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59660
59660

This book must not be
taken from the Library
building.

Established 1840.

THE

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE: 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. F. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

JANUARY, 1898.

No. 1.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT:

Editorial — Work for the Month 3

" Sugar Beets '... 5

" Corn-Growing in Virginia 6

" Seeding to Clover and Grass 7

A Virginia Corn Crop 7

Report on Further Experiments in Corn-Growing

in Virginia 9

The Sugar Beet Itself, not the Pulp, as Food for

Stock 9

Marl Once More 10

Cotton-Seed Meal 11

Sugar Beets 11

The Principles of Manuring 12

Soja Beans 13

Tlie Velvet Bean 14

Enquirer's Column 14

Cheap Silos in Virginia 15

Harvesting the Cow Pea 17

Where to Apply Farm- Yard Manure.. 18

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month 19

The Use of Glass Houses and Frames

by Truckers L'O

National Experiments in Peach Culture, 20

Why Orchards are not Profitable 21

Melon Growing 21

Fruit Shipments from one Depot in Piedmont Vir-
ginia in 1897 21

Peanut Vine Hay 21

LIVE STOCK AN!)" DAIRY:

Editorial — Rations for Steer Feeding 22

" Care of Lambing Ewes 22

Raisinga Calf bv Hand 22

Milk of Holstein-Friesian Cows...

A Few Sheep Notes That May be Studied with

Profit by Southern Farmers

Preventing Milk Fever

Prevention of Chicken Cholera and Hog Cholera..

Sheep Worrying in the United States

Cattle Quarantine

THE POULTRY YARD:

Editorial - Early Broilers

Worms in Poultry

Grading Up the Flock

Hens Without Cocks

Floor Space of Brooder

Feeding Chickens and Fowls

THE HORSE:

Editorial — Hackneys in Loudoun Co., Va

Notes

MISCELLANEOUS:

Editorial— The Legislature of Virginia and the
Reduction of the Cost of Govern-
ment

The Cattle Quarantine in Virginia ,

" Postal Savings Banks and Government

Bonds

" The New Governor of Virginia

" Dark Tobacco Sales

A New Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion in Virginia

The Virginia Fertilizer Law

Tobacco Seed for Distribution

Publisher's Notes

Advertisements

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TOBACCO :

How to Raise It and
Make It Pay.

By R. L. RACLAND.

A New Year's Gift to all sub-
scribers renewing and
asking for it.

This is a valuable treatise, and every
tobacco grower should have it-

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Mention Southern Planter when you write.

rir^srirTg^r^g^H^j^r^l!^^

PI

r"7;r 1 PS^ r "^"1 P J ^

s ss a THE a a &

Southern Planter

With this issue commences the 59th year of its publication.

HIS is a longer life than that of any other agricultural journal published
in this country. During the whole of this period The Planter has re-
lied for its success and popularity upon its strict adherence to the object
for which it was established, viz: the teaching of sound scientific agricul-
ture on lines especially adapted to the South Atlantic States. That it has succeeded
in this work is evidenced by the wonderful progress made in these States during the
last twenty years in the advancement of agriculture and the building up of the live-
stock industry. From being strictly a planting section, the whole of these States are
now more or less a section devoted to diversified farming, live-stock breeding and
feeding and trucking. Especially during the last ten years has great progress been
made in these several branches of work, and the result is seen in the much better
condition of our agricultural population.

The people now largely make their food at home, and raise "planting" crops, such
as cotton and tobacco, as surplus or money crops. Every year shows a distinct
advance in this work, and with every advance the condition of the farmer is improved.

Trucking is now a great industry on the whole of the Atlantic border, from New
Jersey to Florida, and millions of dollars are brought into the several States every
year from the Northern and Western markets for the products of these farms.

The Live-stock industry is now spreading all through the South, and in the course
of a few years the feeding of beef, mutton and pork for the home and foreign markets
will bring millions to our people. We have more enquiries now for purebred live
stock of all kinds, to found or grade-up herds and flocks, in one week, than we for-
merly had in a year. In all this work The Planter has taken a leading position,
and that it has done so successfully is evidenced by the testimonials we receive and
by the fact that our circulation has increased year by year, until now it is greater than
ever before in its long life.

Our advertising patronage has grown larger every year, and the testimonials we
receive from advertisers indicate that good results are being received by them. This
cannot well be otherwise seeing the character of our subscribers. A journal which,
like The Planter, adheres closely and strictly to the purpose for which it was
founded, and refuses to publish sensational stories or " fake " or immoral advertise-
ments, is bound to secure and keep the very highest class of subscribers.

59fifiO

We Promise for the Future

to emulate and. if possible, improve upon our past and to
make The Planter a journal indispensable to the best
farmers of the South. We appeal to them to give us their
continued aud increasing support. There are still thousands
who take no agricultural paper to whom the monthly visits of The Planter
would without doubt be profitable. We ask these men to send us their subscrip-
tions. One dollar a year is a small sum to spend to be kept in touch with all that
is latest and best in agricultural teaching, aud no farmer can say with truth that
he cannot afford it, The truth is he cannot afford to do without it.

Read what a few of our subscribers say, and send us your subscription and
tin- subscriptions of your friends and neighbors. If you desire to take other
papers or journals read our clubbing list, and you will see that we can save you
money by ordering them along with The Planter.

A Few Recent Testimonials.

Jackson, Term., September 23, 1897. — I note
that mv subscription to the Southern Planter is
nearly out. It must be for life. The editor and
Prof. Massev are doing a grand work for agri-
culture in tiie South.— .Ixo. B. Lawrence.

Tuskcpgee. Ala.. September 15, 1S97.-I like
inter very much, and hope to take
> aa 1 liv.-.— CD. Mexafee.

Monroe, La., August 7,1897.-1 don't see how
T ran eel on without the Southern Planter.— P.
.1. Key.

Marietta, Ga., June 17, 1897.— I am much
with your paper.— L. B. Robeson.

Louisa. Kv.. April 17, 1897.— Enclosed find
mv renewal to one of the best and most helpful
of'all the agricultural papers.— Jay N. Xorthrcp.

Knoxville, Tenn., May 1,1897.— It would not

do without th i rder if it cost me f 25

farming almost exclusively by it,

;:'t do without it.-S. P. Condon.

.. April 20. 1897.— I think
l1 value to anv one who is a
farmer. -F. K \ AN Tyne.

Cha " —I think the

.-ricultural paper on
earth— J. R

Chattanooga, TeDn., March 6, 1S97 — It may

not be amiss to say that I think the Southern

a very superior periodical, and of several

agricultural papers I take, it isthe best. — Rom.

Pi;i rciiARD.

Littleton. X. C. March 3, 1897.— The 8
Planter is a splendid journal, and would be the
best investment for many of our farmers that
they could possibly make. — Rev. J. M. Rhodes.

Binghampton, X. Y.. March 27, 1897.— I en-
close you S1.00. I can hardly get along without
the best agricultural paper in the world

i:tt.

Villa Ridge. Ill, May 15, 1897.— I like the
I Planter very much, and look for its
coming with interest each month. — Halleck
Johns

Burgessville, Ontario, Can.. May 20 1 897.— We
take several agricultural and horticultural
papers, and none of them is looked for or read
with more interest than the Southern J
even in this Xorthern climate. — E. F. Snyder &

"Indian Camp," Powhatan Co.. Va., April 17,

The Southern Planter is a welcome visitor

to my house, and should be read by every

farmer, especially in the Middle and Southern

States— Dr. Bi.air Bcrwell.

i *r .<, ■'..jScJL

cJUBc

JkJL.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.—XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, January, 1898.

No. 1.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The year 1S97 has come to an end and 1898 is with
us. We are now fast approaching the end of the cen-
tury, and what a century it has been of material pro-
gress the world over. With such a retrospect it be-
hoves every one to see to it that the closing two years
cast no reflection in this respect on those years that are
past. Science has become the handmaid of agriculture.
and he who now neglects her teachings will soon find
himself in the rear of the procession. During the year
just closed scientific teaching and experimentation has
done much to help the farmers to make their calling
more profitable. It has demonstrated that it is possi
ble in a very large section of the country, and of which
Virginia is a part, to produce a new crop, the produc
tion of which will enable us to keep at home more
than $100,000,000 per year which has gone abroad to
purchase sugar, whilst at the same time enabling us to
improve our lands and feed more live stock in an eco-
nomical manner. The sugar beet crop is destined to
work almost a revolution in farm economy in those
sections adapted to its production. Science again has
taught the farmer how to extract the most costly fer-
tilizer from the atmosphere by the growth of the leg
uminous crops, and has thus enabled him to limit the
outlay upon fertilizers and cheapen production. These
are only two of the most prominent lessons for which
farmers have to thank scientific teaching in the imme
diate past. There are scores of others to which we
might advert hud we the space. A review of the past

year would not fail to show how important it is for
farmers to keep well abreast of the teachings of science
if they are to conduct their business with profit. The
day when "any fool can be a farmer " has gone by
never to return. A successful farmer, probably, more
than any other man, must be a man of broad mind and
wide information ; he must know something of nearly
all the sciences, and especially of the sciences of chem-
istry, of plant growth, and of food nutrition. He must
also be a good man of business, well posted in the
market values of crops and stock, and ready at all
times to avail himself of the opportunities of the mar-
kets of the world. The days when profits could be
made by the simple production of staple crops on land
rendered fertile by nature is gone by. The land must
be fertilized and cultivated scientifically, and the crops
be converted into a manufactured article, and be put
on the market in a condensed form if farming is to be
profitable. It is true that the past year has been a
better one for the farmer in many, nay, in most re-
spects, than the three or four which preceded it.
Prices of all staple crops and stock have advanced, with
the single exception of cotton, and in most cases are
still advancing. This has been largely owing to the
fact that curtailment of production had proceeded so
far in consequence of low prices that demand had over-
taken supply. In the case of the wheat crop this factor
was intensified by an almost universal failure, or par-
tial failure, of the crop in every part of the world ex-
cept this country. A consideration of these facts

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

points the truth of the laws of political economy.
Demand and supply are the great factors which always
dominate the price of products. Had the cotton
planters of the South heeded these laws, they would
not now be selling cotton at 5 cents per pound. They
would have limited the production to a crop no larger
thau that of last year, and then the price would have
been nearer 10 cents than .">. Coincident with this ad-
vance in the price of all farm products there has been
a much stricter pursuance of the policy of economy in
every household aud iu every husiuess undertaking.
The only exception to this is to be found in the Na-
tional and State governments, and these are now being
forced by public opinion to fall into line. That reck-
ten extravagance which was characteristic of the
American people has been dealt a death blow by the
hard times of the past few years, and it is well that it
has been so. We shall now return to those more sen-
sible ways which the early settlers aud the founders of
the nation followed, and under which they acquired
wealth and happiness. As a result of this advance in
prices and economy in expenditure, debts have been
discharged, mortgages cancelled, and the wheels of
commerce set again in motion to meet the legitimate
requirements of the constantly increasing population
of the country. The fallacy of relying upon home
markets solely for consumption of our products has
also been exploded, and we are now seeking and taking
hold of the markets of the world. All this points to
a period of prosperity for all classes in the near future.
The only cloud upon the sky is the protective tariff
now in operation, which, unless modified, must inter
fere with the extension of our foreign trade, as nations
will not trade with us freely whilst we refuse to take
their products iu exchange, and the unsatisfactory
banking and currency system of the country, which
men of all parties now universally condemn, whilst
unable to agree upon the system which must supplant
it. We cannot think, however, that these clouds will
long be allowed to darken the sky. Other nations
have passed through similar ciises, aud if we are only
wise enough to take lessons from them we also can sur
mount them. The great difficulty is that our people
hate to take lessons from anybody. A young nation
(and this nation is young compared to the nations of
the Old World is like a young man. ambitious to cut
out a path for itself, and heedless of the example of
those older nations which have learned by experience.
When this nation realizes, as every young man has to
realize, that older nations and older heads are wiser
than young nations and youDg heads a way will easily
be found to overcome the difficulties now p
upon us, and we shall then enter upon a period of
prosperity unexampled in thn history of the world.
A neglect to profit by the experience of others is not

a sign of wisdom, but of folly, and the consequences
may be disastrous. We pray God this may not be our
condition. We are at the parting of the ways, and
much depends upon a wise resolution of our difficnl-
fciea Let us heed the teachings of sound political
economy, the laws of which are unalterable, aud set
our house in order, and prosperity for all is within
sight.

Iu the hope of doing something towards hasteuiug
on this period of prosperity, we resume our notes on
•Work for the Month." which we have made for
a number of years a special feature of each issue.
We are constantly in receipt of letters from subscribers
thankiug us for this department of the journal espe-
cially, and therefore feel satisfied that it is doing
thing to help on the good work of making better farm-
ers of our people. A great weakness of nearly all
farmers, and especially of Southern farmers, is that
they are given to procrastination. They know that a
certain work requires to be done, but put off the doing
of it from day to day until, instead of being done at the
best time, it is often done at a time when it is practi-
cally impossible for it to be done well or bring about
satisfactory results. Often this delay is caused by an
oversight at the time when the work ought to be done.
Our object in these notes is to bring prominently be-
fore the attention of our readers the best time at which
to do each different work and how best to do it to se-
cure the most satisfactory results. Whilst it is impos-
sible for us to hit exactly, the best time for every
part of so large a section of country as that covered
by this journal, yet we make it a point always to
take up the different work required to be done in
any part of this section a little ahead of the best time,
so that if farmers follow our advice they are always
pushing their work aud not letting the work push
them. Work done ahead of time can always be made
available to advance the interests of the farm, whilst
that done behind time can rarely be made profitable
Farmers should exercise discretion in different sec-
tions in acting immediately on our advice, as condi-
tions of soil, climate aud weather must always have a
great bearing upon the doing of all work on the farm.
Having the matter brought to attention, it is e
any practical man to decide for himself whether the
land is in a proper condition or the season propitious
for immediate attention to the work suggested.

There is not much actual work that can be done on
the land during the month of January. Draining,
ditching and clearing up the fields intended to be
cropped is about all that should be attempted, unless
the mouth should be exceptionally dry, when possibly
some plowing may be done, and manure may be led
out aud applied as a top dressing on the wheat and

Library

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

winter oats and on grass land. See to it that all the
manure possible is being made in the stables, sheds
and feeding yards by keeping them well bedded with
straw, cut or shredded fodder and leaves, and that this
manure is carefully saved by being piled on a site
with an impervious bottom sloping towards the centre,
thus conserving all the liquid portion which is the
most valuable. Southern farmers do not yet half re-
alise the true value of farmyard manure and the pos-
sibilities of making the same which exist on every
farm. Speaking on this question recently, Prof. Rob
erts, who manages the farm at the Cornell Experiment
Station, in New York State, said, when it was re-
marked what a thrifty appearance the farm had. and
beingask>d whether it was always so, said, "No indeed,
it used to be an old daisy -infested farm." The rejoin-
der was then, "You must have piled on quantities of
manure." No, said the Professor, we have studied
the needs of the land, applied the manure we make,
and we buy only a little mineral fertilizer ; this little
is used as a starter for the wheat. We have coaxed
the soil along, and now it responds. You no-
tice the manure spread on yonder meadow. That
is for the corn crop. Our rotation is, clover
and timothy, corn, oats, wheat and clover again.
We will haul a little manure this fall to spread on
the pasture knolls ; if we can't give them a full meal,
we can give them a sandwich. Later, we stack manure
up out here, and he showed the manure pit. This
is situate alongside the driveway, where a little de-
pression is found that serves admirably. If it gets too
hot, we draw on a few loads of earth ; this cools it
down, and prevents waste of ammonia. The earth
changes color after being on for a time. The cemented
bottom holds leachings. This well-rotted manure is
for the wheat crop ; it is spread on the freshly-plowed
ground and worked into it."

The result of this system of management has been
to improve the land and make it bring good crops.
This year, the wheat on this farm made fifty bushels
to the acre, whilst on adjoining farms, it did not yield
sufficient to pay for its production. On an acre of this
farm, without any special treatment, 300 bushels of
Irish potatoes were this year grown, whilst on adjoin-
ing farms the potato crop was a failure. Such a sys-
tem of management will pay here in the South, as well
as in the North. Now is the time to prepare for it by
making manure aud saving it.

This is a most convenient season for reviewing the
results of the last year's work, and for devising plans
for the coming year. Do not merely look into the
successes of the past, but examine carefully the causes
of the failures, so that they may be avoided as far as
possible, j vLay out a good system of rotation of crops,

and adhere to it. On this largely depends the con-
tinued profit from year to year to be derived from the
farm. Diversify your crops. The one-crop farmer is
never long a successful farmer. Above all things,
plan to raise upon the farm all the supplies necessary
to meet the needs of the household and the live stock,
as far as it is possible to do so. The man who does this
from year to year, will soon be in a positiou to be in-
dependent and able to watch the fluctuations of the
market aud take advantage of the best time to sell his
surplus products. Markets are depressed by the com
pulsory sale of products mainly brought about by the
neglect of farmers to make supplies for the home
requirements. With bread and meat in abundance at
home, a farmer can afford to wait with comfort until
his surplus is in demand.

Let the ice-house be filled at the first opportunity.
You may not have another chance.

See that all live stock is carefully sheltered from the
storms and cold night air. The food consumed should
go to make beef, mutton, pork, milk, or butter, and
not to keeping the animals warm alone. It will
be first applied to this latter use, and only the surplus
beyond what is necessary for this purpose will go to
make profit.

Hogs should be slaughtered as soon as possible, in
order to ensure good curing. See that the animal
heat is all out of the carcase before salting, or the
meat will never cure well.

Do not forget our advice given last month, to keep a
strict account of all jncome and outgo from the farm.
A man who keeps no accounts, is rarely a successful
man. No merchant can be successful without know-
ing exactly what he buys and what he sells, and the
expenses attendant upon the conduct of his business ;
and the same rule applies to farmers. It is advisable,
also, to keep an account with each crop, so that it may
be known exactly what it cost to make it When once
started, this keeping of accounts will not be found to
be a serious task, and will not take up much time.

SUGAR BEETS.

Since we last wrote on this subject, we learn that a
sugar refinery company has been chartered in this city
with a large capital, whose object is the erection of a
large sugar factory in the vicinity of Richmond. The
gentlemen promoting the work are well known bnsi
ness men of this city, possessed of large wealth, and of
undoubted business capacity, the prime movei in the
matter being Mr. J. B. Pace. We trust now. there
fore, that we are in a fair way to seeming one of

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

the prime essentials to the successful establishment of
the sugar industry as a staple trade of the State. The
other essential, the production of the beets, rests with
the farmers of the State, and we hope and believe that
we shall Dot find them wanting in the doing of their
part. Without the hearty co operation of both par-
ties success cannot I e achieved. With it we see no
reason to doubt success. We would now urge upon
all fanners within a reasonable distance of this city,
where transportation by water or rail can be secured
at low rates, to enter upon the work of preparing for
the production of a crop of heets this year. Do not
undertake too large an area at first, but let the re-
quired quantity to run the factory be produced by
many growers. There need be no fear of the produc-
tion of too many beets. A large factory, such as is
contemplated, will require thousands of tons of beets
to keep it running during our long seasons, but we
do Dot desire to see a few men striving at first, each to
produce an eno; mous area of beets. The work will be
found to be so different to the production of corn, and
to be so exacting in the matter of labor, much of it
hand labor, that we should fail in our duty not to utter
a word of warning against the prevailing vice of ex-
tensive rather than intensive farming. To be successful
in raising the crop will call for the most complete pre-
paration and fertilization of the soil. It is not too
soon to commence work whenever the land is dry
enough to plow. Lei this plowing be well done. Do
not turn np more than a very small portion of the sub-
soil, but let this subsoil be broken as deeply as possi-
ble with the subsoil plow. If you have no subsoil
plow then break it with a single-tooth cultivator or
coulter, and leave ir loose in the bottom of each fur-
row. After plowing, give the field a dressing of from
'_'."> to 50 bushels of lime to the acre, and leave alone
for a few weeks. Then harrow in the lime, and if you
have well rotted farm-yard manure, give it a good cov-
ering with this, and work across with a cultivator or
plow lightly so as to cover the manure. Farm yard
manure is always best applied to the beet ciop the
year previous to growing the beets or in the fall ; but
this first year, if the land was not manured for the last
crop, it will have to be applied as early as possible, so
that it may In-come thoroughly mixed in the soil iu
the process of working the land for the crop. This
working cannot be too complete. The soil to as great
a ib pth as possible should be made as fine as a garden
bed.

In our next issue we will deal with the question
of the commercial fertilizers which should be applied.
Ed connection with this question of preparing the land
for the beet crop and its apparent cost, it may be well
and encouraging to tanners to show what has been the
effect of producing beets, in enhancing the value of

the land and its products, in those sections where
sugar factories are already located. It is reported
that ou a number of farms in the Rajeno Valley, Cali-
fornia, the average yield of wheat this year from fields
in sugar beets last year was over 44 bushels per acre.
In other sections the yields of wheat have increased
two fold. Again, the use of beet-pulp in connection
with proper grain rations as food for stock largely in-
creases the farm's supply of rich organic manure for
the benefit of all farm crops. In some localities the
beet sugar industry has trebled the usual number of
animals kept on the firm, with a consequent rapid in-
crease in the fertility of the soil. In Germany the
rental value of the best farming lands has been in-
creased from So an acre to Sin. and even $15. In Ne-
braska lands near beet sugar factories, worth $20 an
acre three years ago, are now worth as high as $100.
Such results as these must necessarily follow iu this
section when the sugar beet industry becomes an es-
tablished success, and we therefore commend it to the
attention of farmers with confidence iu its proving of
value to them in every way.

CORN-GROWING IN VIRGINIA.

One Hundred and Sixty Bushels to the Acre.

In this issue will be found two reports from Mr. H.
E. Wood, of Fluvanna county, Va.. on his crop of
corn raised this year. On one acre of land he hi
duced 160 bushels of corn, which is. we believe, the
largest crop ever raised in this State. We have heard
of 150 bushels being raised, and know of 136 bushels
being grown in this State, but believe that Mr. Wood's
yield has never before been equalled. We congratu-
late him upon his success. The raising of 160 bushels
on one acre is, however, not his sole claim to merit, for
lie has done something which is even more meri-
torious. He has raised 1,675 bushels on l'i acre*
of land — or an average of 105 bushels to the acre
over the whole crop, and 8,035 bushels on twenty
urns. We doubt whether such an achievement as
this has ever before been accomplished in the State.
If it has. we never heard of it. What a commentary
is such a yield as this upon the average product of the
State of 20 bushels to the acre ! On 20 acres of land
he has grown as much corn as the average farmer
grows on 100 acres, and probably more than is grown
by a very large number of men calliug themselves
farmers, on 150 acres. Surely such a success will be an
incentive to many to give up planting so many acres,
and to give greater care and attention to a smaller
area. There is more profit in the large yield on the
small area, and much less work.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

SEEDING TO CLOVER AND GRASS.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have two fields, one of fifteen acres and the other
of six, which I propose to sow— the one in oats and
clover only, and the other in oats and grass (a mix-
ture). The fifteen acre field was this year in Soja
beans, and I am thinking of sowing 2} bushels of oats
ami :! gallons of. clover seed to the acre, with 400 lbs.
of fertilizer — South Carolina phosphate and kainit, in
equal parts. The six-acre field 1 want to get into a
permanent sod. is in good heart, been well manured,
and I thought I would sow 2J bushels of oats ; and for
grass, 1 bushel of Orchard grass, 1 bushel of Red Top
and 2 bushels of Blue grass. I shall be much obliged
if. in the next issue of The Southern Planter, you will
tell me h hether you have any alterations to suggest to
this plan. Some of the seeding is, I am aware, a good
deal heavier than is usually sown about here ; but I
want to get a good stand, and not have to plow the
fields up the year after sowing. If, however, you con-
sider the amount proposed for either field is too
heavy, or have any other suggestion to offer, I shall
be much obliged. H. M. T.

[We have always been advocates for a more liberal
seeding, both of grain and grass seeds, than is custom-
ary in the South, but the quantities proposed to be
sown by onr correspondent are so much in excess that
we think he has almost gone to the other extreme.
On the fifteen-aere field we would not advise the seed-
iug of more than 2 bushels of oats to the acre, and we
think two gallons of clover seed would be ample.
This seeding is about twice as heavy as that usually
sown, and should ensure a good stand.

On the sis-acre field, which it is desired to get into
a permanent sod. we would not sow oats at all. As
the result of experiments, and from observation, we
are satisfied that it is a mistake to seed a grain crop
with grass seeds ; and especially are we satisfied that
this is so iu the South, where the object is especially
to secure a good stand of grass. There may be some
excuse for it when the grain crop is the prime consid-
eration. Grass seeds shaded by a grain crop, especi-
ally if the crop is heavy, are so much shaded and so
weakened iu their growth by the stronger root-growth
of the grain crop, that at best they make but a poor
showing when the grain is cut off. Iu this section the
harvesting of the graiu crop is done at a time when
the power of the sun is greatest, and the result too
often is that the grass, deprived of shade and in a
weak condition, is burnt up. Seeded alone, the grass
seeds make a vigorous growth from the start, and are
inured to the power of the sun, and able to withstand
its scorching rays without suffering. We have seen a
crop of grass so raised tbat made an excellent crop
of hay the first year, and went into the winter able to
withstand the frost without damage. We would not
suggest any reduction of the grass seeding suggested
on this field. It is a heavy seeding, and, sown alone,
should make a fine, permanent sod. — Ed.]

A VIRGINIA CORN CROP.

160 Bushels to the Acre.

Editor Southern Planter :

When I last wrote to you I had come to think I
would be able to report to you the making of 40 bar-
rels [200 bushels] of corn upon an acre of my land ;
but, alas, "the best laid schemes of men and mice
gang aft agley." I can only render au account ot 32
barrels [160 bushels to the acre. My mistake occui-
red iu this way. We had hauled on a four horse
wagon about eighteen loads of corn on the stalk. I
had carefully measured what I supposed to be an av-
erage load, which made two barrels. I calculated if
one load would make two barrels, nineteen loads
would make thirty eight, with three or four barrels
more to be added. This proved to be not the case,
and I am left now to report thirty two barrels? This
was the best yield, and was made on land checked
2Jx2i, two stalks in the hill. The next best yield was
on four acres, making 100 barrels, or 25 ban els [125
bushels] to the acre. Fifteen acres were in corn on
this farm, which made an average of twenty one bar-
rels [105 bushels] per acre. The four acres which pro-
duced the 100 barrels [500 bushels] were separated
from the checked acre by a small stream of water. It
is of better quality, if possible, than the checked acre.
It was planted with the corn planter, in rows from
four to five feet apart, the stalks of corn from fourteen
to fifteen inches apart iu the hill. This was a mag-
nificent body of corn to look upou, and gave excellent
returns, but I am confident had the land been checked
2}x2J feet, and two stalks to the hill, there would
have been from six to eight barrels [30 to 40 bushels]
more harvested per acre. The checked laud referred
to above is the same laud that was under corn last sea-
son, checked 3x3 feet, and was supposed to have
yielded about twenty four barrels [120 bushels] per
acre ; at least we gathered about that. This increase
of eight barrels [40 bushels] per acre must have been
occasioned by the reduction from 3x3 feet to 2*x2*,
and I think the four acres would have yielded the same
uuder the same method, and I believe any other land
of the same quality would make as much per acre
under the same system of cultivation. The checked
acre was plauted April 27th ; was worked first time
May 22ud, by running Iron Age with small coulters
only along the rows. With the rows only 2]x21 feet,
the Iron Age worked the soil between them thor-
oughly, ruuuing once. On June 3d, I crossed the
first working with the Iron Age with small coulter
agaiu. I thinued the corn this time to two stalks iu
the hill. On June 19th, the Iron Age, with the largest
blades, was run twice to the row, which completed the
work. No work done with the turning plow or hoe, and

-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

the land left level. The four acres were worked twice
with the Iron Age, running each time from four to five
times to the row, and left level, with some hoe work.
All the land under cultivation on the farm was eulti-
vated as the four acres were, except the checked acre.
The checked acre, as you will perceive, made the best
yield, and with much less expense. Farmers gener-
ally think corn planted 21x21 feet would dwarf its
growth. It has not done so in this experiment. I
sent you stalks of marvellous production. I shall
send to your office some two dozen ears of corn about
twelve inches in length. [These have been received,
and are fine ears— Ed] I have just weighed one
bushel which weighed 66 pounds. The stalks grew
about fourteen feet in height. The only change I dis-
covered from the close planting of the corn was a re-
duction of the weight of the stalk from seven pounds
at harvesting heretofore, to three and a half this season.

This acre of land experimented with is more than
average land in fertility, and the conclusions arrived
at are satisfactory. Yet I think the result reported
iu November number of the Planter, on the yield of the
poorer land checked 2*x21, is better iu proportion.
The question I would like to solve in my own mind is
the least possible distance in the row the corn plant
can be successfully cultivated. I noticed on my farm
this season, when corn rows were from four to five
feet apart, it required eight or ten times running in
the row with the cultivator to complete the working.
There was so much work to be done on the soil to sup
press the growth of weeds and grass, whereas, if other
rows of corn had been growing between those already
plauted, the work done to destroy the weeds, etc.,
would have benefited the corn plants. While it con-
sumes more time to check the land before it is planted,
checking is by far the most economical and thorongh
system of cultivation. I cultivated " Cock's Prolific"
this season, as I have done for many years before.

