and Clerodendrum molle HBK. (Verbenaceae). These studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the importance of nocturnal pollinators is equal to or exceeds that of diurnal pollinators. Results of the breeding studies are being analyzed to determine the relative importance of open-pollination, autogamy, self-pollination, cross¬ pollination, nocturnal pollination, and diurnal pollination. Not only are reproductive studies of island angiosperms of theoretical interest, they are crucial for a complete understanding of the population dynamics of indigenous plants. They may also indicate why some Galapagos Islands plant populations are in decline while others are thriving 166 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 182 LAWRENCE, DAVID M., HAROLD S. ADAMS AND STEVEN L. STEPHENSON. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, and Fairmont State College-Biogeography of forest communities in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. Geographic patterns in forest community composition in Virginia and West Virginia are evaluated using overstory and understory data from approximately 1,000 stands sampled by the authors and others during the past 30 years. Several major groups of forest communities are revealed, including spruce-fir, northern hardwood, and mixed oak. Both indirect and direct gradient analyses support identification of the groups by segregation of forest types within each group in more or less distinct regions of ordination space. Gradients in community composition are related to gradients in regional factors (latitude, longitude), local factors (elevation, aspect, slope steepness, slope position, and site moisture), and temporal (i.e., successional factors such as stand basal area and density). Overstory and understory classifications are compared in order to assess the possibility of changes in canopy composition. 183 VANDERMAST, D.B. AND P.S. WHITE. University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill- Long-term vegetation change in late-successional high-elevation beech forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Forest succession theory indicates that in late-successional forests stand composition and structure will become more stable. Accordingly, the composition of late-successional forests is maintained through autogenic processes and they are dominated by shade- tolerant tree species. Beech ( Fagus grandifolia) is a shade-tolerant species often associated with late-successional forests. High-elevation beech populations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) have the inverse-J diameter distribution expected of late-successional tree species. Previous work on GRSM forest communities indicates high-elevation beech forests have been unique and recognizable since the 1930s. Given their late-successional status, these forests should be compositionally stable. Data from mid-1930s non-permanent plots and from permanent plots established from 1977-85 and resampled between 2000-02 were analyzed to evaluate the compositional stability of late-successional high-elevation beech forests of GRSM. From the mid-1930s to 1977-85, beech relative abundance (RA) increased (66-73%), as did the RA of shade-tolerant understory trees like striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum). Despite increased beech dominance during this period, tree species diversity (Shannon’s H') was unchanged (0.862-0.861). From 1977-85 to 2000-02 beech dominance declined (73-57%) largely because of the invasion of beech-bark disease (BBD) in 1993. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and spruce (Picea rubens ) RA increased 1.5-2 7% and 2.1-65%, respectively, tree species diversity also increased (0.861-1.33). Results of this study indicate that late-successional high-elevation beech forests in GRSM were not at compositional equilibrium before BBD. Trees able to respond to BBD-caused beech mortality are sugar maple and spruce, shade-tolerant species whose seedlings are found at low density in beech forests. 184 EULISS, AMY C. Appalachian State University-Mycorrhizal Associations in Houstonia montana and Investigations into Plant Decline Houstonia montana is a southern Appalachian endemic found exclusively at high elevations in northwestern North Carolina. In 1990, the US Fish and Wildlife Service federally listed H. montana as endangered. Habitat destruction, vegetation encroachment, grazing, and air pollution are suggested as possible factors in plant decline. In the fall of 2002, preliminary investigations were conducted on the belowground processes associated with H. montana. Nondestructive root samples were taken in vivo. These roots were successfully cleared in 10%KOH for 25 minutes and stained for 15 minutes in 0.5% Abstracts 167 trypan blue. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas were present at both flowering and seed setting. The percent colonization was determined in a single population on Grandfather Mountain, NC. Next, I will investigate the influence of excess nitrogen on these associations. In vivo, I will explore how site parameters differ in percent mycorrhizal infection, community structure, vegetation height, soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels, and percent organic matter content. In vitro, I will investigate the effects of nitrogen additions on the health of H. montana, the percent mycorrhizal infection, and the diversity of the mycorrhizal communities. My results will provide both knowledge on potential causes for plant decline and a better understanding of the ecology associated with an endangered southern Appalachian endemic. 185 GALUSKY, P.1, JONATHAN L. HORTON1, ERIK T. NILSEN1, JOHN F. WALKER1 AND BARTON D. CLINTON2. 1 Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University and 2 U S. Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory-Factors contributing to the inhibition of canopy tree recruitment under evergreen subcanopy shrubs in southern Appalachia. Evergreen understory shrubs are known to inhibit canopy tree regeneration in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Historically confined to riparian habitat, the evergreen shrub, Rhododendron maximum, has become invasive in upland forests and is rapidly changing the composition of the Appalachian landscape. Aside from lower light levels, reduced soil resource availability and suppression of mycorrhyzal symbioses are experienced by canopy tree seedlings beneath R. maximum. We conducted a two-year experiment at the Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory in southwestern North Carolina to evaluate oak seedling performance and estimate the relative impacts of light levels, soil resources, and mycorrhyzae along density gradients of both R. maximum and Kalmia latifolia, another evergreen shrub. Oak seedlings were planted along shrub density gradients in a split-plot design consisting of 1) un-inoculated oaks and 2) those pre¬ inoculated with a generalist ecto-mycorrhyzal fungus. Seedling biomass generally decreased with increasing shrub cover, corresponding to reductions in light availability and some soil resources. The inoculation treatment had greater impact in the first year and depended on shrub composition such that inoculated seedlings grew larger under Kalmia and smaller under Rhododendron compared to un-inoculated seedlings. Both seedling biomass and shrub cover effects were greater at our more open, high elevation site indicating that light is the major factor contributing to the lack of canopy tree recruitment under the dominant evergreen shrubs. 186 EPPARD1, HOLLY R., ERIK T. NILSEN1, JONATHAN L. HORTON1, PRESTON GALUSKY1, JOHN F. WALKER1, and BARRY D. CLINTON2. 1 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and 5 U S. Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory— The allelopathic potential of ericaceous evergreen shrubs. Ericaceous shrubs have been implicated in the inhibition of canopy tree seedlings in the southern Appalachian Mountains. To test the role of allelopathy as a mechanism of this inhibition, lab bioassays were conducted to determine the effects of leachates prepared from green shrub leaves, littler, humus and soil from under shrubs on lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) germination and root elongation. Lettuce was chosen since it is a rapidly germinating test species and good indicator of any potential toxicity A greenhouse bioassay with pitch pine (Pinus rigida) as a test species is also being conducted. Pitch pine seedlings are growing in two media, humus and soil collected underneath shrubs and humus and soil from areas in which no shrubs were present. Preliminary analysis suggest that allelopathy is not a likely cause of the inhibition of tree seedlings associated with evergreen understory shrubs. 168 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 187 HORN, CHARLES N. Newberry College-Ecological Preference of May-white azalea ( Rhododendron eastmanii Kron & Creel) in South Carolina A survey conducted in the piedmont of South Carolina during 2000-2002 revealed 17 new population sites in nine counties for the recently described Rhododendron eastmanii (May- white azalea). Populations were typically located on north-facing slopes of rich, mature forests above streams dominated by oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. Soils were found to have a sand to sandy loam texture and commonly contained a high iron content. Also, soils were slightly acidic (contrary to previously reported soil data). This survey revealed that May-white azalea is more widespread than previously thought. Hence botanists throughout the piedmont of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia should be on the outlook for this beautiful late blooming species. 188 JEFFRIES, STEPHANIE B., THOMAS R. WENTWORTH, AND H. LEE ALLEN. North Carolina State University-How do short rotations and intensive management affect plant communities in a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda) plantation? As the area of forest plantations increases in the Southeast, intensive management practices and short rotations have received criticism from both the public and scientific community. Much of the focus centers on the direct effects of specific practices, long-term effects on biodiversity, and implications for forest sustainability. We conducted a comparative study of second and third rotation plant communities in loblolly pine plantations in the North Carolina Piedmont to address these concerns. Following harvest of the second rotation forest, a 2 x 2 factorial experiment was established using two site preparation and two vegetation control treatments. Presence/absence data for vascular plant taxa were recorded at various years in the second and third rotations and analyzed using non-metric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis, and computation of species turnover. Results indicated differences in species composition from the second to the third rotation, with disturbance-responsive species associated with the vegetation control treatment in the third rotation stands. The addition of these species to the more intensively managed stands largely accounted for an increase in species diversity from the second to the third rotation, although small numbers of woodland herbaceous species also contributed to this increase. The least intensively managed third rotation stands associated more closely with the unmanaged stands of the second rotation. We infer from these results that high intensity silvicultural practices, such as site preparation and vegetation control, reduced initial competition and thus permitted the persistence of early successional species later in the life of the stand, temporarily increasing overall diversity. 189 SELLARS, JON D„ CLAUDIA L. JOLLS AND CASS A. WIGENT. Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina — Success of seabeach amaranth ( Amaranthus pumilus Raf.) using habitat selection based on light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data. Seabeach amaranth is a federally threatened annual of Atlantic barrier islands. To aid restoration and conservation, seabeach amaranth habitat was modeled from plant sites evaluated using remote sensing data. These models used light-detection and ranging data, LIDAR, to examine elevation, slope, aspect, elevation change and topographic homogeneity. We also used passive (reflectance) data as a measure of unvegetated sites and bare sand. Earlier models stressed elevation in the designation of seabeach amaranth habitat. However, statistical analyses of 2001 natural plant occurrences on Cape Lookout using a stepwise discriminant function analysis of 2000 LIDAR data indicate that passive LIDAR and distance from shore can be used to explain > 90% of plant occurrences. Model loadings suggest that the passive data, an index of bare sand, is the more important of the two variables In addition, this model predicts that as little as 15% of the area would be suitable habitat for seabeach amaranth. This suggests that one critical Abstracts 169 additional habitat variable is open sand. Elevation and distance from shore play a role in the ecesis and maintenance of natural plants, including their survival during periods of overwash. Our ability to use LIDAR for plant habitat assessment and response can be limited by data availability, cost, processing and temporal lags in availability. Nevertheless, remotely sensed data, specifically LIDAR, hold promise for the maintenance and restoration of Amaranthus pumilus as well as other species of concern. This work was supported by the Natural Resource Preservation Program of the National Park Service. 190 KNEBEL, LARISSA, DANIEL J. ROBISON, AND THOMAS R. WENTWORTH. North Carolina State University-The influence of wounding and fungal inoculation on resin flow in loblolly pine. The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) is the primary insect pest of pine trees in the southern United States. This native insect is responsible for major natural and economic losses throughout the range of southern pines. The southern pine beetle is of particular importance in the loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda) industry, where intensive management practices may make individual pines more susceptible and at a younger age. A pine tree’s primary line of defense against southern pine beetle infestation is through increased resin flow, which inhibits the beetle’s entry and reproductive success. Using mass wounding and inoculation with blue-stain fungus ( Ophiostoma minor) as a surrogate for southern pine beetle attack, we evaluated the impact of fertilization, age and time since wounding/inoculation on resin flow rate in loblolly pine. Two stands, aged 6 and 12 years, received treatments involving a combination of fertilizer, mass wounding and fungal inoculation. Resin flow analysis was conducted before treatments and at regular intervals following treatments. Neither fertilization nor stand age was found to have a significant impact on resin flow. However, after 150 days, trees that were wounded and inoculated showed higher resin flow rates than controls. This would indicate that trees that have successfully averted southern pine beetle infestation in the past may be better equipped to ward off future attacks through an induced response of increased resin flow. If stand managers were able to induce resin flow response prior to a southern pine beetle attack, the losses in loblolly pine plantations could be decreased. 191 KRUSE, LISA M. Department of Plant Biology, University of Georqia-Quantification of plant species richness within varying riparian buffer zone widths, for streams in the Piedmont-Mountain transition zone in Georgia. A prominent debate about riparian buffer zones concerns establishment of appropriate buffer width. This study quantified plant species on flat, forested floodplains, to determine percentage of total species richness that would be conserved within riparian buffers of differing widths. Reaches of 100-m along three small (2nd order) and three large (5-6lh order) streams were designated. At each site, thirty-six plots were evenly spaced along six transects from the stream high water mark to the slope base at the floodplain boundary Along transects, each plot represented a 20% percent increase in buffer width. All species within and above plots were identified, and percent soil moisture was measured A large percentage of total species occurred at the high water mark: 61.6% and 41.9% for small and large streams, respectively. New species were gained with each addition in width. On average, 93% of total richness was included within 80% of floodplain width Percent increase in species decreased with buffer width, until the addition of the last 10% of floodplain, when percent increase rose by a mean of 11%. This supports observations of overlap in floodplain and hill-slope plant communities, and of habitat changes induced by groundwater emergence, at the slope base. Soil moisture was greater at the slope base than at the high water mark. The indication that plant habitat and communities are different at opposing ends of the floodplain has implications for riparian land management 170 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 192 PISKIN1, KURT A., JARED J. HARTSOCK1, LAWRENCE W. ZETTLER1 2, AND MARLIN L. BOWLES2. 'Department of Biology, The Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL and ‘The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL-Seed germination requirements of a Federally-threatened orchid ( Platanthera leucophaea) in nature, and a technique to establish leaf-bearing seedlings onto soil. The Federally threatened eastern prairie-fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley (Orchidaceae) has declined by 70% from original county records. Most of the remaining populations are small and continue to be threatened by human-related factors (e.g., poaching, drainage of habitat). To promote the conservation P. leucophaea and all native orchids, natural seed germination requirements must be understood so that these requirements can be applied to recovery programs that implement artificial (in vitro) propagation. Seeds (ca. 50-100) of P. leucophaea, sown in 20 nylon mesh packets, were buried in prairie sod at an extant site in Grundy Co., IL in November 2000 and retrieved in August, 2002. Of this number, only a single seed packet contained orchid protocorms. All of the protocorms yielded mycorrhizal fungi assignable to the anamorphic genus Ceratorhiza - the same genus recovered from adult P. leucophaea, P. praeclara Sheviak & Bowles, and P. lacera (Mich.) G. Don plants in tallgrass prairie remnants throughout the Midwest. In vitro germination of P leucophaea with Ceratorhiza spp. has been achieved, but this process requires two cold treatments to prompt seedling development to a leaf¬ bearing (autotrophic) stage. Taken together, it is conceivable that P. leucophaea protocorms remain subterrantean for at least two years where they rely largely on Ceratorhiza spp. for their mycotrophic needs. Upon leaf initiation and emergence, P. leucophaea probably continues to utilize Ceratorhiza spp. for mycotrophy while supplementing photosynthesis during the growing season. 193 LAWRENCE, DAVID M., STEVEN L. STEPHENSON AND HAROLD S. ADAMS. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Fairmont State College, and Dabney S. Lancaster Community College-Potential changes in selected forest communities in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. Observations made during the past decade suggest that changes are occurring in the abundance of several dominant species in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. Some species, such as American beech ( Fagus grandifolia) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), appear to be in decline; while other species, such as red maple (Acer rubrum), appear to be on the increase. A well-documented gap model, ZELIG, is used to evaluate the possible long-term effects of these observed changes on Appalachian forest community composition. 194 LAWRENCE, DAVID M, STEVEN L. STEPHENSON AND HAROLD S. ADAMS. