. N 1875 ahr a 11 Hill library Sarth CEarnlma $tatr llninprsity SI S6 v. 35 no. 5-6 1874 v. 36 no. 2, 6-8, 10-11 1875 This book must not be taken from the Library building. 10 AUG. 65 FORM treet, I i or one so doing }ou irid 1, w rtgifterej ■'mir. When ure and give coui.t\ and a J, Va. ithe farmer? of Viigiuia j&qual, being a /-irst- fgfu:iners and business TION • Great care will be commend to the cruti- %e called tojtbe adver- \ possible benefit fiorn Insurance Compan-># ^6men, Commission **v. *ili find i>; THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER, DEVOTED TO Agriculture, Horticulture and the Mining, Mechanic and Household Arts, -Hculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — XENOPHON. Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State. — Sl'LLY. L. R. DICKINSON, Editor and Proprietor. f. L. PATXE, i ate Editor and - AtiEXT. New Series- RICHMOND, VA., , MAY, 1874- No. 5. The general spirit of enquiry and enterprise whieii i^ gradually diffusing itself among the farmers of the South, is especially gratify- ing to the agricultural journalists of this section. Whether this is to ■ be attributed to the popular organization which has spread itself so rapidly among the farmers of the West and South., or to a conviction that the modes of culture hitherto practiced are unprofitable if not ruinous, or to the influence of the agricultural press, which has so earnestly advocated such a change as we now see gradually iioing on amongst us. or whether it is the effect of all these combined, it is alike gratifying to all who take a patriotic interest in 'the welfare of their country. In Virginia, along the lines of the railroads, we see many evidences of improvement. In some, indeed, in many instances emi- grants from the North and from Europe have purchased farms and put up new buildings and planted orchards and made other improve- ments apparent even to the most casual observer. But by far the greater part of the land is still held by those to the manor born, and it is among this class that we see so much improvement in the way of culture. Most Northern men especially who come amongst us. bring with them notions and ideas of farming imbibed in the North, where the soil, climate and system of labor are entirely different from that they meet with here. With true Yankee persistency they stick to these ideas, notwithstanding the repeated failure of those * who have preceded them, and the result, in nine cases out of ten. is disappoint- ment and disgust, if, indeed, financial embarrassment and even ruin do not follow. The natives, upon the contrary, are well acquainted with the soils they have to cultivate and also the cheapest and easiest mode of improving them, and they know, too, how -to manage the ne^ro. D. H. HILL LIBRARY it C. STATE UNIVERSITY THE SOUTHERN •who is the only laborer available, and then, too, they proceed cau- tiously and generally ol considerable risk, the object aime While, then, we welcome those who come among: us. and anx: 1 immigration illy of the class who are able to buy our was and improve them : yet. we look mainly to the population for permanent, paying improvement. The intelli- .nd enteq>rising of oni - are now fully awake, and vr confident from u in the last twelve months ti. are on the way to an agricultural prosperity hitherto unknown in the most favored days of our ante-bellum experience. But ther g in which most even our best farmers are defi- cient and in which the Yankees we do not use the term in an offen- very far ahead of us, that - Very few of our best farmers hav i of culture, and fewt keep accounts and know what tl. em in money and labor. Thisifl _ need it for our- we may know e :e doing, and we need it for th: efit of rho wish to kno^ Dther drawback to progress with us is the general i:. •not our farm- ers to in>i i the information they have attained through experience. The sn as or failure of ar. if published would serve as a guide to others, and. perhaps, insure success or, at least, frequently avoid di~ zood farmer has som- cialty with which he is particularly successful. If now he wou. down and write out his mode of preparation, planting, manuring and cultiv t particular crop and publish it to the world, it would certainly be of benefit to his less e ssful friends and to the farm- ers at large. Such contributions impart increased value and inter- est fee nd enable the Editor to provide a vast fund of information for hislhousan Is of reade - THE CENTRAL WATER-LINE. The a time a national question, the completion of the James River and Kanawha canal to the Ohio is a matter of vital dome- ginia. We believe that it would do more to advance the intt the agricultural classes of our State than all other schemes combined. Could the large surplus corn prodi; the West be cheaply brought to our doors - uld feed si enough to enrich our lands, the prairies of Illinois would soon | a surer, safer and more economical source of manure than the Chin- cha islands have been. We believe that should the government under- take the is line that its opening will prove the beginning of a new era in Virginia farming. It would cert, a wonderful change in the pres. y crops which we now cultivate from nece- an actual loss, would be disear : once and others more valuable substituted for them. Could we buy ten cent Western corn at a fair rate here to enrich the worn wheat- fields of V :.e Richmond mills could again supply the South American ports with their favorite brand of flou: - ..e tobacco 1874.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 205 crop, the money crop of Virginia, might be doubled if we could obtain a cheap and sure fertilizer by feeding stock upon our farms. The farmers of Virginia should, we think, bring all their influence to bear upon the national legislature, to ensure the completion of this great work. MIXED FARMING. We feel disposed again to urge upon our farmers the propriety of diversifying their products. The fact that wheat and tobacco have heretofore, and may for the future, continue to be the staple products of Virginia, does not make it unprofitable to cultivate other crops. Our own experience, and that of our friends satisfies us that there is not a sufficient variety of crops cultivated to insure the highest degree of profit. There are quite a number of other products equally as well adapted to our soil and climate, which might be raised at a profit if our peo- ple would only give their attention to it. We need hardly say to our farmers that if their lands were properly prepared, a ton of hay could be as cheaply raised here as at any point in the North, and that there is more clear profit in selling two tons of hay from an acre of land at $25 a ton than there is in almost any crop we can cultivate when risk, labor and all are calculated. The great mistake with our farmers is that the}r sow grass on their poor lands and take the best for cultiva- tion. If, upon the contrary, they would seed their best lands to clo- ver and grass and make the poorer parts, which would then be brought into cultivation, rich by the application of manure, they would have a crop of grass over and above what they now make upon their farms, and the land producing that crop would be constantly improving. To grass we might add many crops not now cultivated to any con- siderable extent. But most of our people know to what crops their lands are best adapted if they would only give the subject the though* and attention it deserves. We again urge upon our farmer friends to carefully note every thing of importance in the cultivation of their crops, and let the result of their observations, whether they be successful or not, be known through the columns of the agricultural press. If you have failed, others becoming acquainted with the cause of your failure, may avoid it. If you have been successful, others may follow you to success. THE CURRENCY question is one of so much interest to our farmers that we append the following statistics of the currency of four of the leading nations of the world. It was compiled by Mr. Ott, the gentlemanly Secretary of the Southern Fertilizing Co., and kindly furnished by him for publi- cation : — The currency proper of this country, specie payments being' suspended, is only the outstanding legal tender issue of §381,330,327. The national bank cir- culation, amounting to 1342,500,000, is only the expansion of bank credits, 206 THE SOUTHERN [May bank notes, of course, having the quality of Currency, but not that of money which has been to a certain extent legislated into the • "legal tender. The following statement, compiled from data furnished by the Bureau of Sta- tistics, will show how its volume compares with that of some other countries : THE UNITED KINGDOM, (CLOSE OF 1S72.) Gold coin in the country £84,500,000 Silver coin in the country lo.<« K),00 Bronze coin in the country 1,100,000 Bank notes, less coin reserve held against them 40.500,000 Total active circulation £141.100,000 Equivalent in dollars $683,000,000 • FRANCE IN 1873. (Victor Bonnet's Estimate on coin.) Francs. Gold coin 4,000,000,000 Sil vor.coin ■ 1,500,000,000 Notes of Bank of France,kDec. 26. 1873 2,807,000,000 8,307,1 I Deduct coin reserve in Bank of France, Dec. 20, 1873 759,900,000 Total active circulation 7,547,100,000 Equivalent in dollars $1,5 8,000,000 * GERMAN CONFEDERATION. Thalers. ' Coin circulation in 1870 630,000,000 Coined since 1870 335,000,000 Bank note circulation, Jan. 1. 1872 320,000,000 1,285,000,000 Deduct — Legal reserve of hanks 100,000,000 Coin in government military chest 40,000,000 Retired silver 167.000,000 *• 307.000,000 Total active circulation 978,000,000 Equivalent in dollars 8701,000,000 Tn this estimate the coin reserve is deducted from the current circulation. Applying the same rule to this country and reducing our paper money to specie we have the following result.— CTBCDTiATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1873. Legal tenders $356,000,i00> Fractional currency 48,500,000 Bank notes " 342,500,000 Coin certificates 37.500,000 Total $784,500,000 Deduct — • Depreciation of $747,000,000 of currency below par. .$81,000,000 Specie in hanks, as reserve 18.000,000 Legal tenders required as bank reserve 07,000,000 190,800,000 Active circulation $587,700,000 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 207 Comparing the active circulation of the respective countries with their popu- lation, we have the following result as to the amount of currency per head :— Active Popular Circulation circulation. Hon. per capita. 'Great Britain $ 683.000,000 32,000.000 $21 34 France 1. 509,000,000 30.000.000 41 91 'Germany 704.000.000 39.400,000 17 87 United States 587,700,000 41.000, uOO 14 33 Thus placing the circulation of the several countries on a gold basis, which is necessary to a true comparison, we find that the amount in this country is $14.33 per head ; in Germany, $17.87 ; in Great Britain, $21.34, and in France, $41.91. Taking population into account, our circulation is about one-third that of ,Urance, two-thirds that of the United Kingdom, and four-fifths that of Germany In this connection it will be interesting to look at the matter of gold and sil- ver in this country. The following table (U. S. Bureau of Statistics) will ex- hibit its movement from 1SG1 to 1873, inclusive : — ' Exports. Imports. Re-exports. 1861 $ 23,799.870 $46,339,611 $ 5,991,210 1S62 31,044,651 16,415,052 5,842,989 1863 55,993,562 9,584,105 8,163,049 1864. 100,473,562 13.115,612 4,922,979 1865 64,618,124 9,810,072 3.025,102 1866 82,643.374 10,700,092 3.400,697 1867 54,976,196 22,070,475 5,892,176 186S 83,745,975 14,188,368 10,038,127 1869 '. 42,915,966 19,807,876 » 14,222,414 1870 43,8S3,S02 26,419,79 14,271,864 1871 84,403,359 21.270.024 14,038,629 1S72 72,798,240 13,743,0S9 7,079,294 1873 73,905,546 21.4S0.937 10,703,02S Total $815,202,227 $244,945,092 $107,591,558 Total exports $81 5,202,227 Add re-exports 107.591,558 Gross total sent out of the country '. 922.793.7S5 Deduct total brought in 244,945,092 And we have actually parted with in the space of thirteen years. .$677,848,693 As long as our purchases abroad are as much in excess of the value of the products we give in exchange, as to necessitate the shipment, to pay for this excess, of the amount in hard money, as shown above, or an average of $52,- 142,207 per annum, the prospect of an early resumption of specie payments in this country can hardly be expected. The present annual product of gold and silver, in the United States and Territories, is about $62,000,000. (Report U. S. Treasury Dep't.) We know that the consumption for jewelry and plate is large. This, added to the annual export, as above, will exhibit how impossible it is for the precious metals to accumulate rapidly in this country ; and until this takes place, our paper money must continue without a hard basis. It will bo observed that the banks, all told, hold but $1S,000,000 coin. "We add a comparative statement showing the volume of bank circulation, and the amount per head, in the several sections of this country, in 1862 and 1873. It will exhibit the great disadvantage, in the general race for prosperity, under which the South labors, as compared with the North and West : — 208 THE SOUTHERN [May Bank Circulation. Circulation per capita. 1862. 1873. 2. 1S73. Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut 65,616,156 110,489,966 30.90 31.68 New York. New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania^ Delaware and Maryland.... 82,372,091 124.601.393 0.97 12.82 District of Colombia, Virginia, "West Virginia, North Carolina. South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. Alabama. Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas. Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri ....71,098,408 38,160.3'OS 0.1-7 2.91 Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Michigan. sconsin, Iowa. Minnesota. Kansas. Nebraska. 19,684,564 78,785,148 7.09 Nevada, Oregon and the Territories. — California never having had any paper circulation, does not come into the account 1,924,688 .... 1.82 ^bfe.—Virginia 19,817.143 3.902.342 12.41 3.18 West Virginia . 7 5.34 North Carolina 5,215,598 1,819,300 6.26 1.70 NOTES FOR THE MONTH. With the opening; of the month the labors of planting press more urgently than ever upon the cultivator of the soil. Nature is clothing herself rapidly in her beautiful habiliments of green, and vegetable life everywhere assuming such a vigorous form, that we are warned if we wish to make a crop the seed must soon be deposited in the warm and genial soil. cor.x. The seeding of oats and grass should have been completed some weeks since in the latitude of Richmond, and a good part of the corn crop already in the ground by the first of this month. But it is still time to plant corn, and we believe that could all our planting be done in one day, we would as soon plant on the first day of May as any in the year. Twenty years experience has satisfied us that there is nothing gained by putting seed corn in cold ground, provided it can be put in immediately after the ground gets warm. Our preference would be to plow our land four inches deep, at least three weeks before planting : let it have a good heavy rain to settle it thoroughly ; then harrow finely, and cross-plow eight inches deep and leave it until ready for planting ; then harrow finely and plant immediately. Thus giving the land two good workings before planting. In this way many troublesome weeds will be gotten rid of, and the soil will be so mel- low that the young rootlets will easily penetrate it in every direction in search of food. The soil best adapted to the growth of corn is a deep, sandy loam, such as we find in alluvial deposits along our rivers and creeks. But every one cannot have this kind of soil, and we must substitute the best we can by making such as we have as deep, loose 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER, 209 and rich as possible. It is the height of folly to attempt to make a crop of corn upon shallow, poor and ill prepared soil. The manures best suited to the production of corn are such as are rich in ammonia, phosphate and potash. Stable manure, when obtainable, will gen- erally give the best and most satisfactory results, but where this cannot be obtained, some good fertilizer combining the above ingredients should be applied, unless the land is rich enough to produce a good crop without any aid. Soon as possible, after the corn is up, the har- row should pass over it, and the same process again repeated in a week or ten days. . The surface will thus be kept fine and mellow, and weeds and grass destroyed. Corn may be safely harrowed until ten or twelve inches high ; after that, we prefer to use the cultivator, or coulter, though many of the best farmers still claim the old-fashion of hilling up the corn with a mouldboard plow is the best. We will not discuss the matter here, but simply say that whatever instrument is used, the surface should be kept clean and mellow until the corn begins to shoot and tassel. TOBACCO. We presume, of course, that every one who expects to raise tobacco has made provisions for a supply of plants ; if he has not, it is now too late to supply the deficiency. Presuming therefore, that the plants are at hand, the ground should now be thoroughly plowed and har- rowed until perfectly fine. If stable manure is to be used, it should be applied broad cast and well-raked in. In the absence of stable manure, some well-tested fertilizer should be applied at the rate of from two hundred to five hundred pounds per acre. If dnly a small quantity is used it is best to put it in the hill, but if a large quantity, then let it be sown broadcast and well-harrowed in. The land should then be thrown in beds, 3| feet apart, and as soon as all danger of severe frost is past and the plants are large enough, generally about the 10th of May commence planting on the ridges 3£ feet apart. In the cultivation of tobacco, the great object is to keep the surface loose and free from weeds. This can only be accomplished by the diligent use of the plow and hoe. We refer to several articles on the subject of tobacco in this number of the Planter. millet. This is a good time to sow millet for hay. The land should be nicely prepared, made rich and half bushel of seed sown to the acre. SWEET POTATOES Should be planted out as soon as possible now as well as all other tender garden and marketing crops, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, squashes, beans, cornfield peas, &c. We call attention to the very favorable terms on which we are offering the Planter and Farmer to clubs, and urge upon our friends that they go to work at once and get up clubs. If each one who is now a subscriber would induce his neighbor to subscribe also, we would soon run our circulation up to 10,000. We want to make the Planter and Farmer the farmers' vademecum, and can do so if our farmers will only write out their experience and send it to us. We wish to have a correspondent in every neighborhood in the State. 210 THE SOUTHERN [May Agricultural Department. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer MOXASKON FARMERS- CLUB. Met at the residence of Mr. James H. Chowniug. Thursday the 5th of February. President A. L. Carter occupied the chair. Subject of Sh mdry was introduced by Mr. Jas. II. C'howu- ing, who said ; — Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Club. I think the subject before the Club to-day does not receive the attention among the farmers generally that itjshould. There isja handsome profit to be realized from sheep raising with judicious treatment. Nor do I know of any business affording so much pleasure as that of Sheep Hus- bandry ; but while it is pleasant, it is true that comparatively but few farmers understand as they should. I have been somewhat of a shepherd from my boyhood, and could easily tell all of my fathers sheep by name, (for I had a nam? for each.) I will give you the benefit of my experience, although it may not be worth much. I think the best breed for us is the Cotswold, both for mutton and wool ; they fatten easily and produce more fleece than any other of my acquaintance. I have often clipped nine pounds of wool from my ewes, raising at the same time one or two lambs, which will do pretty well for this section of country. I have no doubt that with good pasturage and proper treatment as much as twelve pounds could be gotten. The Leicester, in my opinion, will not do ; they are too delicate : their wool is too short to make it profitable. With the Merino I have no experience ; from what I have seen and read, I like a cross between the Cotswold and Southdown. F^very farmer ought to be able to tell the age of sheep. A lamb has a full set of small teeth in the lower jaw, and any one unacquainted with sheep might pronounce a lamb an old sheep. At one year old a lamb sheds two front teeth and two more comes in their place, and two is shed every year until his mouth is completed, and the teeth are large, white and sharp. They then gradually wear away, and when the sheep is six or seven years old. should be turned into mutton. The diseases of sheep are numerous and difficult to cure. They rarely ever recover from the second attack of the same disease. Many reme- dies have been prescribed. The best course perhaps is to be governed by circumstances, as no one remedy will answer for all cases. Foot rot, tail rot, and maggots and rottening poisonous scabs are more generally the complaints we have to deal with. Sheep require fre- quent change of pasture and salting once or twice a week, unless they have access to salt water, and in winter when pasturage is lean should be fed on turnips and small grain. I have tried sheltering at night, but have abandoned it, except in stormy weather. As to the time of lambing. I once^ was of the opinion that lambs should lie dropped late. Recentlv I have had cause to change my mind. In the first place, lambs that come early are sooner ready for market and com- mand a higher price. 2d. Ewes are in better condition and not so weakly at the time of lambing. 3d. Our winters are more favorable than spring, when stock of all kinds seem to suffer most. The greatest drawback 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 211 perhaps attending the raising of sheep are the mean and worthless dogs that are allowed to run at large and often take to sheep-killing. I have not the statistics before me, but I am sure there are more dogs than sheep in this State. I cannot see why a tax is not imposed upon dogs. I am told they are not property and it would be unconstitu- tional to tax them. If dogs are not property, why are so many worth- less curs allowed to run at large ? I contend, sir, that dogs are pro- perty and should be subject to tax as well as other property, and would vote a heavy tax be put upon them and rid the State of thousands of useless curs. I hope the present Legislature may take the matter in hand. Then, and not till then, may we hope to do something in sheep raising. Mr. J. C. Towles said the subject for contemplation before the Club to-day, is one of great interest to every Virginia farmer. I find my sheep for the past year, ending July. 1873. has paid me over fifty per cent., clear of all expense. From the experience I have had in sheep hus- bandry. I have come to the following conclusion : — 1st. They make the quickest returns for the investment in them, being ready to eat at three or four months old and yieldiftg a valuable fleece of wool at one year old and perhaps a lamb also. 2d. Their subsistence is cheaper than that of any other domestic animal, and they supply the family at all seasons of the year with a most wholesome and delicious meat. 3d. An investment in them is self-sustaining and grows rapidly by their annual increase. 4th. They have but one enemy, and that the dog. Our Legislature does not comprehend the subject. It allows the dog to run at large, un- restrained by law. and thereby this inestimable value is almost entirely lost to the State. I do assert, that it is a disgrace to any State to protect its curs so well that they expell to a certain extent the only animal which can cheapen the meat and clothing of her people. Mr. J. C. Euell : — There has been some contention as to whether dogs are property or not. It would be better to tax the dog as a nni - sauce, than to tax them as property ; because the most useless curs would only produce a few cents tax. while if they were taxed a? a nuisance, they might be made to yield any amount of tax the Leg- islature might see fit to impose upon them, and also be very beneficial to sheep raisers in getting rid of the number of dogs. Mr. A. L. Carter : — In 1869 I had two flocks of sheep, one at each of my farms. In 1871 I sold one of my flocks : the other has gradually increased. Last year my sheep averaged 6f lbs. of wool in shearing in general. I cut the coarse and dirty wool off and kept it to itself, not allowing it to become mixed with the better quality of wool, as it will injure the sale of it. From 1869 to the present time my lambs have increased 25 per cent, each year. The lambs and wool have paid the value of the old sheep. Mr. TV". T. Sneed : — Much has been said by the Club about sheep, but no one as yet has said anything about wintering them. My ex- perience teaches me for the past few years there is great economy in housing sheep in winter. Then you can attend to the lambs when they drop. Before housing my sheep, I frequently lost lambs during stormy weather, many of them perishing in the cold, but since I have kept them housed bad weather and nights, I have not lost one. No 212 THE SOUTHERN [May animal delights more in a good, dry warm bed. And I am sure it will pay. As there are so many worthless curs running about at large, it will be a protection to herd them with the cattle, as this will keep the dogs off. ~^, The following resolutions were unanimously adopted by the Club : "Whereas, the raising of sheep has been ascertained by practical experience to be the most profitable source of revenue to the farmers of this section of country, and whereas, there is but one serious im- pediment to the increase of profits therefrom and its more general extension viz. : the depredations thereupon by worthless dogs, there- fore, be it Resolved, By this Club, that the Legislature of this State be and is hereby petitioned to impose a tax of not less than one dollar i)er head on dogs, and to enact such laws as in their wisdom would best protect their interest in sheep husbandry. Vice-President. Jno. A. Rogers, offered the following resolution : — Viz. : that we invite the farmers of the State, all the Agricultural Clubs and the Press of the State, to unite with us in this petition. Subject for discussion at the n»xt meeting : "Immigration." Club then adjourned to meet the 1st Thursday in March, at the res- idence of J. C. Towles. J. C. Towle.s, Cor. Secretary. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.J FARMERS' CLUB OF KING GEORGE. The 17th meeting of the Farmers' Club of King George was held at Farley Vale. January 26th. 1874. There was a full attendance of members, and Mr. Mortimer Rogers, of Baltimore, was a visitor. The annexed report on "Cedar Grove" was presented and ordered to be inserted in the minutes and printed. Mr. Fielding Lewis reported that he had los.t recently twenty-one sheep, killed by dogs in four nights. lie killed the curs. Mr. Smith has lost in the same way fifteen or sixteen lambs. Mr. "Win. R. Taylor lost two lambs and others were maime 1. It was resolved, that the farming interest of Virginia demands the protection of sheep from the depredation of dogs, and that our Sen- ator and Delegate be requested to endeavor to obtain legislation to guard this great interest of the State. Resolved, That this Club co-operates cheerfully "with the Monaskon Club, of Lancaster county, and requests our Senator and Delegate to exert themselves to obtain such legislation as to require owners to restrain their stock from depredating upon the lands of others. The 'Cultivation of Potatoes'' being the subject, several members expressed their opinions. Mr. Cawood thinks the white Peachblow the best potato. It proved far superior to the Peerless. Mr. Dickinson's white Peachblow was hollow in the heart. It was agreed that all large potatoes are liable to be hollow. Dr. Ashton said, that his crop had proven one-third larger by run- 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 213 ning the shovel plow after the earth had been thrown to the hill by mold-board plow. He planted very deep. Mr. Dickinson would guard against the use of unfermented manure. Mr. H. B. Lewis said, that the smallest quantity of salt destroyed the vitality of the seed. It ought never to be put in a bag which has had salt in it. The President read a long and "interesting extract from Compton's "Prize Essays on the Cultivation of the Potato." The subject for consideration at the next meeting is. "What means of co-operation among fanners shall best promote their interests." Edw. T. Tayloe, Secretary. The plantation of Farley Vale is under the skillful management of Major J. D. Rogers. It has improved very much. The wheat looks very promising and a dressing of plaster will ensure fine clover upon the last year's wheat-field. The Major is nearly ready to plant corn. Our wheat crops are very promising. Many peach buds were killed by recent freezes. It is hoped that those in bloom not open will escape. The committee appointed to inspect the Cedar Grove plantation, report that they regard it unnecessary to enter into details, as a com- prehensive report was made to the Club a twelve months ago. It was evident that this fine plantation is in an improving state, recovering rapidly from 'its neglect during the war. The wheat crop was the best seen by any of the Club. It excited the surprise and admiration of all. Sown with the drill, and one hundred pounds per acre of four kinds of fertilizers applied to differ- ent portions of the field. The crop seemed equally good in all its parts. It is rare to see any so uniform as this was. The Fultz wheat was the variety sown. The winter has been verj- favorable for its growth, and if no disaster befall it, there is ever}' prospect of a heavy yield of wheat. Dr. Stuart had made good progress in plowing for the corn crop. In this respect our farmers have generally been active, availing them- selves diligently of the mild and open winter, — one unusually favor- able for farm work. "We had the most satisfactory evidence of the excellence of the Doctor's flock of sheep in the saddle of mutton exhibited on his table. It was taken from the flock, — not stall-fed — and in size, fatness and flavor, it could not, in the opinion of your committee, be surpassed by any from the Piedmont section of Virginia. Sheep are a profitable stock in King George county, and if the numerous vile curs which prey on so many flocks and deter fanners from raising sheep in larger numbers, could be exterminated, or not allowed to go at large, they would be a source of large emolument, increasing the comfort and purses of the people. If our legislators would do their duty, they might, by legislation, increase largely the number of sheep in our State, enrich our lands, eradicate the weeds and briers, and, at the same time, contribute to the educational fund and extend the useful- ness of our schools. Upon this plantation, we were shown the inutility of efforts to drain the pocosens which abound in tide-water, Virginia. Doctor Stuart pointed to an extensive marsh, which his father had drained at great 214 THE SOUTHERN [May expense. In the earliest volumes of the American Farmer, Mr. Stuart gives in detail his successful effort at draining this land — or rather, this water. The result was, that he made one fine crop of corn and raised some coarse, heavy tobacco on a part of this reclaimed marsh. In a year or so, the soil settled so low that the banished waters returned, and have never again been exiled. Such has been the fate of like attempts on the James and Rappahannock rivers. To illustrate the energy and practical skill of even our elderly farmers at this day, we are bound to notice an excellent gate, made of thin plank and riveted with bolts and screws, the work of the Doc- tor's own hands. We commend it as an example to others, who oblige us in passing through their farms, to alight to open a pole gate, dragging on the ground, and perhaps sustained by one inferior hinge. This may fit some of our Club, whom we advise to mend their ways and gates, or. at least, remove the nuisance. Respectfully submitted, Edw, T. Tayloe, Chairman, Wm. Taylor Smith, jxo. p. robb. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] TsEST USE FOR STRATT— CULTIVATION OF HAY, &c. Mr. Editor, All observant, intelligent farmers admit the benefit derived from the use of straw or other roughness, as a covering or protection to any growing crop. If converted into manure in the stable or barn- yard, it covers but a small space, compared with what it would do if used direct from the stack. Then the labor to haul the wheat to the barn and the manure back, half of it water, and to a remote part of the farm, is no small expenditure of time and capital. To thrash the crop near where the straw ought to be used, and to apply it to the land as soon as convenient after seeding, is the plan adopted for sev- eral years by Col. D. S. Bell of this county, one of our best farmers. His farm is a dark slate, rolling, and some of it steep. The improve- ment in eighteen years, since he bought it, is very great. Besides large crops of corn and wheat, he has for a number of years made hay a specialty. Last year he sold 150 tons of baled hay, and fed to sheep he fattened, and to his other stock, perhaps, 75 to 100 tons. He made 112 bus. of nice clover seed. Except his work horses and oxen and a few milch cows, he keeps no other stock. His wheat and grass fields are top-dressed with straw, as far as it will go, and on the thinnest and northern exposures. After mowing no stock runs on the land to eat off the aftermath, as the English call the second crop. His average yield of hay I have no doubt will reach three tons per acre. He sold it at 75 cts per hundred at home, an average of $45 per acre. His wheat and corn crops are equal to any of his neighbors. On the 4th Monday in May last, riding through his farm, he called my atten- tion to a piece of clover at a quarter of a mile in distance, and asked me if I observed anything peculiar about it. I remarked it had a dark luxuriant appearance as though it would fall down. He said "it was 1874] PLANTER AND FARMER. 215 one of the thinnest spots in the field, and last fall he nad straw spread thickly over it. In March a year ago, we had an intensely cold spell, the mercury falling below 0. In a few days the ground thawed six to eight inches in depth, followed by a heavy rain with wind, thunder and lightning. The ground being loose, the rain penetrated to the depth of the thaw, and not sinking deeper, ran off carrying the soil, and in wheat fields particularly, made gullies where the ground was steep, to the depth of six to eight inches. I had several acres in this condition. As soon as the ground was dry enough, I had the washed places covered plentifully with straw. Little wheat could be seen. On the 10th of April I sowed clover and timothy seed, one-third of the latter to two-thirds of clover. ' At harvest the most luxuriant wheat in the field was on the part spread with straw, and after harvest a neighbor begged me to permit him to cut the grass for hay." I was not aware until lately that a friend and acquaintance on James River is a worthy competitor of Col. Bells in the cultivation of hay. Some weeks ago I met with a communication, I think in the Whig, giving the figures, and regret I can't produce it to render to this gen- tleman the credit due to him' in so praiseworthy a success as he has achieved in raising hay. I have reference to Col. Henry Gantt near Scottsville. IS ever having seen his farm, I can only describe it as consisting in part of James River low-grounds, and the table and rolling uplands adjoining. Many of your readers have not forgotten the late Richard Sampson, who made his impress on the Agriculture of Virginia, as scarcely any^ one man has been able to do in one generation. So successful was he that he demonstrated it as beyond contradiction, that every bale of hay brought to Richmond, from any point north of tlie Potomac, ought to cause a blush to suffuse the cheek of the James River, or Appomattox, or Staunton River farmer. Col. Gantt has proved himself to be a worthy pupil of the venerable Sampson. He is not only making the culture of grass highly remunerative, but is rapidly adding to the fertility of his land. I have had no communication with him on the subject, but know that in the past he was successful in tobacco culture, yet I venture the assertion if he was to give his expe- rience, he would say that hay is more remunerative. Tobacco is not only the most troublesome and expensive crop to raise, and besides being exhaustive, the farmer waits nearly eighteen months before he can realize the proceeds of the crop. In the cultivation of hay, he can often put it in market in from six to nine months. It is due to the farmers of Virginia, that these gentlemen, who are in this regard representative men, should give them, through the medium of your journal, their experience and the mode of cultivation in detail, each, perhaps being best adapted to the part of the State in which he lives. If greater profits can be realized at less cost than in raising tobacco and wheat and the lands at the same time increasing in fertility, many will be disposed to adopt it. • * See for a moment the immense advantage Col Gantt has over Col. Bell in the question of transportation, not only in sending his hay to market,but in carrying back from your city ashes,street-sweepings, oyster shells and much else in the shape of fertilizers, at a tithe of the cost that the Chesapeake and Ohio and most of the railroads in Virginia charge on hay. It amounts almost to prohibition to the farmer 50 to 216 THE SOUTHERN 100 miles in the interior when he seeks a market for hay. "Tis one of the most difficult things to compress — and the railroads •: bulk. The farmer near the canal can find his own boat, something in the shape of a flat, on which large quantities of hay in bales can be piled, covered with a Tarpaulin, and carried safely to market cheaper than the Maine and New York farmers can put it into Richmond. The farmer in the interior, if induced to build his own car. must make it a I o. •■ : a flat will expose the I ;rks from the engine. apart from the relative eherr, r over rail, the boat can be built and run cheaper and safer than the car. It can be demonstrated beyond the possibility of a contradiction, that the lands on the Rap- pahannock, York. James. Appomattox and Staunton. w hay more profitably than any other crop, and find a market in Richmond, Norfolk and Baltimore, at prices fully as remunerative as the corn, wheat or tobacco now grown on the same lands, and with this marked difference in its favor of a constant improvement in the land. Water transportation can be availed of to put most of it in market. Permit this suggestion. The Grange is spreading rapidly th: g Virginia, and is constituted of the most intelligent and public-spirited cL our farmers. — always of those at least who make up the farmers clubs. May we not hope that all questions of the relative advan- tages of crops, mode of cultivation, the most economical plan of put- ting them in market. &c, &c, will constitute subjects of discussion in them, and greater benefit be derived by the many than n comparatively few who make up the clubs I Respectfullv. J.'M. McCi [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION AGAINST FRAUDS IN FER- TILIZERS. Once more I must crave the indulgence of the Editor and re of the Planter and Farmer, for a few more last words on this important subject : which I had thought finally to disi th the brief and general remarks, by which I so -how. in your Feb- ruary number, the existence of a grave abuse, and the n- some legal remedy. I would have it understood that I don't believe in writing, as Dr. Johnson used to say "he talked for victory." — certainly not in a: cultural journal, which should find no place for fringes? em Nothing but the hope of some good result could tempt me to cope with such odds ; and I am sure the Editor is animated by the same spirit, and widely as he differs with me as to the question at issue. agrees in desiring the fullest discussion of all imp the present, there is no hope of securing that end. to which, in the interest of all Virginia, my efforts have been sincerely, though feebly directed. The movement has received its quietus, for th at the hands of the accredited organs of the farmers themselves : — "slain in the house of its friends." But. whatever of immediate interest the subject may have lost, is but adjourned to the ne\ 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 217 sion of the Legislature. By that time the conservative public opinion of our people (the safe guard of the Commonwealth) will have taken the one step needed in advance. Indeed, I am pretty confident it has already done so. while "the leaders,"' as usual, are bringing up the rear. One word more, and that by way of apology, as to the impor- tance of the subject. The utilization of the waste and garbage of towns as fertilizers, is the opening of a mine richer in real wealth than all the treasure of California. It means *two blades of grass where one grew before, goklen harvests from barren fields, deep-laden ships, crowded marts, — in a word, new life infused into every interest of our sorely-burthened community. Indeed it is the nearest conceivable realization of the creation of something out of nothing. Such will be the result of the success of this grand experiment. So far, however, let us bear in mind it is but an experiment, depend- ing for success on patient, vigilant, judicious labor. Much remains to be learned as to the preparation, yet more as to the application of fertilizers. The great question is. can we make it certainly pay ? The slenderest margin of profit or loss can alone, and must determine, whether this great discovery shall bring us prosperity or ruin. The cost to the producer, the value to the consumer, are to be determined and adjusted. The latter condition, alone of the great problem belongs to the farmer. The agricultural value of fertilizers is to be determined — obviously by experiment ; by a long series of experiments. So far, the friends and opponents of protective legislation move on harmoniously together. But, at the very next step, their paths diverge. The Editor, the committee of the Farmers' Council, and perhaps many others, are content to make the brand of the packages the basis of their experiments on fertilizers ; others placing no reli- ance in a name which rarely has any pretentions to significance pre- fer to trust to a statement of the active constituents, made by the manufacturer, and verified by chemical analysis. As to the trust-worthiness of analysis, I can form no original opin- ion. I respect that of the Editor; but, it is not supported by the eminent authority he adduces. The sum of Dr. Voeleker's testimony (please refer to it) is simply, that calculations based on a comparison of analysis with valuation tables frequently convey wrong impressions. But the Committee of the Farmers' Council and the Editor, interpret Dr. Voeleker's testimony to mean that the value of a manure cannot be inferred with certainty from a knowledge of its constituents. But this clearly implies that the constituents may be known by anatysis. The S3'stem of valuation fails to stand the test of experiment. But experiment could afford no test, were the analysis worthless or defec- tive. * The Editor proceeds to infer from Dr. Voeleker's testimony ruin- ous results to all concerned, from the impossibility of compliance, on the part of manufacturers, with a law requiring them to maintain, in their preparations, a uniform standard of quality or value. Dr. Voeleker expressly declares the reverse. It is, comparatively speaking, easy to prepare a manure, say at £8 a ton, the calculated value of which amounts to the same sum." This seems to %ie, a strange oversight on the part of the Editor ; 218 THE SOUTHERN [May yet. concurring with him, as to the supreme value of experience, it appears to me still raor ng. that he should have over looked the fact, that the law of which he makes such a bugbear to Virginia, with great benefits to the consumer, has never cane . :est inconvenience to the honest manufacturer in any country or State in which i: •■•:; its. Let the reader take Connecticut for example, and investigate its manufacture of fertili si to the farmers to call them 'willing victims of irrespon- sible agents/' The farmers are -ap hum- bugs described, and when they buy them, buy of that class of high- minded, reliable men whom the Editor recommends. The Rosunda (or Redonda) guano, the greatest sell ever put upon this community, emanated from some of the first houses in Richmond. They, too, probably were deceived. If sk em now make common cause with the farmers in the prevention of such occurrences in future. "High character' and "unimpeachable honesty," will not serve instead of law. They are the mask of all the villainy in this evil world. "L .tended not to trust to what men will do, but to guard against what they may do." The Editor refers the farmers for relief, to experience, to competi- tion, and to the future work of the Grange- 1 - two former have been sufficiently tried, and we feel the result in the existing state of thir. _ - I: : he Granges, as the agents of the "farmers in this collective ould do anything to "detect and punish" frauds of this kind, they must do it through lannels of legislation/* for it is thus, the Editor assures us. they i "audible ends. Should they depart from this mode ure and attempt I supercede the regular operation of the laws, the remedy might lead to disordv than the The farmers have in the Legislature and Executive Power of the State a more efft -han any voluntary organization, and if they do not obtain from it all that they ought to have the heir C WBL. The Editor again alludes to this subject in complimenting, very justly, the experiment of ml But I cannot agree with him in thinking that the publ: I such experiments will superc the necessity of legislation. In the circulars of various dealers in fertilizers hundreds of experiments are laid b cultural public, just as authentic and just ac . as to the superiority of certain manures, as the experiment of Mr. Hobi - differs only in being unusually exact, and all information has i only'to perplex and i Four years ago I could have reported an experiment attesting the - . :.- 'A Pacific to Peruvian Guano as a wheat manure, but for the fact that a small quantity of genuine Peruvian, saved from the Spring purchase and applied near the othe 1 the worth. - - of the other Peruvian and the great inferi : : - one to G of the Pacific. phosphate applied by Mr. Hobson may have been exceptionally good article sent out to advertise a worthless one. Such things are done. Above all, after testing the value of the phosphate for one season, no one can fc hat it will be the next. • It is idle to talk 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 219 of the character of the proprietors. They would do a poor business were their sales limited to personal acquaintances, and the most extended experience of the quality of their manures would afford no guarantee for the future. The reputation of Rhodes" Super-phosphate was well earned, and enabled the proprietor to realize a fortune b}T degrading the standard. Your "Reviewer," who seems to have become, like myself, a fixture of the establishment, demands " Why does not the writer tell us what fertilizers to use, or give us some of the details of a law to be passed?" &c. Should I advise my sick friend — sinking fast — to call in the doc- tor forthwith, what would be thought of him if he insisted that /should prescribe for him before he would act on my advice ? I see and feel the soil ; I believe it is not without a remedy ; but should I presume to dictate to the " assembled wisdom of Virginia lM This law-making is a business which calls for much varied information and some little experience. Laws cannot be run up by plain and square like masonry ; if you would have them live they must grow by gradual accretions of strength, striking deep root ere it spreads abroad its protecting branches, and yielding fruit at last only as the recompense of patient, judicious culture, and in the beginning some humble husbandman must prepare the soil. Above all, it must be borne in mind that no law can be thoroughly effective without the sanction of public opinion. For such reasons too much should not be attempted at first. To fix by law the price of anything, even money, is arbitrary and unwise. Nor is there any necessity for a legal standard of value in fertilizers. But the adultera- tion of fertilizers with worthless materials is a fit subject of legisla- tion, and there can be no doubt that, if carried to any extent, if can be detected by analysis. But the great object should be to secure uniformity of quality in every package of fertilizers under the same brands, and that year after year, so long as the brand shall be main- tained. By such means, aud by no other, can both farmers and manu- facturers learn, through experience, how to make, buy and apply arti- ficial fertilizers. An experiment made with unknown materials is an experiment only in name. There should be no restriction on the manufacturer as to price or quality, but the latter should be maintained unchanged. A sample of every manure offered for sale in the State shouldbe sub- mitted by its proprietor to the State Chemists for analysis, the analy- sis to be published and to be attached to each package. Then, from time to time, the chemist should make and publish other analyses of samples of the same fertilizers, taken from different sources, in a manner prescribed by law ; and, as to the authority of analysis again, would it not be easy to make out as strong a case against experiment ? Take the most familiar experiment — say one in plant- ing potatoes or plowing, and see how very often the results are con- tradictory ; yet we dont discredit experiment, if it be true that the same manures, not in name only, but in fact, submitted by the same chemist to the same tests, affords essentially different results at dif- ferent times, there is an end of this plan at once. But such is not the general testimony of chemists. The Planter and Farmer has published a good deal of testimony to the salutary operation of such laws as I have indicated above, 2 220 .THE SOUTHERN [May based on the reliability of analysis, some of which I procured nryself. I see no reason why we cannot do in Virginia what has been done in England, Germany, and Connecticut ; nor do I see why this most con- clusive evidence of the practicability of legislative protection should be ignored by its opponents. Such a law, so far from injuring the manufacturers, would make an experiment like that reported by Mr. Hobson so conclusive as to be the means of selling hundreds of tons. I am startled when I look baclc at the length of this paper, but can abridge it only by omitting the introduction which contains my apology for attempting to write at all. T. P. L. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] ON THE PROPER METHOD OF PRESENTING PHOSPHATIC MATERIALS TO THE SOIL. In the Rural New Yorker there appeared, some months since, an article of which the following contains the substauce : " As a modification of the opinion which has generally prevailed, that phosphatic materials, such as bones, guano, rock phosphates and apatite, requires to be treated with sulphuric acid, to be dissolved, as the term is, or made into super-phosphate before they are quite avail- able as fertilizers, the view is now taken by some experts that the soluble phosphoric acid of a superphosphate, as soon as it is applied to the soil, is taken up by the lime, alumina, magnesia or iron, which is found therein ; and that neutral salts are formed, so that there is found only phosphate of lime, alumina or magnesia, the only differ- ence from its condition before the action of the dissolving agent being the finely divided state of its particles. It follows that this condi- tion, if produced in any other way and at less expense, is a desirable object." The writer then goes on to say that this may be accomplished by grinding, but that as yet no mill has been found that would reduce to extreme fineness over six or seven tons per day. Now, if any cheap mechanical contrivance could be made to per- form a work as effective as sulphuric acid, in making insoluble phos- phatic materials readily available for plant food, it would result in great gain to the farming community. The matter, being backed by respectable names, was deemed worthy of inquiry ; and it was accord- ingly brought to the attention of, perhaps, the greatest agricultural authority in the world, (now that Baron"Liebig is died) Dr. Voklcker, chemist' of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. It was believed that, with his exhaustive knowledge in this behalf, he could give a decisive answer. The following communication from him to the Southern Fertilizing Company, of this city, contains this answer. It is certainly very clear : Analytical Laboratory, ~) 11 Salisbury Square, V London, Dec. 1, 1873. ) Mr. John Ott, Secretary, &c. Dear Sir : — It is quite true that the soluble phosphoric acid of a super-phosphate, as soon as it is applied to the soil, is precipitated and rendered insoluble by the lime, magnesia, oxide of iron 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 221 . and other basic soil constituents, and I go a step further, and maintain that unless the soil, to which a super-phosphate is applied, contains naturally sufficient proportions of basic constituents, in order to precipitate and neutralize rapidly the acid soluble phosphate of a super-phosphate, the super-phosphate may do more harm than good on such soils. I have repeatedly found that on peaty soils, abounding in mimic and similar organic acids, and showing an acid reaction when tested with blue litmus paper, and also on poor, purely sandy soils, the worst super-phosphates, that is to say, super-phosphate poor in solu- ble phosphoric acid, have a decidedly better effect upon the crops to which they are applied, than super-phosphate rich in soluble phos- phoric acid. The latter, under these circumstauces, indeed, sometimes do positive mischief. For all that, the business of treating raw phosphatic mineral materials with acid will not be revolutionized in a hurry : quite the contrary, it will grow as steadily in your country, and become more extensive from year to year, as it has in England and other countries of Europe. It does by no means follow that, because on some soils, a phos- phatic marl, or what amounts to the same thing, finely ground phos- phatic minerals, applied to the land in large quantities, is a more desirable dressing than a few hundred weights of a rich super-phos- phate, it is a bad plan to treat mineral phosphates with acid. Nor does it follow, from the fact that soluble phosphoric acid must again be rendered insoluble in the soil before it can benefit vege- tation, that it is more advisable, as a rule, to use mineral phosphates in a finely ground state than to use them in the shape of super-phos- phate. However fine a mineral phosphate may be ground, it can never be obtained in anything like the state of minute division in which the phosphate is deposited in the soil, if it is applied to the land in the shape of superphosphate. It is the deposition in a chemically divided or precipitated state, in the soil itself, which constitutes the value, and I believe the true economy, of treating mineral phosphates by acid. By this means one hundred weight of phosphate of lime is made to do the work of at least ten times the quantity of phosphate merely ground into a fine powder. The soil may be compared with cloth that has been prepared with a mordaunt, for the purpose of fixing throughout its substance the coloring matter which is applied to it in a state of solution, and which, by the alumina, or whatever the active constituents of the mordaunt may be, is precipitated uniformly and in a most minutely divided state in the substance of the cloth. Cloth may be dyed by applying to it an insoluble coloring matter, but in this case it cannot be dyed so effectually as it is when it is first impregnated with a mordaunt (that is, a substance which precipitates soluble coloring matter) and subsequently drawn through a solution of the coloring matter. In the one case, the coloring matter is mechanically deposited on those parts of the cloth with which it comes into contact ; in the other, it is obtained in a chemically divided state in all parts of the substance with which the solution comes into contact, and thus a comparatively speaking small quantity of coloring matter will effectually dye cloth. 222 THE SOUTHERN [May when the coloring matter can be applied to it in solution, or be depos- , ited in the substance of the inordaunted cloth. We do not want soluble colors in cloth, for they are indeed as objec- tionable then as soluble phosphoric or any other acid in a cultivated soil : but what we want, and do affect in chemical dyeing and in the chemical treatment of phosphatic minerals, is to make the best and most economical use of the raw materials, which in the Arts, as in Agriculture, have to do a certain work. Believe me, Yours faithfully, Augustus Voelckee. Afl cumulative testimony in the same direction, the following extract from a communication, under date of the 11th January last, to the same company, by M. YiLLE,of the Imperial Farm, at Vincennes, France, (another authority of the highest order) is presented : u In calcareous soils the superiority of the super-phosphates is well established, and it is a general rule that a small quantity of it pro- duces a greater effect, or at least as great an effect, as a much larger quantity of natural phosphate. In the great majority of soils the super-phosphate of lime is the one which combines the best : but in •damp and marshy soils the precipitated phosphate is preferable." Hereafter we propose to present some late investigations on the same subject, made by Prof. Johnson, of Yale College author of ■* How Crops Feed" and '• How Crops Grow"). The length of this article prevents it njw. It is our desire to make this journal thoroughly useful to our peo- ple, and we will spare no pains to secure information that will work to this end. If our State prospers, it must be through the intelli- gent use of the means placed at our command, and that this may be done the more effectually, we must avail ourselves of the good coun- sel of those who are able to advise. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] MESSRS. T. a. ERHARD AND MANY OTHERS FROM THE NORTH. NORTHWEST. SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST. De ir Sirs : — Your favors received, mostly in February, asking if Vir- ginia is the desirable country you had seen it represented by my articles in the A Farmer, of Baltimore, and the Planter and Fabmee. of Richmond, Virginia, why are our people so in debt, our lands so dilapidated, our crops so short, and some who have settled among us have done so badly 1 These inquiries are so numerous, I cannot, in my feeble and crippled condition, undertake to answer them separately, but will endeavor to do so the best I can through both of those good papers in which you read my other articles, with which you seem pleased, fondly hoping you may be more pleased with this, my humble defence of Virginia, my own native land. I would have replied sooner but for my hand being severely injured by a fall from my horse, and for some time could not write at all, and now write in much pain, for I am now no chicken, being over sixty-three years old, and- very badly worn at that. Yet I will now try honestly and fairly to give you the desired information, so when you come to exam- 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 223 ine and see for yourselves you may have confidence in whatever I tell you. I have traveled over seventeen of the States of America. I have owned and worked lands in Virginia and in Alabama, and decidedly prefer Old Virginia to any State I have ever yet seen. Take into consideration the soil, water, climate, health and warm- hearted people. I have never seen older nor healthier, and more pros- perous and generous people any where than I have well known in Albemarle county, Virginia, and before our late unfortunate war, there breathed not on this globe a more generous, warm-hearted, pros- perous people than we of Albemarle county were. But, believing we were right, we went into that wicked and ruinous conflict with all of our heart and soul, body and mind, and we did in every respect all we could, fairly to secure our success, entirely forgetting our homes, our debts and oiirselves, up to the surrender of our great and good Chris- tian Chief, General Robt. E. Lee, whom we all adored with a fervid heat, not less than that adoration which so characterized the Ameri- can people for the God-sent Father of our country. When General Lee surrendered, he did it like a great and good man, (as he most truly was) fairly and honestly, and at once as the tender- hearted father of us all generously set the good example of strictly attending to his own private business. And we, like devoted children, endeavored to follow him in his pure private example, as we did in his brilliant career, through our late unfortunate conflict. Such a good example, so strict and closely followed, is not recorded in all history, sacred or profane, from good old Adam the first, to General Robt. E. Lee the first. At once every gallant soldier and civilian (and they were nearly all truly gallant) quietly laid down their war-worn weapons, disrobed themselves of their tattered martini cloaks, and like their own truly Christian Chief, retired in peace to look after their own private matters, if perchance any could be found in the great and general wreck in which we all alike were so ruinously involved. Many, ah, too many thousands of these war-worn gallants, after days and weeks of wearied travel and hunger, with the rugged roads and rocks well marked, as was the snow and ice of Trenton by the travel sore feet, of the unshod veterans of our revolution with Great Britain, on reaching the heights over-looking the spot where once stood their sweet and happy homes, paused to. catch the first glimpse of the house and }Tard endeared by childhood's fondest memory. All, all was gone, and not a vestige left to tell where it once so beautifully stood (but the charred chimnies) with its doors ever open, wide open to wel- come under its hospitable roof, the wearied and oppressed from any and every clime. There they too often thu3 stood sad and pale, with their proud and gallant spirits droopiug over the sad reality ; a home nor a country remains not to them ; there they lingeringly paused and moaningly strained every power of their quick perceptive eyes to catch, if catch they could, sight of any, even the least article to memory so dear in the wreck and ruin before them. The dew of a night's long-wearied travel to enjoy the first cheering ra}r of the rising sun on the happy home of their childhood, and the comfortable shelter of their feeble and aged parents, was thickly mingling with the clammy sweat oozing fnga every pore, and oft gathering so thickly on their heavy brows haa to be wiped away by their brawny hands, to see, if possible, was there not some little left of the much of beauty and 224 THE SOUTHERN [May comfort they had left there. But ah, too often not a remnant remained, and many a gallant, beardless, war-worn, armless soldier, at twilight's reflecting hour, after days and nights of wearied travel, in hunger and mud. reached the endeared spot where his sweet home once was, found it all thus robed in the dark and saddening pall of total ruin. Thus like unto Campbell, poor Exile of Erin, the dew on their thin robes hauging heavy and chilled, for their country they sighed, when at twilight repairing to wander all alone over the wind-beaten hills. A ; country nor a home remains not to them. My dearest of mothers, my fond father, my sweet little innocent sisters too, did ye perish in its flames, or now homeless wanderers weeping for its fall? The civilian, after the first shock of hearing our own General Lee, with his sadly thinned ranks of Young Guards, had surrendered man- fully, turned, and quietly in sadness, slowly approached their once happy homes, and cautiously broke the sad news to those they so fondly loved, and the best they could, prepare them all to meet and bear their ruined condition. All, all resolved, and all, all did, most scru- puously follow the good example of their beloved leader into retire- ment to examine their own private affairs. Not a cannon nor rifle, or a pistol was fired — all was quiet as the tomb — peacefully and fondly hoping for the best. Then came on the military authorities, here a squad and there a squad, thickly dotting all over our whole country, too often commanded by some bumb-proof officer, who had no more judgment, brains, nor feelings than a Florida alligator, and in the wake of these, came thick and fast squad after squad of the contemptible carpet baggers, along whose plundering route was too often sadly to be seen a vile scallawag sneaking into their ranks, to help plunder their fellow-citizens of the little left them by four long years of bloody war and wicked strife. Such times as we of the South then did see and feel, I fondly trust in God no other civilized people ever endured before, and I fervently pray God none may ever be thus doomed again. These vile menials of power, who never dared meet a Southerner in battle array, did in every way all they could to rob, wrong and insult us all. Helpless old women and children often not spared, and feeble old men often under false pre- tence, uselessly dragged from their homes. And the gallant war- worn soldier in his tattered gra}^, the only suit he had on earth, most rudely halted on the streets to be trimmed of the few brass buttons remaining. Great God ! I often wondered, could this great country over which the stars and stripes had so long so gloriously waved, thus stoop to such childish insults ; or was it the mere whims of these ungallant scamps to show off their brief authority. And yet, not a row, not one single disturbance. Not because they were afraid. No, no, — not so ; for I have seen the muscle of the proud and gallant sol- dier swell, and his unflinching eyes look so keenly and contemptuously on the contemptible operator, until his trembling knees, like old Bel- shazzar's, would shake him to the miserable falsehood, of begging not to be blamed for what he could not help. They quietly submitted for the sake of peace and their helpless country's good, which oft times required more cool, deliberate christian courage than that they so well displayed on the heights of Gettysburg. Then came on the convention of jack asses of every hue and color. Then the stay law ; the bankrupt law, and the homestead. All of 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER, 225 which most sadly worsted us all, — our labor lost to us, and demoral- ized to themselves and every body else ; and by the miserable selfish plundering carpet bagger decoyed into politics for their own advance- ment, and the ruin of both us and our former faithful slaves. Thus were we rudely dealt with when called upon to settle up old accounts with interest. What an awful looming up ; how awfully big and unwieldy these once little things had so wondrousiy grown. Now, under such circumstances and in such a deplorable condition, can you, gentlemen, be at all surprised at many of us becoming wildly excited and ruinously dejected, when all hopes seemed perfectly pros- trated, every prospect blasted, and confidence in all and every thing totally destroyed, and crowd after crowd madly rushing headlong into law, and thus uselessly tugging at each other, feelings became embittered, of which some of the old grannies at the law far on the wane of a living practice, and the youngsters too easily beguiled one after another to wickedly enter the list for plunder by a ruinous com- promise, rather than a more ruinous defence of their well-known rights where not a shadow of doubt existed, and the innocent oft were compelled to pay ruinous fees to establish their rights, and too often the victor at the expensive and uncertain game at law to his sorrow found the little which could be collected had been so liberally divided between his counsel, the clerks and sheriff, there was oft no alternative left him, but in sack cloth and ashes sorrowingly to walk side by side with him he had so lately conquered at the law, into the chilly embrace of bankruptcy. These are, my dear sirs, I think the true reasons of our great indebtedness. And now for the dilapidated appearance of our country, our short crops and the failure of some who have located in our midst. During the war our lands were sadly neglected and most severely strained to sustain the immense armies bitterly contesting every inch of our soil, which, of course, prevented our using much of the good lands in Vir- ginia. At the close of the war we found ourselves minus all of our slaves, with a very scant supply of well-worn implements, and feeble teams, often none at all, all nearly, without provisions, and too many entirely without, little or no money to refurnish these absolute necessaries, and all of every thing in such a confused condition we all became sadly dejected. For the wisest could not imagine what the next would be, or when, where or how a yet greater calamity might befall us. Now, my dear sirs, can you, or any other sane fellow-being,be at all surprised under such a deplorable state of affairs, that even we Vir- ginians became sad and desponding, and really lost our energies for which we once were so justly renowned. And yet under all of these sad afflictions, we perhaps unfortunately too zealously hugged with tender filial affection to our dear old homesteads and its broad acres, prefering rather to part with every thing else, and even risk all, under the oft delusive hope by an extra effort, fine seasons and great good luck, we might save our lands, and thus we freely bit at every delu- sive bait thrown to us. Humanity oft induced us to hire too freely our faithful old slaves, and we bought liberally of labor-saving imple- ments, of which neither we nor our labor knew anything, and our labor too oft induced wilfully to destroy for the benefit of their own craft, as the skeletons now to be seen in so many of our fields well- 226 THE SOUTHERN [May testifies ; then three or four of the most unpropitious seasons we have ever known, and then to top the climax far above them all, came the kind-hearted vendor of what they called manures, which to too many of us were any thing else, and for which they got their millions of our hard-earned dollars, and we got little or nothing in crops, money or improvements of our lands. Thus for the appearance of our country and our crops. Now for the failure of some who have located in our midst. Most of these, I think, had made their money during and out of the war, and came here as mere adventurers, with but little more monev than brains, feeble judgments and perfectly ignorant of every thing about farming, stock or implements : a mere set of swell-headed braggado- cios smoking large cigars, drinking freely of strong drinks and splut- tering about how they whipped us. Failing to meet their engagements, or to be received in our families, they left unregretted by any, unless by those they failed to pay. Now, my dear sirs, is there any where to be found on God's favored domains one spot on which such a set could hope to succeed I They are gone back to defame, if they can, our people and our lands, of which they know just about as much as you or I know of what con- diments they will use in the moon. A good many most worthy citi- zens from the Northern and Western and Southern States, and from old England and Germany, have located in our county, and have proved to be exactly the sort we are in so much need of. They are of that class which would be most warmly welcomed by all good men every- where. We would so gladly welcome with out stretched arms and open hands many, many thousands like unto them. And I rejoice to say, most of them are so well pleased with our people and county that they and we fondly hope this summer and next fall a groat many of their friends will follow them up and pitch their tents among us in this, our most favored land, where all, who will, can so surely well succeed. I was introduced to a most intelligent gentleman from the North, who made a large purchase in our county a year ago, and last fall made another large purchase, in all amounting to some fifty -five or sixty thousand dollars in land. I said to him, I hoped he was pleased with our county and its people. He very warmly replied, I am more than pleased with both, and all are equally pleased with him. Some of these are doing as well as they could hope to do any where. Most of them doing well. A few good fellows made too heavy a purchase, leaving no capital for carrying on the farm, and to their sorrow, find it as necessary to have cash to farm here, as I believe it is every where else. A few Englishmen clubbed together and purchased two adjoin- ing farms at twenty-five thousand dollars each, only paying ten thou- sand cash, bought recklessly heavy of stock, crops, farming imple- ments, manure and grass seeds ; hired very heavily at extravagantly ruinous wages ; began heavy improvements on the faith of much money coming from England. As yet none has reached their creditors . They had a very fine crop of corn. Hired freedmen to gather it, while they were otherwise sporting. After it was in the crib, the freedmen called for pay. They said our country made a great show in the field, but woefully small in the crib. Sold out on one field of stalks, fodder and shucks, cut up and stacked in the field. They got 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 227 between 27 and $30, from which I learn the purchaser got sixty bar- rels of corn, left there, no doubt, by their hirelings for their winter rations. These have left, no doubt, to abuse us and our country. A Northern gentleman, with about $2,000 in cash, made a large pur- chase of poor land at seventeen dollars per acre, paid the $2,000, leav- ing no money in hand to work the farm for the deferred payments, tugged on for several years, then wisely gave up the land, and lost his $2000. Now if he had purchased 200 acres of better land at five dollars per acre, which he could have done, and paid the $1000, got his deed of title, worked it judiciously with his remaining $1000, he would now be the happy, thriving owner of his own snug and thrifty home. Another bought at $30 per acre, because of its large and handsome house and buildings. He now wishes his investment had been made in better land and less of buildings. Another set with very limited means, or none at all, made a large purchase and were never able to repair the outside fence. Never paid a dollar, had to give up, and have gone no doubt to abuse us and our lands. Now is it fair to judge us and our country by such an indiscreet set as these? For we have in Albemarle county, Virginia, as strong kind productive lands, as pure water aud delightful climate as any reason- able man should desire, or can find any where, and for the cash, are as cheap as can be had any where. Take irrto consideration our churches, schools, railroads, canalai markets our people, and those who confine themselves within their means and work judiciously, are now doing as well as any people any where. Such are better off now in my own neighborhood than they were before the war. It is the large unwieldly estates which have to be kept up by too much hired labor that are not doing so well. They must be cut up into smaller farms, or pass int 3 other hands. I have explained, I hope satisfactorily, and now extend for myself, and for every true Virginian, an earnest heart-felt invitation to come see and judge for yourselves, and help us to divide out our lands to the mutual benefit of all and the rebuiding of our dear old Virginia. Yours truly, Geo. C. Gilmer, Charlottsville. Va. [For the Southern Planter and Fanner. J DEEP vs. SHALLOW PLOWING. An article in the American Agriculturist for January, from the pen of Col. Waring, among other very sensible observations on farming in general, referring more particularly to his recent European observa- tions and the opportunity there afforded for testing the value of dif- ferent modes of cultivation, he says of the oft and much mooted question of deep or shallow plowing : " In view of this I applied myself during my recent trip to the obtaining of light on the much vexed question of deep plowing, one which has always had a prominent place with our writers, and about which no definite early conclusion seems probable. It has certainly 226 THE SOUTHERN [May not been less talked about and written about and quarrelled about in England. When agricultural writing first commenced there it once took a prominent position, and the columns of the British agricultu- ral journals are to this day more taken up with it than with any other topic on which opinions differ widely. Arguments on both sides are plenty — on either side, viewed by themselves, they seem convincing — and it is at least difficult to decide which has the best of the dis- cussion. In practice, the deep plowers find comparatively few adher- ents, for there as well as here it is the almost universal custom to plow only to the depth of about six inches. Personally, I have always sided with the deeper faction, and I am not now disposed entirely to abandon their position. At the same time, the more I investigate the matter the less am I inclined to urge the adoption of their recom- mendations. There is much force in the statement of a recent English writer that if by deep plowing you convert the upturned sub- soil (by the aid of manure) into a surface soil, you by covering up the surface soil convert it into a subsoil, and place its greater fertility beyond the reach of the developing action of the atmosphere and thus lose its effect. On the other hand, there is no getting around the fact that gardeners and nurserymen have great faith in the efficiency of "trenching," a process whereby the surface soil is completely buried beneath the upturned subsoil. In their cases, however, the quantity of manure used is much greater than is possible in the larger opera- tions of the farm. % In this matter it would certainly be safer to advise that all attempts at deep plowing be very carefully made. Many instances can be cited where it has been decidedly injurious. Ogden Farm offers one of a serious character, where nearly ten acres of land was so far injured by turning up a few inches of poor cold clay that five years' time and expenditure of manure and labor to the value of more than the original cost of the land have been insufficient to make good the damage. Perhaps corresponding cases of benefit may be adduced, though I know of none that appeals so strongly to my judgment. After considering the question on all sides, what should be our practical recommendation I It seems especially clear to me after a careful examination of the farming of some of the best parts of Europe. It is certainly true that, taken as a whole, the best European agriculture, like the best American agriculture, does not depend on deep plowing. The men who succeed the best, there as well as here, are generally shallow plowers rather than deep plowers. Many of them no doubt believe, theoretically, that deeper plowing would be better ; but whatever their theory may be, their practice is to confine the turning of the soil to the first five or six inches, and to keep their manure near the surface. The only thing of general value that has been proved about the question after all these years of argument is that it has two sides to it, and I do not hesitate to recommend my readers to be very cautious how they enter into the discussion with their own plowshares. Stud}', investigate and theorize as much as you like, but be very slow to abandon a custom that is known to be successful for one that is of uncertain promise. I do not myself desert the deep plowing party, but, on the other hand, I do not recom- mend its teachings for general and immediate adoption. In many cases it will do good, but first trials should in all cases be made on a 1S74.J ^PLANTER AND FARMER. 22a yery limited scale, for on many soils it does great harm. There are- channels enough open for the introduction of improved processes which will pay without question, and the laudable energy of enthusi- astic men need never lack for an object. It is the safest plan to stick to the best customs of the best farmers, until they fail to satisfy, and then to amend or alter them only as careful experiments shall prove the change to be a good one. The truth is that we know by far too- little of the how and the why of vegetable growth to decide on the value of any improvement in advance of its actual trial. The way in which agricultural writers have been forced to abandon their recom- mendation for the immediate plowing under of stable manure, and to- content themselves with finding out the reason why the opposite cus- tom of farmers (to spread manure on the surface and leave it there) was better, is too fresh in mind for any prudent man to insist that deep, plowing is to be or ought to be the universal panacea of agriculture, while he can count on his fingers the really successful farmers who have adopted it, or, who having once adopted it, have found it worth their while to keep it up. Of course, the expense of deep plowing has had much influence in retarding its spread, but the expense is or itself no argument against it, and it has not been taken up where (as on the larger farms of England) mere expense is no argument against any process that is sure to pa}-." Col. Waring is one of the most practical of all the advocates of high farming, now writing for the agricultural press of the country. Evidently a man of considerable attainments, he has applied himself earnestly to agriculture, and every thing he writes indicates close observation and patient investigation. The subject here treated of is of very much interest to the South- ern farmer. It is true that at present there is very little of what might be styled deep plowing done in this section. But it is so often urged upon the farmer that he can never succeed unless he stirs his soil to the depth of ten or twelve inches, that we may consider it a great relief to find that six inches has proven in the majority of cases the best depth to plow. But there is another side still to the question, and one which we have all along advocated, (i.e.) the use of the subsoil plow, which will give us all the advantages of deep plowing, so far as depth of seed bed is concerned, and comes with it none of the disadvantages fol- lowing the bringing to the surface a crude and unproductive subsoil. We are still more with the light of Col. Waring's European experi- ence, the advocate of deep stirring of the soil without, however*, investina: it. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] AGRICULTURE. The subject of most interest to three-fourths of the whole popula- tion, and requiring as good judgment in its operations as most kinds of manufacturing and mercantile pursuits. And after all the efforts to prosper, failure attends a large portion of agriculturists. But no such word as failure should stop the industrious farmer. Early and 230 THE SOUTHERN [[May iate, through all seasons his plans should be thoroughly carried out. Ben Franklin is reported to have said ''that tilling the soil was the only honest calling, and if judiciously pursued, success was guaran- teed." "Without going to this extent, the intelligent farmer will prosper in the end, provided his land improves visibly every year : and this is only accomplished by replacing more elements of fertility than is sub- tracted by the crops. To do this by the use of fertilizers, a large out- lay of money is required. It is reported that ten millions of dollars .-are annually spent in commercial fertilizers in the Southern States. Were this amount, or at the least three-fourths of it spent in perma- nent fertilizers, each succeeding year, would find the soil improved and more means in hand to continue enriching the land. But as in the past, so at the present day, not one-fifth of this large amount of money is spent to improve the soil, but only to make a crop. Suppose one field in every five be given to a pea fallow, and another to clover, to stand two years, the remaining two fields to be devoted to other crops, the result would be far different from the usual rota- tion. Seldom having either clover or peas as a fallow. If the old system continues, what will be the gain permanently ? If a farmer makes nothing by only eight bushels of wheat or sixteen bushels of corn to the acre, of what use is it to go through the forms of carrying on a farm with all its harrassing care?, when you know the result with a great degree of certainty before-hani I It is very easy for reviewer to say that manure, ashes and lime will improve the soil. No one doubts this truth ; but a slight reference to the facts will illustrate my views. By barn-yard manure, the process is a slow one. Two horses make about fifty cart loads of manure in twelve months — about enough for one acre of land. Any one can calculate how long it would take to improve one or two hun lre.1 acres of land. Instead of this let every farmer put in ten a?res of bla or yellow peas, for each horse on the farm, and the results would be visible. By reference to a table published a year or t*vo since, with some modifications — the whole subject is better illustrated. Crop. Value. Cost. dun to soil. Loss to the Lossfotht soil. Cora, 16 bus. $0 00 $12.00 Bperct. 62.40 Wheat, 8 " 16.00 8 " " 2.40 Gats, 12 •• 10.00 G.OO 1 what crops can be substituted 1 In less than ten years this may be. a serious matter to look in the face, and it may then be too late to commence improving the soil, when prices are below the cost of mak- ing these crops. C. R C. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.1 Mr. Editor : — In the communication sent you some clays since on- " Straw as a Manure, the Cultivation of Hay, &c," there were some omissions I would supply if they will reach you in time for your next number when the article referred to will appear. It is of the greatest importance in the preparation of ha}' for mar- ket, that it should be done with the greatest care. First, it must be- the pnre timothy, free from all admixture of meadow grass, spear grass or any other kind of grass not even clover. Then the fastidi- ous dealers talk as knowingly about the delicate shade it must bear when properly cured, as the tobacco men do in discussing the shade and qualities of the high priced wrappers that oftimes command such extravagant figures. All observant farmers know how difficult it is to- raise pure timothy hay without an admixture of other grasses. I had supposed it easier in Eastern Virginia, or on the bottom lands of James River, than in the Valley, but in a conversation with Dr. Walker, the intelligent and public-spirited farmer at Dover, son-in-law and successor of the late Richard Sampson in the management of that fine estate, he informes me that it is very difficult if not impos- sible to preserve their meadow grounds clean. He is one of the largest and most successful hay-raisers in Virginia, yet alleges that our Valley lands would produce two tons per acre, whilst their best lands will produce little more than one. He referred to the change in Ricnmond since the war, in the manner of marketing hay, that operates to the serious inconvenience and always to the loss of farmer?. Formerly the hay was unloaded from the boats and put in store. Now the merchant refuses to receive it in store. Often it is sent on flats by the canal covered with tarpaulin, if covered at all, and 'n SO 232 THE SOUTHERN [May • insecure a way, in the event of rain, that it must be injured. Let the boat arrive in the dock say Thursday evening, and Friday is an incle- ment day. nothing is done towards a sale. Saturday is always a busy day, the commission merchant alleges he can't get buyers together, ■or if so, they contend it does not possess the delicate shade referred to. or has gotten wet. or some other pretext staves off the sale until Monday or later : the boatman then makes his charge in proportion to the time the hay is on his boat, and some one of the many pretexts for cheapening the price is used as a lever to cut down the farmer, who is bled at every pore, and by all sorts of unreasonable and dis- honest pretexts. Is it at all strange. Mr. Editor, that with this sort of experience in the past, he is willing to rush with open arms into the organization of the "Patrons of Husbandry*" as a relief to some of the ills, not that flesh but his purse is heir to ? Permit me before closing to extend to you as a "Patron" my thanks not only for the very able address my esteemed friend, Maj. Gaines, as chairman of the committee, published on the "Patrons of Husbandry,'' but also for the pithy, sensible, forcible editorial from your own pen on the "Duty of the Hour," in the April number of the Planter. Heaven speed the hour, when the farmer, who has in the past been -a hewer of wood and drawer of water" for other classes of society, may reap the reward of his own labor, instead of being fleeced at every turn as is now the case. Respectfully yours, J. M. McC'rE. (For the Southern Planter and Fanner.] TOBACCO. Much has been said and written on tobacco. It has been more praised and more abused than any other article, and has been more widely cultivated and used than any other single product not neces- sary to support life. It is a narcotic stimulant, it soothes and calms the weary husbandman, the tempest tossed mariner, the soldier in the field, the peasant and the prince, and is safer and more reliable than wine or ardent spirits to drive dull care away. Wherever civilization has carried her graceful steps tobacco has followed, and semi-civilized and savage nations have cultivate 1 and used it. Though considered a luxury, if is now so widely diffused and so firmly established, as to be considered like tea and coffee a necessity. The federal government has imposed a tax on it. wh:ch in Virginia alone yields a larger reve- nue than the whole of the New England States pay. While it can be produced in some quantity and quality all over the civilized world, it is only in the Piedmont region of Virginia, North Carolina and a portion of Maryland that it is made in perfection for chewing. Climates more North and more South produce good smok- ing tobacco which is destitute of body, strength and oil. and is, on that account, preferred. Our climate and soil are peculiarly adapted -to raising tobacco of the finest and best quality, and no part of the world can successfully compete with us, if we bestow the necessary labor and pains to produce it. Our more Southern "States have a 'juo.$> monopoly of cotton as we have of tobacco. We can raise cot 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 233 ton, but we cannot compete with the cotton belt ; we can raise grain, but we cannot compete with the Western States, and tobacco must be our staple for market and for money, and we cannot glut the market with a No. 1 article, for the demand will keep up if it does not exceed the supply. I will therefore make a few remarks on the cultivation and manage- ment of the tobacco crop, which, while it may not benefit experts, will give some ideas to novitiates. It is all important, in the first place, to raise strong and early plants. The beds may be prepared at any time from 15th November to 15th March, but the best time is from 15th November to 25th December. Then the ground is in good order, seldom frozen or too wet, and it will require much less wood and labor to burn. I am inclined to thiuk that a great deal of wood and labor have been needlessly wasted in burning plant beds. Good and early plants can be made by raking off the leaves in the woods, where. the soil is rich and moist, and reducing it to a tine tilth, adding hog's hair, hen- house manure, or stable manure if you have it clear ot grass seed, as when corn-todder and grain only is led in the stables. A heap- ing tablespoonlul of seed should be fowd to each 100 square yards, and soon after the plants begin to come up, half the quan- tity should be sown on the same beds, — the first sowing should be done as 60011 as the beds are prepared. During the growth of the , plants they should be frequently manured with hen-house manure, ashes, plaster, tobacco dust or any rich manure clear of grass seeds, and if unfortunately grass and weeds should infest the beds, they should be carefully picked out. If you will cover an old bed with leaves or straw so as to smother all vegetation, the same bed may be used successfully for many years without the necessity of burning. To make good tobacco the land should be rich or well-manured, for which purpose there is nothing equal to stable manure. I have succeeded very well by covering the thin land with wheat-straw or leaves from the woods, fallowing it in during the fall, or as early as practicable; then in the spring, before planting time, giving a top dressing of stable manure, not heavy, because few have enough to go over once the quantity of land they cultivate in tobacco All kinds of domestic manures, com- posts, farm pen manures, dunghill scrapings, ashes, lime and plaster may be used to supplement the stable manure, but carry that over as large a space as you can. If you want to spend two dollars to make one, save trouble and buy commercial fertilizers, and apply them. After your land is manured refallow, harrow and get the soil fine and light, to be ready to plant as soon as the plants are large and strong enough to live when transplanted. Bottom land not subject to freshets or sobbing makes the very best tobacco, and seldom needs much manure. Some plant in drills, but I prefer hilling, which can be done rapidly, if properly prepared for it. The rows should be 3^ feet apart, and hills 3 feet in the r«ws. After planting, as soon as any grass or weeds come up, commence working the ground and repeat it often, so as never to let the grass get a start. As soon as the tobacco gets large enough to top, commence by priming off the 234 THE SOUTHERN [May boltom leaves up to five inches and leave ten leaves during the month of July, then to 15th August leave nine, then to 15th Sep- tember leave eight, after that time do not prime any, but take out the burl, leaving as much as is likely to make leaves of good size, to be put when stripped with the lugs. They will increase the good appearance and value of the Ings. Meanwhile the worms and suckers should be taken off at least once a week or oftener. Sav- ing the priming leaves wiil hardly pay for the labor. If they and the suckers are left on the ground they enrich it and help to make a good crop of wheat, which rarely fails on tobacco land, and a stand of grass is almost certain. As soon as the tobacco is ripe, cut it, but not before, except when positively threatened by frost, for green tobacco is better than none. The cuttings should be repeated in good seasons, v. As far as you can, put all of each cutting together or in the same house. There is apt to be a shade of difference in the color and quality and curing, which will increase with every cut- ting. When cut in hot weather, it should be picked up very soon and secured from the direct rays of the sun, which is apt to burn it and set a green color in it. It should be handled carefully, avoiding bruising or breaking it, and if you have a sufficiency of house room, hang it in the house without crowding on the sticks or tiers. It should be examined every day, and if it sweats or the stems become rigged or mouldy, build small charcoal fires under it, just enough to warm it moderately and yellow it, and gradually it, thus curing it sound and sweet. It you cannot get char- coal, a little dry seasoned old-field pine wood may be substituted for the same purpose carefully and moderately. It has very little smoke or scent, and answers the intention next, to charcoal. After oacco is thoroughly cured, stems included, you may take it down in pliant order and strip it, tieing it in small neat bundles with leaves of the same length and color. In assorting, four kinds should be made, the long, heavy dark or brown, the bright of good s:ze. the short and the lugs. If high in order it should never lie in bulk long, except in 'the coldest weather. It should be hung up in the Bi of moderate damp weather, and thoroughly dried and taken down in good order in a warm spell in February or March. It may then lie in bulk until the weather becomes uniformly warm in May or June. Then it should be re-assorted, straightened and classed, putting all sep- arately of the same lengths and colors together, and all the very or inferior with the lugs. It is highly impoitant to prize each c-isss to itself, so as to make each hogshead as uniform in color and quality as possible. This plan will pay a large profit for the labor. This, however, is difficu't for small planters who have half a dozen sorts and only one, two or three packages. t'ome have been accused ol nesting, and justly so in a few instances, but mauy do it unavoidably or from ignorance, putting in the same package every kind they have until they put all in, and the buyers generally pay the value of the worst part they see a '.:s~ comes to the unwary. Planters must be educated ught What is expected of them in the market, and it will pay to an observing man to visit the market and see for himself 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 235 when he sells his crop, and not leave his interests, his years' labor too much in the hands of a middleman. To the industrious and skilled planter, there is yet promise and hope — he will succeed if he will but use his opportunities wisely. "Seest tbou a man diligent in his business, he shall stand before kings, he shall not stand before mean men." — Solomon. W. A. G. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] Editor Southern Planter and Farmer : On the 27th of May 1870, I selected a portion of the border in my garden, of uniform fertility and equal advantages, had it well broken and leveled nicely, and with a trowel made four trenches four feet apart, one, two, three and four inches deep, and in each I dropped eighty-five cotton seed in a straight line one inch apart and covered acourately. At sunrise, June 1st, I noticed the seed in the first row, one inch deep, had cracked the surface the whole line, and in the afternoon (71) seventy-one seed unfolded above ground — shed seed caps above ground. The plants looked very vigorous. June 2d — Noticed that the seed in second row had cracked the sur- face, in one place and on the 3d of June twenty-four (24) seed unfold- ed above ground ; failed to crack the whole line ; shed seed caps above ground near the surface ; plants looked less vigorous than those of the 1st row. June 5th — Noticed that twelve (12) seed unfolded above ground in the 3d row ; failed to crack the surface and shed seed caps below the surface ; plants looked less vigorous than either of the first or second rows. June 6th — Noticed that three (3) seed unfolded above ground ; shed caps below surface ; plants resembling those of the third row. RECAPITULATION. 71 up. 71-85 24 " 24-85 12 " 12-85 3 " 3-85 Total up 110 Total planted 340 The maturity and growth in favor of the shallow planting. From this experiment I am convinced that to secure a good stand of cotton it is only necessary to plant very shallow, half inch if pos- sible, and only one seed to the inch in straight line. Very Respectfully, W. L. Faison. 1st Row, 1 inch deep. June 1st. 2d " 2 " " " 3d. 3d " 3 " " " 5th. 4th " 4 u k " Gth. Lord Bacon on Gardening. — God Almighty first planted a garden, and indeed it is the purest of all human pleasures. It is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man, without which buildings and pal- aces are but gross handiworks, and a man shall ever see that when ages grow to civility and elegance, men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greater perfection. S 236 THE SOUTHERN [May Horticultural Department. MANURING TREES AND VINES. It has been a favorite method with most writers on the subject to manure trees and vines in the fall. Most of them recommend spreading manure over the roots at the beginning of winter and working it into the ground in the spring. This is, perhaps, good advice where manure is plenty and cheap, but we should never think of following it if manure was an object. Much of the fer- tilizing properties of the manure would of necessity be washed out, some into the ground and some, alas, away upon the surface to adjoining lands or roads. It would be far preferable to apply the manure upon the freshly worked surface in the spring, mixing it with the top soil by using the hand-rake or harrow. The spring rains would dissolve it and carry it down to the roots just as they needed it for vigorous early spring growth, and they would thus have supplied. to them, at the very time it was most needed, the food necessary to perfect the fruit and form wood for bearing another year. Peter Henderson, in " Gardening for Profit," gives a case exactly in point. In manuring an asparagus bed with super-phosphate, he put on part of the bed in the fall and being interrupted did not dress the remainder until spring. The same amount was used on each plot, if we remember aright, and yet that dressed in the fall showed no perceptible increase from the dressing, while that dressed in the spring nearly doubled in size and quantity of product. The most palpable benefit we have ever witnessed fell under our observation last year upon a peach orchard set in April. Super-phosphate was sown in June at the rate of about one pint per tree, worked into the surface around the trees. The trees thus treated made double the growth made by those not dressed — two rows, 32 trees being left to test the value of the fer- tilizer. The fertilizer used was Powhatan Raw-bone and the test was eminently satisfactory. Kamit is an excellent fertilizer for peach trees and grape vines, and we believe it would pay very well to use it at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre. Stable manure is of course the best of all upon poor land, but there are many places where the use of commercial fertili- zers would be cheaper and more satisfactory in their results. Our own experience, extending through nearly twenty years, convinces us that about 100 lbs., mixed nicely with the surface soil in the spring, will give better results than twice that amount applied to the surface in the fall. After writing the above we found the following from Thomas Meehan, published in the Weekly Press. We need not say that we consider Mr. Meehan the very highest authority upon this subject: "People often argue whether it is better to manure trees in the fall or in the spring, but we think that any one who tries it will find that the summer is as good a time as any. It is only a few years ago that it has been discovered that plants are like animals in this — that they, while appearing to be expend- ing their daily nourishment on continuous growth, are really at 18 74. J PLANTER AND FARMER, 237 the same time laying up food for to-morrow. Those who have examined vegetable cellular structure with a microscope, tell us that the formation is exactly like that of a honeycomb, the cells lying together of a hexagonal shape, as it made by bees. But it proves that this structure is more like the illustration than those that used it suspected, in this — that as in the honey-comb, honey is stored up for use at a further time, so matter is stored up in these little plant cells tor the future use of the plant. There are in almost all plants two growths during the season. The first growth is formed almost wholly from the matter stored up in the cells of the previous year. After midsummer, especially in the apple tree, the whole of the force derived from the past year is expended, and it stores up a little for a new growth, which is soon after made. As the season progresses, the latter or secondary growth also in turn lays up some matter in its cells, for the next season, as the past season has done. Trees always like fresh food as well as animals ; and thus it is with this explanation, that one can readily understand how it is that a top-dressing of good marure put under the trees soon after midsummer, when the second growth is about to take place, pro- duces the marked good results we have before recorded." RAISING LIMA BEANS. ihis is a favorable vegetable with many, and yet the trouble of raising them deters persons from attempting to do so. The ground selected should be such as will produce a good crop of corn. — L,-ght loamy land is best and if heavily manured for some crop the previous year it will be better than to apply fresh manure directly to the crop. Break the land well in April and lay off the rows five feet apart, passing at least twice in a row to make the furrow deep and clean as possible. Take an iron bar, or if you have none a wooden stob will do, and make holes in the bottom of the furrow for the sticks. These should be set four feet apart and at least seven feet long, as they will be sixteen inches in the ground. Set the sticks firmly1 in the holes and leave every thing in this condition until planting time, which will be as soon after the 1st of May, as the weather gets settled and warm. When ready to plant, take a plow and throw two furrows on each side to the poles and plant from seven to ten beans around each. If the ground is inclined to bake, it will somewhat facilitate their com- ing up, it the beans are placed in the earth with the eye down. "When all are fairly up, thin to' three in a bill; cultivate well and keep the vines up to the poles and when they reach the top pinch out the end bud and keep them down to that height. It is best to set aside a few hills for seed and take no beans from them. The remainder should be picked as fast as they get in condition to eat, as they will bear a great many more than if permitted to ripen the first crop. THE SOUTHERN [May Stock Department, WHAT STOCK WILL SUIT US BEST ? In answering the above question, which comes to us irom a valaed correspondent, there is a great variety of possible cir- cumstances to be considered. In the first place, much depends upon the quality and condition of land, the amount ot capital at hand to be invested in stock, and the available form to take care and provide feed, &c, ior the stock. But we do not propose to return a special answer to the query, but to g;ve some general thoughts upon the subject applicable to the condition ot the land and land owners of Eastern Virginia and North Carolina. It is generally conceded that the raising of horses, mules and hogs beyond a sufficiency tor home supply cannot prove profitable here, except in a lew favored localities, and our choice in the selection ot stock is between sheep and cattle. It is a question of interest to know at the start the relative amount of feed necessary for the keeping of these animals. Fre- quent experiments have established the fact that it requires about three per cent, of the live weight of either of these animals, of good hay or its equivalent per day to keep them in good condition. Assuming the average weight ot our cattle to be 700 lbs. aud of the sheep 66 lbs., it would require 21 lbs. ot hay for each cow and two lbs. for each sheep per day. In other words, one cow will eat a little more than ten sheep. But we do not think this a fair comparison. It should be remem- bered that sheep eat a much greater variety of plants than cattle, and as our pastures are thin and the herbage scattered the distance to be traveled by an animal in filling itself should be considered. In this respect, the sheep have decidedly the advantage, as each one would only be required to graze over one-tenth the ground the cow must necessarily go over in order to make a living. Sheep also crop closer than cattle, and where the pasturage is kept close they will thrive much better and improve the herbage by encourag- ing the growth of the finer grasses, or at least repressing that of the coarser growing kinds. A short time since, we were in company with an old farmer, •who remarked that wherever his 6heep ran, the white clover soon sprang up, even though none had ever been seen there before, and he expressed a desire to know where the seed came from. We then said that we supposed the sheep gathered the seed in their rounds and deposited it with their litter. But this he seemed dis- posed to doubt, as his cattle ranged over precisely the same ground and they brought no clover home. The subject was drop- ped at the time; but, subsequently, when passing through the old broom-straw field where bis sheep and cattle ranged, we stooped down and examined closely, and there growing not more than an inch in height — far too short for the cattle to bite — were perfect plants of white clover, bloom and all. Here the sheep gathered the seed, and dropping them with their litter, set every place where they were accostumed to lie in white clover. This advan- 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER, 239 tage to be derived from the keeping of sheep over that of cattle is very great, as it is one of the greatest difficulties we ot Eastern Virginia have to contend with in improving our farms. We cannot, without very expensive manuring, secure a good sod upon our pasture lands. But it is a well known tact that sheep soon establish a good sod wherever they are kept. We are satis- fied from a careful inquiry and very close observation, that upon the ordinary farms ot Eastern Virginia twelve sheep can be kept more easily than one cow. It is more difficult to estimate the relative return, likely to be realized irom the two. It is very hard to tell what would be the gross yield of cows in Virginia, as the amount of labor necessary for their care, the feed given, &c, dif- fers in almost every family. We leave this for every farmer to estimate for himself. With sheep it is somewhat different. If the flock consists chiefly of ewes, they may be expected to almost, if not quite double their numbers every year, and the wool 4 lbs. per head, at from 40 to 60 cents per lb., would much more than pay all expenses. It is apparent to us that sh«ep, must of necessity, yield a much greater profit for the labor and capital involved than cows, and under present circumstances, we hardly think that the keeping of sheep in small detached flocks will prove remunerative. Dogs are far too plenty for sheep, unless protected by the constant watch- fulness of the shepherd to prove profitable. But still we tbink there is a way of surmounting this difficulty, even should the Leg- islature fail to pass such a law as will give the protection required. Two or three farmers can very readily club together and buy enough sheep to justify the emploj-ment of a shepherd to take care of them, and thus utilize the waste land lying out and yielding no revenue, not even enough to pay taxes. Upon farms that are fenced, sheep can be kept safely by bringing them up near the house every night and putting them in a small well- littered lot, enclosed by a six foot picket fence with the bottom plank sunk into the ground twelve inches. If the flock has a dozen or so bells upon a flock tends also to keep dogs away and the noise they make will give the farmer warning when danger is at hand. Sheep kept in this way require very little actual labor in their attendance, and after trying it several winters we think that, personally, we would rather attend one hundred sheep than two cows. It requires compar- atively a small amount of capital to stock a farm with sheep, and even a few purchased and judiciously managed will soon, by their natural increase, give a good flock. In conclusion, we think that no stock with which we are acquainted is so well adapted to the condi- tion of the farms and farmers of the county referred to as sheep, and further, that with the general introduction and keeping of sheep upon our farms will begin a new course of improvement and prosperity among the land-owners of the State. GOATS. There is still another kind of stock whose name has long since become a synonym for every thing that is mischievous and provoking 240 THE SOUTHERN [May upon a farm, and which is nevertheless adapted to meet the wants of some sections, and which might be made profitable. We refer to the common goat. These animals are valuable for their hides, which are made into morocco for shoes and kid for gloves. The hides, at any age, are worth one dollar a piece, and the demand for them is good. They are hardy, easily kept, and very prolific ; generally bringing forth at least twice a year, and more frequently twins than otherwise. They do not require as much grass as sheep, as they subsist through the summer almost exclusively upon browse. In districts where there is a great deal of rough broken, wooded land they would thrive bet- ter than sheep, and they are far less liable to incursions from dogs or foxes than sheep. They will travel much farther for their food, and will be sure to return to the fold at night and upon the approach of a storm. They require less food and attention than sheep, and are recommended when on account of the roughness and wooded charac- ter of the land sheep cannot be well kept. CASHMERE GOAT?. These have been kept to some extent in Missouri. Kentucky, Ten- nessee and Georgia, and by a few persons in Virginia. They are claimed to be more profitable than the common goat, or even sheep. They yield a fleece of soft, fine hair, weighing from three to eight pounds, and worth from $1 to 1.50 per pound in New York. They are hardy and about as prolific as sheep and require about the same care. They cross readily with the common goat, and the third cross gives a very good fleece. They have not been bred extensively enough to test their value as farm stock, but we are inclined to think very favorably of them from what we have seen. We will be obliged to any of our readers who will give us more information about l;hem. It is apparent to all of us that we must find something beyond the animal product of the ground to increase our incomes and enable us to keen the sheriff at bay. We can think of nothing that will so readily meet our wants and secure at the same time what ought to be the great aim of every farmer, the permanent improvement of the land as the keeping of some kind of stock. With this view, we invite a discussion through the pages of the Planter of the merits of the different kinds, and also the best ways of caring for them. [For the Southern Planter and Fanner.] A LAW AGAINST DOGS. But for being unwell I should have written an article for your April number of the Plaster and Farmer. When one looks over the many warm appeals so ably and earnestly made from all over our State to our representatives in the Legislature and Senate, to give us the protec- tion so justly due to the great interest Virginia now has in sheep, and not a movement having been made in its behalf worthy of statesmen 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 241 in so weighty a matter as it most certainly now is to protect our sheep from the worthless dogs, and too often their more worthless owners, is it not now time for us all to resolve and unite ourselves into a full working force to secure our protection in the quickest and most effectual manner we can 1 I think it is now full time for us so to act, as either to secure a more respectful hearing from them, or to look to some other power to give us the full protection, which will enable us all over Virginia to reap the full benefit which our lands and climate so justly entitle us to hope to be able fully to realize from a full stock of sheep on our ample grass- lands. The Legislature must be sorely perplexed in looking up sub- jects for taxing when they stoop to the unheard of and unpaying arti- cle of churches, which could yield but little, and that little forced ont of a set of good people already so sorely weighed down by their own individual taxes and then the volunteer support of the ministers, the Sunday schools, and which we all know and so sadly regret, have been so poorly» provided for in these last several years, when there looms up all over Virginia and America the greatly remunerating sub- jects for taxation in dogs, whiskej7, and almost an innumerable num- ber of small and big rogues now so busily swarming throughout our whole land. Suppose we put the dog tax at one dollar for the first, and two for the next and four for the next, and thus keep on doubling, what an amount could and would be thus secured for our dear old State, now trembling under the dread of repudiation for want of increased taxes. Not only this great amount would be secured, but what a vast healthy addition would be cheerfully added on to it in a few years when all of our lands would be (as it then would) thoroughly stocked in the grasses and our improved and greatly increased flocks of the best sheep the world can produce. But some of the little fry cry out if this is done, the foxes will soon be as fatal, not only to our lambs, but our pigs and poultry. Could not this be perfectly secured against by permitting one proper person selected by the people in each ten miles square (or five miles), who should be allowed to keep a good pack of well- trained hounds at one or two dollars each, which would be so cheer- fully paid by those whose sheep he would protect by catching the foxes, this selection to be made only by those who would agree to pay the taxes on said pack. This would be a paying tax to Virginia and to each and all of her citizens in greatly relieving the State, by its immense income and furnishing her citizens with the best of meats and warmest raiment the world affords, at so cheap a rate all might luxuriate most freely in both. Great God, in tender mercy, please endue our representatives of Virginia with brains enough thus to see its vast importance, and long enough to devise and pass such a law for the good of our oppressed people ! Should our Legislature refuse, then can't the farmers of all America unite and petition the Federal Congress to make the tax on dogs and take the revenue from it ; it will amply pay them and greatly bless every citizen. If this can't be done, why not get our Legisla- ture to pass a law making the death of every dog from home lawful, and requiring all dogs on the public roads to be killed, which would require every man to keep his dog at home, where alone he is worth any thing, if of any value any where. If none of these can be done. 242 THE SOUTHERN [May ■ — ... . , . # then can't some plan be devised for shortening the crop of dogs now vastly too great for the peace, safety and prosperity of ns all. Now for whiskey, that is an article a vast majority can do far bet- ter without than with, and the higher it can be taxed the better for a vast many. Then the little rogues of every hue and color now swarming in such destructive numbers every where to the great annoy- ance of the quiet, peace, prosperity and happiness of every good peaceable, honest citizen in every part of our country, in every ham- let, town and city of America, nightly fearing lest his house should be burnt or entered, his store or grocery, meat-house, corn-house, barn or mill, stable, hennery, sheep fold, pig stye be broken in and tde honest earnings of his daily labor be appropriated to the sumptuous revelries of these nocturnal pests, who are either asleep or busily con- cocting cunningly devised schemes each and every day, to be adroitly executed whilst the honest wearied are at rest. Now suppose we wake up and fully arouse our Legislature and call their attention especially to these numerous and rapklly increasing petty pilferers, and get them to pass some stringent laws by which the theft of a single pullet shall fully entitle him or her to a link in the chain-gang for one month's hard and careful labor on our county roads, and for a pig or mutton some six or twelve months, and so on and upwards. Bless me ! my friends, only think of what an immense army of profit table laborers we would soon have on our expensive' and imperfectly worked county roads, if this scheme could he fairly and honestly put into full operation. as it can and should be. Soon, very soon our county surveyors would be called out and busily employed in carrying out new and better located roads for this army of cheap labor to perfect greatly to their benefit and to the groat benefit of our whole State, because it would be making honest and good citizens of these now abandoned rogues, and rendering it a pleasure for we farmers to drive our own fine teams with their heavy loads so safe and easily over these wisely graded and well constructed roads. What a great universal blessing this would be to us all. Fifteen or twenty miles to market then would not be so much as four or five now are : then our lands would at once rise fully up to or beyond the good old prices, and be dirt cheap at that : then our once the best labor on earth, but now wasted into idle wandering rogues, would rapidly be reinstated to an honest faithful reliable help of which Virginia would again be proud, and we all marching on hand in hand together, rapidly rebuilding our dear old State up to and far beyond what she once was. the happy, happy home of the good and the great. Then we would no lor. want a donation from our impoverished treasury to outfit commis- sioners to electioneer in foreign ports for immigrants to come to ours, the most favored lands of all America. For then just as certain as lovely, cheering spring follows dreary winter, just so certainly will the good and the great from every where crowd the vessels which can most speedily, safely land them on Old Virginia's shores. This is no fiction, no fancy of a bewildered brain : it is a stupendous fact, and certainly within our reach, if we can only wake up our representa- tives, and clear their minds so they can know their duty, and folly arouse them that duty promptly and fully to perforin. Now only compare this system with the penny wise and pound fool- 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 24S ish sj-stem which our tinkering Legislatures have been trying. This system under the supervision of such men as the old Roman, Mr. Joseph R. Beal, of Scottsville, Albemarle county. Va.. with a paying salary, would very quickly put all of our roads in apple-pie order, at a very slight cost and. at the same time, would perfectly manufacture out of these now abandoned and most worthless rascals the very best of honest, faithful laborers and good reliable citizens. Whereas the present plan of hunting up the rogue, getting out the warrant, sum- moning witnesses, getting him committed to jail, to be tried next court or a court or two afterwards, at heavy expense, and great labor, trouble just to be imprisoned a few weeks or take thirty-nine stripes, as he may choose, the latter most often selected, and he is taken to the whipping-post, surrounded by crowds of young rascals to see how manfully he takes the dose which they applaud, and the culprit turned out a far worse man than before — thus exposed to what he can so- easily repair by a little mutton-suet, which he selects out of some flock on his way home — thus making a more cautious rogue of him,, and encouraging many others to go and do likewise. A miserable farce, unworthy of a Legislature of school boys, and totally unequal to the pressing necessities in which we are so deeply involved. Query : I wander if that colored representative was not wrongly quoted in saying when we touch whiskey and dogs, we touch every man. Rather did he not say when we touch whiskey and degs we rudely probe to the quick a large majority of this, our body, one would certainly suppose so from the childish play of that body of late, in taxing bachelors, marriages, churches and licensing grog shops, fan-o-banks and lottery dealings, as if they were afraid the dear people would become too sober and purely honest to send them, back to their six dollar cribs. Respectfully, Geo. C. GroiEE, Charlottsville, Va. MUIRKIRK HERD. We regret to learn that the sale of this valuable herd of Short Horns advertized to take place on Wednesday the 13th of May, is the result of a determination on the part of Mr. Coffin to discon- tinue the business of breeding Short Horns. Mr. Coffin is so sit- uated that he is compelled to subsist his large Stock entirely by soiling which requires so much of his time and attention that for the sake of his other business he is compeled to dispose ot his cattle. His stock are exceedingly well bred, combining strains of the very finest blood in the country. The herd has been carefully selected trom the best breeders of England and America. Among the females are four Gwynnes now so popular among Short Horn breeders everywhere. One of these, Masterpiece, is getting along in years, but is still a very fine animal; the others are young. The upper crosses of these animals are generally with Bates bulls, but one of them, a calf, is by Royal Britton, a pure Booth Bull, will show the effects of this cross. Mr. Coffin believes strongly in the Booth bloo d 244 THE SOUTHERN [May and after seeing his two bulls, Lord Abraham and Royal Britton, both of this strain, we are very much inclined to coincide in his choice. There are also two females descended from imported Red Rose, hav- ing a large infusion of Princess blood, perhaps the best milking stock among the Short Horns. Imported Portulacca, an exceedingly fine red cow, is full sister to Potentilla. a celebrated prize heifer. Two heifer calves of Portulacca, one by Lord Abraham (29056), the other by Royal Britton ;27351), are also offered for sale. "We have only space to refer to a few more of the more prominent animals. Elvina 3rd, a very fine red and white cow, bred by S. W. Robins, Withersfield, Conn. Water Nymph, bred by Walcott & Cowbell. Rosamond 9th, an extraordinarily fine animal, bred by the same gentlemen and gotten by Royal Britton, and many others equally as worthy of special notice. There are in all 42 females offered and we think that there are very few herds, either on this or the other side of the water, that would not be improved by the addition of almost any of them. At the head of the list of bulls stands Lord Abraham (29056), bred by Mr. Torr of Aylesbury Manor, England. He is deeply bred in the Booth blood aud is a handsome, low, well quartered animal and an excellaut breeder. There are 1 1 other bulls offered, making in all fifty-four head of very finely bred animals. Muirkirk is on the Washington branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and trains pass from the respective cities within 100 yards of the dwelling every hour in the day. There will be no delay on account of weather as ample shelter has been provided for all who may come. We hope to see Virginia largely represented and a great many of the animals of this splendid herd brought home by our breeders. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE PROPOSED LAW FOR TAXING DOGS. I am perfectly willing to see dogs taxed in any way you can reach them, because they may be made to yield revenue either by the amount of the tax, or, if their numbers are decreased by the taxing in consumption. But I think too much stress has been laid upon the tax in connection with its supposed influence on sheep and wool grow- ing. Suppose the tax is paid, then the number of dogs is not reduced, and it is to the sheep just as if the dogs had not been taxed at all. Now in my experience, and no very short one, I am convinced that sheep can be raised successfully at present, when we are overrun with and in June 1873 sold lambs and wool for $613, leaving me 190 sheep and late lambs. In this report there is no account of loss by death, rogues or butchered at home, which amounted to fully an average, under any circumstances where there was not special attention given. The sheep left were worth $3 a piece or $570. Give below statement of account including sales and costs of grain fed and interest on capital invested : Sales of mutton (57) in March 1871 $200,00 Sales of 100 lambs and wool in June 1S71 450,00 Sales of lambs and wool in June 1872 750.00 Sales of lambs and wool in June 1873 513.00 Value of 190 sheep left (1873) at $3 a piece 570.00 $2,583.00 Cost of 209 sheep in June 1870 $027.00 45 sheep in November 1872 100.00 Value of 45 bushels corn fed muttons in winter 1871 , at GOc .... 27.00 Value of 100 bushels of oats fed ewes in winter 1871, at 50c 25.00 Value of 400 bushels oats fed ewes in winter 1872 200.00 Value of 3,000 lbs hay fed ewes in winter 1872 at 50c 15.00 Value of 300 bushels corn fed ewes in winter 1873, at GOc 1S0.00 Value of 600 lbs hay fed ewes in winter 1873, at 50c 30.00 $1,204.00 $1,379.00 Interest on, $627 two years $75.24 and $727 $40.62 $115.86 $1,263.14 The hajr was not all eaten, sheep were permitted to stacks at will to feed and shelter, so a considerable quantity was trampled down and converted into manure. I omitted to state the ewes after the first year were tupped by Cots- wold bucks generally though my neighbors common bucks did get in with them each of the two last seasons and yeaned generally during the month of February.* You will see the balance due sheep $1,264.14, which is a greater profit than I could have made from any other stock. I did not include in the account against sheep any charge for grazing or attention, for I am satisfied the improvement to lands by manure is fully equal to that. Sheep usually seek the highest and driest places to rest where the manure is most needed and in this the transportation of manure is saved. I fully agree with my friend Col. F. Ruffin that we should sell off our lambs as early as possible, so as to give time to fatten ewes for the market the following autumn and in this way change our flocks every year. My experience is that after 3 years the same flock of sheep will naturally decline and die off rapidly. R. P. Graves. Orange county, Va. * I omitted to state the sheep were grazed with about one hundred head of cattle and thirty head of horses entirely upon 275 acres of land, divided into three fields, changing them from one field to another. 248 THE SOUTHERN [May Poultry Department. How to Succeed with Poultry. — Mr. B. Tegetmeir. in the "Journal of the Bath and West of England Society.'" say '■The grreat drawback against most of the farmyard poultry, is the want of size. This may be remedied by keepiug better breeds, pro- vided the chickens are well fed from the very first. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the rearers of market poultry., that large framed birds cannot be hoped for if the chickens are not well fed from the very first day they leave the nest. It is not enough to put the hen and newly-hatched brood under a coop, and throw them some tail wheat two or three times a day : such treatment will never make large birds. During the hatching the hen should be left undisturbed ; the young chickens should not be removed from under her as they are hatched : but when all are out. and quite dry and strong, the hen may be cooped in a dry. sunny spot, and a good feed of corn and soft food given to her. The chickens want no food for inany hours after they are hatched, as they are then digesting the yelk of the egg, which constitutes their first food, and acquiring strength to run about. When they begin to peck, they should be fed with soft food, and very small crrain. Unquestionably, the best soft food is an egg beaten up with a tablespoonful of milk, and heated in the oven, or by the side of the fire, until it sets into a soft custard. Chickens fed or partially fed on this, make wonderful progress. Another point often overlooked is the time at which the chickens are fed. If they are to make large fowls they must be fed soon after daylight ; if. as is too often the case, they are left hungry for three hours in the morning, they are always stunted in their growth. They must be fed the first thing, and, whilst they are young, even* two or three hours during the day. ge lump of soft food, such as oat, or barley meal, mixed with milk or water, is often put in the hen's coop, and it is thought that it will suffice for the day : in a short time it becomes trodden on and defiled, and it is then no longer wholesome food. The right plan is to give no more soft food, than the chickens can eat at once. Over night a supply of grits, ground oats, or small wheat may be put down to serve as the first meal in the morning. Many poultry keepers are partial to keeping the hens with the chickens under coops for some weeks. I am decidedly opposed to the plan. By so doing the natu- ' ral insect food that the hen acquires by scratching — the worms, grubs, small seeds, and flies. &c. — are denied to the chicken, and no artifi- cial diet will compensate for the loss. Xor can the hen dust, to free herself from vermin that feed sumptuously on the young chicks at night. It is said that the hen, if not cooped, will draggle the chickens through the wet grass and tire them out. A half-starved hen may possibly do so : but if she is well fed with corn, there is no danger of her so doing. If preferred, she can be shut up until the dew is off the grass ; but the finest and heaviest chickens I have ever bred, have been those that have been with hens that were never shut up in houses or coops, but, being under open sheds, could go out at all hours. If the hens are allowed to scratch for the chickens, the chop- ped meat and meat broth, which are requisite for them when closely confined, is altogether unnecessary. It is the custom of some game 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 24& rearers to hang up in the woods any dead waste animals to supply maggots for the young pheasants. This is not desirable near a home- stead ; but any refuse animal remains may be utilized without offence by allowing them to become thoroughly fly-blown, and then burying them in the fowl-run ; the maggots attain their full size underground, and previous to turning into flies, work their way instinctively to the surface, furnishing an abundant supply to the j'xnmg chickens. Thoroltgiibred Fowls. — So many persons well informed on gene- ral subjects are at a loss to know the meaning of thoroughbred, that it may be proper at this time to give some explanation, so that those who for the first time are about to breed fowls may understand what a thoroughbred fowl is. Every animal as it grows up tends to develop in a particular way like its parents or ancestors near or remote, or like the average of its ancestry ; but circumstances during development crowd it this or that way every instant of its existence, so that it has many obstacles to prevent an exact copy of its ancestors — the weather, diet and many other influences more or less remote tend to this result. No domestic animals have ever yet been bred strictly true in color, size, form, &c, yet where they breed nearby true they are called " bred true." When they really are not perfectly thoroughbred, offspring tend to resemble the average of their ancestors ; the more even the ancestor, the stronger the influence over tl e offspring ; so that in the breeding of fowls, we desire to breed to produce the form, color, size by care in selections for generations. Selecting with these three objects in view, discarding all but the best types, we eventually produce fowls that will in a large degree produce form, size, color. We then have thoroughbred fowls as far as these three qtmlities are concerned. We may add other points if we desire and when we have these points established in such a manner that the offspring will be a true fac-simile of the parent, these points will be thoroughbred, having with great care obtained the several points of excellence desired. We must not forget that continued care and study are necessary to retain these points, there being so many circumstances that tend to weaken the ancestral influence. The progressive breeder continues to breed from his perfect birds only each generation, and by so doing he retains the ancestral influence with more strength and certainty and more full development ; hence the true honest breeder of thoroughbreds becomes identified with his thoroughbred of whatever variety and these are known as his "strain" of blood. In fowls as in other domestics there are humbug breeders who have no established strain. But there are many who are not humbugs that have not obtained a high degree of excellence. Many of them from want of study or care, fail to establish the desired points, hence the oft-repeated assertion that high priced fowls are all " fancy." Many who undertake the raising of fowls do not give to it the time and attention necessary, hence the result is failure and the blame is charged to the fowl. In a future article I will give discriptions of the different varieties and also some statistics as to products. — Exchange, 250 THE SOUTHERN fMay Household Department, Post Up Your Wife. — Keep them posted, duly, prornply, cheer- fully. Impart to them all the light you can. Do you. husbands, post them up on subjects of importance ; interests and reform : collect facts, passing events, things interesting, profitable, edifying : things moral, intellectual and political ? Sensible, intelligent, virtuous wives highly appreciate this, especially those pressed with domestic cares and duties, who have very little time for extended reading and inves- tigations. Some husbands are very remiss in this benevolence ; others, we are pleased to say, are happily communicative, take special pains and delight in posting their wives and children, in imparting life and information. At the table, during meal-times and on every suitable occasion, they open their minds freely, cheerfully, give a con- densed, succinct, bird's-eye view of all their book and paper readings and all the interesting and important facts, gathered variously daily, weekly, monthly. Thus wives and all present are cheered, gratified, benefitted, ena- bled also to impart the information to others : this generus imparta- tion of things profitable, interesting and edifying, produces a salutary effect on the minds and hearts of the husband, deepening and rivet- ing virtuous principles and important facts. " He that watereth shall be watered also himself.'* Husbands, do you think of this ? Will you think of it 1 This method also produces sociability and com- panionship between husbands and wives most pleasantly, hopefully and profitably, which would otherwise be lost. — Golden Ride. Housekeeping Hints. — A bit of glue dissolved in skimmed milk and water will restore old crape. Strong ley put in hard water will make it as soft as rain water ; a piece of borax will have the same effect. A wad of cobwebs will, it is said, immediately stop the flow of blood if bound on a freshly cut wound. Ink spots on floors can be extracted by scouring with sand wet in oil of vitrol and water. When the ink is removed rinse with strong pearlash water. A good article of prepared glue, so useful to have about every house, may be made with gum arabic dissolved iu strong vinegar. It will keep in good condition a long time if kept closely corked. A cement of great adhesive quality, particularly serviceable in attacliing the brass mountings on glass lamps, may be prepared by boiling three parts of resin with one part of caustic soda and five parts of water, thus making a kind of soap which is mixed with one- half its weight of plaster of paris. Paste for Wall Paper. — In pasting wall papers, posters, etc., especially where successive layers are put on, there arises a most dis- 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 251 agreeable effluvium, which is particularly noticeable in damp weather. The cause of this is the decomposition of the paste. In close rooms it is very unwholesome, and often the cause of disease. In large manufactories, where quantities of paste are used, it becomes sour and offensive. Glue, also, has a very disagreeable odor. If, when making paste or glue, a small quantity of carbolic acid is added, it will keep sweet and free from offensive smells. A few drops added to ink or mucilage prevent mold. In whitewashing the cellar and dairy, if an ounce of carbolic acid is added to each gallon of wash, it will prevent mold and the disagreeable taints often perceived in meat and milk from damp apartments. Another great advantage in the use of carbolic acid in paste for wall paper and in whitewash, is, that it will drive away cock-roaches and other insect pests. The cheapest and best form of carbolic acid is in crystals, which dissolve in water or liquify at an excess of temperature. — American Homestead. Lime Water for Wasp Stings. — Dr. Danverne writes to a French journal that some time ago he was stung on the head and face by a number of wasps. The pain was great, and he had no ammonia at hand, nor was there a druggist near by. Recollecting the fact that lime water was good for burns, it occurred to him to tr}r it for the relief of the burning sensation produced by the stings. It answered the purpose perfectly, and he has since advised its use in some twenty cases of wasp stings, and it has always caused an instant cessation of the pain. The remedy is a simple one, and worth " making a note of." To Make Good Buckwheat Cakes. — To one pint of sour milk or buttermilk add one teaspoon of soda, two eggs, salt to taste, and enough buckwheat flour to make a batter ; bake at once. This recipe will hardly fail to give satisfaction if fairly tried. Buttermilk Custard. — One cup of sugar, one cup of molasses, one cup of buttermilk, one cup of flour, two-thirds cup of butter, one half teaspoon of soda, a little salt. Bake with one crust. Snow Pudding. — Pour one pint of boiling water on half a box of gelatine, add the juice of one lemon and two cups of sugar. When nearly cold strain ; add the whites of three eggs, beaten to a froth ; then beat the whole well together and put in a glass dish. Take the yelks of the three eggs, one pint of sweet milk, one teaspoou corn starch, flavor with vanilla, and cook as soft custard, then pour round the jellied part. Jelly Rolls. — Two cups of powdered sugar, two-thirds cup of butter, six eggs, well beaten, one teaspoon soda, two teaspoons cream tartar, one cup sweet milk, two cups flour. Bake in long tins, spread each cake with jelly, and roll while hot. Cream Cake. — One cup of butter, one cup of cream, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, four eggs, one teaspoon soda, two of cream tartar. Mix as you would pound cake, and bake in shallow tins. 4 252 THE SOUTHERN [May Correspondence. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.) APRIL NUMBER OF THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER. The first article in the April number of the journal, " The Duty of the Hour." bears on the much mooted subject of the " Granges." If it -is. as stated, that " after all the great object to be secured by the Patrons of Husbandry is the bringing together of the farmers in clubs for the discussion of agricultural and social questions and the mutual improvement thereby secured to all." then why may not the object be as well secured by the ordinary " Farmers" Clubs" now in existence ? And why may not these clubs experiment with the •'various fertilizers" as well as the granges? And another thing, why may not the clubs secure co-operation in buying and selling, whicb appears to us, one ot the greatest benefits which the Granges promise to secure to the farmers ? "Notes for the Month," as usual, practical and sensible. While believing that ''50 bus. ashes or 200 lbs. potash watts" will very much benefit the oat crop, we are not prepared to admit "they will double the crop on ordinary soils." The advice for using the subsoil plow after the turning plow in preparation of the land for "corn" is good. The difficulty in the way usually is that the farmer rarely has an extra team for this purpose, for in our experience, it requires a double team to work the subsoil plow successfully, and particularly to keep with the turning plow. It this cannot be accomplished at the time of breaking up the land, then we advise that the subsoil plow or coul- ter, be run close to the corn in the first working, using one horse one-half the day, and then another in the other half, as the labor is too much for one horse the whole day. preparation advised for manuring corn in the hill is a good one; but where are we to get one of the constituents in sufficient quantity ? — viz. : hen manure. In advising the use of plaster on clover, the writer should remember that on a great deal of land in Eastern Virginia, 'below the Piedmont region) that plaster does not "act," and ia thrown away. The writer on "Commercial Fertilizers," believes they do not pay, and we believe he is about right. The proceedings of the "Tuckahoe Farmers' Club" are interest- ing. We were present at the meeting, but did not understand in reference to "gas house lime," that the club were not inclined to favor it as a fetilizer. Mr. Warren, we think, confessed that his experience with it was limited. Dr. Pollard did not agree with Dr. Crenshaw in advising against its use on the growing plant of any kind in the spring; but, stated he had dragged it in with oats at the rate of nearly 100 bus. to the acre, and along with clover, with the best results on the oats and clover ; the latter being one of the very best first crops of clover to be met with. He also alluded to Mr. E. B. Cook's use of it, dragged in along with wheat, producing most excellent results: the wheat being nearly a loot tallei where it was used than where it was not. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 253 Dr. Perkins preferred the use of the ordinary lime to the "gas lime," because we know what we are using in the former, but not in the latter ease. But analysis has proved to us what gas lime contains and what we are using. Next follow interesting proceedings of two more Farmers' Clubs. The members of the "Rappahannock Club" seem to believe the use of chopped or ground feed does not pay. In this, we agree with them. Particularly, we do not believe in cutting up feed and wetting it, except shucks, which should be wetted twelve hours before feeding. In the "Farmers' Remedy for hard Times," the writer says, "to cut all the forage for a large stock ; it is doubtful whether the effi- cient labor of a farm can be spared, unless in bad weather. The writer of "Sowing Grass" believes that in this latitude, grass succeeds best sown alone, and that wheat and oats are no protection to it against the heat and sun. He gives some very good reasons and experiments for his position. We had always been disposed tothink the stubble of wheat and oats, particularly if not cut too low, was a protection. Mr. Price's article on "Fruit Culture" comes next, and is very practical and good, as far it goes, but there is not enough of it. He should, particularly, have pointed out the fruits best suited for this latitude. This is a subject in which all fruit-growers are interested, and one not well understood. What, with the love of worthless and free introduction of new varieties by the nursery- men and their Laudation o< them, fruit-growers have been induced to plant out very many worthless kinds. This involves both los3 of time and loss of ground in establishing profitable orchards. It is a matter we feel disposed to discuss if we have time, in a sep- arate and well cons'dered article. In regard to Mr Price's remedy for "peai blight," it is evident he has not encountered that iatal variety of the disease, where "death begins at the centre." In such instances, to "use the knife freely," will do about as much good as for the surgeon to ampu- tate the limb of a mortified patient, or a patient where disease is invading the vital centres, the head, the lungs, or the heart. This disease, so much dreaded by the cultivators of the pear, was particularly fatal the past season, killing in some orchards in the vicinity of Richmond, as many as 200 trees out of 1,000, or 20 per cent. We have reason to dread a recurrence of it the present year, and we design trying the remedy (lime and sulphur) said to have been found effectual in the "experimental gardens'' at Washington. An article commending the "Essex Hog," states they attain the same weight as the Berkshires at twelve months. We supposed the latter would outweigh the former at any age, with the same treatment. They are a large hog, and for that reason partly we have had a preference for the Berkshire, thinking the Essex rather small. We have, in this number, another very sensible article from Mr. Hill Carter, advising the farmers ''to make less grain and more grass, and raise stock, cattle, sheep, hogs, mules, fowls, fruit, and live more economically." Good counsel. 254 THE SOUTHERN [May There are other articles worthy of notice in the number, but for fear of being tiresome, we close. Reviewer. Erratum in the Review of the March Number. — In the notice of the article on "Liquid Manures," (p. 194) for "convert it into humors" read "convert it into humus.'''' [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] Your April number is quite rich with the doings in your State of the Patrons of Husbandry. I am glad that Virginia is alive to this great move. You mention in your editorial that you are constantly in receipt of letters inquiring the aims and purposes of the Grange movement, and the means they intend to adopt to secure those aims. I can enlighten those enquirers without any violation of pledge or good faith, and I take pleasure in doing so. Our aims are : Personal and Nat tonal prosperity. There is no harm in this, I am sure. If I can, by uniting with my friends, insure to myself greater prosperity, why not do so ? But can this be done 1 I will only name a few instances occurring in the Grange over which I have the honor to preside, and a neighboring Grange, and these are only two or three out of many such that I know of. A few gentlemen in the Grange I refer to, wished to purchase fer- tilizers. They made application to the agent of the particular manure they wanted, and he asked them fifty-five ($55) dollars cash per ton, or sixty-five ($65) payable 1st November. This Grange appointed a com- mittee and sent them to the agent and arranged for seventy five tons at forty-eight (48) dollars cash, or fourteen (14) per cent, per annum, interest added, on the responsibility of the Grange Seal. Here was seven dollars per ton saved ; over five hundred dollars in one article in one neighborhood. In my own Grange the same thing occurred as to manures, and also in the article of coffee. We could not buy coffee for less than thirty- eight cents per pound, cash, some weeks ago in this country, and we clubbed together and sent an order to New York to a Grange House, and obtained it at twenty-six, (26,) I think. (I have not the bill by me.) Certainly not exceeding twenty-eight. Our aims, then, are to cheapen every thing, from a pin up, and ulti- mately to cheapen the carrying trade and labor too. These are a part of our aims, and the means we intend to adopt to secure those aims can be stated in two words : Patience — Perseverance. There is no antagonism in our Order to good government, either domestic, State or National, it is simply a combination to stop extor- tion and imposition, and to cultivate economy and a more intimate social relation between neighbors engaged in the same business. I give you, therefore, briefly, our aims and the means we intend to adopt to accomplish them. I am not surprised that politicians should dread the Grangers, espe- cially the corrupt ones, but I cannot see why the merchants should feel unkindly to us. Merchants are indispensable, aud I for one, and so will the Order, ever patronize them, but they must lessen profits, and bankers and money-lenders must lessen interest. And we intend to have it so, for when we make what we need at 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER, 255 home, we shall have no occasion to buy, and if I buy nothing, I need no money, and if the people need no money, interest will be low. It will take time to accomplish this, hence I say, patience and perseverence are the levers to accomplish this great work. The increase of the Order is marvellous. Two months ago there were 395 Granges in Georgia, they number to-day 544, an increase in sixty days of one hundred and forty-nine. I see that " Reviewer," in the April number, gives you a rap over the knuckles for typographical errors. I am glad of it. The same writer makes a thrust (a faint one, it is true,) at the Grangers on account of their secret feature, and the introduction of "our wives " into the Order. That is the surest guarantee of* the purity of the Order. Let me entreat " Reviewer " to take his lady and daughters and try the Grangers. Permit me to give a word of counsel to all persons who propose to form a Grange. Select for your officers the best men you have. Gentlemen, who not only have good standing socially, but who are good business men and read well. Especially should this be the case with the Master and Chaplain. Your Secretary and Treasurer should be tried men. Guard your Seal. Begin right. Do all your work accordingly to the law, rigidly, without regard to consequences, it will save you much trouble. S. Wyatt, W. M. County Line Grange. Forest Hall, P. O., Burke Co., Ga. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer. J YOUR REVIEWER. The Patrons who read your paper must feel greatly edified at the covert attacks of your " Reviewer," who " hoping and believing this movement will do good," yet " cannot see the necessity of a secret order, or of bringing into the public arena the wives of the farmers." Well, suppose he can't see the necessity of a secret order, if others think they see the necessity what is it to " Reviewer"? The people have tried time and again clubs, societies, &c, yet they have essentially failed to unite the country. While exerting to some extent a benefi- cial influence on the agricultural interests, they cannot of necessity bind together and cement the whole body of farmers in a permanent organization. The Patrons of Husbandry can bring them together. No better evidence could be desired than the fact, that more granges have been organized in Virginia since the first day of January than there have been clubs in ten years.. Whether it will unite them per- manently remains to be seen. If farmers are fools, as some seem to think, then its existence will be ephemeral, but if they are wise and prudent, then a noble structure may be erected which will be as enduring as any human institution can be. In reference to farmers' wives being brought into the public arena : the remark, taken in connection with his previous allusion to it as a secret order, seems to be somewhat paradoxical. The Grange, one would suppose, is anything but a public arena. But let it be so ; who has the right to say that the farmer shall not take his wife wherever he 256 THE SOUTHERN [May pleases ? It is none of the business of " Reviewer" or anybody else where I carry my wife, so long as he is not forced to carry Mrs. Reviewer with him into the " public arena," or even go himself. " Reviewer," speaking of the woman and secrecy questions, says it " is not in accordance with the taste of the Southern people." Take reviewers generally they are Solomons, in their own conceit, knowing a great deal about every conceivable subject. But our " Reviewer," like the celebrated Rip Van Winkle, has been evidently asleep for some time. There is no danger of transcending the truth in assert- ing that there are largely more than 150,000 members of the order in the Southern States, composed of the very best men and women in society, showing conclusively that both Woman and Secrecy, the great bulwarks of the Order, are in accordance with their tastes. If " Reviewer" really believes, as he sa37s he does, that the Grange movement will do good, it would be far more consistent with that belief if he would put his shoulder to the wheel and assist in the effort, than to excite the prejudice of those who like himself do not and cannot know what the intrinsic merits of the institution are. Will " Reviewer" be kind enough to tell us why women should not be admitted to membership and why the Order of Patrons of Husbandry should not be secret? Henrico. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer. April 20th, 1874. We have now fourteen Granges in the county of Augusta, com" posed of the best and most influential farmers. There are many now on the eve of organization. The Order is spreading rapidly and the tarmers take hold of it with that zeal and determination which mark the character ol that class of people, and their works will follow them. We find here too, the iron sinews of remorse- less monopoly and consolidated capital arrayed against the wasting tissues of individual and unorganized labor. We have long held our hands upon our mouths and our mouths in the dust ; but the chain which bound us to the post is broken, and the events of the future will speak with a cogency which no human logic can refute, and with an eloquence which no human tongue can equal. The Patrons of Augusta are about forming a County Grange. Wo shall soon begin the work of organization in the counties of Bath and Highland. The spirit of right and reform is moving amongst those honest sons of toil, and we predict the Order will grow and propagate with the health and vigor that exists with those people. The History of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry moves in its rapid work in common with all genuine history under the influ- ence of two generic ideas : The conservative (not political) which desires to secure all the good of the present by fidelity to its results in the past, and the progressive which looks out in hope to a better future. Reformation is the great harmonizer of these two principles Sober judgment and sober means characterize the conservatism of this Order. The agricultural classes suffer and always have suffered from 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 257 the rapacity of aggregated and centralized capital. The Order means business, and will labor to bring the greatest good to the .greatest number, by mutual instruction and the lightening of labor ; by diffusing a better knowledge of its aims ; by bringing nearer together the producer and consumer; by mutual protection to husbandmen against sharpers and middle men. The wheat crop is growing rapidly, and looks very well. The harvest will be advanced this season. G. W. K. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] Please insert in your valuable paper the following Granges •organized by me since April 1st : Melrose Grange, near Warren ton Junction, Fauquier county, April 4th. Geo W. Meetze, Master ; J. W. Mann, Secretary. Eleven males and ten females. Jefferson Grange, Hillsboro, Albemarle county, April 7th. Wm. H. Lipscomb, Master ; W. T. Rea, Secretary. Sixteen males and four females. Rapid Ann Grange, Somerset, Orange county, April 17th. Col. N. J. Hinkle, Master ; Strother Newman, Secretary. Twenty male and nine females. There is considerable inquiry throughout the Piedmont district at present, for information in regard to the organization of Patrons of Husbandry. In less than twelve months, I believe four-fifths of the farmers in this district will belong to the Grange. You will please send me a few copies of the Southern Planter and Farmer, as in almost every section they desire to make up a club for it. We have had so much rain during this month the farmers are very much behind with planting corn. Scarcely any planted yet, -and at present, the land is as full of water as it can be, and will be sometime before it will be in condition to plant. Wm. McComb, At sn 18th, 1874. BOOK NOTICES. The veteran seedsman and florist, Peter Henderson, has sent us a copy of the edition of his work on "Practical Floriculture." The first edition of 20,000 having been long since exhausted. Mr. Henderson is eminently a practical writer, and the pages of his book reflect his own experience of many years. He dissolves the mystery that has hung around green house and general flora cul- ture, and gives his readers plain and simple directions for the cul- tivation of flowers. He has now written two books : "Practical Floriculture" and "Gardening for Profit," which, it it does no more, will entitle him to the thanks of the American people, for they 258 THE SOUTHERN [May contain more simple, plain, practical information than all the other books on the subject we have ever seen. The book bears the imprint of Orange, Judd & Co. Is gotten up in good style, well illustrated. Price $1.20. Hubbard Bros., Philadelphia, have seut us one of their popular subscription books. The title: "Ocean's Story ," is a comprehensive one, and we find in it descriptions of maritime adventures, achieve- ments, explorations, discoveries and inventions. A history of the rise and progress of navigation and ship building, with detailed accounts of many remarkable voyages, including those of Magel- lon, Columbus, Capt. Kidd, Capt. Cook, and others. Also descrip- tions of diving and deep sea navigation. The author is Frank B» Goodrich. It contains over two hundred handsome illustratsons,. and is printed on excellent paper, making altogether a handsome book of over seven hundred pages. Book agents, we should thinky would do well with this book. Introduction to Roman Law. — By James Hadley, L. L. D., late Prof, of Greek literature at Yale college. Published by D. Apple- ton & Co., New York. One of the great wants of the schools has been a plain, concise and correct treatise on the Civil Law. Without making any very great pretentions, this little book meets this want. It is simply the printed report of twelve lectures on the Roman or Civil Lawy repeated several times before the senior class of under graduates at Yale college. We have derived great pleasure from the brief sketch we have been able to give them, and we are confident that a careful perusal of this book will give a very clear insight into this subject, hitherto much shrouded in darkness. The book is decidedly interesting to any one of enquiring mind, and will be particularly valuable to students of law and history. It is neatly gotten up by D. Appleton & Co., and will meet with ready sale- Harper & Bro. have placed us under obligations for their pub- lications, the Weekly, the Bazar and the Monthly Magazine. All bearing the name of Harper's are always welcome to our fireside and come filled with information and amusement. We believe in pictures, and in The Aldine, published by James Sutton & Co., is filled with the most beautiful we have ever seen. As an art journal, it has no equal. The April number is particu- larly good. The scenery of Lake George depicted is perfectly beautiful, and, indeed, the whole number is filled with the choicest specimens of art. FARMERS' NEWS AND ITEMS. The amount of the cotton crop of 1873., thus far marketed abroad, is 2,030,000 bales against 1,803,000 last season. The stock now in port is 701,000 against 531,000 last year. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 259- H. R. Smith, of Springfield, Erie county, N. Y., is the sole pro- prietor of 11 cheese factories, which during the past year have- received the milk ot 4,700 cows, made 25,500 cheese weighing 1,400,000 lbs., and sold for $185,550. South Carolina complains that her Legislature, which has just adjourned, have appropriated $1,798,270.55. Of this amount, $400,971.13 was for public printing; $365,000 for legislative expenses. Claims for furniture, &c, $279,069.42; contingent fund, $45,000; sundries, 52,180; salaries, $192,200; public schools, $300,000; asylums, $193,850. There seems to be a growing disposition among the farmers along the North Carolina border to engage in the culture of cot ton instead of tobacco. It is claimed that it is less exhaustive to the land, and does not require such close attention, or at least does not suffer so much from neglect as tobacco. The weather has been so wet and cold that many farmers have not finished seeding oats, and very little corn has been planted up to the 23rd of April. Fall seeded grain, especially wheat, is looking remarkably well. The surface seeded was not large, but the prospect for a good yield is very flattering. Seed corn soaked in a weak solution of nitrate of potash, (salt petre,) is said to send op stronger shoots, and grow more rapidly,, than if soaked in pure water; the experiment is worth trying. Corn planted 4 feet apart each way, will give about 2,500 hills per acre, allowing one stalk to a hill, one ear to each stalk, and 70 ears to a bushel, we will have some thing like 35 bushels per acre, a very fair yield for poor land. David Dickson, ot Georgia, a most successful planter, says he always estimates the amount of corn his land ought to yield, and plants accordingly, near or far, to suit, never allowing more than one stalk in a bill on ordinary soils. Tobacco is slowly advancing in price, and farmers are realizing good returns for their labor, when their crops are well prepared for market. It pays well to sort tobacco carefully, and this part of the business should only be confided to experienced and care- ful hands; frequently one or two hundred weight taken out of a hogshead will add very much to the aggregate sum realized for the whole. The following recipe for killing the tobacco fly we copy from an essay, by Major Ragland, published by S. Fertilizing Companyr "Dissolve an ounce of cobalt of the shops in a pint and a half ot water, and mix it with molasses, or other syrup, bottle it, and drop it through a quill into the heart of the blossom. It should be done about sundown, and the poisoned flowers pulled off next day, otherwise the plant will be destroyed. It has been found that this weed, so treated, planted around the edge of the tobacco lot, and here and there through the patch, will prevent, to a great extent, the ravages of the tobacco worm. All the planters, how- ever, in one neighborhood must act together, and this can be arranged through the local agricultural club." 260 THE SOUTHERN 'Mav "We have received from Chas. M Stieff, of Baltimore, bis illus- trated catalogue and price list of Pianos, Organs, &c. The elder StiefF, lather of the gentlemen who are now in charge of this business, established an enviable reputation as the manu- facturer of one of the very best Pianos in use in this country, and the sons have fully sustained and, indeed, added to and extended this reputation. They have now on hand a complete assortment of instruments varying in price according to style of finish, but all possessing that exquisite tone which characterizes the Stieff Piano. They are also agents for the Burdell Organ and other equally good instruments. Persons desiring to purchase, and especially school teachers, will do well to send and get one of their catalogues at least before purchasing elsewhere. VIRGINIA DEPUTIES. The following Deputies have been appointed by the Master of the State Grange of Virginia. The list embraces the post office of the Deputies, with the Dis- tricts assigned to each. Parties organizing Granges in these Districts will apply direct to the Deputies. Where parties are organizing Granges in coun- ties not embraced in this list, or counties where there is no Deputy, they will apply direct to J. W. White. Master of the State Grange. Eureka Mills. Va. WM. McCOMB, Gordonsville, Va. District— Albemarle. Greene and Madi- son. ^ F. W. CHILES, Tolersville. Va. District— Louisa. Orange. Caroline and Spotsylvania. ADDISON BORST. Passpatanzy. Va. District— King George. Richmond, Westmoreland. Lancaster and Northumberland. T. 0. GRAVES. Marksville. Va. District— Shenandoah and Page. A. M. MOORE, Summit Point, W. Va. District— Warren, Clarke and Fred- erick. S. B. CARNEY, Portsmouth, Va. District — Princess Anne. Norfolk and Elizabeth City. J. P. SOHERMERHORN. Richmond, Va. District— Henrico. E. D. PHILLIPS, Chuckatuck. Va. District— Xansemond. Isle of Wight and Southampton. W. H. BASDARN. Jarratt's Depot. Va. District — Surry, Sussex and Greensville. W. B. WESTBROOK. Petersburg, Va. District— Dinwiddie, Prince George and Chesterfield. J. 0. FEATHERSTONE, Lynchburg, Va. District— Bedford. Amherst and Campbell. J. J. WILKINSON. Laurel Grove. Va. District— Pittsylvania. J. 0. CHAPPELL. Mountain Roads. Va. District— Halifax. S. A. W1LLSON, Lexington. Va. District — Rockbridje. G. W. KOIXER. Fishersville. Va. District— Augusta" Bath. Highland and Rockingjbam. E. B. GOOPE. Boydton. Va. District— Mecklenburg and Brunswick. D. S. WATSON, Issequanna. Va. District — Goochland and Fluvanna. J. HASKINS HOBSON, Powhatan 0. H.. Va. District— Powhatan, Cumberland and Amelia. T. T. TREDWAY. Hampden Sidney. Va. District— Prince Edward, Buck- ingham and Appomattox. T. N. MERRILL, Keysville, Va. District— Charlotte and Lunenburg. HERMITAGE NURSERIES, Pticliraoiid., Virginia. JOHN- wTkISOIST, PROPRIETOR OF Hermitage WmrseyteSsj RICHMOND VIRGINIA. 1,500,000 APPLE AND PEACH TREES, FOR SALE THIS SPRING AT REDUCED PRICES. FIRST-CLASS APPLE TREES, $16 per hundred. FIRST-CLASS PEACli TREES, $14 per hundred. These Trees are warranted true to name and is strictly first -clas3 stock. SSSB STSBE MSB ©FFIGE, 909 Is/Lauin Street Riclimond, Va. feb FOR, SALE, ITALIAN BEES, BEE HIVES, &C. I am prepared to famish, at short notice, Swarms of Black Bees at $5 per swarm, Hives extra. Swarms of Italian Bees at S10 per swarm, Hives extra. Italian Queens (with a few workers), by mail or express, So. Sa'e arrival guaranteed. A cheap Movable Comb Hive without sur- plus boxes $3 00 A better Movable Comb Hive with two surplus boxes 3 75 Triumph Bee Hive, Movable Comb, and upper or surplus chamber, or six sur- plus boxes (trade mark included to use one Hive), painted, and with feet 5 00 Peeds for individual rights to make and use the Triumph Hive 5 00 Deeds for individual rights to make and use the American side. opening Hive... 5 00 Bee Vail for protecting face and head.... 1 00 Cheap Honey Extractor, Virginia made.. 9 00 Large Honey Extractor with cog wheels 13 00 Peabody Honey Extractor at factory prices, freight to be added 15 00 W. K. POLK, Real Estate Agent and Auctioneer. No. 7 Shaffer's Bnilding, Tenth St., bet. Main and Bank Sts., Richmond, Va. ap- F0R SALE.— Thoroughbred Stock, etc. I have for sale a lot of thoroughbred Devon Cattle. Essex Pigs from improved Stock. Also a lot of Light Brahma Fowls. Persons ordering from me can rely upon getting as good stock as any in the State. My herd of Devoc are ot the most improved breed. I took five 1st premiums on a portion of them at our last Virginia Fair. For further particu- lars address, F. W. CHILES, feb-6m Mansfields, Louisa Co., Va. Cranberry Plants FOR SALE. $4 per 1,000. $12 per bbl. Apply to EDITORS PLANTER gent also for the Holston Special Fertilizer. Price $9, at Saltville. ap 2m PIEDMONT AIR-LINE RAILWAY. Richmond and Danville, Richmond and Danville R. W-, N- C. Division, and North Western N. C- R- W- CONDENSED TIME TABLE. In effect on and after Sunday, October 12th, 1873. GOING NORTH. GOING SOUTH STATIONS. MAIL EXPRESS. STATIONS. MAIL. EXPP.E88 Leave Charlotte, 10.00 r V. S.15 A. M. Leave Richmond, 1.25 P. M. 5.00 A. 11 " Air-Line Junction 10.06 " 8.30 " Burkvilie, 4 45 " 5.2? " '« Salisbury, 10.06 A. M. 10.21 " " Danville, 9 18 " 12 45 p. M '* Greensboro, 3.30 ' 12 45 p.m. " Greensboro,' i2.-:o a. m. 3.50 " " Danville, 6.20 ' 312 " " Salisbury, 2 35 " 6.06 " " Bnrkville, 11.35 ' 7 36 " " Air-Line Junctior ,4 29 " 8-l« " Arrive at .Richmond, 2 17 P. M. 10.17 " Arrive at Charlotte. 4.35 " 8.16 " GOING EAST. GOING WEST. STATIONS. JS MAIL. MAIL Leave Greensboro' | 3.:o a. m. o- 4.45 " £ Arrive 12.90 a. m " Co. Shops, s 9.35 '« " Raleish, §• 5 05 " •e 5.26 " Arrive at Goldsboro,' | 11.15 " = Leave 2.30 P. M NORTH WESTERN N C R- R- Saiem Branch. Leave Greensboro, 430 p. M.; arrive at Salem 6.25 p. m.; leave Salem 8 a. m.; arrive a* Greensboro' 10 00 A. M. Mail trains daily, both wars. ... On 8undavs, Lvnchbnrg Accommodation leave Richmond at 9.45 a. m. ; arrive at burKvm* 12.45 p. m., leave'BurkTilie 5.35 a. M.. arrive at Richmond 8 45 a.m. Pullman Palace Cars on all night trains between Charlotte and Richmond (trithont change). Papers that have arrangements to advertise the schedule of this Company wih please print a» For further information, address 8. E- AkLEN,, _ General Ticket Agent, Greensboro IS. C. T. M. R. TALCOTT, Eng'r & Gen'l Bup't. nor— tf WM. C. WILSON'S Descriptive Cata- i Loar/E forlS74of Choice Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, Evergreens, Fruit Trees, etc., will be mailedto all applicants. WM. C. WILSON, P. O. Box 98, Astoria, L. I. City Office— 43 W. Uth St., N.Y. ap- MAGNOLIA NURSERY, " (beook turnpike, neae city,) richmond, -vjl. For sale, a large assortment of Shade and Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, Flow- ing Shrubs, Creepers, «fec; also Grape- vines and other small Fruits, Roses, etc., etc. Price-list furnished on application in person or through post-office L.J.HARVEY, Nursery grounds open to the inspec- tion of visitors during business hoars* ap tf W. C. SMITH, MANCFA' TtTRER OF AND DEALER IN CHILDREN'S CARRIAGES, CHINA GLASS A>D WILLOW WARE, Tots of Every Destkiptiun, Afghans, MATT8, &c. Invalid Chairs made to order, also repairing neatlv done. Salesrooms 4!2 Broad Street, and 737 Main Street, Factory 3u8, 312 and 314 Fifth Street, Richmend, Va. Ap-12m. A UOTION SALE OF THE MXTXRIvTRIv HERD. The Subscriber his been retained hv Mr. CHARLES E. COFFIN", Muirkirk, Prince George County, Md., to sell his entire herd of Short- Horns, ON WEDNESD AY, 13th DAY OF MAY NEXT. Mr. COFFIN founded his herd with animals either direct or strongly in-bred to Bates, Booth, Princess, Gwynnes and other good strains, im- ported and home bred. Having a personal knowledge of the H rd, I can recommend them to all gentlemen wishing good individuals well bred. The bulls last in use are imported Royal Briton* and Lore Abraham, Booths; Lord Mayor of the Pr.ncess trib°, ard the extra good BATES BOLL dTH EARL OF OXFORD Muirkirk is a station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 15 miles from Washington, D. C Three trains each way in the morning. TbrSs. — Cash on sums under $2 0. Over $200, aprrovad paper at 6 per cent, or a discount for cash of .5 per eent. No postponement, no reserve. Residence 200 feet from railroad. Catalogues ready early in April, for which address owner or Salesman. JOHN R. PAGE, Sennett, Cayuga Co., N. T. The SSle of C. C. Parks, Esq., Waukegan, 111., occurs on Wednesday, May 2oth. Col- Kintg's Sale, at Drxter Park, Chicago, on Thurs- day, .May 21. ap-2t y ELL'S ENCYCLOPEDIA. It is a Dictionary op Languagb. It con- tains every word in the English language, with its derivation and definition. It is a Biographical Dictionary. It has a sketch of every noted person of all ages, many of them with portraits. It is a Complete Gazetteer. It has a des- cription of every country, sea, lake, river, mountain, town, &c, in the world. It is a Mbdical Dictionary. It contains a description of diseases, remedies, instruments, surgical operations, &c, &c. It is a History of the World. It contains a description of the migration of races, the progress of nations, their customs, laws, reli- gions, &c. It is a Complete Natural History. It describes all animals, birds, insects, fishes and reptiles. It is a Complete Workon Botany. It de- scribes every plant, flower, vegetable and tree, witn their properties, uses, &c. It is a Complete Work on Mechanics. It describes all new inventions, engines, machi- nery, tools, &c. It is a Complete Church History. It de- scribes impartially the various divisions of the church of at. ages. It is Equal to a Whole Library of Works. It describes every material or non-material thing that is capable of description in language. It is well Illustrated. It contains nearly three thousand engravings of persons, animals, plants, trees, flowers, machines, buildings, &c. A specimen number, containing forty pages, ■will be sent to any address on the receipt of 10 cents. Sold on 'y by subscription. Agents and canyassers wanted All communications respecting agencies and subscriptions should be addressed to AARON JONES, Jr., General Agent for Virginia, ap- 1115 Main Street, Richmond. L. POWERS & SON, COMMISSION MERCHANTS, AND WHOLESALE PRODUCE DEALERS. 1510 East Main Street, Richmond, Va., Flour. Grain, Hay, and all kinds Seed and Eating Potatoes. Foreign and do- mestic Fruits. Seed Potatoes a specialty. BF. LEWIS, Gwynedd, Montgomery Co., a Pa , Importer, Breeder and Dealer in tine Fowls, Pigeons, Pets, etc., of the purest and best quality . Berkshire and Chester White Figs. Large Bronze and White Holland Tur- keys. Konen, Alesbury, and other fine Ducks. China, Bremen, and other Geese. Asiatics, Spanish, Dorkings, Hamburgs, White and Brown Leghorns, Polands, Houdans, and sev- eral varieties of Bantams ; also Eggs for Hatch- ing in season. Greyhounds, Newfoundland, and Hunting Dogs. Hlack and White, French, and Blue Maltese Cats, also many other speci- mens of rare Fowls, Pigeons, Rabbit-, and other Pets. My Stock has been awarded 190 Premiums in five months. I would also call the attention of Breeders to my celebrated Chicken Powder, which will cure as well as prevent Cholera, and other diseases in Fowls, as well as promote their health and vigor. Sold at 60 cts. per pound. A liberal discount to the trade. Every one should try it. For Catalogue a'id Price-List, address with stamp. ap.tf THE CR0T0N GRAPE. Fine two-year old Plants of this variety by mail or express. Send for Price-List. S. W". UNDERHILL, ap- Ctoton Landing, P. 0., N. Y. JOHN LAIRD, FLOEISTj Grace St., Gardens and 733 Main Street. Cor. Eighth St. Offers to the Public a Large and fine Assortment of Greenhouse and Hardy Plants, AND ORNAMENTAL TREES. irabg. Flower 8eeda and Gra: i Visa in great variety, at reduced -.:■• L-.'..--.'ii :z r.-.j free if BbngB. Paddag tad SlupjHagj ;i ( M 1 c? N \ k A / h-t f±f£ \ % A / l-H P3 ^j v/ o PATENTED. TOBACCO FEETILIZEE, PREPARED BY TRE SOUTHERN FERTILIZING CO., RICHI^OlSriD, V-A.., O- Apply to loial Agents, or any commission merchant in Richmond. Where Agricultural clubs or Associations wish to purchase in large lots, the rate at which it will be supplied will be indicated on application, ap 3m BUY i OUR DRY GOODS OF LEVY BROTHERS, nnd save money by doing so. Great reductions have been made in the prices of DRESS GOODS in order to close out the whole stock. Satteens at 35, 50, 65, 70, and 75c. — a reduction of twenty-five percent. ; Empress Cloths at 35, 50, and up to 75c. per yard ; Silk -corded Poplin* at 7oc per yard, worth $1.25; Poplin Alpacas — best quality — at 40c. per yard, sold everywhere at 50c. ; Corded and Plain Alpacas at 25c. worth 35c. per yard ; Black Brocaded Ala- pacas at 25c worth 50. per yard; Black Alapacas, Mohairs, and Briiliantinesat all prices ; Bombazirus from 1.25 to $2 per yard ; Australian Crepe a' 50c. worth 75c. per yard; Handsome Brocaded Poplins, all silk and wool, at $1 per yard, reduced from $1.75 ; Handsome Silk and Wool-Striped Poplins, 18J yards in a pattern, for $15, reduced from $25; Doubled-faced Cotton Poplins at 14c. per yard, worth 25c. ; Doubled-faced Cotton Poplins at I6§c per yard, worth 30c. ; Calicoes at 6}, 8J, 10, and 12£e. ; White Flannel, full yard wide and all wool, at 45c. per yarJ worth 60c. ; White Flannels, in all qualities, from 20c. up to §1 per yard ; Colored Flannels in all qualities ; Bleached and Unbleached Canton Flannel from 12J to 45c. per yard ; Domestic Ginghams at. 17, 12£, and l6^c; Cheviot Shirting at 16§c. worth 25c. per yard; Linseys from 15§ to 40c. per yard ; Bed-Tick from 10 to 35c. per yard : Doeskin Casimere at$l per yard worth $1.25 ; Excellent Satinets at 50, 60, and 75c. per yard; Kentucky Jeans from 16§ to 50c. per yard ; Charlottsville Carsimeres at a very small advance on manufacturers' prices ; Water-Proof Cloths at 75c, 1, 1.25, 1.50, and $1.75 p^r yard ; Black and Brown Velveteens at 50c worth 75c. per j'ard ; Black and Colored Velveteens in all qualities ; Trimming Velours, in all colors, at $1, and $1.50 per yard; Silk Velvbt, black and colored, for trimming and mil- linery use ; Table-Cloths, pure linen, two yards long, at 81 worth $1.50; Linen Doylies at 50, 60, 75c and $1 per dozen — all 25 per cent, below regular prices ; Huckaback Towels from 1.25 to $9 per dozen ; We call particular attention to our Towels at $2.25 and $3 per doztn ; Napkins at 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, $2, and up to $6 per dozen ; Linen Damnsk fo" table-cloths from 50c. up to $2 per yard; Extra Long Table Cloths from $8 up to $20; Cotton Diaper at $1.23 and $1.50 for a piece of ten yards, worth 1.75 and $2; Linen Bird's Eye Diaper at 30c. worth 40c. per jard; A full assortment of Ladies' Cloaks, Water-Proofs and Shawls, all at great bargains; Gentlemen's Shawls and Gardigan Jackets, very cheap ; White and Col- ored Bed Blankets, all sizes aud qualities, at extremely low puces; Calico Com- fortables, home manufacture, at 2 and 2.50 worth 3 and $3.50; Carpets, Matting, Oil-Cloth, Rngs Mats, and Window Shades at reduced prices; Children's Carriage Blankets at 81.50 worth $3 ; Silk, Linen, and Cotton Hankeichieis, in all qualities; Nubias, Hoods, Breakfast-Shawls, Leggins, Scarfs, and Saiques ; Genuine Bu«k Mits , Gloves, Gloves and Gauntlets ; Bobbin Edging. 18 yards in a piece, for 5Uc wcrth 5c per yard ; Worked Dimity Bands at 10c. worth 20c. ; Clark's and Coat's Spojl Cotton at 70c. per dozen ; Machine Needles from 40c. to 50c. per paper of ten nee- dles ; Best Machine Oil at 15c per bottle; Tidies at 35 and 50c worth 75c. and $1 ; Gilt and Jet Jewelry in great variety; Ladies' Linen Collars at 50c per dozen, $lso Collars at I, 1.25, and up to $2.50 per dozen ; Gentlemen's Linen Collars at 60, c7 and $1 per dozen worth 2 and $2.50 ; Gentlemen's Recherche Cuffs at 1 worth •45per dozen ; Crochet Edgings at 15, 25, and 50c for a piece of twelve yards, worth a gand 10c per yard ; Neck Scarfs at 25, 40, 50e. and up to $1.50— all much be'ow jS ular prices ; "Full-width Unbleached Sheeting at 28c; Full-width Bleached ♦heating at 33c. : New York Mills and Wamsutta Cotton at 18c. per yard ; Excel- lent yard-wide Bleached and Unbleached Cotton at 10 and 12£c. per yard, and thousands of other bargains at LEVY BROTHERS feb.] 10i7 & 1019 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, VA. Fertilizers and Seeds for 1873, SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO. NO. i PERUVIAN GUANO, FLOUR OF R^-"W BOISTE, Ground Plaster, Lime, Agricultural Salt, &c. FIELD, GRASS, AND GARDEN SEEDS, SEED POTATOES Of the Early Rose, Eaklt Goodrich, Peerless, and other choice varieties. For further information and supplies, address ALLISON & ADDISON, SEED AND GUANO MERCHANTS, RICHMOND, VA. J.Pfi.THORBURN&CO., 15 JOHN ST. NEW YORK. Will mail, upon application, their New Catalogue of Vegetable and Agricultu ral Seeds for 1874. t F RESH GARDEN and FIELD SEED At the old stand cf Palmer & Turpin, 1526 Main street, Richmond, Orchard Grass, Timothy, ILrds, Clover, Kentucky Blue Grass Send for Catalogue, leb-tf W. II. TURPIN Eggs, Cream, Milk and Lemon Biscuits and every kin 1 of Crackers, made t specialty. Pound and fancy Cakes Ginger Snaps, Lemon Snaps, Jumbles VIRGINIA, (ESTABLISHED IN 1840 ) HAS BEEN TI1E ORGAN (TF STATE AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES EVER SINCE THtltt ORGANIZATION. , o, SUBSCRIPTION REDUCED TO $1 50 PER ANNUM Clubs of five or more fl.'iO each. As an ADVERTISING MEDIUM through which to reach the fanne eof Virginia, W«t Virg:nia, North Carolina and East Teuness.-e, it has no equal, being a firm" cuss rai'ER, and taten by tbe wealthiest and most enterprising laruier&anl busi- ues» men in thoje sections. It has THE LARGEST CIRCULATION of any strictly' Agricultural paper published at the South. Great car* will be taken to exclude all but reliable advertisers— snoh as we can commeud to the confi- dence of our readers — and attention will, from time to time be called to the adver- j semente, in o.der that our j>atron9 may realize the g-eatest possible benefit from litem. f&* Importers and dealr:c in fiqe Stock and Poultry, Insurance Com nauies, Bank- ers, Machinists, Fertilising Companies, Nurserymen, Seedsmen, Commission Mer- chants, Ac., who wish to rewh the best class of people in tbe country, will find i* to their interest to adve.tise in th's £>urnal. TERMS FOIl AT>V13TITI£SI>-G. ] square. 10 lines or less, one insertion. ..$ 1 50 Half pag", six months.. .$ 45 00 1 square of 10 lines for six months 8 00 Half page, one } ear. .. . 80 00 I square of 10 lines for one year 12 0) One page single insertion 15 00 Quarter page, six months 25 00 One page, six months. . . 80 0O Quarter page, one year.. 45 0U One page, one year... .. 1,0 l»0 PAYMENTS : Subscription —in advance. Adverti-ing — annua1. — quarterly in adv nee. All others in advance. All badness comm-jni >atuns to bo addressed to L. R. DICKINSON", Editor and Proprietor, 1115 Main Street, Richmond, Va. THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER, DEVOTED TO Agriculture, Horticulture and the Mining, Mechanic and Household Arts. Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xexophon. Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State. — Sully. L. R. DICKIXSOX. . .. . . Editor and Proprietor. T. L. PAYNE, . . . Associate Editor and Business Agent. New Series. RICHMOND, VA., JUNE, 1874- No. 6. In the view which we have hitherto taken of the condition and pro- gress of the agricultural interests of the South, we have been disposed to present it in its most flattering aspect, and at all times have aimed to take a hopeful view of the situation. But there are difficulties and dangers in the way of progress, which did we fail to note, we would fall very far short of our duty as a citizen, a fanner and a journalist. One difficulty which meets us at the very threshold is the disinclina- tion among the better class of our people to engage in any pursuit that requires manual labor for its successful prosecution. This indis- position, which in many cases amounts to aversion to labor, exhibits' itself more prominently among the very class to which we look for improvement than any where else, — we refer, of course to the wealth- ier and more refined among our farmers and their well educated sons. So long as these young men, at once the hope and pride of the State. are encouraged to leave the farm and rush into the alread}' over- crowded professions, or even to accept a second rate clerkship, rather than engage in the more laborious, but far more independent avocation of tilling the soil. We cannot hope to make a progress equal to that made by States whose best and most intelligent men are not only identified with the farming interest, but are actually engaged in the arduous duties of the farmers' life. But the young men are not very much to blame after all. It must be confessed that the prevailing sentiment among the higher classes even of our rural population has been until recently, if it is not still, averse to labor, and our society has frequently been rather inclined to look down upon those compelled to labor for a livelihood, and in cases where persons above the necessity chose to labor it was considered an unfortunate idosyncracy rather to be pitied than emulated. All this thing must be changed. Our sons must be reared to labor and to think that labor is honorable. Our daughters must be taught that the bronzed face and hard hand of the farmer who designs to 262 THE SOUTHERN f June hold the plow or drive is not degraded by his occupation. And soci- ety at large must learn to respect the class whose labor and efforts must lay the foundation of all our prosperity. This change of senti- ment must begin at home among the farmers. They must respect themselves and their calling. No one is likely to place a higher esti- mate upon a man's occupation than he himself does, and unless we ourselves feel the dignity and importance of our calling we cannot blame others for not doins so. THE IMMIGRATION QUESTION AGAIN. Our Legislature has again adjourned without making any adequate provisions for publishing abroad the advantages offered by our State to emigrants from abroad. The plea that we are too poor to incur the expense is hardly admissible, inasmuch as it is confessed even by those who are opposed to Legislative appropriation for that pur- pose, that any reasonable appropriation, properly managed, would soon bring in a hundred fold more capital, the taxes upon which would re-imburse the State in one year. Our farming population are suffer- ing now more from want of available capital than anything else. All their capital is invested in land, which is lying unproductive for the want of money and labor to improve it. Could one-half the land of the State be sold to foreign capitalists, or to persons who would locate upon it and cultivate it, and the money thus obtained applied to the cultivation and permanent improvement of the other half, the tax paying ability of our people would be far rnore than doubled and the general prosperity of the whole people greatly promoted. We do not know, however, but that this advertising abroad of the a of the State might be accomplished by the farmers alone in their associated capacity, either as a State agricultural convention or through the instrumentality of the Granges and the State Grange. We would like to have the views of those most interested on this subject for the next number of the Piaster. FARM LABOR. h the opening of the spring the ever important question of resents itself again. It is well known that hitherto we have considered the negro the best, as he is the only available farm laborer for the South. But each year, while it increases the demand, dimin- ishes the supply of this kind of help. Various causes operate to bring about this result. The demand for labor and higher prices paid in the cotton States has induced a constant stream of emigration Southward ever since the war. The public works, including mines and quarries, paying higher wages than the farmers could afford to pay. have drawn many others away, leaving generally upon the farm the laziest and least enterprising, and hence the least efficient class of laborers. Our own experience induces us to believe that the time is rapidly approaching, if indeed, it has not already arrived, when we will have 1S;4.i PLANTER AND FARMER. 263 to look elsewhere for our laborers. There are two ways of meeting this difficulty, both of which should be measureably adopted by our* farmers. One is for the farmers themselves and their families to do more of the work themselves, and by the introduction of labor-savins implements, lighten and facilitate the seeding, cultivation and harvest- ing of their crops. By this means the labor now at our command, would be rendered more productive and there would be less necessitv for resorting to the other remedy, which is the introduction of foreign laborers. Though opposed to the indiscriminate introduction of for- eigners, especially of the lower classes, amongst us, wo still believe that there is a large number of poor laborers and tenant farmers in England, Scotland and Germany, and perhaps other countries of Europe, who would be greatly benefited by coming among us, and whose coming would add greatly to the supply of skilled and intelli- gent labor. After trying almost every nationality and seeing them tried by others, we can confidently recommend to the farmers of Vir- ginia the laborers of the countries above mentioned as the most docile. faithful and best calculated to meet the wants of the farmers. As stock men, the Scotch and English surpass all others, and the German is perhaps the best gardener and cultivator of the soil to be found anywhere. It is true that with the employment of such labor there would, of necessity, be a great change in the general management of the farm, and that the price of farm labor would be considerably advanced. But we also believe that the increased efficiency and honesty of the service given would more thau compensate for the additional cost. While we do not recommend or desire an entire aban- donment of the old system, nor desire that we ma}- be ridden of the negro, yet we would like to see an effort made to supply the constantly increasing deficiency of farm labor by the introduction of foreign laborers. WE SHOULD NOT DEFEND UFON ONE CROP. The recent sales of tobacco in Richmond and elsewhere have not been at prices calculated to remunerate the Plaxtek and many of our friends who depended almost exclusively upon the proceeds of this crop to discharge last years liabilities and to provide for the expenses of the current season, go home disappointed and despondent. This is another lesson for us. and should teach us how very unsafe it is to rely entirely upon one crop for money and success. We must certainly have some other resource than this. The farmers along the tide-water rivers have long since learned to diversify their products, and there is no part of our State so prosperous as the trucking districts, while the farmers of the upper country away from railroads and rivers cannot profitably engage in raising fruit and vegetables for the north- ern market. The}7 can raise hay and stock profitably, so far as imme- diate return is concerned and very profitably when we consider the ultimate improvement of the land. There is no hope for the fanners of Virginia, unless there is a change for the better. If we continue to cling to the time honored system of our money crop only, and that an almost exhausting one, and clear up and wear out and clear up and 2C4 THE SOUTHERN [June wear out more land every year, it is only a question of time, and not a very long time either, when the sheriff will sell us out and pay a -mall per cent, on our indebtedness. NOTES FOR THE MONTH. We have never, we believe, seen so much cold, wet weather through April and May as we have this Spring. Farmers generally are very backward with their work and unless the season henceforth is pecu- liarly favorable, there will undoubtedly be a short crop made. Espe- cially will this be the case with corn and tobacco, the planting of Avhich has been much delayed and will necessarily be late. THE QORN CHOP. It is hoped that most of our farmers have completed the planting of this crop, yet there will doubtless be many places yet implanted owing to the wet and backwardness of the season. Of course these should be planted immediately if possible and if delayed too long, to be sure of maturing a crop, it would, perhaps, be well to drill in corn very thickly and insure a fodder crop. This is one of the best, most inexpensive and surest crops we can make, and more food for cattle can be raised in this way than in any other on the same land. We are diposed to recommend the crop Aery highly from our own experience, which has been very favorable. The land should be pre- pared as for any other crop and then laid off in perfectly straight rows, from 30 inches to 3 feet apart, and drilled in at the rate of about two bushels per acre, about 12 grains to the foot, and then scatter as much as possible over the width of the furrow will be about right. The seed may be sown by a corn planter or wheat drill, but we prefer hand sowing because it can be spread out across the entire furrow giving more distance to the plants in the rows. As soon as the plants are well up pass over the whole with a harrow and afterwards with a coul- ter or cultivator stir the soil once or twice is all that is necessary. We have found that cultivation pays as well on this crop as any and generally stir our soil frequently. , The greatest drawback to the sowing of corn is the difficulty of curing it. This difficulty arises from the fact that it is generally sown too late and too thickly and never reaches that condition of maturity when it is easily cured, and also when it contains the greatest amount of nutriment. If it is drilled in, however, any time in June, or if the early varieties or northern seed be used, in July it will mature sufficiently to cure easily. When the entire crop is in bloom, the earlier blooms having began to dry up, and the small ears that will form on many stalk are in the dough (i e., good roasting ear), is the proper time to cut up the crop. We usually use the ordinary corn knife, laying the stalks as cut in small piles to cure awhile, but never leaving any down at night. One precaution is perhaps necessary here. It should never be cut when there is any external moisture, either dew or rain, upon it. Set up in medium sized shocks and after a few days tie them firmly 'jcar the top and they will usually keep well all through the winter in 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 265 the field. A better plan, and the one we usually adopt, is to sit up in small shocks at first and after a few days or a week put two or more shocks together according to size and tie them. We have depended largely upon sowed corn for feed during the last two years and have not lost 5 per cent, from spoiling in the field. The amount of feed that can thus be made upon an acre of good land would astonish any one. Millet or Hungarian Grass may be sown now and on good land will yield from H to 2 tons of hay per acre. Prepare the land as for oats and sow £ bushel of seed per acre, harrow and roll so as to have smooth surface to cut over "when mowing. Peas for Fallow should be sown as early in June as possible. The subject has been so frequently discussed in all its bearings that we give no directions here, simply referring to former numbers of the Planter. tobacco. The planting of this important crop has been much delayed, and there is a general complaint of failure in plants. Every thing should now be done to facilitate the completion of this work where it is not already finished, and when planted, the hoe and the plow should keep down the weeds and grass and keep the surface mellow. SWEET POTATO SLIPS. if not already out, should be gotten out and as soon as possible, and LATE IRISH POTATOES had better be gotten in the ground as earl}'' in the month as convenient. Fresh manure should not be used with this crop if it can be avoided, And if used should be broadcasted instead of putting in the drill. It should be remembered that the potato is a potash plant and manures rich in potash will greatly improve the crop. THE STOCK will require very little attention during this month. Early lambs should go to market as soon as large enough, which should be in May and very early in June. The price declines as the season advances, and a week will frequently make a difference of a dollar in the same lamb. Farmers should understand this and act accordingly. Stock on pasture should be regularly salted at least once a week, and alwavs have access to cool, clear running water. 266 THE SOUTHERN [June Agricultural Department. [The following Essay, written by our Associate Editor, received ■he premium of thirty dollars and Diploma, at the last meeting of the Agricultural Society of Virginia. — L. R. D.] THE BEST METHOD OF CULTIVATING A FARM OF TW< > HUNDRED ACRES IX THE GRANITE SECTION OF VIR- GINIA. That the present average of production on the lands of Eastern Virginia is below the point of profitable culture is acknowledged by all who are cognizant of the facts. The causes which have led to this condition are also apparent to those acquainted with the method of cul- vation practiced for generations in this section. Long continued cultivation of a thin stratum of the surface in crops that took everything from the soil and returned nothing, has together with the washing of the rains and snow, deprived that part of the soil actually brought in contact with the roots of plants of every mineral element of fertility, and the suppression of every form of vegetable growth, except such as is intended for removal and sale, has left it nearly equally destitute of humus. The question then is sirnply one of abandonment or improvement. We cannot continue long to live under the present conditions of pro- duction. How shall we cultivate these lands so that they will yield the largest immediate returns, and at the same time, most rapidly improve? Is a question of importance both to the individual owners and the State at large. Xor is it so difficult a matter after all ; the soil con- tains within itself great power of recuperation. The reversal of the system by which the laud has been exhausted will in time without any outside aid restore its lost fertility. Deep and thorough culture bringing up from the subsoil the mineral elements which the rains and snows of a hundred winters have washed down and deposited there : returning to the land in the shape of manure from stock even-thing except its most concentrated and valuable products. Plowing under green crops grown for that purpose to restore the humus, and with it ammonia to the soil, and if we add to all this the purchase from abroad and application of mineral fertilizers to restore the wastage of such crops as are sold : all this with the practice of a suitable rota- tion in crops will in time make farming in Eastern Virginia both pleasant and profitable. "Without further introduction, we will suppose then the farcn to con- tain 200 acres of the light gray land with clay subsoil common to the section under consideration. Thirty acres should be left in timber and twenty acres more in permanent pasture, and enclosed together with a strong fence, giving together a range of fifty acres for the loose stock of the farm ; ten acres immediately around the house will be used for orcharrl. yard, garden and barnyard, leaving 140 acres for general culture. This we would divide into seven shifts, to be cultivated as follows: forty acres in wheat, twenty in corn, twenty in oats and :ty in peas for fallow, and forty in clover. A diagram is here 1874.] PLANTER AXD FARMER. 26; with furnished, showing the way in which these crops will succeed each other ou the respective fields. In the arrangement of the various fields, care should be exercised that each may be easily accessible from the barn without passing over the growing crop on any other field. This will necessitate the making of road- ways along the lines of division. These roadways should be located at once, and should be thrown up by back plowing at least twice and the ditches made broad and shallow. The space occupied need not exceed twelve feet from the centre of the ditch on either side, and the whole land occupied need not exceed sixteen to eighteen feet in width. This should be thoroughly prepared, and sown in grass with- out any grain. The following mixture is recommended for this as well as for the permanent pasture, mentioned elsewhere : 1 bushel orchard grass, \ bushel redtop (herds grass). 4 quarts tiniothy and 4 quarts red clover, for each acre seeded. The orchard grass to be sown alone, the others mixed and sown on the freshly harrowed sur- face, and the whole nicely rolled. This should be done as early in the fall as practicable — say September. By this management the roadways will become about the most productive portions of the farm. The grass can be regularly mown when not pastured, and should receive an occasioual top-dressing, — with a little care the grass des- troyed by the passing of the farm teams will amount to very little. We will suppose ourselves now at the beginning of the cropping year the first of September. All the farmers' energies should be direc- ted to the preparation of the land for wheat. Old lines of fencing- interfering with the new plan of operations should be removed : such rails as are fit. transferred to other lines and remainder carted to the wood-pile or burned upon the spot. Stumps, grubs and everything interfering with the perfect cultivation of the land should be dug up by the roots and burned. Two good, strong horses or mules to a two-horse Watt plow, or Farmers' Friend plow, should open a furrow seven inches deep and be followed by one horse attached to a subsoiler, walking in the furrow and loosening the subsoil to the depth of five inches more. After trying various subsoil plows, we are inclined to recommend to the farmers as one cheap and available on most every farm, the common one-horse cast plow, either Watt. Farmers' Friend or Dixie, (the latter best on account of its greater weight), with the wing or mould-board removed, using nothing but the point and land- side. About the 1st of October the ground having been previously tho- roughly prepared by the diligent use of the harrow, the seeding of wheat should commence. The use of the drill is urgently recom- mended, both on account of economy in seed and superiority of crops so seeded. Where the drill is used, from four to five pecks will be amply sufficient for the acre ; in broadcasting at least one peck more should be sown. The wheat having been seeded, all the available manure should be scattered evenly over the surface as soon as possi- ble. Of course, if the means is at hand, some good commercial fer- tilizer should be used, especially on that part intended to be sown in clover in the spring. Taking advantage of the dry spell that is likely to occur late in February or in March, a light sharp-tooth harrow, the teeth slightly inclined backward, should pass over the wheat, twenty acres should then be sown in red clover, at the rate of eight quarts to 268 THE SOUTHERN [June the acre and the whole nicely rolled. As soon as the clover is up, 100 lbs. of plaster' per acre should be sown upon it. After finishing the seeding of wheat, the farmer will have some leisure to make permanent improvement. If in a section requiring it, the outside fencing around the entire farm should be made good — circumstances alter cases, but when there is no special reason against it, a ditch opened either with the spade or plow, the dirt thrown on the inner side, and post 9^ feet apart on the embankment with split slats, three or four in number, nailed to them, is recommended as the most efficient and economical fence for Eastei-n Virginia. The land for spring crops will now claim the farming attention. Whenever during the winter the condition of the ground will admit of it, the plows should be going. Old sod land should, if available, be planted in corn, or it may be planted on wheat stubble. The preparation should be the same as for wheat, and the manure accumulated during the winter should be applied broadcast to this crop. As early in the spring as the season will allow, (generally indicated by the bursting into leaf of the hickory buds), the land should receive a final harrowing, and be immediately laid off and planted. The rows should be perfectly straight, and running lengthways the field, making them as long as possible ; unless the ground is very hilly it will not pay to grade the rows, making the curve with the inequalities of surface. The corn should be planted in rows four feet apart, three grains in a hill two feet apart in the rows, and thinned to one stalk in a place at the second working. If the rows are opened with a plow the corn can be easily covered with a two-tooth cultivator. As soon as the corn is up, pass over the rows lengthways with the same harrow used on the wheat in the spring, and repeat the process every week or ten days until the corn is eight or ten inches high. If the rows are not too short, so as to make a great deal of turning, a man with a brisk team and a boy to uncover the stalks, will go over twenty acres in two daj's. The next cultivation should be given with the one-horse plow, with the wing removed just as it is used for subsoiling, running the bar side close to the corn, after that, the seven-tooth cultivator will usually do all the work needed. Corn should be cultivated as soon as practicable after every rain that runs the surface together, and at any rate, every ten days during its growth, until it begins to bloom. The oat crop should be sown upon the corn land of the previous year. The surface should be made fine and mellow, and from six to eight pecks of seed sown per acre and raked in, unless the drill is used in which case one-fourth less seed will answer. Early in June the land to be sown in wheat, should be prepared nicely and five pecks of black peas sown per acre broadcast, or three pecks drilled in, it will be found that if each alternate tube of the drill is stopped, and the peas as thus planted in rows eighteen inches apart are once coultered, the crop, both of vine and pea, will be heavier and the saving of seed will nearly pay for cultivation. We now have all our crops planted, and with a few brief directions for harvesting we will pass to other subjects. Wheat and oats should be cut before fully ripe, tied in moderately sized bundles and set up twelve to sixteen together, until cured and then stacked or hauled into the barn as soon as possible. Corn should be cut up by the roots 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER, 260 as soon as the grain is glazed and set up in straight close shocks, six" teen rows together, shock twenty steps apart in the rows. In the course of from four to six weeks the shocks should be taken down, the corn shucked off and carried to a rat-proof crib, and the fodder again set up and tied firmly around the top with grapevine or stalks. A better plan if there is room, is to haul the corn, stalk and all to the barn and shuck it during inclement weather. Of the peas a sufficiency should be gathered for seed, and if the farmer can then turn his hogs upon them for a few weeks he will make some ver}7 cheap pork without materially lessening the value of the fallow. The stock to be kept on a farm of this size would vary, of course, with circumstances. The team actually necessary need not exceed three first-class animals, and it is recommended that these should be two good, large, brood mares and a strong, active horse. The mares should be regularly bred, and would produce a foal almost every spring, worth, if a mule, at least $50 at five months old. This will not at all interfere with their general usefulness on t\e farm. The horse could do all the carting and fast work. Of cattle, at least four good cows should be kept, and their breed- ing so arranged as to have two fresh in the spring and two in the fall. For the general purposes of the Virginia farmer the Ayrshires and Devons are believed to combine more desirable qualities than any other pure breed. Grade Shorthorns are also excellent animals for general utility. Of hogs, no more should be kept than necessary to supply the family with meat. Two good sows, either Essex or Berkshire, and a boar, which should always be the very best of his class, will be all the stock needed. Pigs should come in February and August, and protected from the cold of the one and heat of the other. The Feb- ruary pigs, if pushed as they should be, will net 200 lbs. by the mid- dle of November, and the August pigs will make nice roasters and shoats before cold weather comes. There will thus be no surplus stock to carry through the winter. The best food for pigs, in our experience, is mvsh and milk. Brown-stuff, potatoes, cymlins, the refuse of the garden and orchard all go to make up a good bill of fare for his pigship. The remaining stock of the farm should be sheep ; fifty good, strong common ewes should be purchased and bred early in the fall to a thoroughbred buck of some one of the mutton breeds. The ewe lambs from this cross should be preserved and bred to another fine buck of the same breed with the sire. In this way a large flock of high grade sheep can soon be established. The buck lambs should be sold off from time to time and will always bring remunerating prices ; a farmer may very safely calculate on a net income of from five to six dollars from every good ewe well kept. If the keeping of sheep is found desirable it would be well to make a change in the rotation, so as to give at least three, if not four fields to grass. This can be readily done by omitting either the peas or one field of wheat, or both. Another change which can be advantageously made when a full stock of sheep is on hand, is to sow rjre in the corn in August to be pas- tured during the winter. Not less than one hundred breeding ewes should be kept upon a farm of this size, yielding an income of from 270 THE SOUTHERN [June $500 to $800. As the stock increases the old ewes may be sold oil', young ones taking their places. Of the ten acres reserved around the house, three acres will be occupied by the yard, garden and barnyard : four acres should be planted in apple trees, three-fourths of which should be standard win- ter varieties. This would require 200 trees. 170 select peach trees should occupy the spaces between in the rows. Not less than two acres should be occupied by pears, grapes, currants. &c. <$£•.. and one acre planted in plum and cherry trees, and enclosed with a «ix feet picket fence and used as a poultry yard where the poultry can be confined when desirable. The buildings required for a farm of this size should consist of a good and convenient dwelling with all the modern improvements with water convenient : a barn sufficiently large to give shelter to all the animals and tools kept upon the farm, with storeroom overhead for the straw, hay and stalks. A good manure shed, where a bountiful sup- ply of good, dry litter should alwaj-s be kept and where the manure niay be deposited as it is removed from the stalls to be worked over by the hogs. A good rat proof corn crib : a wood shed large enough to hold a half years supply of wood : smoke house, poultry, &c. $io plan will here be given for a barn. As a general suggestion aslio the amount of space needed to accommodate the stock, we would say that each horse should have from 80 to 100 square feet of standing room, cows from 50 to 60 feet and sheep 10 feet. The building should be so arranged that feeding can all be done from a passage-way without- going among the stock. The floor overhead should be tight so as catch the grass seed. I omitted to state in the proper place that clover should be cut when the largest part of the crop was in full bloom and cured and stored away as soon as possible, a direction that applies equally to every kind of grass. Two or three comfortable dwellings for laborers should be built con. venientby close to the dwelling, yet far enough away and from each other to afford sufficient privacy and enable the occupants to keep a few chickens and have every comfort of home. Generally laborers well treated and their wants and comforts supplied will be more diligent and accommodating. Of the amount of labor necessary on a farm of this kind it is utterly impossible to form an}* correct estimate. For the mere cultivation and saving of the crops, the other work, including harvesting, being done either by the job or day labor, one man and a boy large enough to plow 'the owner himself lending a helping hand) will be found sufficient. It is equally difficult to estimate the return to be expected : but after it lias been under this svstem for seven or eisdit vears we should be very 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 271 much disappointed if the income aggregated less than three thousand dollars. The items we should expect to be about as follows : 40 acres of wheat 20 bushels, 800 bushels at Si. 75 . . $1400 100 bbls. apples at £4 400 Reaches, pears. &c 200 GOO lbs. butter sold - - - 200 2 colts sold . 100 100 sheep and lambs sold 500 400 lbs wool sold 200 4 head young cattle, the steirs fatted at 3 3rears and heifers sold with calves, 150 Poultry, eggs, &c 50 $3200 If the land iu the orchard and garden is highly cultivated, as it should be, four or five hundred dollars might be added to the above for potatoes, cabbage, &c. I have said nothing of tobacco, because it is a crop that cannot be introduced into a general rotation, but requires special preparation and extra force. If cultivated at all it should occupy part of the field devoted to pea fallow, and being highly manured with some com- mercial fertilizer, will leave the ground in good condition for the suc- ceeding wheat crop. It is also recommended that the oat stubble should be plowed immediately after harvest and corn for fodder drilled in thickly on a large part of it. This should be cut when in bloom and after curing tied in bundles and stored for winter use. Ruta-bagas and turnips may occupy part of the stubble. Commercial fertilizers should be used on these crops. Of fencing we would recommend as few inside lines as possible. A light portable fence may be used, suffi- ciently strong to restrain the cows and sheep during the day and they should all be returned to the barnyard or permanent pasture at night. The manure heap will thus be largely increased and the improvement of the farm greatly accelerated. I have already intimated that the best way to apply manure to these lands is to broadcast it upon the •flreshly plowed surface. This we firmly believe will give fifty per cent, better return than any other mode of application. If upon the farm there are au}r wet swampy spots they should be drained and possibly laid down permanently in grass. The following table will show at a glance the rotation proposed to be practiced, together with such variations as are recommended else- where. One more suggestion. In feeding stock all the long food should be cut except, perhaps, hay, and that is best cut if the labor is attainable. Sinclair & Go's Masticator is recommended. Stock should be regularly fed under the immediate supervision of the owner. Milk cows should receive a moderate allowance of meal night and morning throughout the }rear and everything kept upon the farm should always be in a thriving condition ; nothing is a surer index of bad farming than lean and hungry stock. Stock of every kind to be profitable must have their wants all supplied and be made comfortable at all times. THE SOUTHERN [June f field. 1 2 3 4 •"> 6 - 1874. Wheat. Corn. Wheat. 1875. Clover. w p o e w 1876. clo clo w P o c \Y 1-77. w clo clo V." 1' o o 1878. c >v clo clo w p ... 1870. o c w clo clo w 1' 1880. p o c w clo clo w If more stock should be kt spt then as follow- the per is mav be omitted and the corn planted after wheat on clover : No. of field. 12 3 4 .'. 6 7 Wheat. clo o c clo clo clo clo w p o c clo clo [For the Southern Planter and Fanner. 1 SToCK AND INCLOSURES. When I reflect upon the evils of our present system of care with regard to stock and enclosures, I am tempted to exclaim with Cicero. -•Inamdin abutere nostra patientia !" Farmers have Clubs. Societies and Granges for the protection of their interest, but seem to ignore to a great extent this heavy burden upon agriculture in Virginia and many other States. We are continuing a system handed down to us from early settlement of the country, which has ceased to be adapted to our wants and interests. We are constantly told by agricultural and newspaper writers, especially amongst our Northern friends, that we keep and attempt to cultivate too much land. This, to a great extent is true, but as long as we have our present laws with regard to stock and inclosures, it will be difficult to bring about a change. Farmers, whether they own stock or not. whether they k eep up or turn out their stock, don't like the close proximity of those who habitually run their stock at large, and. as is too generally the case with this class, give but little attention to their care and feeding. They know from experience, how difficult it is to protect themselves from ill-fed stock habitually using around their fields. Reason and experience also teach us that it is relatively much more expensive to inclose small than large areas. It takes half as much material to inclose one acre of land as it does to inclose four, and twice the cptan- tity necessary to inclose four will inclose sixteen and so on in geo- metrical proportion. If all the land now cultivated in Virginia was divided into small farms, the expense and labor of inclosing it would be enormous. Farmers are compelled to keep too large a per centage of their lands in forest, to supply the heavy and constantly recurring demand for fencing material. Who can estimate the value of the timber annually destroyed for this purpose '. The average duration of the ordinary worm rail fence is about ten or twelve years. From experience and observation, I am inclined to think that it takes an average of one- sixth of tlie labor employed in agriculture to make and keep the fencing in good repair. Our system was, to some extent, endurable during the existence of slavery. Labor was then permanently attached 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. to the farm, and could be combined for the culture of large areas. Agriculture was more homogeneous, and farmers needed and kept the same domestic animals and required the same kind of inclosures. With the abolition of slavery, a new state of things has been brought about. There is no longer the same similarity of agriculture. Farm- ers are turning their attention to special crops and industries, and no longer need or keep the same domestic animals. Hence a conflict of interest has arisen and must continue to increase and ultimately end- as it has done in all old settled countries, by devolving upon the owners of all stock the burden of keeping and providing for them. The only question for us then in Virginia is, has the time arrived for this change ? If not ready for a thorough change, can't we have some modifications ? Can't we at least stop the smaller domestic animals — viz. : hogs, sheep and goats from running at large, or at any rate make the owners of them responsible for damage done by them to others. Is it not bad economy to run them at large, more expensive than to keep them up ? Do the benefits of the outside range to these animals compensate for the heavy expense of protecting our crops from destruction by them? Would not the labor now employed in this way, if employed in producing food for these animals, procure for us a cheaper and more abundant supply of meat? Sheep are not held in common by our farmers, and it is not right or just to require the large majorit}- who do not keep sheep to fence for the benefit of the small minority who do. Horses and mules are but seldom permitted to run at large, and if relieved from the necessity of fencing against the smaller stock, especially hogs, the great majority of the farmers would soon find it to their interest to keep up their cattle. The means and meterial required to restrain the larger stock would be very different from that now used to protect against hogs, and the cost of fencing would be diminished one-half or two-thirds of its present amount. Ditches, hedges, stone, post and rail, and various other things would be substituted for the present expensive, insecure and very perishable worm fence. An immense amount of valuable timber would be saved, and inclosures more per- manent, and occupying less space would be introduced. Hogs, with their present privileges in Virginia, are an unmitigated nuisance, cost- ing in the aggregate more than they are worth. Much complaint is made of the evils arising from the multitude of dogs. I concede these to the fullest extent, but as long as hogs are permitted to run at large, farmers will keep dogs to protect them- selves from them. I am aware that the privilege of running stock at large is thought by many to be one of especial value to the poor and small farmers and housekeepers. If right in my view of the subject, this class are most interested in a change. I have already shown that large farmers fence at less relative cost and, consequently, gen- erally have their fields better protected. Tenants and small farmers, on the, contran% fencing at greater cost are not usually so well pro- tected and more liable to suffer from roving stock. I have also shown that our system is not only opposed to a sub-division of the lands, but creates and keeps up a tendency to the absorption of the smaller farms by the larger ones. Besides if, as I contend, it is a tax upon production, it diminishes the profits of labor and adds to the cost of consumption. The subject is a very expansive one. and I have only 274 . THE SOUTHERN [June touched upon a few salient points. It needs discussion, ventilation and legislation. Politicians are proverbially afraid of new issues and we need not expect anything to be done until the farmers move in the matter. They are more immediately interested and all other classes will await their action. . Let the subject then be made one of public and private discussion, and we may hope ere long to secure such change^ or modification as will ojeatlv diminish the evils of our present sys- tem. X. Y. • [For the Southern Planter and Fanner. APPLICATION OF MANURES. From observation, it seems to me that we should pay special atten- tion to the application of water — the air always applying itself when the conditions are right. No matter how rich our soil may be — no matter how much valuable manure we may put on it — without water we can obtain no results. "We must either apply our manures in a liquid form, or else see that enough water is present to dissolve the manure and put it in condition to become food for our plants. They live by drinking, and not by eating. They do not devour the soil : they only absorb the liquids and gasses that come through the soil. Here is ■ very important point that should be kept well in mind when deciding on the best way to apply manures. No solid manure of any kind, dung or anything else, can ever enter the roots and be carried to the different parts of a plant as used by it. but must be dis- solved or so far decomposed that it will enter in a liquid or gaseous state. Manure, as applied, is not the food of plants as used by them, but contains the elements of food of plants, and must be so far decom- posed that it can be dissolved and presented to the different portions of the plant in a solution, so that the kind and amount of these ele- ments may be presented to every part of the plant in such condition that the different elements needed to build up the structure of the plant may be appropriated as wanted. Nothing can be carried into the plant in any other way. Even the silex that is found in the ashe^ of plants must be dissolved before it can be taken up and appropria- ted by the plants. The structure of the roots and plants also makes this necessary : for the pores or openings in the roots., through which all plant food must pass, are too small to be seen, except with a microscope, and of course, can pass no hard substance. This being the case, that manure is applied to the best advantage which is most readily dissolved and presented to the roots of plants. If turned to the bottom of the lurrow.only the heavier rains will reach it : those will be as apt to carry it down as bring it up. although the roots of plants are nearly, and when small, are in the mellow portion of the ploughed soil. Tnis is especially the case where manure is turned under a sod : if ploughed under in a mellow soil that brakes up fine, it is more gen- erally mixed in where it will be reached by the rains and roots as wanted, but still a large share is at the bottom of the furrow, where it is not so readily found and used. Hence cultivating and harrow- ing it in is better than ploughing it in. as it more thoroughly mixes it with the soil that is mainly occupied by the roots, applying manure where the most work is done is also a good plan for the same reason. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. while it has this additional advantage, that the well-worked arid mel- low soil more readily admits the rains which are needed to dissolve the manure. Two things are very essential : first, that the manure should be dis- solved— should be ready to be taken up by the roots of plants. Sec- ond, that-it should be thoroughly and evenly presented to all the roots of all the plants. This, a little consideration will show, can be best secured by surface manuring. The rain, as it falls, is evenly distri- buted, an 1 it soaks into the ground, if it is all alike mellow, as evenly as it falls. If the manure is finely and evenly spread on the surface all the rain that falls absorbs a portion in its way into the soil, and all that reaches the roots of plants will contain a portion of this dis- solved manure. If the manure is worked three inches into the soil, and a portion of the roots of plants, as is always the case, are found in this three inches, then all the water that reaches the roots before it has a chance to get to the manure will be takeu i p by the roots before it receives any benefit from the manure. If the manure is six inches deep the roots will be mainly supplied before the moisture reaches it. while muny small showers that are of great use to plants ! : never reach it at all. If on the surface, every small shower dissolves a por- tion, which if not taken up by the plants, will be retained by the meb low soil, as the latter is so constituted as to allow scarcely any fertil- izing matter to pass off by evaporation. Thus the portio: of manure not taken to the plant by one shower may be presented by another. Again, the roots of plants, except to a very narrow limit, are station- ary : they cannot go about the lot like cattle or sheep to look up food. Hence their food must be presented to them as wanted, and water and air are the carriers from which they receive it. This is another proof of the great use of water as a means or medium for conveying food to plants : and. with the above, shows the great advantage of having manure in the best place and condition to be most readily and cer- tainly conveyed by water to the plants as wanted. Keastai:. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] Mr. Editor : — Some of your readers may be interested in ihis list ol Granges organized by me since April 1st. Green Bay Grange, 7th April, Prince Edward county, with twelve males and eight temales. P. B. "Wilson, Master; J. T. Johnson, Secretary Liberty Grange, 7th April, Prince Edward county, with eleven males and ten females. E. M. Wing, Master ; G. S. Wing, Sec- retary. New Store Grange, Buckingham county, with fifteen males and ten females. L. D.^Jones, Master ; C. Y. Hooper, Secretary. April 15th. Smyrna Grange, Buckingham, with seventeen males and ten females. H. C Boughan, Master ; "W. M. G. Ranson, Secretary. April lGth. Plank Road Grange, Buckingham, with nineteen males and seven 276 THE SOUTHERN [June females. J. W. Hebditch, Master ; E. V. A-clerson, Secretary. April 18th. Gold Hill Grange, Buckingham, with eighteen males and nine iemales. Dr. Charles F. Moseley, Master ; W. M.'Hall, Secretary. April 30th. Union Grange, Appomattox coanty, with sixteen males an . females. Gen. W. M. Elliot, Master ; 0. H. Chilton, Secretary. May 5th. Stonewall Grange, Appomattox, with nineteen males and nine females. liev. Wm. Fisher, Master : T. J. S:ra:ton, Secretary. May 6th. Tower Hill Grange, Appomattox, with eleven males and ten females. Jas. A. Walker, Master ; Jas. H. Featberston, Secretary. 7th May. James River Grange, Buckingham, with sixteen males and six May. females. Geo. Booker, Master : G. W. Patterso: . . eral other Granges will be organized soon in Buckingham — there are now eight in that county. Generally, in the counties just named, the wheat looks well, for- ward in growth and of fine color. But in several places, it is back- ward and pale ; and I heard of the presence of chinch bugs. The common remark, that the crop is exceptionally fine is only in fact correct. It is not as forward, or as promising as it was at the same date in either of the years 1365 and 1869. Some of the very finest wheat I have seen grows on the hand- some farm of Mr. Thomas Homer, an English farmer who ha tied in Prince Edward, and who bids fair to take the lead here ; both in the rapid improvement of the farm and in the successful growth of our staple crops. I have ever; where heard statements, and in many places have seen evidences of so great a failure in the plant beds as justifies the belief that the tobacco crop of 15 74 wili be both light and late. In deed, so great and so general a failure of plants is not remembered, it it ever occurred, within the recollection of a: iarmer among the many who have spoken to me on the sub; The best lot of clover I have seen in these counties was seeded in March 1875, while a considerable flock of sheep was running on the wheat. The seed were well tramped into the soil. The sheep continued to run on the lot until the last week in March, and the lot was as bare of any green growth as the public road, yet the crop of wheat was a very fine one, in quantity and quality. But a similar experiment, the same season, on another field in the vicinity, resulted in manifest damage to the crop of wheat. The chief difference in the two cases was that the latter field was grazed by the sheep two weeks later than the other. In this con- nection, 1 remember that the late Capt. Xathaniel Price, of Prince Edward, was more ?uccessful than any of his neigbors in growing wheat. His crops averaged better than others, in any term of years, and his practice was to put his ewes and lambs on his wheat in February and March, and keep them there while the earth was ". Yours truly, pden Sidney, May 14th, . T. T Tkeijwat. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] Allow me to say that I consider your May number more valuable than any number yet published for the year. It is truly worthy of the managers, filled as it is with valuable correspondence as well as news. &c, that is interesting. I am glad, truly glad, to see the farmers of old Virginia determined to have a journal, which shall be worthy of old Virginia and her people. Allow me too to say that I read with true pleasure and gratifica- tion the letter of Mr. Gilmer to the Messrs. T. G. Erhard and others. Mr. Gilmer, in that letter, proves his loyalty and devo- tion to his mother State as well as to his profession, and by his letters in the Southern Planter and Farmer and the American Farmer, of Baltimore, sets an example well worthy of imitation by old as well as young. Mr. Gilmer, in another paper, gives"', us his views on the ques- tion of the Dog Tax, and none can deny that they are truthful and to the point. What, indeed, is the use of making any more appeals to our Legislature? Have we not already made appeal after appeal to no effect? Does not the world know that our Leg- islature would willingly give us the help we so much need and the condition of our treasury so much demands, if then v:ere not afraid ! They tax our horses, cattle, sheep — in fact every thing, except our worthless dogs. No wonder that repudiation stares us in the face ; no wonder that Messrs. T. G. Erhart and many others write to know if our lands are as desirable as we represent them, why we are so much in debt, and why some have come among us and gone back ; no wonder that they hesitate to come among us ; no wonder that the farmer can't support his family by hard, hard work ; no wonder at anything tchen ice have a Legislature afraid to do its duty ! Afraid to relieve our honest, hard working farmers, by whom they were sent to Richmond, because they well know (by instinct perhaps), that if they do their duty they will lose the vote of every Radical voter. So it has been in regard to the fence law, no one can estimate the amount of our very best land occupied by ugly and zigzag fences. Since the adoption of the fence law our farmers are clean- ing up and cultivating their many hedge rows, which they find enriched and the appearance of our country is improved. Should the fence law ever be abolished, it will be an evil day for our farmers, who, trusting in the good faith of their Legislature, have removed most of their long and expensive fences and made sim- ply one or more good pasture fences and are cultivating most of their crops without any protection from other people's stock — which there should never be any need of. But in regard to the dogs, as says Col. Rufrin, do not let the dog law or any other law prevent your raising sheep. Don't think the farmers of Virginia dependent on a weak Legislature. Let us take our guns, watch the advent of the sneaking and worthless cur across the borders of our own domain and execute justice speedily ; or else, as Col. Rufiin says, build a pen and we shall soon be rid of sheep-killing dogs. In regard to Deep vs. Shallow Plowing, I am convinced that we 2 278 THE SOUTHERN [June frequently do turn up too much of the subsoil on top and I have recently been satisfied of the correctness of Col. "Waring's views on the subject. Last week I attempted to re-fallow some land which last fall had been plowed very deeply with a Starke 3 horse plow, turning under weeds and all trash. It was a rough job, the top was as hard and crusty as a brick, while a few inches below was soft and mellow. I am satisfied we should be more cautious as to deep plowing, but not as to deep subsoUing, which is always a benefit. I see many composts recommended, but I will give you one I think I can use to advantage on most crops. Here it is — 15 bushels leached and unleached ashes. 5 bushels hen manure. 1 bag Pacfic Guano. 1 bag Flour of Raw-Bone. 4 bags Plaster. 2 bags Agricultural Shell Lime. I have found this good, a handful to each hill of corn, splendid for potatoes, peanuts, &c, as it contains in a more or less degree the necessary ingredients for each. I have used it on each one of the crops mentioned. I shall drop a thimbleful of plaster on each bud of corn when it comes up, believing it will mitigate to some extent the effects of drought. Very truly, Glenmorlan, Va., May 8th, 18*4. H. W. Cosby. CULTIVATION OF COPvX. Maise or Indian corn has been cultivated in Virginia since its first settlement and the intrinsic value of the plant has made it our most important crop. The Mondamise of the Indian furnishes the civilized man with bread, hominy and whiskey for his own palate, material for his bed and grain and forage for all the domestic animals that minister to his comforts. The land intended for corn should be well plowed, the depth corresponding with the fertility and depth of the soil, amount of manure to be used, status of drainage, etc. It stiff clay, it should be plowed in beds in early winter, and great attention paid to the direction of the furrows, so that no water may remain on land during the winter. If sandy and clean, it may be plowed just before planting and in any way to suit the surface. As soon as the land is dry enough in Spring preparation should be made for planting. If it has been plowed early it may be foul or baked with the rains, in which case the land should be re-plowed with a single plow to the depth of three or four inches and har- rowed before planting. This is important, too, because it is equal to a good working of the corn and can be done with much less expense than after planting. After the frost is out of the ground the corn should be planted. The time in this climate is very un- certain, extending from April 1st to July 1st. I have made good corn planted July 6th. The distance apart at which corn should be planted, depends 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 27 entirely upon the tertility of the soil. In old times, upon large fields of moderate fertility, the rows were laid off five feet apart, and from three to five grains of corn dropped by hand in the rows three feet apart, covered with the hoe, harrow or foot; the last, we. think, the best instrument ever invented for the purpose, if ap- pended to a judicious body. More corn is made in a series of years, by giving the plant reasonable room, and, in every case, the ears are larger and grains more perfect where it is not planted too thick ; this is especially so in seasons ot drought. After the corn has been planted two furrows should be thrown up in a ridge in the middle of the row. This may be done before the corn comes up, the sooner the better, as the land thus thrown up becomes pulverent for future use. After the corn is of suffi- cient size for weeding, two more furrows should be thrown off from the corn to the two already in the middle. The plow should be run as close to the corn as possible, as it leaves less land to be worked by the hoe. The plant now is hoed and thinned out to the number of stalks deemed best. This should be done by careful hands for, though corn is very tenacious of lite, if this operation is not done carefully the corn is checked in its growth. The stalks not wanted should be dug up by the roots. After weeding and thinning the corn is left to attain sufficie t size to " take the dirt ;" in the meantime should the ground be- come hard and baked, the cuff coulter may be used with great ad- vantage. The after cultivation consists in reversing the land ; two fur- rows are first thrown to the corn high enough to reach in the mid- dle and fall around the stalks, care being taken not to cover them up. After this two more furrows in like manner, then split out the middles when the corn is considered " laid by." This working should not be done rapidly,but as the corn needs soft earth for the extension of its roots, besides a fresh surface is favorable to the absorption of fertilizing gases and moisture and causes rapid growth. Even after the corn is "laid by" a working with the cul- tivator is of great service if the land becomes baked. It will be seen from the above that we prefer ridges and the use of the turning plow in the cultivation of corn. The soil absorbs in proportion to its surface and ridges furnish a wider area. They do not bake so easily as a flat surface, and drainage to the plant in early life, is more easily effected. The rain falling upon the earth isjquickly dissipated by the atmosphere which is the great storehouse from which moisture is obtained, and as large and as fresh a sur- face as possible should be presented for its action. The turning plow does not cut the roots of the plants if used as above ; the extension of the roots follows the plow, but, even when cut there is still a compensation, as the cut roots throw out a greater num- ber of points in search of food. The plow is by far the most effi- cient instrument for killing grass. All manures should be scat- tered near the surface ; if applied to the hill they should be made to cover as large a space as practicable or they will not exert their greatest efficacy, after the plant begins to send out its rootlets. The Prolific is the best corn for our use, it can be planted thicker, sjives a greater number of good ears to the stalk and yields more 280 THE SOUTHERN [June sound corn to the hill. The grain is white, hard and very free from rot. It is earlier than most of other kinds of white corn. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] TUCKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB. The April meeting of this club was held at "Linden," the resi- dence of J. A. Lynham. The farm was first inspected, and the owner commended for the general improvement apparent, as well as the promising condition of his clover, winter oats and wheat. After dinner a discussion arose as to the origin of the '-Norton seedling grape," which was elicited upon reading to the club, by Maj. Harvie, of the accompanying communication from Dr. Pal- mer. The view there taken of the origin of this grape was corn- batted and claimed to be incorrect by Dr=. Pollard, Beattie, Mr. Johnston and others, who expressed the sense of the club that while this communication was of an interesting character, it did not give the correct information as to the origin of that vine. Your reporter could not be present during the entire discussion add Dr. Pollard promises to furnish to your journal the theory entertained of the origin of this important grape. The May meeting of this club was held at "Sunnyside," the residence of Maj. Vaughan. The farm being first inspected, the crops and garden were declared to be in good condition. The wheat promising and the Irish potatoes particularly good. After dinner, the Committee on Constitution and by-laws reported, and their report unanimously adopted. The corn crop and its culture then engaging the attention of the club. Dr. Perkins, by request, read to the club some notes prepared by him on the subject of the "Cultivation of com," only. This essay was incomplete and in the form of notes to elaborate. But the club deemed the views given as of value as a practical treaties on this '"Cultivation, " and I herewith send the same to you. The necessity of proper distance to afford ventilation and the sun for this crop was discussed, and especial attention was called to the "thinning" and removing the suckers by the root. The two stalks in a hill where the land will admit of it, or two in every other hill, was recommended, particularly having in view a plen- tiful supply of the all important "pollen" was referred to by Dr. Beattie and others. The resolution offered by your reporter as to the improving and cleansing of our lands by the use of the black or "fallow pea," and as to the mode of seeding so as to produce the best results as a manure was adopted for discussion at our next meeting, and a committee consisting of Dr. Beattie, Dr. Perkins and J. A. Lyn- ham appointed to prepare an essay on that subject. We have frequent informal discussions as to the "Granges/' :h is fast increasing in popularity and interest with us. Yours ttc, Reporter. 18T4.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 231 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] TUCKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB— APRIL MEETING. The club assembled at the handsome residence of Mr. J. A. Lynham, where they were most hospitably and bountifully enter- tained. Among the proceedings of the meeting was the reading of a let- ter from Dr. Wm. P. Palmer on the origin of the "Norton seedling grape," which is here appended. * * After the reading of the letter Dr. Beattie remarked that he had examined carefully the fruit of the^vine at Gen. Johnston's, and was convinced that it was not the "Norton seedling grape." Dr. Pollard remarked that this grape was generally believed now not to be a seedling, but that it was a native of the county of Hanover, saying such was Gen. "W. H. Richardson's statement some time since to the club, the General asserting he had frequently seen the vine near Powhite, Hanover, from which the Norton seed- ling was propagated. In further confirmation of this, Dr. Pollard remarked that a grape was occasionally brought to the Second Market in Richmond, which was scarcely distinguishable from the cultivated Norton. A discussion then ensued on "Machinery in Farming." Several members agreed in the opinion that for machinery to be used to advantage on the farm, that it should be managed by skilled and experienced labor. Dr. Beattie spoke of "Thomas' smoothing harrow," which he used, and praised it very highly. Mr. Channing Robinson remarked that with eight cradlers he could do the work of any wheat reaper, and believed this the most economical plan of harvesting wheat. The corn planter was spoken of, but not commended, except on well prepared land and large farms. An incidental discussion then followed on corn culture. Dr. Beattie preferred the level culture. Dr. Crenshaw recommended the old system of mold board cul- ture, and said that the old Veteran Virginia Farmer, Hill Carter, preferred this to any other plan, and had discarded the shovel plow. Corn Culture was then adopted for next meeting. P. [For the Southern Planter and Fanner.] CUTTING, CURING AND STORING PIAYS. The time is at hand when such of our farmers as are fortunate enough to have meadows, either of clover or the more permanent grasses, will have the pleasant, yet laborious duty of cutting and storing the hay to attend to. Having had considerable experience in the management of hay, we give it for the benefit of such of our readers as are just attempting the management of their first crop. We are happy to say that there are very many individuals who though farmers of many years' standing, have never attempted THE SOUTHERN [June J raising of hay, -who this year have some to cut, and we con- sider it one of the surest, as it is one of the most potent evidences of improvement, that almost every farmer has a small patch at : of clover or grass. Clover should be cut as "soon as the earlier blooms begin to turn brown. If growing alone, and the crop is heavy and there is a great deal to cut in proportion to the available force, it is better commence earlier — say when the bloom is brightest. If it can be had, a mowing machine should always do the cutting. In point of economy it may be safely averred that a ton of heavy clover can be cut by a machine for about one third what it would cost to cut it with a sc \ the, and if the ground is in proper condition from one-eighth to one-sixth more hay will be obtained. The machine in cutting leaves the clover nicely scattered in the best possible condition for curing ; thus saving the immense amount of labor involved in scattering it and turning in the swathe when cut by hand. Clover should never be cat. when damp with dew or rain; and if this precaution is observed it will require very little time to fit it for storing. The machine should starrjjre o'clock A. M. if clear, and by '2 o'clock the rake may follow, jJutting the hay in windrows. If it continues fair and dry, and especially if a brisk breeze be stirring the grass cut one morning may be safely stored the next evening. The horse rake should be invariably used instead of the hand, and unless bad weather intervenes, or it is desirable to leave the • in the field tor several days it should not be put in cocks. In curing clover alone it is important to watch and turn it, or gather .it into windrows before the leaves become scorched by the sun. In very bright, still weather this will frequently occur in two or three hours after cutting. It is very important that no rain should fall upon clover after the process of curing has commenced, and to avoid this we have upon several occasions stored considerable quantities the same day it was cut. In cases of this kind we are careful to distribute the hay as evenly and lightly as possible over the entire mow and apply two quarts of air slaked lime and one q^fK-t of salt to each ton of grass, sowing it over it as evenly as ^ble. We have never lost any hay thus treated. Upon the con- e have usually found it sweeter, or at any rate more rel- ished by stock than any other. Clover hay should never be stacked out unless there is straw or -ong grass at hand to cover it and protect it from the weather. Some persons add considerably to the bulk of their clover hay by storing it in alternate layers of a foot or two in thickness. If this is done, the clover mav be put away quite green, the dry straw absorbing the surplus moisture and becoming impregnated with juices of the clover and being much more relished by cattle than when not so treated Immediately after the clover harvest comes that of timothy. .If this grass has been sown alone it will not be difficult to cure. " We usually let it lie twenty-four hours after cutting if the weather is favorable and then put in medium size cocks where it may remain several days or even longer before being hauled in. When ready to store or stack it, the cocks should be opened and the bottom 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 283 exposed to the sun an hoar or two. Pare timothy can be readily stacked to keep, but we prefer, when practicable, to put hay of every kind under shelter. It should always be remembered when cutting timothy that there is a small bulb formed upon the stalk an inch or two and sometimes even three inches above the surface, ■ which should not be cut, as it contains provisions for the next growth, and if cut off the entire plant will be very much weak- ened, if not killed. It is therefore best not to cut this grass so close as orchard grass or clover, may be cut with impunity. The best time to cut timothy, in our opinions, is directly it sheds the bloom, or when the larger part of the heads are in what wheat- growers call the dough. If intended for food for milch cows or young cattle or sheep, it is perhaps better to anticipate this period a few days, cutting when in full bloom. It, however, it is intended for food for horses it may even be riper still, many experienced horsemen preferring hay, the seed of which are mature, for feed- ing horses that labor. We confess our own experience is not by any means conclusive on this point, the condition in which the hay is saved making more difference than its degree of ripeness when cut. For all stock, except horses, intended for hard or fast work we prefer well cured clover hay to timothy, and the manure from one ton of clover is worth double as much as. from the same quantity of timothy, an item which should not be lost sight of in the econ- omy of the f3s;m. Especially when the growing of clover enriches the ground even when the entire crop is removed, while timothy is an exhausting crop. We have before remarked that it is best to store all hay under shelter if possible. There are several good reasons for this. In the first place, the loss from wet and spoiling stacks is frequently sufficient to pay for the necessary shedding, and another advantage which every practical farmer "and feeder will readily appreciate, is that you can store any quantity at a time from a load to a dozen loads. When stacking out farmers fre- quently lose an opportunity of having several loads, when the weather is threatening and there is danger of the stock being caught before finishing; this difficulty may be avoided to some extent by having at hand a large tarpaulin to throw over unfin- ished stacks in case of rain. Another advantage is that any quan- tity may be taken out for feeding purposes without leaving the rest* exposed. The sheds for the protection of hay need not be expen- sive. One sufficiently large to store thirty tons Ave had built for fifty dollars, expenses all told. With the assistance of the ordi- nary farm labor, it would cost even less than this. Good, strong "oak or cedar posts, four feet in the ground and sixteen feet above it, with a plain roof is all that is absolutely necessary. «ew old rails make a very good bottom to put hay upon, and a care will make the sides shed all the wet that beats in upon When hay is a specialty and largely made for market pur- poses a shed should be provided for baling for market purposes. Timothy is preferred to any other grass, and it may be permitted to ripen more thoroughly than when intended for home consump- tion. It sells equally as well and weighs heavier. 364 THE SOUTHERN AMERICAN MANURES AND FARMERS' AND PLANTERS' GUIDE. :nerican Chemist.) Comprising a Description of the Elements and Composition of Plants and Soils, the Theory and Practice of Composting, the Value of Stable Manure and Waste Products, etc., etc.*^ etc. Also Chemical Analysis of the Principal Manufactured Fertil- izers, their Assumed and Real Value, and a Full Expose of the Frauds Practiced Upon Purchasers. By James Bennet Chyno- Weth, late Superintendent of Baugh *fc Sons' Fertilizer Manufac- tories, Philadelphia and Chicago, and Wm. H. Bruckner, Ph. D., Analytical and Consulting Chemist. Philadelphia, Chvno- weth & Co., 1871. From the above specious title, the reader might suppose this book to have been written with a sincere desire to impart infor- mation to planters and farmers, and to instruct them in those essential principles of agricultural chemistry, which are so impor- tant in their application to the operations of the farm. A very different object, however, appears to have animated the authors. The first few chapters, indeed, seem intended to elucidate the chemical theories of manures and their effects, but the information thus conveyed, is totally devoid of originality, and meagre in the extreme ; aud serves merely as an introduction to the main part of the work, which consists of a violent attack on American commer- cial fertilizers as a class, in which individual manufacturers — some of them of eminent respectability — are fully aspersed, and the products, by imperfect and garbled analysis and are arrogant assumptions, are rated at prices far below their actual worth. . The methods of estimating the money value of commercial man- ures, are arbitrary in the extreme. No allowance is made for fluctuations in the price of raw materials, or for labor, for wear and tear of apparatus, or the many other sources of expense inci- dent to the business. Manufacturers have many just grounds of complaint at the summary way in which self-elected censors assume their product to be worth certain prices. Reasonable chemists, while using these valuations pimply for purposes of com- parison, admit that they are no real criteria as to their actual money value ; and agree that it is unjust to enforce such assump- tions. The authors of this book, with an effrontery which would be amusing, were it not offensive to good taste, reject the more liberal valuations of such eminent chemists as Avery, Stockhardt, Voelcker, Johnson and others, calling them "simply ridiculous/' and state they "shall proceed to estimate from a different 1 This "basis" seems to have been selected for the ex- of assailing well-known manures, and villifying reputable manu- facturers. By the "basis" thus arbitrarily as ^soluble phosphoric acid is declared to be worthless, and in the tables of analytical results of the fertilizers which the authors examined. the only ingredients to which anv value is assigned, are soluble phosphoric acid, ammonia [potential and actual] and potash. In this view of the case, the value o£ purcjground bone would be 1874.] PLANTER AXD FARMER. 285 estimated simply from its percentage of nitrogen, leaving the phosphoric acid wholly out of consideration, winch is a manifest injustice. As chemical analysis can merely estimate the quantity of insoluble phosphoric acid in fertilizers, without positively indi- cating its source, whether from bones, bone ash, or mineral phos- phates, it must be clear to any reasonable mind, that to make a sweeping assertion that it is entirely valueless, is an unwarranta- ble presumption. Moreover, the phosphoric acid which naturally exists in soils, invariably occurs in its insoluble form, in which condition it is available for plants. The opinion prevails among the most eminent agricultura chemists, that soil analysis are of no practical benefit to the farmer, except, perhaps, in certain instances where abnormal results are observed. The authors of this book, on the contrary, assume that soils should be analyzed, "so that the farmer may know the amount of fertilizing substances he has on hand. This would be analogous to taking an account of stock by the merchant or manufacturer, only it need not be done so often." They like- wise make the remarkable assertion that the price of farming lands should be rated by their composition ! This brilliant idea would introduce a new element into the business of buying and selling farms ; and in the event of its being accepted, the novel spectacle may be witnessed, of real estate agents appending analysis of soils t<> their descriptive advertisements of lands placed on their iegis- ters. The methods of analysis which the authors used in their exam- ination of fertilizers are crude and faulty ; and while they are open to grave objections on this score, they are exposed to the suspicion that more accurate results were not desired, as they would not, perhaps, have afforded the opportunity — apparently so earnestly relished — of indulging in the intemperate language they have employed. Honest criticisms may be severe, and yet be free from calumnty. When it degenerates into personal invective, it loses much of its force, and leads to suspicions that other motives than those professed, inspire the detractor. The authors of this book have attempted to produce a sensation by publishing a defamatory work, under the flimsy pretext of offering valuable advice to farmers. They have succeeded in at least a part of their endeavors by issuing a volume which renders them liable to pros- ecution for libel, and which cannot be read by any chemist with- out regret that one claiming to belong to the profession should assume the sponsorship of such a diatribe. MISTAKES IX WHEAT GROWING. Most farmers aspire to raise wheat. It is the great staple crop of the country. There is sure to be a market for it. A man feels prouder over a good yield of wheat than he does over any other farm product, without it be a fat Short-horn steer, of mammoth size, concerning which he can say that he both bred and fed it. But while most farmers have an ainb:tion to grow wheat, only here !86 THE SOUTHERN [Ju and there one really knows how to do it ; and there is, perhaps, no crop grown in the country, which so often disappoints the hopes of the husbandman. In the majority of cases, this is the result of mistakes which may be corrected and avoided. A very common mistake is that of supposing that any sort of land wili. grow wheat. There are adaptations of soil which ought to be carefully studied, so that each variety may be devoted to such purposes as best suit it. While most farm products have a faculty of accommodating themselves to circumstances, and wili grow after a fashion, anywhere, it will pay to make everything as favorable as possible to their best development. In selecting a piece of ground for wheat, the two extremes of light sand and stiff clay should be avoided, and a good strong loam chosen. A clay loam is better than a sandy loam. Province has given us abundance of the very best wheat land in the world, but there are soils not so well adapted for it, whereon other products should be cultivated. Why fight nature when it is easier and better to act in harmony with her provisions and laws ? Another and most grievous mistake is attempting to grow wheat on poor land, land that has been exhausted by hard cropping. To grow this grain to the best advantage, even a suitable soil requires to be in a state of fertility. There should be aduudant stores of both mineral and organic plant-food in it, and that too in an elab- orated state, readily availing for use. The soil should be mellow and well-pulverized, even the manures that are applied being reduced to the greatest possible fineness. This is best secured by letting it follow a root crop. In a well-managed rotation, the place of wheat is next after roots. Nothing so completely mel- lows land, and so fines down manure, as thorough culture of a root crop. In this way, too, the land is cleaned of weeds, an important pre-requisite lor wheat growing. The root crop is to be heavily manured. Both turnips and wheat will show the good effects of it. So also will the succeeding yield of grass, for wheat is an excellent plant for seeding down with, and as it should be preceded by roots, it should be followed by grass. Wheat is an exhaustive crop, the most so of any crop grown on the farm, and it is the height of folly to sow it on poor land. A large propor- tion of the disappointments connected with wheat culture may be traced to this cause. Insufficient preparation of the soil is a very common mistake in wheat growing. To obtain the best results, wheat ground should be well drained. It will not flourish on wet land. If there is stagnant water about the roots, the tissues of the plant become soft and watery, and though there may be a great show of straw, there will be but a small yield of grain. It tile-draining cannot be accomplished, the next best thing is to loosen the subsoil with a subsoil plow. Many farmers hardly know the name or use of this implement — the more's the pity. The subsoil plow follows :n the furrow made by the common plow, not making a second fur- vow, but loosening and tearing up the hard pan, so that it will be light and open, admitting air, and giving free passage to moisture., in exhalation upwards, and in drainage downwards. When land is snmmer-fallowed for wheat, every effort should be made by 874.] PLANTER AND FAEMEE. 287 repeated use of the harrow or cultivator, to destroy weeds and to keep the soil mellow and friable. It should be ploughed in May to the depth of about eight inches, and the subsoil plow run down six or eight inches deeper. During the summer, an occasional harrowing or cultivating should be resorted to as a means of erad- icating weeds. Then just before the time for sowing, the land should be re-ploughed with both common and subsoil plows. Let those who think this "over-doing it," fairly try the experiment of thorough cultivation and see whether the results do not prove that it pays. It is a mistake in wheat culture to bury the fertilizing material deeply in the ground. VTe have known great pains taken to do this, and the consequence has been sad disappointment. The wheat plant inclines to spread out its roots horizontally near the surface of the ground, and that is where it should find a supply of nutriment ready for use. If the food of the young plant is deeply buried, its roots must alter their natural course and strike downward instead of spreading abroad near the surface. This is, no doubt, one of the chief causes of winterkilling. The roots are torn and broken by the alternate processes of freezing and thawing. When the roots of the growing grain spread out hori- zontally near the surface, the expansion and contraction caused by freezing and thawing affect the whole plant, heaving it bodily and letting it settle altogether, whereas when the roots are obliged to strike dowu deeply in search of nutriment, the changes of weather are felt only by that portion of the plant which is near the surface. The lower portion of the plant remaining firmly imbedded in the ground, when the top soil undergoes upheaval, the obvious result is destruction to part of the roots and the con- sequent weakening of the plant. It is well known that the best crops of wheat are grown on new land. The trees have just been chopped down, burnt, and the ashes distributed over the surface of the ground. In addition to this fertilizing material, there is the leaf-mould, which contains an accumulation of choice plant food. It is impossible to plough the ground, because it is full of green, tough roots of trees. Hence the seed is "dragged in," i. e., harrowed with an imperfect surface scratching. The roots of the wheat plant can follow their natural inclination under such cir- cumstances, and spread out close to the surface of the soil which is richly stored with the best possible food. Have we not here plain proof that in order to successful wheat culture our fertili- zers must be distributed at or near the surface of the soil ? This is no argument for shallow ploughing. Stir the soil deeply, but let its treasures of plant food be near the top. Broad-cast sowing is a mistake made by nis.ny. Drill-sowing is more economical, saving seed by its more uniform distribution, and lessening the liability of the young plants to winter-kill. There is a better and more even distribution of light and heat} and freer circulation of air, — important considerations in connec . tiosa with the best welfare of the crop. It is not the least of the advantages of the drill-sowing, that a little concentrated manure may be applied in the drill, the influence of which will be felt in hastening forward and strengthening the young plants. THE SOUTHERN [June It is a mistake in wheat culture to sow inferior seed. Indeed this is very foolish in regard to any and every crop. Like begets like. Weakness and disease are propagated in the plant world, very much as they are transmitted from parent to child in the world of human beings. The greatest pains should be taken to procure the choicest seed that can possibly be had. It will pay a farmer who depends on his own growing of seed, to cull out the best portions of a field, when there is perceptible difference, and devote them to this important use. Indeed it is a wise policy to select the earliest and] finest heads, and from these grow seed. It is also well to obtain a chaDge of seed from time to time, as successive sowing in the same soil and climate, seems to induce more or less degeneracy. The farmer should never grudge a lit- tle extra outlay in the purchase of choice seed. Such outlay is pretty certain to be well rewarded. TTe have not enumerated all the mistakes that are made in wheat culture, but these will suffice for the present article, and others can be taken up hereafter. — Cincinnati Farmer. Horticultural Department. MULCHING, WATERING, AND PRUNING TREES! A recent article in the New York Sun presented the results of my experience in mulching and watering, in so much better form than I can give it myself, that I laid aside the paper with the intention of sending it to you, and requesting the republication of the article in question. But, having mislaid the paper, were it merely by way of penance for my neglect. I will offer my testi- mony for what it is worth. And I will state at the outset. I don't think I ever saved a tree by watering. Certainly. I have lost a good many which I watered assiduously. The Sun writer attributes this to the baking of the soil about the roots, and this seems the most satisfactory explanation. Yet I have sometimes kept the ground always moist, and still lost my trees. I suspect I commenced watering too late, and that the trees had already begun to decline, although it was not yet perceptible. Still, the effect must be to strengthen yet more the conclusion against watering at the root. On the other hand, with mulching there is no such word as fail. I have transplanted small trees in full leaf successfully, by remov- ing most of the branches and foliage, watering when planted, mulching, and then moistening the mulch, and the top of the tree tonally. An occasional sprinkling of the boughs and body 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 289 of young trees daring dry spells in spring has the happiest effect in starting the sap and buds. A few years ago I planted fifty apple trees in March, and tested the comparative advantages of mulching and cultivation. "With the most thorough cultivation and high manuring I secured, on a portion of the trees, a growth of from one to two feet. The re- maining trees, planted in a lot sown in qflts, moderately manured, well mulched, and left undisturbed throughout the year, grew from two to four feet, and are ahead to this day. Trees are oftener pruned too much than too little. Low heads suit the intense heats of our summers. Peach trees may be cut down to the ground, and grown some- what like shrubs, with from three to five stems. By this method you will have no splitting off of overloaded branches ; you can cultivate close to the tree ; you escape the evil of a scaly, hide- bound, sun-baked trunk, and you may, from time to time, cut away one or more old stems, and have them replaced by new and vio-,> rous ones, as in a rose bush. Try this plan on a few trees, and you will be likely to keep it up. Of course it is not every tree that admits of it, but simply the youngest. Another advantage— it greatly facilitates the gathering of the fruit. L. Richmond, April :20th. 1874. Majob John 13. Hakvie, Jr. : Dear Sir — 1 promised to give you the account I have fre- quently heard from my late fathers lips (Mr. Charles Palmer) of the origin of what is known as the "Xorton Seedling Grape-vine." It is as follows : Soon after Mr. Monroe's return from France, lie occupied the house on Franklin street, now owned by Mrs. Bayly. "While living there, he made a gift to my aunt, Mrs. Price, of a Burgundy grape-vine root, which she planted in the garden of the residence now owned and occupied by Gen'l Bradley T. Johnson. From early childhood I recollect that vine. At one time it was very large, growing from two canes as large as a man's arm, and never failed to bear profusely. It was often broken down, and was once burnt down almost entirely. But it was never killed : it seemed to have more than "nine lives." When the propertv passed from my hands into those of Gen'l Johnson, I told him the history of this vine ; whereupon he at once took steps to perpetuate it. And now he has it supported upon an arbor, having first trimmed out all the old dead wood. I have often heard my father say that Dr. Norton got from this vine the grafts which he used upon the wild native vine of this State in the neighborhood of Richmond, and which originated the •• Norton Seedling." This fact I hear is also known to Mr. 290 THE SOUTHERN J" June Jessee Willams, the father of Air. A. D. Williams of the firm of Grubbs it "Williams. Whether it be true or not — the charac- teristics of the two varieties of fruit, viz : the fruit of the old vine and that of the ''Norton Seedling" are very much alike, so much so. that it is almost impossible to distinguish the one from the other. They bear alike, they ripen alike, they taste alike, thev arc hardy alike — cannot be propagated except from die root : flourish in rich, moist spots : produce a dark, slightly astringent juice or wine, cannot recommend as a table grape, but now con- sidered the safest for wine. I give you this statement, as I have often heard it, but of course cannot vouch for its accuracy. It is well worth further investigation. It is enough to say. that the aid vine to which I refer has been where it now flourishes for more than sixty years, and is now a "merry old plant." Very respectfully and truly yours, Wm. P. Palmes. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] PEAR CULTURE FOP PPOFIT. A very practical work with above title has just been issued by Orange Judd cv: Co., of New York. A former edition of the same work was published some years ago by the Tribune associa- tion we believe, and the author, General P. T. Quinn, of New Jersey, has revised and added to it, and it now comes out under the care of this great agricultural publishing house. The author is perhaps as thoroughly competent as any one man in the country to write such a book. For many years a practical cultivator of the pear, and withal a thorough-going fruit-raiser, he deals only in facts and experience. The book before us contains very little theory : and while we do not agree with the author in many par- ticulars, we cannot but commend the plain, common-sense manw iu which he treats his subject; so different from many writers who seek to bewilder rather than inform, and who advise so many and such heavy out-lays of money and labor as absolutely neces- sary to success in pear culture that most ordinary farmers are deterred from engaging in it. Air. Quinn is decidedly opposed to the planting of dwarf pears, except one variety— the l)ucF Here we think him wrong. It is true that there are comparatively few varieties which do well as dwarfs, if kept so: but by planting the point of union between the pear and quince three or four inches below the surface the pear stock will soon throw out roots and become a standard, to all intents and purposes, retaining at the same time all the advantages of the dwarf — early bearing and productiveness. Though not an extensive grower, we have had an experience dating back to '61 ; and we are now planting a young pear orchard of 1000 trees, one-half of which will be 1874J PLANTER AND FARMER, 291 dwarfs. Our reasons for this are simply these: The original cost of the trees is about one-half for dwarfs what standards cost— the one s25 per hundred, the other $50. Secondly, in transplanting dwarfs are much less liable to die than standards. and are not so much checked in their growth. Thirdly, the dwarfs will bear at least two years earlier than the standard, aud even a half-peck of first-class fruit from each of 500 trees will bring a considerable sum for a poor man. Fourthly, by planting the trees deeply the pear stock will soon take root, and at the end of ten years our orchards will all be standards. Mr. Quinn recommends very few varieties of pears, and we are disposed to agree with him in every particular on this subject. There is a great disposition among tree planters to multiply vari- eties upon their grounds; and the result is the planting of many that are utterly worthless, and having so few ripening at a time that they will not pay to take to market. We wish we had space to copy whole chapters of this work for the benefit of our readers, especially those upon planting, ma- nuring, pruning, &c. As the season for planting approaches, however, we will try and make such extracts as we deem of most general practical interest. Every man. however, who pretends to raise fruit — especially rears — should have the book itself. Asso. Editor. Stock Department. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE BEST BREED OF CATTLE FOR VIRGINIA. Editors Southern Planter and Farmer: The raising of cattle has now become a source of profit in many sections to a great exteaiVand^ it becomes a matter of great prac- tical importance to our farmers to select the breed best adapted to the. locality in which they reside. The question is asked every day, Which is the best breed, and where the best crosses? The time lias passed away when the intelligent practical farmer will be willing to put his cows to a ■"scrub" of a bull simply be- cause his services can be had gratis. The calf of a blooded bull is worth more for any purpose than one from a " scrub.'' Blood has a money value which will be appreciated. I think the best breed of cattle for Piedmont and Eastern Virginia is the Devon crossed on our native stock; they will give more and richer milk. and will make better beef than any other stock that II know of, and at the same time they are herdy and will make the quickest and best work-oxen in the world. Thev will winter on one-third 292 THE SOUTHERN [June less than the short-horn or Alderny. Stock raisers should more judgment in selecting such heifer calves as are to be reared. Select those whose mothers are good milkers and wi. - have come from good milking stock : at the same time the calf should have those characteristics that indicate an aptitude to de- velope good milking qualities — viz: small fine head, rather long in muzzle, bright eyes, thin tapering neck, small well-shaped legs, long body, large hind quarters. i, fine hair, the milk-mirror or udder-veins should be large and well developed. The raising of bull-calves f< :>r breeders had better be left to those who have time and means to devote to it. But there is no reason why a portion of the male calves at least should not be reared as bullocks, either for team or butcher: and it is important that such as are reared for this purpose should .-ertain points indicative of future excellence — viz: well-shaped head, small ears, short thick neck, deep brisket, broad chest and shoulders, fine bone, lung body, -well rounded behind the shoulder, straight back, wide loins, full fluajter^tail thin and tapering, skin soft and not too thin. It ist«oV)i*enr4l5e feis6 H|at^Miiiqal&are selected for breeding from their being of £ pretty cofo% * ^vot nnfrequently valuable calves are fatteae^fqr veals sifhpTy because their color is unplea- sant to1 the\4ye^^Tnje\ ^t^RppSjpach of wring suggests many questions of importance in regard to tlTe care of stock, to get them to summer in such a condition that none of the years' growth will be lost. Cows that come in at this season of the year need special care, or they will not yield through the season the expected profits. Food amounting in nutritive qualities to an equivalent of milk secreted must be given, or there will be a draft upon the system, reducing flesh and strength, and so checking the constitution that full recovery will not be made during the entire season. Ground feed, or vegetables with plenty of pure water, are indispensable. Cold storm of rain and sleet are not uncommon near the opening of spring — at a time when feed is likely to become reduced in quantity. The sheds and other buildings must not be allowed to get ont of repair: for stock may be so much reduced in flesh, that they cannot endure these severe seasons without sacrifice. Good cows have three important qualities — viz: They give rich milk, yield it in large quantities, and hold out well through the year. It is not the quantity given, but the quantity profitably given, which determines the value of a cow: a good milker does not, in my judgment, constitute a good cow; neither does a _ breeder, nor a good feeder: it is the three qualities combined that make the cow. Cows of extraordinary milking properties art- found as often among grades as among thorough-bred animals. The greatest milker that I have ever known is a grade D She will yield four gallons of excellent milk at a milking, namely, e a day. making an aggregate of eiirht gallons per day. C. 1S74.J PLANTER AND FARMER, 293 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] DOG TAX, SHEEP RAISING, &c. The relationship th-at has existed between the man and dog creation from a veryremote period, is a peculiar one. " Love rue, love my dog," is a phrase we are all acquainted with, and many of us, perhaps, have witnessed a fight or two between men about their dogs. We find also, by reference to the Old Testament, that the Israelites were prohibited by special enactment from making dogs a matter of commerce. A good dog, "whether he be kept specially for the chase or sport, in the fields or only as a yard clog, is a valuable animal, and it is just here that the jyeculiarity of his position towards man is most striking, or is it man's position towards the dog? While we are willing to quarrel about them, nay, sometimes actually fight about them, yet we permit them to roam about the country at will, absolutely without protection so far as the law is concerned, and scarcely regarding the improvement of their species at all. And in the meantime an interest of high importance to the whole country suffers severely from the no-laio system of dogs. I refer to sheep-raising, which is entirely prohibited in some sec- tions, and carried on in others with the profits arising from that lucrative and i?nportant branch of industry sadly diminished by the loose morals of the neighborhood dogs. Especially is this the case around our cities and towns and villages, where, on the smaller but richer and better provided farms, those larger and finer breeds of sheep are most likely to obtain a foot-hold — from thence to be distributed among our flocks in the mountains and on the plains beyond us. But this will never be the case as long as our people suffer the dogs to kill the sheep with impunity, and the best remed}" is a tax per capita, say of 25, 50 or §1.00 for the first dog, double the tax for the second, and $5.00 for each dog- more than two kept on one farm or lot; for females, double the tax on males. Then require their owners to muzzle them securely against damage to persons and property, and that they shall be kept muzzled or confined at all times, and I think we will have the dog matter safely and satisfactorily arranged for the good of the dogs, as well as their owners ; and the difficulty (so far as they are concerned, at least,) about raising sheep removed. The money arising from this tax on dogs I would appropriate ro extending our school facilities or improving our county roads. <>r both, as the revenue from this sonrce would probably be suffi- cient. I have seen much opposition offered by the people to the feeble efforts of our legislators hitherto made for taxing dogs; but I believe it was the spirit animating those who favored the plan, or at least their manner of presenting it, rather than any well-con- 204 THE SOUTHERN [June sidered reason on* the part of the people for opposing, which caused its failure : just as we see people opposiug the law requiring them to fence in their cattle from the highways and their neighbors" crops. This, as well as the dog tax v\ hich we may yet hope to obtain from our Legislature as something at least in the line of u value received*' for the enormous cost of their ''sitting," are both innovations on a time-honored custom, which in the days gone by I am told made law, and will be opposed just as the introduction of labor-saving machinery was, and upon very like grounds. The man who attempts to argue in favor of allowing cattle to run at large by law, argues at the same time in favor of the proposition that an indifferent cow or hog is letter than a good one, which is simply ridiculous ; and he who opposes taxing dogs for the pur- poses named, surely holds that his dogs are more important than the education of his children and improved highways, or confesses to the sin of feeding away bread from the months of hungry women and children to a parcel of worthless dogs, not worth paying taxes on. No, Mr. Editor, I feel assured that a wholesome law passed by our Legislature taxing dogs, and protecting them from being harmed by others or each other, and preventing their doing harm to people and property, would be hailed with delight by all ; and those aspirants for higher places may vote for such a law with perfect impunity ; there need be no fear of its detracting from their majority for Congress, Governor, or President of the United States, or what is better, a great railroad corporation monopoly a single vote. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] BEES. J/c-^;v. Ed'd<>,:>: As you have published various articles on the subject of bees from my pen year before last, and I now have frequent letters asking why I do not continue to write for your journal, I thought I would ran off a short article. I the past month moved my family to the city of Richmond, and with them brought ten swarms of bees in Triumph and American hives, fearing to bring more. • I left twenty-two swarms with the tenant on the farm I moved from, and placed ten swarms on another farm about four miles from town, which is all the bees I have left after having sold off near twenty swarms this spring at prices ranging from -$7 to $16 for swarm and hive and honey in the hive, the prices varying according to the kind of hive and bee. I sold to one Lrentleman over $f>0 worth. So yonr readers 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 295 can see there is money in raising- bees if yon throw away the honey; but I consider the honey far the most profitable part of the business, if it is properly attended to. Having these ten hives of bees in the city I propose reporting, from time to time, their history as to number of swarms and yield of honey; for 1 am inclined to think bees on a large scale in a city uncertain, although I must say they have commenced un- usually well; for I have already (May 9th) had seven Italian swarms from the eight Italian swarms I brought in — as follows : April 22d, one Italian swarm ; April 27th, two swarms ; May 1st, one swarm; May 7th, one; and May 9th, two; which is very good for eight hives so early in the season, when last vear I did not have the first swarm until May 1st ; and in 1872 my first natural swarm was not thrown off until May 13th. My two apiaries in the country have also had a number of Italian swarms already, while none of my black or common bees have yet thrown off a swarm; so it proves conclusively, from three years' experi- ence, that the Italian bee throws off earlier swarms than the common bee, which is another advautage the Italian bee has over the common bee ; and my experience is, they gather much more honey, and protect themselves much better from moth-worm, and they are a much handsomer bee to look at, with their golden bands, as well as being much more docile, or not so much inclined to make an attack when you pass amongst the hives or open them to extract the honey, or otherwise manipulate with them. Thev also do not so quickly leave a sheet of comb when you lift a frame of comb or young brood from the hive. The queen being of a golden or leather color, is much easier found. I am now, after over three years' trial of some ten or twelve different kinds of hive, using the Triumph hive, and a modifica- tion of it and the Simplicity hive. The frames in the hive I am using most are deeper than either the Triumph or the Simplicity, but the same length on top as the Triumph; and without division boards or surplus boxes I can sell them for three dollars and fifty cents each, which makes them a very cheap hive. The Simplicity hive, with thirteen frames and without bottom or surplus boxes. 1 can sell for three dollars each. This last named hive is so made that the top of one hive will answer for the bottom or the top of any other hive of the Simplicity pattern ; and when one hive is full you simply set another hive either over the full one or under it, as your judgment may decide best; and if the swarm is very large and gathering much honey, you may set three or more of these hives one over the other, and the bees will work in all. In that way I think it is an advantage to have no fixed bottom or top. I find, by experience, a little quilt to fit the hive nicely over the top of the frames is a great convenience, and much to be pre- ferred to a plank or wooden honey-board ; for when you cover up he bees you do not kill any, as a wooden honey-board would, and t lets the dampness evaporate, yet it is sufficiently warm for 296 THE SOUTHERN [June winter or summer. With Triumph hive you can ventilate the hive as thoroughly as you desire. This communication is somewhat scattering, but it replies to numerous letters of inquiry, and will save me some letter- writing. I must close for the present, with best wishes for the success of your journal. Respectfully yours, May 11th, IS U. W. R. Polk. Correspondence [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] MAY NUMBER OF THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AN1> FARMER. Before resuming our review we wish to say that the May num- ber of the Planter we consider to be an excellent one. If some Southern farmer were to find in a Northern agricultural journal the same amount of valuable, practical matter, with the plates and embelishments which usually accompany these journals, we believe he would pronounce this Northern periodical one of the best (if not the best) farmers' paper in the whole country. The writer takes and reads several Northern agricultural journals, and is conscious that he derives more useful information from the Southern Planter than from any or all of them. We believe- it literally true that every farmer in Virginia should take the Southern Planter. What is $1.50 in comparison with the in- formation he would obtain by reading it '. This much we feel to be due to one Virginia journal, and i& said by one who has no pecuniary or other interest in it. except to see merit rewarded and Southern enterprise successful. What is said in these reviews is paid for in no manner or form, the writer only desiring to add his mite in building up and sustaining a valuable Southern agricultural journal. The first article in the May number puts forward the encourag- ing belief that agriculture in Virginia is decidedly improving, and expresses the opinion that Northern farmers who come to the the State fail of their expected success because their soil, climate, and system of labor are totally different from that they meet with here. We suspect this is true. But the Northern man, the writer ays, is far ahead of us in system. This is very manifest, and this >ystem which is not characteristic of the Southern farmer is all important. We have been often struck with the want of system on our Southern farms in the one particular of not having "a place for every thing, and every thing in its place." How often* 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 297 do we hear the saying of "where this thing or that thing is;'' and much valuable time is lost in hunting up things which are kept in no particular place. The " Virginia Water Line," which if completed would be one of the greatest works of the age, and the most important work of > internal improvement on the continent, is destined still to wait for aid by the general government, and for the present " hope is deferred." If this great canal were to wash Northern territory an appropriation would not long be doubtful. " Mixed Farming " and the cultivation of grasses is again very properly urged upon our farmers. The cultivation of grasses and the pea-fallow are all important to Virginia farmers in improving their lands. " The Currency" contains some interesting statistics, and shows how far we are behind most other nations in the amount of cur- rency per capita, and is an argument in favor of increase of our currenc}*, or " inflation," as the opponents call it. The paper contains many other practical statements, is quite detailed and perspicuous, and needs no analysis at our hands. In " Notes for the Month" the writer says he would prefer to plough his laud the first time at least "three loeelts before planting." This depends on the soil. In heavy clay lands we prefer to plough four or five months, or the fall before planting. This gives oppor- tunity for the freezes to pulverize and make friable the soil, and, besides, expedites labor and enables the farmer to be beforehand, or in time, in the spring. The mode of cultivation is touched on, and the harrow after the corn is up, and then the cultivator or coalter is advised. Mr. Hill Carter, a standard authority in farm- ing in Virginia, prefers the old system — the culture with the mould-board. It is the best system for killing the grass, and we doubt if any system will ever be desired for cultivation of corn better than this. On the cultivation of tobacco we are not pre- pared to speak, not being a raiser of " the weed." The proceedings of the " Monaskon Farmers' Club" contain a practical article on sheep, and there we have a debate on the old question of " Dog vs. Sheep." We suppose as long as the owners of dogs can give more votes than the owners of sheep we shall have no tax on dogs and no abatement of this great evil. The " King George Farmers' Club " take up the old cry of "Dogs vs. Sheep," and Mr. Fielding Lewis reports twenty-one sheep killed by dogs in four nights, and the killing of the curs — some satisfaction, but no pay for the lost sheep. In the " Use of Straw " we are advised to apply it at once to the poorer portions of our lands. Good advice ; but as much as is needed to keep the farmers' animals clean and comfortable, and to absorb the liquid manure, should be used in the stables and farm pens. " Protective Legislation Against Frauds in Fertilizers " has •very little point or practical suggestion in it. Legislation to this 208 THE SOUTHERN [June end in this country lias not been efficient. So states Hon. Fred. Watts, commissioner agriculture, and so we believe. But if the State was willing to incur the necessary expense much might be accomplished. To make the plan available to the farmer it would be necessary to have not only one " State chemist/' but many chemists distributed through the State at different points. One chemist could not do a tithe of the work necessary ; and besides, chemists should be situated in the different portions of the State, that the farmers might apply in person to them. Probably one for each Congressional district might suffice. We believe that Congress should make the appropriation for this purpose, on con- dition perhaps that the farmers' clubs and granges should aid in defraying the expenses. Agriculture being the great interest of the country, and constitutional difficulties being not much re- garded in modern times, we see no objection to the plan — a plan somewhat similar to that used in Germany. In aid of this plan perhaps it miglit be well to charge each farmer who applies to the chemist for analysis a small fee. This, too, would prevent useless applications to the chemist. "On the Proper Method of presenting Phosphoric Materials to the Soil," the question having arisen as to whether it was not better to use these materials in a finely ground state than dissolved by sulphuric acid, the testimony of Dr. Voelcker and M. Ville in favor of the use of the acid is adduced. Next comes a very interesting letter (rather too long, however,; from Geo. C. Gilmer, of Albemarle, commending Virginia and his county to settlers. It is in reply to numerous inquiries on this point, and like this gentleman's other communications, is well and pleasantly written. " Deep vs. Shallow Ploughing" contains a long extract from the '" Ogden Farm Papers" on "this subject. It appears to us the solution of tins' question is found in the variety of soils and the use of the sub-soil plough, which in common parlance "splits the difference." The latter gives us a deep soil, without any danger of upturning a bad sub-soil. Of the propriety of deep ploughing on land with a good red clay sub soil, no one doubts, after ex- aming the effect of throwing down the batteries near the city and cultivating them. This has been done in some cases next the river, and on these levelled batteries are found the best clover, wheat, &c, though the sub-soil is alone on the surface, and the super-soil varied. The writer of "Agriculture" gives us some good advice — viz: touse green manures (clover and peas), and lime and plaster. If this advice was followed there is no doubt that we should in a few years see decided improvement in the lands of Virginia — much more rapid than we shall ever see by the use of " commer- cial fertilizers." Next we have some experiments on deep and shallow planting. The season of the year, and the dryness or wet of the weather 18I4.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 299 prevailing, lias much to do in settling this question. The writers experiments favor shallow planting. The authority of William Thomas Meehan is adduced in the article on "Manuring Vines and Trees" in favor of using the manure in midsummer. The writer of "What Stock Will Suit Us Best" advocates " sheep," and adduces some strong arguments in their favor. The trial of "goats" as a stock for farmers to raise is recommended. They will live on less than sheep or any other stock. Their hides are worth always $1 a piece, the young kid is very eatable, the milk is good and nutricious, particularly for infants ; and butter is by some made of the milk. They propagate very rapidly, are not attacked by dogs, and we think the farmers should give them a trial as a farm stock. The cashmere goat should un- doubtedly be further tried in Virginia. The writer says they yield a fleece weighing from three to eight pounds, which sells in New York for $1 to $1.50 per pound. Then we have an article on "Dogs vs. Sheep" again. This time from the pen of Mr. Geo. C. Gilmer, who not only discusses this subject, but. " Quibusdam alus" Can't the "granges" stretch out their briarian arms and help the farmers in this matter? But the trouble is, that every where the dogs outvote the sheep. Then again we have more on this subject from F. G. Ruffin, with his plan of killing dogs, and his statement that sheep may be profitably raised in spite of the dogs ; and that the casualties from the dogs is not greater than crops sustain by bad seasons, &c. But then to this must be added the diseases which sometimes pervade flocks of sheep, and the loss occasionally by rogues. " Shepherd " wishes to know a remedy .for killing ticks on sheep, and is informed that decoction of tobacco will do it. This may sometimes kill the sheep. We do not know it will, but we knew a cow once killed by it. The best remedy for insects of all kinds on animals is mercury in some form — mercurial oint- ment, or ointment of red precipitate ; the latter is particularly efficacious for lice on hogs. An article from Mr. R. P. Graves shows the profit of sheep raising. If the dogs could be gotten rid of there is no doubt that the business of sheep raising will increase yearly, and ultimately become a great interest in Virginia. Then follows " How to Succeed With Poultry," from the stand- ard author on this subject, Tegetmeir. An}r thing practical on poultry is always important to the farmer ; and we are convinced that the farmers are not paying the attention to this subject that it deserves. Next we notice " Your Reviewer." "Henrico" seems in bad humor with " Reviewer," and appears to take counsel rather from a captious disposition than from reason. Why " Reviewer's" ob- jections to the " Granges," honestly entertained and plainly stated, should be called "covert," is hard to conjecture. Is it a "covert 300 THE SOUTHERN [June attack," because at the same time it is hoped and believed that the order will do good I Then one conscious that a friend or other person may have some defects may not wish him success in life. ;: Henrico'* seems no believer in the line " "With all thy faults 1 love thee still." The order must indeed be immaculate and in- fallible if one may not in a journal, where its claims are brought forward for popular approval, state objections honestly entertained by himself, and he knows many others, without having imputed to him insincerity and conceit. "Reviewer" sincerely hoped and believed the order would do good (for whatever benefits the farmer will benefit " Reviewer " as one of them), and has not made up his mind that he will never become a member of the Granges. The secresy feature he could surmount ; he is not certain he can the other. What is meant by bringing our wives into the "public- arena" any 'reader can easily understand, though, the mixing of females with the rougher sex in their meetings may not be as '; public arena " as some others, and the expression may not be literally that. It is to be hoped that the order will put forward more politic and fairer-minded defenders of their principles than " Henrico," if they wish to gain adherents to their cause. Other articles deserve comment, but we fear we have already consumed too much space in the Plaxtee. Reviewer. Eratem ix last xeaebee of Review. — In commenting on Mr. Price's article, for "mortified" patient, read "moribund:'' [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] AMELIA PLANTATION OBSERVATIONS— THE TEN- DENCY TO RUN EVERYTHING AGROUND. Whether consciously or unconsciously, there exists a universal tendency to run every new idea to death. "When men get a new idea and successfully reduce it to practice, it becomes their uni- versal panacea, and they seem oblivious to all other causes that have been and continue to operate. Thus a class of writers now see the plowing under of green crops, especially of clover, as the all-sufficient remedy and restorer of worn-out lands. Now that clover is a great and valuable improver and one of the cheapest we possess, I have no doubt at all. But it does not follow that therefore it will effectually restore fertility to every elas> of soil. In some cases, where the soluble organic elements of plant life are all that the soil needs to perfectly balance its elementary constituents, it may — and does frequently — prove the all-sufficient remedy. But we must not forget that the fertility of a & il results from the equilibrium or balance of each of the constituent elements of plant life in the soil; and though it may have either of the most valuable soluble elements of plant life in great excess, unless the inorganic or mineral constituents of plants exist in proportionate quantities, the soil cannot be fertile or productive. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 301 When, for instance, General Lee fell back from Petersburg he ordered quite a considerable magazine of ammunition to be ex- ploded about a quarter of a mile from our Court-house, and large quantities that remained unexplored had the out-casing of the cartridges destroyed by the weather, and the nitre or nitrogen of the powder washed by the rains into the soil. The result is that the place has been ever since perfectly barren, like a perfect waste; and yet there can be no doubt that that soil is excessively surcharged with nitrogen. Six years ago I seeded my wheat land to clover. I had sowed on some portions of my wheat 400 lbs. of Boston Milling Co.'s bone flour, and six bushels of salt to the acre, and on other portions I mixed 200 lbs. of the bone flour with 200 lbs. of soluble Pacific guano. Of course I had an elegant plant of clover. The second season the clover was not used or cut till late in the fall, and left on the land, when 200 lbs. of plaster was sowed and the land rolled, the clover remaining on the surface as a mulch. I then sold the place and removed from the county, and cannot say what have been the subsequent crops, only I learn that the land has been seeded to clover since, and a clover soil was fallowed for wheat last fall. Upon the theoiy of our friends the wheat ought to be first-rate and the land highly improved, which is not the fact; fur the wheat is very sorry, and there is very little clover making its appearance. Professor Ville's is undoubtedly the true theory — namely, take pains in choosing and marking out carefully plots of equal size and quality of soil in the field, treat the whole precisely the same as far as cultivation is concerned, then sow equal quantities of the specific elements of commercial fertilizers separately on each plot by themselves. On others sow them combinedly — -that is to say, two of the separate elements on one plot, three on another, and so on until all the variations necessary to make the test com- plete is made, treat all with perfect equality in subsequent culti- vation, and thus learn practically what each field needs. Do not forget that soils are very diverse in their constituents, and what may be true of one is not true of another. Be. impressed with the inexorable truth that there is not and cannot be any universal specific for lack of fertility. Do not let us be like the dupes of quack-medicine venders in believing their representations that their medicines meet every case. We must be patient, persevering and persistent first in learning the character of the disease of our soils, then we may intelligently apply the remedy at comparatively a small cost, and I feel assured we may be practical and successful physicians, bringing our soils up to as high a state of cultivation as any in the country, if, instead of relying upon one thing as a specific, we, by small and inexpensive tests, as advised above, first determine what we need, and act accordingly. G. B. S. THE SOUTHERN [June [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 1 notice the " Reviewer" of the March number of the Planter and I '.links the rearing of poultry as a farm product. is nor profitable, and gives as his reasons, so many dying with cholera. I would like to give " Reviewer"' a little of my experience, and hope I may he able to convince him he is wrong ; and that poul- try as a farm product, or the poultry business alone, will pay and ay handsomely. There is a preventative if not a cure for this terrible disease of chicken hood, and if strictly adhered to will save the lives of thousands of tine fowls. w for the preventative. The first and most important is cleanliness : keep every coop, roost) run. etc.. scrupulously clean : use as disinfectants carbolic acid, lime, copperas, or any other which may be convenient (I prefer the acid (; dust the bottom of every sitting-hen's nest well with finely-powdered sulphur (the stick- sulphur or brimstone is strongest and best) ; keep the drinking- troughs well supplied with pure fresh water, with a piece of assaf<:etida as large as an hickory-nnt in the bottom of the trough : and to keep it (the assafoetida) from being misplaced, tie it in a piece of cloth and tack it to the trough : this will last a good long while ; give the fowls plenty of good sound grain (corn the best) twice a day. morning and evening: pepper dough once a week; and give yourself no uneasine- as t the health of your fo I myself have lost numbers of fine fowls, and all for the want of necessary attention. Since adoptiug the above plan my fowls are always healthy, while I hear of those around me losing them ins and twenties. I believe there has as yet no remedy been found for this terri- ble d: it there is certainly a preventative, and I need no I etter ; i x>£ of the assertion than the health of my fowls. Let who discredit this statement give it a trial, and I am certain they will be convinced that poultry as a farm product will pay: and that the poultry business exclusively can be made a source of great pi fit and wealth. Clifton Hill, Caroline county. Ya. W. T. B. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] Mr. Ld'r At this writing (30th May), the weather is cmite cool ; nearly cold enough for frost last night. The oat crop on the low lands of the Cape Fear is almost an entire failure, owing tu so many freshets late in the spring. Owing to the continuous cool nights and heavy rains, the stand of corn is bad ; much to be planted over yet. The cotton crop in this section will fall far behind last year. K I near as many acres planted : but little guano used, and the Q for planting is near three weeks later than common. Fer- tilizers did not pay us last year, and many farmers have decided H use any more. Dse compost and barn-yard manure: it is 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 303 the only safe plan. Laborers are in great demand, and farmers are offering fair prices. Will write you again as the season fur- ther advances. Duffie. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] Editor Planter and Farmer: Dear Sir — In my former letter to you I promised at some future time to tell about a crop of roots 1 grew last year ; not that there was anything extraordinary about it, but being experimental, as far as this county is concerned, I thought it would be well to let my brothel* farmers kflow through the medium of your admirable publication the way the work was done, and the results as far as I can tell. The way in which the land was prepared and the crop culti- vated is but a modification to suit circumstances of the system of root growing commonly pursued in the British Islands. I com- menced in the spring plowing a piece of bottom land out stubble with three mules abreast to a 11-ineh cast-steel plow, following in the same furrow with a 10-inch Dixie plow drawn by two stout mules, throwing about 8 inches with the first and 3 or 1 inches with the second plow, thus loosening the soil to 11 or 12 inches depth on the land side of the plow ; and I may as well remark here that had the stubble been very shallow plowed and harrowed early in the fall, that the seeds of weeds might sprout, and afterwards been double plowed just before winter, it would have left the land cleaner, and probably in better condition other- wise for bearing a first-rate crop. I had the ground harrowed, and drills made by throwing two furrows together something like the old-fashioned corn rows, in vogue here yet, but much closer — say 3 feet 3 inches apart from top to top— and it is not practicable to work much closer unless the ground is very well prepared, and the after tilling done by a well-skilled hand — just such a thorough, pains-taking fellow as Mr. George Geddes takes occasion to sneer at in a recent number of the New York Tribune. The furrows, as opened, were filled with well-rotted manure ; and on part where I planted early -rose potatoes — say § of an acre — the sets were dropped 12 or 11 inches apart along the rows under the manure ; the drills were then split with a two-horse Dixie plow, the same I used to open them, thus leaving a ridge where there had been a furrow. The drills where I sowed mangels and carrots — say about 2-| acres— were then rolled flat on top, and a little furrow made straight along the top with the handle of a fork; the seeds were sown and covered up immediately, the weather being dry ; there was a little guano sown with the seed on the tops of the drill. After the plants had come up well, I sent the best hand with the gentlest mule to plow between the rows; the slight hollow left was a good "alley" for them to walk in, and I had put a revolving coulter and a small 304 THE SOUTHERN [June mouldboard on a one-horse Dixie plow: the former severed the ground and grass roots with a downward cut, and at the same time hindered all clods from rolling on the young plants, thus allowing the plow to run with the land side much closer to the plants than would be otherwise practicable ; the broad hoe was then used, cutting the bone of the drill through, and leaving but little tufts of mangels; every 12 to 16 inches along these were then singled out by hand ; they were hoed twice in the course of the season, and when large had a little earth thrown against them. All grew well until the extreme hot weather, which seemed to check their growing a little; then the striped potato-beetle eat the leaves of the mangold-wurzel. After the rains began to fall again in the latter half of August they regained their leaves, and the carrots got new tops, all growing off finely until frost in No- vember, when they were harvested by cutting off the tops with a sharp hoe. and carting to a pile pointed at top, and cover it with straw during the winter; they were fed to milch-cows and fatten ing hogs, and the white Belgian carrots to horses: the mangels were of the Yellow globe and the Leroy red varieties. The land was too wet for them, and toward the last the lower ends of the roots began to decay. I was sick at the time of harvesting, and in consequence cannot tell the exact yield, but it was at the rate of 400 bushels per acre, or nearly so. In June I sold the produce of 4- an acre of the early-rose potatoes for nearly $60, the pur- chaser picking them and paying $2.50 per barrel. After they had been removed, the piece of land was plowed and harrowed and let stand until near the middle of July, when I had it sown broadcast with 100 bushels of super-phosphate, and then opened in small drills and sown to rutabaga turnips, in a manner similar to the mangels ; they were over-plowed and thinned, and produced between 300 and 400 bushels of beautiful turnips. [N. B. There is not a particle of wire-grass to be seen where they grew; the dense shade seems to have killed it entirely.] About May 1st, '73, I plowed and sub-soiled a piece of upland wheat stubble in the manner already described, harrowed and re- plowed twice during the summer ; manured in drills as for man- gels, had everything ready for sowing, so that when the rains began to fall in August I had only to put in the seed. I plowed, hoed, and singled over, and harvested between 2000 and 2500 bushels of turnips ("Aberdeen'') from 5 acres, which I fed to sheep and fattening cattle during the winter. I have not sown any mangels nor carrots this year, but expect to sow about S or 10 acres of ruta-baga and Aberdeen turnips for sheep, the greater part of which I do not intend to gather, but throw to a furrow out of the alley on the roots from each side, and uncover as needed by the sheep to eat on the ground, thereby saving the most expensive thing connected with this crop — viz : the harvesting. Very respectfully yours, Whitemarsh, Gloucester Co.,Va.,May 20. Joshua Fraxklix. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 305 Poultry Department, POULTRY KEEPING. The gross value of the poultry products of the whole country in a single year reaches an amount greatly in excess of the ordinary esti- mates of casual observers. The amount consumed by farmers and other residents of rural districts is certainly equal to the amount sent to the markets of cities for sale, and this moiety of the whole pro- duction is lost sight of in estimating the gross amount. When we remember that 20,000 barrels, or about 15,000,000 eggs, are not an unusual weekly receipt in the markets of the chy of New York alone, and that occasionally a week's receipts are considerably over that quan- tity, the total value of the egg production of the United States can be readily supposed to be of great pecuniary interest to the farmers. In addition to this there is the business in poultry, both living and dressed, which must certainly be of equal value, at least, to the pro- duction of eggs. And yet nearly all this vast production is depend- ant only upon irregular effort and the spontaneous labors of farmers' wives and children. It is never looked upon as a regular branch of the industry of the farm, nor is it brought under studied supervision as a special industry. It may be supposed that this remark does injustice to the large number of enterprising breeders of fancy poul- trj', whose efforts to raise the character of our feathered stock have so greatly increased the profits of the business. But this branch of the business is altogether distiuct from the production of eggs and flesh for food, and it is very rareby that a prize fowl or its eggs appear upon any tables but those at the exhibitions. The remarks we have here to make are not intended for those persons who are breeders of poultry for stock purposes, but for the greatly more numerous class who might learn many useful lessons from the care and skill with which their flocks are managed. Notwithstanding the large extent of our poultry business, it might very profitably be trebled or quadrupled. Farmers very rarely kill poultry for their own use. The constant pork upon their tables during all seasons of the year might very well be banished in great part, and poultry be substituted. If pork is a cheap food, so is poul- try. Every reason for keeping pigs applies with greater force in favor of poultrv- If the same care to provide sufficient shelter and food were given to fowls that are now given to hogs, a largely increased production would result. Poultry flesh can be produced as cheaply as pork, and for a considerable portion of the year fowls are most active consumers of predatory insects. If their instincts in this direction were given full scope, iheir services would be of great value. But very strangel}r, both their value as insect destroyers and as producers of food for domestic purposes and for the markets is ignored. Their habits are not studied, their necessities are not considered, and their presence upon the farm is simply tolerated because they are favorites with the women and children. A man who will carefullv nurse a lit THE SOUTHERN [June ter of pigs vrill feel it beneath his dignity to give any attetnion to a brooding hen or a nest of chicks, and he will wring the neck of a hen which rua : it in his feed-box without mercy or scruple : yet if ould count the real value of the two, he may find that the leaps] hri bens will bring him more money for the same outlay than the pigs. From very careful teste are satisfied that if moderate care and attention to a few needed details are given to a lot of poultry they may be brought to market with double the profit that me value of pork may be ; also, if any person will give his sole ::on to producing poultry upon a farm he may do so with little labor and great profit. Having succeeded in carrying a flock of 300 breeding hens through two seasons with safety, and having raised and sold an average of nine chickens and nearly 100 eggs per hen in each season by adhering to a few simple rules, we here repeat them for the benefit of those of our readers who are weekly inquiring how to go and do likewise. These rules apply equally for a few fowls as for a large number, and it was simply by experience with a few that we learned how to succeed with a larger number. Only young fowls should be kept. All over three years old should go to market at such seasons as prices may be satisfactory. No weekly or sickly fowls should be kept : all such should be separated at once and treated until cured, when they should be sold. All trou- blesome, nervous "squawking" fowls should be promoted to domestic - kept young,vigorous,healthy, tame, and easily handled. The treatment should be gentle, kind and regular, so that the fowls are eduesj heir owner's methods, and they readily fall into the discipline established. The food should be varied and given pilar rations, ling should be av i I care taken to apportion their feed to their actual wants. A quarter of a pint of grain a day or its equivalent of other food is about the need of a fowl. - . water needs to be provided always ready for use, especially mg chicks. The rooeta should e airy, well ventilated, not less than eight fee' _ earthen floor- — - indeed, should be all ;ses — we t too warm. The laying-houses may lie made warmer than the roos*-. _- . see should be i ally for this I - - All the houses should out daily, the walls should be whitewashed at least twice g-poles sh t greased ~ith a inix- r, and kerosene oil — one pound of the first, and ones of each of the latter is the proper proportion — and every : and crevice should be filled wit re brushed in while ■ floc-k free from vermin and bed properly, there i- : more healthy than p I i the re lually true when they are improperly cared for. A run of grass land should be provided for the fl: - the orchard should be fenced with pickets six ft ad appropriated solely for the use of poultry. Here nay be pent up when the grain-fields need to be protected, and lo the most valuable service. We have found the most convenient location for the fowl-houses to be adjoining the orchard. with the doors opening into it which may be opened or closed at pleasure. This arrangement is about what is needed upon the farm. where abundant room. Upon small village lots, where space 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 307 is less ample, poultry-keeping becomes more difficult, because there is always temptation to enlarge the flock bej^ond the capacity of the ground. One hundred fowls to the acre is the extent bej7ond which no one should go who would succeed in making poultry profitable. — Upon smaller lots of ground the greatest care and watchfulness will be required to prevent loss and disease. Twenty-five to fifty fowls might be kept upon a quarter of an acre or less by providing two inclosures with the buildings between them. The fowls should be changed from one to the other weekly. While one is vacant it should be carefully cleaned and dug over at least a foot in depth, to bring up fresh, clean soil. The houses should, in this case, be cleaned daily, and lime-washed at least monthly. Sick fowls should be weeded out of the flock on the first symptom of disorder, and either put in quar- antine or killed. One rooster to twenty-five fowls is sufficient. During the warm weather a plentiful supply of chopped cabbage or bunches of fresh clover should be given, and a shady retreat should be provided. The houses and nests should be made of smooth, closely fitting boards, and every crevice should be carefully filled with the lime-wash. Then if young fowls are kept one may expect a constant supply of eggs during the greater part of the year, and during the summer a fair supply of young chickens for consumption, and to replace the old stock, which should be renewed each year. If the grand requisites of roomy apartments, perfect cleanliness, a moderate supply of food, varied occasionally, fresh water, occasional doses of sulphur, pounded oyster-shells, and quietness with perfect regularity in the treatment, so that the fowls are contented and kept healthful, are attended to, any person of ordinary tact may provide without dif- ficulty for all- the contingencies that may arise after a very short ex- perience. As a pi-oof of what may be done toward the profitable improvement of poultry, we append the following weights of birds exhibited at a recent English exhibition : Weight of Turkeys — Single Cock — First prize, 41 pounds ; second, 36 pounds 4 ounces ; third, 33 pounds 4 ounces. Pair of hens — First, 38 pounds 4 ounces ; second, 38 pounds 10 ounces ; third, 34 pounds 12 ounces. Geese — White Gander — First, 31 pounds 8 ounces ; second, 26 pounds 10 ounces ; third, 25 pounds 4 ounce. Pair of Geese — First, 49 pounds 12 ounces ; second, 42 pounds 12 ounces ; third, 41 pounds 4 ounces ; Gray Gander — First, 26 pounds 8 ounces ; second, 24 pounds 6 ounces : third, 18 pounds 14 ounces. Pair of Geese — First, 44 pounds ; sec- ond, 40 pounds 14 ounces ; third, 36 pounds. Ducks — Rouen Drake — First, 11 pounds ; second, 11 pounds ; third. 10 pounds 12 ounces. Pair of Ducks — First, 20 pounds 6 ounces ; second, 19 pounds 8 ounces ; third, 16 pounds 2 ounces. Aylesbury Duck and Drake — First, 17 pounds 4 ounces; second, 16 pounds 12 ounces ; third, 15 pounds 4 ounces. How much the income from a lot of fowls upon a farm may be increased may be judged by comparing these weights with those usual in ordinarv flocks. — New York Time*. 308 THE SOUTHERN [June [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] GAMES AGAIN. Who can beat it '. One hundred and six chicks hatched from one hundred and twenty-seven eggs. The time embraced in this statement embraces the three worst months in the year, viz : Jan- uary. February and March; the number of hens employed, nine. My experience may be interesting, so I give it. The first four hens were set as follows: 1 on the 1st and 1 on the last day of January, and 1 on the 4th and 1 on the 10th day of February. Number of eggs set, 67; number of chicks hatched. 40 — an ave- rage of upwards of 12 chicks to the hen. The remaining five hens were set as follows, and cannot be beat, by Brahinas, Cochins. Hamburgs or Houdans : 2 set the 27th of February on 15 eggs each, and hatched 30 chicks: and 3 set the 10th day' of March, 2 on 13 eggs and 1 on 14 eggs. Total number of eggs for the last 5 liens, 70 ; number of chicks hatched. 67 — an average of very nearly 14 chicks to the hen. 1 ask again the readers of this book, who can beat it '. For when we take into consideration they were set the three worst months of the year, it is very hard to beat. In my first I spoke for my Games : they now speak for them- selves, and will boast of speaking louder than any other breed until tliev see something to compete with them. Clifton Hill, Caroline Co., Ya. W. T. B. COST OF SUPER-PHOSPHATES. A letter I wrote you a year ago on artificial fertilizers, enclosing one from Mr. J. B. Lawes, of England, both of which you pub- lished, excited much comment in your and other papers by reason of its statements as to the cost and quality of foreign super-phos- phates. This matter has since been further investigated, and the result appears in Part II. of the Bulletin of the Bussey Institution of Harvard University, where Mr. F. X. Storer, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, gives the crsts and analysis of several English and German super-phosphates. It appears that the Lawes super-phosphate-, containing say 13 per cent, of soluble phosphoric- acid, is sold at their works for £3 15s., or say $20.63 per ton, and that it should be landed on wharf in B< >.-ton by sailing vessel from London, in quantities of not less than ten tons, for $36 per ton. or say 12J cents for each pound of soluble super-phosphate acid. Also that English superphosphate of higher grade than that of Lawes\ yielding 16 and IS per cent, of soluble phosphoric acid, would cost, landed here, respectively 13 and 14 cents per pound of the acid. In Part I. of the Bulletin of the Bussey Institution, issued in January, Professor Storer has given analyses and values compared with selling prices, of eleven of the best known com- mercial super-phosphates sold in Boston, and after allowing it 6 cents for each pound of their insoluble phosphoric acid, and 2" 18 74. J PLANTER AND FARMER, 300 cents for each pound of their nitrogen of uncertain value, it appears the average cost to the purchaser of each pound of soluble phosphoric acid that these eleven phosphorates contain is 31.80 cents, and that the average quality is 6.65 per cent, the highest being 10.23 per cent., and the lowest 1.46 per cent. The researches of Professor Storer show that the American- made super-phosphates hitherto available to New England farmers are of too high cost and too little value to be bought and used to advantage, and that it is possible to make and sell a better article at a lower price, still leaving a fair profit to the makar or im- porter; and the correspondence elicited by his publication has also brought to light facts confirmatory of his conclusions, and encouraging to the many who are compelled to use artificial ma- nures. For instance, Mr. George E. White, of 160 Front street, New York, writes to Professor Storer, April 13, that he will sell to such as wish to buy in lots not less than ten tons, a super-phos- phate yielding 10 per cent, soluble phosphoric acid, at $25 per ton of 2,000 pounds, delivered on cars or vessels at New York, in bags or barrels at his cost ; and on April 30 he writes : " I offer to deliver in Boston a soluble phosphate of lime of high grade, guaranteeing 37 per cent, of anhydrous phosphoric acid, soluble in water, at §90 per ton." This is a highly concentrated fertilizer of foreign manufacture, and great excellence. The cost of the soluble phosphoric acid in these two articles would be about 12£ cents a pound, or as low as the Lawes super-phosphate can be im- ported for, and very much less than in any commercial fertilizer hitherto available here. Mr. White says : " It seems as though we ought to be able to compete with the foreign manufacturers, and it is my opinion that both plain and ammoniated super-phos- phates can be made in the neighborhood of this city as cheaply as at any point in the world. I say this with a full knowledge of the cheap supply of sulphuric acid, which foreign makers command." This is certainly most encouraging, and if farmers hereafter will persist in buying an inferior article at 850 or $60 a ton, when they can get a better article for about half the money, and the result is a failure, they will have only themselves to thank for it. One trouble is, that many farmers buy and use something of which they only know that it is sold as a fertilizer, when it may not be what they need for their land or crops. One might as well go into a druggist's shop and take a dose from the first bottle he sees, kill or cure, as use a commercial manure of which he does not know the properties and adaptability to his present needs. Professor Storer, in the Bulletin above referred to, has begun a work which I confidently hope and believe will be— and indeed in the numbers already issued is— of the greatest value, as sup- plying from scientific and practical data, and in language clear, concise, and free from technicalities, the information we must all have before we can select the best materials, and use them to the best advantage. — II S., in Country Gentleman. 310 THE SOUTHERN [June Household Department, Hints Concerning Health. — The warm suns will tempt many inconsiderate persons to make changes in their under-clothing which may prove ver}- detrimental to their health. Flannel next the skin should by no means be removed until after the cold spell which always comes near the middle of May, and then thinner flannel or raw silk should lie worn in place of what is taken away. In India, the British army is clothed in flannel the year round, and this regulation has been found effectual in preventing those summer complaints which formerly cost so many lives in that tropical country. We commend the sug- gestion herein to mothers of }'onng children. Those living on the seacoast cannot with safety dispense with flannel entirel}', even daring the heated term. An east wind or any sudden change should find the safe covering read}- to be put on at a moment's notice. A close observer will find that he takes cold not when the weather changes from warm to cold, but from cold to warm. Thrown off his guard by the mildness of the temperature, he neglects the necessary precau- tions, and suffers the inevitable consequences. "When the difference in the height of the mercury at noon and midnight is greatest, then care is most necessary in the regulation of one's clothing as to amount and warmth. "The greatest sensation of cold which we ever experi- enced," says a writer on health topics, '-was in the morning at five o'clock, with the thermometer at 56° in Texas, where we were accus- tomed to ride under a sun heat of 150° during the day." Persons of good constitution and sound health are apt to think they can violate hygienic laws with impunity ; that they can eat at irregu- lar intervals, and do a^-thing they fancy ; can sleep as much or as little, and when they please : can sit with damp feet, and do, in gen- eral, exactly as the}' please, :.nd it will be all the same. As well might a Rothschild fanc}r that his vast fortune needs no looking after ; that extravagance will not waste it : that panics will not affect it. He knows better than that, and every possessor of fine health should know that this invaluable gift is to be cherished, cared for and pre- served, or, like other riches, it will take to itself wings and fly away. To those who live in close or crowded rooms, we mention an experi- ment made by a physician in England : — "I have repeatedly taken organic matter from the windows of a crowded room and experimented with it. This matter condenses on the glass and walls in cold weather. and may be taken up by means of a pipette. If allowed to stand some time it forms a thick, apparently glutinous mass ; but when this is examined by a microscope it is seen to be a clearly marked confer- void (resembling sea-weed) growth. This matter in the air is as inju- rious to health as organic impurities in water, and acts as a ferment by which diseases of the nature of fever are engendered. — New York Tribune. The Housekeepers' Table. — The following is a very valuable house-wife's table, by which persons not having scales and weights at hand, may readily measure the article wanted to form a recipe with- out the trouble of weighing. Allowance should be made for an extra- ordinarv dryness or moisture of the article weighed or measured. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 311 Wheat flour, one pound is a quart. Indian meal, one pound two ounces are one quart. Butter, when soft, one pound is one quart. Loaf sugar, broken, one pound is one quart. White sugar, powdered, one pound one ounce are one quart. Best brown sugar, one pound two ounces are one quart. Ten eggs are one pound. Flour, eight quarts are one peck. Flour, four pecks are one bushel. Sixteen large tablespoonfuls are half a pint. Eight large tablespoonfuls are one gill. Four large tablespoonfuls are a half a gill. Two gills are half a pint. Two pints are one quart. Four quarts are one gallon. A common sized tumbler holds half a pint. A common sized wine glass holds a gill. A teacup is one gill. A large wine glass is two ounces. A tablespoonful is half an ounce. Forty drops are equal to one teaspoonful. Four teaspoonfuls are equal to one tablespoonful. Pie Plant Pies. — Never stew your pie plant before making your pies. Peel the stems of rhubarb and slice them in half-inch lengths, holding several stems in the hand at one time. With these fill the pie, sweetening it generously— »about the same as for a lemon pie, a small teacupful of sugar for a medium-sized pie — moisten with a great spoonful of water, dust over this a little dry flour, to thicken the juice a little, cover it with the upper crust and bake it slowly and thoroughly. Such a pie is too rich for some stomachs, and there is a way of dispensing with part of the sugar, without having the pie too sour. Not by the use of soda ! No, indeed ! But pour boiling water over your sliced rhubarb, letting it stand ten or fifteen minutes. Pour this off and make your pies of the rhubarb, with less sugar. If you stew pie plant for sauce, you can pour off a part of the juice before it is done, using it to make jelly if you like and supply its place with more water, thus economizing sugar. Gum Arabic Starch. — Take two ounces of white gum arabic pow- der, put it into a pitcher, and pour on it a pint or more of boiling- water (according to the degree of strength you desire), and then, hav- ing covered it, let it set all night. In the morning pour it carefully from the dregs into a clean bottle, cork it and keep it for use. A tablespoonful of gum water stirred into a pint of starch that has been made in the usual manner, will give lawns (either white, black or printed), a look of newness, when nothing else can restore them after washing. It is also good, much diluted, for thin, white muslin and bobinet. BOOK NOTICES. History of the Grang tor Tin- Farmers' War Against Monopolies. By J. D. McCake. Je. Published by the National Publishing Co., Phila- delphia. This hook is what it pretends to be, which is more than can be said of many similar publications now-a-days. It enters into many interesting details of the way in which monopolies, especially railroads, have managed to defrau le. How public lands arc secured and appropriations of money 312 THE SOUTHERN [June and credit procured from Congress, and how. after the -whole road is made and paid for by the people, the original charter holders manage to secure the road to themselves and leave the people to pay extortionate rates of transportation over the railroads they have built. It is the only complete work on this inter- esting and popular subject we have seen, and any one who wishes to make him- self thoroughly acquainted with this interesting movement should not fail to secure it at on . Maternity. A Popular Treatise for Young Wives and Mothers. Bv T. S. Verde. M. P. J. B. Ford &jCo. Publishers, New York. It is frequently very difficult in reading the popular medical treatise of the time to tell exactly where medical science ends and quackery begins, and we always take up a book professing to disclose to the popular mind the mysteries of medical science with many misgivings either as to the ability of the author or his honesty. This book, however seems to be an exception to this rule. When we received it several weeks since, we gave it to a married lady, the mother of a large family, and this is what she says of it: " It is one of the most complete and instructive books of the kind that we have ever seen. It treats with great delicacy of delicate subjects, and contains many valuable suggestions and a vast amount of information of great impor- tance, not only to every wife and mother, but to all who have the "care of chil- dren. It gives a very plain description of all the diseases of childhood and the best method of treating them, and also minute and valuable dietic and hygienic directions which if observed would prevent a large part of the diseases now so fatal to childhood." The lady in question is perfectly capable of judging of the merits of such a book, and we do not hesitate to endorse her opinion. For sale by the publishers. "Out of the Hurley Burley" Afax Adder. — The getter up of this laughable collection of fanny peices has been for years contributing these articles to the press. They have now been collected and published in a neat volume by " To- Day PubkshingCo.."' Philadelphia. The purchaser of this handsome volume will have an admiral opportunity of reducing to practice the old adage "laugh and grow fat." It is one of tho"se books that may be kept on the table all the time to be taken up and read after dinner to the immense benefit of our diges- tion. Long life to l)io Lewis the Laughing Philosopher and all the jolly crew of the To-Day Company. They try hard to keep humanity in a broad grin, and if tltey issue a few more books like this thev will be in a fair war for success. CROP NEWS. It seems that this is a great year for insects. In our own ground we have never seen them so abundant in all our lives. Oar melon vines, despite all rem- edies heretofore effective, have fallen a pre}- to the spoiler. Our early tomatoes have been cut otf by the Cut worm or defoliated by a little black bug. Our eabbage plants are like sand sifters, and the tobacco plants are being chawed up before their time. This is an almost universal complaint in Virginia. We have heard from a dozen or more tobacco growing counties, and all "complain in the -ame way. The warning of an old darkey just sounded in our ear that •• bet- ter look out; heap of chinch bugs in de air." is, we fear, prophetic. From other States come similar complaints. The peach growers in Maryland and I'eleware are complaining of the destruction of their trees by a little "black bug hitherto unknown. Accounts from Southwestern parts of Minnesota represent that the ground is literally alire with grasshoppers, which have already commenced eating the vegetation. The wheat crop, though falling short of the splendid promise of early spring. is much better than any made for years in Virginia. With favorable weather for the next few weeks we may expect a large yield of this most important crop. Winter oats are also looking remarkably well. Spring sown oats though usually late, are very good, and promise a large yield. Corn was planted late and the Cut worm is unusually bad in many localities- making replanting necessary. HERMITAGE NURSERIES, Richmond, Virginia. JOHN- W7EISON", PROPRIETOR OF RICHMOND VIRGINIA. 1,500,000 FOR SALE THIS SPRING AT RI-.DUCE1* PRICES. FIRST-CLASS APPLE TREES, $16 per h-indred. FIRST-CLASS PEACH TREES, $14 per hundred. These Trees tire warranted true to name and is strictly first -class stock. 909 :M!ain Street. Richmond., "Va,. feb FOR, ©A.LE, ITALIAN BEES, BEE HIVES, &C I am prepared to furnish, at short notice. Swarms of Black Be«s at $5 per swarm, Hives ■extra. Swarms of Italian Bees at $10 per swarm, Hives extra. Italian Queens (with a few workers), by mail ■or express^ 85u. Sa'e arrival guaranteed. A cheap Movable Comb Hive without sur- plus boxes $3 00 A better Movable Comb Hive with two surplus boxes 3 75 Triumph Bee Hive, Movable Comb, and upper or surplus chamber, or six sur- plus boxes (trade mark included to use one Hive), painted, and with feet 5 00 f)eeds for individnal rights to make and use the Triumph Hive o 00 Deeds for individual rights to make and use the American side. opening Hive... 5 00 Bee Vail for protecting face and head 1 00 Cheap Honey Extractor, Virginia made.. 9 on Large Honey Extractor with cog wheels 13 I'O I'eabody Honey Extractor at factory prices, freight to t>e added 10 00 W. K. TuLK, Real Estate Agent and Auctioneer. No. 7 Shaffer's Building, Tenth Si ., bet. Main .and Bank Sts., Richmond, Va. ap- FOR SALE.— Thoroughbred Stock, &c. I have for 8ale a lot of thoroughbred Devon Cattle. Essex Pigs from improved Stock. Also a lot of Light Brahma Fowls. Persons ordering from me can rely upon getting as good stock as any in the State. My herd of Devon are ot the most improved breed. I took five 1st f>remiums on a portion of them at our ast Virginia Fair. For further particu- lars address, F. W. CHILES, feb-6m Mansfields, Louisa Co., Va, €raiato©s°ry Plants FOR SALE. $4 per 1,000. $12 per bbl. Apply to EDITORS PLAKTER& FARMER. EDW. J. EVANS & CO., Nurserymen and Seedsmen, York, Penn. A complete stock of Fruit and Orna- ment al Trees, Garden and Flower Seeds, Seed Wheat, S>-ed Oats, Seed Corn, Seed Potatoes, Grass Seeds, etc. Send for Catalogue and price lists. feb-10t iCP The Oldest and most Reliable Application for the Tobacco Crop- ' i o PATENTED. TOBACCO FERTILIZER, PREPARED BY THE SOUTHERN FERTILIZING CO. RicmvroisriD, v-a.., d. Apply to local Agents, or any commission merchant in Richmond. Where Agricultural clubs or A? - ^":sh to purchase in large lots, ll at which it -will be supplied will be iccicatrd on rpplie ;p csa BUY i OUR DRY GOODS OF LEVY BROTHERS, nnd save money by doing so. Great reductions have been made in the prices of DRESS GOODS'in order to close out the whole stock. Satteens at 35, 50, 65, 70, and 75c. — a reduction of twenty-five percent. ; Empress Cloths at 35, 50, and up to 75c. per yard ; Silk-corded Poplin? at 75c. per yard, worth $1.25; Poplin Alpacas — best quality — at 40c. per yard, sold everywhere at 50c. ; Corded and Plain Alpacas at 25c. worth 35e. per yard ; Black Brocaded Ala- pacas at 25c. worth 50. per yard ; Black Alapacas, Mohairs, and Biilliantinesat all prices ; Bonibaziues from 1.25 to §2 per yard; Australian Crepe at 50c worth 75c. per yard ; Handsome Brocaded Poplins, nil silk and wool, at 81 per yard, reduced from £1.75 ; Handsome Silk and Wool-Striped P.>|>lins, ISf yards in a pattern, for $15, reduced from £25; Doubled-faced Cotton Poplins at lie. per yard, worth 25c; Doubled-faced Cotton Poplins at lt>|c per yard, worth, 30c. ; Calicoes at 6^, 8 J, 10, and 12$c ; White Flannel, full yard wide and all wool, at 45c. per yard worth 60c: White Flannels, in all qualities, from 20c. up to $1 per yard ; Colored Flannels in all qualities ; Bleached and Unbleached Canton Flannel from 121 to 45c per yard ; Domestic Ginghams at 17, 12i, and 1 6 Jo . ; Cheviot Shirting at 16§C worth 25c per yard; Linseys from 15§ to 40c per yard; Bed-Tick from 10 to 35c. per yard ; Doeskin Casimere at $1 per yard worth si. 25 ; Excellent Satinets at 50, 60, and 75c per yard ; Kentucky Jeans from 16| to 50c. per yard ; Cliarlottsville CasimereB at a very small advance on manufacturers' prices ; Water Proof Cloths at 75c, 1, 1.25, 1.50, and $1.75 p«r yard ; Black and Brown- elveteens at 50c worth 75c. per yard ; Black and Colored Velveteens in all qualities ; Trimming Velours, in all colors, at si, and si. 50 per yard; Silk Velvet, black and colored, for trimming and mil- liner}- use ; Table-Cloths, pure linen, two yards long, at $1 worth si. 50; Linen Doylies at 50, 60, 75c and $1 per dozen — all 25 per cent, below regular prices ; Huckaback Towels from 1.25 to $9 per dozen ; We call particular attention to our Towels at $2.25 and $3 per doz-n ; Napkins at 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, $2, and up to $6 per dozen ; Linen Damask for table-cloths from 50c up to $2 per yard; Extra Loug Table-Cloths from $8 up to $20 ; Coilou Diaper at f 1.25 and si. 50 for a piece of ten yards, worth 1.75 and $2; Linen Bird's Eye Diaper at 30c worth 40c per yard; A full assortment of Ladies' Cloaks, Water-Proofs and Shawls, all at great bargains; Gentlemen's Shawls and Gardigan Jackets, very cheap ; White and Col- ored Bed Blankets, all sizes and qualities, at extremely low prices; Calico Com- fortables, home manufacture, at 2 and 2.50 worth 3 and $3.50; Carpet*, Matting, Oil-Cloth, Rugs, Mats, and Window-Shades at reduced prices; Children's Carriage- Blankets at $1.50 worth s3 ; Silk, Linen, and Cotton Hankerchiels, in all qualities; Nubias, Hoods, Breakfast-Shawls, Leggins, Scarfs, and Sacques ; Genuine Buck Mits, Gloves, Gloves and Gauntlets ; Bobbin Edging, IS yards in a piece, for 50c worth 5c per yard ; Worked Dimity Bands at, Inc. worth 20c ; Clark's and Coat's Spool Cotton at 70c. per dozen ; Machine Needles from 40c to 50c. per paper of ten nee- dles ; Best Machine Oil at 15c per bottle ; Tidies at 35 and 50c worth 75c. and $1 ; Gilt and Jet Jewelry in great variety; Ladies' Linen Collars at 50c per dozen, slso Collars at 1, 1.25, and up to (2.50 per dozen ; Gentlemen's Linen Collars at 60, c7 and si per dozen worth 2 and $2.50 ; Gentlemen's Recherche Cuffs at 1 worth .45per dozen ; Crochet Edgings at 15, 25, and 50c. for a piece of twelve yards, worth a gatnd 10c per yard ; Neck Scarfs at 25, 40, 50c and up to £1.50 — all much below ,iS alar prices ; Full-width Unbleached Sheeting at 2Sc ; Full-width Bleached cheating at 33c ; New York Mills and Wamsutta Cotton at ISc. per yard ; Excel- lent yard-wide Bleached and L'ubleached Cotton at 10 and 12$c. per yard, and thousands of other bargains .-.: LEV^T BROTHERS feb.] 1U17 & 1019 MAIN; "KEET, RICHMOND, VA. S CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD, On and after SUXDAY, April 19th, 1874, passenger trains will ran as follows : FROM RICHMOND: 8:80 A. If. MAIL TRAIX. — For Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Staunton, White Sulphur, HintoD, and all intermediate Stations, daily (except Sundays), a-riving at Hinton at 10:10 P. M. Tbis train connects at Go/donsville fur Orange, Culpeper, Warrenton, Manassas. Alexandria, Washington, 'and the Xorth, and at Charlottes- ville for Lynchburg, Bristol, Knoxville, Chattanooga and the South. 4:45 P. M. ACCOMMODATION" TRAIX.— For Gordonsville and all intermedi -rations, daily ( except Sunday), arriving at Gordonsville 8:30 P. M. ?. M. CINCINNATI EXPRESS.— For Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Staun- ton, Goshen, Millboro,' Covington, White Sulphur, and all Stations -west of White Sulphur, daily (except Sunday), arriving at Huntington. 5:30 P. M. This train connects at Gordonsville for Washington, Baltimore and the North, and for Lynch- burg, Bristol, and the South, and at Huntington with the Steamers B-xtona »od Fleetwood for Cincinnati and all points West and Southwest, arriving at Cincinnati CA.M. Baggage checked through. FOR THROUGH TICKETS, rates, and information, apply al 826 Main street, BjI lard and Exchange Hotel, or at Company's Office, BroaJ Street and Sixteenth. A. H. PERRY, General Sup't. Edgae Vliet, General Passenger and Ticket Agent. [my — tf EGGS (THAT WILL HATCH) AND CHICKENS TO SELL ! BY AN AMATEUR TO PAY EXPENSES. The most attractive and beautiful of all LAWN PETS is the POLAND FAMILY with TOPKXOTS, as large as oranges. Colors : Jet black, Pure White. Black with White Crests, Silver and Golden, both perfectly pencilled. All PRF.MIUM BIRDS purchased and imported at high cost. Also the beautiful Black Cochins, Light and Dark Brahmas and Games. General Sante Anna stock. Eggs carefully packed. Chickens to sell aiter Julv. FRAXK EVANS, my— tf. No. 5 South Paul Street, Baltimore, Mi, EGGS THAT WILL HATCH! AN AMATEUR TO PAY EXPENSES OFFERS HIS EGGS AT $2.50 W ZEN. THE POLISH FAMILY A SPECIALTY. White Crested, Black, White, Silver and Golden, Light and Dark Brnhmas. Buff and Black Cochins, all bred from premium chickens, carelullv packed and delivered at express. FRANK EVANS. N.i. 5 South Paul St.. Baltimore, Md. To sell— 1 trio White Cochins $10. 2 trios Buff " 10. 2 " Light Brahmas 7." Order- received for all kinds delivered by July 1st a' low prices. [my- B. A. HAXCOCK, 3IANCHESTEU, % '.V., Will practice in t of Chesterfie'd, Powhatan and Henrico Counties ; the city Courts of Richmond an.l Court of Appeals. Special attention given to cases n Bankruptcy :. - in Richmond. mar- Fertilizers and Seeds for 1873, SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO. NO. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO, FJL.OXJR OF !R,^"Wr BONE, Ground Plaster, Lime, Agricultural Salt, &c. FIELD, GRASS, AND GARDEN SEEDS, SEED POTATOES Of the Early Rose, Early Goodrich, Peerless, andot'ier choice varieties. For further information and supplies, address ALLISON & ADDISON, SEED AND GUANO MERCHANTS, RICHMOND, VA. J.M.THORBURN&XO., 15 JOHN ST. NEW YORK. Will mail, upon application, their New i atalogue of Vegetable and Agricultu- ral Seeds for 1874. t FRESH GARDEN and FIELD SEED At the old stand of Palmer & Turpin, 1526 Main street, Richmond, Orchard Grass, Timothy, ILrds, Clover, Kentucky Blue Grass- Send for Catalogue. feb-tf W. H. TURPIN. Eggs, Crenm, Milk and Lemon Biscuits, and every kind of Crackers, made a specialty. Pound and Pancy Cakes, Ginger Snaps, Lemon Snaps, Jumbles, «fcc, : mile* east of Nashville, Illinois. For full par- ticulars and price address, J. W. uOGniLL, Beancoup, Washington Co., III. 111V — It BF. LEWIS, Gwtnedd, Montgomery Co. , Pa , Importer, Breeder and Dealer in fine Fowls, Pigeons, Pets, etc., of the purest and best quality. Berkshire and Chester White Pigs. Large Bronze and White Holland Tur- kevs. Rouen, Alesbury, and other tine Backs. China, Bremen, and other Geese. Asiatics, Spanish, Dorkings, Hamburgs, White and Brown Leghorns, Rolands, Houdans, and sev- eral varieties of Bantams; also Eggs for Hatch- ing in season. Greyhounds, Newfoundland, and Hunting Hogs. Hlack and White, French, and Blue Maltese Cats, also many other speci- mens of rare Fowls, Pigeons, Rabbits, and otheT Pets. My Stock has been awarded 190 Premiums in Bve months. I would also call the attention of Breeders to my celebrated Chicken Powder, which will cure as well as prevent Cholera, and other di-jfasea in Fowls, as well as promote their health and vi^or. So d at 50cts. per pound. A lilteral discount to the trade. Every one should try it. For Catalogue and Price-List, address with -tamp. ap.tf THE WATT PLOW CONTINUES TRIUMPHANT ! CHOKING wb<-n bright and smooth ; do LA] e plowman ; ONE-THIRD - DRAUGHT lo the team; thorough J; I" RIAL of Weeds Grass, ing JMachiue. SAVED $50 bv buying the Florence. EVERT MACHINE WARRANTED. SPECIAL TERMS TO CLUBS AND DEALER-. SEND FOR CIRCULARS TO THE FLORENCE S. M. CO., FLORENCE, MASS., OR 49 N. CIIARLE8 ST., BALTIMORE, MD. PIEDMONT AIR-LINE RAILWAY. Richmond and Danville, Richmond and Danville R. W., N- C- Division, and North Western N- C R. W- CONDENSED TIME TABLE. In effect on and after Sunday, October 12th, 1^73. GOIXG NORTH. STATIONS. MAIL. EXPRESS. Leave Char. 10.00 P. m. 8.15a.m. •• Air- Line Junction, 10.06 " 8.30 " " Salisbury, 10.06 a. m. 10.21 " " Greensboro, 3.30 " 12 45 p.m. • Danville, 6.20 " 312 " " Burkville, 11.35 " 7 36 " Arrive at Eichmocd, 217 P. M. 10.17 " GOING EAST. :055. ^ MAIL. Leave Greensboro' Z SUOa.1. •• Co. Shops, - 4.4.3 " " Raleigh, r B OS " Arrive at Goldsboro,' 5 11.1-3 •• NORTH WESTERN N -C R. R. Salem Braxch. Greenjboro, 4 30 P. m. ; arrive at Salem 6.25 p.m.; leave Salem 8 a. v.; arrive at Greensboro' 10-00 a. m. Mail trains daily, both ways. On Sundays, Lynchburg Accommodation leave Richmond at 9.45 a. m. ; arrive at Burkvil'.e .45 p. M., leave Burkville 5.35 a. m., arrive at Richmond 8 45 a. m. l2Pullman Palace Cars on all night trains between Charlotte and Richmond (without change). Papers that have arrangements to advertise the schedule of this Company will please print as above. For further information, address 8. L. ALLEX. General Ticket Agent, Greensboro' Jf. C. T. M. E. TALCOTT, Eng'r & Gen'l Sup't. nov— tf GOIXG SOUTH STATI :. = . MAIL. EXPEESS. Leave Richmond, 1.2SP. M. 5.00 A. M. Burkviile, 4 45 •• " Danville, 9 18 " 13 ,? p. ::. " Greensboro,' 12.20 A. M. 3.50 " " Salisbury, 2.3- •' 6.06 •' " Air-Line Junctior ,4.29 " 8-10 " Arrive at Charlotte, 4.33 " S.15 " GOING '•■'1,7. MAIL. £. Arrive 12.20 A. M. s 9.35 " _ 5.26 " 5 Leave 2.30 P. M. JOHN LAIRD, Grace St.. Gardens and 733 Main Street. Cor. Eighth St. Offers to the Pnblic a Large and fine Assortment of Greenhouse and Hardy Plants, AND ORNAMENTAL TREES. •::ing Shrubs, Flower Seeds and Grape Vines in great variety, at reduced rates. All orders delivered in City free of charge. Tacking and Shipping care- fully attended to. Catalogue on application. ap-2t TO THOSE INTERESTED • IN THE PR0PAGATI6N0F GAME FOWLS. We have at Mount Erin the following described Game Fowls, to wit: The IRISH RED, BALTIMORE MUFFS, and GEORGIA DOMINICKE— all of them tried Fowls in the pit, and known to be Genuine Game, which we offer for sale at the price of Five Dollars a pair. Any iriend desiring to propagate from such stock, who will send their orders enclosing $5 to Publishers of Southern Planter axi> Farmer, No. 1115 Main Street, Richmond, will be promptly attended to. JAMES DUKE, nov— 6m MOUNT ERIN, Henrico County, Va. 1 A VERY FINE BERKSHIRE BOA-R,. NINE MONTHS OLD, SIRE AND DAM J|([ [^[^ IMPORTED FROM ENGLAND. A few Superior SOUTH DOWN EWES and EWE LAMBS, and a very large ^fy^* — « BBONZE TURKEY GOBLER. . PRICE OF TURKEY $5. A. M. BOWMAN, Bellevue Stock Farm, jan— tf WAYNESBORO, Augusta Co.. Va. \P We have pu: chased the Photographic Gallery formerly owned by Mr. W. G. R. Frayser, 1011 Main St., opposite Post-office. Having thoroughly refitted and added all the recent improvements, we respectfully inform the public that we are prepared to execute every first-class style of PIC- TURES (from minature" to life-size) known to the art. Our establishment is the most extensive and perfectly appointed one in the South, consequently we are enabled to offer our patrons superior facilities for obtaining the very best results that the Art is susceptible of. We retouch elegantly all negatives made in OUR GALLERY. Our facilities for copying and restoring old Pictures are not equalled by any establish- ment in the country. Persons desiring first class work, in our line, will find it to their advantage to call and examine our artistic productions. You will find our prices as reasonable as first-class work can be produced. [nov— ly] # M. J. POWERS & CO. 35 Packages of Flower or Vegetable Seeds free by mail for one dollar. One beautiful Illustrated Catalogue of seeds and plants for 1874, free to all. Plants by mail specialty. Address, GREEN, BEACH & CO., Seedsmen and Florists, Oil City, Pa. Box 1775. mar-lOt THE NEW CLIFTON FRUITCRATE and VEGETABLE CRATE the best thing known for transporting Fruits and Vegetables. Will supersede all other arti- cles used for these purposes. Took first premium and diploma at Maryland State Fair, 1873. First Premium and Diploma at Frederick Fair, 1873. Fir6t Premium or Medal at Virginia State Fair, 1873. State, Coun'y, Farm, and Iudividdal Rights for sale by E, B. GEORGIA & CO., nov — 1/ ' Clifton Fairfaxo ,V O THE I£LD PCT-Z?. CURES Iir.nPITREYS' nOMEOPA' VETEKI^VAKY SPECIFICS For Hi utle, -Sheep, UTSMJ2N. ">orr.e*t and fii!e?t- be found in Vir- Se Irish upon the Ene- 1 7th of July ne.v ••loi.ths old) I shall be able er a limited number of puppies of :ed at th~ iice 'folers- he fol- will begin to hnut well io ror beauty of color Ca ick) and for staunch: i high action : ■>., Ya. Ai" C. C. r.F. -c . 100 100 <;.G. tened Loss of n.n.-tui I. I.-C and SHEEP FOR SALE. na waritiugetoe'-: . any Lumber, all Jambs lor Kale, by apph ': Rl H. THE CROTON GRAPE. variety •.--List. :rhill, Croton LandiL- . Y. A GENTS WANTED.— V. '* :-.'W firet-clasa 5ALZSMKX rzk in various parte of We w:mt men of good c-r. habit* aDd ;>acity, who can famish undo rences , o will give their wL i innry Case, in Blcck TValnnt, : y Jlumi. I free by Kxpi ■ >untry. on re< orders of &."> or u;> . who cannot fur To such we tan •rnent with a zood Homeopathic Medicine Co., Ir'oi fcale by all Dnigt i - 1 w c7 SMiTHp] maxcfa'.tcbef. : ealeb nT CHILDREN'S 0A£RIA^L fHLVGL.i ILLOWWARE, : e to order, al- I road Va. Ap I#I^S %)e/&vf&vic/eAJ Seedsmen, 35 CcrtJandt Street, Ne ■* Subscription REDUCED to $1.50 Per Annum in Advance. TO CUBS OF FIVE OR MORE. ONE DOLLAR EACH. E ST A-BLISPIE ID I3ST 1840. PLANTER AND PARMER DEVOTED TO Apaltnre, Horticulture, ait tie Meciaaic ai HonsehoM Arts. L. R. DICKINSON Editor and Proprietor. T. L. PAYNE Associate Editor. RICHMOND. YL NOVEMBER. 1874. 1. 11. CONTENTS. To our Readers, 209 To the State Grange of Virginia, 210 Prospectus. 211 What is a Grange? 212 The Inspectorships of Tobacco, and ernor Kemper's Action, 217 A Comparative Failure in Sheep Raising, 218 Fly in Wheat, 219 Demand Taxes, 220 Debt of Virginia, 220 Failure, 226 Effect of Drought in the West, 228 Wheat without Manure, 229 Wheat in California. 230 Red Clover the Cheapest and I Fertilizer, In and In Breeding, The Position of Windows in Horse Stables, 235 Experiment to Test the Propriety of pulling Fodder, as compared with cutting up Corn, The Butter Trade, Potatoes and Muck, Farm Pens. Nearly Twenty- eight Tons of Grass from Seven Acres of Land, Address to the Farmers of Virginia and North Carolina, Grange Work in California, Tuekahoe Farmers^ Club, New Things and Old Things, Alkali for an Old Apple Tree, of Pork, Labor Saving in the Culture of To- Officers of State Granges, Rules for the Care of Sheep, Two Queens in one Hive, French Washing Fluid, 235 236 239 240 241 242 245 246 247 248 249 250 254 256 GRAND SQUAEE, f UPRIGHT PIANOS Have received upwards of FIFTY FIRST PREMIUMS, and are among the best now made. Every instrument full}' warranted for five years. Prices as low as the exclusive use of the very best material and the most thorough workmanship will permit. The Principal Pianists and composers and the piano-purchasing public, of the South especially, unite in the unanimous verdict of the superiority of the STIEFF PIANIO. The DURABILITY of oar instruments is fully estab- lished by over SIXTY SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES iu the South, using over 300 of our Pianos. Sole Wholesale Agents for several of the principal manufacturers of Cabinet and Parlor Organs ; prices from $50 to $600. A liberal discount to Clergymen and Sabbath Schools. A large assortment of second- hand Pianos, at prices ranging from $75 to $300, always on hand. Send for Illustrated Catalogue, containing the names of over 2.000 Souther- ners who have bought and are using the StiefF Piano. CHAS. M. STIEFF, Warerooms, No. 9, North liberty Street, BALTIMORE, MD. Factories, 84 & 86 Camden street, and 45 and 47 Perry St. TIHUE Howe Machine Company HAYE RE-OPENED IN RICHMOND AT OSS nVEstixx £3t=reet, AND OFFER TO THE PUBLIC THEIR New Improved, Light-Running SEWING MACHINES ON THE MOST LIBERAL TEBMS. W. D. GOODRICH, Agent. N. B. — Our old customers will please call for needles, parts, kc. oct THE SOUTHERN PLANTER & FARMER, DEVOTED TO Agriculture, Horticulture, and tie liuii, Manic ani Honseliolfl Arts. Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xehophoh. Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State.— Stjlly. L. R, DICKINSON, Proprietor FRANK G. RUFFIN, ....---- Editor. New Series, RICHMOND, VA., NOVEMBER, 1874, No, 11. '(Mortal geprtmcnt. TO OUR READERS. Our readers will see from the following circular of Maj. R. V. Gaines, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the State Grange of Virginia, that the Southern Planter and Farmer has been se- lected by that Committee as the Organ of the Patrons of Husbandry, with Col. Ruffin as their editor. It will also be seen from Col. Ruf- fin's prospectus that he has accepted and assumed this duty, com- mencing; with this number. Col. Ruffin needs no introduction from us to our readers. His connection with this journal before the waiv and his long and prominent connection with all the leading agricul- tural interests of the State, has made him one of our best known representative men. We believe our grange friends will unanimously endorse this action of the Executive Committee, by at once securing us clubs of sub- scribers in their respective granges. Maj. Gaines, in his circular, says: "The paper is placed before you on its merits alone, as a means of supplying a long-felt and generally acknowledged want,, and claims the support of the Order upon the ground that we have secured for our purpose one of the most respectable and largely cir- culated papers in the State, under the management of a gentleman of first-rate intelligence and capacity, of large experience, both as an 212 THE SOUTHERN [November the advantages of enlightenment and education — which includes the experience of all ages — may be supposed best able to point the way out of our present troubles. It is but just to the gentlemen who have invited me to assume this relation to the agricultural public, to say that they no more expect this paper to become the vehicle of any special views of their own, as indeed "hey have none, than of any clique, faction or party in the Order or out of it. But they do expect, and I certainly do intend, as far as I am able, that the farmers, whose interests have been hitherto disregarded in nearly everything, shall hereafter be heard and felt as a power in the State. To this great duty, thus briefly outlined, I am willing to dedicate myself; if adequately supported, I hope I shall discharge it efficiently; and so to have done it will fill the measure of my ambition. It is enough to add that I shall attempt to make the best paper I can with the resources at my command. Fkank G. Rotin. WHAT IS A GRANGE? " No pent up Utica confines our powers, But the whole boundless continent is ours." The above question is often asked me, in the same tone, and with the same air of curiosity with which a similar question would be asked in regard to any new invention, to which some enterprising trader had criven a fancy name. To men who approach such a subject, in such a spirit, it is exceedingly difficult to give reply. The truths which have forced the Order of " Patrons of Husbandry" into exist- ence, have never been studied by such enquirers, and when told that the very fact of the existence of the Order is conclusive proof of its necessity, they turn away, little heeding any explanation which n be given. Believing that I shall address myself to a different class of men through your journal, I propose to answer the question in the hope that I may induce others to study the subject. First let me say, that the name " Granger " is one only applied outside of our gates ; and a better idea of our objects, in this coun- try particularly, will be impressed upon the minds of our people, by the use of the true name of the Order, that of " Patrons of Hus- bandry." Secondly, we aim at, and intend to accomplish the elevation of husbandmen and their families in all the land. Thirdly, as the means to accomplish our end we seek to improve, foster and encourage, by every honest means, good husbandry in all its aspects. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 213 1st. By binding in a bond of brotherhood, all farmers. 2nd. By protecting their material interests. 3rd. By teaching true morals. 4th. By raising a high social standard, to be impressed on all farmers and farmers' families. These are useful, pure ends ; and it may be asked, how are they to be attained ? It is one of the greatest boasts of this "progressive age," that the great principles of combination and co-operation have pro- duced wonderful results — results only to be limited by the brain power brought to bear in any enterprise where these principles are put into active operation. Out of, in round numbers, the twelve millions of active business, working men, in the limits of this government, there are within a fraction of six million engaged in agricultural pursuits. We find that in every other calling of every kind, whether it be professional, mechanical, mercantile, or manufacturing, each body of men, having an identity of interests, has some bond of union, by which to aid, encourage, and protect every individual who is a member of such union. Every husbandman knows and feels the powerful results of such unions when he buys his supplies, or sells.the products of his labour. Who then is justified in raising the cry of "class" in order to deny to the husbandman the right to use the same machinery, the effects of which he feels in every article he uses and in every pro- duct he sells ? And who can doubt that he will avail himself of it, when'he is taught that it can be used by himself in his calling, as it is used by others in their callings ? As in all his operations, a good husbandman thinks it of the first importance to have a good team we find we have this in the (nearly) six millions of men we propose to engage in this work .! and as to the brain power, without claiming anything for ourselves, Ave have only to point to the "editorials " and communications all the year round in every newspaper and periodical, and to hear the everlasting doses of eloquence, from the most gifted in the land, to be satisfied of our "intelligence," "our wisdom," and our "virtue." For ourselves we find, that at the end of a year's labour, all our profits are absorbed by others, and as a rule nothing is left — hence we have to buy on credit and time prices, which yearly add to the mortgages and debts encumbering our efforts and our farms. By a slight effort of our " intelligence " we find that while we sink money, large classes of men are making 'money out of our labour: and by usinc our "wisdom" we are led to conclude, that if money can be made out of the products our labour, we are better entitled to it than any one else, and feel that our wives and daughters ought to share the comfort and consequent refinement which that product properly man- aged would afford, now enjoyed by the wives and daughters of others; and we can only preserve the " virtue " we are given credit for, by manfully looking into the question of what becomes of our profits, and 214 THE SOUTHERN [November so manacrincr as to retain them in our own pockets. We find further, that upon the articles we are obliged to use, the manufacturer, the importer, then the jobber, then the commission merchant, then the carrier, then the retail merchant, each and all make handsome livings, out of what we buy from them, and in addition a heavy per centage for bad debts and time on the interest we have to pay — upon many of the articles we are bound to have we are astonished to discover we pay from one dollar and forty cents to two dollars, for what oucht to cost only one dollar, and we ask cannot we rid ourselves of this extortion, and if we do is not the saving between the true cost and the actual cost, equivalent to placing the difference in our own pockets, or an increase in the market price of our products ? Then we look at the mode in which our produce is sold, and find that we come directly in contact with those, who for mutual aid and protec- tion are members of Corn Exchanges, Flour Exchanges, Tobacco Exchanges and other associations of the kind, and of course the hus- bandman "goes under " when he undertakes to contend as an indi- vidual with these brotherhoods, when besides he has to meet " com- missions, costs and charges," which every husbandman knows are heavy items in his returns. Home clubs, agricultural societies, State fairs have all been tried, and not one of them has reached, or can reach these evils, and though the troubled husbandman is often patronizingly given a free lecture upon the "laws of the trade," "demand and supply," &c, he finds, learned as they may be, they do not touch the case he is con- sidering or solve the problem he seeks a solution for. Just here the Patrons throw light upon the subject by teaching him to combine and co-operate with his brother farmers who retain in their own pockets the difference between wholesale and retail prices, be: cash and time purchases, between exorbitant and moderate commis- . between high and low freights, and thus have for their own use, and that of their families, the means wrung from his labours, upon which so many middlemen live and thrive. "\\ ith the motto ""In essentials, unity ; in non-essentials, liberty ; in all things, charity.'* the Patrons invite him into their gates as a refuge from the evils he seeks to avoid. He finds there no ill-will to any one, but the simple fact, we can do better with our own machinery and prefer to use it, because it costs us less. Anv farmer who deserves the name keeps a regular account. Let him cast this up, and see the difference in the costs of the articles at wholesale and retail. Let him also see what he would have saved in the sale of his crop on the same principle. Let him look into his family expenses and "note the diversity" there too, and he will find the "margin" in savins well worth his serious attention, and let him bear in mind that under the system of the Patrons, "the more the merrier" is logically true. It a manufacturer can by his skill and the use of improved ma- chinery, reduce the cost of production or get his products to market at a cheaper rate, does he not have the moral right so to do, and does 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER, 215 he hesitate so to do, because some one may raise the cry that he in- jures other classes ? Should any farmer do so, and how often is the secret of the manufacturer kept as the most precious of his posses- sions, and yet the objection is made that of Patrons is a secret one — true it is secret, it is necessary for the proper working of our machinery that we should keep it secret ; our business is on so large a scale, so many interests conflict with it, that as prudent men we must exclude from our factory, all those whose interests would interfere with our machinery either by breaking it, as has been done in some factories where improper persons were allowed access, or by throwing in obstructions, which might prevent our machinery from working fairly, and as it is our own business we keep it to ourselves. This secrecy is not one of our own seeking, so far as our mere busi- ness is concerned, but a necessity forced upon us by others. As to other matters, secrecy is essential for similar reasons ; because we have the right to know who are our brothers and our sisters, and we cannot know them, and they cannot know us, without the aid of the secret signs and tokens, by which we can claim the brotherly offices due from one to another. In the ordinary relations of life you have other means and public means, by which you can test the right of those who set up claims upon you. As Patrons we huve no means save those we ourselves devise, and they must be secret to be effectual. In order to accomplish our ends, we establish in every farming community, selecting the best material, organizations which we call subordinate granges, in whose hands we place the interests of the locality in which the Grange is, and the selection of those whom they deem worthy to assist in the work. These subordinate Granges are represented in the County Grange — the County Grange in the State Grange, and the State in the National Grange, in perfect analogy to the theory of representation in the State and Federal Leg- islatures; each Patron as he advances in his work, being endorsed by each separate Grange in the order I have mentioned, until he is brought directly in communion with the colossal power, and the mighty energies, which our Order develops, for the good not only of the Order itself, but for this M boundless continent." And here it may be well to notice the inuendo often made, that we have " polit- ical views"' and are liable to be "used by politicians," or "may become political bodies." I can let you inside the gates far enough to see that these insinuations made in various forms are the merest "Bosh."' Examine the list I have given you, and see how impossible it must be, for any man, however skillful, to pass through the various bodies I have named, without showing his cloven foot, and how easily he can be arrested in his progress ; for any one of the bodies I have named, can and must "put a spoke in the wheel" of any enterpris- ing gentleman who entertains the idea of making us political tools, for he is forbidden to discuss any political question in any way. or even the merits of a candidate in any step, in any one or all of these bodies at anv and at all times. With the known open and avowed objects of the Patrons, acted on and taught publicly and privately, the in- sinuation of political objects is simply absurb. 