While the corn crop has done well this season, I do
not know that it did its best. There was not rainfall
enough to wet the land thoroughly from the time it
was planted till harvested. I am satisfied that to
cultivate the land level is the best way to make it re-
tain moisture and withstand the drouths. An acre of
land is supposed to be about 70 square yards. When
this is laid off into corn rows 3x3 feet, we have 70
rows of corn. When laid off 2{x2} feet, we have So
rows of corn, giving IS additional rows of corn. I
noticed iu gathering my checked corn it took some-
thing less than three rows to make a barrel [5 bushels],
hence the additional six or eight barrels [30 or 40
bushels] to my last season's yield. The hills on the
checked were two stalks to the hill ; and had, generally
speaking, from four to five ears on each stalk. For
several years I have tried experiments with these

plots of land, rich and poor, as I have done this sea-
sou ; have given them my individual and special at-
tention, to ascertain how close the corn plant will
have to be planted to injure its growth and perfection.
I believe the acre which yielded 32 barrels [160 bush-
elsj can be made to yield six or eight [30 or 40 bushels]
more next season by planting the rows 2x2 feet. If
so. it will place it within range of a possibility for
thousands of acres within the limits of our State to
produce the same. I shall try 2x2 feet next season,
and report the result. I give this experience for what
it is worth to your readers. Doubtless many are famil-
iar with it, yet there may be a few poor laboring
wights who will derive some comfort. If so, I will
be much gratified to kuow I have accomplished some-
thing. Land was plowed deeply last fall.

I thanked you last year for instructing me how to
cultivate the corn plant and farming generally. Now,
permit me to thank you again for the good and timely
advice offered our "Solons" when they next assem-
ble. I suppose the country people and city alike can-
not manage a heavier taxation. I am not well enough
informed on the economic principles of State govern
inent to suggest any plans for relief, but I do think
our county could do with five or six less officials and
leave it just as healthy and prosperous, and the Ship
of State would glide along just as smoothly.

Fluvanna Co., Va. H. E. Wood.

I appeud a list of expenses for cultivating, etc., the
checked acre of land, 2*x21 feet.

Man and three horses, one day to plow $ 1 90

Man and three horses, two hours to harrow... 28

Man and mule, one day to check 90

Man half day to drop . 20

Man and mule two hours, to cover the corn 18

Peck corn to plant the acre 10

First working, man and mule, two hours 18

Second working, mau and mule, two hours .... 18

Six hours, one man to thin corn 24

Eight hours, man and mule last working 72

Five men and four horses, one day cutting,

hauling and shucking 4 00

Shucking 32 barrels corn, 8 cents 2 5fl

Total. $11 44

I do not know the value of the shucks, fodder and
tops. Corn is worth here $2 per barrel.

Mi— is. W. A. Miller & Son, Seedsmen, Lynch-
burg. Ya., write. September 16, 1 8:*7 : "We enjoy
reading the Southern Planter very much, and never
miss an opportunity of urging farmers to take it, and
will continue to do so. We do not think any farmer
can afford to do without it."

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

REPORT ON FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN
CORN-GROWING IN VIRGINIA.

An Average Yield of 101 Bushels to the Acre on
Twenty Acres.

Editor Southern Planter :

I sent in my last report hurriedly, before I had fin-
ished measuring and calculating my entire corn crop,
hoping you would be able to get the report from the
fifteen acres in the December issue. Since sending
that report I have finished measuring aud calculating
the yield from the entire five or six acres which ad-
joined lot No. 1 last season, and on which I called
your attention to the marked difference in the growth
of corn in favor of lot No. 1. This report was given
in the December issue of 1S96. I then supposed there
were live or six acres. I have since stepped it care
fully, and find five scant acres of it. I supposed the
yield last season to be 6 or 7 barrels (30 to 35 bushels")
per acre. It had been plowed in the late spring with
a two horse plow ; corn-rows laid off from four to five
feet apart, and planted with a highland gourd seed
type of corn ; cultivation in the usual one-horse plow
method, and laid by with a ridge or hill to the corn.
I changed the entire system this season, with the fol-
lowing results on five acres : 1st plot, 64x64 square
yards, checked 2«x2' feet, two stalks to the hill, pro-
duced 13 barrels (65 bushels) ; 2nd plot, 64x77 square
yards, planted with the corn-planter in rows three feet
apart, one stalk in the hill, and the hills eighteen
inches apart, produced 14* barrels (72} bushels),
making the whole yield 27' barrels (137* bushels).
The remainder of the five acres I planted with the
corn-planter, in rows three and a half feet apart ; left
one stalk to the hill, ranging from 12 to 14 inches
apart ; this produced 64V barrels (322* bushels.) The
crop was worked three times with the Iron Age culti-
vator, running twice each time in the row. Some
hoe work was done on this lot. Cocke's Prolific Corn
was planted on the entire five acres. The five acres
produced ninety-two (92) barrels (460 bushels) of good
corn this season, and only thirty or thirty-five (150 or
175 bushels) last season, an increase of sixty odd
barrels (300 bushels) on the five acres. This, added
to the 15 acres reported upon in another part of this
issue, makes 20 acres, producing 407 barrels (2,035
bushels), an average of 203\ barrels (101 bushels) per
acre. The five acres of land fifteen years ago was of
excellent quality, but from careless and negligent
working had become reduced. I can give, I think,
four good causes for this season's increase over last.
The land was plowed bettei this season than last.
There were about as many again corn rows on the
five acres this season, the corn was worked shallow

and left level, and the variety of seed used, all
tended to make up the increase.

Professor Massey, I see, supposed the land I re-
ported on to be low ground, and would admit of deep
plowing. He is correct. The entire 20 acres was low
ground— five acres extra alluvial soil. 15 acres an av-
erage river land. There are thousands of acres in
Virginia and elsewhere just as productive. I agree
with Professor Massey eutirely about shallow plowing
and subsoiling for poor land. I know subsoiling to be
of incalculable value to poor, worn out land. Whilst
I would not advocate checking on all land, or on
rolling undulating surfaces, by no means would I urge
the method on steep, rugged surfaces. One should
be guided entirely by the contour of the surface about
the two methods. In your "Work for the Month."
in December issue, yon gave some good suggestions
about draining. I will give some information, too,
on this subject. As far back as my memory takes me
there have been on two acres of my low grouud under
cultivation this season, two sags, or depressions, which
could not be drained by any ordinary furrowing. No
grain ever grew thereon. I decided to see what could
be done with a blind ditch. I commenced at the
river, and cut a narrow ditch to the oozy aud barren
point, allowing a gradual slope to the flow of water.
I then cut short ditches to the right and left, making
the ditch a cross-like shape. I then put in the bottom
of the ditches two green old field pine poles, allowing
space enough between them to admit the flow of
water. I then put down small blocks for the top and
third pole to rest upon. I then filled the ditch with
cornstalks and weeds enough to prevent the dirt from
reaching the pine poles, and then filled up with dirt.
This was done about a year ago. These two barren
spots have been thoroughly drained ever since, and
grew excellent corn last summer. I have been told
the pine poles will never decay as long as they are
kept beneath the surface, and moist. This is a simple
and cheap method of draining land. Very few of us
are able to buy terra cotta tiling, but all of us have a
superabundance of old field pine poles, which can be
made useful.

Fluvanna County, Va. H. E. Wood.

The sugar beet itself, not the pulp, as
food for stock.

Editor Southern Planter :

If, as the advocates of the sugar beet assert, the
pulp of this vegetable, after the extraction of the sugar,
is a valuable food for stock, would not the beet itself,
with all its saccharine property intact, be much more
so, when fed. like turnips, either cooked or raw ? And,
if so, might not its partial substitution for turnips and
similar root crops for stock prove an advantage uus
adjunct to our coru crop, particularly in mnch of

10

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

Middle Virginia, where the laud is thin and the aver-
age corn jield comparatively light — and where, as
elsewhere, everything, from a chicken to a horse,
seems fonder of corn than of any other food*

Of course the prime object of the sugar beet is for
the making of sugar, and it is to be hoped that the
praiseworthy efforts now being put forth by Commis-
sioner Whitehead, the State Board of Agriculture, and
other public-spirited citizens, and by the Planter and
similar progressive journals, to inaugurate this great
industry in Virginia, may be heartily seconded and
finally successful. But if it should be shown that
another advantage in the beet is in its furnishing a
new. rich, strong food for stock, might not that fact
be an extra inducement to many a farmer, too remote
from a factory for profitable shipping, to undertake to
raise it yearly on a small scale — say. a half acre or an
acre — thus directly benefitting himself, and tending,
too. to make its introduction more general, and to fa-
miliarize our people more quickly with its cultivation
and its merits!

You are. Mr. Editor, as readers of the Planter kuow.
a very loyal and intelligent advocate of the " neeps"
of Old England aud Scotland, and along these lines
would doubtless be conservative in advice as to any
substitute for existing and tested root crops : nor
, would the writer wish to see the hand of progress ob-
literate that old Virginia landmark and "stand by"
— the spring "turnip-greens patch"' — to many the
sweetest of all salads for " bilin." But your views on
the particular phase of the sugar beet question, as re-
ferred to above, might, at this stage, be interesting
and instructive to the public. Respectfully,

Hanover County, Ya. X.

[There can be no question but that the sugar beet
can be fed to live stock with advantage, probably with
greater advantage than can the pnlp after the sugar
has been extracted, aud for this reason we have urged
that experiments should be made in raising the crop,
even although no sugar factory should be immediately
in sight. The crop need not be wasted when raised,
and the best method of raising it for making sugar
when the factory is established can thus be studied
without loss. But whilst thus endorsing the sugar
beet as a food for stock, we think that in sections
where there is no immediate prospect of a sugar fac-
tory being erected, that farmers would do much better
to grow the Mangold Wurtzel beet for stock feeding.
While not so rich in saccharine matter as the sugar
beet, it is yet very sweet, and is more valuable as a
food, especially for milch cows, thai) rutabagas or
turnips. Beets show by analysis 1.53 of protein, 7.94
Of carbohydrates, and 0. 14 of fat. Rutabagas analyze
1.18 of protein. 7.66 of carbohydrates, and 0.15 of fat
Turnips analyze 1.14 of protein. 0.27 of carbohydrates,
aud 0. IS of fat. This greater richness in feed quality,
however, is not the sole, or eveu the great reason why
the Mangold- Wurtzel beet should be grown for feed-
ing purposes in preference to the sugar b^er. The
great factor is the much heavier crop which can be

raised of Mangold- Wurtzel beets than of sugar beets.
A good crop of sugar beets will weigh from 20 to 25
tons per acre. The average crop raised is about IS
ions. A good crop of Mangold- Wurtzel beets will
weigh 60 tons per acre. We have grown 70 tons to
the acre. The best crop we have seen reported in
England this year is 67 tons to the acre. Au average
crop is 40 tons to the acre. It has been doubted
whether such crops of Mangold Wurtzels can be raised
in this State, but we are satisfied that it can "be done.
A subscriber of ours who doubted the possibility of
raising auythiug like 50 tons to the acre, tested the
question two or three years ago in Southside Virginia,
and made so great a success that he told us that he did
uot doubt but that he could grow 60 tons to the acre.
He grew an acre, aud made near 50 tons at the first
trial. Comparing such a yield as this with the best
yields of sugar beets, it will be seen how much more
food can be produced per acre from the Maugold-
Wurtzel beet than from the sugar beet, and that food
of nearly equal value per ton for feeding purposes. Of
rutabagas and turnips a much greater weight can be
grown per acre than of sugar beets. We have grown
50 tons to the acre of rutabagas, and au average crop
is 25 tons. These roots, too, are of nearly equal feed-
ing value with the sugar beets, and much easier to
keep sound and good during hard winters. We have
always been most desirous of seeing more roots grown
in the south for stock feeding, and therefore welcome
the sugar beet as an addition to those capable of being
produced ; but we cannot urge their growth for this
purpose alone, in preference to the Mangold- Wurtzels,
rutabagas or turnips. When grown for the sugar
factory, the pulp, when dried or siloed, will be found
a valuable acquisition to stock-feeders, aud at the
same time help to make the production of the crop
more profitable. — Ed.]

MARL ONCE MORE.

I notice the criticism of Mr. Howell in regard to my
remarks on marling. If Mr. H. will come to North
Carolina, I will guarantee to show him plenty of land
that has been rendered almost sterile by an excess of
shell marl. Marl is a very uncertain term, aud while
there may be marl iu New Jersey that can be used on
lauds there at the rate of twenty tons per acre, it will
not do to say that such an application is best for lands
elsewhere, and with marl of au entirely different na-
ture. So far as our Louisa correspondent is con-
cerned, I fear that he may be in error as to having any
green sand marl at all, as it would not seem likely to
occur in that Piedmont section. I have not the
slightest doubt that the marl in New Jersey has done
there all that is claimed for it. But New Jersey laud

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

11

and Virginia land, and New Jersey marl and Virginia
marl are different things, aud we cannot apply the
same general rules to either of them. Evidently the
land on which shell marl gave such good results, and
on which lime did no good, was simply in need of the
potash and phosphoric acid, and an application of
these would have given as good or better results and
saved the labor of hauling the shells. It was waste of
time and labor to haul the carbonate of lime there.
Lime acted better on the other soil, because it needed
the lime, and the freshly slacked lime was more avail-
able than the lime in the shells. Mr. Howell has a
curious notion as to a high-grade fertilizer. He asks
if a fertilizer with half of 1 per cent, of potash and
phosphoric acid would not produce as good results,
if applied at the rate of twenty tons per acre,
as a ton with 10 per cent. Would he suppose that
it would be a good business practice for a man
to freight twenty tons of material from New Jersey
to Virginia, when he could get the same amount
of plant food in a ton, and get it in a more available
shape 1 Green sand marl or shell marl, whether from
New Jersey or Virginia, cannot be made the base for
a high grade fertilizer, and it seems to me so evident
that no argument is needed. W. F. Massey.

COTTON-SEED MEAL.

There is a need for every pound of cotton seed meal
in the South as a fertilizer, for the nitrogen and min-
eral matters in it all came from the Southern soil and
should go back to it. As a stock food, I have tried it
to my heart's content. I believe that it is a slow poison
to any animal, and a rapid one to some, such as calves
and pigs. At the prices at which it is sold, it is cheap
enough to use as a fertilizer when rated by the standard
adopted for estimating the value of fertilizing matters.
We have other and safer nitrogenous foods, and can
well afford to return the cotton-seed meal to the list
of fertilizers and take it out of the food list. The idea
that good beef can be made by feeding animals on
cotton seed meal aud hulls, is one of the things that
has prevented the South making beef fit to be eaten.
Put cotton seed on the soil and grow more cow peas
and corn to feed to beeves, and we will get some beef
that can be eaten by people who know beef. In all
our Southern cities, the only eatable beef is that which
comes from Chicago, ready dressed ; while the country
all around could make as good or better beef at a
profit, by using the abundant means at hand and
dropping forever the idea that decent beef can be
made from cotton-seed meal and hulls. The way to
build up stock-feediug in the South is not in that line,
but in the diversification of the crops and the growing
of really good food for cattle.

If the subscriber who wrote about how to feed cot-

ton seed to a calf will try it, he will soon find that the
only way to raise a calf on cotton seed meal is to put
the meal on the laud and grow something that the calf
can eat safely. W. F. Massey.

SUGAR BEETS.

There is no more important subject for the farmer
of Virginia to discuss, in all its aspects, than that of
the cultivation of sugar beets and their manufacture.

The reports concerning the practicability of grow-
ing beets in the Eastern States, containing a profitable
amount of sugar, have so far been conflicting in the
extreme. The Department reports — especially those
of 1877-8 and 1886 — are decidedly discouraging; how-
ever, in your November number it is stated that
"more than 100 samples have been tested, and, in
few cases, does the sugar content fall below 12 per
cent., and one case rises as high as 17 per cent."

This news is so satisfactory to one who has followed
the discussion on this matter that possibly many far-
mers will now try a small area in sugar beets, who,
having perused former statements, had left the busi-
ness severely alone. Would it not be most interest-
ing to have the details of the 100 samples in print?

This present agitation as to the production of beet
sugar, is no mere surface ripple. The whole farming
world is being stirred up, every agricultural paper of
importance and progressive views is writing thereon;
and, whatever may have been the failures in the past,
the indications are that the manufacture of sugar from
beets will have commenced in the Eastern States of
America before the beginning of the new century.

It appears, from the daily papers, that already a
charter has been granted to the Southern Sugar Re-
fining ;Compauy; it now remaius for them to make
their propositions to the farmers, unless they propose
growing all they require themselves ; this is, however,
not probable.

It is for the farmer to eonsider the price offered per
ton, the price of transportation, and the probable cost
of cultivation.

The price named in the Rural Neic Yorker, as the
price paid per ton — namely, five dollars, at the Rome
factory in New York State — is possibly a remunerative
one, and it is certain that at that figure many a farmer
will be tempted to try what he can do, especially if
the factory proposes to do the business on a cash basis.
The proceeds from a few car loads of beets, at five dol-
lars per ton, should be attractive enough for thousands
of farmers, and very few farmers will find it very dif-
ficult to add five to twenty acres of beet to his other
crops. Every oue grows beets of some kind in his
garden ; it will be now necessary to grow them on a
larger scale, and with more care and attention in the

IS

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

helds. Our gardens tell us the kind of soil they grow
best in, and it is not necessary to inform good farmers
that roots require deep culture and loamy or light
land.

That roots rich in saccharine matter can be grown,
appears certain. A beet produced in Indiana, Stark
county, gave 29.9 per cent, of saccharine ; further, the
Grand Island Sugar Factory of Nebraska gives an
average yield of the beets grown there of 12.8 per cent,
of sugar. It is stated that the Graud Island Factory
in 1890 produced 750,000 pounds, and that for 1897
the production will be probably ten times as much,
and also that farmers are making $48 per acre from
sugar beet ; that land is increasing in value according
to "the proximity to the factory,-' and from the
statements of individual farmers, "the industry is
highly remunerative."

In the Bural Sew Yorker, a diversity of opinion is
to be found.

Prof. Brooks, of the Massachusetts Experiment
Station, 6ays : "I should therefore suppose that it
would be unwise for New York to attempt competing
with the West in the production of sugar from the
beet."

Prof. Roberts, of Cornell Experiment Station, savs:
••It is seen that sugar beet growing offers greater in-
ducements at the present time than any other branch of
agriculture."

Another most important point is as to our ability to
compete. In some places, it is clear that labor is too
scarce and dear; bnfwhere labor is to be bad and the
cost of land low, with good agricultural machinery
and average brain power competition need hardly be
feared.

And as the cost of manufacturing on a sufficiently
large scale is only about one-half a cent per pound,
and the cost of the beets from 1\ to 2; cents per pound
of sugar, there ought to be a large enough margin of
profit for auy intelligently conducted business.

That there will be mistakes made before the busi-
ness is learned goes without saying. It is of impor-
tance that a more extended and careful system of ex-
periments should be at once undertaken for the bene
tit of the State, and all reliable information obtained;
it then seems reasonable that German competition
need not be feared, for while their labor is cheap,
then land is dearer and poorer, and generally their
farm tools are very inferior.

If this business can maintain the standing armies of
Europe, it certainly ought to be able to help the
struggling farmers of America.

Albemarle county, Va. Z.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

THE PRINCIPLES OF MANURING.

The Use of Phosphatic Manures.
When ciops are grown in pure calcined sand, to
which manurial substances have been added, they
quite refuse to grow if pho3phates are withheld. The
want of nitrates, potash or lime all have a very
marked effect on plants so grown ; but the want of
none of these cripples the crop so much as the absence
of phosphates. Like bread to man, it appears to be
the staff of life to plants. On the Woburn Royal Ag-
ricultural Society's farm, I had a number of small
plots (roods), most of which for fifteen years had
always been manured in the same manner. From six
of these, one substance was always withheld, aud one
had not received any manure for seventeen years.
Now, to show how powerful phosphates are in the
growth of turnips, and how small a quantity is
requisite to produce a good crop on perfectly sterile
land. I will describe to you a small experiment I made
with the soil of one of these plots the first year that
slag phosphates were introduced. From one of the
plots that had never received any phosphatic manure,
I dug a quantity of soil, and after thoroughly mixing
it I filled four ten inch flowerpots with it. Among the
earth going into two of these I mixed what slag would
lie on a sixpence for each, that being all the phos-
phatic manure they ever received. The pots were
labelled and placed in an open space up to the rim in
soil- A pinch of turnip seed was sowed in each pot,
and as soon as the seeds were above ground all the
pots received a little water, in which a few crystals of
nitrate of soda had been dissolved. No manure of any
kind was given to them after this, the nitrate of soda
being used to push them out of reach of the fly. As
soon as the plants began to crowd each other they
were thinned out, till two of the strongest were left in
each pot. A little later, as soon as they got beyond
the damage by slugs, etc., the strongest alone was left.
At the end of the season I had two magnificent
turnips in the pots to which slag had beeu added,
each turnip being only a little less in diameter than
the pot in which it grew, while in neither of the other
two had I what one would call a turnip at all. the
bulbs being simply rough, thickened roots, with a few
leaves above. The plots from which the earth had
been taken which filled these pots had beeu in turnips
a year or so before, and the plots that received no
phosphates did not produce as many turnips as would
have raised seed enough to sow them, while all the
others had magnificent crops. These results are very
much the same as what have been obtaiued at other
experimental stations all over the world, and give us
conclusive evidence as to how our turnip crop should
be manured. That summed up is as follows : In a
wet climate apply 12 or 15 cart-loads of manure in
drill per acre, and sow broadcast over the drills 5 to 6
cwt. of superphosphate, or 10 or 12 owt of slag per
acre, and with judicious management, and an average
season, a good crop will be the usual return. Al-
though all crops, more particularly in the seedling
stage, must have a full supply of phosphates before a
maximum crop can be obtained, still there is no other
farm crop which is so dependent on them as turnips.

THE USE OF POTASSIO MANTJBES.

No manures are so varied in their action as those

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

13

belonging to this class, apparently from the fact that
many soils seem to contain a sufficient supply of this
substance. It generally is least wanted on clays, and
most on sands, its effects on legumes being most
marked. On the experimental crops at Woburn pre
viously referred to, a crop of ordinary red clover had
been growing during the past three years. The year
in which the seed- was sown, the produce from the
crop receiving no manure was at the rate of 3 tons 6
cwt. per acre, while the average of the crops getting
all other manures except potash was 4J tons, or only
ahout a ton of green clover per acre over the plot get-
ting no manure. The plots getting no phosphatic ma-
nures gave an average of fully Gi tons, while the ones
getting no nitrogen, but everything else,yielded 7i tons.
The effect of the absence of potash is here very marked,
but the following year it was much more so. The plots
that received no potash, although fully manured in
othnr iespects, were in uo way better than the plot
which never received any manure, while all the others
had very large crops, which weie cut twice during
the year. At the end of that year, although 3 cwt.
had been taken in two years from each plot, 1 deter-
mined to allow them to grow on for another year to
see how they would compare. During the winter the
plants mostly died on the plot receiving no manure,
and also on the two plots from which potash is with-
held, while a pretty fair plant remained on all the
others, each of which produced a crop similar to the
first year. Similar plots were in peas, and while ex-
cellent crops were reaped from all that had potash,
those that got none had most miserable ones ; so that
although they bad every natural substance they re-
quired except potash, still they were very little better
than the plot from which all mauurial substances were
withheld. These plots have never been under beans
and vetches, but both these crops, if sown on them,
would behave very much in the same way. The re-
sults I obtained were just the same as had previously,
and have subsequently been found elsewhere. The
crops are all of a very nitrogenous nature when used
for food ; and yet nitrogenous manure, which is neces-
sary in the growth of grains and grasses, has little
effect on them, as the plots which had never received
any nitrogenous manure were among the best of the
lot, whereas had grain been the crop they would
have produced little more than the plot receiving
nothing. In coiners and ends of fields in which I had
potato and carrot pies, and which were not cleared off
in time to be cropped with the remainder of the field,
I have repeatedly, with nothing else but kainit, and
what rotten straw happened to be lying about, grown
four or five good crops of vetches in successive years,
the kainit, some 10 cwt. per acre, costing some 18s. to
19s. ($4 to $5. In ordinary practice few crops do
worse in succession than beans, and even on good bean
land I have seen the greatest difference possible,
where pait of the field has been in beans in the previ-
ous rotation. The lessons to be learned in the manur-
ing of these crops are to give a heavy and principal
manuring of some potassic salt, with a full allowance
of phosphatic manure, and little or no nitrogenous
manure, according as the land is in moderate or good
condition. — F. C. Long, England.

Mention The Planter to your friends.

SOJA BEANS.

Their Value as a Food Product for Man.

In a recent Bulletin issued by the U. fe. Department
of Agriculture, the great merits of the Soy or Soja
bean are fully set forth, and a brief account is also
given of their value as a food product for man. The
conclusions to be deduced from this pamphlet are that
the great value of the Soja bean is only just beginning
to be appreciated. The early varieties of the Soja
bean will succeed and outyield corn wherever that
crop can be grown. The later varieties, requiring a
longer season to mature and making a larger yield,
can be safely planted in all parts of the South, with
the promise of making an enormous yield. The Soja
bean and the food products made therefrom are used
very largely by the Japanese. China and other
Asiatic countries also use them as a food for man to a
very large extent, and they are also coming into use
for this purpose in Switzerland, France, and other
European countries. The Department Bulletin referred
to says :

"The statement is frequently made that the Japan-
ese live almost exclusively upon rice, eating little or
no meat. It is not, however, generally known that
the deficiency of protein in the rice is made up by
the consumption of large quantities of shoyu, miso, or
other Soy bean products. It is stated on good author-
ity that these products actually take the place of meat
and other nitrogenous animal foods in the Japanese
dietary. They are eaten in some form or other by-
rich and poor at almost every meal.

"Since Soy beans contain no starch, they have been
recommended as food for persons suffering from dia-
betes. A Soy bean bread is manufactured for this
purpose in Paris.

" Under the name of Coffee beans, Soy beans are
eaten to some extent in Switzerland as a vegetable,
and dried and roasted are also used as a coffee substi-
tute. Their use for this latter purpose is not unknown
in America. The attempt has recently been made by
certain dealers to place the Soy bean on the market
as a new substitute for coffee, and to sell it under
other names at an exorbitant price.

"Bulletin No. 98, of the North Carolina Experi-
ment Station, recommends Soy beans as a palatable
vegetable when prepared as follows : Soak the beans
until the skins come off, and stir in water until the
skins rise to the surface and then remove them. Boil
the beans with bacon until soft ; season with pepper,
salt, and Nutter, and serve hot. If the beans are
green, the preliminary soaking may be omitted."

From these reports, the Soja bean as a food product
should come into more general use ; and if they do, it
will add a new value to this important erop. Its great
value as a forage plant, and to produce an enormous
yield of most nutritious and fattening feed for stock,
is already proven, and it is only a question of time

11

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

when our farmers will so become fully aware of its
many good qualities and great merit that it will lip
one of our staple crops.

Henry W. Wood.
Henrico Co., Va.

THE VELVET BEAN.

A New Leguminous Crop.

Editor Southern Planter :

I send you herewith sample of the new Florida pro-
duct—tin: wonderful velvet bean. Up to two years ago,
it was grown here iu a limited way, mainly as a trellis
shade, but it being discovered that it was valuable for
all kinds of stock as forage, and also as a fertilizer for
orange and other fruit trees, it has been grown in a
large way since that time.

There is nothing yet discovered that is, all in all, so
valuable a crop to raise as this. It will do well on any
kind of soil, in any of the States, North or South, that
will grow corn, and no fertilizing is necessary. The
amount of forage coming from this beau is wonderful.
Planted in rows four feet apart, it will produce a solid
mass of vine and foliage to the depth of fifteen to
twenty inches, covering the entire surface of the
ground.

It is also prolific in seed. From the hill the vine
runs out in all directions like the watermelon, from
ten to twenty feet. It commences to make fruits at
the hill in clusters like the raisin grape. Thence
along the entire length of the vine at intervals of from
ten to twenty inches, pods in clusters of from two to
tweu'y appeal'.

From twenty to thirty bushels of shelled beans
would be a modest estimate for an acre of ground on
an average crop. I speak from knowledge, as I have
just harvested nineteen acres of as fine a crop as ever
grew.

riant 'early in spring in rows four feet apart, or drill
from three to five beans to the hill, the same as corn.
Cultivate and keep clean until the vine commences to
(ill the row, then lay by for the season.

If planted in an orange grove or orchard, keep five
feet or more away from the trees, as the vine is a great
climber, and will cause you bother.

One bushel of perfect seed will plant four acres.

The bean ground up, hull and all, makes a fine fer-
tilizer for pineapples, orange or fruit trees of any
kind, as well as for all vegetable growth. Stock of all
kinds like it.

Florida.

E. A. Wilson.

[North of the Gulf States we would advise our read
ers to plant this crop experimentally. It is a success
in Florida and Louisiana, and is no doubt a most val-
uable crop there as an improver of the land. It be-
longs to the leguminous family, and it takes nitrogen
from the air and stores it in the land, but will require
acclimation before it can be successfully grown here. —
Ed]

ENQUIRER'S COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh)
N. C, not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the nest month's issue of the Planter.

Fertilizer for Tobacco and Cotton.

Please answer in Southern Planter —

1st. What amount of potash should be used per
acre on tobacco ?

2d. When should it be applied? How would it do
to mix in a compost now. to be applied in the spring?

3d. Would it be better to apply stable manure at
this season on land for tobacco?

4th. Which is the cheapest for cotton — kainit or
muriate of potash?

5th. Does the salt in kainit have a teudency to
harden stiff, hard, clay bottoms in dry weather?

I want to thank you for many suggestions in the
Planter that have been helpful to me.