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Fairmont State College, and Dabney S. Lancaster Community College-Tree rings, ecological theory and the distribution of North American spruce species. Classic ecological theory postulates that species will find more favorable conditions near the center of their range, hence grow better, than at the edges, where conditions are more fickle and growth, as a result, is more variable. Dendrochronological techniques, coupled with a determined effort to collect and archive tree-ring data in the International Tree-Ring Data Bank, now allow a direct test of this theory in natural environments. Four widespread North American spruce species-Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni), black spruce (P. mariana), red spruce (P. rubens), and white spruce (P. glauca)- have been widely sampled for tree-ring studies. Summary statistics of spruce chronologies from each species, such as the mean, standard deviation and first-order autocorrelation of ring width, are here subjected to statistical analysis to determine whether, and in what situations, Abstracts 171 classical theory holds true for the species along gradients of latitude, longitude, elevation and continentality. MICROBIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2 195 BARROW, C., J. BARKER, AND S.K.DUTTA -Howard University-Enhanced degradation of TNT and 2,4 DNT by indigenous mixed bacterial cultures. The working hypothesis for this study was that naturally occurring bacterial species pool their degradative genes in effective degradation of hazardous chemicals. We tested this hypothesis in degradation of TNT and 2,4 DNT. The nitroaromatic compounds, trinitroluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) are persistent hazardous wastes that pollute the soil and groundwater as a result of explosives and polyurethane foam manufacture respectively. This study focuses on comparing degradative capabilities of indigenous mixed cultures isolated from TNT contaminated soil (provided by WES Army Res. Sta.) and several known cultures and unknown single cultures. To isolate these indigenous cultures, slurry containing one gram of soil and minimal phosphate liquid medium was incubated for one week. The resulting bacteria were cultured on nutrient agar plates and inoculated into TNT or 2,4 DNT spiked LB ( Luria Broth). Over a period of seven days, samples were tested for TNT or 2,4 DNT degradation (by HPLC), colony forming units and nitrite release from the 0 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm of nitroaromatic contaminants. Similar studies were done using known cultures (Pseudomonas aerouginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Bacillus subtills and Rhodococcus species). Each bacterium was inoculated into a TNT or 2,4 DNT spiked LB broth. In general the indigenous mixed cultures which were able to cometabolize the contaminants grew better, as evidenced by CFU and corresponding enhanced degradation observed by the HPLC results. These studies will lead to improved bioremediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. (Funded in part by grants from NIGMS-NIH and Army to SKD). 196 DE, S., S. PRAMANIK AND S. K. DUTTA. Howard University-Search for polychlorinated biodeqradative biphenyl inducible genes in the Phanerochaete chn/sosporium genome . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a well known environmental pollutant, have been shown to be degraded by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. This fungus was grown in Malt extract (ME) media (non-lignolytic condition) for 72 hrs and transferred to 12 well plates containing 50 ppm PCB. The mycelia were obtained at different time intervals. HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromotogrpahy) study was done to understand the breakdown profile of PCB. Maximum PCB breakdown was found at 24 hrs and by 72 hrs all PCB breakdown was complete. Homology search (BLAST) was done for homologous genes between P. chrysosporium genome and bphABC genes of Comamonas testosteroni which codes for PCB degrading enzymes. Computer assisted search was done for unique genes which has the capability to catalyze the breakdown of PCB,. Following this, designing of primers was done using Primer3 software from the MIT website. Next, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology was used to gain a better understanding of gene expression in presence of PCB and correlation was made between the genes expressed and the PCB breakdown. For this, total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized Gel quantification was done using KODAK-ID program. The amplified segments were sequenced and matched with the probable genes obtained from the computer search The results obtained from computer search helped us in the process of locating which genes are induced by these environmental pollutants. (Supported in part by NIGMS (NIH) and by EPA. to SKD ) 172 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 197 DUTTA, SISIR K.1, GAIL P. HOLLOWELL1, FAWZY M. HASHEM2 AND L. DAVID KUYKENDALL3 Howard University-Enhanced Bioremediation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene In soil by a genetically modified Sinorhizobium meliloti The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti is well known for its ability to interact with the leguminous plant Medicago sativa L. It has, however, not been reported that this species possesses the capability to degrade toxic nitroaromatic compounds, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) which is commonly associated with the degradation of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). In this study, the pJSI DNT- biodegradative plasmid was genetically transferred to S. meliloti USDA 1936, which was confirmed by plasmid profile analysis. Several standard analytical and chemical tests including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nitrite (N02) release assays, rhizosphere population and plant greenhouse studies were conducted to test the ability of S. meliloti to degrade 2,4- DNT. No 2,4-DNT had been absorbed by the soil. The pJSI- carrying recombinant strain DHK1 produced “ARC" alfalfa plants that were almost 2-fold higher in shoot dry weight than that produced by the parent strain on soil containing) 0.14 mM 2,4-DNT. The transconjugant DHK1 reduced significantly more 2,4-DNT (one-third) in both 0.14 mM and 0.28 mM contaminated soil and in 0.55mM contaminated soil, it degraded 94% of the 2,4-DNT present. In liquid cultures, however, only about 4% reduction in 2,4-DNT concentrations was obtained in 10 days. We interpret the results as clearly establishing that genetic modification was successfully used, for the first time, to improve the capability of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium S. meliloti DHK1 to bioremediate in situ 2,4-DNT-contaminated soil in the presence of alfalfa plants. (Supported by grants from NIGMS/NIH, and from Army) 198 COOKSEY, AMANDA AND DWAYNE A. WISE. Mississippi State University- Localization of mitotic proteins in cells dividing without prior genome replication. Chinese Hamster Ovary cells of the K1 line (CHOK1) were arrested at the Gi/S phase of the cell cycle using hydroxyurea. These cells were subsequently treated with caffeine, which induced them to divide without prior DNA replication, undergoing mitosis with unreplicated genomes (MUG). This induced division caused the kinetochores to detach from the chromosomes and fragment, resulting in centromere-kinetochore fragments (CKFs). These cells proceeded through mitosis in a normal fashion, except that anaphase B (spindle elongation) was absent. To determine if MUG cells obey the metaphase checkpoint, we used indirect immunofluorescence to observe the binding patterns of the kinetochore protein CENP-B, the interior centromere protein INCENP and the spindle checkpoint proteins, 3F3/2 and MAD2. The binding of these proteins in MUGs was compared to that seen in control cells. In each case, it appears that kinetochore fragments in MUG cells bind the proper mitotic proteins at the appropriate time. 199 BOHLMANN, TIFFFANY, MARK HAYGOOD AND BENJIE BLAIR. JACKSONVILLE STATE UNIVERSITY-The Effect of Temperature and Growth Substrate on the Formation of Surface Protuberances on Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5494. Cellulose is the major storage molecule for fixed carbon and represents a potential alternative to fossil fuel dependence. One major problem with utilizing this energy is that that cellulose is made up of p-1,4 linked glucose molecules which makes it both highly insoluble and recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation. In order to be used by anaerobic bacteria there are at least 20 separate proteins that work to bind, hydrolyze and transport the products into the cell. Cellulolytic bacteria have been shown to produce large surface bound structures composed of a number of these protein complexes which when aggregated are called cellulosomes. Induction of cellulases is not well understood and may be affected by a number of environmental factors. Recently, it was noted that Abstracts 173 membrane lipids change when cells are grown in different substrates and are more fluid in cellulose than cellobiose and significantly more than cells cultured in fructose. Here, a combination of different substrates and temperatures were used to alter membrane fluidity and observe the effects on cellulosome appearance. Samples grown in medium containing glucose or cellobiose at 32°C or 39°C were transferred to medium containing cellulose and observed at intervals. These samples were observed using the JEOL (JSM5510LV) scanning electron microscope. The instrumentation was obtained through a NSF-CCLI grant (Award #0088299). 200 FEDEWA, LUKE A. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georqia-The effect of ontogeny on intestinal bacterial loads in the narrow-mouthed toad ( Gastrophryne carolinensis). Declines in amphibian populations have become an emerging problem throughout most parts of the world. Many attempts have been made to explain the present declines on both local and global scales even though the ecological systems in which amphibians exist is extremely diverse. Among the more promising explanations, pathogens have emerged from numerous investigations as a primary cause involved in declines and die-offs in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. In some of these instances, opportunistic bacterial pathogens have formed secondary infections in amphibians suffering from compromised immune systems. The biphasic lifestyle of most amphibians and the dynamic environment in which they develop poses a multiplicity of potential hazards for developing anurans. In addition to changes in morphological characteristics, analogous modifications have been recorded from the developing amphibian immune system. Developmental fluctuations in stress hormones and specific immune system defenses during metamorphosis may present an ideal period for bacterial propagation within the metamorphic intestinal tract. In this experiment, intestinal bacteria from narrow-mouthed toads (Gastrophryne carolinensis) were analyzed during larval and metamorphic development to determine life stages at which individuals may be more vulnerable to enteric bacterial infections. 201 SMITH, LISA M. AND CHARLES C. SOMERVILLE. Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University-Antibiotic resistant and fecal coliform bacteria in the Ohio River belong to distinct microbial populations. In August of 2001 and 2002 bacteriological surveys were conducted on the Ohio River and major tributaries between Pittsburgh, PA and Rising Sun, IN. Dilutions ( 1 0 2) were plated in triplicate on R2A agar plus fungizone (250 ng/ml) for the determination of total cultivable bacteria. Aliquots (0.1 ml) of each sample were plated in triplicate on R2A plus fungizone and ampicillin (50 pg/ml), ciprofloxacin (4 g/ml), erythromycin (8 g/ml), streptomycin (25 pg/ml), or tetracycline (12.5 - 25 pg/ml) for antibiotic resistant bacteria counts. All R2A plates were incubated at room temperature for one week. Fecal coliform counts were determined by filtering aliquots (15 to 50 ml) of water through 0.45 m membrane filters and incubating the membranes on m-FC medium at 44.5°C for 24 hours In both years there were significant correlations (P < 0.05) between the number of antibiotic resistant cells in the tributary samples and those in the mainstem samples There were not significant correlations between numbers of total cultivable bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria in the mainstem and the same types of bacteria in the tributaries Furthermore, the numbers of total cultivable bacteria and fecal conforms in the mainstem were significantly correlated to turbidity, but the numbers of antibiotic resistant cells were not. These data indicate that the antibiotic resistant bacteria and fecal conforms found in the Ohio River are either coming from different sources or have different survival times in the river. In either case, the antibiotic resistant bacteria and fecal conforms belong to distinct microbial populations. 174 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 202 FROEHLICH, LISA M. AND MARK E. VENABLE. Appalachian State University- Role of phospholipase D and ceramide in cellular senescence. Somatic cells can undergo a limited number of divisions. Cellular senescence is the point beyond which cells can no longer undergo mitosis. The sphingolipid ceramide has been implicated as a key factor in maintaining senescence. Senescent cells have elevated levels of ceramide, and young Wi38 human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) treated with C6- ceramide take on the senescent phenotype. Senescence apparently alters the activity of phospholipase D (PLD), an enzyme involved in the mitogenic signal-transduction pathway. PLD responds to activation by protein kinase C (PKC) and adenosine-ribosylation factor (ARF). We performed cell-free assays in HDF and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to determine which pathway(s) of PLD activation predominate in these cells types as well as to determine how PLD activity is altered in senescent cells and in young cells treated with ceramide. We have shown that ARF and PKC are both necessary for PLD activation in these cell types. Also, PLD activity is inhibited in both young, ceramide-treated cells and senescent cells. In young cells, PLD activity requires membrane and soluble components. PLD activity in senescent cells can be partially reconstituted by substituting the membrane fraction from young cells for the membrane fraction from senescent cells. These results suggest that the block in PLD activity in senescent cells involves binding of ceramide to a membrane component of the activated enzyme complex, possibly PLD itself. 203 SWANSON, INGRID, MICHELLE GREENE, SHEELA PAUL, AND CHRISTI MAGRATH. Troy State University-Altered lead acetate responsiveness in Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene deletions. Using the Saccharomyces Genome deletions, a collection of strains each harboring a knockout of a single gene that collectively represent the entire yeast MATa haploid genome, strains responsive to lead acetate were identified and examined. The collection of lead acetate responsive strains contains strains that are hyposensitive (tolerant) or hypersensitive to lead acetate. The colony and cellular morphology of the lead responsive strains were assessed in response to lead acetate (0 to 1%) and growth response curves of the knockout strains were analyzed in both the presence and absence of lead acetate. These observations served as the foundation for analysis of changes in gene expression in response to lead acetate using functional genomics and microarray technology. This work was supported by NSF CAREER Grant 9985156 (CM), the Troy State University Foundation, Troy State University Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, the Genome Consortium for Active Teaching, and the Alabama Department of Public Health. 204 GUGSSA AYELE, CRYSTAL MCINTOSH, MOHAMMAD ASHRAF AND CLARENCE M. LEE. Howard University-Production of nitric oxide and cytokines by LPS activated mouse peritoneal macrophages co-cultured with Trypanosoma muscull in vitro. Several membrane components have been described to be involved in the activation of macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-activated macrophages kill different protozoan parasites by releasing reactive oxygen species, cytokines and phagocytosis. In this study, mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide and investigated for the activation of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme and the release of cytokines. Over a period of 5 days, the following cytokines were detected: TNF-a, INF-y, IL-10 and IL-6. The activation of nitric oxide synthase was detected using immunofluoresence. Trypanosoma musculi parasites were observed to associate and proliferate in the presence of non-activated macrophages but not in the Abstracts 175 activated macrophages. These observations suggest that LPS treated macrophages were able to inhibit the association and / or proliferation of Trypanosoma musculi in vitro. 205 HAMISSOU, MIJITABA. Jacksonville State Universitv-The Role of Organic Acid Dehydrogenases in Aluminum Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Aluminum toxicity is a major factor limiting plant growth and development. It is among the most widespread stresses in plants. Aluminum contributes to the acidification of aquatic environment and threatens plants as well as animals. Progressive soil acidification remains a major problem of the industrialized world. Aluminum can have an adverse effect on plants and animals within a short period of time of exposure. Plant species differ in their mechanisms enabling them to grow and reproduce despite elevated concentrations of aluminum. Many plant species are thought to tolerate high concentrations of aluminum by secreting organic acids at the root zones. These organic acids, intermediate of the Krebs cycle, chelate Al3+and transform it into a less toxic form Al2+. We have previously reported the expression of two different classes of proteins in arabidopsis exposed to AIJ+. The objective of this study is to examine the possible natures of the proteins observed to- accumulate under aluminum toxicity. Arabidopsis plants were grown in pots containing mixture of sand and vermiculite and maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C, 16 hours day, 8 hours dark for four weeks. The plants were then exposed to different concentrations of aluminum. Hours after exposure, leaf samples were taken for native enzymes extraction and analysis. Mitochondrial dehydrogenases were biochemically analyzed in the cell extracts. SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis against Hsp 70 was performed FRIDAY MORNING PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 3 206 LEACH, ANDREA D. AND CHRIS J. PETERSON. University of Georgia-Do microsite vegetation and environmental conditions differ between microsites in salvaged and unsalvaqed wind-disturbed forest? Intense winds are an important component of the disturbance regime in eastern North American forests, disturbing thousands of hectares annually and creating places (microsites) that are differentially favorable for germination of seeds and for survival and growth of seedling and saplings. As a result, the abundance, arrangement, and composition of microsites may determine patterns of regeneration. While natural wind disturbance creates characteristic patterns of microsite abundance and composition, salvaging creates distinct microsite types that may not have close natural analogs. We established 380 0.5 nr plots across salvaged and unsalvaged forest in which we measured percent cover of herbaceous vegetation, height of tree seedlings and saplings, soil moisture and temperature, and percent canopy openness of five different microsite types (treefali pit, treefall mound, downed tree crowns, bare soil areas, and patches of Vitis rotundifolia). We found that soil moisture and temperature differed among microsites in both salvaged and unsalvaged forest (ANOVA on Ranks, p<0.001) but light availability did not differ among microsites (ANOVA on Ranks, p=0.284). However, percent canopy openness was greater in salvaged areas than in unsalvaged areas (Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test, p<0.001). Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that soil moisture and temperature strongly influenced species composition of microsites. We conclude that microsite type is more important in determining vegetation and environmental conditions than whether or not the plots were salvage-logged. 