216 THE SOUTHERN [November Having laid the foundation for the improvement of the pecuniary condition of the farmer, and shown how that can he done by the Order, placing him in the independent condition which will lift him above the petty expedients and small acts, which poverty and de- pendence often tempt men to commit, we view the next of the ben- efits which the Order confers, by urging that it brings into actual contact the best among the farmers, with those, who from want of proper training, may be in danger of not having a sufficiently high standard of morals, and opening thus the best of all schools, the day by day teaching of true men, to those who by their brotherhood will look up with proper respect to their conduct, and thus be led to imitate and emulate the virtues of those, who have the highest position among them — whose opinions they will be bound to respect, from a benign regulation among us, by which all causes of difficulty, all questions as between man and man, may be under their decision, and all questions of disregard of true morality must be laid before them, where a brother is involved. In this view it is proper to say, that every true Patron is the ad- vocate, and a true worker in doing all that he can, to dispense the blessings of education to all around him — a duty the Order requires of him which he must discharge. And lastly, to crown this good work, it is impressed upon the Order, always and under all circumstances, to build up and maintain a high social standard, to be shewn, not only in their regular meet- ings and social gatherings, but to be taught in their daily walk in life ; and one of the highest ends in view in our introduction of females in our Order, and placing them in office, is to have this object obtained by their influence and example, to keep them in the position which they ought to occupy, as help-meets and counselors to husbands, fathers, brothers and sons ; to stamp respect for them upon the very souls of every Patron, — to teach our young men the purity which woman's very presence brings — and with it the chivalrous de- votion which is woman's right. Allow me to say to those who object to this feature of our noble Order, that we know, that to make high men, we must have them under the influence of high women, — would that such an objector would look on one of our matrons — see how " In the calm heaven of her delightful eye, An Angel guard of loves and graces lie," — mark her gentle, noiseless, teaching of faith, hope, charity and fidelity, which surround her as her constant attendant ; see how her pure influences shed light upon the bronzed cheeks of those who heed her gentle, pure, quiet teaching — see the hardened hand raised in respectful homage to her worth — and he would turn away abashed at his own folly, and unite with us in thanks to God, that such influences as hers — true, gentle, pure and high, can be shed upon tho^e who rise higher and higher in the scale of humanity, at every touch of the magic wand a true hearted woman wields. W. M. Ambler. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 217 THE INSPECTORSHIPS OF TOBACCO, AND GOVERNOR KEMPER'S ACTION. It affords us very great pleasure in the first issue of this paper under its present control to record that one public officer has considered the interests of the planters in his appointments to office. A slight breeze has recently rippled the ordinarily placid surface of the Tobacco Ex- change in Richmond, because Governor Kemper did not re-appoint those officers as inspectors on the part of the State who were pressed upon him by the owners or lessees of the warehouses in which they had been respectively placed by previous appointment of Governor Walker. The law, not Governor Kemper, had vacated their offices, just as much as it will vacate his at the end of his term ; and the inspectors or their friends have no more right to complain if at the end of their term they are not appointed again, though each may have made an excellent officer, than he will have to complain if the people shall see fit to let him return to private life at the end of his term, no mat- ter how good his administration will have been. Least of all should the lessees or owners complain in this case. The same law gives them the nomination of one inspector for each of their warehouses ; and it is the duty of the Governor to confirm their nominations, or give his reason for declining to do so. This, one would think, should be satisfactory; and it would seem that each might say, "I have one inspector to attend to my interests, and that ought to be enough. Let the planter's interests be represented by an appointee of the Governor." This seems so obviously the suggestion of propriety that one wonders at even a momentary discontent except from the very worthy gentlemen who have been rotated out by law; and even they will probably quiet down when they remember that they were once rotated in by the same process. We do not know how it may have been in other places, but here in Richmond the four appointees are gentlemen of character and business capacity, and represent, as nearly as it may be done, the great sec- tions whence tobacco seeks a market in Richmond; and we presume the same considerations guided Governor Kemper in all his appoint- ments. At all events it was a recognition of Planters as a class in the community, and an attempt to reach certain things in the trade as conducted in Richmond, which a good many people think should be reformed. We do not propose to discuss them now. Our object is merely to chronicle the fact we have stated. 218 THE SOUTHERN" '■ N : vember Since the above was written, public notice has been given by the proprietor of one of the warehouses. Mayo's, that that house will be red od the 24th of December, in order that he may make.it a pri- vate warehouse. As the inspector appointed for that warehouse by the Governor is not only a gentleman of perfect integi ::y. but skilled in tobacco, it is fair to presume that the purpose of the proprietor is to control the appointment of both inspectors. ~Whv ? A COMPARATIVE FAILURE EN SHEEP RAISING. It may be remembered by some of the readers of the Planter that I contributed to the January number of the Planter an article on the "profits of sheep-raising on James river — including tl_. ing of lambs in New York." In that I stated two ventures in sheep and lambs that had been made by myself and my neighbor. Captain James B. Jones, in the years 1S72 and ISTo. The first of mine showed a nett profit in sales on each ewe that raised a lamb of per cent. : and the second showed a similar profit of 237^ per cent., st which any one might charge what expense account he might choose upon his own valuation of the items of such charge as I then gave them. The results of Captain Jones were the same as far as he went; but he kept his ewes over; whereas I sold mine each year at an advance of fifty per cent, on cost. The results of this year are very different, as will appear from the following statement: 1S74. Apl. 15, 8 old sheep, barren, at $4 per head. May 15. BO iambs, at 80.50. June 3, 707 lbs. wool from 154 sheep, netc, 9, 39 lambs, at $5, " 22, 41 " at S3. 50. . July 22. 22 " (sold in Richmond), at 83.25. " 10 " consumed at home, at S4, Oct. 13, 170 ewes on hand, at S3." . Total. C rat of 200 ewes, at $3.50, Interest from 1st October, ls73. to date, say 15th October, at 810 per cent., Balance, 4 22 which is, in round numbers, a little under one hundred per cent, on $32 195 00 194 15 1,5 00 143 50 , 71 50 40 00 • - g oo 1.4-7 15 700 00 72 93 77° 93 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 219 the investment; against which must be charged feed, including pastu" rage and attendance. "Whatever others may think, I regard this as a comparative fail- ure, as it comes so far short of what I have done before. The ex- planation of it is as follows : 1st. The price paid for the ewes was too high; 2nd. They were delivered to me at least one month after I should have received them ; 3d. They were worried by dogs ; and, 4th. The season was very unfavorable. The ewes came to me, some too old and some mere lambs, though I had expressly stipulated for two or three year olds. In conse- quence of coming so late and in bad order, they were not impreg- nated in time to yean in all the month of February and early in March. Once or twice they were worried by dogs, and though I lost very few from this cause, the scare affected their condition for a long time, so that they did not give as much milk as they other- wise would have done, though they were better fed than any lot I ever had. Then the season when the lambs should have been fattening was so wet that the grass was too sappy, as the graziers call it — a cause of bad condition, as my live-stock broker assured me, that extended clear to New York. And finally, like all other things, the tightness of the times affected the ability of consumers. Contrasting the business, however, with the failure of the wheat crop this year, the failure of the oat crop, the reduction of the corn crop — from drought, cool weather, and chinch-bug — and the failure of my hay crop, which was burnt by incendiaries, I think I may assume that there are elements of certainty in results from sheep that are not to be found in any of the other staples I have named. In stating, therefore, the facts in this last venture, which is but fair to those who have been induced by my previous statements to look with favor on this branch of sheep husbandry, I see no reason to retract anything I may have said before, or to regret having said it. On the contrary, I am more and more convinced by each year's expe- rience that this branch of farming has been too much neglected by us; and that in all its varieties it well deserves the attention of our people, each selecting that kind which best suits his peculiar circum- stances. Frank G. Ruffin. FLY IN WHEAT. It is a fact tested by experiments off and on for more than thirty years, not numerously, but sufficiently and satisfactorily made, that one or two, 220 THE SOUTHERN [November not more, bushels of lime sowed over the wheat when tne fly makes its appearance will destroy them. The like quantity repeated in the spring, utterly destroys them. That much lime cannot cost any one much, not mote than from §20 to 840 per acre. The fly often costs us $10 per acre, interest about 2,000 per cent, which beats that form of extortion, politely called banking, all to pieces. And then, on most soils, the lime is an independent benefit greater than its cost. "W ill gas-house lime answer as well ? Can't say ; suppose you try it. DEBT AND TAXES. As we think the financial condition of the State interests cur farmers quite as much as dissertations on practical agriculture, and is really of as much moment to men, many of whom are likely to be sold out at any time to pay their taxes, we make no excuse for asking special attention to an article on that subject which, at our request, was furnished by a gentleman who has given the subject much atten- tion. We were the more solicitous to get this article because his facts go to sustain our own conclusion, that not 3 per cent, of what is called the debt of Virginia can now be paid. And an attentive reading of the paper submitted, which deserves to be studied by every reader of the Planter, will, we think, lead all to this conclusion. If not. let us hear from the dissentient. "We heard a gentleman say the other day that he thought the price of coupons should be considered as a mitigation of the tax. Perhaps he did not know that some of the brokers had been making "comers' in them, whereby there price was enhanced ; and he could not have heard of that princess of France, who when she was told that people were dying of hunger, said compassionately. " dear me ! why don't the poor creatures live on bread and cheese?" "Your Highnt was the reply, " the poor creatures have not the money to buy bread and cheese." It takes money to buy coupons as well as bread and cheese. DEBT OF VIRGINIA. Charge of dishonesty preferred by creditors on the authority of her late Governor — Action of Council of Foreign Bond-holders — Virginia and Virginians to be excluded from the money marts of Europe — Charge of dishonesty considered — Result — What interest can Virgin ia pay f The failure on the part of Virginia to meet the interest on her debt, and the resolves of the Council of Foreign Bond-holders to close the doors of European capital against her and her citizens, on 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 221 the ground that she is a d shortest debtor, able but not willing to pay her debts, coupled with a call by her Governor and Treasurer for a conference with her creditors in November next, invest with interest the enquiry into her real ability to meet her obligations. Governor Walker in his financial message, March^Sth, 1870, un- dertakes to show her ability, with a tax of 40 cents on the hundred dollars, to carry on her State Government, pay six per cent, interest on her ante-bellum debt of 46 millions, and yet have a surplus in her Treasury. Upon the faith of this message the Council of Foreign Bond-holders based their action, declaring that Governor Walker had afforded the most incontestable evidence of her capacity, and of the unwillingness to meet in full every -liability. Governor Walker's message has proved to be a most un eliable document, his figures of imagination having been overcome by the figures from, the record, and his anticipations falsified by actual results. The first noticeable fact is that, in 1870 (after the date of his mes- sage), the Legislature of Virginia raised the State tax 25 per cent,. from 40 to 50 cents on the hundred dollars, (which received the sanc- tion of Governor Walker), evincing, in the most practical manner, an honest desire and a sincere purpose t<> provide for her obligations. Yet, so far from verifying the Governor's prediction that 40 cents on the hundred dollars would maintain the Government, pay 6 per 'cent. interest on 46 millions of debt, and leave a surplus in the Treasury, the result has been a failure to pay 4 per cent, on 32 millions, the portion of the ante-war debt, which she assumes to herself; that is to say, Virginia has not been able to pay 8 per cent, much less 6 on her ante-war debt. But the Bond- holders still following in the wake of Governor Walker, declare that if the assessments of taxable values had been honestly made, his prediction would have been realized. The response to which is, first, that the assessments were made by sworn officials, skilled in that kind of business, with no inducements to make false returns ; and, secondly, that the sales of property, both land and personalty, at public outcry, on terms of credit, rarely have real- ized the assessed values ; and that judgment liens, amounting to millions upon millions of dollars, remain unsatisfied, because the lands will not sell for two-thirds of their assessed value — the law of Vir- ginia forbidding the sale of land under execution for a sum less than two-thirds of its assessed taxable value. Assessments are and can' only be made On the estimated cash value. It is hardly credible then that the assessments of Virginia lands are too low, since they rarely find a purchaser at two-thirds of their assessed values. The Bond-holders assert, however, that if the assessments be fair and proper, still heavier rates of taxation should be imposed. Let us see. The records both of the Federal and State Governments are vouched to explain the measure of depreciation in the taxable values in Virginia, and to show that her people cannot bear a heavier bur- then in the shape of taxation. By the Federal record, the assessed value of real and personal prop- erty in Virginia in 1860, was $917,117,852 and the estimated real 222 THE SOUTHERN [November value was $1,270,830,426, and in 1870, the assessed value was only $365,439,917, and the estimated real value was $409,558,133, showing a falling off in the assessed values of $551,677,935, and in the real value of $861,1145,293. The record shows further that of the sum of $551,677,935, the amount of $446,310,076 represented the assessed or taxable value of personal property, and $105,367,859 represented the taxable value of the land. The State record shows that the value of the slaves manumitted by federal usurpation reached $245,000,000: and it is an undisputed fact that this slave property was not only a marketable wealth and the most convertible of all property, but that it was the labor of the State, the cheapest and most reliable in the world, and that by the loss thereof the improved lands in Virginia were depreciated over one hundred millions of dollars in value, entailing a perpetual and continuing injury, which the State can neither avoid or repair ; that this sum of $557,000,000 at the then rate of taxation (40 cents on the hundred dollars), would maintain the Government and, within a fraction, pay 4 per cent, on 32,000,000 of dollars, and that the same rate on the $861,000,000 the real value, could after meeting the ex- penses of Government pay 4 per cent, on the ante-war debt of 46,000,000. But the records of the State show further that the assessment of 1873, (relied on by Governor Walker to prove the under assessments of the taxable values of the State) is $30,000,000 less- than that of 1870, and within two millions of dollars of Virginia's portion of the ante-war debt — making the present difference between the assessment of 1860 and 1873 of $581,000,000: the taxable values of 1873 being only, in round numbers $336,000,000. The levies for the support of county and township organizations are more than double those laid by the State, and the Federal tax on agricultural productions is in excess of $5,000,000 per annum. In pursuit of the enquiry, can Virginia bear heavier taxation ? it will be proper first to arrive at the sum now paid by the people of Virginia in the shape of taxes. The Federal Tax on Tobacco, &c, . . . $5,000,000 State Tax (J per cent, on 336,000,000), . . 1,680,000 County and township levies (1 per cent on same), . 3,360,000 An annual drain of . $10,040,000 on a people, who have lost 60 per cent, of their properties, with their labor system destroyed, and their individual liabilities unsatisfied ; a drain equal to 3 per cent, upon the taxable values of the State, and 30 per cent, of the market values of the productions of her soil, taking the yield of 1871 as the basis. If the real. value of the property in 1870 be considered, it would distribute $334.31 to each head of population, which sum invested at 6 per cent, interest would yield $20 per annum (it was $80 in 1860.) Assuming five persons to a family, they would represent 100 1784.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 223 acres of land (at the average price of $12 per acre), and §417 worth of stock, implements, &c. Two hundred and sixty thousand families (the population being 1,300,000) at 100 acres each would figure 26,- 000,000 acres, being 8,000,000 more than Virginia has in farm lands, 18,000,000 more than she had in improved land, and 24,000,000 more than she had in cultivation in 1871. Of her 18,000,000 acres in farm lands 44.9 per cent, only are improved, or arable acres, and of these, for the year mentioned only 225,000,000 acres were in culti- vation. The investments in land, stock and implements were repre- sented by 253,000,000, and the market price of the yield was $33,- 000,000, equal to $1.82 per acre of farm lands, and $25 per capita of population. Deducting 66§ per cent, for cost of cultivation, and the sum of 60 cents per acre marks the net income to the farmers. In 1860 there were 92,705 farms in Virginia averaging 324 acres ; in 1870 there were 73,849 farms averaging 246 acres, a decrease in the ten years of 18,856 farms and 12,000,000 of acres. The net yield of 60 cents per acre, multiplied by 2460 acres will give to the farmer §147.60. The assessed value of this land, including -the necessary stock and implements, was §13.87 per acre, or §3,412.02 as the value of the farmer's investment, on which §147.60, his net raceipts, would be equal to 4.33 per cent. It has already appeared that the Federal, State, County, &c. taxes sum up 3 per cent, on the taxable values of the real and personal property of the State. Three per cent, tax on the farmer's invest- ment taken from the net yield of his farm, 4.33 per cent., will leave to him only 1.33 per cent., or about 45 dollars ; and this accords with the generally received opinion that the farmers of Virginia rarely realize 2 per cent, upon their input. Again: In 1871, there was in corn two-thirds of an acre per capita of population, and the average yield was 22.6 bushels per acre, or 4.4 bushels per head, and the average market price was 67 cents per bushel, or §9.64 in money value per head. In wheat there was three-fifths of an acre to each inhabitant, and the average yield was 8 bushels per acre, equal to 4f bushels per capita, and the ave- rage market value was §1.39 per bushel, or $6.67 in money value per head. But in the same year there were 1,429,400 head of horse,, mules, cattle (exclusive of sheep and milch cows), and hows, and allowing to each head only 20 bushels of grain, much less than is necessary for a thrifty keep, there was a demand for 28,588,000 bushels of grain for the live stock of Virginia, outside of her cities and towns — the whole crop, however, of corn, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, and potatoes aggregated only 26,614,000 bushels, show- ing yet a deficiency upon the scanty allowance of 20 bushels per head of 1,964,000 bushels. So Virginia has to buy food for her farm stock, exclusive of sheep and milch cows, or they have to wo with- out; as is really the case in a majority of instances. From the above number of live stock, not only are excluded the sheep (1,044,630) and milch cows (234,000) of the farmer, but the horses and all other 224 THE SOUTHERN [November live stock within the cities and towns, which were fixed by the De- partment of Agriculture at 77.448 head (16,039 horses and 61.409 milch eowB . Of wheat, as above appears, only 4i bushels per head bushels) was raised, less than by li bushels than is al- lowed per head to the inhabitants of Great Britain. So Virginia has also to buy bread-stuffs for her people, or put them on short rations. Again, the market value of the productions of the soil for lx71 was. as per report of the U. S. Agricultural Bureau, to be precise, (33,302,092. There are 1,300,000 inhabitants in Virginia, of whom at least 300,000 are male adults. At a charge of 30 cents a Jay, i: would cost to feed each man $1.9.50 per annum, or $32,850, for the male adult population, leaving $452,092 to feed the one mil- lion of women and children, or 45 cents per head per annum, or about one-eighth of a cent per day. But of this 33 millions worth of produtts. we have already seen that 10 millions are required in the shape of taxes for support of a ernment — Federal. State, fee. — i that the proper distribution would be to each male adult 21 cents per day, and to each other person less than one mill per day. Thus the following propositions may be considered as established: That the assessments of lands in A irginia, whether tested by the products in kind, or marketable value, or by the more certain test of the unsatisfied judgment-liens, are not only not below, but in fact are :heir marketable cash values: that Virginia does not raise grain enough to feed her people and their live stock; that if all of her productions of the soil were reduced to money at market rates, the proceeds would only feed 300,456 adu":- I cents each per day, with nothing for the re- maining population; that the farm lands, stock, be., yielding only 1.33 per cent, net on their values, can bear not another straw in the shape of taxation; that it is a mere delusion to talk of grinding out of the farmers six per cent, interest on the State debt until blood can be extracted from turnips; that if full interest most -all be paid, the means must come from some other source than the lands and personal property of the State (cities and towns included), as- 1 at 336 millions of dollars. each this last result there must be raised on State account, per annum : To maintain the government. .... $1,500, To pay 6 per cent, interest on debt of $32,000,000, 1,92 ), 3,420,000 Bv i of one per cent, on assessed values of real and 'personal property, 8336,000,000, . . . 1,680,000 Annual deficit, . $1,740,000 to be supplied from taxable subjects other than land and personal property. The annual receipts from these other subjects can only be esti- 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 225 mated. In 1870 they amounted to $577,156.93; in 1871, to $398,963.17; in 1873, to $570,561.57. The tax bill of 1874 im- posed what is deemed an oppressive burthen on merchants, and added something to the former taxes on railroad, express, telegraph and insurance companies. In some of its features — in respect to merchants' licenses — it has been ruled to be unconstitutional, and though the case will go to the Supreme Court of Appeals, it is not likely that much will be realized from them. But ignoring all ob- jections, and admitting that full collections will be realized under the tax bill, it would be an excessive estimate to expect as much as 50 per cent, advance on the receipts of 1873 from similar sources. It will be observed that the receipts from the general taxes exceed the demand for the support of gov- ernment by the sum of $180,000 50 per cent, on receipts of 1873 from special taxes, 855,842 Utmost to be relied on to pay interest on public debt, 1,035 842 3 per cent, on $32,000,000, .... 960,000 Surplus to cover delinquents, . $75,842 An unsuccessful attempt at revolution has deprived Virginia of two-thirds of her taxable values — destroyed her labor system — crippled all of her existing industries, some even to death — and estopped all new enterprises. In the pride of her poverty, her very efforts to meet her obligations have increased her liabilities and added to her embarrassments. In an earnest desire to maintain her honor, she placed 25 per cent, additional tax upon her impoverished, almost hopeless people, and yet, withal, it appears, if facts, figures and results can prove anything, that it is indeed problematical,°with the greatest struggle, whether she can pay even 3 per cent, interest upon her debt. It is absolutely certain, unless there be some large advance upon her present condition, that she can pay no more. She must carry on her State government. She must maintain her county and municipal organizations. The Federal tax she must pay; her people must be fed and clothed; something must be al- lowed to meet individual indebtedness. All of these obligations must be met before the State creditor can reasonably expect the call for his interest to be answered. Virginia is not able now to, meet and satisfy all, and it does not exactly appear how the depriv- ing her of the means to utilize her present, and to create and prose- cute new, industries, to develop her undoubted and inexhaustible hidden treasures, can hasten the happy time when, out of the abun- dance of her wealth, she can say to each and to all of her creditors, "Here is thine own, with usury." Capital is needed — population is wanted. With them her waste places will blossom as the rose — without them she must pine and dwindle — and finally must become a bankrupt to her own irremediable damage, and, to the irretrievable loss of their debt to the bondholders. Possibly the Council of For- 2 226 THE SOUTHERN [November eign Bondholders may see a virtue in binding Virginia band and foot — in excluding ber and ber people from the money marts of Eu- rope, as their fathers thought they did in casting their debtors into the fleet. As their fathers learned wisdom by their experience that imprisonment would not discharge a debt due by a friendless and impoverished debtor, possibly these descendants of theirs, in time, may find that they, too, have erred, and that policy, if not justice and mercy, would induce a helping hand to lift the unfortunate from the slough of misfortune and put him upon solid ground, from which he may rake a new departure. Virginia is not a dishonest* but an impoverished debtor, struggling under almost insupportable trials to pay something, if not all. To treat her as dishonest, is as cruel as It is unwise — as unjust as it is untrue; and so the bondholders may find out when the knowledge may avail them nothing. The writer is one of those who is for paying the debts of the State, who is willing to tax the people to their capacity to this end, and who would be rejoiced to believe that their ability was equal to their whole indebtedness. A careful examination into the question of her ability, in all of its phases, some of which are here presented, has satisfied him that the utmost limit of her present ability is measured by 8 per cent, interest on her public debt, and that it would be un- safe to undertake more. A word to the bondholders, and we dismiss the subject. You know that every new way opened to market, every old industry en- larged, every new enterprise undertaken and successfully prosecuted, every new water-power utilized, every new mine opened, adds to the taxable values of a State. You know as the taxable values in- crease, so the capacity of the State to meet her obligations is en- larged: and so e contra. With such knowledge on your part, does a business intelligence dictate the help of a liberal hand in aid, or a stern, unrelenting policy in depression, of an already over-burthened debtor? This question is not to be solved by resolves, the result of disappointment, but upon the identical principles which govern mer- chants in settling with their unfortunate debtors. A sober second thought, resulting in a revocation of your edict of exclusion, and in extension of aid to all proper enterprises, will go much further to advance the certain payment of interest on your debt, and its re- tirement at maturity, than, we venture to say, the unwise policy which dictated your action in April last. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] FAILURE. Mr. Editor, — As very many valuable articles appear in your col- umns teaching us farmers how to succeed, you will pardon me for expressing a few thoughts relative to the most direct route to a com- plete failure in the pursuit of our calling. First, and important it is, that a farmer should buy more land than he can pay for, giving his bond for the deficit, with an obligation in some way assumed to pay at least ten per cent, interest thereon. Again, if he owns more land 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 227 than he can manage successfully himself, he should sell everything off the farm year after year, and continue to pay taxes on many su- perfluous and non-productive acres. Let quantity rather than qual- ity be his motto. He should never produce his own supplies, bear- ing in mind that the merchant and the city will furnish him with far better articles. Just now it is so refreshing to the farmers of Hen- rico, and doubtless many other sections of the State, to pay the modest price of a shilling for bacon and a dollar and twenty cents for meal. Again, many small producers (and some large ones, too) haul their hay and oats to market in the summer, and the following winter buy it back again. Generally they receive about 75 cents per hundred, and pay, say from $1.25 to $1.50 for it. Of course, this is a paying operation. And it is just by such profitable man- agement that so many succeed in failing. Again, I would advise that produce be taken to the city in the greatest possible bulk — transportation, storage, and handling are small expenses. Never take it there in the shape of prime beef, bacon or butter. Lately the writer sold prime seed to a city mer- chant for 25 cents per pound ; one of my neighbors bought some of the same seed from the merchant at 80 cents per pound. Don't grow your own seed. Facts prove we can save as good seed pota- toes as any we can buy, but don't credit facts. Fancy you can't, and pay the merchant next spring as much for one barrel as he will give you for three a few months later. Never place any faith in stable manure, or try to save it yourself, nor in pure bone dust and lime.* Fancy guanoes and phosphates are far cheaper. Shut your eyes to the fact that the component parts of these latter articles on the average do not cost the manufacturer half what they cost you ; never plow a field of green peas or clover under to improve your land; you can't afford it. Whilst on the subject of seeds, I should have stated that the most successful gardener in this vicinity saved this season from 60 heads of cabbage planted, not only his own seed, but sold enough to pay him 20 cents each for the cabbage. But don't you try it; recollect the merchant knows his business and ours too. He will tell you Northern or foreign seed are so much better ; will mature so much sooner, &c. You attempt to argue, but he can beat you talking. He offers as your particular friend to let you have a liberal credit of say 90 days. You consider a second, conclude he is a jolly good-natured man, and your friend. You buy If you don't meet your engagements promptly, or you make your future purchases elsewhere, how soon his friendship and seem- ing good nature vanish ! Facts prove that the farmer is more uni- versally robbed of the honest fruits of his labor than any other class. But fancy and believe it is not true, or if true, can't be remedied. Lastly, don't take any papers, or read them if you do. If, however, you are determined to do otherwise, recollect that political papers *What guarantee has Jack that the Bone Dust is pure? There can be as much fraud in that, and as much extortion as in any other sort of artificial fertilizer. — Ed. 228 THE SOUTHERN [November are filled principally with the speeches of ambitious office-seek intent only on exciting the public mind to honor them with some office, for "which they probably have no claims or qualification; whereas agricultural papers and journals generally admit to their columns only such articles as the editor thereof fa teficial to the farmer; bearing in mind that fa journal- ism depends upon the support he can derive from us 3~ he is. therefore, or rather his paper is. thi y which our inter- ests as a class are protected and advanced to the exclusion of otL Jack. EFFECT OF DROUGHT IN THE WEST. The following extract from the regular Illinois correspondent of the Albany Cultivator, whom we have read after with pleasure for a good many years, is very suggestive. — [Ed. We are still in need of more rain, and the cattle and the pasturage are so disproportionate that few graziers and farmers have good grass for their stock. The whole Western country for this time of the r is sadly deficient in a surplus of agricultural production, and by the arrival of seed time next spring it will be about as bare as a desert. ' Writing as long ago as July 2S. with a full sense of the crop failure and consequent scarcity upon me. I - (see page Bar- rent vol.): "Let the farmer in the West sell no old corn for less than 75c. and no new short of 50c. per bushel. New oats otight be worth 4 _ :.y low. but this is the fault of the Liverpool market, and we have the consolation of knowing that though wheat :; sixty and sev nty rnts per I pounds lower in Liverpool now than it was this time two ye . our farmers are £e:tin£ onlv ten or fifteen cents less a hundred ii S than they did at this time in 18*2. -are this is cause! by the organization of our farmers in the grange. "W e b . sea as winter advances. For th-r S them I ter a LI rmer.) rUGKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB. OF HE>~P.ICO COUNTY. et on the Tth of October at the residence of Mr. Charming M. Robinson. - being first viewed, the Club was satisfied with his mode of cultivation. He had made a very fine crop of winter oats and also clover. His corn crop was also good, though somewhat in- jured by the "chinch bu;. Borne of his corn, planted as la: the 6th of July, of tue variety known, I believe, as "Rare ripe," « . _ e and promising. The afternoon was occupied in the discussion of the subject : a :?ared to grazing. Dr. Beattie advocated the soiling of our stock: Is:. On account of our present want of fences ; and. 2dly. As a great saving of manure. These points he elaborated to some .nd contend- ei that one acre of ground on the soiling system would support five : seven head of stock, while pasturing will only support one to the acre. By the rai g g F stock, too, by irregularity and dissipation bv atmosphere, the important article of manure > .:: red and lost. Alsc confining our stock we could make availa- ■:• the weeds and bushes of our he g 1 ditch ..id in this expense of cutting and carrying to them, one man could attend - ty head of cattle. Mr. Aiams. in his book on this subject, contends that it takes : r fifteen cows. In sailing, he could keep :i four acres, and raise crops on the surplus, by this means s well: and that from r \d of cattle 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 247 one hundred and fifty loads of manure can be annually made. In addition, Dr. Beattie thinks we can raise much larger and better stock by feeding than grazing, and mentioned an instance of a neighbour keeping twenty cows well on four acres of land, and his land made rich, and recommended soiling as follows: First with our lawn grass, weeds, &c. ; next with our rye crop, then clover, winter oats and corn sown broad cast. Sorghum also was suggested as an- swering a fine purpose in this respect. Dr. Crenshaw differed from the views expressed in favor of soil- ing, and gave his experience in the management, feeding, &c, of a large number of cows. The Doctor contended that grazing was by far the better plan, and the only means of avoiding disease, which would certainly result if this plan of confining large numbers of cows or other stock to- gether in lots or pens was adopted; that cows particularly must be allowed the freedom of pasturage to keep them in health. His practice is to seed twenty-three acres, as a standing farm, for rye, and upon it graze his stock. It was also urged that our clover and grass lands generally derived great benefit from the tramping of the land by our stock. I give you but the leading points in this discussion, pro and con, knowing that you admire brevity. Yours. J. A. Lynham, Reporter. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] NEW THINGS AND OLD THINGS. There are far too many farmers who are willing to be humbugged. We are all making too much haste to be rich ; are all on the lookout for short and easy methods of success ; are all anxious about large returns on small investments ; therefore we are easily persuaded by promises of large premiums to take a ticket in any new lottery that turns up. It is the best thing about agriculture that there is no lottery in it ; it does not open any royal road to wealth, or any fast way to be rich. Its ways to success are the honest way of straight forward, hard work, the safe way of "little by little," the same way of constancy, diligence and perseverance. Shed upon these paths the light of educated intelligence and the revelation of science, and having done all that man may do, the sure blessings of a bountiful harvest awaits us. The'-'rain may descend, and the floods come," but as sure as the promise of seed time and harvest, is the assurance of ultimate suc- cess to the man who stands truly and faithfully to his work. Let us not become excited then over new things; either new seed, or new plants or new lands. Wheat is an old thing, but wheat will do, though it has its enemies, if we work it right. Grass is an old thing and 24S THE SOUTHERN [November its enemies, of which we. the cultivators of the soil, are the greatest, for we kill it constantly with an over amount of stock ; yet grass is a v -. _• | thing. Corn is an old thing, and is treated by ::_an anything we plant, but what farmer in ten thousand . ish as not to plant corn ? This is universal testimony to its value. ■pplee are old, peaches, pears, grapes, and all sorts of fruit ; but are they not good? Finally, our lands are "old"' as we say in these old States, and so they are in the sense that the "everlasting hills"" are old. but. "worn-out'' they are not. They are good lands; - I thev mav have been, but thev are srood: and it is onlv an- other phase of the folly which is craving after new things, which is tempting our young men constantly to seek new lands. Wise men will be I with the old things and strive to do better with their ::.. tobacco, cotton and other crops, and will especially stick to and improve their old lands ; but those who will make haste and be rich will be forever after new seed, new plants, and new lands, and their brother farmers will profit by the experience they so dearly bou^- : I frequently hear the expression "worn-out lands." Let it be un- :d that there is no such thing as '"worn-out lands;" that such an expression conveys a falsehood. That even with our present - _ t, it sa very practical thing, with a moderate degree of intelli- gence and skill, and no very large amount of means, to restore these lands to any degree of fertility they have ever possessed. This les- son has been well learned in Maryland and a portion of Virginia, but our Southern friends of the Atlantic States appear to be slow to make much - g - in that direction. Let our farmers be told everywhere and constantly that they have orn-out lands," that in fact their lands were intended to last forever, and will last forever, and feed and clothe them and tbeir children for a thousand generations. T. W. C. L.aisa County, Va., Oct. ~th. 1*74. ALKALI FOR AN OLD APPLE TEEE. In considering the growth of organisms, the action of the alkalies is to be looked upon as scarcely less important than that of air and water. Lime is the great animal alkali, and potash the vegetable one; its old name of vegetable kali expressed that fact, all the potash of commerce is well known to be derived from wood ashes. The im- portance of potash as a manure has been frequently overlooked by farmers, who rarely know the large amount of this material found in zrain crops, leaves, barn-yard manure, roots and fruits. How potash acts in plants, in conjunction with carbon and silex. to form £bre. starch, sugar and oil. is yet unknown to 'chemical ob- ut the fact of its action is beyond a doubt. Liebig long since pointed out that the chief cause of barrenness is the waste of potash carried off by rich crops, especially tobacco, 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 249 with no replacement by proper manure. How many mil1 ions of pounds of potash have been sent to Europe from the forests of Ame- rica, and in the grain, tobacco and hemp ! Luckily one alkali may be replaced by another, and we have received a considerable quan- tity of soda from European seaweed, and in the shape of salt. Lat- terly, nitrate of soda from natural deposits in South America is brought to us at a cheap price. The point to which we now call attention is that our farmers and fruit growers have ignored, or rather have been ignorant of the im- portance of wood ashes as a vegetable stimulant and as the leading constituent of plants. Even coal ashes, now thrown away as useless, have been shown, both by experiment and analysis, to possess a fair share of alkaline value. According to our observation, if the prac- tice of putting a mixture of wood and coal ashes around the stems of fruit trees and vines, particularly in the spring, were followed as a general rule, our crops of apples, grapes, peaches, &c, would be greatly benefited in both quality and quantity, and the trees and vines would last longer. We will relate only one experiment. Some twenty-five years ago, we treated an old hollow pippen apple tree as follows : The hollow, to the height of eight feet, was filled and rammed with a compost of wood ashes, garden mold, and a little waste lime, (carbonate). The filling was securely fastened in by boards. The next year the crop of sound fruit was sixteen bushels from an old shell of a tree that had borne nothing of any account for some time. But the strangest part was what followed. For seventeen years after filling, the old pippin tree continued to fLurish and bear well. — Scientific American. COST OF PORK. Your correspondent, J. B. S., asks how much pork costs per pound. This of course depends in a great measure on the kind of pig and manner of feeding. After some practical experience, I am satisfied that, other things being equal, a cross between a good Ches- ter White sow and Berkshire boar will make more pork from the same amount of food than any other breed ; they may not be as large at the same age as a full grown Chester, but they will consume less food and keep in better condition. An old and very successful pork producer once told me that his rule was that when the price of both corn and pork commenced with the same figure, it was safe to feed to good hogs. Or in other words, when a bushel of corn was worth sixty cents, the pork must bring six dollars per hundred. By inference I conclude that the result of his experience was that ten bushels of corn would make one hundred pounds of pork. By referring to my note book, and a record of ex- periments, I find that in one case twenty pigs gained 837 pounds by eating 83 bushels of corn. In this case the corn was shelled and fed whole in the trough. In another case I find that the same number of pigs ate 47 bushels of meal (with water to drink) in 14 days, and 250 THE SOUTHERN [November gained 553 lbs. In the third experiment, 20 pigs ate ooi bushels of meal, made into thick slop with eold water, in 14 days, and gained 731 lbs. In the first case the gain was a trifle more than 10 lbs. per bushels, in the second one llf lbs., and in the third 13 1-G lbs. At the price of pork at the time, the corn in the first experiment brought 50 2-5 cents, in the second 58f cents, and in the third 65 5-6 cents. In a fourth experiment the hogs (20 in number) were fed 46| bushels of meal (boiled into thick mush) in 14 days, and sained 696 lbs.; gain 15 lbs. per bushel, and corn brought 14 4-5 cents per bushel. In my own experiments I have found that five bushels of old shell- ed corn fed to good pigs of the cross before mentioned (fed in No- vember), made me 47f- lbs. of pork — or gain in weight. For pigs well selected and cared for and economically fed without cooking, it is probable that twelve pounds per bushel is as much as can be safe- ly counted on, and probably the average of those actually fed will not be more than eight or nine. J. B. S. knows the price of both pork and corn, and can cipher out my answer. — Cultivator and Co. Gent. LABOR SAVING IN THE CULTURE OF TOBACCO, &c As cause must ever precede effect, so every continued and perma- nent success in business pursuits, farming included, must be preceded by a sound theory. Every successful man has in his mind maturely considered and well arranged plans, though he may never have re- duced them to writing. It is true that in reference to many things, there are more visionary theorists than practical successful men, be- cause generally it is easier to plan than to execute. The wise man discarding the pride of opinion, is willing to learn things he does not know, even from his inferiors ; and if he be not selfish will communi- cate his knowledge to others. In some respects we all know better than we do, not for want of will, purpose, and desire, but because of casualties, and adverse circumstances that interpose, and prevent the full consummation of our best arranged plans. This however should not diminish, but increase our desire for more knowledge, that we may be the better prepared to overcome all difficulties in our way. V ith this, as I think, not inappropriate preface, I now present my theory and practice for labor saving in the culture of Tobacco, to- gether with some remarks concerning the advantages of saving and applying the manure to the land. To demonstrate the advantages of the plan which I, together with some others, have adopted, it must be contrasted with the antecedent customs, when all tobacco* land was hilled before being planted. This method, I suppose, had its origin with the first growers of tobacco in this country, when the land was being cleared, and the stumps, roots, &c., prevented thor- ough preparation by the plow. For such land, and only for such, it is still, doubtless, the most effective method of preparation. There 1874.] PLANTER 'AND FARMER. 251 are some advantages in having tobacco plants slightly elevated to prevent their being covered and killed, when small, by hasty and ex- cessive rains. But these can be secured more cheaply and more easily, by bedding with the plow, than by hilling with the hoe. It is of the first importance to plow, harrow, and thoroughly refine the land, otherwise the clods Avill be turned by the plow, when bedding into the bed, and cannot be removed, even by the hilling process, without extra work which the present laborers will not faithfully per- form, and by the neglect of which, I have seen the growth of to- bacco, on rich land, retarded, and light and inferior crops made, which yielded no profit. Our springs of late years being backward, and our summers dry and shorter, the planter should do, impossible, every thing necessary to accelerate the growth, and hasten the early maturity of his crop, by which an advantage is secured in both quantity and quality. I have been a grower of tobacco for 30 years. Before the war, not being owner, I was of necessity the hirerer of all the labor I em- ployed. This Jnecessity Jinduced a vigilant eye to expenditures, and the abating of all unnecessary labor. The heaviest item remitted in the cultivation of tobacco was hilling the land. Dispensing with this I found to be equivalent to the saving of 8 days labor for [five ha ids, at hilling time, and 6 days labor for 5 hands to cut off the hills, at planting time, for a crop of 100,000 plants. The average yieldof my land during the period of the hilling process, was 5 to 6 plants to the lb. Under my present system 3J plants to the lb. I do not attribute this gain alone to the planting in beds instead of hills, but in part to this, and more to better manured, fertilized, and prepared soil. Before plowing my land for tobacco the first time, I apply broad- cast all the manure I can raise. In order to do this in time, I some- times begin in the fall, and continue to haul out, and plow in, so that the manure may have time to decompose, and become incorporated with the soil. Much of the best properties of the manure is lost by fermentation, and by leaching, which would be saved and utilized in the manner above stated. I endeavor in this way to manure and plow all my land for tobacco by the 1st of April. During the month of April I harrow and well refine the surface ; then re-plow, harrow, and thoroughly refine — breaking and pulveriz- ing the clods. From the 1st to the 20th of May I bed the land. This is done by running off the rows with a single shovel plow, the distance desired, say three feet a part. The guano is then applied in the furrow. Then follows the double plow, running twice to each row, and bedding upon the guano. When ready to plant, these beds are struck off two at a time, by a scraper attached to shafts, and drawn by a mule or horse walking between the beds. The planting is done without further preparation by the hoe or otherwise, by set- ting the plants in the centre of the bed, in a straight line with each other the distance desired, say 30 to 36 inches. The land is thus left in a fine condition to facilitate the cultivation of the crop. Instead of being in hills, as under the old system, requiring nearly the whole surface1;o be cut by the hoe, there is but little hoe work needed. As 252 THE SOUTHERN [November % — soon as the grass comes through the surface, the three-tooth Culti- vator should be put to work, running twice to each row and with care, by which the grass will be effectually killed, and only a narrow strip in the centre of- the bed to be cut by the hoe. This is now a critical period in the growth of tobacco, and it is very important that this work with the cultivator be done as soon as the grass appears, making true the saying, " a stitch in time saves nine." The cultivator should be followed by the hoes, to cut the strip of soil left in the centre of the bed, and break the crust around each plant, and 'put a little fine soil around each. This done the tobacco will need no more work until it attains the size of a summer hat, or has pretty well covered the top of the bed, when it should be plowed with the single shovel plow, by running a furrow on each side as close to the plant as possible, to avoid loosening it. The hoes should follow, putting to each plant a moderate sized hill. The season being favorable the growth will be rapid, and about the time the plants gene- rally are large enough to top, it should be again plowed, and this time with a single-horse mould-board plow, running twice to each row and turning the soil to the tobacco. This should be followed in three weeks, or when grass appears, by a light scraping with the hoes, when the cultivation of the season is done. I think I have shown that the cost of -cultivation under this system is greatly reduced, and also is made more effectual. A few general remarks and I am done. First it does not pay under our present market to grow small to- bacco, except for bright wrappers. Large tobacco cannot be grown on poor land, if 500 lbs. of guano alone were applied to each acre. Use guano in connection with stable, farm-pen, and all kinds of ma- nure that can be raised on the farm. Make the land rich — plant early, and work well, and you will be recompensed for the labor ex- pended. Those who reason from the low price of tobacco when slavery existed, to prove that it must and will sell as low under present cir- cumstances, reason, I think, from wrong premises, and consequently to erroneous conclusions. These profits were estimated more with reference to the increasing value of negroes, than from the surplus productions of crops. Now all labor has to be paid for, or done by the land owner, con- sequently as soon as the net proceeds of any article of produce falls below a price that will pay a profit on the cost of its production, necessity controls, and as a consequence the price advances. I there- fore conclude that the price of tobacco must rule higher in the future. J. M. Baker. Louisa county, October 15th, 1874. To clean paint without injury and with very little labor, take a damp cloth and dip it in common whiting and rub over the paint ; when it begins to dry wash it off with clean cold water. 1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 253 OFFICERS OF STATE GRANGES. Illinois — Master : Alonzo Golder, Rock Falls. Secretary : 0. E. Fanning, Gait. Iowa — Master : A. B. Smedley, Cresco. Secretary : N. W. Gar- ■ retson, DesMoines. Minnesota — Master : George L. Parsons, Winona. Secretary : Wm. Paist, St. Paul. Wisconsin — Master: Col. John Cochrane, Waupun. Secretary: H. E. Haxley. Indiana — Master: Henley James, Marion. Secretary: M. M. Moody, Muncie. Kansas — Master : T. G. V. Boling. Secretary : George W. Spurgeon, Jacksonville. Nebraska — Master: Wm. B. Porter, Plattsmouth. Secretary: Wm. McCaig, Elmwood. Mississippi — Master : Gen. A. J. Vaughn, Early Grove. Secre- tary : W. L. Williams, Rienzi. South Carolina — Master : Thos. Taylor, Columbia. Secretary : Col. D. Wyatt, Aikin, Cokesbury. Vermont — Master : E. P. Colton, Irasburg. Secretary : E. L. Hovy, St. Johnsbury. Ohio — Master: S. H. Ellis, Springboro. Secretary: D. M. Stewart, Xenia. Michigan — Master : S. F. Brown, Schoolcraft. Secretary : J. T. C obb, Schoolcraft. Missouri — Master: T. R. Allen, Allenton. Secretary : A. M. Coffey, Knob Noster, Johnston county. Q-eorgia — Master : Col. T. J. Smith, Oconee. Secretary : E. Taylor, Colaparchu. Tennessee — Master : Wm. Maxwell, Maxville. Secretary : J. P. McMurray, Trenton. North Carolina — Master : W. S. Battle, Tarboro. Secretary : G. W. Lawrence, Fayetteville. Arkansas — Master: John T. Jones, Helena. Secretary: John S. Williams, Duvall's Bluff. California — Master : J. M. Hamilton, Guenoc. Secretary : W. H. Baxter, Napa City. Colorado — Master : R. Q. Tenney. Secretary : P. M. Hinman. Oregon — Master : Daniel Clark, Salem. Secretary : J. H. Smith, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania — Master : D. B. Mauger, Douglassville. Secre- tary : R. H Thomas, Mechanicsburg. Virginia — Master : J. W. White, Eureka Mills, Charlotte. Sec- retary : M. W. Hazlewood, Richmond. West Virginia — Master : B. M. Kitchen, Shanghai. Secretary : J. W. Curtis, Marti nsburg. New York — Master : Geo. D. Hinckley, Fredonia. Secretary : Geo. Sprague, Lockport. 254 THE SOUTHERN [Xovtmbei Dakota — Master: E. B. Crew. Lodi. Secretary : 0. F. Stevens, Jefferson. Texas — Master : J. B. Johnson, Fairfield. Secretary : H. H. Parker. Salado. Alabama — Master: "W. H. Chambers, Oswichee. Secretary: E. M. Law. Tuskegee. 'da — Master : B. T. TVardlow. Madison. Secretary : W. A. Brinson. Live Oak. Kentucky — Master: W. D. Davie, Beverly. Secretary: J. Eu- gene Barnes. Georgetown. Massachusetts — Master: T. L. Allis. Conway. Secretary: Beuj. Davis. Ware. New Jersey — Master: Edward Howard, Hammonton. Secre- tary: R. W.Pratt, Xewfield. RULES FOR THE CARE OF SHEEP. A circular issued by F." C. D. McKay, the General Agent of the American Emigrant Company, gives the following: The company have already ten thousand sheep scattered among the farmers, who purchased land of them in flocks ranging in size from fifty to two hundred head. 1. Keep sheep dry under foot with litter. This is even mere necessary than roofing them. Xever let them stand or lie in mud or snow. 2. Take up lamb rams early in the summer, and keep them up until December 1st following, when they may be turned out. 3. Drop or take out the lowest bars, thus saving broken limbs. 4. Count every day. 5. Begin graining with the greatest care, and use the smallest quan- tity at first. 6. If a ewe loses her lamb, milk her daily for a few days, and mix a little alum with her salt. 7. Let no hogs eat with the sheep by any means, in the spring. 8. Give the lambs a little mill feed in the time of weaning. 9. Never frighten sheep, if possible to avoid it. 10. Sow rye for weak ones in cold weather if you can. 11. Separate all weak, or thin, or'sick, from those strong, in the fall, and give them special care. 12. If any sheep is hurt, catch it at once and wash the wounds, and if it is fly time, apply spirits of turpentine daily, and always wash with something healing. If a limb is broken, bind it up with splinters tightly, loosening as the limb swells. 13. Keep a number of good bells on the sheep. 14. Do not let the sheep spoil wool with chaff or burs. 15. Cut tag-locks in early spring. 16. For scours, give pulverized alum in wheat bran ; prevent by taking great care iu changing dry for green feed. 1784.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 255 17. If one is lame, examine the foot, clean out between the hoofs, pare the hoofs if unsound, and apply tobacco with blue vitriol, boiled in a little water. 18. Shear at once any sheep commencing to shed its wool, unless the weather is too severe, and save carefully the pelt of any sheep that dies. 19. Have at least one good work by you for reference. This will be money in your pocket. — Indiana Farmer. TWO QUEENS IN ONE HIVE. "We recently copied from the Agricultural Gazette, published at London, England, an account of two Queens occupying amicably one hive. Another correspondent sends that paper the following additional particulars of this singular fact three weeks later than the date at which the former article was written : "In your impression of the Agricultural Gazette of August 22, you ask for further information respecting Mr. Boulton's hive of bees in which two queens have been residing. As the case in point is, I believe, unprecedented in the annals of bee-keeping, I will endeavor to give you as concise a history of it as possible, in order that it may remain as a public record and reference hereafter. About the commencement of July, Mr. Boulton called my attention to it, and requested me to send it to the prominent journals treating on bee-culture. Mr. Boulton is a tradesman of Ulverston, and has for many years been a bee-keeper. The event was one so strange to him that he courted the fullest publicity, and the phenomenon has been seen by many bee-keepers, who are unable to reconcile it with past experience of the habits of bees. I must premise that my own knowledge of bees is limited, and that my information is drawn from others. The hive in question is one of pure Liguirians, and is a last year's swarm. Mr. Boulton had several other swarms, and all were doing well in the spring of this year, this especial one being partic- ularly strong, and was enclosed in one of Woodbury's bar box hives. Later on, however, it was noticed by the owner that whilst the other swarms continued to do well, this one seemed to be retrograding, and the belief was that the queen was dead. About the middle of June an examination was made, and a queen's cell found, in which a young queen had been hatched, which was seen going about amongst the bees. At this time there was no worker brood in the hive, nothing being visible but a little drone brood. On June 28, in the presence of several friends (all bee-keepers), the hive was again examined, to see how the young queen was breeding. The first bar taken out was found to be full of brood on each side, and a young queen was upon it. Being anxious to see. how much brood the hive contained, the next bar was taken out, but it had no brood on. On removing the next bar, it was found to have a sheet of brood on each side, and, to the astonishment of all present, another young :\ THE SOUTHERN [November queen was upon it. They continued to remain on their separate bars for about a week, and on July 3 I was present when the hive again examined, and the two queens were on the same bar. but on opposite odes. In the lapse of another week I again accompa- nied Mr. Boulton to his garden, when the queens were on the same side of the bar. and distant only about an inch from each other in the midst of the bees, all working amicably together. Subsequent examinations have shown them in different positions on the same bar. sometimes on separate ones. The fact of the empty bar being between them when first discovered, showed that both queens had been impreg fertile. The broods were also in the same state and of the same age, proving that both queens were young and had commenced laying at the same time. One que^n was a verv fine large one, and of a beautiful vellow color ; the other was leas, and the color not so good. Since the beginning of Aug the lesser queen has not been seen, and as the hive was very full, I have refrained writing to you on the subject, thinking it possible that further search might discover her. On Monday last, however, a searching examination was made, but without discovering her. The hive is very full of bees, and they are fast making honey. Mr. Boulton was advised to separate the hive, but this he refused to do, being determined and anxious to see the result of so strange an oc- currence. The supposition is that when the old queen died, thj bees hatched two queens, and before these began laying the hive would necessarily be weakened, thus the bees resolved to retain both to g : • up the strength of the hive. This has now been accomplished, and th*e smaller queen has been d The present occupants of the hive are very — Farmer. Young pigs ought to get the richest and best of food. There is nothing so good as skimmed milk with cooked corn meal. Fbbhcb Washihg Fluid. — Dissolve one pound of sal soda in one quart of hot water, and add four quarts of lime water : let it settle, and pour off the clear water carefully ; then dissolve three ounces :: borax in one quart of hot water, and when dissolved add to it the five quarts of clear water in which the soda and lime were dissolved. "When the mixture is cold, dissolve in it two ounces of carbonate of ammonia. Bottle, and keep tightly corked in a place where it will not freeze. TTse half a pint or less to five or six gallons of water. Put the clothes into soap suds, and let them soak over night, adding some of the fluid to the suds : or it can be added to the suds before boiling the clothes. It makes a strong, thick suds, saves more than half of the soap, and nearly all the rubbing. After boiling, the clothes should be rinsed well in clear water. THE WATT PLOW CONTINUES TRIUMPHANT! No CHOKING when bright and smooth; no LABOR to the plowman; ONE-THIRD LESS DRAUGHT to the team ; thorough BURIAL of Weeds, Grass, &c. ; great STRENGTH, Durability and Economy in its use, and complete pulverization of tY^ soil. B@«,I have, within the past eighteen months, made great improvements in the WATT PLOW, and can, with greater confidence than ever, commend it to the farming community everywhere. GEORGE WATT. Premiums received during the last three weeks of October 1873: Virginia and North Carolina Fair, at ^ Norfolk, October 7, 1873— ALL FIRST PREMIUMS AWARDED ON PLOWS. The test of plows took place in a sandy loam, with weeds. &c, from four to six feet high. The Watt Plow did not choke at all, and buried the vegetation perfectly. North Carolina State Fair, at Raleigh, October 14, 1873— ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED ON PLOWS. Piedmont Agricultural Fair, Culpeper Courthouse, Va., October 14, 1873 — ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED ON PLOWS. The test took place in a hard, stiff clay soil not plowed since the war, and covered with running briers. The Watt Plow was run seven inches deep without difficulty, and never choked, burying everything under. Virginia State Fair, Richmond, October 28. 1873— ALL THE PREMIUMS ON EACH SIZE, RIGHT AND LEFT HAND. Also, two special premiums from the Society. Also, two special premiums from trie city of Richmond. The Plows were tested in a sodded and heavy pipe soil. The working of the Watt Plow was admired by all. Western (N. C.) Fair at Salisbury, October 7, 1873— HIGHEST PREMIUM. Darlington (S. C.) Fair, October 11, 1873-HIGHEST PREMIUM. The WATT PLOW of all sizes, from one to four horses, warranted to do bet- ter work, with more ease, than any plow in use. If they do not prove so after one week's trial, they may be returned to us, and the purchase money will be re- funded. HARROWS, CULTIVATORS and ALL KINDS OF FARMING IMPLE- MENTS for sale on the best terms. Send for Circulars. WATT & CALL, dec Sole Manufacturers, Richmondj V$. FOR SA.TLE Several very fine Short Horn Coius and Heifers, one Yearling Bull and four Bull Calves. Fifty Cotswold Ewes and Lambs, all either imported or bred direct from imported stock, Lambs by Imported King Briton. Thirty Berkshire Pigs out of imported sows, " Hillhurst Rose," "Rosedale," and "Wharfdale Rose 2d," and sired by imported "Wharfdale Chief," and "Canada Prince." jgSSP Satisfaction guaranteed. Prices Moderate. A. M. BOWMAN, Bellevue Stock Farm, aug Waynesboro, Augusta Co., V WHATAI EiW B SUPERPHOSPHATE, MANUFACTURED BY JAMES Or. JDO^XTlXrWJ^ttlD Sc CO. To the Planters of Virginia and North Carolina: "We again respectfully call the attention of those intending to use fertilizers on their sprii - the Powhatan Raw Bone Super-PL id particularly -thos- t a reliable fertilizer for tobacco and cotton, as we intend in the future, as in the past are years, to furnish an article which has no rival, regard- less of price. When -. used by the side of any other fertilizer what- ever, not exet - "-rservedly popular and higher priced tobacco fertilizers of the day. it has in every case proved itself superior. A few out of many of our certificates from our patrons : Blacks axii Whites. Nottoway Co.. Va.. Jan. 1, 1872. Dear Sirs. — This is to certify that I have used the Powhatan Phosphate alon^ triads of fertilizers, each of which cost more than the Pow- hatan, and the difference in my crop of tobacco was greatly in favor of the Pow- hatc . From my experience last year I think it a No. 1 manure, and recommend its general use. Very truly yours . SAMUEL F. BPE LrxESBCRG, Co.. Va.. Jan. 29, 1S73. Gentlemen. — I used your '; Powhatan Raw B^ne Super-Phc - ;t year on tobacco with perfect success and entire on. Ve:; ally, R. H. ALLEN. DiywrDBiE Co., Va., January 13. 1872. Dear Sirs. — In r j\ ~ our request. I have no hesitation in saying that I pre- fer the Powhatan Raw B S --Phosphate, bought of you last spring, to any n that I have ever used on tobacco. I wish you to furnish me again this spring. - us truly, WM. B. COLEMAN. Potthatax Co. , Va. . Jan. 30. 1878. Gentlemen. — Yours of 24th. asking my opinion of the Powhatan Phosphate, to hand. In reply. I have - -ell on my tobacco — better than a more to fertilizer that was applied bv the side of it. Yow Z. G. MOORMAN. Amelia Co., Va., Jan. 16, 1872. Bear Sirs. — In regard to the Powhatan Phosphate bought of you last spring, I take pleasure in saying that I am m - action on my crop. I used it on very thin land. 200 pounds to the acre, and my tobacco weighed better than anv crop I have e L I wish vou to furnish me again this spring. GEO. H. WILLS. Hakmoxy. Halifax Co., Va.. Jan. 20, 1872. Gentlemen. — You request me to give you the result of my experience in the use of Powhatan Raw Bone Suj -ate. I have used it successfully for ears, 1870 and 1S71. and I think it the cheapest fertibzer I have ever used, and ex ..jain the coming season. Yours truly, EDWARD MOORE. mm be mm CHEAP TO EFFECT SALES. m, e -v -^ b:r,ot:h:e23,s have, therefore, marked the whole of their stock at the lowest possible prices. They only enumerate a small portion of their stock, but will state that they have everything in tbe way of Foreign and Domestic Dry Goods, Trimmings. Notions Carpets. Matting, xc. Striped and Plain Mixed Wash-Poplins, twenty-seven inches wide. 16fc. per yard worth 25c: Striped Wash Poplins, twenty- four inches wide, at 14c. worth 20c; Mixed Wash-Poplins at 32$ per yard worth 16f. ; East-colored Lawns at 12Ac per yard worth 18c: Seersucker, twenty-seven inches wide at Vlhc. per yard worth 20c; Black Grenadines with colored* stripes at 12Jc per yard worth 25c; Black Grenadines with colored silk stripes at l»3|c would be cheap at 30c; Japanese Poplins at 16fc. per yard worth 25c; Japanese Poplins at 20 and 25c would be cheap at 30 and 35c ; Japanese Poplins, silk warp, at 40 and 50c per yard worth 60 and 75c. : Striped Silks at 75c. 85c, $1 and $1.25 per yard— all 25c. a yard below regular prices ; Black Silks from 60c. to $3.50 per yard — all much below regular prices ; Colored Silks in great variety at lower prices than at any time since 1862 : Striped Muslins at 25c. per yard, would be cheap at 35c;- Checked Muslin, large patterns, at 30c per yard worth 50.; Victoria Lawn from 20 to 50c per yard — all very cheap ; Linen Lawns at 25c worth 35c. per yard : Grass- Cloth Suitings with side bands for trimmings all yard-wide at 20c worth 25c; A large variety of Linen Suitings at very low prices ; Bombazines and other dress material for mourning ; Alpacas. Mohairs, and Brilliantines, in all qualities, at lower prices than ever ; Excellent Calicoes at 8£ 10, and 12Ac per yard ; Swiss Muslin from 12$ to 50c. — great bargains in this line ; Nottingham Lace, for curtains, at 20. 25. 30 and 35c and up to $1.25 pei yard : Tucked Cambrics in all widths and qualities ; Shirred Muslin at 50c per yard, worth 61 ; Full- Width Linen Sheeting at 75c. per yard worth $1 : Pillow-Case Linea, l\ yards wide at i30c. worth 75c; Table Cloths, warranted all linen, two yards long, at $1 worth $1.50 : White Matting, one yard wide, at 25, 30. 35. 40. 45 and 50c. per yard — all excellent quality for the price : Red Check Matting at 30c and up to 60c per yard ; M-4 White Matting at 40c per yard, worth 50c; 6-4 Red Check Matting at 45c. per yard worth 60c; Victoria Lawn Dress Patterns in white and buff skirts, ready-made with suffi- cient material for a sacque or basque at 62 — cost double the money to import; Black Lace Scarfs, now so fashinable. from $1 up to $6 : Black Lace Points and Sacques in all qualities at remarkably low prices ; Printed Cambrick Frilled Collars and Cutfs at 15c a set. worth 50c.; Ruffling and Euffs in great bargains — some extraordinary bargains in this line ; A large stock of Striped Cotton Hose for women and Children ; Crepe Veils in all sizes — some extra large and heavy : Great bargains in Cotton Trimmings. Laces, Embroideries, Jewelry, Fans, Parasols. Fan Chains, Satchels, Trunks. Baskets. Shawl Straps. Xc. kc. Particular attention paid to orders. Goods sent by express C. O. D,, or upon receipt of post-office order or registered letter. LEVY BROTHERS, 1017 and 1019 Main Street, July RICHMOND, VA. EST^-ZBLISHIIEID 1S39. TO FARMERS, PLANTERS and GARDENERS MANUFACTURED AXD FOR SALE BY JOHU BULLOCK & SON, Factory: Washington Road, Baltimore, Md. Store: No. 61 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. P. 0. Box 636. For more than thirty years we have been engaged in the manufacture of ''Pure Ground Bone , our crude stock being gathered daily from the butchers here, with whom we have yearly contracts. We have com- pleted our new factory, and with the addition of the latest and most ap- proved machinery, will be able to fill all orders sent to us at short notice and guarantee at all times to the purchaser a first-class article at the lowest market price. Respectfully JOHN BULLOCK & SON. The attention of those desiring to purchase Evergreens, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs Is called to the MAGNOLIA NURSERY AT RICHMOND, "ViHG-INTA.. The stock generally is well grown and the assortment complete, comprising everything that is desirable for shade or ornamental pur- poses ; also all the leading varieties of Grapes, Currants, Strawberries and other Small Fruits. Our prices are low, considering the quality of the stock, which we feel confident will give general satisfaction. The Nursery, which is situated on the Brook Turnpike near the city, is open to the inspection of visitors during business hours. J^r** Descriptive Catalogue furnished on application. Address all letters to L. J- HARVEY, se — tf Nurseryman, Richmond, Ya. FRUIT TREES & VINES For Sale Claeap. $12.50 per 100. 100.00 " 1000. 25.00 " 100 50,000 Apple Trees, « a it A large lot of Cherries, Concord Grape Vines, Norton Seedling, Maxatawny, Delaware, Catawba, Scuppernong, Isabella, Lenoir, A.LIL, FIRST-CLASS STOCK:. For further particulars, address JAMES VIA & SONS, ge tf West Hampton, Henrico Co., Va. 10 ce 25 10 10 10 20 10 10 ts. i^Vii1':1!"'. ':'! If p '• jfe ' ^ Illllllfilllll'lill, 9:i]J HAZLETON, LUZERNE COUNTY, PA., BREEDER AND DEALER IN Pure Bred Fancy Poultry and Pigeons, Song and Ornamental Birds, Lop-Eared Angora, Himalayan Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, Ferrets, White Mice, Gold Fish, Aguaria, Aquatic Plants, Premium Chester White and Berkshire Pigs, Jersey and Ayrshire Cattle. Particular attention given to Orders from a distance. Satisfac- tion guaranteed. Stock not on hand furnished at Short Notice. B&- SEND FOR CIRCULARS. =^n Fertilizers and Seeds for. 1874. SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO, ETo. 1 Peruvian G-uano^ FLOUR OF JEU^^KT BOISTE, Ground Plaster, Lime, Agricultural Salt, &c. FIELD, GRASS, AND GARDEN SEEDS, SEED POTATOES Of the Early Rose, Early Goodrich, Peerless, and other choice varieties For further information and supplies, address ALLISON & ADDISON, Seed and Guano Merchants, Richmond, Virginia. OCEAN EXPOSURE. (ESTABLISHED 18o4.) A. HANCE & SON, Nurserymen and Florists, RED BAXffK, N. J. The following Catalogues are published for gratuitous distribu- tion, viz : No. 1 — Descriptive Catalogue of trees, shrubs, vines, &c. No. 2 — Descriptive Catalogue of plants. No. 3 — Wholesale Trade-list, (for nurserymen and dealers.) Peach Trees and Ornamental Stock, specialties. A fine stock of Early Beatrice Peach, Concord and Martha Grape Vines, and other Peach Trees and Grrape Vines for Southern Planters. oct ROBT, J. FARRER & CO., PRODUCE & CATTLE SALESMEN. Agents for the Sale and Purchase of WELL-BRED CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, POULTRY, &C. EngM Siuerpliospliate, $40 Per Ton COMPLETE GUANO, $07.50. JfSg^Commissions across the water executed. 6 Fourteenth Street, Richmond, Va. oct 2 to 3 Apple " 4 to 7 3 to 4 Standard Pear.4 to 6 Dwarf " 2h to 4 ^ArtGU STOCK OF FIRST-CLASS FMT AID ORNAMENTAL TREES FOR SALE. SMALL FRUIT, HEDGE PLANT, ASPARAGUS, k, Peach trees, 3§ to 6 feet $10 per 100 ; per 1000 $ 80 00 5 per 100 ; per 1000 40 00 15 per 100 ; per 1000 100 00 5 per 100; per 1000 40 00 40 per 100; per 1000 350 00 25 per 100; per 1000 225 00 Osage Hedge Plants, 2 years, per 1000, $3 50 ; Honey Locust Hedge Plants, 2 years, per 1000, $7 ; Wilson's Albany Strawberry Plants, per 1000, $3; Concord Grape Vines, 1 year, No. 1, per 1000, $30 ; Concord Grape Vines, 1 year, No. 2, per 1000, $20 ; Silver Maple trees, 9 to 12 feet, per 100, $40 ; Silver Maple trees, 7 to 8 feet, per 1000, §20. m*SEND FOR A CATALOGUE. «©a augtf BRONZE TURKEYS, (From 62 pound parents.) FANCY CHICKENS, POLANDS. Those everlasting layers and most beautiful lawn ornaments, PURE WHITE, BLACK WHITE CRESTS, SILVER and GOLDEN, LIGHT DARK BRAHMAS, WHITE, BLACK COCH- INS and GAMES. If ordered at once will close out my stock at reduced prices. F. EVANS, No. 5, St. Paul Street, oc— BALTIMORE, MD. F*J±TL,TLm STYLES, 1874. CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS SAMPLE CARDS Are now ready for mailing. Our assortment embraces TWENTY-FOUR PATTERNS. Merchants desiring samples, will please address, CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS. CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA. MALTBY HOUSE, BALTIMORE, MD. C.R. HOGAN, Proprietor. Has just received a series ~Z of costly and elegant im- _provements, embracing every ;;,,,. department of the Hotel, ma- king it one of the finest Ho- tels in the city. Board reclncecl to $2.50 per flay. sep — 2f BATJG-H'S STANDARD 3VL" A ZST XT IR E S . BAUGH & SONS High Grade Manure for Tobacco and Grain BAUGH'S RAW BONE TPA°E MAR1 SUPER-PHOSPHATE Of LIME. The old established article ys«. Also Pure Ground Bones, line of chemicals for making sep — 6t sold under a guaranteed anal- Pure Bone Meal, and a full super-phosphates. BAUGH & SONS, No. 103 South Street, Baltimore, Md. Piedmont A-ir-Line Railway. Richmond and Danville, Richmond and Danville R. AY., N. C Division, and North Western N. C. R. W. COKTDENSED TIIVTE TA.BX.E. In effect on and after Sunday, October 12th, 1873. GOING NORTH. GOING SOUTH. STATIONS. SIAIL EXPRESS. STATIONS. SIAIL. EXPRESS. Leave Charlotte, 10.00 p. M. 8.15 A. SI. Leave Richmond, 1.28 p. si 5.00 A. M. " Air-Line Junction, 10.06 ' 8.30 " " Burkeville, 4.45 " 8.29 " " Salisbury, 10.06 a. si. 10.21 '• " Danville, 9.18 " 12.4S p. SI. " Greensboro, 3.30 ' ' 12.45 p. si. " Greensboro', 12.20 a. si 3.50 " K Danville, 6.20 ' 3.12 " " Salisbury. _ • 6.06 " " Burkeville. 11.: 3-5 ' 7.36 " " Air-Line Junction , 4.29 " 8.10 " Arrive at Richmond, 2.17 p M. 10.17 " Arrive at Charlotte, 4.35 " S.15 " GOING EAST. GOING WEST. STATIONS. fa SIA1L. MAIL. .fceave Greensboro' g 3.3IJ a. M. £. Arrive 12.20 A. ll. " Co. shops, & 4.45 '• 3 9.35 " " Raleigh, §■ 846 " — 5.26 " Arrive at Goldsboro,' =; 11.15 " a S Leave 2.30 P. M. NORTH WESTERN N. C. R. R. , Salem Branch. Leave Greensboro' 4.30 P. si. ; arrive at Salem 6.25 p. si. ; leave Salem 8 a. m.'; arrive at Greens- boro' 10.00 a. >i. Mail trains dailv, both wavs. Ou Mintlavs Lvnehburg Accommodation leave Richmond at 9.45 a. St., arrive at Burkeville 12.45 P. si., hjave Burkeville 5.:>5 a. si., arrive at Richmond B;45 A. M. Pullman Palace Cars on all night trains between Charlotte and Richmond (without change). Papers that have arrangements to advertise the schedule of this Company will please prip.t as above. For further information, address S. E. ALLE> , G«neral Ticket Agent, Greensboro', N. C. T M. R. TALCOTT, Eng'r & Gen'l Sup't. hot— tf immu i ,MIDDI>MEN. come Enterprising, Useiul citizens. EASTMAN BGSINESS COLLEGE. I >". Y.. On-the-Hudson. the enly Institutioo devoted to \\ - 1 si and only : Coimn-r'- - : PatroLf a: uaie? in I city aod town. A y Jut. Add • iiid cat- ■logui i ffi, H. G. EASTMAX, LL. D^ Potighkeepsie, N. Y. —It LATEST VARIETY KNOWN. LEATMEBBUBTS BAKU. The 1st Premium was awarded to this Peach by the Pennsylvania Horticultu- ral Society, October 23. 1872. The Fruit Bbcoraek of November. 1872, thus describes it: :. The Peaches were duly received, and without -: finest specimen of et late sort we have ever seen or tasted. The specimens meas- ured from eight to eight and one-! alf inches in circumference, and were of a gileish yellow collor. tinged with a rich scarlet over the faurgesl a of the each. Pitts very small. Flesh three-fourths to one inch thick, and of a light yellow, tinged with red. Near the pit. exceedingly juicy and rich. We should consider out - rtunate if we could have one hundred \: sort in our orchard, for as plenty as the fruit Las been this fall, such peaches would sell quickly for $3.00 per crate, when ordinary late peaches were bringing but $1.50. The trees are now offered foi | 5-00 per dozen by J. H. PETERSON, se — tf Smyrna. Kent Co.. Delaware. TREES! TREES! TREES! A VERY LARGE AND UNUSUALLY FINE STOCK OF PEJ1R | *1PPLE TREES, CHERRIES, CRAB APPLES, CURRANTS, &00SEBERRIES, Evergreens, Elms, Maples, Shrubs, Roses, And a general Nursery Stock, ar the SYRACUSE NURSERIES, SMITH & POWELL. Syracuse. New York. Sep. 11th, 187-4. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO R. R. On and after SUNDAY, April 19th, 1874, passenger trains will run as follows : FROM RICHMOND : 8:30 A. M. MAIL TRAIN.— For Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Staunton, White Sulphur, Hinton, and all intermediate Stations, daily (except Sundays), arriving at Hir.ton at 10:20 P. M. This train connects at Gordonsville for Orange, Cul- peper, Warrenton, Manassas, Alexandria, Washington and the North, and at Charlottesville for Lynchburg, Bristol, Kuoxsville, Chattanooga and the South. .4:45 P. M. ACCOMMODATION TRAIN.— For Gordonsville and all inter- mediate Stations, daily (except Sunday), arriving at Gordonsville 8:30 P.M. 9;30 P. M. CINCINNATI EXPRESS.— For Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Staunton, Goshen, Milboro', Covington, White Sulphur, and all Stations west of White Sulphur, daily (except Sunday), arriving at Huntington, 5:30 P. M. This train connects at Gordonsville for Washington, Baltimore and the North, and for Lynchburg, Bristol, and the South, and at Huntington with the Steamers Bostona and Fleetwood for Cincinnati and all points West and Southwest, arriving at Cin- cinnati (3 A. M. Baggage checked through. FOR THROUGH TICKETS, rates and information, apply at 826 Main Street Ballard and Exchange Hotel, or at company's Office, Broad Street and Sixteenth A. H. PERRY, General Sup't. Edgar Vliet, General Passenger and Ticket Agent. JOHir~LAIRI^ Offers to the public this Fall a large and fine assortment of green house plants, roses, evergreens, grape VINES and FRUIT TREES. Also a large variety of HYACINTHS, CROCUS, TULIPS, and all other Fall bulbs at low rates. Catalogues on application. Garden on Broad and Grace, bet. Henry and Smith, Seed Store, 733 Main St. near Eighth RICHMOND, VA.' 35 Packages of Flower or Vegetable Seeds free by mail for one dollar. One beautiful Illustrated Catalogue of seeds and plants for 1874. free to all. Plants by mail a specialty. Address GREEN. BEACH & CO., Seedsmen and Florists, Oil City. Pa. Box 1775. mar — lOt TTHE NEW CLIFTON FRUIT CRATE and VEGETABLE CRATE, the best thing known for transporting Fruits and Vegetables. Will supersede all other articles used for these purposes. Took first premium and diploma at Maryland State Fair, 1873. First Premium and Diploma at Frederick Fair, 1873. First Premium or Medal at Virginia State Fair, 187:5. Sta'e, County, Farm, and individual Rights for sale by E. B. GEORGIA & CO., nov — ly Clifton Fairfax, Va. T7~P~T7,"p* t0 a^ applicants, mv JL -lAi-J-L* Nursery and Bulb Cat- alogue. F. K. Phcexix, Blooming-ton, 1^ —2 AGENTS WANTED.— We are in want of a few first - *es to sell Nursery Stock in various | of the country. We want men of good character, habits and business capacity, who can furnish undoubted referen and who will g "-hole time and the busiii' e need apply who cannot furnish ces and bond. To such we can aslant emr>lovment with a good salary. CHASE BROTH! ' r W. P. BISSELL, Manager, 919 Bank St.. Richmond. Va. m — THE CROTON GRAPE Fine two-year old Plant: riety by mail or express of this va- 8 id for Price-List. 3. W. UNDERHILL. Croton Landing P. 0.. X. Y ■P HOG RI\GER. 15,000.000 King*. > 70,000 RingerS, 8,5O0 Tones S^old. Bard-nare DealeTS £fll Them. : O50cts. 1 1. -5. by mail, posl iiaid, - H. W. Hill & Co., Decatur. Hi. FORM 2. See Pluck and LanL'h ! Buy PLUCK and be Sappy. i^.#>'^ "■ most roli cki ng. and plucky story ever told by painters' brush, is faithfully copied in 'these Chromos. They are 16 by 22 inches in size. Price $10 the pair. Send orders to the pub- lisher. J. F. RYDE 2*9 Superior St.. Cleveland, O. FORM 3. LAUGHABLE and; interesting in the highest degr^- e Chromos Pluck. _ They should have a jAa: v counting room, office, and school house in the land. The lesson they teach is good r. Price. $10 the pair. Send orders to J. F. RYDER. Publisher, Cleveland. 0. FORM 4. THERE is more fun in the Chromos PLUCK than any painted or printed story that has been given to the public for years. Never before has been ac- corded to any picture or set "ares, the popularity 'hromos have attain- ed. Size. 10 by 22 inches, repair. Address order to J. F. RYDER, Publisher, Cleveland, O. Thoroughbred Stock for Sale. I am breeding Thoroughbred DEVON CATTLE. ESSEX PIGS. SOUTH- DOWN SHEEP, fee; also LIGHT BRAHMA FOWLS, Persons ordering from me can rely on getting as good stock as any in this country. My herd of Devon; are of the • improved strains. They took a number of first premiums at our last State Fair. For further particulars, address F. W.. CHILES, aug — Bt Louisa C. H.. Ya. W. C. SMITH, Manufacturer of aiid Dealer in CHILDREN'S CARRIAGES, China, Glass and billow Ware, Toys of Every Description, Afghans, Mats. <5cc. Invalid Chairs made to order; also repairing neatly done. Salerooms 412 Broad Street, and 737 Main Street. Factory 308, 812 and 314 Fifth Street, Richmond, Ya. ap — ly 1010 Ills. PRIME HEW CROP TURNIP SEED Of all the most approved varieties. A large stock of FIELD and GARDEN SEED. C. B. EOGERS, Seed Dealer, 133 Market St., Philadel'ia. Aug — It Q.) [A AGENTS READ. One O^xUt Canvasser made S240 in one week. Samples sent free to all. Ad- a W. H. CHIDESTER, 265 Broad- way, N. Y. aug — 4t R. SINCLAIR <£ CO,? MANUFACTURERS OF inn, mam i iumnr. ALSO, GROWERS AND IMPORTERS OF GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS, Dealers in FRUIT TREES and PLANTS Would call the special attention of our friends and customers to the following first-class Machinery and Implements, which we guarantee to be equal to any arti- cle of the kind made in this country, being all of our own manufacture. We name in part, such machines as are required by the Farmer and Planter for the Winter and Spring seasons, viz: SINCLAIR'S PATENT MASTI- CATOR, of which we make four sizes, viz: Hand, Steam and Horse Power. Sinclair's Patent Screw Propeller, Hay, Straw and Fodder Cutters, of which we make four sizes, viz . Light Hand Power, Hand Power, several sizes, and Horse Power three sizes. All of the above-named Cutters are our own Patents and Manufacture, and are such as we can recommend. Reading's Patent Horse-Power Corn Sheller, with Fan Attachment. Sheller, plain. Double Spout Hand or Power Sheller Single Spout SheUers— ell kinds. Corn and Cob Mills, Grist Mills, for Farm and Plantation use. WHEAT AXD CORN FANNING MILLS. " Anderson's " Agricultural Steamer, for preparing feed for Stock. The best in use. Threshers and Separators— different kinas and sizes. Horse Powers, all sizes and patterns. Ox-Yokes and Bows, Horse Power Road Scrapers, Hay and Straw Presses. Plows, different kinds and sizes, Harrows, Cultivators, and all kinds of Farming and Horticultural Tools. Address, Seply B. SINCLAIR & CO., 62 Light Street, Baltimore. Ml. EVERGREENS! How, when, and where to plant, with Cata- logues mailed for stamp. 200,«>00 Arbor Vitae (transplanted), only §10 per 1,000. 50 assorted Evergreens sent by mail for SI. Address WM. MORTON & SON, Allen's Corner, "Cumberland Co.," Maine, se— ly Tie Fruit Recorder & Cottage Gardener will be sent free for 3 months to all who will pay postage at office of delivery. We do not ask any one to j subscribe for our paper un- J », til they know what they are to get. It speaks for itself. Price onlv SI per year. Our SMALL FRUIT INSTRUCTOR is a "work of (54 pp. that tells in simple language just how to grow fruits in abundance for home use or market. Price 25 cents postpaid. A. M. PrRDT. se — 3t Palalmyra, N. Y NH. BUSEY, Photographic and Art Gallery, N. W. Charles and Fay , ette Streets, Baltimore. Every description of Fine Photographic and artistic work in the highest style of art. Portraits in Oil, Pastel and Crayon. Photographs in water colors, India ink, &c. Also a fine stock of frames, chromos, stereoscopic views, ^cc. Particular attention given to copying and enlarging from old daguerotypes, &c. of deceased persons. seP " 13 FREE. i ii - • c ' lit >li BUY NEAR HOME AND GET GOOD STOCK. LIGHT and DARK BRAHMAS, AND PARTRIDGE COCHEN FOWLS, FROM PEDIGREE AND PREMIUM STOCK. Cold Spring Poultry and Stock Yard. Baltimore Co.. Md. ' Address J. E. LLOYD. Richmond Market, BALTIMuRE. MD. Fowls sent C. 0. D. if desired. Refer by permission to Editor of this Journal. Send for circular. HERMITAGE NURSERIE JOHN W. RIS02K, PROPRIETOR OF HEBMITAG-B ITTJRSERIES, RICHMOND, TIE GIXIA . 1,500,000 .Apple and Peach. Trees, FOR SALE THIS FALL AT REDUCED PRICES. FIRST-CLASS APPLE TREES. $16 per hundred. FIRST-CLASS PEACH TREES, $14 per hundred. To Clubs ordering 1000 trees and sending the money with order, I will put Apple trees, $12 50 per 100; Peach trees. SlO 00 per 100. These trees are warranted true to name, and are strictly first-class stock. Orders should be addressed to feb JOHN W. RISOTST, Richmond, Virginia. To Nurserymen, TREE DEALERS AND PLANTERS. Our Wholesale Catalogue for Autumn 1874, now ready, and sent FREE to all appli- cants. KLI,H'A.\«.ER * BARRY, Mt. Hupe Nurseries, Rochester. KT. Y. Aug. 1. 1874. augli. EDW. J. EVANS & CO., Nurserymen and Seedsmen, York, Penn. A complete stock of Fruit and Orna- mental Trees. Garden and Flower Seeds, Seed Wheat, Seed Oats. Seed Corn. Seed Potatoes. Grass Seeds. &c. Send for Catalogue and price lists. feb-lOt PrcminnL Farm Grist Mill. Is simple, chi durable, and grinds all kinds of grain rapid- ly. It is adapted to all kinds of horse powers. Also Union Railway Horse Powers, requir- ^inga very low eleva- \ ^ \ tion and yet eiving more power than others. Also every variety of approved Implements. Send fob Descriptive < ikcilar. WM. L. BOYEB & BEO.. oc— 2t Philadelphia, Pa. OPIUM for treatment until Hi! John Street, oc— 3t MORPHINE HABIT speedily cured by Dr. Beck"s only known and sure Remedy. NO CHARGE cured. Call on or address DR. J. C. BECK, CLNCLNSATI, OHIO, IHORO PHIIiliIPS, MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS, MANUFACTUEEK OF ACIDS AND OTHER CHlMICAIiS, o MORO PHILLIPS' SUPER-PHOSPHATE, Price $50; the best grain producer in the market. MORO PHILLIPS' PURE PHUINE, Price $50 ; the best fer- tilizer for truckers we know of. MORO PHILLIPS' TOBACCO INVIGORATOR, Price $60 ; prepared especially for tobacco. SEWANO GUANO, a natural organic deposit. {110 S. Delaware Av., Philadelphia, Pa. 95 South Street Baltimore, Md. And by trade generally. Discount to dealers. sep — Gt THE CENTENNIAL Is the LIGHTEST RUNNING SEWING MACHINE, without any exception. It is used by many of the best known families in Balti- more, and in many parts of Virginia. Price only $40 for No. 1 Machine. " . " 45 " 2 " And upwards according to style and finish. -The working pads being the same in all. Thev are fully equal to any of the §tio and $75 Machines in the market. They are all made of the best material, with fine long walnut tables/ and run so lightly and noiselessly and work so beautifully that it affords pleasure to use them. Grranges in Maryland and Virginia are adopting them, and Mas- ters will do well to write for circulars and samples to J\ S, O-IRIIFIFITH, a#p — tf 85 Lexington Street, Baltimore, Md. iu|i=fjiy*-siq Qliiiiipgl 2.2m • — *■ • = — ' :> " C > =-— -si1;- 30 5 - - af ■ ~-ure and even through the entire scale, yet mellow and sweet. ' WATERS'iCONCERT© ORGANS, cannot be excelled in tone or beauty; they defy competition. The Concerto Stop is a fine imita- tion of the Human Voice. Warraated for 6 years. Prices Extremely Low for cash or part cash, and" balance in monthly payments. AGENTS WANTED. A liberal discount to Teachers, Churches, Minis- ters, Schoois, Lodges, &c. Illustrated Cata- logues mailed. HORACE WATERS & SON, P. O. Box 3567. 481 Broadway, N. Y. nov — 2t PURE 3BRED DARK BRAHMAS, CHEAP. $2.25 per pair, 3.25 per trio — cooped and delivered at Swoope's Depot, with feed to destination. Terms Cash. G. W. SHUEY, Swoope's Depot, nov — It Augusta Co TIHIIEi SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER HAS NO SUPERIOR IN THE SOUTH, HAVING A LARGE CIRCULATION AMONGST THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL FARMERS AND BUSINESS MEN, In the country — the best customers to every trade, not only on account of the substantial character of those to whom it is sent, but likewise by the fact that possessing the additional advantage of being in book form and stitched ; it is, therefore, more apt to be preserved than an ordinary newspaper, and gives ADVERTISERS A BETTER CHANCE OF KEEPING THEMSELVES BEFORE THE PEOPLE! TEIE^IMIS POU .iLID-VIEilE^TISIILSra-- One square, 10 lines or Jess, one insertion. ..82 00 I 1 square of tea lines for six months 10 00 I 1 square of ten lines for one year 15 00 | J4 page six months 30 00 l % page one year 55 00 | V^.page six months «55 00 page one year 100 00 page single insertion 20 00 page six months 100 00 page ono year 180 Ou Outside back Cover, double rates ; inside back Cover, 50 per cent, added to rates. No advertise- ments taken for front cover. No editorial notice given to advertisements on any consideration, but notices, &c. may be put in Pulishers' Department at contract prices. No charge for advertisements,of less than two dollars. Bills of regular advertisers payable quarterly, if inserted for three or more months. Payable monthly if inserted for less than three months. Transient advertisers, cash in ad- vance. To insure insertion, we should receive advertisements by the 25th day of the month preceding taat in which they are to appear. We adhere strictly to our printed rates. All communications to be addressed to L. R. DICKINSON, Proprietor, P. 0. Box 54, Richmond, Va, ESTA.BL.ISKCE3D 1833. s^n PATENTED. WHEAT FERTILIZES PREPARED BY THE SOUTHERN FERTILIZING CO. RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, PRICE, $55 PER TON, IN RICHMOND. This article is prepared for the latitude of Virginia and North Carolina, and can be obtained at every point of importance in the two States. July— 3t. TO WHEAT PLANTERS, THE CONTINUED SU »F THE Soluble Sea Island Guano t convince cal farmer :-. wheat manure. Mr. • Deai i request me to give you m in relation to the Soluble Sea Island Guano. I used it on the tobacco _ 10 pounds per acre, and am as we. ;no I have used. I shall use it in preference v> any of the Fr: H. T. GOODy Mr. J. A. F. Neal, of Talbo: form you that I can refer to all Bold to las-. .rood word ; inc- in set - luble Sea Island Guano has t ed in the c: Prince Edward Co To Z. A. Blaxtox. Fannville. Va. : This is to certify that I used on tobacco during- the yer.: e and a half tons of Sea Island Guano, and it came up ticular. It acted for m-r with it that I i to us r it to any I b . me. P.. rr. 5TB. R. vr. L. 7 1 Guano for three years, and n uano has - en- . and am ■ • IN H. POWELL, H. P. Por- i Guano. Peruvian Guano, and a coufidei. .han any other. DR. C. D. BARHAiL Do not hesitate to say it is a good Guano. die Co. •? : — I have tried yoi ad Guano .no. W M. R. W. L. RAISIN & CO,, BALI Cor. ; - 7 , VA. THE SOUTHERN PLANTER & FARMER, DEVOTED TO Agriculture, Horticulture, and the Mining. Mechanic ani Household Arts. Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xenophon. Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State. — Sully. L. R. DICKINSON, Proprietor FRANK G. RUFFIN, ....---- Editor. New Series. RICHMOND, VA., FEBRUARY, 1875. No. 2. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. The proceedings of the late annual meeting of the State Grange of Virginia, Patrons of Husbandry, will be found below. They are not as fully reported as I could have desired, for a reason which the humanity of all readers will appreciate. On the first night of the meeting a stable, carriage and horses of the editor were burned by an incendiary. This made in actual, complete conflagrations, in fires, (including two upon my mansion in the dead of night, which had made dangerous headway before they were subdued,) and in attempts, abortive, but actual, thirteen distinct acts of incendiarism. It is obvious that it was my duty to remove my family from a scene of so much disturbance and real danger ; and I was compelled to inaugurate arrangements to that end at once. The time occupied in these arrangements, and in others growing out of it, has been that much abstracted from the Planter and Farmer. — The Editor. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE GRANGE OF VIRGINIA. The second annual meeting of the State Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry of Virginia met in Richmond on the 13th of January. About 150 delegates were in attendance at the opening, but during the progress of the meeting many more appeared, who had been prevented by stress of weather from appearing at the roll call. The Grange was called to order at 11 o'clock, by Master J. W. White. The following officers answered to their names : faster, J. W. White ; Overseer, pro tern., J. W. Southall ; Lecturer, J. W. Mor- G2 THE SOUTHERN [February ton : Steward, William McComb ; Assistant Steward, pro tern.. C. T. Sutherlin: Chaplain pro tern.. Dr. William T. Walker; Treas- urer. TN . B. \\ estbrook : Gatekeeper. J. J. Wilkinson. William Tavlor. of Clarke county. Overseer of the State Grange, tendered his resignation, which was accepted. The examination of credentials occupied much of the time of the Grange during the morning session. The Master made his annual report, an abstract of which we pub- lish below : MASTER^ ANNUAL REPORT. Brothers of the State Grange : Through the beneficence of an all-wise Providence, we, tillers of the soil, are permitted to assemble for the first time in annual session in the history of our Order, to examine, deliberate, and discuss que3- - -.ating to our peculiar interests and daily avosati- -. C ing we do from every quarter of this great Commonwealth, represent- ing every portion of the State from the seaboard to the mountains, united in one common interest, it is most mete and proper that we invoke harmony and concord, practice forbearance and charitv, cul- tivate hope and fidelity. I congratulate you to-day on the rapid progress of our Order in the State. One year ago the State Grange was organized with ten Granges Since then the number of subor- dinate Granges within our jurisdiction has increased to . In consequence of this large increase in our numbers it was thought it would be necessary to adopt the expedient offered by the Executive Committee of the National Grange, which allows the Executive Committees of the respective Granges to reduce the num- ber of representatives of the State Grange upon such basis as the circumstances of each case might require. Your Executive Com- mittee concluded, though the number would be large and unwieldy, that the interest and good of the Order might be promoted and ad- vanced by not interfering with its representation, and allow each su- bordinate Grange to be represented at our first annual meeting. Some legislation reducing your representation in the State Grange for your future sessions will be necessary. It must be apparent to all. with the rapidity the Order is growing in the State, it would be utterly impossible in an assemblage com- posed of one representative from each Subordinate Grange to tra - act business with either wisdom or dispatch. Besides, the expenses of such a convention would be too heavy a tax upon the members of the Order. The constitutional amendments submitted to you and voted upon at an extra session held in this city on the olst of March, lv74, have not yet been ratified by the required number of Granges. This unavoidable delay has very much impeded our progress in effecting our business relations. The establishment of County and District Granges authorized by those amendments has not been perfected. The necessity for some organization intermediate between the 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 63 e are in re* 'hey ' in- State and subordinate Granges has been so generally felt through- out the Order that I have recommended the establishment of such Granges, which have been found of great value in accomplishir.fr the auxiliary designs of the Order. Where they have been formed the Order has been strengthened, and much pecuniary benefits received by the members. There is but one opinion as to the necessity of these"' organizations, and soon thev can be established with full constitutional authority. I would sug- gest, to facilitate these organizations, that you adopt this or some similar resolution: "As soon as the secretary of the State Grange is notified of the ratification of the amendments to the constitution of the National Grange by the proper authority, your Executive Committee be authorized to establish regulations for the organization of County and District Granges." The report of your Executive Committee will inform you as to what has been done in the matter of agencies and co-operation. This has been the most difficult part of our work, and has occasioned more disappointment than any other feature of our Order. Ther two prominent reasons that have led to this disappointment : 1st. There is a misunderstanding which seems to prevail , gard to duties of Patrons to each other and to the Order. Thev seem to forget that our organic law provides for an associatio i in- tended for co-operative purposes, each part of which is dependent upon some other to make it effective. These parts, taken singly, are weak ; but when all are combined make a machine of wondrous power and utility. They lose sight of our business purpose. It is promi- nently set forth— that of "meeting together, talking together, work- ing together, buying together, selling together, and, in general, acting together for our mutual protection and advancement." ^ 2d. The system adopted by your Executive Committee is totally defective. It fails to furnish the members with the necessary business information, and cannot make the necessary business negotiations that the interest of the Order demands, and totally fails in co-opera- tive action with the agents of other States. These defects are to none more glaring than to your Executive Committee, and while it was unsatisfactory to them, they knew they had no constitutional authority to adopt a better, but have waited with impatience your meeting, hoping you would take hold of this- subject and adjust it to meet the wants of the Order. _ It will be necessary to make some change in your system of depu- ties, and provide some additional mode of paying them. During the past year we have employed deputies in the dissemination of the Order, and the rapid multiplication of the Granges in the Stat- is largely due to their efficiency. Up to this time these positions have often been sources of revenue to the State Grange, and have always been self-sustaining by the dues the deputies received from the new Granges ; but such will not be the case in many of the counties that have the full number of Granges. In such counties in the future 64 THE SOUTHERN [February the prosperity of the Order is to be expected in conser.ing and strengthening the Granges already in existence. I have for some time been impressed with the importance to the machinery of our Order of a medium of communication through which matters of general interest might be transmitted to our members without the tedious, expensive, and laborious process of private cor- respondence. The necessity of some such medium induced the Ex- ecutive Committee to issue a circular letter to the subordinate Granges tending to the establishment of an organ to the Order. The proposition received favor from many of the Granges, but find- ing it would not be possible to establish such a paper before this our annual meeting, induced them to make terms with Dr. Dickinson, the proprietor of the Southern Planter and Farmer, with Colonel F. G. Ruffin as editor, to be used as the organ until our meeting, when we were induced to believe it would receive that consideration and favor at your hands that would result in permanently establish- ing a paper for the Order. It is needed not only as a channel of communication between the officers of the State Grange, but the members of the Order feel the want of an organ, through which they may confer with each other. The tendency of a common organ will be to unite the farmers and build up the Order throughout the State. We shall through its columns become better acquainted, and be brought more in svmpathv with each other. Its regular visits will increase our interest in the Granges by keeping us constantly advised of its progress. I do not propose to discuss the advantages of an organ, or the plan upon which one shall be conducted, but to ask that it receive such consideration at your hands as its importance demands. I call your attention to the necessity of taking some action by which your State, district, and county subordinate Granges can be cheaply incorporated. It would afford protection and security to the property of the Grange, and patrons would be indemnified against any loss in their business transaction with their business agents. Among the subjects that will claim your attention, there is probably none of more practical importance than that of commercial fertili- zers. The amount of money annually expended by the farmers of Virginia in their purchase, and the extent of fraud which is being practiced upon them by speculators in the sale of worthless com- pounds, is startling and alarming. Still, I feel confident that com- mercial fertilizers will be largely used by our farmers, notwithstand- ing all the frauds practiced upon them. I feel satisfied that success- ful agriculture in our State can only be attained by a liberal use of an honestly made superphosphate, sold at reasonable rates. I claim it is a duty we owe ourselves and the whole agricultural interest of the country to attempt some means of reforming the frauds and abuses of the trade in the articles. I am aware this subject received much of your attention in the subordinate Granges. Your Executive Committee has disposed of this 8 abject in its sessions, and have taken steps as far as they could 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 65 to protect you ; but they had no authority to inaugurate means to entirely relieve you. And if they had they would have been unable to pledge your co-operation and support, which would have been necessary to have insured success, but were confined in their labors to making the best terms they could with existing manufacturers to furnish you their own superphosphates, made by their own formulas, trusting and believing when you met in annual session you wonld give this great subject the consideration its importance demands- I return you my sincere thanks for your prompt and timely relief rendered the destitute and suffering members of our Order in Louis- iana. Little do we know the suffering and grief that was turned to gladness in those destitute sections of our Southern countrv bv the timely assistance rendered by our Order. Again are we called upon by our destitute and suffering brotherhood in Nebraska, caused bv the ravages of the grasshopper. Many sections of the State were left a perfect waste. Without timely aid none can tell the suffering of those people during the present winter. I know you will be swift in discharging so holy a duty, and in so doing exhibiting the truth of holy Scripture, when it declares that it is more blessed to give than to receive. Such acts of brotherly kindness will commend our Order to the patriot and philanthropist. The year just closed (the first of the Order in the State) has been one of organization. It has taken almost our entire time. With thorough organization our business relations would be more"easilv adjusted. Now, to you, gentlemen, the chosen representatives of the Order, is assigned the duty of shaping and perfecting our busi- ness relations. This is an important and responsible trust. In your hands is the destiny of this Order in Virginia. With you it rests to be seen if agriculturists can form co-operative associations. The Order is looking anxiously, but with confidence, and hope you can, and in your wisdom will, inaugurate some system of agricultural re- form that will work their own sustenation, and instill new life and energy throughout this old and great Commonwealth. Patrons, I believe we can. We have already much to encourage us in this great work in which we are engaged. My confidence is unshaken and increasing in this Order. L'pon the agricultural prosperity of the country rests all true natural pros- perity. A more enlightened and higher development of agriculture does not only benefit the agriculturist, but throws a corresponding benefit upon all other trades and professions. I firmly believe this Order, with the blessing of Providence, is destined to do much to- wards renovating and restoring society, and purifying the political atmosphere of this whole country. Already is seen sectional preju- dices receding under the influence of its enlightened rays. If we, as agriculturists, identified in one common interest, united in one common brotherhood, knowing no North, no South, no East, and no West, go forward in our co-operative strength with an honest pur- pose of retrenchment and reform, and be true to ourselves and the 66 THE SOUTHERN [February obligations we have taken, no one can tell the career of usefulness that await? this great Order. Then let me, in the name of the Order and the great interests you represent, invoke your earnest attention to the business before you. REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. The Executive Committee made quite a lengthy report, -which our limited space prevents us from publishing. It urges the procurance of a charter from the Legislature for the State Grange, reciting the advantages which will accrue therefrom ; notices the appointment of certain business agents : states that the State Grange of North Car- olina has adopted the agents appointed in Richmond, Norfolk, and Petersburg : states what has been done in the matter of an organ for the Order, and gives a general review of the business done by the committee since the last annual meeting and the business arrange- ments for the future. Adjourned to 10 A. M.. 14th January. SECOND DAY. The Grange was opened by Master J. W. White at the time to which it adjourned. A number of members presented themselves and had their names enrolled. TiwTreasurer and Secretary each made their annual reports, and they were respectively referred to their appropriate committees. The Special Committee to whom was referred the report of the Executive Committee made a report which is crowded out. Quite an animated discussion arose during the morning hour upon sundry propositions memorializing the National Grange to so alter the law as to allow other than Masters of subordinate Granges to represent them in the State Grange. The memorials were finally adopted. TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE'S REPORT. Tne Committee on Transportation made the following report, which was unanimously adopted and ordered to be printed : The Committee on Transportation made the following report, which was unanimously adopted and ordered to be published : Tiie Committee on Transportation have had under consideration the subject referred to them, and beg leave to submit the following report to the Convention: One jrreat evil under which the agriculture of our State and of the whole country is languishing is the want of proper facilities for transportation. The expenses of transportation in some instances are so great as to prohibit absolutely the movement of the products of the soil ; in others, a large portion of the value of such products is paid to the transporter. In the remote West and Northwest it is not uncommon to burn corn for fuel. The farmer cannot afford to send his corn to the Eastern market, and he cannot afford to pay the 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 67 cost of moving to his farm the coal or the wood which he requires. We are told in the report (see page 147) of the Senate Select Com- mittee on Transportation routes to the Seaboard that it costs now more than 45 cents to send a bushel of wheat from the Mississippi to the seaboard ; and the Western farmer represents that, with proper transportation facilities, it ought not to cost more than 20 cents. This is for a distance of (say) 1,500 miles. Forty-five cents a bushel for 1,200 miles is $15 a ton and 1J cents per ton per mile. This the Western farmer complains of, and justlv ; for it is perfectl\r true that the work ou^ht to be done, as he alleges, for 20 cents a bushel, which is but little over 5 mills per ton per mile. The Virginia farmer pays on his wheat and corn, and other products, on an average from 4 to 5 cents per ton per mile to get them to market. For a hundred miles the aver- age charge is about 85 per ton, or about 15 cents a bushel. If the charge for transportation were only 1 cent per ton per mile, instead of 5, the saving on each bushel for 100 miles would be 12 cents. If we suppose the average wheat crop of Virginia to be 10,000,000 bushels, and that only one-third of it is moved one hundred miles, the annual tax on the farmer in this article alone amounts to $400,- 000 — the exorbitant charges on our corn, and our tobacco, and all of our other farm products to be added. It is a reasonable conjecture that the farmers of Virginia, in their present struggling and impov- erished condition, pay an annual tax of this sort of a million and a half or two millions of dollars to the railroads. It is replied by the railroad companies that they cannot work at lower rates and main tain their roads. It is true, however, that at the present time, the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad is transporting wheat from Huntington to Richmond for 15 cents a bushel, which (the distance being 421 miles) is about 11 mills per ton 'per mile. And yet, from Louisa Courthouse, or Charlottesville, or Staunton, the charge is, we believe, about 5 cents a ton a mile. It is the same with coal : The Chesa- peake and Ohio road is delivering Quinnimont coal at its wharves in Richmond to vessels at the rate of 1 cent per ton per mile for the transportation. It appears, therefore, that our railroads are work- ing for 10 or 11 mills per ton per mile for those outside of the State, while our own people have to pay five times these prices for the transportation of their products and that of the commodities purchased and consumed by them. It it evident that either the railroads can work for 1 cent per ton per mile, or that the losses incurred by them on their through traffic are made up by laying ad- ditional burdens on the farmers of the State. In the State of New York the Erie Canal has always been the regulator of the railroads, and invariably, as the winter sets in, and the canal is blocked by ice, they put up their rates 40 per cent. It is believed that the comple- tion of the James River Canal Avould have a similar effect in Vir- ginia. The rates of transportation by water are necessarily cheaper than the railroads can afford ; and a river-course or a canal has this 68 THE SOUTHERN [February marked advantage over a railroad or a number of railroads ; that the latter invariably become a monopoly, while the water-course is like a public highway on which all may travel. The rates of trans- portation on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers when there is plenty of water are not more than H or 2 mills per ton per mile. The pre- sent rates on the Erie canal, exclusive of tolls, are about 8 mills per ton per mile by the horse-boats. But the rates on this canal are considerably greater than they would otherwise be, in consequence of the boats being compelled to lie idle four and a half months in the year. The season of navigation i=; only some two hundred and twenty- five days. The charge on a bushel of wheat from Buffalo to New Y ork has been for the past five year3 about 12 cents, including tolls. A great revolution is now in progress, however, on the Erie canal. After continued experiments for five years, it has been demonstrated, beyond all doubt, that steam can be successfully substituted for animal power, and already there are some ten or twelve steam-pro- pellers running on the canal. These during the past season have been, it is stated by a New York paper, carrying wheat from Buffalo to New York for 5 cents a bushel, which is less than half the charges by the horse boats. These steamers make also double the speed made by the horse-boats, and are securing return cargoes of general mer- chandize, which have heretofore been monopolized by the railroads. The scheme for the completion of the James River and Kanawha eanal contemplates much larger boats than those now used on the Erie canal; and this will also materially diminish the cost of transportation. It is believed that with boats of 34 and 35 tons and steam on the canals, the charges, including the tolls, would not exceed 4 mills per ton per miles; while the opening of such a communication between tide-water and the iron-fields of Virginia, and the coal-fields of West Virginia would develop branches of industry in the valley of James river whose beneficent influences would strengthen and add to the prosperity of the whole State. Every day is adding new confirmation to the won- derful character of the mineral deposits which extend from Louisa and Orange and Buckingham to the capital of West Virginia. The Quinnimont coal vein, which has been just opened between the Hawk's Nest and Meadow river, is yielding a coal which is regarded superior to the Connellsville coal for cooking purposes, and as supe- rior to the Cumberland coal for steaming purposes. The tobacco man- ufacturers in Richmond are discarding the Cumberland coal and using the Quinnimont. One iron furnace, yielding 10,000 tons of pig-iron a year, is said to be worth $100,000 in the way of annual revenue to a railroad which passes by it. And if it be true, as we have reason to believe it is, that pig-iron on the line of the canal can be manufactured for far less than the present cost outside of Virginia, we may fairly calculate on seeing such furnaces springing up, as they are now doing on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. While it is obvious from the foregoing statement that the comple- tion of the water line to the Ohio river would greatly diminish the 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 69 cost o:' transportation in and through the State, it is equally plain that it can only be constructed by the Federal Government, for not only is the State prohibited by its Constitution from making ap- propriations to works of internal improvement, but the impoverished condition of our peopler enders all investments in any such enterprise hopeless. Nor "will it do to rely on the old and hackneyed recourse of of appealing to the communities, in and out of the cities, to guarantee the bonds of a bankrupt company that has long ceased to meet its' obligations, and whose receipts barely suffice to meet its necessary expenditures. Indeed, other considerations apart, the interest on the debt of the incorporated cities becomes every year more and more onerous, and no hope can be entertained of constraining or in- ducing them to make such guarantee except by arraying the united vote of the pauper class against the property-holders. If any ap- propriations can be made to works of internal improvement by the General Government it is easy to demonstrate that this great water- line is entitled to paramount consideration by that Government, as it must become the chief highway from the great West to the sea- board. The abuses of the present railroad system are too notorious to re- quire proof. They are run in the interest of companies — most of them foreign to the State — and thev have never been known to have been visited by a generous impulse, or to feel either remorse or pity. Thev are ready (it is the genius of trade) to sacrifice the State, the cities of the State, and the individual citizen, to any arrangement which will benefit the limited rings who control them. One of them has spent (on paper) fabulous sums of money to reach its terminus — a sum so great that none of us (who are mere lookers-on) can by any ingenuity account for the expenditure. The city of Richmond was frightened into making it a present at the last moment of $300,000. In favor of another the State has practically surrendered within a few years §400,000 on the express condition that it should complete a connection running west ; and the first spade has not yet been stuck in the ground, although the period set for the completion of the work has passed. One is owned in Baltimore, two in New York, a fourth in Pennsylvania, and two others are owned by a majority of stock- holders residing in the northern States and in Europe ; and, while remote from each other, are under the same management and con- trol. One of them, having been guaranteed by the State against competition for thirty years, needs no protection now, and defies op- position. Most of them disregard their obligation and utterly ig- nore the maturity of their bonds ; and three of them have failed to meet their interest ; while the fourth only accomplished this labor by systematically neglecting to pay its employees, and came among us originally with a parade of virtue which the other Northern companies did not pretend to. It is a notorious fact that notwithstanding the exorbitant charges on transportation over all of these roads no effort is made to economize their expenditures, but, on the contrary, the cost of administration 70 THE SOUTHERN [February is increasing steadily and enormously. No dividends are declared to the stockholders, as the tendency of exorbitant charges is necessarily to drive off business, and the management, which absorbs all of the profits, seems to be satisfied if their salaries are paid. On some of these roads the salaries have been greatly increased, if not doubled, since the close of the war, and are greatly disproportioned to those paid for similar, and in many instances greater services, requiring higher qualifications and the discharge of more important. duties to the State and the country. The salary of the Governor of the State is 3-5,000 ; that of Attorney-General, $2,000 ; the Judges of the Court of Appeals, $3,000 each, with the addition of $200 to be paid to the president ; while the salaries paid to railroad presidents in this State before the recent panic ranged from $5,000 to $25,000 each per annum ; the counsel for the railroads are paid as much as $5,000 per annum with assistant counsel at the rate of several thou- sand dollar in addition And some of these roads have vice-presidents, also receiving large salaries, besides members of the Board of Directors, who are also paid officers. In addition to these extraordinary expen- ditures each road has an army of friends riding ad libitum on free passes, and, perhaps, subsidized thereby to sustain them whenever and wherever necessary, and burdening the cost of transportation to the detriment of those who pay for it in money. These privileged classes embrace officers of the Government, and particularly mem- bers of the Legislature and their families during their term of ser- vice. Is it remarkable that the legitimate owners and patrons of these roads should reap little or no profit under the above condition of affairs, or that our legislative bodies should present a scene of bitter and acrimonious railroad contests and struggles, periodically, concerning which charges are rife, and generally credited, impugning the honor and integrity of members, ,and degrading our State in the estimation of the world ? Is it not manifest that large sums of money are expended by these railroad corporations in paying law- yers and lobbyists, if not in bribing members themselves, to pro- mote their schemes by corrupt legislation ? Where does the money come from for these purposes if not from the earnings of the roads ? And when and upon what road have the stockholders authorized such expenditures? The fact is that the people in many counties of the State, elect, but do not control, their delegates, who practically take service under the several railroad organizations in the State, and look to them for reward in one shape or another. Public opinion has ceased to be strong enough to prevent or control this evil, and one of the paramount duties of the Patrons of Husbandry is to use their immense power to cleanse the legislative branch of the Government of this festering sore and moral leprosy. We congratulate our Order that with singular unanimity at the last annual meeting; of the Grange it voted down a motion to ask or accept free passes from the railroads for the use of its members. Lewis E. Harvib, \ „ ... William M. Ambler, j 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 71 At the hour of 12 the special order of the day being the consid- eration of the constitution and by-laws, was taken up, and proceeded with to the hour of adjournment. EVENING SESSION. During the previous sessions a large number of resolutions rela- tive to the inspection-laws, dog-laws, immigration, &c, &c, had been read and appropriately referred. Up to the close of the session last night, only one or two of these committees had reported. Last night resolutions of sympathy with Col. F. G. Ruffin in the destruction of his stable by incendiarism on the night before were presented and passed. The resolution also looked to memorializing the Legislature to pass more stringent laws to stop this crime. The last resolution, as was also one offering a reward for the incendiary, were referred. The committee appointed to present to the committee of the Legislature the resolutions adopted by the Grange on the subject of Inspections of Tobacco, reported that they had performed that duty. The further consideration of the constitution was resumed, and continued up to the time of adjournment without having reached a vote on it as a whole. At 10 o'clock the Grange adjourned until January 15. THIRD DAY MORNING SESSION. The constitution adopted by the Grange Thursday night having to some extent altered the duties of officers, and they having been elected one year ago for two years, in order to leave the Grange un- trammelled, all the permanent officers resigned, and the Grange went into the election of officers with the following result : Master, Col. J. W. White,* of Charlotte county ; Overseer, Thomas T. Tredway, of Prince Edward ; Lecturer, J. W. Morton,* of Char- lotte; Steward, Gen. Wm. McCorab, of Louisa ; Assistant Steward, J. B. Dunn, of Washington county; Chaplain, Rev. John C. Black- well, D.D., of Bubkingham ; Treasurer, W. B. Westbrook, of Pe- tersburg ; Secretary, M. W. TIazlewood, of Henrico ; Gatekeeper, Martin B. Hancock, of Charlotte ; Ceres, Mrs. Thomas Homer,* Flora, Mrs. J. W. Lewellen ;* Pomona, Mrs. M. W. Hazlewood ;* Lady Assistant Steward, Mrs. T. 0. Graves.* Before concluding the election of officers the Grange took a recess until 3 o'clock. AFTERNOON SESSION. At this session the Grange proceeded to fix the salaries of the several officers of the body. Much time was consumed in this pro- ceeding, but they were finally placed at the following figures : Master : $500 per year and expenses. * Re-elected. -■:. THE SOUTHERN [February hirer : $&per diem and six cents per mile traveled in the per- formance of his duty. T- ■•' ■- : $600 per year and expert $1,000 per year. hairman, $300 per annum; the other members. $2 - concluded all the amendments to the -titution which had ration, and the question then recurring on its acceptance as a whole, it was unanimously adopted. 7 N8T1TUTMHT. le I — yam-e. — ill be known and distinguished as 4iThe V;: : State Grange of I Husl andry." Akticle II — T. -he Order of the Patrons of Husbandry." as publish Grange. :• ted and adopted as the fund . subordinate Granges, so far as the same may be a: DDE — Members. — The State Grange shall be composed of Masters of Sabo: _ are Matrons. ind their wi tie honorary members, and shall be eligible to ofEce. but n I to vote. [V — Meetings. — This Grange shall hold regular annual meet: second Tuesday in Jannary, at such place as the Grange may, from time to ga may be called by the Master, with the approbation of the Ex- I be called by the Master upon the application of fifty Masters of 9 _ -. In either case, written notice shall be given 1 B ibordinate - receding. I. at any time, by a Tote of the Grange at ng. red and fifty members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction • a less number may adjoarn from day to day. — . — The offi :.nge shall be the same in name and - nal and Subordinate Granges. They shall be chosen .re elected and installed. - - a or otherwise, must be filled by a special election Officers so chosen shall serve during the unex- m filled. "I. — hull l — £ 1- It shall be the duty of the Master to open and preside at all meetings of the Grange, and with the concunence of . the application of fifty Masters of Subordi- _ . i He shall see that all or- ders and reaola :~d by the State Grange are duly executed ; decide ques- tion- -.al law during the re ! give general super- m to all n »rder, and report in full ail his official . _ recommendations for the good of :3eras may occur to hiru. 2 Q the duty of I Jerta assist the Master in preserving ord- :. from death, resignation or otherwise, he s:- m all the duties of that office. Hie dot rer shall be to visit, for the good of the Order, such ■• ' bS " " if " r the Grange may direct : he shall in- uties in the unwritten work of the Order, and shall report to the F Sabc rdinate Granges with regard to the Ritual and un- - e duty of the Steward to have charge of the inner gate. "•. The Assistant Steward shall assist the Steward in the performance of " shall be the duty of the Chaplain to lead in the devotional services of the Grange. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 73 c'Jtn% If JL p i £ °f -he Treasure.r t0 audit- adjust and certify all ac- counts ot the Grange, and all claims against it, previous to their bein°- paid • to receive from the hands of the Secretary all moneys coming into his°hands at d n LT"eyS remitt6d T him ^ T;eas,urers of Subordinate Granges, and from any other source, giving his receipt for the same. y «^ef8h?" defosit,a11 funds of the Grange in such bank or banks as may from time to time be selected by the Executive Committee, and shall pay them out only on the order of the Master, countersigned by the Secretary therefor r6mit pr°mptly a11 dueS to the Natioiial Grange, and obtain receipts He shall render a full account of his office to the Grange at each meeting, and ' w u i, i succes1sor a11 moneys, books and papers pertaining to his office He shall also send receipts for moneys received from Subordinate Granges to the Ireasurers of the Subordinate Granges and duplicates to the Secretaries of Subordinate Granges, who shall forward such duplicate receipts to the Secretary ot the Mate Grange in their quarterly reports. Before entering on the duties of his office, he shall give bond in a sufficient amount to secure the moneys that may be placed in his hands, with securities to be approved by the Executive Committee. Said bond shall be held by the Mas- ter, m trust tor the Grange. Sec. 8. The Secretary shall keep an accurate record of all the proceedings of the Grange, and make out all necessary returns to the National Grange He shall keep the accounts of the Subordinote Granges, and pay over monthly to the Ireasurer all moneys coming into his hands, and take a receipt for the same. Me shall also keep a complete register of the numbers and names of all Subor- dinate Granges, and the names and addresses of the Masters and Secretaries and furnish the Treasurers and Secretaries of Subordinate Granges with the ne- cessary blanks for making their reports. He shall be present at all meetings of the Executive Committee, and act as their Secretary. He shall also give bond in such amount as the Executive Com- mute e may determine, said bond to be adjusted, secured, approved and depos- ited with the Master, as in case of the Treasurer. P erlSeCuardIdSha11 ^ ^ dUtJ °f ^ GatekeePer to see that tne gates are prop- Sec. 10 When a Chorister has been chosen, it shall be his duty to provide music and lead in singing, as indicated in the Ritual, shalf eS YU~I]lections-~A]l Sections shall be by ballot, and a majority vote Article VIII— Committees— Sec. 1. All committees, unless otherwise ordered, shall consist of three members, and shall be appointed by the Master. A ♦ % \ l\\eacn meeting, a committee on Finance shall be appointed, whose duty it shall be to audit all accounts with the Grange quarterly, and report an- nually. Io it shall be referred the reports of the Secretary, Treasurer and Dep- uties tor examination. v ♦*,ScC/ 3" ^here sha11 be an Executive Committee, consisting of the Master of kill I ranf e' and four additional members elected by ballot, one of whom shall be elected for one year, one for »wo years, one for three years, and one for tour years, and at each succeeding regular annual meeting of the State Grange, one member shall be elected to take the place of him whose term then expires Ihe chairman of the Executive Committee shall be chosen by the committee each year. It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to provide for the good ot the Order in business matters, and they shall have authority to act in all J^u Committee. Ho r ace P. Lacy, J Under the constitution thus adopted it became necessary to elect a general agent, to whom much of the mercantile interests of the members of the Order throughout the State was entrusted. The Grange then proceeded to fill that office, and the choice fell upon Mr. J. C. Featherston, of Campbell county. The headquarters of this officer will be in this city, with agents appointed throughout the State, with whom the office there will be in constant correspondence, and in close intercourse and communication. The Grange then went into the election of members of the Exec- utive Committee, with the following result: First year, L. R. Rag- land, of Halifax county. Second year, A. M. Moore, of Charlotte 76 THE SOUTHERN [February county. Third year, R. V. Gaines, of Charlotte county. Fourth year, A. B. Lightner, of Augusta county. [Mr. Lewis E. Harvie was nominated and voted for, but stated before the vote was taken that he could not serve.] This and other matters, reports of special committees, &c, occu- pied the time of the Grange until 8 o'clock, at which time it took a recess for an hour. EVENING SESSION. The subjects of fertilizers and banking occupied the attention of the Grange throughout the entire evening, and the hour for adjourn- ment arrived before any conclusion was reached or definite action taken on either subject. Adjourned to 10 A. M., 16th January. FOURTH DAY. The Committee on Insurance reported that they had not, had sufficient time to mature a plan for the establishment of a bureau of insurance, but at their suggestion it was referred to a special com- mittee with orders to report a plan to the Executive Committee at an early day. The question of an organ was, on motion, referred to the proper authority for it to mature some plan for the establishment of a paper devoted to the objects of the Order. Major R. V. Gaines offered a lengthy preamble and resolutions on the financial distress of the agricultural interests, which were briefly discussed, and for want of time to consider them, were laid on the table. A GRANGE BANK. A resolution was passed recommmending to the subordinate Granges throughout the State the necessity of considering the sub- ject of the establishment of a central bank in the city of Richmond under the auspices of the State Grange of Virginia as affording a means of relief to the financial necessities of the members of the Order, and to instruct their several Masters to report to the next meeting of the State Grange the amount of stock which has been secured in the several subordinate Granges. A committee of five was appointed to memorialize the Legislature on the subject of immigration. There was, as usual at the close of all deliberative bodies, a large number of resolutions, motions. &c, offered. Most of them were of no interest to the general reader, and are, therefore, omitted from this report. These, with personal explanations, the consideration and passing of sundry bills for expenses, See., occupied the attention of the Grange until 3 o'clock, when it adjourned sine die. The Grange Insurance Company, at Muscatine, Iowa, is carrying risks to the amount of $200, QUO. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 77 COMPOSTS. A short time ago a friend requested us to give him some directions on composts, and in answering his request it occurred to us that the subject was worth laying before our readers, whose notions on it must be quite crude. If the practice has anywhere obtained of making composts cheaply and profitably, we would be greatly obliged if some correspondent conversant with the details would furnish them for publication. Before the war, Edgecomb county, N. C, had a great reputation for success in composts, but we have not had time to hunt up the report of it. Here is a copy of the letter we wrote : To Thomas Edmunds, Esq., Charlotte: Dear Sir: I have your message by Mr. B. asking me to send you specific directions for making a compost. I would do it with great pleasure if it were possible to give specific directions in the absence of specific data. Looking into my books for assistance I find Morton's Cyclopedia of Agriculture devotes eight double-col- umn folio pages to the subject; and Stockhardt — Chemical Field Lectures — devotes fourteen pages octavo to it. Hence it will be seen that it is impossible for us to give here more than a few general ideas on composts until your wants are more specifically stated. It may illustrate the scope of a general inquiry to state that Morton says a writer in the Gardener's Chronicle describes the preparation of twenty different composts for garden purposes. And the author of British Husbandry, tells us/vol. I, p. 433, " There are numberless receipts scattered throughout the writings of various theorists, in which the quantity and quality of each ingredient in these various mixtures are as accurately stated as if they were the medical pre- scriptions of physicians. But these are mere qurc^eries, which do not merit the attention of practical men." A compost is a "manure in which the effects of the aggregate mass is greater than the total effect of the several parts would be, if applied singly." The substances that go to make composts are earthy re- fuse, such as ashes of wood, building rubbish, clay, mud from ditches,. lime, plaster, &c. ; vegetable refuse, such as straw, cornstalks, leaves, weeds, saw dust, spent tan bark, &c. ; animal refuse, such as dea& cows or horses, offal from slaughtered animals, &c. ; and liquid re- fuse, such as house and kitchen slops, soapsuds, &c. How shall any of these be made into a compost? Not by a haphazard mixture'; for certain of them antagonize certain others, and by their influence on each other diminish to a serious extent the positive value of the 2 78 THE SOUTHERN [February whole. Thus the addition of quick time to stable manure -would expel ammonia: and the incorporation with it of animal offal would produce the same effect by causing a too active fermentation. But the addition of an inert earth, which would check, if not wholly hinder fermentation, may preserve the volatile parts and enable them at the same time to unite with or modify the nature and action of other parts. If. for instance, we do not wish to use stable or farm pen manure until sometime i fter it has been made; to keep it, per- haps, as a top-dressing for wheat or hay grounds, we can preserve it by a covering of earth ; and if we have a successive accumulation <>f such manure, as from the stable, then we can preserve it by mix- incr periodically lavers of manure and lavers of earth. This has been sometimes our own. and a doubtful, practice in the winter, when the season gave leisure to haul the dirt — alwavs from a short dis- tance — the purpose being to break up the mass so that, applied in the fall and winter, it would not interfere with gathering the hay by the horse rake the next mowing season. Some composts enable us to use substances that contain valuable in- gredients, which otherwise we would lose. Weeds and leaves which sometimes may be conveniently collected in large quantity may be retted in compost, especially if quick lime be added, by sprinkling, over the successive layers : and in this way the soil may receive lime, potash, and a small portion of phosphate of lime, and at the same tsme have its mechanical condition improved. Artificial fertilizers may sometimes be advantageously composted with a modicum of dry clay or leached ashes, and be distributed through a drill with less trouble and more effect than in any other way. But such processes are. as a rule, very expensive. For generally the quantity of the main ingredients is considerable ; and to make the mass fully operative it must be watered from time to time with manure water or some liquid to promote fermentation, and be turned completely several times. Then the amount to be applied to each acre is very considerable, and the value of team work involved may take away all positive, and more probably, all comparative profit. Assuring "says Stockhardt. p. 2o'4," that a cart load of earth isay 15 cwt.i, is watered five or six times during a summer with good urine, perhaps we may be able to incorporate with the former an equal weight of the latter. 15 cwt.; how large will be the amount of nitrogen which the earth thereby receives, after this has become aga^n as dry as at first ? Answer : at most f per cent.; thus it will be only 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 79 M8th as rich in nitrogen as Peruvian guano. A cart load of this strong compost will consequently not be able to exert as much stimu- lating effect as 1 cwt. of guano «****» A verj rich ^ which a Saxon farmer had prepared from excrement of fowls and pigeons, cesspool manure with gypsum, wood ashes and coal ashes with frequent moistenings with drainings from a dung-heap, showed only a proportion of 11 per cent, of nitrogen (with 4-5ths per cent of phosphate of lime and 18 per cent, of organic matter), so that 1- to lo cwt., or in regard to soluble nitrogen, double the quantity ot it, gave a manuring equivalent to 1 cwt. of Peruvian guano * Among us 10 to 12 four-horse wagon loads of farm-pen or stable manure-60 bushels to the load-is considered a fair dressing for land in fair heart under ordinary crops: much more, of course for vegetables or heavy tobacco. But the addition of the same amount ot earth will not make the manure doubly as rich; and though it may help the quality by saving waste of ammonia, quicken certain inert substances in the general mass, and aid the effect of the whole by a more uniform distribution, yet whether all this will balance the cost of the extra labor is a question which the judicious farmer must decide for himself. Here is the result in Scotland, where labor is cheaper, and skill both in head and hand greater than with us. Stephens Farmers' Omde vol. 1 p. 472, "speaking from experience" tells us that though most favorably situated, with the command of abundant ma terials, vegetable and mineral, collected at a season of comparative leisure, put together in the best manner, and turned at the proper times with the greatest care, forty or fifty cart loads-tons-of com- post and did produce as much effect as twelve cart loads " (about one- fourth) « of good muck "-farm manure. « The manual labor " he says, he "managed easily enough, but the horse labor was overpower- ing, and, "he concludes," to incur such an expense for the pro- blematical good to be derived from composts above guano or bone- dust, which are easily carried, i. e. handled, is more than the most sanguine farmer is warranted in bestowing." With such statements from high authority, the farmer among us who wishes to make composts on any large scale, should consider very carefully the relations of land, labor and production, as well as the *These extracts may throw some light on the subject-the failure ofThTTnT nure from earth closets-on which our Henrico friend M. wrote a short « mcation in the last number of the Planter Prolnhlv th » „„„ fV'101t coi?ma- too small, the bulk and not the qua^y being tnegu^e qUaDtl*y aPphed Was 80 THE SOUTHERN [February constituents be may wish to add, and the degree of amendment his labor will produce. He would do well to confine himself to accurate experiments on a small scale. These would be cheap and instructive; and some of them might be very valuable. We hear occasionally of another kind of compost, perhaps it would be more proper to say compound, that is contemplated by some of our farmers, mainly those who have been cheated in the kind or quality of certain commercial fertilizers, or who think the best are too dear at the price. Their wish is to purchase in a concentrated form the various ingredients they think their land needs, and compound them for themselves. It cannot be done. The honest men who make ferti- lizers have found out the cheapest sources of these ingredients, and use them without addition or adulteration. Blood, flesh, fish, dried to a proper degree, phosphates in some of their combination.* as bone — fossil or mineral — and sulphuric acid are what they nse : some of them adding to their mixtures more or less of potash in the shape of kainit or German salts, of more or less potash strength. A man who buys in quantities just sufficient for his own use. sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda, (the richest practical ammonia substances), and Charleston rock and sulphuric acid, and kainit, and makes his own fertilizer, will pay more because he buys at retail, is just as apt to be cheated through his own ignorance or the design of dealers, and will be apt to have an inferior fertilizer from want of proper appliances, or from ignorance of the formula he should employ. Or let such a man, if he wants to come doAvn to essences, inquire of the druggists, who alone can tell him the prices of ammonia, phosphoric acid and caustic potash, and if he can afford to buy them, as he cannot, let him try to work them up with lime and earth. We think he will find that he might as well attempt to save money by buying pure alcohol and diluting it down to the ''proof" of good whiskey. The cost of concentrating such things to an essence is greater than the cost of transporting the substances from which the manufacturer distills them. The man who thinks otherwise had hotter invest at first in a small experiment and note the comparative result. F. G. Ruffin. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] BAD EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER.-. The majority of the farmers in the State of Virginia are spend- ing large amounts of money in the purchase of manipulated guanos, to be used upon their wheat, corn and grass crops, and in doing this 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 81 they are surely erecting the stumbling block upon which many must in the end fall and be crushed. They are sowing to failure, and a failure they will surely reap. ''Let us reason together " about the good and bad effects produced by the continued use of the much praised guanos. Do they do the land any real good? You will say that by an application of from 250 to 500 pounds per acre you will be enabled to raise 20 to 30 bushels of wheat per acre. Admit it. Is your land in as good condition after the crop has been taken off as it was before the application 1 I think it exceedingly doubt- ful. It is an admitted fact that when a man is suffering, if you will give him a little chloroform he will be relieved from all pain in a few moments, but when the effects of the chloroform has worn off. the man suffers more than he would have had it not been administered to him. So (I contend) it is with land that has been fertilized from year to year, it will not produce anything, not even " hen grass" without a goodly application of some of the fertilizers, and perhaps it will take the very best guano to make it do that. I think if any one doubts my statement, all he has to do to be convinced that I am on the right track, is to visit the tobacco raising regions of our State, where he will find that from the continued use of some one or the other kinds of guanos, the farmers have been enabled to raise small crops of tobacco yearly: but ask the same farmers what their lands will produce without the guanos, and they reply nothing. Now the guano acts upon the land in such a way that it forces their land to put forth all its strength in producing that single crop, and of course when it is made the land is not as strong as it was, thus stimulating land with manipulated guanos has the same effect upon the land that is produced upon man by stimulating him, viz: weakens him instead of strengthening him. I will admit that the application of fertilizers to a poor field will pay if you can get a stand of grass and will then drop the stimulant and bend all your energies to the improvement of the land by the use of plaster and clover alone. When I say alone I mean without the aid of artificial fertilizers, but sprinkle on a little stable manure, for it will do it (the land) good. Most farmers in their eagerness to get some pet standard of fertili- zer seem to have forgotten that their forefathers raised better crops than are raised now. and they used clover and plaster to keep up the fertility of their land. Let us go back to the theory and practice of farming "in ye olden times," and determine to use clover, plaster and what manure we can make on our farms, and escape the doom that certainly awaits us, viz : Bankruptcy. Oh Virginians ! look about you and see if you are not in the wrong track, when you per- sist in using this fertilizer, which, in my opinion, has proven the greatest curse to Virginia that can befall a people — and then flee from the coming destruction. You can make Virginia a blooming garden by your energies. Then let us attempt it, and it will be done. Farmers choose ye this day which you will do, kill your land 82 THE SOUTHERN [February by physic, or make it grow fat by the use of plaster, grass and ma- nure ? " Keastar." Culpeper Co., Ya. Note by the Editor. — With perfect deference to the opinions of our esteemed correspondent, he will pardon us if we make a few observations. He condemns wholly, as ruinous to the planter, the use of concentrated, or as they are usually styled, " commercial manures." Without inquiry into the special merits of any of them, we will consider some of the facts in connection with their use. It is a fact that the consumption of these manures in Europe, where land is high, farm stock abundant, and population dense, is enormous. Their use began thirty years ago under the advice of Baron Liebig, and it has increased to such an ex- tent, from year to year, that now it is no uncommon thing for a single factory to produce 100,000 tons per annum. It is a fact that, by the judicious use of these manures in conjunction with what the farm produces, and good cultivation. Great Britain has increased her average of wheat per acre from 14 to 28J bushels. It is a fact that, by their use, there is produced in France as much a3 30 tons of beets per acre, to say nothing of other crops. It is a fact that it is found to pay the planter in Mauritius for him to give £16, or $80 in gold, per ton at the factory in England for such a manure to be applied to his sugar-cane some 2.000 miles away. To come nearer home, it is a fact that, despite the utter destruction of farm arrangements in the cotton States by the war, including its labor system, her cotton crop, through the use of these manures, is as large now as it was be- fore the war. We might continue to multiply instances to show that the esti- mate of our correspondent of these aids to agriculture is not generally enter- tained throughout the agricultural world. A man may die of apoplexy from eating too much of the most wholesome food. It is not just to blame the food for the abuse of the laws governing hig body. So, if a man depends solely upon concentrated manures, and neglects what is equally necessary — the proper cultivation of his land — and the use of such domestic manure as he ought to have at hand, or to restore to his land, by clover or peas, the vegetable matter taken from it by his grain or other market crops — he should not visit his failure to continue to farm with profit wholly upon the fer- tilizer he applied, it may be, to a barren soil, but consider that something is due also to his poor management. These manures cannot supply men witn brains, and we know of no calling which requires a better exercise of this part of a man than the business of farming. These manures, indeed, are intended not only as labor-saving machines, but used in conjunction with manures of the farm, a corn- ered that provides very fuliy the elements lost to the land by the crops sold ofF. While we do not, any more than our correspot dent, decry the value of clover and plaster, we believe our lands require more. The good crops of our fathers, we expect, had their foundation quite as much in the constant taking up of new land, and the abandonment of the old, as in anything else. When a fair degree of skill is used, it is said that a lot of poultry may be marketed with double the profit that would be derived from raising the same value of pork. Fowls digest ^rain more thoroughly than swine do ; no portion capable of being assimilated is wasted. If it will pay to produce poultry for the market, it will pay the far- mer to raise it for use upon his own table. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 83 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] ESSAY ON FERTILIZERS. The following Essay on the question " What kind of Fertilizer i» most suitable for our lands, if it be advisable to use any," was pre- pared and read tender resolution of the Cuckoo Grange, Louisa county, Va.: This question directly and deeply concerns us all, because, as a rule, we all have an excess of poor land, too poor for cultivation with any reasonable hope of profit, without a free use of fertilizers; and perhaps it might with truth be said, that the best of our farmers are tilling, year after year, large areas of land, in expensive hoed crops, which, with good seasons and under the most favorable circumstances, barely pay the cost of cultivation ; and yet, perchance, we might afford to do this for an indefinite length of time, if we could be cer- tain of always having fruitful seasons and no accidents to the crop ; but, unfortunately, the business of farming, like any other call- ing, is subject to very many accidents, and while it is true that the risks which the farmer take's in the year's round of cropping is not so great as that of some other enterprises which men embark in, as, for example, that of merchandize, it is also true that his margin for profit is smaller, and for that reason he cannot afford, as a prudent business man, to take the risks of the many accidents to which any given crop is liable, on any land that will not, under favorable cir- cumstances, a good deal more than pay the cost of its production. A neglect to make the necessary estimates of the probable amount and cost of production, is one of the great sources of failure and loss to our farmers. It is not because farming well followed is not, in the long run, as good a business as merchandise, for on the con- trary, the statistics show that more men succeed at the former than at the latter profession. Nor is it because that, as a general rule, our farmers are wanting in industry and enterprise, nor because of the high price or inferior quality of negro labor, but the great and deadly bane of our system, that which poisons and saps the whole and makes success impossible is our inveterate and persistent habit of cropping on land, which, in an average of seasons fails, and ivill ever fail, down to the end of time, to pay a profit on the outlay. We blindly ignore the plain fact that free labor is more costly than slave labor, that it costs a good deal more to cultivate an acre of ground now than it did in former times, and that the bill of farm expenses, always heavy, has to be paid invariably in money. In ante-bellum days the farmer, as a general thing, paid nothing for his labor, and he did not trouble himself much to know whether his farm netted him any thing or not. The raising of negroes was an important item. They were one of the staple products of the farm, and it only much concerned him to devise the ways and means of making the two ends meet, which he generally managed to do, whether he made much or little, for it was, at last, with him only a matter of home produc- tions and home consumption, and while, at the end of each year, like 84 THE SOUTHERN [February Mr. Triptolimus Yellowby, he very often had to confess, as his sad experience, that " the carls and the cart avers* make it all, and the carls and the cart avers eat it all," he yet had the satisfaction of knowing that with a regular annual increase of negroes, he was yearly increasing in wealth and prosperity. But since the wartimes have changed, and it becomes us to change with them, so far as to adapt our system of farming to the circum- stances which surround us, and the following are some of the changes which seem obviously and imperatively demanded by our circum- stances : 1. We must practice a greater economy in the item of hired labor, and cut down our farm expenses generally. 2. Cultivate much less land in hoed crops, have it richer and work it better. 3. Grow more grass and sow more hay, that we may thereby do with much less grain in the feeding of farm stock. 4. Raise all the stock needed for the farm, such as cattle, horses, hogs, &c, and thus save all the money usuually expended in the purchase of these. But what is to become of all of our waste lands, and how are our arable lands to be so enriched as to make them a great deal more productive? Shall we make large applications of artificial fertili- zers, or will it pay in average of seasons to use them at all? These are puzzling questions, very hard indeed to answer, and in attempt- ing any solution of them, I confess the task to me is very like that which the universalist preacher undertook, when he attempted to show that the word everlasting in the Bible, does not mean ever- lasting. Well it chanced one day as he was taking his text, an old sailor, who was, no doubt, a very great sinner, staggered in and he heard him read, " and these shall go away into everlasting punish- ment," and then the preacher began to comment on the word ever- lasting, which he said he was prepared to prove from the Bible did not mean everlasting at all, but at this point the sailor stopped him and he said to the preacher, "well my good friend I want you to make that out if you can, for if you cant, Ijist tell you I'm a gone sucker," and so I say to my brother farmers of Louisa, if we can't devise some more economical way of enriching our lands and of making better crops of corn, wheat and tobacco, and at less money expense than heretofore, we are gone farmers — gone beyond redemption, for it is a stern reality with the most of us, that for the past ten years, we have been losing money by farming, nearly every year, and yet, strange to say, we never seem to lose our courage and hope, but, Macawher like, we are always looking for some good lunk to uturn up" for us somewhere, which, somehow, never does turn up, and each New Year finds us as buoyant and hopeful as ever, with our sails all gaily trimmed, and our flag flying, and so we drift along right bravely and merrily down and down the stream to — ruin. [concluded in our next.] Cuckoo. P. B. Pendleton, 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 85 fFor the Southern Planter and Farmer.] MANURING WITH CLOVER. In the November number of the Planter and Farmer, is an article upon this subject, which might mislead farmers into the idea that clover alone, as a manure, is sufficient, not only to support the fertility of the soil, but will actually increase it, and this to an indefinite length of time. Mr. Hill Carter's experience is quoted, in which he says, that " If plaster acts well, I can, with clover, make land rich enough for any crop." That depends, perhaps, very much upon the character of the soil. Other instances are quoted, where the fer- tility of land has been kept up and increased for 50 or 60 years. I can point out farms on the Shenandoah river, that have been under cultivation for one hundred years with scarcely a stalk of clover growing, or ever having grown upon them, and yet they are appa- rently as fertile to-day as ever. I have in my mind to-day a small farm of upland, which, for 40 years perhaps, was farmed by renters, and which never had a stalk of clover upon it, unless the seed was carried upon it accidentally, and yet the soil sustained its fertility in a remarkable degree without an external aid, except an insignificant supply of barn-yard manure. I do not wish to be understood as undervaluing the use of clover as a manure. I think, on the other hand, that farmers do not pro- perly appreciate the value of the red clover as a manure, and I would urge them to extend their efforts to improve their lands by the growth of this valuable grass, but what I wish to say is, that clover alone is not sufficient to maintain the fertility of soils gene- rally. The instances I have referred to, are cases where the soil has large storehouses of the elements of fertility in almost inexhaustible supply. Probably, that is the case with the instances quoted by A. Land may become exhausted upon the surface by superficial cultiva- tion, while the subsoil may contain large supplies of fertilizing ma- terial in a soluble condition, but beyond the reach of ordinary crops. Clover is sown upon it, and if you can get it to stand, it sends its long roots down into the subsoil, imbibing these fertilizing elements, and bringing them up to the surface, within reach of the roots of wheat, oats, barley, &c. But the time is coming, sooner or later, when this supply in the subsoil must fail, the length of time depend- ing upon the supply contained in the soil. Some soils contain very large quantities of phosphates and potash in a soluble condition, suf- ficiently so to keep up the fertility for many years, while others con- tain but a limited supply, or a sufficiency in quantity, perhaps, but in an insoluble condition. Most of our soils are in the latter condition, containing a fair supply of the elements of plant growth, but not suf- ficiently soluble to maintain their fertility under constant cultiva- tion, without the addition of artificial means, or by suffering the land to rest for a length of time until nature restores the loss by a gradual dissolution of phosphatic and potash rocks. Doubtless, " the cheapest and best fertilizer " we possess, is barn- 86 THE SOUTHERN [February yard manure, but unfortunately the supply is inadequate to the de- mand. Can we depend upon clover alone? As well might we ex- pect to sustain the fertility of the land by using plaster or lime alone. Barn-yard manure contains all the elements that a plant needs, so does clover; but the clover derives its support from the soil, and can- not return but a portion of what it derives, therefore, as a large por- tion is carried off by the following crop, Prof. Johnston, in his Agri- cultural Chemistry, in answer to the question "Will green manuring alone prevent land from becoming exhausted," says, " If we plough in only what the land produces and carry off occasional crops of corn, the time will ultimately come when any soil thus treated will cease to yield remunerative crops." The rains wash away a consid- erable portion of this fertilizing matter, and the crops carry it off, and the supply in the subsoil must ultimately fail, unless the supply comes from foreign agencies, such as artificial manures. It is true that poor land may be improved to the clover bearing point by the use of commercial manures, but it is not true that by the use of clover alone the land will continue to improve without the occasional use of other manurial agencies. D. W. Prescott. Edinburg, Va. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] PAPERS OF THE VA. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. To this Essay, by Mr. Bowman, a medal was awarded by the Committee on Essays. Report of an Experiment on Underdraining, made by A. M- Bowman, near Waynesboro, Augusta County, Virginia., in the Spring of 1874. In making this report it is necessary to say that the ground drained was an old meadow of 30 acres, abounding in numerous springs and swamps, producing mainly what is commonly known as " sour grass " and weeds ; and over one-half of which had not been in cultivation within the recollection of the oldest inhabitants of the vicinity. This meadow is an oblong square and is almost equally divided by a small creek running from one end to the other, with about six inches fall to the hundred yards. The ground on each side of the creek is very little inclined towards the creek, and in many places the inclination is from the creek at the rate of two inches to the hun- dred yards. The entire meadow was interspersed with swamps and small springs, so that a large portion of it was covered with water all the year round. The first thing that was done towards draining it was the grading of the creek, or in other words, cutting out the bottom of it to a uniform depth of three feet, so as to enable us to get sufficient fall and depth to the side drains, which were to run into the creek at an angle of 45 degrees. The cost of grading the creek was 37| cents 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 87 per rod. The creek being graded, the next thing in order was the draining proper. The ditches were cut from the creek out, leaving the bottom, at the mouth, about three inches above the level of water in the creek, and then grading so as to give a fall of from four to six inches to the hundred yards. Wherever the ground was of such nature as to allow a ditch of uniform three feet depth, the drains were placed about forty feet apart; when less than three foot ditches were cut they were not placed more than twenty-five to thirty feet apart. The material used for draining was one and a half inch tile, except where drains came in contact with a spring, when two inch tiles were used. The cost of the one and a half inch tile was $18 per thousand feet, and that of the two inch tile $23 per thousand feet. Immediately after the tiles were laid, they were covered with the same earth that was taken out of the ditches. Cost of cutting ditches, laying tile and filling in ditches, 32 cents per rod. It is necessary to state that the drains were so managed, as, in all cases, to run immediately over the springs, and in laying tile over springs, they were in all cases covered with loose stones to the depth of five or six inches before the earth was thrown in. This is done to enable the water to pass more freely into the tile, and is only neces- sary in case of springs. The average cost of draining the entire meadow of thirty acres, was $20 per acre, by which was reclaimed a tract of land which was not worth over $25 per acre, and which is worth $100 per acre since. The meadow was plowed up and planted in corn, and the crop is estimated at from sixty to ninety bushels per acre. It is necessary to state that a few drains were laid with stone, cost- ing about the same as tile, and are not near as efficient, being more liable to be filled up by the bottom of the drain rising up in them. Respectfully submitted, A. M. Bowman. State of Virginia, Augusta County, to-wit: Personally appeared before me A. M. Bowman, A. J. Brown and John Thacher of the county aforesaid, and made oath that the above statements are correct. October 16th, 1874. Johnathan Koiner, J. P. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] TO PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. Having seen several letters from members of the Patrons of Hus- bandry in your columns, I shall endeavor to write a short piece, giv- ing my views upon the subject. There has been combination, and THE SOUTHERN [February always Avill be of other societies, and why not the farmers have com- bination of their own, excluding all but their own profession ? There is one thing, Brother Patron, that has been, and will be, with the farmers, and that is, the profession claims to be farmers upon half- way ground, and when they get in, they claim the lion's share, as they have always done. Ours is a farmer's institute, and as farmers we claim the right to "paddle our own canoe." Therefore do not let then: beat us down, nor carry off the honors of our cause. Stand by. the farmer and defend the cause, and the day is not far distant when the world will say that the farmers are able and com- petent to defend their own rights. Some well informed Patron please answer. Has a Master the right to act as Master and Secre- tary ? Respectfully, A. Granger. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] SOME REMARKS ON THE APPLE TREE. The time, distance, and most important, the kinds of this fruit to plant, are the main things to be considered by those rearing orchards. The fall is decidedly the best time to plant, and this may be con- tinued during the mild weather to the 1st of January, and some- times later. 32 or 83 feet apart is as near as the apple tree should be planted. When it is designed to cultivate for a number of years, between the trees the distance should be 40 feet. In considering the kinds to plant we refer principally to East Virginia, where our observations have chic-flv been made. And in this respect, we think our forefathers, in the main, have been wiser than the children. Many, and perhaps a large majority of the modern apples, particularly those introduced from northern latitudes, will not succeed in our latitude. We think it may safely be said that about one-half of the trees set out in our modern apple orchards are worthless. The old varieties have naturally enough been neglected, through the influence of puffing new varieties, and the exaggerated statements of tree agents sent through the country. ■ For Eastern Virginia early apples have been found most profitable for marketing. Of the early apples then, we would plant the old- fashioned "June," (sometimes called May) "Early Harvest," "Striped Julj-," and "Red Astrachan," and some of the "Early Ripe," which is a very fine, promising apple, coming in just after the Har- vest. We have seen the apple, but cannot speak with certainty of its productiveness. For the fall, we would plant principally "Fall Cheese," and for cider the "Virginia Crab." The Cathead, one of the largest fall apples, is not a full bearer. "Maiden's Blush," the prettiest of apples, if, perhaps, we except the " Strawberry Apple," is a shy bearer. The "Smokehouse " is a promising fall apple, though wo are not posted about its productiveness. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 89 For winter, we would advise three- fourths "Winesap." Then comes the "Virginia Greening," " Carthouse " (or Romanite), the "Limber Twig" and perhaps " Cannon Pearmain,/ which we know to be a profuse bearer in Piedmont Virginia, and a great keeper. The "Limber Twig" is a great bearer and keeper, but an inferior apple. The " Shockley," much cultivated farther South, deserves a trial in Virginia. It is said to be a full bearer, excellent keeper, but not of first quality. The "Big Hill" (or Pryor) is an excel- lent winter apple, but poor bearer. The soil best suited for the apple is a deep, good soil, with clay subsoil, chocolate soil the best. It is said that this fruit succeeds best when transplanted from a poor to a good soil, and we believe this is true, for this reason : In a light, thin soil, the roots seek the sur- face, with little tap root, and many fibrous roots, which a stiff nur- sery soil does not permit to grow well. In removing the young tree from this thin soil, scarcely a fibre is broken. We were much struck with these facts recently in procuring some trees from Via & Sons, on the Westham Road, near this city. His nursery is on light land, and we never saw prettier trees for transplanting, and in fact never saw trees with such excellent fibrous roots, scarcely one broken. We may be permitted to add, without intending disparagement to other excellent nurseries in the same vicinity, and without any per- sonal interest in the matter, except to see merit rewarded, that Mr. Via is perhaps the oldest nurseryman in Virgina, and has had great experience, particularly in rearing trees for Eastern Virginia. His variety, of apples particularly, is very good, and as a nurseryman his reliability is unquestioned. Thomas Pollard. Henrico. P. S. — Mr. Via recommends highly " Carter's Seedling " (raised by the late Curtis Carter from Winesap seeds) and Via's seedling — both, I think, winter apples, also Haglo Crab. E. B. A. CLUB, OF NORFOLK COUNTY. At a meeting of the E. B. A. Club, of Norfolk county, held December 3d at the residence of Capt. C. P. Poindexter, W. II. C. Lovitt, President — inspecting the farm being the first business in order, which showed signs of improvements upon last year's visit — we retired to hear from the committee appointed at last meeting upon "labor." The chairman, Mr. Leighton, arose and read as follows : Mr. President and G-entlemen, — The subject of labor, which was discussed at our last meeting, and is so replete with interest, was to be further considered at this meeting. We regard the resolution requiring a certificate from the last em- ployer as inexpedient under existing circumstances. 90 THE SOUTHERN [February Our organization is too limited to influence the action of the gen- eral employers in this region. Some five years since the Horticul- tural and Poraological Society passed a resolution establishing the rates for picking strawberries. Some of the members adhered a while to the resolution, while others who voted for it found that their interest called for a step across the resolution, which was ultimately disregarded by all. I had the privilege of losing forty dollars by adhering to it, which served as a reminder to this policy, and made up my mind that until there was a radical change in human nature, it was safest to leave all points of the labor question un trammeled. At the risk of being regarded as an alarmist, I predict that each suc- cessive generation of the colored population will become less reliable, and our agricultural interest should be shaped accordingly. In corroboration of this position, I will cite two instances of ne- groes transferred to localities of supposed good influences. (1). In the year 185-i, while on a visit to St. Johns, N. B., a merchant called me to a window to see a negro who was passing by riding: on two trucks sawed from a huge log, and drawn bv one ox. He remarked that he belonged to a remnant of a settlement of ne- groes made at the close of the revolutionary war, taken by the Bri- tish fleet from Virginia, and that the Home Government decided to give them a large tract of well-timbered land in that vicinity for their benefit. He said that they did well at first, but had gradually de- generated in numbers and habits until they were a perfect curse to the community. (2). Some eighteen or twenty years ago a squad of about twenty- five nesrroes were sent from the interior of Virginia bv their master, a Mr. Burnett, to Hardin county, Ohio, who provided them with farms which were contiguous. They did well at first, but subse- quently disagreements set in and they commenced selling out and going into towns, and this day there are only two known to remain in the county. It is from these and similar facts that have come under my observation that I have made my deduction. The present genera- tion is working under the healthful influences of its former condition. And now that the intoxication occasioned by their freedom has sub- sided, we find their labor the most economical, and the best adapted to our wants for plain farm work of any we can procure. As it becomes less efficient, I know of no better remedy than to divide and sub-divide our large farms, and instill into the rising gene- ration the importance of putting their hand to the plow with a nerve and determination that shall preclude all looking back. Frederick Wilson, Esq., offered the following resolution which was unanimously adopted : Resolved, By this Club, that we heartily approve of the resolu- tions adopted by the farmers' council held at Petersburg, at its third annual meeting to the effect that a committee be appointed to memo- rialize the Legislature upon the necessity of enacting a law to better protect the farming interest by making it a penal offence to hire a 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 91 laborer already under contract. At the end of the discussion the fol- lowing preamble and resolution were adopted: Whereas, no opportunity should be overlooked for encouraging the consumption of our early vegetables and fruits at the north ; and whereas, the cheapness to them and increased returns to us can be best reached by 'a more direct communication between the producers and consumer; and whereas, there are many cities and large towns on the route commencing at Albany and ending at Buffalo, N. Y., now supplied from second, third or fourth hands with our products, therefore, be it Resolved, That our President be requested to open correspondence with N. L. McCready, Esq., President of the Old Dominion Steamship Company, urging the importance of putting on a tri-weekly line of steamers from New York to Albany, in connection with the Norfolk boats, to receive the freight from the docks upon the arrival of the boats from Norfolk, and proceed without delay to Albany for distri- bution to points beyond. The subject of ''drainage" was selected for discussion at our next meeting, which takes place at Mr. F. Wilson's, on the 29th of Decem- ber. 1874. On motion, the meeting adjourned. Fred'k M. Halstead, Secretary Eastern Branch Ag'l Club, Norfolk Co., Va. SHIPPING POULTRY AND GAME. In answer to numerous inquiries as to the best mode of preparing, dressing and packing poultry and game for shipment to the New York market, we desire, in this general way, to communicate the following instructions ; and from twenty years' experience in the produce busi- ness in this city, we think we can do so understandingly. Possessing, as we do, ample facilities and a location unsurpassed for handling all kinds of produce, we offer our services with great confidence in being able to serve our correspondents satisfactorily : First: Poultry of all kinds should be well fattened, on yellow corn if possible, but should not be fed for at least twenty-four hours before killing, as a crop filled with food sours and turns black, injur- ing the appearance and sale very materially. Second: Experience has shown that the best mode of killing is, to cut the head off with as little of the neck bone as possible; then, as soon as scalded and picked, cut off as much of the protruding bone as will enable you to draw the skin down over the end of it, and tie tightly with a cord. Third : For scalding poultry, the water should be as near boiling as possible, without actually boiling. The advantage in this is, the outer skin becomes cooked or set, and so does not peel off with the feathers and look ragged or skinny as they say here. The fowl, 92 THE SOUTHERN [February being held by the legs should be immersed and lifted up and down into and out the water three or four times, then, continuing to hold in the same war. with the other pluck off the feathers without a mo- ment's delay after taking out of the water. If skillfully handled in this way. the feathers and pin feathers may all be removed without breaking the skin. Wherever the skin is broken, exposure of the flesh to the air injures its appearance, and consequently its sale. Fourth : The intestines should not be taken out at all for this market. Fifth: After the feathers are removed, dip into water just at the boiling point, for about two seconds, then immediately into cold water for about five minutos ; then hang up till thoroughly dry. and the animal heat is entirely out. Care should be taken not to let it freeze before packing. Sixth : Turkeys and chickens dry picked sell to a limited extent in the market very well, but none except the choicest kind should be dressed in that way. When they are, they should be picked imme- diately after killing and while yet warm, and not put into »vater either before or after picking, but hung up until the animal hea: is entirely out before packing for shipment. S • enth : Ducks and geese should always be scalded and steamed by covering with a blanket for a short time before picking — in other respects handle as turkeys and chickens. Eighth: In packing, use clean dry straw; if this cannot be had, wheat or oat straw will answer, but be sure that it is free from rust and dust. Place a layer of straw at the bottom, then alternate layers of poultry and straw, taking care to stow or pack snugly, back or belly upwards — never on the side — filling vacancies with straw, until the package is full so that the cover will draw down very snugly upon the outside, to prevent shifting about in transit to market. Ninth: Wild game of every description should not be dressed, either picked or skinned. Quail, partridge, grouse and woodcock should be wrapped in paper to keep the plumage smooth and straight, and packed snugly into boxes or barrels head down. Venison : The intestines should be taken out clean, and the carcass hung up. washed thoroughly with cold water, and left hanging till dry. with the skin left on. Pigeons should be picked and packed in ice. Tenth: Boxes that will hold 150 or 200 lbs., are the best packages for poultry or game: clean, new barrels will do very well — old flour and sugar barrels should not be used. Eleventh : Live poultry can be sent to market in roomy coops to good advantage between June 1st and November 1st. but not later. Notice to shippers : In regulating your shipments, we suggest that thev be made frequently and in small lots all through the season, as in that wav you secure an average market price and run but little risk in the extreme fluctuations in our market. Sen 1 vour large fat tur- keys for Thanksgiving and New Tear; large fat geese and chickens for Christmas — and ship so as to have your consignment get here at least three days before the holidays ; they had better arrive ten days 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 93 after than only the day before. Always send by mail to the con- signee, and invoice of each shipment. — Strong's Poultry and Game Circular. BEST SIZE FOR A HORSE. Considering the number of persons 'who own horses, how long they have been in use and how much use is made of them, it is really astonishing how little real horse sense there is among our people at large. The want of any real knowledge of the horse is the source of many erroneous opinions, which are doing and have done serious in- jury to those who entertain them, and which is to be more regretted to the horse. We wish to point out one of these erroneous opinions this morn- ing, but it is one of the most injurious of the lot. It is the very common preference for large horses. The extreme of this error does not prevail in Tennessee as yet, and it may be that a kind cli- mate will forever protect us from the horse elephants.just now grow- ing into such high favor in some of the northern states. Neverthe- less, the preference for large horses prevails too widely. For all the purposes for which horses are uSed, blood, form, and met- tle are of far greater importance than size. That the thoroughbred horse possesses all of these qualities more uniformly, aud to a greater degree than any other breed, does not admit of debate. This su- perior speed, endurance and courage is an admitted fact. We need, then, to only refer to the ascertained size of the stoutest racers of the world to establish the truth for which we contend — that the blood, shape and mettle of the thoroughbred furnishes the very best horse for the saddle or harness. The following table includes only a dozen of the great turf kings of the olden times, and we have named only those that were noted alike for their stoutness and their speed : Name. Height. Age. Hands. Inches. Godolphin Arolin 15 1 29 Darby 15 0 — Flying Childers 15 0 26 Fearnought 15 4 — Cade.. 15 0 22 Gimcraek 14 1 27 Blaze 15 0 23 Bav Bolton 15 0 31 Matchem 15 0 32 Waxy 15 1 28 Babraham 16 0 20 Eclipse 15 0 26 These were famous horses in their own day, and still more famous in their descendants. They were full size, too, of their kind. Coming down to later times, we find the famous horses gradually but very slowly increasing in size until the average reaches 15:2, but rarely ever going up to 16 hands. On the turf, the small horse — small, at least, in comparison with 3 94 THE SOUTHERN [February the C mestogas, is without a rival. The big - of racing blood are almost invariably left floundering in the rear in all tests of speed or endurance. Turning from the turf to the battle field, and our position is. if " - en more triumphantly b No broader or better field could be i' virtues, than the late Amer- ican -war offered. An . fact which not the most loyal of I - L gainsay, that the horses that carried the southern cavalry- men were incomparably superior to those that were brought from the north to meet them. Almost invariably the northern horses were large fr ibed and clumsy. The south- ern horses v.. were small, light, clean made, active and enduring. I . differences are characteristic of the breeds — the thoroughbreds being small and raw-boned, the scrubs large and coat- _■ ' ver all sons of ground, the small hor» nd all c a superior to the large, clumsy horse. . _• this :s true in harness, in all icept for slow heavy draught. Tne light, active, upheaded, high stepping horse is better for carriage or buggy, while for heavy work, the mule is the thing. The practical out that if a horse has the blood, shape and is a matter of indifference. The mare, in fact, has more to do w f the foal than the b B ) if you are afraid of small horses, do not rr^ ; shallow bellied mares. it, that in speaking of large horses, we refer to the great C nestogaa and Percherons now being imported into the northern States me of our many well posted readers would collate the B a » and ages «'>f the more recent kings of the turf, as well in har- under the saddle. We are of opinion that the trotters will average a fra • >n h gher and heavier than the gallopers. — Colman's World. DRYING BOOTS. T :" rail is near at hand. Men who are obliged t in the field. :iere much out of doors, will come t night with 1 bs well soaked. In the morning there is pull- ing _• - . . . -■ the pal nee of the owner, be- fore he can get them on. If dry, the boots are hard and uncom- fortable; if still wet, the lisagreeable. Some genius, how- ever, j j its the f 3 to get rid of the trouble : B boots are taken off fill them quite full with dry oats. This grain has a great fondness for damp, and will rapidly absorb - _ : from the wet leather. As it quickly and com- pletely takes up the moistur :1s and fills the boot with a tightly fittau _• last, keeping its form good, and drying the leather Without hardening it. In the morning, shake out the oats, and hang 1875.] PLANTER AXD FARMER. 