Very respectfully,

N. A. McMillan.

1st. This will depend largely on the nature of the
land. In your county, the land is naturally more de-
ficient in potash than in the up country. Hence, a
liberal application of potash is usually best, espe-
cially for a crop like tobacco. You should work for
good cutters and smokers, and not for wrappers.
Hence, in mixing a fertilizer for tobacco on your land,
I would make it 10 per cent, potash ; that is, actual
potash, not the combination in which it may be used.
That is, in a ton of the mixed complete fertilizer, I
would use -100 pounds of high grade sulphate of pot-
ash. Of this, you can use 500 to 700 pounds, accord-
ing to the fertility of the land.

2d. If you intend using kainit or the muriate of
potash, it should be by all means applied some mouths
before the planting time ; but if you use the sulphate,
I should mix it in a fertilizer made up of dried blood
and acid phosphate — say, 1,000 pounds acid phos-
phate, 600 pounds dried blood, and 100 pounds sul-
phate of potash, and would use it in the furrow some
time before planting. Haul all your materials that
you have for the compost on the land and spread it,
and do not waste time and labor on mixingaud turning.

3d. Yes. Get the manure out on the land and spread
it broadcast as fast as made. It will lose less there
by far than kept in the barnyard.

4th. That depends on a man's location. Near the
coast there is little difference in the cost of the potash
in either form, but when the substance is freighted far,
the low-grade kainit soon becomes the most expensive
by reason of the freighting of large percentages of
useless stuff. But kainit seems to have a special
value on the cotton crop in preventing leaf blight and
rust ; and it is also true that where kainit is used, it
hould be put on the land a good while before the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

15

planting of the crop, so that the salt can leach away,
aud in the leaching may make soluble other matters of
value in the soil. In immediate contact with the
seed, kaiuit and the muriate have a caustic effect that
hinders germination.

5th. I have never noticed any such tendency, but
have never used it ou soil of that nature.

W. F. Massey.

Kainit.

What is the composition of kainit!

A Reader.

Kaiuit contains per cent, the following ingredients :
Moisture. 3.20; potash, 13.54; lime, 1.15; magnesia,
9.80; sulphuric acid, 20.25; chlorine, 33.25.— Ed.

Thinning a Qrove.

I have built a house in a grove (thicket) of young
trees composed of white, red aud black oaks, pine and
some hickory. The trees are now much too thick,
and are grown up straight and tall, without much top.
They range from four to eight inches in diameter, and
are from twenty five to near fifty feet in height. When
is the best time to thin them? and about what dis-
tance apart should they be left1? Aud to induce a
spreading of the head, would it be advisable to top
those that are left standing; if so, at about what
height from the ground and form of head left?

Where can the plants Citrus trifoliata be obtained,
that you advised for hedges in preference to osage
orange, in December (1896) number of the Southern
Planter .'

A reply to the above queries in the next issue of
the Southern Planter, will oblige

Wm. Nuttycombe.

Albemarle Co., Va.

It would be a matter of entire impossibility for me
to say just what trees should be taken out unless I
was on the ground, and could see the trees and their
location. If the idea is simply to form a shady grove,
they may be left closer than if a landscape effect is
aimed at. I would say in a general way, leave the
white oaks, hickories and gums and take out the red
oaks, as they are a shorter-lived tree than the white
oak, aud will not endure topping as the white oak
will. White oaks can be cut back almost to the forks
of the limbs, and will put out in a few jTears very
handsome crowns. Go to the grounds of the Miller
School, in Albemarle county, and see what has been
the result there of topping white oaks, and the trees
will give you a notion of how yours should be topped.
The gum bears topping back very well, too. But I
would let the hickories alone for time to form their
heads. If for shade merely, the height of the trunk
of the tree should be anywhere from ten to thirty feet ;
for landscape effect, the tree should be allowed to
branch out as low as it can.

You can get the plants of the Citrus trifoliata from
P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.

W. P. Massey.

Fertilizer For Tobacco.

Will you kindly inform me, through the Southern
Planter, upon the following points? I wish to experi-
ment in the production of a maximum crop of tobacco,
with the following objects in view : First, a paying
crop ; second, permanent improvement of the land.
The land to be worked is a stiff red clay, in fair con-
dition. Five years ago it had a heavy dressing of
ashes. Last spring it was sown in clover, and had a
fair stand. This fall I gave it forty loads of well
rotted stable manure to the acre, and plowed under,
snbsoiliug with a long coulter. In Marcl; I will give
it, with a grain drill, 500 pounds of raw bone per acre.
Later I will also broadcast, with grain drill. 300
pounds per acre of some good tobacco fertilizer, ami
:;00 pounds more in the hill at planting. Now, my
neighbors tell me I am doing too much, aud will make
:i failure, as the tobacco will be sure to fire. I have
not farmed very much, and have never raised tobacco.
Please let me know if I am on the right track ; and if
not, tell me what to do? I want 2,000 pounds of to-
bacco to the acre, and then to seed it to grass. What
kind of grass would you advise?

Bedford Co., Va. Tobacco.

If it does not fire, you will probably have, with such
treatment, a big crop of tobacco that will not bring
much money, a heavy coarse article that would sell —
for what purpose I cannot imagine. It would, if the
season was so favorable that it did not fire, grow so
late that it would probably not be fit to cut before
frost came. I would leave out the 500 pounds of raw
bone, which would be of little use to the tobacco, ex-
cept for the nitrogen in it, and for the wheat that may
follow it. If the phosphoric acid in that amount of
raw bone became available to the tobacco it would
only tend to make it coarser and "bony,'' or thick-
stemmed. With the amount of stable manure you
have applied, I think that the following mixture will
be all that you will need, and I would apply it all
broadcast to the land before planting : Acid phos-
phate, 1,200 pounds ; dried blood, 400 pounds ; sul
phate of potash, high grade, 400 pounds, to make a
ton. Four hundred pounds of this per acre will give
you better tobacco than the lot you propose, and will
be better than somebody's tobacco fertilizer in all
probability.

W. F. Massey.

CHEAP SILOS IN VIRGINIA.

The silo is not as generally used in Virginia as iu
most States, although it would seem that in a section
where corn is grown with such success its use would
become quite common. Probably, the main reasons
preventing their more frequent introduction have
been lack of good barns, and cost of machinery to cut
the corn for the silo. Most barns throughout the
State are not at all equal to the needs of the owners.
Feeding of hay and fodder is quite often, if not
usually, on the open ground. It would not be pofsi-

16

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

ble to feed silage in this way, as waste would be
enormous. The machinery used in filling silos should
not be a great drawback, for in all sections of the State
thresher engines may be rented for this work and the
cutter might be bought by several farmers in partner-
ship, thereby reducing cost to a minimum. Many
farmers still have an impression that a silo must of
necessity lie a very expensive building ; this, of course,
is not true. Even the best wooden silo may be erected
at a very moderate cost, aud if they are to remain
permanent features of the farm, aud provided the
owner can afford the first cost, the best are very likely
cheapest in the end. If, however, it is not deemed ex-
pedient to build a costly one, then one of simpler de-
sign may be made to answer a very good purpose.
Under certain circumstauces a mere hole in the ground
may be all that is needed.

On the Experiment Station grounds we have three
silos of cheap construction, put up partly as temporary
structures, to last until good barns are built, which
will undoubtedly be in the very near future, aud partly
to demonstrate the fact that cheap silos may auswer a
very good purpose. In 1S93, we made the first one by
tearing up the floor in an old barn and digging a hole
beneath. It was dug a cube of fourteen feet, with
vertical sides, without plank or other material to pre-
vent sides from falling. The soil is a heavy clay, aud
the juices from the silage formed with the clay a
gummy material, so that the sides stand as well to day
as they did at first, except a small portion which was
loosened in 1895, when the length was increased to
thirty-two feet and blasting was necessary. This pit
has beeu very satisfactory, keeping the silage well: first
cost was slight and repairs have been nothing.

Of course, such a pit can be dug only under certaiu
circumstances, viz.. in a soil of such consistency that
the sides will stand, and also protected from outside
moisture, that the soil may not give way as a result.
With the one we dug the water does not fall anywhere
within about fifteen feet of sides of silo.

STAVE SILO.

The more expensive stave silos are made like rail-
road water tanks ; strips matched and placed iu a ver
tical position ami held together by heavy bands of
iron ; while cheaper ones are made of narrow plank
just as it leaves the saw mill and simple bands of iron
that may by some means be tightened when needed.
These will answer at least for temporary use, aud may
be made as described below.

HOW TO BUILD CHEAP STAVE SILO.

In the fall of 189IJ, we had several acres of silage
corn more than could be put iu silos already built,
consequently determined to erect another. We ob-
tained some green oak lumber (the only kind we could
get at slim t notice) sixteen feet long, six inches wide
and two inches thick. The edges were dressed by
hand ; round iron bands, five in number, large enough
to encircle the silo and with threads on ends, were
bought and held in readiness for the plank. The silo,
erected by contract, was placed in position as follows:

The circle, sixteen feet in diameter, was marked on
the ground, and short pieces of plank laid in such po-
sition as to cover the mark. Four of the long planks
weic then set on end on the circle, and as far apart as

possible. These were held in an upright position by
braces in various directions. Two of the bands ( made
of three quarter-inch iron) before mentioned were
bent as nearly in a circle as possible and one placed
about one foot from the bottom of the planks iu the
upright position aud held there by driving uuder the
bands in each plank a twelvepenuy nail, bending it up
and over the band. The ends of the irons with the
threads on them were run through blocks of cast iron
with two holes through them about two inches apart :
a nut was then placed on each end of the band, thus
giving a method for tightening the planks when all
were in position A second band of iron was put
about one foot from top. and when several horses had
been made, high enough for a mau standiug on them
to reach top of silo, then we were ready to set up rest
of plank. These were put in until space was all full,
each time one was put iu a nail being driven part way
into plank aud bent over band. The bands were
tightened somewhat and three more bands so placed
that all would not be quite four feet apart. By turn-
ing up the uuts on all. the silo was soon tight enough
for the material to be placed iu it.

NOTES CONCERNING THE SILO AND SILAGE.

It will be noticed nothing is said about a roof. None
was made. The silage was left open to the weather.
The only result of this was a slight drying of the sur-
face, not enough to injure it. The silage was in a per-
fect condition, the waste very little, not nearly as much
as usual, aud this year the loss is practically nothiug
next the plauk. This, however, is before cold weather
has acted upon it.

CHANGES RECOMMENDED IN ERECTING ANOTHER

The lumber used, for reasons given, was green oak.
Ou account of its customary warping we would not use
it agaiu if other were obtainable We have this year
taken out some of the planks and put iu poplar.
There was little loss iu this, as the ones taken out were
perfectly sound and fit for other purposes. Concern-
ing the iron bauds, we had followed suggestions of par-
ties who had erected similar silos, but would now do
as follows : Procure (as can usually be done) partially
worn tire iron from heavy wagons. Get a smith to
rivet, not weld, these together, so that, two bauds will
go around the silo. Rivet to the ends of these bands
short pieces of iron, one half inch thick bj two inches
wide. Turn up three inches of this thick iron and
punch three quarter inch hole in the turned up por-
tion. For each baud procure two bolts a foot long
and three-quarters of an inch iu diameter. Have
threads cut on bolts nearly the entire length and place
these bolts through the holes in upturned ends, put on
nuts and tighten the silo. These are stronger, cheaper
and easier to work than the round bands, and we con-
sider a great improvement over the latter. Last
spring, we erected a silo twelve feet high by ten in
diameter, using poplar plank and tire bands. It was
filled with oa s, cut just before they were beginning to
turn aud used as a soiling crop. The result was per-
fect; crop kept good to the very side and iu as fine
condition as could be possible in auy silo. To take
the silage from astructure of this kind it is necessary to
cut apertures at intervals. In our sixteen-foot one we
have two places, and in the twelve foot only one from

1898.]

THE SOTTTHEKN PLANTER.

!7

which to take the product. In refilling we tuke out
the cut plank and insert others. Thiw cau be done at
short notice.

COST OF STAVE SILOS.

As has been stated before, the great advantage of
these silos is the slight cost. The outlay for the larger
one built here was as follows :
104 planks, 16 feet long and 2 inches thick

by 6 inches wide $16t64

Five iron bands, at $2.00 each 10 00

Contracts for erecting 10 00

Nails, about. 30

Total cost $36 94

COST OF SMALLER SILO.

Planks, valued at $10.00 per thousand, same as

in above estimate $6 30

Contract for erecting 5 00

Four iron bands, at $1.20 each 4 80

Nails, about 20

Total cost $16 30

The edges of the plank in second one were not
dressed, as we had found it entirely unnecessary.
Any person may erect silos of this sort, no carpenter
being needed, and if a farmer has the lumber on his
premises, the actual cash outlay would be reduced to
the iron bands and nails, an amount that would be
ranch more than saved the first year.

If farmers can be induced to try these cheap struc-
tures, we feel sure they, or the most costly ones, will
become a permanent feature of their farms, and result
in very considerable gains in their yearly income.

The capacity of silo will vary very much, depending
upon kiud of fodder stored, and degree of maturity of
the article. Of oats, our smaller one held only thir-
teen tons, while of corn it would probably hold about
eighteen tons.

Below we append a table showing approximate ca-
pacity of round silos, corn nearing maturity being the
crop used, and estimating it to weigh forty pounds per
cubic foot.

CAPACITY, IN TONS, OF SILOS OF VARIOUS SIZES.

Diameter of Silo.

in feet. 20 feet. 22 feet.

DEPTH OF SILO.

25 feet. SO feet.

10

31 tons.

34 tons.

40 tons.

47 tons.

12

45 toils.

49 tons.

56 tons.

65 tons.

14

63 tons.

68 tons.

77 tons.

90 tons.

16

80 tons.

90 tons.

105 tons.

130 tons.

18

100 tons.

110 tons.

125 ton?.

150 tons.

20

125 tons.

135 tons.

155 tons.

185 tons.

22

145 tons.

160 tons.

180 tons.

215 tons.

D. O. Nourse, Agriculturist.
Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.
8

HARVESTING THE COW-PEA.

Whilst every other important grain crop has ma-
chinery especially constructed for harvesting it, the
cow pea is, for the most part, still harvested by the
primitive hand picking method. This necessarily
makes the seed quite expensive, and the usual high
price of the cow-pea stands very much in the way of
its being among the first and leading crops on nearly
every Southern farm. The farmer may be pretty well
convinced of the value of the cow-pea, either as a fer-
tilizer or forage-plant, and would save his own seed
and grow more of them if hands could always be had
to pick them and it could be done at a reasonable cost.
The seedsmen will ask him $1.00 -to $1.50 a bushel for
the seed, so the farmer generally tries to makehimself
think that perhaps the corn he has in his own barn,
and for which he cannot get more than 35 cents, is as
good to plant after all.

Cow-peas have been steadily gaining favor with us,
and each succeeding year a larger area is sown, but
the saving of the seed until the past season has been a
problem. Hand-picking was too slow, and the vines
were so tramped down that they could not be cut for
feed, so we have for the last two or three years bought
the seed ; but when we had to pay $1.35 a bushel last
spring, we determined on a plan of saving our own
seed, which has turned out a complete success. A
field of several acres was set apart for the experiment.
After being well plowed, it was harrowed and sowed ;
then harrowed- and rolled until the surface was very
level and smooth. Though the land was rich, the peas
did not make as large a growth as they would had
there been more rain, but they podded heavily.
When most of the pods were about ripe, an ordinary
self rake grain reaper was used to cut them. Pea-
vines, for a part of their length, generally lie along
and not far off the ground ; but, close as they were,
the knife guards got under them, and the rakes car-
ried everything over the table. If the surface had
not been smooth, this could not very well have been
done. A reaper cannot he safely run lower than the
highest lumps or stones.

With a reaper, the size of the sheaves or bundles
can be regulated by the driver, and are set off beyond
the space required for the horses to walk in, so no
grain is thrashed out by horses or machine going over
it, as would be the case with a mower.

The bundles were turned over once, and at the same
time thrown into windrows. Of course the vines being
nearly ripe, they did not have to remain in the sun as
long as if they had been green. The vines were
drawn in the barn and piled not deeper than six feet,
and not tramped, so there would be no danger of heat-
ing.

lfl

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

The next operation was thrashing, which, at first.
ted an impediment, which, however, was over-
come. A regnl&r grain separator was first used, but it
broke fully half the peas even when the concave teeth
were out.

A small open cylinder, of a very ancient pattern,
was next tried, but with it almost a quarter of the
peas were broken.

Having got on a retrograde motion, we went clear
back to the methods of our ancestors thousands of
years ago, tramping out with horses. It proved to be
the best way of any. None worth mentioning were
broken. The vines were spread about two feet deep
on the barn floor, and four loose horses were driven
over them for a few minutes. The vines were then
turned and shaken up. and the horses driven over
them again. This was ouce more repeated. Two men
with four horses thrashed at the rate of forty bushels
a day. It was done in wet weather, when outdoor
work could not be carried on.

If we had seemed only the peas, of which there are
all we want and to spare, we consider we have gotten
them at less than half of the usual cost ; but there are
a good many tons of vines and pols which are excel-
lent feed, more than enough to pay for all the work of
ing and threshing. We have been feeding it
to cattle and horses, and they eat it greedily. Do you
mean horses eat it alter they have troddeu over and
over it ! Yes, horses. They like pea- vines so well
that they do not object to them if they are a little
soiled.

Some one may ask if there are not a lot of immature
peas among those threshed, as cow-peas generally ripen
so unevenly. There are not enough to be noticed. The
sample is as good as any we have ever bought.

The pods that were unripe when the peas were cut
either matured afterwards or else did not thresh out.
Bat last summer was drier than the summers usually
are, and a large proportion of the pods ripened at one
time.

In a wet season, on rich land, one could not save his
Beed in the manner given with as great success, though
if peas are sown on not very fertile or ou naturally dry
laud similar results may be obtained in a wet season.
It will be our aim, in the future, to be prepared for
either emergency.

Ai.beet R. Bell wood.

Chaterfield county, Vd.

Mr. H. C. Rice, Charlotte Co., Va., writes: "lam
pleased with the Southern Planter which, like wine, im
proves with age. It has become a very helpful, pro-
gressive, agricultural paper, and no farmer can afford
to do without it, even if he takes other farm papers,
for it teaches the problems that Virginia farmers most
need to have solved."

WHERE TO APPLY FARM-YARD MANURE.

Use of Cotton Seed.

Editor Southern Planter :

By reference to the May number of the Southern
Planter, I see that you advise spreading manure on
grass as fast as it accumulates in the barn-yard. I
have no grass upon which to spread it. My land is
sandy and slightly rolling. I am still feeding a lot of
cattle on cotton seed meal and hulls, and will be
obliged to remove the manure from under them in
two weeks. Would you advise spreading the manure
on cotton fields or composting it in a pile! If you
advise spreading it on fields, shall I plow it under, or
leave it t I fear the leaching of it by the heavy win
ter rains.

I have a field of five acres of pea stubble to which I
propose to apply a portion of this manure.

Your reply, and any other information you may
give, will be greatly appreciated.

South Carolina. W. W. WESTON.

We would spread it right over the pea stubble; you
will lose less there than by piling it. Let it lie on the
top of the land till time to prepare for cotton, and I
think that you will find that it pays better there than
in any other way you can use it on the cotton. Still I
adhere to the opinion that on an improving farm, with
a good brief rotation, the place for all the home-made
manure is on the corn-field, and the place for all the
commercial fertilizeis is on the peas preceding the
cotton crop, and the place for all the cotton seed
raised on the farm is in a furrow between the middles
where the plant-roots will find it when fruiting. Then
feed the cattle on pea vine hay and corn, and make
better beef and milk than can possibly be made from
cotton seed meal and hulls. I firmly believe that cot-
ton seed meal is a slow poison to any animal, and that
it should not be used as food, unless in very small
quantities with better food. I have never seen beef
fit to eat made from meal and hulls, and never eat it
myself, for I can tell it by the odor as soon as it comes
on the table. Cotton seed meal is a good fertilizer and
there is use for all that cau be grown in the South as a
fertilizer. The South cannot afford to sell it away to
other sections as a food, and we can grow better cattle
food in unlimited quantities from the cow-pea and the
Indian corn plant. The notion that good beef can be
made from meal and hulls is doing more to-day to in-
jure the beef interest of the South than any other one
thing. W. F. Masset.

Mr. Jas. Hendrick, Albany, N. Y., writes: "It is
pleasant for me to say that I regard your paper ably
edited, and think it both suggestive and educative,
and should be in the hands of every progressive
farmer south of Mason's and Dixon's line. Whilst
its articles may not always be adaptive to Northern
use, we would all be wiser for careful perusal of its
pages."

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

L9

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

In the southern portions of the trucking sections of
the South, if the month be mild and dry, much work
may be done towards advancing the production of
early spring crops. Land should be plowed, and farm
yard manure be applied and well worked in. Appli
cations of acid phosphate and potash in the form of
kainit, muriate or sulphate of potash should be made.
There is no danger of these fertilizers leaching out of
the soil, and their action on the crops is much better
and more certain when they are applied some time in
advance of the planting.

300 lbs. Nitrate of Soda.

600 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal.

800 lbs. Acid Phosphate (14 per cent.).

300 lbs. Muriate of Potash.

2000 lbs.

Or, the special potato fertilizers put up by the fer-
tilizer manufacturers may be used. Apply the ferti-
lizer used at the rate of from 500 to 1,500 lbs. to the
acre. When using the smaller quantity, apply in the
furrow and mix well with the soil before planting the
sets, by running a single-tooth cultivator through the
rows. If more than 500 lbs. to the acre is applied,
spread broadcast and harrow in before opening the
planting furrow. Lay off the rows 2 ft. 6 in. or 3 ft.

English Peas.

English peas may be planted during the month
throughout all the trucking sections, if the land be apart- *nd drop the sets every 15 iuche9> and cover
dry. The soil for peas should be light, loamy and *
warm, and fairly rich in vegetable matter. No fresh
barn jard manure should be applied, as it has a ten
dency to make the crop run to vine. The following
will be found a good fertilizer to apply :

100 lbs. Nitrate of Soda.
450 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal.
1250 lbs. Acid Phosphate (11 per cent).
200 lbs. Muriate Potash.

2000 lbs.

Apply at the rate of from 300 to 500 pounds to the
acre.

The land should be well plowed, and the fertilizer
be then sown broadcast and be well turned in. Throw
out a deep furrow every four feet, and sow the seed
thickly in the bottom of the furrow. Cover to the
depth of five inches. One and a half bushels of seed
will be required to sow an acre. Dan'l O'Rourke
Wood's Lightning Excelsior and Nonpareil are good
varieties to sow. If the peas should show signs of
coming through the ground before danger of severe
frost is past, plow a light furrow onto the rows before
the peas actually come through.

Irish Potatoes.

The land for the earliest planting of Irish potatoes
should be got ready, if dry enough to work freely. A
rich sandy loam is the best for this crop, and it shoul 1
follow a clover or other leguminous crop, if possible,
which has filled the land with vegetable matter.
Fresh barn-yard manure should never- be used in
growing Irish potatoes. It is almost certain to cause
scabby tubers. The following will be found to be a
suitable fertilizer :

eyes, and be dipped in a solution of corrosive subli-
mate, which will prevent scab on the tubers. The
best way to prepare and use this solution — which is a
deadly poison, and should therefore be kept out of
reach of persons and animals not actually engaged in
the dipping of the sets — is to procure an ordinary
barrel, and fit into the bottom, at one side, an ordinary
wooden faucet. Purchase of a druggist two ounces of
finely pulverized corrosive snblimate. Empty this
into two gallons of hot water, and allow it to stand
over night, or until apparently all dissolved. Place
in the barrel 13 gallons of water ; then pour in the
two-gallon solution. Allow this solution to stand in
the barel four or five hours, during which time it
should be frequently thoroughly stirred, to insure
equality of solution. Select the best specimens of seed
potatoes, wash off the old dirt, and immerse as many
as you can, or wish to treat at one time, in the solu-
tion for an hour and a half. At the end of this time
draw off the solution. The same solution may be used
a number of times. After drying, the potatoes may
be cut and planted as usual. Be careful to plaut all
that are dipped, as they are poisoned, and not fit to
use by man or beast. The solution must never be
placed in a metal vessel of any kind. Sulphur has
also been found to be a preventive, to a considerable
extent, of scab. The sets should be rolled in flowers
of sulphur after cutting. It will prevent their drying,
and thus insure a better stand. Just previous to the
plants appearing above ground, run a light harrow
over them. This will help their growth, and kill all
newly-germinated weeds. If the plants appear likely
to come through the ground before dangpr of frost is
past, plow a light furrow onto the rows. The Early
Rose, Early Ohio, Early Essex and Charles Downing

20

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

are amoDgst the best varieties to plant for an early
crop, though other new varieties are offered every
year, some of which should also be tried experi
mentally.

Set out strawberry plants whenever the ground is in
good condition for planting. In our last issue will be
found an article on this question. There are so many
new varieties of strawberries constantly being brought
out that we hesitate to advise which are best. Only
by experimenting with a number of varieties every
year can it be determined which variety is best for any
particular section of country. Get catalogues from
strawberry-plant growers in different sections, and
test several varieties from different sections.

Land may be prepared for setting out cabbage plants
and for sowing spinach, but it is yet too early, except
in the far South, to set out or sow. Let the land be
made as rich and be as well prepared as possible.

Set out orchards when the land is dry enough.
Plow the land deeply, and subsoil, if possible. If not,
let the ground under each tree be well broken with the
pick. Plant apples from 25 to 30 feet apart each way.
Do not put farm yard manure in the holes before
planting, but set in the best soil taken from the sur-
face, with which a little bone dust may be mixed.
Apply the farm-yard manure as a mulch on the sur-
face. In our November issue will be found a list of
the best varieties for planting in various sections.

Asparagus beds not already dressed should have a
heavy mulching of good rotted farm yard manure ap
plied. A dressing of salt is beneficial to this crop,
and it is about the only crop to which we know it can
be applied with advantage. Do not, however, apply
too much.

Small sowings of cabbage seed may be made in shel-
tered situations, to be set out after the fall raised
plants.

Radishes may be sown in warm situations in small
patches, but it is yet full early for this crop.

THE USE OF GLASS HOUSES AND FRAMES BY
TRUCKERS.

We have frequently urged the question of the more
general use of glass by truckers throughout the South
than is now prevalent. We are convinced that there
is money for them in this branch of work if only they
will go into it. The truckers in the North find it
profitable to raise winter vegetables in this way, and

there the cost is very much larger than it need be here.
Our normal day temperature is so much higher than
that of the North, that with a much smaller outlay on
fuel we could produce the crops when the price is the
highest so that it could not fail to be profitable here.
Again, if no fire or steam heat is used, the use of glass
sash would enable plants to be raised and be ready to
set out long before those raised in the open ground.
Too often truckers lose time with their tomato, melon
and egg plant crops by reason of their plants not be-
ing ready to set out when the warm weather sets in.
This can be altogether obviated by the use of glass
sashes with mats to cover the frames at night. We
strongly urge that this subject receive attention at
once. Glass sash is now cheap enough to be withiu
the reach of every one. Give it a trial.

NATIONAL EXPERiriENTS IN PEACH CULTURE.

The committee appointed at the last meeting of
the Association of Colleges and Stations for co-opera
tive work in testing the five races of peaches in the
LTnited States, and to find out their adaptability to
different thermal lines, has agreed upon a plan, and is
submitting it to twenty-four Experiment Stations, and
asking them to co-operate in the work. It might be
interesting to individuals also to engage in this work.
If the experiments develop what they reasonably ap-
pear likely to do, the question of what varieties to
plant in a given latitude will be easily settled. It can
also then be easily predicted from what races varieties
should be selected for good results in a given latitude.
If this can be done, it will result in an enormous sav-
ing of money to individual growers. They would at
once discard all varieties which come from races not
at all adapted to certain latitudes. Of course, it is ex-
pected that humidity will affect and therefore modify
results as well as latitude.

The following races and seedlings are recommended
for tests : Peen-To Race : Peen-To, Angel, Waldo ;
South China Race: Honey. Pallas, Early China ; Span
ish Race: Cabler's Indian, Texas. Victoria ; North Car-
olina Race: Chinese Cling, Elberta, Mamie Ross ; ^er-
sian Race : Alexander. Mountain Rose, Old Mixon
Free. Plant three trees of each kind.

The following are members of the committee, and
will look after these experiments in their respective
localities: Prof. R. H. Pi ice, Texas; Prof. G. H.
Powell, Delaware ; Prof. E. J. Wicson, California, and
Prof. L. R. Taft, Mich.

Address any communications respecting these tests
to that member of the committee residing nearest the
place of testing.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

21

WHY ORCHARDS ARE NOT -PROFITABLE.

Editor Southern Planter :

A certain Virginian, who is doing general farming,
was educated to plow his land and enrich the soil
with fertilizers for the successful production of wheat
and corn. By the adoption of this system he realizes
about enough to pay his fertilizer bill and surplus
enough to keep body and soul together until next
harvest. He follows this system of farming as a mat-
ter of course.

This same party has an orchard of one hundred
trees, on which he has never expended one dollar's
worth of either manure or fertilizer. The land to be-
gin with was the yery poorest on his farm, yet, year
after year the same land is planted to corn by a col-
ored man on shares, educated in this way also.

The apple crop from this orchard was sold this year
for a nice sum per barrel ; but of the 250 to 300 bush-
els of apples that were in the orchard only ten barrels
of merchantable apples were taken — the balance were
rejected for lack of size and general inferiority. All
that this orchard needed was some fertilizer and an
intelligent method of spraying for the destruction of
apple worms, and he could have realized on at least
one hundred and twenty-five barrels of choice apples.