176 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No, 2, April, 2003 207 MCMILLAN, BRETT A. AND A. SCOTT BELLOWS. Old Dominion University, Virqinia-A model designed to identify pimples in barrier island ecosystems using a pseudo NDVI. We designed a ‘pseudo’ normalized difference vegetation index (PNDVI) to identify plant communities on small (10-40 m dia.) dunes, referred to as “pimples,” on Virginia’s Barrier Islands. Vegetation indices are functions of different bandwidths designed to discriminate vegetation in satellite imagery, whose spatial resolution is too coarse for studying features as small as pimples. Our PNDVI substitutes bandwidths available in digital color infrared aerial photographs into the original NDVI formula, while maintaining the principles behind it. After applying PNDVI to a sample image of Hog Island, Virginia, we were able to highlight woody vegetation and use GIS filtering techniques to isolate woody vegetation stands on pimples. We conclude that our PNDVI procedure, using aerial photographs, which have finer spatial resolution than satellite imagery and a longer history of collection, has the potential to objectively detect and delineate vegetation distributional patterns on barrier islands more efficiently than manual analyses. This protocol has an advantage over multivariate statistical classification procedures, such as principal components analysis, since variation detected can be attributed to true differences in vegetation with greater confidence. 208 PETERS, MELINDA D. AND CONLEY K. McMULLEN. Dept, of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA-Vascular plant survey of Rockingham County, Virginia. The most recent thorough survey of the vascular plants of Rockingham County, Virginia, was conducted in 1979. That work produced a list of 125 families, 490 genera, and 1095 species. Since then, the County has experienced unprecedented human population growth and the loss of undisturbed habitat that often accompanies such growth. It is important that the flora be accurately documented at this time, to serve as a baseline for future studies, as well as to provide needed information to local plant taxonomists, foresters, county agents, and amateur botanists. Such a survey will also provide new plant distribution information that should prove useful to The Flora of Virginia Project. Rockingham County, located in the northwestern part of Virginia, comprises 871 square miles and is botanically rich and diverse. The crests of the Blue Ridge form the eastern boundary of the County, while Shenandoah Mountain forms the western boundary. The lowest part of the County is located near Elkton, at approximately 900 feet, while the highest point is Flagpole Knob, which reaches 4,381 feet. Five basic habitats are represented, including mountain crests and slopes, valley woodlands, old meadows, floodplains, and shale barrens. The study reported here, initiated in June 2002 and slated to continue through May 2003, is updating County records via new field collections and review of herbarium records. At this time, 390 new numbers have been collected. Voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of James Madison University (JMUH). 209 ROSENFEL.D, KRISTEN M. AND THOMAS R. WENTWORTH. North Carolina State Universitv-The challenges of vegetation sampling design: a case study on a North Carolina barrier island. North Carolina barrier islands include some of the most endangered and fragmented ecosystems on the Atlantic coast, providing critical habitats for a variety of plant and animal species, some of which are threatened and endangered. The vast majority of these islands have been developed for human use, thus study and protection of the few remaining undeveloped and undisturbed islands is critical. Barrier island vegetation varies relative to island-wide physical and topographic gradients and relative to local microtopographic gradients. These two scales of environmental and compositional variation present difficult challenges for design of vegetation field studies. The challenge is Abstracts 177 to design an effective sampling methodology that captures variation at both scales while remaining unbiased and scientifically sound. We addressed this problem in a thorough survey of vegetation and community structure on Bird Island, an uninhabited, undeveloped barrier island in Brunswick County, North Carolina. We utilized a multi-level, stratified- random process. We used aerial photography combined with ground verification and coarse, a priori, community classification to randomly identify focal points for placement of plot clusters. We visited focal points in the field and determined precise locations of plots and their layouts based on local community variation. Plots were then inventoried via adaptation of the North Carolina Vegetation Survey protocols. We will present data determining the effectiveness of this method for characterization of a wide range of habitats and reduction of bias in an island-wide survey effort. 210 TYNDALL, R. WAYNE. Maryland Natural Heritage Program-Monitoring results for an oak savanna remnant on a Maryland serpentine barren after Virginia pine removal and a prescribed burn during a 10-year period. Monitoring results are reported for remnant serpentine oak savanna (Quercus marilandica and 0. stellata) in Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area and Wildlands for the period 1992-2001. Monitoring was initiated after unexpectedly discovering oak savanna habitat during a grassland restoration project. Two remnants were uncovered, on the northeast side of adjacent northwest-facing ridges, by the clearing of dense Virginia pine stands (Pinus virginiana) during the winter of 1991/1992. Permanent plot sampling of one of the remnants began in 1992, and a prescribed burn was conducted in November 1997 (post¬ freeze). The contiguous grassland community was included in the study for comparison. The herbaceous layer in the savanna was depauperate at the beginning of the study; i.e., total herbaceous species cover was only 16.4 %, and half of it was produced by Panicum depauperatum and P. sphaerocarpon. Before the end of the study, total species cover almost tripled, and Schizachyrium scoparium became the dominant species. An opportunistic response by Agrostis hyemalis was documented in the savanna, similar to that observed for Erechtites hieracifolia in other oak savanna sites. In contiguous grassland habitat, Phlox subulata and Schizachyrium scoparium were dominants during the first growing season after clearing but, by the end of the study, Schizachyrium scoparium had become the sole dominant. Exposed mineral soil frequency tripled in the oak savanna and more than doubled in the grassland. Percent cover of exposed soil fluctuated insignificantly in each community. 211 BLACKWELL, ERIC A1., GEORGE R. CLINE2 AND KEN R. MARION.1 'The University of Alabama at Birmingham and ‘Jacksonville State University-A comparison of between year differences in population estimates for a southern population of Amby stoma maculatum. Primarily pond breeders, ambystomatid salamanders migrate from their terrestrial habitats to nearby ponds during breeding season. In northeast Alabama the migration of the spotted salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum) is a conspicuous event that occurs during late winter and early spring. For six breeding seasons (1997 - 2002) an intensive mark- recapture study was conducted on a breeding population of A. maculatum in Calhoun County, Alabama. A drift fence completely encircling an ephemeral pond was used to capture all adult salamanders migrating into or out of the pond All captured salamanders were marked for identification with passive integrated transponders (PIT tags). The Jolly Seber method of population estimation was used to estimate the population size, recruitment and survivorship. From year to year there were no differences in survivorship The only between year difference for breeding population size was between 1999 and 2001. Recruitment varied significantly from year to year with the only non-significantly different estimates recorded in 1999 and 2000. 178 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 212 WIGENT, CASS A., JON D. SELLARS AND CLAUDIA L. JOLLS. Department of Biology, East Carolina University — Elevation and success of in situ plantings of seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus Raf.): testing a habitat model. Seabeach amaranth is a federally threatened annual of Atlantic barrier islands. It inhabits a narrow elevation range along the shore. In 2002, we tested a model that predicts suitable habitat. The model was created by comparing remotely sensed LIDAR elevation and vegetation (reflectance) values with GPS locations of naturally occurring plants. To test and refine this model, seabeach amaranth was outplanted at microsites with elevations above (High-Out), within (In), and below (Low-Out) those elevations defined in the model as suitable. We established 24-10 x 12 m^ plots of 30 plants each, at Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores, at a range of elevations determined using traditional survey equipment. Also, elevations and sizes of naturally-occurring plants from the same sites were compared. After 10 wk, plant growth (proportional change in plant diameter) was significantly greater at each successive lower elevation (F = 44.41, d.f. = 2, 360, p < 0.001). Conversely, plant survival in plots was lowest in Low-Out (10%), intermediate at In (63%), and highest at High-Out (94%) elevation groups. Mean diameter of natural plants also was significantly larger in lower elevation groups (F = 21.267, d.f. = 2, 40, p < 0.001). Elevation and the model were found to be good predictors of suitable habitat for seabeach amaranth Water and/or nutrient availability, and overwash may determine the upper and lower elevation boundaries of seabeach amaranth respectively. Research efforts to identify microsite soil-water and nutrient gradients and their influence on seabeach amaranth are underway 213 KENNEDY, AARON AND GARY L. WALKER. Appalachian State Universitv-The genetic architecture of populations of the Showy Lady's-Slipper orchid ( Cypripedium reginae Walt.), in its glaciated and unqlaciated range. Cypripedium reginae , the Showy Lady’s-Slipper orchid, has a main range throughout central to eastern, southern Canada, with disjunct populations southward through Missouri and Arkansas, and extending into the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Some C. reginae populations have been extirpated from southern states and have been reduced in the north. In its main range, C. reginae is primarily a bog species, also found in fens and swamps. In its disjunct range, C. reginae may be found on wet cliff faces and steep, unstable slopes in Tennessee with several other glacial relict plant species. Previous work by Case, using allozyme analysis, suggests that C. reginae in its glaciated range has the second lowest level of variability among five species within the genus. The same study indicates that C. reginae has the highest level of interpopulational genetic differences among those surveyed. During the summer of 2001, tissue for allozyme and RAPD analyses were collected from four populations of C. reginae in the glaciated range of Ohio, as well as from five populations in the unglaciated range, including West Virginia, Virginia and Tennessee, with an average sample size of 28 individuals per population. Five of the seven known extant populations in the Southern Appalachians were included. Allozyme analysis of 10 loci were examined, 9 being fixed across populations and one PGM locus showing high levels of heterozygosity with variation within and among populations. Initial screening of RAPD primers has repeatedly produced variation within and among populations. 214 PARDINI, ELEANOR A. AND JAMES L. HAMRICK. The University of Georgia- Patterns of paternity in crowns of mimosa ( Albizia julibrissin). Patterns of paternity within crowns of mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) were investigated using a hierarchical sampling scheme and genetic analysis. The sampling scheme was designed to determine if flowers located in the same inflorescence or cluster had a higher chance of being pollinated by the same fathers than if drawn randomly from across the crown. For Abstracts 179 each of six trees located in Athens, Georgia, all of the pods from each of three inflorescences in each of four clusters (i.e. pods from 12 inflorescences) spaced evenly across the crown were collected. All seeds from each pod were analyzed using 16 allozyme loci. Multi-locus maternal and paternal genotypes for the trees and pollen donors were inferred by examining the genotypes of the progeny. Chi-squared analyses were conducted to test for inflorescence and cluster effects on patterns of paternity. Results from one tree indicated the number of identical fathers within the same inflorescence was higher (X2 = 5.08, p <0.05) but the number of identical fathers within the same cluster was significantly lower (X2 = 6.75, p < 0.01) than the number of identical donors to pods drawn from across the entire crown. These results suggest that pollinators regularly move among flowers within a single inflorescence and are consistent with temporal variation in flowering time of inflorescences within a cluster. Consistent correlated matings among inflorescences or across a tree crown of this nature could increase fine-scale genetic structure in mimosa populations if fruits sired by the same fathers fall next to one another. 215 HARTMAN, LORELEI J„ LISA B WILKINS AND MARY E. LEHMAN. Longwood University-A comparison of clear-cut and shelterwood harvesting effects on understory plant species in central Virginia Piedmont forests. Increasingly, shelterwood harvesting methods are being used in an attempt to mitigate concerns associated with clear-cutting; however, little research has been conducted comparing the effects of the two harvesting methods on understory vegetation. This study compared understory plant communities in clear-cuts, shelterwoods, and control sites (unharvested >100 years) in the Virginia Piedmont. Percent coverage was estimated for all plant species found in 10 randomly selected plots per site, as was canopy coverage. Species richness and canopy coverage did not differ significantly between shelterwoods and clear-cuts, but species richness was significantly greater and canopy coverage was significantly lower in clear-cut and shelterwood sites compared to controls. A negative, linear relationship between canopy coverage and species richness was observed (P < 0.05). Importance values for species in each site were calculated (relative coverage + relative frequency). Several species (e.g., Acer rubrum, Vaccinium pallidum) ranked high in importance values for most sites regardless of treatment. Some species (e.g., Andropogon virglnicus, Llriodendron tulipifera) ranked considerably higher in clear-cuts and shelterwoods than in control sites. Other species (e.g., Vaccinium stamineum, Gaylussacia baccata) ranked considerably higher in control sites than in shelterwoods and clear-cuts. Species composition was most uniform for the control sites, followed by clear- cuts, then shelterwood sites. The results of this study indicate that shelterwood and clear- cut sites are similar in species composition and richness and both are different from control sites. Shelterwood sites may be more variable in species composition. 216 CARIVEAU, MICKAEL J1'2., C.J. KOVACS2, AND G.W. KALMUS3. department of Physics, “department of Radiation Biology/Oncology, and department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC-Correlations between radiation-induced mitotic delay and the expression of cyclin-dependent signaling. The complications arising from damage sustained by normal tissues continue to influence the optimal use of radiation therapy for the treatment of malignancies. One form of lesion responsible for this damage results from the generation of double strand DNA breaks in both malignant as well as normal cells which, if not repaired, result in cell death The built- in defense against potentially-lethal and lethal damage in the cell involves an excision/repair process which requires a transitional delay in continued cell proliferation Better known as mitotic delay, this transitional delay appears to be controlled by the interaction of cyclin-cdk complexes. One such interaction, the D-type cyclins associated with cdk4 and cdk6, are known to control the first of a series of cell cycle checkpoints, the G1/S transition. Moreover, earlier studies have suggested that alterations in the 180 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 expression of cyclin D1 may influence the inherent radiosensitivity of malignant cells. However, whether a similar mechanism(s) operates in non-malignant cells is unknown. For this reason, we have examined the correlation between cyclin D1 expression and mitotic delay in the NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell line exposed to a range of ionzing radiation doses known to induce a dose-dependent period of mitotic delay. Correlations between time and dose sequelae for mitotic delay and the expression of cyclin D1-cdk4/6 were established using flow cytometric, immunochemical and western Blot analysis and the results used to establish a correlative paradyme that may ultimately lead to new interventional approaches to radiotherapy. The model and its application will be discussed. 217 GRAYSON, KRISTINE L. AND MICHAEL E. DORCAS. Davidson College- Seasonal body temperature variation in the Eastern painted turtle (Chrysemys Dicta). For ectotherms, body temperature plays an important role in many aspects of their ecology including their activity, metabolism, and growth. Unfortunately, little is known about the temperature variation of most ecotherms, especially in free-ranging animals. To measure body temperature variation, we attached newly developed micro-dataloggers (Thermochron iButtons) to the carapaces of free-ranging painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in a farm pond located in Davidson, NC. Environmental temperatures were simultaneously monitored using Onset dataloggers. We successfully recorded body temperature variation in 18 turtles from September 2001 to April 2002 and 14 turtles from Aprii 2002 to October 2002. Periods of basking were most frequent in the spring and fall months. Body temperature steadily decreased through the fall and basking events continued throughout the middle of December. Minimum yearly temperatures (1-3° C) occurred on the same day (January 3, 2002) for all turtles. Body temperatures then steadily rose until basking resumed in February. During the summer months, body temperature was consistently high, indicating the similarity between basking and swimming body temperatures. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of Thermochron iButtons for measuring body temperature in small reptiles and provides the first critical step in developing a more complete understanding of painted turtle thermal biology This research was funded by grants to KG from Sigma Xi and North Carolina Academy of Science. 218 BOOPATHY RAJ. Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA-Post-harvest sugarcane residue burning in southeast Louisiana: Problems and microbial solutions Sugar production is a major industry in Louisiana. In 1998, 804 producers from 23 parishes produced just over 1.2 million tons of sugar. One problem sugarcane farmers face is the post-harvest sugarcane residue in the form of leaf litter that is left after harvesting. At 3 to 10 tons residue per acre, it is a major impediment to farming practices. Currently farmers use open-air burning techniques to get rid of the residue. The open-air burning accounts for up to 21% of total air pollution in Louisiana, which is known to cause public health problems such as asthma and emphysema. Farmers are now under increasing pressure to find alternative to open air burning. Research at Nicholls State University offers two alternatives to open-air burning of sugarcane residue. The first project presents a bench scale investigation of an innovative biological method termed as in-situ composting. In this method the indigenous soil bacterial growth was accelerated by the use of molasses as an initial microbial substrate. Once the soil microbial population is increased, particularly, the cellulolytic bacteria, the microorganisms degraded cellulose and hemicellulose present in the sugarcane residue. These components were humified by soil microbes. This preliminary study showed encouraging results and this needs to be scaled up for pilot scale experiment. In the second approach, an attempt was made to explore the possibilities of making alcohol from the sugarcane residue. Two different Abstracts 181 starting materials, namely, sugarcane residue and sugarcane pulp were used. A chemical pre-treatment process using alkaline peroxide was applied to remove lignin, which acts as physical barrier to cellulolytic enzymes. Two yeast strains including Saccharamycis cerevisiae ATCC strains 765 and 918 were used in the experiment. The pre-treatment process effectively removed lignin. Alcohol production in the culture sample was monitored using HPLC. The results indicate that ethanol can be made from the sugarcane residue. The fermentation system needs to be optimized for evaluating the economics of producing ethanol from the sugarcane residue 219 MILLER, BRADLEY W. AND S. COLEMAN McCLENEGHAN. Appalachian State University — Identification and comparison of ectomycorrhizal colonization of P/cea rubens (red spruce) using native and non-native soils in response to exponential fertilization. Restoration efforts to enlarge southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem, the second most endangered ecosystem in the US, should also address the diversity of mycorrhizal symbionts. This project will raise Picea rubens seedlings for two growing seasons in three soil types (native spruce soils, northern hardwood soils, and peat moss controls) in order to facilitate inoculation by indigenous ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. In addition, the seedlings will be grown under conventional and exponential fertilization regimes. Exponential fertilization has proven to increase N-P-K uptake by seedlings and significantly increase rates of ECM infection. Seedlings sampled after ten weeks of growth have exhibited 14 different ECM morphotypes. Morphotype two, a white monopodial ECM, and morphotype four, a black carboniferous monopodial ECM identified as Cenococcum sp., account for the highest frequency of ECM root tips in a majority of the spruce and northern hardwood soils. Control seedlings root tips have remained non-mycorrhizal, while the root and stem lengths of the control seedlings appear to be larger than experimental treatments. Future research will include four more seedlings harvest and will analyze the effects of fertilization on ECM colonization and seedling biomass. The ITS region of rDNA of ECM root tips will be amplified and either RFLP’s and/or sequencing data will be compared in order to determine the taxa of the ECM symbionts. The taxonomic identification of these ECM’s will benefit nurserymen by establishing a mycorrhizal management plan in the rearing of P. rubens seedlings while maintaining ECM fungal diversity. Funding provided by US Fish and Wildlife Service. 