95 them in a bag near the fire to dry, ready for the next wet ni*ht ■ draw on the boots and go happily and comfortably about the day's This is an oat "corner" to which no man can object. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer ] CULTIVATION OF SHIPPING TOBACCO FROM THE PL INT BED TO THE WAREHOUSE. [We very rarely have as good anfarticle, that is, appropriate to the subieot ii treats of, as the one below, so plain, condensed and complete -Ed ] J The following is offered as the result of fifty years' experience in the cultivation of this staple: THE PLAXT-BED. The writer since the war has used only raw beds. Some time be tween the middle of February and middle of March a spot is selected m the woods with a south or south-east exposure, exhibiting a post oak growth, and thin black soil with tenacious clay subsoil. This .pot is cleaned thoroughly and hoed up with grubbing hoes— care beinsr taken not to bring up any of the subsoil to the surface. It is chopped over two or three times with the grubbing hoes until the tilth is very hue, and all the roots are raked out. The bed is then laid off both ways to secure uniform distribution of the guanos, which is sown at niilin^ ho°es.*° P° t0 the 10° SqUai'e JanlS' aDd Ch0pped m ™h The bed is then raked and again laid off both wavs for the <=eed which is sown at the rate of a tablespoonful-and-a-half to the"" 100 square yards. The seed is put in by whipping the bed or draggimj a brush over it Fresh stable manure derived from the chaff ofVf in.T) aSK°^ f6 fr°m See/S is then aPP]ied in a libe™] dress- ing. Ihe bed is then covered not very thickly with bru*h Late beds do not require re-sowin^. As soon as the plants are large enough to require pushing, I apply a mixture of plaster and guano or hen-house manure. If The fly an - pears I use kerosine oil mixed with corn meal and plaster sowed on liberally. Ihese dressings are repeated whenever the plants seem to require them. In sixty days from the time of sowing I have had plants large enough to set out, PREPARATION OF THE LA.VD. I plant only old land and on a different lot every year so as gradually to improve the whole farm. I select a clover sod which is plouXd with a hree-horse plough in the fall always. It is aimed to throw one or two inches of the subsoil to the surface soil at this time with 90 THE SOUTHERN [February April and part of May, which is spread as carried out. I aim to put about 25 loads of manure to the acre. After the manure is spread, I run Smith's three-horse seven-tooth cultivator over the land to pulverize the soil and to intermix the manure thoroughly with it. I then cross the land thus cultivated with harrows; it is then laid oft* with a scoop in rows 3J feet by 3 feet. I apply in the drills at least 200 lbs. to the acre of the best commercial fertilizer attain- able; then I apply broadcast just before the land is listed one bushel of plaster and two of salt to the acre. The salt protects from the cutworm, and prevents the firing of the tobacco. I list with two-horse ploughs, throwing all the manure into the drill. In planting season when the ground is not too wet, single mules drag rakes between the rows to pulverize — a roller is then passed on the top of the lists covering two beds and striking the distances for the plants with pegs. Thus three boys do the work of many of the most efficient men and a very great economy of labour is secured. CULTIVATION. As soon as the grass begins to show a little, I side with the single plough, bar next to the plant. - As soon as the plant will bear the dirt it is thrown back with the same plough, and the middle ploughed out. As the tobacco is sided the hoes follow on trimming from the tobacco such grass as the ploughs fail to destroy. When the grass begins to show again, I sometimes use the cultivator, if that is insuf- ficient, I always use the mouldboard plough. I generally plough once again with the mouldboard plough and trim with the hoes when- ever it appears necessary. Not much time is lost by hoe work. The crop is almost entirely made by the team. TOPPING. Topping commences as soon as the plant is of sufficient size, and before it begins to button. My plan is different from that of any other planter 1 ever met in this, that I top before priming to avoid splitting the top or having curled leaves on the top, which very often occurs if the reverse plan is followed.* My object in priming is to take off the plant-bed leaves that have gotten their growth at the time of topping. CUTTING AND HOUSING. The tobacco is cut as soon as ripe. The cutting is repeated as the crop ripens, and is generally completed by the 10th of October. After that time the improvement does not pay for the risk of stand- ing longer in this locality. The cutting is continued from the time the dew is off in the morning till about 1 o'clock P. M. As soon as the tobacco can be handled it is packed and covered to prevent burn- ing by the sun. All hands then go to the tobacco house except enough to attend to the team. The tobacco is then carried directly *Will our correspondent please be a little more definite at this point. How do you in this case select the bottom leaf, by which you are guided to the top leaf without counting? and what is meant by "splitting the top or having curled leaves?" — Ed. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 9T into the house as it is hung. Large tobacco being put eight plants to the stick, small tobacco ten to twelve to the stick. Before the cutting begins the next day the tobacco is all regulated. The dis- tance on the tier pole depends upon the size of the tobacco; if it is very large, the distance is ten inches; if email, the distance is less according to size. CURING. The tobacco remains hung in the house for several days according to the weather. If the weather is warm two or three days are suffi- cient to make it yellow enough for the fires. I then commence with very small fires, which are kept up at a moderate heat until the leaf begins to cure ; the heat is then increased until the curing of the leaf is complete. The fires are then put out, and no firing is then done until a warm season comes. I then go and dry the tobacco out by means of fires. STRIPPING. As soon as the curing is complete I proceed in November and December to bulk for stripping. I bulk by only lapping the tails — putting from 2000 to 3000 pounds in a bulk. I select the hands of best judgment for sorting. In sorting I make four classes — long, good short, indifferent short, and lugs. I have the bundles tied neatly — four leaves to the long tobacco — six to the good short — eight to the indifferent — and fourteen or fif- teen to the lugs. The tiers are required to be particular in having the bundles of uniform length. I weigh and bulk down every night what has been stripped during the day, handling about four bundles at a time in bulking. When the bulks are completed I put a small weight upon them. When the stripping is completed, all the tobacco is carried to one house, straightened and rebulked, two bundles at a time. After bulking is completed I commence prizing, unless I conclude to put the tobacco in shipping order, which I have not done since the war. In prizing I have two or three hogsheads under the prize at the same time* so as to have the separate grades from the same bulk selected by an experienced hand and put in separate hogsheads. It is designed to put 1400 or 1500 pounds of soft tobacco to the hogshead. Hogsheads of lugs may contain as much as 1600 to 1800 pounds. The chief aim of the planter should be to secure excel- lence of quality. The means to attain this end are thorough culti- vation, bountiful manuring, and skillful handling. John S. Nicholas, Sr. Seven Islands, Buckingham county, Va. *How do you manage that if you have only one or two prizes? — Ed. The Saratoga agreement by which the railroads were to combine against " granger" influence may be considered dead. 98 THE SOUTHERN [February [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE COW PEA AS A FERTILIZER. After some observation and many experiments, I am forced to the conclusion that the cow pea. as a fertilizer, is cheaper than any of the commercial fertilizers that have yet been introduced. It is to the South what clover is to the Middle and Northern States. We have in the pea a perfect manure for all crops grown in the South, at trilling cost, and that is what our down- trodden, poverty- stricken country (made so by exclusive cotton culture and high priced fertilizers, bought on time at exhorbitant prices and a high rate of interest.) most needs. Quite a number of remedies have been suggested for the renovation of our exhausted lands and wasted fortunes, but in my opinion no remedy yet suggested meets the case so well, at so small an outlay of dollars and cents, (which is a very scarce article in Dixie, ! as the pea. Will grow on the poorest land without manure, and in this latitude two crops can be grown in a season, for soiling purposes, which is equal to 250 fibs, of the best commercial fertilizer. Cost of sowing and turning pea vines will not exceed §3.50, which would be a saving to the farmer of 85.00 per acre. Another advantage claimed for this process of fertilizing, is. that the labor of sowing and turning can be done after crops are laid by. when hands and teams are idle. My custom is to sow stub- ble land from the 15th to the 30th of July (or later if I can't get it done by that time) and turn under before frost, which prepares the land for any crop, without further outlay for fertilizers. When it is desirable to follow wheat with oats or oats with wheat, a heavy harrow run over the land is all that is necessary when the pea vines have been turned under. In localities where wheat and other small grain crops are the staple productions, the pea is indispensable to success- ful croping. Sowing peas broadcast, after wheat or oats, would keep down noxious weeds and plants and at the same time store away food for the following crop. Try it. I cut down an old orchard, land naturally poor and sandy.; with clay and sandy subsoil. Had been in cultivation and orchard 25 years. Sowed in oats, fal- lowed with cotton, sowed with oats again ; when planting cotton the last time, made 600 lbs. seed cotton per acre, made a good crop of oats ; after cutting oats, sowed peas broadcast with 125 lbs. Peruvian Guano; best pea crop I ever saw; don't know what it made per acre, as I fed off with hogs. Last year sowed broadcast 15 bushels cotton seed per acre, on same lot. in February, drilled 200 lbs. Stono Guano 1st April, made 1,731 lbs. seed cotton per acre ; think it was cut off 15 or 20 per cent, by drouth. Have sowed other plats of land that have been reclaimed in the same way : am making 1,000 ft>s. seed cotton and 20 to 25 bushels corn per acre on lands that a few years ago would not make one-fourth that amount with- out manure. This has been done principally by sowing and turning pea vines. The man who has not an eye to the improvement of his land does not deserve the name of farmer. The improvement of 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 99 our lands is the first step towards material prosperity ; this effected, intelligence, refinement and power, will follow in the wake. Then, fellow farmers, let one and all of us address ourselves to the task of building up the waste places, beautifying our homes and make this beautiful land, on which nature has showered her richest blessings, the pride and glory of those who come after us. Unionville, S. C. S. C. Farmer. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] VIRGINIA AGRICULTURAL MECHANICAL COLLEGE. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF VISITORS, JAN. 6, 1875. Va. Ag. & Mech'l College, Dec. 9. 187 i. Hon. Board of Visitors, — It is my duty to present a brief report of the operations of the Department of Agriculture. A large class of our best students have studied the course of Agriculture the first half-session, and have made very gratifying progress. I am happy to report that the operations of the farm for the current year have been successful. All our crops were planted in due season, well cultivated, and yielded good returns. The hay and oats were some- what shortened by an unusual drought which prevailed here in May and June. We got, however, fair yields of each, which were saved in good condition. The cattle grazed were sold for the top price of the season, and to the leading dealer of the country, and the profit realized was within a fraction of 100 per cent. Besides, a consid- erable amount was realized from the rental of pasturage. All the farm stock are going into the winter in the best condition. The wheat crop yielded above 20 bushels per acre, of superb quality. The varieties were Fultz and White Blue Stem. The land being corn land, we used 200 lbs. per acre of the following fertilizers on different portions of the field, viz : the Wheat Fertilizer of the Southern Fertilizing Co., Richmond, Patapsco Guano and Turner's Excelsior, Baltimore. Our experiments show that these manures more than doubled the yield of wTheat. Experiments made to test their relative value were vitiated by the previous treatment of the land, not known to me at the time the plats were selected. Experi- ments made for the purpose, showed that of the kinds of wheat named, and for our soil one bushel per acre, is the best quantity of seed. One half-bushel yielded less than one bushel ; one and a half bushels, less than either, and least of all from two bushels ; so that we sowed the present crop at the rate of one bushel per acre, and I have never seen the crop present a handsomer appearance at this season. I have most carefully prepared upwards of twenty experimental plats to test the relative value of different kinds of fertilizers and different modes of culture for wheat, as well as to determine the proper quantity of each fertilizer to use per acre, which experiments 100 THE SOUTHERN [February will be reported when complete. In order to thresh these plats v that we should have a small horse power and thresher on the farm, and I ask for the appropriation of §400 to purchase it. Our corn crop received all the farm yard manure. It yie abo bushels per acre, and is all housed in good condition. Th r not above thirty bushels of nubbins in the entire field. We have ~-:ured also, for -winter use. a very fine crop o: Experimental culture is very expensive, if undertaken on a large mere measuring of the plats and separate harvesting, threshing, cleaning and weighing of the occupies an amount of time that few -who have not tried it conceive of. The work, to be worth anything, must be done in the most thorough and complete manner, and. therefo. up the time of the best hands. I fear, therefore, we shall not be able to enlar, fy our operations til some progress has been made in the proper enclosure and equipment of the farm. The working details of students have performed their duties with entire cheerfulness, and, I think, increased efficie le those •who have been hired to work in their own time have performed a large portion of the work of the farm in the most satisfactory man- ner. As at present managed, I have no question of the value of the system of details, as far as the benefit of the stud con- cerned. Our obji " dignify and enlighten labor, and there can be no question of the propriety of requiring every student to work in his turn. I have, myself, often joined the working details with a view to encouraging a proper spirit.' It is certain, I think, that no lent here feels himself. y other, in any manner degraded by •work. That any of our best people have ever felt thus about work, is a calumny so often repeated by our enemies, that some of us be- gan to believe it of oui- It is not true, and never was true. Very respectfully, .S ; _• .■: \ M. G. Ellzey, Prof, of Agriculture. Tz: -laughter of Sheep et Dog.?. — We learn from a d that on the night of the 18th instant that the sheep-flock of Mr. E. V.". Crockett, of the C re, wan v:-::ed by more worth- gp, and twenty-two fine sheep killed. A few days before they were killed, Mr. C i skett refused $10 per head for them We have always advocated a dog-tax for the protection of the sheep, wbich is fitable to the country when properly managed ; but as there is no protective law it is almost useless to call attention to the sub- The people can straighten the thing by sending no man to the Legislature who is opposed to a heavy dog-tax. By doing this the firmer will be enabled to raise sheep. Otherwise he cannot. — Dispatch. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 101 THE CHICKAHOMINY LOW-GROUNDS. HOW THEY MAY BE RECLAIMED AND MADE PRODUCTIVE. Many plans have been suggested for cleaning out and deepening the bed of the Chickahominy, which has become greatly filled up by fallen trees, gathering every year obstructions at different places, thereby preventing the free flow of the water in the 'channel of the river. I tried a plan to get rid of some of those obstructions which, I am happy to report, proved a success, at a very small outlay of money ; and which, if carried out, will reclaim perfectly one of the most valuable and productive large bodies of land in the State. Its near proximity to Richmond, and its perfect adaptation to grass- growing, must, or ought to, make those lands a mine of wealth to their owners in supplying this section of the country and the coun- try south of this with a superior article of hay superseding that now brought from the North and distant sections of this State. The value of these thousands and thousands of acres of lands now not only idle, but requiring taxes to be paid on them annually, and breeding, year after year, sickness, insects and vermin to destroy sur- rounding families and crops, would, in a period of years, if attended to at proper periods of the year, at AT A VERY SMALL OUTLAY, as before stared, be both immense in amount, and astonishing to the old- est and wisest landowner in this country. The mode of treatment I suggest is as follows: In the summer when the water is at its lowest, and the leaves and other dead vegetation, fallen logs, etc., (all of which form the obstructions referred to), are all dry, let each owner of lands on the river (by concert with his neighbor, if necessary) set fire to the combustible material on his lowlands and burn out clean everything that will burn. One day will make a clean sweep of all the obstructions referred to, and besides will kill out every bit of the young growth of bushes, briers weeds and grass, and leave these lands, though in timber growth, in splendid condition for seed- ing among the trees herds, orchard and Peruvian grasses for pastures and for hay ; for this timbered alluvial land will, if not too densely shaded, produce more and better crops than the open lands. Simply sow the grass-seed on the hard, unbroken surface among the large trees ; in the spring of the year, after frosts, it will come up. And now for the obstructions of logs, &c, in the channel. When the water is at its lowest, as before stated, cut them up into short lengths of from five to six feet, and leave them there for the water, WHEN THE FLOODS COME, to carry them out of and away from the channel ; for it is true that when the water is rising that in the centre of the channel is higher than on the sides, and hence it flows outward from the centre and carries with it everything that floats, and leaves it generally a good distances from the channel on the flats that are overflowed. When the water begins to fall in a stream, the water is lowest in the centre, 102 THE SOUTHERN [February and hence the water is drawn to the same from the overflown lands, leaving the mass of debris high and dry on the land, some distance from the river, where the next annual burning, in dry mid-summer or early fall, is sure to consume the whole of it. Thus, in two or three years, with a little com non sense and a judicious uie of the axe and fire, the work of millions of men may be saved and thousands and thousands of the most valuable acres of land maybe cleared up and reclaimed at ■ a small as not to be really felt. I have s:iven these facta for the general good, knowing them to be facts. They are applicable to all low-lands with running streams through them. — Richmond Whig. Burx and Cut. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] A SMALL EFFORT AT HIGH FARMING. You ask me to repeat the details of an effort towards "high farm- ing." made by me many years ago. A full statement of the facts was published in the Phx ter ■::' 1866 a; I think, and I regret that you cannot recover the number that contained it. Of course you. and your readers, will make all proper allowances for any discrepancy or lack of accuracy due to the number of years and such years ! that have fallen upon us since the experiment was made. In the spring of 1856 I selected a piece of land so poor as to sug- gest, by analogy, the "«e Uum in eorpore vili" of the spec- ulative surgeon. It was divested of its natural growth, sassa:'. is, persimmon, and the usual varieties of briers — and ploughed to an average depth of seven inches. The harrow and roller was then passed over it persistently until the tilth was perfect A few 1 of farm yard manure were put on the poorer portions, but the main reliance was in the application of guano — 250 of Peruvian, and 250 of Columbia — the whitest and best Phosphatic Guano I ever saw. The land was planted, mainly, in tobacco, but the crop was so poor that I kept no account of it. though I must have made enough to pay for the guano. In October. I was prevented, by illness, from superintending the sowing of the wheat, and when my manager asked permission to apply more guano tashe expressed it. "jus: to peerten up the land)," I re- luctantly consented to his putting on 100 pounds of Peruvian, to the acre. When I got out. I found ^from the number of empty bags) that he had put on at leas: . orads! and fully e; :hat the wheat, long before harvest, would lodge — and such, doubtless, would have been the result, if the spring had been wet. Fortunately, how- ever, as regarded this experiment, the spring months of 1857 were exceptionally dry. and the season in every way favorable to the growth and maturity of the wheat. The variety was that which had as many aliases as an old rogue, but oftener s:yled " Little Red" and " Early Purple Straw." Tne average height of the straw in this particular crop was about four feet. The quantity of land ogs — Cul- ture of Peanal 315 <— What they iil Flowing. • ;'>17 38 on the Roadside. EIXTTS- What I would do, were I a Young Farmer, Sowed Corn for Forage, .Poultry Raising, More about Orf1" *rd Grass, How often may we Eat? — An Im- portant Source of Profit, The Love and Culture of Flowers, : Virginia, Horses vs. Mules — Not the Highest Priced Beef, The Melon. Crop — Where the Money Goes to, Why Manure Corn in the Hill — Keep them Fat-s-Good Advice, Bath C'ty — Bear-Swamp Grange, Editorial — Noies for the Month The Virginia Patron. Another Old Virginian Gone — '."Mallet. Miscellaneous Notices 319 320 321 322 328 324 825 326 327 3:J0. 334 7-8 GRAND SQUARE, # UPRIGHT FIAHOS Have received upwards of FIFTY FIRST PREMIUMS, and are among the best now made. Every instrument fully warranted for five years. Prices as low as the exclusive use of the very best material and the most thorough workmanship will permit. The Principal Pianists and composers and the piano-purchasing public, of the South especially, unite in the unanimous verdict of the superiority of the STIEFF PIANIO. The DURABILITY of our instruments is fully estab- lished by over SIXTY SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES in the South, using over 300 of our Pianos. Sole Wholesale Agents for several of the principal manufacturers of Cabinet and Parlor Organs : prices from $50 to $600. A liberal discount to Clergymen and Sabbath Schools. A large assortment of second-hand Pianos, at prices ranging from $75 to $300, always on hand. Send for Illustrated Catalogue, containing the names of over 2,000 Southern- ers who have bought and are using the StiefF Piano. CHAS. M. STIEFF, Warerooms, No. 9, North Liberty Street, BALTIMORE, MD. Factories, 84 & 86 Camden street, and 45 and 47 Perry St. ap — tf EUREKA Ammoniatefl Snprpliosjliate of Lime, MANUFACTURED BY The Atlantic and Virginia Fertilizing Company, Near 0EIENT, L. I., Always proves to be the best fertilizer when accurately tested, i. e. by the applica- tion of equal values, by the side of any other, whether on tobacco, wheat, corn, cotton, grass or vegetables. See the report of Mr. A. M. Bowman, President of the Baldwin Augusta Ag- ricultural Society, to the Virginia State Agricultural Society, published in this number of the Planter and Fanner, and note the fact that the i- Eureka1' is not only much the best of the six fertilizers he tried, but that it was also the cheapest, and bear in mind that at the time he tried it he did not even know who was manu- facturing it- and followed his example in ascertaining what is the best and also in letting the farmer know which is the best. The value of accurate experiments, and the purchase from reliable manufacturers, cannot be overestimated. WM. G. CRENSHAW, Pres. FRANK G. RUFFIN, Supt. State of Ya. If there is no agent for the sale of "Eureka" in vonr immediate neighbor- hood, write to any of the following General Agents: W". N. RUFFIN, Rich- mond, Va.: JNO. ARRINGTON & SONS. Petersburg, Va.: HOOE & .IOHNT- STO\r. Alexandria, Va.; JOSHUA WALKEll, Baltimore. Md.; WILLIAMS & MURCHISON, Wilmington. N. C; W. C. COURTNEY & CO., Charleston, S. C; J. W. LATHROP & CO., Savannah, Ga. "Send for Circular. THE SOUTHERN PLANTER & FAKMEK, DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xenophon. Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State.— Sully. L. R. DICKINSON, .... - Proprietor New Series. RICHMOND, VA., JUNE, 1875. No, 6 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] EXTRAVAGANCE. " We complain of the scarcity of money, hardness of times, and have come to the erroneous conclusion that farming will not pay. But much of the fault is in ourselves. We continue to live in the same luxurious style as when we were in affluent circumstances, in-- stead of regulating our expenses according to our incomes." — Ex- tract from communication in May No. This charge reminds me of one not wholly dissimilar, which is quoted and answered by General Johnston in his " Narrative " : " Another, a class of Southern people, attribute our defeat to a want of perseverance, unanimity, and even loyalty, on our own part." And the reply: " As to the charge of want of loyalty, or zeal in the war, I assert, from as much opportunity for observation as any individual had, that no people ever displayed so much, under such circumstances, and with so little flagging, for so long a time continuously." The self-condemnation quoted above, from the letter of a farmer, is doubtless intended as a friendly admonition that we should nerve ourselves to make the exertions and bear the privations which the exigency of our situation demands. Yet it scunds like a reproach ; and none, I am convinced, from my opportunity for observation, which has made me acquainted with the way of life in several coun- ties and towns of Virginia, could be less deserved. The failure of Virginia farmers to retrieve their fallen fortunes has hitherto been as signal as the failure of our efforts in the cause of self-government. For such a result there must be an adequate cause, and that class of people who undertake to furnish us solutions of all such problems, sought it and found it, as usual, on the surface. What more natural than that the blame should fall where the suffering fell, and the farmers should have to bear, in addition to their other burdens, the 286 THE SOUTHERN [June reoroach of unthrifty habits, the want of industry, economy, perse- verance. It is a feeble expression of what I believe and feel, to say that I heartilv accept General Johnston's noble vindication of the Southern people f which ought to be read by everybody in the restored Union.) against the injustice done them by a class of themselves: not a deliberate injustice, but an almost involuntary utterance wrung out of them bv the agony and bitterness of defeat and ruin. As to this question there no longer remains the world over any difference of opinion. And was it then to be expected that a people who provel themselves in a disastrous war the peer of any that ever ex- isted, in all the solid as well as brilliant qualities which combine to form the highest type of manhood, would prove recreant in the ob- scure and desperate struggle which awaited their return to their des- olated homes ? A struggle literally for life against the reluctant powers of nature, and such an accumulation of adverse circumstances as scarcelv any people of modern times — certainly not since the Thirty Years War — have been called to encounter. That some have succumbed to the later test who by the aid of moral stimulants bore themselves bravely must be admitted. It was to be expected. But that the Southern people generally, and Virginians especially, have worked like they fought, and suffered with equal fortitude in peace — even the peace of desolation — as in war, is the testimony of all im- partial observers : the cordial testimony of our late enemies. Surely we mav afford, without vanity, to " see ourselves as others see us " ; to do ourselves and each other the justice they cannot withhold, rather than indulge in morbid self-depreciation. The example of General Lee is often held up to us as a model, and we all know his career in war and in peace. But it is permitted us to remember, for our encouragement, that General Lee, like Washington, or Henry, like bis own father, or his sons, was a representative Virginian — the noblest of all it seems to me ; but just such a man as the best Vir- ginia influences must turn out working on the best Virginia material. That there have been hundreds and thousands like him, and thou- sands vet remain, differing only as "one star differeth from another," history and experience forbid us to doubt. I regret to trouble you with a long communication on a subject so barren. But " my soul is weary " of this absurd and mischievous talk about the extravagance of men who literally " eat their bread in the sweat of their brows." The newspapers are full of it, we hear it from the stump and the pulpit, and the charge is echoed by all who have not felt the shoe pinch, until even a class of farmers, who get their opinions ready made, though they may be struggling for bare existence themselves, accept the current theory that the root of our misfortune is luxury and profusion. Having shown the improbability of the charge on general grounds, I would briefly state the result of my own observations, admitting at the same time the instances which your correspondent doubtless had before his eyes. That many farm- ers live beyond their income is indeed true, for their income is noth- ing, or not enough to provide the plainest food and clothing. But I 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 287 have vet to meet with the first farmer, whatever his former affluence, or even the present extent of his investments in agriculture, who failed to practice strict and judicious economy both from necessity and choice. The only difference I perceive in those whose circum- stances were formerly affluent is that they, as in duty bound, suffer and labor most contentedly. No people ever displayed, under cir- cumstances so disheartening, a more earnest, patient, intelligent de- votion to duty — to the duty of toiling, hoping, and waiting. Each seems to feel that he toils and saves not for himself alone but for all, for the common weal. Among the hardest and most cheerful workers are th^se who work for posterity with no hope of better days for themselves. The time may come when the farmers of Virginia will practice even greater economy and industry than at present, for they have proved themselves capable of any exertion, any sacrifice. But, instead of farther trials, I trust we may look forward to some not very distant reward for those so nobly borne already. Apart of the reward we may confer now : unstinted praise for all that has been done, charity for unavoidable weakness and failure, and encourage- ment to persevere to the end. This charge of extravagance may obtain credence among other classes with whom the farmers have important relations, and for their benefit it might seem desirable that the real causes of agricultural distress and failure should be pointed out. But they seem to me sufficiently obvious, and having already been tempted to write too much, I will leave them, as I would fain have left this vindication of the class with whom I am temporarily identified, to some abler pen. T. P. L. Fluvanna, May 7, 1875. MARYLAND MECHANICAL AND AGRICULTURAL ASSO- CIATION—THE MANURE QUESTION. The Maryland Mechanical and Agricultural Association met yester- day afternoon at their room, Eutaw and Fayette streets, Allen Bowie Davis. president, in the chair, and T. B. Dorsey, secretary. There was a good attendance, and much interest was shown in the discus- sion, which was on the subject of the application of barnyard ma- nure to soils. The participants in the discussion were Col. Wrn. Webster of Baltimore county. A. B. Davis and Mr. Warner of Har- ford county, J. J Myerly of Howard county, and W. A. Bennet, Ezra Whitman and Samuel Sands of Baltimore county. Mr Sands said that in feeding cattle the question of replacing in the land those constituents taken away was to be considered. The manure intended to nurture the land should contain just such con- stituents as the land needed. If phosphoretic elements were taken away they should be replaced. Animal manure is deficient of that much needed constituent, and hence as the best nutriment for land the speaker recommended a raixaire of phosphate matter with ma- nure. This would give the greatest yield in return. This was a Bubject that failed to receive the attention it deserved here in Mary- 288 THE SOUTHERN [June land. In Ohio the farmers at first built their stables over running streams and got rid of their manure, forgetful that their lands would be eventually impoverished. At the present time, notwithstanding the longer time cultivated. Maryland land was about as good as that in Ohio. Pennsvlvania land is good because the farmers attend to this matter and keep their soil rich. Farmers must learn to regard cattle in a measure as ma- nure manufacturers, and if only straw is fed to cattle, what can be expected ? They must have meal and rich food. The liquid excre- tion of cattle was the most valuable of all animal evacuations, and should by all means be utilized. Mr. Ezra "Whitman, in answer to a question, said that unfortu- nately on his own farms he was unable to get enough barnyard ma- nure, as he had but little stock. He bought it from his neighbors, however, and used it in preference to anv commercial fertilia The chair said that inasmuch as Mr. Whitman waslariie:v ::> the business of manufacturing fertilizers, the society could not but appreciate his candor. Mr. Sands, continuing the subject, said he thought bone dust the best phosphoretic matter to unite with barnyard manure. Col. Webster said he believed bone dust a cheap application for the purpose, but he did not think the application of phosphates at all nectssary. The barnyard manure, with the phosphoretic acid found in salt and other such substances, was sufficient. It had been ascertained that on the first farm ever cultivated in the Stare of Maryland the yield per acre was now double what it was in the time of Lord Baltimore. In all parts of the world where attention is given to manuring, the crops at present are about double what they were five hundred years ago. It had I ■ nts worth of plaster as much good could be wrought on land five dollars worth of phosphates. The soils of Harford county lack lime, and therefore that is a good application. Mr, Davis said that when plaster was first used its effects were so good that farmers thought they would be rich immediately. Plaster soon exhausts itself. Mr. J. B. Matthews, of Howard county, a most successful farmer had found plaster over manure a benerkial arrangement. Mr. Sands said one great trouble was that if your next door neigh- bor used plaster and you manure and phosphates, he would reap all your benefits, as plaster will attract from a distance the ammoniated elements so nourishing to farm land. Prof. Stockbridge. of Massa- chusetts. State Superintendent of Agriculture, had ascertained by careful experiments that he could ascertain the exact amount of com- mercial fertilizers necessary to any land in order to secure the yield of a given number of bushels of grain. That is to say. he had taken certain land yielding fifteen bushels of corn per acre, and determined that a certain amount of mineral manures added to the land would give a yield of twenty-five bushels per acre. An increase in : 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 289 amount of manure -was sure to bring a proportionate increase in ratio to the yield. In conclusion, he was convinced that if the nitrogen element was present in land the other ingredients would be found in the air and elsewhere. Mr. Davis presented the following resolution, which was unani- mously adopted: Resolved, That the true object of the farmer should be not only to draw from the land an annual revenue, but also to increase the value of the funded capital invested in the soil, the increase of the invested capital being necessarily an increase of the periodical revenue. It was resolved to appoint a committee of ten, active members to make preliminary arrangements for the September exhibition at Pim- lico. Before adjournment it was announced that at the next meet- ing the subject would be the feeding of cattle, when Mr. Wm. Mosher of Harford county, a great cattle feeder, and other gentlemen, will express their views. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] • PROLAPSUS OF THE UTERUS. (falling of the womb.) Prolapsus of the uterus is one of the most annoying phenomenas liable to follow parturition. It consists in the womb passing outside through the vulva. This condition occurs principally in animals which give birth to only one young — as the mare, cow, and ewe — as the uterus in these animals is more particularly brought into play in the expulsion of the young during birth. It is commonly seen in debilitated animals and in stall-fed cows that are constantly kept in the stable. Among the causes I would state colic, retention of the urine, tympanitis, overfeeding, general weakness of the animal as the result of ill-feeding, and lastly, the position of the mother, standing on a depending floor during the period of carrying the young. [If the length of the stall is 10 feet, the fall in the floor should not exceed 3 inches.] It appears usually immediately after birth — rarely after two or three days. The first indication for treat- ment is the replacement; this should be done as quickly as possible, as the parts are liable to become inflamed and swollen, thereby ren- dering the replacement in time difficult. [If it is not done at all, gangrene will set in, which will end the life of the animal.] Another reason why in nervous mares it should be replaced quickly is, that their kicking and rubbing may produce severs injuries, thereby causing inflammation of the womb and the lining membrane of the abdomen (peritonitis), which often proves fatal. Coffs are not so susceptible to the latter diseases as mares, but prolapsus of the uterus occurs more commonly in cows than in mares. First, all dirt requires to be removed with blood-warm water, and if any after-birth should have remained, this should be carefully re- 290 THE SOUTHERN [June moved. If any is attached to the cotyledoines they should be mois- tened and carefully loosened by bathing with warm milk. Before manipulating, the operator's finger nails should be cut and ra.sped, so as not to irritate the parts more than is necessary; also oiling his arm before introdueing it. In order to render ths animal quiet for the operation, an infusion of chamomile flowers (about one handful to a pint of hot water) with an ounce of laudanum might be given. In some parts of Europe it is common to give cows a pint of whis- key with a couple of spoonfuls of sugar. It will usually suffice by putting on a twitch, or forcing the mouth open to prevent or relieve partly the straining of the cow. This being done, the operator places two assistants on each side of the falling womb to raise it. by means of a piece of clean cloth, to the height of the vulva. Then with half-closed hand the operator pushes the same from the lowest point back into its place, progressing slowly and cautiously, making use of the moments at which the animal is at ease, taking care to replace it completely. In difficult replacements it is, perhaps, best to first empty the rectum, either by means of the hand or injections, and the bladder by the introduction of a catheter. In all cases it is better to operate on the animal whiie standing up. The closed hand should remain in the cavity and respond to the straining, which will lessen considerably in fifteen or thirty minutes. In slight cases, where the prolapsus has only existed for an hour or so, the hand may not need to remain any longer than half an hour or an hour, if the straining has entirely stopped. But it usually requires two, three to four hours. In a couple of cases where the prolapsus had lasted for sixteen to twenty hours, it required ten to twelve hours before the hand could safely be removed. When one arm gets tired, it has to be carefully changed. In cases where it is not convenient to employ a person at the posi- tion for any length of time, a bandage should be made.. consisting of a broad, thick piece of leather, with a cut above to allow its adap- tation under the tail; a pair of straps going over the back forward, to be fastened to a surcingle; a pair of straps below, passing between the legs right and left, to be attached also to the surcingle ; a round opening corresponding to the anus allowing the passage of dung, while a narrow, longitudinal opening below, corresponding to the vulva, gives exit to the urine. The bandage can be removed in a quiet animal after two to three days, while in a restless beast it may not be safe to remove it before ten to fourteen days. The animal should not be allowed to lay down during the first twenty-four hours. Occasional injections of weak soapsuds are of service to loosen the bowels, which will prevent unnecessary straining. If the straining remains very severe, injections of cold tvater into the uterus may be tried. One ounce of laudanum may be given in one pint of an in- fusion of chamomile flowers, or three or four onions fried in good but- ter, and then cooked in about one pint of the cow's own milk, and half given at intervals of half an hour. The animals should be kept 1875] PLANTER AND FARMER. 291 on low diet, and, on bettering themselves, be slightly exercised It is also a wise precaution to have the back of the floor of the stable somewhat elevated. p< Peters V S [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE PEANUT. This crop has made so great progress in the last few years as to attract the attention of all who own lands adapted to its growth. It is stated, in an article upon the cultivation of the peanut in the re- port of the Department of Agriculture for 1868, that during the late war its "merits became extensively known among the soldiers- so that when the armies weie disbanded a knowledge of them was carried to every part of the country." Hence the large increase 1 f v ? Ilvatlon of the Peanut, and in its shioment from the port aI } t0 NeW lork— estimated then at several hundred thou- sand bushels, and believed at the present time to exceed a million It is believed that the soil of large portions of Eastern Virginia is well adapted to this crop. It is, at least, well worth a trial in those parts of our own country which seem to possess the necessary requisites tor its successful production. The chief essential is a light gray soil, not over sandy. This soil gives to the pea its light, bright color, which is esteemed its finest quality in the markets. As the land should be clean, it is deemed best to plant after corn— but better still, after a crop of stock peas It is highly important to secure for seed the best quality, and this, too, when it has been carefully protected from exposure to bad weather. The use of lime on the land is esDecially recommended lhe land should be plowed to the depth of four to five inches; fur- rows opened three feet apart, and deposit in them 125 pounds of Peruvian guano, or 150 to 200 pounds of super-phosphate of lime ■ cover up with the plow into three feet beds, which should then be levelled for the reception of the seed about the middle of Mav lhe pods should be shelled with great care, so as not to break the shell of the pea, and all defective ones be rejected. Plant two seeds eighteen inches apart, covering to the depth of one to one and a haif inches. About two bushels are required per acre. Some rows should be planted closer to furnish plants for any missing bills; this replanting should be done in about two weeks after the planting Keep the land perfectly clean with plow, cultivator, and hoes espe- cially. In a wet season, three workings may be necessary to clear away weeds and grass, all of which must be eradicated before it is laid.by. Avoid covering up the vines, which by that time will have spread widely, and the first fruit then fprming. The next work will be the harvesting^ the crop. This should be done after the first frost— about the 1st to the 10th of October in our section. First loosen the vines with a three pronged fork • then pull them up and shake off the dirt, and leave them to dry* If dry, they can be shocked in two days after. Lay two fence rails 292 THE SOUTHERN [June upon supports high enough to promote a free circulation of air under them; upon these shock around stakes seven feet long, making the diameters of the shocks about the length of the vine. Protect the shocks with straw caps. In two weeks the ripe pods may be picked from the vines; dry, fan, and clean them. A skillful hand will pick two and a half to three bushels per day. Care is necessary to keep the nuts from becoming heated or mouldy, stir them, then, until the hull is seasoned thoroughly. The usual product is from twenty-five to one hundred bushels per acre. Even larger crops have been made by the best cultivators. The prices are not so high as they were a few years ago, but they are still remunerative. For a prime fancy article $2.50 may be obtained per bushel, while those of ordinary and inferior quality range from one to two dollars. At these prices peanuts are more profitable than cotton at twenty-five cents per pound, or tobacco at ten cents. The vines make excellent provender for stock, but they may be used to greater advantage in enriching the land for a second crop to be raised from the same land. For the foregoing sketch of the culture of the peanut I am in- debted to the article in the report of the Department of Agriculture, and mainly to an excellent treatise on the same subject by Mr. Doothat, of Weyanoke, on James River. The first may be seen in the January number of the '• Southern Planter and Farmer" for 1870, and the other in the succeeding April number of that year. To those who propose to engage in the culture I recommend these two articles. The few trials made in our county justify us in be- lieving that the peanut may become a valuable crop upon soils suited to it; at least, it may be a profitable auxiliary to our standard cereals. Ed. T. Tatloe, Chairman. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] BELLEVUE SHORT-HORN BREED. An account of a recent visit to Bellevue Stock Farm, the property of Mr. A. M. Bowman, the president of our Baldwin Augusta Agri- cultural Society — one of our best farmers as well as the prominent breeder df short-horn cattle in the Valley — will not be without in- terest. Bellevue is situated on the north bank of the South river, which, it will be remembered, skirts the Blue Ridge at its western base, and about three miles south of Waynesboro, on the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. The farm is in the form of a parallelogram, extend- ing for some distance along the river, and having every field watered by it, thus furnishing a pleasing combination of gently rolling upland and river bottom in each enclosure. The residence is near the river, about midway of the farm, sufficiently elevated to secure good drainage, and flanked by a mammouth barn, affording ample room for his numerous herd of cattle — which, I may add, are staunchioned in 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 293 the capacious and comfortable stables. There is a capital piggery, where the Berkshires are comfortably housed, and hard by is the " Prindle Steamer," which is used in preparing food for hogs and cattle. Mr. B. uses a horse-power to cut his corn-fodder, hay. &c, before steaming, and finds both arrangements are very economical. His wheat crop is promising; looks as though he intended adding the State Agricultural Society's premium for "the largest yield " to that already obtained for corn, oats, and hay. The farm, taken as a whole, is evidence of good management and successful culture. Mr. Bowman is an earnest advocate of orchard grass : says " he was raised on it (?), and therefore knows of what he speaks."' In regard to stock, he unites with spirit and intelligence a love for the business, elements which guarantee success. A thorough- bred has no charm for him simply because it has a pedigree, and its name has been offered to the public through the columns of a herd- book ; but his selections are made with particular and single ref- erence to such strains of blood as' for some intelligent purpose he desires to infuse into his own herd, or because of some intrinsically valuable characteristic which he wishes to make available in the con- struction of that ideal short-horn which is ever before his mind's eye. Among his Berkshire swine the two imported sows. Hillhurst Rose and Rosedale are splendid specimens: but it is particularly of the short-horns of which we would speak. The herd consists of seventeen (17) females and three (3) males. At their head the Earl of "Weldon, 14.175. a ; Duke upon a Rose of Sharon foundation, coming three years old; rich red, with some white, mellow hide, good handler of truly grand style. Of the Bates-Cragg family there are three representatives. Lady Craggs — Handsome ren-roan, fully developed, weighs over 1,800; remarkable for widfti of hip. This cow has been recently bred to 2d Earl of Oxford, a pure Oxford bull. Lady- Craggs 2d — by duke of Onandaga, 6,778; like her dam, with all her good points. Miss Craggs — colored like dam, out of Lady Craggs and by Al- bert Edward, 11,278 : a very promising four-months old heifer. Of the Rosamond family there is the massive white cow Rosa- mond 9th, got by Royal Briton. 27,351, out of Rosamond 7th by Weehauken, 5.260. This cow will soon calve to Don Bernardo, 11,641. Mr. William Marfield, of Kentucky, says of her: " She is one of the best specimens of a short-horn I ever saw.-' This is compliment enough. Of the Lonaws — justly so celebrated — Greenwood Lonaw 2d is his only specimen. She was by Jeremiah Duncan's show bull, Duke of Airdu, 2,743. Though eleven years old, she has proved a great breeder, and numbers many celebrated animals among her offspring. Roan in color, and nearly due to calve to Sheldon's Duke, 7,260. There are two Elvinas (Mr. Coffin's family) — Elvina 8th by Plan- tagenet, out of Elvina 3d by the 11th Dude of Thorndale — a red, 294 THE SOUTHERN [June and her daughter a roan, bj Earl of Muirkirk, 14,170. This family- have no less than five Bates and Princess crosses upon an excellent milking foundation, and are the descendants of imported Pansey by Blaize (76). Amongst the show animals of the herd, Jenny O'Gaunt by Red Duke, half-sister to the famous Fanny Forrester; and Cindirella 2d by Royal Bellville, son of imported Royal Briton, are specimens which have more than once worn the ribbons in successful competi- tion at the great exhibitions North, West, and South. There are some eight specimens of short-horns which properly belong to the useful kind, e. g., while combining the intrinsic quali- ties of form, color, and general characteristic, lack those extrinsic attributes which so much enhance the money value of the animal. To one not familiar with pedigree, as individual specimens they com- pare well with the most highly prized animals in the herd. The cattle are in fine condition, showing they have been well wintered; but Mr. B. claims notto be a high feeder. If he does not pamper or use the curry-comh as much as might be advisable, he could readily find excuse for this delinquency in the precept and example of another of Virginia's distinguished short-horn advocates. Too much credit cannot well be accorded to one who thus gives talent, time and means to the building up af so handsome a herd of thoroughbred cattle. The needs of the dear old State are realized, the solid groundwork upon which her future prosperity must rest is appreciated, and could Ave only boast of a greater number of live young men, the near future would realize our most sanguine expec- tations. Delivered from the thraldom of poverty, clothed with the elements of power, resulting from the increased value of her agricul- tural and stock products, supplemented by her mineral and manu- facturing resources, she would again advance todlie foremost ranks, the leader in peace as she has been the embattled queen in war, and the ''mother of States and statesmen." W. G. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] GRANGE INFLUENCES. The principles upon which the confident expectations of success, in the movement of the Patrons of Husbandry, rest, and their effica- cy, efficiency, and certainty are generally acknowledged. In almost every department of human life among us, they are in daily practi- cal operation, to the benefit of those who use them, and, unfortu- nately for the farmer, to his detriment. The chief difficulty in our use of them is the intense individuality impressed upon us by our pursuits, each farmer having been, under the force of circumstances, constrained to form the habit in his daily operations of thinking and acting for and within himself; hence it is extremely difficult to im- press upon those who have not given thought to the subject, the fea- sibility and propriety of throwing off the effects of this habit of 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. g95 height, and introducing the principles of combination and coopera- tion m a thousand form., in matters heretofore looked on bv the • tanner as exclusively to be decided on and acred on bv his ow/i,, di- vidual judgment and will, and to be carried out bv his own individual exertions Tins habit of thought is stronger among our own people perhaps than elsewhere, from the -peculiar institution " which so recently prevailed among us. and hence we have the greater difficul- ty in presenting properly the logical results of Grange influence. 1 have found more difficulty in inducing those who were formerly large fanners to give attention to the subject than any other class simply because the habit of mind formed by being able" to command the combination and cooperation which wealth gave, has preve. ted a fair consideration of the new processes and combinations which the new order of thinga requires. Hence a Grange Lecturer is often placed m the position, when he undertakes an exposition of our prin- ciples, of going over the demonstration of truths, winch every one acknowledges to be true in the abstract, but which it is often neces- sary to go over ,n their simplest forms, in order to show their prac- tical application to the direct objects of our noble Order. Truth too. travels slowly and it is almost a necessitv. fairly and properly o present the truths we teach to the mass of* the fanners, that those truths should be presented in a practical form, thus eliminating from he demonstration the side issues resulting from opposing habits of thought and action, and this can best be done to practical men only ford °Ur gateS' and WUh Uie facilities wbicb acrual practice af- We teach, what we honestly believe, that the principles we profess embodied in our organization, must of necessitv produce the greatest good to the greatest number. That high morals can and must be infused into all belonging to our Order and made to characterize eacn ratron. 1 hat an improvement in social intercourse must result from our principles as applied by us. That a new impulse mnst be given to true education if Grangers discharge their duty, and that a wise superintendence and supervision is carefully guiding and ward- ing them in the discharge of that high dutv. That in every form we present, to the extent of our ability, the best models of business moral, social, and educational improvement, to each and every Patron by his own hearth-stone, in his domestic circle, and in Grange- that as far as human power will allow, we lift the humblest man of woman in the Order to all the advantages and facilities possessed bv the most elevated, the best informed, and the purest within our .ates and in doing so, by wise provisions, we exclude to the extent of our ability, any degrading influences ; and that we do this bv the volun- tary action of those who unite with us. without one restraint upon individual action to which any reasonable being could obiect. em- bodying only the influences of love and kindness to accomplish our The mode by which the material interest of each Patron is sought 296 THE SOUTHER* .[June ■ -I and guarded. > -irily more or less public, and for them'.- generally understood, and its efficiency, to a great degree, demonstrated among ourselves, by results already ob- tained, but the recent introduction of the Order, the ; f our people, and other hindrances, in distance from the place of meeting of subordinate Granges, the want of bu bo our pur- . andthenece- k put the machinery in mo- tion, to develop the moral, social, and educational influences of the Order, have caused delays, which it may be well to take adra of, in order to enable us when fully organized to develop fluences in the most attractive and at the same time most useful form. The moral teachings and the result of :.. things must be each ore or less, brought out in the daily business transactions be- tween man and man, and in the active exercise of the nobler chari- ties of life, to be shown in the exact justice and wise liberality meted out to all, as it ought to be demanded and insisted on by each Patron for himself, and be impressed upon the public mirrd in all our acts, and thus ensuring that we will bury in t! d of contempt, any futile efforts which may be made to turn our influences in channels where the only results would be for personal objects and dirty gains. Of necessity we are forced to bring prominently forward our ma- terial objects, because upor ~ in that view emphatically rests the building we propos in which the moral, social, and edu- cational benefits we seek may have a permanent abiding place : and is f the first importance to impress upon every Patron in Virginia that in the development of the bus in : m we are now inaugu- rating Patron ought to be bound by his own sense of duty to the Order, by his own interests, and by the aid and protection his duty to give to -:er members of the Order, to throw his influence and his bn : om the - to the greatest matter, into the bands of the capable bu- ther in whose care we have placed this important trust; I no skill on his part, no devoid the cause, can ensure success in his delicate and difficult task with- out this aid heartily and freely given. For our moral and social advancement we can rest in confident hope upon the influences necessarily brought into play when both mind and body are relieved by - - in our material objects, from the continued tern pf tfant attrition of our highest hopes and aspirations, by depressing want and absorbing care, the conse- quent upspringing of the mind and the ardent desire for improvement becomes intensified in its force, and causes good to grow and bear rich fruit in every mind, and when minds in this condition in con- stant intercourse and communion with other minds, enlarged, ex- panded, invigorated, and powerful, from the accumulation of k edge, must grow u -t to an appr the higher level of those thus improved, and the benefits of education not only as it is commonly defined, but in its enlarged and true sense, must impress on all Patrons its benign res a though the more humble among 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 297 us may not be able to follow step by step the process by which the more gifted arrive at conclusions. We may be able, under these in- fluences of our Order, to master the results, and follow with confi- dent steps the lights which knowledge throws upon all, even to that far boundary where science stays her proud step, and bows in awe and reverence before that inscrutable veil which mortal hand may never lift. W. M. Ambler. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] "THE CLEVE ESTATE.' Your committee whom you appointed to examine and report on the li Cleve Estate," belonging to Maj. H. B. Lewis, most respect- fully submit the following to the King George Agricultural Club. This Estate which was purchased from the descendants of King Carter, lies immediately on the Rappahannock, distant some twenty miles from the city of Fredericksburg, and makes up in part, the valley of the fertile Rappahannock, which ranks second to no lands in Tide-water Virginia. Cleve comprises 530 acres open land and 180 in wood and timber; also, a marsh valuable for ducks and trapping. The brick mansion which is situated but a few score yards from the river, in front of which is a wharf, can but attract all passers by river and land, as both substantial and tasteful, having been erected in the olden time, when both material and structure were more solid than in these late days of progress. It contains 20 large and comfortable rooms, spacious hall, afford- ing ample room for all to enjoy the genuine hospitality ever dis- pensed by the Major and family. The out buildings are in good order and keeping with the mansion, all enclosed in a beautiful lawn, in which are growing shade trees of various kinds. The Major, who has an eye to profit as well as the ornamental, makes good use of this lawn during the summer months. "We found his blooded sheep, young Alderny and Devon calves enjoying the fine grass. There are two apple orchards on this Estate, both having been set out some 18 years ago; one from the State of New York, and the other from Virginia. Maj. Lewis informed us that in his opinion it was more profitable to select winter apples from Virginia, and early fruit from the North. The winter apple from the North ma- tured too soon, and therefore became a summer or fall apple in this climate. The cattle, horses and oxen, we found in good order, though the horses indicated that the owner was fond of large crops. He thinks the Devon stock are best adapted to this section, "though nut equal to the Aldernj for richness of milk." They are good for the dairy, beef, and best work oxen. The fencing on this Estate is good, though not much is required. We would call attention to a three plank fence on ditch bank, six to 298 THE SOUTHERN [June eight inches wide, nailed to cedar post or locust, which is simple, cheap and durable. The garden was well filled with summer and winter vegetables, and showed what Mrs. Lewis was doing with her part of the domestic duties, as it is the case with most wives in this section. Your committSe in riding over the Estate found the corn field, which had just been laid by, in most beautiful order, being much struck with the size, evenness, and free from grass and weeds. We requested the Major to give us the practical working. He informed us, he first fallowed the land with three-horse ploughs — planting the corn early in April as practical with Bickford & Hoofman's drill, arranging the tubes to plant two rows at a tiaie, and if desired, to place with the corn a small quantity of fertilizer, which will hasten up the com, thereby enabling one to commence working sooner than otherwise. By drilling the corn it is distributed so that it can be readily thinned out with the hoe, one to one stajjp in the hill, by which operation it is both t'ninned and weeded, in about four days after planting, the land is run over with a three-horse b-arrow. When the corn is well up, the two-horse cultivator is used— the two front teeth being removed ; with this implement, one man can do the work of two single cultivators; the corn is then thinned with a hoe ; when 18 inches high the earth is thinned with single ploughs. In his opinion for laying by the corn, the plough is better than the culti- vator, destroying the grass and weeds more effectually. He gene- rally gets it laid by before going into harvest. We must call atten- tion to- the disposition of the fodder and stalks on this Estate, and bey leave to say, that if the M;jor i; correct, much time and expense is saved by his new departure from his brother of the plough. "After gathering the corn from the stalk and housing with care he turns upon the field all kinds of stock — having am eye to one or more shifts, in order to manage them, thus saving hauling food. He says his stock come out of the winter much better than under the old plan. We see one great advantage, which is, the regular deposit of the manure made by them, and tramping in good iveather must im- prove the land for wheat We the nexamined the wheat, which had, to the eye of most farm- ers been badly treated during the past winter, by stock of all kinds ; yet the growth of straw was good, and every promise of a happy yield of twenty bushels per acre. He informed us that when practicable, he greatly prefered to fal- low his land for wheat than sow on corn land, not only less tax on the land than by following a corn crop, but the summer ploughing is more destructive to king sassafras and other pests by which our patience is sorely tried ; and again, not attended with the heavy ex pense of cutting off, and shocking the corn. He thinks with most practical men of this class, that good three- horse ploughs are economy, prefers to sow the wheat between 21st September and loth October, in order that the wheat may have suffi- ' J«re:] PLANTER AND FARMER. 299 Jno. D. Rogers, Chairman. -f™&e, ?^ern banter and Farmer. 1 1UCKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB «W^^V1JW8hl,i,61"yon the Culti™tio« of the at n ' S° we1lad some talk about it. Mr. Charming Robinson thought the essentials wpVp mni j good season, and plenty of manure- r W 7lf g°° (1 Seed' wasas neir fhp lif t ■ t maimre' that the proper time to plant H P.V S ,' ™rae UP <« unfinished business, when Dr A line 61 inches apart, which wi.1 S^SftgttlK 300 THE SOUTHERN [June holes with a two-inch augur 6J inches apart and 6 inches deep, com- mencing and ending far enough from the ends (say 2 inches) so that the holes will not break out. After the holes are bored and pins driven in, the log should be sawed across the middle into two parts. The first pin hole On the second line should be in the centre of the space above, thus* alternating the positions; and some care should be taken so as to bore the holes near where it is to be cut, so that they will be two inches from the ends. Take a piece of tough white oak, saw it into sections of 10 inches long, split these sections into square pins about two inches in diameter, reduce the size of one end a little, and drive them square into these holes six inches deep, leaving four inches out of the log. After driving the pins into the log it should be sawed into two sections and the ends banded with iron. A hole should be bored through the centre of the logs from one end to the other ; in this hole run an iron axle with lynch pins and washers at the ends. Upon this axle the roller revolves. A two-inch rod for axle is strong enough with a frame of tough scantling three by four, giving room for the log with its pegs to revolve. To the two corners of the frame attach an ox-chain, and to the middle of said chain the necessary bars for two horses. Any farmer can make this roller of large or smaller size as preferred. The Doctor has long and practical experience with this roller, and says that the "Peg Roller" as an efficient instrument for compact- ing and pulverizing land is much superior to the smooth roller. It leaves the land as if a large flock of sheep had been driven over its surface, and the indentations 4i feet apart are fine receptacles for seeds of either gras's or wheat : and. furthermore, the uneven surface is an advantage as it furnishes protection and fresh earth to the plants during the freezing and' thaws of winter. Mr. Cowardin was not present to further enforce these views as expected, and the Club adjourned to meet at your Reporter's home next month. J. A. Lynham, Reporting Secretary. Henrico county, Va., May 13, 1875. POTATO. From each successive year's experience, the shrewd farmer draws a practical lesson, which, if properly applied, will materially assist in making his special calling a success. There is very little to be made in farming or gardening by the game of chance, or, as it is sometimes called, "good luck/' but industry well directed, will eventually be rewarded, while carelessness and mismanagement are just as certain to reap their reward. Every branch of industry has, from various causes, to battle against a " blue" season, and farming or gardening forms no exception to the rule. At present, farm wages are high, with no indications of any change for the better. My neighbor asks, " How, under existing cir- cumstances, are farmers to make ends meet ?" My reply is. substitute horse for hand-labor, adopt better methods of culture, concentrate the work, and manure on fewer acres, so as to produce maximum crops, and 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 301 by these means lessen the cost per bushel of producing. The expense of cultivating is the same, whether the yield is one hundred or three hun- dred bushels of potatoes to the acre. The potato crop is an important one in every State and territory in this country. Two hundred bushels to the acre is not a large return from well fertilized and properly tilled ground ; still we find that the average crop of the country is not quite one hundred-, even in favorable seasons. Taking the price of potatoes at seventy-five cents per bushel by adopting better methods of culture, the increased value in the United btates of this crop alone would amount to over seventy-five millions of dollars a year. Although the price of potatoes has only advanced a trifle within the past ten years, and farm wages and other expenses have nearly doubled yet 1 feel confident that I can make as much per acre now, cultivating potatoes, as in 1860 ; simply by making use of the methods named, and planting varieties of potatoes that are more productive than the Mercer or Prince Albert. There is no system of farming so perfect as not to be susceptible of improvement; and the intelligent farmer is alwavs ready to make a change or follow a new method of culture, when it is evident that by so doing he will increase the product per acre or lessen the ex- pense of producing. Our method of cultivating potatoes, which has given entire satisfac- tion for the last three years, is substantially as follows. The around which is a heavy clay and naturally very poor, is fall-ploughed* throw- ing it into lands about twenty feet wide, and left in this state until spring. W hen the soil is dry enough to be worked' in April it has a second ploughing, crosswise— never turning the soil less than ten inches deep lhe manure is then spread broadcast on the surface, the quality of the soil regulating the quantity. . However, we seldom use less than twenty two-horse loads of barn-yard manure or compost to each acre. When fish guano is used, it is mixed with soil for a week or two before planting-time, and then spread over the surface at the rate of from three- quarters to a ton to the acre. When barn-yard manure is used, the ground is harrowed before spreading the manure and with special fer- tilizers, such as phosphate, bone-dust or guano ; the harrowing is done after applying the manure, giving the ground only one "scrape" to level the surface. We change the seed every two years. For seed I prefer large sized potatoes, cut into two, three, and four pieces, a fort- night at least before planting, and then dusted with wood-ashes. This I have done in wet or inclement weather during the month of March when the men cannot work to advantage out of doors. With everything m readiness for planting, the seed potatoes are put into barrels, carted to the held aud placed at convenient distances across the lot, so that the person " dropping " will lose no time and waste no strength in carrying the potatoes from one end of the field to the other. This may appear trifling, but I find, when this plan is carried out, the work goes on more rapidly, and two persons will drop as much as three, when no system is practiced. From the effects of the fall ploughing, the alternate freezing and thawing during winter, and with a ploughing in spring, the ground will turn up kind and mellow, just in the right tilth for planting The potatoes are put in at the third ploughing, in the following manner • Commencing at one side of the field, twenty or thirty feet from the fence' the ploughman with his horses strikes a straight furrow and returns with A 302 THE SOUTHERN [June a back furrow. On the second time around, the droppers follow the plough, placing the potatoes from fifteen to eighteen inches apart in the loose ground just turned over, and in a position so that the next furrow- slice will cover the seed about four inches deep. The furrow-slices will average from ten to twelve inches in width, and the seed is planted in every third furrow on either side of the starting point ; this will leave the rows of potatoes about three feet apart. This is wide enough to ad- mit a horse-hoe for cultivating during the early stages of growth. By the system of back-furrowing there is no time wasted, either by the per- sons dropping or the man with the plough. We employ two German women, who drop as fast as the two horses will plough the ground and cover the potatoes. On loose, mellow soil, this force will plant, on an average, two acres a day, working ten hours. In this way, the soil is left in better condition to facilitate the growth of the young potatoes than bv anv of the methods in general use, that I have heretofore practiced in growiug potatoes for market. The seed is placed in the side of the furrow-slice, and is not displaced by the horse that walks in the furrow. Occasionally the plough is thrown out by the point striking a stone, and one or two of the seed left without covering, but in the next time around this can be repaired and the seed properly covered. With a very little practice the ploughman will run each furrow as straight as a " bee-line." I never have had rows of potatoes come up more evenly than for the past three years, when planted in this way. Another "method is, when the ground is ready to open the furrow with a on3-horse plough, spreading the manure in the furrow ; then the pota- toes are dropped in place along the bottom of the furrow, and by means of the plough again are covered about three inches deep. When the young stocks are just coming through the surface, the field is harrowed, running the harrow in the line of the rows. We use for this purpose a blunt-toothed harrow, which levels the surface, destroys the first crop of young weeds, and as far as I am capable of observing does no injury to the potatoes. I am aware that mauy4 potato-growers condemn the har- row for this purpose as doing more harm than good. When I am con- vinced that this is the fact, I will at once abandon its use and adopt some other improved implement to do the same kind of work. When the young plants are well above the surface, I run Howe's horse-hoe or Perry's Scarifier between ihe rows, going twice in each space, and as close to the stocks as it is possible, without cutting them. This operation is repeated once at least every two weeks, until the potatoes come into blossom, when the cultivation is stopped. Sometimes a few heavy showers of rain will compact and harden the surface ; in such a case we use Mapes's one-horse lifting sub-soil plough to run once in the middle, between the rows, and loosen the soil three or four inches deep. Our plan is to prepare the soil thoroughly before planting, and then, durino- the growing season, to keep merely two or three inches of the surface loose and free. There is little or no hard labor required by fol- lowing this system of culture. In an ordinary season, the horse-tools will do all the work necessary to keep the surface loose and free from weeds. I make it a rule, however, to go through the field once with the hand-hoes, cutting out any weeds that may be growing in the lines of the rows where the horse-tools cannot reach. Under good management, potatoes should be kept free from weeds and grass, until they are in full blossom. After this date cultivation may be suspended, for any weeds 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 303 that may then come up do little or no injury to the crop. The stalks shade the ground so that the growth of weeds is sparse ; although it is often advisable to have some scattering tall weeds pulled by hand before the potatoes are dug. In cultivating early varieties of potatoes on strong ground they cau be harvested in time to get a crop of turnips off the same ground, which may prove as profitable as the crop of potatoes. We grow on our farm from one thousand to one thousand five hundred bushels of potatoes a year for market. During the past ten years we have sold none for less than seventy-five cents per bushel by the quantity, and a large proportion of them would average one dollar a bushel. On ground well manured and tilled, two hundred bushels of market- able potatoes to the acre is about an average crop in our section ; these are worth one hundred and seventy-five dollars. Deducting the expense, there is left from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five dollars. With early potatoes, harvested in time to sow a fall crop of Yellow Stone Turnips, which often yield as much as the potatoes, there will be a net from both crops of about two hundred dollars an acre. Last summer we dug from an acre of Early Rose one hundred and ten barrels, and sold them at three dollars and twenty-five cents per barrel, for table use. Harvesting. — Although we have tested numerous potato digging machines, there is none that has given us satisfaction. We still hold to the old method of removing the stalks, then with a plough throwing a furrow away from either side of the row, and turning out the potatoes with the digging-fork. By this method a man can easily get out thirty bushels a day, at an expense of from five to six cents a bushel. Storing Potatoes. — Potatoes for table use should be stored in a cool, dry, dark cellar. They will keep better if a small quantity of soil is mixed in with them at the time of putting them away. When potatoes are left exposed to the sunlight they soon turn green, a bitter principle is evolved, and when cooked they have a nauseating and unpleasant taste. Every observing farmer knows that it often happens, either from the washing away of the earth, or from careless hoeing, that a portion of the potatoes in a " hill " is left exposed to the light. These potatoes soon change color, and are worthless for table use. This kind of exposure also hastens decay, no matter where the potatoes are kept. Even when purchased for family use, in small quantities, say a barrel or a bushel at a time, they should be kept in a dark corner of the cellar. Varieties. — There is a long catalogue of varieties of potatoes, many of which have only a local reputation. The old favorite Mercer is no longer cultivated to any extent, The Carter, too, has passed away, with twenty other kinds that once were popular. The seedlings of the late Professor Goodrich are quietly dropped from the approved lists for gen- eral culture, and their places filled by other and more promising sorts. How long these varieties will hold their place in public estimation ex- perience only can tell. Among the most popular early varieties may be named the Early Rose, a seedling introduced by Mr. Breese, of Vermont. With three years' trial it has attained a national reputation. It is well worthy of it, for it is the best early variety that we have at present, either for family use or for market. The Rose is a large-sized potato, smooth skin, few eyes, flesh white, and steams or boils mealy. 304 THE SOUTHERN [June Dykemas is an old standard, cultivated by Loug Island gardeners extensively for the New York market. Peerless is more productive and larger than the Early Eose, equal to it in quality, and is. for a late variety, what the Eose is for the early. Peach Blow has always been a favorite, and a standard of excel- lence in quality. It is a large, round potato, takes the whole season to mature, and is difficult to boil even on account of its shape. It is also subject to the rot. Gleasox is a seedliug of the Garnet-Chili. It grows large, roundish and has a peculiar roughness of skin, by which it can always be distin- guished. It is a late variety and of good quality. Kipxey. — Medium size, productive, of tine quality for home use. It keeps well, retaining its good quality through the winter. Jackson White is cultivated extensively as a late variety for mar- ket. It is long, the eyes deeply set, quality good when grown on dry ground. Early Mohawk is an early variety, recently introduced, very pro- ductive, but inferior in quality — about equal to the Harrison for cooking. Ixsects. — The potato is liable to the attacks oi various insects, both in the foliage as well as the tubers. For a number of years past the English wire-worm has seriously injured the potatoes in New Jersey. The grub feeds upon the youug tubers, disfiguring them so much as to make them unsalable. The grub of the Elaten, that injures the potato, is long and slender, having a "hard, smooth skin, of a brownish yellow color, and. according to Harris, lives in its feeding state five years. An application of ashes has been recommended as a remedy : but we have nut found it to be of any service. Eape cake, broken into small pieces and scattered in different places through the field, attracts the grubs ; they collect to feed upon it, and large numbers may be destroyed. The Colorado Potato bug < Doryphora Utieata has been doing mischief in the West, but as yet it has not reached New Jersey or any of the Eastern States. These bugs appear in great numbers, dest: _ the foliage and injuring the crop very seriously. Dusting with powdered "White Hellebore is said to check them. A. D. Compton recommends a solution, made of one part salt, ten of soap, and twenty of water, for syringing the vines and effectually checking the bugs. A correspondent of the Farmers' Club recommends one part of Paris green and twenty parts of flour of bone, mixed and sifted on the v. an excellent remedy. One pound of the green will be enough for an acre. The directions given for the field management of potatoes can easily be adopted in garden culture. One bushel of seed will yield about twenty bushels of potatoes if planted on good ground and well tended. P. T. Onxx. There were in the Union 19.492 subordinate Granges on the 1st of June. Granges are being organized at the average rate of twen- ty-five per day. which, up to the present, would swell the number to 20,000. These Granges, on an average, number fifty votes. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 305 ON THE VALUE AND CULTURE . OF THE SOUTHERN (AGRICULTURAL) PEA. We are having frequent applications for information on the above subject, and find it impossible to answer as much in detail as we would like. We have prepared the following article, made up en- tirely from the essay of Mr. Edmund Ruffin which received the prize offered by the Virginia State Agricultural Society in 1854, which we offer for publication in the Southern Planter and Farmer, as the best means of reaching those desiring information. Mr. Ruffin says : This Southern Pea is properly a bean. Its value as a grain, fodder, and fertilizing crop has not been known until within the last thirty years, and even now is not fully appre- ciated in Virginia. The greatest benefit from its use is limited to the region in which cotton may be grown, but it is very profitably used a little farther north when the early varieties are cultivated. For regions entirely away from the cotton limit the English pea is more suitable. The general characteristics of the whole Southern pea family are the following: The seeds of nearly all the varieties are kidney-shaped ; the growth trailing, or in vines, sometimes twelve or fifteen feet in length, running on the ground and matting with each other, or climbing by twisting around any elevated support. The leaves are in three together, and very large. The main or tap-root descends perpendicularly and deeply into the earth. The vines and leaves are tender and succulent while green; the seeds are in long pods, usually containing from ten to fifteen seeds. There are numerous varieties, which are more or less strongly marked for distinction, in the color, size, and flavour of the seeds, the different kinds of pods, in the size and growth of the vines and leaves, and in the early or later maturing of kinds that might other- wise be undistinguishable. The variety or varieties to be preferred for culture will depend on the uses designed for the crop. If cultivated solely or mainly for table use, the best flavored, and also the earliest kind of good flavor, will be preferable ; the greater or less production will be of much less importance than early maturity and delicate flavors. If the great object of a pea-grower is to obtain provender for live stock, then the peas most productive in grain or seed, and of which also the pods will remain longest sound in the field through bad weather and in winter, will be most valuable. If the main purpose for which the pea crop is grown is to manure the land, then the kind most desirable is that having the most luxu- riant or heavy growth of the entire plant — in root, vine, and leaf, as well as seed — though, of course, the seeds are by far the most valuable for manure as well as for food. The colored peas — black, red, buff, &e., are the best vine-bearers, 306 THE SOUTHERN [June and best for general growth of the entire plants. These are mostly late in maturing — with some exceptions, however. The most productive kinds of peas for North Carolina, and far- ther south, are not suitable for Virginia, because of our more northern latitude and shorter summers. Lower Virginia is rather too far north for the best returns of this crop, or the general maturing of the later and more productive kinds of peas. It is the opinion of the best pea farmers that the most valuable manuring portion of the plant is the ripe seeds ; and that until they generally ripen the pea crop has not reached its best condition as manure. For these rea- sons the varieties once most preferred have latterly been substituted by the early black pea. The earlier maturing of any particular kind of pea, if desired, may be obtained, in a series of years, by regularly saving for planting the earliest ripened seeds only. The early black pea has perfectly black large seeds ; is a good vire-bearer, but riot equal in that respect to the buff and some orher late peas. The ripening on broadcast sowings begins, in this lati- tude, in the latter part of August. Contrary to the general rule as to colored peas, this kind is deemed the richest and one of the most palatable of eating peas. Although (upon general reasoning only) I infer that this pea is less valuable for manuring than some later kinds, I have for some years deemed the early black as best for my culture, and still more so for any northern or western locality. It has long been understood by practical men that peas and beans of all kinds make very nutritious food for man or beast ; and the investigations of chemists have found in these plants, or their seeds. constituent parts which indicate much more nutritive value than in wheat, corn, or any other grain, root, fruit, or herb used for food. A peculiar vegetable product, called by chemists legumin* is found most abundant in the seeds of peas and beans. This product is a vegetable albumen, approaching to animal matter in character, and, like animal matter, is rich in nitrogen, and nitrogen is the source and principle of what is understood commonly by the term rich: of either food or manure. What has been said as to tne nutritive qualities of peas and beans applies to them as food for man, and with much force to sustain the claim of equal value (and superiority over corn) as food for beasts. I deem it quite safe to suppose, that a bushel of peas is, for feeding purposes and farm consumption, worth full as much as one and a half bushels of Indian corn. But for feeding stock, there is another important part of the crop — the vines and leaves — which has not come under consideration. Hay made from the Southern pea vines is more palatable to farm animals than perhaps any other forage. It has long been a generally received opinion among practical farmers, that certain plants — of which red clover was the most noted — were less exhaustive, or more productive of fertility, than any other plants known. All of these plants are of the botanical order of Leguminosce, of which a plain distinguishing character is 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 307 to bear its seeds in pods like peas or beans. The red clover will be found to bear its seeds in pods, with a single seed in each, while the white clover has several, and each pod is in appearance a minia- ture garden pea. Wherever the growth of the Southern pea has been permitted to exercise its manurial power the effects have been as marked, and have become as well established, as those of clover in more northern regions. The same greater contents of nitrogen which makes these crops more nutritious as food makes them also more nutritious, or fertilizing, as manure. In the germination of seed and growth of plants, so situated that they could obtain no supply of nitrogen except from the air, Bous- singault found that leguminous plants and crops, in addition to drawing supplies of carbon from the air, and of oxygen and hydro- gen from water in the air and in the earth, also derive a portion of their richest nutriment (nitrogen) from the atmosphere. This, then, shows why leguminous plants must (as they are known to do by ex- perience) draw more support from the air, and less in proportion from the earth, than any others; or, in other words, that, as manure, they must return to the earth more of manuring principles, and especially of the richest, in proportion to the quantities drawn from the soil to sustain their growth. In 1848, afteT some previous years of experiment, I reached the extent of giving an entire field — that being one-sixth of my arable land — to peas, sown broadcast, and mainly for manure. Previously the land had been in five shifts. The change of rotation gave the same area divided into six shifts, of which one was in wheat after clover, and one in wheat after pea-fallow, and one in corn — in all, three-sixths under grain crops. The first objection that has been made by all to this change is, the expectation of reduced products from reduced extent of culture. In practice, I found the general product of the farm in wheat to be increased throughout, and that of corn not lessened, except in the first year, and since increased, and increasing, as is the general state of fertility. I have found the field of wheat after pea fallow, to be more productive than that after clover fallow; yet the latter, in my practice, has the great benefit of having had all the putrescent winter-made manure of the farm ap- plied to the preceding year's clover as top-dressing; and the pea has the disadvantage of the ploughing not being begun until all the clover fallow has been completed. The pea growth just referred tc is the primary and sole crop for the time, 'and has entire possession of the ground. In this way the crop attains full growth and matu- rity, and is most beneficial as manure. But much the most extended and usual mode of pea-manuring is as a secondary crop, grown under and among corn, and therefore, neither producing fully or maturing well, and, of course, furnishing far less manure. Yet even in this less efficient manner of operation nearly all who have tried it testify to the valuable effect produced by such manuring. The plant prefers sandy or medium soil and subsoil. Like all 308 THE SOUTHERN [June other leguminous plants, it does especially well on calcareous or limed land: but though greatly preferring naturally calcareous, or limed or marled land, the pea will grow pretty well also on non- calcareons soil. On lands suitable to gypsum, that manure, in very small quantities, produces the like wonderful effect on peas, as it does on clover. The pea does not generally produce better in grain (or seed) by occupying very rich land. On such, though producing greater growth of vine and leaf, there will be fewer pods and pets than on land of but moderate fertility. If climate and season are highly favorable, peas will produce well in grain nn stiff land. All land to produce pea? well should be well drained. Early planting or sowing is also unfavorable to the best growth of vines as well as of pods and seeds, even when the very young plants escape the usual fatal effects of cold. If peas are sown early (say 15th to 20th of May. in Virginia.) and cold weather soon follows, the young plants are checked in growth, and will be greatly injured, if not mostly killed, by numerous little speckled beetles, which eat all the seed-leaves before any of later growth come out. The plant is very impatient of cold, and also of wet weather when young, and is as much favored by warm weather through all its growth. In Virginia there are three usual modes of planting or sowing peas : — 1. The oldest and most extended culture is to plant the peas after, and among, corn. When the corn is mostly about eight or ten inches high, and has been just ploughed and hoed, the peas are planted, either in the narrow intervals between the stations of corn, if in drills, or in a ploughed furrow, the last made by the plough in the middle of the wide intervals between the corn rows. In either case usually ten to fifteen peas are dropped together, and come up and grow in a cluster. So many see 1 are put together to enable the young plants to better force their passage through the earth ; but some experienced cultivators think five or six plants together will produce better than a greater number. One more ploughing only is afterwards given to the corn, which, at very little trouble, is all the culture required for the peas. This is the primitive mode of raising peas, practiced where the savins of the ^rain was the onlv or main object. It is still general on the lightest and poorest lands in southeastern Virginia, because po.ir as is the usual product (about two bushels per acre), it is greater for such land than any other crop which could be made as cheaply. Rich land would produce much less than poor, in proportion to fer- tility, as the growth would go mostly to vines, and the corn on such land would shade the peas too much. It has been thought that the corn crop would be diminished to the extent of the production of peas on the same ground. I deem this to be a mistake. One care- fully made and observed experiment was so clear on this head as to leave me no doubt on the question. I will say. however, that whether the peas are injurious to the corn depends on the previous advancement of the growth of corn. If the corn is made, or nearly 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 309 matured, -while the pea plants are still quite small, then the latter will have done little or no injury to the former. And if the corn is cut off and shocked so as to give all the ground and sunshine to the peas while they are yet young, they will not have been so injured by the overshadowing corn as to prevent their afterwards yielding a moderate and important manuring crop. 2. The next most extensive mode of culture is also as a secondary crop amongst corn, but made by sowing broadcast when giving the last horse-tillage, and covering the seeds more or less perfectly by that tillage process. The crop all goes for manure, and is seldom ripe enough in Virginia even for manure. The sowing is usually done with us early in July, and about the time that the corn is be- ginning to tassel. 3d. The third mode, and, as I think, the cheapest and best, to raise the pea crop for manuring, is to sow the seed broadcast on a separate field (without corn). This is my general procedure on the six-field rotation — first year, corn ; second, peas sown broadcast ; third, wheat on pea fallow ; fourth, clover ; fifth, wheat on clover fallow: and sixth, volunteer clover, grass, or weeds, partially grazed. In North Carolina, when land is under a pea crop only, it is usually planted in rows or drills, and tilled very slightly with ploughs, and sometimes also with slight hand-hoeing. No doubt this will make a cleaner and much better crop. The seeds are said to be more perfect, and the gathering of the pods to be much easier. It is much the best that the ploughing for the pea crop shall not begin before May 1st, and still better if not before the 15th. If much earlier, and not ploughed a second time, weeds will start and will greatly hurt, and sometimes smother, the peas. The first good, and warm and settled weather after the middle of May (in the lati- tude of Richmond) the sowing of peas should be begun on the latest ploughed land, and the harrows immediately covering the seed on that and also on the ground previously ploughed. This early sowing may be hazardous if the weather should become wet and cold, but some risk must be incurred to forward so large and laborious an operation. The seeds sown on fresh ploughed land, from 1st to 15th June, on my farm, will usually make the cleanest and best crop ; they may be sown and do well as late as July 15th. on wheat stub- ble, after removing the wheat crop, and the sowing may continue even later, though to less profit. In sowing the seed of peas broadcast, it is important that the ground shall be moist enough for germination; andifon drier ground, that the seed shall be sown as quickly as possible after the fresh ploughing, and immediately harrowed in before the upper earth dries. The ploughing under of green pea vines to prepare for wheat is a troublesome operation, on account of the frequent choking of the plough, but not laborious to the team. The vines should be combed straight in the designed direction of the ploughing, to prevent worse choking. The best implement for this purpose would be a large horse-rake, and next, a large triangular drag or harrow, with wooden £10 THE SOUTHERN [June teeth. In the absence of both, a common harrow will serve, though not so well. The first severe frost kills every green pea vine, and then the ploughing becomes much easier. I have never observed any certain and obvious difference of appearance in the wheat grown on the peas ploughed under before and after the vines were killed by frost. In peas among corn, and in broadcast growth, in North Carolina, laborers gather and beat out one and one and a half bushels a day as tasks. On drilled peas they can as easily gather two or three bushels, and sometimes go to twice these quantities. So far we extract from Mr. Ruffin's essay. "We will only add that for table use the black-eyed pea is generally cultivated, and that in Virginia and the greater part of North Carolina the early black pea has, at this time, so far superseded all other varieties for general agricultural purposes that there is practically no other variety to be had in any quantity. One and a half bushel per acre is the quan- tity usually sown broadcast. When it is intended to sow peas among corn, it is important to plant the rare ripe or some other early variety of corn, and thereby give both peas and corn a better chance. Allison & Addison. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] FROM KENTUCKY. It may interest some of your readers to hear how we as far- mers are getting on in this portion of Kentucky. Ours is an en- tirely planting community, crops being diversified, raising corn, wheat and tobacco. Corn grows well, usually producing from 30 to 50 bushels per acre, which is generally fed to hogs for market. Our best lands, when wheat ripens well, will bring from 15 to 30 bushels per acre. Logan county is embraced in the district of country where the celebrated Tobacco known as Clarksville Tobaccoes are grown. We usually raise from 800 to 1200 pounds per acre without any fer- tilizer, except what little is made in our stables. We rely mainly upon clover to keep our lands up. The severe cold weather in April destroyed all our fruit, and very seriously damaged all wheat that was jointing, and putting back late wheat so much that it is feared it will be cut off by the rust, which usually attacks wheat when ripen- ing after the twentieth of June. This year we won't commence cut- ting before the twenty-fifth. Tobacco plants are plentiful, though nearly three weeks later than usual. There will be very little set before the first of June if the weather is favorable from this time on. Hogs are scarcer than usual. As we had a poor crop of corn last year, it is now worth four dollars per bushel. I am greatly in favor of diver- sifying our labor, so we shall always have something to sell, and I think I will write you how I keep in pocket change by keeping a dairy of eight cows, and not letting it interfere with my usual crops. Logan county, Ky. D. Y. Winston. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 311 TURNIP. The turnip crop is an important one to the farmer, as well as to the market-gardener. But, as yet, its culture is nothing like as ex- tensive as the value of this root for feeding stock and for culinary purposes would warrant. In the milk and beef-producing districts of the Middle States turnips can be grown with profit fcr winter and spring feeding of stock. Sheep will thrive well when fed in part with turnips through the cold weather. We are inclined to believe that the time is not far distant when the good husbandman will be forced to accept this proposition, and devote more acres to the production of this root for stock-feeding. Within the last dozen years the culture of turnips has very con- siderably increased in this country; it will no doubt go on steadily from year to year, but more rapidly when farmers will make use of some of the improved horse-tools. These, when properly applied, will reduce the expense of cultivation at least one-half. The main crop of turnips is grown in the fall, and very commonly as a second crop. Those who grow early potatoes for market, har- vest them in. time to sow turnip seed, and by this method produce two crops from the same ground in one year. In locations where this plan can be carried out, the crop of turnips will often give as much profit as the crop of potatoes. We have frequently grown a crop of Strap-leaf red-top turnips on the same ground with corn, by sowing the seed broadcast in July, just before the corn was culti- vated the last time. We have often had, in this way, three or four hundred bushels of good-sized turnips in November, from sowing only one pound of seed to the acre. Soil. — The turnip will grow freely on any kind of soil — from a light sandy loam to a heavy clay, provided the ground is mellow and fertile when the seed is sown. This is the important point in growing turnips. As a matter of course, those kinds that have to be cultivated in rows can be grown with much less expense on a free soil without stones, than on a heavy clay soil with stones. Nor does the soil need to be very rich to produce a full crop. When sown on rich soil the growth of tops will be too large, without a correspond- ing growth of the roots. On ground well manured in the spring for early potatoes, and after these have been dug, in July, ploughed and harrowed, a crop of, turnips can be grown without any additional manure. But we usually, before harrowing, spread broadcast two or three hundred pounds of superphosphate to the acre. In garden culture, on ground where pototoes, peas, beans, &c, &c, have been taken off, some wood-ashes, bone-flour, or superphosphate, may be applied in the same way with advantage, before sowing the turnip-seed. Culture. — The ground should be well worked before sowing the seed. When a summer crop of potatoes has been grown, one ploughing, in most instances, will suffice ; but otherwise two plough- 312 THE SOUTHERN [June iiigs will be found to give the most satisfactory" returns. The time of sowing for the main crop will depend on the location and the kind to be grown. At our farm in New Jersey we sow the Ruta Baga from the 20th of June until the loth of July, as the case may be. "V\ ith the Yellow Stone, Aberdeen, Long White Cow-horn, and Strap-leaf Red-top, we sow them in the order named; in relation to time, from the middle of July to the 1st of September. The last- named sort, which is very extensively grown, will, on well-prepared soil, attain full size in much the shortest time. In 186*; we sowed a field of this kind between the 10th and loth of September, and in ninety days we gathered a fine crop of turnips. In growing turnips for market or for feeding purposes, the Ruta Baga is most highly valued. This variety is always grown in rows : in field culture they should be two feet apart, so as to admit of horse-tools in cultivation. We ridge the ground before sowing the seed, in the same way and for the same reasons as recommended for Carrots. The seed is sown with a machine, using one and a half pounds to an acre. If the seed is fresh and the weather favorable, in twelve days from the date of sowing the plants will be up ; then a "root-cleaner" should be run between the rows at once, running twice in each space : this should be repeated in ten or twelve days. The cost of cultivation is trifling, if the ground between the rows urbed often enough to prevent the weeds from starting. "A stitch in time saves nine ": for if neglected at this stage of growth the expenses will amount to five times as much, and at the same time the crop will be lessened. When the plants are two or three inches high thev mav be thinned out to four inches apart in the row. The thinning can be done more quickly by one person going in advance of the others, with a hoe four inches wide, and chopping out the young turnips, leaving three or four in a bunch every four inches apart. These are removed by hand, allowing only one to remain in a place. When timely care is taken with Ruta Bagas. this is the only hand-labor called for during their growth. It is frequently recommended to sow the Ruta Baga in seed-beds, and then, at the proper time in favorable weather, transplant into rows at the distances named. We have tried this method time and again, and always with the same result; that is, an increased expense in growing this crop, under our management. The Yellow Stone and Aberdeen we sow two and three weeks later, treating them in the same way as Ruta Bazas. On verv mel- low ground we sometimes sow the seed on the level, marking the rows three inches wider, so as to give more room for the horse-tools. The Cow-Horn and Strap-leaf will yield more to the acre when sown in rows ; but. as a rule, farmers sow these two kinds broadcast, because there is no "bother" in cultivation. Last year a friend of the writer raised eight hundred bushels of the Cow-Horn on an acre. The seed was sown broadcast during the first week in August, using only three-quarters of a pound of seed. When sown broadcast and 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 313 scattered evenly, three-quarters of a pound of fresh seed will be found a full complement for an acre. In garden culture, turnip seed should always be sown in rows twelve or fifteen inches apart, and the plants thinned to three or four inches apart in the row. For table use, a medium-sized turnip is preferable. Two ounces of seed, comprising two or three sorts, will ^ive enough for family use during the fall, winter, and spring. Harvesting. — In the latitude of New York turnips are pulled in November, by hand, throwing three or four rows together, the roots all one way. The tops are then cut off and the turnips placed in a root-cellar, or pitted, in the same way as carrots and beets. If grown for stock-feeding, the white kinds should be used first. The yellow sorts and Ruta Bagas can be kept, if necessary, until spring. Profits. — These will depend on the locality and the purposes for which turnips are grown. Where we. are located. Ruta Bagas and Yellow Stones are worth, by the quantity, from forty to sixty cents a bushel, and sell readily at these prices. All through the past winter Yellow Stones sold for one dollar and seventy-five cents per barrel, and Ruta Bagas for two dollars. At these rates turnips pay handsomely, when grown as a second crop, with a yield of from four to six hundred bushels to the acre. Varieties. — Of these there can be found a long list on seeds- men's catalogues, but, like most other kinds of vegetables, only a few kinds are grown by those who have experience. Among the best is the — American Improved Ruta Baga. — This variety is cultivated both for market and stock, and is the best on the list. The flesh is solid, tender, and of delicate flavor when cooked. Laings Improved is a more vigorous grower than the foregoing, and, if on strong ground, the roots will average a third larger in size. They are purple above ground, and yellow below. The flesh is solid and yellow. Yeilow Stone is one of the most profitable and popular varieties that we grow for market or for table use. The root is nearly round, medium-sized, color light yellow. The flesh is yellow and sweet. Yellow Aberdeen grows to a large size. It is generally grown for feeding cattle; for this object it is a valuable variety. Cow-Horn. — This kind grows rapidly, forming a long root, not unlike the white carrot. The Cow-Horn is cultivated exclusively for feeding stock, and when sown in good ground the yield is very large — from eight hundred to one thousand bushels are frequently produced from an acre. Strap-leaf Red Top is well and favorably known in almost every part of the country. It is purple above and white below. The flesh is white, and very tender when cooked (p. 252). Flat Dutch, or Spring. — The Flat Dutch is sown in the spring, as an early variety for table use. It is grown on a large scale by 314 THE SOUTHERN [June gardeners, in the vicinity of a market. It is a white turnip, and when of medium size the quality is good. Turnips are subject to the ravages of the same kinds of insects that injure cabbages. We have known instances where the whole crop was badly injured by club-root. The black flea (Haltica strio- lata) destroys the young plants when they appear above the surface. The same remedies recommended for cabbages will answer for turnips. — Quinn. LEAPING WITHOUT LOOKING. Some of the agricultural and "secular" papers make their col- umns lively with advice to all good husbandmen to engage in various enterprises " with millions in them," and thousands of farmers, one after another, a perennial crop, are acting on the suggestions. The strawberry speculation is, perhaps, widest spread, and stacks of plants are set each year without ever bearing fruit enough to pay for what they cost. Fancy poultry is tempting, and high-priced eggs are bought, and may be a few chickens are hatched, but in the end it is discovered that no hen will lay two eggs a day. .Then bees are re- commended, especially for women, and a good deal of studying is done, but the honey is not abundant, and year after year the com- plaint is made that " this is the worst season for bees we ever had." Some undertake to raise mushrooms, without knowing a mushroom when they see it; others, reading that ducks are sent to the London market by the ton, get eggs and go to hatching, Avhile others still plant grape vines by the acre, or dwarf pears by the thousand, and in most cases the conclusion reached is that corn is a good crop, that potatoes always sell, and that nothing is much better than a few three-year-old steers to turn off in the spring, unless it be the value of the same in wool. The continued disappointments are due almost wholly to a want of knowledge in regard to details, and to acquire this is to acquire what may be called a trade. Nothing would seem more simple than to raise strawberries, and yet the majority fail generally for want of well prepared ground and the necessary cultivation, and it is proba- bly true that it will take a man five or six years before he can find out what is the matter. And so it is in regard to all other pursuits and enterprises. It would be " splendid," as the girls say, if one could be born with hereditary experience, so as to take up the thread where the old folks left off, and many an aged and broken man knows that if he could have had this inheritance, with all the checks and safeguards that it brings, he would now be rich and happy, instead of poor and acquainted with grief. The next best thing, in the ab- sence of such hereditary gift, is to feel our way and look before leaping. — New York Tribune. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 315 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] AGRICULTURAL PAPER versus DOGS. I would like through ''the columns of your excellent journal, the Farmer and Planter, to suggest to the tillers of the soil a plan whereby each one may be enabled to become a subscriber to your journal, and at the same time be pecuniarily benefited. In these times of financial pressure we see and realize the fact that it is proper and necessary for us to economize, but unfortunately we do not always begin at the right place; we too often pursue the ''penny wise and pound foolish " policy. But to my suggestion : Let every farmer estimate the annual cost of the worthless dogs he is keeping include all the scraps, slops, and waste generally about the kitchen consumed by the dogs ; then let him take to the yard a pier 0f some good stock— say Chester or Berkshire, or better still, a cross of the two; let piggie have for twelve months everything before consumed by the dogs, and if he feeds him anything besides, charge to account ot the pig and when he is slaughtered deduct the amount of the extra feed from the value of the pork, and if he has not enough left to pay two years' subscription to the "Planter and Farmer," then he may say I am a bad calculator. ^7 28^,1875. G.H. Winfrey. m in. 15.— it will be seen that I have. said nothing of the e^s (which is our currency) and of the sheep destroyed by the do°s? which I know, by sad experience, are no unimportant items. I neglected also to say when your estimate is made and your pig brought to the yard, Ml the dogs. G. H W Culture of Peanuts —A correspondent of the Country Gen- tleman writes upon this subject as follows : We first get our land into the best possible condition by plowing and harrowing, finishing with the smoothing harrow. Then we la? off rows with a marker, drawn by two horses ; the driver standing on the marker and drives the stakes, so as to lay a straight row. The marker makes two rows, three feet apart, and attached to each run- ner is a small wheel, which makes a sign or mark at sixteen to eigh- teen inches apart. Hands follow immediately, dropping two kernels at every mark Then follows a hand, covering with a hoe, one to one and a half inches deep, and pressing the back of the hoe down solid on the hdl after covering. The plant will be up in six to twelve days. As soon as the row can be seen, we throw the dirt away with a turning plow. When the plant is well up we work the ground around the plant with hoes, and cultivate between the rows with cul- tivators. The ground should be kept mellow and free from weeds by constant use of cultivator and hoe. Four hoeings are not too many. Ihe plant should not be disturbed after the 1st of August In this section we plant from May 10th to June 1st. It is better to have all planted by May 22d. If crows or moles are troublesome, use tar on the seed, as you would for corn. Seed dug after a heavy frost is 816 THE SOUTHERN [June not reliable. It will take about three bushels of seed to plant an acre. Great care should be used in selecting seed, and none planted but smooth and plump kernels. Stiff soil will not produce a first- class nut. The soil should be sandy loam, and well limed. Choco- late-colored soil produces the most desirable colored nuts. If dug before frost the vines make excellent fodder for cattle and horses, but the nuts are better filled and heavier if dug a few days after frost. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.— WHAT THEY XEED At the present time, when our Agricultural Societies or some of them at least, seem to be going to decay, the following ideas of Prof. Rodney Welch upon this question, as published in the Chicago Times, may not be without their lesson. We commend them as worthy of the consideration of the officers of Agricultural Societies generally: — " What we want is an agricultural society which shall do some- thing to develop and improve Agriculture, which shall render it at- tractive and exert an influence to cause men of wealth and education to, at least, take an interest in farming, orcharding, stock raising. To do this, something else is wanted besides an annual fair. To do this, it is necessary to make experiments in the productions of all the crops now growing in the vicinity, and to record them ; to test the value of fertilizers of every description, and the various ways of applying them to produce the most good; and to examine in a scien- tific and practical manner the capacity of every soil. But more than these things need to be done. We want to intro- duce new crops that are grown in other countries of about the same latitude, and to acclimate others that grow in countries warmer or colder than our own. We want to learn more about the construction of drains, the storage and distribution of water, toe preservation of meats, fruits and vegetables, the economy of feeding animals for the production of beef and milk, and the relative value of the different breeds of animals. To accomplish all these things requires the united efforts of men of ability and means — requires the formation of a so- ciety of men working for a purpose. The Royal Agricultural Society of Great Britain employs a chem- ist with a number of assistants, maintains a botanical department where the acclimation of vegetables is carried on and the diseases of domesticated plants are examined ; publishes reports on the progress of Agriculture in Great Britain and other parts of the world, and conducts experiments in everything that promises to reward the labor of investigation. It does not neglect the matter of holding fairs, but it does not make them the leading object of the organization. Every farmer ought to raise his pork. He can do this by raising clover and peas to save corn. Keep but few hogs, and let them be of the best stock. Keep them within your enclosure, and push their growth from the start, and at twelve to fourteen months old they will weigh two hundred pounds. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 317 SUBSOIL PLOWING. From the days of Jethro Tull until within the last twenty-five or thirty years, farmers were generally content to stir the immediate surface of the soil, and did not seem aware that a greater depth of disturbance ^yould produce larger and better results. Indeed, it was generally believed that the whole matter which went to fertilize plants, belonged to the immediate surface, or that portion known as ham — a name given, until very recently, to the disturbed portion only — which, by the combined influences of sun, air and deeav of vegetation, changes its color. The fact that the components of the soil beneath those points were all to be found as part of the integrants of plants was scarcely known, and still less so that they could net be absorbed by them, and thus go to make up their structure, until acted on by a series of influences caused by atmospheric contact and the presence of humidity, not the result of stagnant water. Liebig first exposed the true value of the organic substances of the soil, or those parts which were not the immediate result of plant decay; and farmers slowly yielded their long cherished belief that the black por- tions of the soil alone could make plants. These new doctrines gave rise to the use of a subsoil plow, which, without elevating die subsoil to the surface, disturbed it, and permitted a free circulation of at- mosphere between its particles. The deep cuts made by the plow also acted partially as under-drains, and permitted, under some spe- cial conditions of surface — such as the slope of hills, etc. — redundant water to pass away. Air necessarily entered, and chemical changes occurred ; the surface of the particles of the subsoil were soon con- ditioned so as to sustain roots, and they passed into it greater depths than had been before known. These, in turn, absorbed from the ' subsoil larger quantities of inorganic matter, rendered soluble by chemical changes consequent upon moisture and air. The constitu- ents were taken into the plants above, and portions not marketable as crops, decayed in the upper sod, adding to the greasy, unctuous, organic matter new portions of inorganic food for future crops. Plants had longer roots as well as greater number of fibres, .and larger crops was the consequence. The decay of these roots in the soil left tubes to great depths; the atmosphere could come in laden with gases, resulting from vegetable decomposition, required by plants; rains and dews, which wash the nitrogenous exhalations -of all organic nature from the atmosphere, descended into the subsoil, which gradually changed color so as to make deep, loamy soils in lo- calities where before only sparse, shallow-rooted crops could be grown. All this was heard of by the American farmer long before he was awakened to action ; and even now. when every truly practi- cal farmer owns a subsoil plow, he can tell you of some neighbor who cautioned him against its use, and insisted that the deep disturbance of his soil would let all the manures filter downward, forgetting that, if that were true, every well would be the receptacle of the results of decay, every spring would be a cesspool, and every rivulet but an 3 318 THE SOUTHERN [June organic charnel house. Nature, in the wisdom of her laws, has ren- dered the carbon and alumina of the soil, after proper exposure to atmospheric influences, capable of receiving and retaining all the re- sults of decay ; and the value of a farm must, to a great extent, de- pend on the depth to which its surface by disturbance is rendered capable of performing this peculiar function. Thoroughly subsoiled-plowed lands soon become capable of deeper surface plowing, without injuring the crops; and, if under-drained, which is but the perfection of the very principles presented in theory of subsoil plowing, then all the mechanical conditions necessary for maximum results are secured ; and when these exist, the chemical on litions follow as a natural consequence. Among the advantages arising from subsoil plowing, may be enu- merated the following: The value of land for agricultural purposes is, in many instances, double, especially when substances are not disturbed too deeply, which might, for the time being, be unfriendly to vegetation ; the relative amount of manure required, as compared with the amount of produce, is lessened; the farm is essentially pro- tected from the effects of drought; all future labor of the farm is materially lessened, and thus the expenses of teams, wear and tear of agricultural implements, are all decreased, while the quality of crops, and their quantity, are so augmented that, per bushel or per pound, they take a preference in every market. We clip the above from the Pen and Plow, and commend its careful perusal to our readers. In connection with subsoiling, we would mention other advantages. To a great extent it prevents sur- face washing by absorption, holding and feeding out to the growing plants during the after and drier portions of the year the spring rains, instead of allowing them to run on the surface, as is the case in shallow plowing carrying off with it the surface soil. — Southern Farmer. TREES ON THE ROADSIDE. Continuous rows of stately trees along the roadside add much to the appearance of a farm or country residence. Bui it is urged that shaded roads remain wet and muddy much longer after heavy rains than those fully exposed to the sun. This is doubtless true, but as an offset we may claim that they are less liable to become dusty, and between the two evils there is not much choice. Deciduous trees only should be planted along roadsides in cold climates, because they afford shade during the season when most needed, if at all. Road- side trees may also interfere with the growth of crops in the fields adjoining by shading, as well as by absorption of moisture by the roots, but as we can scarcely secure anything without some loss, perhaps the pleasure derived from passing over a shady road during the hot weather in summer, as well as the beautiful appearance of stnh highways, more than compensate for the slight losses which they entail. 1=£fi_____ PLANTER AND FARMER. WHAT I WOULD DO, WERET7:r0UNG^lRMER rfwTL1 W°ul,d «et marrie? J am sure I would if I had fifty acres ot Jand, a cow and horse, was healthv and will.™ *« 1 v y . vided a nice, well raised girl could be founVbravf enou.°l',\n Pr0_ • poor man, and net be sorry for it afterwards S *"7 T J i? "I te". '° thirtJ aCres of Iand coulJ be spared from cultivation I would plant ,t ,n pecan nut trees, which would, in twenty yea™ I ™' a source of income to mc. When past middle age, I wodd cultWnte bees to obtain honey for home consumption at lrast and ,f ». turage was good, for market also ; should certain v' %L, !f T an ampl le supply of miIk and bU«er; ZrT* fe *£££ milk and butter; not much digestion, and but liftle per eft heallh cattle feCP SrheeP a'S°' S^ four °r fire »»«>P to each ead of extending fro™ North fiarolina to AuLt.ol^^LtX' dollars for sheep and cattle, and would keep as many as I co ,1 „ 7 er or t at could winter themselves, if the'number To ,1 1 rea h To" herd Oatil": A"!'"'" t1"?/ be Proportioned tothes^Zl- *£ dog fniftt:P*«aM herd.^'"0r, to protect the ? tte um uogs, ami it the pasture was within two miles thev shmiM h* driven up, and penned in portable pens every n,Vht for 7h Z U the W £? ?■" °kl ratt\ns wa«on t0 haul '"'». and hen E minder, and sft in my house MVWfc SL* !*? from a cool piazza, through an object glass.7 Where neve lei th„ one five hundred pound bale of lint cotton per acreT/rnwn 2 three is quite practicable, I should want bu/few laborrsfand but . 320 THE SOUTHERN June little while at a time. Splitting rails, ploughing, hoeing, planting, cutting oats, grinding sugar- cane — can all be done by job, or day labor. For whenever the plan of making large yields from small areas, when the old plantation system, with a dozen mules, and its - two or three dozen careless, lazy, thievish, and destructive "hands." shall become everlastingly obsolete, all enterprising men, who take hold of high farming and stock growing at the right end, will find themselves emancipated from Sambo's destructive clutches, and per- fectly able, without the aid of exhaustive and crushing liens, to begin safely, and carry out successfully the only system of agriculture that can redeem the South and save its people from destitution. Men of small capital should begin on a small scale, always within their means. Let it be one cow and calf, an u four sheep, if no more. Instead of hiring a man to drive up this miniature herd, better hire the herd to come without driving, by paying it every evening a few peas, oat sheaves, or fresh cut grass. Stock are more faithfully re- sponsive to regular paid wages than eight-tenths of our hirelings. Pen them in a movable pen forty by forty feet, and move the pen every ten days ; this will enrich land faster, for the outlay, than any other method known to me. True, it covers less than an acre in one year of eight months, but if this area be increased each year from fifty to one hundred per cent., it will in ten years develop a snug farm, and its owner will find that he has been slowly but surely growing comfortable and independent. — Dr. J. W. Ogilvie. in Mu- ral Carolinian. SOWED CORN FOR FORAGE. The experience of the past year has given rise to the question of the merits of corn sown in drills, for feeding purposes during the drouths which frequently occur, and which lessen the hay crop to such an extent as to render a substitute for it necessary. The practice of sowing corn as a reserve crop for feeding purposes when needed, is too much neglected by the majority of farmers. Fow crops yield a greater return for the labor of producing it, and in no other way can so much wholesome and nutritious feed for stock be pro- duced as by sowing corn. We have already alluded to Hungarian grass as a reserve crop, but for dairymen, a crop of sowed corn is just the thing for mid-summer and winter use. The corn crop may be sown from the first of June to the middle of July. The yield varies from five to ten ton3 per acre. The quantity of seed required is three and one half bushels of the large Dent corn to the acre. This crop, like the Hungarian, requires that the land should be well enriched. It is a good plan ordinarily to plow the land twice — once very early, then again early in June. Harrow well and mark out in furrows with a shovel plow, from two and a half to three feet apart. Cover with the harrow, running first lengthwise then crosswise. But little after culture is needed. It will be well up in eight or ten days after planting, when the shovel 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 321 plow can be run between the rows, and if done again about two weeks thereafter, the corn will completely cover the ground, and no after cultivation will be necessary. As soon as the ears (nubbins)begin to get hard, cut and bind the crop in small bundles, shock them up together and tie the tops well. This crop may be cut with a common scythe. A cradle , having a short scythe like the one for brush, with two strong fingers of corresponding length, makes a good implement to cut it with. If well put up it can remain in the field until wanted. In this climate it is better to have plenty of shed room in which to stow it, so that whatever the weather may be, there will always be a liberal supply on hand for immediate use. All kinds of stock eat this crop with avidity, and eat it up clean, and thrive upon it better than upon any other kind of dry feed, and it is much cheaper. Farmers would do well to sow at least two acres annually. If sown to feed to cows during a drouth in mid-summer, of course a much larger area should be sown convenient or adjacent to the pasture or feeding lot. It is one of the crops that will pay. POULTRY RAISING. As I have made poultry raising a specialty for a few years past, I will give you some of my experience in the business. I have raised from one to three hundred chicks a year, and wintered from fifty to one hundred in different years. My success has been such that I shall tax my time and yards to their full capacity. Brahmas, especially the light variety, have been my favorites, although I have had good success with the Cochins, Plymouth Rouks, and other varie- ties. For summer layers, the non-setters are superior ; but in win- ter, when eggs bring the highest prices, my Brahmas have invariably outlaid them. In regard to profits, I find with eggs and fowls sold at market prices, an income of $2.50 to each hen wintered. And here, let me say, in ray locality (central New Hampshire) dressed poultry ranges from fifteen to thirty cents per pound, according to season and quality of the poultry, and eggs from twenty to forty cents per dozen — eggs being highest from November to February, and poultry from March to September. The price of corn averages one dollar per bushel, and the prices of other grain is in proportion. By actual experiment, I find I can raise a Brahma chick to the age of six months for forty cents. It will then bring, if an early spring chick, one dollar or more. A friend made the same experiment, and came three cents below me. I have made no account of the manure, ex- cept as an offset to the interest on money invested. In rearing a large flock, it will not do to crowd them at night; and if more than one hundred chicks are reared, they will do better if separated by a partition or fence — or what is better, if you have plenty of land, have your coops far enough apart so that they will not get together. Keep the chicks away from the old fowls; select the weak ones and 322 THE SOUTHERN [June give them a better chance, and as soon as they are fit for market kill them off, as you need to breed from your most robust stock. Keep your breeding stock yarded, and from eight to ten hens only with each cock, to insure the fertility of the eggs. In winter, keep in small flocks — say twenty-five in each coop or apartment; if a fowl should show signs of disease, take it out, and if a little extra care and treatment does not bring it round, it had better be con- signed to the compost heap. Have the coops dry and warm, and keep free of vermin by sprinkling a decotion of tobacco on the nests and roosts. Provide a dust bath for the fowls; give a variety of food, with plenty of raw, broken bone, oyster shells, and fine rouen of clover hay. One hundred hens will eat five hundred pounds of fine clover hay m one winter, saving more than its value in other food, and give you more eggs than if deprived of it. Have a supply of pure water and clean gravel to which they can have free access. These directions followed, there is no trouble in raising a large flock of chicks. Ten men, occupying as many contiguous acres, would not hesitate to keep fifty adult fowls and rear one hundred chicks each. One man can just as well keep five hundred adult fowls and rear one thousand chicks on the same amount of land, if he gives the same care and attention to each individual flock that each individual would give to his own flock. — Calvin P. Couch, in the Mural Southerner and Plantation. MORE ABOUT ORCHARD GRASS. In reply to a question for n ore complete information about orchard grass, I will state that orchard grass is more sure to stand the drought than timothy or clover, nowithstanding we fail sometimes to get a "set " by reason of a very severe drought. But we apprehend no danger after the first year, for the roots become deeper set in the ground. It will do as well sown on wheat or rye as on oats, if well harrowed in ; but in all cases sow in the spring — about March — and if you sow about two bushels to the acre you are pretty sure of a stand. It makes a very strong sod, rendering it hard to either freeze or dry out, even after the grain has been cut off; therefore, if your grass gets through the first hot season unhurt, you can go on your way rejoicing in hope of a good crop. Some of your Western readerstell me that the hot, dry winds kill their clover and timothy after they have mowed the hay off, and they fear it would be the same with orchard grass. Now I can't say how that will be out there (I have not tried it); as the winds are more severe in the West than in Kentucky, it may be that it will damage it to some extent; therefore, I would advise the Western farmers to first bow" a few bushels — say four or five — and see how it performs; then they can judge for themselves whether or not it will pay to sow larger crops. It pays us more than a third more than any other grass we can sow. Springfield, Ky. Thos. G. Hawkins. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 323 HOW OFTEN MAY WE EAT? It has been demonstrated that, at certain intervals, when food is received into the stomach, gastric juice is secreted to digest it, and that no more gastric juice is secreted than is required for the diges- tion of the proper quantity of food. If a person eats twice or thrice a day, at regular periods, the gas- tric juice is secreted by the stomach to digest the food it has received. If, while the food is being digested more food is introduced in the stomach, digestion, in relation to the food already in the stomach, is arrested. For instance : a person takes, in the morning, a piece of bread and several potatoes ; now, it will take about three hours for the stomach to dispose of that food. Suppose the person, about an hour after eating this food, take3 a piece of bread and an apple or two; what would happen? The digestion that was going on in the stomach would immediately stop, and not be resumed until the food that was received last was brought into the condition of the first. Suppose he took food every hour, what would be the consequence? The stomach would become prematurely worn out, and could do nothing perfectly — working all the time without rest. But if the person pos- sessed a good constitution and a large amount of vital power, he would not feel, at first, this drain upon his system, but sooner or later he would have to pay the penalty of outraged nature. Some persons have an enormous amount of vitality — good constitutions. It is said of these persons nothing hurts them; they can eat and drink any- thing with impunity. This is a fatal mistake. — Science of Health. AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF PROFIT. We often see minute estimates of the profit in eggs, chickens, and even feathers, from poultry ; but very seldom is the important item of manure mentioned. If hens are fed upon a rich and varied diet, the manure is really one of the principal items. Let us take the ordinary estimate that a hen will produce one bushel of manure in a year. This would contain, at least, one and one-half pounds of ammonia, which would be worth as a fertilizer twenty-five cents, and the phosphates and other elements are worth as much more. The result is cheap manure at fifty cents, and, as compared with the price of commercial fertilizers, is worth $1.00. The hen will pay at least one-half of her keeping in manure. This manure being composed largely of volatile matter, it should be mixed with road dust, dry muck, land piaster, or other good absorbent, to prevent the loss of ammonia, and enable it to be sown more evenly. — Live Stock Journal. Granges in Wisconsin have on hand $250,000 toward a State Agricultural Improvement Society. They have already established forty-one co-operative associations for selling goods and manufactur- ing, and twenty-nine insurance companies, all in a flourishiug condi- tion and representing capital to the amount of $1,000,000. 324 THE SOUTHERN [June THE LOVE AXD CULTURE OE FLOWE] Noth ag is ;;. pleasant and en: . ... _* a.? success, and no success qui:- - g as sarcess in the culture of flowers. It i= a pie - ure witu n~> compens . — :us and glorious creation. The" : — truly; but very like the stare and the rainbow. A she :he brown earthy beds were bare and lifeless: now thev are peopled with the fairest and frailest of earth's child: We hare Jx I all this grace: moulded the earth, th 3 - . and the rain intc :" 8 of matchless beauty, and crystallized the dew-drops int. 33. Pheri - g ter pleasure than this in all the that sweetest and noblest of pleasures, the fruit of goo T- nay be hard-hearted, selfish people who lov rs, we gup: . e were bad angels in heaven, and very unreliable people in the first and best of all gardens: but it ha- . een our ill fortune to meet with one such — and if by aceidc aid dis- f this kind, we would be more frig han we were a long time ago at what we though: - Ring on a ceme T Fere, however, because of their - and companionship, as the wonderful work of a I ther'e - hand, is wl . when we speak of the lov« . .Iti- 1 a desire to excel their neighbors, or as an e of : md culture, who know nothing of the absorbing love that erases a man almost involuntary to raise the hat and bow the he^d in the presence of so much heaven-' se ove of flowers - : ~ned to no age or station : w - I and peasant, it is shown by the aged father, tottering near the grave, who seems almost to adore the fragrant flower in his button-hole, and by the little ones. who. withcb - glee, search the meadows for the dan I is early spring. The love of flowers, we : is the mosl tnd absorbing with the young. The innocent and pure can love the pure flowers, we think, with an ear: - :iOn unkn me of us that are older. — Vtcift 1 An obligation is sacred. How careful then should every one be in incurring an obligation, but when once incurred pi punct lonld be practiced at all hazard- Pay as you go, and make money before ; 1 S] I it I ren "er the fulfillment of obligations easy, and save a wonderful sight of abuse, of secret ill-feeling, and a continual poking of on< - - into other I --. Our industries must be worked up. Ther-: liking ibout peace and happiness and prosperky until this way ■ from hand to mouth is put an end to. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 325 KEEPING EGGS. An agricultural paper published at Ontario, Canada, recently of- fered a prize for the best plan by which "to keep eggs over winter." The following took the first prize : "Whatever excludes the air pre- vents the decay of the egg. What I have found to be the most suc- cessful method of doing so is to place a small quantity of salt butter in the palm of the left hand and turn the egg round in it, so that every pore of the shell is closed; then dry a sufficient quantity of bran in an oven, (be sure you have the bran well dried, or it will rust). Then pack them with the small ends down, a layer of bran and another of eggs, until your box is fall ; then place in a cool, dry place. If done when new laid, they will retain the sweet milk and curd of a new laid egg for at least eight or ten months. Any oil will do, but salt butter never becomes raucid, and a very small quan- tity of butter will do for a verv large quantity of eggs. To insure freshness I rub them when gathered in from the nest ; then pack when there is a sufficient quantity." An unsuccessful competitor says : " I have tried several experi- ments, but find none to answer so well as the following : I have kept eggs for two years, and found them perfectly .good when used: Two pounds coarse salt boiled ten minutes in one gallon rain water; pour off into an earthern jar ; when nearly cold, stir in five tablespoons of quicklime ; let it stand till next day ; then put in the eggs and keep them tightly covered until wanted for use." In the list of the plans competing for the prize we notice that all depend upon the exclusion of air by grease, salt water or loose packing, and no doubt this is the most important point, the agent not being very material. A majority of them seem to place great stress upon packing the eggs away with the small end down. We should be glad to have the experience of any of our readers upon the point. — Farmer s Friend. SHEEP IN VIRGINIA.. A correspondent in Culpeper county, Va., in a private note, says on this subject : "As to sheep, I never lose an opportunity to tell my people that they are the lever that is to raise this country to the highest state of prosperity. Many are beginning to see the great advantage of them, and more farmers are keeping them than formerly. Flocks are springing up here and there all over the country. When we begin to appreciate the great service sheep are to do us, away goes the dog, and we will have an effective if not a popular dog law. Here lies the great trouble — the dog. But let two-thirds of us keep sheep, be it ever so few, and then we can in a measure over- come the dogs." S26 THE SOUTHERN [June Horses vs. Mules. — Much has been said in agricultural papers about the advantage of mules. I have raised some of the best I ever saw. and have had some means of comparing them "with the horse. It is very true that the mule will climb a steep hill, if it is free from mud, with a bigger load according to his weight than a horse. It is true that he will rough it through a hard winter better than a horse, and it may be also that he is less liable to disease than a horse, but he is slow and lacks spirit. In deep mud he is almost worthless. He seems to have but little power to draw his feet out of sticky soil, and the exertion tires him and he loses heart. In a slough where the spirit of the horse prompts him to a gallant struggle to regain the solid ground, the mule gives up and lies contentedly down in the mud. Of course some mules are worse than others in this re- spect, but none are equal in mud to. the most average horse. For very hard, heavy work, where there is no mud, the mule will always be valuable, but as long as it remains true that time is money we must prefer the horse to the mule. The rage for mules commenced in the United States about seventy- five vears ago, and has been revived at different periods since ; but the horse stiil continues to bear sway, and falsify the oft-repeated predictions made many years ago that the mule would eventually supersede the horse in the general work of the farm. For heavy hauling and rough usage on the hard streets of cities, I have no doubt but that the mule is the most economical. For this sort of work there is a demand for him, and he may be raised for the mar- ket with profit ; but it is simple folly for any one now, after seventy- five years of experience with mules in the United States to talk about their taking the place of horses. — Cor. Iowa Fine Stock Gazette. Not the Highest Priced Beef. — Mr. Calvin Fletcher, traveling in Europe, writes the Indian Farmer, an interesting letter concerning his wanderings in Scotland. He says : "Much to my astonishment I found that Short-h'orns always stand second in price per pound to three or four kinds of cattle. I have the market reports of twenty best centres of the trade for several months in succession, and in no instance do the Short-horns stand first. None of the above goes to prove that the profit to the raiser of beef is more or less in any par- ticular case or breed. '' "VVere I r'°t too old to be inspired to experi- ment, I think I should decide some questions that have arisen in my mind on this subject." Germany, alarmed at the great number of her people emigrating to other countries, is trying to devise means to prevent the exodus. One means suggested is to prohibit the enlistment of ..emigrants on foreign account by the payment of premiums. Another and far more sensible suggestion is to facilitate the acquirement of small es- tates at home. 1875.] PLASTER AND FARMER. 327 THE MELON CROP. A large proportion of the melons which are needed to supply the markets of Xew York and Boston, are said to have come *rom a sin- gle county in Maryland. The first lots of this fruit are grown as far south even as Georgia ; but after the melon season fairly sets in, the supply is principally drawn from Anne Arundel county. Mary- land. It is estimated, says the Advertiser, that the crop will be larger than ever before, something over 2,500 acres hav ng been planted, from which the yield will probably be upwards of 2.500,000 melons. The varieties mostly cultivated are the Gypsies, Georgians, Taylor- Grays and Mountain-Sweets, the first named being the favor- ite with dealers in this city and New York, as they Avill retain a bright and fresh appearance for a week after being picked. The farmers usually ship their melons to Baltimore in pungies. and it is no unusual sight at this season of the year to see three or four score of these vessels Iving at a single wharf in that citv, all loaded to the ■TOO * ' water's edge with this often abused but delicious fruit. The season may now be said to be at its height, as the Maryland fruit begins to appear in the markets by July 25, while the crop is exhausted by the first of September. The producer gets about ten dollars a hundred for good sound fruit, and realizes a handsome profit at this price — so handsome, indeed, that melon culture on an extensive scale is. rapidly spreading northward into New Jersey. The effect of this movement will be to lengthen the season somewhat, and to lower the price of the fruit — for both of which results the public will be grate- ful. WHERE THE MONEY GOES TO. Some people cannot understand why it is that the residents of the Southern States are so crippled, financially. Let them ponder over two facts, and then they will see more clearly. Georgia alone paid $24,000,000 for grain, meat, flour, meal, horses and mules, in 1^73, and Alabama about 818,000,000. That's what went with the mon- ey. It will not be so again. The amount this year has already been reduced in Georgia to about 810,000.000, and in Alabama to 8S, 000, 000, and but for the meat, neither State will have occasion to spend more than 85,000,000 for subsistence next year. — Mobile Grapliie. The following experiment is vouched for by the Kansas Farmer as coming from a good and reliable farmer. As showing the relative value of corn and wheat for fattening hogs, it is valuable : He took one hundred hogs and put them in pens and fed corn, and fifty and fed wheat, with the following result : the fifty with corn made eleven pounds per bushel; the fifty with wheat made seventeen pounds of good solid pork per bushel of wheat. The wheat was ground like meal, boiling water poured over it, and then let stand forty-two hours. 328 THE SOUTHERN [June WHY MANURE CORN IX THE HILL? "We have seldom seen any soil where, in addition, a little stimulus was not needed in the corn hill, and could be used to great advan- tage. A crop of corn often depends absolutely on this early driving ahead. With our very late spring weather and sometimes early - in the fall, corn is kept busy. There is no crop, which so re- quires forcing from first to last. The small fibres of the first germi- nation cannot stretch far, and they need, at once, concentrated and active plant food. After feeding on this, which causes them to take root vigorously downward and spring up strong, then the roots can and do spread, and the broadcast manuring comes in to support and make the crops. We have known cases, as suggested by our cor- respondent, where a fertilizer was applied only in the hill, causing a check afterwards to vigorous growth, and consequent stunting, so that the crop in maturing, very far from realized the promise in the beginning. Corn has been properly called the "hog crop." a vora- cious feeder, and we have very seldom seen any manuring too great for it. — Practical Farmer. Keep them Fat. — A practical farmer, in communicating his views in the columns of our exchanges, says : Keep your hogs fat : the good farmer gives all his young stock a good fat start in life : because he knows it always takes n\ice or thrice as much to feed a poor horse, cow, or hog, as it does one in good condition. It ought never to be necessary to keep " killing hogs " in the "fattening pen " longer than a week or ten days — just long enough to harden their fat with corn. The hogs ought to be fat to begin with. In fact, the good farmer never has a poor animal of any kind on his place. It pays well to push young pigs from the word "go" — that is. as soon as they are able to crack corn. We knew once a litter of thirteen half Berkshires dropped in February that, under this plan, without going into the fattening pen at all, eleven months later averaged 175 pounds net meat — total 2,276 pounds; and the heaviest one was a "runt" at the start. GOOD ADVICE. If you cannot speak well of your neighbors, do not speak of them at all. A cross neighbor may be made a kind one by kind treatment. The true way to be happy is to make others happy. To do good is a luxury. If you are not wiser and better at the end of the day, that day is lost. Practice kindness, even if it be but little each day. Learn to control your temper and your words. Say nothing behind one's back, that you would not say to his face. Poland starch is a fine cement for pasting layers of paper or fancy articles. To clean bed ticks, however badly soiled, apply Poland starch by rubbing it on thick with a wet cloth. Place it in the sun, and when dry rub 'it with the hands. Repeat it, if necessary. The soiled part will be clean as new. — Montville. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 329 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer. J BATH COUNTY. This county is seldom alluded to in agricultural journals, and has been overlooked by those in search of new homes. Lands are cheap, very productive, and many desirable places are offered for sale at reasonable prices. So far the seasons have been unpropitious. No rain for nearly four weeks, and until the last five days we have had frost every morning. The mountains in every direction have been on fire, and much valuable timber and fencing have been destroyed. The grass crop, which is the principal reliance, will be very short. Do your readers cure clover hay with lime ? It is the cus- tomary method here. It can be stacked — or put in a mow, which is better — immediately after cutting, if orie gallon of air-slacked lime is sprinkled over every four-horse load as it is put up. No one, however, should attempt to save clover hay without putting it under shelter. Timothy or any other hay can be saved in the same man- ner. If the farmers generally would adopt this plan they would prefer it, even if they could be assured that they would have a plenty of sunshine. There must be no dew or rain on it, which is the only precaution necessary. A REMARKABLE SHEEP. The proprietor of the Warm Springs has a remarkable ewe. On the 22d April, 1874, it had four lambs; two were raised by hand, and the other two she raised. On the 5.th of November, same year, she had two more, which she raised and are now nearly full grown. And on the 15th of the present month she had two more, which can now be seen with her, and are very lively ; making eight lambs in twelve months and twenty-three days. Who can beat it ? But this letter is already too long to be read. Warm Springs, Bath Co., Va., May 25, 1875. Farmer. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] BEAR-SWAMP GRANGE. At a meeting of Bear-Swamp Grange, No. 128, held in their hall April 3, 1875, on motion of Thomas H. Bossieau, Esq., the follow- ing preamble and resolutions were adopted, and requested to be sent you for publication : Whereas, we as a part of an organization known as the Patrons of Husbandry, which was organized to war upon no class of those engaged in the other necessary callings of the country ; but to pro- tect ourselves from unjust legislation and speculation, and thereby to enjoy an equitable share of the advantages incident to wholesome laws and well-directed mercantile and agricultural pursuits ; and, whereas, in our judgment to embarrass the legitimate mercantile business of any portion of the country, will most assuredly impov- 330 THE SOUTHERN [June erish the agricultural interest ; and, whereas, to concentrate our trade in any given direction, through unnecessary agents, is contrary to the spirit of the organization, and therefore fatal to its existence : Therefore, be it Resolved, 1. That we instruct our delegates, who may hereafter represent us in the District Grange, to give the vote of this Grange in opposition to unnecessary haste in the recommendation of a suita- ble person as an agent of the District Grange to which we belong. 2. That in the event it becomes necessary to recommend an agent, that his qualifications should be, among others, a fourth degree mem- ber of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, and whose interest in farming is paramount. 3. That the duty of the agent should be set forth and so guarded as not to infringe upon any legitimate and necessary interest or to embarrass the same. 4. That the secretary transmit a copy of these resolutions to the Petersburg Rural Jfessetiger, Virginia Patron, and Southern Plan- ter and Farmer, with the request that they^ publish the same. J. H. Pursell, Secretary. Ford's Depot, Va., April 6, 1375. itorutl gtpartmcnt. NOTES FOR THE MONTH. We endeavor to make our "Notes for the Month" practical and useful, and wish our readers to understand that they are not written merely to fill up space. We shall endeavor hereafter to make them, if we can, more useful and instructive, and hope they will constitute an attractive feature in our journal. Whatever concerns the farmers concerns us, in a double sense ; for, besides being our patrons, we are one of them in our calling. And while not professing to any great skill in agriculture, we have almost daily opportunities of consulting very experienced farmers, and getting their advice and instruction. While the farmers are our patrons we look upon them in some degree as our proteges, for we endeavor, to the best of our ability, to protect their interest. Well, this is Madam Juno's month, and while having no evidence that she was a Patron of Husbandry, we have reason to know that, like the rest of the fair sex, she was a great admirer of flowers, whose myriads of blooms crown this month of June ; for we are told by Homer that she wore " a crown beset with roses and lilies." But to the work for the month. The season thus far has not been 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 231 propitious, and no doubt the cold and backward season has militated very much against the timely planting of corn and retarded its growth. Where corn was planted early, the corn has no doubt rotted much in the ground, and much replanting has been necessary. There is still time to make a good crop if thorough cultivation be practiced, and it is not yet too late to manure around the plant in the poorer parts of the field. These additional items of labor must, however, detract from the profits. Where corn has yet to be put in, as may be the case on cold, wet lands, a quick growing variety, such as is used in Canada and the Northern States, must be selected to plant. The winter oat promises well. Spring oat badly ; so of the hay crop. Wheat is said to be generally promising, and not materially injured by the cold weather. Tobacco plants in some localities were badly killed, but in most places not seriously injured ; though the fly is said to be destroying many plants now, and the cool, dry weather in the month of May prevented their growing out of the way of the fly. Is there no remedy for this fly ? Have any of our planters tried "Paris Green " ? The suggestion has been made to raise tobacco plants under glass, and we hope it will be tried another year. The glass would probably not cost more than getting up and burning the plant beds, which re- quires a great amount of wood. Then the glass sash would protect the plants in a great measure from the fly, and if necessary the plants could be forced by manure at the bottom of the plant beds. These sash can be ordered in Richmond in any quantity, or any car- penter can prepare them in the country with a few simple directions. Corn must be replanted as soon as thoroughly up. Where it ia not yet done, we advise the replanting to be done with some forward corn — " Canada Flint," or long yellow corn — unless it is designed to keep the kind already planted free from admixture for seed corn. By planting the earlier corn, there is time to make good ears, and the tassel comes out in time to furnish pollen for the main crop in case of drought, which sometimes withers the tassel before it has im- pregnated the ear. Corn must be kept thoroughly stirred, and the grass killed as often as it puts up. We are trying on a portion of corn this year, the fine, long-tooth cultivator, frequently run in the row, and design to use it exclusively on a portion of the field, and compare the result with the old mould-board system. The cultivator keeps the ground soft and well pulverized, and kills the weeds, and seems thus far to answer a good purpose. It may, when the corn gets 332 THE SOUTHERN [June larger, injure the roots, but as it is the expanding cultivator it can be narrowed so as not to run too near the corn, and by withholding pressure may be run less deep. Root Crops — The first of June is the time to sow mangold wurtzel, sugar beet, and ruta baga. They do better sowed the last of May, but will yield well if put in between the 1st and 10th of June. Mangolds yield better than the sugar beet, but the latter con- tains more sugar and is more nutritious, and is of finer texture, and is eaten more eagerly by stock than the former. The ruta baga is uncertain in our experience and difficult to raise. For all three, the soil should be made rich, plowed deep, and be thoroughly prepared. Lav off in drills from 28 to 30 inches apart: scatter along well rotted stable manure, or some reliable fertilizer. Then cover with two fur- rows of the plow, which leaves a ridge, that must be broken down and left flat. On this drill the seed. As soon as they come up dust over with ashes and soot, to protect from the fly. and at the first and second workings sprinkle over the entire surface a few bushels of refuse salt or kainit. Thin out to eight inches, and keep the ground well worked with the double wing coulter and cultivator, the former being the best for the first working, particularly if the ground should be baked and hard. The ruta baga requires a deep, rich, sandy loam if it can be had. and if not, that which is nearest to it in quality. The '"roots" come in admirably for winter feeding, though in our climate they are not very certain, and will not generally yield, we think, as much as if the land were sown in corn or millet, taking into calculation the cost of production, and that, particularly, if the same labor and manure were applied to a larger surface for the corn and millet. Corn and Millet and Sorghum should be sown this month, if not already in the ground. The land should be rich and thoroughly prepared. The corn and sorghum should be drilled, and the millet sown broadcast. Sorghum is particularly useful for hogs, and may be cut twice in the season if sown early. It makes also good winter forage if cut before the stalk is hard and glazed. Stock prefer it to corn fodder, and no doubt it is more nutritious. If some is suffered to go to seed it makes good grain for fowls. Cutting Grasses for Hat. — All the grasses, and clover, also, should be cut when in blossom ; the latter as soon as the first brown heads appear. Great attention should be given to curing, remem- bering that grasses, and particularly clover, are injured by becoming 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 333 too dry. They should be cured with as little sun as is compatible with their keeping. Clover should be salted in putting away, and if there is fear of its not keeping, sprinkle over each load some air- slacked lime, probably about two quarts each of salt and lime to each wagon load. Potatoes for winter use should be planted as soon as possible, if not done the last of May. The ground should be manured broad- cast with good stable manure, or coal ashes, orkainit. Potash. is an important fertilizer for this crop, and we have found coal ashes (not too coarse), either broadcast or in the drill, to be as good as stable manure. We once tried coal ashes in the drill alongside stable ma- nure in the drill, and found the former to produce at least as well as the latter. Never cut the potato when planted at this season. Killing Grass and Weeds. — This is the month for killing grass, and hence no doubt has arisen the saying of "a dry June for corn," as dry weather enables us to kill the grass. An experienced trucker in the vicinity of Richmond informs us that even wire grass may be killed effectually in this month by repeated plowings. Insects must be followed up this month also. The striped bugs upon melons, cucumbers, and other vines must be killed early in the morning, and soot or fine tobacco, which may be gotten at the fac- tories, sprinkled over the plants. * This fine tobacco, principally ob- tained in the manufacture of snuff, must also be sprinkled over the plant beds of cabbage. We stated in "Notes " for May that cabbage seed for winter use should be sowed the middle of May. We are since informed by some of our experienced truckers around the city that they should be sown between the 1st and 6th of May. So June is a busy month too ; no holiday yet for the farmer. He must press on ; work his corn and tobacco, and cut his hay, and work potatoes, melons, cucumbers, cymlings, and vegetables generally, fight the weeds and insects, keep the ground well stirred and mellow. When the hay and wheat and oat harvest is over and the corn laid by, we may consent that our proteges shall take some relaxation, and probably a trip to the seaside, or to our glorious Virginia mountains. We will see. But our consent cannot be obtained to a trip to North- ern watering places and Northern cities. This money must be kept within the borders of our impoverished old mother. Too much has already, in times past, been squandered in pleasure trips to Northern towns and bathing places, and Saratoga, &c. 4 384 THE SOUTHERN [June THE VIRGINIA PATRON. Our May number contained a courteous and respectful criticism on the action of the Master of the State Grange, in selecting only one paper as the medium through which he would officially com- municate with the members of the Order. The State Grange having referred the entire subject to the Executive Committee, and they having decided that it was inexpedient to have any regular medium, for the reason that every agricultural paper in the State was friendly to our Order, and were willing to publish whatever the grange inter- est required ; we thought, and still think that the Master had overstepped the limit of his authority, and used his official influence in direct opposition to the judgment and decision of the Executive Committee. In confirmation of our position, we published letters from brothers Moore and Ragland, who were present when this action was taken. These letters the Virginia Patron has omitted to publish in comment- ing upon our criticism, but simply referred to them as " irre- sponsible persons," when in fact, they as members of the Executive Committee, shared with the other members the entire re- sponsibility of deciding this matter. The Patron farther says: "It seems somewhat singular that Dr. Dickinson, who is not a member of the Grange, should undertake to expound the constitution to the highest official in the State." We made no pretei sions to expounding "the constitution" to any one, but simply stated the fact that the Master had assumed the auj thority to disregard the action of the Executive Committee. This is the whole question at issue. But the editor of the Patron says we are "not a member of the Grange," which statement he has seen fit to re- iterate in several issues of his paper. "We supposed we were "a member of the Grange," as we had received all the four degrees of the Order from Grange No. 16, of which the editor of the Patron is Master, and who has given us a withdrawal card, signed by himself as Mas- ter, stating that we were in "good standing," &c, for the purpose of joining a more convenient Grange, which card has been deposited with Grange No. 186. What plea can he have for such misrepre- sentations with such personal knowledge of the facts ? The editor of the Patron disregarding all the facts in the case, and makincrita personal matter with himself, devotes at least three columns to a personal attack upon us, evincing throughout an unmitigated malig- nity, expressed in the most scurrilous language, not hesitating to 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 335 make statements which he knew were false and indeed with- out the slightest foundation in fact. We do not propose to to bandy epithets with the Editor of the Patron, nor do we propose to continue this discussion any farther with him, as he has persistently misrepresented us in every thing he has published on this subject. If we have wronged the Master, or any other officer or member of the Order, we are ready at all times through our columns to make such reparation as justice and fraternal feeling requires. In conclusion, we still think our reference to the matter was proper and appropriate, and we will hereafter express our views on measures which we think will be for the good of the Order, " without fear, favor or affection," regardless of the malevolent attacks of the editor of the Patron. Another Old Virginian Gone. — The death of Col. Hill Carter, of Shirley, is announced in the secular papers. There was no more strongly-marked character in Virginia than this lamented gentleman. Of the best Virginia stock, he inherited ample fortune and the hio-h- est social position. But, without these advantages, he would have made his mark. A more resolute man never lived, nor one more loyal to country and friends. Col. Carter was one of the best and most enthusiastic farmers in the State, and a regular correspondent to the Planter and Farmer. Prof. J. W. Mallet.— We are indebted to Prof. J. W. Mallet, of the University of Virginia, for a catalogue of the department of Industrial Chemistry, civil and mining engineering, and agriculture. It will be remembered that the late Samuel Miller, of Lynchburg, gave a hundred thousand dollars in trust for the establishment of a department of this kind, which bequest is being carried out under the direction of Dr. Page and Prof. Mallet. We are glad to know" it is likely to prove a great success. Major John D. Rogers, in a private letter, says: " Our season has been any thing but advantageous to we farmers, but we can but submit to God's will and make the best of it. Our fruit is much less injured in this section than was supposed by the murmurers; but corn planting and gardening very backward, some of our early planting having to be furrowed out and re-planted. Our county is plethoric in candidates for county offices, and will remain so until after 27th May." 336 THE SOUTHERN [June Messrs. Allison & Addison, have kindly furnished us vrith a con- densed resume* of the essay on the Cow Pea, written by the lamented Edmund Ruffin. We doubt very much if any man knew more of this iubject than did Mr. Ruffin, and Messrs. Allison & Addison have fery well brought out all of general interest that he wrote, without giving the details .which made the essay somewhat too long for our columns. Messrs. Allison & Addison have a fund of valuable infor- mation on this and kindred subjects, which they will furnish gratis to those who desire such information. Mr. Wm. James Walton, Louisa county, Va., has just sold eight hogsheads of tobacco (a portion of his crop) in this city, at an aver- age of 8-5 per hundred. He is the most successful grower of tobacco in that county, and says he makes more money now than he did before the war. We will publish in our next issue an article from him on his method of cultivation, &c. Editor Planter and Farmer, — In the April number of your journal you published 'an article on the culture of broom corn. Several typographical errors crept in. Will you make the following corrections? For " eight or ten bushels" read "eight or ten bar- rels." For "up to this much" read "up to this mark." For ''■bush" read " brush" passim. The Southern Magazine, published by Turnbull & Brother, of Baltimore, is in every way worthy of the patronage of our people. In point of literary merit, and especially its adaptation to Southern ta9te, it is decidedly the most successful enterprise of the kind ever undertaken by a Southern publisher. Every number is full of choice reading matter, and as it is the organ of the Southern Historical Society, it contains much that is especially interesting to those who take an interest in the details cf the recent conflict between the sections. Mr. Samuel Ayres of this city, is the inventor and manufactu- rer of a truss that is highly recommended by the medical faculty. Mr. Ayres is a reliable business man, and will give satisfaction to those who deal with him. Persons wishing trusses will do well to correspond with him. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 337 We had occasion recently to visit the Nursery of Mr. L. Har- vey, on the Brook road near the city, and were very much gratified at the splendid appearance of all his surroundings. No where south of the Potomac can such a variety of choice ornamental trees and plants be found, and the excellent cultivation they receive keeps them in the thriftiest condition. Mr. Harvey deserves credit for the wonderful improvement he has made in the few years he has occupied the place, and for the energy and skill he exhibits in its cultivation. Our people ought to pay more attention to ornamental planting, and we think a visit to Mr. Harvey's would convince them of it. We are under obligations to Mr. John Saul, of Washington, D. C, for a box of flowers, consisting of every variety of bedding plants. These came by express, and were so carefully packed, that after three days they were opened and found just as fresh as if just out of the green-house. They were set out in the open ground, and, with one or two exceptions, are living and give promise of great beauty. Mr. Peter Henderson, of New York, has also sent us a basket of flowers, which arrived in excellent condition, and are growing finely. We wish to impress upon our readers the fact, that for a few dol- lars they can have delivered at their, door, either by mail or express any variety of the most choice plants grown by either of these gen- tlemen; and no one in the United States offers a greater variety, .lust as fresh and as sure to live as if taken by hand from the green- house and planted at once in the ground. Beautify your homes.! No investment pays so well, especially where children are growing up. Flowers exercise a refining influence, which will last through life. The Manhattan Life Insurance Company, of New York, is an established and reliable company; and as it is the recognized duty of every man who has a family to provide for them in case of his death, it would be well for our readers to consider, in this con- nection, the subject of life insurance, and look into the merits of this company. The General Richmond Agent of this company is too well and favorably known to need any commendation from us. Our little boys should look at the advertisement of Georgie Payne, and send for a pair of fancy rabbits. THE SOUTHERN June M?.. C. T. Palmer offers to our farmers the Valley Chief Reaper and Mower. When we find an implement combining every excel- lence, manufactured at our very door, economy and patriotism should induce us to use it. Mr. Palmer's business, we are glad to know, is rapidly increasing, and we hope that he will soon have to increase his already extensive facilities for the manufacture of machines. We take pleasure in recommending the Maltby House, Baltimore, to our readers. Situated in the busines#*Jentre of the city, it offers every accommodation one could desire on the most reasonable terms. The proprietor and employees all devote themselves to the comfort of their guests, and we have found it one of the most agreeable places we have ever stopped at. The St. James Hotel. — This is a new and elegant hotel, situated in the heart of the city, fronting on the Capitol Square. It is fitted up in elegant and convenient style, with all the modern improve- - The proprietor,Mr. Hoenniger, and the veteran hotel-keeper J. P. Ballard, his assistant, know how to run a hotel perfectly. The accommodations are first-class in every particular, and the charges i Ashes for Orchard.?. — The Scientific American says: "The which we now fall attention is, that our farmers and fruit- -growers have ignored, or rather have been ignorant of. the importance of wood ashes as a vegetable stimulant and as the leading constitu- of plants. Even coal ashes, now thrown away as useless, have been shown both by experiment and analysis to possess a fair share of alkaline value. We will relate only one experiment ; Some twen- ty-five years ago we treated an old hollow pippin apple tree as fol- . - : The hollow, to the height of eight feet, was filled and rammed with a compost of wood ashes, garden mold and a little waste lime (carbonate . The filling vms securely fastened in by boards. The next year the crop of sound fruit was sixteen bushels from an old ill of a tree that had borne nothing of any account for some time, and for seventeen years after filling, the old pippin tree continued to flourish and bear well/' V> I'iam Saunders, who has charge of the public grounds at Wash- ii gton. gives the following as a remedy which he has found effectual for pear blight. It is cheap, and should be tried : To half a bushel of lime add four pounds of sulphur; slake to the consistency of whitewash, and when it is applied add to each gallon of the wash :' an ounce of carbolic acid. Apply this to the diseased parts. T^ -ere the bark is diseased, remove the outer portion before making the application. CARDWELL'S THRESHER AND CLEANER J. "W. "vest A-L's DOLLAR COLLECTIONS of PLANTS for 1875. We will send any ODe of the following collec- tions of plants by express, no charges for box- ing or packing; or by mail, post paid. (Larger plants can always be sent by express.) Plants guaranteed to reach their destination to anv point in the United States or Canada - from heat or frost at all seasons, on the receipt of OXE DOLLAK, upon the following condi- tions: 1st. The different Tarieties to be entirely our selection. 2d. That orders simply name the number of the collection and date of this list. A detailed list of plants not being necessary. 3. That no request be made for changes in any collection at these low rates. All who wish to select their own plants can do so at the prices per single plant in our descriptive catalogue, which will be furnished gratis to all who apply. No. 1 — Eight Roses, profuse flowering sorts. No. 2. — Tm Zonale double scented and varie- gated Geraniums. No. 3. — Ten Fuchsias double and single, dis- tinct colors. No. 4. — Ten Coleus. distinct sorts. No. 5. — Twelve Basket plants. 12 varieties. No. 6. — Twenty Verbenas, distinct colors. No. 7. — Eight Dahlias, large and Pompone, flowering. No. 8. — Eight Carnations, perpetual flowering sorts. No. 9. — Four Roses, 10 Verbenas. No. 10. — Two .Roses, 3 Verbenas, 3 Geraniums, 3 Fuchsias. Address, june No. 11. — Two Roses, 5 Verbenas, 4 Geraniums, 2 Lantanas. No. 12. — Three Geraniums. 1 Fuchsia, 1 Helio- trope, 1 Eantana, 1 Salvia, 1 Cuphea, 1 Le- mon Verbena, 1 Carnation. No. 13. — One Trieolored Geranium, 2 Fuchsias, 2 Salvias, 1 Cuphea, 2 Double Violet, 2 Co- leus, 1 Double Petunia. No. 14.— One Rose. 1 Verbena. 1 Geranium, 2 Fuchsias. 1 Coleus. 1 Carnation, 1 Dahlia, 1 Heliotrope, 1 Salvia. No. 15.— One Tuberose. 1 Double Violet. 1 Pe- tun'ajjjfcalvia, 1 Musk Plant, 1 Lemon Ver- bena,^ Cuphea, 1 Gladiolus, 1 Begonia, 1 Bouvardia. No. 16. — One Petunia, 1 Lantana, 1 Ageratum, 2 Ruelia, Formosa, 1 Tuberose, 1 Lobelia. 1 Rose. 1 Salvia, 1 Glad: s No. 18. — One Caladium Esculentum, 1 Alter- nanthum, 1 Coleus, 1 Achyranthus, 1 Ko- niga, var.. 1 Canna, 1 var. Balm, 1 Pyre- thium Golden Feather, 1 Variegated Gera- nium. 1 Striped Verben3. No. 18. — To any one remitting ($15.00) fifteen dollars at one time, we will send the whole of the above 17 collections to one address, varying the plants that no two will be alike. No. 19.