I notice in the December number of the Grand
Bapids i Mich.) Trade Journal that choice apples are
quoted at from $4.00 to $5.00 per barrel, wholesale
rates.

Come with me, and I will show you my friend's
orchard, where there yet remain enough decayed and
half decayed fruit, which, by proper treatment of the
trees, by means recommended by every State Experi-
ment Station in the United States, would have enabled
him to make his wife and family many a nice Christ-
mas present.

The above are facts. I wonder how many more
farmers have passed exactly through this same expe
rience during the past season.

Fruit intelligently cared for is the Virginian's money
maker ; yet, most farmers seem willing to plod along
in the careless old ways of fruit culture, leaving to
Providence alone the successes and misfortunes.

In brief, what is required to make orchards pay is
the use of some good fertilizer, judiciously selected,
the pruning knife, and spraying with insecticides and
fungicides.

Augusta county, Va. Observer.

Mr. Jno. B. Lawrence, Jackson, Tenn., writes: "I
note that my subscription to the Southern Planter is
nearly out. It must be for life. The Editor and
Prof. Massey are doing a grand work for agriculture
in the South."

riELON GROWING.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have very recently become a subscriber to your
paper, and am in the same position as most of the
other Tidewater Virginia farmers (that is, those adja-
cent to rialroad and navigable rivers). I am a melon
grower, aud while I have been successful, I am desirous
of learning more ; and thinking that I could get the de
sired knowledge through the columns of your valuable
paper, I write to suggest that you take up the subject
for awhile. I would like very much to read the opin-
ions of successful growers, and think letters along that
line would interest a good many through this section,
which is just about to become a good melon section.

Hoping this may be the means of getting some in-
formation,

King William Co., Va. E. L. Lipscomb.

[We shall be glad if some of our subscribers will re-
spond to this request, and give us their views on the
question of melon growing. We will take part in the
discussion in a subsequent issue. — Ed.]

FRUIT SHIPMENTS FROM ONE DEPOT IN
PIEDMONT VIRGINIA IN 1897.

Editor Southern Planter :

- I send you herewith a list of the principal varieties
of fruit shipped from Crozet depot during 1897, and
which I would be glad if you would publish in your
January number. I obtained the figures ftom the
railroad agent, who got them from the books at my
request :

Strawberries, 1,550 crates (one bushel each i.

Plums, 3,000 ten pound baskets.

Peaches, 15,126 ten-pound baskets.

Cherries, raspberries, grapes, etc., 1,000 ten pound
baskets.

Apples, 20,275 barrels.

(Where plums, peaches, etc., were packed in crates,
they are reduced to ten-pound baskets at ratio of six
to one bushel). Walter Whately.

Albemarle Co., Va.

PEANUT-VINE HAY.

Editor Southern Planter :

In reading the December Planter, the query and re-
ply concerning digestibility of peanut vine hay was
noticed. If you call your querist [Mr. Volkerf s] at-
tention to Bulletin No. 106 of the North Carolina Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C, he will
be likely to find what Prof. Massey has overlooked — a
pretty complete answer to the query. The Professor
guesses pretty close to the facts without data, how-
ever.

Reader.

22

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[Jauuary

Live Stock and Dairy.

RATIONS FOR STEER FEEDING.

In our November issue we gave an example of a ra-
tion for a dairy cow, based on scientific principles. In
our December issue we discussed the question of feed-
ing calves and young stock. We now propose to say
something on the feeding of steers for beef. At the
onset, we want to emphasize the point that to be profit-
able early maturity should be aimed at. Formerly,
bod' never went on to the market until the steers were
four or five years old. Now the best beef is never
more than two or three years old. This means a great
deal in the quantity of feed required to make a pound
of beef. To secure this early maturity, and thus
economize in food, quality is essential in the steer. He
must have in his veins at least a large admixture of
the blood of the breeds which have been bred in these
lines of early maturity, such as the Shorthorns, Here-
fords, and Polled Angus, if not himself a pure bred
animal of one of these breeds. In the next place, he
must he fed with a generous hand. Too often the
feeder, as Professor Henry says, "would seem to be

silage and oat or wheat straw can be well used as
roughage with the grain, and cotton seed meal may
profitably take the place of oil meal.

The following are examples of two well-balanced ra-
tions which may be fed to steers of 1,000 pounds
weight per day, with a reasonable prospect of profit.
The first is to be used where corn is cheap and abund-
ant and oil meal obtainable at low prices ; the second
where these conditions do not obtain :

1. Corn fodder, 8 pounds ; clover hay, 2 pounds ;
corn, 14 pounds ; oil meal (old process !, 4 pounds.

2. Corn silage, 30 pounds ; oat straw, 5 pounds ;
bran, 10 pounds ; corn and cob meal, 4 pounds ; cot-
ton seed meal, 2 pounds.

CARE OF LAMBING EWES.

The ewes put to the buck early will now be heavy
with lamb. They require better care and attention
than need be given to the general flock, or those ewes

coming to lanib later. They should now be separated
hostile to his cattle, and regarded every pound of from the rest of the fl°ck, aod be given the best pas
feed given as so much material filched from tne ti""»ge near the buildings, and have shelter provided
feed-bin to his personal loss. The man who wrote for them- The bui,ding UP of tne frames and tissues
in a letter that he had a wife, three children and six \ of the lalnbs are makinK greaf drains upon the strength
Sows to support, doubtless took just this view of the ! a,ld vitalit.V of the ewes- These drains should be met
situation. Had cruel fate thrust ten or twelve cows I b? generous feeding. Give every day a mixture of
upon him, he would have biokeu down entirely under | oats' Peas' bran and linseed meal, about a pint for
the burden. With some, the greatest effort in con each ewe- The mixture may be made of equal parts

dacting feeding of rations seems to be the study of
how to save a little feed and still keep the animals in

of the different grain feed. The object is not to make
the ewes fat, but to put them into strong, healthy con-

existence. The successful feeder works on exactly the dition> promotive of a good flow of milk when called

opposite principle. He fully appreciates the fact that
an animal, in order to be profitable, must be liberally
fed. He understands that, first of all, he must have
sufficient food to carry on the bodily functions and
maintain life, and that no returns can come to the
owner if only this amount of food is supplied, and
that all increase of fat comes through the excess of
food over the wants of the body." In the strictly
corn sections of the country, no other grain is so easily
or cheaply raised as com. or equals it in the economi-
cal production of wholesome meat. In these sections,
therefore, corn, fed even apparently wastefully, may [shelter from storms
yet be not nearly so wasteful as it seems. In other
sections, corn fed prodigally can rarely aloue be fed

for by the lambs, and to nourish and build up the
lambs, so that they may be dropped strong and
healthy. Those ewes expected to lamb almost imme-
diately should be confined in a small pasture lot, or in
the orchard, with a shed for shelter, so that they can
receive frequeut attention. Scores of lambs can be
saved by a few minutes' attention just after they are
dropped. They shonld not be left until it is seen that
they have sucked the ewe. After this they will keep
close to their mothers, and need little more care than
to provide plenty of food for the ewes, and a shed for

profitably. In these sections, coarsely ground corn j Editor Southern Planter:

RAISING A CALF BY HAND.

meal can be more profitably used than whole corn,
and should be supplemented with bran and oil meal,
Bay from eight to ten pounds of bran and from one to
five pounds of oil meal per day. together with as much

It is not generally known that a calf can be raised
quite as well, if not better, by hand than by its mother.
If you wish to raise one without letting it suck milk
from its mother, which is by far the most economical
way. take the calf when it is twentv four hours old
foddei oi haj as will be eaten. In the South, corn L„a pnt it in s„me dark> quiet piaCe for a few days.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

Milk the mother tbree times a day during this time,
and pour a small quantity of the milk in a pail, or an
old porcelain kettle is very suitable, and hold the
kettle so that yon can get the calf to put its mouth in
without much trouble. Do not be disappointed when
it flatly refuses to drink, but patiently hold the head
down near the milk, while with the fingers of the other
baud iuserted in its mouth, which it will suck, you let
the calf get a taste of what it is to live on for about
three weeks or a mouth. It will be a very awkward
proceeding for the first two or three feeds, but if you
are patient and gentle Ihe calf soon learns to drink
the milk without the aid of your fingers ; and if fed
wisely — that is, not too much — about two gallons of
milk per day beiug the limit — you will be surprised at
the rapid growth, as well as the gentleness of the little
calf.

After the three weeks of mother's milk, the calf
can, with safetv, be allowed any other milk that is
not sour, and a little meal or bran can be stirred into
it. This will be objected to at first, but is soon eaten
heartily. I did not say that the milk could be given
after it is skimmed ; but after the calf learns well to
take the meal or bran mixed with the milk, skimmed
milk may be fed without fear. At the age of four or
five weeks a calf will begin to graze if it is turned on
short, sweet grass or rye. though T do not advise
weaning until two months old, or older if you have
plenty of milk.

A calf reared this way has a great advantage over
the one allowed a small quantity of milk direct from
its mother. It is by far the gentler calf, and as it is
put into a stall to itself sooner learns the ways of a
well broken cow, so when she comes in needs but
little training.

This plan especially recommends itself to dairymen,
as a calf raised by hand is so much less trouble.
Where there are several calves to be fed at once, one
person can get the milk and pour all at once into a
trough long enough for them all to drink at the same
time. A. small tract of grass land can be fenced off,
where they can range together, aud there is really no
more trouble than for one.

If a calf is taken from the mother when it is only a
few hours old, she hardly notices that she is bereft ;
but when the calf is allowed to run with her for
weeks, it is often a great grief to the cow ; and I
have known gentle cows to hecome very spiteful just
after the separation, and be ruined forever by boys or
foolish men, who had no patience with them, while if
their calves had been hand reared they would not
have known them. Jxo. F. PAYNE.

Albemarle County, Va.

[We have raised scores of calves by hand ; indeed,
our practice was never to let a calf suck, but take it
away from the mother as soon as calved, and place it
in a well bedded pen, and feed it with a little of the
first milk drawn from the mother. We continued the
use of the mother's milk, alone, for three or four days,
and then used milk from the other cows in milk. The
great secret of success in raising calves by baud, is not
to overfeed them. For the first week or ten days we
never gave more than a quart of milk at one feeding ;
for the first two days less than this quantity is suffi-

cient. Feed three times a day for the first three
weeks. Always see that the milk is new-milk Harm.
If colder than this, warm by inserting the can con-
taining the milk in a pan of boiling water for a few
minutes. After the calf is three weeks old we always
mixed with the milk some flaxseed jelly, made by
stewing flaxseed in water until it jellied. Give a
small teacupful at first, gradually increasing the
quantity to a pint. This supplies the fat taken from
the milk in the cream. A cow that does not suckle
her calf will make a much better dairy cow, and give
much more milk than a cow feeding her own calf.
—Ed.]

MILK OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS.

How a New York State flilk Inspector Ranks it in
Comparison with Milk of Other Breeds.

Editor Southern Planter:

I am requested to write you of my experience and
observation in testing the milk of Holstein Friesiau
cows. Having been connected with the Agricultural
Department of the State of New York for the last five
years, as agent and milk inspector, I have had ample
opportunities to determine the quality of milk pro-
duced by these cows, and to compare this quality with
the quality of milk produced by other breeds.

I have found the milk of Holstein-Friesians uni-
formly above the New York State standard, not only
by the lactometer, but also by the Babcock test. In
all my five years' work, I have never- made a case
against a registered Holstein Friesian herd or cow,
and I have never retained a sample of their milk after-
testing, for such a purpose. I have watched the niilk-
ings closely and tested the milk carefully, for I have
been aware of reports against its quality that have
been circulated. I am now satisfied that such reports
have had very little foundation in facts.

I have recently tested several entire herds with the
Babcock machine, and I am very glad to lay the re-
sults before you.

The milk of one herd of seventeen registered cows,
fed hay, weak silage and a ration of equal parts gluten
meal and wheat bran, tested an average quality of 3.6
per cent. fat. The milk of no cow of this herd fell
below 3.2 per cent., the milk of several of the cows
tested 4 per cent., and that of one cow tested 5.4 per
cent. Nearly all the cows of this herd were fresh in
milk at the time of testing. The milk of another
herd of eighteen registered cows tested 3.7 per cent,
fat. The milk of six of these cows tested 4 per cent.,
and the milk of the remaining twelve ranged in tests
from 3 to 3.8 per cent. fat. This herd was ted but lit-
tle better than the herd above reported. A third herd
consisted of two-year-old heifers, all fresh at time of

24

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

Their milk averaged 3.2 per cent. fat. As I
learned that these herds were fed gluten meal and
bran with hay and inferior silage (I mean by inferior
silage such as is made from corn not heavily eared \ I
confess I was surprised at the results. Upon such
light feed. I found these cows giving milk that would
make from three and a half to six pounds of butter
per 100 pounds of milk. I am prepared to
without fear of successful contradiction, that no breed
that I have tested would make a better showing under
similar conditions. When we bear in mind that large
butter records are made under conditions of careful
and judicious feeding, we cau better appreciate these
results. The owners of these heids are producing
milk for New York city market, and sought to produce
quantity rather than quality of milk.

I will add an account of observations of three other
herds, the cows of which were not tested in detail.
The herd of J. W. Coley, of Madison county, this
State, consists of twenty-seven cows. The Superin-
tendent of New Woodstock Cheese Factory informed
me that this herd averaged 16 per cent, cream. This
is a heavy per cent, for any breed. The herd of A. F.
Cole, also of Madison county; has been tested by me
several times— that is, the milk. The lactometer
readings have averaged 10S specific gravity at a tem-
perature of 60 degrees. Mr. Cole delivers his milk
at a shipping station, where the milk of other breeds
and grades of cows is also delivered. The milk of Mr.
Cole's herd tested the best of any delivered at that
station. The herd of Mr. S. L. Hoxie, also of Madison
county, gave the same lactometer reading as the milk
of Mr. Cole's herd. I have found that the general
averages of lactometer readings of the milk of cows of
this breed range from 104 to 110 specific gravity at a
temperature of 60 degrees. I have found the general
averages of milk of no other breed to range higher.

Chas. F. Nash.

A FEW SHEEP NOTES THAT MAY BE STUDIED
WITH PROFIT BY SOUTHERN FARMERS.

Argentina has 5,000,000 people and nearly twenty
sheep to every one of them ; and yet, with all these
sheep (100,000,000), sells millions of bushels of wheat
every year in Europe.

The announcement on good authority, that the conn-
try is short of feeding sheep and lambs, a full million,
as" compared with last year, should surprise no one
who has noted carefully the enormous slaughter of the
past three seasons. With our sheep stock lower in
numbers than for twenty years and a fast growing de-
maud for mutton, it is a good deal safer to bank on a
permanently strong mutton market than on a weak one.

There are already lambs skipping in the old fields
of the South. There sheep will do well through the

winter without hand feeding, living on the native
and the Japan clover, and browsing on the
aromatic sprouts of the sassafras. Southern mutton
is of the finest quality, and the vast amonut of land,
unoccupied by crops and lying to waste, makes the
rearing of sheep one of the most profitable pursuits of
the farmer. There are thousands of fields in the
South in cotton that would make more money from
one sheep to the acre than is made of the averaj
ton crop. It will come in time that the wool and
mutton of the South will dethrone '"king cotton" and
leave it far behind.

Why do we not keep more sheep! Simply because
the farmers will not take the pains to grow the best
and cheapest winter feed for a flock. The culture of
loots is the key to the fact that in the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland there are '246 sheep
to each 640 acres, or one sheep to every two and a half
acres. Let us put this fact in a conspicuous way. as
thus :

The United Kingdom 246 *heep

New Zealand 115 sheep

Argentina M sheep

New South Wales 129 sheep •

South Africa 51 sheep

The United States, only 9 sheep

to each square mile. And we are buyiug abroad as
much wool as we are making every year.

The trampling of the litter by sheep in a shed or
yard, if this is kept dry by sufficient rootiug. will
wholly prevent any disagreeable odor from the gath-
ered manure. It will be in a hard compact body over
the floor. And this product of the sheep will pay
any farmer for the whole of the winter's feeding. One
of the reasons why the British farmer beats us out of
sight in keeping sheep is that they understand this
part of their business, and so by help of their sheep,
more than double our yield of every crop they grow.

PREVENTING MILK FEVER;

A correspondent of the X B. Agriculturist, writing
of a visit to Professor MeConnell's farm, at Onger
Park, Esses, makes the following remarks : In all
well fed dairy herds there are two great iisks the en-
thusiastic dairyman has to encounter — namely, abor-
tion and parturient apoplexy — two of the most fre-
quent and "ununderstandable" adversities the farmer
leal with. Looking through a lot of back-end
calvers. I remarked there would probably be danger
of some of the older cows going down with milk
fever, considering the condition they were in. To pre-
vent this as far as possible, any doobtful specimens are
brought in and physicked, and if after calving there
are unmistakabl e signs of the prevalent malady, the
following treatment is resorted to with a marvellous
degree of effect :

FIEST DOSE.

Chloral hydrate I ox

Potass, bromide 1 oz.

Tinct. of aconite. 15 drops,

SECOND AND FOLLOWING DOSES.

Chloral hydrate 5 drmg.

Tinct. of aconite 2 drms.

Library

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

25

THE PREVENTION OF CHICKEN CHOLERA AND
HOG CHOLERA.

I have a theory about the cholera, both chicken and
hog. I shall not discard it, because I observed in the
newspaper this morning that a professor in an agricul-
tural college holds one like unto it. My theory is that
cholera is simply a corn and dirt disease.

Every one knows that chickens may be too fat to be
healthy ; I believe the same thing is true about hogs
Hogs need fresh air, pure water, and exercise as much
as any animal. Unfortunately the very portly do not
crave exercise ; they need it, they wax fatter and per
ish for the lack of it, but they slothfully dread it.
Surely there is a touch of tragedy in the lot of the pig.
'Tis a beast that of its own notion would live cleanly..
No beast -loves better to bathe. See the poor creatures
making desperately for any muddy pool. They bathe
in muddy water just as the people of St. Louis bathe
in ir, arguing that muddy water is better than no water
at all ! Yet this naturally clean brute is driven to
dwell in a filthy pen or a cramped field, and compelled
by the hunger that pursues him to feed on food so un
clean that it has an opprobrious name of its own.
Docs any sensible person suppose that he likes it! I
cannot wonder that he dies easily under such circuru
stances. True, cholera does attack the wild hog. but
it is commonly during the dry season when the pools
are not so accessible ; and wild hogs fall victims to
base appetites, and feed on carrion in an inexplicable
but not unpunished way. The fowls are like the
beasts — they would be clean ; they need dust instead
of water, but they do not any more than pigs want
dirt, especially dirt and water, which is called mud.
The condition of fowls in most barn-yards in the coun-
try is enough to excite a humane society. They are
fed on corn and pickings, the pickings being whatever
they can forage for themselves. They are permitted
to drink out of gutters through which all manner of
sewage may be making its noisome way. And at
night they go by force into a stifling poultry-house.
Why shouldn't they have cholera? — Octave Thanet.

SHEEP WORRYING IN THE UNITED STATES.

Says a Cauadian farming journal : One of the great
drawbacks to the comfortable keeping of sheep in
Canada and the United States, is the prevalence of
dogs which worry sheep. The dog laws are not so
rigid as they ought to be. In Kansas, a very useful
plan of frightening away dogs has been found to be
the putting of a cow bell on every third sheep. A
writer in the Kansas Farmer recommends the follow-
ing method: "Get some small sponges and soak
them in melted poisoned lard or tallow, and then place
the sponges where the dogs will be likely to get them.
The sheep or other stock will not touch the sponges,
but the dogs will. You will be in no danger of poison-
ing anything vou don't want to. The sponges are in
digestible, and will never leave the dog's stomach, and
the owner of the dog will believe he has got a dog go-
ing mad, and will not only kill that dog, but every
other one he has."

A TREMENDOUS OX.

Major Everard informs the Farmers' Gazette that the
giant ox "Brian Boru," exhibited last winter, was sold
recently to Cross, of Liverpool, for £50 net ($250). His
dimensions were as follows : Weight on September 1,
1897, twenty-six cwt.*; height, seventeen hands one
inch ; girth, eight feet ten inches ; length from top
shoulder to tail head, six feet seven inches ; total
length from tip of nose to end of tail bone, thirteen
feet six inches ; age, five years. Before his arrival he
was advertised in Liverpool as the "greatest ox on
earth," and no doubt created a sensation.

*2912 lbs.

Mention the Planter to your friends.
4

The Department of Agriculture has made very ex-
tensive inquiries at home and abroad regarding what
our stockraisers are doing to produce a horse that will
meet the demands of foreign markets, and what kind
of horses people in foreign countries pay good prices
for. This material is being prepared for publication
as a farmers' bulletin. The Secretary says that Lon
don requires 125,000 horses every year to keep up its
working force, and it is quite essential that the people
of the United states should know what kind of horse
the Londoners want, and what kinds they will pay the
best price for. He is acting on the theory that we can
produce horses cheaper than Europeans can, just as we
produce cattle and butter cheaper ; that the foreign
market is our market, and that noEuropean country
can compete with us when we definitely ascertain what
is wanted abroad.

CATTLE QUARANTINE.

The Secretary of Agriculture has issued the custom-
ary annual proclamatiom establishing a quarantine
line for Southern cattle, with regulations governing
their shipment north of the line for immediate
slaughter, and the disinfection of cars and boats used
to transport such animals, and the chutes, alleyways
and pens used during transportation and at all points
of destination. The proclamation goes into effect on
January 15th, 1898, and will remain in operation until
November 15th, 1898. The quarantine line in Vir-
ginia is the same as that followed last year.

It doesn't pay to let the hogs sleep around the straw
stack or manure pile ; in fact, these are about the
worst possible places for them on account of the dust
and dampness, and the foul, heated air out of which
they will rnsh to their feed, and stand in a zero tem-
perature till thoroughly chilled. Then they begin to
die of cholera(l).

At an institute in Iowa one of the speakers stated
that ensilage and the separator had increased his pro-
duction of butter to the extent of (55 pounds per cow
per year ; and another said the separator had in-
creased his product by $12.50 per cow, and that he
could raise the best calves from separator milk. There
is a difference of opinion regarding the last statement,
however.

26

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[January

The Poultry Yard.

EARLY BROILERS.

Now is the time to set about the work of raising
chickens for the early broiler market, and this year.
with the fine fall and mild weather we have had.
should enable many to get a share of this trade who
have not heretofore been able to do so. Hens should
now be laying freely, aud eggs be ea^y to obtain foi
the incubators. Usually this is the great difficulty in
the way of getting a share of the early broiler trade
To command the best price, the broilers should be
ready for market in March and April. The price then
often runs up as high as 50 cents a pound, and is rarely
below 25 cents. The bird wanted is one not weighing
more than a pound and a half. The requisites to se-
cure successful results are plenty of eggs to set in Jan
uary and February, a good building in which to run
the incubators, good, reliable incubators (and there
are many of these advertised in our columns), a warm,
airy room in which to run the brooders, of which
there should be a sufficient number, so as not to re-
quire more than fifty chickens to be placed in each
brooder, and last, and most important of all, suitable
food and constant attention. Unless one is prepared
to give this personal attention better not go into the
brooder business. You can buy all the other requi
sites for success, bat this last one can rarely be bought,
and it is the most important. More depends on per
sonal care and attention from the day the eggs are
put into the incubators until the day the broilers are
sent to the market, than upon anything else. A few
hours' neglect may mean the loss of a whole incubator
full of eggs, or the death of hundreds of chickens.
When once hatched, the chickens require almost hour
ly attention. Their food must be not only suitable
but freshly prepared aud fed only as consumed. Do
not be tempted to feed all kinds of soft food to the lit
tie things, but let them have dry wheat bread crumbs
and wheat and oatmeal grits as their earliest food, to
be supplemented later with some other food.

WORMS IN POULTRY.

This difficulty is one that is liable to occur in any
flock, and a reader at Tacoina, Wash., gives the result
of investigations in his flock. We desire to give some
suggestions on the subject ami present his letter below:

"Can you inform tin- what will cure worms in
chickens? I have some chickens, from four to six
months old, that arc affected. I have tried turpen-
tine. This is the only remedy I can find in the Poultry
Keeper, and I have looked back for six years. I\I\
chickens are penned up in a yard, and I feed them
cut clover, meat scraps, bran, and shorts in t e mom
ing, but at night T feed them wheat, oats, corn, barley.

giving them a change every day, and only enough, as
it is eaten up clean. I would not be surprised about
mine on account of their being penned up, but my
mother has some which are running around aud they
are affected in the same manner. Sometimes we will
pick them up under the roosts, or in the yards dead,
aud sometimes we kill one to eat, they are all filled
with worms. They are very poor, yet they seem
hungry all the time, and they get all they want to eat.
If you can help me out of this, you will greatly oblige."
A teaspoonful of turpentine in every piut of corn-
tneal, adding the same quantity of sulphur, should be
given to six fowls once a day, moisteniug the meal to
a stiff dough. But first empty the intestines by with-
holding all food for 48 hours. Give the mixture for
three or four days. Worms must come from some-
where, so put the fowls on clean ground. If they will
not eat the mixture, force it down their throats.
After the third or fourth dose give it once a week for
two weeks, always fasting for 48 hours before begin-
ning, but it is not necessary to fast the fowls but once,
(on commencing the corn-meal), and the other food
should be withheld. — Poultry Keeper.

GRADING UP THE FLOCK.

The gist of one of Samuel Cushman's addresses at
several conventions this winter is his discussion of the
merits of cross bred and grade poultry as compared
with pure breeds. He says :

Too often the farmer starts from the standpoint of
the fancier. A farmer who has a flock of common
stock that pays fairly well, kills them off and replaces
with fancy stock, pure bred fowls, giving them no
extra care, and they prove a failure. Scrub stock will
endure privation better than stock that has been bred
for the showroom. What the farmer wants is not
pure bred poultry but, pure bred males to cross on
c-ommon stock. He is after best returus, not beauty.
The best market in the future for pure-bred stock will
he for pure bred males to cross on common stock.
The breeder who could appreciate the situation could
sell all he could raise. The male is half the flock.
By using pure-bred cocks and the best and most thrifty
of the common hens, the flocks may be graded up and
the grades have the special qualities of the male's
ancestry aud the hardiness of the scrub females. But
the mixed males should not be used for breeding.
Always breed the grade hens back to pure-bred males.
In getting stock tor crossing, it pays to give good
prices for good birds. The choice of individuals is as
important as the choice of breeds. Secure the best
out of a large flock if possible.

OTHER POINTS FROM THE ADDRESS.

There is a sale for pound and pound-and a-half
broilers in certain cities. For this purpose, some of
the smaller breeds formerly thought undesirable for
poultry are proving useful.

Fanciers are doing their poultry industry a great
benefit by preserving the breeds, from which we can
at any time impart whatever qualities we desire to our
common stock. I believe some farmers can produce

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

27

poultry and eggs cheaper than the specialist. The
specialist has to pay more for care, protection, labor,
and precaution against disease.

When fowls or people are crowded together in large
numbers, risk from disease increases.

When there is a market for white eggs and white
skinned poultry, the black Minorca I believe is best.
Where yellow skin is wanted, choose the White Leg
horn or Buff Leghorn. The Lingshaus are hardy and
lay a brown egg. There are a few all purpose breeds
like the Wyandot and Plymouth Rocks, but I prefer
to obtain birds of this type by means of crosses.

The productive age of the egg laying breeds is
longer. We do not need to kill off an egg laying
breed every year, but they are not so hardy as the
meat breeds. Brahmas and Cochins are hardy. They
are not hustlers like the Leghorn, but they will stand
confinement and cold weather.

Many fail in poultry keeping because, although they
have learned all about the business in a general way,
they fail to carry out the details. No rule will suit
every case.

The best breed is the one suited to your case and
the requirements of your market.

Too many keep a ''beef breed" of poultry because
it produces brown eggs.

Not every one can succeed in the poultry business.
There is a great deal to it. One who thiuks he cau go
iuto it without studying, makes a mistake.

When the price of wheat is high, I should feed more
corn and corn meal. Gluten and beef scraps and bran
will largely take the place of wheat.- — American Agri-
culturist.

HENS WITHOUT COCKS.

The eggs are only affected favorably by the absence
of cocks. A fertilized egg is a living thing, requiring
only warmth to start a process of change in it by which
its use for culinary purposes is injuriously affected.
Moreover, the hens lay more eggs when free from the
attentions of the cock. I tested this some years ago
when in New Jersey near the city of New York, and
selling fresh (dated) eggs to private purchasers, and
-found I had more eggs aud better ones, which kept in
good condition in the summer, than from the mated
breeding flock. A few days' exposure to July heat
will spoil a fertilized egg, while a sterile one is not
injured in the least by some weeks' keeping.

H. Stewart.

FLOOR SPACE OF BROODER.

"How large should a brooder floor be for 100
chicksl" is a question sent ns, aud as it is an iiu
portant question to many we give the letter below
from a Pennsylvania subscriber :

I would esteem it a special favor if you would inform
me how large should be the floor of a brooder in which
100 chicks can be hovered up to broiler size in the
winter months, January and February. I suppose
three feet square, or niue square feet, would be large
enough, but I have never had experience in the line,
though I intend to "set" an incubator I made from
plans received in a week or two, for my first ex-
pet ience, and want to make a brooder large enough

for 100 chicks up to say three months old. As I am
a tiuner i expect to make all mj fixtures, if possible.
Fifty chicks are sufficient in one lot. The rule has
been to allow about one square yard of space under
the brooder, with a covered run 5x6 feet for 100 chicks,
but we find that if too many are together they grad-
ually die down to 50, and that number might as well
be the limit at once and thus save the loss. Of course,
with an experienced person, 100 may be in a lot, but
it is better to be on the safe side and save at the start.
— Poultry Keeper.