220 LOKUGE, MEEPA A, DAVID A FRANCKO AND KENNETH G WILSON. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio-Studies on the regeneration of Sabal palmetto (Cabbage palm) through organogenesis: growth characteristics and leaf morphology. Sabal palmetto (Family Areaceae) is widely cultivated throughout the South Eastern United States. Relatively minor improvements in the cold tolerance, this palm would be a candidate for general horticultural use in colder areas. Since there is a great potential for seedling variability in open pollinated plants, we have attempted to develop a tissue culture technique for propagating known cold tolerant palms. A dissected shoot meristem was cultured in callus induction medium. In succeeding transfers, the resulting calli were placed into media with gradually decreasing concentrations of auxin The cytokinin benzylaminopurine (BAP), which was introduced at the lowest concentration of auxin, induced shoot formation thorough organogenesis. Subsequently the newly initiated shoots were transferred into a shoot germination medium on a 16h photoperiod. Adventitious roots formation occurred naturally in this media Although the current protocol needs to be refined for consistent production of clonal plants this is the first report for plant regeneration in Sabal palmetto. To establish how micropropagated plantlets may best be weaned into normal growth conditions, more information is needed regarding structural changes of in vitro cultured plantlets. The different growth conditions during in vitro growth, could lead to the alteration in leaf anatomy and physiological status of the plant In 182 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 an attempt to improve the plant survival rate when transferred to soil and subsequently to the field we report here on the results of plant growth and development studies of tissue cultured plants with a special emphasis on the external leaf morphology as investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy. PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 4 221 GILLESPIE, EMILY L. AND GARY L. WALKER. Appalachian State University- Genetic variation of a cliff-face sedge, Carex ebumea, in glaciated versus non- qlaciated areas. Cliff-face communities represent relatively undisturbed, ancient biological systems. In the southern Appalachian Mountains, this isolated habitat is often comprised of relict plant communities with northern species due to periods of glacial advance and retreat during the Pleistocene. The Central Marginal Hypothesis predicts that genetic variation will be lost in marginal refugial populations such as these. However, an emerging pattern for northern disjunct species suggests that genetic diversity is instead highest in the southern, disjunct part of the range. The objective of this study is to describe the genetic variation in Carex ebumea, a sedge associated with cliff-face plant communities, using allozyme and ISSR data. Individuals were collected from populations at different latitudes and across multiple physiographic provinces. Genetic variation is described in the context of post¬ glacial migration, and includes evaluation of alternative mating systems and inbreeding. 222 INNIS, ANNE12, IRWIN FORSETH1 AND DENNIS WHIGHAM2. University of Maryland, College Park and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center-- Comparative ecology of a non-native, invasive perennial, Rubus phoenicolasius, and a weedy, native congener, Rubus argutus. Invasive species are one of the major threats to natural environments around the world. Invasive species cause a decrease in native species diversity and can alter the function of ecosystems. Rubus phoenicolasius, a non-native, invasive species, occurs at high population densities within its North American range, which overlaps with Rubus argutus, a native congener. A comparative study of the two species investigated competition and reproductive life history traits as explanations for the success of the invasive R. phoenicolasius. Two studies were conducted to examine the increasing spread of R. phoenicolasius at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD. In the competition study, 72 1m2 plots with existing populations of Duchesnea indica were used to determine the impacts of R. phoenicolasius and R. argutus on local species. In the demography study, 40 individuals of each Rubus species were examined for self¬ compatibility by bagging flowers and recording fruit set. During the growing season, 1159 individuals of R. argutus and 901 individuals of R. phoenicolasius were surveyed for age and reproductive effort. With the worldwide problem of invasive species, it is necessary to quantify the effects of invasive species on plant communities and understand what characteristics define invasive species. Support by: NSF Small Populations Research Training Grant, Chesapeake Bay Fund, Smithsonian Graduate Student Fellowship. PLANT SYSTEMATICS 1 223 SLAPCINSKY, JODI L.1, DORIA R. GORDON1, AND B. PACE-ALDANA2. ’The Nature Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, and 2The Nature Conservancy, Babson Park, Florida-Population Trends of the Federally Endangered Lewton's Polyqala ( Polygala lewtonii). Lake Wales Ridge, Florida. Population size and flowering of Lewton's polygala (Polygala lewtonii) were monitored annually from 1991 to 2001 on three conservation areas in Polk County, Florida. Overall, Abstracts 183 the total number of recruited individuals declined on all three areas. The number of recruits declined by almost 90% over the decade monitored. No plants have been observed on the Allen D. Broussard Memorial Preserve since 1997, having been completely uprooted by feral hogs. Numbers of tagged individuals at the Longleaf Pine Preserve declined from 248 individuals tagged in 1994 to only 15 individuals found in 2001. Major fluctuations in population size were observed at Tiger Creek Preserve with a significant long-term decrease, although four new populations were discovered in 2000 and 2001. At least 37% of the plants in any populations flowered for most years, regardless of fire management or overall population trends. The number of years since fire does not appear to significantly influence population density or flowering behavior of this species. Unless management changes are implemented, the remaining Lewton’s polygala populations may disappear. 224 MARK, FISHBEIN1, CHARISSE JELKS1, STEVEN P. LYNCH2, AND ROBERTA MASON-GAMER3. 'Mississippi State University, "Louisiana State University, Shreveport, and University of Illinois, Chicaqo-Phylogeny of Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) inferred from cpDNA sequences. Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) is a large genus of flowering plants noted for specialized interactions with pollinators and herbivores and extreme complexity of floral morphology. Phylogenetic study of this genus is motivated by uncertainty of generic limitations and potential insights into historical biogeography of North American bioregions and processes of floral evolution. Primary research questions center on the monophyly of North American species with respect to South American and African relatives, the monophyly of infrageneric taxa, the homology of specialized floral structures, and the existence of cryptic hybridization. We sequenced DNA from three regions of the chloroplast, rpl16 intron, trnC-rpoB spacer, and trnK intron, for 120 species of Asclepias , focusing on North American representatives. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated under parsimony and likelihood criteria and by Monte Carlo-Markov Chain methods. Although relationships were not well resolved overall, the monophyly of American and African groups was supported, with South American species nested within the North American clade. Strong support for unexpected groupings suggests past introgression of the plastid genome between species that do not currently hybridize in nature. Few infrageneric groupings proposed in prior classifications are consistent with monophyly. 225 MURRELL, Z. E., F. WILLIAMS, C. M. ANDERS, AND M ESTEP. Appalachian State University-Bioqeoqraphical implications of genetic structure in Spiraea vi rqiniana: Cumberland Plateau as a Pleistocene refuqium? Spiraea virginiana Britton is an imperiled rhizomatous shrub endemic to the southern Blue Ridge and Appalachian Plateau physiographic provinces. It is Federally listed as Threatened. Populations of S. virginiana are restricted to scoured sections of high gradient streams within the Ohio River drainage. Present evidence indicates that the species is reproducing asexually, most probably through the deposition of rhizomes from upstream populations forming new downstream ramets, across most of the range. This lack of sexual reproduction suggests that the populations have undergone bottlenecks in most of the drainages. Our previous work examined phenotypic variation through a morphometric evaluation of 25 leaf measurements and showed considerable divergence of leaf shape in the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee River drainages. Randomly amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) were used to construct a scenario of past gene flow The current study reports on the use of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) variation to test conclusions reached in the previous study. The combined results support the conclusion that there is a greater degree of relatedness along short reaches of a single river than within a secondary drainage basin. Results place the S. virginiana ancestral populations in the southern part of its range suggesting a southward migration followed by recolonization 184 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 northward during the last glaciation, concordant with the work of Delcourt and Delcourt (1981, 1984). Biogeographical patterns of variation within S. virginiana identify the Cumberland Plateau as a probable migratory route. In addition, evidence suggests that the deeply dissected Cumberland Plateau is the probable site of a Pleistocene refugium. 226 FLEMING, CHRIS A. AND B. EUGENE WOFFORD. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN— The Vascular Flora of Fall Creek Falls State Park, Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties, TN. A project to document the vascular flora of Fall Creek Falls State Park (FCFSP), Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties, TN was initiated in the spring of 2001 and completed at the end of the 2002 growing season. This site encompasses ca. 8900 ha on the western escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau. The majority of the park lies on the upper surface of the plateau with the rest located in numerous rugged gorges that dissect the plateau surface. Numerous unique plant habitats occur on the upper plateau surface, in the deep gorges, and along the many streams that fuel the waterfalls for which the park is named. A total of 2,222 accession numbers and observed previous collections at TENN and VDB yielded 131 families, 445 genera, and 874 specific and infraspecific taxa. The non-native flora consisted of 104 taxa or 12% of the total flora. Seventeen taxa with either a state or federal listing were encountered or documented during this study with the most notable ones being Spiraea virginiana , Thuja occidentalis, Nestronia umbellula, Pilularia americana, Hydrocotyte americana, and Berberis canadensis. Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of The University of Tennessee, Knoxville (TENN). 227 KELLY, LISA A. University of North Carolina at Pembroke — A Floristic study of Huggins Island, North Carolina. Huggins Island, a Significant Natural Heritage Area, was recently added to the Hammocks Beach State Parks system in North Carolina. Located between the mouth of the White Oak River and Bogue Inlet, the 40.5 ha island has a long history of human impact, exemplified by shell middens, a Confederate earthen fort, and farm clearings. The forested island was impacted by a series of hurricanes during the mid 1990’s. A brief floristic survey in 1997 (NC Natural Heritage Program) noted dominance by maritime evergreen forest, presence of globally rare maritime swamp forest, and heavy tree damage. I systematically inventoried the flora and collected voucher specimens from summer 2001 to summer 2002. This inventory has more than doubled the number of vascular plants known from the island and uncovered successional “meadows”, largely dominated by Polygonum punctatum, Erechtites hieracifolia, and Teucrium canadense. Preliminary examination of vouchers indicates the presence of at least 66 families, the 3 largest of which are Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae. Most species are perennials, including 30 species of trees, 11 species of shrubs, and one species of fern ( Asplenium platyneuron). At least 11 species of exotics occur on the island. A tentative identification, based on a photograph, indicates the presence of the NC Watch List species, Iresine rhizomatosa. Most forest tracts have hurricane damage, and Ilex vomitoria and Vitis rotundifolia are important species in the recovering forests. 228 SHAW, JOEY AND RANDALL SMALL. University of Tennessee-Phyloqeny of Prunus section Prunocerasus (Rosaceae). Prunus section Prunocerasus (Rosaceae) is a North American taxon that has been taxonomically problematic because morphological characters used to delimit taxa are continuous and overlapping. The goals of this study are to determine whether Prunocerasus as currently circumscribed is monophyletic, to determine relationships within Prunocerasus, and to use the obtained phylogenetic hypotheses to revise taxonomy and examine biogeography with respect to origin and subsequent radiation. Both Abstracts 185 molecular and morphological data will be used to investigate relationships within Prunocerasus. Preliminary sequence data have been obtained from three noncoding chloroplast loci (rpL16, rpS16 , trnL-trnF) as well as the nuclear ITS region. ITS sequences show few informative characters and are compromised by extensive polymorphism. Within individual cpDNA regions there are few phylogenetically informative characters; however, a combined data set provides resolution of three major clades. Additionally, P. subcordata, a northwestern disjunct species, represents the basalmost branch in Prunocerasus and P. texana, commonly classified as a peach, is nested within Prunocerasus. Several additional cpDNA regions have been investigated for their potential utility and at least one region ( trnC-trnD ) shows promise for improving phylogenetic resolution. To increase phylogenetic resolution and provide an independent data source, several low-copy nuclear genes are currently being investigated. 229 ALLISON, JAMES R.1, MICHAEL WAYNE MORRIS2, AND THOMAS S. PATRICK1. Georgia Department of Natural Resources and 2North Georgia College & State University — Pediomelum qeorqianum, a new species from the Piedmont of Georgia. Floristic surveys conducted by the authors over the last six years in Columbia County, Georgia, have revealed a new species of Pediomelum Rydberg (Fabaceae). Placement in this genus, endemic to North America, is supported by its persistent bracts and fruit dehiscing by transverse rupture, the base persistent on the receptacle. The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: caulescent habit, petioles shorter than petiolules, leaves consistently trifoliolate with leaflets oblanceolate to elliptic, and inflorescences congested (cylindrical pseudoracemes). Morphological comparisons are made with P. canescens, native to longleaf pine-wiregrass communities of the Southeast, and with other Pediomelum species. The habitat in which the new taxon occurs is a serpentine outcrop in open woods with a longleaf pine component, and nearby power line rights-of-way. To date, several hundred individuals have been located, all within an area of less than three km2. Searches in nearby areas of Georgia and South Carolina, underlain by the same geologic formation, did not reveal additional populations of the new Pediomelum, but did result in finding new occurrences of other rarities. These included Clematis ochroleuca and Marshallia ramosa , the first record of Bouteloua curtipendula from the Piedmont Plateau, and, bridging a gap in its distribution between Virginia and central Alabama, the first Georgia record of Paronychia virginica. 230 WOODS, MICHAEL Department Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy State University-A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Agios (Fabaceae). The genus Apios Fabricius (Fabaceae) is a member of the tribe Phaseoleae and subtribe Erythrininae. Two species, A. americana Medikus and A. priceana Robinson are native to North America. Both are herbaceous, twining vines from a perennial rhizome. Apios americana occurs from the eastern United States and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba and Texas. Apios priceana, designated as threatened throughout its entire range by the U S Fish and Wildlife Service in 1990, has been reported from Alabama. Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi and Tennessee. Apios americana was first described by Cornut in 1633 Robinson described A. priceana in 1898 and named it in honor of Sadie F Price, its discoverer. This revisionary treatment was approached from a classical basis with both reproductive and vegetative organs important in delimiting specific and infraspecific taxa The data were compiled from analysis of over 2100 herbarium specimens, including types of both species and most types of infraspecific taxa, literature survey, greenhouse studies, and field studies. This taxonomic revision recognizes both A americana and A priceana as distinct taxa. Prior to this revision, A. americana was regarded as consisting of six infraspecific taxa. The species herein is considered not to include any infraspecific taxa 186 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 This conservative species concept allows for the expected morphological variation of a species within its overall range. 231 BOWMAN, KEITH C. AND DAVID K. SMITH. University of Tennessee-Floristic and phytogeographic study of the bryophytes of Fall Creek Falls State Park (FCFSP), Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties, TN. A floristic survey of the bryophytes of FCFSP was conducted during 2001 and 2002. The park which comprises about 22,000 acres, includes portions of the Cumberland Plateau and the Eastern Highland Rim in Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties, TN. Such physiographic complexity forms a mosaic of varied woodland and escarpment habitats with a variety of limestone and non-calcareous substrates. A rich assortment of bryophytes and vascular plants reflects this habitat diversity. A total of 229 bryophyte species can be counted in the flora. 