— Or to any one sending us a club of not less than ten of the above collections, and remitting the full price for each, we will send any one of the above as a pre- mium, anJ mail or express the plant* separately to each member, provided not less than one collection goes to each. JOSEPH W. VESTAL. Cambridge City. Indiana. M A. N EC A.T T .A. TsT Life Insurance Company OF NEW YORK. Assets January 1st, 1875, - - $9,690,750 48 Undivided Surplus, - ' - - 1,808,329 22 All its policies are incontestable, and non-forfeitable from the second year. Dividends Annually. $5,500,000 Paid in Losses during Twenty-Four Years, and no Claims Unpaid. Premiums may be paid Annually, Semi-Annually, or Quarterly, as best suits the convenience of the policy-holder. P. T. MOORE, J. ADAIR PLEASANTS. Agent City of Richmond. General Agent. Office : 1200 Main Street, under Planters Nat. Bank. THE WATT PLOW VICTORIOUS ON EVERY FIELD ! A combined TURNING PLOW, CUL- TIVATOR, SUBSOILER, ROW-OPEN- ER, PEANUT-DIGGER, TOBACCO and COTTON SCRAPER and SWEEP. No CHOKING when bright and smooth; no LABOR to the plowman; ONE-THIRD LESS DRAUGHT to the team ; thorough BURIAL of Weeds, Grass, &c. ; great STRENGTH, Durability and Economy in its use, and complete pulverization of tte soil. FARMERS WHO USE IT WILL USE NO OTHER. Awarded all the Premiums at every Fair attended in 1873. Awarded First Premiums at every CM5CUP* west. pH,i_ ~~ea Fair attend 'ed in 1874. Virginia State Fair. Richmond— FIRST PREMIUMS ON THREE AND FOUR- HORSE PLOWS. Right and Left Hand -ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED THEIR SIZES. Also at the Plowing Match ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED WHITE PLOW- MEN were taken with WrATT PLOWS of ONE, TWO, THREE and FOUR- HORSE SIZES; and COLORED PLOWMAN by ONE, TWO and THREE- HORSE SIZES ; being SEVEN PREMIUMS OUT OF EIGHT. The superior work done by the WATT, and the complete ease with which it is handled, was apparent to all. NORTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR, Raleigh, October 10th; GEORGIA STATE FAIR. Atlanta, October 19th; SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR, Columbia. November 10th ; STAUNTON, VA., October 13th; LYNCHBURG, October 20th ; WELDON. N. C, October 20th; ORANGEBURG, S. C, November 3rd ; CHARLOTTE, N. C, November 3rd ; DANVILLE, VA., November 3rd; POINT PLEASANT, W. VA., October. Thus, with its great reputation before, it has gained new laurels this year, which must convince every farmer of its vast superiority over other plows. We warrant every plow sold to be as represented or to be returned to us. We solicit a trial. Catalogues sent to any address. WATT & CALL, SOLE MANUFACTURERS, 1452 Franklin St., Richmond, Va. Special Agents for "The Best" Spring-Tooth Horse-Rake and Gleaner; also for sale of our own manufacture. HARROWS, CULTIVATORS, and all kinds of IMPLEMENTS at lowest prices— all warranted. I have a NEW BURDETT ORGAN which I will sell for $150— Manufacturer's price $175 — Boxed and delivered at any Depot or Wharf in Baltimore. Terms of payment accommodating. L. R. DICKINSON. Also, THREE FIRST-CLASS SEWING MACHINES which will be sold at a discount of forty per cent, on Manufacturers' prices. THE IMPROVED WHITNEY Uf IK MACHINES, PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. Solfl Direct fin tie Factory at GREATLY REDUCED PRICES. EKDORSEMEXT OFEXECrTlTECOMMlTTE OF IXDIAXA. After a thorough examination and test of the Improved Whit- Sewing Machine, we find it simple and durable in its con- struction, the material and workmanship first-cla-s. The machine runs exceedingly light, and at a high rate of speed. It is capable and will do all PEta. jjy £5, isii. varieties of family sewing in a superior manner. We heartily recommend the Improved Whitney Sewing Machine to members of our Order requiring a modem and reliable sewing machine. By referring to our national executive cir- cular we find that the Whitney Mfg. Co.. through C. G. Akam, was the first standard sewing machine to make a nationial proposition to members of our Order, and we trust Patrons will give them the liberal port they justly deserve. — J. Q. A. Xewsam, John F. Hall, Robt. Mitchell. Anson B. Line, B. C. McWilliams, Lindal Smith. I hereby certify that the above is a true copy of the action of the comix. M. M. Moody, Sect'y Indiana State Grange. """hiTiiey Sewing Machine possesses all the requirements of a perfect Family Sewing Ma- chine. It is a perfected Shuttle Lock-Stitch Machine. It is constructed upon sound and -well mechanical principles. The workmanship is of the highest character. It is adapted to every varkty of sewing for family wear from the lightest muslins to the heaviest cloths. It will Hem. Fell, Bind, Cord, Braid, Seam, Tack, Buffle, Hem-stitch, Gather and sew on at the same time and will work equally well on Linen, Silk, Woolen and Cotton goods. Why the Whitney Mfg. Co., are Great Public Benefactors? Because they are the Pioneers in breaking the co:nhination prices in Sewing Machines, and putting this faithful servant within the reach of all. The Whitney iE the best and now the cheapest First-Class Sewing Machine ever offered to the public. - i for circular giving all particulars, The Whitney Manufacturing Company, ap-tf PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. SUPER-PHOSPHATE, MANUFACTURED BY THE POWHATAN PHOSPHATE COMPANY, J. G. DOWNWARD, President. JOHN WHANN, Secretary aud Treasurer. To the Planters of Virginia and North Carolina: We respectfully call the attention of those intending to use fertilizers on their spring crops to the Powhatan Raw Bone Super-phosphate, and particularly those who want a reliable fertilizer for tobacco and cotton, as we intend in the future, as in the past five years, to furnish an article which has no rival, regardless of price. Wherever it has been used by the side of any other fertilizer whatever, not excepting the deservedly popular and higher priced tobacco fertilizers of the day, it has in every case proved itself fully equal. Send for Circular. SOtUBLE PACIFIC GUANO, FOR TOBACCO, CORN' AND OTHER CROPS. After ten years' continuous use, throughout Virginia and the South, Soluhle Pacific Guano has acquired a reputation for reliability equal to that formerly enjoyed by the Peruvian Guano, and the quantity used annually exceed.- that ol any other fertilizer. It luis been the aim of all connected with "this Guano to produce the best possible fertilizer at the lowest possible cost, and we claim that the unusual resources and facilities of the manufactu- rers have enabled Lhem to approach this more nearly than has been done in any other fertilizer with which we are acquainted. Those who have been using it unite with us in the opinion, that by its use the consumer gets THE GREATEST BENEFIT FROM THE SMALLEST OUTLAY. We offer it with great confidence for use on the Tobacco and other crops to be grown in 1875, with the assurance that it is, in all respects, equal to what it has been in the past. PURE PERUVIAN GUANO, AS IMPORTED. We have a full supply of No. 1 Gnanape Pernviau Guano, from the Government Agent in New York, selected from one of the finest cargoes ever imported. It is dry and in beau- tiful order, and contains within a fraction of 13 per cent, of Ammonia, which is within two per cent, of what the old Chincha Peruvian used to contain — in fact, it would be difficult to tell one from the other. We offer these standard and thoroughly tested fertilizers for Tobacco, Corn, and all Spring Crops, and are prepared to sell them at such prices as will make it to the interest of consumers and dealers to purchase their supplies of us instead of sending their orders to New York, or elsewhere. For fu.-ther information and supplies, address, ALLISON & ADDISON, mar— tf Seed and Guano Merchants, Kichmond, Va GRAND OPENING -OF- -AND- -AT- LEVY BROTHERS, 1017 & 1019 Main Street Richmond, Va. ALL THE NOVELTIES OF THE SEASON, COMPRISING PLAID and INVISIBLE CHECK MOHAIRS, DUNKIRK MOHAIRS, MATELASSE SILKS, STRIPED and CHECKED JAPANESE SILKS, CHENE MIXTURES, SILK-WARP PONGEE, PLAIN PONGEE, MOHAIR DIAGONALS. MATALASSE ALPACA, ■ . GRAY MIXTURES, PRINCESS MIXTURES, CHECKED and STRIPED SILKS, PLAIN SILKS, in exquisite shades, A full line of BLACK GROS-GRAIN SILK. All of the above goods are offered at prices particularly attrac- tive. The assortment is such as will please the most fastidious. An examination of our stock is respectfully solicited. LEVY BROTHERS. A new lot of RED-CHECK MATTING, just received. ap — lyr I7RESH GARDE J and FIELD SEED At the old stand cf Palmer & Turpin, 1626 Main street, Richmond, Orchard Grass, Timothy, Herds, Clover, Kentucky Blue Grass. Send for Catalogue, feb-tf W. H. TURPIN. STABLISHED 1.816. CHA3. SIMON & SONS, 68 NORTH HOWARD ST., BALTIMORE, MD. Dealers in FOREIGN & DOMESTIC DRY GOODS, would call special attention to their splendid stock of Dress Goods, Linen Goods, Embroideries, Laces, and Hosiery ; the best assortment of Mourning Goods in theeity. SAMPLES SENT FREE! All orders amounting to $20.00 or over, 'will be seat free of freight charges by Express, but parties whose orders are not accompanied by the money, and having their goods Bent C. O, D., must pay for return of the money. ELLERSLI& FARM. Thoroughbred HORSES; Half Bred HORSES ; Pure SHORT HORN CATTLE. Improved BERKSHIRES For sale, Price, $10 apiece. Address, R. J. HANCOCK, Overton, Albermarle Co., Va. Daisy, Queen Victoria Plants of this beautiful flower can now be furnished in large or small quantities. Send for descriptive priced circular, and notices of the press. One plant SI ; ten small plants $4; free by mail. A. H AKCK «V SON, up Nurserymen and Florists, Red Bank, N. J. GRAPE VINES, Grown especially for the Trade, very fine, and at low prices. CONCORD, HARTFORD, PRO- LIFIC and MARTHA, in large quantities. A. HANCE &, SON, Nurserymen & Florists, apl Red Bank, N. J. Strawberry Plants By the 100, 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000. Wilson's Albany, Charles Downing, Triompe de Gand. Also Monarch of the West, Col. Cheney, Boy- ' den's No. 30, Black Defiance, Kentucky, Len- ning's White and BROWN'S WONDER, in large quantities. A. HANCE & SON, Nurserymen & Florists, apl tf "Red Bank, N. J. ~J. Y. BICKNELL, Westmoreland, Oneida Co., N. Y., Won premiums on ALL VARIETIES shown at the New York State Fair last September, viz : BRAHMAS, Light and Dark, COCHINS, Partridge and White, UAMBURGS, Silver Spangled, Golden Span- gled and Pencilled, and Black, DORKINGS, Colored, HOUDANS, LA FLECHE, GOLDEN POLISH GAMES, Black-breasted Red and Duckwing, GAME BANTAMS, Black-breasted Red and Duck win r. GOLDEN SEBRIGHT and AFRICAN BAN-' TAJIS, DUCKS, Rouen and Aylesbury, PIGEONS, all varieties. — All first premiums but four. — FOWLS and EGGS for sale from the same stock. Circulars free. apl tf LIME. 20,000 bushels best OYSTER SHELL LIME of my own manufacture, for sale low. I am also Agent for the Cumber- land Tobacco Fertilizer, which has given great satisfaction in the Connecticut Valley, also Berry's Superphosphate made exclusively from Raw Bone. GROUND PLASTER, AGRICUL- TURAL SALT, Building Lime, Hy- draulic Cement, Calcined Plaster, &c, constantly on hand at wholesale and retail. A. S. LEE, Virginia St., Near Danville Depot. mar — 6m *5 & Co to Per Day at home. Terms free. Address G. Stinson Portland, Maine. feb — ly r. x.' CELEBRATED Tobacco Fertiliser. Prepared expressly for this crop. The most popular Fertilizer in use. For sale by agents and dealers throughout the country. MUTED B0\E Sl'PER-PBOSPBATt Unrivalled for Cotton. Wheat, and all Grain and Root Crops. For sale by agents and dealers throughout the country. BONE SUPER-PHOSPHATE. Supplied to manufacturers and dealers at low figuresr We are prepared to furnish the different Granges with an ;{ Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate '' of a standard quality, adapted to all crops, at very lowest price. P. ZSLL & SOX£S,1 MANUFACTURE ap— 4m 30 South St., Baltimore, 31(1, JOHN C. HACHTEL & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF Hachtel's Ammoniated Superphosphate, Hachtel's Pure Dissolved Bone, Hachtel's Tobacco Fertilizer BONE DUST. GENUINE LEOPOLDSHALL KAINIT [German Potash Salts), MURIATE OF POTASH, BONE MEAL, and FERTILIZING MATERIALS GENERALLY. Liberal discount to dealers and others who buv largely fl^msh. JOHN C HACHTEL & CO., sep — 8t 14 Bo'd'ii Wharf, Baltimore. IFVA-IjIj STYLES, 1874. CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS SAMPLE CARDS Are now ready for mailing. Our assortment embraces TWENTY-FOUR PATTERNS. Merchants desiring samples, will please address, CHAELOTIESYILLE WOOLEN MILLS. CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA. IMPORTANT TO FARMERS. GREAT DOMESTIC INSTITUTION. Recipe for making Artificial Guano, No. 1. Clean "Virgin Soil -.20 bushels. " 2. Wood aahes 3 " 3. Fine Bone Dust 3 " 4. Calcined Plaster 3 " 5. Nitrate of Soda " 6. Mur. Ammonia 7. Sulph. " Soda? ►Magnesia.. Iton Salt Directions for Mixing. Mix Nos. 1, 2 and 3 together ; then, in a barrel two- thirds full of water, dissolve the chemicals, Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 ; when thoroughly dissolved add the liquid grad- ually to Nos. 1, 2, 3, and lastly add No. 4, (the Calcined Plaster) which will bring the whole to a powder. The soil used should be perfectly dry and mixed under cover. The above recipe will make one ton, which will manure seven and a half acres of land. We will furnish the in- gredients from No. 3 to 10 inclusive for twenty dollars, which, when mixed with Nos. 1 and 2 will make one ton. This compound, containing, according to analysis, all the principal ingredients of the genuine Peruvian Guano, has been tested by a number of practical farmers (many thinking it equal to natural Guano), and for Grain, Vege- tables, and particularly Tobacco, it has been found the cheapest and best fertilizer now in use. All orders carefully and promptly executed. BODEKER BROS., DRUGGISTS, 1444 Main Street, Richmond, Vol- CHESTNUT GKOYE YARDS. EASTON, PA. Fine Bred and English Draft Horses. Thoroughbred Short Horn Cat- tle, Asiatic Poultry and Fancy Pigeons. Draft Stallion took First Premium at Pennsylvania State Fair, and Warren County Fair, X. J. The herd of Short Horns took three Herd Premiums, twenty-six first and seven second premiums in the fall of 1875. Poultry took fifteen Society and nine Special Premiums in Fowls and Chicks, and seven on Pigeons at Lehigh Valley Poultry Exhibition, held at Allentown. January. 1875. Colts. Cattle and Poultry for sale. Eggs from high-class light and dark Brahmas. Buif, Partridge and White Cochins at $5 per setting of thirteen, securely packed. Catalogues and Circulars upon application. Having purchased of S. S. Cooper hi* entire herd of Short Horns, I am prepared to sell fine cows, heifers and calves at reasonable pri Come and see them. No trouble to show the stock. East n can be reached by N. P. Railroad from Philadelphia, or by N. J. C. Railroad from New York, several trains a dav running each wav. THOS. S.McKEEX. mv-6t Easton. Pa. S^r W. C. SMITH, MANUFACTURER OF SPRING WAGONS. BUGGIES.&C Am prepared to furnish at short notice Spring Wagons, with especial reference to the wants of Farmers. Light running and strong, of any desired capacity. Workmanship and material guaranteed. Prices lower than the same quality of work can be bought at in this or any other city. Orders solicited. Letters of inquiry promptly answered. Repairing promptlv and reasonablv done. W. C. SMITH. my-6m 308 Fifth Street, Richmond, Va. The subscriber has on hand of various descriptions, that he wishes to dispose of on very mode- rate terms, and is still manufacturing others, and solicits a call from all in want of any article in his line, and he guarantees good work- manship, and first-rate material. A. B. LIPSCOMB, my 116 Cary Street, between Adams and Jefferson. BALTIMORE STEEL HOE WORKS. Manufacturers of the "L0CKW00D HOE." BLADE ALL STEEL. Every Hoe Irate! This superior Hoe can be had of any first-class dealer. LIGHT,, CHEAP, EFFECTIVE. The Clebeated Lockwood Hoe, Steel Blade, Maleable Iron Eye The Best Hoe in Use. For sale Wholesale and Retail by WATT &, CALL, No. 1452 Franklin Street, RICHMOND. VA ONE THOUSAND transplanted Arbor Vita? 4 to 8 inches M^'high, delivered free to any part of the United States for only I^Fiftee^ Dollars. £g|| 500 ARBOR YITM (transplanted) 4 to 8 inches high, free " j|£:o :11IV Part of the United States for only Tex Dollars. lo ARBOR VITJG and 10 WEEPING SPRUCE, nice 10-inch p'ants, delivered free to any part of the United States for only One Dollar. EVERGREENS — how, when, and where to plant — mailed free for stamp. Remit money by draft, registered letter, or money order on Portlar.d Address, WM. MORTON & SON, ap — tf Allen's Corner, "Cumberland Co.',' Maine Steanj Engines aijd otljer Jjjacljinery For Sale, In addition to a full line of New Engines, Saw Mills, and other Machinery of our own improved build, which we, keep constantly on hand or build to order, we have now For Sal? the following tiecond-Hand Machinery . all in perfect order, which we will sell at very low figures, viz: Double-Hoisting Engines, Up-horse power, with drums and other hoisting gear, compl 4-horse Stationary Engines, good as new; Flue-Boiler 2(j feet long, 42 inches diameter, with 2 flues, 14 inches diame;er, iron front and ot'ier fittings complete; 150-horse Bower Stationary Engine; Tubular Boilers, 50-horse power each ; 30-horse power Sta- tionary Engines ; 8-horse Portable Engine, as good as new ; of our own make ; 16-horse Stationer? Engine with n -\\ vertical boiler ; several steam Pumps and Pan Blowers of various sizes ; Pngiues for threshing, grinding and ginning, mounted on wheels or not, as may be preferred by the dut chaser ; Repair WorR Solicited. WM E. TANNER & CO., mar— Rt Metropolitan Works, Richmond Va EST-AJBLISHEID 1839. TO FARMERS.PLANTERS and GARDENERS o MANUFACTURED AND FOR SALE BY JOHU BULLOCK & SOU, Factory: Washington Road. Baltimore, Md. Store: No. 61 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. P. 0. Box 636. For more than thirty years we have been engaged in the manufacture of M Pure Ground Bone , our crude stock being gathered daily from the butchers here, with whom we have yearly contracts. We have com- pleted our new factory, and with the addition of the latest and most ap- proved machinery, will be able to fill all orders sent to us at short notice and guarantee at all times to the purchaser a first-class article at~the lowest market price. Respectfully JOHN BULLOCK & SON. se — ly THE OEY RELIABLE SOURCE OF RICH POTASH SALTS. Fot Cotton, Tokcco, Com, Wheat, Suo.ar-fc.no, Potatoes, Fruits an c) (cm ass. w^hSSMKS^ LeopoldshaH Kainit," (Potash Salts) as as Sole Agent and Importer ' Lxeimaa-r' and ™P<>rted into the United States by myself The Richest, only Reliable and most Extensive Deposit of Natural "Kainit " known to the world. and upS PrePal'ed t0 *" °rderS f°r the Farmers a°* Pinters direct, in quantities of one ton «?6SW5S!*£lSSS2aa *SdSS baeU P™«8e? ml, £f- n5me,!rf Kainit (thus leading them to be- commonWuse calcined a,tf the attention of ill J*2$ ^3* laot "jevwere only getting a lowing ' aclentlon ot all agriculturists is respectfully solicited to the fol- c^^^r^a®n! manutactuaed ^nM^^yes^Xn^nv^y?^^ im tatlon thereof, the vendors of above or a glaringly ^mX name in th^f^Tfn^T^1 n0t to offer their compounds under the grades and "almost VorfihK^ far as laSt.^Li5"^, are-n ac- knowledged Standard cf the market, by pop- ular verdict, the best pump for the least . Attention is invited to ■gg-Klatchley's Improved Bracket, the IHhHD ProP Check Valve, which can be with- HlP drawn without disturbing the joints, and the copper chamber which never cks, scales or rusts and will last a -a''':'j h/e time. For Sale bv Dealers and gjgU the trade generally. In order to be k„„ r , s"rethat you get Blatchlev's Pump, be careful and see that it has my trade mark as above. If you do not know where to buy de- scriptive circular, together with the name and address of the agent nearest you, will be prompt- ly furnished by addressing with stamp, V (MAS. G. BLATCBLEY, Manufacturer mar O06 Commerce St., Philadelphia, Pa. TO FARMERS, Bowery & fljercer's Super Phosphate REDUCED TO «40 for single ton ; $38 for five tons and over; »3o for ten tons and over . • ' «3r» Warranted Equal to any Manufactured. Send for pamphlet of testimonials, BOWEN & MERCER, mar— ly S. Gay Street, Baltimore.) |1L Will not make a UoK'8 5LJ-0' Hardware Dealers sell them. - --Kmger, tl; Tin KicgE (100). ^^aLgpe; Copnered Einps, 60e; • «l/\Mur- ^©i^^loaes, S1.25 ; by mail, poat- dccaturju paid. Circulars free. WALNUT GROVE FARM. THOROUGHBRED and GRaDE JERSEY CATTLE. BERKSHIRE and ESSEX SWINE BRONZE TURKEYS and BRAHMA FOWLS, I took 1st. premium on Thoroughbreds, (Male and Female,) and 1st premium on Grade Jerseys, also, 1st on Bronze Turkeys at Va. State Agicul- tural Society, 1874. Prices moderate— Satisfaction Guaranteed. Address, G. JULIAN PRATT, mar — ly Waynesboro, Augusta co., Va. For spring of ISTo will be readv in February with a colored plate; Free to all my customers. to others price 25 ets. ; a plain copy to all appli- cants tree. Washington City D C apl " \ BAUGH'S STANDARD 3IANURES. BAUGH & SONS, High Grade Manure for Tobacco Sf Grain BAUGff S RAW.BONErpADE MARK SUPER-PHOSPHATE of LIME. The old established ***f®fjfE8j$W% article sold under a guaranteed analysis. Also, Pure Of "vH Ground Bones, Pure Bone Meab and a full line of chem-. f\ ^^Sf icals for making super-phos BAUGH & SONS, ap — 6t No. 103 South Street, Baltimore, Md. MassilloiiHamster Buy the Best. TWO men bind Tell Acres dailv. Binders cn:i SIT Br STAND. A 1- dr KI>\VI> B.VYI.I-S. Munition, O. Ttioronfflred Stock for Sale. I am breeding Thoroughbred Devon Cattle. Poland China, and Essex Hogs. South Down Sheep. &c. Also Light Brahma Fowls, and have for sale seve- ral pairs of White and Black Guineas. Persons ordering from me can rely on getting as good stock as any in this country. My herd of Devons are of the most improved strains. They took 7 first premiums at our last Virginia State Fair. For further particulars, F. W. CHILES. feb— 6m Louisa C. H.. Va. CAXCM ! CAXCER ! ! Attention is called to the great suc- cess which has been achieved in the per- manent cure of this loathsome disease, bv the use of "Benipfl's Enreta Cancer Salve. Hitherto it lias baffled the best medical skill. and the poor unfortunates with this leprosy. clinging to their bodies and eating out their vitals, are left to drag out a miserable existence. Testimonials of the most convincing character are accumulating daily, and many" heretofore incredulous, are now entirely satisfied as to its inestimable value. F. II. ROBERTSON & SON. Index-Appeal Office, Petersburg. Va., are the General Agents, to whom all letters for information, and orders for Salve should be addressed. March tf Farmers Protect your SHEEP At night from dogs, by putting them in in a fold of sheep nets. For particulars I address. WM. ADAMSON, Gainesville. Prince William Co.. mar— tf Virginia, March Wenster's Uuatiriupfl Dictionary. •• Thk Best Practical English Dic- tionary extant. — London Quarterly Iter inc. October, 1ST3. A NEW FEATURE. «To the 3.00ii Illustrations heretofore in : s Unabridged we jave recently added four pages of COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS, Engraved and Printed expressly for the work, at large expense, viz- ARMS <»F THE STATES anp TERRITORIES. ARMS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. FLAGS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. UNITED STATES NAVAL FLAGS, 4c Thus adding another to the many useful and attractive features of Webster's Unabridged. «**The Authority of Everybody. PROOF— 20 TO 1. The sales of Webster's Dictionaries throughout the country iu 1ST::, were 'Jo times as large as the sales of any other Dictionaries In proof ol' this we will send to any person, on application, the statements of more than 100 Booksellers, from every section of the country. Published bv ti. A- <'. MEKRI.VM. Springfield, Mass. mar Rabbits for Sale English Rabbits, 82 per pair Lop-eared Rabbits, 5 " boxed anil delivered at Express of- fice. Address Master G. W.PAYNE, Black Heath P. O.. my CheStertield county, Va. THE YALLEY CHIEF H- 3111 REAPER AND MOWER The only Machine made in the South, and every Ma- chine warranted. GRAND SILVER MEDAL AT AT CULPBPBR C. H., VA., 1874. We ask a comparison of workmanship and price of the home production. IT CANNOT BE EXCELLED. All inquiries cheerfully answered. Catalogues furnished on application. CH/*S, T. PALMER, 1526 Main Street, Richmond, Va. Pleasantly located on Twelfth Street, facing Bank Street and the Capi- tol Square. In the centre of the business portion of the city, within one square of the Post Office and Custom House, it is, by its retired location opposite the southeast corner of the beautiful park surrounding the Capitol of Virginia, the most quiet hotel in Richmond. The proprietor having had a life long experience in hotel business — first at the Everett House, Xew York, and afterwards as proprietor of the Spotswood Hotel, Richmond, in its best days — and now assisted by Mr. JOHX P. BALLARD, the popular veteran hotel-keeper of Vir- ginia, assures visitors of the ST. JAMES that no effort on his part will be spared to make them comfortable and to keep the house in first-class style. Coaches will attend the arrival of all trains. Elegant carriages are at all times at the service of the traveling public. june T. W. HOENNIGER, Proprietor. BERKSHIRE PSSS FOE BALE. Another lot of PIGS from imported sows "Rosedale," "Car- lotta," and "Hillhurst Rose 2d." ALSO. SHORTHORN BULLS. COWS & CALVES A. M. BOWMAN, je — 2t Bellevue, near Waynesboro', T a. R. SmCLiAXR <£ CO., MANUFACTURERS OF fflUML IMPLEMENTS 5 lUDEHT. ALSO, GROWERS AND IMPORTERS OF '' GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS, Dealers in FRUIT TREES and PLANTS W ould call the special attention of our friends and customers to the following first-class Machinery and Implements, which we guarantee to be equal to any arti- cle of the kind made in this country, being all of our own manufacture. We name in part, such machines as are required bv the Farmer and Planter for the Winter and Spring seasons, viz: SINCLAIR'S PATENT MASTI- CATOR, of which we make four sizes, viz: Hand. Steam and Horse Power. Sinclair's Patent Screw Propeller, Hay, Straw and Fodder Cutters, of which we make four sizes, viz . Light Hand Power, Hand Power, general sizes. and Horse Power three sizes. All of the above-named Cutters are our own Patents and Manufacture, and are such as we can recommend. Reading's Patent Hoi'se-Power Corn Sheller, with Fan Attachment. " " " Sheller, plain. Double Spout Hand or Power Sheller Single Spout Shellers — v\\ kinds. Corn and Cob Mills, Grist Mills, for Farm and Plantation use. WHEAT AND CORN FANNING MILLS. " Anderson's " Agricultural Steamer, for preparing feed for Stock. The best in use. Threshers and Separators— different kinds and sizes. Horse Powers, all sizes and patterns. Ox-Yokes and Bows, Horse Power Road Scrapers, Hay and Straw Pressos. Pldws, differ|nt kinds and Sizes, Harrows, Cultivators, and all kinds of Farming and Horticultural Tools. Add *■* R. SINCLAIR & CO. , 62 Light Street, Baltimore,, Mi. TEE BEST CULTIVATING IMPLEMENT IN THE WORLD. m lug MALTA DOUBLE SHOVEL PLOW. PRICE LIST FOR 1875. Double Shovel Plow .$8 00 | Single Shovel Plow $6 00 EXTRAS. Mould Board Plow §1 50 Cultivating Shovel 1 25 Bull-tongue Shovel $1 00 Clod Fender 1 00 We have exclusive control in this market of the above celebrated plows. H. M. SMITH &, CO. r SMITH'S IMPROVED §£ II ifi FACTORY PRICE—TWENTY DOLLARS, Invented, Patented, and sold by H. M. SMITH & CO., Manfs. NOTICE TO PATRONS. We control in this Market. THE CHAMPION REAPERS AND MOWERS, THE BEST IN THE WORLD. E STUBEBMBR FARM Wftfi Celebrated for lighntness of Draft, Strength, Capacity and Durability. THE GEISER THRESHER, CLEAXER A.\D BAGGER. The fastest Thresher, the cleanest Cleaner, and the best made'Machine in use. t&- CATALOGUES FOR 1875 NOW READY. feb-tf 15S2 Main Street, Richmond, Va. FlRTIliIZEBi. Soluble Sea Island Guano, "' OF UNDOUBTED EXCELLENCE FOR COTTON AND TOBACCO. Amiuoniated Alkaline Phosphate, The Granger's Manure, we refer to t> Boiie and Meal Fertilizer. This article is combined with Potash, and contains all the elei necessary for the'growth of plant, and maturity of fruit. Lone Star Brand of Flour of Bone, From our Extensive Factory at Fulton, Texas. Ammoiiiaeal Matter, Of uniform quality, prepared from the flesh of cattle, at our Texas Factory. Dissolved Bone. Bone Phosphate dissolved in Sulphuric Acid, containing 13 per cent, of Soluble Phosphoric Acid. Potash Salts Of our own importation. Sulphuric Acid, And all necessary articles to make a good Fertilizer. For Sale at I Water Streets, - - BALTIMORE, AND - PETERSBURG. VA. R. W. L. RAISIN & CO. Subscription REDUCED to $1.50 Per Annum in Advance. TO CH'BS OF FIVE OR MORE OXE DOiLAR EACH. E S T A. BL I S K E ID I 3ST 1 8 4 O THE SOTITHB^Isr DEVOTED TO Apiltire, Horticnltnre, ai Bnral Affairs. L. R. DICKINSON Proprietor RICHMOND, VA„ JULY. 1875. HO. 7. CONTENTS. Sheep Husbandry and the Renova- tion of the Soil, Priming Tobacco : A few Words on the Labor Question Why Sam Simpson Sold Out, The Loneliness of Farming Life in tica. The Element of Pluck, Sheep on a Poor Farm, How to Escape Tobacco Worms, "What, is High Farming ; Plaster a Tobacco Fertilizer, Fertilizers — The Credit System and High Pi- Communication from Col. Knight, • in the Use of Green Crops for Manure. Curing Yellow Tobacco, Cutting, Scaffolding, Housing, Cur- ing and Preparing Shipping and acco for Market, Tuckahoe Farmers' Club, Confidence Needed ; Letter from Fluvanna. What 1 Know of Long Wools, Mellow tSoil Around 1 i Manure from a Ton of Hay, 339 341 344 340 348 350 351 352 353 857 367 Women, Agriculture and the Grange, 368 The Last State Fair and the Nes Lucerne. 370 Our Wheat Trade, 371 Black Hawk : Walking v. Trotting Hors 373 Cattle for Fattening; Butter Pro- duct of a Short horn Heifer. 374 Cure for Kicking Cows': South- down Sheep, 375 When to Buy Sheep ; Raising Hogs, 376 Dog Tax ; The Dog Warfare, A Hint to Farmers: Work as a Remedy ; Remedy for Cabbage Worms, Bees for Farm. Study to Save Steps; Make the Farm Self-Sustaining ; 'Contin- ued Supply of Guano, The Patrons" Object ; Catholics can Join the Order. Happy Husbands; Madame Jerome Bonaparte. Pruning the Raspberry, How to make Good Apple Dump- lings; Chen- Editorial — Notes for the Mouth 378 379 3"80 381 38i' 383 884 380 GRAND SQUAEE. # UPRIGHT PIANOS Have received upwards of FIFTY FIRST PREMIUMS, and are among the best now made. Every instrument fully warranted for five years. Prices as low as the exclusive use of the very best material and the most thorough workmanship will permit. The Principal Pianists and composers and the piano-purchasing public, of the South especially, unite in the unanimous verdict of the superiority of the STIEFF PIANIO. The DURABILITY of our instruments is fullv estab- lished by over SIXTY SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES iu the South, using over 300 of our Pianos. Sole Wholesale Agents for several of the principal manufacturers of Cabinet and Parlor Organs : prices from $50 to §000. A liberal discount to Clergymen and Sabbath Schools. A large assortment of second hand Pianos, at prices ranging from $75 to $300, always on hand. - Send for Illustrated Catalogue, containing the names of over 2.000 Southern- ers who have bought and are using the Stieff Piano. CHAS. M. STIEFF. WaFerooms. No. 9, North Liberty Street. BALTIMORE, MD. Factories. S4 & c0 Camden street, and 45 and 47 Perry St. ap — tf ii EUREKA ?? Ammoniatefl Superpliosphate of Lime, MANUFACTURED BY' The Atlantic and Virginia Fertilizing Company, Near 0BIENT, L. I,, Always proves to be the best fertilizer when accurately test-. :he applica- equal values, by the side of any other, whether on tobacco, vchtai, corn, cotton, grass or < See the report of Mr. A. M. Bowman, President of the Baldwin Augu- ricultural Society, to the V .:e Agriculture. published in this number of the Pfanfr wr, and note the fact that the " Eureka " is not only much the best of the six fertilizers he tried, but that it was also the cheapest; and bear in mind that at the time he- tried it he did not even know who was manu- factuiing it: and followed his example in ascertaining what is the best and also in letting the farmer know which is the best. The value of accurate experiments, and the purchase from reliable manufacturers, cannot be overestimated. WM. G. CRENSHAW. Pres. FRANK G. BOFFIN :e of Va. If there is no agent for the sale of '• Eureka" in your immediate neighbor- hood, write to any of the followii.g General Agents: W. N. RUFFIN. Rich- mond. Va.; JNO. ABBINGTON 3, Petersburg. Ya.: HOOE ft JOHN- STON. Alexandria, Va.; JOSHUA WALKER, Baltimore. Md- WILLIAMS A MURCHISuN. Wilmington. N. C: W. C. COURTNEY ft CO., Charted C; J. W. LATHKOP ^ CO.. Savanna] . 8®" Send for Circular. THE SOUTHERN PLANTEE & FARMER, DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xf.nophos. Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State. — Sully. Proprietor New Series. RICHMOND, VA.f JULY, 1875. No. 7 SHEEP HUSBANDRY AND THE RENOVATION OF THE SOIL. A correspondent of our late cotemporary, the Southern Farm and Home, after declaring that, in his opinion, no land is worth cultiva- ting, or will pay expenses and yield a revenue, which is not fertile enough to produce ten bushels of corn, eight bushels of wheat, or between 300 and 400 pounds of seed cotton per acre, because in the present condition of agriculture, and with the present system of labor, it is wiser to throw out all such land, if we cannot do anything else with it, than try to raise corn and cotton, proceed to show how lands of that kind may in a few years be restored to a high state of fertility, and produce in the meantime a good interest on the capital invested, by converting them into sheep-walks. The way to do this he details as follows : Let us suppose a plantation of 1,000 acres, well fenced and supplied with every thing needed except the sheep. I would divide it into three parts, two of which should be set apart for grazing, and the third, including woods, house lots, etc., should have from 10 to 150, of arable land for cultivation and renovation. In February and the early part of March, having previously repaired and built all the requisite fences, I would prepare well from forty to fifty acres, half of which I would sow in oats in the end of February, and plant the rest in corn in March. Having done this, I would then sow eight or ten acres more in oats, on which I would fold my sheep at night during the summer and fall, in pens enclosing about half an acre. The sheep should be bought in April or May ; oOO will do to begin with, increasing until the number is 1,000. The folding the sheep is the source of improvement and profit, and should therefore be looked after with the utmost care. They should never be put in pens until after sundown and turned out before sun- rise, and if cattle are penned with them, they will not suffer from disease, and will be protected from dogs. 340 THE SOUTHERN [July The first half acre folded will be sufficiently manured in ten days, and then the pen should be removed, and the manured ground thor- oughly ploughed, and sowed in oats and ruta baga turnips ; and the same process should be followed with each successive pen until the beginning of August, care being taken to plough under all that part of the land set apart for folding on which the oats have ripened, be- fore the folds have reached them. In the beginning of August the sheep ought to be divided into two flocks, one consisting of the breeding ewes and stock weathers, and the other of the lambs and such old ewes and wethers as may be intended to prepare for market. The folds may now be brought back to the ground first penned and sown in oats and turnips, now covered with fine growth of both for the second folding. In this second folding there should be two pens for the two flocks, the lambs and fattening sheep being allowed to occupy each pen three or four days before the stock sheep, and allowing the latter to remain for four or five days before removal. The land folded before the middle of September, may be ploughed and sown in turnips for use of sheep in winter and spring, and the subsequent pens can be sown in rye and wheat or any other quick- growing crop for spring grazing. When winter comes, the fat sheep should be disposed of as soon as possible, the breeding ewes put in one field to themselves, and the rest of the flock in the other. They should be brought up at night and put in separate lots, provided with good sheds for shelter, and fed night and morning on hay or fodder and turnips. When the ewes begin to drop their lambs, in March, they should be separated from the rest of the flock, fed twice a day on chopped sheaf oats and allowed to run on land prepared for them the previous fall. The work of each succeeding year, differs only from that of the first, in that instead of breaking new ground for oats, they shall be sown in the twenty or twenty-five acres of corn land and the ten acres of manured land of the previous year, and these ten acres of the manured land should at the same time be seeded heavily in nlover and grass. Thus ten acres of clover and grass land would be added each year to the resources of the farm. When the 100 or 150 acres first set aside for cultivation have been by this process converted into clover and grass pastures, fifty acres may be taken in from each of the pasture fields first set aside, and the same system pursued until they are redeemed. Thus in a few years the whole farm will be raised to a very high state of fertility, and the increase and sales of the sheep will yield a good revenue, with very small expenses for labor. An experienced shepherd and a couple of smart boys are all the labor permanently required. In shearing time and harvest, extra labor would be necessary for a few days. I have no doubt that by the adoption of a system such as I have indicated above, or one substantially like it, our poor red hills may be reclaimed, the comfort and prosperity of the people promoted, and the value of the real property of the State immensely increased. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 341 PRIMING TOBACCO. The relative advantages of priming and of not primintr tobacco can only be tested by trial and experience. Many years a^o I made tobacco without priming, and succeeded very well, but the prac- tice was ridiculed by my neighbors and I abandoned it, in part, by priming the earlier part of the crop, and not priming the later plants. When you prime you have the advantage of making a coarser richer, heavier leaf for stemming or shipping, if the soil is suitable for such tobacco, and red or stiff lands of good fertilitv answer best for that kind of tobacco. But if you have light gray Or sandy land it is best adapted to making manufacturing tobacco. Now I contend (and my experience proves it) that by not priming, and topping to eight, ten or twelves leaves above the place on the stalk of ordinary priming, you make more .tobacco and of a finer qualitv, and more disposed to cure, of a bright color. There will be verv few and stunted suckers, principally at the three top leaves — so there is an actual saving of labor in suckering and worming. When tobacco is large enough to top, the priming leaves have attained their fall size, and draw but little from the plant afterwards, besides you save the drawing of luxuriant suckers which grow on the primed tobacco and exhaust what ought to go in the leaves. The unprimed is much cleaner of dirt and sand, is not near as liable to break from rains or storms, is finer and brighter, and sells for a better price. Livino- in a section where little, if any, shipping or stemming tobacco i° made, I am not priming any now, and will "show my faith by my works." W. A. "'Gillespie. A PEW WORDS ON THE LABOR QUESTION. " Farming don't pay," has been a cant throughout the South since Lincoln's emancipation proclamation, and almost as universal has been the accusation, " our labor is too unreliable," meaning of course negro labor. Both observation and experience teach me that "white labor" is as unreliable, and perhaps more so than "negro labor" on the farm. To labor systematically six days in the week is no luxury, or the curse would not have been imposed on Adam to earn his bread by the sweat of his -brow ; and the farm employee that does not require watching, stimulating, encouraging, and the force of example, is a treasure too valuable to be utilized simply as a farm hand. And yet most Southern farmers, who ought to know the negro's charac- ter well enough to control him as a farm laborer, are clamorous for better labor; for the introduction of foreigners to cultivate our crops, a sprig which they have never seen in their lives, believing that-white laborers, less treacherous and more reliable than negroes will renovate matters in a trice, and make the South blossom as the rose under their improved labor. Never, in my judgment, was a graver mistake entertained. Turn for a single season the tide of immigration from the Northern to 342 THE SOUTHERN [July Southern ports, and before a crop could be harvested, we would be afflicted by worse than a Persian famine. A myriad of consumers thrown upon the South would be worse than the grasshopper plague of the Northwest. The South has an abundance of material out of which to make laborers, and needs only the introduction of the power to fashion, shape, and control that material. I have often asserted, the negro is the best farm laborer this generation of farmers will ever see, and it is wrong for us to attempt to introduce a competitive class who know nothing of our crops, our natures or our language. But what are we to do, asks every one ? We can't control the negro; he is naturally lazy, treacherous and faithless, and depend- ence upon him is worse than idle. I am not the champion of the negro, for in this State, I think, I am regarded by them as their enemy ; but I have so far succeeded in utilizing their labor as to in- duce the belief they suit me better than any white men could. Before publishing my plan of management, let me ask, do not Southern farmers expect too much of the negro ? We say. he won't work unless he is watched and made to work. Have we ever learned that laborers act differently anywhere on earth ? I have frequently heard the remark, "Northern men get more work done with fewer hands, than we at the South, with more hands." Is there not a reason for this ? The Northern farmer says, come, let us 20 do so and so. The Southern farmer says, go boys, and do so and so. Leading and driving are too different occupations, and the farmer that leads the negro gets more work out of him for less money than can be got from any other employee. Consequently those men who from childhood have been inured to work, who can hold the plough, or throw the grain cradle, are annually pocketing more net money from their investments in Southern farms than any other class of agricultural laborers in this or any other country. Can the same be said of large land-owners, who, because they cannot have work done as of yore, or because they cannot control affairs around and about them just as thev wish, are continually abusing the negro, and asserting that farming at the South don't pay ? Not at all. Such men deserve our sympathy, for to my mind (to use a vulgarism), the unreconstructed Southern farmer is of all men most miserable. He hankers after the flesh pots to no purpose. What more common than to hear, that in the North lands are worth twenty-five to one hundred dollars per acre, and that farming pays better there than at the South ? The whole thing is a delu- sion. Lands at the North are high priced because they are in de- mand, and they are in demand because there is a population able to buy. Bring into the South a population of moneyed men able and willing to buy, and let Southern farmers put a phase upon their farms that makes them desirable, and Southern lands will become high priced too, because purchasers will be found who are willing to buy. Let each reader ask himself the question, how many farms do I know that would appear attractive to a purchaser ? A mono- syllable will answer the question in a majority of instances. No, the 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 343 high priced lands of the North are no evidence of agricultural thrift. Those farmers live very well it is true, but they work much harder, and are more troubled with unreliable labor than we of the South. I have heard Northern farmers say, time and again, that during their busiest season, they have to-day had all the '"help" they wanted, and to-morrow it was gone. In the Northwest labor sets its own price and receives it every night and the teeming hordes of laborers that are constantly migrating westward through the Northwestern States, are less reliable than the weather itself; for fervently believ- ing, that just a little further westward is that Eldorado for which they have long sought, and the accounts of which brought them to this 4iland of the free," they sojourn and labor here to-day to ''raise the wind" to take them yonder to-morrow. Had Ave to deal with such a people our crops would seldom be planted, much less culti- vated and harvested. Far better to depend upon the laborer we have, whose local attachment at least fixes him almost invariably for one year. But the Northern farmer makes more money than we do, say those who know nothing about it ; but it is alia mistake. They make less and handle less money than we do, and if they lived the lives we do, they would be far more poverty stricken. The Northern farm that will sell for one hundred dollars per acre, "will produce, perhaps, an average of thirty bushels of wheat or its mar- ketable equivalent in grass, worth probably thirty dollars. Out of this must come ten dollars for interest on investment, half as much more for taxes and labor, and when the subsistence of the family is deducted, there is precious little left. True, employees are less nu- merous constantly, but day labor is doubtless valuable, and all Northern farms require double the amount of plough stock we do at the South, and everywhere the annual expense of a horse is almost equal to that of an average hand. The net income from a first-class Northern farm is not five per cent., and I consider a similar Southern farm as a failure that does not double that income. I have repeatedly seen farms in South Carolina of from one to five hundred acres, sell from five to twenty- five hundred dollars, and no sooner had they changed hands than they were leased to negro farmers for twenty-five per cent, on the in- vestment. And just here is where we of the South have a great advantage over Northern farmer, if we could only so accommodate ourselves to the times as to utilize our advantage. Lands are cheap and labor is abundant, and we must learn to control it. Concessions must be made, and if properly made, will invariably redound to our profit. If, as owners of the soil, possessors of what little capital there is in the South, and with a superior intelligence, we do not con- trol the labor of our land, the fault lies at our own doors. We have no system, no concert of action. To the contrary, we are constantly pulling against each other. We are the employers, but every farmer has his own notion of things, and cares nothing for his neighbor's plans. If I hire hands for wages, one of them may at any time 344 THE SOUTHERN [July conclude to leave. If so. he only goes across my line fence and my _• ibor hires him. If I give my employees a portion of the crop, iy savs they will steal more than their share. You may as well kill a dog as to give him a bad name. So. a? a practical farmer, I have never adopted this policy, nor did I hire for wages longer than I found I had to become a day laborer myself to enable me to con- trol the labor to suit me. Hence, since 1869 I have simply tenanted my lands and ha- -ee a reason for not doing so. lot the land, the laborers furnishes everything else, and pays all e . If he is unable to carry on the farm alone. I assist him for the year, with the hope he will be able the next r. If he makes nothing, and I think he is to blame, I discharge him, have no difficulty in securing others. My rents are reasonable, and have never failed to be forthcoming, except in two instances, where two men contracted store accounts without my knowledge, and being threatened by the merchant with a law suit, they stole my cot- ton to pay the accounts. I blamed the merchants more than I did the nee - I have never had a hand, but in these two instances, to fail to make more than the rent and the expenses of his portion of the farm. Jnd no people ever had a fairer opportunity of becoming lordlv land owners, or of establishing a system of agricultural ten- antry, unsurpassed in the history of the world, than have the South- ern farmers a: this present time. Whether as a race we will ever see it, and practice it, is another thing. — D. Wyatt Aike^; in Union. WHY BAM. SIMPSON SOLD OUT. neighbor Sam. Simpson has sold out and is going West. There has been a plain, honest, industrious, economical German — Hans Leibenstein — hanging around Simpson for some time trying to pur- se his farm. At last Hans got it. Simpson thinks he sold it at a bargain. Doubtless Hans thinks he got it at a bargain. I had an 1 Sii son's the other night. I had not heard that he ha " farm ; but upon my entrance into the house, I saw by tbe look on the faces of the famiiy that some unusual excitement was animating them. "Well, Crumple, you're going to lose me for a neighbor," was 'a first w< rda after I had got settled in the splint-bottomed chair his daughter Sally handed me : and the whole Simpson family looked at me as if they expected I would jump out of that chair on ant of the news, with a suddenness and force only equalled by an don of nitro-glycerine under me, but I didn't. I simply ..:. -Tve sold." "Sold what?" "The farm." "Hans." That twas the whole story. I didn't need any further explanation ; but Simpson proceeded to say : "Yon see the old farm is completely run out. I can't make the ends meet tL :f years. I've got tired tumbling around 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 345 among the stones, and I'm going where there's some virgin soil that will produce something. So I struck up a trade with Hans. He has been after it, off and on, for a year or more. I wanted $40 per acre for the old place. He offered me $25. Finally, he offered me $80; and, after considering the subject, I told him I would take it if he would pay me cash down. Hadn't any idea he would do it; but he said if I would throw in the stock and farm implements he thought he could raise the money. I finally told him I would; and what do you think, sir ? . He hauled out of his greasy old pants pocket a $1,000 bill and handed it to me to bind the bargain, and said as soon as the papers were receipted he'd pay me the balance, which he has done to-day. I feel kind of sorry to part with the old place ; but the thing is done and there's an end on't! What d'ye think?" All this time my Crumple nature had been rising within me like an inspiration. Here was this man Simpson who inherited this farm — one of the fi est in the neighborhood — who had skinned it without scruple until it would scarcely raise white beans under his system of treatment. And he had got to leave, or mortgage the farm of his ancestors to live on. Then here was Hans, who came into the neighborhood with his frau five years before, with only his wife's strong and willing hands, economy and industry. They had rented a worn-out farm which they had finally purchased and paid for, and had saved $3,000, with which to pay for Simpson's 100 acres. So in answer to "What d'ye think?" I was ready to respond ; and did it in this wise : "What do I think? I'm glad you're going, neighbor Simpson ! I'm glad Hans has got the farm. He deserves it, you don't. He has got brains and industry; you havn't got either. Under your management the farm is a disgrace to the neighborhood ; Hans will make it a credit. Your farm lying next to mine depreciates the value of my land ten per cent.; the same land owned by Hans will add to the value of mine 20 per cent. I shall be the richer for your going and the poorer for your staying. I am glad you're going." You should have seen Simpson's and his family's faces. They grew cloudy and long. Indeed, I believe they began to scowl at me. Simpson said : "You're pretty rough on an old neighbor, Crumple, now that he is going. I thought you and I had always been friends. I've tried to be a good and accommodating neighbor. You've been a good one to me, and I'm sorry to leave you; but if you're glad I'm going, I'm not sorry either." "Simpson," I said, "let us understand each other. As a neigh- bor, so far as neighborly intercourse is concerned, I've no fault to find, and am sorry you are going. In talking about you as a farmer, you are and always have been a poor one. No man with such a farm as yours ought to want to sell — at least there ought to be no neces- sity for selling. But you are not a farmer. You havn't got a single S46 THE SOUTHERN [July quality essential to make a good farmer. In the first place you de- test the business ; you don't take any pride or interest in it ; you don't care whether your land improves under cultivation or not; you want to get all off it you can without taking the trouble to pay anything back ; you skin it year after year, and cry out against the seasons : you denounce every man you deal with as a sharper or swindler, because you do not get the prices for your products other people do, and yet you no not seem to know that the reason is that your products are poor in quality, and put on the market in miserable shape ; your stock has been running down ever since your father died ; you havn't built a new fence and scarcely repaired an old one ; your manure has not been hauled out and judiciously used on the farm ; your pigs have bothered your neighbors more than they have benefited you ; your cattle have become breachy, and I have had to shut them up in my stables in order to keep them out of my grain ; you have distributed from your fence corners more weed seeds than any farmer I know of, and thus given your tidy neighbors more trouble than your favors to them would compensate. In short, it is time for you to move. You ought to have a virgin farm ! It will take you but a few years to strip it of its fertility ; then you'll have to move again, and keep moving. You belong to a verv large class of farm- ers who are a curse to any country. The fact is, you are not, never was, and never will be a farmer in the right sense of that word. You are only a guerilla. You live by robbery — robbery of the soil. And it is not right, neighbor Simpson. You had better seek some other vocation, now that you've got the cash to start with. You like horses : you know horses ; you can talk horses from daylight till dark ; you can't be fooled with horses ; you like to trade horses ; you had better go into some smart town and start a livery stable. You'll make money at it; you'll never make money farming ; you'll grow poorer and poorer the longer you attempt it." Just then Sally Simpson clapped her hands and said : "That's so, father! Havn't I told you so ? Mother and I have often talked it over, Mr. Crumple, and you are just as right as can be ; and father knows it too if he would only say so. I know you too well (and you've done us too many kindnesses for us to ever to forget them), to believe that you have talked to father in the way you have out of any unkind feeling. It is true, every word of it, father, and you ought to thank neighbor Crumple for talking just as he thinks ; I do; and I don't think the less of him either." — Neiv York Tribune. THE LONELINESS OF FARMING LIFE IN AMERICA. An American traveller in the Old World notices, among the mul- titude of things that are new to his eye, the gathering of agricultural population into villages. He had been accustomed in his own coun- try to see them distributed upon the farms they cultivate. The iso- lated farm-life, so universal here, either does not exist at all in the greater part of continental Europe, or it exists as a comparatively 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 347 modern institution. The old populations, of all callings and profes- sions, clustered together for self-defence, and built walls around themselves. Out from these walls, for miles around, went the tillers of the soil in the morning, and back into the gates they thronged at night. Cottages were clustered around feudel castles, and grew into towns; and so5 Europe for many centuries was cultivated mainly by people who lived in villages and cities, many of which were walled, and all of which possessed appointments of defence. The early set- tlers in our country took the same means to defend themselves from the treacherous Indians. The towns of Hadley, Hatfield, Northfield and Deerfield, on the Connecticut River, are notable examples of this kind of building ; and to this day they remain villages of agri- culturists. That this is the way in which farmers ought to live, we have no question, and we wish to say a few words about it. There is some reason for the general disposition of American men and women to shun agricultural pursuits which the observers and philosophers have been slow to find. We see young men pushing everywhere into trade, into mechanical pursuits, into the learned professions, into insignificant clerkships, into salaried positions of every sort that will take them into towns and support and hold them there. We find it impossible to drive poor people from the cities with the threat of starvation, or to coax them with the promise of better pay and cheaper fare. There they stay, and starve, and sicken, and sink. Young women resort to the shops and factories rather than take service in farmer's houses, where they are received as members of the family ; and when they marry, they seek an alliance, when practicable, with mechanics and tradesmen who live in villages and large towns. The daughters of the farmer fly the farm at the first opportunity. The towns grow larger all the time, and in New Eng- land ac least, the farms are becoming wider and longer, and the farming population are diminished in numbers, and, in some locali- ties, degraded in quality and character. It all comes to this, that isolated life has very little significance to a social being. The social life of the village and the city has intense fascination to the lonely dwellers on the farm or to a great multitude of them. Especially is this the case with the young. The youth of both sexes who have seen nothing of the world have an overwhelm- ing desire to meet life and to be among the multitude. They feel their life to be narrow in its opportunities and its rewards, and the pulsations of the great social heart that comes to them in the rushing trains, and passing steamers, and daily newspapers, damp with the news of a hundred brows, thrill them with longings for the places where the rhythmic throb is felt and heard. They are not to be blamed for this. It is the most natural thing in the world. If all of life were labor— if the great object of life were the scraping to- gether of a few dollars, more or less — why, isolation without diver- sion would be economy and profit ; but so long as the object of life is life, and the best and purest and happiest that can come of it, all 348 THE SOUTHERN [July needless isolation is a crime against the soul, in that it is a surrender and sacrifice of noble opportunities. We are, therefore, not sorry to see farms growing larger, provided those who work them will get nearer together; and that is what they ought to do. Any farmer who plants himself and his family alone — far from possible neighbors — takes upon himself a terrible responsi- bility. It is impossible that he and his family should be well devel- oped and thoroughly happy there. He will be forsaken in his old age by the very children for whom he has made his great sacrifice. They will fly to the towns for the social food and stimulus for which they have starved. We never heard of a colony settling on a Western prairie without a thrill of pleasure. It is in colonies that all ought to settle, and in villages rather than on separate farms. The meet- ing, the lecture, the public amusement, the social assembly, should be things easily reached. There is no such damper upon free social life as distance. A long road is the surest bar to neighborly inter- course. If the social life of the farmer were richer, his life would by that measure be the more attractive. After all, there are farmers who will read this article with a sense of affront or injury, as if by doubting or disputing the sufficiency of their social opportunities we insult them with a sort of contempt. We assure them that they cannot afford to treat thoroughly sympa- thetic counsel in this way. We know that their wives and daughters and sons are on our side, quarrel with us as they may; and the wo- men and children are right. ''The old man," who rides to market and the post-office, and mingles more or less in business with the world, gets along tolerably well; but it is the stayers at home who suffer. Instead of growing wiser and better as they grow old, they lose all the graces of life in unmeaning drudgery, and instead of ripening in mind and heart, they simply dry up or decay. We are entirely satisfied that the great curse of farming life in America is its isolation. It is useless to say that men shun the farm because they are lazy. The American is not a lazy man anywhere; but he is social, and he will fly from a life that is not social to one that is. If we are to have a larger and better population devoted to agricul- ture, isolation must be shunned, and the whole policy of settlement hereafter must be controlled or greatly modified by social considera- tions.— Dr. J. G. Holland, in Serihner's Monthly. THE ELEMENT OF PLUCK. People in pecuniary misfortune, in estimating their liabilities and resources, seldom consider among the latter the element of pluck. The tendency with nearly all unfortunates is to magnify difficulties, and underrate or wholly forget their power to overcome them. A man in good health, with unsullied character, need fear no evil, nor be robbed of his happiness, no matter how adversely things may appear. If he is heavily in debt, and can satisfy the community 1875. PLANTER AND FARMER. 349 that he is straining every nerve and appropriating all his resources to discharge his obligations, there is no danger of his losing a well- earned reputation, and there is no reason why he should not be cheerful in his family and joyous in his own heart. The self- consciousness of integrity, coupled with the approving smiles of the Father above, should enable a man to face every foe and surmount every difficulty. If, instead of burdensome debt, he is overtaken by fire or flood, so that the accumulated comforts of years are swept away in an hour, he gains nothing by sitting down, folding his arms, and\veeping over his misfortune. "Up and at it," is a familiar but expressive phrase. Pluck is a lever that upheaves difficulties. Be- fore a resolute man the green withes of adversity snap like threads of tow. It is not enough that a man in trouble has physical force to execute, and mental clearness to plan, but behind both he needs the impelling power of pluck. The steam engine may be ever so perfect and bright, the engineer ever so competent, but both would be unavailable to draw the long line of cars if steam were lacking. Pluck is to a man what steam is to the railway train. A farmer, a short time ago, came to a well-known citizen for ad- vice. He was in low spirits ; matters had gone wrong with him through loans to friends, and speculations outside of his farming business, until his debts became exceedingly burdensome. Unaccus- tomed to such interruptions in his hitherto unwavering success, his spirits gave way. Brooding over his troubles, he became morose and gloomy; he had no cheerful words for family or friends; he al- lowed trifling causes to keep him from church, and instead of listen- ing to the encouragement of the Gospel, he moped on Sundays around his house and barns. Wherever he went he carried a " hang- dog look," and whatever he did was done feebly, as though strength and ambition were both gone. In this condition of things a friend advised him to open his mind to the citizen above mentioned, whose long familiarity with trials made him capable both of sympathy and counsel. The conversation soon developed the fact that the farmer owned a property worth thirty thousand dollars; that his entire in- debtedness did not exceed thirteen thousand dollars, and that his income exceeded his outgoes, including interest on his indebtedness, by one thousand dollars. "Why," said the citizen, "have you been disheartened over such a condition of affairs as this? What! a sur- plus of $17,000, and a net income of $1,000 per year to applyto your debts, which will grow less and less burdensome as successive payments are made. Why, my friend, thousands of poor fellows struggling Avith debts, without any surplus income, would be happy to step into your shoes and sing like a lark over their good fortune. There is but one thing that is the matter with you, my friend; you have simply lost pluck! Yes! one other — professing faith in a Divine Providence, you have also lost trust." So after many en- couraging words on the part of the citizen, he bid him good-bye with a strong grasp of the hand, and with the parting'words, "thank you, sir, I feel better." And so he did; his eyes were opened to realize 350 THE SOUTHERN [[July that, as in the case of thousands of others, his troubles were imagi- nary. How different the spirit of a furniture dealer of my acquaint- ance, whose entire property above ground was recently destroyed by fire in a single night. Three buildings, a stock of furniture, house- hold comforts, wardrobes, keepsakes, indeed everything, so that morning found the family dispersed in friendly dwellings with noth- ing saved but the garments in which they fled. . But see this man's pluck. In answering a friend's sympathizing letter, he writes : "Your kind letter of sympathy at our late mishap was duly received. I have so much to tell I hardly know where to begin. Well, thank Providence, we are all well, in excellent health and full of pluck. We have almost forgotten about it, and are tired of talking fire, and are on the go-ahead track only. In less than twenty-four hours Ave had a store rented, and commenced to get ready for a new start. Some folks could not understand how I could take it so coolly, and if our loss had not been so complete and total, I might have been suspected from my coolness of having a hand in it. I have been rusting for two years, my son ran the business, Avhile I did the playing. But now the rust is pretty well rubbed off, and I am about as bright as ten years ago." To any one in pecuniary dis- tress, let me suggest that the way out of difficulties is not by hang- doggedness, but pluck. — C. 0. JV., in American Agricultural. SHEEP ON A POOR FARM. Some farmers of our acquaintance feel an antipathy to sheep, for the reason that they "bite close." We consider this their chief re- commendation. They can only bite close where the pasture is shoit, and the pasture is short only on a poor farm. A poor farm will necessarily be encumbered with briers, weeds and brush, in the fence corners. Under such conditions, Ave would say to a farmer Avho has twenty dollars or upAvards in cash (or credit for it, and then let him borrow the amount if he has to pay one per cent a month for the use of it), invest it in as many eAves, not older than three years, as you can get for that money. Put them this summer in such a field as we have described, and give them, in addition to Avhat they can pick up, a pint of wheat bran and oat-meal daily, with free access to Avater and salt. They Avill first "go for" the briers and clean them out; every portion of that field Avill be trodden over and over again, and the Aveeds Avill have no chance. Fold them on that field during win- ter, and carry to them feed sufficient to keep them thriving. Get the use of a good buck in season — South-Down would be preferable — and in the Spring, if you have luck (that means if you give them proper attention and feed regularly), you will raise more lambs than you have ewes. The money will be more than doubled, and the wool and manure will pay for their feed and interest. In the Spring you may put that field in corn, with the certainty of getting fifty per cent increase of crop. — American Agriculturist. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMRR. 351 HOW TO ESCAPE TOBACCO WORMS, Every person who lives in a tobacco country knows how trouble- some to planters the horn-worm is, and what labor it requires to destroy these insects and so prevent them from riddling the tobacco leaves as they ripen on the hill. Some of our North Carolina neigh- bors, we learn, have of late adopted an easy method of protecting their tobacco crops against this worm. They simply use a solution of cobalt (or fly-stone), to be had at all drug stores, which destroys the tobacco fly that lays the egg that hatches the worm. The com- mon Jamestown weed, which vegetates everywhere, is allowed to grow in limited numbers in the tobacco grounds and in the fence corners, and the cobalt in a powdered state, mixed in a solution of honey-water, is dropped in the blossoms of the plant. As the tobac- co-flies feed freely from the flowers of this weed, they imbibe the poison, which kills them almost instantaneously. We are told that where the specific is used the dead flies may be seen laid out on the ground far and near. Of course, the fly being dead, the egg is not laid, and the worm is not hatched. — Tobacco Leaf. What is High Farming? — An American farmer of note, after visiting England and examining with the critical eye of a practical and experienced agriculturist the system pursued there, says : I am thoroughly confirmed .in my old faith that the only good farmer of our future is to be the "high farmer." There is a widely prevailing antipathy among the common farmers of our country against not only the practice of high farming, but against the use of the phrase by agricultural writers. This is all wrong and should at once be corrected. Through some misconception of the meaning of the phrase, and also of its application, they have come to believe it synonymous with theoretical " book farming," " new-fangled no- tions," boasted progress, followed by disappointment and final fail- ure. This is all an error. High farming simply means thorough cultivation, liberal manuring, bountiful crops, good stock, good feed, and paying profits therefrom. It is not strange that misconceptions have arisen in the minds of doubting farmers who have been eye- witnesses to some of the spread-eagle experiments of enthusiastic farmers, better supplied with money obtained in a business they know how to manage than with practical experience on the farm. Boun- tiful crops and paying profits of course are what all farmers who are depending upon the farm for an income are striving to obtain ; and every year as it passeth is re- confirming the opinion that the profits are small, and will grow "beautifully less" where high farming is not practiced. Plaster as a Tobacco Fertilizer. — We are assured by those who have tried it, that this fertilizer has a very fine effect on tobacco — increasing its weight and quality, but not its surface. It enables it to stand drouth much better. A tablespoonful should be put in the bud of the young plant sometime before topping. 852 THE SOUTHERN [July FERTILIZERS, THE CREDIT SYSTEM AJTO HIGH PRICE Professor Ville. in his admirable work on • observes very truthfully that all successful farming de] pon heavy manuring. The great fault with our Southern farmers is that they cultivate too much surface and too much poor land. They - :» much money in labor and not enough in manures. Our old fog • stantly going back upon the past, contending that in the olden times they made good crops without fertilizers, and that we - ild do so now. They ignore the fact that the most unaccountable changes have taken place, and that it is much more difficult to farm it success- fully now than it was fifty years ago. Take wheat for : If the same system were attempted now that prevailed then, most of oor lands would scarcely yield seed. But while these import I changes have taken place a kind Providence has not lef: edy to meet them. The concentrated or chemical manures have h providentially placed within our reach, and it is both our duty and interest to use them. These fertilizers have become ..nd there is but little successful farming without them. In: :an- tities of these fertilizers are now being used, 1 I ■:- of the extensive adulterations practiced in their manufacture and the high prices prevailing, thus far but little profit has been realized from their use. There is no denying the fact that the pri lesc fer- tilizers are much too high; but this evil is not du-r tot :or manufacturer alone. It is chargeable in a great (leg rm- ers themselves. Thev will buv on credit, and the c: :em necessitates immense cost and heavy losses in the shape of bad debts, which must be anticipated by a wide margin of profits. It may be safely estimated that a credit business involv,- lIoss of at least twenty-five per cent, upon the gross amount of gales. This immense loss, which falls mainly upon the farmer, might all be Bared by the general adoption of a cash system : r ash system is altogether impracticable, because the farmer can:. the cash. One of the most prominent frailties of our fallen natures is to be constantly magnifying prospective difficult:-^- 1 :btless a too sudden change from a credit to a cash system would cause con- siderable interruption in the general current of trade, and many would be unable to procure their usual supplies for a while, but the difficulties would be much less than are generally anticipated. A little pinching ne -.onally is ve:; ihooling the character and forcing us into habits of self-denial and economy. It has the further effect of sharpening the wits and stimulating the energies in a most wonderful manner. If credit were generally de- nied the farmer, a little pinching necessity would soon prompt him to raise the ways and means necessary, and the natural flow of trade would soon set in again. Co-operation is the great remedy for these evils, but the co-operative system is impractical . upon a ca»h basis. Co-operation not only brings down prices, but it breaks up 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 353 monopolies and unfair and unjust combinations of other interests. Many farmers who cannot raise the cash necessary for their guano purchase can make arrangements equal to cash. Let them arrange -with their commission merchants to accept their drafts on time. There is scarcely a respectable farmer in the country who cannot effect such an arrangement if he would make the proper efforts. Let the farmer pledge his crops, and let it be distinctly provided that when he draws upon his commission merchant on time he is to put his crops in the hands of the merchant in time to meet his draft at maturity, so that he will not be compelled to advance the money. But in carrying out this arrangement good faith and punctuality are indispensable on the part of the farmer. The acceptance of the commission merchant can be used as cash, for the moment it falls due it is paid. If the farmer is compelled to buy on time, it is much better that he should get his accommodations at the hands of his commission mer- chant than anybody else, because, in the first place, he makes his commissions for selling the farmer's crops, and when they are sold, he has the proceeds in his own hands with which to meet the farmer's drafts. This arrangement enables the farmer to get some benefit from our banking institutions, which is generally denied him. Credit, as conducted in the cities, is a good thing, but it is ruinous in the country, and it is particularly hazardous at this time, when so much demoralization exists amongst the masses, and the homestead and other exemptions cover three-fourths of the personal property of the State. — American Farmer. • [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] [We publish the following article of President Knight with pleas- ure, and fully concur with him in his views as to the necessity of publishing the Transactions of the Society and scattering them among our farmers for the benefit of both the Society and farmer. The Virginia State Agricultural Society of Virginia has been a power in the past, and under its present administration, its prospects are brighter than it has been since its organization.] Your kind offer to publish any communication I may send you in relation to the affairs of the State Agricultural Society induces me to trouble you with a brief article on the proposed publication of a Monti ily Journal of Transactions. It has always been the object of the Society to keep its work well before the people and never to hide its light under a bushel. Those who will trouble themselves to read its constitution and enquire how its means are spent will easily understand this purpose. The Society has large resources for val- uable information of practical worth to its members and others, which should be made available in some convenient and proper manner. It has therefore been proposed by the Executive Committee to issue 3-54 THE SOUTHERN [July a Monthly Journal, commencing not later than the first of the next year, of which a Prospectus has already been published and circu- lated throughout the State. Such of your readers as may not have seen this paper may be interested to know something in regard to the proposed publication. The first number will contain a brief his- tory of - ety and its operat'ons from its formation to the date of its : and afterwards the Journal will be devoted to the follow- ing Bobje 1. A full record of the proceedings of General Meetings of the Society and of the Execative Committee, together with all official reports require 1 by the constitution. 2. An official record of all premiums awarded at the last preced- ing Fair wniea will be continued though the twelve numbers when the prejiiuns of the next succeeding Fair will in like manner be reported. Tiiese reports will be: i by photo-engraved cuts of the premium anim aachinea and implements, thus in- creasing the interest of the readers and exhibitors. To carry out this idea, arrangements will be made to have, taken on the F Q -un h. photographs of the premium animals and articles, and as this work will be commenced for the first time at the next Fair (for which the services of a first-class artist will be secured) it is hoped exhibitors will bear the subject in mind. 3. All premium essays on subjects pertaining to practical agricul- ture, horticulture, mechanics, mini and all premium experi- ments on like subjects. 4. The best reported analysis of soils, crops, fertilizers, kc. 5. Statistics of crop3 and market reports. 6. Articles on the minerals of the State, their location, extent, kc. 7. Contributions and reports from the Associated District So- cieties of the State. 8. Communications and selectei articles on agriculture, horticul- ture, fruits, stock-breeding, mining, mechanic arts and domestic economy. It is thus seen that a jirst-elazs Journal, devoted to all the pro- ducing interests of the State, is contemplated: and the printed mat- ter will be so arranged that the Transaction* proper of the Society and of the Associate! L> istrict Society, can. at the close of each year, be bound into a sufficient number of volumes, under the ap- propriate title of " Annual Transactions " for exchange with similar ■:ies of other States, and distribution amongst the district socie- 3l ■■■:. and the State and other public libraries. Adver- tising sheets will be added for the benefit of those engaged in man- ufactures, merchandise, the production and sale of fertilizers and thoroughbred stock. It is probable that the terms announced in the Prospectus will, at next meeting of the Executive Committee, be reduced to the uniform price of one dollar per year, the object being to limit the subscription price to the actual cost of the publication. The superintendents of public schools in the counties have been 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 355 appointed agents of the Society, and it is hoped that not less than ten thousand names will be left with these agents before our next Fair, so that the paper may be issued under the most favorable aus- pices immediately thereafter. We shall, also, hope to have from these agents a large list of new life-memberships, and that the means of the Society, before the close of the present year, will be greatly increased for the practical and good work in which it is engaged. W. C, Knight, President Agricultural Society. ON THE USE OF GREEN CROPS FOR MANURE. Your correspondent from Cumberland 'Co., Va. (page 311, Sept. No., 1874), gives us a lengthy article entitled " Depression of the Agricultural Interest — Its Main Causes, and the Remedy." I do not wish to be understood as criticising, in the least, your corres- pondent's well-written article. But the grievances set forth can best be remedied by an improved system of farming. I will only touch on one point of the subject, which I think is very important, and it is one which I have learned by experience, and after a tour of several hundred miles through Eastern Virginia. I am confident that it can be made to work, and, if your readers will try it, I think they will find themselves in a more prosperous condition at the end of a few years. Mr. Holman puts his estimate at 5 bushels, or thereabout, as the yield per acre. Suppose, then, instead of sowing 50 acres in wheat, which produce, at 5 bushels per acre, 250 bushels, you sow only 25 acres. You then save 50 bushels of seed, which, I will say, was formerly thrown away, and is worth about §60. The cost of break- ing, harrowing and seeding 25 acres saved, say about $75, which gives you now about $125 saved. Take this amount, which will buy you about three tons of a good superphosphate, and drill this in with a good drill with your wheat. The ground should have been pre- viously thoroughly prepared, and, if the season be favorable, the yield should foot up thus : 25 acres, 300 bushels, (instead of 50 acres, 250 bushels.) You then, instead of having the following season 50 acres to cut over, have only 25 acres — a considerable saving both in capital and labor. We now have 50 more bushels of wheat from 25 acres than we formerly had from 50 acres, to say nothing of the plight the ground will be left in for a crop of that good old standby, clover — the good farmer's backbone, if you please. Now take the capital and labor you saved in going over only one-half of the ground you formerly went over, and sow the remaining 25 acres, which were not seeded to wheat this year, in buckwheat and oats, say one bushel buckwheat and one-half bushel oats, mixed, per acre, as early next spring as the ground can safely be worked and seeded. In July it should be turned under with barshare plow. Sow imme- 2 356 THE SOUTHERN [Jolv diatelv a^ain with buckwheat, usin^ this time only buckwheat, which will be plenty thick for the purpose. The buckwheat should then be plowed under again about one week before seeding time, the ground leveled with harrow, then sledded, or di gg vith a plank- sled, which is far better than rolling, and you are now ready for the drill. If properly put in. you may look for a crop that will give a fair return for capital and labor expended. If some ashes and a little plaster, or air-slaked lime, can be sown with the wheat, all the better, especially if the soil is in want of pot- ash, as most soils are ; the yield will be fully one-third more by the use of a liberal supply of the above mixture. ; the quantity of which must be determined by the farmer hims: - - s require m others less. A system similar to this will soon show the solvency of the farmer, and place him in a position, if he will use economy and a little self-denial, to balance accounts at the end of the y We are well aware that the combination of farmers has proven to be a masterpiece in remedying certain grievances, but the farmer of the present day has to be wide awake to the importance of the impro1 - ment of his land, and as he feeds the soil, so will it feed him. and the host that look to him for food. No farmer will long find himself in a very prosperous condition, if he continues the ruinous practice fol- lowed at the present day. of cropping the land witho ; _ . pro- per return for the materials taken off. There are but few who make manure enough to even maintain the soil as it is. tc say noth- ing of improving it. Green crops, turned under, form a good basis for any crop to fol- low. For instance, I will relate, that after plowing gree: preparatory to planting strawberries, raspberries and fruit trees. I was persuaded by the results thus obtained, to make further experim:: The land selected had been in corn the year previous, the four a : only making a little over 4 barrels of corn, all told. In the spring of 1874, the ground was broken up and sown in oats andbuckwL mixed ; in August, the whole was turned under, and 2'J bushels of spent tan-bark ashes per acre were spread, and rye sown broad; si and harrowed in. The crop of rye was fully seven feet high. I did not measure the crop, but was induced by a neighbor to take some to our country fair, for which I was awarded the premium. From the same piece of ground, last year, we got a good crop of clover hay. with a fair prospect for another crop the coming season — and this on ground that was said to be barren. So much for cheap ma- nuring. Turning green crops under is not a new invention, yet how few avail themselves of the opportunity. The t ^otto should be to make all the manure you can, keep if roof till wanted; feed your land to its heart's desire, and there will be a satisfactory dividend at the end of the year, after all obligations have been dis- charged.— M. C. Carpehtkr, , \er. F -■/:".. Jan. 19. 187 " 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMRR. 357 CURING YELLOW TOBACCO. [We hope Mr. Hatchett will excuse us for publishing the following private letter, as we know it wi'l be of great service to our tobacco growers.] Yours of the 9th instant is to hand requesting me to " revise an article of mine published in the Southern Planter and Farmer years since, on curing tobacco." I know not that I can give you any further information than what is contained in that article. The method of curing fine yellow tobacco originated with Mr. Slade of Caswell County, N. C, who is still living, and his formula of curing tobacco is now spread far and wide. The mode of curing as published in the Planter in 1370, is the one practiced by Mr. Slade, and having spent much time in Cas- well since the publication of my communication, and part of the tinre whilst the planters were curing their tobacco, I found that they still adhered to jMr. Slade's method, who universally obtained the high- est prices 'till the planters learned his mode of curing ; and if any improvement has been made on his mode of curing I know it not. I find that you receive so many communications on the cultiva- tion of tobacco, that I presume I cannot give you any additional information relative thereto. I prefer beds on which to plant to- bacco, as they will hold moisture longer than a hill, and you can trim them down in half the time that you trim down hills, always putting a little loose earth around the plants after trimming them down. Since the conclusion of our fanatical war, I have quit farming, as I am in my 81st year, and too old to labor, and rent out my farm ; though if I had my former hands, I should still delight in farming. I thank you for the back numbers of the Southern Planter and Farmer, which is an old friend, as I was a subscriber to it in by gone days for 10 years. A man in this section made 2,600 pounds of orchard grass hay the past year from one-fourth of an acre of land. Yours respectfully, Wm. R. Hatchett. CURING YELLOW TOBACCO. Your correspondent, S. 0. D., in the April Planter and Farmer, requests some person versed in curing yellow tobacco, to give his modus operandi, that others might profit thereby. Now, I do not profess to be an adept in this art, although I have had years of ex- perience ; but will give the practice of a most successful curer, who generally obtained the highest prices in Danville. To cure yellow tobacco, you must use charcoal for the leaf; the stalk and stem may be cured with seasoned wood. The body of the barn should be made as close as possible. Many planters around Danville have cabin roofs on their barns, covered with boards, which permit the escape of heat much better than a shingle roof. When 858 THE SOUTHERN [July you cut your tobacco, put eight plants on a stick, and place the sticks eight inches apart on the tier poles. . If your tobacco ripens yellow, commence the heat, by a thermometer, at 90 degrees, and keep up this heat until the tobacco is yellow enough to commence drying the leaf; then raise to 100 degrees, and keep it up for three hours ; and then to 110 degrees, and hold on to this heat till you see that the tobacco is well "sapped," and the tails begin to turn and get a little dry at the ends, (for you cannot cure yellow tobacco until you get the sap out of the leaf) ; then raise to 120 degrees, and keep up for three hours ; and then to 130 degrees for the same length of time; and then up to 140 degrees, which must be continued until the leaf is cured. You may then take out the thermometer, and make your fires as hot as you please, to cure the stalk and stem thoroughly. A wet season will cause a redundancy of sap in the tobacco, and will exercise the curer's patience in yellowing and drying ; early curing is the most successful, whilst the weather is warm. By letting the doors remain open in yellowing tobacco it is not liable to get into a sweat ; but should it get into a sweat with closed doors, open the door and let the fires go down, and after the sweat subsides, then go ahead. If your tobacco ripens green, commence at 80 degrees, and keep it at that point for half a day ; then at 90 degrees; and proceed as above. I have succeeded admirably by letting the tobacco hang in the barn till it was as yellow as necessary, and then starting the fires at 120 degrees, and proceeding as directed. For a barn sixteen or twenty feet square, have three rows of fires, and three fires in a row. As soon as the tobacco comes in order, crowd it together as close as you can, or put it in bulk on the sticks, and let it remain until the weather becomes cool, by which time the color will be fixed ; for if you let it get in high order soon after being cured, the leaf will turn red. It was once the custom among the planters in the region of coun- try around Danville, to keep their doors shut when yellowing and drying the leaf ; but a planter in that section told me last year, that this practice was giving way to one more rational, which consisted in letting the doors remain open during the yellowing and drying process ; in consequence of which the tobacco was not subject to so severe a sweat, and the leaf dried more speedily — the necessary re- sult of the admission of air. Relative to the open-roof theory of J. V. B., in curing tobacco, I have witnessed the experiment so far as the removal of several courses of shingles from the apex of the roof, but it was a failure. I agree entirely with W. A. G., that tobacco is not an impoverisher, but an improver of the soil; for I have observed all my life — and I am now an old man — that corn, wheat, &c, succeeded better after tobacco than any other crop. The finest high-land corn I have ever made was on fresh land, which had been in tobacco the two preced- 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 359 ing years no manure having been applied to the land. Old tobacco lots were alike successful. Years ago, some of my servants had a patch of tobacco in a bottom, at the foot of a hill, applying no manure, which had been in- cultivation for at least fifty years ; the tobacco was inferior, of course. The next year this field was put in corn, and I could tell the difference as far as I could see the corn ; that portion on which the tobacco was grown being of a dark green color, and very thrifty. An intelligent neighbor had previously observed to me that he thought we might put poor land in tobacco, giving it the necessary cultivation, then follow with corn, and the result would be satisfac- tory. The above fact sustains his views. Respectfully, W. R. Hatchett. Keysville, April 23, 1870. CUTTING, SCAFFOLDING, HOUSEING, CURING AND PRE- PARING, SHIPPING AND STExMMING TOBACCO FOR MARKET. In this region of country (the Upper James) we make almost en- tirely shipping and stemming tobacco, and the following s}rstem is only applicable to the cultivation of these two varieties. This writer has been a tobacco grower for thirty years. He has noted and tested carefully the numerous changes and improvements that have been adopted from time to time in the cultivation and management of to- bacco, and he has finally settled down upon the following system as the best, in his humble opinion at least. First, as to the proper time of cutting: Tobacco should not be allowed to become dead-ripe before cutting. The proper time is when the plant is just fully ripe. AVhen cut dead- ripe, the leaf will be a little heavier, it is true; but is apt to be coarse, rough, brittle, ragged, and sometimes blistered. On the con- trary, when cut just ripe, the leaf will be clean, supple, elastic, of fine texture, and much better suited for stemming purposes, — the stemmers and manufacturers both requiring a tough leaf. The tobacco having been cut, I greatly prefer hanging and scaf- folding in the field. The main objection urged against the plan is, that it is troublesome and expensive making the scaffolds thus. Nothing valuable can be accomplished without labor and attention, but if the necessary arrangements are made in advance, it is not so troublesome after all. I use stobs and pine poles in making the scaffolds, and these materials are all gotten and put in place before the day of cutting. To make a quick and easy job of this operation, I take a couple of men, with maul and wedges, axes and cross-cut saw, and go into the woods. Having selected a tree that splits easily, it is cut down and sawed into blocks 4| feet in length. These are split into stobs, which are sharpened upon the spot. In this way a heavy wagon-load of these stobs can be prepared in a couple of hours. 360 THE SOUTHERN [July They are then haaled immediately to the tobacco field, and pin where they can be had conveniently. With these all in place, the scaffolds can be put up by a couple of hands in a few minutes. The scaffolds being once made, there is no more trouble. I should have stated, in the proper place, that the poles are gotten pretty much in the same wav. The wagon and a hand are taken into the we 5, (old field pines) the poles gotten 12 feet long, and hauled and put in place Avith the stobs. In putting up the scaffolds, care should be taken to arrange the poles so that the tobacco sticks will range North and South, in order that the sun may shine between the sticks in the middle of the day. After the cutting has been completed, then stobs and poles are all gathered together and put under shelter for the nex: seas >n, and. if taken care of. will last several years. In hanging the tobacco, the plants should not be crowded on the sticks, and space enough should be left between the sticks to admit the air and sun freely. If the weather be favorable, the tobacco is allowed to hang on the scaffolds from three to four days. It is then hauled to the tobacco house and housed and fired three to four days, moderately. This finishes the curing pi --. .xeept that it is fired afterwards oeeasionly. when the weather becomes damp and the tobacco : When the weather is open, the doors of the tobacco-house should be kept open during the day. and a free access cf air allowed. I prefer always making my cuttings during the first part of the week, in order that the tobacco may have the benefit of three or four days' sunning, and be ready to be housed the latter part of the week. I claim for this plan several very decided advantages over the one of cutting and putting immediately in the house. 1st. More tobacco may be cut per day. and better secured. 2d. The sunning process toughens and lightens the plant, so that it can be hauled up and housed with much less labor, and no risk of bruising. 3d. The whole force of the sun's rays falling upon the stalks and the largest parts of the stems, these parts of the plants, which require so much firing, are cured in a great measure by the sun. 4th. In the firing process, the heat from the fire is brought to bear mainly upon the ends of the leaves, and the part of the plant becomes perfectly dry before the other parts are half cured. 5th. There is not half the danger of burning the L 6th. It takes just about half the time and half the wood to effect the curing. In other words, the heat of the sun and the open air are utilized and made to do half the work of curing: thus conse- quently, economizing one half of the expense. When the tobacco is cut and put immediately into the house, it requires from six to eight days hard firing. Under the scaffolding system, three days are generally sufficient. But it may be objected that there is danger of the tobacco being caught in the rain. I have had my tobacco caught in the rain frequently^ but I have never dis- 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 861 covered that it was at all injured by it. An ordinary rain falling upon the tobacco while it is in the green state does not injure it in the least. A very protracted raining spell might do some injury; but these spells occur very rarely during tobacco-curing season. When tobacco is allowed to remain on the scaffolds until it has been partially cured, it may be seriously injured by alternate showers and sunshine. The crop having been well cured, the first good season should be availed of to take it down and put in bulk for stripping. I prefer a warm season for this operation, and the tobacco should be in soft order, otherwise it will become too hard when the weather gets to be cold. In bulking the tobacco, there should be only two layers, the leaves lapping in the centre, and the stalks remaining on the outside. The stalks should never be placed in the centre of the bulk, as there is always danger of their heating. Now commences the most important operation in the cultivation of tobacco — its preparation for market. The first step in this direc- tion is to secure the services of a sufficient forc£ of good and reliable assorters and strippers, particularly the former. Very few negroes are sufficient judges of tobacco to become good assorters, and they should, in the start, be well instructed in their duties. " The law bearing upon the case" should, in the beginning, be well laid down, distinctly understood, and strictly enforced, at all hazards ; for a little neglect here might cause the loss of half the year's work. The tobacco must be well assorted as to quality, length and color, and care taken all the time to keep separate. Nothing looks worse than a bundle with long and short leaves mixed in it; or with dark and bright ones so mixed. In the process of assorting, the assorter should be required to open every leaf and run the hand quickly but gently down it, with the fingers on the outside, and the thumb on the inner side, in order to stretch it out to its full length. I usually divide my tobacco into four and sometimes five classes. In the strip- ping process, the tobacco should be neatly tied up, well sized (that is, all the leaves in the same bundle should be of the same length) and kept straight. The bundle should be of medium size. The number of leaves to be regulated by the size of the tobacco. In or- dinary size tobacco, about six leaves will be about right. A short head looks the best, and about one inch is the right length. 7 O O In every step of this process of stripping, the constant presence and attention of the master is indispensable. He must be constantly on the alert, making the round occasionally, and examining the work of every hand, to see that it is well done. I always engage my hands by the day, so that they may have no inducement to hurry over or slight their work, as they are apt to do, when engaged to work by the hundred pounds, or the hundred bundles. It is very difficult to get ordinary hands to size the tobacco well, and have the leaves of the bundles of uniform color, and it requires much firmness and the strictest attention to get them to do it. 362 THE SOUTHERN [July During the last few years, I have adopted the plan of prizing the inferior grades, whilst the stripping is going on, and I like it very mnch, as it saves some labor, and gets it out of the way ; but in order to do this, the prizes should be in-doors, and closely connected with the stripping-room. At the close of each day, the inferior grades are taken to the prize and put right into the hogsheads. Platforms having been previously prepared, the higher grades are carefully straightened out and bulked down, one bundle at a time. As soon as the stripping has been completed, then the bulks are covered over with plank and heavily weighted. After remaining under weight a few days, the tobacco is ready for prizing. I never re-bulk. If the work is well done at first, there is no necessity for it. When the prizing process commences, three hands are put at the prizes, and a couple of the best judges of tobacco are put in the strip- room to re-assort the top from the bulk. For this purpose, a couple of light boxes, large enough to contain 50 pounds, are provided. Then two hands are required to take each bundle separately and examine it carefully, and^every inferior leaf found in a good bundle, or a yellow one in a dark bundle, or a short one in a long bundle, is taken out and thrown aside. The bundles thus assorted, are run through the hands, straightened out and laid carefully in the boxes, which, when filled, are taken to the prize. It is all-important to have the tobacco of uniform quality, length and color, and these different grades should never be put in the same bundle, or even in the same hogshead, if it can be avoided. Here, in this region of country, where we make exclusively the shipping and stemming varieties, our best policy is to manure our lands heavily and make large tobacco. There is much economy in this, both in time and labor. It requires no more labor to cultivate a plant weighing half a pound than one weighing one-eighth of a pound. Long tobacco well handled, always sells well, whether the quality be good or bad. With this idea in view, I always cultivate the "white stem" variety, because it is a heavy tobacco, and has a very long leaf, and it is for this reason, also, that in the process of assorting, I require the leaves to be opened and drawn out to their full length. The tobacco leaf is very elastic, and may be thus elongated several inches. One word abcut the time of selling. Here, where we are conve- nient to market, and can ship our tobacco at any time, we find it best, generally, to put our crops in market as soon as possible, and we are generally able to do this by the first of March. When this is done, it is prized from the winter bulk, and not hung up and or- dered. When the tobacco is large, long, and suitable for stemming, and can be put early in market, it is best to have it moderately soft, as it facilitates the stemming process. If, however, the crop cannot be placed in market sooner than 1st of April, it should be put in safe-keeping order. There are some very decided advantages in being able to sell early, 1875.] PLANTER AXD FARMER. 363 and in winter order. The tobacco weighs more, all the time and labor of re hanging, ordering. &c, are saved, and the crop is gotten out of the way for subsequent operations. And in addition to all this, nine times out of ten, it brings just as much money. Before closing this article, allow me to say a word to tobacco- growers, everywhere, touching the nest crop. Now that prices are ranging high, do not fall into the common error of over-cropping, and thus glut the market with an inferior article, and bring down prices again. But cultivate moderate ctops, manure your lands well. work them thoroughly, and in this way make a good article, and keep up prices. — Upper James, hi American Farmer. TUCKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB. The club met this day at ''Linden, " the home of your reporter. There was a full attendance, and in the absence of any lengthy or formal discussion — a very pleasant and profitable day was spent in a general intercourse and interchange of opinion on the various sub- jects now especially claiming the farmer's attention. The importance of our hay crop cannot be overestimated, and the next week brings with it that important harvest. With a well stocked barn of good clover hay. how much more cheerfully the farmer looks to the approach of the winter season, visions of fat horses, ever ready for work, and an abundance of rich milk and butter instinctively appear. We conclude therefore that our clover should be cut when the stalk is green and succulent, before the hard fibre appears and when some of the blossoms begin to brown. Some of the club con- tended for the curing by the old method of the '*hay cock" and sev- eral days drying in the sun. but your reporter, sustained by a few, contended for the cutting and turning in the morning, and the cart- ing to the hay-house in the same afternoon and packing away with free use of salt, and thereby avoiding the hardening by exposure, and the loss in the consequent shattering of the bloom. We were suitably admonished to strain every nerve, get through our corn, plant our late potatoes deep into the ground, be ready to cut our winter oats and wheat both in the " stiff dough state " and both by the 20th of this month. So there is no time to be lost. To increase this work and to provide against a necessarily short crop of hay, as well as oats, your reporter advised the sowing now (or as late as July) of two or three acres in Hungarian grass. A fine growth of it already well covering the ground was here shown to the club, and it mav not be too egotistic to say that it, as well as the winter oats, clover, «S:c., of fine growth, being inspected by the club, they expressed gratification and approval. At our next meeting we may give you an essay on Hungarian and other grasses in July. Excuse this meagre report. J. A. Lynham, Reporting Secretary. Henrico county, Va., June 3d, 1875. 364 THE SOUTHERN [July CONFIDENCE NEEDED. All over this fair land of ours one universal wail is going up in re- gard to the universal dearth in business and the stri gency in money matters, and grown men (who consider themselves wise) are each asking the other what is the pause of this condition of things, and whv don't the times grow easier and better, as if it were a mystery hid beyond the ken of man. And again the wail goes up universally evervwhere that labor is not remunerative and cannot be relied on, and that farming does not pay. .jcc, kc. I am of the opinion that there is a cause for the existence of everything good or evil that does exist in this world. And to my mind the cause of both evils are the same, and that cause is the want of confidence of men in men, growing out of villainy of man to man, produced by the examples of what used to be called our servants, but now our rulers at Washing- ton city, in the bad and villainous government of the people of this country since the close of the war in 1865 — coupled with the demor- alization of army life and army influences, oppressions wrong and vile, long continued as thev have been upon the people of the South, have produced in the South a reckless disregard of and distrust in the laws that have been enacted to make the negro a white ruler and the white man a black slave, and to accomplish these unnatural and unjust purposes, no limits have been set by law beyond which those in power have not gone in injustice to carry out these unnatural im- possibilities. These things, and these alone, have by degrees shaken, blasted, and uprooted confidence to the extent we now see and lament, and those who have a spare dollar will let it rust and rot in their pocket rather than risk it in other hands at legal, or in many instances at illegal interest. Cheating, prevarication and lying oppres- sion* by this government have blotted out love and honesty for, and implanted in the heart of the people hatred and dishonesty in their stead: and just this and nothing else is the cause of all which the people this day complain of, and until this unnatural condition of things is changed, there can be no prosperity nor abiding peace in Land. G. H. ISexer. LETTER FROM FLUVANXA. I am surprised how some men can sit back, perhaps in contentment and ease, and write such nice plans how we farmers should manage, and what we should do. I believe the majority of farmers do the best they can, and at that it is a poor do with some. As to myself, I delight in nice farming : but I find it very difficult to carry it out at all times. Give the farmers reliable labor, and they will soon put a new face upon agriculture. I am cultivating a rented farm on the James. I work three regular hands, with myself, hiring some extra day labor. Last year I made 710 bushels of wheat from a seeding of GO, and 440 barrels of corn, oats and hay in proportion. I cultivated no tobacco, owing to making a sacrifice in a nice crop the winter 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 36S before. This year I ara cultivating 35,000 hills; planted 8.000 the 25th day of Mar. which is now spreading the hill, and I am to-day scraping down. I listed my high land and checked it. hilling it also, as I believe, in a nice preparation for tobacco. I can. by checking, work it both ways, requiring less hoe work. I finished planting my crop the 3d day of June. I think I have now, the 12th, a perfect stand, with any amount of plants left over. I always burn in the fall if I can, and hoe deep, and sow the seed at the same time. I find that burning the same bed the second time is much safer for forward plants. I burned over this year a last years bed of 350 square yards and am sure I could have planted out of that bed 50,000. By the 15th of Jan. I sowed old ashes freely, as it keeps the plants from burning. I see some of your subscribers writing very beautiful let- ters about how tobacco should be managed from the plant-bed to the hogshead. It is very nice to read, and equally as nice to write : but planning and executing are two different things. I have had some experience in tobacco, and think the two most important items in culti- vating tobacco, are — first, good size, plant in time; and second, is a nice preparation as land in nice order retains moisture longer than land in a rough condition. We have too manv rough farmers. I find the old maxim true. " that what is not worth doing well is not worth, doing at all." I believe tobacco should be worked deep. I am going to run a new ground coalter four times in the rows as deep as it will go, and after every rain the crust should be broken, Secondly, corn. I have this year only 35 acres planted in corn; it is now an average of half leg high, and verv clean. I shall get over to day putting the dirt to it. and properly thinned. I shall commence laving bv next week. I alwavs lav bv mv corn bv the last day of June if I can : and think, with a common season this year, to make 325 barrels. I seeded last fall 50 bushels of wheat — ■ one half Wicks, the rest Lancaster : think I shall make 650 bushels if I can save it. I commenced seeding the 23d of September, and finished the 9th of October. I find, from one year to another, that forward seeding is the best. Crops in this county are generally sorry. B. H. B. Fluvanna county, Va. WHAT I KNOW OF LONG WOOL?. "W hat I know of long wooled sheep, and short wools, coarse wools, or fine wools, is that neither will thrive and be profitable, ex- cept they are provided with the proper food to develop their qualities. Care is the first essential quality in a flock-master. He should see his sheep every day in the year. During the pasturing season he should salt and count his flock twice per week and see that none have the scours. If there are any so affected, they should be re- moved from the flock and fed on dry hay and oatmeal for a couple of days. During heavy rains sheep should be provided with shelter, 366 THE SOUTHERN [July either sheds in the pasture that the sheep can use at their own plea- sure, or when sheds are not provided, the sheep should be brought to the stock barn and housed until after the storm. When grass be- gins to fail they should be fed either sowed corn, pumpkins, roots or grain. It is poor economy to allow sheep to half starve and lose flesh in the fall. From October 1st until January is the trying time. If well cared for during that period, ordinary care will keep them doing well the rest of the year. When the hay is harvested the clover hay should be cut in the blow, well cured, so as not to must, and put in the sheep barn, or where it can be got at any time. When the sheep are brought in for wintering, feed them the clover hay until they are wanted to eat hay; then other hay can be fed to them once per day. They should have also a daily feed of oats, at the rate of one quart to every ten sheep for fine wools, and double that for coarse wools. A box that will hold a peck or more should be fastened in the shed low enough for a sheep to eat from easily, and fine salt kept continually in it, never letting the salt get used out. It will need replenishing every few days. * When the winter has well set in and the sheep have acquired good appetites, add to your oats one bushel of peas to three bushels of oats for breeding ewes ; for fattening sheep corn is better. Corn should never be fed to breeding ewes : it has an overheating ten- dency and produces a congestion of the bowels in the lambs ; thou- sands die every spring, from that cause alone, that might have been raised if the ewes had been fed peas instead of corn. Provide loater in the yard that the sheep can have access to any time of day. Do not compel them to quench their thirst by eating snow ; it is cruel, niggardly and poor economy. Be kind to your sheep ; use no loud and boisterous language nor allow others to do so. Never frighten them. Treat them kindly and they will show an appreciation of it and will pay you in wool and mutton, more than an hundred fold. Study the habits of your sheep. Learn from them what they want and provide for their wants intelligently, and do not rest con- tent until every lamb can be raised and every sheep produce for you the most and best staple of wool of which it is capable. Then, when you have attained that perfection, jot down your experience and give it forth to the world to guide others in their attempts ; and, though they may reach a still more exalted position, you will be con- scious of having performed a.duty and be remembered as a benefac- tor of mankind. Miles H. Delosg. Washington Co., JF. Y. MELLOW SOIL AROUND TREES. Unless the surface of the ground is mulched around young trees 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 367 over an area of six to ten feet in diameter, the ground should be kept clean and mellow. Every farmer knows that a hill of corn or pota- toes will not amount to much unless cultivated, and yet there are many who will neglect to give the same care to a tree which is worth a hundred hills of either of the former. In rich soil trees may grow rapidly without cultivation, and no amount of grass or weeds will retard them ; but there are other things besides growth to be looked after. If the weeds and grass are allowed to grow up around the stems of apple, peach or quince-trees, the bark will become soft near their base by being shaded, and thereby be in a suitable condition for the reception of the eggs which will eventually become peach or apple borers. Take any dozen young apple trees in sections where the apple-borer is abundant, and allow a portion to be choked with weeds and the remainder well cultivated, and then watch the result. From our own experience, we believe that the chances are nine to one in favor of those cultivated being exempt from this pest. — JVat. Agriculturist. >9.64 Bran wheat, $14.50 6.43 Corn, 6.65 2.68 Oats. 7.70 3.90 MANURE FROM A TON OF HAY. I see in the Rural Neiv Yorker, a question from H. Ostrum, as to what is the value of the manure from a ton of hay. It is impossi- ble to give him an answer, as to how much it is worth to him, indi- vidually, as that depends on how cheap he can make or procure it from other sources. But I will attempt to give him the value of it in proportion to commercial fertilizers, and that made from some other farm products, as derived from the experiments of J. B. Lawes, Rothamstead, England. Clover Hay, Meadow " Wheat straw, - Oats " ' - He must remember that this is not the value of a ton of the ma- nure, but the manure produced from the consumption of a ton of the article. They may not really be worth this amount to Mr. Ostrum ; but if he contemplates purchasing fertilizers, then they are worth this much. It would be well enough to state that the bran owes its increased value over clover hay, to the presence of phosphoric acid, the most needed and most valuable article in our fertilizers. Of all the arti- cles we can the least spare, at the prices generally prevalent, if ma- nure is any item, is, first, bran, and secondly, hay, especially clover. —J. H. B. The sons of Stephen A. Douglas are at last in financial luck. A recent decision of the court of claims gives them $267,000 on an old cotton claim. Cotton is still king with Robert and Stephen Jr. 368 THE SOUTHERN [July WOMEN, AGRICULTURE, AND THE GRANGE. I wish that our American ladies would adopt one of the few aris- tocratic tastes and habits which sit so gracefully upon republican women, and which would be of equal advantage to the interests of agriculture, and to their own delicate physical organizations. A great deal of cant is uttered in these days about the mission of wo- man, but whenever I hear an attenuated, dyspeptic female talking in this wise, I feel sure if she were to become a member of a Grange, and attend its meetings with regularity, take an interest in the dis- cussions, and what she learns by theory, put ic to practice in her kitchen and flower-gardens, I feel sure it would put her on the track most useful for herself and society. When Rome was young and virtuous, the garden was always placed under the care of the daughters of the family. "In Sparta," the women, fit to be the mothers of heroes, cultivated the soil ; whilst the men were fighting the battles of their country. Indeed, from the earliest period in the annals of our race, woman has aided by her labors in bringing agriculture to a state of perfection. The laws which "Osiris" gave to "Egypt," were not as valuable to that country, as those precepts in agriculture, those instructions in embankments, irrigation and drainage which Isis, -his "Queen," gave the "Egyptians," and which enabled them to derive so much benefit from the fertile valleys of the "Nile." " Ceres." defied by the Greeks, made her people acquainted with the use of wheat, and the mode of cultivating it. I believe to an Empress of China, we are indebted for the mulberry tree, and the rearing of silk worms. Women of late years have demonstrated their capacity of shining in many spheres, once considered the peculiar province of man. Miss Herschel has discovered comets ; Mrs. Somerville laid open the mathematical structure of the universe. Some have analyzed the.relations of nature in the laboratory, and others investigated the laws of social relations. With such a grace, and variety of power, may I not argue the most beneficial results to agriculture, if the women of our country, by their sympathy, encouragement and co- operation, by their studies and counsels, would prove themselves, as did the women of old, helpmates to him whom God has ordained to cultivate the earth. Let us hope that our organization known as Patrons of Husbandry, which has spread with such rapidity through the country, will result in attracting universal attention to the encouragement of agriculture. "W hile nine-tenths of the American population live by agriculture, the word can scarcely be found on the statutes of the nation. There is no end of the provisions for the protection of manufacturers, and corporations — questions which have occupied as large a space in public attention as if nine-tenths of the population were engaged in that vocation instead of agriculture. A\ e hear of large appropriations being made by Congress for nearly every conceivable purpose, yet not one dollar has been given 1875. PLANTER AND FARMER. 369 for the direct encouragement of agriculture, a calling by which our countiymen live, and upon the success of which in America, the world sometimes depends for deliverance from starvation. Let the Grangers throughout the United States see to this, and if the matter cannot be remedied by our present representatives, then see that we have a representative that will attend to it. F. W. C. Louisa county, Va., April 19th, 187c. THE LAST STATE FAIR AND THE NEXT. One thing I am not able to understand is why the premiums on short horns should be higher than on other thoroughbred cattle. Three fourths of Virginia is not suited to the rearing of that breed ; yet on referring to the premium list for 1874, I find the Society gave as premiums on best bull, short horned breed, §50 ; best cow, short horned, $40, and so on; yet a little farther on I see first pre- mium on D3vons, Ayrshire, Alderney, Herefords, and all other thoroughbreds — Best bull, $30 ; Best cow, $25. Now I ask why is this discrimination in favor of the short horns? when only a small portion of Virginia is suited to the raising of that breed ? We in a short grass section have to breed cattle more suit- ed to our grasses, and justice to the breeders of other cattle in the State demands this change, unless the Society wishes to be run in interest of short horns to the exclusion of all other breeds. The last exhibition of the Virginia State Agricultural Society, whilst fully equal to any which has preceded it, when regarded as a whole, was certainly inferior as an exhibition of the products of the farm, the flower garden, the kitchen garden, and the orchard. There were but few exhibitions in this department, and those chiefly indivi- duals residing near the city of Richmond, and hence the fact de- veloped by the list of premiums awarded, that nearly every prize was taken bv persons living in counties contiguous to that city. It speaks well for the people in that section, but poorly for them in other portions of the State, as this ought not to be, and I hope will not be the case this year. It is discreditable to the farmers, garden- ers, and people of the State at large. There is no department of the Fair which could be so well supplied and with such little cost and trouble to the exhibitors. It is a matter of considerable expense, trouble and annoyance for breeders of stock, in a distant portion of the State, to bring to the Fair their stock ; but it would cost compara- tively nothing to bring a pot of pickles, a jar of honey, a dozen or so of fine apples, a bushel of superior potatoes and turnips; a pound of nice butter, a cake of home made cheese, a bottle of domestic wine, and such like articles. Not only could these things be readily brought to the Fair, but could as readily be procured. It is expected that some of the largest breeders will have some of their fine stock on exhibition, and also the manufacturers a variety of their wares. Yet nine-tenths of the people who attend an Agri- 370 THE SOUTHERN [July cultural Fair, appear to think that their whole duty is done when they come to look upon what is exhibited by others. This is a most erroneous view to take of the matter. We have very successful Fairs, and our Society is well managed ; the grounds are large and commodious, and in every way well improved. There is one great annoyance that might be dispensed with; it is the introduction of negro minstrels, fat women, big babies, four legged children, deformed animals, riding nuisances, &c, &c, to the annoyance of visitors, and to the disgust of those who believe that such exhibitions should not be tolerated at such a place. Part of the grounds become worse than a beer garden, and the noise and confusion are enough to drive quiet people out of the grounds. Be- sides, the exhibition distracts the attention of the young, and some older people from the real object of the Fair, and tend to educate people in the wrong direction. They degrade and debase rather than instruct and improve. I hope such abominations in future will be excluded from our Fairs. F. W. C. Lucerxe. — This invaluable plant stands by far at the head of all forage plants for the South. Its uses are for soiling and hay. It grows in all parts of the State where the soil is dry and rich. It is much less injuriously affected by sand in the soil than clover. Ten pounds of seed are sowed to the acre. It is sometimes sowed broad- cast and sometimes in drills. Where land is perfectly clean the broad-cast method is perhaps the best. But where land is at all foul, drilling is preferable, as it .can be cleansed with a narrow plough. The land should be broken with a two-horse or three or four-horse plough, and in the same furrow followed with a subsoil plough. The roots of Lucerne will penetrate three to four feet in depth. The ground should then be manured very heavily with a fertilizer which has in it no seed of weeds, either perfectly rotted barn-yard manure, or a fertilizer in which there is a little ammonia and a large proportion of potash, phosphate and sulphate of lime. Lucerne, according to Ville, draws more ammonia from the atmosphere than any other plant whatever. It therefore enriches land. The Lucerne on this farm — some five acres — was destroyed by the grazing of the Federal horses and cattle during the war. The roots which were as large as moder- ate sized carrots, withering, the ground was left almost honey combed. It was as loose as an "ash-heap T' vastly improved in fertility. If Lucerne is cultivated on a small scale for soiling work horses, a lot should be selected adjoining the stable. The Lucerne cut one day should be left to wilt and used the next day. From the middle of March or first of April there will be no further use for corn fodder during the season. It will be found that the horses and mules will eat all the Lucerne in the trough before they touch the corn. In fact a horse will do light work, or answer for riding on Lucerne without corn. 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 371 Lucerne makes the very best of hay. On very rich land it can be mowed five times during the season, yielding a ton at each cutting, and sometimes more. This is five tons to the acre. Ten acres would yield fifty tons. This at three dollars to the ton would be fifteen hundred dollars. A good mower will cut these ten acres in a day. Is there any other plant which grows out of the ground that will pay as well ? Observe, the whole labor employed after the first cost is one day's work of a mower and the necessary labor of curing and hauling to the barn. How much labor does it take to make fifteen hundred dollars worth of cotton or corn ? Yet with this possible, nay, practicable, extraordinary product, the Western and Atlantic railroad brought down between one and two millions of Tennessee and Kentucky hay last year, and the wharves of our ports were loaded with Northern hay. When shall we learn wisdom ? There are some English and some Northern grasses which do not thrive with us. But neither England nor the North can grow Lu- cerne, one, because it too wet; the other, because it is too cold. If we could raise no other plant for hay than Lucerne, we still should never buy a pound of hay grown out of the State. It alone would be ample for all our wants. Lucerne should be cut very close, leaving as little stubble as pos- sible. It sometimes turns yellow. This is the work of an insect and the Lucerne should be immediately mowed over. The field is ready for the scythe when the blossoms begin to appear. If left longer it becomes woody. — Extract from Prize Essay, in Southern Farm and Home. OUR WHEAT TRADE. The accumulation of the extraordinary stock of five millions of bushels of wheat in Chicago is, we believe, an unexampled phenom- enon in the history of the grain trade in this country. Now, that a " break " has at length been reached in the prices at which wheat has been held in the interior, there has been a brisk revival in the shipments from this and other ports, and prices ought to reach what may be called their normal equilibrium. The " grasshopper "scare," which has been carefully nursed for speculative purposes, has lost any further power to influence the market, and the largely increased area of land under wheat in northwestern Nebraska, and Kansas, and elsewhere, joined to the most favorable reports of .the appear- ance of the crop in these districts, has convinced the majority of producers of the folly of holding any longer for a rise. The possibilities of our wheat exports during the next three months can be most correctly gauged by a reference to the English demand, and to the extent to which it has already been supplied. For the harvest year beginning Sept. 1, 1874, and ending August 31, 1875, it was estimated by the best English judges that the de- mand would be 22,700,000 quarters. The yield of the last wheat harvest of the United Kingdom has been, with the nearest attaina- 3 372 THE SOUTHERN July ble approach to accuracy, set down at 13,700,000 quarters. The importation required for the twelve months ending August 31, is therefore nine millions of quarters, or seventy-two millions of bushels. During the eight months between September, lx74. and April 30th, 1875. the United Kingdom had already received nearly forty-six mil- lions of bushels of foreign wheat, leaving twenty-six millions of bushels to be supplied during the four months between May 1, and August 31. Of the forty-six millions above noted, twenty-five and one-half millions of bushels were received during the closing four months of the last year, and twenty and one-half millions during the first months of this year. The question which immediately interests the wheat-growers of the United States is what proportion of the British demand is likely to be drawn from this country. Of the twenty and one-half mil- lions of bushels of wheat imported daring the past four months of 1875, nearly twelve and one-half millions, were drawn from the United States. Of the twenty and a half millions imported during the last four months of 1871, a somewhat larger proportion was contributed by this country. But taking the ratio maintained Jan- uary and the end of April, our proportion of the British wheat im- ports up to the end of August ought to be about sixteen millions of bushels. The present stock of wheat in the country "in sight," as it is called, that is. practically on the market, is not less than ten millions of bushels. In the face of a more extensive de- mand last year, stocks were about two millions of bushels less. Trustworthy estimates about the amount of land under wheat this rear in the United Kingdom are not yet forthcoming. As the acreage of 1874 was 3,833,000, or pretty near the maximum area of available wheat land in that country, the British harvest of this rear cannot be perceptibly affected by the increased quantity planted. The average yield per acre of British wheat was, last year, thirty- one bushels, or one and a half bushel above the "standard average." As the average yield of the last nine years has been one and a half bushel below the standard average, it may fairly be expected that the total yield of 1875 will fall short of that of 1874. The increased consumption consequent upon low prices must also enter in the ques- tion of future demand. Add to these considerations the fact that all our rivals in the British wheat trade, are. with the exception of Russia, practically out of the race. Even Russia, which used to send to England twice as much wheat as we did. has, even under the stimulus of a superabundant harvest, sent during the last eight months but a little over a third of the amount of our imports. While, therefore, the prospects of our export wheat trade cannot be called brilliant, they are certainly re-assuring. Only producers must make up their minds to a pretty long period of almost stationary prices, while they may reasonably expect to find some compensation in the increased purchasing power of their money. — New York Times. 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. .-) — a Ol O TROTTLNG AXD RIDING STALLION, BLACK HAWK.— Black, foaled in Vermont, 1850, out of a fine Black Hambletonian mare, and by Hill's famous old Black Hawk, be by Sherman Mor- gan, in 1833, he by the original Morgan in 1808 or 1809 ; he by True Briton, in 1793. Black Hawk'is a half brother to Ethan Allen, Ticonderoga, and most of the best trotters of that day. Owned by Maj. S. VT. Ficklix, Charlottesville. Va. WALKIXG versus TROTTIXG HORSES. A writer in the Prairie Farmer complains that all the premiums offered at agricultural fairs for the performance of horses go for trot- ting or running and none for walking. He says the various agri- cultural societies •• say nothing of walking, which is the gait farmers are most interested in. I have often wondered why that was over- 374 THE SOUTHERN [July looked, and had hoped that some one would bring it before the socie- ties. What benefit is a race horse to a farmer ? If he wants to run or trot him for premiums or stakes, it will not do to work him as farm horses have to work. Besides, fast torses, generally, are not able to stand heavy work, and are not apt to be extra walkers. What the farmer wants is a close-made, muscular horse, weighing to 1,200 pounds, that can walk at least four miles an hour with a cultivator, or at that rate while crossing the field. It costs no nnre for a hand to drive a team that will plough three acres per dav. than it would to drive one that would plough only two acres ; and a good hand, or one that tries to earn his wages would." CATTLE FOR FATTENING. S. W. Ficklix, in an address on feeding cattle to the Belmont club of Albemarle county, Virginia, says he has no hesitation in giving the preference to short-horns, and their grades, in all that constitutes the animal suited to a fair grass region of country, except that the Devons and their grades excel all as work oxen for activity, uniformity of style and color. With the same keep, they will not mature by a year or more as the short-horns and their grades will do. The mode to fatten, and the age, is very varied, depending upon the localities and the breeds that can be raised or purchased, the aftermath of meadows and late pastures in the fall, and how the farmer may be situated with forage, shelter, age of animals, and their capacity to accumulate flesh and fat ; if at a mill, or convenient to one, and the certainty that the an- imals get the meal and bran intended for them, and with regularity, care and kind treatment. Butter Product of a Short-horn Heifer. — In looking over your paper from week to week, one would suppose that the Jer- sey cows were ahead of all other breeds in the State for making butter. I think it is a great error; I think there are other breeds that will make more butter on less provender and give more milk than the Jerseys, and make butter of as good quality. I have a thoroughbred Short-horn cow, four years old last March, that made in one week last January, eleven and three-fourths pounds of as nice butter as was ever produced by a -Jersey cow. It was but seven minutes churning by the clock. Her feed was but four quarts of shorts per day. and as much good hay as she would eat. If anyone has a Jersey heifer three years old past, that will beat this I would like to purchase her. — 31. L. Wilder, in Maine Farmer. In Nelson Co.. Ya. a few days ago, a gentleman who had lost several sheep bv dogs, put strychnine in large quantities upon one of the carcasses, and the next morning found thirty-one dead dogs in the field, the farthest one being less than one hundred yards from the dead sheep. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMRR. 375 In the last twenty years the product of butter and cheese in the United States has been doubled. Last year it amounted to 650,000,- 000 pounds of butter and 200,000,000 pounds of cheese, of which more than one-fourth of the butter and nearly one-half of the cheese were made in the State of New York. The cheese factories num- ber about 2,000, employ about $5,000,000 capital, and use the milk of three-fourths of a million cows. The American Grocer states that the production this year is likely to greatly exceed that of last year, but does not believe that the production will even exceed the demand. The cheapening and improvement of butter and cheese by artificial means will tend rather to overstock the market. CURE FOR KICKING COWS. A method which will break the most vicious cows from kicking, and which should supersede the cruel practice of beating and whip- ping, and is the work of but a few minutes, is as follows: Take a strap the size of a common bridle rein and buckle tightly around the cow (while milking), just forward of the bag. This, practiced a few days, will effect the desired result, as we are aware from actual ex- perience. SOUTH-DOWN SHEEP. This valuable sheep has been known and bred a long time in Eng- land, where it has always maintained the character of a hardy animal, yielding a medium quality of wool, and furnishing mutton of a supe- rior flavor. Mr. John Elman, of England, according to the history, took them thoroughly in hand, and founded a flock which has been the source whence all the best blood has since been derived. A good South-Down is described as follows: The head small and hornless; the face speckled or gray, and neither too long nor too short; the lips thin, and the space between the nose and the eyes narrow; the under jaw, or chop, fine and thin; the ears tolerably wide, and well covered with wool, and the forehead also, and the whole space between the ears well protected by it, as a defence against the fly; eyes full and bright; the legs neither too long nor too short. The South-Down, both for mutton and for fleece, is fully equal to any other breed. They do not shear quite as heavy a fleece, nor market so heavy a carcass as some of the long-wools, but both are worth more per pound in the market. The buck can be profitably introduced into any flock, which will result in improvement. The South-Down is a beautiful, quiet animal, and so thoroughly domesti- cated as to follow readily after its owner, and it seems to be fond of the companionship of man. — I. V. M., in Ohio Farmer. 376 THE SOUTHERN [July WHEN TO BUY SHEEP. As a rule, the best time to buy is in the late summer — as flock- masters who have kept their sheep through the winter prefer to shear them before selling. It is usually most profitable to do so. After the first to middle of August, the lambs are ready for weaning, and the farmer knows pretty well what the increase of his flock is to be, and also what his crops of grain and grasses will allow him to winter properly. The season's yield at home also affords the buyer a better opportunity for gauging the number of stock to suit the probable contents of barn and granary. Ordinarily, where one seller of store sheep can be found in the spring, ten can be found in the late sum- mer or fall. — National Live Stock Journal. RAISING HOGS. Mr. Editor — much has been said in the agricultural journals of the South on the subject of planting all cotton and buying all sup- plies. It has been well observed that the most thrifty planters have been those who raised all of their supplies on the farm. Where corn is worth one dollar per bushel there is no question but that Western pork can be bought cheaper than hogs can be raised on com alone. Therefore, in discussing this subject all idea of raising hogs on corn in a cotton country or in any country where labor is high, must be discarded. Those crops must be raised which the hog can gather for himself. The force of this remark will be seen when we consider that the gathering and feeding out most crops constitute about half their value, and especially is this true of peas. Twenty-five years ago the writer knew an old gentleman in Geor- gia, who adopted the high culture system — that is, planting a few acres — manuring and cultivating well. He was remarkably success- ful in raising hogs, and noted for having something of everything to sell, and especially lard. His plan was to have adjoining his hog pasture, lots planted especially for hogs. These consisted of oats, barley, ground-peas and potatoes. He sowed oats in the fall and let the hogs graze them, alternating from one lot to another. As soon as potatoes were large enough the hogs were turned on a small patch, and this succeeded by ground peas, and cornfield peas. His hogs were always fat and very heavy when killed, affording large quantities of lard, without consuming much corn. Orchard grass and blue grass grow well in an apple orchard. When well set this might furnish a profitable pasture for hogs. To all these above described arrangements should be added clover and lucerne patches. The latter is known to be the best soiling crop ever raised in Georgia. Several years ago the writer ordered all the unthrifty pigs on his plantation brought to a town lot to be " slopped." Eight or ten were brought in and the cook ordered to attend to them. As usual she allowed them to die one by one during the winter. About the first of March the two remaining mangy pigs were turned 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 377 out. They found their way into a small lucerne patch which was then beginning to grow luxuriantly. Observing that they were very fond of it, they were allowed to continue their visits. No two pigs ever improved faster. DOG TAX. The number of dogs in Richmond, Va., on which a tax has been paid, is 2,440, and the revenue accruing therefrom $4,060, which will be considerably augmented by a fine of those who have failed to comply with the law. The canine population of Richmond, Va., is numerous, and the revenue from taxation large, but we believe that it will be found equally numerous in many other parts of the country, and it would be of infinite advantage to the sheep interest of the whole country, if a proper dog tax were levied and collected, and the proceeds appro- priated to paying for sheep destroyed. Experience has proved, however, that no candidate can be elected to legislatures, generally, who expresses sentiments favoring a dog tax. The value of the sheep annually destroyed by worthless dogs, in our country, would be suf- ficient to relieve all the suffering in regions devastated by grasshop- pers and potato beetles ; yet the owners, as a class, have done less, probably, for that charity than any other. Worthless men own the greater share of the worthless dogs, and do more to populate pauper houses than any other class. • THE DOG WARFARE. Mr. Dodge, in the January Report of the Department of Agricul- ture has the following : The warfare of dogs upon sheep still con- tinues; the direct losses are a million of dollars annually, in wool and mutton, and, indirectly, even a larger sum in the repression of sheep-husbandry, and the consequent waste of a large per centage of the annual crop of grass ; a crop more valuable than that of cotton or corn, throughout the Southern States and elsewhere in all dog- cursed sections of the country. The canine warfare is a badge of vagabondage, an indication of savagery and lawlessness inconsistent with a progressive state of agriculture. In communities where "every very poor man keeps two," the average legislative candidate dares not pledge himself to vote for a dogdaw. Until recently, only a few States in which wool-growing is prominent had dog-laws, which is equivalent to saying that the ideas on which our agriculture was based Avere primitive, and its rural processes crude. A rich, well-pulverized, clean and rather stiff loam is best for onions. The seed should be sown in rows nine or ten inches apart (some sow one foot) and four to six inches apart in a row. 378 THE SOUTHERN [July A HINT TO FARMERS- In some sections — and it would be a decided advantage in thought- fulness and kindness in all sections — farmers give each of their boys, and girls, too, a strip of land to raise whatever they choose upon it, and dispose of the product for their own benefit. It is a favor that they all appreciate, and it is a pleasant and serviceable employment for them in their leisure hours. They will vie with each other in their skill at raising their little crops, and the poceeds applied to their own use are frequently of some value; and the whole arrangement, while it instructs them in the cultivation of the soil, early implants in the children the idea of thrift and economy. Sometimes, where a good many animals are raised, a pig, a lamb, a calf, up to even a colt, according to the age of the children, is given to each to rear and to keep or sell. Farmers, think of this: it will more than repay you in the happiness and confidence it will impart to your sons and daughters. — G-ermantoivn Telegraph. WORK AS A REMEDY. Dr. Dio Lewis says: A lady has just left our rooms whose case illustrates an important idea. Ten years ago she was an invalid. Her malady was obstinate, and at the end of a year's treatment a consultation resulted in the opinion that her case was cerebro-spinal irritation, from which she would probably never recover. Six years ago her husband died. His estate proved insolvent. The wife engaged in an active occupation to support her three children. In a year she was well, and has remained so ever since. There are two million dyspeptics in America. Nine in ten of them could be cured by work. A wealthy clergyman from a neighboring State assured us that he had spent eight years and thirty thousand dollars in seeking a cure for his dyspepsia. He had traveled everywhere and consulted all sorts of doctors. We are afraid he will never forgive us for telling him that six month's hard work would make a well man of him. REMEDY FOR CABBAGE WORMS. Hellebore, lime, salt and similar substances have been used with varied success for the destruction of cabbage worms. It is now stated that bran and buckwheat flour answer the purpose better than any other remedies that have been tried. The bran is simply dusted over the infested cabbages as soon as the worms make their appearance. If the worms are very thick, about a handful of bran is required to each cabbage head, and sometimes it is necessary to go over the plants the second time. A hundred weight of bran is sufficient for an acre. It must be applied when the worms are young. ^ hen they are full grown or very strong, it does not ap- pear to affect them. The buckwheat flour is sifted upon them by 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 379 means of a sieve, in the evening or in the morning when the dew is on the plants. If one application does not destroy the worms a second one should be made. It is probable that wheat flour, fine Indian meal or any other pulverulent farinaceous substance would have the same effect. — American Garden. BEES FOR FARMERS. Is it not strange that farmers should so generally neglect to keep bees, or to gather even the sweets which they want as a luxury in their own families? They have the room, they have the pasture, they have all the conveniences for keeping a half dozen swarms and producing the best results. They will tell you that they have not time to study the wants of the honey-bee, and to manage them prop- erly. But who has more time during the winter than the farmer? who has more time to study the habits of the bee during spring and summer, and to understand what is necessary to success, than the farmer ? The farmer spends his life mostly in fields, and the bee comes more under his immediate observation than of any other class ; but he seems to shut his eyes to natural phenomena, and the result is that honey is mostly produced by persons in other occupations, such as mechanics, owning small lots, and in cramped situations, those who are not in a condition to give them convenient pasture, such as almost any farm can furnish. But the farmer, after all, furnishes the pasture for other people's bees, and then buys his own honey, or goes without it. He may thus be considered as most generous in the dispensation of his bounties, but it is wholly unintentional. This is one of the wastes on a great majority of all the farms that are not utilized by the farmer, who is always croaking that farming don't pay ! Why, I think, he wastes almost as much as he uses, for want of stu- dying his means. Perhaps we have now entered upon a new era under the auspices of the Grange When the farmer becomes social, and talks over his affairs familiarly, he will begin to take note of these wastes, and to mend his ways. I know a Avoman who makes a good living from 20 to 30 swarms of bees, and the care of them is only a pastime to her. It is a pleas- ure to her to watch the industry of her bees and to provide for all their wants. As she is so successful, I asked her how much of her time it really occupied, to which she replied that a half hour per day for six months would cover all the time spent. I am an artist, and have only a small lot, scarcely space to set six hives, but under those cramped circumstances can make 250 pounds of honey to sell, besides all we can use in the family. My honey is mostly obtained from the farmers' pastures, and I carry their products to market. But I only utilize what farmers voluntarily waste. Would it not be well for farmers to use their own bee pastures ? I am constantly dreaming of a happy time coming, when I shall be able to own a 380 THE SOUTHERN [July small farm, and have the pleasure of spending the remainder of my life in the open fields. The farmer is truly blest in being brought close to nature, where he may read her secrets. — Live Stock Journal. STUDY TO SAVE STEPS. If farmers would get in the habit of spending half an hour each day in thinking how steps may be saved, work would turn to much more account. Some barns are so unhandy that thousands of steps are taken every year that might be saved. In the house, and espe- cially in the kitchen, is this the case. Many a farmer spent hours and hours last winter by the fire, kept in by the cold, when he would have been much better engaged in digging a well under the kitchen, so as to have a pump to bring water into the sink. Such an im- provement will save miles of travel every year; and whenever water is drawn therefrom, blessings will be pronounced. Some pantries are so inconvenient, and so deficient in drawers and shelves, that time is lost in hunting for things, and temper is soured. Pray — stop, consider, devise, execute ; and if it does not suit, try again — and do have things convenient, and save steps. — iV. Y. Tribune, Make tiie Farm Self-Sustaining. — In an address before a North Carolina Agricultural Society, Col. A. A. McKay, dwelt upon the necessity of making each farm self-sustaining ; said that '•all cotton" encourages extravagance, bringing cash, which is wast- ed, as it was last year, when the Southern farmers "gambled away in cotton futures one hundred millions of dollars." Let every farm- er, he continued, raise first what he needs to make his farm self-sus- taining, and then let the cotton come in, and the cotton money will be clear gain. Continued Supply of Guano. — More detailed accounts of a report made by the Embassador from Peru at London, on the supply of guano in that country, have come to hand, and are calculated to relieve the fears so widely entertained of an early failure of the guano supply, On some forty-five different localities on the mainland and islands of the Peruvian dominions guano deposits are found, some of them amounting to millions of tons. A New York horticulturist sells Baldwin apples at $10 a bar- rel. He takes a slip of paper and cuts children's names; then places the paper around the apples when they begin to color, and in a week or two Mamie. Jamie, Johnnie or Susie appears on the apple in large red letters. These picked and barreled by themselves, bring fancy prices. The total increase in the number of granges in the L'nited States during the last three months is said to have been about 1,000. 1875. PLANTER AND FARMER. 381 THE PATRONS' OBJECT. . The following is the beautiful preamble to the Constitution of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, adopted at the eighth annual session of the National Grange at Charleston, S. C, February, 1875 : " Human happiness is the acme of earthly ambition. Individual happiness depends upon general prosperity. "The prosperity of a nation is in proportion to the value of its productions. "The soil is the source from whence we derive all that constitutes wealth; without it we would have no agriculture, no manufactures, no commerce. Of all the material gifts of the Creator, the various productions of the vegetable world are of the first importance. The art of agriculture is the parent and precursor of all arts, and its products the foundation of all wealth. "The production of the earth are all natural laws, invariable and indisputable ; the amount produced will consequently be in propor- tion to the intelligence of the producer, and success will depend up- on his knowledge of the action of these laws, and the proper appli- cation of their principles. "Hence, knowledge is the foundation of happiness. "The ultimate object of this organization is for mutual instruction and protection, to lighten labor by diffusing a knowledge of its aims and purposes, expand the mind by tracing the beautiful laws the Great Creator has established in the Universe, and to enlarge our views of Creative wisdom and power. "To those who read aright, history proves that in all ages society is fragmentary, and successful results of general welfare can be se- cured only by general efforts. Unity of action cannot be acquired without discipline, and discipline cannot be enforced without signifi- cant organization, hence we have a ceremony of initiation which binds us in mutual fraternity as ivith a band of iron. But although its influence is so powerful, its application is as gentle as that of the silken thread that binds a wreath of flowers." CATHOLICS CAN JOIN THE ORDER. It is well known that the opposition which his holiness, the Pope has manifested toward the Order of Patrons of Husbandry has de, terred many Catholic farmers from becoming members of the Grange In accordance with the advice of one of the Catholic Bishops of Min. nesota, a member of that Church who desired to become a Patron addressed the Pope on the subject, setting forth the objects and aims of the Order, and the means by which it proposed to attain them. The following is the substance of the reply thereto : -" The Pope allows the petitioner to join the Grange of Patrons of Husbandry, and be a member thereof, if he finds nothing therein conflicting with his conscience or the creed of the Catholic Church." As a consequence, the Order has received a large accession of 382 THE SOUTHERN ■ [July strength in Minnesota, and when the news of the Pope's decision has reached other States, its effect will be to largely increase the numbers of the Patrons. — Colmans Rural World. HAPPY HUSBANDS. It is a man's own fault if he is unhappy with his wife, in nine cases out of ten. It is a very exceptional woman who will not be all she can to an attentive husband, and a more exceptional one who will not be very disagreeable if she finds herself wilfully neglected. It would be very easy to hate a man who, having bound a woman to him, makes no effort to render her happy ; hard not to love one who was constant and tender, and when a woman loves she always tries to please. The great men of this world have often been wretched in their domestic relation, while mean and common men have been ex- ceedingly happy. The reason is very plain. Absorbed in them- selves, those who desired the world's applause were careless of the little world at home ; while those who had none of this egotism strove to keep the hearts that were their own, and were happy in their ten derness. No woman will love a man the better for being renowned and prominent. Though he be the first among men, she will only be prouder, not fonder ; and if she lose him through this renown, as is often the case, she will not even be proud. But give her love, appreciation, kindness, and there is no sacrifice she would not make for his content and comfort. The man who loves her well is her hero and her king. No less a hero to her through he is not one to any other ; no less a king, though his only kingdom is her heart and home. MADAME JEROME BONAPARTE. Madame Bonaparte is still living in Baltimore, at the age of ninety years. She says she has no intention of dying until she is a hundred. She has been to Europe sixteen times, and contemplates another trip this summer. This old lady has more vivacity, and certainly more intelligence, than many of the leading women of fashion of the present day. She expresses her opinion upon all sub- jects with great freedom, and sometimes with bitterness. She has little or no confidence in men ; and a very poor opinion of wo- men; the young ladies of the present day, she says, all have the " homo mania." All sentiment she thinks a weakness. She pro- fesses that her ambition has always been — not the throne, but near the throne. Mr. Patterson, her father, died in 1836, at an advanced age, in possession of a large fortune. In his will, which is one of the most remarkable documents that has ever been deposited in the Or- phans' Court of Baltimore, he says : "The conduct of my daughter Betsy has, through life, been so disobedient that in no instance has she ever consulted my opinion or feelings; indeed, she has caused me mure anxiety than all my other children put together ; her folly and 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 383 misconduct have occasioned me a train of experience that, first to last, has cost me much money" — in this, he means the marriage of his daughter to Jerome Bonaparte. The old gentleman left her, out of his great wealth, only three or four small houses and the wines in his cellar — worth in all about ten thousand dollars. Madame Bonaparte is very rich ; she has made her money by suc- cessful speculations and by her life-long habit of saving. For years she has lived at a boarding-house in Baltimore, seeing very little company. Her costume is ancient, and there is nothing about her ap- peax-ance that suggests the marvelous beauty that led captive the heart of Jerome Bonaparte. Her eyes alone retain some of the brightness of former days. For forty year s Madame Bonaparte kept a diary, in which she recorded her views and observations of European and American so- ciety. Some of her remarks are severely sarcastic. A well-known Boston publishing house, it is said, oifered ten thousand dollars for the manuscript volumes, but Madame refused to sell them at any price, and has committed them to the custody of her younger grand- son, Charles Joseph, recently a law student of Harvard, now a rising member of the Baltimore bar. They will probably be published after the writer's death. — Scribnei'. PRUNING THE RASPBERRY. Canes which have once borne fruit, bear no more. Hence, these should be removed as soon as the fruiting season is over, cut off close to the ground, so that the young canes may have more room and air At the same time due regard must be paid to the thinning out of the new canes, removing all that promise to be weakly or slender. Since we depend on the strength of the current year's growth of wood for our next year's crop, any process which will concerve the vigor and concentrate the energies of the young plant is deserving of regard. Summer pruning and pinching we deem a valuable means to this end. The young plant, when it has attained the height of three feet, should be pinched off at the tip ; this will cause the side branches to develop, which in turn should be subject to similar treatment when from six to eight inches long. This pinching should be repeated if necessary, but should not be continued too late in the fall, since it* would cause a late growth of tender wood which would suffer during winter. It might be practiced safely enough till about the beginning of September, and any subsequent growth not wanted might be re- moved by a light spring pruning. This method we regard as much less wasteful than that of allowing the summer's growth to proceed unchecked throughout the season, and then prune back in the spring to a proper height. By this latter method the plant is allowed to waste its strength in the unnecessary production of wood which must be removed, and the growth is long and slender; while in the former case all its energies are concentrated in the development of a stocky, 384 THE SOUTHERN [July well-ripened cane, far better fitted to bear its destined weight, of fruit the ensuing season. This treatment is equally applicable to the black caps, unless where it is desirable to raise new plants: then the natural extension of the cane, or portions of it. must be allowed. — Tr. Saunders. HOW TO MAKE GOOD APPLE DUMPLINGS. First procure good. sour, juicy apples, pare and core, leaving them in halves. Get all your ingredients ready before beginning to mix your dough; sugar, soda, sour milk. lard. salt, flour and apples. Now make a dough, as for soda biscuits, only adding a little more lard to make it shorter. Take a bit of dough out on the kneading- board, and after kneading roll this as for pie crust. Then cut in pieces long enough to cover an apple, allowing for hipping the e ■■_ Put in two of your apple halves, sweeten according to taste, cover apple and sugar with dough. Lay the dumplings in your 1 pan. the smooth side up. first having your pan well buttered. Pro- ceed in this manner until you get your pan well filled, (be sure it is a large sized pan, for they will go off like hot cakes), then place a small bit of butter on the top of each dumpliug, sprinkle a handful of sugar over all : then place in a moderate oven and allow them to bake an hour. Serve (not too hot) with pudding sauce, or with su- gar and cream. CHERRIES. Marmalade. — Stem and stone your cherries saving as much juice as possible ; allow one pound of sugar to every pint of stoned fruit. Boil all for an hour uncovered, skimming and stirring well. When cool, put in pots and cover tight. It may not be generally known that boiling fruit a long time and without the sugar and without a cover is very economical, because the bulk of the scum rises from the fruit, not from the sugar ; boiling without a cover allows the water to evaporate and so the fruit is firmer and better flavored. Cherry Jam. — To every pound of fruit, weighed before stoning, allow one-half pound of sugar ; to every six pounds of fruit allow one pint of red currant juice, and to every pound of currant juice one •pound of sugar. Mode — Stone the cherries first weighed, and boil them till the juice is absorbed, then add the sugar well crushed, then the currant juice and the extra pound of sugar to every pint of the latter. Boil altogether until it jellies, which will be in twenty or thirty minutes; skim well and stir constantly, and a few minutes be- fore it is done, add some of the cherry kernels ; these impart a de- licious flavor to the jam. This is very fine. To Preserve Morello Cherries. — Select ripe cherries, pick off the stems and reject defective fruit. To every pound of cherries allow 1^ pounds of sugar and one gill of water. Boil the sugar and water five minutes, put in the cherries, and boil ten minutes, remov- 1S75.] PLANTER AXD FARMER. 385 ing the scum. Turn out into an earthern dish, and let it stand till the next day, when it must be boiled for another ten minutes. Cover with oiled or brandied papers and keep in a dry place. To Preserve Morello Cherries — Another Wat. — Stem and stone fine fruit, then weigh, allowing half a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit. Make a syrup, one pint of water to four pounds of sugar is a good rule; boil up ; skim ; then pur in the cherries and scald from five to ten minutes. Can in glas-. Common Preserved Cherries. — To twelve pounds of good cher- rieSj stoned, add six pounds of nice brown sugar : cook slowly for two feours. These are very good for common use, but will not keep so long as where one pound of sugar is allowed for one pound of fruit. Pickled Cherries. — One peck of cherries ; one quart of best vinegar; four pounds of sugar. Heat the vinegar and sugar to- gether, strain, then cook the fruit in it till done. Leave the cher- ries whole. CURRANTS. Canning green currants is done as any fruit canning is, but the fol- lowing recipe is worth trying, though we can only say it comes well recommended, not having proved it ourselves. Gather when green, strip off the stems, put the currants into dry. clean bottles, and cork with resined corks tightly. Kept in a cool place in the cellar they will be fresh for a year or more, and are very nice in the winter for pies. Currant Marmalade, Red or White. — Pick over the fruit nicely, and allow an equal quantity of white sugar ; put a layer of each alternately in a preserving kettle and boil ten minutes, or boil them the same length of time in a rich syrup boiled like candy. Currant Jam. — To every pound of red currants allow three- fourths of a pound white sugar. Gather the fruit on a fine day, weigh it, then strip off the stalks ; put the sugar and currants into a preserving-pan and boil three-fourths of an hour, skimming care- fully. Put into pots and cover with brandied papers as you would jellies. Currants are nicely preserved by taking equal weights of fruit and sugar, heating the sugar through with just enough water to prevent its burning, then washing the currants with your hand (unless wished whole) and boiling altogether three or four minutes. Spiced Currants. — Six pounds of currants, stemmed ; three pounds of sugar, one pint of vinegar; two tablespoons of ground cinnamon ; two of cloves; boil until thick, then seal in bottles or glass jars. Currant Jelly. — Put your currants into a stone pot, and set into a pot of water over the fire. Heat gently till the juice is well extracted; strain, but do not squeeze, if you want the jelly clear. Measure the juice and allow a pound of sugar (some rules say three- 386 THE SOUTHERN [July quarters of a pound) to every pint. Heat the sugar in a shallow pan, but do not scorch it. Heat the currant juice, put in the sugar hot, stir and skim well, and boil together four minutes. Very nice if carefully made. A jam may be made for the currants if they were not squeezed — making the jelly by adding raspberries and sugar, and boiling. Of course this jam would not be worth storing, but is excellent for daily use. Jellies are finest made from fruit not quite ripe. Fruit should be picked on a dry day. and not allowed to stand over night without scalding, as it may not jelly. Raspberry Marmalade. — Three pounds of raspberries, three pounds of sugar, one pint of currant juice. Wash well together, and boil until they become as stiff as jelly, before adding the sugar. Be careful not to let it burn. Another way is to omit the currant juice, and boil after washing ten minutes, and then add the sugar, (pound for pound), stir well, skim it, boil for fifteen minutes longer, then cool and pack away. Raspberry Vinegar is made by adding three quarts of vinegar to six quarts of berries. Let it stand twenty-four hours, then squeeze the berries, add to the juice nine pounds of sugar, scald and bottle. itorial gejartment. NOTES FOR THE MONTH. Before describing the work for the month of July, it is allowable to speak of the origin of the name for the month, which was bestowed upon it by the Romans as indeed was the name of all the months of the year. This was called July in honor of Julius Caesar. So far from his being a patron of Agriculture, be converted the ''pruning hook" into the " sword," instead of the '* sword" into the "'prun- ing hook," and after conquering much of what is now England and France, he crossed the Rubicon, and planted his eagles on the capital of his own country. He afterwards conquered '"all Spain." Though an ambitious warrior in place of a far- mer, he was yet a believer in drainage, and though perhaps not like the venerable John Johnson thinking "the whole arth needed draining." he had yet formed the design of draining the "Pontine marshes." and probably, but for the useless and unfortunate assassination of this great man by Brutus and his associates, (for theydid not restore the Republic), he might have carried his purpose into execu- tion, for he knew no such word as fail in his vocabulary. Had he done so, much valuable land would have been reclaimed to^agriculture, and the dreaded malaria of this region been driven way. But '• to return to our mutton." WHEAT A.VD WINTER OATS Will have been generally harvested by the time this reaches our patrons, the crop of each promises well, and in this region the^spring oat will be quite a good crop. Let these crops be housed as soon as practicable. If to remain in the 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 387 field, it is the opinion of many that wheat in " dozens" will keep better than in ''shock.-.-' a- in the former the drying off" is quick after a rain, and therefore less apt to sprout than in shocks. Oats should be stacked, if not housed, for rain will damage the "tie" and effect their sale particularly. If the seed is good, and tolerably clean (which is rarely the case^ a portion should be gotten out for mar- ket, and the otber portion baled if the farmer has a baling machine, for they sell better baled, and are better protected from rats. Let us advise the farmer to get his wheat out. and sell it as soon as practicable, for the first price is gene- rally the best, and much will be saved in the way of shrinkage, waste and steal- age. We believe that the farmers have lost thousands upon thousands, b.v hold- ing their wheat for a better price. THE HAY CROP Has been a short one. Let us economize in its use, lest we be short of feed next winter. As a substitute for hay it is not too late to sow MILLET AXD CORN FODDER. The latter, however, must be sowed early this month on rich land i:i time to make a crop. Millet will mature in sixty days, a rich sandy loam is best adapted to this crop. It stands drought well, and on good soil will bring heavy crops. It may be sown in drills or broadcast. If iu drills lay off the rows about 28 inches apart. If broadcast, sow four to five pecks per acre, and sow as early in the month as possible. From the fifteenth to the last of June would have been better. LATE POTATOES May be planted profitably as late as the 4th J uly. A very successful trucker informs us that he planted from 10th June to 4th July, and rarely fails to make agood crop. In our notes for June, we think now, we advised rather early planting. They must have the cool nights of the early fall to mature them well. The " Colorado beetle" is undoubtedly amongst us, probably introduced by the planting of western and northern potatoes. We hear reports of this destructive insect in different parts of the State. The remedy seems to be "Paris Green." The ''Agriculturist" for June, gives the following directions for the best mode of its application : '• It is necessary that the very deadly character of this poison should be known in order to insure care in its use. No persons with scratched or cut hands should apply it, and whoever uses it should avoid handling it, avoid breathing the dust, and everywhere and all the time keep iu mind the absolutely dangerous charac- ter of the article. It should be stored out of reach as carefully as gunpowder. and its application should not be entrusted to a careless or ignorant person, There are two methods of applying it: iu the dry state, diluted with some pow- der, and in the liquid state, suspended in water. There are various qualities of Paris-green in the market; the best makers, to their shame be it said, make several brands ; in other words, adulterate it in the factory. There is no ready test which one can apply to ascertain the purity of the article, and the only way is to buy of responsible parties who will properly represent its quality. For use in the dry state, flour is found to be the best to mix with the poison, as it ad- heres to the leaves better than plaster, which is sometimes used. With the pure poison oue part to twenty of flour is sufficient. Some kind of a sifting arrange- ment must be provided, with a long handle. An apparatus which can be readily made by any tin worker was shown in the Agriculturist last month, p. 187; of course some other coutrivance that will answer the purpose of may be substi- 4 388 THE SOUTHERN July a wide mouthed bottle, with muslin tied over the month has been ~ays kee; I .iward. and by every possible precau- tion f.void breathing the dust. It takes but a little properly a i even distribution is of more consequence than a large quantity. In applying Paris- green in the wet way. remember that it is nol e In water, but is only diffused through and suspended in it. hence it must not be allowed to settle to the bottom of the vessel. Frequent and thorough stirring must be attended to. A table- I of the poison to an ordinary pailful of water is the quantity used. It may be applied by means of a watering-pot. or by the use of some of the various garden force pumps sold by seedsmen and at the implement stores. In using be careful not to wet the skin with the liquid, and il _ : on the hands or else- where, have water near by to wash it off at once. When a force-pump is used, the liquid can be kept stirred by now and then directing the stream into the pail containing it. The chief use of Par:- -gi . the Colora'o potato-beetle and the cotton-worm ; it has been successfully applied in the liquid way. to kill canker-worms ou apple and other trees, and has been used also on squash and other garden. Of course it will not be proper to apply it to cabbages or other plants of which the foliage, or other parts which can retain the poison on rn. We repeat that Paris-green is a most dangerous poison and ed with a full knowledge o: re it where by no accident others can have access to it. Use it in such a manner that no harm can come to the operator. See that the pails and other vessels are used for nothing else. Finally, do not u- if any other means for destroying ins- seta will accom- [f this beetle is no: very n imeroua they should be killed at once by the hand, or placed on the ground and mashed with the foot. Should ordinarily be so advanced as to lay by at harvest time, but the late, cool, q: . rented it this the plough and cultivator must - running until laid by. It is a good plan to sow peas broadcast at the last working, to improve the land, or winter oats may well be sown at the last working, if it is near the last of July. The last working should be done with the cultivator not run deep, so as not to tear the roots, and to leave the land level, i. I best I ~op> and to prevent washing if the land is rolling. If winter oats are to be seeded, we prefer to seed them the last of August, by put. ting one to one and a half bush e. ring them with a five tooth cultivator, and chopping in the row of the corn with a hoe*. If the land is grassy much, it will be necessary to run the single plow in the rows twice, lapping the dirt in the centre, then sow, and cover with the cultivator. We adopted this plan of last August, and have a fine crop of oats. On the grassy part of the the plow was used, and on the other portion only the cultivator. ICEXIPS. should be sown the first part of the month if sown at all. We regard them as rather uncertain in our latitude. The turnip requires a light, rich soil. "Ruta bagas " should be sown in drills three feet apart, the land being previously well manured with well rotted stable manure, or a reliable superphos- phate, or Flour of Bone. In England almost all the manure, and the super- go cr> the turnip crop, which is eaten off by sheep, and then sowed to wheat and grass. The English in this way use much of the superphosphates and Flour of Bone. The "White Norfolk,'" or "Globe," and the ''Red Top " may be sown last of July, though the last should be sown rather later than the 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 389 former, as it matures earlier, and does not keep so well, particularlv if it ripens early. For •"Salad" the sowing is not until the next month. The "Seven Top" makes the most hardy salad turnip, but the quality is not so good, and the market men are complaining of it as not being salable, and the " Norfolk " or " Globe'' are preferred now for that purpose. They do not stand cold winters well, and require some protection. The " Yellow Aberdeen" is a popular turnip for table and stock. The turnip crop, however, except " Ruta baga " had bes>t not be sown until August and first of September. ASPARAGUS AND STRAWBERRIES. Should both be worked now, if not previously done. The proper time to work them is as soon as the crop is over. The dirt should be thrown from the aspar- agus with a single plow — the hoe to follow, cutting out all grass, and levelling the beds, and in a few weeks throw the dirt back again. Strawberries which are always very grassy when the gathering ceases, should have the dirt thrown from them with a small board, such as is attached to the " Watt plow."' to be followed with a small hoe removing all the grass and runners. Then the ;" five tooth cul- tivator " is to be run through them weekly, and the hoe used whenever the to our glorious mountain regions, or some where in Virginia, which offers so many attractions to the health and pleas- ure seeker. "I see that the Patron states that there is a firm in Richmond which proposes to give $50,000 to break down the Giange movement. What firm is ii?'; We have made every effort to find out the firm but have failed, and cannot be- lieve that such a proposition has been made. Will the Patron give the name, that the innocent parties may not be implicated by suspicion. Jordan's White Sulphur Springs. Fkeherick cocxty, Ya. — Our excellent friend, E. C. Jordan, the proprietor of this popular watering place, has sent us a few copies of his annual pamphlet, embodying all desirable information for those who contemplate visiting it this summer. We will take pleasure in dis- tributing them. Mr. Jordan raises honey by the ton, aud is located in a " Goshen " land for milk and butter. The lover of good living will not be apt to forget Jordan's address. E. C. Jordan, Stephenson's Depot, Frederick county, Virginia. W. C. Smith advertises Carriages, Buggies and Spring Wagons for farmers. We wish to impress upon our farmers the fact that a Spring Wagon is one of the most useful aud convenient things a farmer ever had. We would not be without one for double what it cost. Mr. Smith makes an excellent wagon, aud sells very cheap. THE SOTTTIHIEIE^ILNr PLANTER ©FARMER, The Oldest Agricultural Journal PnWislei in fiipia, SIXTY-FOUlt PAGES 3IOMiiJLY f Forming a Handsome Annual Volume of 664 pages, with a copious iudex for the sum of ONE DOLLAR AND FIFTY CENiS. C3LXJBS OIF IFXVJE OJR, MORE- $1 EACH. THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER HAS NO SUPERIOR IN THE SOUTH, HAVING A LARGE CIRCULATION AMONGST THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL FARMERS AND BUSINESS ME.V In (lie country — the best customers to every trade, not only on account of the substantial character of those to whom it is sent, bat likewise by the fact that possessing the additional advantage of being in book form and stitched ; it is, therefore, more apt to be preserved than an ordinary newspaper, and gives ADVERTISERS A BETTER CHANCE OF KEEPING THEMSELVES BEE ORE THE PEOPLE! Any one is at liberty to get up a club on his own responsibility. Each club paper may be addressed separately, and may be for any Post-ofHee. Parties get- ting up clubs will be supplied with specimen copies gratis, on application. Re- mittances may be sent by P. U. Money Order, Bank Draft, Registered Letters, or by Express, at our risk. All Business Letters and Kemitiaaces to be ad- dressed to JL.. **.. JJJc;li.irs IftSO^ii, P. 0. Box 54, Richmond, Va, \ to *r 6 m ^ & ^xaiHiiMioirsriD, "v^.. Pleasantly located on Twelfth Street, lacing Bank Street and the Capi- tol Square. In the centre of the business portion of the city, within one square of the Post Office and Custom House, it is, by its retired location opposite the southeast corner of the beautiful park surrounding the Capitol of Virginia, the most quiet hotel in Richmond. The proprietor having had a lite long experience in hotel business — first at the Everett House, New York, and afterwards as proprietor of the Spotswood Hotel, Richmond, in its best days — and now assisted by Mr, JOHN P. BALLARD, the popular veteran hotel-keeper of Vir- ginia, assures visitors of the ST. JAMES that no effort on his part will be spared to make them comfortable and to keep the house in first-class style. Coaches will attend the arrival of all trains. Elegant carriages are at all times at the service of the traveling public. jnne T. W. HOENNIGER, Proprietor. BERKSHIRE PISS FOR SALE. Another lot of PIGS from imported sows "Rosedale," "Car- lotta," and "Hillhur&t Rose 2d." ALSO, SHORTHORN BULLS, COWS & CALVES A. M. BOWMAN, je — 2t Bellevue, near Waynesboro', Vet R. Slltf OL.AXR <£ CO., " MANUFACTURERS OF mcetuml mum s mom Ai.SU. GROWERS AND IMPORTERS OF GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS, Dealers in FRUIT TREES and PLANTS Would ca'l rhe special attention of onr friends and customers to the following first-class Machinery and Implements, which we guarantee to be equal to any arti- cle of the kind made in this country, being all of onr own manufacture. We name in part, such machines as are required by the Farmer and Planter for the Winter and SpFing seasons, viz: SINCLAIR'S PATENT MASTI- CATOR, of which we make four sizes, viz: Hand. Steam and Horse Power. Sinclair's Patent Screw Propeller, Hay, Straw and Fodder Cutters, of which we make four sizes, viz. Light Hand Power, Hand Power, several sizes, and Horse Power three sizes. All of the above-named Cutters are our own Patents and Manufacture, and are such as we can recommend. Readiag's Patent Horse-Power Corn Sheller, with Fan Attachment. " " " Sheller, plain. Double Spout Hand or Power Sheller Single Spout Shellers— ell kinds. Corn and Cob Mills, Grist Mills, for Farm and Plantation use. WHEAT AND CORN FANNING MILLS. " Anderson's " Agricultural Steamer, for preparing feed for Stock. The best in use. Threshers and Separators — different kinds and sizes. Horse Powers, all sizes and patterns. Ox-Yokes and Bows, Horse Power Road Scrapers, Hay and Straw Presspg. PI0W3, differfnt kinds and sizes, Harrows, Cultivators, and all kinds of Farming and Horticultural Tools. Address, Se^ R. SINCLAIR & CO., 62 Li£ht Street, Baltimore, II CARDWELL'S THRESHER AND CLEANER. THE "VIZR/a-IUSTI-A. AND CIDER MILL Is superior to any MILL now made, and more sold annually in this market than of all other kinds combined. It does not grate, but thoroughly crushes every fruit cell, insuring all cider the apples will yield. Send for Catalogue. CHAS. T. PALMER, jy-ly 1523 Main Street, Richmond, Va. THE GREEN SPRINGS ACADEMY, LOUISA COUNTY, VA. This pleasantly situated private School for Boys and Young Men preparing for College, will resume recitations October 1st, 1875. Persons wishing to send their sons to school are requested to ap- ply to us at once. We wish to have only a small school of some twenty-five scholars — one that can be well taught. For reference, apply to editors of " Religious Herald " or to Pro- fessors of Richmond College. Address C. R. DICKINSON & SON, jy-3t Treviliaii's, Louisa County, C. & 0. R. R., Va. VIRGINIA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL 222 8TBBUTS. Fourth session opens August 16th. The Agricultural and Me- chanical Departments are well equipped for practical, as well as theoretical, instruction. For Catalogue, address C. L. C. MINOR, President, jy-lt Blacksburg, Va. IMPB.8VE.Y0UR STOCK. FOB SALE — Alderney and Durham Cattle. Cotswold and Shropshire Lambs, and Berkshire Swine. PREIirM AIHE»SET Bill, ' EZRA" three years old. Sire Imp. Hannibul (618 : Dam Lily (500 . Price S100. PkEMIUH AMiEKSFT I TI.I- "(iOLUDi SI" two years old. Sire Iigp. South- ampton 117 ; Dam California (344). Price S30. AI,DF,R>ET BEf.E rHATEAH, eighteen month* old- now fit for service. Sire Ludbro<E«\E> ■UI.I. KVDBKOOli IS _ Bine vears old ; bred bv J. Howard MeHenry : one of the finest bull- in the State. Price S10?. PRE.Uir.n AEDER%ET REEL HAN'VIBtl, four years old. Sire Imp. Hannibal (61Si; Dam pure Alderney Cow, tut uot registered ; took 1st Premium State Fa:rlS73. Pn: DURBAN BILl, STrtVEWAEE. bred by James Gowen of Pennsylvania, roan color, of finesize.and splendid form. Price S100 worth twice the money. TWO DFRHAn CALYES v Heifer and Bull), four months old. roan color. Pricp $30 each. OorSWOED AMD SHROPSHIRE E A JIBS, at from Slo to 513 each. BERKSHIRE PIG«. Gram best stock in the State. Price 58 Single pi » sir. The above prices are one-fourth less than Northern prices for such stock. Add' - A. P. EOWE, jv-2t Fredericksburg, Virginia. MA-jSTHi^TT^ISr Life Insurance Company OF NEW YORK. Assets Ja n uary 1st, 1875, - - 39. 69 0. 750 4 8 Undivided Surplus, - 1,808,329 22 All its policies are incontestable, and non-forfeitable from the second rear. Dividends Annually. 