FEEDING CHICKENS AND FOWLS.

To feed growing stock, remember that fat is no ob-
ject. Feed meat, bone, bran, linseed meal, cut clover,
aud avoid corn and foods very rich in starch. Above
all, with growing stock, look for the large lice on the
skin of the heads. When young stock do not grow
you can depend on it that lice are the fault.

Here are a few rules to follow in feeding:

Give but half a meal in the morning and a full meal
at night, and give nothing at noon.

When a hen does not scratch and work, give no food
until she sets in for a day's scratching. Remember
that — no scratch, no food.

The hen that lays needs twice as much food as the
nou layers.

Always scatter the food if possible, so as to give
every heu a chance to get some.

Meat ana cut bone are always cheaper and better
than corn.

Keep the hens warm in winter and always give a
variety.

The first cost of food should never be considered.
Because certain kinds of food costs little it is no indi-
cation that it is cheap. If a high priced food gives
better results than a cheap food then the high priced
food is the cheaper. We should aim at results first
and cost second. Of course there is such a thing as
extravagance. The cost of food should be as light as
possible, but do not sacrifice egg production for light
cost. For those who only have a few hens there is
nothiug better than table scraps. Here then is a food
that costs nothing and yet is the best of food. Table
scraps, such as potatoes, meat, bread, cooked vege-
tables of all kinds, sour milk and peas and beaus. The
two last named articles make excellent egg food.
This variety with green food or cut clover hay con-
tains all the egg elements. The table scraps from a
large family will furnish all the food that a small flock
of fowls ought to have, as well as the best kind pro-
curable. But how about the large flock? That is
another question, and yet it is, or ought to be, the
same variety on a large scale, only here the variety
will have to be prepared especially for the hens. All
vegetables should be cooked, mashed and made stiff by
adding bran and a little t-alt. The vegetable diet,
with cut clover hay, is cheaper than grain and far bet-
ter, only it should be fed for breakfast, with a variety
of grain for the night feed. Meat or green bone will
have to be added. This last is expensive, but the in-
crease in the egg yield will more than balance the ex-
tra outlay ; therefore, it is expensive only in first cost.

28

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

The Horse.

HACKNEYS IN LOUDOUN COUNTY, VA.

On a recent visit to the magnificent estate of the
Hon. Henry Fairfax, Oak Hill, Aldie, Va., we were
forcibly impressed with the opportunities lost by so
many farmers of Virginia, who, in sections not one
whit less adapted to the breeding of horses and raising
and feeding of live stock, yet persist in devoting their
attentiou to the production of corn, tobacco and other
staple crops, to the almost complete neglect of live
stock of any kind. Oak Hill, formerly the residence
of President Monroe, is a typical example of a fine
Southern plantation. Extending to 1,500 acres, every
yard of it, except about 150 acres in original timber
growth, is either under a fine blue-grass sod, a clover
sod, or producing great crops of wheat and corn.
There are no waste places, and neither bushes nor
briers to disfigure the beauty of as lovely a country as
eye ever looked over. The mansion and farm build
ings are models of what such places should be, and the
live stock— horses, cattle and sheep — are pictures of
beauty. Oak Hill is celebrated, and justly so, the
country over, for its stud of Hackneys, at the head of
which is the magnificent horse Danesfort, a prize-
winner wherever he goes. There are now on the place
some eighty head of pure and half-bred Hackneys,
ranging from sucklings to 5-year-olds. They are all
marked with the distinguishing characteristics of the
Hackney — symmetrical form and splendid action —
and cannot fail to command buyers as they are fitted
for work. The day we were there the Secretary of
Agricultnre purchased a pair of as fine horses as it has
been our privilege to see for a long time. Mr. Fair
fax, although selling largely in Northern markets,
always has on hand a few horses ready for home
buyers who want something they can rely upon as
being perfectly sound, geutle and well trained. In
addition to the Hackneys, Mr. Fairfax has added to
his stud a beautiful pony stallion, a perfect horse in
miniature, and he is breeding him to Welsh pony
mares, and thus providing for a demand for ponies
which has sprung up within the last few years in this
country. Whilst horses are the leading feature at
Oak Hill, they are by no means the sole one. A fine
flock of sheep and a large herd of feeding cattle are
converting the products of the farm into mutton and
beef. The wheat crop of the past year was about 3,000
bushels, and the fall-seeded wheat is looking splendid,
indeed better than any crop we have seen. Corn,
notwithstanding the drouth, made 60 bushels to the
acre. Loudoun county has always been famed for its
good farming, and, whilst such men as Mr. Fairfax

make their homes there, is not likely to lose its pre-
eminence. We wish there were more such men and
farms throughout the South.

NOTES.

The well-known brood-mare Miss Lassiter, whose
daughter, Miss Nelson, 2:11 i, holds the record for Vir-
ginia bred trotters, died recently at Whitby Farm,
near this city, the home of her owner, Mr. H. C.
Chamblin. Her death was due to old age and general
debility. Miss Lassiter was a blood-like, well finished
bay mare of uncertain age and breeding, and said to
be by American Clay, though upon what information
the claim was based is not very clear. She was
brought here from Missouri about twelve years ago,
along with some other horses, among them the black
stallion Elysian Abdallah, by Lakeland Abdallah, out
of Roving Nelly, dam of Mambrino Boy, 2:201, and
passed through the hands of James Fletcher, Joseph
Lassiter and others, to Preston Belvin, who bred her
to Norfolk, son of Nutwood, in 18S8. and from the
union came Miss Nelson, in 1889. During subsequent
years she foaled Tipple, by Three Tips, 2:25! ; Willis
Maid, by Willis, and Miss Edloe, by Norfolk. These,
along with Miss Nelson, a bay yearling filly and chest-
nut colt, foal of 1897, survive their dam. The last
two, a full brother and sister to Miss Nelson, are
owned at Whitby.

For mountain scenery, superb in its grandeur, wild,
romantic aud beautiful, it is said that no section sur-
passes Western North Carolina, and to the Southern
Railway is due the credit of providing means of in-
gress through this wonderfully attractive regiou. The
run from Spartanburg to Asheville over the Southern
is about seventy miles, and from an observation car
some of the finest scenery iu the world charms the eye
of the traveller as Biltmore and Asheville, "in the
Land of the Sky," are approached. From Asheville,
via Biltmore, Round Knob, Old Fort, etc., which is
the Southern's direct route North and connecting with
the main line at Salisbury, the views are grand be
yond description. At Biltmore, the name borne by
George W. Vanderbilt's magnificent estate, days could
he spent in sight seeing. The Biltmore farms com-
prise over 100,000 acres of laud, and more than forty
miles of macadamized roadways, which are kept in
superb order, and all under the supervision of Mr.
George F. Weston, who directs affairs. The Biltmore
mansion cost something like $6,000,000, and the pri-
vate stables of Mr. Vanderbilt shelter forty head of
horses, kept for pleasure purposes. The French Broad
and Swannanoa rivers run through the estate, and
splendid driveways skirt the banks of either stream
for miles and miles. The Biltmore herd of Jerseys,
numbering 250 head, is an especial pride of Mr. Wes
ton's, aud the visitor at Biltmore is sure to find much
of interest in studying the methods employed in con-
ducting the dairy there. Six bulls are kept for ser-
vice, and they are imported Golden Blaze, imported

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

Golden Love, Tormentor's Harry, by Oonan's Tor
mentor, out of Kitty Betta ; Laird of St. Lambert, by
Exile of St. Lambert, out of Lilly Niobe ; Trevarth,
by Warren's Prince, out of Xarama ; and Edgeware,
by Flavius, out of Edna of Yerua.

Dr. F. E. Williams, Tidewater Farm, Pope, Va.,
Las recently made the following sales of trotting stock :
Miss Hunter, brown filly, 3, by Judge Cox, dam by
Wood burn Hanibletonian, to J. M. Whitehead, Poe,
Va.; King Simmons, bay colt, 2. by Simmons, 2:28,
dam Oneida, by Onward, to J. Langham Barbara,
Newsoms. Ya. : brown filly, 1, by Fitz Lee, dam Mar-
garet Walker, by Cuyler, to W. J. Beale, Hansoms,
Va.; brown filly, foal of 1897, by Tidewater, dam
Margaret Walker, to W. R. Pope, Pope, Va. ; bay
filly, 3, by Fitz Lee, to J. R. Darden, Newsoms, Va. ;
bay gelding, 2, by Fitz Lee, dam by Woodburn
Hambletoniau, to J. R. Councill, Unity, Va.; bay
filly 3, by Fitz Lee, to W. J. Worrell, Capron, Va.',
and bay filly. 2, by Fitz Lee, to Joseph Drake, Ca-
pron, Va.

Hon. Thomas S. Martin, Scottsville, Va., owns the
eleven year-old bay stallion Castaway II, thorough-
bred son of Outcast and Lucy Lisle, by Virgil, and
bred him to some good mares during the past season.
Castaway II was a good race horse. At two years old
the son of Outcast won five races, and later, when
three years and past, won twenty more, making a
total of twenty-five and $31 430. His winnings in-
cluded the Pickwick Club, Fort Scuyler and Cottrell
stake*, aud the Woodlawn and Brooklyn handicaps.

The dates chosen for the eleventh annual fair and
race-meeting of the East Carolina Fish, Oyster, Game
and Industrial Association, to be held at Newberne,
N. C, are February 28th, March 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 1898,
and Secretary George Green is elated over the bright
prospect ahead. The exhibits of this Association are
always interesting and entertaining, aud attract not
only large crowds from the eastern portion of the
State, but from other sections as well. President Wm.
Dunn and Secretary Green are widely known and
popular officials, both experienced men in their posi-
tions. The speed programme, as usual, is a highly
attractive feature, and the purses are very liberal,
ranging from $100 each for runners to $300 and $400
each for trotters and pacers.

The aggregate amount offered in purses reaches
$4,000, and of this amount $1,000 has been reserved
for specials.

Messrs. Wm. Ellis and John Dunn are directors of
the speed department.

Mr. W. R. McComb, of McComb & Block, well-
known cattle brokers of this city, has leased Acca
Farm, and will winter a stable of trotters and pacers
there, and have them haudled for speed, next season,
over the half mile track on the place.

J. D Stout is in charge, and will do the training.

The horses have been recently brought down from
Mr. MeConib's farm, at Fishersville, near Staunton,
where his brood mares aud other stock are kept. In
the big training stable at Acca Farm, formerly occu
pied by W. L. Bass, and later by W. G. Bryan, aud
which has sheltered, at various periods of their devel-
opment, such good horses as Mosul, 2:09}; Miss Nel .

son. 2:11,; Albert C, 2:165; Hulman, 2:20!: Gordon
Smith, 2:251, and many others of less note, Stunt lias
in charge Joyful Maiden, b. f. 3, by King Nutwood,
dam Happy Girl, by Petoskey; Sally Toskey, b. f. 3,
by Petoskey, dam Miss Sallie, by King Nutwood;
Vida Wilkes, b. f. 3, by Brignoli Wilkes, 2:14$, dam
Vida B., by Almont M., 2:30; second dam Mary Belle,
dam of Urbana Belle, 2:20}; Rex, 2:22!; David C.
pacer, chestnut gelding, by J. J. C, 2:22}; dam Rosa
Clay (dam of David B., 2:09}) by American Clay:
Staunton b. g. 7, by Bermont, dam Lottie Staunton.
by Gen. Staunton; Orphanwood, b. c. 3 by King Nut-
wood, dam Young Mollie, by Baron Luff. 2:27; Rex-
wood, b. c. 3. by King Nutwood, dam Helen Windsor,
by Windsor; Honest Frank, b. g. 4, by King Nutwoodj
dam by Mambrino Patchen.

The most prominent breeder of trotting stock in
Southampton county, Va., is that courteous gentle-
man and well known physician, Dr. F. E. Williams
owner of Tidewater Stock Farm, near Pope, on the
Atlantic and Danville railroad. Among the brood-
mares at the farm are Virginia Harkaway, by Harka-
way, dam by Messeuger Chief and Margaret Walker,
by Gambetta, dam by Cuyler ; both in foal to McZeus,
2:13; Bessie Hunter, by Woodburn Hambletonian; in
foal to Egwood, 2:18*, and Probate, by Onward. 2:25] ,
out of Plaintiff, by William Rysdyk; in foal to Gay
Baron, 2:26 1.

A bay colt, foal of 1897, by Norval 2:14}, is owned
at the farm, and is looked upon as a likely prospect
for speed.

Among other good ones owned by Dr. Williams
are Tidewater, a bay gelding, four years old, by Pha-
lanx, out of Virginia Harkaway, and a black colt,
one vear old, by the great sire Simmons. 2:28, out of
Nettie Patchen, dam of Weighmau, 2:20!. one of the
best two year olds of the past season. Tidewater is
being driven ou the road by Dr. Williams. The son
of Phalanx is quite a handsome horse, well formed
aud stylish in harness, and, with limited handling, by
an amateur, has trotted a half over the slow half mile
track at the farm in 1:12*.

Mr. J. C. Garnett, whose farm is near Locust Dale,
in Madison county, Va., and who has beeu-a student
of pedigrees and breeder of trotters for a generation
past, is yet enthused on the theme. He has a trio of
good prospects, and handsome, highly formed indi-
viduals in Marie, a brown mare, five years old, by
Houghton M., dam by Castleman; Whitney, a bay
gelding, by the same sire, dam by Angus, son of Bel-
mont, and Pike, a bay gelding by Hellespont, dam
Maggie Mitchell, by Harry Clay.

The semi weekly auction sales of road, trotting, sad
die, general purpose, and draft horses, held by Joseph
Lassiter all during the season at the Richmond Horse
Bazaar, have been pretty well attended as a rule, and
desirable offerings have found ready purchasers.

Dealers and others who have attended these sales
have secured bargains right along, as prices have ruled
lower than for some time past on account of the de-
pression in the cotton market.

Mr. Lassiter will continue these sales during the re-
mainder of the season, and intending buyers can se-
cure bargains.

Bkoadeook.

30

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

niscellaneous.

THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA AND THE RE-
DUCTION OF THE COST OF GOVERNHENT.

The General Assmibly of Virginia now iu session
is we are glad to note, apparently iu sympathy with
the very decided desire of the people for a reduction of
the cost of State aud county government. The article
which we published in our November issue seems to
have opened the eyes of the legislators and people to
the grossly extravagant aud wasteful system now in
force in the State, and we have received numerous
letters thanking us for the position taken in that arti-
cle We are aware that the work is a difficult one, as
the Constitution itself stands in the way of making
that complete work which the necessities of the case call
for ; but this, notwithstanding, we shall expect to see
a very material change made and the way opeued out
for a complete reform in the near future. It is not less
than a scandle that the cost of government in this
State should he so greatly in excess of that in North
Carolina and Georgia. It can be altered without in
any way impairing the efficiency of our government,
aud the people demand that it shall be. It is too early
yet for us to foreshadow in what direction the saving
is likely to be made. This is now the subject of conside-
ration by a joint committee of the two houses. We de
sire however, to enter a protest on behalf of the farmers
of the State against the suggestion of legislation in favor
of a more stringent system of taxation of personal
property as a means of raising more revenue. It is
not more revenue we need, but less expenditure. The
only effect of such legislation will be to burden the
formers still more unjustly. Iu Ohio, where a legisla-
tive commission has recently been investigating the
effect of a stringent system of taxation of personal
property, the commissioners report that the enforcement
of the tax upon personal property makes farmers pay from
four dollars to seven dollars where it makes the residents of
larye cities pag one dollar. The commissioners further
say : "The system as it is actually administered re
suits iu debauching the moral sense. It is a school ol
perjury. It sends large amounts of property into
hiding. It drives capital in large quantities from the
State. Worst of all, it imposes unjust burdens upon
various classes in the community : upon the farmer iu
the country, all of whose property is taxed because it
is tangible ; upou the man who is scrupulously honest.
and upon the guardian, executor, and trustee, whose
accounts are matters of public record. These burdens
are unjust because by the system as administered these
people pay the taxes which should be paid by their
neighbors." And the commissioners finally add that

"these conclusions are in accord with all current au-
thorities on the subject " This will be precisely the
effect here, much to our moral and financial loss.
Taxation of this character, instead of being made
more striDgent, should be abolished altogether. Taxa-
tion of personal property is a relic of the barbarous
ages. It has long ago been abolished by every civi-
lized nation in the world except America, and the day
is fast coming when it will be abolished here. A
commission appointed by the Legislature of Massa-
chusetts has reported in favor of its abolishment in
that State, and our Legislature ought to move iu the
same direction. Instead of devising means to en-
deavor to compel the listing of all personal property
for taxation, which will be absolutely of no avail
except to punish farmers, for every business man can
easily evade the law, however stringent, the Legisla-
ture, if the revenue is needed (which we do not con-
cede), should impose specific ad valorem taxes on all in-
struments, 6uch as bonds, notes and deeds securing
payments of money or transfers of property, aud re-
I quire these documents to be stamped with stamps de-
noting payment of the taxes due on themiefore or at the
time of execution; failing in this, the documents should
be valueless as evidence. In this way much addi-
tional revenue could be secured when needed and no
; injustice be done aDy one and no listing be necessary,
; and therefore no evasion be practised. That the sys-
tem of listing personal property for taxation is a fail-
\ ure, is easily evidenced. Year by year, whilst the
value of real estate for taxation increases throughout
; the country, the value of personal estate decreases, and
yet it is a well-known fact that there is to day more
personal property in the country than ever before in
its history, and that it is impossible for real estate to
increase in value without a corresponding increase iu
personal property. As examples of this fact, it may
suffice to quote the following :

Iu 1S00, the real estate in Cincinnati was valued for
taxation at $60,454,602, and the persoual estate was
returned' at $07,218,101. in 1892, the real estate in
that city was taxed at $144, 70S, S 10, whilst the per-
soual property had decreased to $44,735,670. Iu Bos-
ton, iu 1S68, the real estate taxed was valued at
035.S00, and the personal estate taxed was valued at
$205,937,300. In 1800, the realty was $619,990,275;
personalty, $202,051,525. In 1SG2, the real estate iu
Massachusetts was valued at $552,000,000, and the
personal estate at $309,000,000. Iu 1891, the real
estate was valued at $1,679,000,000, whilst the per-
sonalty was ouly valued at $550,000,01)0. In Virginia,
,n 1S91, the total value of real estate assessed was

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

31

$295,1S8.129, and the total value of the personal estate
was $96,610,480. In 1896, the total value of the real
estate assessed was $304,204,590, or $9 016,416 more
than in 1S91, whilst the total value of the personal
estate was only $94,341,046, or $2,269,434 less than in
1891. No system which the wisdom of man can de
vise can secure an equitable taxing of personal prop
erty, and it ought, therefore, to cease to be specifically
the subject of taxation.

THE CATTLE QUARANTINE IN VIRGINIA.

Under the provisions of an act passed by the last
Legislature, the Board of Control of the Virginia Ex
periuient Station was constituted the State authority
for administering the law as to quarantine of cattle
suffering from Texas fever, or other contagious dis
ease. By the adoption of this authority, the State se
cured the services of the veterinarian at the Experi
ment Station practically without cost, the only cost of
administering the law being his traveling expenses.
This arrangement was approved by Dr. Salmon, the
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washing-
ton, and he undertook, on its enactment into law, to
advise the Secretary of Agriculture to adopt the State
lines of quarantine which might be approved by the
Board of Control, and thereupon suspended the quar
antine of the whole State which had been imposed
We regret to see that a bill to change this authority
has been introduced into the Legislature, and is now
being discussed. This bill provides for the creation ol
a new Board to administer the law as to quarantine,
but makes no provision for the appointment or pay
ment of a skilled and duly qualified veterinarian to
examine live stock and prevent the spread of conta
gious diseases, nor does it even provide for theap
pointment of any clerical assistance for the proposed
Board. It, does, however, provide for the payment of
the personal expenses of the five members of the Board
to the extent of $500 per year. We trust that farmers
and stock-owners — especially those in Southwest,
Piedmont and Northern Virginia — will keep an eye
on this bill, and instruct their representatives to op
pose its passage. There is no necessity, whatever, for
it. It will involve more cost to the State, and unless
amended so as to provide for the appointment of a
duly qualified veterinary surgeon (who alone will re
quire to be paid a salary in excess of all the money
proposed by the bill to be appropriated for the pur
poses of the law), must fail to be satisfactory to the
authorities at Washington. If the change is not ap
proved by Dr. Salmon, the only effect will be that
the whole State will be again placed in quarantine,
and the fat stock trade of Son th west, Piedmont and
Northern Virginia be ruined. No stock can be ex-

ported from any quarantined State dining the period
of quarantine, which now extends from the loth Jan-
uary to the 15th November in each year. In the face
of this risk we would say, "let well alone."

POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS AND GOVERNHENT
BONDS.

We are strongly of opinion that these two great
ueeds of the country can be made to be mutually of
assistance to each other. A great objection made
to a National Postal Savings Bank system is, that it
will lead to a further depletion of money in the
country districts by the investment of the deposits be-
ing required to be made in national bonds. Whilst
uot inclined to place great weight on this objection,
and certainly not thinking it of sufficient importance
to countervail the great benefits to be derived from
the provision of undoubtedly safe banks for the sav-
ings of the people, we yet think that it is entitled to
some weight, and that means should be taken to obvi-
ate the difficulty. This, it appears to us, could readily
be done by the insertion of a clause in the bill making
it permissible for the National Governmeut to invest
the deposits in the section of the country from whence
they were drawn, in county bonds, such bonds to be
issued for the building of good macadamized roads,
and to carry a low rate of interest. In this way good
roads could be built at small cost, and the money de-
posited in the Savings Banks would be circulated
again amongst the people who had saved it.

THE NEW GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA.

We extend our hearty congratulations to Major J.
Hoge Tyler on his accession to the high and honorable
position of Governor of this State. Himself a practi-
cal farmer, and largely interested in the success of the
leading industry of the State, we look to see measures
for the advancement and welfare of agriculture, and
the farmers receive his cordial support and endorse-
ment. We trust that he may be blessed with health
and strength to discharge the duties of his office with
that vigor and intelligence characteristic of him.

DARK TOBACCO SALES.

We are glad to see that, notwithstanding heavy sales
throughout all the dark tobacco sections, prices are
firm and advancing. We have noted numbers of sales
over $25 per hundred, and one at Petersburg at $40
per hundred. This was for a fine lot of daik wrap-
pers, grown in Lunenburg county, Va. The average
price seems to he at least $5 per hundred in excess of
the average for last year. We noted one sale where

32

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

nearly $200 was obtained for the tobacco grown on one
acre of land. Prices like these pay, and ought to
stimulate growers to make only a good article. Noth-
ing but the best sells for top prices, and there is
always room at the top.

A NEW AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
IN VIRGINIA.

We are glad to see that the Hon. John F. Rixey
has introduced into Congress a bill for setting apart a
portion of the Arlington estate in Alexandria county,
Va., as a National Agricultural Experiment Station,
to be under the management and control of the Secre-
tary of Agriculture. Both in the interest of the na
Hon and this State, it is desirable that a National Ex
periment Station should be established, and we trust
that all the representatives of Virginia, both in the
Senate and House, will give Mr. Kixey their support
in securing the enactment of the bill into a law. The
farmers of Northern Virginia will undoubtedly derive
much benefit from a Station located in their section.

TOBACCO SEED FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Iu order to give to the tobacco growers of Virginia.
and especially to reintroduce the production of tobac-
co in the Tidewater section, I have received from Gen.
Fitz. Lee a few pounds of the fioest Vuelto Abajo Ha
bana tobacco seed, which I desire to distribule in time
to secure early plants for early planting. Last year,
on account of the late receipt of seed and the drought,
the • xperiments made were not a success, but I am
satisfied an early planting and good season will secure
the large product per acre which this tobacco makes
in Cuba, and that the skill of our planters will secure
proper color and fragrance in the end. Parties will-
ing to experiment in earnest, under directions furnish
ed as to cultivation. &c, will, by addressing this De
part.menf, receive a teaspoonful of seed by mail, which
in Cuba will plant 3,000 hills.

Thomas Whitehead,
Commissioner (if Agriculture.

THE VIRGINIA FERTILIZER LAW.

In his message to the Legislature, Governor O'Fer-
ral suggests that a greater revenue can be raised from
the fertilizer tax by changing the same from a Brand
tax to a Tag tax, and we are given to understand that
members of the Legislature are preparing a bill to be
introduced to give effect to this suggestion, the motive
actuating them being not simply the change in form,
but the production of a greater revenue.

We cannot think that the Governor gave that close
consideration to this question which has usually dis-
tinguished his action iu matters affecting the welfare
of the farmers of the State, or he would nol bave ad
vised it.

The point for consideration is not the form of tax,
whether "brand" or "tag," but the result. To a "tag
tax" as distinguished from a "brand tax" we have no
objection ; but to the raising of more revenue from
fertilizers we have a decided objection. This form of
taxation is an addition to the taxes of farmers in ex-
cess of that paid by other citizens, and they already
pay more than their share of the taxes of the State.
Every addition to the tax on fertilizers is simply an
extra burden put on the farmers' shoulders. It is true
he does not pay it directly, but he undoubtedly does
so indirectly. The fertilizer-maker pays the tax, but
he recoups himself, with interest, by either adding to
the cost of his fertilizers, or by reducing their value
as crop producers. This is so with every indirect tax.
It ultimately falls on the consumer, aud the farmer
alone is the consumer of fertilizers.

A tax on fertilizers is only justifiable (if at all) as a
police measure to ensure that dishonest, manufacturers
shall be caught and punished — though why farmers
alone should pay to catch these special thieves, when
all other thieves are caught and punished at the ex-
pense of the whole community, is difficult to see. But
granting the necessity of the tax on this ground, theu
it should only be sufficient to pay the cost, economi-
cally managed, of achieving the end sought. This it
at present does, and more. Last year the tax pro-
duced $8,600. The cost of admiuistering the law was
$7,322.85. So that there was a small excess to the
credit of the account.

To increase the tax in order to put revenue into the
treasury ought to be resisted by every farmer. The
general revenue for administering the government
should be contributed by all tax payers equally, and
not be aided by any special burden imposed upon a
particula.1 class of the people. We trust farmers will
»ee to it that their representatives in the Legislature
oppose any increase in the fertilizer tax, and require the
law to be so altered as to ensure that the tax shall <>nh/
be applied in the enforcement of the provisions of the
law, aud if it produces more than is necessary for this
purpose, that it be reduced.

Secretary Coburn, of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, has published, in striking form, a statement on
"Kansas Agriculturally in 1S97." Tables of pro-
ducts by quantities and values, and of live stock by
numbers and values are followed by the state bank
commissioner's estimate of the indebtedness cancelled
in 1897. The total value of farm products is over $136,-
335,000, and the total value of the live stock is nearly
194,075,000, making a grand total of over $230,410,000.
The indebtedness concelled. mortgages and to banks
is estimated at $30,000,000, which is evidence that
Kansas farmers knew the best use to make of part of
their 1807 prosperity.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

S3

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

BICHMOND, VA.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD.
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Planter is mailed to subscribers in
the United States ami Canada at $1.00 per an-
num ; all foreign countries, $1.25.

Iiiseoii ti nuances.-- Remember that the
publisher must be notified by letter or post
card when a subscriber wishes his paper
stopped. All arrearages must be paid. Re-
turning your paper will not enable us to dis-
continue it, as \vc cannot find your name on
our books unless your Post Office addresl is
given.

The Lrw is* that all subscribers to news-
papers are held responsible until all arrearages
are paid, and their paper ordered to be dis-
continued.

Remittances should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we caunot be responsible.

The Planter is sent to subscribers until
an explicit order is received for its discontinu-
ance. All payments of arrearages must be
made as required by law.

• l» iv« give the >'nme of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.

The Date on your label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the tact at once.

We Invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, Suggestions How to Improve The
P L A ntkk. Descriptions of New Grains. Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known. Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until alter they have ap-
peared Iu our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of poi tage.

No anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address— THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

RICHMOND, VA.

Horse Owners! Try

GOMBAULT'S

nipil ^ Is always the result of proper draining. Don't waste time

III 0 III # and money trying to make crops pay until your land is

.._. . fm\mm J properly drained. We would like to tell you how to do it,

Mfl n Uu € and at the same time quote you prices on the best

I Akin I ^ -DRAIN TILE made.

LANU d POWHATAN CLAY MANUFACTURING CO., Richmond, Va.

^■'^'%*f%/%s%'%>,%r9 We also make all Shapes. Colors and Sizes of Bricks, Sewer Pipes, etc

Tested

and

TRUE.

WOOD'S SEEDS are specially grown and
selected to meet the needs and requirements of

Southern Growers.

Wood's Descriptive Catalogue is most valu-
able and helpful in giving cultural directions
and valuable information about all seeds
specially adapted to the South:

VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS,

Grass and Clover Seeds, Seed

Potatoes. Seed Oats

and all

Garden and Farm Seeds.

Write for Descriptive Catalogue. Mailed free.

T. W. WOOD & SONS,

SEEDSMEN, = = RICHMOND, VA.

THE LARGEST SEED HOUSE IN THE SOUTH.

Caustic
Balsam

... :dy and Positive Cure
The Safe.t, Be.t BLISTER ever used. Tnke9
the place of all haiments for mild or severe acli i
Removes all Bunchoscr Blemishes from II.—'
snd Cattle. SUPERSEDES ALL CAUTERY
OR FIRINC- Impossible to produce scar or blemish.
Every bottle so.d is warranted to give satisfaction
Price SI. SO per bottle. Sold bv drngetsta, rr
•ent by express, charges paid, w:th fuli directions
for its use. Send for descriptive circulars.
THE LAWRENCE-WILLIAMS CO.. Cleveland O.