164 species records are reported new for Van Buren County, and 16 for Bledsoe County. Tennessee state-ranked species of particular interest include: Radula voluta Tayl., [special concern], Cololejunea ornata Evans and Lejunea blomquistu Schust., [threatened], and Lejunea sharpii (Schust.) Schust., [endangered], A possibly undescribed species of Plagiochila is currently under study. 232 MUSSELMAN, LYTTON JOHN. Old Dominion University-Pollen presentation in two genera of Campanulaceae ( Lobelia cardinalis and Michauxia campanuloides) The widespread cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis, is a dichogamous hummingbird pollinated perennial of the eastern United States. Flowers are protandrous, then become pistillate. Pollen is dispensed from the anthers through a brush at the tip of the staminal tube. Michauxia campanuloides , with a campanulate rather than a tubular corolla, occurs in the Levant and is also apparently dichogamous. Populations were studied in Lebanon and Syria, using cardinal flower as a model for pollen mechanisms. Michauxia campanuloides differs from cardinal flower in that pollen is deposited on dense hairs of the staminal column. Nectaries develop as the flower matures, attracting a yet undetermined pollinator. After two days, the hairs of the style slough. At this stage the style emerges. 233 MICKLE, JAMES E. North Carolina State University-Conifer cones from the Late Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Abundant conifer cones were recovered from the Late Cretaceous Tar Heel Formation at the Willis Creek locality in North Carolina (34° 51.527' N, 78° 51.038' W). The cones are preserved as coalified compressions macerated from thin clay lenses interbedded in sands. Cones are approximately 6-8 m in diameter,, borne on slender (1 mm) axes, and bear cone scales in a helical arrangement. Scales are rhombic, up to 4 mm long and 3 mm wide, and bear a single seed. Seeds are preserved as seed cuticles similar to Spermatities. Affinities of the cones are unclear, but vegetative remains of the Cheirolepdiaceae, Hirmerelliaceae, and Araucariaceae have been previously from Tar heel sediments. 234 FLEMING, CHRIS A., B. EUGENE WOFFORD, AND Q. VICTOR MA. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN-Utilization of the Internet to display the county record database of vascular plants and species images at the University of Tennessee Herbarium (TENN). In the early 1990’s a project was undertaken by a group of five Tennessee botanists to produce a county distribution Atlas of the Flora of Tennessee. This resulted in two volumes that were published in 1993 and 1995 respectively through funding provided by the Austin Peay State University Center for Field Biology. It was inevitable that a document such as an atlas would rapidly be out of date; therefore an online atlas was Abstracts 187 made available to the public on 4 July 1997. There were a few notable problems with this atlas: (1) the pages were static, which did not allow for a species search function (2) scientific names were used throughout, which created a dilemma for people unfamiliar with Latin nomenclature. Recently, we have been working to remedy these problems while adding new features aimed at professionals, amateurs, and the general public. The new version of the online atlas is dynamic in nature, which allows for search functions via both common and scientific name. For each request that is submitted through the web interface, a query is performed on our database and the results are produced in web format. Another feature that was recently added is ca. 3200 images of species from Tennessee that are made available as part of the search function. This project is ongoing and our hope is that it will prove to be a powerful tool for the professional, while at the same time educating others about the diversity of plants found in Tennessee. 235 FARMER, SUSAN B. and EDWARD E SCHILLING University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN-Additional insights into Trilliaceae phyloqeny: the Delostylis group. Preliminary results An analysis was made of the evolutionary relationships of the “Delostylis Group” of Trillium. Although this Rafinesquian genus was never accepted, the name Delostylis can be used to define a group consisting of Trillium catesbaei. T. nivale , T. persistens, and T. pusillum', the defining feature of this group is the style which is basally fused. Recent phylogenetic analyses of Trilliaceae have suggested that, based on morphology, it may represent a distinct group, either within Trillium or as a sister group to it. The status and relationships of the “Delostylis Group" of Trillium were evaluated based on comparisons of morphological and molecular phylogenetic data (ITS and matK) for the varieties of T. pusillum as well as for the other species in this group. In addition, their relationships to the other non-Erectum pedicellate trilliums (e.g., T. ovatum and T. grandiflorum) were examined. Preliminary results suggest that T. pusillum var. texanum is distinct from T. pusillum ; T. nivale is more closely related to T. grandiflorum than to the rest of the Delostylis Group; and Trillium ovatum var. hibbersonii is distinct from T. ovatum. Based on preliminary evidence, Delostylis is not monoplyletic. 236 PADGETT, JAMES E. AND ZACK E. MURRELL. Appalachian State University- Phyloqeoqraphical, ecological, micro-morphological, and molecular analysis of the species in the Hexastylis heterophylla complex. Blomquist and Gaddy both recognized a group of eight Hexastylis (wild gingers) that are referred to as the Virginica Group. This group was further subdivided into the three Subgroups: Virginica, Shuttleworthii, and Heterophylla. Considerable morphological overlap occurs in the Heterophylla subgroup. Kelly has recognized Hexastylis as a subgenus within Asarum , along with Heterotropa , an Asian species of wild ginger. Hexastylis naniflora is a Federally Threatened species in the Heterophylla subgroup. The plant is known from a ten county area in the western piedmont of North and South Carolina. The range of H. naniflora is restricted by soil type, biogeography, and ecology We have analyzed the morphology, micro-morphology, soils, pollen, and molecular aspects of the Heterophylla complex. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), we have found pollen characters that distinguish H. naniflora from other members within the subgroup. We have also used Inter Simple Sequence Repeat regions (ISSR) to examine the genetic structure within and between species in this complex. Our results indicate that H. naniflora is a well-defined species, however, H. minor and H. heterophylla exhibit considerable overlap that make species circumscription difficult Our intraspecific analysis of H. naniflora was based on soils, ecology, and ISSR, where we compared populations in the Broad-Pacolet, Catawba, and Yadkin River drainages This analysis provides information that can be used in future conservation and management efforts for H naniflora. 188 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 237 NOBLE, SARAH MARIE1 AND DAVID K. SMITH2. University of Tennessee- Bryoqeoqraphy of spray zone taxa in a Southern Appalachian gorge. Collections were made from March 1999 to November 2001 in the spray zones of Falls Branch Falls, Monroe County, Tennessee. Several endemic taxa, including a few narrowly endemic taxa were collected. Additional taxa exhibiting Northern, Southern, or Asian affinity were determined to be components of the spray zone flora of Falls Branch Falls. Of particular interest are those taxa listed at the state and/or federal level. FRIDAY AFTERNOON PLANT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 5 238 SILLETTI, ANDREA M., JOAN L. WALKER AND DANA MADSEN SCHULZE. USDA FS Southern Research Station, Clemson, SC-A three-year demographic study of the endangered plant Hamerocallis flava McDaniel (Liliaceae): results and lessons learned. Harperocallis flava is a federally endangered plant narrowly endemic to the Florida panhandle. A lack of knowledge about Harperocallis population dynamics currently hinders conservation planning. Our objectives included describing ramet density, size structure, reproductive status, mortality and recruitment in natural populations of H. flava. In 1998, we established permanent plots and marked individuals at six sites representing two habitats in Apalachicola National Forest. At each site we established >3 plots of varying size (0.12-1.8 m2) to include -300 ramets/site. In the first year we tagged, recorded reproductive status of, and measured individual ramets (# of leaves, longest leaf length). In 1999 and 2000, new plants were tagged and all tagged plants were re¬ measured. ANOVA methods were used to detect site, year, and habitat effects on response variables. Ramet density varied between sites (34-80 / m2), declined significantly from year to year, and was significantly higher in shrubby habitats than in open bogs. A weak but significant positive relationship between density and mortality was detected. The proportion of plants bearing reproductive structures was low (0.01-0.1) and varied with site and year. Larger plants were likelier to fruit, while smaller plants suffered higher mortality. There were significant site differences in mortality, and recruitment differed between years. The duration of this study precluded examination of potentially important fire effects. A rhizomatous habit, unexpected levels of crayfish-induced mortality, and possible dormancy suggest that knowledge of population structure and processes at larger scales is needed to develop effective monitoring and management strategies for H. flava. 239 HORTON1, JONATHAN L„ NILSEN1, ERIK T„ WALKER1, JOHN F„ GALUSKY1, P.S., and CLINTON2, BARTON D. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University and U S. Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory-What causes the inhibition of canopy tree seedlings under Rhododendron maximum ? Evergreen understory shrubs are known to inhibit canopy tree regeneration in the southern Appalachian mountains. Low light has been cited as a major factor in this inhibition, although other factors including altered resource availability and suppression of mycorrhizal symbioses have been shown to inhibit seedlings under evergreen shrubs. To determine the relative importance of these factors, we established a manipulative experiment consisting of four treatments: 1) an open forest control treatment with light levels typical of the forest understory, 2) a Rhododendron control treatment that has reduced light because of the presence of shrubs, 3) a forest shade treatment in which shade cloth is used to reduce light levels to that observed under Rhododendron, and 4) a Rhododendron tie-back treatment where light levels are increased under living shrub Abstracts 189 canopies by tying the canopy back and letting more light penetrate to the forest floor. Seedlings of two species were planted into these treatments and will be monitored for 2 years. Acer rubrum, a vessicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal species, and Quercus rubra, an ectomycorrhizal species, were used. To test the potential impacts of reduced mycorrhization on Q. rubra , we pre-inoculated half of the seedlings with a generalist mycorrhizal symbiont before planting. Initial soil pH and nutrient availability were lower in the Rhododendron plots than in the open forest plots. Preliminary analyses from year one show that the forest-control and Rhododendron- tie-back treatments had higher light availability and corresponding higher seedling biomass than the forest-shade and Rhododendron- control treatments. 240 WILKINS, LISA B., LORELEI J. HARTMAN, AND MARY E. LEHMAN. Longwood University — Understory vegetation patterns in relation to shelterwood timber management. Shelterwood timber management methods impose moderate ground disturbance and allow increased light penetration to the understory after partial canopy removal. This study is a two-year segment of a long-term project analyzing understory vegetation patterns over time on shelterwood sites harvested in 1997 (n=4) and 1998 (n=2), and on mature hardwood forest control sites (n=2). Data were collected May - June of 2001 and 2002. Ten fixed plots were established on each of the eight study sites and all plant species within the plots were identified. Coverage estimates were made for individual species and for the total amount of understory vegetation present in each plot. Canopy coverage was measured at each plot using a spherical densiometer. The sites grouped by harvest year were found to be significantly different in canopy coverage, total vegetation coverage, diversity, and richness from the controls, but not from each other. Changes in understory vegetation over time were minimal. Some species occurred strongly across all sites, including the control sites, regardless of time since harvest (e.g. Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus spp.). Other species were dominant on shelterwood sites, but not the controls sites (e.g. Liriodendron tulipifera, Andropogon virginicus.). Species that were found only on the control sites, or were more highly ranked there, include Chimaphila maculata and Sassafras albidum. Indications are that shelterwood sites of this age are not undergoing rapid changes in their vegetation patterns. 241 WELCH, NICOLE TURRILL1, JON BELMONT2, CRAIG WAYSON2, JEFF EHMAN2 AND J.C. RANDOLPH2. ’Middle Tennessee State University and Indiana University, Bloomington, School of Public and Environmental Affairs-The contribution of herb layer vegetation to detritus production at the AmeriFlux Tower Site in the Morqan-Monroe State Forest, Indiana. Limited information is available regarding the role of herb layer vegetation in forest carbon dynamics. A July 1999 study conducted at the AmeriFlux Tower Site in the Morgan- Monroe State Forest, Indiana, sampled 215 1-m' plots for herb layer species composition and cover. Forty of the plots were harvested for above ground biomass determination and chemical analysis. One 10-cm soil sample was retrieved from each harvested plot Lindera benzoin, Boehmeria cylindrica, Viola sp and Parthenocissus quinquefolia were the most important herb layer species. Mean herb layer biomass was 38.50+8.08 g/m and herb layer biomass was positively correlated with soil potassium (r=0.33, P<0.05) Forbs contributed 14.56 g/m to detritus production followed by grasses (5.73 g/nr ) and foliage of woody shrubs and seedlings (6.63 g/m ). Forbs, grasses, and foliage of woody shrubs and seedlings contributed 6.04, 2.32, and 2.94 g C/m /yr, respectively. It was estimated that the summer herb layer contributed 10.27 g C/nV/yr, or 1 58%. to the total detritus production of this forest, 649.80 g C/m'/yr (herbaceous plants, tree leaves, tree seeds and fine roots) in 1999. 190 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 242 PERONI, PATRICIA A., HEATHER CARROLL, BRADLEY ESCARAVAGE, AMANDA JOHNSON, AND RAMYA PARTHASARATHY. Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC-The effects of mammalian herbivory on Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) in a mixed pine-hardwood forest in Piedmont, NC. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is an invasive, exotic vine that is widely distributed in eastern North America. Herbivory by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) may provide some control over the growth of these Japanese honeysuckle populations. However, intense browsing by large deer populations can itself change forest composition. We evaluated the ability of mammals such as deer and rabbits to limit honeysuckle growth The experiment used a paired plot design, with deer and rabbits excluded from one half of each 13-1 plots. Mammalian herbivory depressed the mean growth of Japanese honeysuckle relative to controls in 1 1 of the 13 plots. The results of a paired sample t-test showed a significant effect of the exclosure treatment on Japanese honeysuckle growth. A recently initiated experiment which employs exclosures that allow access to rabbits but not deer, will allow us to determine if efforts to reduce the size of white-tailed deer herds could exacerbate problems associated with Japanese honeysuckle. 243 AL-HAMDANI, SAFAA. Jacksonville State University-Examination of the Possibility of using Kudzu as a Replacement Crop in Polluted Areas. This study was designed to evaluate the potential use of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) as a biological agent in removing chromium and sodium chloride. Chromium concentrations (4- 12 mg/L) ranged above what the EPA considers as the acceptable regulatory limit in the environment and NaCI concentrations (25-75 mM) were above what most crops could tolerate. Kudzu demonstrates high tolerance to both chromium and NaCI and the uptake of the ions increase its concentration in the growth media. Significant reduction in growth, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate accumulation was shown at the highest selected concentration. Kudzu might be considered as a successful replacement crop in selected area where the soil fertility is low and in the presence of pollutants, such as heavy metals. 244 FRANCKO, DAVID A.1 AND KENNETH G. WILSON. Dept, of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH-A Laboratory Leaf-Disc Assay for Palm Foliar Cold Tolerance. In experiments on cultivated palms at Miami University (Oxford, OH; USDA Zone 6a), our objectives were to: (1) construct laboratory-based leaf-disc mortality curves as a function of decreasing temperature, and (2) compare foliar damage/ defoliation temperature benchmarks in laboratory leaf-disc assays to those derived from field-grown plants. Leaf discs (0.7 cm) were excised from mature leaves of Rhapidophyllum hystrix (needle palm), Sabal minor (dwarf palmetto), Sabal 'Louisiana’ (Louisiana dwarf palmetto), Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), Trachycarpus fortunei (Chinese windmill palm), Sabal palmetto (cabbage palmetto), Chamaedorea radicalis (dwarf bamboo palm), and Chamaerops humilis (Mediterranean fan palm). Palms were sampled from multiple, microclimatically similar plots in February and March 2002 and again in summer 2002 (N = 3 plants/ experiment; 5 disks from 2 leaves per plant; 30 disks total/species/experiment). Discs placed in glass scintillation vials with moistened Perlite were returned to the laboratory and incubated for 2 h at temperatures ranging from 23F to -25F, followed by a 1 hr treatment at 39F. After 10-day room temperature incubation under indirect sunlight discs were visually scored for viability; if >50% of disk tissue non-viable (chlorosis, loss of tissue integrity, blackening) the disc was scored as dead. Control discs were assayed as above with incubation at room temperature substituted for cold treatment. This simplified disc assay adequately mirrors known palm winter field performance data and can discriminate Abstracts 191 between closely related species. Summer foliage was more cold tolerant than winter- acclimated foliage, suggesting that cold tolerance mechanisms may be constitutive in these palms. 245 DILUSTRO, JOHN J, BEVERLY S. COLLINS, AND LISA DUNCAN. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory-Short-term response of soil to prescribed fire in mixed pine forests on Ft. Benninq, Georgia. We examined the short-term response of soil quality and nitrogen availability in mixed pine forests in the first season following prescribed fire to determine if short-term changes in nitrogen availability were influenced more by 1) nitrogen loss due to combustion and subsequent volatilization or 2) altered soil inorganic nitrogen availability. Of 32 stands, 16 were burned during winter-spring 2001-2, and 16 remained unburned. Soil temperature, monitored at 1 cm depth in 9 sites during the prescribed fires, returned to pre-burn temperature within several hours and was related to the time of day of burn. Fire minimally consumed the pooled soil organic layer, which ranged from 2% to 36% of the pre-burn mass. Fire effects on mineral soil extractible total nitrogen were variable, ranging from a 54% decline to a 327% increase; however, all values were low (< 6 pg N g'1 soil). Our data indicate the prescribed burns were low intensity and had little or variable effect on soil nitrogen. Detailed longer-term studies are needed to understand prescribed fire effects on soil nitrogen dynamics and sustainability of upland mixed pine forests. 