85,500,000 Paid in Losses during Twenty-Four Years, and no Claims Unpaid. Premiums may be paid Annually, Semi-Annually, or Quarterly, as best suits the couvenience of the policy-holder. P. T. MOORE. i. ADAIR PLEASANTS, Agent City of Richmond. Gent rod Agent. Office: 1200 Main Street, under Planters Nat. Bank. THE "WATT PLOW VICTORIOUS ON EVERY FIELD! A combined TURNING PLOW. CUL- TIVATOR. SUBSOILER, ROW-OPEN- ER, PEANUT-DIGGER, TOBACCO and COTTON SCRAPER and SWEEP. No CHOKINGwhen bright and smooth; no LABORtothe plowman: ONE THIRD LESS DRAUGHT to the team ; thorough BURIAL of Weeds. Crass, .vc. : great STRENGTH, Durability and Economy in \ its use, and complete pulverization of ire )wA soil. ^ M Sk FARMERS WHO USE IT WILL USE NO OTHER. Awarded all the Premiums at every Fair attended in 1873. Awarded First Premiums at every H«K-pt WB-. n,,L -xa Fair attended in 1874. Virginia State Fair. Richmond— FIRST PREMIUMS OX THREE AND FOUR HORSE PLOWS. Right and Left Hand -ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED THEIR SIZES. Also at the Plowing Match ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED WHITE PLOW- HEX were taken with WATT PLOWS of ONE. TWO. THREE and FOCR- HORSE SIZES; and COLORED PLOWMAN by ONE, TWO and THREE- HORSE SIZES ; being SEVEN PREMIUMS OUT OF EIGHT. The superior work done by the WATT, and the complete ease with which it is handled, was apparent to all. NORTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR. Raleigh. October 10th; GEORGIA STATE FAIR. Atlanta. October IVKh : SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR, Columbia, November 10th ; STAUNTON. VA.. October 13th; LYNCHBURG. October 20th ; WELDON. N. C. October 20th; ORANGEBURG, S. C, November 3rd ; CHARLO r IE. X. C. November 3rd ; DANVILLE. VA.. November 3rd: POINT PLEASANT, W. VA., October. Thus, with its great reputation before, it has gained new laurels this year, which must convince every farmer of its vast superiority over other plows. We warrant every plow sold to be as represented or to be returned to us. We solicit a trial. Catalogues sent to any address. WATT & CALL, SOLE MANUFACTURERS, 1462 Franklin St.. Richmond, Va. Special Agents for "The Best" Spring-Tooth Horse-Rake and Gleaner: also for sale of our own manufacture. HARROWS. CULTIVATORS, and all kinds of IMPLEMENTS at lowest prices — all warranted. I have a NEW BURDETT ORGAN which I will sell for $150 — Manufacturer's price $175 — Boxed and delivered at any Depot or Wharf in Baltimore. Terms of payment accommodating. L. R. DICKINSON. Also, THREE FIRST-CLASS SEWING MACHINES which will be sold at a discount of forty per cent, on Manufacturers' prices. THE IMPROVED WHITNEY SEW IE MACHINES, PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. Soli Direct from tlie Factory at GREATLY REDUCED PRICES. MARK Patd. J-.; ENDORSEMENT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTE OF INDIANA. After a thorough examination and test of the Improved Whit- ney Sewing Machine, we find it simple and durable in its con- struction, the material and workmanship first-class. The machine runs exceedingly light, and at a high rate of speed. It is capable and will do all varieties of family sewing in a superior manner. We heartily rec°mmend the Improved "Whitney Sewing Machine to members of our Order requiring a modern and reliable sewing machine. By referring to our national executive cir- cular we find that the Whitney Mfg. Co.. through C. G. Akam, was the first standard sewing machine to make a nationial proposition to members of our Order, and we trust Patrons will give them the liberal support they justly deserve. — J. Q. A. Newsam. John F. Hall, Robt. Mitchell, Anson B. Line, R. C. McWilliams, Lindal Smith. I hereby certify that the above is a true copy of the action of the committee M. M. Moody, Secty Indiana State G-range. The Whitney Sewing Machine possesses all the requirements of a perfect Family Sc -x\n? Ma- chine. It is a perfected Shuttle Lock-Stitch Machine. It is constructed upon sound and well tested mechanical principles. The workmanship is of the hi.-hest character. It is adapted to every variety of sewing for family wear from the lightest muslins to the heaviest cloths. It wiU Hem. Fell, Bind, Cord, Braid, Seam, Tuck, Ruffle, Hem-stitch, Gather and sew on at the same time and will work equally well on Linen, Silk, Woolen and Cotton goods. Why the Whitney Mfg. Co., are Great Public Benefactors? Because they are the Pioneers in breaking the combination prices in Sewing Machines, and putting this faithful servant within the reach of all. The Whitney is the best and now the cheapest First-CIass Sewing Machine ever offered to the puolic. Send for circular giving all particulars, The Whitney Manufacturing Company, ap-tf PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. POWHAIAI EAW B SUPER-PHOSPHATE, MANUFACTURED BY THE POWHATAN PHOSPHATE COMPANY, J. G. DOWNWARD, President. JOHX WHA XX, Secretary aud Treasurer. To the Planters of Virginia and North Carolina: We respectfully call the attention of those intending to use fertilizers on their spring crops to the Powhatan Raw Bone Super-phosphate, and particularly those who want a reliable fertilizer for tobacco and cotton, as we intend in the future, as in the past five years, to furnish an article which has no rival, regardless of price. Wherever it has been used by the side of auv other fertilizer whatever, not excepting the deservedly popular and higher priced tobacco fertilizers of the day, it has in every case proved itself fully equal, figr Semi for Circular. mar — 3m "soiMrpACincluANor FOR TOBACCO, CORN AND OTHER CROPS. after ten rears" continuous use, throughout Virginia and the South, Soluble Pacific Guano has acquired a reputation for reliability equal to that formerly enjoyed by the Peruvian Guano, and the Quantity us^d annually exceed- that oi any other lertihzer. 1 ha* been the aim of all connected with this Guano to produce the best possible temhzer at the lowest Dossible cost, and we claim t bat the unusual resource- and facilities pi the manufactu- red h™eKed thlin to approach this more nearly than has been done ,u any oth.-r fertilizer with which we are acquainted. Those who have been using it unite with us in the opinion, that by its use the consumer gets THE GREATEST BENEFIT FROM THE SMALLEST OUTLAY. We offer it with ereat confidence for use on the Tobacco and other crops to be grown in 1S75, with the assurance that it is, in all respects, equal to what it ha* been in the past. PURE PERUVIAN GUANO, AS IMPORTED. We have a full supply of Xo. 1 Gna»ape Peruvian «uan», fron. ithe Ommri ageni in New York, selected from one of the finest carj - r imported. B ■ dry a. dm b a u- tiful order and contains within a fraction of IS per cent, of Ah... on.a w b.c i -^ . bin two per cent, of what the old Chiucha Peruvian used to contain— in tact, it would be difficult to tellWeorr'''1tbe'~e,^a,ndard and thoroughly tested fertilizers for Tobacco. Corn, and all Spring Cropi and* are pre^redSlell th.-m at such prices as will make it to the *»£ «£K&2™ dealers to purchase their supplies of us instead of sending their orders to .New York, or elsewhere. For fu.ther information and supplies, address, ALLISON & ADDISON, mar— tf Seed and Guano Merchants, Richmond, Va BOTTOM TOUCHED. DryGo-ods at Lower Prices than Even Money sayefl by lraylns your Dry Goofls from Lcyy Erotes, Who have made large purchases since the recent decline. Fancy Grenadines at 8&, 10 and 12.1c per yard, worth 1G§, 20 and 25c: Rich Styles Fancy Grenadines at 16§. 20, 525, 30 and 35c, worth from 25 to 5Uc.; Black Grenadines in all qualities from l'ijc. up to 82.25 per yard — this em- braces not only the cheapest, hut best assorted stock ever offered in this city ; Ecru Linen Tussore Suiting at 8Jc per yard, worth I6fc; at 12ic, would be a bargain at 25c ; at 16§c, worth 30c. — these goods must he seen to he appre- ciated ; Silk- Warp Japanese Stripes and Plaids at 30c. per yard, worth 50c.; Japanese Cloth at I2jc, worth 20c; Wash Poplins, best goods manufactured, at 12$c. and 15c, worth 16| and 36c; Deheges, at 25, 30, 35, 10 and 50c These goods can he had in all the new shades; New style Plaid Dress, Goods from 25 to 50c; per yard— a redaction of from twenty -five to fiftv per cent, has been made in these goods : Past Colored Lawns at8j, 10, 16$, 20J 25, 30, 37^ and 50c; ' Also, at the lowest prices. Pongees. Mohairs, Japanese Silks. Jaconets, Cam- brics, Linen Lawns, and all other styles of fashionable die— goods; Black Al- pacas at 25, 30, 35, 40, 4.",. 50, 60, 75. 85, 90c, SI and $1.25 : Australian Crepe at 50, 60 and 75c, worth 65c, 75c. and 81; Yard-wide Printed Percales aud Cambrics at \2\ and 16|c. per yard — regular prices, 16f and ' 5c; Victoria Lawns at 16f, 20, 25 and 30c; also, Piques at 16?, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40c — all remarkably cheap ; Swiss Muslins from l'2lc. up to 50c per yard — all very cheap; ( becked and Striped Nainsook Muslins, Checked and Striped Swiss MusHns ; Corded, Striped and Figured Piques — all at extraordinary bargains: Lonsdale Cambric, first quality, one yard wide, at lfi§ per yard: Knight's Cambric. 33 inches wides. at 10c, would be a bargain at 12£c; Utica Sheeting, 10-4 wide, in remnants from two and a half up to ten yards, at 40c per yard : 50c is the regular price everywhere ; Remnants of Dress Goods of every description to be sold at less than half value ; Black and Colored Silks at lower prices and in greater variety than at any other establishment in this State; Embroidered Curtain-Muslin, one yard wide, at 25c, worth 37|c; Hamburgh Net for Curtains, at 20, 25, 30, 35, 40. 50c. and up to 31 per yard ; Hamburgh Lace Curtains from £4 to $30 per set for two window-; ; Hamburgh Lace Lambrequins, from 82 50 up to $5 a pair — all very cheap and desirable ; Window-Shades in great variety, among which will be found an exact imitation of lace shades, now so fashionable . A large assortment of Curtain Fixtures, such as Cornices. Bands. Loops and Hooks ; Black, White and Ecru Hamburgh Nets, at a reduction of 50c; A full assort- ment of Laces suitable for trimming; A large assortment of Silk Neck Scarfs and Ties; Also, Black Lace Scarfs and White Lace and Muslin Scarfs : Ready-Made Dresses for ladies in all of the latest styles, from 83 to $25; A full assortment of Under-Garments at extraordinary low prices :; A large assort- ment of Ducks and Drillings for boy.-' and men's wear; Sash Ribbons at 25c, 30c. 35c, 40c and 50c, and up to 81.25 per yard— all extraordinarily cheap; A full assortment of Ribbons from a half-inch up to seven inches at the lowest prices; Gauze Shirts for men and women— some as low as 40c for men ; Bustles in all the new styles ; also. Hoop Skirts and Balmorals ; Matting. Oil- Cloths, Rugs, Carpets, Mats and Hassocks; Rubber, Jet and Gold Plated Jew- elry in great variety; Summer Shawls, Lace Points and Jackets : Black Grenadine Shawls at S3, worth 84 ; Laces and Embroideries in endless variety at low prices ; Goodrich & Barmim's Tuckers at 75c; Machine Needles at 4 and 5c: Machine Oil in large bottles at 15c; Clark's and Coat's Spool Cotton at 70c per dozen : And thousands of other articles not enumerated in this advertisement. Prompt attention to orders. July— tf LEVY BROTHERS, Richmond, Ya. The FinqtltAR SEFAKATOH LB.FARQUHiR York. Pa. I8l6. CHAS. SIMON & SONS, 63 NORTH HOWAIU) ST., BALTIMORE, MD. Dealers in FOREIGN & DOMESTIC DRY GOODS, wotild call special attention to their splendid stock of Dies Goods, Linen tioo la, Embroideries, Laces, and Hosiery ; the best assortment of Hourning Goods in lher:tv. SAMPLES BEST FREE! All orders amounting to 820.00 or over, will be sent free rf freight changes by Express, but parties whose orders are not accompanied by the money, and having their goods sent C. O. D., must pay for return of the money. 0 SqS 7i > " * j; (J CO S — 0 btU O _ .,- - o ELLERSLIE FARM. Thoroughbred HORSES ; Half Bred HORSES ; Pure SHORT HORN CATTLE. Improved BERKSHIRES For sale, Price, $10 apiece. Address, R. J. HANCOCK, Overton, Alhermarle Co., Va. Termi of advertising rf Planler and Farmer. Uue square, 10 lines or loss, one insertion. ..$2 0° 1 square of teu lines for six months ID 0$ 1 square of leu lines for one year.... IS 00 J4 page six months 30 1)0 % page one year 55 00 \/z page six mouths §55 00 1}£ page one year mo 00 1 page, siugle insertion 20 (JO 1 page, six mouths 100 00 1 page, one year 180 00 I7RESH * GARPE ¥ and FIELD SEED At the old stand c !' Palmer & Turpin, 1626 Main street, K.chmuud, Orchard Grass, Timothy, Herd*. Clover, Keutucky Blue Grass. Send for Catalogue, feh-tf W. H. TURPIN. WYOMI'V*-; S> "I.JlOMHI.V LOTTERY l,..uUlu ay the Legislature, uiawsuu tlie 10th and 30th of each month. licketssl; ii for 55. 1 chance in 8. 8200 Out) inrush piizes. Capital Prize, 850,000. Agents wanted. Particulars Address J. M. PA FTEE, Laramie City, Wyoming J. Y. BICKNELL, Westmorela id, Oneida Co., iV. Y., Won preuiiuuin ou ALL VARIETIES shown at the New l'oi,;>.ai. Kail la-t September, viz: BRAHMAb, Liglit and tiaik, CUOtlLNS, i'ai 1 ridge and White, HAMBURUo, oilvei spangled, Golden Span- gled and Pencilled and i>lauK, DURK1.M...S, Loioixd, HOUDANo, LA iM.u/HC.IiOLDEN POLISH GAMES, Black- breasted Rid and Duckwiug, GAME BAMAMn, BlacK-bieasttd Red and Duckwin . Gi.iLDtNot.BRIt.HT and AFRICAN BAN- TAM.-s, DUCKS, Rouen and Aylesbury, PlGEoNb, all varieties. — All first premiums but four — Fo >* La and El .(.s lor sale from the same stock. Ciicuia.s free. apl tf 20,0C0 bushels best UYS'lER SHELL LIME of my own manufacture, for sale low. I am aisu Agent for the Cumber- land Tobacco Fertilizer, which has given great satisfaction in the Connecticut Valley, also Berry's Superphosphate made exclusively liom Raw Hone. GROUND PLASTER, AGRICUL- TURAL SALi, Building Lime, Hy- draulic Cement, Calcined Plaster, &c, constantly on hauU ut wholesale and retail. A. S. LEE, Virginia St., Near Danville Depot. mar — 6m (PF\ t t')|| 1'cr Day at home. Terms $fj l0 .H. P, 0. Box 636. For more thau thirty years we have been engaged in the manufacture of " Pure Ground Bone , our crude stock being gathered daily from the butchers here, wiJ-h whuw *e have yearly contracts. Wc have com- pleted our new factory, an'd with the additi n of the latest and most ap- proved machinery, will be able to fill all orders sent to us at short notice and guarantee at all times to the purchaser a first-class article at the lowest market price. Respectfully JOHN BULLOCK & SOX. se — ly Subscription REDUCED to $1.50 Per Annum m Advance. TO CLUBS OF FIVE OR MORE, OWE DOLLAR EACH. E S T -A. IB IL. I S H E ID 1 1ST 184 0 THE SOTTTIECIEIE&lsr DEVOTED TO Agriculture, Horticulture, ai Rural Affairs, L. R. DICKINSON . Editor and Proprietor. J ,IX'J AUGUST. 1875. 1. .8 CONTENTS. Cost of Fencing 391 Letter from Missouri 393 Fairs of State Agricultural Society. ..395 Why Not Save our Own Seed 396 Blue Grass, &c 397 Economy 400 Tuckahoe Farmers' Club ; Notes on Hungarian Grass 403 Remedy for Smut in Wheat 405 Too Much Cotton 406 The Preparation for Wheat 407 Plain Talk to Farmers 409 To the Little Farmers of Virginia...411 Wheat Crop and Sheep Raising 412 Letter from Albemarle 415 Orchard Grass 418 Farm Tools and Machines..'. 419 Future of the Potato Crop 421 Steam Plough at Work 422 Agricultural Clubs 423 Gov. Smith on Complete Manures. ..426 Fertilizers 429 Letter from Halifax 431 Pea Gathering 432 "Cotton is King" 433 Waste 436 Curing Bright Tobacco 440 Letter from Gen. Smith 442 Remedy for many of Farmer's Ills. ..444 Fodder Pulling 446 Melioration of Garden Soils 449 More Education Among Farmers ; The "Colonel" 450 Profits of Sheep ; Sheep Did it 452 The Great Farmer of the World 453 About Pigs ; The Grange 454 Executive Committee 456 New York Patrons of Husbandry. .457 Lines Written under the Dog Star... 458 Family Department 459 Editorial— Notes for the Month 470 State Agricultural Society ; Pomona Granges 472 The Planters' Convention; Ten Good Hints 473 George Watt 474 To our Patrons , 475 Who will do Likewise 476 Dr. Nichols' Patent Portable Fence.477 Visit to Belmont Stock Farm 478 Letter from James Leigh Jones 479 Various Notes 480 THE BUEDETT OEGAN, CX2 "MATCHLESS" BURDETT ORGANS. We are now Agents for these celebrated Instruments, and are prepared to furnish them to Sunday Schools, Churches and Families at the lowest market rates. The best judges pronounce them the "embodiment of grace, beauty, sweetness and fulness of tone. Illustrated Catalogues and Price Lists furnished free. STELNWAY PIANOS. These instruments, unquestionably, lead the Piano market, having ob- tained the highest honors ever awarded to any Piano manufacturer in the world. We are SOLE AGENTS for them in Virginia and North Carolina. We also represent the BRADBURY PIANO, So distinguished for brilliancy, sweetness and power. SEVEN FIRST PREMIUMS received at State Fairs in the short space of FOUR WEEKS. Illustrated Catalogues and Price Lists furnished free on application. STARKE n every day for its profitable exercise. Oni Saviour, when on earth, took occasion to set us a notable example in the ap- plication of this great principle, when " he commanded his disciples I _ .:her up the fragments that remain, that nothing be tost 5lariy of our farmers have energy, and work hard, and make good crops, I . but at the close of the years operations fail to realize any profit, because they neg. gather up the fragments that remain " ; for it is in the fragments mostly that the profit is to be found. There are so many ways and occasions for the profitable of this important virtue that it is impossible to enumerate them all. I only propose to mention a few of the most important, and the first that of labor. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMRR. 401 Here in the South there is more money lost in the improper ap- plication of labor than in any other way whatever, and the present stinted condition of our people is due,*in a great measure, to this cause. Much of the land cultivated here does not pay one-half the cost of its cultivation. It is strange, indeed, that they should per- sist in a habit that is so obviously unwise and ruinous. This habit was acquired when labor was abundant and cheap, and our people are so much wedded to their old habits that they have not yet real- ized the necessity of an entire change of these habits, — or rather they have not wrought themselves up to the point of making the change. Talk to them about these things, and they will acknow- ledge the truth of everything said, but will still pursue the old beaten track. They say that their land is all poor, and what else can they do. The answer to this excuse is, you must either confine your cultivation to such land as will pay, or you must use the fer- tilizers on the poor land, so as to make a paying crop, and go on and adopt a good system of improvement and permanently improve the poor land; and this can be done mainly by clovering, and by saving and applying everything on the farm that can be converted into manure. Labor is money, or the equivalent of money, and we should exer- cise as much economy in its expenditure as in the expenditure of our dollars and cents. Our laborers should receive our constant atten- tion, and be made to discharge their duties faithfully. The duty and interest of the master does not lie so much in laboring with his own hands as in controlling and directing the labor which he em- ploys; though it would not be amiss to lend a helping hand occa- sionally, just to let the hands know that he is not above doing it. There is necessary, on every farm, a directing, controlling, and superintending power, without which business will not progress satis- factorily. An intelligent, practical business man can accomplish a good deal more in this way than by working constantly himself Time is the next item in the account of economy which I propose to notice. Time is also money, or the equivalent of money. Ah ! it is very often a vast deal more valuable and important. It is so precious, indeed, that our beneficent Creator has given us but one moment at a time. How important, then, to "husband the time," and "count the moments as they fly," and how criminal to waste or kill time. In order to a proper economy of time and labor, the practical farmer should maintain order, system, and discipline on the farm. He should exercise forethought, and his plans should be well digested and matured in advance. Generally there are special seasons, op- portune moments for each separate work on the farm, and when each is done at its own appointed time everything goes on har- moniously. On the other hand, when the farmer gets behind-hand with his work, and one operation begins to crowd upon another, con- 402 THE SOUTHERN [August fusion and embarrassment ensue, sometimes involving the loss of much time and labor. Early rising is another requisite for the proper economy of time, and the master himself should generally be the first to rise. It is all a delusion for him to think that the laborers are going to rise up early whilst he remains in bed ; and it is equally delusive to suppose that he can jump up and blow a horn, as a signal, and then return to bed and expect his hands to get up and go directly to their work as if he were present. '"He arose up early in the morning." is an expression that occurs very often in the Bible, and whenever the old patriarchs had any important work to do. they always got about it early in the morning. Early rising is indispensable to successful farming. Much time and labor may be saved by the proper location of the buildii gs, farm-pens, and roads of the farm. 'When the buildings happen to be located at ore end of the farm, a great deal < f tinfe must necessarily be lost in hauling and passing to and from the daily work. These buildings, if practicable, should always be loca- ted in the centre of the iaim. and as convenient as possible to wood and water. On many fains a great deal of time is lost in hunting up tools that have been misplaced. No suitable place is provided for them, and when the laborers happen to stop using them they are carelessly thrown aside, and when they are again needed, very often a day is consumed in hunting them up. On every farm there should be provided a safe and suitable place for storing away the agricultural implements and tools of every kind, and the master should see to it that the laborers lodge* them there whenever they stop using them. There are many other items to be brought into the account of economy. There is the saving of everything that can be converted into manure — such as ashes, bones, dead animals, the droppings of cattle. &c. Dead animals should always be put into the con post heap A dead horse will make some eight or ten loads of excellent manure, if composted with stable manure, woods-mould, muck, &c. Every bone should be saved for a similar purpose. — for bones, vhen composted with snoi g stable manure and allowed to remain in bulk two or three months, may be as effectually decomposed as il sub- jected to the action of sulphuric acid. In conclusion, allow me to admonish our people to heed and trea- sure up the beautiful text at the head of this article — "Gather up the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost." — W. Holman, in American Farmer. Cumberland county, Va. The American Patron does not understand why the National Grange needs a large capital, and thinks the money constituting the National Grange Fund should be distributed among the Subordinate Granges. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 403 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] TUCKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB, OF HENKICO COUNTY, VA. Our Club convened on the 8th of this month (July) at " Sunny Side," the residence of Mr. J. M. Vaughan. The day was pleas- ant, and the recent delightful rains following a good harvest served to relieve the farmer's wonted despondency, and made the day very enjoyable. Mr. Vaughan here works a large farm ; he is an ardent, practical young farmer, well understands his business, and pushes it vigorously. An inspection of the premises met the favorable judg- ment of this severely critical Club. Besides the harvested and grow- ing crops, we were shown some fine stock, and at its head stands " Wingtield," the fine young Hambletonian Stahion. I give you below a few hurriedly prepared notes on " Hungarian Grass," which was read to and approved by the Club. No particu- lar merit was claimed for it, save that it may suggest but an idea to the inquiring farmer. Mr. James A. Cowardin took up the idea and approved of this rich, nutritious grass, and urged upon the Club their attention to the very great importance of raising an abundance of grass to sustain our lands, keep up to good standard our stock through the severe win- ter, and bring them out in thriving condition at the spring of the year, and with all kinds of hay for forage we might then dispense with the unprofitable and expensive pulling of fodder. Mr. Cowardin will give us a written essay* next month on the sub- ject of " raising grass to meet the present necessities of our lands and stock with a view to our fall seeding," and Dr Crenshaw and Perkins, and Mr. J. M. Vaughan have been charged with the duty of reporting on "Fall ploughing and the advantage of the use of the subsoil plough, with particular reference to our various lands." The Club adjourned to meet with Mr. Thos. Johnston in August, Yours, J. A. Lynham, Reporting Sec'ry. k[We will publish Mr. C's essay in full in our next issue. — Ed.] *i NOTES ON " HUNGARIAN GRASS," FOR TUCKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB. We think that the time has come when there should be more diversity in our farming pursuits, and to us, at least, located around the rapidly improving city of Richmond, we should cut loose from the old idea of raising nothing, and attempting nothing in the way of farming, but the all-absorbing idea of a constant succession of corn, wheat and oats. We suppose that it must be conceded by the Club that such a practice (as experience teaches) works but an im- poverishment of our soils. It is a principle — yes, an inexorable law of 404 THE SOUTHERN [August nature, which no amount of theories or learned essays can estop or controvert — that solid food must be returned to feed the earth. We deal with this subject practically and plainly, and propose no technical, chemical treatise. We will tell you. that if by the use of commercial guanos and the manipulated articles now imposed upon the agricultural community, you hope to thus feed your land and satisfy its cravings, you are but stimulating it to its death. To grass then, in all of its forms, seeded not only in autumn and in early spring, but even in June and July we would invite your attention. No other system can be adopted now for the restoration of our south- ern lands, but the putting down of a large surface in grass; for the earth is hungry for it. It is strange that more attention has not been given this subject. Richmond is one of the best hay marl: this country, and besides the improvement to our lands, here wj can find ready and abundant sale for every bale that we can make. Yet we neglect this and send north for our hay. But this is some- what a diversion from the subject we were called upon to consider and report, and that is — as to the merits of the Hungarian Grass. The chairman of your committee is here able to present for the in- spection of the Club, a sample of this grass (about four feet high) taken from his crop, harvested on the 6th day of the month. Although claimed to be a species of Millet, it will be perceived, that its growth, blossom and seed are distinctively different. The seed are of variegated color, different from the white Millet seed, and heavier and richer, we think, in nutritive properties. This Hun- garian Grass, we learn, was introduced into France (where now its cultivation has been greatly extended) in 1815. and subse- quently introduced in this country through the U. S. Patent Office. It is an annual forage plant and germinates readily, while it thrives under the effects of a warm sun. It withstands drought remarkably, and as Flint says. w remaining green even when other vegetables are parched up, and if its develop>- ment is arrested by dry weather, the least rain will restore it to vigor.'' We are not able to tell you the exact chemical properties of this plant, but we can say. what may be equally as instructive, that its numerous succulent leaves furnish a green fodder, which remains green until the seed mature, and is very fattening and much enjoyed by all stock. The cultivation of this grass addresses itself to our favorable atten- tion particularly this year. For on account of the very unpropitious season, our general hay crop is very short and spring oats almost an entire failure. But we have plenty of time even after the ascer- tainment of this fact to make up for this great deficiency by the use of this grass. It should be sown broadcast from the first of April to the first of July) and even as late as August) at the rate of one bushel per acre, only avoid the frost, which is very injurious to it. The land should be well prepared, ploughed deeply, and harrowed until finely pulverized, and the seed rolled in. It is best suited to a 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 405 light or medium texture of soil, and upon high land — and not upon wet or meadow lands. This grass should be harvested when the crop is. in full bloom (usually in about six weeks from the time of seeding). If permitted to remain until the seed fully mature, the stalk becomes hard and sometimes dry, and is then not so much relished by our stock. It is said to be most excellent for milch cows, increas- ing the flow of milk largely, but, as said before, all like it — and horses seemed particularly -to enjoy it as a desirable change to them. It is a good appetizer, and its properties very fattening ; and for soiling purposes no grass is better adapted. With proper cultivation it can be made to yield from two to three tons per acre. But it is neces- sary to remark that the Hungarian Grass may be classed as a "'heavy feeder," but upon the other hand it will repay this attention. The land should be in good condition and freshly manured at the time of seeding-. Finallv, we suggest to the members the seeding of one or two acres as an experiment, which will likely lead them to introduce it more largely, and retaining this green hay for their own use, they will be enabled to sell more largely of clover and timothy. J. A Lyxham, 1 „ J. G. Beattie, > ^mmxttee. REMEDY FOR SMUT I]N WHEAT. A farmer in Ireland whose wheat was much affected by smut, suc- ceeded in remedying this evil by adopting a simple preventive which he learned had been practiced successfully in Flanders for many years. The remedy is a steep composed of sixty pounds of quick lime and thirty pounds of salt made into a solution sufficient to cover 600 pounds of wheat. In order to test this remedy, he procured the worst smutted wheat he could find, and after steeping for different periods, he sowed 112 pound.-, divided into four equal parts, on equal portions of land. No. 1, merely steeped so as to cleanse it. No. 2, steeped in the solution 12 hours. No. 3, steeped 21 hours. No. 4, steeped 48 hours. At reaping time No. 1 was dreadfully black. No. 2 had a good deal of black in it. No. 3, none at all. Nos. 3 and 4 swelled very much, but did not burst. No 2 swelled also, but not so much. See- ing that No. 3, which was steeped for 24 hours, succeeded as well as No. 4, he has practiced steeping for 24 hours, and has continued to do so with perfect success for thirty-two years. He has not had the slightest appearance of smut in his wheat since he commenced using this remedy. After taking the wheat out of the steep he lets it lie in a heap to drain. In broken weather he has kept it after being steeped for ten days, turning it every day, without any bad results. 406 THE SOUTHERN [August TOO MUCH COTTON. Writers have harped upon this old hackneyed theme without effect, until many have laid aside their pens in despair; but they should hope on, hope ever, and never give up their faith. Many ministers have preached to the same people for successive years, without any apparent effect, until tempted to believe that they — the hearers — were as hard-hearted as the granite rocks that sprinkled their native hills ; but finally, a great revival would break out — and 0, what a change for the better ! Southern planters have been in the habit of planting too much cotton, and unfortunately the habit remains ; even at tne present writing, little rabbit eared cotton adorn our hills and besprinkle our valleys — and what are the fruits now in May, 1875? Many are going about trying to buy a little corn, without either money or credit ! 0, ye cruel greenbacks, why have ye forsaken us ? Horses and mules that looked fat and sleek in March, now begin to adver- tise their backbone and ribs so clearly that "he who runs may read." Hogs, fat in March, have lost their energy, and lie up in the fence corners, afflicted with the dry rot or red rust, I don't know exactly which. Pigs are drawing up and swelling about the stomach, which I guess has become filled with gas. Even the faith- ful old chanticleer has apparently quit crowing; while snakish look- ing, hide-bound curs — that our patriotic legislators are afraid to tax for fear of losing votes — are prowling about beneath the stars, kill- ing sheep and tearing up hen coops ! But still, to make things worse, bacon is "a rising," and flour's " gitting up," while cotton is hardly paying the expense of making it. It was once thought if we could get rid of the " carpet baggers," that everything would work right. Well, this patriotic band of gentry has disappeared. Some have gone to the North — others to a warmer clime ! But still, something else seems to be needed. It was once thought if we could get laws enacted to prevent debt- ors from paying their just obligations, and make men possessing brains support those deficient in that important element of success, that all would be able to prosper and live; but this game has about played out, and capitalists and factors are shutting down the gates — and something else seems to be needed. It was once thought that the cause of hard times may be found in the fact that many of our laborers, having no brains to direct their muscles, labor and manage to a great disadvantage. There is much truth in this, but it is not the something needed. Finally, the something needed is more brains and less cotton, in reference to the whites. " They have had line upon line, and pre- cept upon precept," without effect, apparently; but necessity's iron arms are now around them ; they must capitulate to common sense, or the very life will be pressed out of them. Strange, remarkably strange, that the South could support herself 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 407 while vast armies devastated her territory with fire and sword, and while her strong, vigorous sons were nearly all upon the tented field, and now can scarcely do it, though peace reigns and genial showers fall. But the secret is easy to discover. Too much cotton ! Too MUCH COTTON ! Since engaging in agriculture, I have invariably planted as much corn as cotton, and this year have nearly as much land in oats as cotton. — Jas. H. Oliphant, in Southern Cultivator. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE PREPARATION FOR WHEAT. The preparation for wheat is a subject which our farmei-g have to consider and decide upon daring this month, if they have not already done so. For some years past the weather has been so unfavorable for sum- mer fallowing clover or sod land, that many farmers have stopped try- ingt o make that preparation for wheat ; but plant corn onland that they would have reserved for that crop, and sow on the corn stubble the next year. Along with this abandonment of summer fallow, there has been a great tailing off in the yield of wheat ; and the corn being planted on sod or clover land, there is a great increase in the complaints to that crop from cut and bore worms. Oats having for some years brought more money per pound (often double) than corn-, I would suggest that it would be more profitable to substitute oats on all highland that is at all liable to be washed by the heavy summer rains, in the place of corn, and especially on all such hill land as will not bring, in a moderate good season, seven or eight barrels of corn to the acre. The oats on such land, after deducting the difference in cost of cultivation, would probably bring as much or more net money than the corn crop ; a less weight would have to be hauled sto market, and the great loss of fertility to the land, from the washing done by every heavy summer rain would be probably avoided, which last is gene- rally greater than would be caused by the successive removal of several heavy crops which do not cause or permit such a destructive denudation of the soil. If, then, it be found in any summer that the clover cannot be fal- lowed in time for wheat, or if there is a sod field which would be left for summer fallow, but for the almost certainty that there will not be seasonable weather enough to plow it in, if we wait, instead of plant- ing in corn, especially if it is hill land or at all liable to wash, sow it in oats, even though you have to shorten your projected corn crop considerably to do so. Put the labor thus saved on your bottom or level land corn, and on your tobacco, and you will find that though the area cultivated may be considerably diminished, yet the crop will not be so very much shortened, and the oats will make up the difference or more. 2 THE SOUTHERN [August A? soon as the oats are cut — and don't be too careful about saving wa on the poor spots, where the oats require as much time and trouble to save as th< y are worth — haul them up [and start your plows on the stubble, and sow some buckwheat on the freshly plowed land before a rain has fallen, if you can. There will always be oats enough left on the ground to seed it pretty thickly, and they, with the buckwheat, will spring up with the first rain : and. in an ordinary season, by the middle of Septem- :11 cover the land with a thick growth of green vegetable mat- ter. The ground having been plowed in the winter or spring pre- vious, will plow easily, when a clover or sod field would be impene- trable. About a week before you wish to sow the wheat, cross-plow the :/.) and a good set of grass, but a feed of fertilizer fully up to the wants of the growing crop, is certain of a paying return, and a strong and satisfactory set of grass. How much then of the four fertilizers to which I have referred, should be applied per acre. This depends upon the thoroughness of the preparation of the field to be sown, its present fertility, and the time of seeding. I hold that no field is thoroughly prepared as a seed-bed, unless 428 THE SOUTHERN [August broken up at least eight inches deep, harrowed, rolled, re-plowed, re-harrowed, and when the crop is sown, rolled again. The advan- tages are, that, with such a preparation you will have no winter kill- ing in your crop, nor weeds, nor foreign grasses to embarrass its vigorous growth. Again, the crop must have some weeks for fall growth, that it may meet the winter in vigorous development, with a strong, broad leaf, kc. The broader the leaf the more carbonic acid it draws from the atmosphere in which it abounds, and the greater the certainty of a fine crop at harvest time. These advan- tages will justify the farmer in materially diminishing the quantity of fertilizer, witli which he should otherwise dress his crop. Again, he should know well the existing fertility of his field. Has he been experimenting with a view to inform himself? Should he have as- certained that his field has a plenty of nitrogen, but wants potash, and has lime, yet wants phosphate of lime, he will only purchase the articles in which it is deficient, and so save himself from the use of those with which it is already sufficiently supplied. But should the field be poor, that is, without the food necessary to the produc- tion of a paying crop, it must be supplied or the attempt to raise a crop should be abandoned. Ville. after many years of trial and ex- periment, adopted tthe following formula, which he denominated '"a complete manure," because its proper application to the field invari- ably produced a remunerative crop. Its composition is as follows : The complete manure for which No. 1 Acid Phosphate of Lime. 355 lbs. Cost in France, $5.40 In U. States, $6.11 Nitrate of Potash. 177" " " 10.47 " Vt 16.98 Sulphate of Ammonia, 228 " " 9.50 " " 11.10 Sulphate of Lime, 312" " " .59 " " 1.01 1066 £25.96 This dose to an acre of land, which, like the worn out land of this part of Virginia produced a most satisfactory crop. See Miss How- ard's translation of Yille, page 36 as follows : The above Complete Fertilizers gave a crop of 56.44 bushels of wheat. without lime. 53.33 " » " •• potash. 40.44 " " " '•' " phosphate. 84.66 " " " '• azotic matter 18.88 " " Without any fertilizer, 15. 88 While this experiment at Vincennes. France, shows that all the ingredients of the fertilizer were necessary to a full crop, yet it also shows that the land was more deficient in azote or nitrogen. It will not escape attention that the cost of Ville's Complete Fer- tilizer is materially more in this country than in France. But the cost can be greatly reduced with us. One of the most considerable items of expense with us. in the composition of the '^complete fertilizer." is the potash, costing nine cents a pound. But the 177 pounds of potash may be substituted by 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 429 328 pounds of sulphate of potash, containing 54 per cent, of actual potash, which can be bought in New York at 2f cents a pound ; thus reducing materially the aggregate cost. The sulphate of am- monia may give place to Peruvian guano, or to nitrate of soda, or to dried or ground bone and meat preparation, either of which will supply the requisite azote or nitrogen, as well as the sulphate of am- monia ; and I think for a less price. The phosphate for which I have estimated at 835 a ton, is the South Carolina article known to me to be prime, and said by the great English farmer and chemist, Lawe-. to be the best in the world, and which, he says, ought to be furnished to us at 820 a ton. So that we may expect soon, and. if not otherwise, through the Grange, to get "Ville's Complete Fertilizer" as cheaply at least as it is supplied to the farmers in France. I have thus thrown together these hasty views and forward them to you by way of reply to your card, with the privilege to dispose of them at your discretion. In great haste, yours truly, Wm. Smith. N. B. — I was honored by Miss Howard, of Georgia, with a copy of her most admirable and intelligible translation of Ville's Celebrated Lectures and Appendix. As far as I can judge, it is infinitely superior to the Boston translation of the same work. I earnestly commend it to the agricultural public. W. S. Warrenton, Va., July 17, 1875. [We understand that Gov. Smith has been experimenting with fertilizers. We hope he will send us the results. — Ed.] [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.! FERTILIZERS. I have had it in my mind for some time to give you an article on fertilizers. My mind was called to the subject by an article in your February number, written by "Keaster," on the bad effects of fer- tilizers. From the first introduction of Peruvian guano into this country there have been many advocates for the stimulant theory, as it is called, which supposes that all those articles of manure that make Peruvian guano a basis of preparation are mere stimulants, just as brandy is to the human system. I am greatly astonished that any one who has the least pretension to a knowledge of the teachings of science should for one moment countenance such a wild and erro- neous theory — one so well calculated to do injury to the farming interests. Whilst I am an advocate for home production of every thing that can be produced, especially of every atom of manure that can be made or saved, I hold it as an axiom, that all you can do with a farm, by its own production, is to keep it to its then condition of fertility, and in order to this, every atom of material taken from 430 THE SOUTHERN [August the soil must be returned in some form ; for it is a fact beyond dis- pute, that every growing crop extracts from the soil an amount of fertilizing material equal to its own weight. How. then, can you make rich, by its own resources, any exhausted highland farm ? I will admit, that if you have a large proportion of rich bottom lands, kept so by overflowing, you may enrich your uplands by taking from these and applying to them. But my point is. take the ordinary farms in this Piedmont region, and you cannot enrich them without foreign material. Then take it for granted you must have help. What shall it be ? I hold that Peruvian guano, as a basis, is the best, and those articles that are nearest to it next best. But these theorists say. it is a mere stimulant, it will ruin your land. Mr. Editor. I would just as soon say good fat meat would ruin the laborer ; one is about as much a stimulant as the other : as one brings strength and nerve to the laborer, so does the other bring strength and vigor to the soil. To prove this is easy : 1st. What are the elements necessary to compose a rich soil ? Silica and silicious sands, alumina, oxide iron, oxide manganese, lime, magnesia, potash, soda, phosphoric acid, sul- phuric acid, carbonic acid, chlorine and humus. These, in a greater or less degree compose all fertile soils, and are in various combina- tions with the primary elements, and in combinations one with an- other, such as the silicate of lime, magnesia, ke. Now. unless these elements are contained in the soil in some suitable quantity, you need not expect a full yield, however well you may till the ground, or however good the season. What elements compose Peruvian guano ? Analyses made by manv of the most distinguished chemists agree as to the ingredients • o o c contained in it. These are urate of ammonia, oxalate ammonia, oxalate lime, phosphate ammonia, phosphate magnesia and ammo- nia, phosphate lime, sulphate potash, sulphate soda, and sal ammo- niac. Now compare this with stable or horse manure, and you have almost the same, with the exception of the vegetable matter mixed with it. Here lies the difficulty, Mr. Editor. These would-be theorists sow down guano on the land, then cultivate three or four crops with- out rest, until all the vegetable matter in the soil is exhausted (without this no soil can or will produce), and then say the guano exhausted it. But, if the better plan of rest, with clover, were pursued, there would be an entirely different conclusion. My argument is in such a condensed form that the casual reader will not see its real import. I might add, that my experience with fertilizers fully confirms the view I have taken, having made rich a small farm by following this reasoning. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER, 431 I am now making some experiments with a sample of Piedmont guano presented me by my friend Col. Wait, of Virginia, which I will report to you. L. B. S. Winston's. iV C. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] A LETTER FROM HALIFAX. Your readers wish something original, and somethincr fresh ; and I, like a certain gentleman 1 have heard of, am afraid there is nothing original about me excepting original sin. '"Does Farming Pay?" has long been discussed; "The Labor Question" long since decided, and we have written appeal after appeal to our Legislature to give us relief upon ,; The Dog Question," and to secure us upon the " Fence Law " question. As to the dog question, the people must take the law in their own hands, and raise sheep whether or no ; and as to the fence-law question, it is simply impossible for that ever to be changed in this county. The people, white and colored, have no fences, and it would take at least a fourth of what little wood land they have to fence in — besides, they haven't the means or time to spare from their crops. The majority are sat- isfied of the fairness and the benefit arising from the present law, but under the pressure of the present hard times it will be impos- sible to change it. It is absurd that Virginia, struggling under her embarrassments and trying to pay cff her indebtedness, cannot have the benefit of a tax that would accrue from taxing the numberless horde of dogs that roam from place to place seeking what they may devour — infesting every log-cabin, every field, every street/ every store, house, sheepfold, or brick yard — doing damage wherever they go, besides preventing a revenue to the State by keeping down the sheep interest. But aint the Grangers going to arrange all these matters for our farmers ? We look to the Grangers. We have long begged for our rights — let us now in solid column demand them ! " In union there is strength !" This is the colored man's secret. Let them agree on any measure, and they are one for that measure. Let us take a lesson. Let us but unite, let us resolve to put our hands to the plow, to have more confidence in each other, and to make our old mother State the " State of States " she used to be. Some writer complains of " The Loneliness of American Farm Life." We work about thirty hands in the brick yards of the Messrs. Cosby, Owen & Co., at South Boston and Wolf Trap depots, and I assure you before Saturday comes I often wish I could know something of the loneliness of farm life. We long to get out of the rabble, the noisy, business crowd, and to feel something of the quiet serenity, the almost perfect peace, that dwells under the roof of that little farm house that is by the wayside. Even my horse, as he turns in at the gate, seems to know that in there is quiet, and that in there the jarring, and bustling, and jolting discord ceases. 432 THE SOUTHERN [August Of course our farmers, if they have time, should visit each other more, and should be more sociable ; but how can any one be lone- some on a farm ? Why. there we can have the sweet flowers and glorious fields of grain for our companions, if we have been in- dustrious enough to deserve them ; and then we have the wild flow- e woods, the fields, the brooks, &c, free to us. ramble where we may. How can we complain ? Let us only make our homes more attractive : let us only interest ourselves in them, and we shall not have to complain of loneliness What more e. _ r beneficial to health than to rise with the lark, draw in the fresh, pure air of heaven, see the glorious sun : - . ar fields clothed in fresh beauty, administer to the wants of our animals and receive their almost human gratitude, take a walk ur garden of promising vegetables, and then to be called to a breakfast of fried chicken, ham, eggs, biscuit, and ice-cool but- ter and milk, all of our own raising and industry ! Who could re- • relish such a breakfast, especially if presided over by a little girl with rosy cheeks and cherry-red lips ? And who, after partak- y g of - :b, could refuse to go to his work in the growing fields with hands and a thankful, joyful heart? He can work in the cool of the day, and with his newspaper rest in the shade. And in the fa i rest is needed and deserved, when old winter is coming on. our crops. &c, all secured, and everything in its place, and a place for everything, then we can take our families down to our old mother State Fair, procure our winter supplies. &c. But a farmer may enjoy numberless blessings which I cannot enumerate here. May the time soon be when a farmer knows how to appre- ciate his many blessings. Pardon me for this long, disconnected, disjointed and tedious harangue, written amid many interruptions, and I will try and do better next time. H. W. Cosby. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] PEA GATHERING. I serve that some of your readers wish to know the cheapest mode of gathering peas. I will give you my plan, but don't say it is the best that can be devised, but it is one that pays. Your cor- lent objects to the pea on the ground that it does not mature -1 simultaneously, which is well founded, provided they could ed by hand, but such is not the case. Gathering peas id for feeding purposes was necessarily abandoned when the of slavery was abolished. We can afford to gather in small quantities by hand for planting, but not for feeding purposes. iper way of gathering for seed is to pull or cut vines and all, and thrash or tramp out, which will leave a pretty fair article for forage. Gathering by hand would make the pea one of the most ex- pensive cr : grow- 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 433 If your correspondent will plant corn and peas as suggested in a previous article, and feed off peas "with hogs, beef cattle, (in fact all kinds of stock may run in pea fields and get fat or in good condition for the winter.) he will find that his farm will not require more than two-thirds the amount of corn that is usually consumed. All prac- ticle farmers know that poor animals when fed on corn at the market price in the South will eat their heads off (or so nearly so that there will be little left to balance expense of raising) by the time it is pre- pared for the tub ; and this is the great bug bear that scares many farmers off the road that leads to prosperity and independence. If our people could be induced to plant and sow peas in the right way and at the proper time, a sufficient amount of pork, beef and butter could be produced to supply our wants at a nominal cost. My pork cost me o cents per pound in 1873, and not exceeding 3f cents in 1874. (these figures may appear very small to some but they are in excess, if anything, of the real amount,) which could only have been done in this country by pursuing the plan named above. Now, farmers, which is it better for us to. produce, our pork at a trifling cost or give liens on our crops, and pay from 15 to 25 cents per pound for bacon and all other supplies in the same proportions. I, for one, have resolved to try to live at home as much as pos- sible, lei: others do as they may ; still it would be very gratifying to me to see my brother farmers enjoying the peace, prosperity and independence consequent upon a full corn-crib, smoke-house, flour- house, barn, &c, &c. J. Unionville, S. C. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] " COTTON IS KING." Cotton was proclaimed king about the year 1854, I think, though reallv it reigned virtually farther back. That cotton is king, and an exceedingly fickle and capricious monarch, I am ready to concede, and of his potency, his tyranny, no one need doubt. He fattens and pampers thousands of his subjects, whilst he oppresses and tyranizes over many other more deserving and fully as loyal. This potentate enriches those mainly who idolize him most, be they noble or igno- ble, honest or thieves. We see the railroad magnates in solemn conclave over their sovereign's business, and we see the dirty dray- man all eager to serve his master — both fatten. The warehouse men, they begin to smile about the first of September when their master expects to pay them his annual visit, and they too begin to think of oysters and canvass-backs. The fire insurance man sits in his dusty office and smiles at the coming harvest, and contemplates immediate deliverance from cobwebs ana dust, and that long torpid state in which, by necessity, he has lain. The importer of bagging and ties, (a grand monopoly), he too prepares to sing peans to this monarch of the civilized world. The mercantile marine is now ready 434 THE SOUTHERN [August to crowd their white wings into every one of his majestic ports, and the fat old ship-owner, as hesits in his old oaken chair in Liverpool or Boston, shakes his ponderous sides as he contemplates the good time ahead. The factor, bless the factor, I would not forget him — he now begins to put on new life, and begins to organize his forces, his dray- men, his storage-men, his weigh-men, his marking-men, his samplers, his menders, his salesmen, his book keepers, errand boys and porters. He rubs his hands in very glee at the harvest of drayage, storage, hand-hire, weighing, insurance, city tax, pickage, commissions, &c., &c.,and lays out plans for a fine, new residence to be built and furn- ished, and the turn out for the young ladies — it all comes looming up before him in beautiful expectation, and he raises hosannahs to the king and shouts, great is cotton the king. The spinners, dear souls, they are in great perplexity. They wish to shout to the great chorus, but these "strikes," and then there is general stagnation, but some how, they always manage to make good dividends. All these, and thousands not thought of, live, thrive, fatten upon this great staple (to drop the allegory) cotton, and only he who pro- duces it, he that toils night and day the year round to bring forth this vast treasure, reaps nothing but loss. The question is, why is this? It can be answered in a few words. Too much cotton and too little corn. To much land and too little manure. Too shallow breaking, and too deep culture. The first step to prosperity is to get out of debt, and that cannot be done unless we stop this everlasting peace destroying process of credit. When we make plenty of corn and meat at home, (and we can do it easily) then we get clear of debt, and when we get out of debt, this grand army of "middle-men" will have to look for other pastures. Virginia will soon be ranked a cotton State, but let me here warn that people never to permit cotton to get such a hold on them as upon us. to cause them to locate their cribs and smokehouses in the West instead of on their own premises. Let cotton (yes, and to- bacco, too,) be the dessert — it is not the staff of life — corn, wheat, oats, peas, potatoes, and all things for man and beast, are the ham and cabbage (that good old Virginia dish), and roast-beef and tur- key. Cotton is ice-cream, syllabub and floating island. Yet uhat would the millions do without it ? It suppresses mobs in old Eng- land and New England. It gives bread to thousands who could get it by nothing else. It creates a circulating medium for the civilized world. . It brings into play more commercial talent than any other article of production known to man. It has a mighty influence in the destiny of nations — in fact, King Cotton is the most powerful monarch that has ever reigned in this earth, and we Southern plant- ers have it in our power to bring him at our feet and monarch him and all his votaries by a judicious and patient course, and that in two years from date. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 435 I find from sad experience that a large area of cotton and many laborers will not pay. I am now paying off a large debt accumu- lated for several consecutive years by cultivating a thousand acres annually, with less than one fourth of that quantity of land. One may naturally ask, if one plow makes five hundred dollars clear money a year, why will not twenty plows make ten thousand ? In the first place, no one man can give that attention to fifty hands that is absolutely necessary to make it a success; and to have overseers is only to add to your losses and aggravations. I have tried it effect- ually. And then the crop is too precarious to risk such large ex- penditure. The labor, too, is too vacillating to hazard so great an outlay. A neighbor of mine has at this time six hundred acres in cotton, and it is fine, and he expects two hundred and seventy-five bales ; he is an energetic, intelligent gentleman, has a good manager, and yet he tells me, even at last year's prices, and realizing the crop as stated above, he will lose money. Among the thoughtful and intelligent planters, this seems to be the course hereafter : Rent all they can to such tenants as can sup- port themselves — making it binding on them to manure, keep up fences and rotate — and to hire a few of the best laborers for a small farm, and make that rich. Then, by making every year enough corn to last eighteen months, hogs, cattle, and sheep can be produced, thereby rendering ourselves independent of the West. As to the cultivation of cotton, every man has his own theory. My experience tells me to break up my land deep, prepare it well, manure heavily, either in the drill or broadcast, keep it clear of grass, and the result will be satisfactory. Land that will produce ten bushels of corn to the acre will bear cotton rows as close as three feet three inches — poorer the land the closer the bed, especially with the improved seed. " Cotton loves company," and the seed I use, of my own improving, requires not over three feet apart in ordinary land ; and in such land I have not failed to make a bale to a bale and a half to the acre for the last five years. My land is stiff, consequently I bar it, chop it out, put the dirt back in a day or two to protect the young plant, and after that I use the sweeps; but if you let the grass get the start of you the sweep must be dis- pensed with and the " buzzard " taken up. I keep the sweep going until I begin to pick. I think it best — others differ. Cotton should always follow corn or other grain. In October and November a good picker, man or woman, ought to pick on an average two hun- dred pounds. I have two old women who have picked as high as five hundred pounds each per day. One of them can do it now. Crops can be and ought to be gathered and ginned up by the middle of December. Cotton picked after that is hardly worth the picking. Good gins add to the value of the staple, and a good intelligent gin- ner is indispensable. Tallow packed in the gudgeons prevents heat- ing— oil should never be used except a little when the gin is first 436 THE SOUTHER!* [August started. Matches should never be allowed in the field when picking. A good, strong, glass lantern about the gin-house, in careful hands, is also indispensable. "Whang" leather for strings, and a punch must always be at hand — also a hatchet. Nails or bits of iron should never be allowed about the cotton or gin-house. A nail or stone passing through the saws will set the lint-room on fire. These little directions may be of service to some new beginners. Old cotton planters are set in their ways, and allow no innovations on former usages — to such I do not address myself. You have my views (at your request) Mr. Editor, hastily thrown together, and if they are worth anything, you and the public are welcome to them. I will say in conclusion, that cotton, though the most fascinating of all products, because of its portability, and its adaptability to mankind, yet it is a dangerous article financially and otherwise, unless sensibly and judiciously handled. Allington. Burke county, Ga. S. WyaPT. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] WASTE. In mechanical parlance -waste is the tangled and useless residue of thread from the spindles in cotton mills, used to clean and wipe the black and gummv oil from machinerv. until recentlv this ma- terial, used by the handful, when it became saturated with oil and filth, was thrown away. One of our leading railroad managers con- ceived the idea of saving it bv washing, and thus from handfuls of waste, accomplished a saving of over eight thousand dollars per year for the company. No occupation is more prodigal of opportunities for wastefulness than that of farming, and no one needs more to watch and save than the farmer, in every possible and conceivable way, and especially in the important item of manure supply from which to draw nourish- ment for his crops. It has been stated by Boussingault, and endorsed by Liebig. that the liquid and solid excrement of one man, will yield in a year over sixteen and a quarter pounds of nitrogen, or an amount equal to that contained in 800 pounds of wheat, more than would be necessarily added to that obtainable from the atmosphere to thoroughly fertilize an acre of ground. It has been established after repeated experiments, by equally em- inent authority as cited above, that humus does not, as a fertilizer, furnish plant life with carbon by being absorbed at once, or to any appreciable extent by vegetation, but by presenting a slow and last- ing source of carbonic acid, which is absorbed by the roots, princi- pally at a time when the young plant destitute of leaves, gets the least sustenance from the atmosphere; if this can be accomplished or followed by the volatilization of ammonia, we have the main sources of the life of most plants. Notwithstanding, as is practiced by almost 1875. PLANTER AXD FARMER. 437 all farmers. we increase the humus in our lands by the application of straw, pine-tags, wood trash, and other vegetable and carbonaceous matters, all-be-it that they are in a measure combined with some an- imal excrement. Our lands with all the literary efforts of good theo- retical and practical farmers in their behalf in writing up manures, are in the main, fast: all, to a greater or less extent losing those of their constituents that go to the production of the seeds, roots, and leaves of the plants raised upon them, gathered from them, and taken away to sustain our communities of non-producers, who consume and never return any compensating nourishment for a repetition of the production of the soil. In short, with our present system of city sewage, the city is constantly sustained at the expense of the coun- try. This has all been talked over, written about, and lectured upon many times, and too much, before, bv farmers and others. It is suggested here, that perhaps farmers could do more by ex- ample to lecture city consumers into saving for them, if they would first investigate the probability of a beam in their own optic, before they scan too closely the keen business eye of their city neighbor. Probably, not upon one farm in a hundred is there any notice taken of the source of manure supply, in a family of four persons, perhaps upon one farm in fifty, once in a long time. The edifice set over a cees-pool near the house, and in close contiguity to the well, is tipped over upon its side, upon a day selected when the wind is blowing from the house, all hands with noses stuffed with cotton are engaged in a Ions; dreaded and a most disgusting -job of cleaning out © © O © © *) © a mass of putridity, to be hauled off, and dumped in some gully or put on some abandoned field, or used " because manure was scarce that spring and it wanted cleaning out any how." Or worse, the edifice is removed, the cess-pool filled up, another one dug near by, and the building reared over it: the putrid mass just covered to be left to continue to sweep through the soil, and in some cases to con- taminate even unto the dissemination of disease and death the very spring from which the family daily drink. So long as farmers indulge in this custom at home, it will be in © © ' vain that any reform shall be attempted in the sewage system of our cities. If the farmers will reform their own system of sewage, and let the metropolitan money hunters see that there is a cash value to their waste, be it ever so little, and there will not be a want long for some keen eyed financier to sound the tocsin of "There's millions in it! " and "presto!" we shall have plenty of helpers, over head and ears in cheap manure, that will feed our hungry lands, and take the place of the exorbitant priced imported and manufactured compounds of (in many cases) questionable value or efficacy. The excrement of one individual adult, solid and liquid, will aver- age from actual experiments, over a pound and a quarter per day, for a family of four persons, over five pounds, a ton a year ; this in 438 THE SOUTHERN [August the state that it is voided is largely composed of water, but water holding in solution, so to speak, the very essence of plant life : could all of this be saved, there would be but an inappreciable amount of waste, but what would be appropriated by the soil and vegetation to the benefit of the farmer. The smell is offensive ! and to the taste of the delicate and fastid- ious, the idea of using it is repugnant, granted in its present form ; yes. What shall we do with it? bury it? exactly, the idea is sug- gestive, bury it under the dry earth mould, that is in humus ; this has been done for ages, and is the customary way of disposing of all decaying and putrid substances. Therefore, if to dispose of this ton of excrement by burying it, we reduce the burying process to a daily system, we have the very re- form for the farmer that it is the object of this paper to advocate ; to be definite, the earth closet on the farm is the desideratum, and should be the rule, and not the exception. Fence corners, behind bushes, out of the way waste places inaccessable for cultivation, should be abolished as places of deposits for valuable compounds. Upon every farm a proper and convenient place should be pro- vided, and every member of every family, young, old, master and hireling, should be influenced, or compelled to use it regularly as a measure of health, always as a means of saving, and to respect it as a comfort and convenience, not only to the individual, but to the community around them. It has been suggested that an idea that earth closets are a patent- ed and expensive luxury, prevents their general use, quite the con- trary. A system of daily burial of the excrement of a farmer's family can be inaugurated with no outlay of money, and but little expense of labor or time. The usual cheap outhouse is necessary, with but little difference in manner of construction, viz: the building should be raised about sixteen or twenty inches, with two steps from the ground, to mount into it, the seat should be just high enough to admit of placing an ordinary barrel under it, it should be made wider than ordinary, to allow the barrel to be pushed well forward so that the opening may be over the centre of the mouth of it, in order that it may catch all the liquid excrement, and not allow any drip on the outside to create unpleas- ant smell. A box or tub, with a scoop or hand shovel should be provided, and placed at hand, (on the seat at the side, or on the floor behind the door are convenient places,) this should be kept supplied with rotten wood, dry mould or humus. All persons using the privy should be instructed to throw a scoop full or two of the contents of the box in the barrel, both before and after occupying the seat; before, because the previous occupant may have been neglectful, and too, to prepare a dry surface to receive the fceces, and after to cover them and absorb all moisture, and prevent any unpleasant effluvia from rising, &c, &c. When the barrels are filled, they can be removed from the back of 1875.] . PLANTER AND FARMER. 439 the house where a door or opening should have been left for the pur- pose, and their contents emptied in a bin or in a pile under shelter, if there is any unpleasant smell or moisture perceptible upon empty- ing the barrels, dry earth should be thrown on to cover and absorb it. as there should be afterward, if moisture appears upon the surface of the pile. It will not be long before the system will work smoothly, especially if one person takes interest sufficient to devote half an hour per week to see that a supply of deodorizing material is kept on hand, and there will be no difficulty in keeping up the practice. The results at the expiration of the year, will be for every four persons, at least two tons of as good, if not superior manure, to the many high fla- vored, loudly lauded compounds that are sold from $30 to $7 0 per ton. It may seem difficult to keep up a supply of dry deodorizing ma- terial during winter and prolonged wet weather. It would not take a half day upon most farms during the dry days of summer, to collect and haul from the log-beds in the woods, fifteen or twenty barrels of fine, dry, rotten oak wood, nor would it take long to burn a coal-pit ; besides the charcoal would more than pay the expense. The calcined clay from the top of the kiln, and the coal dust from the bottom, or the rotten oak from the wood, stored, and kept dry, are all excellent for the purpose, as disinfec- tants and absorbents, but special labor and expense seemed to be in- volved in obtaining a supply of either, to avoid which is most desira- ble in advocating a trial of any new system. If in obtaining the usual supply wood for the families a constant practice is cultivated of picking up the decaying branches, cutting up and saving old logs and laps, and hauling the wood up, with as much of the adherent decaying matter as is possible, the trash pile from the wood if it is sheltered and kept dry (which will be a benefit to it) will furnish an abundant supply of the deodorizer needed. A simple slatted screen (as for sifting sand) provided, and five minutes a day used in screening the fine humus from the coarse chips and trash, the supply will be constantly augmented, and the expense and trouble not noticed, except to be repaid by the improved condi- tion and appearance of the wood land, that will be gratifying at least to the cattle, that will find good accessible browsing in place of jungles of brush, and tangles of logs and laps. In the use of the earth closet the application of the deodorizer should be liberal, and in quantity, so that neither to the sense of touch or smell, can any trace of the fceces be perceived. If in try- ing the experiment you have produced such an inoffensive mass of material, that you doubt its efficacy as a manure, add but a moiety of good unleached ashes, or lime to it, and you will find that your nose knows better, apply it to your growing plants they will know what to do with it. Sulphate of lime (plaster) may be used with the greatest advan- 4 440 THE SOUTHERN [August tage, where money is at hand to buy deodorizers for the earth closet, as is shown by the practice of scattering it in our stables to prevent the waste of ammonia. The ammonia enters into combina- tion ''with the sulphuric acid, and the carbonic acid with the lime, forming compounds that are not volatile, and hence destitute of all smell, the ammonia being retained in a condition serviceable as manure.'' To encourage the trial of this system, that its savings may be added to those from the cow-yard and horse-stable, let the fact be considered, that the nitrogen contained in 100 parts of human urine, is equal to 1300 parts of the fresh dung of the horse, or 600 parts of those of the cow. S. D. Howard. Shady Spring Farm. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] CURING BRIGHT TOBACCO. Upon second consideration I have concluded to remodel my com- munication, published in the Planter and Farmer on curing tobacco, in some minor matters, together with some additional remarks. To cure yellow tobacco you must use charcoal for the leaf; the stalk and stem may be cured with seasoned wood. The barns should be made as close as possible ; and many farmers have cabin roofs to their barns, covered with boards which permits the heat to escape much better than shingle roofs. When you cut your tobacco put 6 or 8 plants on a stick, (according to size.) and place the sticks 8 or 10 inches apart on the tier-poles. If your tobacco ripens yellow, commence the heat by a thermometer at 90 degrees, and keep it up till the tobacco is yellow enough to commence drying the leaf, then raise to 100 degrees, and keep it up for three hours ; then raise to 110 degrees, and hold on to this heat till you see that the tobacco is well sapped, and the tails begin to turn and get a little dry at -the ends, {for you cannot cure yellow tobacco until you get the sap out of the leaf) then raise to 1'20 degrees and keep it up for three hours : then to 130 degrees for the same length of time ; and then up to 140 degrees, which must be continued till the leaf is cured. You may then take out your thermometer and make your fire hot enough to cure the stalk and stem thoroughly. A wet season will cause a re- dundancy of sap in the leaf, which will exercise the curer's patience and judgment in yellowing and drying the leaf. Early curing is the most successful whilst the weather is warm. I succeeded admirably on one occasion by letting the tobacco hang in the barn till as yellow as necessary, and then started the heat at 120 degrees with open door. If your tobacco ripens green, commence at 80 degrees and keep it at that point for half day ; then at 90, and proceed as above. Be careful not to let the tobacco become too yelloiv ; the leaves highest up toward the butt of the stalk must be our guide, as these become 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 441 too yellow first : and when the leaves that grow about the middle of the stalk become yellowish, (not yellow,) then raise to 110 degrees. For a barn, 18 or 20 feet square, have three rows of fires, and three fires in a row. As soon as the tobacco comes in order, crowd it together as close as you can, and let it remain till the weather be- comes cool, by which time the color will be fixed ; for if you let it get in high order soon after being cured the leaf will turn red. If a damp spell occurs, build small fires to keep the leaf dry. It is the custom of some farmers to keep the door shut whilst yellow- ing and drying the leaf, whilst others let their doors remain open, which seems to be the most rational plan, as the tobacco will not be subject to so severe a sweat, and the leaf will dry more speedily in consequence of the admission of air — for I presume that every farmer has observed that the tobacco which hangs about the door is the first to dry up, and of a good color If your tobacco gets into a sweat with closed doors, open the door and let the fires go down ; and after the sweat subsides, then go ahead. Suspend the thermometer in the centre of the barn, with the top of the thermometer on a level with the points of the leaves below. A convenient mode of suspending it is to get a hickory switch about three feet long and make a loop at the little end through which to fun a tobacco stick, and hang it on the tier-poles between the sticks of tobacco, leaving a piece of limb on the lower end like a«hook on which to hang the thermometer ; and thus you can conveniently reach it to examine the degree of heat. For negroes, a white thread should be tied over the figures indicating the heat, and moved up- wards as you increase the heat. In by-gone days, I primed my tobacco, but were I farming now I would not prime a plant, for it is reasonable to suppose that by not priming, you make more and finer tobacco, and the suckers are few and stunted, except at the three top leaves ; and furthermore, it is natural to conclude that unprimed tobacco is less liable to fire than the primed, the sap being distributed among a greater number of leaves. In fine, the seasons and state of tobacco has an important influ- ence on successful farming, and experience must be our guide. Wm. R. Hatchett. Charlotte Co., Va. N. B. — I cannot but conclude that the discussion (in the South- ern Planter and Farmer,) in which I bore a part with others, rela- tive to the proper mode of ditching out bottom lands, will be of last- ing benefit to the farmers who will adopt the plan of cutting their ditches through the lower portions of land, which accords with na- ture's system of hydraulics, and is the only way to reclaim our lands that are now worthless for cultivation H. [Mr. H. has for more than half a century been a successful raiser and curer of bright tobacco. We know him to be authority on this subject. — Ed.] 442 THE SOUTHERN [August LFor the Southern Planter and Farmer.] A LETTER FROM GEN. SMITH. [We are indebted to the courtesy of Dr. D. S. Watson for the following private letter from Gen. Smith. We are sure it will be read with interest by our readers. It is characteristic of every thing he writes — practical and sensible. — En.] JI>/ Dear Doctor, — Your favor received. * * * * My farm consists of 225 acres, immediately adjoining our county seat, and is assessed at $100 per acre for taxation. It is indebted for this high assessment to its location and improvements, in great put. I made this year, however, about 700 bushels of wheat, about 25 bushels per acre, (one half of which I lost by lightning!, about 1,600 bushels of oats, or 40 bushels per acre : about 350 barrels of corn, or 10 barrels per acre ; about SO tons of hay ; 500 bushels of rata bagas. &e., &c. The offal of these various crops is cartfallj secured and fed to about 25 head of cattle, 12 to 15 head of horses, as is used to bed them according to its character, wheat-straw be used for the latter purpose. My corn-fodder is generally cut up by machinery and fed in that way. I rarely fail to buy wheat-straw, when I can pick it up cheap, although it is hardly worth hauling — writers informing us that straw is only worth $3 a ton for purposes of manure. Hay is not usually consumed on the farm, but sold when it .will command 75 cents per.hundred : when' it will not bring that price at home, I propose to hold it, as it will keep, or convert it into beef, perhaps the proper disposition for it at all times. I will now proceed to answer your enquiries. The hay crop to be properly saved must be rapidly handled. On my litte farm I cannot get along with less than two mowers. I start them about 8 A. M., when the night dews are under process of rapid evaporation. I follow immediately with the tedder, which easily scatters the grass cut by my two mowers. It is a light and wonderfully efficient machine, easily operated by any old woman and a mule, and can do more and better work than twenty men with pitch-forks. It is a revolving cylinder, with projecting claws, which picks up and drops the grass so as to let it fall by its own gravity, after the momentum occasioned by the revolution of the machine is ex- hausted— thus reaching the ground "in most admired disorder."" and curing perfectly. Mine cost in Alexandria. $97.50, and would pay for itseff twice over in a single crop like yours. These machines work as rapidh as possible, until the hands quit for dinner at noon. When work is resumed at one to half after one o'clock, the balance of the dav is devoted to securing as hav, the grass that has been cut in the forenoon. To this end the tedder gives place to the steel spring rake, and with the mule and hand that worked the tedder in the morning, gathers the scattered hay into windrow. Of course, you will commence this work where the mowers began : in the mean- time the men who mowed in the morning are busily engaged in pre- paring for the hay to be stacked or housed in the afternoon. At 3 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 443 P. M., the rake having got sufficiently ahead, the mowers who have prepared for the reception of the hay, take their teams, refreshed by three hours rest, and hitch each to a wagon, with, proper hay frames, to which another must be added, as three are requisite to do the afternoon's work, and perhaps a fourth, if you have far to. haul your hay. The wagons ready, will have to move where the mowers began, where they should find four active men with pitch-forks ready to load them with dispatch. As the horses, in loading and unloading, have much leisure, they must be put to a trot when their wagons are empty. As the loaders, from various causes, will have no wagons to load at times, they should be required to cock hay during such in- tervals, leaving such cocks to be hauted last, as they are in a condi- tion to stand a shower without material damage. Hay not housed by 5 P. M.,.when the dew begins to fall, should be thrown loosely into the hay house, and so to remain until the next day, when the mowers, between 1 and 3 P. M., would stow or pack it away, giving it, being the last cut hay, 24 hours of ventilation without exposure. I have another important facility in unloading and housing or stack- ing hay, in the bay-fork, its pulleys and tackle. With it two men, a boy and a horse, you can unload and pack away a load of hay in five minutes. Cost about §25. Of course you have it. In this way the succulence and color of the grass is to a great extent preserved. Clover-hay, now almost valueless in consequence of the manner in which it is usually cured, its foliaare crumblin£ in the handling, as- sumes its rightful position in the list of animal forage, its leaves being no longer crisp, but tough and flexible as the timothy leaf; and having, by chemical analysis, as writers inform us, 19 per cent, of fattening and growing matter, is greatly superior to timothy, which has but 10 per cent. I do not use salt or lime in curing my hay. I formerly did so, (that is salt), but not seeing its advantage have ceased to use it. I will add that hay that is to be stacked, but is not before 6 o'clock P. M., had better be left over in good-sized, well put- up cocks, to commence the stacking with the next morning. I purchased my tedder of Herbert Bryant of Alexandria. It was made by Ames k Co., Boston. Any agricultural store in Richmond can supply or procure you one. There is another but I know noth- ing about it. Undoubtedly, hay should be housed. Such houses as would an- swer the purpose would pay for themselves in a single crop. But all houses should be built so as to answer more than one purpose. My plan is to have a house in each of my fields, about 35 acres each, to hold about 70 tons of hay — the hay of the field. I have already built one house in or about the centre of the field, 60 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 20 feet high, with choice white oak posts, with plates, stays and rafters, the whole enclosed and covered with inch plank sawed to the proper length. When filled with hay, and you should conclude to sell it, in a single day you can work out hay enough, to work afterwards with press and hand under cover, devoting after- 444 THE SOUTHERN [August •wards your rainy days to bailing, kc: or when empty using it for the shelter of stock : or if filled with hay. the price of which would not justify its shipment, then by feeding it out. from the inside, to steers purchased for the purpose, haltered in stalls, constructed all around the building, converting it. with the aid of meal, into Xo. 1 beef, leaving an immense residuum of invaluable manure to replace what the beef will have carried off, &c. Such a house has cost me here about 81-0 in money besides my own labor. It is usual to have small hay houses in the hay fields north of the Potomac, but for the considerations I have stated, I greatly prefer those of the size, somewhat modified, as I have sucrsested. To sum up, you will want two mowers and a tedder driver from morning until noon. With this force in perfect order, you ought to cut down and scatter 12 tons, but horse and man must move lively. In the afternoon the real struggle begins. At one o'clock the hay rake must be started and run until night. At three o'clock three ■wagons must be started, requiring four loaders, and at the same time must be started the hay-fork, requiring two of the most effi- cient men to be had, a smart boy and a strong horse, to unload the wagon and pack away the hay — 11 hands in ail. Wm. Smith. X. B. — Mrs. S. not only recollects you as so long and kindly practicing on me during my sickness at Gen. Anderson's, but sends her cordial regard. If you will visit us we will visit Mr. Benton, ■who got the premium at the State Fair for the best forty-acre field of corn — between 17 and IS barrels per' acre. I want to see and understand the whole process, and supply myself with his seed. Fauquier Co.. Ya. • W. S. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] A REMEDY FOR MANY OF THE FARMERS' ILLS. In consequence of the poverty and anxiety of our people to rally from their misfortunes, they are disposed to be unsteady in their purposes, in engaging in unsuitable enterprises and avoiding agricultural and mechanical pursuits : and you will render good ser- vice to your readers by impressing upon them the necessity of perse- verance in any regular pursuit — and especially urging the farmers to stick close to their business and raising a variety of crops that do not materially interfere with each other. This variety of crops will give steady employment to the laborers, who should be encouraged to be constant and contented with their homes: and their families to be made comfortable and required to give a helping hand at all times. It is to the mutual interest of owner and employee to do so, to keep up proper discipline, and to see that no idlers or loiterers are allowed to pass about the farm during work hours Whilst we should aim to diversify crops, we should be careful not 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 445 to undertake unsuitable crops, or stock breeding, never engaging in anything simply because others are doing so, who may be very dif- ferently situated. Some should raise tobacco, whilst his next neigh- bor probably should not. Wheat is a crop for rotation after oats, and oats after corn, and thus made more necessary than desirable as a paying crop, with Western markets opened upon us. Clover is an improver, and will mix with orchard grass, or may be sown alone alone ; and the land, soon to be broken up, improved, culti vated a year or two in other crops, and back to clover again. Tim- othy, as a meadow grass on suitable lands, is valuable for hay, but is an exhauster of land and is too late ripening to mix with clover for hay to an advantage. Roots of the turnip species are of great value in winter for stock when green food is not to be had. Cattle, slieep and swine of careful selections, from breeds adapted to the locality, and well cared for according to the season, will be valuable to those so situated as to rear them advantageously, afford- ing an income to the farmer without detriment to the land ; and often their gleaning of the fields is of decided advantage, especially with sheep; still farmers had better destroy their flocks than to graze into the ground young grasses When hay is the crop, what stock they may advantageously use six months of the year, they may have no place for in pasture months, and should sell off in spring in same form. There is a rapidly increasing interest springing up in sheep, and as far as farmers are situated to raise them, let them do so, and let there be fifty where there is one, and let our people encour- age the use of mutton in lieu of Western bacon. Each farmer has a share of waste, gleanings, garbage, etc., to support his shoats ; then the grass and harvest field till corn is in the roasting-ear stage, when it is cheap food to feed it whilst the stalks and fodder are green enough to be eaten, the latest corn to be used last ; then an abundance till the year old hogs and upwards are fat towards De- cember ; and with judicious curing the bacon will justify an average of ten cents or more for pork, and it will be sweet home-made meat, instead of probably swill-fed hogs of Western distilleries, slaughter- pens, and other filthy deposits of food for swine. The breeding of horses is of great importance and much is to be considered — to what extent and the kind that should be bred. In- stead of sending our money to the West for pampered horses and mules, let each person attempt to raise their own animals select- ing females with a view to use and breeding. The colts are raised with but little perceptible cost, and from two and a half years old, by careful use, they may pay for their food ; and then in a year or more they are probably wanted at from $100 to $150. All this requires thought and attention, and the eggs being well divided in a number of baskets, their results come in like mixed crops at a timely hour peculiar to them, and thus through the year, there is a fresh and varied occupation for each one on the farm. Stock can be increased rapidly, and if good kinds, the whole sur- 446 THE SOUTHERN [August roundings improved; and there is no section above tidewater in which this line of policy cannot be well followed, even in the tide- water districts. Whilst a farmer may wish to change off certain animals, he may wish to have others in their stead to suit the season and crops, which may be easily effected by public sale-days or private treaty: and it is but a matter of time that we of Virginia must be a mixed husban- dry people, grazing more and stirring the soil less frequent, and then to a purpose and with a will, and to return to it to grass, and in an improved condition. Now, Mr. Editor, let your articles encourage this line of policy, and let not your readers catch at each bubble or reality that pre- sent themselves, but select that which seems adapted for "the situa- tion" in which each one finds himself, and let us be employed, that we may the better avoid opportunities to make idle outlays and waste time in trying to find a mode to avoid paying our just debts, and thus educate our minds to find an excuse and a way. we. and those who are to follow us, can dodge the adjusted debt of our State, and thus live more by their wits than by honest labors in whatever branch our lots in life may be cast. S. W. F. [Onr worthy correspondent who will be readily recognized by his initials, has ptruck the key-note of success for our farmers. A farmer should carefully study the character of his soil — the kind of crops best suited to it, the market for the same, the labor available for its cultivation — indeed everything affecting his suc- cess in any way. and then having carefully determined upon a line of policy or mode of cultivation, adhere to it until he has given it a fair trial and honestly tested its results. — Ed.] [For the Southern Planter- and Farmer.] FODDER PULLING. The March number of the Southern Planter and Farmer contains a communication from Dr. Pollard, in which he still contends that pulling fodder injures corn, and that the fact has been sufficiently established b}~ experiments made and reported at different time-, by men of known ability, to decide by test such questions. In a former article he gave the tests of Mr. Seaborne and Mr. Harrison, tvhich I pronounce unsatisfactory and unreliable, for the reason that the corn to be compared was taken from a given number of rows in the field and weighed, to ascertain which row, this or that, produced the most corn by weight. If I desired to ascertain what fertilizer was best adapted to the production of corn, I should probably pursue this plan. But I regard the question before us, as an entirely different thing. Here is a crop of corn in the field already made, and now we desire to know whether we can pull the blades and cut the tops off this corn without injury to the grain. We desire of course, the grain should not be injured, and yet we wish to save the fodder. Perhaps if cut off at the ground both ends will be met : or possibly 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 447 either will injure the grain more than the fodder is worth. Now it seems to me that the most rational thing a farmer could do under such cir- cumstances, would be, to select three lots, no matter about the size, nor whether equal in size, so that the corn is good and uniform, and there is enough in either lot to make a bushel of shelled corn. Then strip the blades and cut the tops from one lot, cut off at the ground and shock one lot, and leave the third with blades and tops all on, to try out. Then at gathering time, house these three lots separate- ly and let them remain until thoroughly .dried out, it matters not how much longer. The measuring and weighing may be done in January or May, or a year afterwards. The "rats and rogues" will not affect the quality of what they leave, and if they leave him a bushel of each, his test will not be affected by what they take away. Now then, when he measures and weighs a bushel of shelled corn from each one of these lots and finds that they differ in weight from one to three pounds, is he not authorized to conclude that his treat- ment of the corn in the field, with respect to the fodder, made the difference ? But is there any defect in the mode of test ? Yes, there may be. The fodder may be pulled or the corn cut down too soon, or too late. It may be a matter worthy of experiment to as- certain when fodder may be pulled or corn cut and shocked. Expe- rienced farmers, however, agree pretty well by the mere looks of the corn. I think all the points mentioned above are absolutely essential to a reliable test. Uniformity in the field, thoroughlv dried in the house, shelled and measured in equal quantities by measure, and each measure weighed, in order to determine which is the heaviest corn by measure. Now all the experiments referred to by Dr. Pol- lard, as well as Mr. Ruffin, failed to meet the above requirements in two particulars — they measured their quantity by the surface it grew on, and they failed to measure it in the half bushel ; and then if left in the house long enough to get dry, the "rats and rogues" would, or might determine the question after all. This is a good argument, and I am indebted to the Doctor for it, not that he intended it for my benefit, but in stating that Mr. Seaborne let his corn get dry before he shelled it, the enquiry ran through my mind, what were rats about while it was drying ? Of course they were testing the quality of the different lots, and every body that knows anything about rats, knows they are good judges of grain, and that they al- ways take the best first. Now I think the Doctor "had better give it up," until he shall have made a test of it himself, and then he can speak of what he knows. ■ But if the test made by the Hillsboro Club was correct, why be surprised at it ? If my theory is correct, the results of that experi- ment are perfectly rational : and I may say my theory is based on those results. THE SOUTHERN [Au:ust .: of corn is cut off at the ground, all circulation c •:- so far as ad . ■ a -ranee to any part of the product is coix-erned. b . -■; . ::ure is porous, ar-d the fluids don without increasing the w« _' my part. However, the matter is . only take the trouble that I hope a num- ber off... ill take it upon themselves to experiment in the way indicated above, and thus settle the question in the only war it can be fairly conclu^. Tied, and . _ _e result of his expe- rience through the columns of the Planter. B. ML Shepherd. Gr I Jh '. Va [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] . you allow me to ask a few questions in your valuable maga- hich, if properly answered, most "-elf. I have an orchard of a: - thousand pear trees — some of them six ye - They have been carefully cultivated, and until the summer 187 thrifty : rising as I could expect them. During the summer we had a severe thunder-storm, mpanied by the mos: aigh wind. A few days after the -■ rm I noticed, in passing through the orchard, a great mai (which v a - i day or two before) blackened and droopi g : scorched bv the lightning — I could onlv then attribute it to the 1- T * * ughtning I had the affected branches cut off. and in a few days I noticed that the dise\ _•. but no new tree was affected. In the fall of the same year I had the trees closely pruned. Some the majority died. In the summer of 1874 I noticed the same disease appearing to a more alarming extent. In December I y branch that was at all' affected, and the trees that look . - .: lea ... I rig up and put news ones in their places. Now I ish to know the cause of the blight, and the remedy for it. I hav it the pre : -lings of the Farmers Club of 1 fork. A greit many theories were advanced regarding ■A enough to suit my views. If deep plowing is the cause, why were not all affected in the same w All were plowed alike. You often see a vigorous la blighted one standing - le by -. le, nly twenty feet apart. They were planted red alike, and cultivated alike. What is the cause of it ? Can some reader of your magazine give the cause and the rem- : If so. none will thank him more than ENQUIRER. [Will some of oar HortJenltar e. — Ed.] . :- are now ovr. " 8 Coordinate Granges in Mississippi, compri- •mbership of fully Regulations for Organization of Pomona Granges is ready for dis- tribu The headquarters of the National grange has been removed to Louis- ville, Ky. Persons desiring to correspond will note the fact. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 449 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] MELIORATION OF GARDEN SOILS. We are inclined to the opinion that the melioration and proper eul" ture of gardens is very much neglected by our farmers. The advantages of a well kept garden, which in fact is a miniature plantation of diver- sified crops, are second only in importance to that of a well tilled farm ; and one of the sources of the health and wellfare of the family, and good living cannot be expected where but little attention is paid to vegetables and fruits, of which latter a few dwarf sorts should be cultivated in every garden. They soon come into bearing and are always appreciated. We mean the kitchen garden and truck patches, from which supplies for fam- ily consumption are produced. The labor of cultivating vegetables, especially in stiff tenacious soils is greatly increased year after year by annual cropping and neglect of fertilization, causing the soil to run together and become cloddy and tough, and the best pulverizing implements may be employed with only partial success ; consequently the crops become smaller and of less value in proportion to the negligence and inattention. We now proceed to consider how we can best remedy this yearly in- creasing barrenness and inaptitude of soil and fruitless expenditure of labor. The sovereign remedy for stiff* compact soils, is a bountiful supply from the barnyard and stables, and we should manage and practice as follows : After the crops have been removed and the ground softened by the autumn rains, but not wet, the soil should be moved to the depth of two spades, and the surface kept in a rough and ridgy condition. After having received a few hard freezings, a liberal supply of decomposed barnyard or stable manure, or a mixture of both, should be freely ap- plied. The soil cannot easily be made too rich, nor can there be too much soil ; and as soon as the ground can be worked, re-spade and mix in the manure. This may be repeated during the latter part of winter; and in early spring the use of the rake will produce a good and sufficient tilth ; and for late vegetables, the mattock and rake will make it all right. It is necessary that this process should be practiced to some extent every year, by means of which the crops will be doubled or trebled, the labor of cultivation greatly reduced, and the quality of the crops im- proved to a great degree. Another means employed to bring about disintegration of soils is lime', in quantities varying according to the condition of the soil : but, this agent will not act with effect unless the soil contains vegetable matter, producing humus and a medium proper for its reception and action. SAXDY SOILS. Many of our gardens are so situated as to present difficulties of a na- ture exactly opposite to the soils we have just refered to; and the means to be employed for correction are essentially different, except, as to the use of lime, which has the singular property of pulverizing stiff" soils and closing those that are sandy and light. In addition to the use of lime, and even without it, sandy soils may be rendered very productive and kind by liberal dressings of muck, ditch mud, and clay. These should be collected in heaps or composted in the fall, and applied in early spring, mixing well with the soil. This treat- 450 THE SOUTHERN [August ment may require more labor and expense than that expended on stiff soils, which may also be rendered more friable by the use of sand, but the results will be equally satisfactory. "We have had reference mainly to gardens and truck patches, culti- vated for family use, but the means recommended may be extended to commercial gardens and farming lands as well. Whilst on the subject of gardens it may be proper to remind cultiva- tors that, without good and improved utensils there is loss of time and labor, and we would especially recommend for small gardens the four tined steel spading fork. It is a very valuable implement; and, the steel rake with eight teeth is indispensable in destroying with facility in- cipient crops of weeds, and in smoothing the soil and producing that fine tilth so necessary in putting in seeds and their after culture. Keswick Depot, Albemarle county, Ya. J. Fitz. MORE EDUCATION AMONG FARMERS. It is a fact shown before the British Parliament, that "while the rental of land in Ireland* had doubled during the previous hundred vears, and that of England tripled, the rental of Scotland had sextupled itself in the same time." This is attributed mainly to the vastly supe- rior school system which Scotland has possessed, and the skill and en- terprise it has fostered among the people. It is a fact that a truck-farmer within a dozen miles of any of our large cities, will get a clean profit of two or three hundred dollars from an acre of land, while the average old-style farmer, hardly gets that amount of profit from his hundred acres or more. These facts are worth studying by the still large class who do not see the use of agricultural papers and teaching, etc., think muscle is the main thing in successful farming. The truck-farmer stud- ies his market, knows what is wanted, learns how to raise it, when and where to sell it, believes in manure, buys it, believes in knowing all about his business, takes his paper, reads and thinks, don't kick at facts because they are printed, keeps his eyes open, and drinks in knowledge from men and books. He keeps learning and succeeds in his business. There is still a large class of our farming population completely stereo- typed. Many take no agricultural paper, attend no fairs, no farmer's club, try no experiments, have no faith in improved tools and stock, and are hardly able to tell at the end of the year whether they lose or gain in their business. Success in cultivating the soil is already, and is to be more and more, dependent upon brains. Men who read and think most, plan most wisely and execute most skillfully, will succeed best. We need all the help we can get from the teachings of science, from jour- nals, from fairs and clubs, as well as from the daily experience of the fields. — American Agriculturist. " THE COLONEL" is a dark iron gray, foaled at Courtelvain, France, the loth of April, 1S63, "by Fleur d'Epine, belonging to M. Gannet, who took the premium of the fir?t prize at Chartres at the exhibition of 186:;. and sired by Empereur, belonging to M. Pesvauxrose of Courville, Eure et Loiie, who took a premium at Illiers in 1861, at Evreux in 1863 and Illiers in 1865. (Signed) The Mayor of Cernay. Bondeaa, France, April. 1866. Description. — The Colonel is a dapple iron gray, weighed when 3 years old. on his arrival from Franc. 1280 lbs., and weighed the 20th Oct.. 1690 lbs, and March, 1875. 1916 lbs., and measured 16 hands 2 inches in height, is square and full in quarters, docile and sound in every respect. His colts are usually gray, with his white stripe in the face, and not coarse or rough, but of quite a finished appearance. He walks over 5 miles per hour, trots square and smooth, and has fine and lively natural action and speed for his class and size, and was smported in 1866. He is still owned by S W. Ficklin, of Belmont Stock Farm, near Charlottesville, Ya. The Colonel has been exhibited at all our State Fairs since their new era, and at Lynchburg, Culpeper, Staunton and Leesburg, and four State Fairs of Maryland, and taken first prizes and honors in all eases but once. Each at Richmond. Staunton and "Baltimore three second prizes were awarded him. See next page for cut, which fails to do him justice. 452 THE SOUTHERN [August PROFITS OF SHEEP. A correspondent of the Practical Farmer, residing within twenty-five miles of Philadelphia, states that one of his most certain and reliable sources of profits from year to year is keeping sheep. When I first be- gan farming, twenty year.- ago, he writes, I depended entirely on South- downs. They have always proved with me prolific breeders, c nurses, hardy and good feeders, and my Southdown mutton ranks in the market with "gilt-edge" butter. I inform my regular customers when I am going to have a fine leg or loin of pure Southdown, and they go off fast at three to five cents above the market price. In tact, South- down mutton is the best mutton in the world. If quality of meat was the only desideratum I would make no change, but as coarser wools now bring the highest price, and as perhaps. I gaiu a little in weight, of which I am not altogether certain, but at least do not loose any. | I have made one cross on my flock of 100 ewes with the Cotswold. The best results and the finest carcass have resulted where the S mthdown buck was used on the Cotswold ewe. I do not want any finer sheep than this makes, and I try to keep them for my purpose one- half Southdown and one-half Cotswold. What lambs I have to spare are all sold in advance to your butchers about eight dollars per head. I raise roots, which I consider indispensable in the sheep business, and with good shelter and good management, I have the lambs in the market in March and April. I consider the roots make a good substitute for grass, keeps them in good heart and with fine health for early pasture. It promotes the flow of milk appetites. I have always followed the ad- vice in your paper, to keep all my animals healthy and thriving. If they once go down |or become stunted, much of one's feed is thrown away. Two-thirds of my ewes usually have twins. "With lambs at eight dollars to nine dollars each, and wool at fifty cents per pound, your readers can figure up my profits on 100 ewes. I will close with one remark : that without a root crop of about 1.000 bushels, I would not keep sheep. Not that these are all fed to the sheep, as cows and horse are all benefited by them, but for sheep they are in- dispensable. [This necessity for turnips does not apply with equal force to onr Southern farmers, as our pastures furnish something green nearly the whole of the winter ; still we advise their cultivation for this purpose. Any one who will sow rye among his corn in August, will have something equally as good as roots, at much — Ed.] SHEEP DID IT. A Maryland farmer, who has lately visited some of the best sheep farms in England, makes the following statement in the April number of the American Farmer: Within the last fifteen months forty-eight ewes belonging to the estate of Aston Rowant, have produced 295 lambs, all of which are still living, or have been sold fat. Forty-four have each three pairs, and most of them in less than fourteen months. Two ewes brought seven lambs each, viz: two a few days before Christmas, 1872 : two in June, 1873 : and three in January, 1874. One ewe produced eight lambs within fourteen 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 453 - .._ . - - . . — . . . ^ months — two of the lambs were sold for £5 at Easter. Yesterday the same ewe had four lambs, all of which are strong and healthy ; the mother is doing well and in good condition. Twenty-one of the above ewes are Dorset — twenty-seven are either Hampshire downs or half- breeds. The above is taken from the farm record of the estate, under the man- agement of T. S. Jackson. The American visitor concludes his report in these words : The estate of Aston Rowant, it should be remarked, is not one that is carried on for mere profit. The lawn, shrubbery, conservatories and plantations generally, exhibit the exquisite beauty with which wealth and taste adorn so many places in England. Regarding them with in- tense gratification, and thinking of the immense amount of money re- quired to keep up this display, I said to my worthy and intelligent guide : " I should like very much to know the pecuniary results of this style of farming in your country." He replied : " As you live in America, I w 11 tell you what I do not speak in the neighborhood — my balance sheet for last year shows a clear profit of £1,800 (|9,000),^and he added emphatically, "Sheep did it!" [We do not believe that the statement with regard to the sheep is correct. It is simply impossible. We believe in sheep. We think them the best stock the farmer can raise, but we don't believe in miracles of this kind. — Ed.] THE GREAT FARMER OF THE WORLD. A Sacramento paper publishes the following respecting the farm- ing operations of a man whom it denominates " the largest farmer in the world," which, considering that Dr. Glenn " runs " his farm of 50,000 acres himself, personally superintending it all, the appli- cation is perhaps correct. His case illustrates a point often made, that farming may be conducted upon a large scale as well as any other business, and that when it shall be carried on with the same order and nice adjustment of means to end as is cotton or iron man- ufacture, it will pay as well. " The great farmer of the world. Dr. Hugh J. Glenn, of Jacinto, Colusa county, California, has raised and harvested the past season, on his own farm, 600,000 bushels of wheat. This would load eighteen 1,000-ton ships, or three hundred canal boats. All this wheat he has now in his warehouses, ready for shipment when the water in the Sacramento river rises sufficiently. The Doctor pays $90,000 freight to put his wheat in the San Francisco market. The Doctor is a wonder to the agricultural world and to himself. He runs ninety gang-plows and a whole county's population in the harvest- field, with a dozen threshers. His forming is not confined to wheat alone. He markets 8100,000 worth of stock each year. Dr. Glenn is a practical farmer, and manages all his immense business himself. He can mend a trace and make a key to an ox-bow with his jack- knife, just as easily as drawing his check for S 100,000, which he can do every day in the week. Dr. Glenn is a big-hearted man, and was born in Augusta county, Virginia. 4-54 THE SOUTHERN [Augus BREEDING AND FEEDING PIGS. Mr. Joseph Harris, of Rochester, X. Y., stated, in an address at the niee: ... : the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, that he believes in having fattening pigs g • larger all the time. Food consumed by hogs that ouly hold their own is all wasted, except what is saved by the manure Much depends upon good breeding. We should breed out all poor points, and then breed in a good, digestive apparatus. He would havr _ I and digest more food than they do now ; the more the bet- ter. He related an experiment in running a threshing machine, One horse being disabled, he tried to make its mate do the work. He found that it took all the power of one horse to keep the machine going, with- out threshing a particle of wheat. When the other horse returned, he saw he was v~ . g stt :ng his wheat all threshed by one horse, although two horse at work. A third horse being hitched in, the amount of wheat threshed was just doubled. Fifty per cent, more power gave one hundred per cent, increase. It was the same with pig feeding — I a pig just enough to run the machine and the power is all lost. Wba : is added after that is all gain. »So we want pigs that will eat, . umd assimilate a large amount of food. The number of pounds of corn required for a pound of pork depends largely upon the breed of l _- :: '. Ex arimenb have bees tried, irhicfa show ■ iiffereoce equal to the difference between eighty-five per cent, and fifty-seven per cent., as the cost of supporting . ondition. economy of cooking food depends upon circumstances: as, for instance, the ability of the hog to assimilate more or less food than he can tig st Cooked food must be given more frequently than uncocked food. The value of the manure made from a bushel of corn does not var f _ . whether fed to one animal or another. Hog manure is rich, bee: gs . :*od food to eat. There is nothing in the ma- nur-r "hat i? in the food. He believes that he can obtain phos- phoric acid, nitrogen and potash cheaper than animals than from com- mercial fertiliz. - THE GRANGE. 'nave their "Boards," merchants and manufacturers their mechanics their "Unions,"' but the farmers and til- lers of the soil have, until within the last few years, had no such n: hence, they have labored under great disadvantages, The Grange is the::- "Union,'' a:: 1 a uesigned especially for their benefit, and generally of the whole country : for as agriculture is the foundation upon which rests the prosperity and success of all other enterprise, whatever shall be of benefit to those engaged in _ dy honorable and necessary employment, must of neces- sity result ::. the good of all others. Hence arises its importance, and its rageraent and maintenance is to be the desire of every well wisher of his country. IT? SECEECY is onl" ■ ide I to secure its purity and permanence, and to pro- mote the general welfare of the Order, and contains nothing to the 1875.] PLANTER AND PARMER 455 injury of other occupations. In its workings it to a great extent secures the members from imposition and furnishes the means of excluding the unworthy from its benefits, and while none are received among us on account of their wealth or honors, none are excluded on account of their poverty or misfortunes, if found otherwise worthy. ITS SOCIAL FEATURE. The Grange is highly social, and affords an opportunity to its members of cultivating the social relations among themselves to an extent almost unknown in other Orders. At its regular meetings, which are usually once a month, all the members have a kind of re- union, when their various plans and purposes, the general news, and various other matters are discussed, and especially agricultural, hor- ticultural, and domestic economy, stock raising and kindred ques- tions are investigated, views interchanged, etc., and thus all are benefitted. In these monthly re-unions many who would startle at the idea of making a speech, do, in a conversational way, impart to their brothers and sisters of the Order much valuable information by their social "chit-chat." It was contemplated by the founders of the Order that at these meetings each will bring his pic-nic basket for the feast; when this is practiced it becomes a kind of holiday and relaxation, much needed by these sturdy sons of toil, and they return to their homes with renewed energies, and with greater zeal and vigor, to again resume their daily toils. We hope to see this feature of our excellent Order carried out in all our granges. One day in the month can be well spared for this purpose, especially when such great benefits are derived from it. Those Granges who have practiced this feature of the Grange have found this the profitable day of the month, while upon the contrary, where the social feature is neglected, the attendance on the meetings is small; and if even a quorum is present, the business is done hurriedly and in an uninter- esting manner, and the members become careless and are ready to conclude that they do not see much of the benefit of the Order, and the time given to it is all thrown away. This is one great reason whv some of the Granges are in a languishing condition. ITS EDUCATIONAL FEATURE. In many parts of the country the Patrons of Husbandry are not only sending their sons to agricultural schools and colleges (as all that can should do), but are also organizing Grange schools in their respective neighborhoods, for the education of their children at home, where they will be educated and trained under the eye of their parents and home influences, thus uniting practice with theory. We would be glad to see all our young men in agricultural colleges, where they could obtain all the advantages of scientific instruction; but as this is out of the power and beyond the means of many, we are glad to see steps being taken to educate, not only our sons, but our daughters likewise, in schools within our income, while at the same time they are kept familiar with the every-day home affairs 5 456 THE SOUTHERN [August ■which is calculated to make them more familiar with those things when the entire responsibility falls upon them, as it soon will. One of the great wants of the South is an intelligent, educated, and scientific class of farmers and farmers' wives. Whenever we can have this, and have our farms cultivated on scientific principles, with improved implements, and proper attention given to raising im- proved breeds of stock, there is no country in the world that will be superior to the Southern States. Let us therefore, as Patrons, labor for the accomplishment of these purposes, and we shall soon see our labors abundantly rewarded. — Exchange. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. The Executive Committee of the State Grange of \irginia met in Staunton on the 13th July pursuant to call. Present — A. T>. Light- foot, J. W. White, R. L. Ragland, and A. M. Moore. A petition from a Subordinate Grange asking relief ih behalf of a distressed family was considered, and the committee rendered as their opinion that they had no constitutional authority for making dona- tions from State treasury for such purposes, and recommend the reference of the application to the County or District grange to which the party belongs. Resolutions fixing the commission of agents (heretofore adopted) were amended, as were also resolutions relating to Pomona Granges. Evidence in a case of a brother who had joined the Order who was ineligible was submitted. Committee sustained the Worthy Master in suspending the brother from his office of a Subordinate Grange, and ruled in view of the fact that he is still engaged in an occupation in conflict with the purposes of the Order, that he be al- lowed the priviledge of withdrawing within thirty days from the issue of notice, failing in which the Worthy Master of the State Grange is directed to notify his srran^e that he is expelled from the Order. The committee deems it inexpedient at the present time to take action on the question of insurance. The Chief of Bureau submitted his quarterly report. Attention was called to the following resolutions, reported to the State Grange by the committee on good of the Order, but which was not finally acted on by that body: Resolved, That it is expedient to return a portion of the charter fees to those Subordinate Granges which were left destitute of funds after meeting expenses of organization. The committee adopted the following resolution : Resolved. That the claims under the foregoing resolution are con- sidered just, and the committee recommend payment of the same by State Grange. The committee fixed the tax on the commissions of clerks and agents for the support of the Chief of Bureau. The following rule was adopted : 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 457 No Patron shall make public the confidential circulars issued by the Chief of Bureau, under penalty of expulsion from the Order. The following resolution was adopted : Resolved, That the plan, rules, and regulations for the organiza- tion and management of Pomona Granges recommended and adopted by the National Grange, be adopted and recommended by the com- mittee for the organization and management of Pomona Granges of Virginia, as far as the same are applicable, and according to the laws passed by the Grange on this subject, and that the Master and Secretary of the State Grange be and they are hereby authorized to publish said rules and regulations for the information and guidance of the Pomona Granges. Brother J. W. White was authorized to make contracts for printing of the State Grange. • The Treasurer submitted a report of receipts and expenditures to July 1st, 1875. The Secretary was directed to prepare and publish an abstract of such portions of the proceedings of the Executive Committee as may be properly made public. The committee adjourned to meet in the city of Norfolk, subject to call of the Chairman. M. W. Hazlewood, Secretary. NEW YORK PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. KNICKERBOCKER GRANGE NO. 154 — RECEPTION OF DISTINGUISHED VISITORS. Knickerbocker Grange was organized in New York city in Feb- ruary, 1875, by a number of gentlemen interested in agriculture, most of them practical farmers, but including several editors of agricul- tural journals. It numbers about eighty members though this num- ber would be increased by hundreds but for the strictness of the rule to admit none not practically interested in farming. A majority of its members are market gardeners who live on the lines of railroad leading out in all directions from New York, and to whom the city is probably as central a rendezvous as could be found. The follow- ing are the officers of the Grange: — D. D. T. Moore, Master; T. E. Willson, Overseer; C. E. Otis, Treasurer, and J. W. Naughton, Sec- retary. They are now negotiating for a large room, to be centrally located and used as a Grange headquarters for brethren visiting the city, with reading rooin and library, making in fact a Grange CI b House for the use of members of the Order temporally visitino- the metropolis. It is designed to establish also an eating house, with sleeping rooms attached, for the convenience of country Grangers. Such an house is almost a necessity for members of the Knickerbocker Grange, many of whom live from five to twenty miles from the city, and are forced to remain in New York over night whenever they at- tend a meeting. 458 THE SOUTHERN [August Knickerbocker Grange had the honor the past week of extending a welcome to Col. D. Wyatt Aiken, Master of the South Carolina State Grange and member of the National Executive Committee. Among visiting Patrons present at the Grange rooms, No. 189 bow- ery, were Mortimer Whitehead, Master of the New Jersey State ge; John H. Vail, Master of Chester Grange; Nathaniel Mun- I ~. Master of Elizabeth Grange; J. D. Todd of Golden's Bridge, R. S. Toil of Three Rivers, C. H. Hitton. State Purchasing Agent of Virginia, and brethren from Westchester and Orange county N. J., Pensylvania and Virginia. Brother Whitehead of New Jersey, acted as Master, and after the initiation of a candidate to the degree of matron, a recess was taken for refreshments. Upon reassembling Master Aiken delivered a brief address, full of instruction, upon the ritual, explaining the meaning of the secret work, and the necessity la strict observance. Brother Whitehead followed, dwelling particularly upon the social and educational advantages of the Grange, which has alreadv made a great change in the ancient order of things in the country districts. Other speeches of a compliment- ary and personal nature were indulged in, and the occasion was taken for many interchanges of views that will be of material benefit to the Order. — Rural New Yorker. LINES WRITTEN UNDER THE DOG-STAR. The following question was asked in the catechism of the Commis- sioner of Agriculture, returnable June loth : " What is the principal obstacle to sheep-raising?" The response from the correspondents was so uniformly " dogs," that Mr. J. A. Stewart, t who happened to be in the Commissioner's office during the conversation in reference to it) was requested to write some- thing on the subject. After a short absence Mr. Stewart returned with the following : ON DOGS. A HYMN OF RESIGNATION. Tune: " Old Father Grimes." To be sung by Grangers at their meetings, and by Farmers generally. "Let dogs delight to bark and bite," Or chase the buck and ewe ; Let dogs eat sheep while farmers sleep, " For God has made them so.*' Let dogs come forth to 611 the earth — Let sheep in plenty grow, To make the meat for dogs to eat. •■ For God has made them so." Let dogs, a score, surround each door, The lank, the lean, the low — • Or track at night, the lambkin's flight, " For God hath made them so." 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 459 Let flop-eared hounds range pasture-grounds, To scent the buck and ewe ; Let curs yelp round, as well as hound, " For God has made them so." Let every man keep, if he can, A dozen dogs in tow ; And let their greed on mutton feed, " For God has made them so." Let man eat hogs — feed sheep to dogs — Raise mutton here below To feed the dogs, while man eats hogs, " For God has made them so." Where the Money Goes to. — Some people cannot understand why it is that the residents of the Southern States are so crippled financially. Let them ponder over two facts, and then they will see more clearly. Georgia alone paid $24,000,000 for grain, meat, flour, meal, horses and mules, in 1873, and Alabama about $18,000,000. That's what went with the money. It will not be so again. The amount this year has already been reduced in Georgia to about $10,000,000, and in Alabama to $8,000,000, and but for the meat, neither State will have occasion to spend more than $5,000,000 for subsistence next year. (familg fjtpartnwnt. What Shall we Eat. — The paper by Dr. Cutter in the last issue of the Journal, upon the chemistry effects of fine flour, has awaked much interest and inquiry among our readers. There can be little doubt that the questions asked by the writer are of much importance to every one, and that the exclusive use of bolted flour in bread-making is opposed to the science and knowledge of the age in which we live. We grind that noble grain, wheat, in our powerful mills, and then with the bolter remove from the powdered grain everything that resists the action of the stones, so as to retain for use only the starchy portion, which is elegant to the sight. In the rejected portions are found the most important nutritive principles, and these, in the form of "shorts and "fine feed," we give to our horses and our cows. As we have looked into the "bins" at the farm, filled with these rejected articles of human food, the exclamation has been often forced from us, "What a pity !" Pity indeed, it is that "fashion" should over ride interest and physical well-1)eing ; for nothing but fashion holds the snow white wheaten loaf in its place upon our tables. If this must continue, we would suggest to those who desire to obtain all the elements in food necessary to health, to procure the wheat phosphates and nitrogenous compounds by a free use of milk. If a generous milk diet is associated with the white bread, the evils of imperfect nutrition may be avoided. Nothing excites the lacteal 460 THE SOUTHERN [August secretion in cows like miller's "fine feed," and we find in the milk- pail in new associations the rich elements we reject in the grains of wheat. Very few indeed can obtain pure milk and cream, but every family ought to be able to obtain whole wheat flour, in its best con- dition. At the present time, it is the practice to a large extent among millers, to grind the finest, soundest wheat into fine flour, and the poorest into what is call "Graham flour." This term "Graham flour" ought no longer to be used. It is a kind of general name given to mixtures of bran and spoilt flour, to a large extent unfit for human food. What we need is good, sweet, whole wheat flour, finely ground, and securely put up for family use. This article we do not find in the market, and the Western miller who will give his earnest attention to furnishing such flour will realize a fortune speed- ily. The crown loaf made from whole wheat is to our eye as hand- some as the white. It can be made with all the excellences of the white, so far as lightness is concerned, and it is sweeter and more palatable. With this loaf we secure all the important nutritive principles which the Creator for wise reasons has stored up in wheat. — Journal of Chemistry. Apples as Food. We can fully indorse the following from the English Garden : With most of us the value of the apple as an article of food is greatly underrated. Besides containing a large amount of sugar, mucilage, ane other nutritive matter, apples contain vegetable acids, aromatic qualities, etc., which act powerfully in the capacity of refrigerants, tonics, and antiseptics; and if freely used at the season of mellow ripeness, they prevent debility and indigestion, averting, without doubt, many of the 'ills which flesh is heir to.' The operatives of Cornwall consider ripe apples nearly as nourishing as bread, and far more so than potatoes. In 1801 — which was a year of much scarcity — apples, instead of being converted into cider, were sold to the .poor; and the laborers asserted that they could 'stand their work ' on baked apples without meat, whereas potato diet required the addition of meat or other substantial nutriment. The French and Germans use apples extensively. The laborers depend upon them as an article of food, and frequently make a dinner of sliced apples and bread. There is no food cooked in so many different ways in our country as apples, nor is there any fruit the value of which, as an article of nutriment, is so great and yet so little appre- ciated. Red ants — how to get rid of them. If any of your readers are troubled with the red ants getting into their good things, I have a bit of information in reference to them which every one thus plagued would be glad to have. The red ant will not crawl on iron ; and to prevent their going into your dairy, meat-safe, or sideboard, you have only to place them on iron feet, 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 461 which may be done in the following manner, viz: Bore holes in the lower ends of the legs; put in iron rods of suitable size, which should extend three inches below the wood. Rest on rocks, if out doors ; if in the house, on bits of slate or sheet-iron. I have had my dairy thus fixed for the last ten years or more, and the first one of these little pests has yet to show itself in it. Fluvanna county, Va. J. C. Holland. Smoking Rooms in Boarding Schools. — The Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter says: "We have recently been sur- prised to learn that in two well patronized and highly praised boys' boarding schools, near this city, smoking rooms are kept for such of the boys as have permission from their parents to smoke ! We are further informed that these are not singular in that respect, as many other schools also have them. The pup;ls are from nine to eighteen years of age. Surely, if parents are so grossly ignorant or crimi- nally negligent of the laws of health, professed guides of youth ought to know better, and discourage by every possible means the use of tobacco in growing boys. It may be a question whether it is harm- ful to a man, but there is none whatever that it is seriously injurious to boys." This fact, by the way, is not so generally known as it ought to be. Fathers who smoke sometimes feel that to forbid their boys the same indulgence savors of inconsistency; but they may safely take the ground that tobacco should not be used in any form during the period of growth and adolesence. As our contemporary remarks, the mischievous effects of the weed in boyhood are unques- tionable, whatever difference of opinion there may be as to its mod- erate use later in life. The "heathen chinee" on railroads. The following, according to Iron, is a specimen of what the Houei Pao, a Shanghai newspaper, has to say about the proposed intro- duction of railways into China: " Remember, 0 reader, how the Celestial Empire prospered for three thousand years, till the barbarians came in and introduced their horrible customs. Now they allow no one to rest. They keep everything moving. They rush with their accursed engines into every creek and river of the country, spying out and worrying a happy and industrious people. The English are like their own steam, always 'boili::g and bubbling.' They upset everybody to make money out of them. They have drained the land of Sycee silver, and now they want steady, law-abiding subjects of the sun and moon to spend their money in railway engines, which blow up and cut people into little pieces more effectually than the public executioner could do. The idea is monstrous. "Canals are much better than railroads. The good Confucius invented them, and it was during his life on earth tuat they were du<*. They have been tested by time and experience, whereas rail- 462 THE SOUTHERN [August roads are only sixty years old. Life on a canal junk is tolerably secure. A man can sleep by night and fish by day, and hold his soul in peace. A merchant need not buy a coffin before he starts upon a journey. All he wants is time and patience. There is a commercial advantage, too. Goods cannot be accumulated, and thus prices can be kept up. But note what happens when railroads are introduced. In the first place, they are dangerous. They love accidents. The engines are like gunpower with fire under it. Trains run into each other, and leave only corpses and lumber on the road; or they rush off the tracks, jump down precipices, tumble into rivers, and very often crash through honest men's houses. Sometimes they run away of their own accord, and then they go so fast that wheels fly to pieces and kill everybody near them. The barbarians know all this so well that they keep surgeons to attend to the wounded, or pay beforehand for the coffins, perfumes, colored papers, crackers, and other funeral offerings to the priests *of the great Joss. Then they publish big books full of lists of accidents, and of the killed and wounded. Beside all which, merchandise is carried so fast by these railroads that stores are filled rapidly, innocent tradesmen have to pay storage whether they want the goods or not, and things are made too cheap. Then railroads would occupy space. Agriculture and farming would be stopped, and the good people who now carry goods in boats, or on their backs over the mountains, would be de- prived of their livelihood. There is no doubt that canals are much better than railroads, and the wisdom of the holy Confucius must be respected." A French Lady-Physiciax. — Madame Bres, who was received, this last June, into the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, is the first French lady who has taken such a step. She passed all her exami- nations in a most creditable manner, and M. Wurtz, the president of the examining board and dean of the faculty, addressed her in the following terms: "Madame, you have not only raised women from the secondary position they have held in medicine, but your thesis is one of the best that the faculty of Paris has ever received, and it will be consigned with honor to its archives." The title of the thesis is "La Mamelle et 1' Allaitement," a very appropriate subject for a doctress: it is treated in an anatomical, a chemical, and a physiolo- gical point of view. Treatment of typhoid fever. Dr. George Johnson, in the London Practitioner, takes the ground that in the treatment of typhoid fever careful nursing and feeding are of primary importance, while, as a rule, no medicines of any kind are required, and when not require! they are often worse than useless. Diarrhoei is a less frequent symptom than before this plan 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 463 was adopted, and when it does occur it is far more tractable, while tympanitic distension of the abdomen is a rare event. The mis- chievous opiate enemata and the torturing turpentine stupes have disappeared together. He believes that one of the main reasons why there is less diarrhcea than formerly is the careful abstinence from the emplovment of irritating drugs of all kinds. As a rule, a fever patient at "Kings" has the "yellow mixture," which is sim- ply colored water; and, except an occasional dose of chloral to pro- cure sleep, and a tonic during convalescence, no active medicines of any kind. These patients are fed mainly with milk, with the addi- tion of beef tea and two raw eggs in the twenty-four hours, and wine or brandy in quantities varying according to the urgency of the symptoms of exhaustion, especially in the advanced stages of the disease , but in many of the milder cases, and especially in the case of children, no alcoholic stimulants are required from the begin- ning to the end of the fever, and when not required they are of course, says Dr. Johnson, best withheld. He gives no irritating drugs of any kind, and has no doubt that the comparative infre- quency of severe and obstinate diarrhoea amongst his typhoid fever patients during the last few years is particularly attributable to the discontinuance of mineral acid treatment. THE TREATMENT OF DIARRHCEA. In a paper in Virchyw's Archiv, Dr. Hartsen observes that diar- rhcea of all sorts goes along with an irritable state of the intestinal canal, and any increase of this irritability is to be carefully avoided. He considers that the more usual astringents are, in addition,, irri- tants; and he instances among them the salts of lead,' zinc, and bismuth. In all cases, soothing means should first be adopted: and of the warm applications to the abdomen, in the form of bread poultices, or fomentations, are perhaps the best. The chief medi- cine recommended is opium, which soothes, but, in large doses, in- terferes with digestion. If the diarrhcea be so violent as to hinder the absorption of opium introduced into the stomach, then morphia should be injected subcutaneously. Of equal importance is the diet. If the person be strong, everything, both solid and fluid, should be withheld; but where this cannot be done, the food should be of the lightest and simplest. The author especially refers to rice and arrowroot as simple vegetable diets, while any animal food given should be free from fat. Milk should not' be too much used, and in any case should be boiled. TAR IX BRONCHIAL CATARRH AND WINTER COUGH. In a note sent to the British JledicalJuurnal, Drs. Sidney Ringer and "Wm. Morrill state that in the treatment of these complaints they have employed tar in two-grain doses, made into a pill, every three or four horses. From October to January, inclusive, its effects were watched on twenty-five patients, whose ages varied from thirty- 464 THE SOUTHERN [August four to seventy. All these patients had suffered several years from winter cough during the whole winter. Each attack of the paroxysmal and violent cough lasted from two to ten minutes, recurring ten or twelve times in the day and break- ing their rest at night. Expectoration was abundant, frothy, and purulent. Breathing was short on exertion, but most could lie down at night without propping. These patients usually began to im- prove from the fourth to the seventh day; the improvement rapidly increased, and in *about three weeks they were well enough to be dis- charged. The improvement was so decided that even those patients who, in previous years, had been confined to the house during the whole winter, returned to their work.. On discontinuing the tar, relapses often occurred in a week or two, but on readministering the medicine relief was again obtained. BROMIDE OP POTASSIUM IN WHOOPING COUGH. • Dr. W. Smith, in the British Medical Journal, says: There is at present a generally diffused epidemic of whooping-cough, and I think it may be useful to suggest a remedy which I have found beneficial — bromide of potassium. It allays the violence of the paroxysms, and cures in a few weeks — sometimes less. BICARBONATE OF SODA IN TOOTHACHE. Dr. Dyce Duckworth contributes a short memorandum on this subject to the London Practitioner for April. He was called on to treat a case of very severe toothache, and tried various ordinary remedies, including chloroform and carbolic acid, without any bene- fit to the patient. He then remembered having read that the pain might be relieved by holding in the mouth a solution of bicarbonate of soda. He at once gave the patient half a drachm in an ounce of water, and to his astonishment the pain ceased immediately, and complete relief was secured. He thinks that, as the remedy is so simple and the disease so distressing and often intracticable, this treatment may be worthy of notice and of imitation. A COMMON CAUSE OF APOPLEXY. In an able article on apoplexy, in the Popular Science Monthly, Dr. J. JR.. Black gives the following hint to brain-workers: "A middle-aged physician said one day to the writer: 'As I was walking down the street after dinner I felt a shock in the back of my head, as if some one had struck me; I have not felt well since. I fear I shall die, just as all my ancestors have, of paralysis. .What shall I do?' The answer was, 'Diminish the tension on the blood- vessels, and there need be no fear of tearing them in a weak place.' Now, this expresses in plain terms the exact cause of apoplexy in the great majority of instances; and it is one, too, which every one has it in his power to prevent. A blood-vessel of the brain has lost some of its elastic strength; food is plenty, digestion is good; blood is made in abundance, but little is worked off by exercise; the ten- 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 465 sion on every artery and vein is at a maximum rate; the even, cir- cuitous flow is temporarily impeded at some point, throwing a dan- gerous pressure on another; the vessel which has lost its clastic strength gives way. blood is poured out, a clot is formed which, by its pressure on the brain, produces complete unconsciousness. This is the apoplectic stroke. It will be perceived that there are two leading conditions upon which the production of the stroke depends — a lessened strength in the vessel, and an increased tension on it." CARBONIC OXIDE IN TOBACCO SMOKE. Dr. Otto Krause, in Dingier s Polytechnic Journal, states that he finds a considerable quantity of carbonic oxide constantly present in tobacco smoke, and that the after effects of smoking are principally caused by this poisonous gas, as the smoker never can prevent a part of the smoke from descending to the lungs, and thus the poison- ing is unavoidable. He is of opinion that the after-effects are all the more energetic, the more experienced the smoker is, and he thus ex- plains the unpleasant results of the first attempts at smoking, which are generally ascribed to nicotine alone. WORK AS A REMEDY. Dr. Dio Lewis says: A lady has just left our rooms whose case illustrates an important idea. Ten years ago she was an invalid. Her malady was obstinate, and at the end of a year's treatment a consultation resulted in the opinion that her case was cerebro-spinal irritation, from which she would probably never recover. Six years ago her husband died. His estate proved insolvent. The wife en- gaged in an active occupation to support her three children. In a year she was well, and has remained so ever since. There are two millions dyspeptics in America. Nine in ten of them could be cured by work. A wealthy clergyman from a neighboring State assured us that he had spent eight years and thirty thousand dollars in seeking a cure for his dyspepsia He had travelled everywhere and consulted all sorts of doctors. We are afraid he will never forgive us for telling him that six months' hard work would make a well man of him. Dipsomania. — Some extraordinary instances of the insatiate desire, or rather morbid impulse, to drink are mentioned by Dr. George Burr, in a recent paper on the "Insanity of Inebriet}^." Dr. Bush records a case of an habitual drunkard in Philadelphia, who, when strongly urged by one of his friends to leave off drinking, replied, "Were a keg of rum in one corner of a room, and were a cannon constantly discharging balls between me and it, I could not refrain from pass- ing before that cannon in order to get at the rum." One of the cases described by McNish, in his "Anatomy of Drunkenness," also illustrates this feature. A friend of the subject of it painted to 466 THE SOUTHERN • [August him the distress of his family, the loss of his business and character, and the ruin of his health, to which he replied, "My good friend, your remarks are just; they are indeed too true; but I can no longer resist temptation. If a bottle of brandy stood at one hand, and the pit of hell yawned at the other, and I were convinced that I would be pushed in as sure as I took one glass, I could not re- frain." The late Professor R. D. Mussey, of Cincinnati, relates another case : "A few years ago a tippler was put into an alms- house in this State. Within a few days he had devised various ex- pedients to procure rum but failed. At length, however, he hit up- on one which was successful. He went into the vood-yard of the establishment, placed one hand upon the block, and with an axe in the other, struck it off at a single blow. With the stump raised and streaming, he ran into the house and cried, 'Get some rum ! get some rum ! my hand is off.' In the confusion and bustle of the occasion a bowl of rum was brought, into which he plunged the bleeding member of his body, then, raising the bowl to his mouth drank freely, and exultingly exclaimed, '2s ow I am satisfied !' ' Dr. J. E. Turner relates a case of a gentleman who, while under treatment for inebriety, during four weeks secretly drank the alco- hol from six jars containing morbid specimens. On asking him why he had committed this loathsome act he replied, "Sir, it is as impossible for me to control this diseased appetite as it is for me to control the pulsations of my heart. Remedy for Colds. — According to the same French authority, powdered camphor, sprinkled with tincture of iodine, and inhaled by the nostrils, constitute one of the most prompt and certain rem- edies for coryza, or "cold in the head." If he said he did, he did. — The little story I am going to tell you happened just before the war, when every one was very, very busy. Soldiers were enlisting and going away from almost every home in the land. One young man had volunteered, and was expecting daily to be ordered to the seat of war. One day his mother gave him an unpaid bill, with mo- ney, and asked him to pay it. When he returned home that day, she said : "Did you pay the bill?" "Yes," he answered. In a few days the bill was sent in a second time. "I thought," said she to her son, "that you paid this?" "I really don't remember, mother; you know I've had so very many things on my mind." "But you said you did." " Well," he answered, "if I said I did. I did." He went away, and his mother took the bill herself to the store. The young man had been known in town all his life, and what opinion was held of him this will show. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 4b7 "I am quite sure," she said, "my son paid this some days ago; he has been very busy since, and has quite forgotten about it ; but he told me that day that he had, and says if he said then that he had, he is quite sure that he did." " Well," said the man, "I forgot about it, but if he ever said he did. he did." Wasn't that a grand character to have? Having once said a thing, that was enough to make others believe it, whether he remembered it or not. I wish all the boys in our land were as sure of a good reputation. — Christian Weekly. Girls. — Artemus Ward never said a wiser thing than this : " I like little girls, but I like big girls just as well." These laughing, happy crea- tures— the sad, the grave, the gay — all have their separate and pe- culiar charm for the children of men. From the school-girl of four- teen to the more mature damsel, we love them all; and it is wise that we do so. The world would be a desert without them ; and I have no patience with a man who can wilfully say that he has never been entangled in the meshes of sunny hair, or felt his heart thrill at a look from a pair of laughing eyes. In the first place, when he makes a statement of that kind, he will find difficulty to make believers in it. Men, from Adam's time, have been moulded by the "weaker sex." Weak ! Samson, the strong, man of all, lost his strength in the lap of a woman. And so it is with all. We love them for their many graces, for their musical voices, for the beauty God has given them, and because they are weaker than we are, and appeal to us for pro- tection. The touch of a delicate hand, the mellow tones of a girl's voice, the tender glance of beautiful eyes — all these have their power. Man's inherent chivalry teaches him that these are given for his good, to restrain his wilder impulses, and to make him better, purer, nobler. They furnish to the young man an incentive to labor, and point out to him the better path which his feet ought to tread. They enchain the wildest and most untamable of our race, and teach them to take delight in the purer social pleasures, Many a man who has gone astray has been reclaimed by his love for one of these dear creatures, and has lived a nobler life thereafter for her sake. We say, "God bless 'em every one !" Sleep and how to secure it — Mr. Frank Buckland, in a recent article on this subject in Land and Water, takes the ground that it is natural for man, like other animals, to sleep soon after eating. The following passage will be endorsed by all who are in the habit of after-dinner naps or late suppers. The human frame cannot do without sleep. I believe the reason is that the mysterious property — for want of a better name we call it 4- THE SOUTHERN [August "vital energy" — gradually leaks out during the day. During sleep, the machinery of the body, especially the brain, becomes recharged ■with it. The cause of not being able to sleep — I write now of people id I health, and hard workers with their brains — is that the brain to speak, "go down."' but it continues to act, more or less, My father, when writing the Bridgewater Treatise, had his own way of working. He was an excessively busy man during the dav. and had only the night hours in which he could write. He gen- en o'clock, and immediately after dinner went to two or three hours. He then got up. and worked on till : ree in the morning. Just before retiring to rest, he took some light pudding, or a sandwich, with cocoa or miik. Thus he always slept well, as the blood was diverted from the brain to the si I have no hesitation in saying that the proper thing to do is to go :. mediately (or at least very soon) after the meal of the day. All animals always go to sleep, if they are not disturbed, after eating. illy noticeable in dogs ; and the great John Hunter - an experiment that digestion went on during sleep more :.al was awake and going about. This is his ex- : He took two dogs and gave them both the same quantity :. One of them was then allowed to go to sleep, the other was - hunth _-. At the end of three or four hours he killed both logs. The food in the stomach of the dog which had been asl a quite digested : in that of the one which had been hunting, the foo I '^as not digested at all. ^tarch. — A beautiful finish can be given to articles to be starched by taking one-fourth of a pound of starch, and working kneading it with a little water, then placing five or six pints of water in a pan, and adding to this a very small quantity of "ax. a small piece of sugar, and a fragment of white avux te size of a hazel nut. and heating the whole sufficiently. . ; then to be added to the starch, with continual stirring, mixing the two tosether until the whole is as thick as is convenient for ttion. If the articles are to be made quite stiff, the strength of the starch may be increased two or three fold. Learn from baby. — Jack heard a very strong young farmer say one day that his baby brother had taught him a capital lesson — that was to stretch himself Uaby did it for some wise reason, he knew; so he had fol- lowed the example. Stretching makes you grow, makes you supple and active, and is all together a good thing. Follow the baby's plan, my dears ; stretch your arms, legs, neck and body for a few moments, morning, noon and night, until further notice. — St. Ntekoleu. '" •fl-.T7!?^[9iMwri,LN 470 THE SOUTHERN [August i 9 (Ditorhl Department NOTES FOR THE MONTH. The month of August was named in honor of Augusta? Caesar. We do not know that he was a patron of agriculture, but we know that he was a kind patron of the farmer poet of Italy. Virgil, and that he spared to him his farm, when he was confiscating all the lands in Mantua, for the benefit of his soldiers. TAKING CARE OF OATS. There is as much to be done in this month in taking care of the crops already raised, as in cultivating those in the ground, or in starting new one3. If oats have not been secured, lose no time in housing or stacking them, or in baling them as hauled from the field. If intended for market, we prefer baling them, and it saves time and loss of grain by shattering, to bale as hauled from the field. Use Xo. 12 wire, and six moderate sized, seasoned sticks, if procurable. We say moderate size sticks (seasoned), because we think much imposition in this matter has been practiced on the consumer, sometimes, no doubt, uninten- tionally. We had occasion some time since to weigh the sticks put around some bales of straw. They were large, green oaks, and weighed to the bale, from eighteen to twenty pounds. The consumer in such cases is justifiable in refusing to purchase. The winter oat this year has yielded well, and we have no doubt on our minds now that it is a more profitable crop than wheat. We have cut and baled the present season, from four acres of land. 10,500 pounds of winter oats. These- at $1 per hundred, which we have no doubt about obtaining by September or October, will amount to $105. Now. this land has not been manured for eight years, when it was in strawberries, and is not rich, capable of producing six or seven barrels of corn, and not more than fifteen bushels of wheat in the most 'avorable seasons. About one-half of it was much infested with wire grass. The oats were seeded the 14th of October, and were not thick et.ough on the land, only one bushel to the acre being seeded. They did not come up well on account of the dry season last fall, and in the winter looked as if they were so thin as necessarily to produce a small crop. Besides this, being near the house, they were depredated on the whole season by fowls. If they had been seeded the 1st Septem- ber, and one and a half to two bushels put to the acre, they would, we confidently think, have yielded one-third more. If the winter oat stood the last winter well, as cold as it was. we may well expect them to stand any winter in our latitude., and if seeded the last of August, or first of September, we believe it would prove one of the most certain, if not the most certain crop, the farmer can raise. On the other hand, we consider wheat the most uncertain crop produced in our latitude. SEEDING OATS. We advise then that winter oats be seeded the last of this month or first Sep- tember, one and a half to two bushels per acre, in the standing corn. Run the cultivator twice in the row, sow the oats, and cover with the cultivator, or if the land is grassy, run the turning plow through the centre of the row, lap the dirt on this from each side, drag down with the cultivator, then sow. and cover with the cultivator. The hoe hands must then follow, and chop between the hills of the standing corn, to cover the oats there. GETTING OCT WHEAT. As before advised, get out wheat as soon as possible. 'and 8ell. for the first price is generally the best, and much will be saved from waste, shrinkage, and probably stealage in some cases. 1875.] PLANTER AXD FARMER. 471 FALLOWING Should be commenced this month for wheat, or winter oats, and prosecuted every opportunity, when the condition of the ground, and other things will permit. SEEDIXG CLOVER AXD GRASSES. We omitted to say in connection with the seeding of winter oats, that clover, orchard grass, or timothy, or tall meadow oat grass, might be very advantageously seeded the last of this month along with the oats. As at present advised we prefer to sow clover, one and a half gallons; orchard grass, one bushel; and tall meadow oat grass, one bushel to each acre. TCRXIPS. This is the principal month for putting in the turnip crop. In the first part of the month (if not sown last July) from 1st to loth August, sow ''Norfolk," •'Globe,*' and "Aberdeen." and "Red Top." As a general thing the "Red Top" should be sown a little later than the former, as it matures earlier, and does not keep so well. " Seven Top," for salad, sow last of the month, though many now are sowing " Norfolk," or " Globe," the salad being much better than the " Seven Top." The latter requires little or no protection in the winter, while the others do. Turnips may be drilled or sown broadcast. The former is the most certain mode. After the land is well fallowed and dragged, throw two furrows togetker two and a half feet apart, 'flatten these down with the back of the drag, or with hoe or rake, and drill with hand, or with drilling machine. The laud should be made rich for turnips, either by superphosphates, stable manure, or bone flour — the latter is, however, generally too slow. The custom which pre- vails in the country of enriching the land with cows penned on it, answers a very good purpose. If sown broadcast, which is the most economical plan, it will be necessary to go over and pall up the largest weeds and grass with the hand. The principal objection to broadcast sowiug is the difficulty of getting the seed evenly distributed, and unless thinning is done, they will, in some places, be much too thick. potato oxioxs May be put out the last of this month, particularly if they are disposed to vot. ASPARAGUS Must be kept clean of grass, and the dirt be thrown back to it, if this has not been doue since it was thrown from it las: month. STRAWBERRIES Mast be frequently worked this month, with hoe and cultivator frequently run through them. They must be kept clean by constant working, or the labor will be increased if they get grassy. Well, we may finish the work for the month early if we will '"hurry up," and then let us take that little promised recreation. Before closing, let us con- gratulate the farmers on the bright prospects of good crops the present year. The wheat throughout the Union, with the exception of California, is said to be a fine crop. The oat crop is a good one. and the corn and tobacco is very prom- - ising, and. unless a drought intervenes, the yield of each will be large. The hay crop is said to be a short one generally. Should the abundant crops produce lower prices, the farmers have the consolation of knowing that the prices of almost all they have to buy are coming down, and will probably rate still lower. 6 472 THE SOUTHERN [August THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. We publish in this number of the Planter and Farmer an article from the President of the State Agricultural Society, which gives us the occasion to say something, as it always affords us pleasure to do, in regard to the affairs of the Society. Probably, the State is indebted in a larger extent to the labors and ex- penditures of this organization, under the management of its efficient officers, than is generally supposed or acknowledged. The people were impoverished by the war, and agricultural and other interests were prostrated beyond any precedent in the history of nations. Adverse sea- sons in many sections have continuously prevailed to the present time ; and yet the people, borne down by their losses and the burden of old debts, have rallied to an extent that the fruits of a few propitious seasons will afford a permanent relief. Under a judicious system of Immigration urged by the Society, the un- occupied lands will be filled up with thrifty farmers, mines will be developed, factories extended and improved, and the wail of repudiationists will be hushed. The Society having fortunately preserved from the calamity of war the bulk of its investments, recommenced its labors six years ago, and year after year its Fairs have disclosed a gradual increase in products of the field, garden, orchard, stable and stock-yard. The distribution of from six to ten thousand dollars in premiums each year has been no small incentive to the stock-breeder and intelli- gent farmer : and we hope the time is not far distant when Virginia will not be behind any of her sister States in respect to a generally diffused prosperity amongst her citizens. Ten years ago her pastures and stables were stripped of almost every living animal, but now she may boast that they are re-stocked with as valuable thoroughbred cattle, horses and sheep, as can be found in any coun- try. Her great staples, tobacco, corn and wheat, are advancing in production, not- withstanding the first named is burdened with an unreasonable, if not unjust, tax of six to eight millions of dollars per annum to the United States Govern- ment. Xow, we say, that we are indebted, to a large extent, to the State Agri- cultural Society for this state of things, and we hope that every farmer, mer- chant and manufacturer in the State will become a life member of the Society, and thus increase its influence and means for doing good. The approaching Fair, we have reason to believe, will present a grander display of people and products than any former one, and every farmer, or citizen, of any profession, will be amply paid for time and money in attending it. And more than this : each should feel it his duty and privilege to contribute something to the exhibition in its various departments, and if not in animals, or articles, then in written essays on subjects connected with practical agriculture, &c. This collision of mind and skill will ensure progress, which will tell alike On individual and State prosperity. POMONA GRANGES. The Master of the State Grange will be at the following places at the time appointed to organize Pomona Granges and instruct deputies in the work of the fifth degree. The deputies of the judicial districts will be expected to be present, and as many members as possible are requested to be in attendance. The installations will be public: Farmville, August 4th: Glade Spring. August 6th ; Vytheville, August 9th ; Christiansburg, August 11th ; 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 473 Lynchburg, August 13th ; Staunton, August 16th ; Winchester, August ISth ; Alexandria, August 16th. Pomona Granges will be composed of Master and Past Master and their wives who are matrons, and three fourth degree members from each subordinate Grange, who may be elected thereto. Delegates will be required to present a certificate of election under seal of the Grange, attested by their respective sec- retaries. Each Grange represented is requfred to send by their delegates the fee of 82. This fee is in full of all State charges. THE PLANTERS' CONVENTION. The planters of Virginia have decided to hold a Convention at "Burkeville on Wednesday, the 11th day of August, and it is desirable that every county that produces tobacco, shall send representatives. The prime object of the Conven- tion is to consider the subject of tobacco inspection — to harmonize the views of planters, and to decide what changes in the law are necessary J.o foster and protect this important industry. This subject has occupied much of public opinion for several years, and en- gaged the attention of several recent Legislatures. There is considerable diver- sity of opinion among planters, and more between them and the trade. The latter petitioned the last Legislature to abolish Estate inspection of tobacco as a useless and oppressive burden to production, but the planters in many of the largest tobacco producing counties in the State held meetings, and petitioned for the retention of the law, with such changes and modifications as seemed to them desirable. The Convention, we presume, is to decide upon these, and to unite in petitioning for such changes and reforms in the law as are desirable. The decision of the Convention, if harmonious, will be potential for good. Let county meetings be held to appoint delegates, and'where these cannot be held, district meetings and the Granges should select. We had the promise of an article on this subject from Maj. R. L. Ragland, who understands the subject probably better than any man in Virginia, having fought this question of tobacco inspection for the past two years in the Senate in the in- terest of the planters, but he informs us that sickness has prevented him from doing so. We hope, however, that he will be able to attend the meeting at Burkeville, that the Convention may have the benefit of his experience and counsels. No one has more zealously and efficiently worked for the interest of the tobacco grower than has Maj. Ragland. TEN GOOD HINTS. The following pithy code of newspaper by-laws is the best we have ever seen : 1. Be brief; this is the age of telegrams and short-hand. 2. Be pointed ; don't write all around a subject without hitting it. 3. State facts; don't stop to moralize ; it's drowsy business; let the reader do his own dreaming. 4. Eschew prefaces ; plunge at once into your subject, like a swimmer in cold water. 5. If you have written a sentence that you think particularly fine, draw your pen through it ; a pet child is always the worst in the family. 474 THE SOUTHERN [August 6. Condeuse ; make sure you really have an idea, and then record it in the shortest possible terms. 7. "When your article is complete, strike out nine-tenths of the adjectives ; the English is a strong language, but won't bear too much " reducing." 8. Avoid all high-flown language ; never use stilts when legs will do as well. 9. Make your sentences short ; every period is a milestone, at which the reader may halt and rest himself. 10. Write legibly. GEORGE WATT. George Watt, the plow-maker of Richmond, (whose likeness forms the frontispiece for this number,) was born August 11th, 1815, (at Springfield Farm, the battle-ground of the 27th of June, 1862), in Hanover county, Virginia. His father, Hugh Watt, was of Scotch-Irish descent, and a lineal relative of James Watt, who first brought steam into practical use. His father was a farmer in independent circumstances. His mother was a native of Hanover county, and was a granddaughter of John Austin, to whom the crown made some very extensive grants of land principally in that county. George was the youngest of five children. At the age of fifteen he was taken from school and put with Wm, Smythe, an extensive dealer in china-ware in Richmond. But he was not pleased with this vocation and returned to the farm at the end of six months. After remaining with his father six or eight months, he was apprenticed to his brother-in-law, John Haw, of Hanover county, to learn mechanics. Mr. Haw was engaged in building machinery of all kinds, and houses, and also had a large foundry and blacksmith shop. George took a gene- ral interest in every department of business, and after five years of diligent ser- vice, asked to be released from his remaining time, which request was granted cheerfully. He then went West and afterwards South, where he engaged in business with his brother. In 1840, he finally went into the business of manufacturing plows. In 1842, he commenced the manufacture of what has since become famous under the name of the Cuffbrace plow. In 1848, he moved from Alabama, where he had been living for some time, and having formed a partnership with his brother-in-law, with whom he had served his apprenticeship, he went into the manufacture of plows and building of ma- chinery. They had their factory at Haw's shop in Hanover county. In January, 1846, he removed to Richmond, and here commences a career so intimately interwoven with the successful manufacture of plows for the use of Virginia and the South, that to write it out minutely would be to give the history of almost every valuable improvement in cast-iron plows for nearly thirty years. Mr. Watt has, from time to time, made improvements on his plow, which, all combined, make it now, beyond all question, one of the best, if it is not the very best cast-iron plow made. His progress toward the present perfection, was of course gradual — almost every year saw some improvement made, till in 1867 he made what is now known as the Watt Plow — combining all the excellence of his former inventions, and adding some very valuable improvements. In 1870, the broad throat improvement was added. There are many peculiari- 1875.] PLANTER AXD FARMER. 475 ties about the "Watt Plow, which distinguish it decidedly from all others, both in the form of different parts and the method of putting them together. The obliqueness of the mould-board, and simple method of regulating the depth and width of furrow, make it not only the lightest running plow, but also the most easily regulated. It is hardly necessary to enter into a complete description of the plow, for they are in every neighborhood, and farmers can see them for themselves. The points of excellence are cheapness, durability, ease of draught, both to team and plowman, perfect adjustability, either as to depth or width of furrow, freedom from choking, burial of filth and pulverization of soil. These plows have been introduced everywhere throughout the South, and give entire satisfaction wherever used. Mr. Watt is still actively engaged in their man- ufacture in partnership with his son-in-law, Manfred Call. The demand for the W att Plow is steadily and rapidly increasing, and the firm is doing a heavy and lucrative business. Personally, Mr. Watt is above medium height, with a pleasant, open counte- nance, upon which good nature and firmness are equally impressed. He is a man of uncommonly strong natural sense ; impulsive in his feeling, a firm friend and uncompromising opponent ; scrupulously honest in all his dealings, and bit- ter in his denunciations of all who fail to coma up to his high standard of hon- esty. He is enthusiastic in his business and believes he knows more about plows than any one else — an opinion, by the way, which a very large class of our people heartily endorse. If men are to be judged by the amount of good they do in life, George Watt will rank very high among the honored sons of Virginia. TO OUR PATROXS. With zeal, energy, and liberal expenditure in procuring valuable contributions and handsome and useful illustrations, we confidently expect to render the Planter and Farmer still more deserving of the liberal patronage that it has received in the past. Virginia and the other Southern States have so many interests in their large territory and varied conditions, that it would be unjust to devote the journal to any one or two to the exclusion of others. The farmer, the planter, the gardeuer, the fruit grower, the stock raiser, the manufacturer, the miner, have all a right to be considered in our table of contents. Of course, no one supposes that any one person is capable of treating all these subjects pro- perly; therefore, we must look for information to those whose thorough education and long experience have been directed to special objects. In this connection, we wish to say that we are always anxious to hear from our readers upon any subject which particularly interests them, believing that when a man is in earnest something can be learned from what he has to say. We desire to set apart a small portion of the journal to family reading, which shall be carefully guarded against anything objectionable, and which, we hope, will add to its value and make it acceptable to the whole household. We say to our readers, the Southern Planter and Farmer is your paper as well as ours, and you are all equally interested in its success ; and we. therefore, have no hesitation in asking that you will take such steps as will insure it — that is, to pay promptly the small subscription price that is due, to give it your influ- ence in obtaining new subscribers, and the benefit of your experience in any 476 THE SOUTHERN [Aneast matters relating to agriculture, horticulture, and kindred pursuits. The single effort of each subscriber could readily double the circulation of the journal, and we promise that our patrons shall have the benefit in full of our increased pros- perity. If the 10,000 copies which we send out this month are only circulated among your friends, after you hare read them, with a hint that they oug subscribe, we have not a doubt that our subscription list would be doubled in a few months. WHO WILL DO LIKEWISE? The following gentlemen will please accept our thanks for their influence and aid in extending the circulation of the Planter and Farmer. It only needs the combined influence and aid of our present subscribers to make the Planter and Farmer not only the largest circulated paper in the country, but the best. If the ten thousand farmers who will receive this number will only show it to their neighbors, and urge upon them to subscribe, our subscription will, in a month, be doubled. We are indebted to the following gentlemen for the following num- ber of subscribers : D. L. Stephens, 6 ; C. H. Jones, 12 ; D. C. Brady, 5 ; Wm. Chitwood. S : J. A. Cunningham, 5 ; F. A. Luck, 5 ; M. P. Cowherd. 3 ; A. Graves. 5 ; T. J. Adam - T. G. Lumpkin, 5; H. W. Burgwim -3 : Dr. J. T. Dunette. G: J. W. Whitley, Dr. T. W. Gouldin, 6 ; J. L. Shelton, 9 ; L. Sheffield. 5 i A. 0. Lee. 14 ; P. T. Woodward. 5 ; L. S. LaPrade, 5 ; O. L. Ligon. 5 ; Abner Fnqua, 5 ; Thomas J. Adams. 6 ; W. F. Smith, 10 ; W. H. Gills. 5 ; H. M. Stephens. 9 ; M. H. Ber- nard. 9: John S. Apperson, 9; James Harris, 6 ; E. W. Brooking. IS: E. H. Wood, 8 : C. B. Coiner, 5 ; John D. Stone. 5 : S. EL Waring, 5 ; EL C. Bost. 5 : W. D. Stone, 6; William M. Blackwell, 5 ; John A. Brumbaugh, 5 : William C. Tate', 7. Robert A. Blackwell, 8; Dr. C. R. Cullen. 12: M. H. Garland, 9: M. Brench, 5: J. W. Schink, 5; George S. Norman, o; Wm. D. Stone. 6; J. W. Goodman, 11 ; John Fredick, 5 ; J. K. Forrer. 5 : W. W. Smith, 7 ; C. H. Moor- man, 8; Isaac A. Mclrwin, 5 ; C. H. Chilton. 7: T. A. Hatcher. 5; W. Hol- man, 8 ; W. C. Tate. 5 ; C. M. Adkinson. 5 ; John W. Peyton, 5 : S. R. Moore. 5 j W. A. Love. 7 ; J. M. Rice, 6 ; S. M. Leftwich. 5 ; William F. Lockett. 5; E. B. Hilton, 5: Thomas L. Catlett, 7 ; M. H. Garland, 10; P. H. Adams, 5; J. E. LaPrade, 7 ; J. W. Chinn, 5 ; E. B. Spencer, 0 : E. C. Wilbourn, 5 : P. T. Wood- ward, 5 ; J. G. White, 9 ; H. B. Harusberger, 5 ; J. W. Scheuk. 7 : John J. An- sell, 6 ; Cyrus Brown, 5; John C. Ward, 5 ; J. M. Spiller. 6 ; J. E. Lazenby, 10; W. H. Peyton, 6; John R. Farrer, 5; J. D. 'Rogers, 6; K. Shumate, 5; Joseph K. Bland, 6; G. Bear, 5; Thomas E. Pullen. 5: Gaorge W. Dawson. 9 ; James T. Woods, 5; Dr. E. T. Adams, 13; F. Sanders, 5; P. J. Kemper, 5; John W. Aiken, 19 ; C. M. Zeegler, 23 ; Eo. L. Poindexter, 7 ; S. G. Bernard, S ; A. W. Abraham, G; J. T. Cawthorn. 6; H. M. Fowlkes. 5; J. H. Shelton. 7 ; P. L. Ligon, 7 ; P. L. Blankenship, 5 ; L. C. Blankenship, 6 ; E. M. Quillen, 5 ; D. E. E. Brady, G ; H. C. Lovitt, 5 ; W. H. Peyton, 8 ; Wm. Powell. 9; D. L. Stephens, 5 ; J. H. Featherstone, 6; A. J. Brown, 5; Thos. T. Arnold. 8; Jas. F. Bland, G ; Thos. F. Rives, 5 ; Wm. A. Mohler. 5 ; R. G. Handen, 5 : H. L. Blanton. G: Skinquarter Grange, 7 ; E. L. Nuckols, 5: R. T. Jeter. 5; L. B. Brown. 5 ; C. H. Chilton, 7 ; John F. Walton, 6 ; T. R. Covington, 5 : R. Bin- ford, 11 ; C. A. Shuman, 10 : Putnam Owen. 5 : Sharpe Carter. G : Joseph F. Deans, 15 ; F. N. Maxey, 5; G. N. Thrift. 5 : N. A. Gregory. 7; T. P. Lilly. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 477 5; Jas. K. Smith, -5 : W. Haynes, 6; C. S. Morton, 5; J. R. Jones, 5; J. M. Spiller, 6; S. G. Bernard, 5 ; H. Handley, 5 ; J. P. Gayle, 5;. A. W. Tinsley, 10; H. W. Burgwin, 8; J. C. Arnn, 8, Jonas Hackman. 5 ; J. A. Logan, -J : W. G. Friend, 11 ; M. Dent, 5 ; G. T. Croxton, 5 ; S. McD. Gold, 5 ; C. T. Moseley, 5; Geo. F. Beale, 5 ; A. E. Stark, 7; T. J.Stratton, G; S. M. Step, toe, 6 ; W. H. C. Lovett. 5 ; A. G. Spratley, 5 ; W. L. Doss, 5 ; Wm. P. Court- ney, 6 ; John Q. A. Kelly, 5 ; T. P. Taylor, 5 ; M. Graybill, G ; R. M. Eirby, 5 ; Jas. Yancey, Jr., 6 ; Mr. Bagby, 11 ; D. S. Tucker, 14 ; R. G. Haden, G ; Geo. W. Dawson, 7; R. C, Phillips, 5; W. W. St. Clair, 6; W. T. Pugh, 5; P. Smith, 6; S. W. Goulam, 5 Joel L. Preston, 5; John L. Hart, 5 ; J. W. John- son, 5 ; T. H. Masaey, 5 ; S. Carter, 5 ; Dr. L. W. Carter, 5 ; G. X. Thrift, 5 ; F. A. Luck, 13; B. F. Kidd, 7: L. H. Stern, 9; Wm. Holman, 6; Col. J. A. Gibson, 5: C. H. Barron, 5; W. R. Mason, 15; D. M. Burgess, 5; N. M. Tandv, 7 ; Wm. M. Blackwell, 5 ; D. C. E. Brady, 7 ; J. W. Diggs, 6 ; S. W. Walkup. 6. Total, 1,273. DR. NICHOLS' PATENT PORTABLE FENCE. [We are indebted to the proprietors of the Rural South Carolinian for the fol- lowing letter, and the stereotype on page 4G9. The Rural Carolinian is one of the best agricultural journals published North or South. We recommend it to our subscribers as being more than worth its subscription price— $2 per annum. Ed. P. & P.] The following letter from Dr. Edgar G. Nichols, of Beaufort, S. C, will ex- plain itself, and, in connection with our frontispiece, answer the questions of nu- merous correspondents. Those requiring further information can communicate directly with the patentee : Beaufort, S. C, May 14th, 1875. D. H. Jacques, Esq.: Dear Sir, — At the request of Mr. Robt. Chisolm I send you to-day. per steamer "Pilot Boy," one of my patent posts for portable fence : also a fereotype of a fence already built. These posts are seven feet long, weigh sixteen pounds each, are made of wrought iron, and painted with Asphaltum. They are set into the ground two feet, a hole of the shape of the bottom part of the post having been made with a crowbar to receive each one ; they can be set at the rate of fifty per hour. To fence one acre, forty posts are required : to fence one-fourth acre, twenty. They cost one and one half dollars each ; that is, for one quarter acre, thirty dollars. In addition, you want sixty to one hundred and twenty rails, and nothing else — not even a nail. The rails may be poles, three inches diameter, such as are found in most woods, and would cost a farmer next to nothing. But if sawed lumber were preferred, the best size is one and one half by four inches, and twenty feet long. At fifteen dollars per thousand, this, for a cowpen of one- quarter acre, would cost nine dollars. But for a cow, horse, sheep and hog pen, eighteen dollars, because in that case it must be six rails high. So the whole cost cannot be less than thirty dollars, nor more than forty-eight dollars. The rails will last three or four times as long as in an ordinary fence, because there are no water-holding joints, and the posts ^»ill last a lifetime. A boy of fifteen years can put up the pen alone in two hours, or can take it down and load it alone on a cart, for distant removal. Respectfully yours, Edgar G. Nichols. The headquarters of the National Grange has been removed to Louisville, Ky. Persons desiring to correspond will note the fact. 47S THE SOUTHERN [August A VISIT TO '-BELMONT STOCK FARM." Being in Charlottesville a few days since, we called on our friend Maj. S. W. Ficklin, whose fine old mansion is only a few hundred yards from town. This magnificent estate, so familiarly known as the " Belmont Stock Farm." is com- posed of three tracts. Containing over 1.300 acres of land, most of which is well set with old turfs of clover, orchard and timothy grasses. "We have known Maj. F. as a successful breeder of all kinds of pure stock for the past thirteen years, but did not suppose him such a capital farmer until our recent visit. The fact, however, that his son is his active and enterprising manager, may be the explanation of the excellent crops of wheat, corn, and tobacco which we saw rather than the Major, and the credit is likely due to him. It is of the stock, however, of Belmont Farm of which we wish to speak. Maj. Ficklin raises and keeps nothing but pure short-horn cattle, and has a decided preference for them and their grades to any other. He commenced herding from a purchase of Kentucky cattle, and bought those in '58, and has added more bulls since — some from the best families in Kentucky, and this spring selected some cows and calves at Chicago sales, of the best descents, and has sold probably from eighty to one hundred of both sexes in this time, to stock up the country around with pure bred cattle. He has the Chester White and Berkshire hogs, but his proximity to town has prevented his owning of sheep. His attention to breeding fine horses of the useful *type was the result of an early and a life- time extensive use of them. He has bred from old Black Hawk since 18-39, who is now in his twenty-sixth year, but he looks comparatively young. In 1866 he im- ported from France two Percheron Norman stallions and two mares, and the result is being scattered over the country like his cattle and hogs. He has horse stock of all ages from eighty-five to ninety head. None but Black Hawk above fifteen years old, the rest being mainly under five years. He purchased some thorough-bred horse stock at Alexander's annual sale in Kentucky in 1807, and has added others since ; Maj. F. does not breed for the turf, but for all useful pur- poses only. He has also added three Clydesdale colts and he looks to their rearing, with great interest, as they are very popular in their native heath in Scotland, as the farmer's draught horse. Maj. F. has some twenty brooded mares — a portion of which he works when without colts — he has Black Hawk and his son Alharian (having sold Granite); the thorough-breds are represented by Florist by imported Australian ; he has two imported Percheron Norman stallions, Bienveure and the Colonel ; one three- year old ditto, two two-year old, and two colts of this year, and some half-breds of the last two springs, and a half-bred stallion (Graybeard) that has been used successfully the two last springs in Orange, and the Colonel this year at Win- chester. During our visit to Maj. Ficklin's he rode us over the farm of Mr. B. H. Bren- nan. who has recently bought the valuable estates of Alexander Paves. G. C. O'Mohumdro, and one hundred acres of T. L. Farrish— in all some twelve hun- dred acres, which adjoins and compactly forms a splendid estate. We have never seen such magnificent crops of wheat and corn. Mr. Brennan believes in high farming, feeding his land with heavy applications of fertilizers; and by thorough cultivation, he makes his land yield immense crops of corn and wheat, which he thinks will ultimately return him large profits on his investments. Mr. B. has an experienced Virginia manager and uses negro labor, with the best plows, re - 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 479 ers, mowers, and every implement of the best and most durable kind, gotten, as far as practicable, from Harris's Charlottesville machine shops, or through him from the best makers. He seeded upwards of three hundred bushels Fultz wheat last fall, one and a half bushels per acre, on land first plowed in May with three horses, in August harrowed and rolled with heavy clod-crushers; again plow- ed with four-horse plows and harrowed, and towards seeding time sowed broadcast five hundred pounds of Lister's Raw bone and three hundred pounds of plasteri and harrowed or plowed in, and the first week of October put in the wheat with about one hundred and seventy-five pounds Guanape guano, and rolled the land with four-horse rollers. The parts of his land that was a corn fallow was cleared of the corn, thoroughly plowed, harrowed, clod-crushed, and finished like the other land, and finished in the last week of October; and it was the first to be ready for the scythes and three Champion reapers. The ground having" been cleared of all stone and obstacles, they worked to perfection. The heavy fer- tilization made the crop even, uniform and exact, and the straw, like the crop generally this year, very short, The reapers cut within a few inches of the ground, and the grass and surface looked quite lawn-like. The crop is variously estimated at from twenty to thirty bushels per acre, and the quality superb. Mr. B. tried some dozen quarters of acres with various opposition fertilizers worked into the soil, and the drill seeded over the whole alike, the lines being marked by stakes, and the results showed plainly; but there was no separate measure- ment of yield. Mr. B. is grading and paving his farm road, and improving his farm by finishing up to grass each year as he goes. He has a field of one hun- dred acres in corn, on which he sowed by plaster sowers ten tons of Turner's Excelsior, and the promise is magnificent; whilst a fine field of creek bottom promises a grand crop. So far Mr. B. has not attempted to raise much stock, though he has of Mr. F.'s stock of Percheron three half-bred colts of this year, and wil doubtless at the proper time show his talents in this direction. Albemarle! is fortunate is having such an additional good farmer and citizen. Mr. James Leigh Jones writes: "The experiment I made in regard to the destruction of the potato-bug was as follows : I made a decoction of tobacco, and sprinkled the liquid when cool uniformly over the vines. This was done with just such a sprinkler as gardeners generally use. I made the decoction as strong as possible, and then used it quite profusely over the plants. I presume tobacco stems could be used quite as effec- tually as the pure leaf, though I used leaf. The effect is intoxication and a de- sertion of the vines. The best time to sprinkle the vines is late in the afternoon, when evaporation is less rapid." ^o any one who will send us a club of five subscribers and $5 between the 1st of August and 1st of October next, we will send all the back Nos. of this year, from January to July, free, in consid- eration of their effort in our behalf. .; THE SOUTHERN [Angus A. M. Bowman. President of the Augusta Fair, advertises his Shorthorn Berk- b " ga and chickens in this issue. We doubt whether there is a breeder in ho has better stock, or who is more thoroughly reliable than Mr. Bow- man. He has a large number of Shorthorns, Berkshire hogs, and dark Brahmas for sale at a low price. Write to him for his catalogue. Mr. Alfred Gerard, a large and intelligent farmer of Amelia county, Va., says. -: I had seen your two articles as published in the Planter and Farmer a few months since, on fKfty Ye its' Farming,' by Hill Carter, and 'On the Value of era Pea.' by Edmund Puffin, three years ago, I believe I would have save 1 $1 in my farming operations." Mr. G. used 40 tons of fertilizers on .t crop of wheat. We hope he will give our readers his views on the same for our September Xo. The Executive Committee of the Virginia State Agricultural Society meets on the 10th of the present month at the Buffalo Springs to make their final arrange- ments for the approaching Fair. The meeting of the Committee has usually been, at this season of the year, at the Montgomery and Greenbrier White Sul- but we are glad to see that the Southside has just as attractive ;- our Piedmont section for the representatives of our agricultural inter- The following gentlemen forms the Executive Committee : Col. W. C. Knight. Richmond ; Dr. Wm. T. Walker, Goochland : Major A. H. Drewry, Chad CoL R. Harrison, Cumberland; Wm. A. Burke, Staunton; John T. Cowan, Montgomery: Col. J. D. H. Ross, Lexington; R. W. X. Xoland, Loudoun; S- W. Ficklin. Albemarle; James Xewman, Orange; Dr. S. P. Moore. Richmond ; John D. Rogers, King George ; Major Wm. T. Sutherlin, Dcnvi . ert Beverly, Fauquier: S. S. Bradford, Culpeper ; Dr. Monro Ban: Ipeper; Prof. M. G. Eilzey, Blacksburg ; Gen. G. S. Meem, She- nandoah ; John Dodson, Dinwiddie. The Boston (Mass.) Journal of Chemistry is the best journal of the kind pub- lished in this country. It is devoted to the sciences, arts, agriculture and medi- : 1 per annum. CixcEO-QrixiXE has gained the reputation of being superior to the sulphate of quinine, and is much cheaper. The manufacturers have certificates from the " reliable physicians all over the country certifying to its efficiency. Read advertisement on sover page. We call attention to the advertisement of Mr. S. D. Atkinson, of Manchester, Va.. who is now making large quantities of drain tile of all sizes. We have used large numbers of them, and find that they are of the best qaality, and sold at reas : \ te pri sea — much cheaper than sold by any other manufacturer we know of. e such of our readers as wish them to write to Mr. Atkinson on I ~}ut White. — Read the advertisement, in another column, of the Green- brier White Sulphur Springs. Colonel Peyton has put down his charges for ember to two dollars per day. This will enable hundreds to avail themselves of the benefits which that wonderful water bestows. Try the old White this sum- ere is no place in the country which is equal to it. SHORT-HORN BATTLE AND BERKSHIRE S WINE. The uudersigned offers for sale BULLS, COWS AND CALVES, Also,BERSKSHlRE SWINE of all Ages. Amongst ray Short-Horns will be found representatives of some of the most popular families of the day: such as Craggs, '(pure Bates,) Louans, Rosamonds, Ianthas, Mary Anns, &c., &c, and at the head of the herd stands the high-bred Bates-Rose of Sharon Bull 3,555, Earl of Weldon 14,175, by the 2d Earl of Oxford 6,708 ; dam, Rose Bud 8th by the loth Duke of Airdre 5,535 ; grand dam, Rose Bud 4th by Airdre 2,478, &c., &c. jggp^My Berkshires are all either imported from England or bred direct from imported sire and dam, and are second to none in America. My sow, " Carlotta," took First Prize at the Virginia State Fair in 1874, over T. S. Cooper's fine sow, "Royal Beauty," which had, only six weeks before, taken the prize at the Royal Show, in England. My imported " Hillhurst Rose," has been shown in .New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, and has never been beaten. Prices to suit the times. Young Bulls especially, will be sold at prices within the reach of our Southern farmers. A few Dark Brahma fowls kept — price $6 per pair ; $8 per trio. Address, A. M. BOWMAN, aug — tf "Bellevue," near Waynesboro', Augusta Co., Va. THE WATT PLOW, THE BEST TURNING AND CULTIVATING PLOW MADE. C D E^J 1 " 2V„ Warran:: nted, or to be returned if, on trial, it does not c :rne up to the standard claimed. The " Watt " combines Ease of Draught, Ease to Plowman, Thorough- • ' riplicity and Durability, in a degree not possessed by any oth-: t made, and CAimOT BE CHOKED IX AHY LAST). HOWEVER FOUL, have recently invented, as an attachment to our One-horse Plows. A COTTON SWEEP With reversible steel wir^- And a Cast Point It will clean in any soil, is durable, and of very iraught Several have been placed in the hands of planters for trial, who. _ "-em with others, pronounced them the best they have ever work - Be points can be as easily replaced when worn out as a plow point can, and at a small cost. This Sweep was awarded J..