PUBLISHER'S NOTfcSS.

Notice to Subscribers.

We shall esteem it a favor if sub-
scribers will send on their renewals
and the names of new subscribers
as early as possible, and carefully
mark the Postoffice and State after
each name. We are put to much
loss of time and inconvenience by
neglect of this requirement. Also,
when a change of postoffice is de-
sired, give the name of the old office
as well as the new one. We are
hoping to receive a very large ac-
cession to the lists of our subscri-
bers during the present month ; and
this being so, subscribers must not
be disappointed if they do not re-
ceive receipts, acknowledgments or
copies of the journal at once.
We will do our best to let every one
know that we have received his or
her remittance by sending a copy
of the current mouth's issue as soon
as possible, but wait until the Feb-
ruary number is issued before com-
plaining. If auj one who remits
in January does not receive the
February number, please make com-

FRAZER 1

: Axle Grease .K0.V ;

4 Itswearingqualitiesareunsurpassed, ae- d
\ tually outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand \
W Not affected by heat. *S"Get the Genuine. V
4^%- FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS. Xs4

CHICAGO

CORN

SHELLER

$1.

and we
...^heller

that mil shell corn as well as
the more expensive machines
on the market (Mention this
pap- r 'Het.iontfcllubbWJ,
Ctf-fio FuUon St.Culcago.

aijGlaierial

Iron Roofing

■

Thicngo ]luu>ev.rcr!.ii.L.- 1 ... ,

SAVE YOUR FRUIT.

TheU. S. Agricultural Department's Bulle-
tin. No. 19, 1895, says: "A Virginian sprayed
one-third of his orchard, then in i,.,
quantity of sound fruit 50 per cent., and iu-
cr-asnnr value over the rest 100 percent He
estimates his loss by not spi.i
two-thirds at twrnt/l-fn;- Ii,iih/i-i;I ,l„l l.i ,:\."

SPRAYING PUMPS for sale by
S. P. BROCKWAY, Staunton. Va.

WIND PUMP PERFECTED

By perfect pump rod Bprin
lilting platform, rapid Helps

art water. Pay after tried. -K.iISMi
Marsualltown, Iowa.

M

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER

[JaDoary

DEAFNESS CANNOT BE CURED
by local applications, as they cannot
reach the diseased portion of the ear.
There is only one way to cure Deafness,
and that is by constitutional remedies.
Deafness is caused by an inflamed condi-
tion of the mucous lining of the Eusta-
chian Tube. When this tube gets in-
flamed you have a rumbling sound or
imperfect hearing.and when it is entirely
closed Deafness is the result, and unless
the inflammation can be taken out and
this tube restored to its normal condition,
heaiing will be destroyed forever; nine
cases out of ten are caused by catarrh,
which is nothing but an inflamed condi-
tion of the mucous surfaces.

We will give One Hundred Dollars for
any case of Deafness (caused by catarrh)
that cannot be cured by Hall's Catarrh
Cure. Send for circulars, free.

F. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, 0.
8®~Sold by Druggists, 75a

plaint without further delay, so
that we can look up the cause.
Clubs of three or more new subscri-
bers may be sent in at 75 cents each.
Subscribers at this rate cannot,
however, take the benefit of our
clubbing offers with other journals.

MAGAZINES.
Harper's for January has for its leading
features the first instalment of " Roden's
Corner," a serial story by Henry Seton
Merriman; "A Group of Players," by
Laurence Hutton ; " The Blazing Hen-
Coop," an amusing sketch of an experi-
ment in chicken-farming by Octave Tha-
net; " Stuttgart, the Ancient City," by E.
J. Allen, and a number of short stories.
The number is finely illustrated.

Harper's Illustrated Weekly, Harper's Ba-
zaar and Harper's Mound fable are three
of the best illustrated papers issued in
this country. They will satisfy the tastes
of men, women and children.

The Century has the opening part of
Dr. Weir Mitchell's new novel The Ad-
ventures of Francois, Foundling, Thief,
Juggler and Fencing Master During the
French Revolution; Huxley's Home Life,"
by his son,and a graphic account of " The
Lord Mayors Show," by Mr. and Mrs.
Pennell, are striking pictures of English
life. " French Wives and Mothers" gives
a picture of French life, whilst "Recol-
lections of Washington and His Friends,"
as preserved in the family of Nathaniel
Greene, gives a picture of American life
in the pa6t. All these articles are beauti-
fully illustrated. There are a number of
short stories of unusual interest. Topics
of the Time deals with " Voting Straight,"
" The Effect of Patronage Upon Popular
Elections," " Patriotism and Imagination"
and " Southern Protests Against Lynch-
ing."

& Nicholas contains another of Rud-
yard Kipling's "Just So" stories, telling
"How the Camel Got His Hump." There
are other stories which will delight the

children. As usual, the number is over-
flowing with pictures and poems.

The American Review of Review* main-
tains its character as the magazine for the
busy man desirous of keeping himself
abreast of the times. The article " Pro-
gress of the World," in the January issue,
gives a clear and exhaustive New Year's
summary of the political conditions of
both hemispheres. Dr. Tolman's sum-
ming up of the municipal progress of New
York under Mayor Strong is just what is
needed at this time as an encouragement
of efforts for civic betterment. Lord
Brassey writes on the English Navy, and
Asst. Secretary Roosevelt comments on
the article.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly con-
tains an article on " Science and Morals,"
by Berthelot, in which he concludes that
morals have grown out of science, instead
of being based on religion. Dr. Sternberg
writes on the " Causes and Distribution
of Infectious Diseases." Arthur H. Hyde
discusses the part which the foreign ele-
ment has played in our civilization.

Lippincott's complete novel in the Jan-
uary issue is " John Olmstead's Nephew,"
by Henry Willard French. The other
features of the number are short stories
and sketches by well-known writers.

McCluer's for January contains the first
of a series of articles describing the daily
life and disasters of a railroad workman.
Anthony Hope's new novel is continued
in this issue. It promises to be both en-
tertaining and diverting.

The Ladies' Home Journal for January
is a midwinter fiction number. Hamlin
Garland, Clara Morris and Francis Lynde
are among the story-tellers. This journal
will aim in 1898 to* make itself the most
cheerful and helpful magazine which a
woman can possibly have in her home,
and we doubt not, from past experience
of what it has done, that it will re-
deem its promise. The price is $1.00 per
year. Published by the Curtis Publish-
ing Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

CATALOGUES.

Des Moines Incubator Co., Des Moines,
Iowa.

R. L. Ragland Seed Co., South Boston,
Va. Tobacco Seed Catalogue.

Harrison's Nurseries. Berlin, Md.

:HALL'S^Sble;

ihair renewer:

Drives off old age;
restores lost color
to the hair; gives it
the richness and gloss of
youth; prevents bald-
ness. No dandruff.

Pure

Blood means sound health. With pure,
rich, healthy blood, the stomach and di-
gestive organs will be vigorous, and there
will be no dyspepsia. Rheumatism and
Neuralgia will be unknown. Scrofula and
Salt Rheum will disappear. With pure

Blood

Your nerves will be strong, and your
sleep sound, sweet and refreshing.
Hood's Sarsaparilla makes pure blood.
That is why it cures 60 many diseases.
That is why so many thousands take it
to cure disease, retain good health, pre-
vent sickness and suffering. Remember

Hood's

Sarsaparilla

Is the One True Elooct Purifier. SI per bottle.

. , ,, r»*n c,lre "Jver '"si eas>' t0
flOOClS HlllS take, easy to operate. use.

Truck - Farm

°<J(100 acres cleared) rUK Oil LLP*
Four miles from Richmond, one mile from
electric railway; railroad runs through place.
This farm is in excellent condition, and has
all necessary outrbuildings; old-fashioned
dwelling of ten rooms, In fair condition.
Price, $10,000, on reasonable terms. Must be
sold to close up an estate. Apply to Executors
ca,re Southern Planter office.

BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.

The Wilmer Atkinson Co., of Philadel-
phia, Pa., sends us a copy of " The Biggie
Cow Book." This is a neatly-printed,
well illustrated little book, describing the
various breeds of cattle, and giving valu-
able advice on their care and treatment
in health and sickness. Every man who
keeps even one cow will find this little
book useful. The price is 50 cents.

"The Road to Prosperity," by T. W.
Wood, of Richmond, Va. This pamphlet
deals with currency and other problems
affecting the well-being of the people.
Whilst containing much on the currency
question with which we are unable to
agree, it yet discusses the subject in a
fair way from the author's standpoint
The chapters dealing with the problems
of taxation and administration of justice
in the South, are deserving of attention as
exposing many most unjust features in
the present system.

1898.]

THE SOUTHBEN PLANTER.

35

REPORTS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Annual Reports of the De-
partment, 1897.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Circular 13. Division of
Botany. Observations on Recent Cases
of Mushroom Poisoning in the District of
Columbia.

U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington. D. C. Farmers' Bulletin 63. Care
of Milk on the Farm.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletin 64. Ducks
and Geese.

California Experiment Station, Berk-
ley, Cal. Bulletin 118. Distribution of
Seeds and Plants.

Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N-
Y. Bulletin 139. Third Report on Jap-
anese Plums.

Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N.
Y. Bulletin 140. Second Report on Po-
tato Culture.

Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N.
Y. Bulletin 141. Powdered Soap as a
Cause of Death Among Swill-fed Hogs.

Kansas State Board of Agriculture, To-
peka, Kas. Report of the State Board of
Agriculture for quarter ending Decem-
ber, 1897. The Beef Steer and His Sister.
Part I, Beef Production. Part II, Crop
and Live Stock Statistics.

Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Me.
Bulletin 39. Stock-feeding Suggestions.

Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Me.
Bulletin 40. Celery.

New York Experiment Station, Ge-
neva, N. Y. Bulletin 125. Forcing To-
matoes.

North Carolina Experiment Station,
Raleigh, N. C. Bulletin 144. Ornithol-
ogy of North Carolina.

Tennessee Department of Agriculture,
Nashville, Tenn. The Seed Monopoly.
Some Reasons Why the South Should
Raise Her Own Field and Garden Seeds.
Figures Showing the Enormous Saving
that Would Result.

Virginia Experiment Station, Blacks-
burg, Va. Bulletin 69. Tests of Ferti-
lizers on Wheat

Virginia Experiment Station, Blacks-
burg, Va. Bulletin 70. Cheap Silos in
Virginia.

Virginia Experiment Station, Blacks-
burg, Va. Bulletin 71. An Experiment
in Generating Vinegar.

Virginia Experiment Station, Blacks-
burg, Va Bulletin 72. Notes on Treat-
ment of San Jose Scale, with Directions
for Winter Work.

Virginia Weather Service, Richmond,
Va. Report for November, 1897.

Annual Report of the Postmaster Gen-
eral of the United States for the Year
ending June, 1897.

Why look older than you really are,
when Hall's Hair Renewer will complete-
ly restore the natural color, as in youth,
to gray, faded or discolored hair.

When you write to an advertiser,
always say you saw the advertisement
n The Southern Planteb.

Scoff and Cough.

The man who scoffs at the friendly advice,
to "take something for that cough," will keep
on coughing until he changes his mind or
changes his earthly residence. A great many
scoffers have been converted by the use of
the standard cough remedy of the past half
century,— Ayer's Cherry Pectoral. But some
are scoffing and coughing yet. They wheeze
with asthma, bark with bronchitis or groan
with the grippe. Singular, is n't it, the number
of stubborn people, who persist in gambling,
with health and perhaps life as the stake, when
they might be effectually cured of cough, cold
or lung trouble, by a few doses of

Ayer's Cherry Pectoral.

More particulars about Pectoral in Ayer's Curebook, loo pages.
Sent free. J. C. Ayer Co., Lowell. Mass.

A SUCCESSFUL NURSERY'S
GROWTH.
A long story of enterprise and business
success is condensed in the brief state-
ment of the Harrison's Nurseries, at Ber-
lin, Md., concerning the way one depart-
ment of their work— that of supplying
strawberry plants — has increased. In
1888, they grew two thousand five hun-
dred plants; in 1896, two million and a
half; in 1897, ten million. But the be-
ginning of these extensive nurseries was
with peach trees, and of these there were
more than a million budded during the
past year. There is a great demand
for these peach trees from peach growers
in many States because of the extraordi-
nary success that has attended the Har-
risons in their cultivation in years past.
Descriptions of new fruits and small
fruits, and their general catalogue, are
sent free upon application.

AN INCENDIARY PRAYER.

A white minister in a colored church
asked an old deacon to pray. He offered
a fervent prayer for the white brother,
and among his many requests was the
following: " 'Noint him with de kerosene
ile of salvation, and sot him on fire. Put
his handle to de gospel plow and tie his
tongue to the line ob truth."

Large, perfect snap*
vigorous, proline
drought-resisting.
Best varieties Straw-
berry Plants; alsoAs-
parnsusKoots, Peach,
Apple and Plum Trees.
Peaches grown from nat-
ural seed In section free
from scale and yellowa.

Write for latest catalog— FREB

HARJilSOS'S NIIISERLE*,

Bo run. Md.

Lee's Prepared Agricultural Lime

WE HAVE REDUCED THE PRICE TO SUIT THE TIMES.

We are now sellin- this VALUABLE FERTILIZER and LAND IMPROVER at
*ir> Per Ton When used on fallow land, with a fair amount of vegetation, we
Save never known it to fail in giving a satisfactory crop of wheal and a stood .stand of
clover or grass. We do not. recommend it. for clean or thin worn-out land, unless
some litter from the farm, pen or forest is used with it.

500 TONS OYSTER SHELL LIME, Sacked or in Bulk, for sale low.

For thin and bare land, we recommend our . — — — — ■

HIGH-GRADE BONE AND POTASH,

which we are selling at the low price of $16 PER TON. Farmers who used It last
year say tuev had fine crops on very thin laud.

«-Write for Circulars. *■ S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

36

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

TO MAKE AND SERVE COFFEE.

Always Usk the Water at its First

Appearance <>f Boiling.

"The mo?t important point in makinsr
good coffee is to use the water at the first
appearance of boiling, ' writes Mrs. B. T.
Borer in the December Lad

" If it boils but a few minutes it
parts with its cases, becomes Bat and hard,
and will make but an imperfect infusion.
Avoid, also, water that lias been boiled
and put aside on the stove, and then re-
boiled at coffee-making time. See that
the tea-kettle from which you take your
coffee water is thoroughly washed each
momine, filled with fresh cold water and
brought quickly nearly to the boiling
point. Put the "coffee and chicory in the
upper portion of pot, allowing one heap-
ing tablespoonful of finelv-ground coffee
and a teaspoonful of chicory to each half
pint of water. Pour over it quickly the
water, put on the lid eo that the aroma
may not escape, and as soon as the water-
drains through the biggin fill it asain.and
so continue until you have the desired
quantity. Serve immediately from the
same pot. This coffee must not be on the
stove unless at the back part, where it
cannot boil. Serving coffee is half the
battle. In winter have the cups heated,
fill them half full with scalded milk, and
pour in the freshly-made coffee. Do not
add cream if you value your health.

THE WAY TO MAKE TEA.

It Should Never be Boiled, and is
Best Takes Without Cream.

Mrs. S. T. Rorer writes of tea, coffee,
■ iiate in her cooking lesson
in the December I. Journal.

In telling how to best prepare tea she
points out that "tannin, the objectionable
ingredient of tea, is more thoroughly dis-
solved by boiling. To get the least tan
nin we must, then, avoid boiling the tea.
The machine picked teas are undoubtedly
more wholesome than the green-colored
teas or those dried on copper plates. Fre-
quently, expensive teas — those sold at
from t^n to twelve dollars a pound— are
not so healthful as the cheaper black teas
sold at a dollar. Tea should be taken
clear or with very little sugar. If taken
between meals it may be taken with su-
gar and cream, but I cannot think of a
more injurious or pernicious habit than
the drinking of tea with sugar and cream
at meal time. If taken with food it pre-
vents mastication, thus creating stomach
fermentation.

"To make tea properly, first scald the
pot, drain and put into it while hot a
level teaspoonful of tea to each half pint
of water. Pour over the water at the first
boil : cov« i for five minutes, stir and use
at once. The rule in making t
allow one teaspoonful of b
son and one for the pot. T< a should not,
under any c rccmstances, be made in a
metal teapot."

"Which would yon rather have for
Christmas, Tommy, a Bled or a pair of
i Tommy's father.

"Oh — I think a sled and a pair of skates
would lie v.ry nice," said Tommy. — Har-
per's Bazaar.

Kidney and Bladder Troubles Quickly Cured.

You May Have a Sample Bottle of the Creat Discovery,
Dr. Kilmer's Swamp-Root, Sent Free by Mail.

Men and women doctor their troubles so often without benefit, that thev get dis-
couraged and skeptical. In most such cases serious mistakes are made in doctoring
ami not knowing wh.it our trouble is or what makes us sick. The unmistakable
evidences of kidney trouble are pain or dull ache in the back, too frequent desire
to pass water, scanty supply, scalding irritation. As kidney disease advances the
face looks sallow or pale, eyes puffy, the feet swell and sometimes the heart acts
badly Should further evidence be needed to find out the cause of sickness, then
set urine aside for twenty-four hours; a sediment or settling is also convincing
proof that our kidneys and bladder need doctoring. A fact often overlooked, or not
always undeistood, is that women suffer as much from kidney and bladder trouble
as men do

Dr. Kilmer's Swamp Root is the discovery of the eminent physician and scientist
and as such is not recommended for everything, but will be found just what is needed
in cases of kidney and bladder disorders or troubles due to weak kidneys, such as
catarrh of the bladder, gravel, rheumatism, or Blight's disease, which, in fact, is only
advanced kidney trouble.

The mild and extraordinary effect of this great remedy is soon realized It stands
the highest for its wonderful cures. Sold by druggists, price fifty cents and one
dollar. So universally successful has Swamp Root been in quickly curing even the
most distressing cases, that if you wish to Prove its wonderful merit you may have
a sample bottle and a book of valuable information, both sent absolutely free by
mail. Mention Southern Planter, and send your address to Dr. Kilmer & Co.
Binghampton. N. Y. The fact that this liberal offer appears in this paper is a
guarantee of genuineness.

IJIIIIIillllllllilllllllllllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiimillllllllltS

OF 71

OFFICE, Cor. 9th and Main Streets, RICHMOND, VA.

G. A. WALKER. President. JAMES W. PEGRAM. Secretary.

| LIFE, ENDOWMENT, INVESTMENT and INDUSTRIAL |
I POLICIES ISSUED ON MOST FAVORABLE TERMS. 1

= '/iriIIS is the only regular JLife Insurance Company =

§ ^^ chartered by the Legislature of the State, anil has §

= won the hearty approval and active support ot the people =

§ by its promptness and fair dealing during the last twenty- =

= five years of its operation.

= For further information, apply to the Home Office.

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiG

INCORPORATED 1832

Virginia fire and Marine insurance Company.

HO.tlE OFFICE: No. 1015 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

Assets, - $725,000
WM. H. PALMER, Pres.
W. H. MCCARTHY, Sec'y.

DIRECTORS.
E. B. Addison, E. J. 'WLllis,

W. J. Leake, D. O. Davis,

Thomas Potts, Wm. H. Palmer.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

THE IMFROVEO

VICTOR Incubator

HATCH Chickens £»•«*[£

EXCELSIOR Incubator

Simple. Perfect, Setf-Bcgulat-
ing. Thousands in successful
operation. Lowest priced
flrst-eHi** Hatcher made.
GEO. Jf. STAHL.
114 to!2g 8. 6th ft, Oulncv.ni.

MBUSIfiEZi

Hatch thousands

•RAIRIE STATE

;U 3AT0R

HIST PREMIUMS
. -PRAIRIE STATE INC Ce
!' HOMER CIT* PA.

A SURE WINNER.

^.^-,^1 OUR SUCCESSFUL INCUBATOR

. Hasvalu*
imartificial incubation
try culture generally.
f:i tare a ereater \ari-
of Incubators and Brooders
other firm. H

■ ■
DES MOINES INC'B.

.in all the many shows in f

| *rhich it has participate-!, I

there must be something I

-n the superiority claims of the t

RELIABLE INCUBATOR |

-mSEETHAT HOOK?

IMPROVED
CONVEX

DEHORNER

,"T!V

or fcina ot m
homer *

WEBSTER &

n without crnshint- K
this. Cat-ilojrue free.

K1NS0N, Christiana, Pa.

VTHE
—DEHORNER

EYSTONE|

i humane, rapid and durable. Fully $
\ warranted. Highest awakd >t Wobld's •

\A, C BKOSIUS. Corh'ranville, Pa] m

GROUND FEED

— more economical A' produces
better results than wholegrain

STAR Feed Grinders

prepare it in the best and
cheapest way. Grind all
kinds of grain single or

£^>. mixed. Grind

damp or frozen. Circulars
of S:eamand Sweep Mills,
free. STAR MTG- CO- ■"
Depot St ->rew Lexington, O-

LIQUID SMOKE FOR MEATS.
Smoking meats without fire has proved
such a decided success that even those
who were disposed a few years
make light of the idea are now using
Krauser's Liquid Extract of Smoke. The
liquid extract does away with the risks
and inconveniences attending the old
smoke-house process. Meat smoked by
the new method has a genuine, delicious
-in ke flavor, it remains moist and in a
perfect state of preservation, and is not
ii fe-ted with insects. The extract is
made by distilling the smoke from hick-
ory wood, and it is absolutely harmless.
Tlie makers, E. Krauser & Bro., of Mil-
ton, Pa., will send free to any one inter-
esting printed matter about methods of
curing and smoking all kinds of meats.

Mr. W. E. Knight, Nashville, Tenn.,

sends us his circular descriptive of his
finely bred Jacks. His advertisement
will be found in another column, to which
we refer our readers.

Mr. H. A. Kuhns, Atlanta, Ga . is out
with an interesting circular describing
his thoroughbred poultry, See his ad-
vertisement in another column.

VIRGINIA

Tne Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and strain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B Woods,

Charlottesville, Va

Walker-ton, Va., Nov. 24, 1897.— The
popularity of Hood's Sarsaparilla is based
upon real merit. Friend tells friend what
this great medicine has done, and whole
communities learn of its curative power.
P. P. Dillard, dealer in general merchan-
dise at this place, says: "I have been
selling Hood's Sarsaparilla and Hood's
Pills for several years, and have been
using them myself and in my family,
and we always recommend them to peo-
ple in poor health."

Hood's Pills are the only pills to take
with Hood's Sarsaparilla.

McCluer's Magazine for 1S98 promises
some notable features. It will continue
the publication of the Reminiscences of
the late Chas. A. Dana and also of
Rudyard Kipling's Stories and Poems.
Anthony Hope's new novel, Rupert of
Hentzan, will also appear in this maga-
zine, with a number of short stori
great authors. Stories of adventure by
Nansen and other travellers will also
appear. The illustrations will be by the
best artists. This magazine is always a
most interesting one and well worth the
price, $1.00 per vear. It is published by
the S. S. McCluer Co., 200 East 25th St.,
New York.

We return thanks for a copy of the
Eighteenth Annual Report of the Indian
Industrial School at Carlsle, Pa. This
School seems to be doing a good work
amongst the Indians.

See the Fence? MONARCH,
builds it. Best Machine onJ_
Earth, only S8. A snap for
agents. Ca'taloge Free.

Cochrane Fence Machine Co..
Box 109.5, Detroit, Mich.

SrIBnfflSTS) Hois bisk, Bull-strat, i:.-i..--.i

■F0R18SPERR0D

Chicken fence l?c. Baobitvproof
_fen«10c. and % good Bog fence

I Bart -1 Win to f»nn-

KllsFLMAN" BROTHERS. Box £30 Ridge^Ht-. (n. liana.

The Locomotive Engineer

must have an

out for sifjnals. One need DOt

watch the thermometer on account of his Pago
Fence. Rain or shine, fever heat or zero weather
"the coil is in it," and keeps it tight.
PAGE WOVEX WIBE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

30 cents PE„noD

.Saved by building your own wire fence with the
WILLMARTH FENCE MACHINE. One man can
weave 40 rods of the
best Cable Strand
Fence per day with
this economical ma-
chine. Enables you
to run fence advan-
.- u-lvand uniformly over hilly ground. Very
i 1 easy to operate. Costs only $3.50.
Sent by express on receipt of price. Specially
faroi-nota to-ms t0 pood agents and dealers.
Willmarth Fence Machine Co., Detroit, Mich

COIL SPRING FENCE!

YOU CAM MAKE

100 RODS IN 2 OAYS FOR $20.30.

catalogue free. K0K0M0 FENCE MACHINE CO.,
44 NORTH ST. Kokomo, Ikd., U. 8. A.

Good times ahead for
progressive farmers, but
fair land, hard work,
good Fertilizers are needed
to make a success.
We make the best
Fertilizers, which are
prepared especially for
the largest production of
individual crops ;
we also sell

Agricultural Chemicals at
wholesale prices. powell

„. .. - ., . FERT. &CHEM. CO.,

Write for pamphlet. Baltimore, Md.

38

THE SOUTHERN PLAOTER.

[January

BERKSHIRE, ChMtCT White,
Jerae.T UcJ and Poland China

B. W. SMITH, tec

FINE BLOODED Cattle,
Sheep, Hol's Poultry,
Sporting l>.>t:s. send
stamps lor catalogue. 150
engravings. N. P. Botbb
oatesvllle, Pa.

FOR SALE^S^

Two nice HOLSTEIN BULL CALVES, five
months old: 125 each. Fine Riding nnd Driv-
ing Horses, C, T. SMITH. Croxton, Va.

ELLERSLIE FARM^r
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep

and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co , Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H. WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

Poland -Chinas

The best blood in Ihe V. s.. AT FARMERS'
PRICES, in my herd arc not ..niv i >es, m:n i>-
ANTs only, but the SONS and DAUGHTERS
of the Ave greatest boars In the world
would nol buy them— J. H, Sanders, Klevers
Model, chief Tecnmseh 2d, Zenith Chief and
Look-me-over. Filly-live pigs forsile, Includ-
ing Sac to Look-me-over boar.
at fair prices. Address—

SAM'L B WOul'S. Charlottesville. Va.

JERSEYS CHEAP!

To reduce my herd. I offer 8 or 10 CHOICE
Heifers, fresh and to be fresh this winter.
PURE BRED and eligible to registry, Prices
low. Apply at once to—

A. R. VENABLE, Richmond. Va.

= • • •-

Dogs

BARGAINS in

Leading Breeds of

Stamp for Catalogue.

R. G. MASON & CO., Kirksville, Mo
• • •

Stationery

FOR THE MfKC'HA'aT

is printed iu good style,
put up iu convenient
folia, at rlgtal |
by
WH1TTET <* IHEPPF,KN<I.\,
Prlntcra, Richmond, Va.

EVERY FARMER WANTS IT.
The Christmas Number for 1S97 of the
old Farmer1* Advocate of London, Ont,
and Winnipeg, Man., has set a merry
pace for agricultural journals everywhere
on the globe, ami has done a good thing
for the cause of farming in Canada.
Whatever helps the farmer quickly stimu-
lates the general interests of the country.
This paper very ably and artistically sets
forth the strong features of this foremost
of Canadian industries. A powerful plea is
made for the extension of improved live
stock rearing, and the objec: lessons in
the way of engravings are unique. A
magnificent colored plate is given of Mr.
H. R Smith's (Compton, P. Q.) famous
Herefords. with portraits of many other
prize-winning animals and fine farm
scenes. To the stockman it will be "a
thing of beauty and joy forever." Every
Province in the Dominion is strongly
represented. This Christmas Number,
we notice, goes to all new subscribers for
imI the publishers of the Farmer's
Adrocnte (now issued every two week) are
to be complimented on their effort, and
in gettine out ordinarily a paper contain-
ing easily doable the really high-class
practical farm matter that can be got in
any other way at so low a cost ($l'.00j
per year.

The Department of Agriculture of Ten-
nessee has issued a pamphlet giving facts
ab at Tennessee for home seekers, Those
seeking a home will do well to send for
this pamphlet

The Missouri College of Agriculture
gives notice of a short winter course in
agriculture to commence January 4th.

We desire to acknowledge the receipt
of a very handsome and valuable book,
viz.: The Annual Catalogue of High
tirade Seeds, issued by Messrs. T. \V.
Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va, Twenty
years experience and study of the re-
quirements of the South has enabli
linn to produce a manual of the farm and
garden complete in every detail. Among
the many interesting subjects contained
in this book will be found a calendar
which enables the farmer and gardener
to have fresh vegetables on their tallies
every day in the year, at a very small
cost. This is indeed a luxury. The in-
formation concerning the cultivation of
all crops is very useful and practical, not
only giving in full the most improved
methods of culture, but also calling at-
tention to those crops which yield the
largest profits. The reputation which
this firm has won is a sufficient guarantee
of the quality of the seeds which they
handle. We think that every one in any
way connected with farming or gardening
should have this book. It is sent free to
all who apply to the above named firm.

We have before us the new catalogue
of the Successful Incubator, manufactured
by the Des Moines Incubator Co., of Des
Moines, Iowa. These people are now ad-
vertising in our columns, and we presume
that many of our readers now own and
operate the Successful machines. The
results of this machine in actual operation
are such as to give u hearty endorsement

to the name. We see by reference to the
annual catalogue that the manufacturers'
guarantee is such as to leave very little
to be desired. If there is any point of
construction, material and actual incu-
bating ability that is not completely cov-
ered by the guarantee, .ve fail to discover
it. This 150-page catalogue is crowded
with good things that ought to be in the
hands of every mail or woman who is
interested in poultry in any way. It is a
handsome and valuable book, and worth
many times more than they ask for it.
Send along 6 cents in postage stamps and
secure it before another day passes. It
will repay you handsomely.