246 MORRIS, ASHLEY1, MATTHEW GITZENDANNER1, DOUGLAS SOLTIS1, AND PAMELA SOLTIS2. University of Florida and Florida Museum of Natural History- The lllicium parviflorum Michx. ex Vent. (Illiciaceae) paradox: an endangered Florida endemic and its role in the horticultural trade. lllicium parviflorum (Illiciaceae) is an evergreen shrub that is known only from five conservation areas in Florida and appears to occur only along the edge of the Lake Wales Ridge. Ironically, this rare species is quite popular in the horticultural trade, and is commonly sold as far north as North Carolina and as far west as Arkansas. Previous work by White and Thien indicates that this species may be self-incompatible, and is likely largely dependent on clonal reproduction for the maintenance of natural populations. We estimated the genetic diversity within and among natural populations using fluorescently- labeled inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Secondarily, we are surveying plants from a number of horticultural nurseries across the southeastern U.S. to assess the diversity of the horticultural stocks and the populations of origin. We discuss the implications of our findings for both the conservation of natural populations and the horticultural industry. 247 DRAKE, SARA J.1, REBECCA R. SHARITZ1'2, JOHN J DILUSTRO2 AND BEVERLY S. COLLINS 'Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia and 2Savannah River Ecology Laboratory-Aboveground peak biomass of qroundcover plants in a mixed pine forest on sites with differing soil textures and burn frequencies. The importance of fire in southeastern forests has been established; however, knowledge of fire’s effects on groundcover productivity is incomplete Mixed pine forests on Fort Benning in west-central Georgia are undergoing prescribed burning to facilitate establishment of longleaf pine. Fire frequency as well as soil nutrient availability may significantly affect aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). Our objectives were to determine if peak biomass (which is proportional to ANPP) differs among groundcover components (ferns, grasses, legumes, other forbs, woody stems <1 cm basal diameter, and standing dead) on clayey versus sandy soils and with 2-year versus 4-year burn intervals. Biomass was harvested July - August 2002, from 16 sites (8 with 2-year burns 192 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 and 8 with 4-year burns; 12 samples per site). Overall biomass ranged from 0.02 g/m2 to 672.89 g/m2. Grasses and legumes had significantly greater biomass on 2-year burn sites versus 4-year burn sites (P = 0.013, P = 0.003, respectively). In addition, grasses had a significantly higher biomass on clayey versus sandy sites (P = 0.0002). While overall biomass did not differ between 2-year versus 4-year and clayey versus sandy sites, there was a strong interaction effect between burn interval and soil texture (P = 0.003). Our results suggest that fire frequency and soil texture are important factors in determining annual net primary productivity, and thus ecosystem vitality in southeastern pine forests. 248 CHILTON, RACHAEL, CHRISTINA TANNAHILL, ANDREA STASSI, AND LINDA FINK. Sweet Briar Colleqe-The effect of logging on the occurrence of an invasive exotic grass, Microstegium vimineum. This project investigated the effects of selective logging on the occurrence and abundance of Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stilt grass), a highly invasive alien grass. Three sites were censused in a mature oak - tulip poplar forest in Amherst County, Virginia. One site was selectively thinned 10 months earlier, and two sites flanking it had not been logged in many decades. Line-intercept transects were run through each site. There was a higher occurrence of Microstegium in the logged site than in either of the control sites; and within the logged site, disturbed patches with stilt grass were larger than disturbed patches without stilt grass. 249 MADDEN, KATHRYN, STEVEN HARPER, AND REBECCA SHARITZ. University of Georgia’s Savannah River Ecology Laboratory-Comparisons of tree composition, canopy openness, and soil characteristics between and among Fall Line sandhill communities. In an effort to identify distinguishable characteristics of sandhill communities along the southeastern Fall Line, fifteen sandhill woodlands were selected for survey at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina and at Fort Gordon and Fort Benning in Georgia. Five sandhill sites per installation were selected based on similarities in landscape features observed in aerial imagery and on historical vegetation and soil data. Preliminary assessments included surveying tree composition and soil characteristics at ten random locations within each of the fifteen woodland sites. Distinguishing floristic characteristics were the abundance and composition of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), turkey Oak (Quercus laevis), bluejack oak ( Quecus incana), and sandpost oak ( Quecus margaretta ) in the canopy and subcanopy. Importance values for these tree species per installation were pooled, and comparisons indicate similarities in composition and abundance among locations along the Fall Line. However, floristic variations among sites within an installation may be related to other ecological factors resulting in a gradient of moisture extremes. Therefore, additional data on canopy openness, soil moisture, and other soil characteristics are compared on a landscape and community level to evaluate patterns that will aid in distinguishing sandhill communities. 250 MUSSELMAN, LYTTON JOHN. American University of Beirut and Old Dominion University-Southeastern Botany in Beirut-unexpected treasures of the Post Herbarium. George Edward Post (1838-1909) was a pioneer botanist in the Middle East. His collections form the basis of the Post Herbarium at the American University of Beirut in Beirut, Lebanon. In the late 1800's, Post exchanged specimens with Horace Mann, Jr (not to be confused with his eminent father, a pioneer in American public education) who is best known for some of the earliest research on the flora of Hawaii. Working out of Cambridge, MA, Mann established a little known exchange program with some of the most prodigious collectors in the American South including W. M. Canby, A. H. Curtis, and Abstracts 193 C. Mohr. I have not been able to locate the correspondence of Mann to determine his relationship with these botanists. Other luminaries represented in the Post Herbarium (AUB) are Asa Gray, E. S. Palmer and many others. Because of the extent of the collections of these notable botanists it is unlikely that any unknown type material is extant at AUB yet southeastern botanists should be aware both of the presence of this herbarium as well as the activities of Horace Mann. TEACHING BIOLOGY 251 ALIFF, JOHN V. Georgia Perimeter College-Using Case Studies in Online Biology Courses. Using case studies, instructors can help students understand the multiple issues involved in the explanation of natural phenomena. Students can experience open-ended problem¬ solving where the student scientists, working individually and in teams, consider competing hypotheses and use deduction and induction over a long series of experimental observations, and may arrive at multiple solutions. Step-wise, case studies should be designed to allow the students to recognize multiple issues, research background on what we know about the issues, brainstorm for connections, pose specific questions, and investigate the guestions using the scientific method. The paper will review case study work done in the teaching of online Human Anatomy and Physiology, and Environmental Sciences at Georgia Perimeter College. This paper is based upon the work by M. Waterman and E. Stanley, Investigative Cases and Case-Based Learning in Biology: BioQuest Library VI, Academic Press, 2002. 252 DAVIS, JENNIFER, Shorter College-Biodiversity conservation taught in the context of a study abroad program. “Issues in Biodiversity Conservation” is a course created particularly for the Mayterm study abroad program at Shorter College. This course is designed for upper-level undergraduates, both science and non-science majors. For biodiversity conservation in any particular instance to be effective, many segments of society must be involved in and committed to any solution strategy. Different segments of society and different cultures value biodiversity in different ways; the perspectives of these various interests encompass multiple disciplines: science, ethics/philosophy, economics, religion, government, and communications. Effective solutions involve the integration of contributions from all these disciplines. In a study abroad context, the essentials of biodiversity conservation are taught in several class meetings prior to the 4 week trip and students experience aspects of biodiversity conservation efforts and relevant problems during travel abroad to such places as the arctic tundra in the Vistas Valley near Nikkaloukta Sweden (with a Sami guide), the iron mine in Kiruna, Sweden, the Ajite Sami Museum in Jokkmokk, and Linnaeus’ home and gardens in Uppsela. Commentary on student learning, pedagogy, and modifications of the course for a 2003 trip to China and Thailand will be discussed. 253 MEADE, MARK. Jacksonville State University-Pros and cons of undergraduate research education. A major trend over the last decade has been to include undergraduate research as a component of reguired coursework in science related disciplines. Research experiences are now a common component of general coursework, utilizing hands-on experiences in research to emphasize course concepts and principles. Courses that provide credit for research experiences alone are also know offered and can be taken as elective hours by science majors. In most cases, the trend has resulted in enhanced experiences for graduates planning a transition into industry and/or graduate coursework Along with the benefits to students, research productivity of undergraduate mentors has also improved 194 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Although beneficial in many ways, undergraduate research education programs are not without difficulties. Issues such as providing meaningful research projects, students committing to complete projects, and having the time to work with students are normal drawbacks. This researcher/educator offers some insights on this major educational trend. 254 BLAIR, BENJIE, William R, Bowen and Frank A. Romano III Jacksonville State University-A cooperative learning module to teach mitosis and meiosis. For many years biologist have struggled to teach basic concepts of mitosis and meiosis to freshman undergraduate students. Many techniques have been attempted from playacting out the roles of the chromosomes to using small pieces of yarn to represent the process. It is apparent from post-test results that these procedures have limited potential. After reevaluating what we would like our students at Jacksonville State University to learn we designed a cooperative learning module for their laboratory experience. The students work independently in assigned diverse groups to answer specific questions on the real life consequences of meiosis and/or mitosis. They perform library research not only on the scientific basis of some of the questions posed but the economic costs related to specific diseases and conditions. Then the students present their findings in a group format using a PowerPoint presentation. Participation in this project tested cognitive, analytical, and communication skills. Student response was remarkable. Both majors and non-majors participate well in the process and have produced insightful, constructive, and reasonable explanations for concepts such as cancer, differences in animal and plant cells, cellular differentiation, the process of chromosome separation and the role of crossover in genetic diversity. 255 ORVOS, DAVID R. Sweet Briar College, Virginia — Implementation of an environmental sciences curriculum at a liberal arts institution. Environmental sciences is an interdisciplinary mixture of biology, geology, chemistry, economics, and law. While these disciplines are offered individually at many institutions, some academicians believe that environmental sciences is too applied to fulfill the mission of a liberal arts education. Others regard environmental sciences as a sub-discipline of an existing academic endeavor. Sweet Briar College initiated an environmental sciences curriculum in 2000 with the program housed in a newly created Department of Environmental Studies. Several courses were developed in the biological, geological, and environmental sciences with an environmental analytical chemistry course designed to address the special requirements for environmental science. Integration of the program with the existing humanities and sciences was deemed critical to long-term success yet academic rigor was also a priority. While initiating any new academic program is both rewarding and frustrating, the data demonstrate that the program is indeed successful with regard to the number of majors, academic rigor, high-quality research and student presentation of data, and community internships. 256 HERR, J. M., JR. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-Calcium chloride: A durable mounting medium for microscopy and a shortcut to the study of plant anatomy. Aqueous calcium chloride was first used in microscopy as a mounting medium for sections and whole structures from 1841 to 1849 when glycerin was introduced as a superior medium. During the remainder of the 19th century, the use of calcium chloride diminished in favor of glycerin and glycerin jelly, but in 1992 its value was again recognized for the clarity of structural detail it imparts to thick sections of plant tissues. At that time, Hooker microtome or hand sections of stems from several species, 120 m to 500 m thick, were fixed in FPA50 (Formalin, propionic acid, 50% ethanol, 5:5:90 v/v) for 24 hr and stored in 70% ethanol. The sections were removed from ethanol to water, stained either in 0.05% Abstracts 195 aqueous toluidine blue O or in a solution of 1% phloroglucin in 20% aqueous CaCh plus 4 ml of concentrated HCI, then mounted on a slide in 20% aqueous CaCI2, and covered with a cover glass. Only lignified cell walls were stained in both preparations, and the definition of cellular structure was equal to that generally found in sections 10 m thick. Today, in these preparations, now over 10 years old, the well-defined histological features have remained unchanged indicating that the short technique by which they were made has certain utility in the study of plant anatomy. 257 LEHMAN, MARY E. Longwood University-The influence of learning styles on group dynamics in a cooperative learning project. Relationships between student learning styles, performance, and group interactions were investigated in an introductory biology (majors) course from 1999 to 2002. The Gregorc Style Delineator was used to determine student learning styles. Students were then assigned to groups by the instructor, creating approximately half mixed learning style and half same learning style groups each year. The student groups engaged in a cooperative learning project to research and present information about their assigned topics. Using combined data from all years, the distribution of Gregorc learning styles in the course was 41% concrete sequential, 14% abstract sequential, 26% abstract random, and 19% concrete random. Mixed and same learning style groups showed no significant difference in grades received, suggesting that overall work quality was not affected by learning style group composition. A 15-question survey was administered at the completion of the project to assess student satisfaction with his/her group and the project outcomes. Regardless of learning style, students expressed a general satisfaction with the project. Only one question had significantly different (p<0.05) answers for students in same vs. mixed learning style groups, with students in mixed groups agreeing more strongly with the statement “the workload for the project was distributed equitably among the members of my group." Within same learning style groups, some differences were seen in the answers of concrete sequential learners compared to those of other learning styles. This study suggests that some aspects of group dynamics may be influenced by learning styles, but that many aspects are not. 258 BROOKS III, S. CARROLL. Brevard College-Use of biotechnology kits in a biochemistry laboratory course. The Biotechnology Explorer™ kits developed by BioRad Laboratories, Inc. were used in the initial offering of a Biochemistry Laboratory course Laboratory experiments involving bacterial transformation, protein chromatography, DNA fingerprinting, protein fingerprinting, size exclusion chromatography, and restriction digestion and analysis of DNA were performed. This talk will describe the kits in terms of required materials and equipment, involved methods and biomolecules, applicability to the standard three hour lab time frame, and relevance to the corequisite Biochemistry Lecture course. 259 NUSSBAUM, FRANCIS. Kent State University, Tuscarawas-Unify teaching biology with a communication theme. Everything biological occurs as the result of sending and receiving signals Cell biologists and molecular geneticists have largely dedicated their work to understanding the intricacies of interactions that occur between cells and between cell parts At the cellular level shifts in physiological modes occur in response to the signals received During development normal processes depend on receiving appropriate signals in their required sequences, otherwise the consequences are lethal or lead to horrendous teratology The germinating seedling, the juvenile animal, and the infant human all respond to the signals of their environments. Environmental signals limit or promote development and maturation of body systems in organisms of the higher kingdoms just as they do to unicellular 196 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 organisms of the primitive kingdoms. Without proper sending, modulating, receiving and transducing signals organisms succumb While physiological genetics and energy processing metabolism have been used thematically in attempts to unify teaching biology, the bigger view of life which contemporary students may find attractive could be communication. In the current era of technology students must deal with information processing and they find it novel, exciting and fascinating. It is ironic that life itself evolved as a myriad of information processing systems. Through a discussion of the many facets of life and the diversity of the forms of life, the selection of pertinent examples which give emphasis to information processing will give students of the life sciences as well as the non life science majors a course of interest, intrigue, intellectual satisfaction and amusement. 