-: Premiums at B. C. State Fair and Orangeburg, S. C, 1874 In addition t: the Sweep Attachment, the A and B Plow has the Re- - 3 D) for cotton, tobacco and all crops. There are ;ven different sizes of mould-boards — from the largest turner A to the row-opener, cultivator and sub-soiler (B I; also the pea-nut digger With these different attachments, the Plow has no equal as a Turning Plow, Subsoiler, Cultivator, Row-opener, Scraper, Sweep and Pean .It may be said to be all that the planter or trucker want-. : implement made in every essential. With it an entire crop can be cultivated without the use of any other imple- ment We manufacture the Watt Plow of all sizes, from one to four horses ngh and left hand. We guarantee them to work in any land, from tie hghtest sandy sod to the heaviest elay, and in elean land or foul. They run more level, and conse.uent.y with more ease than the plows in gZ Having raised the standard and otherwise improved each of the dif- ferent s,Zes of the Watt Plow within the past eighteen months^ ck.es not conflict w.th the fitting of the ,m«ld-boards. points or slides of former ones of same number), whereby a great saving of labor to man and team . effected, better and deeper work done, I Johoktag thlT any other plow, we would be pleased to enjoy the patronage so liberally bestowed by the farmers of this and all the Southern Stales, as wel as he *orth and West assured that our plows of all sizes are superior to any now m use; and tf they do not prove so after one week's trial they may be returned to us. J All our Plows aud their Castings, Harrows, Cultivators, Coulters &c are made under our own supervision, and are made of none but the best material, and are warranted to be as represented. O.A.TTTX02sr. We especially caution makers, sellers and users of plows against in- fringements on the various patent rights of George Watt, which cover the Helve or Standard, Turning and Weeding Mould-Boards, Points and Shdes-in fact, every part of the Plow. Infringements are already m progress by certain parties, who, seeing the popularity of the Watt Plow, are attempting to put on the market their bogus castings in our nam*. Ihese castings are of inferior metal and will not fit our plows and the farmer naturally attaches the blame to us, thinking they are genuine. We therefore urge planters, to save themselves from loss to obtain their castings from us or our agents, and not buy of those who thus deprive us of our rights unjustly and injure themselves. In order to do so, see that every piece of casting or point is marked " Patented," with date of same, and by G. Watt. We have the exclusive right to make these Plows and Castings. Suits are now pending against infringers, and all parties making or selling them of other make will be dealt with to the full extent of the law. A party dealing in an infringement is as much liable as the manufacturer of it, For a complete description of the Plow and price list, send for Cata. logue containing testimonials of those who have used it, &c WATT & CALL, Sole Manufacturers, auS 1402 Franklin Street, Richmond, Va- " THE BEST " i^ -pp -T" "T~ ~TZp "P? 7 £3 GRMi. seed & mwm mm H. M. SMITH & CO., Agents for Richmond. tit^33 Send For Circular. liER" PATENT SELF-REGELATING Grain Separator, Cleaner and Bauer. H. M. SMITH & CO., Post-office Box No. 8, RICHMOND, VA. General Agents for Eastern Virginia and the States of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia- Thi= is the most convenient, portable, and best made Thresher and Cleaner now in use. It threshes rapidly, and cleans more perfectly than any other pat- tern. It has a Self-Regulating Blast, which makes the blowing over ot Wheat an impossibility. THE MOUNTED VIRGINIA HORSE POWER, 1= especially adapted to run the Geiser. and the two together make the best threshing outfit in tne wri« . The reports from the Mounted Power are all like the following unsoi.au. testim Charlotte, X. C, July 24th, 1873. Messrs. H. M. Smith kQ . Gentlemen.— Xt. J. R. Wollar says of the "Mounted Power/' it is all you claim for it : that if vou will make and send a Wagon Jack, the thresherman need not lift more than a bushel of wheat during the season : and that sort ot work which has been heretofore so laborious would become only play arid pas- time. When I hear from the rest I will report. .nf.r Very respectfully, WM. F. COOK. REBUILT!! H. Iff. SmiTH dfe CO., MANUFACTURERS OF TO OUR PATRONS: Having rebuilt our machine shops, which were destroyed by fire Oct. 1874, and fully equipped them with new and improved machinery and tools, we are better prepared than ever before to supply your wants in our line, and thanking you for past favors, we solicit a continuance of the same, pledging our best endeavors to the satisfactory filling of all orders. Send for a Catalogue. THE MITCHELL **? t"*!^*" *:.T,-..~-iiLL5:MU2H FARM AND FREIGHT WAGONS, AND THE STUDEBAKER FARM WAGONS. We are the General Agents of these celebrated "Wagons, and solicit orders from the trade, and individuals. ifze^icies "viE:R/"3r low. ADDRESS H. M. Smith & Co., P. 0, Box 8, RICHMOND, VA. RICHMOND. VA. The Session of 187o~76 will open September 22d, and close 2 2d June. The Institution embraces eight independent schools, under the following EDMUND HARRISON, A. M.. Professor of Latin. H. H. HARRIS. M. A.. D. D.. Professor of Greek. RODES MASSIE, A. II., Professor of Modern Languages. J. L. M. CURRY, D. D.. LL. D.. Prof, of English and Acting Prof, of Philosophy. E. B. SMITH. Iff. A.. Professor of Mathematics. C. H. WINSTON. M. A., Piofessor of Phvsics. B. PURYEAR, A. M.. Professor of Chemistry. Expenses per session of nine months, embracing matriculation and tuition fees, fuel, lights and washing. $118. Good board in messing clubs costs $10 per month : at the College boarding houses, $13. About 890 will be needed on matriculation : $35 1st February, and the remainder at intervals through the session. The expenses of a day student per session are $87.50. The College Buildings, situated in the most beautiful and healthful portion of the city, just within the corporate limits, with thirteen acres of land attached, are ample for the accommodation of at least two hundred and fifty students. The Institution offers to the student every facility necessary to bis comfort, convenience and success, and is thoroughly equipped in all respects for dispensing liberal education, on terms unusually moderate. For Catalogues, giving full information in regard to all the departments of the College, address B. PURYEaR, Chairman of the Faculty. FERTILIZERS! PACIFIC G-UANO AND FLOUR OF RAW BONE, Undoubtedly the best, cheapest and most popular Fertil- izers now offered for the Wheat and Grass Crops. A supply of the above standard and popular manures will be kept during the season, to which we ask the atten- tion of farmers. PUHE PERUVIAN GUAUO ALWAYS ON HAND. For further information and supplies, address, ALLISON & ADDISON. Va. COETS Estatolislieci in 1843. And has sustained its high reputation for Thirty Years. [Letter from Commodore Charles Lowndes.] Easton, Talbot county, Md., July 16, 1875. Andrew Coe, Esq., Baltimore Md. Dear Sir : I applied your Phosphate to wheat, at the rate of -00 pounds to the acre ; the result proved satisfactory ; I deem it a good Fertilizer. J Respectfully, CHARLES LOWNDES, [Prom the Purchasing Agent of Augusta County Grange.] Staunton, Augusta county, Va., July 17, 1875. Andrew Coe, Esq., Baltimore, Md. I have used your Phosphate for the last five years and it has never failed me ; for one or two years I tried other standard fertilizers, but yours always excelled Yours I am sure is better adapted to my land, and it has always been kept up to the standard. I shall use it again aug — it W. H. PEYTON, j BELMONT STOCK FARM Breeds Thorough-Bred Horses, PERCHERON NORMAN k BLACK HAWK STOCK. SHOET-HOEX CATTLE, Chester White & Berkshire fjogs, DARK AND LIGHT BRAHMA FOWLS S. W. FICKLIN, Wear Charlottesville, Va. FARMERS AND DEALERS '! II PURE BONE FLOUR, PURE DISSOLVED BONE ASH, Pure Dissolved Raw Bone, 66° Oil Yitroil, German Potash Salts, Pure Chemicals for making Superphos- phate at the lowest market price. Call at E. J BAKEPv & CO'S. CHESTNUT GROVE Stock Farm and Poultry Yards, McKEAN & HULICH, EASTON, PENN. Fine Bred and English Draft Horses, Asiatic Poultry and Fancy Pigeons, Light and Dark Bramas, Buff, Partridge and White Cochins, Antsverps, Carriers. Barbs. Owls. Magpies and Almond Tumblers. POULTRY took fifteen Society and nine Special Premiums on Fowls and Chicks, and seven on Pigeons at Lehigh Valley Poultry Exhibition, held at Ai- lentown, January, 1875. FOR SALE Fine Bred and Draft Stallions, Gold Dust and other Colts. Eggs, Chicks aud Pigeons in season. RICHLAND STOCK FARM, NEAR QUAKE RTOWX, PA. THOMAS L. McKEAN, Proprietor, P. O. Easton, Pennsylvania. PURE BRED SHORT-HORN" CATTLE, JUBILEES, LOUANS, YOUNG MAST'S, &c. The above stock has been removed from Chestnut Grove Farm, and on hand anil for sale at reasonable prices. Parties wishing to examine the Herd will be met at Quakertown Station, (which is one and a quarter hours ride from Phila- delphia, via N. P. R. R.) by writing in advance to the Proprietor, at Easton, Pa. ~ "Catalogues and Circulars upon application. Aug — tf Notice to Wheat Growers. Reduction of Price of ZEL Emvm CELEBRATED Ammoniatefl Bone Super Plosjlate, Unrivalled for the wheat crop. For sale by agents and dealers throughout the country. PRICE, $4500 per ton, at Baltimore. "Dissolved Bone Super Phosphate" supplied to manufacturer* and dealers at low figures. We are prepared to furnish Granges with an " Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate of a standard quality, adapted to grain crops, at very lowest price. P. ZELL & SONS, Manufacturers, | |atig— 3t 30 South St., Baltimore, Mi. GREAT SALE — oif — LIT THE LARGEST SALE THAT EVER OCCURRED in the Western country, at public auction, embracing nearly three hundred head of highly bred animals, -will take place at the Nashville Fair Grounds, adjoining the city of Nashville, Tennessee, August 18th, 1875. The stock will consist of Thoroughbred and Trotting Horses, Short-Horn and other varieties of Cattle, Fancy Sheep and Swine of the different breeds. The thoroughbred horses are the get of such sires as imp. Bonnie Scotland, Brown Dick, Jack Malone, Vandal, Pat Maloy and others. The trotters, the get of Chieftain. Mam- brino, Patchen. American Clay, Enfield, "Woburn, Alhambra and others. The Short-Horns by the 8th Duke of Thorndale 8,030, Derby 7,800, Duke of Richland 9.940, and other noted bulls. The sheep and swine bred with great care, from recent importations. Those desirous of purchasing first-class animals, either for breeding or track purposes, will do well to embrace this opportunity. Cata- logues ready Jfor delivery in June. Address either of the under- signed at Nashville. JOHX OVERTOX, B. F. COCKRILL, M. S. COCKRILL, EWTNG k Williams, and others. aug — tf G. W. EOYSTER. J. B. LIGHTFOOT, Jk. CK W, ROYiflR <& aOs, Commission Merchants, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. Solicit Consignments of Tobaxo, Grain, Flour and Produce Generally Refer by Special Permission to J. W. Lockwoop, Cashier National Bank of Va.. Richmond; Isaac Davenport. Jr., Pres. First National Bank, Richmond. Grain Bag3 furnished on application. L^^TD FOR SALE, For Sale one of the finest Estates near the University of Virginia. It will be sold as a whole, or subdivided as may be preferred. Address GEO. C. GILMER. University of Va. [Mr. Gilmer proposes to sell the above land at a very low price. The prox- imity of these lands to Charlottesville and the University, with its' intrinsic worth, makes it one of the most desirable farms in Virginia. — Ed]. Aug — tf Chester Springs High School, Six miles of South Boston Depot, MinoM and Danville R. R. T. OSCAR ROGERS, Principal and Proprietor. Testimonials from Patrons, Professors of University of Virginia, where the 1 nucipal graduated, and from the Professors of three colleges com- mending the careful preparation of certain young men who are at those Col eges from this school. Charges comparatively very low, viz: 888 for each term of twenty weeks. Address, T. OSCAR ROGERS, Black Walnut, Halifax county, Va. aus: — It NOTICE TO FARMERS! REDUCTION IN PRICE OF BAUGH'S RAW BONE SUPER PHOSPHATE OF LIME. STANDARD OP QUALITY STKICTLY MAIXTAIKED. PI^-hi^ *? announce a reduction in the price of our RAW BONE SUPER j j • We would respectfully represent to dealers and farmers that its standard of quality has been strictly maintained. The proportions of soluble and precipitated Phosphoric Acid. Ammonia and Potash, have never been higher than they are in the article we are now selling our customers. This statement we make as a binding guarantee. PRICE $46 PER 2000 POUNDS, packed in good strong sacks of 200 pounds each. " B.41GH * SONS. No. 20 South Delaware Ave., Philadelphia. No. 103 South St., Baltimore Md Au2— It THE AMSDEN PEACH again provts the earliest largest and best. Red freestone. Buds safely bv mail or Ex. per 100. $1 ; 1000 38. Also 1 and 1 year old trees. Circular free. L. C. AMSDEN, Carthage, Mo. Aug— It EPISCOPAL FEMALE INSTI- TUTE. Winchester, Va. Rev. J. C. Wheat, A. M., Principal, (formerly of Staunton, Va.) For circulars stating terms, I % I.AXSW. UPPER JAMES REAL ESTATE AGENCY. BY WILLIAM HOLMAN. Cartersville, Va. Who offers for sale upwards of 20,000 acres of land, lying in one of the most desirable regions of Eastern Virginia. Catalogues sent ou application. [Mr. Holman is one of the most relia- ble farmers in the State. Those wishing to buy land should send for his Cata- logue]. Aug— tf FREE. The Fruit Recorder and Cottage Gardener "^■^■^^^^■^i will be sent free 3 I months to all who 17 MniuWro 1 win send us a Scent ^ i'lUlN lJllJ I stamP t0 prepay 0 postage, as law now V POTC | requires prepay- ment of po st age. We do not ask any one to subscribe for our paper until they know what they are to get. It speaks for itself. Price only $1 per year. Purdy's Small Fruit Instructor is a work of 64 pp. that tells in simple language just how to grow fruits in abundance for home use or market. Price, 26 cents postpaid. A.M. PLRDY. Rochester. NY. For Sale! PURE JERSEY HULL "GOLDSTICK." (519 Herd Register of Americau Cat- tle Club.) Dropped July, 1870. Is in fine condition and perfectly gentle. Ti> be had cheap. Pedigree and full par- ticulars on application to J. PATERSON. 729 Main St., Richmond, Va. MILLERS! MILLERS!! A rare chance to buy a No. 1 Merchant Mill with Saw Mill attached, immediately on the Valley Railroad 21 miles from Harrisonburg, Rock- ingham county, in the verv heart of the Shenandoah valley of Virginia. Located in a large wheat-growing region, and complete in all of its ap- pointments. This Mill offers an opportunity rarely met with to thosejde- siring to purchase Mill property. Full information will be furnished on application to Rev, L>. H. LANDIS, aug — It P. 0. Box 53. Harrisonburg, Va. PERUVIAN GUANO. J^: Until further notice. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain 10 per cent, of Ammonia, will be sold by the Under- signed or their Agents, in lots of not less than Ten Tons, at SIXTY DOL- LARS CURRENCY per Ton of 2240 pounds, full weight at the time of deliv- ery. A liberal discount will be made to dealers or others on the entire amount bought during the Spring or Autumn seasons. BWBSOX. JTURTArtO * CO., Agents of the Peruviau Government. July 1st. 187i Nem York. AGEXTS: B. F. TOSS. Baltimore. Md. G. W.WILLIAMS X CO. .Charleston S. C R. G. LAY. Savannah. Ga. Terms of atetMi of PI a nter an d Fa rnier. One square, 10 lines or Jess, one insertk i 1 square of ten lines for six months. 10 00 1 square of ten lines for one year .- Six months _ ..30 00 '4 page one year J^ page six months _ _ 155 1 linage one year -iuc'.e insertion 20 0") m.t months WO On 1 page, one year - ISO 00 FRESH GARDE.? and FIELD SEED At the old stand cf Palmer & Turpin, 1626 Main street. R.chmond, Orchard Grass, Timothy, Herds. CloTer. Kentucky Blue Grass. Ssnd for Catalogue. feb-tf W. H. TURPIN. White Sulphur Springs, WEST VIRGINIA, Famous for its Alterative Waters and fashionable company, is open, and the following schedule of prices adopted : FOR JULY A>'JD AUGUST. Monthly §2 85 per day. Weekly 3 00 per day. FOR SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER. £ Monthly S2 00 per day. "Weekly 2 50 per day. Important and expensive improvements have been made in Build- ing and Lodging accommodation, including new Spring Beds. Kc. Descriptive pamphlets obtained of Messrs. Purcell. Lad .1 >n: Co., Richmond. Va. aug — tf GEO. L. PEYTON & CO. SINCLAIR <£ CO., MANUFACTURERS OF to ALSO. GROWERS AND IMPORTERS OF GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS, Dealers in FRUIT TREES and PLANTS Would call the special attention of our friends and customers to the following first-class Machinery and Implements, which we guarautee to be equal to any arti- cle of the kind made in this country, being all of our own manufacture. We name in part, such machines as are required by the Farmer and PlaDter for the Winter and Spring seasons, viz : SIN CLAIR'S PATENT MASTI- CATOR, of which we make four sizes, viz: Hand, Steam and Horse Power. Sinclair's Patent Screw Propeller, Hay, Straw and Fodder Cutters, of -*-hich we make four sizes, viz. Light Hand Power, Hand Power, several sizes, and Horse Power three sizes. All of the above-named Cutters are our own Patents and Manufacture, and are such as we can recommend. Reading's Patent Horse-Power Corn Sheller, with Fan Attachment, Sheller, plain. Double Spout Hand or Power Sheller Single Spout Shellers— «11 kinds. Corn and Cob Mills, Grist Mills, for Farm and Plantation use. WHEAT AND CORN FANNING MILLS. " Anderson's " Agricultural Steamer, for preparing feed for Stock. The best in use. Threshers and Separators— different kinds and sizes. Horse Powers, all sizes and patterns. Ox- Yokes and Bows, Horse Power Road Scrapers, Hay and Straw Presses. Plow's, different kinds and sizes, Harrows, Cultivators, and all kinds of Farming and Horticultural Tools. Address, s""? R. SINGL AIR & CO.. 82 Liflit Street, Baltimore, Mi. MPI@¥E Y@B1 STOCK. FOR SALE — Alderney and Durham Cattle. Cotsicold and Shropshire Lambs, and Berkshire Stvine. PREHIFM ALI)E«BIEV BULL "EZRA" three years old. Sire Imp. Hannibal (618); Daro Lily (500). Price 8100. PREMIUM ALDERNET HVU "(>OLO Dl ST" two years old. Sire Imp. South- ampton (117); Dam California (344). Price 880. ALDERNET BULL CHATHAM, eighteen months old; now fit for service. Sire Sudbrook (1262); Dam Imp. Rose Harebell (3243); solid color, black points Price SSO. ALRERNET BULL CALF ACCIDENT, three months old. Sire Saladin (447); Dam Minerva (.341); one of the bsst Jersevcows in the State Price $50. All the above are from Herd-Book Stock, and can be entered in next volume of Herd Book. HEKDBOOK ALUF.KVKV BULL SUDRKOOK (1262), nine years old ; bred by J. Howard McHenry; one of the finest bull.- in the State. Price 8100. PREMIUM ALDERNEY BULL HANNIBAL four years old. Sire Imp. Hannibal (618); Dam pure Alderney Cow, but not registered ; took ls,t Premium State Fair 1873. Price 380. DURHAM BULL STONEWALL, bred by James Gowen of Pennsylvania, roan color, of fine size, and splondid form. Price Si 00 worth twice the money. TWO DURHAM CALVES (Heifer and Bull), four months old, roan color. Price §30 each. COTSWOLD AND SHROPSHIRE: I.AUKS, at from 810 to 815 each. BERKSHIRE PIGS, from best stock in the State. Price 88 single pig, or 815 per pair. The above prices are one-fourth less thau Northern prices for such stock. Addn A. P. R0WE, jy-2t Fredericksburg, Virginia. The AYP.ES TRUSS is the best I have ever seen for Hernia in its various forms, and heartily recommend it to the profession— HITS TEE McGUlRE, M. I)., Prof. Surg. Med College of Va. The Inventor refers by special permission to Stanford E. Chaille. A. 'M., M. D.. Professor of Phvsiolog-v fniver>itv of Louisiana. Fra>k H. Hamilton. M. !».. L. L L>.,. late Professor of Surgery, Bellevue Hospital Med ical College. >"ew York. J. L. Cabell. M. I>.. Professor of PhysiolOiTT and Surgery. University of Va. J>aiah H. White. M. _!>.. Demonstrator of Anatomy, Med. Col. of Va" • James B. McCaw, M. D., Prof. Iractice of Medicine, Med. Col of Va. J. a Wellfoed. M I>.. Pro: I Col. of Va. O. F. MaWHQW, M. L)., Prof. Physiology and Pathologv. Med. Col. of Va. Hv>teb Momiee. M. I).. Prof. Surgery, Med. Col. of Va. LanduS E. Ei/waels. M. L>.. Editor Va! Medical Monthly, Richmond, Va. X. B. MORRISON \- CO.. Gen") Agu., New Orleans, La " E UR E K A" Ammoniatefl Snperpliospliate of Lib, MANUFACTURED BY The Atlantic and Virginia Fertilizing Company, Near OKIENT, L. L, Always proves to be the best fertilizer when accurately tested, i. e. by the applica- tion of equal values, by the side of any other, whether on tobacco, wheat, corn, cotton, grass or vegetables. See the report of Mr. A. M. Bowman. President of the Baldwin Augusta Ag- ricultural Society, to the Virginia State Agricultural Society, published in this number of the Planter and Fanner, and note the fact that the " Eureka " is not only much the best of the six fertilizers he tried, but that it was also the cheapest . and bear in mind that at the time he tried it he did not even know who was manu- facturing it: and followed his example in ascertaining what is the best and also in letting the farmer know which is the best. The value of accurate experiments, and the purchase from reliable manufacturers, cannot be overestimated. WM. G. CRENSHAW, Pres. FRANK G. RUFFIN. Supt. State of Va. If there is no agent for the sale of '"Eureka" in your immediate neighbor- hood, write to any of the following General Agents : W. N. RUFFIN. Rich- mond. Va.: JNO. ARRINGTON & SONS. Petersburg. Va.: HOOE k JOHN- STON. Alexandria. Va.; JOSHUA WALKER, Baltimore. Md.: -WILLIAMS & MURCHISON, Wilmington. N. C: W. C. COURTNEY ^ CO., Charleston, S. C; J. W. LATHROP & CO., Savannah. Ga. "Send for Circular. BOTTOM TOUCHED. Dry Goods at Lower Prices than Even Money sayed ly tayliif your Dry Goods from Leyy Brothers. U bo have made large purchases since the recent decline. Fancy Grenadine- at 8$, 10 and 12$c. per yard, worth 16f, 20 and 25c: Rich Styles Fancy Grenadines at 16$, 20, 25, 30 and 35c. worth from 25 to 50c.; Black Grenadines in all qualities from 12fc up to £2.25 per yard— this em- braces not only the cheapest, but best assorted stock ever offered in this city : Ecru Linen Ti ssore Suiting at SJc per yard, worth 16fc; at 12Jc, would be a_ bargain at 25c.; at 16fc, worth 30c. — these goods must be seen to be appre- ciated : Silk- Warp Japanese Stripes and Plaids at 30c per yard, worth 50c; Japanese Cloth at 12ic. worth 25c; Wash Poplius. best goods manufactured, at 12$c and 15c., worth 16$ and 25c.; Debeges. at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50c These goods can be had in all the new shades : New style Plaid Dress] Goods from 25 to 50c; per yard— a reduction of from twenty-five to fifty per cent, has been made in these goods ; Fast-Colored Lawns at 8J, 10, 16$, 20, 25, 30, 37^ and 50c; Also, at the lowest prices, Pongees. Mohairs. Japanese Silks. Jaconets. Cam- brics. Lineu Lawns, and all other styles of fashiouable dress goods : Black Al- pacas at 25, 30, 35, 40. 45. 50, BO, 75, 85, 90c. $1 and |1.25; Australian Crepe at 50, 60 and 75c, worth 65c, 75c. and $1 ; Yard- wide Printed Percales and Cambrics at 12.V and 16§c per yard — regular prices, lof and 2:5c; Victoria Lawns at 16|, 20, 25 and 30c; also, Piques at 16f, 20, 25, 80, 35 and 40c— all remarkably cheap : Swiss Muslins from 12Jc up to 50c per yard— all very cheap : Checked and Striped Nainsook Muslins, Checked and Striped Swiss Muslins : Corded, Striped and Figured Piques — all at extraordinary bargains : Lonsdale Cambric first quality, one yard wide, at 16f per yard; Knight's Cambric 33 inches wides. at 10c. would be a bargain at 12Jc; I t.ca Sheeting. 10-4 wide, in remnants from two and a half up to ten yards. at 40c per yard : 50c is the regular price everywhere ; Remnants of Dress Goods of every description to be sold at less than half value : Black and Colored Silks at lower prices and in greater variety than at any other establishment in thisState; Embroidered Curtain-Muslin, one yard wide, at 25c, worth 37^c; Hamburgh Net for Curtains, at 20. 25. 80. 35, 40. 50c. and up to SI per yard : Hamburgh Lace Curtains from 84 to $30 per set for two windows : Hamburgh Lace Lambrequins, from $2 50 up to $5 a pair — all very cheap and desirable ; W indow-Shades in great variety, among which will be found an exact imitation of lace shades, now so fashionable : A large assortment of Curtain Fixtures, such as Cornices. Bands. Loops and Hooks ; Black. White and Ecru Hamburgh Nets, at a reduction of 50cj A full as-or;- ment of Laces suitable for trimming : A large assortment of Silk Xeck Scarfs and Ties : Also. Black Lace Scarfs and White Lace and Muslin Scarfs : Ready-Made Dresses for ladies in all of the latest styles, from $3 to $25 : A full assortment of L'nder-Garments at extraordinary low prices :; A large assort- ment of Ducks and Drillings for boy^ and men's wear ; Sash Ribbons at 25c. 30c, 35c, 40c and 50c. and up to $1.25 per yard — all extraordinarily cheap; A full assortment of Ribbons from a half-inch up to seven inches at the lowest prices: Gauze Shirts for men and women — some as low as 40c for men ; Bustles in all the new styles; also, Hoop Skirts and Balmorals: Matting. Oil- Cloths, Rugs, Carpets. Mats and Hassocks; Rubber. Jet and Gold Plated Jew- elry in great variety ; Summer Shawls. Lace Points and Jackets : Black Grenadine Shawls at S3, worth $4 ; Laces and Embroideries in endless variety at low prices ; Goodrich & Barnum's Tuckers at 75c; Machine Needles at 4 and 5c: Machine Oil in large bottles at 15c; Clark's and Coat's Spool Cotton at 70c per dozen : And thousands of other articles not enumerated in this advertisement. Prompt attention to orders. July— tf LEVY BROTHERS, Richmond, Va. IEST-A-IBIjISHIIEID 1839. TO FARMERS.PLANTERS and GARDENERS MANUFACTURED AND FOR SALE BY JOHH BULLOCK & SOU, Factory: "Washington Road, Baltimore, Md. Store: No. 61 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. P. 0. Box 636. For more than thirty years we have been engaged in the manufacture of " Pure Ground Bone , our crude stock being gathered daily from the butchers here, with whom we have yearly contracts. We have com- pleted our new factory, and with the addition of the latest and most ap- proved machinery, will be able to fill all orders sent to us at short notice and guarantee at all times to the purchaser a first-class article at^the lowest market price. Respectfully JOHN BULLOCK & SON. se — ly MORO PHILLIPS. MANUFACTURING CHEMIST, MANUFACTURER OF hbmicais. : CO- MORO PHILLIPS' SUPER-PHOSPHATE, Price §50— the best graiu producer in the market. MORO PHILLIPS' PURE PIIUINE, Price $50— the best fer- tilizer for truckers we know of. MORO PHILLIPS' TOBACCO INVIGORATOR, Price $60 5 prepared especially for Tobacco. SERENA GUANO, a natural organic deposit. {110 S. Delaware Av., Philadelphia, Pa. 95 South Street, Baltimore, Md., And by trade generally. Discount to dealers. ap-6t G-. F. WAT! RICHMOND. Having timber tracts n this State sufficient to last several years, with a complete lumbering rafting, and saw-mill organization of filty men, together with one of the most complete facto- ries in the country located in this city, can furnish Poplar and hard wood (no soft pine) low- priced FURNITURE as cheap as any factory No th or West— and fine Walnut FURNITUfiE cheaper. A stock of one million feet of lumber insures seasoned work, warranted in this and every respect. Manufacture MATTRESSES of all kinds. Lumber-mill, Indiantown, Va. ; Factory, Rocketts street; lumber-yards, Ash and Poplar streets; warerooms, No. 18 Governor (Thirteenth streets,) Richmond. *pl MRMR8 AND DEALERS Wwk® flu ©e@u&4 ®@a© PORE BONE FLOUR. PURE DISSOLVED BONE ASH. PURE DISSOLVED RAW BONE 66° OIL VITRIOL. GERMAN POTASH SALTS. Pure Chemicals for making Superphosphaaj at tue lost market price. Call at H. J. BAKER & COS. S. L. MERCHANT & CO., 76 SOUTH ST, {Entrance on Maiden Lane,) NEW YORK CITY. IMPORTERS OF ENGLISH. FRENCH AND GERMAN PORTLAND CEMENT OF THE FOLLOWING BRANDS : t rj. B. WHITE & BROTHERS, "= FRANCIS & C 5 | KNIGHT. BEVAN ft STURGE, 5 : HOLLICK ft CO., 5 j BL'KHA.M CEMENT CO., ■ EASTWOOD £ CO., 0 -| BROOK.-. SHOOBRIDGE& CO., ° -j REBINGTuN. 2 I PETERS BROTHERS C I TINGUEY, i I GILLINGHAM CEMENT CO., € | LEVETT & Co.. £ [LONGUETY & CO. £ I DYCKERHOFE. ; .' Me and Interior Decoration— YA RIO US KINDS. KEENE'S (Superfine and Coarse.) PARIAN CEMENT do. DYCKERHOFF'S (Black Cement.) MARTINS do, ROMAN CEMENT English & Scotch) SELLARS] Gas Cement The attention of Architects, Engineers. Owners. Builders, Gas and Water Com- panies, is respectfully called to these importations. Remit 6c. postage stamp for Treatise on Portland Cement. July ONE THOUSAND transplanted Arbor Vitse 4 to 8 inches [^high, delivered free to any part of the United States for only BSBFieiee.n Dollars. 500 ARBOR YIT.E (transplanted) 4 to 8 inches high, free Jto any part of the United States for onlv Tex Dollars. 15 ARBOR YITJE and 1" WEEPING SPRUCE, nice 10-inch plants, delivered free to any part of the United States for only Ojte Dollar. EVERGREENS — how, when, and where to plant — mailed free for stamp. Remit money by draft, registered letter, or money order on Portland Address, WM. MORTON ft SON. ap — tf Allen's Corner, "Cumberland Co.',' Maine Stearr) Engines aijd otfjer fifacljinery For Sale. Id addition to a full line of Xeir Engines, Saw Mills, and other Machinery of our own improved build, which we keep constantly on hand or build to order, we have now For Sale the following Second-Hand Machinery, ail in'perfect order, which we will sell at very low figures, viz: Don :.•_-». oil-horse power, with drums and other hoisting gear, complete. Station* r . -1 as new; Fine-Boiler 26 feet long, 42 inches diameter, with 2 flues, 14 inches diame;er, iron front and other fittings complete; ISfMMfse power Stationary Engine ; Tubular Boilers, 50-horse power each ; 30-horse power Sta- tionary Engines; 8-horse Portable Engine, as good as new ; of our own make; 16-horse Stationary Engine with new vertical b - -. steam Pumps and Fan Blowers of various sizes ; Engines for threshing, grinding and sinning, mounted on wheel t-or not. as mav be preferred bv the pur- chaser; Repair Work Solicited. WM. E. TAXNEP. & CO.. mar — fit Metropolitan Works, Richmond, Va THE VrR/O-IZN-X-A. AXD CIDER MILL but JJjjjh^ crushes eve,, f,,t Jgg, * J- - gjj Send for Catalogue. jv-ly 1KQB irCHAS. T. PALMER, I0- 1 Jlll'i Street, Richmond, Va. Hung Farmers who are short of Hay can now sow" arian and Millet Seed, W^hjDroduce a very Fine Crop, also, FOR SALE BtT ~~J~' ' 0„ B. ROGERS, 133 Market Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA .*\A.XjX* STYLES, 1874 CHARLOTTESVILLE"WOOLEN MILLS SAMPLE CARDS Are now ready for mailing. Our assortment embraces TWENTY-POUR PATTERNS Merchants desiring samples, will please address CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA. SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO, FOR TOBACCO. CORN AND OTHER CROPS. ^ r '"/atf £±£rt affaKSSS*- A* b« possible fertiliser at THE GREATEST BENEFIT FROM THE SMALLEST OUTLAY. PURE PERUVIAN GUANO, AS IMPORTED. Urf and thorou.blr tested fertilizers for Tobacco, C^^jMSjgrigj -SS53 SStttSfflSMSSSSS Fo] rotation and supplit*. address, __^-«— ALLISON & ADDISON, Seed and Guano Merchants, Richmond, Va mar — rf Pleasantly located on Twelfth Street, lacing Bank Street and theLapi- tol Square In the centre of the business portion of the city, withm one square of the Post Office and Custom House, it is, by reel location opposite the southeast corner of the beautiful park ang the Capitol of Virginia, the most quiet hotel in Richmond. The proprietor having had a life long experience in hotel busmen nr^t at the Everett House, New York, and afterwards as proprietor ot the Bpotswood Hotel. Richmond, in its best days— and now as- - ID] Mb JOHN P. BALLARD, the popular veteran hotel-keeper o* \ ir- einia assures visitors of the ST. JAMES that no effort on his part will be -pared to make them comfortable and to keep the house m nrst-class style Coaches will attend the arrival of all trains. Elegant carriages «£ ^ times at the service ^^gj^ER, Propriety THE GREEX SPKI\C*S U AllOIl, LOUISA COUNTY, VA. This pleasantly situated private School for Boys and Young Mei preparing for College, will resume recitations October 1st. 181 Persons wishing to send their sons to school are requested to ap- ply to us at once! We wish to have only a small school 01 some twenty-five scholars — one that can be well taught. ? For reference, apply to editors of " Religious Heraid or to Pro- fessors of Richmond College. Address C. R. DICkI>fcO> & SON, jy_3t TnviUan'e, Lamm County, C. ov 0. R.E.? T>a. i,W. C, SMITH, MANUFACTURER OF SPRING WAGONS, BIMES,k I have on hand and make to order on short notice. Carriages, Butanes and Spring Wagons, with special reference to the wants of farmers. Light running and strong, of any desired capacity. Workmanship and material guaranteed. Prices lower than the same quality of work can be bought at in this or any other city. Orders solicited. Letters of inquiry promptly answered. Repairing promptly and reasonably done. W. C. SMITH, niy-6m 308 Fifth Street, Richmond, Va. The subscriber has on hand of various descriptions, that he wishes to dispose of on very mode- rate terms, and is still manufacturing others, and solicits a call from all in want of any article in his line, and he guarantees good work- manship, and first-rate material. A. B. LIPSCOMB, my 116 Cary Street, between Adams and Jefferson. CHESAPEAKE AMD OHIO &. K. On and after SUNDAY, June 13th, 1875; passenger trains will run as follows : FROM RICHMOND : 9.30 A. M. 9.10 P. M. 12.45 P. M. 12.30 A. M. Leave Richmond, Arrive at Gordonsville, Arrive at Washington, Arrive at Charlottesville, Arrive at Lynchburg, Arrive at Staunton, Arrive at Goshen, Arrive at Millboro', Arrive at Covington, Arrive at Alleghany,* Arrive at White Sulphur, Arrive at Hinton, Arrive at Kanawha Falls, Arrive at Charleston, ^ Arrive at Huntington, Arrive at Cincinnati, Train leaving Richmond at 9.30 A. M. runs daily, (Suuday excepted) stopping at all regular stations. Train leaving Richmond 9.10 P. M. runs daily stopping at all regular stations west of Alleghany. Accommodation train leaves Richmond for Gordonsville and all intermediate stations daily (Sunday excepted), at 4. SO P. M. Pullman Sleeping Car runs on 9.10 P. M. train between Richmond and White Sulphur. For further information, rates, &c, apply at 826 Main Street, or at Company's offices. CONWAY R. HOWARD, General Passenger and Ticket Agent. W. M. S. Dunn, Engineer and Sup't Transportation. jy 7.33 P. M. 6.33 A. M. 1.45 P. M. 1.24 A. M. 4. 50 P. M. 4.50 A.M. 4.10 P. M. 3.30 A. M. 5.56 P. M. 5.14 A. M. 6.17 P. M. 5.36 A. M. 7.51 P. M. 7.06 A. M. 8.59 P. M. ,8.14 A.M. 9.15 P.M. 8.32 A. M. 12.15 A. M. 10.35 A. M. 4.20 A. M. 1.25 P. M. . 6.15 A. M. 3.25 P. M. 8.30 A. M. 5.45. P. M. 6.00 A. M. BATJGrll'S STANDARD MANURES, BAUGH & SONS, High Grade Manure far Tobacco Sf Grain BAUGff S RAW BON^adE MARK SUPER-PHOSPHATE of LIME The old established analysis. Also, Pure and a full line of chem- phales. ap — 6t article sold under a guaranteed Ground Bones, Pure Bone MeaL icals for making super-phos BAUGH k SOXS. No. 103 South Street. Baltimore, Md. MassiMMester Buy the Best. TWO men M Ten A I bui SIT cr STAXD. Ad- KDWIN BAVXI--. m HiiuUlon, O. WALNUT GROVE FARM. „_, ^GHBRED and GRaDE JERSEY THS?^0*" BERKSHIRE an SWTNE. C ATT IX J_ RKEY- and BRAHMA I ZE TL._ , , , _Tf -mium on Thoroughbreds, tM&le - " -miam on Grade Je '.lid > . Turkeys at Va. State Agicul- P ices m^rate-Satisfaction Guaranteed. Addl 1. JULIAN PRATT, mar— - .qnare ceeboro, Augusta co. . Va. BLATCHLEYS I [Wood Pump ii .knowledged Standard ■'•■t th<- market, by pops ular verdict, the best pump for the least Attention is invited to Jlatchley's Improved Bracket, the beck Valve, which can be with- Irawn without disturbing the joints, and the copper chamber whici. : cracks, scales or rusts and will last, a For Sale by Dealers and ■ afte generally, in order to be ■ Blatehley's Pump, be careful and ■ It bas my trade mark as If you do not know where to buy, de- scriptive circular, together with the name and -• you. will be prompt- lv furnished by addressing with stamp, f HAS. G. BLAT 'jufactnrer, mar 506 Commerce St., Philadelphia, Pa. TO FARMERS, Bower} & Iijercer's Super Pi^osp^ate REDUCED TO I five tons and over; 835 for ten ton? and over.. 4^» WarrarU^A E/jual to any Manufactured. Send for pamphlet of testimonials, BOWEN & MERCER, mar — ly S. Gay Street, Baltimore. WIRE R!NCS. Will not make a Hog's No*e Sort. Hardware Iieaierr sell them. Hanger, 81; Tin Kings (100., 60c: Coppered Ei^fs. 50e; 'Tongs, tl.25; by r^aii.poet- OCCATUP.ill paid. Circulars tree. BRIMLY PLOWS ist a.\u aau.mil i.\ I n. Have taken over 300 Premium* throughout the £ illustrated C»i>.loBRAND. PATENTED i. If CcfePj PREPARED BY THE M SOUTHERN FERTILIZING COMPANY, RICHMOND, VA. This standard Fertilizer is now ready, and arrangements have been made to place it at all convenient shipping points throughout the wheat growing region. Price $50 Per Ton. The Grain Circular issued by this Company will show the stand- ing and prospects of Virginia on the wheat question. ILIZER ea Island Guano, ESPECIALLY PREPARED FOR THE WHEAT CROP, Amiiioiiiated Alkaline Phosphate, The Granger's Manure. This Manure has been used by them for the past two years, with great satisfaction. Bone and Meal Fertilizer. This article is combined with Potash, and contains all the elements necessary for the growth of plant, and maturity of grain. BALTIMOREJAND TEXAS FERTILIZING COMPANY'S Flour of Bone and Bone Meal, From our Extensive Factory at Fulton, Texas. Animoniacal Matter, Of uniform quality, prepared from the flesh of cattle, at our Texas Factory — an ammoniate superior to Peruvian Guano. Dissolved Bone. Bone Phosphate dissolved in Sv«' uric Acid, containing 13 per cent, of Soluble Phosphoric Acid. Potash Salts Of our own importation. Sulphuric Acid, And all necessary article-" to make a good Fertilizer. For S : at Corner of South and Wat r tM, - - BALTIMORE. R. W. L. F SSIN & CO. ! Subscription REDUCED to $1.50 Per Annum in Advance. TO CLUBS OF HVE OR M«i:K, ONE DOLLAR EACH. E S T .A. B IL, I S H IE ID I 1ST 1 8 4 O . PLANTER 11 FARMER DEVOTED TO Agriculture, Horticnltnre, ana" Rural Affairs. I.. It. DICKINSON Editor and Proprietor. RICHMOKD. TJL. OCTOBER, 1375. ID. 10. CONTENTS. The best Remedy for Poor Lands.. The best ami Easiest way to Man- age Manures Fence Question Dog and VagVant Laws Errata — Tobacco — Fence Post. Sec. I row small we Improve our Land... Pog Tax Labor Question Conditions and Agents most Favor- able to Plant Growth Smythe County Farmers' Club Reclaiming our Lands Farm Notes and Ttems Ten Rules for Farmers Letter from Alabama : Remarks on Bitching Streams Letter from Maryland Ditching Virginia Wine Itural Colleges Local Circulating Medium to Aid the State and People in tlie ih of Currency 541 544 545 ,i4 c 547 551 552 5.-J 55fl 562 6fi8 B6fi 572 The Mississippi Method of Self-In- dependence 579 Tuckahoe Farmers' Club of Hen- ri 0 County 5g| Letter frem F. X. Maxey, Esq 582 Grain Producing Countries; The Dog Tax ; Sheep on the Farm... 583 'The, European Crops; Guano not an Excrement G84 Crowing Quinces for Profit Officers of State Grange— Instruc- tions, &c National Grange Official Paper.. is and the Lawyer Some Thoughts for Farmers 590 Editorial I H taut. mem- -. Our State Fair; Have we not a Right to feel Encouraged 692 Notes for the Month Catalogues Mid Premium Lists of Different Fair i- Maj. Wm. T. Sutherlin . 'roxtispiece Advertisements RICHMOND CLOTHING EMPORIUM, 1007 MAIN STREET, opposite Postoffice, IRICiHIMIOItTID, YA. :mson & winters, MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN READY-MADE CLOTHING AND FURNISHING GOODS. Keep a very large stock of Fine and Medium CLOTHING for City and Coun- try wear. Special attention to neat and substantial Clothing for our country friends, con- sisting of Suits PANTS. VESTS, and Long Sack and Frock OVERCOATS for horseback riding. " Patrons of Husbandry will take notice." ALSO, Large variety of FURNISHING GOODS. Merino and Flannel SHIRTS and DRAWERS, all grades; CANTON FLANNELS: best JEANS DRAWERS; Linen and Paper COLLARS, CUFFS. CRAVATS, assorted : HOSIERY, as- eorted: LINEN HANDKERCHIEFS; SILK HANDKERCHIEFS; KID GLOVES, all colors; CASTOR GLOVES; best BUCK GLOVES; HEAVY RIDING GLOVES, ftc, Ac; RUBBER HATS, CAPS and OVERCOATS— in fact, everything necessary for a first-class Clothing and Furnishing House, all at the lowest CASH or C.O.D PRICES. Dress Shirts our Specialty- SOLE AGENTS FOR KEEPS PATENT PARTLY-MADE DRESS SHIRTS The plan for home-made Shirts on the score of economy is no longer valid. We will furnish these Shirts, made of best Wamsutta cotton, 2100 Irish Linen Bosoms and Cuffs, 3-ply ; all sizes, latest styles, open back and front, perfect fit- ting, only one quality, and guaranteed equal to the best $3 Shirt in any market, for the low price of $1.25 for men, $1 for boys ; selling 500 per week. The net saving by using this Shirt in Virginia one year will more than pay the interest on the public debt of the State. Away, then, with the talk of repudiation. Save the honor of the Old Dominion by repudiating high-priced Shirts. Sample Shirt sent by mail on the receipt of $1.25 and 13 cents postage. This Shirt is a public blessing; so regarded by all who have tried them. WILKINSON & WITHERS, Clothiers, and Furnishers, act iVo. 1007 Main Street, Richmond, Va. THE SOUTHERN PLANTER & FARMER, DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xenophon. Tillage and Pasturage are the two hreasts of the State.— Sully. ■ L. R. DICKINSON, ...--- Editor axd Proprietor. New Series. RICHMOND, VA.f OCTOBER, 1875, No, 10 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE BEST REMEDY FOR POOR LANDS. The great want of the farmers of this State, especially of the Piedmont region, is relief from the necessity of cultivating poor lands. Almost all the high lands, though not poor originally, have been made so mainly by a train of circumstances beyond the control of those who cultivate them. Originally this particular region was not surpassed as a farming country by any other section of the State ; but during the war many of the best farms were almost literally destroyed by government stock, quartered on them for grazing and forage, without any regard to the condition of the land, whether wet or dry, and during very wet seasons they were trampled up into mortar. We speak of the injury done to lands by plowing too wet; but no plowing ever injured lands like this trampling. A farmer of Albemarle told me a few days since that he had a field trampled in this way during the war, and it had not recovered from it yet. Since the war we have grazed too much ourselves. The scarcity of grass has made it a necessity to graze close, very close, so that the bear surface has, during the hot months of summer, suf- fered from the heat of the sun. In addition to this, we had four summers of parching drought in succession, during which there was little or no vegetation produced for the protection of the land, and its life was literally scorched out of it. Since 1869 until the present summer no one passing through this region would recognize it as the rich vale lying between the Blue Ridge and the Ragged mountains. But the copious rains of this summer have clothed the fields over with green, so that this most beautiful section of our State begins to look as it did in former years. Now, if I have stated the case correctly, it must be plain to the practical mind that the great want of our lands at this time is vege- table matter. The grass crops were totally destroyed during the 542 THE SOUTHERN [October war, as I have stated above, by government stock, and since the war kept down by our own stock: and though vigorous efforts have been made to restore it by regular seeding, owing to the sterility of the soil few succeeded in getting a stand of grass, and the fields were still destined to lie bare and receive the burning heat of the sun. But this summer of rain has clothed the naked fields with a very encouraging crop of vegetation. This in former years was the finest wheat-growing region of Virginia; but during these years it has been a waste of seed and labor to sow it without a fertilizer, and the fertilizers have been too expensive and too uncertain for general use. Tobacco could only be raised on bottom lands or by the use of a heavy dressing of some expensive fertilizer. Nearly all crops, both of wheat and tobacco, that have gone into market from this re- gion have paid the enormous tax of the manipulated manure, and # hence the scarcity of money among our farmers. All this, as I have stated above, has come upon us unavoidably. But now, under the smilings of a kind Providence, we have it in our power to mend our fortunes somewhat, by a judicious use of the products of nature. The natural fertilizers is on the soil, and all we have to do is to put it under at the proper time. All lands in- tended for cultivation next year, except grazed or sod lands, whether in oats or corn, should be plowed before the hard frosts come and kill the vegetation. A green fallow is highly prized by experienced farmers as the very best means of fertilizing soils, and they sow peas, buckwheat, or anything else that will produce a heavy green qrop; but we have now a heavy green crop already on the land without our cost, and all we have to do is to turn it under. It may be grass or it may be weeds; no matter what, so there is a plenty of it. Give me a sufficient amount of vegetable matter and I will not ask you for the mineral. There is usually enough of every con- stituent to produce corn, wheat or tobacco where there is a sufficiency of vegetable matter. Then if I am right, what we have to do is to encourage the growth of vegetation on all our lands — grass, if we can get it to grow; but if we fail in grass, let the weeds grow if they will, or even the briers rather than have the fields naked. Weeds and briers shade the land, and if mowed off in the month of August, as they ought to be, they make a rich dressing, and no vegetable product is more fertilizing than briers cut and left to decay. A field left out to rest for two, three, or four years, if not grazed, will enrich itself if not entirely exhausted when turned out. But where shall we find such a field ? When a field is left out to rest, the young cattle and the sheep and the hogs are all turned in upon it, and the milch cows and horses are turned in occasionally for a change. In this way the grass is shaved off as fast as it grows, and there is no return for it save the droppings of the stock, which does not amount to a tenth of what they take off. In scientific works on fertilizing we read of the "ammonia of the atmosphere." I think it fair to presume that there is not only am- monia, but many other fertilizing properties in the atmosphere which 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 543 are drawn to the soil through the agency of growing plants, and when the plants are suffered to be grazed off as fast as they grow, all these serial influences are lost. Then I would say to the farmer, reduce your stock until your fields have had time to recruit — until they shall have produced vegetation enough to fertilize them — and then you can not only reap a remunerative crop without the use of the manipulated manures, but you can multiply animals again to a reasonable extent, and you will have grass enough to support them. Lands that have been run down so low that they will not produce any vegetation — not even hen grass — must have a different treat- ment. When a large field gets into that condition it becomes a troublesome affair in the hands of a medium farmer; and there are hundreds of such fields scattered around through this once fertile region of Virginia. Some of them are wholly given up to grow up in pines, while others are still plowed and planted, producing crops that would scarcely pay for the plow-points worn out in plowing them. The man who continues to cultivate such land inevitably grows poorer every year. But what is he to do ? He knows very well that a good coat of manure would make his land produce good crops; but where is the manure to come from? He cannot go into the market and buy the artificial manures. In short, he cannot re- store it all at once; but he can do this: he can thoroughly plow a part of it — one, two, three, or four acres — say, in the month of May, and harrow down until it is well pulverized, and then lay off with the shovel plow drills two feet apart, and then gather up all the manure he can raise and put a light sprinkling in the drills as far as the manure will go, and then drill in black peas, and cover lightly with earth. When the peas are well up give them a coat of plaster. Cultivate with the coulter — the deeper the better. WThen the first pods begin to ripen, turn under with two-horse plow; harrow down again and sow buckwheat, which must also be turned under in the fall. The ground may then lie until spring, when it may be flushed up and sowed down with red clover and orchard grass. If the sea- sons should be fair, by the next fall the grass may be turned under and wheat may be sowed with a tolerable prospect of a good crop. Thus, in one and a half years, land that was too poor to produce a good crop of hen grass may be so far restored as to grow a good crop of wheat, and that, too, without expense, except a little manure, such as can be gathered up about the place. This process con- tinued, with a fresh lot taken up every year, only a few years will be required to bring the whole field back to a cropping condition. If farmers would take the above suggestions, they would make their lands, by the help of nature, enrich themselves. But they must not graze, and they must not buy fertilizers unless they have the money to fay for them; and they must cease to plant where the certainty it that the crop will not pay for the cultivation. I think the doctrines above are sound and practical, and within the reach of all farmers, no matter how small, and are especially adapted to the "little fellows" spoken of by one of your correspondents. Albemarle county, Va. S. M. Shepherd. 544 THE SOUTHERN [October [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE BEST AND EASIEST WAY TO MANAGE MANURE. I have seen a hundred different ways published to manage manure, but they were all •wrong. They either required more labor than my method, or they did not save all the manure. My mode (which I have practiced for years with astonishing results) is this: Just as soon as a load or two of manure collects in my stables, I select the place I "want to put it: take it right from the stable, haul it where I irish to apply &, and throw it in a ridge about three feet high. Now cover thoroughly with the earth from each side of the pile; let it remain until all the manure has disappeared, which "will be in about six or eight months — less time than it will take to thoroughly de- compose if not covered with earth; and as manure is not food for the plants until decomposed, you lose no time by composting. When your heap is thoroughly cooked, plow up to it, and apply on top. Manure cannot escape after it is composted. What farmer would buy a bottle of ammonia and leave the cork out 1 Is not manure constantly losing (from the moment it is made) a large part of its best ingredients ? Now, you are not content to leave your manure ■with the cork out, but you must needs spread it out over a large sur- face of land, so that it can have every possible chance to get away from you. I am no chemist, but just state such facts as are com- mon to all, and which none can deny. The only question to deter- mine is: Mow much does manure lose in decomposing if not covered ■with earth ? I think I have seen it stated, on good authority, that a load of well-rotted manure contains no more manurial properties than a load of unrotted manure; in other words, as manure di- minishes in bulk, in decomposing, it loses its manurial properties in about the same proportion. Now, it takes four or five loads of fresh manure to make one load of weU-rotted manure. This would make manure lose three-fourths to four-fifths of its value in decomposing, if not covered with earth. After five years' experience, I believe that one load of manure composted is equal to four not composted. There is a farm in Chester county, Penn., where the effects of a _!e compost pile /which was large enough to cover half of the farm) was plainly visible thirty years after it was made. The man who made this compost pile was $10,000 in debt. He paid his debts and put $100,000 in bank. He attributed all his success to his big compost pile. When asked it' he ever repeated the dose, he said, No ; that one compost pile had made him as much money as he wanted, and would show you his barn-yard with manure in it which he would not take the trouble to haul out. The labor of making compost in this way is small — nothing as compared to hauling the earth to the stable and then hauling back to the field. If the manure is properly covered, not one atom of it can escape. If manure does not lose most of its best properties when not composted, why does it injure a field to graze it too close? Does not all the grass the cattle eat go back on the land as manure ? 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER 545 No, it does not go back to the land; it falls on top of the ground, and as it goes through the process of decomposition it evaporates and goes off in the air. Where does the air get its immense fer- tilizing properties from? It does not get any of it from mv manure pile; but there are plenty of manure piles in my neighborhood not composted, so it collects three-fourths of them, and as it passes over my farm it gives my plants just as large a share as anybody else a, The poorer the farmer and the better the manure, the moie impera- tive it is to compost. Yours, &c. W. T. Tallant. [Xote by Editor. — We are compelled to differ, from our worthy correspondent, though we are not so sure as he appears to be. that we are exactly right and everybody else wrong. We have always thought, and we think now. that com- posting is a costly method of making manure. Our plan is to permit the manure to lie in the stable, trampled by the stock, until we have the ground ready for its reception. We add from day to day just enough litter to keep the stock dry. The constant treading keeps the manure compact and prevents fermentation. The urine of the stock keeps it moist, and a little plaster sprinkled over it occa- sionally will fix all the ammonia After the land is broken up. we haul the manure direct from the stable to the field, and apply it broadcast from the cart, and harrow it in. If ammonia is liberated by forking up the manure, we scatter a little plaster over each load, and after it gets into the field the freshly-plowed land will readily absorb all the valuable fertilizing elements, no matter how vola- tile, and the first rain will dissolve the most soluble parts and distribute them through the soil in the best possible condition for plant food. By this method nothing is lost and all the labor of comporting is saved : beside the manure is much more evenly distributed than it can possibly be if it is piled in the field. No farmer, in our opinion, can afford to be without ground plaster at all times in his barn.] [For the Southern Planter and Farmer. J FENCE QUESTION. Much has, of late, been said in our public journals, touching the " fence question," and yet it seems no nearer a satisfactory solution than when first agitated. Its importance would seem sufficient to call forth earnest and decided action on the part of the farming community. Now that they are uniting in organized efforts for asserting their rights, it would seem proper that this matter should receive due attention. A general law applicable to every county in the State should be enacted, making it obligatory that every owner of stock should con- fine them within his own enclosure — thus lessening the expense of keeping up fencing, at least two-thirds, and saving to each farmer in this item alone, an amount more than sufficient to pay his heavy state and county taxes. Indeed the present state of things is becoming to very many farmers an intolerable grievance. Much of the fencing in the writer's section (and I presume it is pretty fair specimen of what it is throughout the state) is becoming every year more and more in- different— so much so, that in some localities he knows of, hog rais- 546 THE SOUTHERN [October ing has been almost abandoned, only a few being kept in one's own enclosure, or in pens near the dwelling the year round. And such is the condition of the fencing on some of the adjacent farms, that, if one's hogs chance to get out of his own pasture, or should be let out to share in the fall mast, there is nothing to hinder their getting through such fences into their owner's crops, when they are not un- frequently shot, mangled with dogs, and if not killed, yet badly crippled. And strange to say, yet it is true, that such persons will lay claim for damages to their crops with enclosures hardly sufficient to keep out yearlings. It is C3rtainly hard and oppressive that one farmer should not only have to keep up sufficient fencing to protect his own crops from damage by his neighbor's stock, but also to confine his own stock to prevent their getting into his neighbor's fields or crops. This sort of thing, together with hog stealing, has nearly driven hog raising from this section of the country. Never within the memory of man have so few hogs been seen as at the present day — and most of these few are either confined in a small lot near the house, or in the owner's pasture. Many farmers who formerly raised more pork than enough to supply much larger families than they now have, do not now raise a sufficiency and have to buy. Practically many of us have to confine our stock at home as though the so-called fence law were in operation, without any of its benefits, since we must expend much of our scanty earnings in keep- ing up fencing to prevent other people's stock from destroying our crops. M. B. S. Fluvanna, Va. [Note bt Editor. — We are very confident that we could easily show by statis- tics that the fences of Eastern Virginia cost more every year than all the live stock in that part of the State is worth. Let any farmer sit down and make the calculation for himself and neighbors, and he will be satisfied of the fact. One fourth the fencing now in use will effectually control all the stock in the State, upon land amply sufficient to support them ; thus giving a saving of three- fourths of the most onerous burden the farmers have to bear. Let the farmer demand of the Legislature a general fence law.] [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] DOG AND VAGRANT LAWS. I have concluded to give 3'our readers a few thoughts on several points. First, we expect those men we send to the Legislature and Senate to give us a good systematic dog law, for under the present system the dog is no more recognized in the law than a wolf, or any other wild animal. I know families that have five and six dogs who do not make bread enough to eat themselves. Those who own them are always crying out that the mountains are full of wolves, bears, &c, when the dogs are doing all the mischief that is done. There is no need of any man having more than one dog to help him manage stock about his farm ; and if he does not farm and raise any grain 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 547 he has no need of a dog, and if any man that is not in this lists and he wants a dog, let him pay taxes for him and be accountable for the dog's conduct. So by making a dog law we will improve the stock of dogs. It will do away with these trifling senseless dogs, and people will try to get the best stock of dogs that they can find. There is one other matter that our law-makers ought to take into consideration That is, we ought to have a good systematized vagrant law. It se6^is that for the last few years there is a numerous host that is traveling up and down the country continually begging their way, and they never can be had to do any work. I have asked them why they did not stop and work and make themselves some money, and they would reply that they had not time. But they have time to keep going first one way and then the other. If we had a good vagrant law we would not have quite so many in the poo* house as we have, and it would be better both for them and the tax payers. Our best farmers say that they want a dog law and a vagrant law, and they say that they will expect those law-making men this winter to give us one, and if they do not, the next time they will let them stay at home and try some body else. We do not want men in the Legislature that will sell themselves for votes, but we want men that will do something for the interest of the farming class as well as other occupations. A few years ago they made a dog law, and how long did they let it stand ? As soon as the dogs were assessed they repealed the law because they thought it was not popular. E. B. Hilton. Scott County, Va. [Note by Editor. — We have written and published so much on the subject of dog laws, &c, that it would seem that nothing more could be said. There is but one way to secure the passage of such laws as our correspondent desires, and that is for the Grange to take hold of the matter and every Subordinate Grange in the State pass resolutions demanding the passage of such a law by the Legis- lature. Until this is done the politicians will continue to dodge the issue.] [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] ERRATA. TOBACCO. FENCE POST, . the cost of production. The workshops ought soon to supply the necessary buildings and furniture. The farm can easily supply beef. mutton, pork. milk, butter, trait, ice. vege: ruffs for five hundred students. The possibilities of this institution are un- limited. L ndoubtedly some for selfish pur: ne too who oaght not so to behave, are trying to present problems impossible of nota- tion. To load down the school with dead weight it cannot carry appears to be the aim and hope of persons capable of mischief. But in spite of all. the time will come when the State will vote an ann sufficient for all its wants, and throw it- en to the sons of all Virginians. Nor will this diminish but rather increase the patronage and usefulness of our high schools and colleges, and that great tech- nical school, the Virginia Military Institute, and our gr ver- sify. In Virginia, there is a wide unoccupied place for the Agricul- tural and Mechanical . and its work, if well and properly done, will greatly promote the well being of the great industrial mas- ses. Hereafter I will endeavor to point out the educational value of workshops and model farms. _____ Cms. [For the Soatbern Planter aDd" Farmer.] LOCAL CIRCULATING MEDIUM TO AID THE STATE AND PEOPLE IN THE DEARTH OF CURRENCY. At the last session of the General Assembly the Governor recom- mended to the Legislature an*issue of three millions of dollars in treasury notes, that might be used in supplying the deficiency of currency in the State. The want of circulating medium in Virginia, especially among the agricultural community, is embarrassing the finances of the State, paralyzing industry, diminishing production, and depriving us of all hope of prosperity as a people until the want be supplied. Outside of our own power to provide for it. no prospect of relief appears, the only terms on which the Government will furnish us currency over which, since the year lx - as- sumed exclusive control, being on pledge of Government bonds which we cannot make. The recommendation of the Governor, sustained as it was by rea- sons which could not fail to impress its importance on all, failed to receive that consideration at the hands of the Legislature which it merited. A bill, however, was introduced during the session in the Senate for the issue of three millions of dollars in revenue certifi- cates, its object being to meet the Governor's recommendation. The bill was referred to its appropriate committee, but no final action was taken on it. A copy of the bill, with an important alteration, is appended below. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 575 If there be not constitutional objection to the issue of the certifi- cates as proposed by the bill, the expediency of the issue is too clear to be made a question; and the only one left in connection with the subject is. as to the feasibility of sustaining the market or circulating value of the certificates, if issued. The certificates proposed by the bill are similar to certificates is- sued by Alabama and Mississippi, respectively, in the years 1867 and 1870. which were of the size and appearance of national bank notes, and made receivable for all dues to the State. In the case of Alabama, provision was made for a time for having currency ex- change! for the certificates at par, and while this arrangement lasted the certificates circulated throughout the State at par with currency. In the absence of this provision for exchange of currency for the certificates, they were taken, both in Alabama and Mississippi, at a discount of some 15 to 20 per cent, as compared with currency. The cases of Alabama and Mississippi just referred to afford the only examples since the war of such an issue of certificates as is proposed by the bill. The bill is framed on the assumption that the value of the certifi- cates will be sustained at par with currency, if provision be made to have currency exchanged for the certificates when called for. To effect this, no more currency will be required than was required of specie to sustain the value of State bank notes before the war. Then one dollar in specie Avas considered a fair basis for the issue of five dollars in notes, and ordinarily it was found to be sufficient. Thus a circulation of three millions required six hundred thousand dollars as a basis : and this when there was much less demand for circulating medium than exists now. It is, hence, fair to infer that the issue of certificates as proposed can be sustained at par with cur- rency by the State's devoting currency to the exchange for the cer- tificates to the extent of one-fifth of the amount of certificates issued. This is in the power of the State, and whatever is in its power and can properly be done for the relief of the people the State should do. A bill for the issue of revenue certificates receivable in payment of taxes and all dues to the State, and to authorize the Crovernor to provide for their being exchanged for United States currency at par. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, That the Governor and Secretary of the Commonwealth have prepared certificates, which shall be known as "Revenue Certificates," upon such paper and with such devices as to them may seem expedient, in sums or denominations not less than one nor larger than twenty dollars, to an extent not exceeding three millions of dollars, to be signed by the Governor and Secretary, save that certificates under the denomination of ten dollars may be signed for the Governor and Secretary, respectively, by any persons appointed and authorized by the Governor to do so, which appointments, with afac simile of the signature of each appointee, shall be made matters of record in the office of the Secretary; and the Governor shall cause said- cer- tificates to be numbered and have them registered in the office of the 576 THE SOUTHERN [October Secretary in a book to be kept for the purpose, and deliver the same so signed, numbered, and registered, to the Treasurer of the Com- inonwealth. who shall receive and receipt for and be charged with the same as revenue certificate assets. The said revenue certificates shall be in form substantially as follows: $10. Revenue Certificate No. 1. A. or the State of Virginia. This Certificate is receivable as ten dollars in payment of taxes and all dues to the State of Virginia. Richmond, Va., Jan'y 1, 1875. Secretary. Governor. and on the back of the said revenue certificates shall be printed that tLey are issued under this act. >ec. 2. That the Treasurer of the Commonwealth be and he is hereby authorized, to the extent to which there is, or hereafter may be, deficiency of funds in the treasury, to cover the interest due on the debt of the State and the expenses of the State, to use the said revenue certificates at their par value to pay said expenses, and to purchase, with the advice and consent of the Governor, bonds of the State which have not matured — bonds thus purchased to be held and remain uncancelled while said certificates or any portion of them are outstanding, and to be used to sustain the value of said certifi- cates at par with United States currency: and for the last-named purpose, the Governor is hereby authorized to sell or hypothecate, from time to time, any portion of said bonds that may be necessary to procure United States currency required for the exchange for said certificates as hereinafter provided. To the extent to which the revenue certificates are used in paying the expenses of the State, any funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated may be applied to the exchange of United States currency for the revenue certificates. Sec. 3. That the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to cause Unite! States currency to be furnished to the holders of said cer- tificates in exchange therefor at par: provided, that whenever the sum to be exchanged for or on behalf of any one person or firm, or corporation, in one day, shall exceed the sum of one hundred dol- lars, then the agent authorized to make such exchange shall receive thirty days' notice, in writing, of the exchange desired, which notice shall set forth the numbers, letters, and denominations of the reve- nue certificates to be exchanged. And the Governor is hereby autborized to employ such agent or agents as he may find necessary to aid him in carrying into effect the provisions of this act. Sec. 4. That all debts and engagements entered into or con- tracted, having for consideration the revenue certificates, shall be valid in law and binding on the parties thereto. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 577 Sec. 5. That such amount as shall be found necessary, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, is hereby appro- priated for the purpose of carrying this act into effect, and the same shall be paid on vouchers approved by the Governor. Sec. 6. That this act shall be in force from its passage. Samuel M. Wilson. Note by the Editor. — This money question, we confess, is a very hard busi- ness to understand, and we feel, in consequence, reluctant to do more than let the communication of our correspondent (who was president of a large banking institution in Virginia prior to the war) go before our readers on its own merits. We have never had any dearth of financial sparring in this country, and at the present time the " hards" and the " softs" appear to have carried it to the dig- nity of a real fight. In reference to the matter of " Revenue Certificates " in particular, and a circulating medium in general, it occurs to us that when a man has anything to sell, and a demand exists, he will get the money for it; and if he gets the money he will have it to spend. In few words, he gets all the cir- culating medium he is entitled to; and if he doesn't produce values that will command it, he can't get it, whether it be issued by the State or by the United States. So the question would seem to be not so much one of a medium of ex- change as of something on which to base this exchange. This is especially the case with respect to the agricultural community, inasmuch as the " custom of trade " is to put the absolute cash iuto their hands the moment their produce is sold and the " account sales" made out. Other men may part with their goods on credit, but the farmer never, if he sells in open market. We are not aware furthermore that he has ever been prevented from receiving his money through any scarcity in the circulating medium. These "Revenue Certificates" are, to our mind, only '"'tax coupons" in another shape, and these coupons do not pass as currency. Why? Because they subserve but one end, namely, payment of the public dues, which is, at best, only a very limited function. Something acceptable as money must be backed by at least a seeming responsibility. A State with credit as poor as ours, and with a wretchedness of financial management almost without a parallel, is not in a situation to inspire par confidence in any of her issues, no matter how fair the promises. Credit is traditional ; it is no credit if it requires proof. We may like our friend well enough, but when we come to a cold money transaction with him we say, "Business is business, old boy," and he must "come to the scratch," or go away empty. The truth is, these certificates would probably find their lodgment in brokers' offices, and merely swell the already full market in tax-paying material. We expect the sooner we get done " tinkering " the better it will be for all of us. It is quite unnecessary to inquire into the causes which brought about our pre- sent condition. That is a threadbare theme, and we want to look at things as they are. We have considerable fixed capital (the land), and not much that is moveable. We would be glad to transfer some of this fixed capital, but we do not find people eager to arrange for it — first, because the Government has some to transfer on better terms than we could afford to take; and, second, because we are cursed by the presence of the negro. We have, however, this advantage : we are an old and reasonably settled community, if we have been badly battered, and not a little of the moveable capital of other people might have found a lodg- ment here, through loans on mortgage, but we did our best to prevent it by passing what is known as the Usury law (the title of the law should have been 578 THE SOUTHERN [October '•An act to authorize men to charge heavily for the risk of doing an illegal busi- ness"^. Skilful business people, like the English, found long ago that the only way to accumulate money rapidly was to make every man's energies as free as the wh.d : and so money there is. like wheat or tobacco, or any other commodity, worth all it will bring. The old fine-spun theories, when communities were con- tracted in their operations, fade away before the fact of one's ability to place his money by telegraph at will anywhere throughout the world reached by a cable. We are, then, simply in this fix : Having refused the only tangible aid we could hope for, we must take care of ourselves : and the only way we can do this is to produce, as best we can, something that will command money. Immigra- tion, thus far. has been as crumbs of bread to a hungry man — relief so slow that no strength for present effort has resulted from it. The good Lord has not de- serted us in our extremity, for the means He has vouchsafed us, used with only reasonable management, icill give us ready money. If we had the space to spare, we could present quite a little history of examples that have come tindery our immediate notice. We will take one from our store: A man in one of the counties north of the James river had, when the war opened, an estate tha would have brought readily $25,000. He owed $5,000. He went into the war, and lived through it. His negroes gone, his estate badly out of repair — all he had. indeed, proved to be insufficient to pay off the $5,000 he owed. So, on consultation with his wife (true woman), he surrendered to his creditors the whole business. He bought (such conduct is everywhere a good basis of credit) 2 '7 acres of land, on long credit, at $3 per acre, or $621. With his good wife and his two boys, one 12 and the other 14, he started life anew: and picking up a little year by year, last season sold his tobacco for $2,000, and this year $1,400. He had sustained his family in the meantime, and reported ample supplies on hand. What now is his case? A goodly share of circulating medium and the education of his boys in the important lesson of learning the value of money. We imagine the Commonwealth will never have occasi-jn to be ashamed of those two boys. We have, we fear, too much the disposition to " financier." and too little tn work. If those thrifty people, the French, had set to crying over what they lost, the Germans would have been in a bad way to get their indemnity, They not only paid, like men. this debt — the most cruel and unjust ever put upon a people — but showed a determination to recruit their fortunes that has chal- lenged the admiration of the civilized world. Germany to-day fears her more than she did before the war. We have public as well as private burdens to bear, and they can both be man- aged by patience, a hopeful spirit, and honest work. We must expect no im- munity from the burden imposed upon our father Adam, and there is nothing to show that he shrank from what it involved. As we have to sustain a public burdeu. it is due to us that it shall not be made a pound heavier than is neces- sary. If. therefore, it is believed that the State can get along with a session of the Legislature once in four years, it is our bounden duty to use all of our influ- ence to bring it about. It is a legal maxim that "no man can plead ignorance of the law."' That maxim was undoubtedly framed when laws were few and to the point. In these days of crude and voluminous legislation, if a man has to keep posted in this respect, he will have very little time left for anything else. The "' Ten Commandments" were given for the government of a world till time should be no more, and yet they cover no more space than half a page of the 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 579 " Statutes at Large." If our civil and judicial machinery generally needs re- adjustment, so as to be put on a basis requiring less hands to tend it, it should be done. All this will save money and enable us the better to take care of our obligations. The better class of our citizens too much eschew their duty in a public way. They must suffer in consequence, of course — not only directly, but indi- rectly, by the impairment of the public credit. No man who calls himself a man will allow any one to tell him that he ought not to pay his honest debts. It is a matter of perfect indifference whether his debt is in an individual or a collective capacity. He is either a citizen or a slave. If a citizen, he is bound by the acts of his representatives, and can in nowise shift the responsibility. The man, therefore, who would, in cold blood, counsel the repudiation of any of our public obligations, will, we are persuaded, be found to be either a man who never en- joyed much credit, or one desiring to ride into place in default of ability to make a living otherwise.] THE MISSISSIPPI METHOD OF SELF-DEPENDENCE. " Hallo, stranger, you seem to be going to market ?" " Yes, sir, I am." " What are you carrying that plow along for ?" " Going to send it to Pittsburg." " To Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania ?" " You're mighty right ; I am." " What are you going to send it there for?" " To get sharpened." " All the way to Pittsburg to get sharpened ?" " You bet ! We've starved our blacksmith out; he pulled up stakes the other day and went to Texas." " Well, that's rather a novel idea, my friend — sending a plough, so far to get it sharpened." " Not so novel as you heerd it was. We do our milling at St. Louis." "Is that so?" " You're right it is. We used to have a mill on Punkinvine Creek, but the owner got too poor to keep it up, and so Ave turned to getting our grinding done at St. Louis. " You don't mean to say you send your grist all the way to St. Louis by rail ?" " I didn't say nothing 'bout gris — we hain't got no gris to send. But we set our flour and meal from St. Louis." " I see you have a hide on your wagon." "Yes; our old cow died last week. March wind blowed the life out of her. Sendin' her hide to Boston to get it tanned." " AH the way to Boston ? Is not that rather expensive, my friend ? The freights will eat the hide up." " That's a fact — cleaner than the buzzards did the old critter's carcass. But what's the use bein' taxed to build railroads 'thout you get the good of 'em ? Csed to have a tanyard over at Lickskil- let, and a shoemaker too. But they've kerflummuxed." " Kerflummuxed — what's that?" 680 . THE SOUTHERN [October " It means, gone up the spout — and 'twixt you and me, that's mighty nigh the case with our State." " When do you expect to get your leather ?" " Don't expect to get no leather at all — expect to get shoes, some day. made at Boston or thereabouts." " Rather a misfortune to lose a milch cow, my friend." " Not so much a misfortune as you heerd it was. Monstrous sight of trouble shuckin' and nubinnin' a cow. and milking her night and mornin", and gettin' only about three quarts a day." " What are you going to do for milk ?" " Send North for it." " Send North for milk ?" "Yes; concentrated milk and Goshen butter." " Oh ! I see the point." " Mighty handy things, these railroads — make them Yankee fellers do all our jobs for us now — do our smithin', and grindin', and tan- nin', and milkin', and churnin'." " I see you have a bale of cotton." " Yes, sve go our bottom nickel on cotton. Sending it up to Massa- chusetts to get it carded, spun and wove. Time'll come when we'll send it thar to be ginned, and then we'll be happy. Monstrous sight of trouble running these gins." " That would be rather expensive, sending cotton in seed." " No more so than them Western fellers pays when they send corn East and get a dollar a bushel and pay six bits freight. Besides, as I said, what the use of paying for railroads 'thout we use the roads?" "You seem to appreciate the advantages of railroads." " I think we ought — we pay enough for 'em." " I reckon you fatten your own pork ?" " Well, you reckon wrong, stranger. I get them Illiny fevers to do that for me. Its mighty convenient, too — monstrous s'ght of trouble totin' a big basket of corn three times a day to hogs in a pen — 'especially when you haint got no hog to tote it to." " I should think so." " There's one thing lacking though to make the business com- plete." -What's that?" " They ought to send them hogs ready cooked. Cookin', and pre- parin' wood for cookin' takes up a heap of time that ort by rights to be employed in the cotton patch. I was sayin' to my old woman the other day, if we Mississippi folks got our cookin' and washin' done up North and sent by express, we'd be as happy as office-holders." " Your horse in the lead there seems to be lame." " Yes, needs shoein'. If he wasn't the only horse I've got, and I can't spare him, I'd send him up where they made the horse shoes and nails and get him shod. Can't get such a thing done in our parts. Perhaps I can at the depot." " How do you manage to live in your parts, my old friend V 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 581 " Why, we raise cotton. My road turns off here, stranger. Gee, Ball ; buck, Brandy. I am glad I seed you, stranger." [Notf, by the Editor. — The above dialogue first appeared in the Weekly Democrat, of Natchez, Miss. We wish what it discloses had only a local appli- cation. When we consider that Baltimore pays two-thirds, as we learn, of the entire State tax of Maryland, we can understand how philanthropic Virginia really is, for she is Baltimore's main standby. We are glad to know that her own cities, and their industries, need no belp,.and|that she is able to pay so fully the taxes of the farmers of Maryland. It shows " there is life in the old land yet," and that she has not ceased to be " the mother of States."] [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] TUCKAHOE FARMERS' CLUB OF HENRICO COUNTY. The club met to-day at the home of our president, Dr. Thomas Pollard, and I cannot resist the temptation to say that it is a most delightful home, and so because of the skill, industry, and indomi- table energy of its owner. I venture the assertion, that if the younger and stronger class of Henrico farmers around the city of Richmond possessed one-half of the zeal and industry of Dr. Pollard, we should have thrift and blossoming homes, with prosperity and. contentment, where now reigns sterility, idleness, and discontent. This is not so everywhere, I know ; but how many there are who avoid the work and toil here evidenced, and who, instead of beauti, fying their homes and making them fruitful, find time but to complaint and every day "in town" politicating on street corners or, if no- idle at home, lounging about the courts? There is not one hour 8 spare time upon a farm; at least, such is my own experience. Urge then, Messrs. Editors, the importance of each and all so directing every energy. If our farmers would but stay more at home and join with heart in the hum of that unceasing industry that may be heard around all of our Northern cities, the land would smile, and prosperity and contentment yield its rewards. But I am straying involuntarily from my subject. Dr. Pollard's farm is full of everything, and there is no room for more (it ought to be larger), from choice flowers, the Hamburger grape, to clover, lucerne, and the grain — all are there. Of course we had a good dinner, plucked from the farm ; and Mr. Cowardin, who decided not to accompany the "press gang" on their Northern trip, enlivened our table with his humor. And remem- bering his interesting paper (just published) and strict admonition for us to cling to grass, Dr. Perkins became refractory and uttered a philippic against the sowing of too much orchard grass — that it grew in tussocks, and without care was indifferent hay, expensive to seed, &c, &c , and that it is best to cultivate it in small lots and not in fields ; that it was not an improver, and our clover should be sowed without it. To this doctrine your reporter entered his earnest protest; and this being our annual business meeting the subject was adjourned for discussion at our October meeting. THE SOUTHERN [O.- Mr, j bo male an excellent, but partial, report on fall . - M : ire were ai- .-.led to continue to our n Dr. I stated that it has been mentioned, from authoritative Bonrcei losses 1 s by res •..: wholesale killing is birds will an t to | and urged the iui- porta . to as. The Doctor will report a plan lo; g to this nd at our next meeting. ■ - was our annual businec ng; there- - were lit:i The following officers were Pollard. President: Dr. J. G. Beattie, Viee- W. Robins Secretary; Dr. A. IT. Perkins, Trea- sure. J. A. Lynham. Reporting 5 iry. •• The Reporting Secretary." r and Farmer.] 1 ii .1 :h instant is just to hand. In reply I have to - times that truly try men's souls as well as their skill to make the farm pay, we find very many writers trying to enlighten and. ..._■. ty how to succeed with particular crops, and glad to find that very much good information is thus dis- seminated through your valuable pages. But our humble experience stakably that if - p, nor two, or three, or all the crops that is to lead this once happy and healthy but now down- troden and poverty-stricken farming comn unity to success and perma- nent prosperity, which you in your monthly visits are so nobly trying to help, aid and assist T.\ - a is in a close, well planned application to business, backed by indomitable industry. Economy overruling and controling all. Make your tobacco, wheat, corn, oats, peas, potatoes, fruits, an : _ -are they are all on really good sod by nature or made good by home manure, if you can procure enough, if not, use some good fertilizer. Work them all well and be sure that all are carefully husbanded in good order and nothing wa-ted. Then there is tl - g -- irop aud stock raising, not the least, but in our humble opinion the g it and prettiest source of nett gain to the farmer; particularly so, if he will go to a little extra cost and raise none but improved stock, which is as easily raised as the common scrub stock, and when raised doubly valuable. II, what about poultry. My wife and I have deliberately concluded that hens and turkeys will not pav at Well Water Town, but ducks and geese I pay a handsome profit when well cared for ; and with the ng on the farm can pay better and give more pleas- ure than a few improved hives of be Manyfai - - -r^m to think the farm will not pay. That is a great mistake. The fault is in the man and not in the farm. It is bound to pay if the farmer does his whole duty. A. little farm, well tilled, with a wife well willed is a fortune to any man. If he does not handle as much to has all it can purchase, all the comforts and ne: - - and happiness which money some- times cannot buy. We think any man who will pick his flint and keep his powder dry, and has practical common sense, and will make 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 583 houestv, industry and economy hi? watchword, can and will succeed on a larm. When our clubs have expired, notify us and we will try and renew. F. N. Maxey. Well Water Va., Sept. 17th, 1875. GRAIN PRODUCING COUNTRIES. The three greatest grain-producing countries in the world are Russia. France, and the United States. According to the statistics of 1S7'». Russia produced 460.000.000 bushels of wheat: France, 2So, 000,000, and the United States the same. Russia exported one-eighth of her grain: the United States, one-fourth, and France, none. The United States, however, grows an enormous amount of corn, which the others do not. South Australia is another candi- date for cereal honors, and this year announces that it has 200,000 tons of surplus wheat, 45,000 tons of which have already been ex- ported, while the remainder is ready for shipment. THE DOG TAX. The dog tax yielded the State of Tennessee $300,000 last year This sum will be used in remunerating the owners of sheep for occasioned by dogs, and if the tax is continued four years there will not be ten sheep killed by dogs in the whole State any one year. We hope that our Legislature will impose a tax upon dog- at the coming session. The people demand it as a right, and protection is absolutelv needed by those engaged in sheep-breeding, even if nine- tenths of the dogs are taxed out of existence. We repeat, that valuable dogs rarely, if ever, are sheep-killing dogs, and when a good dog is found among sheep-killing dogs, it has been led off by such curs into the commission of acts not natural to it: and beyond the tax (which any man who owns a valuable dog will willingly pay), the owners of such dogs will not suffer. We want protection for and improvement in all classes of animals, and a dog tax such as we have suggested will effect these objects, and be mutually bene- ficial to the owners of sheep and the owners of good dogs. SHEEP ON THE FARM. Sheep are undervalued by the mass of landowners as a means of keeping up the fertilitv of the soil and putting money into the pock- ets of the farmers. The moment one begins to talk of sheep hus- bandry the listener or reader begins to look for wool quotatio if the wool was all that yields profit from sheep. One might as well look for wheat quotations alone when there is talk about the profits of farming. Sheep on a farm yield both wool ami mutton. They multiply with great rapidity. They are the best of farm scavengers, ''cleaning a field" as no other class of animals will. They give back to the farm more in proportion to what they take from it than any other animal, and distribute it better with a view to the future 584 THE SOUTHERN [October fertility of the soil. Prove this-' There is no need of proof to those who Lave kept sheep, and know their habits and profits they yield. To prove it to those who have not the experience, it is ne- cessary they should try the experiinerit or accept the testimony of an experienced shepherd. — 3T. Y. World. THE EUROPEAN CROPS. The bulk of the English wheat harvest is gathered in good order. The new samples show great variety, but as a rule are below aver- age excellence, and in some cases are very poor. The Mark Lane Express, in its weekly review, says: "The crop is short as a whole, and large importations will be ne- cessary. In Germany (so also in France) the harvesting has gone well: prices were easier, although for future delivery most are above the present rates. In Belgium prices have varied, but mostly down- ward. In Holland the movement has been decidedly downward. At St. Petersburg prices are lower. The harvest in the neighborhood of Dantzig has been completed under most favorable circumstances. The new product is of fine quality and good weight, although the total yield is below that of the preceding year." It is estimated that between now and the end of August. lvT-.i. the United Kingdom will be compelled to draw from abroad at least b0,000,000 bushels of wheat, and of this quantity it is assumed that the United States will furnish 60.000.000 bushels. GUANO NOT AN EXCREMENT. The long received opinion that guano is the deposit of myriads of sea birds, accumulating through long ages, is rendered untenable by the recent investigation of Dr. Habel. After treating the guano with an acid, microscopical and chemical examination revealed that the insoluble residue was composed of fossil sponges and other ma- rine animals and plants precisely similar in construction to such as still exist in those seas. The fact that the anchors of ships in the neighborhood of the guano from the bottom of the ocean is quite in opposition to the prevalent belief. Dr. Habel. therfore. considers that the deposits of guano must be the result of the accumulation of fossil plants and animals whose organic matter has been tranformed into nitrogenous substance, the mineral portion remaining intact. "Madam," said a gentleman to his wife, "let me tell you. facts are very stubborn things.'' Quoth the lady: '"what a fact you must be ! " At a court martial, a young Irish officer, when questioned whether he had not given the lie to a certain person, replied, "No; I only said that either he or the colonel had told a lie, and that I was sure it wasn't the colonel." 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 585 GROWING QUINCES FOR PROFIT. Wherever quinces can be grown there is no fruit which offers greater or more certain remuneration to the grower. A well-cared for quince tree will bear some the third year from planting, and for many years will increase in productiveness and profit. The proper distance for planting is twelve feet apart each way. This will give 325 per acre. I have had trees bear one peck to one half bushel the fourth year after planting ; but it is usually the fifth or sixth year be- fore they produce much of a crop. Twenty years ago the price was 75 cents to $1 per bushel ; but of late it has steadily risen, and the demand is and will be good. No fruit is better for canning, and this will create a demand. Last year was a great fruit year ; but quinces sold steadily from $6 to S8 per barrel in New York, and were often jquoted §7 to $10. I have sold them many years for $2 to $2.50 per bushel. A well-established quince orchard, in full bearing, will yield three pecks to a bushel per tree. On an acre there should be at least two hundred and twenty-five bushels, which, at $2 per bushel, would bring §150 per acre. The quince] requires less care than most other fruits, but well repavs all it receives, and would pay still better with more. Trained in tree form, with clean, straight trunk, the quinces will be much fairer, and the tree can be better guarded against at- tacks of the borer, which is its most serious enemy. Planting on moist, mucky, or even wet ground. I have found a partial protection from the borer. People who cannot grow quinces on dry or sandy up- lands can safely blame the borer as the cause of their failure. Appli- cations of carbolic soap will prevent the insect from laying its eggs. With regard to the profit from quinces, at even $2 per bushed, I may safely rate it at $300 to $-£00 per acre. An enterprising neigh- bor of mine, some years ago was boasting to me of the profit he made from strawberries at 10 cents per quart. As I was that year selling quinces at $3 per bushel, I made a calculation, and found I was get- ting about as much per quart, lacking on 20 cents per bushel, as he received for strawberries. The quince trees needed less care than the berry patch, and cost far less to gather and market. He agreed with me, and next spring planted a quince orchard, which is now coming into bearing. In many parts of the country quinces cannot be grown ; but they are well worth a trial everywhere, and where they succeed, no crop is more profitable. There is now, and is likely to be, a large demand for young quince'trees. Farmers who have orchards of the Orange or Rea's Mammoth, can make a good thing from them, aside from the fruit, by saving all the suckers that spring up around the trees, either for sale, or to extend their own quince orchards. — W. J. F., in Country Gentleman. A whimsical comparison being made between a clock and a woman, Charles Fox observed that he thought the simile bad ; "for," said he, " a clock serves to point out the hours, and a woman to make us forget them."' 586 THE SOUTHERN [October OFFICERS OF THE STATE GRANGE. Master— J. W. White, Eureka Mills, Va. Oversee) — T. T. Tredway, Prince Edward, Va. Lecturer — J. W. Morton, Eureka Mills, Va. Steward — Wm. McComb, Gordonsville, Va. Asst. Steward — I. B. Dunn, Washington co., Va. Chaplain — J. C. Blackwell, Buckingham, Va. Treasurer — W. B. Westbrook, Petersburg, Va. Secretary — M. W. Hazlewood, Richmond, Va. Gatekeeper — M. B. Hancock, Charlotte, Va. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. A. B. Lightner, of Augusta. R. V. Gaines, of Charlotte. A. M. Moore, of Clarke. R. L. Ragland, of Halifax. ADDRESS OF MAJOR R. V. GAINES AT THE GRANGE FESTIVAL AT SOUTH BOSTON, VIRGINIA, AUGUST 31ST, 1875. Want of space forbids our presenting to our readers more than an extract of the eloquent address of Major Gaines on the above oc- casion. After a lengthy review of the necessities which induced the organi- zation of the Patrons of Husbandry, and a minute description of the various divisions of the Order and their respective duties and juris- dictions, he says : " I would impress upon you that one prime ob- ject of the Order of Patrons is to increase the quantity and improve the quality of all the products of agriculture and at the same time diminish the cost of production and reduce the expense of distribu- tion ; in carrying out this humane and laudable object it must be borne in mind that there are two other producing classes, namely, miners and manufacturers, and that these three create all the wealth and produce, all the commodities known to trade and commerce. :■€ ^ % yj: ifc ^: * " It is the object of our Order and other kindred organizations of producers, to conduct the exchange of our products upon the basis dictated by our mutual and harmonious interest, so as to insure to each a just return for the labor and capital invested, thereby secur- ing the greatest good to the greatest number." To Secretaries. Secretaries of new Granges will please examine their dispensations. If dated since June 30, they will not report until December 31st, when they will report all changes in membership from date of organ- ization, and will pay the initiation fees for each member received, but will ordy pay quarterly dues for the quarter ending December 31st. Quarterly dues are paid for all reported under the head of 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 587 " total number of members to date." The old quarterly blanks fur- nished by the Secretary of the National Grange are of no service to the State Secretary. Please use the blanks furnished from this office. Secretaries who have failed to receive them are requested to notify me by postal card. No. 622 is the last Grange organized which is required to report for the quarter ending September 30. Attention is called to the following law of the National Grange: ARTICLE VII— Section 2. Constitution Patrons of Husbandry. The Secretary of each Subordinate Grange shall report quarterly to the Secretary of the State Grange, the names of all persons ini- tiated during the quarter, and pay to the Secretary of the State Grange, one dollar for each man and fifty cents for each woman in- itiated during the quarter ; also a quarterly due of si: 3 of each Ijiember. Treasurers are not required to report under the new law. M. W. Hazllwood, Sec'y V. S. G. PATRONS DO NOT GO TO LAW. r The Pacific Rural Press -ays: " Farmers have long been aware of the folly, and worse than lolly of going to law ; but the lack of business and social intercourse with their neighbors often prevents a proper understanding of right and mutual interest, encourages suspicion and jealously, and too often leads them to rash into the courts, and sometimes driving the whole neighborhood into active partisans. But thanks to the influence of the Order of Patrons of Husbandrv, this disturbing element in farm life throughout the coun- try generally is disappearing. The Order has brought farmers into closer communication with eacH other, has developed mutual confi- dence and respect: and without the assistance of any secret charm has produced a change which is now substituting arbitration for law. Arbitration is one of the grand principles of the Order, and is al- ready producing important material results, as well as promoting peace and harmony in manv neighborhoods. A NATIONAL GRANGE OFFICIAL PAPER. The Committee on Co-operation, in their revised report to the Na- tional Grange, propose to turn the Executive Committee of the Na- tional Grange into a publishing committee, for the purpose of pub- lishing a Grange newspaper, which shall serve as a means of com- munication between the officers and private members of the Order, furnish reports of crops and stocks, of foreign and domestic mar- instruct members on farm, garden and household matters, and set forth the views and aims of the Order, so that those who have business dealings with it may rightly understand it, and not be misled by misrepresentations concerning the Order and its objects. Concerning the general spirit in which the proposed organ is to 588 THE SOUTHERN [October be conducted, the committee says : " Let it be a medium that makes no war, save against vice and immorality and corruption. One filled with the spirit of fraternity and co-operation with every other in- terest that has for its purpose the development of the virtue and the material interests of our common country, and the good of the indus- trial interests in general. Strictly forbidding all things partisan and all unkind personalities, but admitting free discussion conducted upon that high toned respect for an opponent's views that acknowledges an honest difference of opinion to be no crime." THE LECTURER, The Lecturer is generally esteemed the brains in our Order. At any rate he who is elected to fill such a high position should be comr petent to edify his Grange on topics of interest to its mem- bership. He should at each stated meeting read an essay or deliver a lecture. He should fix a programme of instruction, having agri- culture, literature and other subjects of importance as the basis of his interesting work. It is with him to make a drag of each session or a success of it. Let him deal with essential, practical facts in relation to farming, and have the members follow, relating their experiences, methods, and the results of their labor. This habit of timely interchange of views will develop a high order of membership, give life to the social elements, obliterate indifferences, give breadth and depth to the views of individual members, and prepare them to appreciate fullv the blessings inherent in his noble brotherhood No other movement has ever be inaugurated so capable as that of the Patrons to dignifv agricultural labor. And to no officer in the whole staff of Grange officers is entrusted to a greater extent the intellectual improvement and general success of the Order than the Worthy Lecturer. — Ohio Farmer. The Grange is becoming a great moral educator. In it farmers are coming nearer together, and are learning that they have a unity of interests, and that their interests are not to be promoted by pull- ing each other down, but by organization and co operation. The people are beginning to understand that we do not regard what we save in purchases as our greatest good, but rather as the smallest of the benefits of our Order. That we are not making war on any honorable or useful employment, but that we are sys- tematically endeavoring to take care of our own interests, and ad- vance to a broader and higher intelligence, and that we care more for honesty, fair dealing, and sterling worth, than we do for party or clique. — Cor. Ohio Farmer. WHY YOU SHOULD BE A PATRON. Because farmers, as intelligent men, should meet together and dis- cuss subjects pertaining to their advancement, intellectual, agricul- 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 589 tural and financial. Because they, by meeting and discussing sub- jects pertaining to their welfare, elevate and educate themselves, and thus advance the welfare of the community. Because neighbors meet together and tbus form a social order heretofore unknown among farmers. Because by concentration and combination they can secure greatly reduced rates. These are only a few of the principal reasons why farmers should be patrons. From time to time we shall revert to these subjects in detail, and hope to be able to prove that no farmer can afford to be outside of the Order. To the Subordinate Granges of Patrons of Husbandry of Northern Virginia; Culpeper, Va., Sept. 6, 1875. Worthy Brothers — The District Grange of Northern Virginia at its last meeting in Alexandria adjourned to meet at Culpeper on the 14th of October. All Patrons within the district, whether con- nected with the District Grange or not, are respectfully invited and requested to attend the approaching meeting. The Piedmont Agri- cultural Society will hold its Annual Fair at Culpeper on the 12th and 18th of October, and extends a cordial invitation to the Patrons of Northern Virginia to visit the Fair on the 14th in a body and in full regalia. They will be welcomed to the grounds by the Presi- dent's Aid, Hon. B. Johnson Barbour, and after a grand procession will be addressed bv the Worthy Master of the State Grange, Col. J. W. White. Subordinate Granges that have not provided themselves with re- galia are earnestly requested to do so with the least possible delay. We hope to witness an imposing display of the Fraternity and ex- pect to furnish an occasion full of interest and instruction to them and of general benefit to the Order. Very respectfully, fraternally yours, S. S. Bradford, Master District Grange N. Va. THE GRANGERS AND THE LAWYERS. If the grangers had done nothing more than develop mutual confi- dence and respect, which has, in many instances, (when parties were embroiled in litigation,) substituted friendly arbitration for expensive law suits, it has done a good work. Under the friendly influences of the Order, where whole neighbor- hoods were driven into active and malignant enmity, and where court- houses were filled with clients, and the grasping lawyer, (never sat- isfied unless he gets all) keeping alive the fierce fires of hatred to one another, by his legal advice, these discordants elements are rap- idly disappearing. In promoting peace, harmony, good will and friendship, arbitrar 4 THE SOUTHERN [October ight important material results. The Grange hall holds rer, client, »h . — Mid all without | licity, and all without cost. 1 didn't be a Granger. — Hf. C. roA Journal. ILLY, Grange teachings are unsurpassed by any other organ- none but honorable. ral men and women should be admit: n the grange room : we are here taught to ipright in our dealings with all men : to be kind and affectionate nr homes : and charitable in everything. It elevates the tastes Ivises a careful attention to Flora's beautiful offerings. It fights a_: - i of all kinds, whether tbev be tares that ini our field crops, or those that grow up in the pathway of our In The _ when in working order is one of the most beautiful or- jj nations in existence. — Tlie Granger. {Tor the Southern Planter and Farmer.} 3 MCE THOUGHT.- FOR FARMERS We Americans go into ecstacies over our "glorious Constitution." - a grand piece of workmanship. Let us assume for it, (mere than can be claimed for anything human) that it is perfect — will it of itself preserve our rigL satis whenever the election time comes, and this . without an independent idea of our own. Thai I I tution re: g s no such voting machines. It is based upon the idea of a high, independent manhood, that is jealous of its rights: and that da : encroachm-: - upon liberty, whether ma g. or capital, or corporations, or opolies. And this th arihood must be possessed by the great industrial classes that build up and preserve nations. For it mav be laid down as one of the truths taught bv all his- ". that when the lasses shape the policy of a na- . it is prosperous and happy : when they resign this high p>rerog- re to other hands, the nation retrogrades. And naturally so, too, because a nation tha: fosters the industries cannot be otherwise than in a thr '■: .":::.. But when they languish, then national decay en? en it is a duty that every farmer, every mechanic, every .afacturr: miuer, o- - untry, to himself, to pos- terity, now and then to take a calm, dispassionate view of the condi- tion of the country. If this or that branch of industry is languish- ing, let him search out the cause and the remedy therefor, and try npon his fellow-citizens, and write for the indus- trial press about it. If the reader will go with me a little I will ex- plain my meaning. Let as look at agriculture. Nine farms in ten in the Unite I Si I a are going down — and one-fourth of the farmers re abandoned their calling within the last ten years. How is it th manufacture-.' A large number of establishments have sus- 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 591 peruled or are running on limited time and curtailing their opera- tives' wages ; while these in turn are striking for higher wages. The trading class seems to be losing; its moorings and drifting away to sea — failures to the amount of $75,000,000 reported for Inst few months. Domestic commerce droops, and foreign trade is agaiust us to the tune of $50,000,000, and this must be paid in specie. We are importing English railroad iron to run tracks over our iron mines. American shipping is giving up the contest for the carrying trade of the world The stream of emigration is beginning to flow back to the old world. But don't suppose everybody is get- ting worse. Out of the 40,000,000 (in round numbers) in the United States, 3 per cent., or something over 1,00 ;,000, have ab- sorbed two-thirds of the wealth of the nation, leaving the remaining third to the other 39,000,000. And this is growing worse — or as Mr. David A. Wells, the Special Commissioner of the Revenue, says : " the poor are growing poorer, and the rich richer." This is a gloomy picture for a young, vigorous nation like ours, and tells a sad tale for American statesmanship. But the industrial classes are waking up ; the destinies of the country are with them. They are beginning to realize it, too, in different parts of the country. In her lasi election Illinois cast 80,000 votes in behalf of the industrial interests ; Indiana 20,000. Last year the industrial movement in the West aspired to assume a national character at Cleveland — and another national industrial convention met at Harrisburg ; and last November the Farmers' Council of Virginia and North Carolina, at Petersburg, appointed a committee to move in the matter. And last, as a kind of combination of all these movements into one, a National Council of the industrial classes met at Cincinnati, in Ohio, on the 7th Sept., 1875. It met for business and after some days' deliberation adopted a short, pithy platform, embraced under the following items : 1. Free trade and direct taxation. 2. Treasury notes for currency. 3. Demand for the repeal of the National Banking Laws and the resumption act of 1875. 4. .One term for President of the United States. 5. Subjection of all corporations to law. The great West and the South voted a unit on these propositions, and it is remarkable that there were but few dissenting voices even from the East. Farmers, think on these things. Let us study theoretical and practical farming in all its branches. . But we should remember that we are citizens as well as farmers, and as such, duties outside of the farm demand our attention. We may exhaust our minds and wear out our bodies on our farms, but unless good laws obtain, others will reap the rewards of our labors. Farmers, let me put one question to you. You Avork harder, live more economically than any other class — now how much money do you clear? Don't think it the fault of your lands, or of the sea- 502 THE SOUTHERN [October sons, or of the peculiar products of your section — the great fault- is with the laws — State and national — but particularly national. It requires the labor of five millions of men to pay the yearly ex- penses of the national Government. It is contrary to the nature of things for these things to continue without at sometime producing anarchy, blood-shed and revolution. Oar wisdom is to prevent it. Joh>- R. Winston. (fbitorial Bfpnrtnifiit. OUR STATE FAIR. It is needless for us to dwell upon the duty of our people in this matter. If any one feels gloomy, let him come— it will do him good. Cheerfulness we should have, if it is necessary to fijht for it. The very exercise will make us better men. A State cannot be built up from ruins in a day. Let any man look at ichat kasbeen done, and he will feel proud to find that few. no matter how much fa v. - have beaten us in solid results. We have, in fact, every thing to make us thankful. We hope that the ladies throughout the State will not be backward to send to the Fair samples of their handiwork : and when they are interested the men are bound to be. LET AS MANY OF THE BOYS AS POSSIBLE COME. ] are soon to be the custodians of the Commonwealth, and the dear old Mother looks to her sons, not only for defense, but that her dignity shall be maintained. Let them see what can be accomplished, and realize tLe bounties of a Providence that has fixed their lot in such "pleasant places." HAVE WE NOT A RIGHT TO FEEL ENCOURAGED ? We think the farmers of Virginia have reason to congratulate themselves upon the success of the year, the crops of which are now being harvested and secured. Never since the war has Virginia been in so good a condition materially, and never have her people exhibited such indomitable pluck and determination to succeed as they are now exhibiting. They are waking up from the lethargy which seems to have bowed them down for the last decade, and are beg g to realize the fact that soil, climate and geographical position, all considered. Virgil the best State in the whole Union for general farming purposes. We are glad, too. to see a healthy reaction taking place in the views of farmer's sons in i ence to the business they are to pursue. Ever since the war there has been a perfect mania among the young men of the country to rush to the cities and en- gage in the general business of trade, or devote themselves to the practice of a profession. This exodus of almost all the more intelligent young men from ihe country was not owing so much to a disposition to avoid labor of any kind, but simply to avoid farm labor, which, for some reason or other, even those engaged in it from necessity, seemed to think degrading. It is useless for us to attempt here to show that such an opinion was without the shadow of foundation in fact : all men of intelligence, if they will only give but a moment's thought to the mat- ter, will see at once that farming intelligently pursued is the first and highest call- ing in which man can engage. Success in farming and among farmers i- foundation of success in every department of trade. No country whose agricul- 1875.] PLANTER AND. FARMER. 593 tural interests languish, can long remain in an otherwise prosperous condition. Nor is the too prevalent idea that anybody who has the requisite muscle can farm successfully any nearer correct Upon the contrary, there is no profession or calling in lie which requires a greater variety of knowledge, or a mere cor- rect and well-balanced mind, than farming if carried to its highest perfection. But we are confident that the farmers of Virginia do not realize all the advan- tages they possess. With a somewhat extensive experience in farming in other sections, really superior farming countries, aud an observation extending through twenty years of active life, in a dozen different States, we do not hesitate to say that were we entirely unfettered with large or small capital, as the case might be, we would unhesitatingly select Virginia as the best place in the whole Union in which to begin life as a farmer. The soil of. the State responds more readily to any effort at improvement than any we have ever seen. The climate is mild and healthful, rarely going to either extreme ; the lauds are exceedingly cheap and adapted to the production of a great variety of crops, and then, when the crops are grown, we have the markets of the world at our very doors without any possible chance for railroad combi- nations to make the freighting of our produce a burden. Already the district around Xorfolk furnishes immense quantities of fruit and truck to trie northern markets and all over the country. Iu Albemarle, in Bedford, Campbell and along the slopes of the valley of the James, vineyards and orchards are spring- ins up- Within the next ten years capital must pour in here for investment. Wine manufacturing establishments will be built up in the districts where grapes are abundant. Canning establishments will be at the great centres to take the sur- plus fruits and vegetables and preserve them for future use. Manufactories of various kinds will utilize our immense water powers and the operative population creating a new demand for meats and vegetables, will give impetus to pro ducts never felt before, and which cannot but bring prosperity to the whole State. All we waut is a little time, a little more capital, and a thorough determination to avail ourselves of the almost inestimable advantages which nature has put at our disposal. A few words to outsiders, if this should fall into the hands of any who are seeking homes. We wish to tell them, if they are honest, industrious and frugal, we want them to come and see Virginia as she is, and weigh all her ad- vantages before going elsewhere. We have a more genial climate, a greater va- riety of products, and the same labor, capital aud skill will yield a larger net in- come than in any of the most favored of the Western States. NOTES FOR THE MONTH. This is the eighth month in the Roman calendar (Octo. eight). It is an important month to the farmer, both for sowing and gathering. It is the great month for WHEAT SEEDING. Some judicious farmer has observed that if he could, he would sow all his wheat on the 10th October, it not being desirable to sow earlier on account of the " fly,'1 and not later on account of the fear of •"winter killing." We will sup- pose the land has all been fallowed, unless it is the corn land, and indeed it is nut too early to have cut down the corn and stacked it. or hauled it off. and to have ploughed the land ready for seeding. But we think all corn land should be see led to '"winter oats." as we shall presently explain. Well, the land has been fallowed. Now it must be thoroughly dragged to get it in fine tilth, and to kill 594 THE SOUTHERN [October all the grass which has. by this time, been freely uproutiog. We advise 1§ bushels of wheat to the acre. This is a medium quantity, and if sowed the last of this month, or in November, we should sow at least two bushels. Some American far" mers sow from 2 to 2| bushels, while many of the English farmers advise from one peck to one-half bushel. The celebrated Mecbi, of raacr strop fame, now a skilled British agriculturist, is an advocate of thin seeding. In England, there is no danger from winter killing, and the wheat is growing in this climate, more or less, all winter, and, the land being strong, there is always much opportunity for tillering and branching. The late Mr. Hill Carter, who bad seen and examined English cultivation, said that the thin seeding which was so successful in England would not do for this country. He advised not less than two bushels per acre. The "Faltz'T wheat still maintains its popularity, and has yielded very well the present season. Whatever kind is selected, take care that the seed is pnrer and free from filth of all kinds. It is folly to sow indifferent seed. It is equally unwise to sow wheat on poor land without fertilizers, land insufficiently drained, «>r on land which has not been limed, or has not. naturally, lime in the soil. After seeding, water furrows must be run wherever needed, and the plow will not always suffice. Follow with shovels, and open«tboroughly, and leave not one spot of water rest on the land. Routt's drain plow is a very valuable implement for opening surface drains. TTIXTEB OATS. It is not too late to sow winter oats. Tbey yield well, gotten in by the loth or 20th October, though not so well as if put in earlier. One and a half bushels should be used to the acre if seeded from- ;5tb this month to the 1st November, for thev hare not the same time to tiller, and are more liableto be winter killed. Try to get clean seed, for the winter oat is proverbially filthy, and will foul the land unless pains be taken to get good, elean seed. All corn land bad better be put in winter oats. Either sow between the corn, by first running a long tooth cul- tivator, or plow, if there is much grass, then sowing and covering with cultiva- tor— the boe hands following, and chopping in the row of the corn. Or cut the corn down, or remove it, plow, drag, sow, and redrag. There is too much grass in most corn fields, the present season, for the first plow. As we have before said, we think winter oats to be a more certain crop than wheat, and more profit- able for the farmers generally to raise. Tbey will yield, one season with another, much more than wheat on medium land and more too on good land. They should be baled for market. GATHERING CROPS. This is the month for housing many things. Corn may be gathered, and if not ■well dried should be put in pens made with rails and carefully covered over. Fodder should be housed or stacked. Potatoes. Irish and sweet, should be dug and care- fully put away. Some prefer to put them in a mound out doors, though sweet potatoes are safer in properly prepared cellars. Our Hanover friends dig them in dry weather, put them in cellars made in outhouses, some putting them in top fodder stacks; covering them carefully with " pine tags."' and these with close fitting boards to keep out the air. They should not be put in warm places, and should be moved as little as possible from place to place, after they are dug. Pumpkins should bfe put in the fodder stacks^or cool cellars. HOGS Must be put up now and freely fed, that they may put on fat before the cold weather. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 595 DITCHES May profitably be dug in the dry weather of this month. "and old ones c out. FALLOWING. If wheat and oat? are pat in. and crops secured, the plough should be kept run- ning in following for eorn. particularly if there is much cover on the laud. We hare received the catalogues and premium lists .of the following Fairs: Baldwin Augusta Fair to be held at Stauuti >n commencing on the 1:2th of Oc- tober. A. M. Bowman, one of the most spirited and en'husiastic stock-growers in the State, is President of this Society. He is comparatively a young :r.an. but is enthusiastic in his business, and eminently qualified fo:- the position he fills. The Piedmont Agricultural Society, which meets at Culpeper on the same day. has the veteran stock raiser and agriculturist. Col. S. S. Bradford, for Presi I It is useless to say more of hira as he is generally and favorably known all over the State. We are assured that the prospect is fine for a first-class exhijiti^n and that the Society is in a healthy condition. The next in order is the Petersburg Fair which opens on the l^Hh of October, General Mahone is President of this Society, and as he is sure to make a su of every thing he undertakes, from the storming of a battery to the running of a railroad, we may very fai ly presume that he will not fail iu his new position. The last in the list is the Virginia State Fair, which, under the auspices of Col. Knight as President, Mr. F. G. Leigh. Secretary, and Col. Carrington, Chief Marshal, promises to give us the rnost completely successful exhibition, commencing on the 25th October, we have had since the war. The Societies of the State were never better officered. We propose to gi~e our readers in future numbers of our Journal, the pictures and a short sketch >f thj above Presidents of our Agricultural Societies as representatives of the agri- cultural interest of the State. President Knight will appear in our next i- The Rcral Messenger announces the retirement of Mr. B. W. Jones as editor of that paper in consequence of ill health. Mr. Jones had justly won the esteem of his readers by the ability, diguity and courtesy which characterized all he wrote. We wish for him a speedy recovery to health. Mr. Thomas Laurence succeeds him. We congratulate the Messenger on securing a gentleman so well fitted for this position by his varied learning and extensive knowledge of both the practice and literature of agriculture, Mr. L. will wield a ready a:.d forcible pen. We commend the Messenger to our readers as worthy of their support. Price $2 per annum. We have received from John Saul. Washington, D. C a very complete cata- logue of his Fall Stock of Nursing Trees. Roses. Grape Vines and Ornamen includiug ehoice Evergreens and Flowering Shrubs. Mr. Saul is an old and reliable Nurseryman, and his catalogue shows tn has availed himself of his age and experience to collect a stock which can : be excelled, if indeed it can be equalled, south of New York. His prices, too, exceedingly low. and if any one desires to have any plants of the infinite varie- ties he offers, they can certainly get the money to buy at his rates. His stock of crape vines is very large and hue, and are offered lower thau we have ever known them. 596 THE SOUTHERN [October MA J. WILLIAM T. SUTHERLIX. ^ectleman. wh - forms the frontispiece of this number, may he j> rded as one of the most e ng and successful farmers is Virginia at - horn in Pittsylvania county, near the city of Danville. Ya.. in I S22, and has been a citizen of Danville since the Tear i^i-i. His early advan- tages of education were such as were afforded by our common schools of that day, the addition of three sessions at the Danville Mile Academy, and one ses- ion in the county of Franklin. Ya. His studies were confined to such branches »f English education as were best calculated to fit hirn for the active dnties of business life, for which he manifested an early preference^ as well as a remarkable degree of native talent. After completing his course of stud: - spending a t m - - vipon the plantation of his lather, where he learned many valuable lessons of industry, economy and sobriety, which he has never forgotten, in the year iv44 he commenced business in the then small town of Danvill-. as a raanniactarer of tobacco. location could not have been selected for the business in which he proposed to engage, situated as it is. in one of the £ -gi j»seel - found in any State. With ge, aided 1 ; c-rior skill as a manufacturer, which his fine "Jigence enabled him to acquire in a short time, he found but little difficulty securing for his brands sd for the products of his factory a ready sale in any market at highly remunerative prices. This conducted under his immediate .-upervision for about -.:-.: .led him ne to : among the most wealthy and influential men of the Sta:e. The investment of the la: . ig from hi - - oincipally made in real estate, lence it • ur, he found himself in much better condition than many others who had made large investments in a species of pro- which los: : the war. resent g - of the flourishing little city of Danville, are the public spirit, the liberality, and the indom- ital _ FM Sntfa ma always taken the deepest interest in - eoncenia . : his adopted town: and the numerous posi- tions of trust and honor which m time to time, been accorded to him, : in which he is held by those who know him best. Sc me of these may be enumerated as follows : . In 1S4-5. he m ~e and influential m- te Towa Council. m 1S4G to > . be vas Mayor of the Town. In 1858, hi was< '-hi ng the Danville Bank, of which floe: ! >n he was I I ill - ".. when like all similar e: r ten up by the i the war. His administration of the affairs of this institution was such as to inc: -rock from $100,000 —out the loss of a single dollar in bad debts, up to the commence. : the war. In the spring of 1*<51. he was elected as a Union delegate to Conven- I to the wishes of his constituents, upon the mo- me;. bich engaged the attention of that body, using bis talents and influence in preventing, if possible, the dire calamity by which the country atened : but when it became evident that war was inevitable, he ion on the • S nth, and nobly maintained with his influ- 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 597 I ence and his means, throughout the fearful conflict which ensued, the position which his love for his native South compelled him to assume. After the adjournment of the Convention, the war having been fully inaugu- rated, he was appointed commandant of the military post which had been estab- lished at Danville, by the Confederate Government, which position he held until that gallant officer, Col. Robert E. Withers, became so severely wounded in an engagement with the enemy near the city of Richmond, as to incapacitate him for active duty in the field, in consequence of which, on the application of Maj. Sutherlin, he was relieved from his position, and Col. Withers succeeded irn. In addition to his other onerous duties as commandant of the post, Maj. Suth- erlin filled the responsible position of Chief Quartermaster at Danville, until a few months before the close of the war, when he was compelled to resign his position in consequence of his failing health. After the evacuation of Richmond, his elegant and hospitable mansion at Dan- ville became the headquarters of President Davis and a portion of his cabinet, until the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox Courthouse. Since the close of the war, Maj. Sutherlin's attention has been turned to agricultural pursuits, and to such other enterprises, as in his opinion, were best calculated to promote the material interests of the country. In this new field of labor he has found ample scope for his diversified talent, in the cultivation and improvement of his large landed estates which lie in the States of Virginia and Georgia, comprising about 7.000 acres of land of the finest quality, besides Ids numerous valuable lots and buildings in Danville. His farms in Virginia, twelve in number, are being skilfully and successfully cultivated under his gi supervision, aided by the skill of first* class managers. All the appliances of labor-saving implements, fertilizers, &c, have been liberally provided, regardless of expense ; and by the extensive cultivation of clover, the value of his lands has been greatly increased, whilst his crops of tobacco, grain and hay have bean quite abundant. His success as a breeder of fine stock of every de- scription has not been equaled by any man residing in the same section of country. In 1867, the Border Agricultural Society of Virginia and North Carolina was successfully inaugurated chiefly through the instrumentality of Maj. Sutherlin, of which society he has been electee president continuously, with the exception of two or three years, whea he filled the position of president of the State Agricultural Society. In 1871, he was elected a delegate to the State Legislature for two years, at the end of which time he declined are-election in consequence of his numerous other engagements. He has been a director of the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company since 18t>~>, in which improvement he is largely interested as a stockholder. For the past two years he has been an active member of the "Patrons of Husbandry;" is Master of the "Border Grange" at Danville, and President of the Border Grange Bank which has been securely established in that city. To the interests of this growing organization much of his time has been devoted in visiting different sections of Virginia and North Carolina, tor the purpose of arousing a spirit of enthusiasm among the farmers by his plain, practical, common sense speeches, for making which, few men are better qualified. Such a man may well be considered a valuable acquisition to any community in which the spirit of progress has not become wholly extinct. If we had a Sutherlin in every county throughout the Stale, Virginia would soon become what her natural advantages entitle her to be, and what she ultimately will be — the Banner State of this Union. He is now in the j prime of life, retaining the same degree of energy that actuated him in early life, and promises yet to live many years in the perform- ance of those duties for which nature seems to have denned him. BOTTOM TOUGHED. Dry Goods at Lower Prices than Ever, Money saved ly linying your Dry Goods from Leyy Brothers, Who have made large purchases since the recent decline. Fancy Grenadines at >4. 10 and 12jC per yard, worth 16$, 20 and 25c: Rich Styles Fancy Grenadines at 16§, 20, 25, 30 and 35c., worth from 25 to 50e.j Black Grenadines in all qualities from 12Jc. up to $2.25 per yard— this em- braces not only the cheapest, but best assorted stock ever offered in this city : Ecru Linen Tussore Suiting at 8jc per yard, worth 16fc; at 12$c, would be a bargain at 25c: at 16§c, worth 30e. — these goods must be seen to be appre- ciated: Silk- Warp Japanese Stripes and Plaids at 30c per yard, worth 50c: Japanese Cloth at l'2lc. worth 25c: Wash Poplins, best goods manufactured, at li'ic and 15c. worth 16§ and 25c: Debeges. at 26, 30, 35, 40 and 50c These goods can be had in all the new sha New style Plaid Dress] Goods from 25 to 50c; per yard — a reduction of from twenty-five to fifty per, cent, has been made in these goods : Fast-Colored Lawns at 8J, 10, I ,371 and 50c.; Also, at the lowest prices. Pongees. Mohairs. Japanese Silks, Jaconets, Cam- bric-. Linen Lawns, and all other styles of fashionable dress goods : Black Al- pacas at 25, 0, '. 4". 4". E I, BO, 75" 85, 90c., SI and SI..25: Australian Crepe at 50, 60 and 75c, worth 65c, 75c -and $1: Yard-wide Printed Percales and Cambrics at 12J and 16fc. per yard — regular prices, 16$ and £5c; Victoria Lawns at 16f, 20. 25 and 30c; also, Piques at 1 _ 25, 30. 35 and 40c — all remarkably cheap ; Swiss Muslins from 12|c up to 50c per yard — all very cheap; Checked and Striped Nainsook Muslins. Checked and Striped Swiss Muslins ; Corded, Striped and Figured Piques — all at extraordinary bargains : Lonsdale Cambric first quality, one yard wide, at 16| per yard : Knight's Cambric. 33 inches wides, at 10c, would be a bargain at 12Ac: Utica Sheeting. 10-4 wide, in remnants from two and a half up to ten yards, at 40c per yard : 50c is the regular price everywhere ; Remnants of Dress Goods of every description to be sold at less than half value ; Black and Colored Silks at lower prices and in greater variety than at any other establishment in this State; Embroidered Curtain-Muslin, one yard wide, at 25c, worth 37ic; Hamburgh Net for Curtains, at 20. 25. 30, 35, 40, 50c. and up to $1 per yard ; Hamburgh Lace Curtains from $# to $30 per set for two windows; Hamburgh Lace Lambrequins, from *2 50 up to $5 a pair — all very cheap and desirable : \A indow-Shades in great variety, among which will be found an exact imitation of lace shades, now so fashionable : A large assortment of Curtain Fixtures, such as Cornices. Bands. Loops and Hooks; Black. White and Ecru Hamburgh Nets, at a reduction of 50c; A full assort- ment of Laces suitable for trimmiug : A large assortment of Silk Neck Scarfs and Ties : Also. Black Lace Scarfs and White Lace and Muslin Scarfs ; Ready-Made Dresses for ladies in all of the latest styles, from $3 to $25 : A full assortment of Under-Garments at extraordinary low prices:: A large assort- ment of Ducks and Drillings for boys' and men's wear ; Sash Ribbons at 25c, 30c. 35c. 40c and 50c, and up to $1.25 per yard— all extraordinarily cheap ; A full assortment of Ribbons from a half-inch up to seven inches at the lowest prices ; Gauze Shirts for men and women — some as - 40c for men : Bustles in all the new styles : also. Hoop Skirts and Balmorals ; Matting. Oil- Cloths, Rugs, Carpets. Mats and Hassocks; Rubber, Jet and Gold Plated Jew- elry in great variety : Summer Shawls. Lace Points and Jackets : Black Grenadine Shawls at S3, worth $4 ; Laces and Embroideries in endless variety at low prices : Goodrich fi Barn urn's Tuckers at 75c; Machine Needles at 4 and 5c: Machine Oil in large bottles at 15c: Clark's and Coat's Spool Cotton at 70c per dozen : And thousands of other articles not enumerated in this advertisement. Prompt attention to orders. July— tf LEVY BROTHERS, Richmond, Va. s^W. C, SMITH, MANUFACTURER OF SPRING WAGONS, BUGGIES^ I have on hand and make to order on short notice, Carriages, Bu^o-ies and Spring Wagons, with special reference to the wants of fanners. Light rnnniug and strong, of any desired capacity. Workmanship and material guaranteed. Prices lower than the same quality of work can be bought at in this or any other city. Orders solicited. Letters of inquiry promptly answered. Repairing promptly and reasonably done. W. C. SMITH, my-6m 308 Fifth Street, Richmond, Va. The subscriber has on hand . WJK.6.0Si I.HI SSH:f g of various descriptions, that he wishes to dispose of on very mode- rate terras, and is still manufacturing others, and solicits a call from all in want of any article in his line, and he guarantees good work- manship, and first-rate material. A. B. LIPSCOMB, my 116 Carv Street, between Adams and Jefferson. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO R. R. On7 and after SUNDAY, June 13th, 1875, passenger trains will run as follows : FROM RICHMOND : Leave Richmond, 9.30 A. M. 9.10 P. M. Arrive at Gordonsville, 12.45 P. M. 12.30 A, . M. Arrive at Washington, 7.33 P. M. 6.33 A. M. Arrive at Charlottesville, 1.45 P. M. 1.24 A. M. Arrive at Lynchburg, 4. 50 P. M. 4.50 A .M. Arrive at Staunton, 4.10 P. M. 3.30 A. M. Arrive at Goshen, 5.56 P. M. 5.14 A. M. Arrive at Millboro', 6.17 P. M. 5.36 A. M. Arrive at Covington, 7.51 P. M. 7.06 A. M. Arrive at Alleghany, 8.59 P. M. 8.14 A. M. Arrive at White Sulphur, 9.15 P.M. 8.32 A. M. Arrive at Hinton, 12.15 A. M. 10.35 A. M. Arrive at Kanawha Falls, 4.20 A. M . 1.25 P. M. Arrive at Charleston, 6.15 A. M. 3.25 P. M. Arrive at Huntington, 8.30 A. M. 5.45. P. M. Arrive at Cincinnati, 6.00 A. M. Train leaving Richmond at 9.30 A. M. runs daily, (Sunday excepted) stopping at all regular stations. Train leaving Richmond 9.10 P. M. runs daily stopping at all regular stations west of Alleghany. Accommodation train leaves Richmond for Gordonsville and all intermediate stations daily (Sunday excepted), at 4.30 P. M. Pullman Sleeping Car runs on 9.10 P. M. train between Richmond and White Sulphur. For further information, rates, &c, applvat820 Main Street, or at Co mpany'a offices. CONWAY R. IloWA Kl>, General Passenger and Ticket Agent. W. M. S. Dunn, Engineer and Sup't Transportation. jy CHESTNUT GROVE Stock Tarm and Poul ry Yards, McKEAN & HULICH, EASTON, PENN. Fine Bred and English Draft Horses. Asiatic Poultry and Fancy Pigeons, Light and Dark Branias, Buff. Partridge and White Cochins, Antwerps, Carriers, Barbs. Owls. Magpies and Almond Tumblers. POULTRY took fifteen Society and nine Special Premiums on Fowls and Chicks, and seven on Pigeons at Lehigh Valley Poultry Exhibition, held at Al- lentown. January. 1875. FOR SALE Fine Bred and Draft Stallions. Gold Dust and other Colts. Eggs, Chicks and Pigeons in season. RICHLAND STOCK FARM, NEAR QUAKEBTOWN, PA. THOMAS L. McKEAN, Proprietor, P. O. Easton, Pennsylvania. PURE BRED SHORT-HORX CATTLE, JUBILEES, LOUANS, YOUNG MARY'S. &c. The above stock has been removed from Chestnut Grove Farm, and on hand and for sale at reasonable prices. Parties wishing to examine the Herd will be met at Quakmtown Station, (which is one and a quarter hours ride from Phila- delphia, via N. P. R. R.) by writing in advance to the Proprietor, at Easton. Pa. ©^"Catalogues and Circulars upon application. May — tf Notice to Wheat Growers. Reduction of Price of CELEBRATED Ammoniatefl Bone Super Ptajlate, Unrivalled for the 'wheat crop. For sale by agents and dealers throughout the country. PRICE, $4500 per ton, at Baltimore. "Dissolved Bone Super Phosphate" supplied to manufacturers and dealers at low figures. We are prepared to furnish Granges with an " Amrnoniated Bone Superphosphate of a standard quality, adapted to grain crops, at very lowest price. P. ZELL & SONS. Manufacturers, aug— 3t 30 South St., Baltimore, Md G. TV. ROYSTER. J. B. LIGHTFOOT, 8. W. ROYSTER at GO,, Commission Merchants, mSCKMEOlSTiD, VIRGINIA. Solicit Consignments of Tobacco, Grain, Flour and Produce Generally Refer by Special Permission to J. W. LoCKWOOD, Cashier National Bank of Va., Richmond; Isaac Davenport, Jr., Pres. First National Bank, Richmond. Grain Bags furnished on application. PEAR TREKS FORTH E MILLION— Largest stock in the West ; ext-a quality: packed to go safely any distance. Satisfaction guaran- teed. Prices low by hundred or thousand. A full assortment of other trees, shrubs, plants, etc. Send list of wants for prlc a. B. G. HANFORD, Columbus Nursery, Columbus, Ohio. sep-Jt GAME BlRTAMS My Hack Reds and Duck wings have won both first, s cond and special premiums wherever sbowji, via; At Han- ford, 1871; Albany, 1872: Philadelphia, 1872; Worcester, 1874; Philadelphia, 1875 ; and Buffalo, 1875. Also, a few very choice Black !!• for sale. E£gg. 15 per dozen for Bantams 56 I r Games. Address, with stamp, E. K. SPAULD- ING, Cedar Creek, Ocean Co., N. J. sep — tf TIKGIXIl LAXDS. UPPER JAMES. REAL ESTATE AGENCY. BY WILLIAM HOLMAN, Cartersville, Va. Who offers for sale upwards of 20.000 acres of land, lying in one of the most desirable regions of Eastern Virginia. Catalogues sent on application. [Mr. Holman is one of the most relia- ble farmers in the State. Those wishing ! to buy land should send for his Cata- logue], Aug— tf The Fruit Bacorder and Cottage Gardener will be sent free 3 months to all who will send us a 3 cent stamp to prepay postage, as law now requires prepay- ment of po stage. We do not ask any v one to subscribe tor our paper until they know what they are to get It speaks for itself. Price only $1 per year. Purdy's Small Fruit Instructor is a work of 04 pp. that tolls in simple language just how to grow fruits in abundance for home use or market. Price, 25 cents postpaid. A. M. PURDY, Rochester. X. Y. aug— ly SUI GENERIS, MASON & HAMLIN UKeUALED«UMPPRO ACHED iii capacity and excellence bv ar.y others. Awarded WWHITMIIS ^DIPLOMA OF H01T0R" V1ENNA.1873; PARIS.1867. ft til V American Organs ever awarded any medal U li L I in Europe, or which pre - r :ordi- naxy excellence as to command a wide sale there. II 11/ JVC aw*TrtC(i highest premiums at Indna- ALYl A I U rr'-1'- Expositions, In America an well aa Europe. Out of hundreds there have not been *lx in all where any other organs have been preferred. DCCT Eec'.ared by Eminent MflxiciftM, in both DLO I hemispheres, to be unrivaled. See TBSTIMON1 KL CIRCTJXAB, with i pinions of more than One Thousand (sent free). M'CICT on having a Mason & Hamlin. Do not lit UIU I take an v other. Dealers get f.ATfflKB cox- missions f.-r idling inferior organs, rtnd for i/tia reason often trjj very hard to sell iwmetlang else. iiriAJ PTVI CO with most important improve- WLIt O I I LtO rnents ever made. Now Solo and Combination Stop*. Superb Etagere and other Causes of new de^iiiiin. PIANO-HARP CABINET ORGANS quisite combination of these instnv CSCV DAVMCUTC OigaaaaoH far «»*;«* fcAo I I A 1 mtll I O. for monthly or quarterly payments; or rented until rent pays fa* the organ. niTII nPIICP and CimutauDa, with full partic- LA I AlUuUtO ulars. free Xtdrew. MASON A HAMLIN ORGAN CO., 15-4 Tremont Street, BOS- TON- 26 Union Square, NEW YuRK; or 80 Si 83 Ajdami St., CHICAGO, I=?:.-k:i Be:i:"ii.-3 S:t. "flwial : 7 :::;," Winner ff Highest Prize, at Royal Show EXG1ANO FIBST Prizes in ■:i.,ni."i. Under One Year Old. JERSEY CATTLE. Berkshire and Short-fated York' thin ■ v GLEXDALE STOCK FARM. Br;-d from the most noied and FASHION ABLE STRAIH8& OtPORTEDxoA PRIZE VTISSI5G STOCK. - from die best Herds and Pens, regaid] Jt expense. I gunrantee satisfaction. *3^CorrespondeD • -A. (HAS. B. MOORE. sej. . ' _' .. Pa. FARMERS AND DEALERS FlnUML Qhuuu iiu.lL, PURE BONE FLOUR, PURE DISSOLVED BONE ASH, Pure Dissolved Raw Bone, 66° Oil Yitroil, German Potash Salts, Pure Chemicals for making Superphos- phate at the lowest market price. Call at R. J BAKER & COS. Aug- — 1 v WALNUT GROVE FARM. THOP.nrnnBRED and GRaDE JERSEY CATTLE. BERKSHIRE and ESSEX SWINE. BRONZE TURKEYS and BRAHMA FOWLS, I took 1st premium on Thoroi:. and Female, I and 1st premium on Grade Jeiseys, mi Bronze Turkeys at Va. State Agicul- tural Society, iv74. Prices moderate — Satisfaction Guaranteed. Add . G. JULIAX PRATT. mar — ly Waynesboro. Augusta co. , Va. Tens of aarertisii of Planter and Farmer. One square. 10 lines or less, one insertion. ..$2 00 1 square of ten 1 square of ten lines for one ytar _ six monius ;re six months „ insertion inths .ne year _ THE "viiRQ-iisriLA. AND CIDER MILL Is superior to any MILL now made, and more sold annually in this market than of all other kinds combined. It does not grate, but thoroughly crushes every fruit cell, insuring all cider the apples will yield. Send for Catalogue. CHAS. T. PALMER, jy-ly 1523 Main Street, Richmond, Va. G. F. WATSON'S RICHMOND. Having timber tracts n this State sufficient to last several years, with a complete lumbering rafting, and saw-mill organization of fifty men, together with one of the most complete facto- ries in the country located in this city, can furnish Poplar and hard wood (no soft ] itn priced FURNITURE as cheap as any factory No th or West— and fine Walnut FURNITURE cheaper. A stock of one million feet of lumber insures seasoned work, warranted in this and every respect. Manufacture MATTRESSES of all kinds. Lumber-mill, Indiantown, Va. : Factory, Rocketts street; lumber-yards, Ash and Poplar streets; warerooms, No. IS Governor (Thirteenth streets.) Richmond. epl ?AK!M8 AND WUUM JHire Fine Ground gone PURE BONE FLOUR. PURE DISSOLVED BONE ASH. PURE DISSOLVED RAW BONE 6G° OIL VITRIOL. GERMAN POTASH SALTS. Pure Chemicals for making Superphosphaaj at tne iost market price. Call at H. J. BAKER & COS. SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO, FOR TOBACCO. CORX AND OTHER CROPS. After ten years" continuous u« i Eia and the - - e Pacific Gnano has refutation f . to that formerly enjoyed by the Penman Guano, and itity used annually exceeds that oi any other fertilizer. It ha- • Liis (juano to produce the best possible fertilizer at r coat, and ^e claim that the nnusual resources and facilities of the manuiactu- are enabled ihem to approach this more nearly than has been done in any other fertilizer with which we are acquainted. I who have been" using it unite with us in the opinion, that by it- :: _ - THE GREATEST BENEFIT FROM THE SMALLEST OUTLAY. sfidence for use on the Tobacco and other crop; to be grown in 1*75, wich the assurance that it is, in tit has been in the PURE PERUVIAN GUANO, AS IMPORTED. We hare a full supply of Jfo. 1 Gnanape Peruvian Guano, from the GcTernntent >ne of the nuest cargoes ever imported! It is dry and in bean- ■rder, and c r in a fraction of 13 per >ent, of Ammonia, w'hich i? within two per eeiit. of what the old CLincha PerariR- in— Ix -uld be difficult to d the other. ndard and thoroughly tested fertilizers for Tobacco, Cora, and all Spring Crops, and are prepared to sell them al :11 make it to the interest of consumers and dealers to purcha- fifew York, or elsewhere . For farther information and supplies, address, ALLISON & ADDISON, mar— tf Seed and Guano Merchants, F.icbuoia, Ya q 1 c 4 ^ M K § SC "0 T 3E 3> j i^iGszjyEonsriD, -vj±. Pleasantly located on Twelfth street, facing Bank Street and the Capi- I Square. In the centre of the business portion of the city, within one square of the Post Office and Custom House, it is. by its retired location opposite the southeast corner of the beautiful park surrounding the Capitol of Virginia, the most quiet hotel in Piichmond. The proprietor having had a life long experience in hotel business — • first at the Everett H k, and afterwards as proprietor of the 6 - I Hotel, Richmond, in its best days — and now assisted by Mb. JOHN P. BALLARD, the popular veteran hotel-keeper of Vir- ginia, assures visitors of the ST. JAMES that no effort on his part will be spared to make them comfortable and to keep the house in first-class style. Coaches will attend the arrival of all trains. Elegant carriages are at all times at the service of the traveling public. June T. W. HOEIvyiGER, Proprietor. F'^TLmTj STYLES, 1874. CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS SAMPLE CAEDS Are now ready for mailing. Our assortment embraces TWENTY-FOUR PATTERNS. Merchants desiring samples, will please address, CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS, CHARLOTTESVILLE, va. TO PLANTERS. JAS. G. DOWNWARD, Pres't. JOHN" WHANN. Sec'y and Treas. Dntu owhatap Pgosphate Company K/icscnvnonsriD, va. MANUFACTURERS OF The above brand of Phosphate is used and highly recommended by the best wheat raisers in Virginia. It is, in every respect, a first Fertilizer for wheat. A trial will convince you of this fact. H. D. Twyman, of Orange county, writes us that it exhibited it- self finely. He applied 150 pounds per acre, and made 14 bushels to one seeded. T. W. Bond, of the same county, tells us, in a letter dated Aug. 10, 1>>To. that it gave entire satisfaction on the estate of the late John Bond, and gave us another good order. J. G. Dulaney. of Green county, writes : '"After a test of your Powhatan Raw Bone Super Phosphate for two seasons on my wheat crop, I feel >atisfied that it is one of the best fertilizers now offered in the market."' R. R. Porter, of North Carolina, writes: •' The Powhatan Raw Bone Super Phosphate, which I bought of you last season, was the best fertilizer I ever had on my plantation. I used it on wheat, and, I think, raised double the quantity as when I used no fertilizer. I also used it on tobacco, and il acted like a charm." We also manufacture Pure BONE MEAL and BONE FLOUR, aid will be pleased to furnish samples of any of our brands on ap- plication. IMPROVE YOUR STOCK. FOR SALE — Alderney and Durham Cattle. Cotsivold and Shropshire Lambs and Berkshire Swine. PREMIEW ALDERNET BIJLfc, ''EZRA" three years old. Sire Imp. Hannibal (618) ; Dam Lily (500). Price $100. PREMIUM AL»EK9Ti:r BILL " WOLD DUSI'r two years old. Sire Imp. South- ampton (,117) ; Dam California (344). Price 880. ALDERNEY HEEL CHATHAM. eighteen months old ; now fit for service. Sire Sudbrook (1262); Dam Imp. Rose Harebell (3243) solid color, black points. Price 580. ALDERNEY BUEE CALF ACCIDENT, three months old. Sire Saladin (417): Dam Minerva (341); one of the best Jersey cows in the State. Price $50. All the above are from Herd-Book Stock, and can be entered in next volume of Herd Book. HERDBOOK ALDER SEY BULL SUDBROOK (1262),! nine years old ; bred by J. Howard McHenry ; one of the finest bulls in the State. Price §100. PREMIUM ALDERNEY BULL HANNIBAL, four vears old. Sire Imp. Hannibal (61S), Dam pure Alderney Cow, but not registered : took 1st Premium State Fair 1873. Price 880; DURHAM BULL STONEWALL, bred by James Gowen of Pennsylvania, roan color, of fine size, and splendid form. Price S100 worth twice the money. TWO DURHAM CALVES (Heifer and Bull), __ t , . four months old, roan color. Price §30 each. COTSWOED AND SHROPSHIRE) LAMBS, at from $10 to 815 each. BERKSHIRE PIGS, from best stock in the State. Price SS single pig, or $15 per pair. The above prices are one-fourth less than Northern prices for such stock. Address A. P. E0WE, oct — 2t Fredericksburg. Virginia. SAUL'S NURSERIES, Washington, D. C. The undersigned offers a fine stock of the following NEW PEARS : Souvenirs du Congress, Beurre 'd ' Assumption, Pitmaston Duchess, &c. NEW PEACHES : Early Beatrice, Early Louisa, Early Rivers, Early Alexander, &c, with a collection of new peaches raised by T. Rivers. FRUIT TREES : An extensive stock of well grown trees, pear, apple, cherry, plum, apricot, &c. • grape vines, small fruits, &c. EVERGREENS : Small sizes suitable for Nur- serymen, as well as larger stock in great variety. DUTCH BULBS. — Large importations direct from the leading growers in Hol- land, first quality Bulbs: Hyacinths, Lilies, Tulips, &c, new and rare; Green- house plants for winter blooming; New Clematises, a fine collection; New Wis- terias ; roses new and rare. A large stock grown in four and live-inch pots — prices low. New Rose, Duchess of Edinborough, at reduced rates. Primula Ja- ponica — stony — in five inch pots. Catalogues mailed to applicants. sep— tf JOHN SAUL, Washington City, D. C. THE WATT PLOW VICTORIOUS ON EVERY FIELD! A combined TURNING PLOW, CUL- TIVATOR. SUBSOILER, ROW-OPEN- ER, PEANUT-DIGGER. TOBACCO and COTTON SCRAPER and SWEEP. No CHOKING when bright and smooth; no LABOR to the plowman; ONE-THIRD LESS DRAUGHT to the team ; thorough BURIAL of Weeds. Grass, &c. ; great STRENGTH, Durability and Economy in its use, and complete pulverization of the soil. FARMERS WHO USE IT WILL USE NO OTHER. Awarded all the Premiums at every Fair attended in 1873. Awarded First Premiums at every Fair attended in 1874. Richmond— FIRST PREMIUMS ON THREE AND WK-UPfc W£5 Virginia State Fair. FOUR-HORSE PLOWS. Right and LeftHand-ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED THEIR SIZES. Also at the Plowing Match ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED WHITE PLOW- MEN were taken with WATT PLOWS of ONE. TWO, THREE and FOUR- HORSE SIZES; and COLORED PLOWMAN by ONE, TWO and THREE- HORSE SIZES; being SEVEN PREMIUMS OUT OF EIGHT. The superior work done by the WATT, and the complete ease with which it is handled, was apparent to all. NORTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR, Raleigh, October 10th; GEORGIA STATE FAIR. Atlanta, October 19th ; SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR, Columbia, November 10th ; STAUNTON, VA., October 13th; LYNCHBURG, October 20th ; WELDON. N. C, October 20th; ORANGEBURG. S. C. November 3rd ; CHARLOTTE. N. C. November 3rd ; DANVILLE, VA., November 3rd; POINT PLEASANT, W. VA., October. Thus, with its great reputation before, it has gained new laurels this year, which must convince every farmer of its vast superiority over other plows. We warrant every plow sold to be as represented or to be returned to us. We solicit a trial. Catalogues sent to any address. • WATT & CALL, SOLE MANUFACTURERS, 14-V2 Franklin St., Richmond, Va. Special Agents for "The Best" Spring-Tooth Horse-Rake and Gleaner; also for sale of our own manufacture. HARROWS. CULTIVATORS, and all kinds of IMPLEMENTS at lowest prices— all warranted. I have a NEW BURDETT ORGAN which I will sell for $150— Manufacturer's price $175 — Boxed and delivered at any Depot or Wharf in Baltimore. Terms of payment accommodating. L. R. DICKINSON. Also, THREE FIRST-CLASS SEWING MACHINES which ■will be sold at a discount of forty per cent, on Manufacturers' prices. TREES! TREES! I he I arjiest ;ind niiml Complete *»t<-«-k of yi-iul and «»r nameiitnl irctx in in- V. !>>. I>e«< ri|»i i vo and Illustrate d Priced Catalogues senl as foil >»»«.: Fruits, me. No. - — Ornamental ;: ecL, with colored plate, sSe. Ko. r»— house plants, lOe. No. 4— Wholesale- Free. ELLWANGEB & BARRY, sep i:<>ciiEsTEi:.y.y NURSERY STOCK. FALL, 1875. We d - I e attenti m of Nurserymen and l'ealers to tmr exceedingly larire. thrifty. and great variety of stock for Full tt iu Mandard. Dwarf and Crab Apples: Standard and I>warf Fears, Cherrii - ;nauts. E1uj>. § SMITH & POWELL. I.UI JMI (III il ' I «« Premii _ - BRMLY, MILES & HARDT TIN WIRE RINGS. „ W 111 bo: mali- c . ftCO. Harc^i: i J tiem. ■ To: ei : . _ by s >osa« DriATUR.ILL paii Circ ! ? Attention is called to the great suc- cess which has Wen achieved in *: - manent cure of this loathsome "BeiiWs Enrela Cancer Salve. Syracuse Nurseries, Syracuse, N. Y ' Hitherto it has BLATCH LEY'S B Improved Cucumber Wood P knowledge! ~ : the market, hy pop- \5^, .- % alar verdict, ti i ^^lL^^ pump lor I .money Attention is invited to improved Bracket, the I Top Check Valve, winch can be with- drawn without disturbing lh« od the copper chamber which never - or i usis and wi] time. For Sjle by Dealers and tin- trade generally, in order to be sure that you gel fUatehley's Pump, be eareful and see that it has my trade mark as above. If you do not know where to buy, de- scriptive circular, together with the name and -. you. will be prompt- ly furnished by addressing with - ellAS, G. BLATCHLEY, Manufacturer, mar-i-m 506 Commerce >:.. Philadelphia, Ta. TloroMlW Stock for Sale. I am breeding Thoroughbred Devon Cattle. Poland China, and Essex Hogs. South Down Sheep, -vc. Also Light Brahma Fowls, and have for sale seve- ral pairs of White and Black Guineas. Persons ordering from me can rely on getting as good stock as any in this country. My herd of Devon s are of the most improved strains. They took T first premiums at our last Virginia State Fair. For further particulars, F. W. CHILES. feh — 6m Louisa C. H.. V*. I^Ri G\RDE I nod FIELD SEED At the old stand c f Palmer & Turpiu. 1526 Main street, R.chmond, Orchard G' i Timothy, Herds, Clover, Kentucky Blue Grass. Send for Catalogue, leb-tf W. H. TURPIN. skill and th- poor unfortunates with this I clinging to their bodies ^nd eat \ i ■ ; incredm alue. F. H. ROBERTSON 4 - • Office, Petersburg, Va . are the & tip whom all letters for information, and orders re should be addres.-ed. March tf ELLERSLIE FARM. Thoroughbred HORSES Half Bred HORSES, Pure SHORT HORN CATTLE, Improved BERKSHIRES For sale. Price S10 apiece. Address R. J. HANCOCK, oct Overton, Albemarle co..Va K1LLINGLY. CONN. Offers for sal*- ■ few Superior PART- RIDGE. COCHI] LYMOUTH ]:•' ICK CHICKS -rices. Also, White Fantail PlOEuNS. oc Man land Eye and Ear Insiituie, 6*6 N. Charles it . Baltimore. Md. E RECLENG, M. 1 Ear tjurgery in tlv Cniversity, DGKUN IN ( HABGE The large, liandsome n - Charles Carrol] has been fitted up will .cuts adopt*; d ill I • of diseasr.v Ap] , (iEUKI.i. ki.VLl.NG. 91. I>.. - _ Encourage Home Enterprise and buy Mruder's Fertilizer, The most flattening accounts are being constantly received. For the past twenty years it has been manufactured in the city of Rich- mond and the thousands of tons sent out have given universal satis- faction. The price is just as low as a good article can be furnished at. For certificates call at office, corner Cary and Eleventh Streets. Herewith are two as a specimen: Messrs. Currant & Co.. Powhatan county, August 23, write that the effects of the fertilizer are all that is represented, and are won- derful on their growing crop of tobacco. In the dry summer of 1ST 2. Dr. K. A, Patterson, with the use of 300 pounds McGruder's Fertilizer to the acre, made twenty-five bushels wheat on poor land, which was fallowed by a first rate clover crop. For further particu- lars, address, seP-2t CHAS. McGRUDER, Richmond. Clawson Seed Wheat! The undersigned, who introduced extensively to Virginia the cele- brated Fultz, now offers a new, and in some respects, a superior va- riety— smooth, white, hardy ami very productive. Warr anted Genuine. Clawson, 83.2-3, and Fultz. $2.25 per bushel, including bags. Address, H. S. ALEXANDRIA. sep — 2t Culpeper. Va SEWING MACHINE EXCHANGE! After a partial and temporarv retirement from the Sewing Ma- chine business, I now RESUME IT AGAIN IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. Orders received for ALL KINDS SEWING MACHINES, ATTACHMENTS. NEEDLES. OIL. MACHINES FOR RENT: All kinds Sewing Machine- re- paired. Machines of any kind supplied to Grangers and club- at * the lowest manufacturers' prices. G-. DARBY. oct— 3t 821] Main st., bet. 8th and 9th, Richmond, Va. THE SOTJTHSRU PLANTER ® FABME R, Tie Oldest Agricultural Journal PilisM in Virginia. SIXTY-FOUR PAGES MOMHLY( Forming a Handsome Annual Volume of 664 pages, with a copious index fo the sum of ONE DOLLAR AND FIFTY CENTS. CLUBS OIF FIVE OR H^OIR-E $1 EACH. THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER HAS NO SUPERIOR IX THE SOUTH, HAVING A LARGE CIRCULATION AMONGST THE MOST .SUBSTANTIAL FARMERS AND BUSINESS MEN In the country — the bed customers to every trade, not only on account of the substantial character of those to whom it is sent, but likewise by the fact that possessing the additional advantage of bemg in book form and stitched , it is, therefore, more apt to be preserved than an ordinary newspap r' and gives ADVERTISERS A BETTER GHANCE OF KEEPL THEMSELVES BEE ORE THE PEOPLE' AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM, it furnishes a Cheap and Efficacious means of reaching the Farmers of the whole Southern Country. It goes into almost every neighborhood in Virginia and North Carolina, ami also is largely circulated in West Virginia aud the more Southern State.-. TERMS FjOB ADVEBTISIXG. Outside back rover, double rates ; inside back Cover, oO per cent, added to rates. >,",, advertise- ments taken for front cover. No editorial notice given to advertisements on any consideration, but notices, &';. may be put in I" ! at contract ; No charge for advertisen I s than two dollars. Bills of regular advertisers payable quarterly, if in-- rted fur three or more months. Payable monthly if inserted for less than three months. Transient advertisers, cash in ad- »wce. To insure insertion, we should receive advertisements by the 25th day of the month precedin that in which they are to appear. We adhere strictly to our printed lates. L. L«. DICKINSON. P. 0. Box 54, Richmond, Va. THE VIRGINIA PROTECTION LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, RICHMOND, VA. Paid up Capital, ' - $ 50,000 Authorized Capital, - - 200,000 Presents a plan by which the benefits of Life Insurance may be se- cured by all, at about one-third the usual cost. Thirteen cents invested each day will secure to your family $5,000. No better investment can be made. J. N. WILKINSON, President. RICHARD IRBY, Vice President. H. II. Wilkinson, Secretary. J. W. Lockwood, Auditor. C. W. P. Brock, M. D., Medical Adviser. EXECUTIVE BOARD. J. N. Wilkinson. J. Thompson Brows, J. W. Lockwood, J. F. Allen. DIRECTORS. J. X. Wilkinson, President. J. W. Lockwood, Cashier Nat. Bank of Ya. J. F. Allen, Tobacconist, Franklin St. Richard Irrt, Superintendent Richmond Architectural Iron Works. J. A. Loewenbach. Merchant and Treas. Rawlev Springs Co. C. W. P. Brock, M. D, Medical Adviser. J. D. Crump, Wingo, Ellett i Crump. A. B. Irick, President Nat. Bank, Harrisonburg V». John A. Coke, Attorney at Law, 1001 Main st. J. Thompson Brown, Real Estate Agent, 1115 Main st. H. H. Wilkinson, Secretary. Thomas J. Paerick, Commission Merchant, Gary st. Thomas F. West, Attorney at law, 1003 Main st. oct FERTXIiIZ&R Soluble Sea Island Guano ESPECIALLY PREPARED FOR THE WHEAT CROP. Ammoiiiated Alkaline Phosphate, The Granger's Manure. This Manure has been used by them for the past two years, with great satisfaction. Bone and .Heal Fertilizer. This article is combined with Potash, and contains all the elements necessary for the growth of plant, and maturity of grain. BALTIMORE AND TEXAS FERTILIZING COMPANY'S Flour of Bone and Bone Meal, From our Extensive Factory at Fulton, Texas. Ammoniaeal Matter, Of uniform quality, prepared from the flesh of cattle, at our Texas Factory — an ammoniate superior to Peruvian Guano. Dissolved Bone. Bone Phosphate dissolved in Sulphuric Acid, containing 13 per cent, of Soluble Phosphoric Acid. Potash Salts Of our own importation. Sulphuric Acid, And all necessary articles to make a good Fertilizer. For Sale at Corner of South and Water Streets, - - BALTIMORE, R. W. L. RAISIN & CO. ■' '■ - ...... ■ ■ ■ . ■.. - •• ■ - ■ • ■ ■ ■■ ~„ ■ , ^—s _ Subscription REDUCED to $1,50 Per Annum m Advance. TO CLUBS OF FIVE OR MOKE, ONE DOLLAR EACH. EST ABLISHED I 1ST 1 8 4 O m THE SOUTHERISr DEVOTED TO Apicaltare, Horticulture, ml Rural Affairs. L. R. DICKINSON Editor and Proprietor. RICHMOND. YA„ NOVEMBER, 1875. No. 11. CONTENTS. Farm Management of the Southside 599 Farming as a Badness 60:3 Tobacco 607 Sheep Husbandry 009 Notes and Items, Xo. 2 609 Warning to Virginia Fanners 613 The Proper Economy in the Treat- ment and Application of Ma- nures 615 Orchards 616 Amelia Plantation Observations ... 617 Pnblic Spirit 619 The Perforating Power of Roots... 634 A Very Important Qaestion— Where are we Drifting to? The Best Remedy for Poor Land Peruvian or Tall Meadow Grass. ... 639 Commercial Fertilizers 640 Cultivate More Fruit 648 What Makes the Wight Kind of a Wife A New Remedy for Hard Times . /;4l Pork-Raiaiag Pay in the Old s? g 15 Sutiblk Hogs Virginia Delegation at the North Carolina State Fair Officers of the State Grange Maintain Your Organization The National Grange ; The Mary- land Patrons; The California Grangers' Insurance Company... Recommendation of the Executive Committee; Junction Grange.... Editorial Departhjott : The Next Legislature The Fence Law Encourage Home Manufactu :irs of Butter The Grape Crop oi Albemarle Colonel W. C. Knight ! Fitz. Lee and his V North Pot Flowers in Sleeping Booms Flues for Curing Tobacco— An In- quiry Gen. II. IL Hurt— St. James Hotel — I"'" Specula- tion in Cotton 650 650 651 G52 667 C58 RICHMOND CLOTHING EMPORIUM 1007 MAIN STREET, opposite Postoffice, IR/ICHIIMIOlSnD, "V~JL. Wilkinson & Withers^ MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN READY-MADE CLOTHING AND FURNISHING GOODS. Keep a very large stock of Fine and Medium CLOTHING for City and Coun- try wear. Special attention to neat and substantial Clothing for our country friends, con- sisting of Suits PANTS. VESTS, and Long Sack and Frock OVERCOATS for horseback riding. " Patrons of Husbandry will take notice." ALSO, Large variety of FURNISHING GOODS. Merino and Flannel SHIRTS and DRAWERS, all grades; CANTON FLANNELS; best JEANS DRAWERS; Linen and Paper COLLARS. CUFFS. CRAVATS, assorted ; HOSIERY, as- sorted: LINEN HANDKERCHIEFS: SILK HANDKERCHIEFS: KID GLOVES, all colors: CASTOR GLOVES; best BCCK GLOVES: HEAVY RIDING GLOVES, &c, 4c; RUBBER HATS. CAPS and OVERCOATS— in fact, everything necessary for a first-class Clothing and Furnishing House, all at the lowest CASH or C.O.D PRICES. Dress Shirts our Specialty- SOLE AGENTS FOR KEEP'S PATENT PARTLY-MADE DRESS SHIRTS The plan for home-made Shirts on the score of economy is no longer valid. We will furnish these Shirts, made of best Wamsutta cotton, 2100 Irish Linen Bosoms and Cuffs, 3-ply ; all sizes, latest styles, open back and front, perfect fit- ting, only one quality, and guaranteed equal to the best $3 Shirt in any market, for the low price of $1.25 for men, $1 for boys : selling 500 per week. The net savin? by using this Shirt in Virginia one year will more than pay the interest on the public debt of the State. Away. then, with the talk of repudiation. Save the honor of the Old Dominion by repudiating high-priced Shirts. Sample Shirt sent by mail on the receipt of $1.25 and 13 cents postage. This Shirt is a public blessing; so regarded by all who have tried them. WILKINSON & WITHERS, Clothiers and Furnishers, oct -Vo. 1007 Main Street, Richmond, To. 076TJ #! c. MU*^ THE SOUTHERN PLANTER & FARMER, DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xenophon. Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State.— Sully. L. R. DICKINSON, ...--- Editor and Proprietor. New Series. RICHMOND, VA., NOVEMBER, 1875. No. 11 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] FARM MANAGEMENT OF THE SOUTHSIDE. Our people of the Southside are, with sad unanimity, unprosper- ous in their agricultural pursuits. The crops that are cultivated do not, as we cultivate them, yield sufficiently remunerative returns ; and it is difficult to find for them any promising substitute or means of adding diversity to our productions. This difficulty is partly due to the general scarcity of money and partly to the inveteiacy of long-established habit. New pursuits require some expenditure to begin them; and the unvarying Southside curriculum of corn, wheat, oats and tobacco has been handed down to us from a remote ances- try. Year after year we are continuing to make the tobacco to pay the laborer, the corn to feed him, the oats for the teams, and the wheat to pay for guano. The excess, if any, is generally insufficient to pay taxes and the interest upon debts ; and the proprietor is left, as his share of the year's results, house rent, fuel, vegetables and bread. His meat is usually purchased, and his fowls come by grace, or are raised by his wife. The existing condition of this region is, to a very great extent, due to the robbing results of the civil war, of which, to an especial degree, it was the victim ; but allowing to this its full effect, there is still among us a state of impecuniositi/ which might have been sensi- bly mitigated by rightly directed efforts. The soil is not at fault, nor are our productions unsuited to it; but with the blindness of fa- tuity we continue agricultural practices which are annually con- demned by our own experience, and which, as an intelligent Eng- lishman remarked, would " beggar England in ten years." Is there any country, except the freshly-settled ones, in which the exhaustive crops of corn, wheat, oats and tobacco could be expected to yield profitable returns to a population of farmers who make one of the distinctive features of their land its nakedness of live stock? We 600 THE SOUTHERN [November have no facilities for the analysis of commercial manures — no skill in their scientific application to our especial wants — and, were these difficulties removed, no capital for profitable investment in them. Yet, green crops for feeding the hungry soil, cattle, sheep and hogs, which supply the pabulum of all other agricultural lands, are almost wholly neglected here; while our dependence is placed upon small quantities of manufactured manures, of the composition of which we know nothing : and these are usually applied to but one crop — to- bacco. They are generally purchased upon credit — to be paid for, with about 15 per cent, interest, "out of the wheat." A patch of wheat i? seeded on the surface from which tobacco has been taken, and by half cultivating a broad expanse of poverty, a beggarly crop of corn is obtained — -just enough " to last " by half starving the few a .limals kept upon the place. These are very few indeed. It is not unusual to find upon a farm of a thousand acres less than a dozen head of cattle, about as many hogs, and rarely is a sheep seen at all. The cattle pass the winter in the open air, where they are regaled upon wheat straw, and, naturally enough, at that season, afford an insufficient supply of milk and butter, even for domestic use. When grass puts out in the spring, they are just able to get to it, and the severity of their " winter keep" is not fully recovered from until the following July or August. The manure made from such sources is small in quantity and feeble in quality, and the residuum left by the winter rains is hauled out in the spring, and applied to the to- bacco lot. Assisted by "about 200 pounds"' of some one of the many fertilizers of the day, it yields in the fall five or six hundred pounds per acre of indifferent tobacco. The proceeds of this to- bacco, after it has been manipulated during the succeeding winter and spring, will about pay the hire and support of the laborers, who have, from first to last, been employed upon it. The wheat crop, Beetled, upon the tobacco lot of the previous year, has been injured by chinch bug. too much i;ain, or too little, and yields but a "sorry crop" — just enough, perhaps, to pay for the fertilizer aforesaid, and supply seed and a few barrels of flour for the family. All the corn is necessarily reserved for home consumption, as is the crop of oats ; and the baffled proprietor finds that, in spite of all the economy he supposes himself to have practiced, there are demands upon him which he has no means of meeting. Such, it is believed, is the condition of a large majority of the farmers of the Southside region of the State. It is an artificial one. Our beneficent Maker has not stricken the land with the sterility all this would imply. He but requires of us the use of the means he has placed at our disposal. The proper application of these means are illustrated in every land where agricultural prosperity prevails. If we read the lesson aright, it would teach us, among other things, the actual necessity of limiting our cultivation to the area upon which we can do thorough work ; of keeping, to the full capacity of our farms, improved stock of all kinds ; of increasing the quantity ami quality of home-made manures by fair feeding and precautions 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 601 against their waste; and of making profit from the manure machine- ry by the sale of beef, butter, mutton and wool. Are none of these things possible to us ? The heaviest cost we annually encounter, except in the gratification of our personal tastes and habits, is the pay and maintenance of laborers. Can we not reduce their number, and limit our cultivation to the surface which it is possible, in some way, to manure? If your present corn field of forty acres produces two barrels to the acre, can you not, by con- centrating your efforts on one half of that surface — by green ma- nures, thorough and timely culture — greatly increase the yield and sensibly diminish the cost of production? And Avill not this rule ap- ply as well to all the crops you cultivate ? It is believed that these questions can be answered in the affirma- tive. The matters involved in them are of vital importance, and our necessities demand immediate action in the direction to which they point. Let the farmer who has satisfied himself that his occu- pation, as now conducted, is profitless, prepare at once for a " new departure." Let him begin the use of green manures, as the readi- est and cheapest revenue at command — repeating, if necessary, upon the same surface. And should he obtain from them the benefit they elsewhere afford, let him not, after the good old Virginia custom, in such cases made and provided, forthwith abandon their use! He is poor, but he has a few cows. Let him contrive to feed and shelter them well duVing the coming winter, and, at the proper season, pro- cure them access to a thoroughbred bull. By continuing such care and management for a few years, at the end of them he will have an improved herd, from which profit can be derived. Meanwhile, let him make good use of the improved manure which he will find to be at once accumulating. It is not probable that he has a sheep. Let him contrive to procure six, if no more, and, if it be possible, breed them to a thoroughbred ram. Keep all the ewe lambs, and begin to feed the flock sparingly in early winter, that their digestive organs may be able to manage the full feeding which hard weather will re- quire. In a short time he will have as many sheep as he should have. Then, with a full herd and flock of improved animals, the further exercise of energy and common sense will greatly advance his position and prospects. They will not probably make a fortune for him, but will materially assist in securing bread, meat, and a home for his family. These blessings he now holds by a tenure which cannot even be called precarious. His efforts at rising out of his hereditary agricultural ruts will be greatly aided by the regu- lar reading of one or more of the agricultural periodicals of the day. "Without believing everything he finds in them, he can yet see what is elsewhere accomplished by the use of means wdiich lie in his own reach. The writer of this article, in but rehearsing to his fellow farmers what most of them know as well as he does, disclaims any assump- tion of uncommon wisdom, or the possession of its fruits. He is also their fellow sufferer ; and the picture he has drawn would 602 THE SOUTHERN [November scarcely be an exaggeration had he sat for it himself. He has. how- ever, at a comparatively earlier date, become restless in traveling alone the road to ruin, and earnestly looked out for some impedi- ment to his progress in that direction. He hopes to have found it. Clogged in every effort by want of money, he has slowly adopted' as manv of the expedients here indicated as have, so far. been possible to him : and while no great results have yet been achieved, has al- readv found grounds of encouragement. The manure from his farm, still discreditable in amount, has been nearly doubled, while the am- plitude of his manure heaps has effected a great economy in the guano department. His place is assuming an air of improvement, and his efforts, if not actually cheered by uthe gentle dawning of a bright success.'" are encouraged by the hope of their ultimately pro- curing under the blessing of Providence, exemption from some of the ills that now so heavily press upon the disheartened rural popu- lation of Southside Virginia. • M. B. Amelia County. Va. [Note by the Editor. — It is an absolute luxury to see an example like this. Our correspondent is one of the most accomplished gentlemen in the State, and we can bear witness to his untiring devotion to its interests, and his lively con- cern in everything tending to ameliorate the condition of our people. In such examples is to be found the power that will silentiv but surely work for us the changes that our necessities demand shall be made. The example of Father Oberlix. in the Ban de 7a Roche, changed for the better in temporal things, a whole Department. Our people are blessed beyond anything he had to encounter, and should respond with proportionately less pressure, and we know they will if those in our midst, to whom fortune has been kindest, will not abate their interest in the general well-being : and will put this interest into deeds, as our correspondent has done. We are glad to know that the condition of things, represented by our corres- pondent, is not universal on the Southside. We present an example : An esti- mable gentleman living in Surry county, gives this as his experience since the war : " I came out of the war without a dollar : I now own. paid for, three fine estates, and every cent of it was made out of the land." Upon being asked how he did it, when so many were complaining that there was nothing in the business, he answered, " By giving the same close and unremitting attention to my business that you people do in town to yours. I keep an absolutely accurate account with every field, and every terson on my estates. I take nothing for granted, but see that everything is in the shape I desire it. I know of no possible business in which I can make money as rapidly as I am making it now, and hence have no desire to abandon farming. I might groan forever over my losses in the past, but that will not make my pot boil." Why, now, should this gentlemau stand alone? Business ability is not confined to towns, it belongs to the race, and must be exercised if we expect to advance as other people have.] It does not make much difference how intelligent a man may be in other respects, nor how much capital he has to start with; if he has had no experience in the business, he lacks the main element of success. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. • 603 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] FARMING AS A BUSINESS. Problematical as it may seem to the casual observer, yet it is nevertheless true, that farming as a business in this country, and particularly in Virginia, pays less thau any of the principal occupa- tions of our people. The able statistician, Col. J. R. Dodge, of the Agricultural De- partment, in the Report for 1873, uses the following significant lan- guage: k*The returns for farm labor are substantially in inverse ratio to the numbers engaged in it." That is, that the census valua- tion of farm products are generally greater in those States having the largest proportion engaged in other industries, and vice versa smaller in those States having the largest percentage of their popu- lation engaged in agriculture. Let us contrast the most exclusively agricultural States with those least so. giving the percentages of farmers and the value of farm products to each person engaged in agriculture. Some allow- ance must, of course, be made for differences in the fertility of soil and the facilities for transportation to market : Per Cent. Value. Mississippi 81.29 Alabama 79.84 231 South Carolina.. 78.48 202 North Carolina 76.64 214 Virginia 59.26 211 Per Cent. Value. Nevada $801 Massachusetts 12.56 442 Rhode Island 13.30 404 New Jersey 21.32 676 Connecticut 22.05 606 In contrasting Virginia with New Jersey, we find that 59.26 per cent, of her population is engaged in agriculture, while in New Jer- sey only 21.32 per cent, are farmers : and while the value of the products in the former is only £211 per capita, in the latter it is (676 — more than three times as much. Virginia has but 11.97 per cent, of her population engaged in manufacturing, while New Jersey has 34.95 per cent, thus engaged; demonstrating clearly, as Adam Smith said, that "a strictly agricultural community can never be a prosperous one," and proving the influence of manufactures on the profits of agriculture. The statistics prove also another significant fact: that while the 31.90 per cent, engaged in manufactures in New Jersey earn each, males and females, annually, 8432. the 59.26 per cent, of Virginia farmers earn only $105.50. In order to ascer- tain the average earnings per capita of those engaged in agriculture in Virginia, we must take from the average value ta of farm products $211, the capital employed in the shape of lands, teams, tools, expenses, fcc., which, for convenience, we estimate at one-half. 604 • THE SOUTHERN [November This gives us $105.50 the actual earnings, which is too great, as any practical farmer knows, as the expenditure for labor is not half the cost 6f raising a crop. The following is compiled from the census of 1870, showing the earnings of operatives in the several industries mentioned: Wages per Capita Manufacturers — General $377 Do. Boots and shoes 463 Do. Cotton '. 295 Do. Wool 335 Do. Iron 564 Do. Leather 414 Do. Tobacco 356 Mining • 482 In some special manufactures requiring a high degree of skill the operatives earn much more, as in the manufacture of sewing ma- chines they earn $705 average. In the above tables only average results are given. In glancing over them and contrasting the earnings in manufactures and mining with the pittance to the poor, hard-working farmer, is it any wonder that so many of our active, enterprising young men desert the farm for something that pays better ? We must make farming more profitable, or they will continue to leave the avocation of their fathers. To enumerate all the causes that operate to depress farm industry would swell this article much beyond its desired limits. Want of system, defective cultivation, and bad management, all operate to lessen the profitable results from the farm. But the greatest hin- drance to, and weightiest incubus upon, profitable farming is the Exchanging element, aided by capital, combination, and corners that suck the life-blood of rural industry. Here colossal fortunes are made by depriving the hardy sons of toil out of their honest earnings. Aided by the professional element, they control legisla- tion, State and Federal, that operates to confer the greatest good upon the favored few. It's a shame on our government that agri- culture, which feeds all other industries, is barely left a meagre support, while other industries are fostered and encouraged to prey upon this foundation source of the nation's wealth. The legalized swindle of national banking robs the industries of the country annu- ally of nearly twenty millions of dollars, filched mostly from the pockets of the agriculturists. Money is liberally used to influence legislation in robbing the honest working people and to promote schemes for wholesale plunder. Rings and combinations have grown insulting and exacting, and openly advocate measures to in- crease their predatory powers. The press of the country, the educators of the masses, controlled almost entirely by men whose interest it is to cheapen subsistence, is profuse in praise of farming and rural pursuits, and lavish in advice to farmers' boys to stick to 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 605 the farm. If the editors and writers had ever earned their bread "in the sweat of their faces" on the farm, and borne the heat and burden of the hay and harvest field, they would then know how hard and discouraging it is to labor for $ 105 a year, the meagre compe- tence for a year's hard work. Sentinels of the nation's safety ! Guides of the country's progress! come to the rescue of the toiling masses who produce the meat and bread that feed and the staples that clothe the nation. Hard times are upon us, and no wonder, since agriculture languishes. Ceres, though loaded down with sheaves, stands ragged, sad and disconsolate, weeping o'er her for- lorn subjects. Yours the duty to relieve, to sustain, and to cherish her. Provide no more subjects until those she has are better cared for. To drop this mythological figure, there is something radically wrong somewhere, when farm labor fails to afford a decent support. No wonder that our lands are depreciated and homesteads for sale, whose once thrifty and happy owners are now hopelessly bankrupt. No wonder our prisons are filled with the nation's wards, and large sums drawn annually from the State treasury to defray criminal prosecutions, the bulk of which is for thieving. Disguise it as you may, Virginia farmers cannot afford to pay at present more than a bare support to laborers when in health. When sickness comes into the cabin of the laborer, want comes along with it, and the inmates steal for a living. The exchanging element would say, of any other commodity than subsistence, "increase the demand, and consequently the price, by limiting the supply." To raise no more than we can sell profitably, is the true economy. To reduce our surplus products to a paving standard, by a diversification of crops, and, as far as possible, raising everything and manufacturing what is needed on the farm, is the only way we can hope to succeed. To secure profitable diversifi- cation, we must increase the number of manufacturing industries, and bring about a healthier balance of supply and demand. We have only to follow in the lead of more prosperous communities to insure prosperity to our long-languishing industry. We must lessen the percentage of exchangers and increase the number of manufac- turers; raise more grass, more stock, and more manure; hire less help and do more work, especially brain work, if we expect better results. The picture we have drawn of Virginia farming, proven by facts and statistics, is indeed a dark one, but, nevertheless, it is true. If we would correct the evils that retard, and the wrongs that prey upon our industry, we must see our situation clearly and look our difficulties squarely in the face. Thank God, our situation is neither hopeless, nor the evils and wrongs that embarrass us irremediable. As a class, we are organizing for action. Slowly but surely will come deliverance and relief, if we are true to each other, to our families, and to ourselves. Self-interest, as well as the highest in- stincts of patriotism, demand that we shall assert our rights, pro- mote our happiness, and elevate our calling. As we support all, we 606 THE SOUTHERN [November must seek to promote the welfare of all, by laboring in every honor- able way to secure and perpetuate an honest and just government. We uiu^t seek to arrest the evil tendency of the age. For — •• ID fares the land, to hast'ning ills a pi Where wealth accumulates and men decay: Princes and lords may flourish, or may fade: A breath can make them, as a breath has made: But a bold peasantry, their country's pride. When once destroy 'd can neTer be supplied. Halifax county) Va. R. L. Raglabd. Note by the Editor. — It is needless to commend the ability of Mai. Raglaxd, for we all know it. There is no sign of the times in Virginia so hopeful as the growing disposition to fight radical evils. Capt. Chamberlayne. elsewhere in this book, sounds the slogan of change, and we trust he will not lack followe: brave a3 he is. If the "" exchanging element " works evil instead of good, it will have to be remodeled or abolished. If anything clogs the general progress, we are not true to ourselves if we cease our opposition until it is removed. B not the trouble more deep-seated than the " exchanging element." To us it ap- pears to be in the fatal policy we have ever pursued of dividing our power instead se superior to internal difficulties, which were never solved, and which weighed as a feather against the vital issue of her life a- a people. Are we a people in harmony? Witness the deplorable bitterne— feeling now existing between the towns and the country. Combinations of indi- viduals for the purpose of pelf avail nothing against a general unity of iutere: and this is proved, in the most unanswerable way. by the very figures the Major •~nts; for he shows that where manufactures prevail the agriculturist is more than three times as well orr as where they do not We want a stror ig Si and never tire of declaiming about our resources. What have we done with these resources? Not taken practical interest enough in them to have even a collection made of them, to say nothing of the provi- of a proper person to be ready at all times to explain where they are. what they promise, or anything at all about them. How ha^e we induced the establish- ment of manufactures ? By tob often holding the rights to our available water- power at prices that nothing but an insane man would give : and so keeping them, as millstones around our necks, to impoverish us (for they must pay tc. and our children after us. As the earth is of God's making, and not ours, no man has a right to hold any portion of it without either putting it to use himself or letting somebody else do it. Where factories have been established, bow have they been fostered? By diligently cursing the North, but sending to it for nearly everything we use. Wealth comes by the conversion of product* as well as by the growth of them : and every laborer's mouth to be filled in town h the price of every laborer's produce in the country. How do we provide mar. kets for ourproduc:- Stal a noted for rapid growth in wealth have one great central market, to which everything tends, because where there are the most buyers there will be found the most competition : and where there is the most competition there the best prices will be secured. This is a natural law too plaiu to be expounded. We in Virginia, on the contrary, have markets all over 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 607 the State, each one fighting the other, and none of them of sufficient prominence to make any particular figure in the markets of the country at large. And so on to the end of the chapter. m To make farming profitable, other things mast be made profitable too. fur a State is a complex affair: and it behooves our representative men. among whom the Major has long been prominent, to make the inquiry general and searching, and wherever defects exist (and we have shown they are not few) to see that a remedy is applied : and the sooner this is undertaken the better it will be for all of us. That better legislation than we have had is needed, we suppose no one will deny: but how it is to be done, with the negro as a voter, we are not prepared to say. Thus far, sheep and suffrage have not worked together, and the sheep have invariably gone down. With the vote of the negro, and demagogues to use it, there is a right good prospect of our bearing for some time longer the ills we have in this direction; for if we credit the announcements we see in the papers, about election time, signed " Many Voters," we are compelled to believe that men are to be found throughout the State who would not refuse to take office. Xo laborer, whether white or negro, has occasion to steal, if he will work. That the latter do steal, is as old as the race. " Negro," i-aid I. " horrid demon — net ro still, if slave or freedman — Think again before you answer this one question, I implore: Have you yet u" sense of feeling— do you mean to live by stealing, Or by working and fair dealing— tell me, tell me. I implore; On your honor, as a i)e,rro. will you labor as before?" Quoth the nejiro: "Jrenemore." [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] TOBACCO. The tobacco crop this year is said to be much larger than is usually made these latter days. It being the only crop upon which the planter can most confidently rely for the means to meet the onerous taxation imposed upon him, an increased area was planted. There were fine seasons for its growth, time enough for it to ripen, and the finest sort of weather for housing it. There are many ways practiced in curing it. If it was desired to have it dark, it. was cut and housed, and then, before it had time to yellow, moderate fires were left under it during the day until the leaf was cured, ami then increased so as to dry the stem, taking some seven or eight days for the process: but the heat should never be so great at any time as to force the oil out of the tobacco along with the water it contains. Others, after curing the leaf — taking for the purpose some three or four days — would stop the fires, and fire afterwards in damp weather to keep it from getting in soft order, the which, if permitted too often, will stripe the tobacco and make it chaffy . If one desired to cure his tobacco bright, it was permitted to remain either in the house or on the scaffold, a little crowded, until sufficiently yellow — the time for which would depend upon the temperature of the at- mosphere, it requiring a little warmth for the purpose; then firing Dove. Then, too, some permit it to remain on the scaffold to cure as long as the weather is fair, then firing afterwards when likely to get too soft. Others again hang it up in their bams as soon as cut, and leave it to cure in its own way. 608 THE SOUTHERN [November It having been thoroughly cured in some way, leaf and stem, the last of November, or any time thereafter when in suple order, it can be taken' down and packed on platforms, lapping the tobacco about a foot, and weighted ^but not very heavily), setting up pine bushes or wheat straw around the bulk to keep it from drying out. When the stripping commences, the tobacco should be well shaken to loosen it and to get rid of some of the dirt generally adhering to some of the lower leaves. A reliable hand should be selected to cull it, taking off the bottom leaves and those that are badly eaten by the worms. It is then thrown to an assorter, who looks over the plant hastily and throws it to the pile to which it belongs — to the long dark, or long bright, or short of both sorts, or separately, or to the lug pile. The long tobacco is tied up neatly in bundles of five leaves, with split ties of the same quality, taken most commonly from a torn leaf, or from one that has been injured by the worms. The ties should cover the ends of the stems and extend just low enough down — never more than an inch — to hold the leaves well together. Short tobacco is tied up in bundles of six leaves, and lugs of eight. The leaves in every bundle should be of the same length, except the lugs. The tobacco is packed as it is stripped, often in packs not longer than a tobacco stick ; and when the stripping is completed, and the weather favorable for the purpose, the whole is repacked in much longer piles, and heavily weighted. A little olive oil, or hog's lard, melted, used in the handling adds much to its appearance. The tobacco is taken from this pile and sold loose; or, if it is intended. to be kept on hand or prized in shipping order, it remains in the pack until the last of March or first of April, and is then rehung and dried out by having small fires under it, if the weather should not be favorable for the purpose. If it is permitted to get soft it loses all the benefit of having been repacked. After it is entirely dry, on some balmy day thereafter it can be taken down and repacked, and heavily weighted, ready for prizing, or to remain on hand safely for any length of time. The increase in the consumption of tobacco keeps pace, if it does not go beyond its production; so we need not be afraid of making too much — provided, it is of the best quality. Its use has become universal ; whether for good or for evil, let those who use it answer. Men of the highest standing in morality and religion, and of un- bounded influence, favor and practice its use. Princely fortunes are made by very many who engage in its traffic, while the planter gets very poorly paid for the large amount of dirty toil he undergoes in its cultivation, not one of whom coming under the writer's obser- vation ever made a fortune by its cultivation. In order to get the best paid for his labor, let every farmer improve the quality of his tobacco, and let buyers discriminate more in prices between a good and an inferior article, and then the Richmond tobacco market will be just what it ought to be — the best in the world. Chesterfield county, October 4th, 1875. W. W. H. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 609 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] SHEEP HUSBANDRY. The English date their improvement in agriculture from the time of their attention to sheep raising; but they had mutton-sheep only, ■whose droppings are like calves'. They raise immense crops of tur- nips for their food in winter. And it is this class of sheep my expe- rience is in. Your correspondents seem to consider the value of the ■wool alone. I consider the carcass the profit; wool pays for the keep — the more the attention and feed, the better the remuneration in both. • You think our farmers are disposed to raise sheep. I have al- ways noticed beginners have strong tendencies to extremes; some think they need no feeding — anything will do them; "they will eat the running brier by the yard." All this is a mistake. Thev require less than other animals, and they will nibble the tender end of briers; and if the brier was removed frequently, doubtless they would eat the tender shoots as they put out; but this they would f!o as an alterative, as you see cattle sometimes leave luxurious grass to eat old, dry straw Another erroneous idea — "sheep will bear crowding." Crowd sheep on the farm and they will skin it into poverty; not one will ever be fit for the butcher or the table; none will sell; consequently it will embarrass the owner to know what to do with them. He will have to adopt the plan I heard of : as win- ter approaches chase them, all he can catch cut their throats for the felt, as too weak to encounter the winter; and thus end in failure, loss, disgust, abandonment. Advise farmers entering into sheep husbandry to begin only with as many as they can furnish grass enough for in the summer and a moderate supply of food in the winter, a fair proportion of which should be of turnips or otlier roots, or cabbage leaves — especially for ewes; beans promote the growth'of wool. Increase the number as the means of keeping increases, always bearing in mind sheep of any kind will always do better in small than large flocks. I have now complied with your request in a very plain way, and short ; the latter you editors prefer. Clarke county, Va. J. "W. "Ware. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] NOTES AND ITEMS, No. 2. In speaking of peas, in the October No. of the Planter, I re- marked that I was growing the black and another variety called the shinney. My attention was first called to this pea years ago, when farming in another State, by reading the essay of Mr. Ruflin, re- ferred to in the last number, and I then tried, unsuccessfully, to ob- tain a supply of seed. I have this year grown some two acres of this variety, and am very well pleased with it; indeed, for the pur- poses to which I put the pea, I prefer it vastly, as far as one year's 610 THE SOUTHERN [November experience can go. to the black, or. indeed, any pea I have ever grown. Mr. Boffin's description of this pea is so accurate, and his estimate so just, that I cannot do better than to quote his exact words. H^ Bays : The motile! or shinney pea. which has been so much celebrated in latter years, differs in some respects from all others. The seeds are of a light brownish color, thickly streaked or mottled with deeper brown. It is deemed by farmers who have tried it longer and more fully than myself, to be one of the heaviest vine-bearers, and also by far the most productive in grain. Mr. Robert Chisholm, of Beaufort. S. C. in 1850, first brought this pea into general no- tice. This gentleman, whose intelligence and observation deserve all ect, made careful comparisons, both by observation and by weigh- ings of this with other then most valued kinds of pea, and reported of them as follows, in the American Farmer, of May. l^ol : From the few seeds first obtained and planted in the spring, he gathered the earliest ripe seeds, and sowed them a^ain in Ju!v. along with the '■v pea (or buff?), obtained from four different localities, a red pea ''called there the " Chickasaw ") said to be very productive, and also another favorite early pea. The products of seeds were not measured ; but. to the eye, there was no doubt as to the superior production of the shinne Subsequently, for accurate experi- ment and comparison. Mr. Chisholm had gathered separately and weighed the pod* - g ^hered, from measured spaces of three kinds, and found them as follows : A quarter acre of a favorite kind of red pea yielded of pods.. 280 lbs do. do. of "cow peas r" (query, buff?) . 82 " An acre of Shinney peas, alongside of the cow peas, lbs. 1288 or to the quarter acre. .... 322 " It is probable that the much greater weight of the pods of the shinney pea was in some measure increased by the greater thickness of the covering hulls of this variety. Still, there must have been an important increase of the grain alone. This mottled or shinney pea 1 saw in Fendleton. South Carolina, in 1843. and heard it recommended as a valuable kind by different farmers. One of them was the Hon. Job ilhoun, who gave me a supply of seed. After some years trial and of comparison by the eye of this with various other kinds. I abandoned the mottled pea. for some of its peculiarities which recommended it to other per- sons. These were — 1-:. the long time of successive ripening of the pods, requiring different times of gathering, and slow work. 2d. The difficulty of beating out the seed from the hard, tough and closely joined hulls. But neither these nor any other objections counterbalance the greater productiveness of the mottled pea — which quality I aid not test by measurement, and therefore did not suspect. ***** It was also noted, as a peculiar value found in the mottled pea, that the vines were pulled up, still green and full of leaves, after most of the pods were ripe, and were thus cured for hay. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 611 This last peculiarity noticed by Mr. Ruffin is one that recommends it very highly to me. To-day, after three light frosts, the black pea vines are entirely denuded of leaves, and the stalk apparently dried, while the shinney is full of perfectly ripe peas and green, luxuriant leaves, and the stem still green and succulent. I have used an acre or two of peas for feeding my horses and milch cows in the stable, and find them superior to the best clover, with oats as grain feed; while with the pea no grain is required. The peas cut for this pur- pose were the black, and the ground being in good heart, they ran and intertwined so thickly as to render mowing a difficult task The shinney pea grows more upright, with very little disposition to run, and I think, without having a great deal of experience, will be far preferable as a crop for feeding green on this account. Another advantage that it possesses for this purpose is that the peas, when fully ripe, are very difficult to shell out ; while the black pea, if ripe, will, if cut, after being exposed to the sun until dry, shatter out very badly. With my limited experience, it would, per- haps, be presumptious in me to express a positive opinion of the merits of the pea as a forage crop. But as I have been practising soiling to a greater or less extent for ten years, and during that time have tried almost everything that has ever been used for the purpose, I feel at least that I may say what my own practice for the future shall be, unless my experience is different in the future from what it has been in the past. I shall hereafter devote at least one half of the land hitherto devoted to rye, oats and sowed corn for soiling to the growing of peas for that purpose, as 1 am satisfied that more and better food can be raised in this way, and at less detriment to the land. Indeed, I am inclined to think that, as in the case of clover, the entire crop grown may be removed from the soil, and the roots will improve the land. I have somewhat modified my views about the best method of planting peas. Until this year, I have been very much in favor of drilling them in, in rows two feet apart, and run- ning the coulter between the rows. I believe now, for the general crop, I prefer broadcasting. My reasons are that you get more vine and vastly more roots by broadcasting than by drilling, and that the latter are thoroughly distributed through the entire soil. One and a quarter bushels of the shinney pea or one and three quarters of the black is about the right quantity for an acre. Two years ago I bought a peck of small, round, white pea, called by the grocer of whom I bought them the Gallivant. These were sown broadcast about the middle of July on a piece of very poor, sandy land, and superphosphate at the rate of 200 pounds per acre sown with them, and the whole harrowed in together. The peas came up finely, and made a splendid growth, and by the last of Sep- tember, when they were turned under to prepare land for strawber- ries, they stood about two feet high, very thick, and full of peas, only a few of which were ripe. This pea I found was a bush va- riety, and ran very little, if any. I speak of it now because I think it would be an excellent thing to sow in corn at the last plow- 612 THE SOUTHERN [November ing. as it would give a very fine growth before frost, and not inter- fere in any way with the pulling of fodder or cutting up the corn. The seed being very small, a bushel, or even less, would be sufficient to seed an acre. Buckwheat may be sown the same way, and gives a very good crop on good land without any apparent injury to the corn crop. As a means of putting all the stock on the farm in splendid condition in the fall at a very small expense, I consider these two crops, grown in this way. invaluable. Hogs turned into a corn field where the peas are plenty will scarcely ever touch the corn, and nothing will put them forward faster. My observations in the gathering of the crop of peas this fall has convinced me that superphosphate will pay when applied to this crop. Next year I shall use 100 pounds per acre on all my peas, and 200 pounds on some as an experiment — being fully convinced that it will pay in the long run better than upon any other crop I can apply it to. About plowing in peas. I find myself compelled to differ from most persons, though Mr. Ruffin seems inclined to the same opinion with myself. I do not think that the crop should be plowed in when green and succulent, but that it is best to wait until it has fully ma- tured, and has shrunken very much in bulk. Indeed, I do not know but that it may be plowed in with equal advantage at any time dur- ing the winter. The leaves of peas are very soft, and decay rap- idly, and when they fall upon the ground they appear to cling to it, and are scarcely ever blown away. Many of those of this season's growth that fell from the vines two or three Aveeks ago. are now nearly entirely decayed, and stick to the soil as if they were glued there, and the soil all through the field is dark with them. FEEDING HOGS. The most common practice, both in Virginia and Northward, is to put hogs to fatten in a small, dry pen, and then feed them the most concentrated food. This I cannot think is the best method, and repeated experiment has proven to me that it is not the most economical. Hogs should be put to fatten when they come off the stubble fields, that they may not lose the impetus of growth and improve- ment they have acquired in gleaning the fields. I have found a small field of rye sown for the purpose excellent to give hogs a start, as it sheds them off nicelv. and starts them to growing finelv. When taken off of rye. they should be put on clover, and fed corn mode- rately until green corn is a little past the proper condition for roast- ing years. The corn should then be cut up and fed to them stalk and all as long as the stalk is green, after which it should be shucked and given to them in the field. I know that many will say that the hogs will run all the fat off of them if allowed so much range : but a hog that has enough to eat will not travel any more than just enough to obtain clover and grass sufficient to preserve his health. Of course, if any one has a pea field, that will answer very well in the place both of clover and corn, though I prefer feeding corn an 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 613 the time. Pumpkins are an excellent substitute for grass, and tur- nips will answer, though not so well. Hogs should at all times, and especially when fattening, have a supply of charcoal by them. It is astonishing how much they will eat. Every one has observed that hogs that are fall fed on corn and closely confined Avill lie and pant, even in cold weather. This is caused by the heating effects of the corn, and arises from a feeling really similar to the heart burn in the human subject. The free use of charcoal neutralizes all acids in the stomach, and hogs that have it to go to at all times will never suffer in this way. It is much more economical to fatten hogs in warm than in cold weather, and they will then consume much in the way of green food that the frost will destroy. All things consid- ered, I think a hundred pounds of meat can be made in August. September and October for about one half what it costs to make it in November, December or January. Chester. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] WARNING TO VIRGINIA FARMERS. What has caused the ruin of many nations once powerful and prosperous ? History proves that in most cases it was the deteriora- tion and devastation of the soil ; and no nations have ever maintained themselves that did not preserve the elements of its existence, and that of their increase; and all countries where the soil did not get back from the hands of man the elements essential for the return of good yields, have fallen into desolation and sterility. The belief with which many people comfort themselves, that the land in Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Italy, which once yielded large crops, can ever again be made permanently productive, is completely idle and vain. The emigration from Ireland will therefore last another century, and the population of Spain and Greece can never exceed a certain very narrow limit. Ever since this country was first settled its inhabitants have carried on the most rapacious sys- tem of farming, and the present generation is aware that it must suffer for the sins of it* ancestors. The first settlers raised crops after crops on the virgin soil until the yield declined, when the larger number of them moved farther west, looking for another chance to repeat their destructive operation, while those who re- mained behind have been, and are trying now, to worry out of the soil as much as they possibly can, instead of economizing and re- turning what they have taken out of it. The only efficient remedy against that chronic disease is manure. No system of farming is remunerative for any length of time without manure. Thorough and clean cultivation of the soil, a judicious rotation of crops, with the use of clover and grass, may delay the deterioration of the soil, but not prevent it. The time is bound to come when the land will be too poor to produce clover and grass. Commercial fertilizers, plaster, lime, &c, are in many cases very useful for assisting the effects of manure, but not more. The appli- 614 THE SOUTHERN [October cation of this remedy is the more difficult as the patient does not comprehend his condition. The farmers are like a consumptive, whose looking-glass shows him, in his imagination, a picture of healthfulness, who even interprets favorably the most appalling symptoms of the disease and his most severe sufferings, complain- ing only of a little tiredness. So the farmer is complaining only of a little tiredness of his land — there is nothing else the matter with it. The consumptive thinks that a toddy would restore his strength, but the physician does not allow it, because it furthers the develop- ment of the disease. In the same way the farmer thinks that a little guano would help his land, while with the use of it he is only hastening its complete exhaustion. It takes years before an insolvent, bad manager declares himself bankrupt. He does not give up the delusive hope of rescue before he has ruined his relations and friends, and before his last silver spoon is put in pawn. Likewise the descent of nations to the con- dition of poverty and desolation is a slow process of self-destruction, which can last many hundred years before people are aware of the disastrous consequences of their portentous system of farming, when they generally try to help with improvements, each of which is a memorial of the exhaustion of the soil. The fact that nearly every farmer considers his system of farming to be the best, and that his land will never cease to yield, has caused the most complete carelessness and indifference about the future, as far as it is dependent on agriculture. So it was with all nations which have caused their ruin by their own doings, and no political wisdom will save this country from that fate if the people do not give the proper attention to the signs of the impoverishment of the soil, and to the earnest warnings and teachings of history and sci- ence. The land in Virginia is not so far exhausted yet that the present yield of crops could not, in the course of a few years, be doubled, with the help of those materials which have heretofore been improperly wasted. Would that not furnish a basis to settle the question of the public debt upon ? — a question about which many ineffectual plans have been proposed. The owners of land are the only class in Virginia who can pay the public debt, and if they do not their full share toward redeeming the honor of the State, the debt might just as well be repudiated at once. Nelson county, Va. Lons Ott. [Note by the Editor. — Such warnings must not only be sounded, but acted upon. The Hon. George P. Marsh has done in America a special service in this direction. His work, " The Earth as Modified by Human Action" shows us the manner in which man has treated his inheritance, and that, from the be- ginning, he has been |the " lord of creation," with a vengeance. This book is made to last ; and no thinking man, especially in agriculture, can have by him a companion who will prove more suzgestive, or enable him better to regulate his conduct as a part of the complex machinery the Almighty has set in motion on the earth.] 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 615 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE PROPER ECONOMY IN THE TREATMENT AND AP- PLICATION OF MANURES Is one of the most importance in the practice of agriculture ; but the main object of the farmer generally, seems to be to get his manire out of the way and give employment to the man and team when there is nothing else to do ; therefore he employs leisure time, no matter when, to draw out and spread the manure; no mat er in what condition the land or the manure, he gets it out of the way. and trusts Providence for some further benefit. Suppose our capitalists should invest their capital in that way, they would soon be as poor as our farmers are. How should they do ? They should make a depression in the barn yard, large enough to hold all the wash of the manure heap, and pave it with cobble st< na or concrete and cover it with a coat of water, lime and mortar, well laid on, so as to make it water-tight. Place the manure where the drain- age will all be deposited in this tank, let the winter rains leach it — the more the better. If there should not be rain enough, it will pay to procure water in some other way, as water is the best absorbent of all soluble food for plants, and must be the medium through which all nourishments reach their roots, therefore the sooner barn yard manure is made into a solution, the more will be preserved for appli- cation directly to the growing plants, which is the most economical way to apply all soluble manures. As soon as the cattle are turned out of the yard in the spring the manure should be sheltered from the sun, but not from the rain. A slight covering of earth with straw over it ; if straw be too valuable, weeds or worthless litter, such as "woods trash," or pine chips from the wood shed, or brush will do as well. All the winter manure that has been well leached, should be made into hot-beds to start, and also to grow early vegetables in, if there be more than is wanted for starting. Hot-beds may remain the second year as cold frames, with an ad- ditional covering of fresh earth to advantage, which is an economical way of composting long manure that has been leached ; the earth covering will arrest the escaping gases while it is being transformed into humus, the most valuable of insoluble manures, it being capable of re-absorbing as much food for plants as has been set free in the process of its own formation, and giving it out to their roots on their application. All soils, Avhether cultivated or not, are more or less active at all times in collecting and setting free their fertilizing qualities, received from the winds and rains and other sources. The soil that contains the best proportion of humus, will retain the most of the passing plant food, until their roots < all for it ; but it is best that all soluble manures should be retained in their solution, until the seed to be nourished by it is planted, as it is all ready to be utilized by the plant. It is also ready to be set free by the soil in its continued ac- 616 THE SOUTHERN [November tion, and pass off in gas and water unless arrested by the roots of plants, therefore all soluble manures should be applied in a - solution to growing crops, as the most economical in every i The insoluble part should be composted or made into he :- . - Is and u?el for two or three years as cold frames, well covered with earth until it has been converted into hnmra it ma} be plowed deep into the soil, if not too dry, and there left until transformed into humus by the soil. D. S. Howard. field county, Va. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] ORCHARI Is it not a shame that Virginia — one of the best States in the Union for fruit-raising — should allow thousands of barrels of pears and other fruits of all kinds to be shipped from the North, and even from California to Richmond? Fruit-raising is urn: the most profitable as well as pleasing and agreeable crop that can be raised on a farm. If I have been rightly informed, the editor of the Country Gentleman states that every acre of bearing orchard is worth a thousand dollars, and will pay an interest on the same. I do not think $100 a year so large a sum to clear off of an acre of bear- ing orchards, and it is very common for a careful fruit-grower to clear $500 from a single acre. Now, if the fruit business pays - well, and is such a pleasant business to engage in, why do not more farmers in Virginia engage in it ? The only answer I can find to this question -is the want of money to start with. Now, I have a plan by which every farmer owning a farm capable of supporting his family, can get money enough to buy L take care of them and in from 5 to 10 years have an orchard one- half as large as his farm. Let us suppose me, A, owns a farm of 200 acres. Mr. A's first step is to sell one-half his farm, which we will suppose he gets $40 an acre for. or 8-1 it takes | an acre, or $1,000. to buy the trees and plant the remainii g acres. He hus now left $8,000 which he will put out at interest 10 per cent., and let him so" draw on the amount that at the end of 10 years (when all his trees are paying) he will use up the and principal. This amount with what he can make off of the re- maining half of his farm will enable him to live easier in thr years than he could possibly have done otherwise : and now how will we find him at the end of the ten years ? He has acres instead of 200 ; but his 100 acres are worth, according to the editor of the Country Grtntleman. $100,000 if properly mans, while had he kept his 200 acres the whole farm would probably not be worth $10,000. It would require some this, >nJ ~ - a sure thing if the details are properly carried out. A business man would not hesitate a minute in such a case, neither should a farmer. Do not wait until your neighbor has succeeded ; it will then be too late. " Faint heart never won fair I W. F. Tallam. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 619 PUBLIC SPIRIT. [This Address was delivered the 23d of June last, at Randolph Maeon College, by John Hampden' Chamberlayne, Esq., and we ask for it the diligent exami- nation of every reader of the Planter and Farmer.] When one who is neither thinker nor orator, neither famous nor learned, is asked to aid in such a celebration as yours, he may well be doubtful both to choose what he shall say and how he shall say it. Lie has been in the rough work of life, you in the quiet school. He has been proving, limiting, enlarging and not seldom forgetting the rules and the theories you have been learning and discussing. He must allow for a thousand disturbing forces, your study has been of principles, simple because abstract. He has dealt with men and things, you with pure ideas. If he would amuse you and 'only amuse, you would hold him forgetful of your dignity. .Yet, if he should try to enforce or to add to the lessons you have here learned of able teachers in pure science or the arts which use it, in logic or its rhetoric clothing, in the genius of your mother tongue or the literature which is its fruit, then you might justly smile at his presumption. In such a difficulty, he must trust to your good will, and hope the few thoughts he lays before you may atone by their honesty for their lack of brilliancy or of polish. And yet, after all is said, the lessons we learn in youth are not all that manhood knows ; the drill-ground still fails to teach some- thing that the battle needs ; and so, without presumption, I may, perhaps, ask your attention to subjects doubtless outside your curri- culum, yet, doubtless, worthy of your care. From the school, call it University, Seminary, College or Acad- emy, we go forth, some to the pulpit, some to trade, some to the desk, some to the field or mine, some to the forum, seen of men, and some to the humbler labor of the hand at plow, or loom, or anvil. Yet, in a sense, we are all one, for whatever else we be, we are still citizens, and I venture to ask you for a moment to consider that large part of your civic duty which is roughly summed up in the term Public Spirit. m Do not think this term forebodes a lecture on politics, or that I 6hall so much as name the name of a party. Far higher than party and politics lives this spirit, far deeper lies its strength than laws and statutes, far wider its province than Legislatures and Con- gresses. From it all these things are sprung. By its growth you shall measure the march of man from his primeval cave to his free city, for by its force was bridged the gulf between the lonely sav- age, shivering and hungry, and civilized man, master of the earth and wiulding the powers of nature. This great principle has shown itself independent not only of codes, but of climates and religions. It has flourished under des- potisms and decayed in republics ; it has ennobled Pagans and it has by times refused to adorn theocracies ; it has lived though op- pressed by evil laws, and it has all but died where each man was 620 THE SOUTHERN [November free to do what was right in his own eyes. Its splendor made famous the petty states of Greece, the little republics of Italy, and the Arab Empire in Spain ; its death foreboded the downfall of B and its absence left the huge powers of Asia a prey to the first comer. Poland fell because she lacked it. the Irish Kelt with all his virtues has been a slave for the want of it. and its force made the Northman the founder of the modern world, and carved out for him kingdoms wherever he set his foot, from the shore of the nar- row seas to the beauties of Sicily and the desert of J',i lea. Let us not think then that freedom or formal belief, climate or fertile soil, pride of birth or glorious memories can give us Public Spirit, and, beyond all. let us not set down content that we have it and satisfied with our own virtue, a virtue that will never preserve us. if it live only in our infancy. To define Public Spirit would be hard, and is happily needless. We all know it to mean, in general terms, a devotion to the public, the common good, an active desire to advance in all directioi progress of the society we belong to. the State whereof we are mem- bers. It is not hostile but complimentary to individuality of char- acter, and it waxes great where, as in England, individual force is everywhere apparent, in thought and art, in theology or in trade, or even in manners or dress, just as it wanes and dwindles where some absorbing tyrant, some Augustus or Torquemada or I leon impresses one shape on all men, and where as once in Scotland the Kirk, and always in China, ancient prescription moulds in one mould the minds of generations. Needless to say that the first requisite to Public Spirit is knowl- edge, knowledge general and knowledge special. To touch on the general knowledge needed is beyond my province, as also that branch of the special knowledge by which you follow our race in other lands, to see how our literature grew, and in what forms our thought is embalmed. But there is a special knowledge mo:\ cial yet than this, and which is perhaps of necessity left out of the studies through which our schools conduct you, and I ask you to look with me into the past^ of our Commonwealth of Virginia to learn from her story how, with the strength of her public spirit, her power and fime both rose and fell, and to inquire why once and again that spirit grew and flourished, yet in one long period sick- ened and pined away. Virginia passed through a peculiar development, and one little acted on from without. She was settled for the most part by races of strong individuality, English in the low lands; ScDtch-Irish and Dutch in the valley, and French Huguenots grouped here and there on her tidal streams. Lovers of the field and farm rather than of the counting-house or the factory, her people found them- selves holding a territory complete in itself, and furnished with frequent rivers which so met everywhere the needs of their trade as to forbid its concentration. Thus they lacked the bonds of co- hesion which cities give, and living in rude abundance they repro- 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 621 djiced here much such a society as that which in England Fielding drew and Walpide corrupted. Among them, therefore, we should look to find much strength of individual character, with loose Bocial ties and little public spirit. But one element is yet to count. This Virginia of colonial days was essentially an aristocracy. Without going into the vexed questions whether the first colonists were gentry or convicts, whether our historic names were brought to us by debauched spendthrifts and transported felons, or by cadets worthy to fight by John Smith's side and to sail with \\ alter Ra- leigh, "we must still agree that the Old Dominion was ruled by a landed aristocracy. Now, aristocracies, so their base be wide enough, are favorable to the growth of public spirit. This aristocracy was widely rooted in the respect of the people, was trained in the learn- ing of Europe and cherished here at Williamsburg, the pursuit of knowledge, adding to public grants such private gifts as made of William and Mary the greatest and the richest foundation of learn- ing in the New World. It was forced, too, to master by wise coun- sel, as well as active work, the roggedness of nature, the craft of the Indian, and the prowess of the Frenchman. At all events, when the colonies had outgrown their bands and the war of Independence gave birth to a new people, in ^ irginia of all the colonies we find the most public spirit. Not. mark you, the quickest flare of revolt, not the noisiest clamor of passion, but that deliberate conviction of duty, that steady devotion to the coro- na _m purpose, that power of organization, that trust each man gave his neighbor, that persistence under failure, and that firm confidence in the event which, toucher, make of mobs armies, of rebellions revolutions, and of scattered provinces a great people. That whole period from the debate at the Burgesses House to the decision at Yorktown, from the provincial declaration of the Apollo Hall in Raleigh Tavern to the treaty of '83, was instinct with pub- lic spirit. In Washington stripping his own Virginia of means and men to seek the common good at Boston and New York. In Henry, straining every nerve as Virginia's Governor, to hold up the hands of Washington. In Nelson, devotii g his house to the guns of his countrymen, and giving his estate to the public purse ; in that Roman matron who .bade her sons come back no more to their Valley home, if on their heels Tarleton should ride: in Henry Lee of the Legion, never losing trust in the great nlan and the greater genius of his commander, and with his little troop covering the long, long retreat from middle Georgia to Dan river, to become, at length, part of that great leaguer to which gathered at Yorktown, Lafayette from the Valley, Washington from Long Island, and Rochambeau from the Windward I>les. These things are an oft told tale, and when war was done and peace came with tasks yet harder, when destruction ended and con- struction began, when the pullers down were called to be builders up, that same public spirit lived to ends yet greater and on a scale far wider. Then Virginia created the Union despite the loss to her 622 THE SOUTHERN [November which prophetic Henry saw, then Washington gave eight years of his mature wisdom to his country, and then, likewise, with self- denial almost above the human, laid down a power well nigh abso- lute ai.d wisely, as few of the sons of men are wise, warned his countrymen to limit his great office, whether worth'ly held by stitesrnan or patriot, or. as might be, in other days, made the prize of intrigue or the spoil of some lucky captain. Then Virginia ceded the boundless Northwest, and then she consented to make herself in the Senate small as Rhode Island. Then at one blow she abol- ished entail, primogeniture and the privileged church. Then Mad- ison taught all the country through the Federalist. Marshall laid the foundations of our jurisprudence, and John Taylor, of Caroline, raised the empirics of the farm to the science of agriculture. On every hand, from 1775 to 1*25. we find Virginia full of vigor at home, respected and powerful abroad, because full of public spirit. With further instances I will not weary you, the rather as we easily remember what we take pride in and because I have a sadder task, but I hope more useful. With the year 1825 the heroic period of Virginia may be said to end, and a decadence followed which we are apt enough to forget, but which to study is our highest duty, since the lessons it teaches are needful — yesterday, to-day and to-morrow — if our decadence is to be followed bv steadv and long- continued progress in strength and power. The decline of Virginia's power is generally acknowledged, but you will often hear men say it was comparative only and not posi- tive, and that whatever its extent it was due to the democratic ele- ment of our institutions and sprang from universal suffrage, for, be it known to you, there still lives among us a class of minds to which Democracy is as the red flag to the bull, and whose religion it is to pronounce the ballot-box anathema maranatha. N w, I am here to preach no politics, but, as observers of affairs and students of history we can see this view is false. The deca- dence could not be caused by universal suffrage, because the suffrage was not extended till long after the decay was plain. It could not be caused by democracy, because no such effect followed the estab- lishment of extreme democracy and the widest limit of suffrage, both before in New England, and afterwards in the new common- wealths of the West. Moreover, to take a wider view, public spirit, and with it the most splendid prosperity, has been seen in countries the most democratic, in the best days of Athens, in Rome when at length the plebeians had seized a full share of power, in the Free Cities flourishing by their democracy amidst robber barons and petty kings. Public spirit, and with it prosperity, blessed the cantons of • iss amidst their snows, and grew, thriving and indestructible, in the Hollow Land, guiding and shielding the raging Democracy of those Becrgrars of the Sea. true Sons of Civilis and of Herman, who held their free rights against Alva and Torquemada and all the wrath and power of the Empire which girdled the world with the same constancy wherewith their race conquered and still holds their teeming soil from the hungry waves of the Northern Ocean. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 623 Leaving these narrow notions, all too straight to fit the facts, let us see when and why this decadence of Virginia took place. I venture to date its beginning in the year 1825, and to call it absolute. If relative, then it depended on the progress of her neighbors, but we know their progress was not yet begun. The great West was still all but a wilderness, and not yet the granary ar once and the market of New York and Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore. The Appalachians still barred the way from East to West, and the single point where nature leveled them had not vet been seized by the genius of Clinton. The Erie Canal was opened to traffic only in 1827, and only then New York began to be a city. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was onlv begun iu 1827. and in 1830 Baltimore was still a stra^- gling village. The Pennsylvania Central was hardly a project, and the Eludson and Erie Roads not even dreams. The coal of Penn- sylvania had not been opened, and the cotton of the South was yet but insignificant, the whole product being, in 1825, but 720,000 bales, not enough either to invite the people of Virginia to its cul- ture in the South or to furnish to New England those mines of wealth, the factories of Lowell and Falls River and Lawrence. Till 1815 Virginia led all the States in power and in influence; from '15 to '25 she stood still, and then for long years she grew weak from day to day. The race of The Fathers was dead or dying. Washington, first in death as in life, had departed in 1779; Jefferson had yet one year of labor for us : Madison still held at Montpelier assemblies whither came the eminent of all lands to hear the oracles of expe- rience, and Marshall still adorned the bench. But The Heroes nearod their natural limit and none followed to take their place. With Monroe ended the era of Virginia Presidents, if we except, as we must, the accident of Harrison and the blunder of Tavlor. To . Madison was to succeed Tyler, to Washington, Wingfield Scott. The interval is long, but not longer than the step from the fruit- ful period to the barren. What labor prodigious and what noble aims made splendid that fruitful time! Marshall, creating a system of law, yet found time to give us his life of Washington. Taylor's great estates and his profound inquiries into agriculture, gave employment for a life, yet his work, Construction Construed, opposed to the sentiment of the time and defaced with every crabbedness of style, is yet a monu- ment of thought. Henry Lee's leisure produced his " Memoirs," an essay of military history, solid as Thucydides, glowing as Na- pier, and to-day the only fit record of the transcendant powers of the greatest soldier of English blood. Look where you will, de- voted labor and lofty thought is seen. Washington founded the college whiph long bore and still should bear his name alone ; he attacked the Dismal Swamp and projected water ways through it which should make a Virginian city the port of North Carolina, a work but within the last decade completed; Washington, again, 624 THE SOUTHERN [November his mighty aid to the great rlesign of drawing together the -apeake and Ohio, and thus, whilst Clinton was still . a "S irgiiiiari surveyed the route and made the plans highways of commerce between the seaboard and that v. sf d, which, then a wild ji •" would be the home of em- I the hive of men. Madison, too. bent his great mind to dra: _ m that should create on the Virginian shores of Che - e city of the mid- Atlantic, the city which, through the _'nia. is now found on Patapseo s narrow rson. not content with the part he played in the Revolution, in the chair of Virgin. . _ .-.:._ .- . :. 7 to France, and eight years in the Wa.te House, both the tomato and the rice plant, and md time to invent a plow; Jefferson, whose Declaration made an epoch in the history <"»f man. and whose Notes on Virginia even vet nsider Jefferson, hoarding the golden sand of his : his fortune, leaving his children and his - ountry. completing, ere he died, and starting in its noble work the is last, and mayhap, if he had lived to guide it, his best gift to his kind. ge, the days of action and of thought to noble it the time of torpor and almost death. To t it, 1 : .... will seem exaggeration. But, hi truth, to ex- hard. In all dii ok the downward path or sat still and weak. Virg a irth to the Constitution : she had overthrown the false reading Adams made of it; she had furnished presidents for eight out of nine terms, and directed the policy of the country 1 abroad. Now she iffer Van Buren and to be eaction that thrust Harrison forward. : 182i chosen arbitrarily or because then John us entered the White House. In history, literature, - well as politics, the age of production was gone; that of compilation and of commentary had come. The notes on Vir- ...-:. and the series of Supreme Court decisions be- long to the Fo 8C Bond, mere compilations and commentaries lib and Tuckers, and a mass of pleas for half forgot. nnig from these provinces of thought to those material things : _ :■:- at once prizes and affects to contemn, we find no progress. I: the . g period from IS'25 to 1855 Virginia made no discovery of physical acts, set on foot no new industries, her old mines were abandoned, new ones remained unopened, her railroads crept pain- fully ten m: Fhe canal, losing its first impulse, fell back on Stat g hed and stood still, a costly failure. Lines of juely projected, and meaning little effected thing but to punish individual inertn .e creation of a burdensome public debt. One line, diverted from its true cc nrae by every accident or whim, halted ten years at the Blue Ridge and 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 625 gave up the ghost at Mill Mountain, leaving on miles of hills and valley the skeleton of a work never inspired by faith and purpose; the other line on the south of the Jam.es dragged tediously its scat- tered links and abandoned quite the plan of the few who founded it and reckoned without their host in counting on a Public Spirit no longer awake. Thus, on the one side was "left Northern Virginia and the lower Valley and the wealth of farthest Potomac to be severed from the State and gathered by the grasp of Baltimore: and thus on the other ihe riches of the Southwest, and the products of Tennessee and North Georgia and Kentucky, were left to find what market they might, and to beat in vain on the walls of nature's making, which in other States man was piercing, but which the sloth of Virginia .suffered to hem her in. Whilst Pennsylvania explored her coal and iron, Virginia let a wilderness still stretch pathless between the ores of cis-Alleghany and the coals of Kanawha. Still the harbor of Elizabeth vainly offered her roadstead, fit for the navies of the world, and vainly still ran down by the hills of Richmond an infinite power. Agri- culture alone made a show of prosperity, and that only on the fer- tile banks of our rivers, on the grassy hills of Piedmont, and among the thrifty dwellers of the Yalley. Elsewhere waste was the rule and want the consequence ; the white population of many counties absolutely decreased, and deer and beaver throve undisturbed where once Carters and Byrds, Blands and Spottswoods and Berkeleys had discharged the duties of the citizen and adorned the pleasures of the host. Here and there one still remained, like Edmund Ruffin the farmer, like Joseph Cabell the canal builder, like Fon- taine or Tunstail. faithful to their ideas. The iron and the flouring mills of Richmond, still in time of dearth, showed how plenty might be had. Here and there a forge was still fitfully hot, and from the hills of Charlottesville and Lexington and the ancient city of Williamsburg the light of culture still feebly shone, but seemed to shine in vain. Public spirit, in truth, was all but dead. No museums were es- tablished, no libraries endowed, no schools founded. The outer world we left to itself, or appeared at Washington to talk of a power gone from us. Our Legislature grew to be a scene of small intrigue, where the common good was-forgotten and log-rolling re- placed patriotism. New York debated, extended, and completed her Erie canal; Baltimore devised her road to the lakes; while Vir- ginia legislators swore and sweated and scrambled over a mud pike from Poverty Hill to Scuffletown. Culture itself minished and dwindled. The University was soon willing to lose the great names that Jefferson had called to her aid, yielded to the public sentiment that distrusted free thought, and preferred men safe to keep the beaten track ; and having once had Bonnycastle, Long, ami Key, boasted now, and with justice, of her Harrison and her Rogers, but, in spite of their genius and labors, followed more and more, as years went on, a science that never in- 626 THE SOUTHERN [November quired except of book.?, a philosophy of vague eclecticism, and a sys- tem of teaching where the spirit of thought gave place 'to the spirit of "cram." The ancient foundation of William and Mary, despoiled by the Revolution of all her wealth, yet long maintained her strength of spirit and love of culture. In 1779 Jefferson became one of her governing board, and made large changes in her system to fit the eeds of a new time. Washington was her chancellor from '88 to the year of his death. The college still remained till I81d the official guardian of State surveys, and under Bishop Madison and Dr. John Augustine Smith her teaching kept abreast of the know- ledge of the world, and trained almost all the generation of Virginia's lesser heroes — Tylers. Roones, Gileses, Leighs, Lomaxes, and Bald- wins. In 1826. Dr. Smith was tempted, as so many other Virginians, to leave Virginia, and losing his great powers and extended knowl- William and Mary struggled henceforth with varied fortune, until after the death of President Dew in 1846. she sank, as her chronicler tells us. to a "hopeless condition," and sought, in the hope of sectarian patronage, the fatal alliance of sectarian zeal. The Institute, always useful in its sphere, yet found its highest aspiration during this period in following the United States Mili- tary Academy as Peter followed the Lord. Of other schools, properly speaking, there were none. The sec- tarian spirit did, indeed, design a few, but the sectarian spirit stifled them, and Virginia was left either to the itinerant ignoramus from New England or to the High Schools which had sprung up in the shadow of the University, and which walked humbly in her foot- Of literature and the scientific spirit there was an utter lack. In poetry we had Poe. abnormal and overrated as he is, and exotic to our country. Put him aside and you seek vainly for his fellow. While Agassiz not only taught but discovered nature's laws, while Lowell and Bryant sang, while Irving and Bancroft, Pres- cott and Motley wrote, from that torpid generation of Virginians, sprang nothing that will remain. Our oratory became mere appeal, our logic a shriek or a threat : what should have been knowledge of the world became contempt of all beyond our sacred soil: braggart exaggeration usurped the place of history, and self-praise forbade self-examination. Elsewhere, discoveries led to new generalizations and theories that ted the world: we shut our ears to them. Elsewhere, skill and mechanic adjustment daily supplanted human muscle ; with us, man and horse still essayed to rival steam, and crank, and lever. Else- where men looked to present need and future achievement ; our study was of the past, our pride in our ancestors, and of our apathy and isolation we made a virtue. Little wonder, then, that our population fled from us, seeking soils not more fertile, skies less genial than our own. Little wonder that to pierce the Blue Ridge we imported a Crozet, to climb it an 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 627 Ellett. Little wonder that we must ask New York for her Craw- ford to design the monument to Washington and find in Massachu- setts the eulogist of his fame. Then, indeed, we had to go abroad for all we needed from the dictionary of Noah Webster to the hoe of Oliver Ames. Legendre, and Davies, and Church, gave us all we had of pure mathematics ; Anthon furnished what he called classics ; the senilities of Good- rich, and the flimsy rhetoric of Abbott and of Headley served us for histories; thousands took Harper and Godey for literature, and there were those who worshipped, as poetry, the jingling commonplace of Longfellow. But, not to weary you with instances, no man past his majority but knows that when the end came of the second period of our his- tory it found our homes full of other men's work, our fields tilled by tools of other men's make, our crops carried in other men's shi ps, our schools taught by other men's books, our wealth gathered by other men's hands, our very pride founded on other men's lives. The general fact is true as it is sad, and it is part of its sadness that it is hard to prove in detail. There is not, properly speaking, a history of Virginia, military, social and industrial. The facts must be painfully picked from reports of corporations, census tables and chance records, and, above all, they must be proved, and they are proved chiefly by negation For in 1859, Virginia still had no State census, no geologic survey, no safe depository of records ; her very boundaries were and are still uncertain, one being now in dis- pute, and another allowed to rest, only because the apathy of Ten- nessee rivals the apathy of Virginia. This line of inquiry is not new to me, will not long, I hope, be new to you. With patience, and labor, and frankness that spared nothing, and spared, least of all, that false and ignoble vanity we often take for patriotism, I have laid before you the general condi- tion of Virginia when the stock of John Brown's attack on Har- per's Ferry ended that period and ushered in another. The colors I have used are dark, the State I have pictured was weak. But, fellow countrymen, we come of strong blood, our race can withstand much from without and from within ; it is a race which stumbles sometimes and falters often, but which has never yet utterly fallen. Thirty odd years had weakened our strength, but not yet sapped our will. That period had rusted or softened our intellect, but our hearts were still strong, and when war came from without, the moral quality of our race sustained us, and in a moment awoke that pub- lic spirit which had seemed dead, but was only sleeping. The sloth- ful became energetic, the luxurious hardy, the arrogant submitted to discipline, the selfish subdued self to the common good, and the four years began of sacrifice, devotion, endurance and achievement. Of the victories and the marches in the field, of the patience and the self-denial in the homes, of the racked valor in the ranks, and of the splendid genius of the leaders Virginia showed, I need not THE SOUTHERN" [November tell you. Of them enough and more than enough, the truth and an the truth, you are likely to hear all your lives long, at every ei ".. and by every household hearth. What concerns us . the condition which forty years had brought us when that war began, to explore the cause of that decadence, and to ask how we. of this time, shall march not down hill but up. That condition I have shown you. truly. I believe. Irs cause, we have seen, was not democracy, as some falsely say ; neither was it. as others tell us. lack of energy. Energy we had, enough and to spare : an energy which overflowed across all our borders : an energy which Virginians showed in Tennessee and Mississippi, in gia and Alabama: an energy which made the Virginian re- spected in all the new States of the West, an t by which, once rid of the trammels that bound him in his home, he subdued the South to cotton and won from the Indian the basin of Ohio and Ten - see. Carrying with them that energy. Virginians felled fore?" prairies, founded commonwealths aud ruled societies from the Al- leghany to and beyond the B sky Mountains. They swarmed from their old hive and settled whole counties and Btates. In their homes they were leaders of trade and of though: "-ere bishops, soldiers and sena: - tveller, go where he might, — to the mouth of M to the frr-off plains of the at, to Texan prairies or the golden valleys of the Pacific coast — still found Virginian names in ha Virg - sons in power. Her Breck _ Miens, Thur- ma:.s, Garlands. Taylors. Thorntons. B s, Prestons, her Becks, Penns, Maynards, Starkes, and ten thousand beside, prove ■ energy and worth could still be born of her. and by some law ill fly from her soil. E . n. seen already in 1825, had become in'the years Iv _ 1850 a st< -tream. which drained away our very lif until it seenfed we were to repeat the story of the Irish Kelr. who has for centuries showed in other lands a vir- tue stifled* in its native home, and reaped in every kingdom of E ;r:>pe the rewards denied to him in Ireland. N 'her Democracy, then, nor native sloth is the 'cause we seek, and. leaving the negative for the posit method, I should be i to you as well as to myself if I should shrink from declaring what s to me the root of the evil. It is to be found in the repression of free thought and free inquiry, ■which the institution of slavery thought necessary fur its proteel The leaders in the heroic period were to a man enemies to slavery and incredulous both of its expediency and its rightfulness, and it was they who offered the great free ordinance for the Northwest in 1781. Had natural causes met no hindrance, slavery would doubt- less have been gradually abandoned. Bui the unwise war mail it at the North, begun by Aaron Burr a- early as 1800, avowed in New England in|1804 and 1810, and pushed by John Quincy Adams with ever-increasing bitterness, forced Virginians to identify its pro. tection with their right of self-government. "A poor thing." we 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 629 cried, with Touchstone, "but mine own," and shall I not do what I will with mine own ? The abortive but frightful attempt of the negro Gabriel in 1800. and the Southampton insurrection in 1882. brought terror in to confuse reason, and turned prejudice to passion. Last came the demand for cotton, raising its price from 9 cents in 1830 to 17 cents in 1834, and the corresponding rise in the value of the negro, and a triple band tied as to slavery: first, the just and benefi- cent theory of State Rights and local self-government; second, the pride of race: and third, the greed of the pocket. Determined thus to maintain slavery, we had next to justify it. This we did by clinging to one interpretation of the Bible ; by triumphantly citing the example of the patriarchs, and by finding all doctrine in the famous case of Onesimus. On such texts as "ser- vants obey your masters," a whole dogmatic theology grew up, fit rival for narrowness and intolerance to that which from such words as "• The powers that be are ordained of God." taught the Jacobites of England the doctrine of Passive Obedience, or that, its antithesis. which the Independents and the fierce Fifth Monarchists invoked when they pulled down the prelates as "troublers of Israel," and smote off Charles' head with the "Sword of the Lord and of Gideon." Slavery once bound up with the Bible and with fixed belief, in- quiry into the one and doubt of the other became a crime: all change was looked on as danger, and every novelty distrusted. Where, as in England and the States north of us, men were fiee to discuss all things, there they had no slavery. Hence, with us. society sternly repressed individual thought on this institution, and on all the facts and fancies which we believed to support it. The next step was to glorify it. and apology became eulogy. To this, too, a literature was devoted. To belief in this eulogy or to acquiesce in it society gave its smiles; to all question of it, gave frowns, suspicion, and ostracism. As. too, it was glorified here only and by us alone, it followed that the rest of the world and the opinion of other men we ceased first to value, and then not to regard at all, and turned to the contemplation solely of ourselves and our virtues. Now. you cannot limit the mind without dwarfing it, nor shut off all light without weakening the eye; so, when we left our faculties unused we began to lose them, and digging for ourselves a mam- mouth cave of darkness, we went near to be blind as its fish. The effect was soon seen, as I have tried to indicate it to you. For authors we hail commentators, for statesman politicians, for mer- chants shopkeepers. As wherever prescription and tradition rule, to the old all power was given, and youth was thrust aside. In like manner laws and lawyers multiplied, but truth escape! us. Routine Study was never more zealously pursued, and the University provided for its law students complete apparatus of teachers, case reports, moot courts, while it taught the art of medicine without a clinic, and yearly licensed as physicians men who had never felt a pulse. The tacts of our science we found in books instead of nature; not a discoverer nor an investigator was left among us; the very spirit of 630 THE SOUTHERN" [November inquiry was gone, and you might hear, as I have heard, an educated country gentleman gravely maintain that the bird called rail or sora every fall turns into a frog, and spends its winters buried in the mud. Fighting-cocks, hunting-dogs and race-horses we still bred in purity and excellence, but so little was known of the laws of species and the methods of breeding, that for all other domestic animals accidental mixture was the rule and degeneracy the fruit. History was so little studied for its lessons, and the laws of wealth so little understood, that I myself heard the late John M. Daniel, a leading writer and thinker, declare his belief that political economy is, as Swift thought it, all a fancy, and that wealth has no laws, proving his sincerity by the astonishing assertion that the fall of the Roman power was due to the exhaustion cf her Iberian mines, and that the Spanish Empire declined because of the decrease in the supply of gold from America. Our people poured out in ceaseless streams to create or to enrich a half-score of States. In the forty years from 1820 to 1860 our population increased only 50 per cent., though living was cheap, early marriage universal, and our rate of reproduction above the average. So late as 1860 we had but 35,000 residents of foreign birth, and Richmond, out of fifty chief cities of the country, had the smallest foreign-born population. Our comparative numbers had made us in 1800 and 1812 the first State of the Union; in '20 Ave were second; in '30 we were third; in '40 fourth, and in 1860 fifth; so severe was the drain of emigration and so strong the wall we built against immigration, whether of men or of ideas. In wealth, too, the same course was seen, for there is reason to believe that our slave-owning agricultural class was bankrupt in 1840, and was •saved from utter ruin only by the steady rise in the demand for cot- ton and the steady increase in the value of slave property — an in- crease vaguely estimated at four per cent, per annum on the stock of slaves. The ruling class had to restrict all activity of thought at home and to fight against science and opinion abroad to maintain its safety. Energy repressed here burst forth to bless other commonwealths or to adorn other societies. McCormick would invent a reaper ; he goes to Chicago to perfect it. Maury dreams of great theories of wind and wave, but goes to Washington to work them out. Brooke thinks to help toward the ocean cable, but 'tis in the service of the United States he invents his device for deep sea soundings. Mahan would teach science, but he must go to West Point to write his text- books. Here in Virginia, of labor-saving invention we wanted nothing, for of the labor of slaves we of the governing class had enough, and naturally we had no wish to relieve of drudgery the white man not owning slaves, nor to make him rival the slave in production nor ourselves in leisure. Here in Virginia, there was no louger room for energy, for we had determined we had all things in having slavery; there was no 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 631 room for inquiring minds, for we had answered Pilate's question, and asked, "what is Truth?" We said, ''It is our peculiar institu- tion." The True, the Beautiful, the Good. 'and the Useful being thus at- tained, there could be no further common object, and consequently there was no need for Public Spirit. Hence, a people claiming peculiar freedom from the vice of avarice, refused to contribute to public works which adorn or defend a State. Hence, a people, reverencing above all things tradition, refused to preserve the me- morials of their own history, and wilfully forgot the warnings of their wisest advisers. Hence, a people, glorying above all in their individuality, shrank from every undertaking except with the help of the State, and while they spoke with contempt of associated effort, and found degeneracy and weakness in the arts which make great cities, in this whole generation they produced no leader of thought, no model of style, no discoverer of truth, but fell to one dead level of mediocrity and ignorant content. This state of things could not last in the modern world and among our race, and in the decade that began with 1850 signs of re- action appeared. At the University a school of history and a course of experimental and analytic chemistry were established, and a phi- lologist trained in the profoundest schools of German research was called to train the young in the spirit as well as the words of Greek thought. The number of its pupils correspondingly increased, aid the same impulse being felt elsewhere, the classes seeking instruc- tion gradually widened and the standard of teaching steadily rose. Efforts never seen before were made to extend on the one hand the railroad to the Ohio, and on the other to complete the highway which should lead to the middle valley of Mississippi from the tides of Atlantic. The iron industry of Virginia suddenly expanded, and around Tredegar, at Richmond, sprang up a score of specialized iron works ; the milling interest grew fast, ship building increased, sugar refining began, the coffee trade promised to make of Richmond one of its chief centres, and the great granite bed of Henrico, Ches- terfield, and Dinwiddie, which had been left undisturbed since, in 1825, it furnished stone for Fortress Monroe, felt again the drill and the blast, and yielded material for the monument to Washington, and for the United States custom-house at Richmond. The Virginia Historical Society made efforts at life, and a blind reaction against the pressure of the general causes I have recited showed itself in the custom which then began to obtain of sending our youth abroad to bring from active societies and centres of thought new ideas to enliven the torpid mind of Virginia. The State Agri- cultural Society was formed, and subordinate associations aided it to collect the products, to report the progress, and to enlighten the labors of that great industry. Public opinion revolted against the laws restricting the right of manumission, and the courts were forced to construe them strictly as to the heirs at law, and with all liberality as to the devise of freedom and property to the slave. THE SOUTHERN [November Before this reaction, however, is more than fairly begun, c •wider than those which governed Virginia's special preeipi- - bed the war. That it found us unready, you know. Bur war is the simplest of the arts. and. a's all the world knows, we proved such masters of it as that n lined for four rears our lopsided and incomplete civilization again-: great I upheld our obsolete .e though:. : te science, .1 the art of the world. We filed, of course: but in the failure awoke that Public Spirit which, like the insensible heat . . had laid hidden late: to blaze out when pressure came to make solid their mass and visible its force. Of the war and of what folio it — of e, and of the endurance, the h common purpose with which we adjusted and must still adjust our society to its new environment — I need e . for it is d to you all. It has been my task to show how we weakened ourselves by nar- rowing our thought. Of on€ :ion. whether it was good or evil in itself, or under other circumstances I say nothing, but I have shown how evil it was. when, to maintain it in the face of the world's we were 1 strict thought, to dictate belief, to for- bid discovery, :: contemn the social principle, and so to destroy Public Spirit. With that >n our the B ■ its had nothing to do. The theory was jus*, was natural to our race, and our free development, and to save us from a central- isation that must become d I: was worth fighting for, I have triumphed but for being to the apprehension of the world and to our purblind fancy, bound up with slavery and. : efore, falling with it. But they fell with a difference. 9 fell dead. State Rights. Home Rule. Freedom was but wounded : for slavery is mortal, freedom . Already that principle of Home Rule, silent in both camr-. nd hid in the dust of marches and the smoke of bar: adv it asserts its native power, rictoi find vanquished alike con- fessing its virtue. Your generation, my friends, inherits the glories of the two great periods of Virgi 1 yours is the task to shun the deadly errors of those years when principles were forced into un- natural connection with accidents, when inqu:: - -ilenced lest ::ge should follow, when facts were ignored lest dogma should be weakened, when dread of comparison shut the eyes of Virginia to all excellence outside her boundary, and when, with a limit put to knowledge, a veto on progress, and a bridle on energy, associated ef- fort ceased from amongst us. and Public Spirit fou:. est ebb. Be it yours to welcome every truth, to seek light wherever it may be found, to encourage the widest exercise of man's powers, and forbid no province to his activity. Thus and thus only shall you prove all things, and hold fast to that which is good, and thus _ - ing free rein to every impulse of individuality, shall you preserve that Public Spirit to noble triumphs of peace and war. to eonqn 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 633 over the yet unknown realms of nature, to solve many a social prob- lem yet in doubt, and to subdue to man's final use and benefit, those passions of his nature which still master him and divide him from his neighbor. In the life of nations decades are but as moments, centuries but as hours, and, however a people may fall, if it but preserve knowl- edge, and the love of knowledge, it rises again stronger for the les- son of defeat. Scarce seventy years have passed since Prussia, enfeebled by a paternal despotism, and so destitute of public spirit that she even contemned her own noble tongue, was, as if in a day, trampled to the earth by the Corsican, and lost, not only all that Francis lost, but lost her honor too. Yet, you and I have seen that same Prussia so full of Public Spirit, so strong through the strength that Stein and Scharnhorst organized, but which the school, the laboratory and the spirit of en- quiry gave, that she beat down with one blow the house of Haps- burg, and with another destroyed the Napoleonic idea, prostrated and despoiled the great French people, and set on a dull Hohen- zollern's brows the Iron Crown of Charlemagne. Or look at France, in her fall and her rise. Mastered by the Napoleonic legend, as Virginia by slavery, subordinating all her thoughts to the one fancy, that power and glory, wealth and stability lay in that idea, sixteen years she obeyed it. stifled opinion, for- bade doubt, and shut her eyes to the example, her ears to the warn- ing of the world ; limiting knowledge lest it should shake the dy- nasty, making self-examination crime, and self-praise virtue, she found herself at length destitute of Public Spirit, with an army distrusting its leaders and itself unworthy of trust, and a people rash as it was ignorant, and as ready to cry "treason, treason," as it was incapable of self-confidence. Yet, we ourselves have seen the wonders wrought by that same France in the five years since the benumbing tyranny of the Na- poleonic legend was broken, and since the health-giving pressure of adversity forced the mass of the people into unity, and evolved the fire of Public Spirit. In five short years she has bound up her wounds and brought order out of the Commune ; she has more than regained her industrial force, and stands to-day more respected, more powerful, and more worthy the name of nation than ever she was when the glory of Louis made her a gilded misery, or when the Little Napoleon flattered her vanity to blind her eyes and sap her strength. So low as these great states Virginia has never fallen ; nature has gifted her with a ncble empire ; fertile soils blossom for her, and genial skies smile on her. Countless streams make green her val- leys and gathering into the mighty volume of her rivers roll by many a stately haven to her own great land-locked sea. Her peo- ple inherit the blood of the noblest races of men. To her in her virgin days came the patient, unyielding Dutch, the quick-witted 634 THE SOUTHERN [November Huguenot, devoted to his beliefs, the rugged Scotch-Irisher, un- tamed by tyranny, and the self-contained, large brained Englishman, conqueror and ruler of the modern world. Heritage, more magnificent never had sons of men than you and your generation. Prize it, I beseech you; guard it as you would > your honor, and give it to those that shall follow you, not unsullied only and laid away in the sluggard's napkin, but with yet added worth of labor, of thought, of virtue, and of deed. Note by the Editor. — We give space to this address by Capt. Chamberlatne gladly ; because the time is come for us to look at things as they are. Whether we agree with his conclusions or not, we cannot shut our eyes to the facts he pre- sents, and they do not, by any means, flatter us. It is high time that we cease to waste breath over the " glory of the past," and to address ourselves to the ur- gent demands of the present. We have been quite long enough a mutual admi- ration society ; we must realize that we, even we, have faults, and some very grievous ones. No spur to good deeds should be so sharp as the consciousness of descent from an honorable stock ; but the man is beggarly who boasts of it with- out having himself added to its lustre. Virginia the widow, is not Virginia the bride. She has been despoiled of her portion, and tasted of bitterness, and yet she is not wholly cast down. Sons are still left to her, and what are they if they will not prove themselves worthy of such a mother? The way is open to them to assert their manhood, and the day is at hand for its exercise. THE PERFORATING POWER OF ROOTS. It is indeed wonderful how easily the roots of plants and trees bore through hard impacted soils in search of the nourishment. They use for this purpose a sort of awl, of immense power, situated at the end of the root, and capable, with the aid of the other root machin- ery, of thrusting aside heavy weights, and getting through almost any obstructions. Yet the awl only consists of a mass of micro- scopic absorbent cells formed by protoplasm or vegetable mucus — the fluid in which vital action is first set up. The roots of the elm and maple will bore through the hardest soil of walks or streets, en- ter drains, twine about water pipes, and penetrate through the seams of stone or brick structures. The roots of some plants have been known to pass through eighteen inches of solid brick work, and make their appearance in a wine cellar below. Plants have a great power in overcoming obstacles, when foraging for food. They are like a hungry animal which no fences can restrain when there is food beyond. The movements of roots in soils proceed on certain principles of utility in connection with the welfare of the plant. Some need more moisture than others, and the roots will drive through rocks to obtain it ; others need silicious food, and will pen- etrate through a clay bank to reach the desired foraging ground. The urgency with which nature drives plants and animals in pursuit of food is almost irresistible. — Joui'hal of Chemistry. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 635 [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] A VERY IMPORTANT QUESTION— WHERE ARE WE DRIFTING TO? Being engaged in two important occupations, ray time is so com- pletely filled that I have always to write in a hurry. I shall con- dense as much as possible. The negroes were set free and turned loose among us without any preliminary training for freedom. We had contended that the negro, left free to direct and control himself, could not live to any advan- tage in a temperate zone, where long winters prevail, and subsistence must necessarily be dug out of the earth by patient, persevering toil, backed by judgment and economy. Of the truth of this proposition I am now as fully convinced as ever. But he is here with us, and free at that. Those who know nothing about Sambo may prate as much, as they please about his excellent qualities: they are ar a safe distance from him, and know nothing of the subject that they pre- tend to discuss so sapiently. But one thing is certain — I speak most emphatically — we must control the negroes, or ruin is inevitable both to them and us. I do not mean by this startling declaration that we should deprive them of a solitary right that legitimately be- l(Me/s to them as freemen; but the great law of nature declares in divers ways, too clearly to be misunderstood, that " knowledge is power." and that inside of the grand circle that it sweeps are to be found wisdom, peace, safety, and prosperity. This law also declares just as clearly, that ignorance enthroned is a power far evil. Knowledge belongs comparatively to the white race, and must have full sway and scope in all the grand departments of business, or else prosperity and progress will ever be a mere phantasm of the brain — a coveted goal that will never be reached. The negroes are the best laborers that we have or can get. but they are liable to undergo great changes in the future, unless we control them and keep them in the right channel. If left to float at will, they will zigzag in every direction along the cross and complex currents of a boundless swamp. As for white laborers, it is nonsense to talk about them where land is cheap and farming very unprofitable, they are only adapted to sections where land is scarce and rich. Directly after the negroes were set free they were hired mostly for wages, and working under the control and direction of the whites both races bid fair to prosper. But a great change has come o'er the spirit of our dream. In the mind of the negro a great deal of idle time is the sine qua non of happiness. He can grasp the pre- sent, but all the powers of his intellect combined into one mighty focus fail to illuminate the dark future one inch in advance of his nose — ever did and ever will, bating a few exceptions. Since he has been set free, he has taxed his limited intellect to the utmost to discover some plan by which he can give a large portion of his time to fishing, hunting, meetings, visiting, politics, and general idle- ness; but how to make money, accumulate property, and secure the solid comforts of life, are questions with him of minor importance. 636 THE SOUTHERN [November, Finally they settled down upon the plan of renting land and pay- ing said rent in cotton. This is now the negroes' plan originated o ^ Ore by themselves, and it is fast bringing both races to temporal ruin, as I will clearly show. Tne white man argues thus: u 'A half loaf is better than none'; the negro is free any how; so if he pays his rent* I don't care how he works, or what he does, or how it's done." The negro, on his part, argues thus: "My rent must be paid in cotton, so I will plant the most of my crop in that article, that when the rent has been paid I may have enough left to fill my pockets with green- backs: then boots, calico, flour, whiskey, tobacco, mule and buggy, will elevate me high above, both at home and abroad, the dusty foot- men that tramp along the pad !" The negroes have no more judg- ment about the proportion of corn and cotton that they should plant than children. Remember, whites, that the negroes are among us. They must live. If they starve, so will you. Don't flatter your- selves for a momeitf that the negro race can starve in your midst without dragging vou down in their fall ! The course that has been ■ _ - pursued has furnished the world with more cotton than it needs, and has raised the price of all the neces-aries of life, plunging the whites into bankruptcy and ruin, and bringing the negroes to the very brink of starvation ! We may toil day and night to make cotton, but the more we make the lower the price, and the higher are pro- visions. Upon this line we may work until we become walking skeletons, and remain all the while miserably poor and half-starved, while all the world outside of us is laughing at our folly, and grow- fat and saucy upon the unremunerated sweat that issues from every pore ! to the negro again. We do not control him ; he controls us ! He idles away fully one-third of every year, counting from Christ- mas to Christmas. He makes no manure, and about half a crop upon the land that he pretends to cultivate. Soon the land will be so poor that he cannot support himself and pay rent. What then '( You will take the land from him and let it rest, or sow it in grain. But what will become of the negro ? He will be compelled to emi- grate to Africa or the West, or they will go about in gangs, like prowling wolves, plundering the country and robbing the whi: You may call this sensational, or a mere phantasm of the brain; but consider, if you please, the signs of the times and the causes now in full operation, and their legitimate effects. The seasons for the last two or three years, in this section, were almost perfect; yet starva- tion is now at our doors. I have seen nearly all the renters in a neighborhood gathered around one small farmer that happened to be so fortunate as to have a little money, corn, and meat, offering to gather bis whole crop in one day for a Utile something to keep soul and body together ! When you see a dozen buzzards gathered around one dead snake, or as many crows pecking away at a stray nubb:n of corn, or hear the blackbirds chattering in the cracks of your corn-crib, know ye that starvation is not far off. And what is the cause of all this ? Various reasons have been 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 637 assigned; but the real cause is, the negroes have the agriculture of the South pretty much in their own hands, and they are just about as well qualified to manage it as so many children. If we give them a farm upon their own hook, they cannot run it unless we ad- vance to them; if we do that, they cannot pay the advance back unless- we unsettle them and leave them right where we found them. Many a white man has brought himself to grief on account of allow- ing the negro the pleasure of running a farm at his (white man's) ex- pense, vainly supposing that Sambo coukl support himself, pay rent and debts, and do it all by skinning only a half-crop out of the land. Well, what is the remedy ? Is it to be found in sowing more grain, or planting more corn, or making less cotton? All these are generally pointed out by the savans of the South as constituting an effectual remedy. They are not the remedy, only the would-be effects of a proper remedy applied. The true remedy is — and there is no other — for the whites to take the great business of agriculture into their own hands; then the reins will be held strong and steady, and the "world's backbone" kept in the proper position. A course will be pursued adapted to secure the permanent welfare of both races for the present and future. It is generally admitted that the whites must have "political supremacy," or the country is ruined. Be not deceived; it is just as necessary that the whites should have agricultural supremacy to save the country from ruin. Finally, all sorry hands must be hired for wages. Renters must be able to support themselves; must be directed in pitching their crops and working them; must be required to make manure and keep up fences. The land they work must not be allowed, at least, to become any poorer. The law against vagrancy must be rigidly enforced against both black and white; drones must be kicked out of the hive and put on the chain-gang under an overseer. More grain must be made, and less cotton; barn-yard manure must receive more attention, and guano less. The low price of cotton and high price of provisions furnish an argument that will convince tillers ot the soil, by and by, that they have been pursuing a wrong course. The tyrant necessity is the only argument that Southern farmers will listen to. This old tyrant is now marching everywhere through the South, and I discover a growing disposition in the Southern people to pull off their hats and make him a bow. I now hear much talk about sowing more grain, planting more corn and less cotton, arid making more manure, &c, kc. Many of the whites have a little reserved farm of their own that they are try- ing to make rich; but outside of this they rent the balance of their land to the helter-skelter negro, who is fast wearing it out. I again ask the question: If this course is pursued much longer, what will become of Sambo ? I am not his enemy, but a better friend to him than he is practically to himself. He must be compelled in some way to improve the land he tills, or else after awhile we shall be compelled to ship him or do worse. When the black man has worn out the land allotted him, he will not be allowed to fall back upon 638 THE SOUTHERN [November the white roan's few "hale acres" that he has nursed as carefully as his own children. Let a wise course he pursued in due time, and soon our country will resemble a garden; provisions will be cheap, and cotton a remunerative price: our wives will he happy and our children merry; Sambo will again look sleek and oily, and will whistle and sing as he did in the good old days of yore. But. in order to reach this happy state, the white man must hold the reins, both political and agricultural, and not the negro. 'aville, Ga., September. 1S75. Jas. H. Oliphast. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] THE BEST REMEDY FOR POOR LAND. The first article in your October No., by S. M. Shepherd, is the best article on this subject I ever saw in an agricultural journal. I reread it to find some point on which I could not agree with him, hut I could not. The article must be original; I never read of or talked with a man who dared put forth such views on the subject of weeds and pasturing lands. Weeds, ever since the fall of man, have been considered one of the legitimate consequences of disobedience in our first parents, and it has always been considered the orthodox practice to pasture lands too poor for anything else, in order "to bring them to," as they call it. There is no greater fallacy than to suppose lands can be benefitted by laying bare to the sun. The droppings, on which so much reli- ance is placed, are left in the same situation as the soil, only more exposed to the sun, which robs them of everything useful to plai except the salts they contain, of which the land perhaps has a super- abundance. Th? tramping of the soil when wet is another evil of grazing, the effect of which has been so well observed by Mr. Shepherd. Notwithstanding it is so well known that grass will run out on lands continually grazed — so much that the fields must be enlarged, or the stock diminished from year to year, until the value of land required to support the stock has raised the question in some parts as to the policy of grazing or soiling during the summer — the far- mers still cling to th? idea that their pastures are recuperating until the grass entirely runs out. and the weeds, that nothing will eat, kindly begin to restore something to the soil ; then they begin to be deeply concerned lest the weeds should get the start of them and scatter their seeds — to prevent which they mow them and put them in the mud holes in the road, or cart them to a dry place and burn them, the same as they used to treat the martyrs. Mr. Shepherd also observes, very truly, that "the great wai our lands at this time is vegetable matter." Our worn out lands have been stimulated with lime until everything has been worked out of the soil but the mineral substances, the particles of which are 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 639 capable of being magnetized, and if the proper moisture be present to afford the necessary conducting power to electricity every particle becomes a magnet, and with the lubricating effect of the water they are enabled to arrange themselves according to the laws that form solids, particularly if stirred in any way by plowing or tramping, which "causes the soil to become what is termed baked. There is no way so effective in destroying the adhesion of the mineral particles in the soil as to insert a particle of non-conducting vegetable matter between them. Plow in the weeds, if they are the curse of Adam; they will decompose and prove a great blessing to a baked soil. A few years ago I saw an account of an experiment showing the effect of electricity on the soil. The author, reasoning from analogy (which is very apt to lead us astray), considered that a little artificial electricity might have a good effect on vegetable life. He accord- ingly passed currents of electricity near the roots, through the soil, which he was obliged to moisten freely to favor its conduction, but observed no marked effect, except a slight induration of the soil. This would seem to favor the theory of the influence of magnetism under favorable circumstances in the cause of baked soils, without the consciousness of the author of the experiment. Chesterfield county, Va., Oct. 10, 1875. D. S. Howard. EFor the Southern Planter and Farmer.] PERUVIAN OR TALL MEADOW GRASS. I notice in your paper for March some remarks on Peruvian or tall meadow oat grass. Having some little experience with this grass. I will give it to you, and compare it with orchard grass and timothy. Peruvian grass is very hardy and always does best when sown in the fall, although it may be sown in the spring, if so desired. It will make a crop of hay sooner than any other grass I have ever sown. In the fall of '73 I sowed a piece of land down to wheat and Peruvian grass. In '74 I made a good wheat crop, and the same fall I mowed considerable hay from the same land, and it now looks like an old sod, and I think will now make ten tons to the acre (by cutting twice) this summer. Sowed also in fall of '73 a sxnall lot in rye ; in spring of '7-4 1 mowed the rye for my stock ; the Pe- ruvian grass then came up and headed out. When compared with orchard grass and timothy it stands as follows : Timothy can be cut but once no matter how rich the land or how fine the season ; while Peruvian grass can always be cut twice and sometimes three times, and will make fully as much hay at each cutting, and as good as to quality if properly cured. Peruvian grass must never be allowed to get wet, for when wet it turns yellow, winch injures the looks of it very much. Neither timothy or Peruvian grass can withstand drought like orchard grass. Orchard grass is a year longer making a crop and a sod, but when once a sod is made it lasts forever, while a Peruvian or timothy sod does not last but five or six years at best. If the season is favorable the difference between orchard 640 THE SOUTHERN [November grass and Peruvian is not so perceptible, but when a drought sets in rd grass will soon shoot ahead of either Peruvian Grass or timothy. I believe Peruvian Grass does better on poor land than orchard grass ; but on good land if you want a grass that will stick to you like a faithful friend, through summer and winter, wet and dry. orchard grass is the grass for you to sow. Peruvian grass I place second and timothy third. If Mr. H. G. H's neighbor will compost his manure and then apply it to his grass he will derive twice the benefit from his manure that he now gets by applying it green. He may argue as he pleases, but the best of his manure is carried off in the air when applied green. I think he is right about getting a good mil, but get your sod and save your manure. Apply the compost on the top. tgomery county. Va. W. F. Tallaxi. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] IMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. DO THEY PAT THE FARMERS OF VIRGINIA ? Having been a farmer in Virginia for 35 years, and having used commercial fertilizers for the last 20 years' 'save the four years of war;. 1 have come to the conclusion that they do not pay the farmer who raises only wheat, corn and grass. I believe that if the Chincha Islands (which gave a start to these commercial fertilizers) had never been discovered the State cf Virginia would have been twenty mil- lions of dollars better off to-day than she is — nay more, I believe the sum spent in fertilizers that have paid no profit, together with the actual depreciation of the land by the use of them, would, seve- ral years ago, have paid the State debt, and yet I believe more of them are being used this season than ever before — building up the manufacturers of it, most of them outside of the State, forcing all the money to the commercial centres and impoverishing the farmer, and worse still, his land, which is his all. I take the ground that bone, lime and plaster only are permanent improvers — that all others are merely stimulants to the soil and crops, and. like whiskey to the human system, the more and longer vou use them the more cer- tainly they destroy. In the first place, the actual commercial value of these manipulated fertilizers is from $14 to 824. and the farmer is made to pay from $4o to $55. Then apply it to the wheat crop if you please, which is considered the money cereal of our State, and see the result. The average crop of Virginia is about seven bushels per acre, worth, in market, at present price of wheat, after taking off cost of transportation, -~ ke off the lowest cost of fertilizer per acre, say S3, and I believe it is nearer §5, and you have $4 left ; take out one bushel, equal to $1, for seed, and you 'have $3 left for plow- ing, seeding, harvesting and threshing an acre of land. The cheap- en: labor known in the world, even in China, could not live at that. In fact a good hearty man would eat up the remnant of his crop 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 641 (after taking out seed and fertilizers) while making it. Does this pay ? I am told we must use fertilizers to get our land in grass. My experience is that it is a positive injury in that respect; for four years out of five now, we have droughts in June and July, and these fertilizers, being heating in their effects, contribute with the drought to destroy the young grass, and, in truth, I can point to fine farms (where those manipulated fertilizers of almost any brand have been used for years, discarding the use of plaster) where not even weeds will now grow without a dose, and an increased dose of these stimu- lants ; and suppose it does give a set of grass, it acts merely as a stimulant, and the grass is grazed off or mowed, and in two years the stimulant gives out, the grass dies and leaves the land exhausted and bearer than before. My observation is, that bone and plaster are the only fertilizers that will grow grass permanently on all -soils. Lime is a greater improver on many soils, but not on all, many of the red soils in Piedmont Virginia having sufficient lime on them. Peruvian guano and all, or many of the manipulated fertilizers, honestly manipulated will pay on tobacco, where the crop will average in price $10 per hundred, for the best of them will make a crop on land that would make none without it; and on soils so entirely ex- hausted that it will bring absolutely nothing, and can't be injured. On wheat and corn it will not pay unless at §2 a bushel for the former and $1 a bushel for the latter. Then what are the farmers in Virginia to do ? It is clear that a Virginia farmer making ten bushels of wheat to the acre, at a cost of its 1 1 • ■ • $5 per acre for fertilizers cannot compete with the rest in raising wheat, 40 bushels to the acre, without fertilizers and paying but lit- tle more freights to the seaboard markets, than we do 100 miles off, which is an outrage on the part of these railroads. I say stop using stimulants at any price. Save and husband all your farm manures, from stable, cowpens, ashes, liquid manures, &c, &c Don't throw your soapsuds out on the ground about your door, and don't let the ashes and wood pile manure accumulate like little mountains, but save, husband and apply all to 50 acres if you can ; if not 50, to 20, 10 or 2. Use as much bone or lime on 2, 10 or 20 acres, more as you have means to buy, and apply plaster, which is the cheapest and best of the three, to all your cleared land, whether in grass or crops. Sow down in grass that 2, 10, 20 or 50 acres, and next year take as much more and improve the same way, and on all your unimproved land graze sheep. If our legislators are afraid of their popularity for re-election, and won't give us a dog law, get $2 worth of strychnine and you can protect any moderate size farm for a year against dogs. By these means, Mr. Editor, the poorest farm in the State can be made to blossom, and, with economy and industry, the owner can soon use bone, lime and plaster enough to make it produce anything ; but. my word for it, his land and he will get poorer and poorer every year with the use of these manipulated stimulants. I will write you in my next some facts and experiments in the use of plaster, which THE SOUTHERN [November « Ifcr. iizer of all for its price, so cheap that it ' .- reach of all. and not a stimulant as some snppoc Pekdmobt anl Tidewater Farmer. • • — Oar eoi i'ht. The use of Peruvian Guano has certain".- -bed our lands and people. In general terms we think Bor e Liine and Plaster are barely ma- nures— they are genera".- s I let cbemically. Tbe injurious effects of ■ian Guano were recognized soon a- was commenced. Tbe amount of ammonia contained in it was! and being a power- t it tool i ineral elements in 'which tbe guano itself was deficient, making a fine crop al f the land. It was to remedy this defect in Peruvian Guano that manipulated man Erst made, and bones and phosphatic guanos were first used fbi pose. Manipulated guanos when honestly and judiciously compounded have generally made beti crops than Peruvian Guano alone, and in stead of impoverishing have improved the land. They certainly enable us to get a stand of grass on land -where it would have been impossible to hare sect: - -em. Of course the benefit of the use of a commercial fertilizer when - : i improvement of the land, as well as the improvement from any oth iralized by a scour- ging system of grazing or cropping, but :_t : aoald not be blamed for -.1 .: -. '■'-.:.£. : a; : ::--:::. .-:_• :-;: sweeping when he lays the sonuaereaaJ value of these fertih zz. '-.'-- ■ £24 We hav as one of Prof. White's repor Society of Georgia, in which he gives the commercial va. ricefron $35 to I " " :>er ton, and thelowe- I y him is $25. i which, by tbe way. is that :: - •' ra r a:.: . aa: :h~ highest is £54 • '. per ton, which u affixed tc a a article sold $£ Chese values do not include the cost of bagging and ::- - - " : -:- :' - -".e. ~a::a :-::_. - : >' -: ton. This would show that the standard fertilizers made by responsible parties generally contain the value ::' • - ia a-j :a .-;- 1 ::r -.heaa. We agree with our correspondent in the estimate he places upon boneB. "vThen pure, and unsteamed, and finely ground, they are very valuable, and will be found more profitable, pound for pound, than Peruvian Guano. Bone Dust and Bone Meal are slow has led to having them dissolved with acid. When ground as fine as ; u dissolved bones, and are more economical to the former, at a higher price than c e, or dissolved bone, because they contain all of the ammonia, the greater part of which is destroyed when dissolved, and they contain no m'isturt. [38 to 50 per cent, of dissolved bone is water and acid, ) and being much more active than coarse bone a smaller application w --re by reducing the :-:-:.- a- _e--a:j :: :'-::.. air , ;. a a:- a. Would it not be a good idea distrust manipulations to buy guano and finely ground bone and mix them themselves? A mixture of one- fourth to one-third Peruvian Guano with three- fourth- -birds Flour of Bones would, we think, make a fertilizer which woa .the land '-■ -*a -; ■ : t _■:*••— - .. z a.. a>e a : g crop of wheat — insure a stand of gram and so put the land on the road to permanent improvement. Our correspondent owns some of the largest and rich in the Valley, Piedmont and Tide - rinia. and b a mpeer as a farmer in these sections of - - We thank linn for this article, as well as for his proposed article on plaster.] 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 643 CULTIVATE MORE FRUIT. There is no doubt but that the free use of good fruit is highly con- ducive to health, and, indeed, almost indispensable to it. Much of the sickness in the western country is occasioned by the want of it. It is the great scarcity of good fruit that creates such a demand for physic. The various fevers and bilious disorders prevalent in the summer season are more owing to the want of it than to any other cause. And not until fruit is generally cultivated and used as an article of medicine, instead of the physician's prescription, we have no doubt it would be far better for the patient. Fruit is more needed throughout the summer season than almost any other part of the year. The farmer cannot take a step which will add more to his own joys and- to those of his family, than by having such a succession as will furnish him with fruit the entire year. First on the list in spring time comes the delicious strawberry. But a little spot of ground is used for its cultivation for the use of the family. Its healthful qualities are well known. Cities well sup- plied with it are remarkably exempt from disease while the straw- berry season lasts. We have accounts of wonderful cures effected in ancient times by its use. There are many varieties, but it is not our purpose to note the best of these at this time. Next in order comes the raspberry — a most excellent fruit, and indispensable to every family. Then follows the blackberry, the cherry, currants and gooseberry. Then comes the apricot, the peach, the nectarine and the plum. Apples and pears also com- mence ripening early in summer, and the winter varieties, if pro- perly stored, may be kept till the appearance of fruit the next sea- son. Who will not have this succession ? How much it would add to home happiness. [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] WHAT MAKES THE RIGHT KIND OF A WIFE. In noticing one of your publications I saw the piece written "On the right kind of a wife." But our correspondent never once said what made that good wife; and what made her smile so much. It is the affectionate husband, one who encourages her efforts with a smil- ing face, and helps her out of her little troubles ; one who makes pleasant surroundings at home. When she looks at her children, helpless innocents, for whom the world has no inheritance but a lazy father, and her children, half-clothed and half-fed, beseeching her to give them such things that she is not able to do within herself; can she be happy at home if she has any pride or respect for her family? The man is the head of the woman, and it is natural for the woman to look to her husband to do things for herself and children, though they look in vain many a time; but when she has confidence in him, and knows that he will manage his affairs to the interest of his family, she is contented, and though she may be deprived of his 644 THE SOUTHERN [November • company all day. she looks forward to the time when he will be at- home with an affectionate smile for her and a kiss for the little one?, I then cheerfully speaks with her of the ev ate f the day. W hen - is the o. i compc happy. Bat when he starts in the morning and spen U Lay walking about, or sitting with idlers, who have nothing to do but laugh and talk and drink whiskey when s^me one offers it to them, and then at night comes home wi:h a frown, perhaps cursing or abusing his wife because things have not ne on right, and if she asks him a question she^gets no answer but ves or no, or. I don't know, and that in the shortest way possi- ble. Now I ask how can she be happy there, or how can he be happy there? They see nothing at home to make them happy but and disgrace, and that has never made any one happy. If the man wishes to have a smiling, dutiful wife, he must be a smiling, affectionate and encouraging husband. Woman ! weak woman ! how can she smile unless she h - thing to make her smile, for smiles can never come naturally from a sad heart. From a Lady Friend. ~ :to?.. — Ve are willing to concede that good wives are the rule and bad ones the exception. We are willing to go farther than this, and say that where there is one wife who fails to do her duty as such lovingly and cheerfully, there are two husbands who fall very far short of this, yet it stands out as a fact that the happiness of homes depend almost exclusively upon the wife. We can- not agree with our fair correspondent. A man of business s ends very ifcw hours with his wife, and he, after all the toils and conflicts, and often disappointments of the day, if he goes home and finds the one for whom he ha id labored all day in anything else than a cheerful mood he feels that all his toil and labor have been in vain. This is not sentimentalism, it is sober fact which every man knows and feels. The man who. when met with a smile, repulses his wife, is a brute, and don't deserve to have a home of any kind.] [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] A NEW REMEDY FOR HARD TIMES. Ten years ago the war close 1. and I have been looking forward, from year to year, thinking that the next would bring us better it I see no change and we cannot expect much better times ^e do better ourselves. All must go to work. We spend too much time taking pleasure. We must not stop our work to go to place of amusement, and spend our money foolishly. If we do, U ever be at the foot of the hill. And young men. let me whis- per softly in your ears and tell you that time is flying with rapid s, and old age will soon be here, and if you wish to live comforta- leclining years you must make provision in your youthful days. of the young men spend too much timedn courting ; or going to see the gir'-. And nine times out often they would think more of you i would stay at home and try to accumulate something to take care of her when you get her. Go to work and try to buy a home 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 645 for her ; try to have a plenty there when she comes. It is a mista- ken notion to try to get the girl first. Make every preparation for her, and then you will find it an easy task to select some fair one to call your own. Some young men are five or ten years trying to get married ; they perhaps succeed at last, and they carry her from her father's house, where she lived comfortably, and they have no home to call their own. And he is too poor to give her a neat apparel. Now, young man, commence from the first day of the year, and set down every hour you loose, and at the end of the year you will find you have lost months ; and in five years you will find you have lost years doing nothing. And now, young ladies, I have something to say to you. The times have been when you could get a dress from ten yards of cloth; now it takes from fifteen to twenty. You could once fix up your hair in a becoming manner with the use of a few hair-pins ; now it takes about a dozen different things to get it " tucked up " in the present style ; and then it resembles a knot on the camel's back. And it takes you all your time to keep in the fashion. Now hard times will certainly remain with us as long as things go on this way. If you would spend your time in learning household duties and reading useful books, laziness and the frivol- ities of fashion would sink to rise no more. From a Subscriber. [Note by the Editor. — There is a good dpnl of sober common sense in what our subscriber says, and our young men and young women would do well to profit by it. We differ from our friend, however, in some respects. We do not think a young man ought to wait until he has a home before he marries. Upon the contrary, we think that if a young man is sober and industrious, the sooner he marries after he attains his maj >rity the better, provided, of course he makes a suitable choice. It is well known that most of our young men never save anything until they are married, and while we may argue against it as much as we please, the fact stands out undisputed and indisputable. Men must have company, they are naturally gregarious, and a good wife is the best and most economical companion a man can have]. DOES PORK-RAISING PAY IN THE OLD STATES. This question is frequently discussed, and usually answered in the negative. A writer in the American Agriculturist comes to the conclusion that pork-raising does not pay in New England, that pork sells (on account of Western competition) for less than it costs. This may possibly be true in hundreds of cases, but when he goes on to enumerate what pays better, he mentions sheep, in mutton and lambs, as paying better than pork; but this is quite a miscalculation, as mutton does not bring more per pound, on an average, than pork, and from the most careful experiments of Lawes and Gilbert it is proved that the pig utilizes in growth 20 per cent, of its food, while the sheep does only 12 per cent. This may be considered as a de- monstration that a pound of pork is produced at less cost than a 946 THE SOUTHERN [November pound of mutton. Very little can be claimed on pasture for sheep that does not apply to the pigT The pig is a grass-eating animal, and has often been found to increase from one to one and a half pounds per day upon clover. Any comparative trial upon feeding sheep and pigs upon grain or upon food of the same cost, will demon- strate that the sheep has no advantage of the pig. He also mentions that grazing and fattening cattle is more profitable, but in this he i3 quite as much at fault, for beef does not, on an average, bring as high a price as pork ; when higher it is exceptional, and the cattle do not utilize so large a proportion of their food as pigs. One hundred pounds of corn will make more pork than beef, as can be very easily tested if one is feeding a few steers and pigs at the same time. We have tested it by the following experiment : Fed two three-year old steers, weighing 1,200 pounds each, upon good hay and corn meal, and five pigs, eight months old, weighing, on an average, 160 pounds each, upon sugar beets and corn meal ; counting a pound of beets equal to a pound of hay (which is above the usual estimate for beets;. The result was that it took six pound? corn meal to make one pound increase live weight during forty days, while it required only four pounds of meal to make one of live weight on the pigs. The steers ate 480 pounds each of meal, and gained eighty pounds. The five pigs ate 1,000 pounds of meal and gained fifty pounds each, or 250 in all. The pigs were a cross of Chester- White with common blood. We found that the pigs would eat just about the same weight of beets as the steers of hay, and the same of meal. Pigs eat much more, proportionally to weight, than steers, and gain much faster. One great reason that pigs are condemned by Eastern feeders is, that they keep them too long, mostly in a store condition, wherein they are always kept at a loss. The pig, to be profitable, must in no case be kept beyond twelve months, and ten months is the better rule ; at which latter age they should weigh 800 pounds. We have no domestic animal that utilizes its food better than the pig, and none that pays a better profit unless the product brings a higher price. SUFFOLK HOGS. A great deal of pains has been taken by interested parties to bring the Suffolk hog into public notice and popular favor. I have just been reading an article in one of the agricultural papers in which the writer says "we think the Suffolk keeps easier, matures quicker and makes better pork than any other kind of hog, at least in north- ern Ohio." This is saying a great deal. If it is true, there is no longer a doubt which breed of hogs a farmer ought to keep. But those who are interested in the sale of other breeds will hardly admit all that has been claimed for the Suffolks. Take the claim that it "keeps easier." In one sense this may be true. Probably a Suf- folk hog will not eat as much as a Chester-White of the same age, but the reason can easily be found in the fact that the former is not 1875]. PLANTER AND FARMER. 647 nearly as large as the latter. While the Suffolk eats less, it also makes less pork. x\nd as the object in keeping hogs is not to see how many can be kept on a certain amount of food, but to obtain the largest possible quantity of pork from the food consumed, the fact that one breed does not eat as much as another should have no bearing upon the choice of breeds. There is no doubt that the Suf- folk " matures quicker " than some other breeds. In certain locali- ties this would be a very desirable quality, while in others it would be a decided objection. If small hogs are wanted, the Suffolk will fill the bill. They stop growing at an age when the Chester White has hardly reached half its size, and while the latter keeps on grow- ing the former is rapidly fattening. In regard to the claim that the Suffolks make "better pork than any other hog " in northern Ohio, I do not see how it can be proved. I do not know that the meat of this breed of hogs sells any higher in market than that of other good breeds. That the pork is good I have no doubt, but that it is better than can be obtained from other breeds I seriously doubt. The writer to whom I have referred would make us believe that the Suffolks are the most profitable hogs for the farmer to keep. That is in regard to the first cost of the stock. The profits of this business do not depend entirely upon the receipts. The expenses must also be considered. If a farmer wants to grow 2,000 pounds of pork, and is obliged to buy his pigs, it may make considerable difference with his profits which breed he choses. Prob- ably the amount of food required to produce this amount of pork will be about the same whether a small or a large breed is taken, but in one case more pigs must be obtained than in the other. The price of the pork will be the same in either case. In the case of poultry, the product brings so much higher price that the profit is greater if the stock is kept healthly. Dairy pro- ducts also bring a higher price and pay better, but the pig is the best animal to utilize the refuse of the dairy. When farmers learn that the pig is simply a machine to make pork out of vegetable food, and they adopt the economical principle recognized in running other machinery, to keep it going to its capacity, there will be no disap- pointment about the profits. The simple point to be made is, the farmer takes nearly or quite twice the length of time necessary to reach a given weight, say 800 pounds, and the loss is in the keeping the pig half of the time without growth. — Live Stock Journal. Ax honest reputation is within the reach of all men ; they obtain it by social virtues and by doing their duty. This kind of reputa- tion, it is true, is neither brilliant nor startling, but it is often the most useful for happiness. The farmer who is too poor to take a paper devoted to his inter- ests, will always be poor in purse and management. 4 648 THE SOUTHERN [November [For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] VIRGINIA DELEGATION AT THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE EAIR. The delegation from the Virginia State Agricultural Society, an gentlemen representing the trade interests of Richmond, Petersburg and Norfolk, attended the North Carolina State Fair at Raleigh, and were very courteously received. After visiting the extensive Fair grounds and fine exhibition on Wednesday, the 13th instant, where they were met by and introduced to the officers of the Society and many citizens of the " old North State," they were invited in the evening to be present at a general meeting of the Society, which was held in the House of Representa- tives, in the Capitol, and had seats assigned them. An address of welcome was then made, which was responded to by Col. Knight, President of the Virginia Society, and also by Messrs. Ruffin and H att of the delegation. An interesting address was then made by one of the professors of Chapel Hill University, on the subject of an agricultural department in that institution. Dr. Elzy, one of the Virginia delegates and professor at the Blacksburg Agricultural College, was then called on, and made a most admirable off-hand speech on the subject of techni- cal education, which for its practical good sense, made a most pro- found impression on his hearers. The meeting closed with the most cordial feeling between the citizens of the two States who were thus thrown together. Substance of the Remarks of Col. Knight, President of Virginia State Agricultural Society: We have come here, my friends, not for the purpose of speech- makino; and mutual laudations. We have come to mingle with the people of the "old North State," and to cultivate those kindly feel- ings which should exist between the citizens of the two common- wealths. We have come to see the exhibition of the products of your soil, and of your mines, the fruit- of your orchards, and the cattle which have been bred on your pastures. We have come to take counsel and encouragement in all efforts to restore and advance the material interest of the people of both States. In a mission such as this, we accept your kind welcome. These annual gatherings of the people of the States, bringing with them the products of their skill and labor, have done much to infuse energy and confidence into the :dual worker, whereby the general wealth and prosperity are increased. I could tell you how Virginia, like your own beloved State — both impoverished by a cruel and worthless warfare — has been benefitted by her own Agricultural Society. Time will not permit, but I may say, in brief, that ten years ago in April last the conflict of war being over, its sad results were on us, (of which it is useless to speak, as they are familiar to us all), and the heavy cloud which overshadowed us seemed rather to increase than diminish. Military government in State affairs, and carpet-bag 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 649 government in local politics rendered us powerless. We had from sheer necessity to leave to the powers which controlled us all matters outside of our immediate fire-side interest, and these were not always exempt from interference. This impressed the fact that as owners of the domain we had to look to it, and. the fruits of honest toil on it, for the support of our wives and children and the means of payment of debts contracted under better circumstances. In this condition of things, our farmers had to bear the largest part of the burden of the adverse times; and with old debts hanging over them, land which they had not capital and labor to work, homes made desolate, they were overwhelmed with despondency and gloom. It was necessary to confront the situ- ation and in every sensible and practical way to relieve it. A con- vention of farmers was called to assemble at the capitol which was well attended. The questions presented were earnestly discussed, and hope and confidence were strengthened. Words of encourage- ment were spoken by members, and by one which went like an elec- tric shock throughout the State. The State Agricultural Society, founded by Ruifin and other men eminent in agriculture, was still an organized body, and had preserved a portion of its funds .from the wreck of war, and it stepped to the front. The friend to whose words I have alluded was elected to the vacant Presidency, and all the other vacancies in the official corps were filled with true and faithful men. A Fair was determined on for the ensuing Fall and a heavy premium list, under the circumstances, was adopted and pub- lished. We looked with fear and trembling on the result, as our people were so little able by their personal presence, or otherwise, to contribute to or receive the benefits contemplated and hoped for. An overruling- Providence directed all things well, and our first Fair closed with the general impression that it was equal to, if not better, than the best before the war. Six others have succeeded, and the seventh is now nearly at hand, and year by year the last is pro- nounced best — thus showing the continued progress of our people. Visitors to our Fairs may now see the stalls, pens and coops filled with cattle, horses, hogs, sheep and poultry, the largest portion of which have been bred in our own State, and for purity of blood and skill in breeding, cannot be excelled in any country. They will also find agricultural implements and machinery of the best kind, which have been produced by the hands and skill of our own citizens; and will see the products of the mines fashioned for use in many varied and important forms by our own Foundries. And as the result of these facts, Virginia is fast growing in her agri- cultural and manufacturing prospects ; and for this she is indebted, in a great measure, to her agricultural and mechanical societies. Our farming people, however, are far from being fully relieved. They have a large surplus dead capital lands which they cannot cul- tivate, and cannot rent or sell to advantage, and on which they must be taxed The relief from this burden will, I hope, soon come in the shape of immigration. We will not, therefore, despond, but 650 THE SOUTHERN [November will cultivate only as much of our lands as we can judiciously and profitably, and leave the residue for the time which surely will tcome when it will be made valuable to us. This brief picture of the condition of Virginia, will, in the main, represent that of your own State; and, therefore, we may take coun- sel together and extend to each other mutual encouragement. Let us, then, associate more intimately in all relations of trade and per- sonal intercourse, and, be assured, that the interests of Virginia and North Carolina are "one and inseparable." Raleigh, N. C. T. E. C. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GRANGE. Master— J. W. White, Eureka Mills, Va. Overseer — T. T. Tredway, Prince Edward Va. Lecturer — J. W. Morton, Eureka Mills, Va. Steward — Wm. McComb, Gordonsville, Va. Asst. Steward — I. B. Dunn, Washington county, Va. Chaplain — J. C. Blackwell, Buckingham, Va. Treasurer — W. B. Westbrook, Petersburg, Va. Secretary — M. W. Hazlewood, Richmond, Va. Gatekeeper — M. B. Hancock, Charlotte, Va. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. A. B. Lightner, of Augusta. R. V. Gaines, of Charlotte. A. M. Moore, of Clarke. R. L. Ragland, of Halifax. MAINTAIN YOUR ORGANIZATION. The Grangers must pardon us for urging them to maintain their organization intact at all hazards. To do this requires energy, vig- ilance and good sense. They must not only exert themselves and work manfully, but they must be wide awake and subordinate their intelligence to the great ends contemplated. Without these essen- tial prerequisites no organization can succeed. We have, all over the country, weak and inefficient churches, made so by the want of these very elements ; and the same remark is applicable to all secu- lar associations of men. There must be, too, a vital and living interest in the peculiar objects and aims of such associations. This interest must never flag — never give up. It should be kept, all the time, to fever heat. Enthusiasm, is the word. The fire must burn within. No one yet ever achieved success in any undertaking where there was no lively interest felt in its ultimate triumph. To this ultimatum the Grangers must be brought. They must throw their souls into their work, or else they will die out. One thing they have to guard against, and that is, not to be led astray by the large promises of financial gains, by which we mean that they 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 651 have higher and more exalted ends to reach. The heart and mind deserve more care and attention than the body. It is well enough to look after our pecuniary interests, to save money, and to buy as cheap as we can and to sell for the highest figure, but, in the mean- time, it is far more important to cultivate a higher moral sentiment and to fortify the mind with the richest stores of information. They cannot perform a more important duty, one that will bring with it more genuine pleasure and permanent improvement than the discus- sion of such subjects as relate to farm, garden and household. Too many are controlled by the mere paraphernalia of the order — its rites and ceremonies. Lay these aside, and strike for something more de- serving our attention. Form libraries, subscribe for useful papers and thus extend the area of knowledge. We must steadily bear in mind that all success depends upon the expansion of the intellect. The Order has done well not to have anything to do with politics. It has passed over this dangerous shoal and thus silenced our enemies. But let us not be deceived about one thing, that we should ignore the discussion of questions relating to political economy. That is all bosh. It is our duty to investigate such questions, and, especi- ally, the question of the currency. We are more deeply interested in it, at least for the present, than any question of the times. We cannot all think alike about it, and for that reason, if no other, we should seek to interchange views and try to come together. [Note by the Editor. — We copy the above from The Living Age and Outlook, published in Kentucky. We heartily endorse its sentiments. The past yefer has been a year of progress among the Patrons of Husbandry in Virginia, and the next meeting of the State Grange, which takes place in January, is looked for- ward to with a great deal of interest. The last Grange adopted a constitution and this is its year of trial. When the results of the year are summed up we will be able to tell whether it has been a complete success or not. If the system we have adopted has any flaws in it. we will then be able to find them out, and remc dy them. The farmers of Virginia have gone into this movement in earnest — they mean to accomplish through its agency all the good it is capable of accom- plishing, and no present disappointment or partial failure will discourage them or cause them to abate their efforts to make it a success.] The National Grange will meet in Louisville, Ky., on the 17th of November. The Maryland Patrons will petition the next Legislature, to do away with the present system and substitute therefor, private in- spections of tobacco. The California Grangers' Insurance Company has increased its capital from 100,000 to §500.000. During the first twelve months of its existence it had risks to the amount of $3,000,000 and its ag- gregated losses were only $646. It is on the mutual plan and the .nsured participate in the profits. Nothing but country risks are 'aken and the loss can never, as with city companies, be severe, t 652 THE SOUTHERN [November The Executive Committee of the National Grange recommend that the Secretary of each County or Pomona Grange, report to the Secretary of the National Grange within ten days of the close of each quarter, the condition of each staple commercial product, and that the reports of the County Grange be formulated under appro- priate heads, and a copy of the complete report furnished each Coun- ty Grange. This is a good move. By it the Patrons of each County Grange will have in their own hands the most accurate data, from which to estimate the probable prices which Mill control both, what produce they wish to buy, and also what they may wish to sell. Junction Grange. Mars-hall county. Kansas, believing that if the birds were permitted to live, the grasshoppers would, in all proba- bility, soon disappear, passed the following resolution: " That we, the members of this Grange, will not allow any one to kill birds on any farm within the jurisdiction of this Grange, and that we hereby give notice to all persons found killing birds on our farms that they will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law." dbitorial grprtuunf. THE NEXT LEGISLATURE. During our editorial management of the Southern Planter and Farmer we have farefully avoided medling in politics as such, vet there are some questions which though somewhat political in their nature, or at any rates someiimes used by politicians for party purposes, which are so intimately connected with the well-being of the farmers of the State, that they require at our hands some notice. We have on every occasion endeavored to impress upon our readers the neces- sity of a dog tax. We are aware of the fact that, in many localities, this is very unpopular, hut believing as we firmly do. that the welfare of the farmers ginia and of the rrhole country would be greatly promoted by the taxing out of existence three-fourths of the dogs that infest the State, and that decimate the flocks of those who try to raise sheep, we do not hesitate to say that it ought by all means to be done. We hardly know what more to say than we have said, but we believe that if the farmers of the State. | a very large majority of whom are heartily in favor of the tax) will only memorialize the legislature en v pass such a law. the members will not disregard their wishes. We - _. following as a form which would be convenient and convey distinctly the wishes of the signers : "We the undersigned farmers of county, petition the Legislature of Virginia to pass a law imposing a tax of dollars, upon every dog owned by a citizen of this State, and appropriate the fund thus raised, first, to reimbursing the farmers whose sheep may have been killed by dogs, and the remainder to go to the general improvement of the county."' [Sigued]. This is merely suggestive. Tennessee raises $30,000 this year by her dog tax, and other States even larger sums, and sometimes when passing among the freedman sections of our towns, we think that a tax of $1 per head on dogs would largely aid in extinguishing the State debt. 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. Persons who have never been accustomed to stock, will hardly realize the vast loss the farmers of the State are suffering year after year, by being unable to keep sheep. It may be broadly asserted that there is hardly a 200 acre farm in the State that would not maintain from 50 to 100 sheep id addition to the stock now kept upon it. If we estimate the return at $2 per head, which is very mod- erate when lambs are selling at from three and a half to six dollars per head, and wool in the gross at from thirty to forty cents per pound— it would very nearly double the actual profit on many of our farms. Let us have a dog tax. THE FENCE LAW. Hardly a week passes that we do not receive a communicatiou of some kind with reference to the enclosure law of the State. The present enclosure law, subject as it is to local option, is very good so far as it goes, but practically it subjects a very large class of our citizens to all the burdens of both systems. In many places the no-fence law is adopted, by one county or part of a county, while the opposite system prevails in the adjourning county or township. In this case, those living upon the border have all the burdens of both sections to bear. What we want is a law applied to one or more of the large geographical divi- sions of the State. Sections bounded by rivers that are lawful fences, or by mountains sufficiently large to make natural barriers to stock, should all be un- der the same systems. Our leaislature should make such alterations in the pre- sent law as would conform it to these suggestions, and then it would not work so unjustly to those living upon the line between the two systems. ENCOURAGING HOME MANUFACTURES. The development of our manufacturing interest as a means of creating a home demand for the perishable produce of our farms, is another matter that should claim the attention of the in-coming legislature. We already have at different points in our State, some very flourishing manufactories of woolen and cotton fabrics, farming implements and machinery of various kinds. At Char- lottesville, they have a woolen mill and an implement manufactory, which are turning out excellent articles of their class. Indeed the woolen mills of Char- lottesville with those of Fredericksburg, make goods which in quality, finish and price, will compare favorably with those manufactured anywhere in the North. Richmond, though not appropriating one- tenth of the water power which rolls its almost inexhaustible strength at her feet, has many first class factories. In the matter of farm implements, we have the Watt Cuff Brace Plow, the Starke Dixie Plow, the Farmers Friend Plow, and the Granger Plow. Cardwell and Compa- ny's extensive manufactory, devoted principally to making threshers, which are superior to anything we have ever seen, at any rate for the price. At Charles T. Palmer's, manufacturer of Valley Chief Reapers and Mowers, and H. M. Smith & Co., manufacturers and dealers in all sorts of agricultural implement*. This does not exhaust the list, but it serves to show something of what we are doing. With all these manufacturies, three-fourths if not seven-eighths of the manufac- tured articles used in Virginia are. made in other States. If the legislature would pass a law exempting capital invested in manufactures from taxation for a short time ; long enough to get the factories in successful op- eration; we think it would be calculated to encourage the introduction of foreign . capital. 654 THE SOUTHERN [November THE ETBICS OF BUTTER. Going through one of the markets in Richmond some time since, we ob- served, at the stand of a dealer, several packages of "'Goshen" (New York) batter. On expressing surprise at this, inasmuch as Virginia should be able to produce butter enough, both as to quantity and quality, to meet the demands of her people, he auswered : "We are forced to this course for those who want honest butter, and I will give you the reasons : In the first place, Goshen butter runs perfectly uuiform. and every grain of weight you pay for it is ac'ual butter ; hence every buyer is satisfied. In the second place, our Virginia folks too often show a disposition to the contrary ; the most common trouble is to be found in the large quantity of buttermilk that is left in it. This settles at the bottom of the jar and is paid for at the market rate of butter : which is too high a price for something that is absolutely worthless : besides, the presence of this butter- milk makes the butter frothy and causes it to turn rancid directly. Again, when it is marketed in rolls, we have gotten whole packages, in which every roll had a cabbage stalk snugly packed away in the centre ; others show pieces of iron or small stones. Again, the heart of the roll will be composed entirely of lard, the butter on the outside running say an inch to an inch and a half thick. We have encountered them. also, packed in the heart with pure ground alum salt ; and sometimes filled with clear water. Again, the rule of " tare and tret " appears to be fully mastered ; for we not seldom get firkius marked with the tare usual on vessels of that size and character in which we find the staves, as they approach the bottom, swell to the thickness of some three inches. We pay, in conse- quence, " butter price " for three or four pounds of wood, and that eats up the profit on the package. The trouble and expense attending reclamations for our losses by these " ways that are dark and tricks that are vain," induces us, as a rule, to avoid the purchase of '•home-grown butter." except for such of our customers as icill have a low-priced article, and when we can't otherwise avoid it." This was certainly a delightful revelation. It shows that human nature is marvelously human, no matter where you find it, and that cupidity is confined to no particular section of country, although we have heard, in our time, pa- triotic Virginians swear it only existed — not in Virginia. Now. " nesting " but- ter is no less infamous than " nesting" tobacco, and we know of but one remedy for it. and that is to take the trouble to find out the names of the persons guilty of it. and publish them in the papers. It is a shame that Virginia butter, because of the discredit thrown upon it by the conduct of unworthy people, should rule 5 to 10 cents a pound less in the market than that from Xew York, or other places, where honest butter is sold. THE GRAPE CROP OF ALBEMARLE. It is certainly a source of great pleasure to us to print such a statement as the following, which we clip from the Chirlottesville Chronicle. It shows one direc- tion in which we are diversifying our operations, and, as time advances, we will find a wine interest growing up in this State that will result in adding hundreds of thousands of dollars to the income of our people. The way to foster the "temperance cause"' is to induce men to leave off ''strong drink," and take to light wines. Men are not put into the world merely to exist, but to enjoy themselves, and the Almighty has made ample provision for it in every way. Because some men make gluttons of themselves and die with 1875.J PLANTER AND FARMER. 655 apoplexy, does not prove that food is a bad thing. It simply shows that we must use and not abuse the good things arranged for our enjoyment. In our December number, Louis Ott, Esq., of Nelson. Co., will commence a series of articles (six in number) discussing the following subjects, viz: 1st. Vir- ginia as a Grape Country ; 2nd. Object of Raising Grapes, (table and wine) : 3rd. Varieties of Grapes ; 4th. Planting of and Attending to Vineyard ; oth. Cost and Yield of a Vineyard ; 6th. Making Wine. We are sure that these articles will demonstrate the ability of our State as well as North Carolina, to embark in the business of wine-making on a large and profitable scale, which will demand the services of numbers of men fitted, as Mr. Ott is, by skill and experience, to make * a perfect success. What say Messrs. Stearns, Haxall, Palmer, Cren- shaw. Carrington and other wealthy and enterprising gentlemen to the formation of a large manufactory of this kind. The Chronicle says: "Some idea of the extent of grape culture in Albemarle Co. may be gathered from the facts in regard to the quantity of grapes shipped by express, and the quan- tity received at the wine cellar. During the months of September and October, 81,797 pounds were shipped by the Adams Express Company. Of these To. 778 pounds went to New York; 3.828 pounds to Baltimore: 1.323 pounds to the White Sulphur Springs ; 550 pounds to Huntington. West Virginia, and 318 pounds to Charleston. West Virginia. In addition to this. 84.872 pounds were received at the wine cellars of the Monticello Wine Company, making a total of 166,669 pounds of grapes marketed, over and above consumption. The crop was not so larsre as it was last year, but brought remunerative prices. The wet weather injured the Delaware variety to such an extent that it was almost a failure." COL. W. C. KNIGHT. We have the pleasure of presenting to our readers this month the likeness of the President of the Virginia State Agricultural Society. Col. William Carter Knight was born in Nottoway county, Va., June 28th, 1818. On his father's side he is of English extraction, his grandmother being a Walton, and nearly related to one of the signers of the Declaration of that name. Col. Knight's mother was a Miss Carter, whose father had removed to Notto- way from the Northern neck about the close of the revolution. Col. Knight received his academic education at Prince Edward C. H., under the tuition of Mr. David Comfort. He was sent to Randolph Macon College, in Mecklenburg county, in the Fall of 1832 and remained two sessions ; then to Hampden Sydney College, where he graduated in 1835. From thence he went to the University of Virginia and studied Law and the Modern Languages. He was licensed to practice law in 1839. In 1840 he married, and in 1841 settled himself upon a farm and devoted himself to an improved system of culture. The vast improvement made in this farm may be judged by the fact that though valued at only 85 per acre when he came in pos- session, he sold it, at the end of 17 years, for -$50 per acre for 400 acres under cul- ture, and $8 per acre for the remainder. Heathen purchased the estate known as Wilton, situated on the north side of the James river six miles below Richmond, where he resided until his removal to Richmond seven years ago. Though giving strict attention to the practice of his profession he found time to take an active interest in the improvement of his farm and in the general agricultural improve- ment of the State. In 1858 he was elected to the Senate of the State from the districts composed of the counties of Nottoway. Prince Edward and Lunenburg. He took an active part in the formation of the State Agricultural Society, and 656 THE SOUTHERN [November in 1855 was elected a member of the Executive Committee, and has continued an officer of the Society to the present time, and for two years past has been its President. He took a deep interest in the improvement of the "Wilton estate. In 1862. the third year of his occupancy, he had 200 acres of very fine clover, which proved a Godsend to the army of General Lee when it was almost impossible to obtain forage elsewhere. He devoted all the resources of the farm to the support of the army during the entire struggle, and the Government was in debt to him more than half a million dollars at its close. After the close of the war he removed to Richmond for the purpose of educat- ing his children, and became engaged in the manufacture of agricultural imple- ments in partnership with George Watt, the inventor of the celebrated Watt Plow. At the close of five years the partnership of Watt &, Knight expired by limitation. He is now President of the Richmond Sto%-e Company, one of the most active and enterprising manufacturing companies in the city. In person, Col. Knight is an excellent specimen of the Virginia gentleman, and is noted for his high-toned principle, and manly bearing. Though modest and re- tiring he is looked up to by his acquaintances and friends, (of which he has a hostj) as one of the most judicious and enterprising citizens of the State. GEN. FITZ. LEE AND HIS MISSION NORTH. The Potomac Immigration Society has taken the most sensible course we have yet seen taken by any of the emigrant societies, in sending delegates North, to lay before the people who have money to invest the advantages of coming to Virginia to invest it. Nothing will convince the Northern people so quickly that we are in earnest in our desire to have them come down to live among us as to go to them and tell them to their faces. There is nothing that so readily convinces men of each others intentions as personal intercourse. We are perfectly satisfied that if the people of the North knew the exact state of affairs in Virginia there would soon be such an immigration to this State as would relieve us of all our surplus lands, and our debts too. Let some more such men as those who recently visited New York go to Philadelphia, or any other large commercial centre at the North, and tell what we are willing to let them do for us, and what we are willing to do for them, and we feel assured that much good will be accomplished. POT FLOWERS IN SLEEPING ROOMS. ^e copy the following on this interesting subject from that sterling paper, " The Aeic York Journal of Commerce : New Yokk, October 6, 1875. Editors of the Journal of Commerce : Is it injurious »o health to have plants growing in the same apartments where persons are sleeping? Your reply will be considered sufficient authority to decide the matter with a number of readers of your valuable journal. W. Reply. — It is injurious to health to have growing plants in sleeping apartments. The reason this is so little understood among people of intelligence is to be found in the fact that the action of plants upon the atmosphere having been tested by day and found to be favorable, it has not occurred to the same observers to test it again by night, when the conditions are naturally changed. Carbonic acid is 1875.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 657 the product of perfect combustion of cai"bon, and is therefore produces by the breathing of animals. Upon inhalation the oxygen in part unites with carbon in the system, and the air exjired contains 4} per cent, carbonic acid gas. This is quickly diffused through the atmosphere of an apartment, but a continual re- breathing of the same atmosphere without thorough ventilation must result in rendering it unhealthy. A single pair of lungs require for healthy action from 212 to 353 cubic inches of pure air per hour, containing about four pounds of oxygen. During the day growing plants counteract the effect of a man's breath upon the atmosphere, reversing the process. That is, the carbonic acid gas is inhaled by the plant through the leaves, which are the lungs, and being therein decomposed, the solid carbon is added to their structure" and the pure oxygen is expired. This only takes place where there is light. The moment it becomes dark the plants give back some of the carbonic acid gas to the atmosphere. Thus, plants fill a sitting.room during the day'with life'and health, but at night contaminate the air of a sleeping apartment. FLUES FOR CURING TOBACCO— AN INQUIRY. The following letter was received by a friend of ours, and as the answer to the inquiry it contains will prove of general service, we request that such of our cor- respondents who have had the most experience in "flue curing," and their con" struction, will favor us with a full and circumstautial uccount of the matter: Cumberland Co., Va., Sept. 29, 1875. "I take the liberty of troubling you with an inquiry in regard to stove flues for curing tobacco. Our present way of building an open fire on the floor of the house is very uncertain, laborious and dangerous. There is, besides, never any certainty Sis to what the color of the tobacco will be. 1 hear that those who use the flues think them dangerous, as they sometimes burst from excessive heat. Is this the case everywhere our sandstone or granite is used for their construction ? I should be glad to know the shape and size of these flues ; how the fireplaces are constructed, and whether a chimney is necessary. If it is, what should be its height? The houses in which I would put them would be 24 feet square. "I raise only what is known as " shipping tobacco, " in the curing of which it is only necessary to got a high degree of heat in the early stages of curing. This we cannot do with wood fires, as the blaze will coddle the leaf on the lower tiers. I have used charcoal with great success, but its preparation is laborious and costly. " These inquiries cannot, of course, be of any service for the present season. I desire their answer for my guidance in the future. E. R. C. The State Fair comes off before another issue of this journal, and hundreds of its readers will flock to Richmond. All who are in want of dry goods, fancy goods, cloths, carpets, oil cloths, &c, &c, should call and examine the immense stock of goods which are offered for sale by Messrs. Levy Brothers, 1017 and 1019 Main Street, Richmond. Never before has a larger stock of goods, or one more complete in every department, been offered by Messrs. Levy. Their stock is the largest south of New York, and gives employment to thirty or forty lady and gentlemen clerks, all of whom are polite and attentive. See their advertisement. Mr. Jno. Sanders, of Smythe county, Va., has just sold 19 head of two year old cattle in Philadelphia, averaging 1,164£ pounds. They were of the short horn Durham breed. The Richmond market does not require such large cattle as our Northern cities. This speaks well for our Southwest farmers. 658 THE SOUTHERN [November We call special attention to the card of Wilkinson & With-r's Clothing Em- porium, on second cover page. They keep a large and desirable stock of clothing and furnishing goods, of style, quality and finish to suit all classes and conditions. Whilst providing for the wants of the finest city trade, they pay special attention to supplying the wants of the farmers and mechanics. They are active, responsible business men. and rapidly becoming known as the leading house in their department in our State. They keep good goods at low prices; and we recommend them with pleasure. We had the pleasure a few days since of meeting at the Exchange Hotel in this city, Gen. H. H. Hurt, the Conservative candidate for the Senate in Halifax county. The General's empty sleave shows that he has seen service. We found him a very intelligent and agreeable gentleman, and have no doubt he will, if elected, make a useful and valuable member of the Senate. The Patriot and Herald, published at Marion, Ya., by Col. Wm. C. Pendleton, is one of the most readable and enterprising exchanges which we receive from Southwest Virginia. We recommend it to our Southwestern subscribers and to such of our advertisers who wish to reach the rich farmers of Smythe, Tyzewell, Wythe and Washington counties. St. James Hotel. — This is the best located, as well as one of the best hotels in every respect in this city. The price of board is cheaper than others of the same class. Col. John P. Ballard, the veteran hotel keeper of Virginia is associated with Maj. Hoenniger. See their advertisement. We call the attention of our readers to the card of Taliaferro & Loving. Mr. F. A. Sanders, of Smyth county, has associated himself with this firm, and will, at all times, be ready to attend to the wants of his friends in Southwest Ya. We can safely recommend him and this firm to our readers. The Districts Fairs. — In our next issue, we hope to give full accounts of the Wytheville. Lynchburg, Staunton and Culpeper Fairs. This- number of our Journal goes to press just as the above fairs close, in order that it may reach our readers before they start to our State Fair. The reports received state that all of the above fairs have been a success. Novo let all of them unite in making our grand old State Fair such a success as she deserves. The New York World says : ;" The speculation in cotton has taken a turn to- wards higher prices, and the decline which has been going on almost uninter- ruptedly since March last seems at length to have received a decided check. Prices have been forced down in the meantime more than four cents a pound, and this affords an assurance of safe values which it is impossible to ignore, for- tified as it is by other circumstances of more or less significance. The Liver* pool market has become quite active, with a partial advance in prices. That market requires more liberal shipments from the American ports, and bids higher prices to stimulate them. Besides it begins to be suspected that the crop for the current year has been overestimated in placing it at 4^ to 4i million bales. The planting season was late, the acreage without important increase, the growing crops was assailed by drouths in some sections, floods in other, and latterly by storms, high winds, excessive rains, and unseasonable cold in various parts. BOTTOnyC TOTJCHBri. Dry Goods at Lower Prices than Ever* Money sayed ty Myiug your Dry Goods from Levy Broilers, Who have made large purchases since the recent decline. Fancy Grenadines at 8£, 10 and 12£c. per yard, worth 16|, 20 and 25c; Rich Styles Fancy Grenadines at 16f, 20, 25, 30 and 35c, worth from 25 to 50c; Black Grenadines in all qualities from 12Jc. up to $2.25 per yard—this em- braces not only the cheapest, but best assorted stock everoffered in this city; Ecru Linen Tussore Suiting at 8Jc. per yard, worth 16§c; at 12Jc, would be a bargain at 25c; at 16fc, worth 30c — these goods must be seen to be appre- ciated; Silk- Warp Japanese Stripes and Plaids at 30c per yard, worth 50c; Japanese Cloth at 12$c, worth 25c; Wash Poplins, best goods manufactured, at 12$c. and 15c, worth 16f and 25c; Debeges, at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50c These goods can be had in all the new shades ; New style' Plaid Dress} Goods from 25 to 50c; per yard— a reduction of from twenty-five to fifty per cent, has been made in these goods ; Fast- Colored Lawns at 8£, 10, 16|, 20* 25, 30, 37 h and 50c; Also, at the lowest prices, Pongees, Mohairs, Japanese Silks, Jaconets, Cam- brics, Linen Lawns, and all other styles of fashionable dress goods : Black Al- pacas at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, GO, 75, 85, 90c, $1 and $1.25 ; Australian Crepe at 50, 60 and 75c, worth 65c, 75c and $1; Yard- wide Printed Percales and Cambrics at 12J and 16|c per yard— regular prices, 16f and £5c; Victoria Lawns at 16f, 20, 25 and 30c; also, Piques at 16|, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40c — all remarkably cheap ; Swiss Muslins from 12^c up to 50c per yard— all very cheap; Checked and Striped Nainsook Muslins, Checked and Striped Swiss Muslins ; Corded, Striped and Figured Piques— all at extraordinary bargains ; Lonsdale Cambric, first quality, one yard wide, ] at 16f per yard ; Knight's Cambric 33 inches wides, at 10c, would be a bargain at 12ic; Utica Sheeting, 10-4 wide, in remnants from two and a half up to ten yards, at 40c per yard ; 50c is the regular price everywhere ; Remnants of Dress Goods of every description to be sold at less than half value ; Black and Colored Silks at lower prices and in greater variety than at any other establishment in this State; Embroidered Curtain-Muslin, ope yard wide, at 25c, worth 37.1c; Hamburgh Net for Curtains, at 20', 25, 30, 35, 40, 50c, and up to $1 per yard ; Hamburgh Lace Curtains from $4 to $30 per set for two windows ; Hamburgh Lace Lambrequins, from $2 50 up to $5 a pair— all very cheap and desirable ; _ Window-Shades in great variety, among which will be found an exact imitation of lace shades, now so fashionable : A large assortment of Curtain Fixtures, such as Cornices, Bands, Loops and Hooks ; Black, White and Ecru Hamburgh Nets, at a reduction of 50c ; A full assort- ment of Laces suitable for trimming ; A large assortment of Silk Neck Scarfs and Ties ; Also. Black Lace Scarfs and White Lace and Muslin Scarfs ; Ready-Made Dresses for ladies in all of the latest styles, from $3 to $25; A full assortment of Under-Garments at extraordinary low prices ;; A large assort- ment of Ducks and Drillings for boys' and men's wear ; Sash Ribbons at 25c, 30c, 35c, 40c and 50c, and up to $1.25 per yard-all extraordinarily cheap ; A full assortment of Ribbons from a halt-inch up to seven inches at the lowest prices; Gauze Shirts for men and women— some as low as 40c for men ; . Bustles in all the new styles ; also, Hoop Skirts and Balmorals ; Matting, Oil- Cloths, Rugs, Carpets, Mats and Hassocks; Rubber, Jet and Gol'd Plated Jew- elry in great variety ; Summer Shawls, Lace Points and Jackets ; Black Grenadine Shawls at $3, worth $4 ; Laces and Embroideries in end ess variety at low prices ; Goodrich & Barnum's Tuckers at 75c; Machine ISeedles at 4 and 5c; Machine Oil in large bottles at 15c; Clark's and Coat's Spool Cotton at 70c per dozen ; ' And thousands of other articles not enumerated in this advertisement. Prompt attention to orders. __ „. , , „ July— tf r LEVY BROTHERS, Richmond, Va. TZHUE YIRG-IISI'IA A^D CIDER MILL Is superior to any MILL now made, and more sold annually in this market than of all other kind.? combined. It does not grate, but thoroughly eras lit cell, insuring all cider tLe apples v :'.'. --.:'. ':. Send for Catalogue. CHAS. T. PALMER, -ly 152o Main . '<:•■-.:. Rteh umd, V G. F. WATSON'S IlEff ? RICHMOND. "-- " - "■-'.-' -" " n ": - ■ : ; :.• HL'.i-z.'. " i- ' ~ -•." ~- ' r- *-;"L -_ : \zli " : -. J a Wring rs.:'':.! - : 1 1 •:"-.. -. ",:_ .zv.. :_ ::' i_::_- :__ • ' _ ■ -. - - - ... •_ - . ' - :.: z_ ■ :::_. : r :'..:. > r-;-ii:i^ •-•■.•ji'.rj I 'vi'.-i L- :-_• :.:- :■•.:.:' ..-:.-■:. 1 pfaramd hard rood i s fl : inc Low- price* 3 I XI nhor Wesi^and fine W» I | NKUHK riaeaper. A stoek of one million feet of lumber insures seasor Us and IjirabfT-giill, IndianioTrr and Pojlar straets; wamuuc J.iehmond. apl FARHERS AND DEALERS Pure Fine Ground Bone m. PUfiE : RAW BOMB '-■n V" [SAIilB. Pure Chemicals- for mi. fa . osphaa; R. J. BAKER & COS. SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO, FOR TOBACCO, CORN AND OTHER CROPS.. After ten years' continuous use, throughout Virginia and the South, Soluble Pacific Guano has acquired a reputation for reliability equal to that formerly enjoyed by the Peruvian Guano, and the quantity used annually exceeds that Ol any other fertilizer. It has been the aim of all connected with this Gnano to produce the best possible fertilizer at the lowest possible cost, and we claim that the unusual resources and facilities of the manufactu- rers have enabled them to approach this more nearly than has been done in any other fertilizer with which we are acquainted. Those who have been using it unite with us in the opinion, that by its use the consumer g THE GREATEST BENEFIT FROM THE SMALLEST OUTLAY. We ofl'er it with great confidence for use on the Tobacco and other crops to be grown in 1S7j, with the assurance that it is, in all respects, equal to what it has been in the past. PURE PERUVIAN GUANO, AS IMPORTED. We have a full supply of No. I Ouanape Peruvian Gnaim, from the Government Agent in New York, selected from one of the finest cargoes ever imported. It is dry and in beau- tiful order, and contains within a fraction of IS per cent, of Ammonia, which is within two per cent, of what the old Chincha Peruvian used to contain — in fact, it would be difficult to tell one from the other. We offer these standard and thoroughly tested fertilizers for Tobacco, Corn, and all Spring Crops, and are prepared to sell them at such prices as will make it to the interest of consumers and dealers to purchase their supplies of us instead of sending their orders to New York, or elsewhere. For fu.-ther information and supplies, address, ALLISON & ADDISON, mar— tf Seed and Guano Merchants, Eiehmond, Ya 35 6 S O 3C m £> § Pleasantly located on Twelfth Street, facing Bank Street and the Capi- tol Square. In the centre of the business portion of the city, within one square of the Post Office and Custom House, it is, by its retired location opposite the southeast corner of the beautiful park surrounding the Capitol of Virginia, the most quiet hotel in Richmond. The proprietor having had a life long experience in hotel business — first at the Everett House, New York, and afterwards as proprietor of the Spotswood Hotel, Richmond, in its best days — and now assisted by Mr. JOHN P. BALLARD, the popular veteran hotel-keeper of Vir- ginia, assures visitors of the ST. JAMES that no effort on his part will be spared to make them comfortable and to keep the house in first-class style. Coaches will attend the arrival of all trains. Elegant carriages are at all times at the service of the traveling public. June T. W. HOENNIGER, Proprietor. CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS SAMPLE CAEDS Are now ready for mailing. Our assortment embraces TWENTY-FOUR PATTERNS. Merchants desiring samples, will please address, CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA. - — J. B. LIGHTFOOT. CKW, HOTSTER «3fe OQ„ Coniniissioii Merchants, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, l:'.:± :::.:l~::z-.:i :: T::i::: araia ?.::/ ana 7::i::.:z jsnsraHy Refer by Special Permission to J. W. Loce~ al Bank of Ta.. Richmond: Isaac Datejtpobt. Ji Richmond. Grain Bags furnished on application. ang — It _ _: m • ... : has . :i band WlSSIi £R33 SJ.HIS ■ mode- rate terms. - » call from all in want of any article in his li ie, and he guarant work- manship, and first-rate materiaL A. B. LIPSCOMB, riT 116 C f St CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO R. R. On and - V. June loth, 1*75, passenger trains will run as follows PROM RICHMOND: chmond, A-M. 9.10 P. H nlle, 12.45 P.M. 12.30 A.M. 7.33 P. M. G.33 A. M. lie, 145 P. M. 1.24 A. M. Mg, M. 4.50 A .M. 4.10 P. M. 3.30 A. M. P.M. 5.14 A. - - A: llboro', 6.17 P. M. 5.36 A. M. .: on, 7.51 P. M. 7.06 A. M. u i :: - :4 a. m. bur, 15P.M. B.32 A. M. aton, 12.15 A. M. 10.35 A. M. At: aawha Falls, 4.2 A. M. 1.25 P. M. Ar: arleston, A. M 3.25 P.M. A 11. 5.45. P. M. ) A. M. Train leaving Richmond s pping at all regular stations. leaving Richmond 9.10 P. M. runs daflj -r-ar stations west of Alleghany. _._ - - .-;- •:■&;- !tv;: Bi'/ini'M. d :'or GorccmsviHeandall intermediate stations daily (Sunday except* I ML : _;;:- ._- «.' '~: ; ^ •. i: :_.- :l -.1 - ?. 1-1. irair. 1 r^een Richmond and tThite Sulphur. For further information, rates. :r at Company b :5:1V"" " AT R. HOWABJ eral Passenger and Ticket Age W. M. ; . 7 Transportation, jy WSiZJP± W£S THE WATT PLOW VICTORIOUS OXjEVERY FIELD! A combined TUNING PLOW. CUL- TIVATOR. SIT SO I.ER. ROW-OPEN- ER, PEANUT-I IG EH. TOBACCO and COTTON SCRA. ..d and SWEEP. No CHOKING when bright and smooth; no LABOR to the plowman"; ONE-THIRD LESS DRAUGHT to the team ; thorough BURIAL of Weeds. Grass. &c. ; great STRENGTH, Durability and Economy in its use, and complete pulverization of the soil. FARMERS WHO USE IT WILL USE NO OTHER. Awarded all the Premiums at every Fair attended in 1873. Awarded First Premiums at every Fair attended in 1874. Virginia State Fair, Richmond— FIRST PREMIUMS ON THREE AND FOUR- HORSE PLOWS. Right and Left Hand -ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED THEIR SIZES. Also at the Plowing Match ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED WHITE PLOW- MEN were taken with WATT PLOWS of ONE, TWO. THREE and FOUR- HORSE SIZES; and COLORED PLOWMAN by ONE, TWO and THREE- HORSE SIZES ; being SEVEN PREMIUMS OUT OF EIGHT. The superior work done by the WATT, and the complete ease with which it is handled, was apparent to all. NORTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR. Raleigh, October 10th; GEORGIA STATE FAIR. Atlanta, October 19th ; SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR, Columbia, November 10th ; STAUNTON. VA., October 13th; LYNCHBURG. October 20th ; WELDON. N. C, October 20th; ORANGEBURG, S. C. November 3rd; CHARLOTTE. N. C, November 3rd ; DANVILLE. VA.. November 3rd; POINT PLEASANT, W. VA., October. Thus, with its great reputation before, it has gained new laurels this year, which must convince every farmer of its vast superiority over other plows. We warrant every plow sold to be as represented or to be returned to us. We solicit a trial. Catalogues sent to any address. WATT & CALL, SOLE MANUFACTURERS, ■ 1432 Franklin St., Richmond, Va. Special A srents for "The Best" Spring-Tooth Horse-Rake and Gleaner; also for sale of our own manufacture. HARROWS. CULTIVATORS, and all kinds, of IMPLEMENTS at lowest prices— all warranted. -3 cm- ©if I have a NEW BURDETT ORGAN which I will sell for $150— Manufacturer's price $175 — Boxed and delivered at any Depot or Wharf in Baltimore. Terms of payment accommodating. L. R. DICKINSON, Also, THREE FIRST-CLASS SEWING MACHINES which will be sold at a discount of forty per cent, on Manufacturers' prices. fj 1 V TREES! TREES! r, 1 The largest and most Complete Stock oi gruit and Ornamental frees in the I . S. l>e«eripjive and Illustrated Priced Catal«s«tes sent as foil jns : No. 1 — Fruits, IOC. No. 2 — Ornamental Trees, new ed., with colored plate, 25c. No. 3 — Green- house plants, 10c. No. 47—Wholesale— Free. ELLWANGER & BARRY, sep Mount Hope Nurseries, ROCHESTER, X. Y. NUlSERY STOCK. FALL, 1875. We desire to call the attention of Nurserymen •and Dealers to our exceedingly large, thrifty, and great variety of stock for Fall trade. Special inducements offered in standard, Dwarf and Crab Apples; Standard and Dwarf Pears, Cherries, Gooseberries, Currants, Elms, Maples, Evergreens, Shrubs and Roses. Correspondence solicited. SMITH & POWELL, Syracuse Nurseries, Syracuse, N. Y BLATCHLEY'S Improved Cucumber Wood Pump is the ac- , knowledged Standard y'of the market, by pop- ular verdict, the best pump for the least .money. Attention is invited to iBlatchley's Improved Bracket, the t Drop Check Valve, which can be with- drawn without disturbing the joints, i and the copper chamber which never Ija cracks, scales or rusts and will last a I life time. For Sale by Dealers and ^^tlj ''"' trade generally, in order to be sure that you get Blatchley's Pump, be careful and see that it has my trade mark as above. If yon do not know where to buy, de- scriptive circular, together with the name and address of the agent nearest you, will be prompt- ly furnished bv addressing with stamp, CHAS. G". BLATCH LEY, Manufacturer, mar-9m 50G Commerce St., Philadelphia, Pa. Tboroilred Stocl for Sale. I am breeding Thoroughbred Devon Cattle, Poland China, and Essex Hogs, South Down Sheep, &c. Also Light Brahma Fowls, and have for sale seve- ral pairs of White and Black Guineas. Persons ordering from me can rely on getting as good stock as any in this country. My herd of Devons are of the most improved strains. They took 7 first premiums at our last Virginia State Fair. For further particulars, F. W. CHILES, feb — 6m Louisa C. H., Va. I7RESH J GARDE SI and FIELD SEED At the old stand cf Palmer in four and five-inch pots — prices low. New Rose. D linborough. at reduced rates. Primula Ja- ponica — stony — in five inch pots. Catalogues mailed to applicants. sep— tf JOHN SAUL. Washington City, D. C. — T "LIN" DEIST GROVE." ^U5^ =__ 2 /y^i ^ ?- Importer^ Breeder and Shipper of English Worses, Sljort Horn ar)d Ayrshire Cattle, Cotswold, Oxford and Shropshire-Down Sheep, And Berkshire Pigs of the most Fashionable Blood. "SALLIE FAMILY A "SPECIALTY " At " LINDEN G-ROVE." The grand Imp. Boars. " Othello," (sire of Sambo 2d, and other prize winners), "Plymouth," Sambo Tenth, First and Second " Duke of St. Bridge," and " Mark Antony," now in use in my herd at "Linden Grove," and offer Young Pigs for sale, sired by them out of my choice Imp. sows, Sallie IVth, IXth, Xth, Xlth, Xllth, XHIth, XlVth, XVth, " Royal Beauty," " Cleopatra," " Bailey's Duchess," " Stumpey," Vth and Yllth, and full sister to " Sweet Seventeen," (same litter.) Also a few young sows, in pig to some of the above named Boars. Also, a choice lot of Cotswold rams (lambs, yearlings, and two or three shear's) some of them sired by the renowned ram " Diamond Fleece," and all out of imported ewes. Also, some fine Ayrshire calves, both sexes, which will be sold at reasonable prices, from the best milking stock in the country, selected in person from the best breeders in Scotland. Address, T. S, COOPER, " Linden Grove," sep — ly Coopersburg, Lehigh county, Pa. If you wish eg^s all the winter use f !AP CAKE or EEEF It n ftp food for hogs and dogs. In feeding this Scrap Cake to hens a very small quantity is required, as it is not expected to take the place of the regular food. One pound a dav to 30 or 40 hens would give a large increase in :he number of eggs. It has been tried with great success. We give copy of an order received from Rev. Dr. Lee. ASHTJ.XD, April 12. 1875. Nevei A an effect as- that Beef Meat or Crackling produced ^n my chickens — from no eggs to 15 or 20 a day. Please send me two more cakes bj first freight. Yours, Lerot M. Lee. For Sale by P. J. Crew & Co.. Soap Manufacturers. 17th Street, opposite Old Market, Cichmond. Va. Price 83 per 100 nov BUCKEYE MOWER AND REAPER Sweepstakes Ttoiier and Cleaner. ECLIPSE ASRIGILTIRAL ENGINE, Best, Cheapest and most Economical Engine in the market. Mill Stones, Bolting Cloths, Eureka and other Smut Machines : Belting, -. Mill Picks, Portable Farm and Cucumber Wood Pumps with Patent Cast Iran Cylinder. War- ranted best and most durable Pump in the marker. &c., &C. JOSHUA THOMAS, 53 Light Street, Baltimore, Md- riptive Circulars furnished on application. ASK FOS THE "L0CKW00D HOE." BLADE ALL STEEL. Etp malleable iron. Every Hoe -warranted* ', Best Hoe for general use in the market. The i| Hoe fur merchants to sell, because it gives -faction. *** Manufactured by BALTIMORE STEEL HOE WORKS, and O. £. HICKS & CO. . Sale by the trade generally. 11 'J v 1876-Postpaid-$L60 THE NURSERY, A Monthly Magazine for Young Read- ies. Superbly Illustrated. eMK ■ »*• f^BBg'.Oj^M*PCPErUALBALl»6 PKB AX PRATT. nor Augusta CO., Va. ■ ' " ■ BALTIMORE rfSL.* EVE A V LI EAR IASTIIL'TE. a Jfarnu K .-,,.,.,„„„„„ *,.. n,.iii,.,„r... 'mi. ___„ _____«^— . one insertion... ?. x months. 10 00 JULI and Ear Diseases in the Ini. ." ind, - IX CHAB .r.ized and ":'.«dup with evenr conn MACHINE EXCHANGE! ' d temporary retirement from the 8 Ma- li* RESUME IT AGAIN IX ALL ITS ALL KINDS SEWING MACHINES, BALTIMOR NEEDLES. OIL, fo •II RENT! Ali kii - 8 _■ Machines re- of anv kind supplied to Grangers and clul fgrFor Sale t,rers' prices. no¥ G-. DARBY, -_: . Main st., bet. 8th and 9th, Richmond, \. TO PLANTERS. JAS. G. DOWNWARD, Pres't. JOHN WHANN, Sec'y and Treas. Powhatai) Phosphate Company, MANUFACTURERS OF HIM The above brand of Phosphate is used and highly recommended by the best wheat raisers in Virginia. It is, in every respect, a first class Fertilizer for wheat. A trial will convince you of this fact. H. D. Twyman, of Orange county, writes us that it exhibited it- self finely. He applied 150 pounds per acre, and made 14 bushels to one seeded. T. W. Bond, of the same county, tells us, in a letter dated Aug. 10, 1875, that ij gave entire satisfaction on the estate of the late John Bond, and gave us another good order. J. G. Dulaney, of Green county, writes : "After a test of your Powhatan Raw Bone Super Phosphate for two seasons on my wheat crop, I feel satisfied that it is one of the best fertilizers now offered in the market." R. R. Porter, of North Carolina, writes: "The Powhatan Raw Bone Super Phosphate, which I bought of you last season, was the best fertilizer I ever had on my plantation. I used it on wheat, and, I think, raised double the quantity as when I used no fertilizer. I also used it on tobacco, and it acted like a charm." We also manufacture Pure BONE MEAL and BONE FLOUR, and will be pleased to furnish samples of any of our brands on ap- plication.