NOT TO IMPROVE IS GOING BACKWARD

The cows are the best sou rco of revenue on the f arm.
Don't refuse to learn how to do better with them.

Hoard's Dairyman

is the unbiased champion ot the dairy ■

breed) and is the best adviser for

recardless of
interested in the
•reduction of rnilkand butter. Now is the time I
If vou 5endat0r.ee mentionintrthisad. tou get the paper
15 months for U.0D— £0 patres every week. Don't put It
off— write to-day. Sample fit-e. W. D. Hoard. Editor.

Hoard's Dairyman, Ft. Atkinson, Wis.

LISTEN TO THIS FARMERS

Choice Jacks Cheaper than Eier Known.
Former Prices Cut In Halves.

Handsome 18-hand
.lacks, worth 51.500,
now for S750; these
weigh 1,050 to \;.V0
pounds Elegant,
trim Jacks 15)4
hands, extra every
way, would be
cheap at SI. 000. now
S500. splendid 15-
han.l Jacks, 5)00.
11',-haiul Jacks,
noted for their

breeding, for $300. Jacks. H hands, at S200.

All black with white points; all tested and

reliable: no cheap, shoddy stock. Horse

measure observed,

PIEDMONT STOCK FARM,

Green Bush P. O., Walker Co , a*.

KNIGHT BROS.
Successors to L. W.
Knight, Son <S Co.

Importers and
Dealers In Native

Jacks & Jennets

Stable just beyond

Centennial Ground,

Harding Pike.

Address W. E. KNIGHT, Nashville, Tenn.

Mention Southern Planter.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

*

For STOCK. Just large enough,
light and simple; It don't pull
or come out. 100 Ear Marks, with
tools and Register Book, only
S3; with numbers, S3.50. Send/or
Samples andbe satisfied. Address
H. C. ST0LL. Beatrice, Nebraska.

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEEN PLANTEE.

89

SALESMAN WANTED.

A RELIABLE MAN. acquainted with the
agricultural and threshing trade, to sell oar
Tiger Brands Lubricating Oils and Ureases
from samples. THE HOWARD OIL AND
GREASE CO., Cleveland, Ohio.

SITUATION WANTED

By a married man (English'. Thoroughly
understands the management of all kinds of
block ; good butter maker: understands sepa-
rator, Babeoek tester, &e. References. Address
DAIRYMAN, care Southern Planter.

SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

Parties desiring to locate or purchase prop-
ertv in beautiful and healthy section, should
write or call on GEO. W. RICHARDSON.
.Marion, Va.

-*^ F"OFt SALE! ^;^

COUNTRY oTOHE inglectiong; dofng

$10,000 business, which can be increased
to 820.00O easily.

FARM— li8 acres, under high culti-
vation; all necessary improvements.
Price, $4,000 cash. Address BUSINESS,
care Postmaster, Toano, Va.

~^*Farm to Rent in
Southside Virginia.

450 acres of land. 50 acres under cultivation
and now in crops. 150 acres cleared and bal-
ance in wood. Good 10-room dwelling house,
with stables, barn and corn house. Will be
rented on reasonable terms for one or two
years. Apply M, office Southern Planter,
Richmond, Va.

Ya. Farms for $3

An acre and upward, in yearly payments-
Interest 6 per cent. Some to exchange.
Northern Settlement. List free.

GEO. E. CRAWFORD & CO., Richmond, Va.

A Magnificent Harvest Has Been Gathered

Now fix up the
house and the barn,
and the PUMP. If
this has been repair-
ed to economize
through hard times
now get a new one.
Get a

"BLATCHLEY
PUMP."

The Blatchley Com-
mon-sense Force
pump is not quite
as valuable as a first
class insurance pol-
icy, but it is worth
. more than a good
I many of them. It
Smay make a claim
■ on the insurance
(company unneces-
Isaxy. Look on the
.subject carefully.
-These pumps are
sold by all first-
class dealers. You
can get one direct from the manufacturer if lie
has no agent in your immediate neighbor-
hood. Write for information to

C. G. BLATCHLEY, Manufacturer,

Swanson, McKean and Meadow Streets,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

AN INTERESTING HISTORY.

A history of the American Jersey Cat-
tle Club, by Thos. J. Hand, of New York,
one of the founders of the organization,
will appear in the The Jersey Bulletin of
December 22, 1S97. This article, which
will occupy the entire reading space of
the paper, will be illustrated with pic-
tures of all the presidents and secretaries
of the Club. Nothing of this kind has
ever appeared in print. §1.00. Address

The Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind.

Coughs, colds, pneumonia and fevers
may be prevented by keeping the blood
pure and the system toned up with
Hood's Sarsaparilla.

If aught is amiss, in this life I insist,

Some law of nature man's tried to resist;

If woman demanding from man occupa-
tion,

Had politely been asked to hoe vegeta-
tion,

Milk cows, feed the chickens, and potter
about ;

Evolutional theories had never sprung
out.

With a whiff and a stool, bit of ice and
a lemon,

Man had not concern how he came on
this level ;

But being impelled to conditions of new-
ness,

He tries to evolve himself out of blueness.
W. M.

"I hear that burglars got into your
house the other night and stole jewelry
worth $500," said Collingwood.

"That wasn't the worst of it, either,"
replied Camperdown.

"What else was there?"

"Well, they lighted the gas all over the
house, and left it burning until we came
home from the theatre and extinguished
it." — Harper's Bazaar.

" I understand, Santa Claus," said a
critic, " that you ignored the Klondike
this year."

"Not at all," said Santa. "I did my
level best for all the Klondikers."

" Somebody said you didn' fill a stock-
ing in the whole place."

"That's true," replied Santa Claus.
"How could I? It's so cold up there
everybody slept with his stockings on."
Harper's Bazaar.

" When I came out on my regular trip
the other morning," relates a Maine stage
driver, "the only passenger I had was an
old lady. I was most dead for a smoke,
but I had sort of got it into my head that
the old lady was a fussy party. But I
got to fingering my tobacker, and by
ghum, I just couldn't resist the tempta-
tion. So I turned 'round to the old lady
and asked her if she had any objectiou to
my taking a whiff or two. She straight-
ened up like a monkey on a stick.

"'By gosh, young man,' she shouted,
'you've hit me just where I live. I've
been hankering for a smoke all morning.
Gimme a match.'

" She pulled out a black T D. and I tell
you, mister, me 'n' that old lady made
the stage look like a steam engine going
up a grade."

*W± FOR. SALE. +*>'*

BRONZE GOBBLERS. BROWN LEGHORN

and BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK

CHICKENS.

Mrs. Jno. F. Payne, University of Va.

PARTRIDGE COCHIN Cockerels.

I have a few Partridge Cochin Cockerels for
sale, from stock purchased from C. A. Ballau,
Worcester, Mass., breeder of the finest strain
of Partridge Cochins In United States. Price,
$1.25 each. Address WM. D. CHURCHILL,
Dry Bridge. Va.

For Sale. $1 each.

Address MISS S. M. HITER,

Ellisville, Louisa Co., Va

FOR SALE.

Buflf Leghorn Hens, 81.25
each ; trios, $3.00. Barred
& White Plymouth Rocks,
85.00 a trio. Fifteen years
a breeder. Poultry books,
cuts and supplies for sale.
Catalogue free.
H. A. Kuhss, Atlanta, Ga.

SAW

LLS

SlbO UPWARDS.
BEST PEED MADE.

Send for new catalogue
before you buy.
BRENNIN &, CO.; Louisville, Kentucky

n For POULTRYMEN + <%,

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.
"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and. Corn Mill, Farm Feed

Mills, Powder Mills.
lend for Circular and Testimonials.
WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

The Crown Point Grinding Mill.

With Letz's Patent Self-Sltarpen-
ing Biarrs, that do not dull when
running empty. Grind all grain,
damp or dry, and as fine as de-
sired, with less power than
others, because made with roller
bearings. A boy can operate
them. Make no mistake and
buy the best. Send for catalogue

CROWN POINT M'F'G CO.
Crown Point, Ind.

STUMP PULLERS,

GRUBBING MACHINES, DERRICK

HOISTS, BUTTER WORKERS

BREAD KNEADERS.

Agents Wanted. Send stamp for catalogue.
Manufactured by the

PARKER CO , 205 Sheffield Ave., CHICAGO, III.

X

HBN SMOKE YOUR MEAT WITH

WRKSK LIQUID EXTRACMIOtf

Mfcli fiacuuAR.E,KBAUSER&BRH.Mlg(Ui.BL

40

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

Tobacco

will cure well, have a bright,
rich color and flavor, with good
burning properties, if liberally
supplied with a fertilizer con-
taining at least 10% actual

Potash.

in the form of sulphate.

The quality of tobacco is im-
proved by that form of Potash.

Our books will tell you just what to use.
They are free. Send for them.

GERMAN KALI WORKS,

93 Nassau St., New York.

Nitrate of Soda

is the best and cheapest form
in which you can buy nitrogen
(or ammonia). It is also ihe
most soluble and available
form in which nitrogen can
be applied as food for plants.
You can mix it yourself with
other materials in just the
correct proportion for the
particular crop to which you
wish to apply it. You cannot
raise good crops without nit-
rogen in some form. Why
not use the best — Nitrate ?

Free

A 40-pajre bonk, "Food for Plants."
Tells all about mixing and using
rs. Please ask for it.

S. M. HARRIS, MORETON FARM I

LIGHTNING WELL MACHYf

PUMPS, AIR LIFTS, f I

AIR COMPRESSORS .|
THE AMERICAN WELL W0RKS.%„
AURORA. ILL. -CHICAGO- DAL LAS, TEX.

FARM SUPPLIES.

For Weighing Scales crlptlon;

for Threshing Machines or Self-Binding Rye
Threshers: for Low Metal Wheels with Wide
Tins; for Creamery and Dairy Outfitting 8up-

r Corn stalk - Pandeni,

Compound or Single Expansion Kimiuefl; for
Well Drilling Outfits or Tools, address

S. P. BROCKWAY,
Manufacturers' Agent, Staunton, Va.

TAINT TALKS.
n oNomr of painting.

Owners of buildings Bb.OQ.ld realize that
it pays to use paint. A building or even
a fence costs money, and repairs are ex-
pensive. The only way to preserve ma-
terial in buildings is to protect them with
paint. The weather and the sun then
exert their destructive influence only
upon the cheap, easily renewable cov-
ering.

As with the exterior, so with the inte-
rior; paint is cheap, clean, cheerful and
easily renewable; while wall-paper, with
its decaying paste and its crumbling, del-
eterious colors, is a disease-breeding, mi-
crobe-harboring, dirty makeshift. Taint,
when dirty, can be washed; and when,
after long service, renewal ia desired, a
fresh coating makes it new, sweet and
bright.

But in selecting paints, the buyer should
know what to avoid: for paints which
are not durable and which have poison-
ous properties should certainly not be
used upon dwelling houses.

Jt is well known among paint manu-
facturers that the basis of the best paints
in use is oxide of zinc or zinc-white.
Thousands of tons of excellent white
paints ate sold yearly under the title of
" lead," which contain no lead except in
the name on the label. They are popular
with property owners because of their
durability, and with dealers because of
their popularity. Why, then, are they
called "lead-paints" instead of "zinc-
paints?'' The story is a long one, but it
is sufficient to point out the fact that t lie
manufacturers of lead have spent a for-
tune advertising white lead, and the
manufacturers of combination paints
have found it profitable to reap the ben-
eiits ol this advertising by calling every
white paint " le

Pure lead, however, begins to undergo
chemical change from the moment it
leaves the brush, and change continues
rapidly until it has crumbled from the
painted sulfate. In the course of this de-
cay it is washed off from roofs, houses
and fences into the drinking water, and
is dusted oil' doors, base-boards and win-
dow frames into the air of living rooms,
to produce a thousand forms of myste-
rious ailments — the symptoms of chronic
lead poisoning.

Zinc-white is not poisonous. Paints
made with it do not crumble from the
surface to which they are applied, and
the chief objection painters have against
it is that it lasts too long.

The property owner should, therefore,
keep hi> property well painted; but he
should be sure that pure lead is not used
in the painting. It may be accepted as
an axiom that, all things being equal, the
ire zinc there is in a
the better and safer the paint.

Stanton DUDLEY.

Mrs. Prye: Tell me, dear, do you ever
quarrel with your husband ?

Mrs. Lamb: Never. But he often quar-
rels with me, the hateful thing.

When you write to an advertiser,
always eay you saw the advertisement
in The Southern Planter.

YOU
SEND

NO MONEY

until tin- machine is

r circulars and
prices "ii all sizes de-
al your sta-
tion, freight prepaid.

EMPIRE MFG. CO.,

10 River Street. ROCK FALLS. ILL.

YOU CAN SAVE $ $ $

lg a Home REPAIRING OUTFIT. YOU

ran do your owu balf-sollng, Hoot, Shoe, Rub-
bers, Harness aud Tinware Repairing. Be*
pairlng Outfit No. I.e..:. i.s.only

8:5 oo. outrtt No. ■_', same as No. 1. except
Harness and Tinware Tools, only 82.00. Or-
der direct or write for circular—

P. B. McCORMAO.
Box 24, New Concord, Ohio.
N. B. — Agent wanted. Liberal terms.

WANTED!

The man that values Lima Beans and wishes
i hem. This frame gives more than
eighty feet of vine support ; tifO frames to the
aire, that yield over half a bushel of fine
beans in the pod.

THE SUNSHINE DOES IT.
First mess picked August I'd : last mess for
Thanksgiving. Early and late beans sell high.
One dollar will buy the right to use this frame
on voin* farm. Pi text year. Address

JOHN THOMPSON, Hampton. Va.. care Nor-
mal School.

Go South,

YOUNG

MEN!

It i* the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un-
equalled by any other portion of the
United States.

The James River Vai.lky Colonization
and Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages to intendingsettlers. Send stamp
for Hand Book and list of lands. Address
W. A. PARSONS, Vinitaville. Va.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

BOOK BINDERS,

AND

Blank. Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Governor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICirED.

Prompt Attention Given to Printing.

An old darky, being informed that a
of bis rare bad forged a note on
a bank, exclaimed :

" Dat's what comes er eddioation. I
got ten chillum, but, thank de Lawd,
not one er dena kin read er write."

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

41

A MESSAGE TO THE SONS AND
DAUGHTERS OF THE SOUTH.

Mr Dear Friend- -Probably the most
important question with which the peo-
ple of the South have to deal is educa-
tion. The proper training of the rising
generation is a matter of great impor-
tance. Born and reared in the South,
naturally my heart goes out in' interest
and sympathy to our people; and as I
have traveled from one State to another,
and witnessed many things that both
sadden and gladden, I feel like saying
words of cheer and encouragement which
are. the result of careful study and obser-
vation. My love for mankind, however,
is not bounded by my own State, the
Southern States, or the whole of the
United States; it is world-wide, and yet
I feel a deep interest especially in the
welfare of our own people who, for many
years, have been struggling under so
many disadvantages and difficulties. I
believe that in the Southern States we
have the elements of strength and power
that will exert a wonderful and blessed
influence in the history of the world
throughout all coming generations. I be-
lieve our young men and women have in
them the latent energies, which, if
fully developed, trained, and directed,
would make them, under God's blessing,
the noblest race that ever inhabited the
earth. I believe that the best things are
just before us, and with you, I wish to
aim and struggle for that intellectual,
spiritual, and physical development that
will make us the highest types of man-
hood and womanhood.

In looking over the world's history in
the past, it is encouraging to note that,
for more than sixteen hundred years of
the Christian era and nearly six thou-
sand years of the world's history, the
greatest authors, artists, philosophers,
and, indeed, all the master-minds, sprang
from Southern Europe and countries
whose climatic conditions are exactly the
same as those of the South. When we
contemplate the noble literary work of
Virgil, Cicero, and Pliny, the philosophy
of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the
history of Herodotus, Thucydides, and
Xenophon, the poetry of Homer and
Sappho, the drama of Sophocles, the art
of Phidias, the oratory of Demosthenes
and the statesmanship of Themistocles
and Pericles, how can we but feel that,
under fair conditions, even greater re-
sults may be accomplished by the proper
training of the rising generation? Why
should we not have our Dantes and
Michael Angelos? Our people are warm-
hearted and imaginative; they are sym-
pathetic and are quick to grasp ideas and
to grow intellectually and every other
way.

A Good Sign.

One of the most hopeful signs of the
times is the careful and systematic study
of the Bible in our schools and colleges.
This is the great text-book which should
be not simply read but studied in our
schools and homes from earliest child-
hood to old age. The ever-increasing
number of gymnasiums, the systematic
and careful physical culture, which com-
mences with the kindergarten and ends
with the highest university course, are
cultivating and helping to bring out the

HALL'S

FAVORITE. The Coming New STRAW-
BERRY. It defies competition. Betterthau Bubacb,
No. 5. 40 other kindsof Strawberry Plants. Peri [gree
stock. Raspberries, Blackberries, Asparagus Roots, Ac. New Blood
Second-crop Seed Potatoes. Double your crop and earlier than North-
ern seed. Descriptive catalogue free. J. W. HALL, Marion Station, Mo.

Ross Cutting riachinery^^&

Cutters of all sizes, Sweep and Tread Powers,

Corn Huskers, Grinding Hills and Wood Saws.

SEND FOR CATALOGUE.

THE E. W. ROSS CO., Springfield, Ohio.
CHAS. E. HUNTER, Richmond, Va., General Agent.

WHY DO YOU HOE

■with that long-handled back-breaker? Because you
haven't read the "Planet Jr." Book for 1S98. Otherwise
you would be using a "Planet Jr." No. 8 Horse Hoe and
getting more work out of one man than you can out of
six with old-fashioned hoes. Science does the
■work, and does it better; the cotton crop, the |
peanut crop, every kind of a crop, grows better ^
and sells enough better to pay for the machine a dozen times over. The

Planet Jr. Horse Hoe

'

and other "Planet Jr." Tools have revolutionized the science of cotton^
raising, truck gardening, every branch of farming; made the work
easier— more profitable. The "Planet Jr." Book will tell you the
"how" and the "why" of it. Send for it.
S. L. ALLEN &. CO., I I 07 Market St., Philadelphia

m m

IT IS AN

ALL-AROUND

TOOL.

We Want
Agents
in Every
County;
Special
Inducements
Offered.

m m

The above cut represents our " IDEAL " Cutaway, which is practically a
Revolving Plow, thoroughly plowing, harrowing and pulverizing the ground to the
depth of 5 to 7 inches and 24 inches wide. Two light horses handle with ease. It
is reversible, throwing the earth either in or out. No center ridges. For orchards
and vineyards it has no equal.

Send for special descriptive circulars of our new lines of Cutaways.

THE CUTAWAY HARROW CO., Higganum, Conn.

Ideal
Cutaway

)

42

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

faculties of mind, heart, and body that
have not heretofore been factors in our
educational work.

Threefold Education — Mind, Heart,
Axn Bodt.

Education should be threefold— mind,
heart, ami body. Unfortunately, for many
generations, the intellect has been trained
at the expense of the heart and body.
Young people arc thus made onesided.
But with the three happily combined,
they grow into beautiful and well-devel-
oped men and women. The time has
arrived when parents, before committing
their children to the care of teachers, in-
quire particularly in regard to the meth-
ods of Bible study and plans for physical
culture. The teachers who ignore these
demands will be rapidly shelved, while
those who are constantly and earnestly
aiming for the threefold development of
education will advance to the front ranks.
Many young teachers are making splendid
records, but I am glad to say that among
many of ray acquaintance- some of the
most progressive and successful teachers
are well past middle life. They grow
from day to day, are happy in their work,
and are helping to inculcate ideas and de-
vising methods of teaching that will be
far-reaching in their results.

Now About Our Own Authors.

In looking over the work of Southern
authors during the past three hundred
vears, there is much to cheer and en-
courage us. It is a fact worthy of note
that nine-tenths of the poetical quota-
tions found on tablets in the national
cemeteries are written by a Southern
poet of Kentucky. Sidney Lanier, of
.. struggled for years in our midst
unappreciated, and now lie is ranked by
intelligent and discriminating reader's
at home and abroad, the greatest
can poet. The world has never produced
a greater naturalist than Audubon, of
Louisiana.

In the formation and establishment of
this great country of ours, the master
minds sprang from the South. The peo-
ple of the South are learning year by
year to appreciate more and more the
splendid work of our own writers. A few
years ago, I attended the great World's
Fair at Chicago and examined with care
the paintings, statuary, and interesting
works of art on exhibition, and the
finest piece of statuary in all of the greit
world's exhibit was by a Southern artist :
the greatest feats of engineering and the
greatest work in mechanical arts have
been accomplished by men born and
reared in the South ; the largest reaper
factory in the world, both the machinery
and the factory, was the creation of the
brain and energies of a Virginia box-
Mr. Edward W. Bok, the editor of the
I.ndi.s' If mi. Journal, though a foreigner
bv birth but thoroughly Americanize in
liis ideas, recently travelled extensively
in the South, and I take pleasure in giv-
ing herewith bis tribute to the |
the South. He, as well as many other
thinking men, realize that the South is
the truest and most Americanized part of
America. He says:

"The most wholesome Arnerii an icl=as
those ideas upon which our government
rests, are nowhere so j i

i CATTLE

JERSEY:
all ages.

GUERNSEYS, DEVON-

I HOGS

BERKSHIRE-; -Sows in pig; Boars
ready for service. Fine Pigs, by the
trio, pair or singly

Cf)\l/| C BRONZE TURKEYS, PEKIN DUCKS, LIGHT BRAHMAN
rUWLO. PLYMOUTH ROCK, BROWN LEGHORN.

DOTS EN'GLIsS MASTIFFS, SHEPHERD AND FOX TERRIERS
^"*"'* generally on hand.

We will be pleased to receive orders for any of the above, and will strive to please.
M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

PORE

High-bred
English
Berkshire
Pigs

FOR 1
SALE.

Sired by ■• BUtraore'e Longfellow » 44675, grandson of the famous " Longfellow '
Of the purest and best English blood, descendants of such Imported stock as "Proctor's Bel-
mont." "Luxurious," "Enterprise," "Lord Lome," Ac. The blood of these pigs cannot Vie
excelled— rarelv equalled. Three months old about Februarv 15. Write and have Your order
booked. Highest references given. PRICE, $5.00, 810.00 and S15.00.

Address J. SCOTT MOORE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

Lynwood Stock Farm.

Horses

-HEADQUARTERS FOR

Saddle and Driving Pure-bred and grade
Pereherons. Stud headed by two Imported Stal-
lions, with size and quality combined. Both im-
ported and home-bred mares.

f

Berkshires

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Headed by two
aged biars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbna ; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition :

Black Knight, Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
l.ee 2d, and the greatest of all boars, King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best — re-
gardless ot cost — and are from such blood as :
Elngaoote Belle 2d, Artful Belle SSth, Lily Clay.
Pansy, Infanta, and other prize winners.

1 niter the best pigs I ever raised at reasonable figures (less than half the
cost of the original Stock). Call on or address—

N. & w. R. r JXO. F. LEWIS, Lyuvood. Va.

I

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

43

are at present in the South. * * * *
They do not question Divine laws in the
South ; they accept anil perpetuate them.
Intellectual progress there goes hand in
hand with a strict adherence to the ac-
cepted beliefs of religion. The Southern
mother does not explain the Bible to her
children in the light of so called 'modern
teachings;' she places it in their hands
as her mother gave it to her. And with the
fundamental principles of religion, the
Southern child is tauaht patriotism and a
love of country ; hence, religion and
patriotism stand side by side in the edu-
cation of a Southern child.

" The Southern people believe in pro-
gress, but progress along healthy, ra-
tional lines. Theories which mentally
upset find no sympathy with them. They
are content to move slowly, but sanely
and surely. And some day when the
vast majority of us who live in other por-
tions of" this country get through with
our camping out civilization, when we
drop our boastful manners, when we get
old enough to understand that there is
a stronghold of conservatism, which
stands between tyranny and anarchism,
our eyes will turn toward the South. And
we will see there a people who are Amer
ican in ideas and in living; a people
worshipful, progressive, earnest, courage-
ous, and patriotic — a people who have
made their land, against defeat and preju-
dice, 'the heart of America' But for
the brave and self-sacrificing efforts of our
soldiers of the South, America would
never have been free from British rule."

If space permitted, I would be glad to
multiply striking facts and relate many
more interesting incidents, but let us
here consider the conclusion of the whole
matter. Young men, young women of
the South, educate yourselves. Cultivate
the noble mind that God has given you.
Spend a little time in the freshness of the
morning, the first part of the day, in
studying the greatest and best text-book
of all. Learn a system of physical cul-
ture that will bring into play every mus-
cle of your body. Cultivate your intel
lect ; study the questions that will best
promote your health and strength. Keep
your hearts and lives pure and clean,
and truly you will be able to exclaim
with the poet, "My strength is the
strength of ten, because my heart is
pure." Dignify your daily labor by put-
ting into it the best thoughts and ener-
gies of your life. Whether your work be
in the field, forest, shop, counting-room,
or office, do well the work in hand. The
humblest service may be made grand
and glorious by working with the right
spirit and right aims. With true educa-
tion the most insignificant drudgery be
comes a stepping-stone to nobler and
better things. If you are a farmer and
undertake to plow, plow deeper and bet-
ter than the work has ever been done be-
fore. If you are a mechanic, endeavor to
turn out the best class of work that it is
possible to make from the material at
hand. Animated by the highest motives
and purposes, you will be constantly
growing in the work, and you will find
every effort made but a new and inspir-
ing source of joy. Your life, instead of
being lived in darkness, despair, and ob-
scurity, may be so planned and lived as

— Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

OURHAJI, N. C.

Everything guaranteed
the hest.

FINE POULTRY OF ALL VARIETY?

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKEt!

PEKIN DUCKS.

BLACK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.
Jersey Bull Calves of the finest pedigrees,

BACON HALL FARM ^

HIGH BLOOD

Hereford Cattle, Dorset Sheep, Berkshire Swine.

E. M. CILLET, Verona, Md.

POI ANR-CHINAS A SPECIALTY.

RUTAI, Wll.IitS 33011.

Travellers' Rest Stock Farm.

A superior lot of Pigs by '■ Gray's
Free Trade" 34815 and "Royal
Wilkes" 33011. The two best strains
of living Hogs represented in this herd.

Sows in pig, and Young Boars and
Sows of all ages. Send to headquarters
and get the best from the oldest and
largest herd of Poland-Chinas in the
State, at hard time prices. Address,

J. B. GRAY, Fredericksburg, Va. "

| BILTMORE FARMS jS

5ESHSH2Sd]

BILTHORE JERSEYS.

Two hundred and fifty A. J. C. C. and Imported JERSEYS.'of rich'breed-
ing and fine individuality.

Bulls in Service:
GOLDEN BLAZE, Imported. GOLDEN LOVE, Imported.

TORMENTOR'S HARRY, by Oonan's Tormentor and out of Kitty.Betta—
15 lbs., 14 oz. ~o% blood of Oonan of Riverside — 34 lbs., 3 oz.

LAIRD OF ST. LAMBERT, by exile of St. Lambert (sire of 59 tested
daughters), and out of Lilly Niobe — 21 lbs., 64, oz. A pure St. Lambert bull.

TREVARTH, by Warren's Prince and out of Xarama — 17 lbs., 7\ oz — a
daughter ot Tormentor V. A Lowndes-Tormentor bull.

EDGEWARE, by Flavius and out of Edna of Verna— 20Jbs., 2J oz. An
inbred Signal bull.

a All Tuberculin Tested.

BILTMORE BERKSHIRES.

A large herd of choicely-bred sows ; headed by Imported Commander
(First Prize Manchester Royal), and Lord Mayor by the unbeaten King
Longfellow, and out of Stumpy Maid VIII.

Apply to G. F. WESTON, Supt. Biltmore Farms,

BILTMORE, N. C.

u

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

to enable von to walk at all times in the

highest atmosphere of sunshine and jov-

Escoirage'Home Talent.

Let us encourage educational efforts
and educational work by our own au-
thors. It is onlv natural to suppose that
people who are in sympathy and familiar
with our need? are much better fitted to
prepare teit-books that would be really
helpful than those who are entirely un-
acquainted with the difficult problems
with which we have constantly to deal.
Let us rise up in all the strength that
God has given us. and endeavor, by His
direction, to make our lives all that is
true and grand and noble.

An Invitation — Fkee to You.

Parents, teachers, if you feel interested
in this new educational movement, I
shall be glad to hear from you. I will,
with pleasure, send you a complimentary
copy of a little pamphlet we have re-
cently published, entitled " A Xew Era in
the Educational Development of the
South," bv Prof. T. S. Minter, of Bryan
City, Texas. This pamphlet gives some
helpful ideas and suggestions. It is beau-
tifully printed, and may prove of great
practical value to you.

Yours, for better things in the educa-
tional line, B. F. Johnson.

Richmond. Va., December 18, 1897.

NOT HIS DAY FOR BEIXG WHIP-
PED.

Little Johnny was eight years old,
therefore he could look back to several
Christmas holidays with a lively remem-
brance of what they were like, and what
had taken place on those festal occca-
sions.

Oneof Johnny's ideas (not original with
Johnnv bv any means, as many a parent
can testify) was that it is a boy's mission
to make as much noise as possible in the
world, and, in spite of frequent admon-
ishing and more or less frequent whip-
pings, he perseveringlv carried out the
idea on all occasions, except when he was
asleep.