260 WINDELSPECHT, MICHAEL. Appalachian State University-Wasting time with WebCT: What do the students really use and what do they find useful ? Increasingly faculty are being asked to utilize course-management platforms such as WebCT in the classroom. While the benefits of these programs in providing chat rooms, online quizzes and other novel functions is well-documented, rarely has the effectiveness of the platform been directly assessed. For some courses, especially high enrollment introductory classes, the management of the sites require a substantial amount of instructor time The purpose of this study was to acquire student input on the various components of the WebCT system so as to assess the effectiveness of the individual components in an attempt to determine focal points for future course development. SYMPOSIUM 1 THURSDAY MORNING REGENCY G The Crisis in Field Botany: Loss of People and Knowledge Sponsored by Southern Appalachian Botanical Society and the USDA Forest Service 261 STRITCH, LAWRENCE R. USDA Forest Service-From Whence We Come: A Historical Retrospective of Field Botany. As a professional botanist have you ever pondered the question: How did I get where I am today? Or perhaps: What is my botanical lineage? Knowledge of field botany's history provides us with the knowledge and understanding of who came before us and what was their contribution to the evolution of botanical knowledge. This survey of botanical history starts with preliterate humans and then from a western perspective continues with the ancient Greeks, Egyptians and Romans, passing on into the Dark Ages and Middle Ages until the arrival of the Renaissance. With the Renaissance came the re-emergence of botany with the herbalists, the first universities and with them the first botanical gardens of the modern age. Thence botany entered the pre-Linnaean period followed by the Linnaean period and the post-Linnaean period. With Darwin came the period of evolutionary classifications from which botany proceeded into the contemporary era of phylogenetic classification and with it plant ecology emerged. With this knowledge we can better understand our roles and responsibilities to ourselves as researchers, educators, practitioners, colleagues, and mentors but more importantly our responsibility to ensure that the next generation of field botanists who will replace us will have the opportunity to find an institution of higher learning and the botanists from which to learn their craft. Abstracts 197 262 OWEN, WAYNE. USDA Forest Service-Preparing for a Career in Field Botany. A strong academic background in the botanical sciences is a necessary, but insufficient basis for a successful career in applied field botany. Botanists can play a critical role in shaping the on-going and long-term management direction on public lands if they are prepared to function well within the bureaucratic framework of land management agencies. Communications skills are especially crucial to the success of applied botanists. The writing skills of field biologists, critical to conveying the results of your work and your professional judgment, are consistently viewed as having room for improvement. Interpersonal communications, among often widely divergent interests, are likewise important to your ability to influence people and the design and implementation of management actions. Appropriate analytical skills are increasingly necessary for the applied botanists. Increased emphasis on effective and efficient monitoring, and the conveyance of results to broad audiences of managers, biological specialists, and the general public requires a high degree of capability with the quantitative aspects of field botany. The willingness to become involved in the development and cultivation of partnerships and to provide public service in the name of botany has proven to be one of the major hallmarks of truly successful field botanists. When working in the applied botany arena, your success is often influenced by the degree to which the public-at-large and the local community value botanical resources. 263 SUNDBERG, MARSHALL. D. Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS-The State of Botanical Education in U S. Colleges and Universities. In a recent editorial in the Plant Science Bulletin (46:2-3. 2000), I noted that although the number of botany departments is decreasing in U.S. colleges and universities, the numbers of botanical faculty members and botanical PhDs conferred are actually higher than they were in the late 1960’s. Furthermore, even though the total number of botany graduate students is still down, compared to 1968, that number has risen considerably since 1983. Where is this new interest in botany - - or rather, where is it NOT? What areas of concentration in botanical sciences are growing; what areas are not? Are traditional courses, such as plant anatomy and plant taxonomy, still part of the core of botanical education or have they been supplanted by modern plant biology? As will be discussed, the answer is not simple and it is highly dependent upon who you ask. But it is also clear that the “moving status quo" will likely change as the current generation of faculty members moves into retirement. 264 KLEIN, MARY L. and LARRY E. MORSE. NatureServe, Arlington, VA - Detectives of Diversity-Field Botany Needs in Non-Governmental Conservation Organizations Conducting research for in situ plant conservation is a lot like being a detective Investigators try to answer five key questions: (1) What is the full range of suspects (plant species, subspecies and plant associations)? (2) Which plants are of highest conservation priority based on life-history characteristics that put them at risk? (3) Which plant associations represent the best examples of more common types? (4) Where are the priority species or plant associations found? (5) And, what actions might reduce the risk of extinction, extirpation or degradation? Non-governmental conservation organizations require skilled botanists to help answer these questions NatureServe and its network of Natural Heritage programs are among largest employers of field-trained botanists in North America with 304 staff classified as botanists or plant ecologists Field experience is critical to job requirements. The most essential skill is accurate plant identification, especially an ability to recognize unusual types that may represent new discoveries In addition, the ideal candidate understands the wide range of life-history strategies among 198 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 plants, the relationship of plants to habitats and substrates, and the ability of plant occurrences to persist (or not) for decades or even centuries. Underlying these skills is a solid understanding of taxonomy, nomenclature, and familiarity with herbarium collections including customary practices for labeling, annotating and filing. Our experience is that it is much harder to fill job openings now than it was a decade ago. Much more training now takes place on the job, or expertise is accessed via partnerships with universities and herbaria. 265 DENNIS, W. MICHAEL. Breedlove, Dennis, & Associates, Inc., Winter Park, FL~ Field Botany Needs in the Private Sector: Who’s Going to Fill Their Shoes? Landscape changes are occurring throughout the southeast (and beyond) at a level and rate approaching the early days of European colonization. The changes are in varying directions: farmland and forests are being converted to development; timberland is being converted to agricultural land; pasture, agricultural land and timberland is being restored to natural vegetation communities in preserves and conservation lands. Many of these changes are occurring under Federal, state, or local programs that require analyses and permits. Private consulting botanists, ecologists, foresters, and wildlife biologists are in many instances collecting the data, performing the analyses, making recommendations, and obtaining the permits for these land use changes. Until recent years the southeast was rich in academic institutions training field oriented botanists. Individuals that “knew the plants” were trained and experienced enough to “go to the woods” and know what was growing there; whether it was a unique, unusual or an especially representative plant community type; what successional steps it experienced to be what it was; and what specific activities or changes would do to a particular environment. Our academic institutions have changed - Plant Taxonomists have to be DNA systematists, plant ecologists have to be mathematicians, modelers, or chemists. This is not bad, except for the lack of recognition that field savvy botanists are needed to assess field situations quickly, and correctly without years of data gathering and study. The real world is moving too fast for 10 year controlled studies. The front line decision makers need to have the knowledge and experience of the old time field botanists that were part taxonomist, part ecologists, part naturalists, and full time communicators. Where will such types be trained, who will train them? 266 RANDALL, JOHNNY. North Carolina Botanical Garden, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill— The Role and Value of Botanical Gardens in Training Field Botanists. Botanical gardens, in increasing numbers, are helping to fill the botany instruction void left by many universities. Certificate programs in basic botany, plant families, local flora, and dendrology are being offered by ever more botanical gardens. These courses serve to train undergraduate and graduate students, environmental consultants, and the general public. Botanical gardens are also sites for native plant study groups and other ad hoc natural history study. I will use examples from the North Carolina Botanical Garden, my own institution, and other botanical gardens to show how botanical gardens are filling an important niche in plant biology instruction. 267 MURRELL, ZACK E. Appalachian State University-The Role of Field Stations and Small Herbaria in Training Field Botanists. Field stations, colleges and comprehensive universities have become the last bastion of field botanical training in the United States, as research universities have moved toward a more laboratory based research focus. The shift away from field studies appears to be correlated with funding needs. Many larger universities have given away their herbaria to gain valuable laboratory space. However, this pressure to obtain external funding is also Abstracts 199 being felt at the level of colleges, comprehensive universities and field stations. The problem for field based studies is simply a matter of cost; it is relatively inexpensive to conduct field studies, so grants provide very little indirect costs for the academic institutions. How can we support these remaining centers for field study and rejuvenate others that have lost much of their energy and focus? These kinds of institutions often house excellent local collections of the flora and often have resident expertise that can provide the needed field training. Classes can be offered to reach a niche audience, if support is available from local and regional agencies. Funding agencies must continue to support small herbarium collections, to protect the materials for future study and to maintain these collections as a resource for learning the local flora. Partnerships must be formed with state and federal agencies, along with non-governmental organizations, in order to maintain and expand on the considerable resources these institutions have, so they can continue to have a role in botanical education in the future. 268 PENDERGRASS, LEVESTER, USDA Forest Service-Workforce Diversity and Botany: Who's Interested? I have worked with the U.S. Forest Service for a little more than 29 years. Throughout that time I have seen botanists go and come within the Forest Service as well as other professional institutions and agencies. Gender as well as ethic group diversity has always been a problem for recruiting efforts. This discussion will get a little deeper into whose is interested in a botany career and why. Can we change this trend? 269 STEWART, RHONDA S. USDA Forest Service-Adaptation and Resourcefulness: Roots of Survival in Field Botany. Professional botanists may come from all walks of life, bringing with them a variety of experiences. How does a field botany survivor transition from boots to dress shoes? A background in the botanical sciences is essential, but a critical measure of success is the ability to deal with issues that may seem far outside the range of typical botanical concerns. A flexible mind and inherent resourcefulness enhances the ability to adapt and excel in field botany. The professional botanist needs managerial abilities as well as good field skills. Access to private herbaria and local individuals with area knowledge should be a crucial goal, as well as harvesting expertise from universities. Knowledge of other resource needs and impacts is a component. Nurturing a talent for public affairs and natural resource interpretation is invaluable. Developing partnerships within and between agencies is a determining survival factor in field botany. Professional botanists are often geographically isolated from peers, which makes it even more critical to form bonds between fellow professionals, crossing and surpassing any superficial boundaries that may be present. Cultivating relationships between field botanists and those who have gone before is a special privilege. Knowing this, we need to be casting our eyes to the future. Where will the next generation of botanists come from? What should we look for? How do we make contacts, nurture the interest and fascination of budding botanists, and ensure that information gets to these individuals, our successors? 200 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 WORKSHOP 1 FRIDAY AFTERNOON REGENCY F Presiding: Karen Oates - George Mason University 270 Science Education for New Civic Engagement and Responsibilities In this symposium we will describe the basic tenants and goals of the five year national dissemination grant from the National Science Foundation entitled "SENCER"- Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities. We will describe our cluster organizations, our models courses and the annual SENCER SUMMER INSTITUTE. Our symposium will look at the potential of SENCER courses to connect a rigorous study in the fields of science and mathematics with matters of current public policy and social importance through examples of what a variety of institutions across the US are doing. We will explore the elements of civic engagement, student voice and authorship found in the national models. We conclude the symposium with a question and answer and interactive activity which will helps to integrate elements of civic engagement into the symposium participants courses. WORKSHOP 2 THURSDAY AFTERNOON ACCESSIBIITY OF ONLINE TEACHING MATERIALS Sponsored by the ASB Committee on Women, Minorities and Persons with Disabilities REGENCY F Presiding: Karen Mcglothlin 271 The movement to make online products accessible to disabled users has been accelerating quickly for vendors of on databases. Because fee-based information retrieval services must conform to Section 508 guidelines for purchase, online database vendors have bben working to make sure their products can be purchased by US government agencies andf educational institutions. Compliance with Section 508 comes in various forms, either through a text-only version of the database, a complaint 'interface', or by building a fully accessible product. However, online database publishers face several major issures when trying to build 'accessible' online products. Several of these issues, which will be discussed in this workshop, are: (1) Third-party data vs. proprietary data; (2) Legacy data storage; (3) Adaptive technology standards; (4) W3C/Section 508 standards and validators. This workshop will reveiw these and other issues facing online database vendors, what vendors have been able to address in terms of accessibility, and what still needs to improve. Abstracts 201 SYMPOSIUM 2 THURSDAY AFTERNOON 272-276 GENOMIC RESEARCH IN THE AFRICAN DIASPORA REGENCY F 03 SYMPOSIUM 3 FRIDAY MORNING REGENCY E Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity in the Southeastern United States Coordinated by Scott B. Franklin, University of Memphis In recent decades, a tremendous amount of field research coupled with technological advances in remote sensing, ecological modeling and GIS have produced a steady stream of information on the patterns and effects of forest fragmentation. Integrating results from such studies into land management plans and decision making, however, is not a trivial task because the effects of fragmentation: 1) are highly specific to the taxa, spatial scales, and ecological processes considered, 2) vary according to landscape type and landscape structure, and 3) may be obscured by local effects such as changes to microhabitat features (e.g., habitat degradation) or historical events. Further, it is becoming apparent that ecological responses to deforestation (the loss of forests) and forest fragmentation (the alteration of forest pattern across the landscape) may be highly nonlinear, i.e., where incremental change in the landscape will have disproportionately large effects on the biota. A contemporary view of the patterns and effects of forest fragmentation (based on current research efforts in the SE) is needed to identify "research horizons" for fragmentation studies in the coming decade. This symposium has been developed for speakers to give talks on our current knowledge of changes in ecosystem pattern and function in fragmented landscapes. Speakers will address such topics as: 1) the importance of variability in habitat quality in fragmented landscapes and 2) manners by which heterogeneity has been and may be measured and captured. 277 FRANKLIN, SCOTT B Department of Biology, University of Memphis-Biodiversity and forest fragmentation. Loss of biodiversity due to forest fragmentation is intuitive based on theories of island biogeography and metapopulations. Fragmentation has a direct effect on diversity due to loss of habitat (animals within fragments that find their ranges downsized), to decreases in fitness (e.g., edge effects), and to decreases in gene pools (i.e., genetic drift). While these direct effects are easy to see, indirect effects of fragmentation on biota may be as critical Fragmentation may alter natural disturbance regimes and invasion potential of fragments, both strongly related to biodiversity. In addition, microclimate and nutrient cycling may be affected within fragments, and exchanges of nutrients and organic matter between fragment and non-fragment areas may be altered. Metapopulation theory suggests that fragmentation will alter the movement of plants and animals across the landscape based on occurrence of suitable habitat (size and density), further affecting gene flow and population fitness. While studies continue to realize the effects of fragmentation on biodiversity, our understanding of how landscapes function under increased fragmentation 202 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 is still rudimentary, partially because of the imbedded idea of a suitable fragment in a non- suitable matrix in island biogeography and metapopulation theories. Understanding the direct and indirect effects of fragmentation will require abandoning this dichotomous view for a heterogeneous landscape perspective, where varying degrees of suitability for the movement and growth of populations occur throughout the landscape. From a heterogeneous perspective, effects of fragmentation will be different between the regions of the United States, with the southeast region heavily populated and strongly fragmented. 278. DUNCAN, BREAN W. AND PAUL A. SCHMALZER. Dynamac Corporation, Kennedy Space Center, Florida-Fuel fragmentation and spatial fire behavior in a south-eastern pyrogenic ecosystem. Fire has historically been an important ecological factor maintaining southeastern vegetation. Humans have altered natural fire regimes by fragmenting fuels, introducing exotic species, and suppressing fires. Little is known about how these alterations specifically affect spatial fire extent and pattern. To quantify the differences between historic and current fire spread distributions, we used historic (1920 and 1943) and current (1990) GIS fuels maps and the FARSITE fire spread model. We held all variables constant with exception of the fuel models representing different time periods. Fires during the early 1900’s burned freely across the landscape, while current fires are much smaller, restricted by anthropogenic influences. Fire extent declined linearly with patch density and there was a quadratic relationship between fire extent and percent landscape covered by urban features. We found that as little as 10 percent urban landcover caused a 50 percent decline in fire extents. These findings quantify anthropogenic impacts on fire extent and pattern and emphasize the profound effects of fragmentation in southeastern pyrogenic systems. 279 MATLACK, GLENN R. Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University-Beyond the edge zone: fragmentation effects unrelated to microclimate. Edge effects have figured prominently in discussions of forest fragmentation, reflecting microclimate and canopy structure in much-studied mixed mesophytic ecosystems. Such effects are less pronounced in the open-canopy pine-dominated forests of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains. Nevertheless, southern coastal plain forests experience a variety of fragmentation effects, three of which are illustrated in my study area in south-central Mississippi: 1. Fragmentation has impeded the spread of fire (despite increased frequency of ignition) allowing invasion of the longleaf savanna ecosystem by fire-intolerant pines and hardwoods. Controlled burning experiments suggest that widespread replacement of species has occurred which cannot be reversed simply by re-application of fire. 2. Fragmentation of bottomland communities and establishment of commercial plantations has changed the spatial organization of loblolly and slash pine relative to the dispersal capacity of pests and pathogens, potentially expanding the scale of epidemics. 3. Modern silviculture operates in 1-10 ha management units, and may create impacts in the soil community detectable for several decades. Thus, fragmentation has a strong temporal component, in addition to its obvious spatial consequences, and its biotic impact must be gauged against the life histories and dispersal capacities of forest species. 280 RUDIS, VICTOR A. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station-Nonnative plant invasions and forest fragmentation at multiple scales: perspectives from ongoing regional forest resource surveys. Archives of an ongoing forest resource inventory conducted in the Southern United States between 1984 and 2000 were used to assess the regional extent, decadal change, and associated attributes of selected nonnative invasive species. Sampling occurred prior to 1997 largely in the unfragmented forest interior and evaluated with respect to stand history Abstracts 203 and forest fragmentation of surrounding 182-ha neighborhoods. The 1997-and-later surveys permitted classification of forest sampling within a 0.6-ha area by forest interior, mixed forest, and having a nonforest edge condition. Onsite disturbances, including resource management activities, were significantly associated with occurrence of selected species. In the forest interior, Pueraria lobata occurred on just 0.2 %, Lonicera japonica on 20 %, Ligustrum spp, 3.5 %, Rosa multiflora 0.9 %, Aitanthus altissima , 0.5 %, and Melaleuca quinquenen/a and Paulownia tomentosa less than 0.1 %. Of these, evidence from resurveys between the 1980s and 1990s suggested Lonicera japonica was declining, and Ligustrum spp. increasing between the 1980s and 1990s. These two species plus Pueraria lobata were two-to-seven times more frequent in forest plots containing a nonforest boundary within a 0.6-ha sample area. The first two plus Rosa multiflora and Aitanthus altissima occurred two-to-three-times more frequently in forest plots surrounded by nonforest-dominated 182-ha neighborhoods. Regional patterns from recent surveys of above nonnative invasive plants plus Triadica sebifera suggested their occurrence predominating in selected locations. Multi-scale monitoring yielded estimates of species’ coverage, persistence, spread, and neighboring conditions, and insight into effective approaches for long-term management of nonnative invasive plants. 81 SEAGLE, STEVEN W. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science- Do ungulates integrate ecosystem spatial pattern with function in fragmented, multiple-use landscapes? Herbivorous mammal species influence species diversity, energy flow, and nutrient fluxes in various natural tropical, temperate, and boreal ecosystems. However, human- dominated multiple-use landscapes often intersperse highly fertilized cropland habitats with natural forest habitats. In the eastern United States, these landscapes have been conducive for dramatic population growth of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus). No studies have examined the linkages that large deer populations might create among these distinctly different ecosystems. I suggest that within landscapes dominated by agriculture and forest, the juxtaposition of high-nutrient crops for foraging with forest used for diurnal concealment virtually guarantees a net transfer of nutrients from cropland to forests by overabundant white-tailed deer. Based on known behavioral traits of deer and allometric descriptions of nitrogen consumption and excretion, I calculate a non-linear relationship between nitrogen deposition to forest and percent forest cover, with deer deposition rising steeply toward estimated levels of atmospheric nitrogen deposition as percent forest in the landscape decreases. The amount of nitrogen deposited to forest fragments by deer foraging in multiple-use landscapes appears to be of sufficient magnitude to alter forest nitrogen budgets. In addition, the deciduous forest floor food web is traditionally characterized as donor controlled. Large inputs of nitrogen by deer thus act as a spatial subsidy to this food web. Consequently, overabundant deer form a spatial linkage between human and natural ecosystems. The functional implications of this linkage provide a new facet for research on the role of herbivores in ecosystems. 282 COULSON, ROBERT. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University-Forest Fragmentation and the intractions of bark beetles, birds and bees. 204 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 SYMPOSIUM 4 FRIDAY MORNING REGENCY F THE GENETICS AND PRACTICE OF RARE PLANT REINTRODUCTION Coordinator: Johnny Randall, Assist. Director, North Carolina Botanical Garden 283 MENGES, ERIC S.1, JOYCE MASCHINSKI2, AND CARL W. WEEKLEY1. 'Archbold Biological Station and Fairchild Tropical Garden-Key genetic issues in rare plant introductions. We illustrate key genetic issues in rare plant introductions using information on introductions of five rare species in five habitat types: Purshia subintegra to upper Sonoran desert, Ziziphus celata to Florida sandhill, Tephrosia angustissima var. corallicola to Florida pine rockland, Amorpha herbacea var. crenulata to pine rockland ecotones, and Opuntia corallicola to Florida Keys coastal hammocks. What mixtures of genotypes should be used in introductions? Knowing mating type and reproductive health of the rare species can help determine whether it is beneficial to maintain local genotypes or create a mixed gene pool in an introduction. How does one deal with hybridization between rare and common species? Genetics can be a key in identifying and managing hybridization in introduced populations. Is genetic variation important for successful introductions into a range of microsites? Genetic diversity can allow establishment in microsites produced by management or novel sites when the original habitat has been lost. Should we select certain genotypes to increase plant fitness and population viability? Those introducing plants may unknowingly or deliberately impose artificial selection, for example for plants less susceptible to herbivory. What type of genetic information is useful or essential, and when? Information on species' life histories, distributions, and responses to management may be necessary to interpret genetic information. But genetic information will be key when reproductive failure, morphological variation among populations, and genetic drift/selection during introductions are issues. In all cases, it is key to articulate the questions that genetics can answer, and consider how to evaluate introduction success. 284 KENNEDY, KATHRYN. Center for Plant Conservation, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO-The importance of ex situ plant collections in rare plant reintroductions. The Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) is dedicated solely to preventing the extinction of native U S. plants in cooperation with 30 participating botanical institutions. These Participating Institutions collectively curate more than 600 of the nation’s most imperiled native plants. Ex situ (off-site) rare plant collections can serve as an important source of plant material for scientific study and for reintroduction. If these collections are properly collected, documented, and maintained, they provide a critical step toward restoring wild populations. It is essential that high curatorial standards be maintained if ex situ conservation is to succeed. It is equally important that strict reintroduction guidelines are followed throughout the processes of germplasm banking, seed germination and growth studies, restoring wild populations, and monitoring. 285 DUDASH, MICHELE R. \ COURTNEY J. MURREN1, AND DAVID E CARR2. 'Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; “Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA 22620-Using Mimulus as a model system to understand the role of inbreeding in restoration strategies. Abstracts 205 Creating successful restoration strategies for preserving species diversity requires a wealth of biological information. Here we advocate the use of data from a model system to illustrate some of the obstacles faced when designing restoration protocols. Our goal is to share what we have learned in the Mimulus guttatus system that was initially studied by Darwin over 100 years ago. Initial work on this species was in the glasshouse but we now have ongoing field studies to quantify the role of inbreeding level on population establishment and persistence in native habitats. Mimulus guttatus is known to experience significant reductions in vigor following serial inbreeding, however, maternal families respond very differently to degree of inbreeding. Our current research builds from these glasshouse genetic studies by quantifying the roles of inbreeding and genetic diversity on colonizing ability and population persistence under natural field conditions. The goal of our ongoing work is to examine the relationship between inbreeding and phenotypic plasticity, and the variation among maternal families in both of these factors. Ultimately, our aim is to gain an understanding of how these genetic components influence colonizing ability and population persistence in native and novel geographic locations. A collage of educational activities at Bowie State University featuring Ms. Chelsia Varner (2000) who now attends the University of Maryland at Baltimore Medical School 206 SE Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 The Southeastern Naturalist . . . ♦ A quarterly peer-reviewed and edited interdisciplinary scientific journal with a regional focus on the southeastern United States (ISSN #1528-7092). ♦ Featuring research articles, notes, and research summaries on terrestrial, fresh-water, and marine organisms, and their habitats. ♦ Focusing on field ecology, biology, behavior, biogeog¬ raphy, taxonomy, evolution, anatomy, physiology, geology, and related fields. Manu¬ scripts on genetics, molecular biology, archaeology, anthro¬ pology, etc., are welcome, especially if they provide natural history insights that are of interest to field scientists. Symposium pro¬ ceedings are occasionally published. ♦ Indexed in Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, EBSCO-host, Environmental Knowledge-base (formerly Environmental Periodicals Bibliography), FISHLIT (Fish and Fisheries Worldwide; Aquatic Biology, Aquaculture, and Fisheries Resources), Wildlife Review Abstracts, and Zoological Record (BIOSIS UK). Arrangements for indexing in Elsevier BIOBASE (Current Awareness in Biological Sciences), and ISI Services (Science Citation Index-Expanded, ISI Alerting Service, and Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Sciences) are pending. ♦ A sister journal of the Northeastern Naturalist (ISSN #1092-6194), published since 1997. Both journals are identical in focus, format, quality, and features. The journals together serve as a matched-pair of regional journals that provide an integrated publishing and research resource for the eastern part of North America. ♦ Printed by Allen Press, printer of many journals in the biological and environmental sciences, especially those whose parent organization is a member of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS). ♦ Available online in full-text version in the BioOne database (www.bioone.org, a collaborative effort of Allen Press, AIBS, and other organizations) and the Proquest Information and Learning databases (www.il.proquest.com). Southeastern Naturalist % tiltifniL‘ I 2IHI2 Number 4 Review 207 REVIEW James Ross, Review Editor 7196 College Station Dr., Cumberland College Williamsburg, KY 40769-1382 Silver, Timothy. 2003. Mount Mitchell and the Black Mountains, an environ¬ mental history of the highest peaks in eastern America. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. $39.95 hardcopy, $19.95 paperback. 346 pages. The seasons, spring, summer, fall, and winter, each in its own way, come and go at Mt. Mitchell (the highest mountain in the east) and the Black Mountains of North Carolina. Timothy Silver, a history professor at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, provides us in six chapters, a stunning, captivating, easy-reading story of the formation, events that shaped the beginnings of Mt. Mitchell and the Black Mountains, and the events, brought about by man, that have transformed these once pristine areas. Where once there were tall and dense stands of chestnut, spruce-fir forests and herds of whitetail deer (millions of pelts were shipped out of the area each year in the 1770s) and black bear, the mountains, today, lay gravely altered and afflicted. Where nature once prevailed, man, in his haste, has tried to shape it to his needs. While the feuds between Elisha Mitchell and Thomas Clingman focused on which mountain was the tallest (Mitchell is buried on Mt. Mitchell), others logged, used fire to clear areas, mined gold and mica, restocked the streams, brought in exotic imports, built roads for tourists, and favored the hunter and sportsmen. Clemens, Tansley, Odom and others presented ideas of plant succession, energy flow, patch dynamics, ecosystem ecology, and chaos as ways in which to understand and correct nature, which is not static (Botkin). Subsequent feuds between State and Federal departments further aided the mismanagement of the mountains. Each blamed the other’s actions on the lack of funds, pollution, chestnut and balsam, wooly adelgid infections, wind, fog, and rain as reasons why the mountains were the way they are today. Silver presents these interlocking scenarios between nature and man in a dynamic way of writing. He knows of what he describes for he has been in the mountains, walked in forests, fished its streams, and noted its quick and confusing moods. I hope you will sense these moods; I did for I have walked many of the hills and seined the streams for fishes in the 1960s. The book ends with 38 pages of references and notes. The only fault I have is the constant and rampant use of prepositions to start sentences, which then become non-sentences. This technique is not proper English, but that may be the modern way of writing. Further readings about Elisha Mitchell, the mountains, and the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society are Centennial issue 1984 (8 articles). J. Elisha Sci. Soc. 100(2); 1-79, and Webster W. D. 2002. Elisha Mitchell and the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. North 208 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Carolina Academy of Sciences, and the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. J. No. Car. Acad. Sci. 1 18(1 ): 1-1 1 . Frank J. Schwartz, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, More head City, North Carolina 28557-3209. The recently opened Computer Science Building, a state of the art facility containing 5 specialty labs including a multimedia facility, BSOCC (Bowie State Satellite Operation Control Center) a NASA-sponsored satellite tracking facility, computer classrooms, open PC labs, and faculty offices. Thurgood Marshall Library, Bowie State University. News 209 NEWS OF BIOLOGY IN THE SOUTHEAST Jon R. Fortman-/\/ews Editor Division of Science and Math Mississippi University for Women Columbus, MS 39701 ABOUT PEOPLE AND PLACES GEORGIA Oxford College, Emory University, The Biology Department. Dr. Nitya Jacob is a new faculty member. She received her Ph.D. from Ohio State University in the Department of Horticulture and Crop Science. Her research interests focus on gene regulation and expression in tobacco plants. She is teaching Genetics, Introductory Biology and Anatomy and Physiology. VIRGINIA Mary Washington College, Department of Biological Sciences. Three biology students received undergraduate research awards on October 20, 2002 from the Virginia Academy of Science. They comprised two of the five award winners who each walked away with a $500 research grant. The event was held at the Science Museum of Richmond. At the competition, nineteen posters on undergraduate research were presented by college students throughout the state. Senior Laura Williams of Richmond, and junior Emily Dilger of Setauket N.Y., both biology majors under the direction of Dr. Andrew Dolby and Dr. John Temple, won for their poster “Nocturnal Thermoregulation in the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis).” Hossein Hamed, a senior biology major from McLean directed by Dr. David Jarrell, won for his poster “Phalaenopsis Molecular Systematics: The Study of Plant Evolution Using DNA Sequence.” Dr. Werner Wieland was appointed Editor of the Virginia Journal of Science. VJS is a quarterly publication of the Virginia Academy of Science with circulation in 47 states and 50 countries overseas; Volume I, Issue 1, January 1940 (Succeeds Claytonia . . . 1934-39). The Tower Residence Hall, Bowie State University. 210 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 Take the Carolina™ Challenge: Discover Superior Anatomy Materials Introducing Carolina ’s Perfect Solution A new preservation method that produces superior specimens for teaching anatomy. We are so confident our new Perfect Solution™ process is superior to any formaldehyde- based preserved product that we are offering you this invitation. Just fax or mail the coupon below, and we’ll send a FREE Perfect Solution™ sample specimen for you to evaluate. Our Perfect Solution™ products are safer, more realistic, more pleasant to work with, and do not require any special disposal. Look what teachers are saying: Safer and Pleasant to Study The Perfect Solution™ products provide a much safer lab environment. 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Canton Ave. Winter Park, Florida 32789 Tel: 407 677-1882 Tel: 800 304-1882 Fax: 407 657-7008 Tennessee (USA) Office:- BREEDLOVE, DENNIS, YOUNG & ASSOCIATES, (TN) INC. 133 Holiday Court Suite 207, Franklin, Tennessee 37067 Tel: 615 599-1996 Fax: 615 599-1998 Copyright: Breedlove, Dennis & Associates, Inc. 2000 212 SE Biology , Vol. 50, No. 2, April, 2003 WM Environmental Stewardship Top Environmental News TVA held a dedication ceremony for the Buffalo Mountain Wind Park on October 13 and began the first commercial wind-power production in the Southeast. These wind turbines stand 290 feet from the top of an upright rotor to the ground. Get all the facts here. Annual Environmental Report TVA’s first Annual Environmental Report outlines the corporation’s environmental accomplishments and challenges. View report in PDF format on web site. Green Power Switch TVA and 12 public power distributors have launched a test of environmentally friendly power generation. Find out about how green power is generated for the program and how you can participate. Fast Facts: TVA has spent more than $2.6 billion on emissions controls at its 1 1 fossil-fuel plants. TVA has bettered conditions for aquatic life in more than 300 miles of streams below TVA dams. Since the late 1970s, TVA has reduced sulfur dioxide emissions at its fossil-fuel plants by about 65 percent. Since 1995, TVA has reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides by 40 percent. By 2004 these emissions will have been reduced by 75 percent during the “ozone season” from May to September. In 1999, TVA received a patent for a wastewater treatment system that uses constructed wetlands technology and is about 50 percent less expensive to operate and maintain than conventional treatment systems. Environmental Policy and Principles. TVA’s environmental policy and supporting principles define our commitment to stewardship of the Valley’s natural resources. http://www.tva.gov/environment/index.htm ASB MEMBERSHIP DUES STRUCTURE Please complete the information below, enclose check or money order payable to Association of Southeastern Biologists, and mail to Deborah Atkinson, Continuing Education, CB#8165 Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, UNC-CH School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8165. The mailing label shows the year through which you are paid. For example, if the date is 2001, you need to pay for 2002 and 2003. If there is an error, please contact Deborah Atkinson, tel. (919) 843-6892, FAX (919) 966-5692, e-mail datkinso@sph.unc.edu. Thank you for your support. 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American Museum of Natural SOUTHEASTERN BIOLOGY VOLUME 50, NUMBER 2, April, 2003 http://www.asb.appstate.edu/ In This Issue A Message from the President . 37 Program of the 64th Annual Meeting . 39 ASB Candidates for Office--2003 . 40 General Information . 48 Plenary Speaker . 52 Annual Meeting Sites and Scenes . 53 Program Summary . 61 ASB Poster Titles . 65 ASB Paper Sessions . 73 ASB Symposia and Workshops . 91 Author Index for Papers and Posters with Abstract Numbers . 95 Abstracts . 98 The Southeastern Naturalist Information . 206 Review . 207 News of Biology in the Southeast . 209 Patron Members Associated Microscopes, Inc., Elon College, NC Tim Atkinson, Burlington, NC Breedlove, Dennis and Associates, Inc., Orlando, FL Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington, NC Martin Microscope Company, Easley, SC Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, TN