Johnnv was fulfilling his mission with
more vigor and enthusiasm than usual on
Christmas morning, but nobody paid any
attention to him except his aunt Jane,
who was visiting Johnny's parents during
the holidays, and she finally grew tired
of noise, and said :

"Johnny, it is very naughty to keep up
such a din and racket all the time, and
if you don't stop it I shall have to speak
to'vour mother about it "

"Huh! Wot good'll that do?" scom-
fullv demanded Johnny.

"Why, she will whip you if you don't
stop," threatened the young man's aunt.

"Guess not!" retorted Johnny, with
an air of triumph. "Chris'mas ain't my
day for gittin' whipped. I allers git
whipped the day before Chris'mas and
the day after, but I never do on Chris'-
mas."— From the " Editor's Drawer," in
Harper') Magazine for December.

Let down one window in your bed-room
an inch at the top, even when the ther-
mometer stands below zero. Don't be poi-
soned by impure air.

Seed House of the South.

CLOVER.

KEjrrri'KT

BLl£ GRASS

TALI. MEADOW
OAT GRASS

BUCKWHEAT,
OATS and
CASE SEED.

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD AXD GARDES SEEDS ol

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGLAXDS PEDIGREE TODACCO SEEDS.

^^^^■^^^»— WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pare Raw-Bone Meal, Xova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price onr goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired.

1016 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

Wm. A. Miller & Son, *

^r^T -t— •"

WE SELL DIRECT TO FARMERS I

AGENT'S COMMISSION SAVED. NO MIDDLEMAN'S EXPENSES

-ANALYSIS-

Phos. Acid,
per cent.
22 to 25

8 to 10

9 to 10
11 to 12

9 to 10
13 to 15

Ammonia, Actual Potash.
per cent. per cent.

2to3
4to5
4to5
6 to 7

Pare Raw Bone Meal

Scientific Corn & Lirain Fertilizer,

Economy Fertilizer, . .

" Tobacco Fen ilizer, . .

" Potato Fertilizer, . . .

Bone and Meat

For Samples and Book, write THE SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZING CO.. Box 1017, Pittsburg, Pa. '
Ofllce and Factory, Herr's Island, Allegheny, Pa.

th A itt T ■*! i1>i iffi tii itl

to 5

2 to 3
2H to 3S

3 U>4
3Xto«i

4 to5

82a per ton.

r - - -- _^.— i--*.-:.* ---

m n»

Barred, Whiter Buff Plymouth Rocks

^. A Grand Lot of Early-Hatched Cockerels and
^ Pnllets for Sale

Bred from pens containing my prize winners and others their equal. My
birds are as hardy and thrifty as chickens grow. Most of them were out all
summer with turkey hens for mothers, living principally on insects. My birds
are great egg producers; my customers testify to this fact. Great care has
been given along tbis line. Write for prices, and I can please you

Look Rox 42. J. II. GARST, Salem, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

15

THE SOUTHERN PUNTER'S

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals :

DAILIES. ™<ht ^

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va $6 00 86 25

The Times, " " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

The World, New York 3 50 4 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 100 150

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y...... 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

Round Table 2 00 2 25

" Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00 1 60

The Washington Post 50 1 25

The American, Philadelphia 2 00 2 00

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 50 2 75

Christian Advocate, " " ... 2 00 2 50

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 150 2 00

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Waverly Magazine _ 4 00 4 25

Horseman 3 00 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Lippincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' " 4 00 4 00

Forum " _ 3 00 3 25

Scribner's •' 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey's " 1 00 1 60

Stand " 125 2 00

McClure's " 1 00 1 60

Peterson's " 1 00 1 50

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from "our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage oi
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
•orrespondence.

*NOM OFFERS FOR SHLE*

Pure-bred Holstein Calves, six months old, for 820.00. Shropshire.
Lambs- delivered July 1st to Sept. 1st— Bucks for $7 00; Ewes, $5.00. Also
Shropshire Backs, one year old, 312.00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks
old, 85 00; three months old, $7.00, and five months old, $10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken.

Wealth in Apples

The increasing demand for good, sound apples, at such handsome
figures as the growers are now receiving, should stimulate every farmer
to place his orchard products at the head of the list, so that he shall
receive only top prices for his fruit.

Hard-wood Unleached Ashes

Supply the trees and fruit with proper stimulus and nourishment, and
bring the fruit to maturity and perfection, free from insect ravages and
the blight resulting from impoverished, worn-out soils

These Ashes will be delivered freight free to any station, in car load
lots, and are cheaper than any other fertilizer on the market.

Send for circulars and prices to—

JAMES A. BETHUNE, Southern Agent,

818 D Street, N. E., WASHINGTON, D. C.

What is th.is Company for?

To BUY or SELL any LIVE-STOCK you wish to PURCfi/ SE
or have for SALE. You get our EXPERIENCE and JUDGMENT.
Write what you «ish or have, and we will send terms and particulars.

AMERICAN LIVE-STOCK CO., 24 State St., New York.

fl^Refers by permission to Southern Planter.

16

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

PUTTING LIFE IN DEAD MONEY.

Thk Postmaster-General Tells op the
Need of Postal Savings Banks.

Postmaster-General Gary is a man of
wealth. He has been a director of a Bal-
timore savings bank for more than twen-
ty-live years, yet that fact does not deter
him from giving his hearty support to the
agitation for postal savings banks. He
does not fear that the government insti-
tutions would interfere with his business.
On the contrary, his knowledge of the
benefits of savings banks, based on his
experience in connection with the Balti-
more institution of which he is a direc-
tor, has made him the more enthusiastic
advocate of postal savings banks.

Postmaster-General Gary makes some
-emarkable statements concerning the
value of postal savings banks in bringing
into circulation hoarded money. He
savs :

'•' Postal savings banks would put the
breath of life into the dead money of the
United States. Have you ever thought
what a dead thing money is when it is
not in use? It is the deadest thing in the
universe. There are many millions of
such dead money in the country. It is
hotrded awav in stockings, buiied under
the hearthstones, tucked away behind
the rafters, and planted here and there
in the earth, because the owners have no
faith in private savings institutions. They
have faith in the government, and they
would bring the money out and deposit
it in the postal savings banks. As to how
much of such money there is in the
country, von can guess just as well as I
can 1 have asked a number of men
what they think the average of hoarded
in ney would amount to per capita. Some
have estimated that it would be $10,
others $15, and some less. Suppose, for
instance, it was $5 per capita. This would
make the enormous sum of $350,000,000.
I don't believe it would be less than that,
though I would not like to prophesy.
Such hoards are usually greater than is
BUpposed. Smieof them amount to hun-
dreds, and some thousands of dollars.''

Tho-e who object to postal savings
banks for fear they would gather up the
small savings of a community for trans-
mission to Washington, thus depriving
that community of some of its loanable
wealth, should take notice of the com-
pensating feature of bringing into circu-
lation the hoarded money of the country.
Money sent to Washington, much of
which will come from hiding places, will
not be hoarded in the treasury vaults. It.
will be invested and made to draw intei-
est. and will thereby be added to the cir-
culation of the country. It will be trans-
form' d from idle intoactive wealth. To
use the words of the Postmaster-General,
the postal savings banks will indeed put
life into dead money. — Chioago Herald.

An excellent remedy for asthma: Mix
one ounce of castor-oil with four ounces
of honey. Take one tahlespoonful night
and morning. Another valuable recipe:
Of grated horse-radish mixed with honey
take one tablespoonful before going to
bed.

AMERICAN STANDARD

ONE HAND AUTOMATIC

Hand Planter.

Easily Operated by a Boy or Girl.

I« fitted with Sheffield's famous adjustable "seed disc,"
which rotates similar to the disc in a horse planter. The
only Planter containing an adjustable dropping disc.

Especially adapted for planting field and sweet corn,
although used for other seeds and grains. Send for illus-
trated circular and prices

Assents Wanted in Every Town.

SHEFFIELD MANUFACTURING CO.

BURR OAK, MICH., U. S. A.

The largest makers of this class of goods in the United States.

r

SILVER $1.00 WHEAT

But do not think of these, but WHITE
AT ONCE for price, of

THOROUGHBRED

POLAND-CHINA HOGS and PIGS

Now is the time to purchase .-is winter

is coming on, and 710 reasonable oiler

will be refused. All pigs are out of my

show sows and by my prizc-ieinnina

boars. I have for sale hogs and pigs of

all ages; also offer one one-pear old Ohio Imported Chester- White Boar, very hand-

some. Write now for prices, and do not get left.

Oak Grove Stock Farm. S. SYDNEY BRADFORD, Fredericksburg, Va.

GHSTON STOCK F=HR7VY.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JXO. i . DETRICK, Somerset, Va.

Pure-bred Live Stock

Unusual inducements offered in the next 60 days
011 Registered Poland-Chinas and Berkshires.

Choice pigs of either breed from 'l)'t to fi months old. Prices away down, stock guaranteed
ih-t cUumand healthy, Hegistered Poland-China Boar, 14 month* old", for $16.

Pure-bred SOUTH ! (OWN Ewes, bred to Registered Bucks, at ST. .SO each. Lambs, fo.OO each.

White Plymouth Rorke— males— $1.2.3 each. Wyandotte and Langshau Hens, S1.00 each.
Mammoth Bronze Gobiers, S3.0Oeaeh. Will exchange for yearling Hoisteiu Bull.

BOX 163. E. T. ROBINSON, LEXINGTON, VA.

189S.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

47

HARROW &<*S

ACENTS WANTED

For all soils, all work.
Crushes, cuts, lifts, pulverizes, turns, levels
the soil in one operation.
Cast steel and wrought iron— practically indestructible.
Cheapest riding harrow on earth. $8.00 and up.

To be returned at my expense if not satisfactory.
N.B.— I deliver freeon board at distributing points

w;ifi'i:>i;W!

Mention ibis paper.

DUANE H. NASH, Sole M'f'r., VE$2?i%8SXj I'C&.cago.

O ALL KINDS OF Q

^AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. j<

X SAW MILLS, ENGINES, A

i> CARRIAGES, BUGGIES, 0

WAGONS ■ X

Harness, Fencing, &c. A

WHOLESALE and RETAIL. O

HI

I.

Office and Warehouse,

152S Bast Main Street,

Connecting at the back with 1525 E. Franklin St.,

RICHMOND, VA.

8@-Correspondence and Your Patronage Solicited "USa

Mention Southern Planter when you writ*.

THE COMBINED FEED MILL and HOUSE POWER,

Every farmer needs it. None can afford to be without it. As a Mill it grinds table
meal, ear corn, shelled corn or wheat for feed. As a Power it will run a Corn Sheller,
Feed Cutter, Wood Saw or Threshing Machine.

Are in every respect the best in the world. Made in five
Sizes, and range in capacity to meet the wants of every
one. Alt have the upward cut, patent Rocking Feed
Rollers, and on power machines Safety Balance Wheels.

THE BOWSHER COMBINATION MILL for corn and cob-
all kinds of small grain, cotton seed. Crushes corn with
shucks. Sizes, 2 to 12 horse power.

BALING PRESSES— Excelsior, Neely and Minnich Hand Presses, Whitman All Steel Full Circle Horse and Steam
Power Presses.

PLOWS of all kinds. HARROWS — Latest improved styles of Disc, Cutaway, Spading, Drag and Smoothing. CORN
8HELLERS for hand or power.

EDgines. Saw Mills, Corn and Wheat Mills, Wood and Drag Saws, Churns, Fence Material of all kinds, Barb and Baling
Wire, Bale Ties.

VEHICLES AND HARNESS.

We make this Department one of Our Leading Specialties.

IF YOU WANT a Buggy, Family Carriage,

Farmers' Wagon, Surrey, Dayton, Road

Cart, Market Wagons, Farm Wagons,

for one or two horses,

Don't Buy Until Yon See What We Have.

Implement and Vehicle Catalogue sent to any address.

Office and Warerooms :

1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

WATT PLOW CO.

48

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

OVERHEARD AT THE GARDEN.

"What's he doing here?" asked the
hackney of the hunter, nodding toward
Chollie Van Dudkins.

" He's paid to come in, I imagine,"
whinnied the hunter. " Why shouldn't
he come?"

" Oh, he behaves like a jackass, and
this is a Horse Show."

" What a Ions; thin freak that blue-rib-
bon pacer was." observed Maude S. to
Nancy Hank;;, as they strolled through
the Garden.

"Yes," replied Nancy. "As a matter
of fact I thought lie was a golf-club bag
on legs when he first came out."

"If that fat groom comes near me again
I'll kick his head off," said the saddle-
horse. " He rode me around the ring
before the judges last night and weighted
my back down so half of 'em thought I
was an equine dachshund."

" Remember, my son," said the thor-
oughbred mare to her prize colt, " when
you get the string-halt, get it with all four

legs."

" Why, mamma? " asked the little colt
"Because you will then run a chance
of winning a prize as a high-stepper."

" I know I'm going to win the high-
jump," said the sorrel jumper to the roan.

" Not on your life," said the roan. " Ive
got rubber shoes on."

•' Bah— I've been fed for a week on
yeast-cakes and I'll rise a mile," retorted
the sorrel. — Harper's Bazaar.

Entering the house of a friend some
weeks ago, I was struck with the superb
polish of her walnut stair rails. They
were fairly dazzling— so much so that I
could not but remark it.

" What polish do you use? " I asked.

" None at all," she replied. "I encour-
age my three small boys to slide down
the banisters, and there you are."

The idea struck me as a good one, and
I otter it herewith to all readers of "The
Chatter-Box."— Harper's Bazaar.

" For Heaven's sake, Dobbin," said the
cob with the arching neck, " stop bobbing
your head ! People will think you're on
bowing terms with everybody in the
place." — Harper's Bazaar.

"What, is interest?"

"Interest is what a man pays you when
be borrows your money."

" What is usury?"

"Usury is what you have to pay a man
when you borrow his money."

Keep the back, especially between the
Shoulder-blades, well-covered; also the
chest well protected. In sleeping in a
cold room, establish the habit of breath-
ing through the nose, and never with the
mouth open.

If you awaken in the night coughing,
and cannot stop, get a small portion of
powdered borax and place on your tongue
and let it slowly dissolve, and it will al-
most instantly stop the cough, as it will
also relievi an ulcer in the throat.

[==- FOR THE XTE2ZT 30 DATS!

CHOICE POLAND CHINA PIGS, $4.00.

500 Barred Plymouth Rocks, Silver Wyandottes (Hawkins Strain) and
Rose-Combed Brown Leghorns.

iST'Guaranteed to be as good as can be found anywhere. Write and describe
fully what you want.

E. B. WILSON, Proprietor.

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

Highlands Stock farm, fancy hill. va.

^Farming in the South.

There are Advantages • • • •

Of Markets, Soils, Climate, Pure Water, Healthy and Pleasant Locations and
Cheap Lands along the

Southern Railway • • • •

In Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and East Tennes-
see, for

The Wide=awake Farmer. • • • •

Grains and Grasses Flourish ; Fruits Ripen Early and Yield Heavily ; Vegeta-
bles Grow Large and Crops are Big, and Good Prices are the rule. Stock is
raised easily and profitably.
Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lands
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

M. V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent,
Southern Railway, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway

EXTENDING FROM CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE, AND

THROUGH ITS CONNECTIONS^—

THE BIG FOUR SYSTEM, from Chicago, St. Louis, Peoria, Indianapolis,
Sandusky and Cleveland ;

THE OHIO CENTRAL LINES, from Toledo and Columbus;
THE CINCINNATI, HAMILTON & DAYTON, from Detroit, Toledo, Lima,
and Dayton —

FORMS THE MOST DIRECT "SSSTZ&SSSS" ROUTE

To STAUNTON, LYNCHBURG, CHARLOTTESVILLE,
RICHMOND, PETERSBURG, NORFOLK,
And Principal Virginia Points.

Catalogue, with list of farms for sale, may be secured by applying to the following agents:

C. B. RYAN, A. G. P. A., G. & O. Rv.. Cincinnati, O. ; R. B. POPE. Western P. A., C. &O. Ry.,
corner Broad and chestnut sts., St. Louis; K. E. PARSONS. Ticket Agent, ii;S Fourth Ave.,
Louisville. Kv.; .1. C. TUCKER, Ceneral Northern I'. A., Big Four Route, 2:5! Clark Street,
Chicago. Ill,; II. M. ilRi INSON, Asm . General Pas.-engcr Agent. Big Four Route, Indian-
apolis, I nd. ; CO. MCCORMICK, Passenger Trallie Manager, liig Four Route, Cincinnati,
Ohio; D. G. EHWARUS, General Passenger Agent, c. 11. & D. Ry., Cincinnati, Ohio;
MOULTON HOUR, General Passenger Agent Ohio Central Lines, Toledo, Ohio; or to

H. \V. FULLER, Gen. Pass. Agl. C. & 0. Ry., Washington, D. C.

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTER

49

m%s

FODDER
ENSILAGE
STRAW
HAY
ROOTS
IF SO, the best way to put them into shape for feeding, is to run them through a

?

"TORNADO"

ENSILAGE CUTTER and SHREDDER. g§S

It cuts, splits and shreds every particle, so that K>i)

any animal will readily eat it. (Testimonials &f\S

i cheerfully furnished.) 0£J\^

All Sizes— Power and Hand Continu- rTf^j

ous Cut. No Jerking. Capacity Un- ^fe^ia

limited. Strong and Durable.

Sare yourself money by purchasing &i§8

a " TORNADO.'- jKjEK

Write for prices. wfvSS

FARMERS' SUPPLY CO. f

RICHMOND, VA.

N. B.— Every Implement tor the Farm always on hand.

ROSS LITTLE GIANT CUTTER AND SHREDDER.

Combined in ONE MACHINE. Practical and substantial. Suitable for all classes
of work. Tbe finest SHREDDER ever made.

The New ROSS SWIVEL CARRIER

Has the greatest capacity of any carrier in the market.

The ROSS SWEEP GRINDING MILL.

Simple and strong. PRICE LOW.

THE BUCKEYE SINGLE-HOLE HAND CORN SHELLER.
CUMBERLAND VALLEY TWO-HOLE SHELLER.

Latest Improved BUCKEYE CIDER MILLS and PRESSES
STEEL and WOOD LAND R0LLERS-A11 Sizes.
BALE TIES and BALING WIRE at Lowest Prices, ^kg
I carry a full supply of REPAIRS for all the ROSS ^H
Old and New Style Machines. ■*'■■■

Milwaukee Corn Husker, Fodder Cutter
and Shredder. Tiger and Johnston
All-Steel Disc Harrows.

Stndebaker & Brown Farm Wagons, Carts & Buggies. The Continental Disc Cultivator.

Get my prices before buying. ;

-WDOISTT FORGET*
All the Merchants in town who claim to sell
OLIVER PLOWS and REPAIRS, only sell the
IMITATION, BOGUS, CHEAP GOODS. Theonly
place in Richmond, Va., to buy GENUINE
'OLIVER PLOWS and REPAIRS is at 1528 East
■ Main Street.
Latest Improved Implements always on hand at
bottom prices. Write for 1898 catalogue,
id I will save you money, and at the same time give you tip

Etlity goods made.

CHAS. E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMES G. HENING, General Manager,
Of Powhatan County, Va.

P. 0. Box 444.

HOWARD .1. NUCKOLS, Salesman,
Of Henrico County, Va.

50

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[January

HOT MILK AX EXCELLEXT

STIMULANT.

When overcome by bodily fatigue or
exhausted by brain labor, no stimulant,
so-called, serves so well t he purpose of
refreshment and rest, both bodily and
mentally, as milk. When heated as hot
as one can readily take it it ina\
ped slowly from a tumbler, and as it is
easily digested one feels very soon its
beneficial effects. Few persons realize
the stimulating qualities cf this simple
beverage. — December Ladies' Home Jour-
nal.

A Georgia man who had made a flying
machine, offered a negro $10 to make a
trial trip in it.

The negro agreed, got in position, and
he and the machine were hoisted, by
block and tackle, about thirty feet from
terra firma.

When the rope was loosened, the ma-
chine took a sudden slanting course to-
ward earth, and plunged into an adjacent
ini 11 pond.

It disappeared with the negro beneath
the water, while the terrified inventor
stood shrieking for assistance.

Presently the negro's tead bobbed up
serenely, and he struck out for dry land.
On arriving, his first spluttered words
were:

" In de name of God, Marse John, why
didn't you tell dat fool thing whar ter
light?"

.CHARTERED tB70.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Depositor; .if the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Binks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, tills Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

JNO. P. BRANCH.

President.

FRED. R. SCOTT,

Vice-President.

Capital Stock, $200,000

Surplus, 240,000

Undivided Profits, 46.000

$486,000

JOHN F. GLENN,

Cashier.

Directors.- John P. Branch, Fred. R. Scott, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Strlngfellow, B. W. Branch,
Fred. W. Scott. Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Plzzini, Jr.

The Fertility of the Land.

By PROF. J. P. PADriD'T10 — —

This, the most valuable book published in recent years on
FERTILITY OF THE LAND, How to improve it and how
to maintain it, ought to be in the hands of every farmer.

■PRICE. $t.25.

Sold by the Southern Planter Publishing Co., Richmond, Va.
Send "for it.

The llth Annual Exhibition

EAST CAROLINA

WILL BE HELD AT

NEW BERNE, N. C.

Feb. 28, March 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 1898.

One of the best and most attractive fairs and race meetings
held in the South.

There will be presented a grand list of attractions, varied
and interesting; among them splendid exhibits of fish, oysters
and game, wild fowls, poultry, cattle, sheep, hogs and horses.

The race programme a special feature — $4,000 offered
In purses for runners, trotters and pacers. Four days of
high-class racing provided for the patrons of the fair.

Liberal premiums offered. Write for premium list.

For further information, address —

GEORGE GREEN, Secretary,

WM. DUNN, President.

NEW BERNE, N. C.

1433 E. Franklin Street,
RICHMOND, VA.

10SEPH LASITTER. P.oprietor.

Semi-weekly auction sales of horses on
Tuesdays and Fridays.

Fine road, trotting, saddle, general purpose
and draft horses always on hand and for sale
both privately and at public auction.

N. B —Orders solicited for all classes of horses

, PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.

• CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

FINE —

Read, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock), Gen'l Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.

REFEREirCKA— L. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry,

. Graham. N. C: I 01* J. S, 1 ARE, Durham, N. C ; Maj.

P. P, JOHNS 1"( IN itlonal Trotting Association),

Ky; Coi,. K. CAMERON, Kiiirutosh Stud. Stagvllle,

N. C; JOS. BRYAN and 11. C. CHAMBUN, Richmond, Va.;

; tt'ATHMKY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange), New York.

Richmond City Mills Company

.

Lessees Haxall Mills,
GEO. T. KING, President, RICHMOND, VA.

MANUFACTURERS OF

FLOUR "SUN'" Fancy Patent; "MOON," Fancy

' Family; "STAR," Choice Extra; "SOLID

COMFORT," Superfine; Fancy Graham and Rye Flours.

MT A I Fine> Coarse, White, Yellow, Bolted and Un-
"'LWL' bolted; also Rye Meal.

fl/||LL-FEED ShiP Stuff> Brown stuff. Wheat Bran,

> Corn Bran, Crushed Rye, Crushed

Oats, Crushed Corn, Linseed and Cotton Seed Meal,
Corn and Wheat Screenings.

WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF

Horse, Cow and Poultry

Ffffj I J (Not Medicine)

Only prime grain is used. Scientifically blendedjto
accomplish best results.

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS.
We will keep you posted on prices and save you money.

The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Comp'y,

organized 1857 Of MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

January 1, lS'.Ki: Assets, $82,902,389.64; Liabilities, $66,388,828.38; Surplus, $16,513,501.20.

The Northwestern is the strongest of the great companies, as shown by the ratio of assets to liabilities.

The North western's policies are automatically non forfeitable, and the policy contract is one of the most just and
lib°ral. A copy of the application being furnished with each policy, the Insurant has everything pertaining to his
policy contract in his possession.

The Northwestern has for twenty-six consecutive vears printed in detail Tables of Current Cash Dividends (or the
information of the public. It would be only natural to assume that other companies would afford similar informa-
tion relative to the exact cost of their policies if their dividends were as large as those of the Northwestern.

-JOHN B. GARY <& SON,

GENERAL AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

1301 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

VEGETABLE GROWING IN THE SOUTHS*

By Prof. P. H. ROLFS,

Prof, of Horticulture in the Florida Exp. Station.

265 Pages. CLOTH. $ I 25. PAPER COVERS. $1.00.

, For Northern Markets.

A NEW BOOK

This book should be in the hands of every trucker and girdener. It is full of the most valuable infor-
mation which can be relied on, as the writer is both scientific and practical. It is written in plain language
and can be easily understood by any one.

. . . PUBLISHED BY THE . . .

SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING CO., Richmond, Va.

FARMERSwFERTILIZERS

to stjcgee:!*.

»

ForT0BACC0use"NATI0NAL'
ForCORNuse'CHAMPIONCORN GROWER',

For GRASS and CLOVER use "0RCHILLA GUANO,"
Wi For ANY CROP use "BEEF, BLOOD and BONE" Brand

Oui Fertilizers can be relied on to give satisfaction. They are especially prepared for
the Crops named. Other brands for other crops. Write for prices.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO.,

3000 Tons ACID PHOSPHATE for Sale.

Manufacturers, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Plintrr when you wrile.

Established 1840.

THE

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE : 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. F. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

FEBRUARY, 1898.

No. 2.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT:

Editorial — Work for the Month 51

" How to Make Good Crops 53

" To Prevent Smut on Oats 54

Millet and Cow Peas 55

Fertilizers 55

What, When, and How to Apply Fertilizers 56

Green Manures 57

Experiment with Fertilizers on Cotton 58

Can Farming be Made to Pay in Southside Virginia? £9

Enquirer's Column 60

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month 63

" Irish Potato Growing 63

A New Strawberry 64

English Peas 65

Watermelon Growing 66

Winter Treatment for San Jose Scale Destruction.. 66

Practical Spraying Tests 67

Midwinter Gardening 67

Pruning 67

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial— Hog Cholera and Swine Plague 68

" Oleomargarine 08

" Contagious and Infectious Diseases of

Live Stock 68

•Smithheld Hams 70

Aberdeen Angus Cattle in Virginia 72

Regulations Concerning Cattle Transportation 73/

Grubs in Head of Sheep 73'

THE POULTRY YARD :

Editorial — Hatching Chickens 74

Chicken and Hog Cholera 74

Breeding and Cross-Breeding Fowls 74

Food for Fowls 75

THE HORSE:

Editorial — Breeding Horses 76

" Mule Breeding 76

Notes 7ft

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial — The Legislature of Virginia and State

Taxation 78

" Beet Sugar Production 78

Apple Vinegar 79

North Garden Farmers' Club 80

Education ir the South.. 80

Analysis of Marls 80

Dark Tobacco Sales 80

Editorial— The Iniquity of Our System of Taxation 81

" Beet Sugar 81

The Mole and His Functions 82

Publisher's Notes

Advertisements - 83

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE. «®«

^EHGTJSSON PRINT, Richmond

CITY BANK OF RICHMOND.

WILLIAM H. PALMES, Pros. E. B. ADDISON, Vloe-Fres.

J. W. SINTON, Cashier.
CAPITAL, $400,000, SURPLUS. $100,000.

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

Go South,

YOUNG

MEN!

It is the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un
equalled by any other portion of the
United States

The James River Valley Colonization

and Improvement Co. offers superior ad

vantagestointendingsettlers. Send stamp

for Hand Pcok and list of lands. Address

W. A. PARSONS, Vinitaville, Va.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

BOOK BINDERS,

AND

Blank-Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Covernor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED.
Prompt Attention Given to Printing.

"NORFOLK, VA."— Near

There are cheap and beautiful homes in
the "Sunny South," near the sea, and
Dear that thriving seaport city, Norfolk,
Va., for thousands of people who want
happy homes in a mild, healthful, and de-
lightful climate, a kind and productive soil,
the very best markets in the world, the
very lowest freight rates, good social, edu-
cational, and religious privileges, and the
greatest number of other both natural and
acquired advantages, to be found in any
Other one section of the Union.

The '"CoaNuoopiA" tells you all aoout
the beautiful section of country around
Norfolk, Va. Send for (free) sample conies.

Address "Cornucopia," 212 Main S .,
Norfolk, Va.

TOBACCO:

How to Raise It and
Make It Pay.

By R. L. RACLAND.

A GIFT

to all subscribers renewing and
asking for it.

This is a valuable treatise, and every
tobacco grower should have it

^Farming in the South.

There are Advantages • • • •

Of Markets, Soils, Climate, Pure Water, Healthy and Pleasant Locations and
Cheap Lands along the

Southern Railway • • • •

In Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and East Tennes-
see, for

The Wide=awake Farmer. • • • •

Grains and Grasses Flourish ; Fruits Ripen Early and Yield Heavily; Vegeta-
bles Grow Large and Crops are Big, and Good Prices are the rule. Stock is
raised easily and profitably.
Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lands
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

M.V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent,
Southern Railway, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The Fertility of the Land.

By PROF. I. P. pnpL1T"1pg — —

This, the most valuable book published in recent years on
FERTILITY OF THE LAND, How to improve it and how
to maintain it, ought to be in the hands of evc-ry farmer.

PRICE, $t.25.

Sold by the Southern Planter Publishing Co., Richmond, Va.
Send for it.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &o.
Grape Vines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. 'Write ue
if you contemplate planting:. Catalogues tree.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. T„ HOOD «5c CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.—XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State.—SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, February, 1898.

No. 2.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The year has opened with a mild dry mouth, aud
put the land in nice plowiug order. Already much
land is broken and beiug fitted by the action of the
atmosphere to make a good seed bed. Let every ad
vantage be taken of this weather and keep the teams
at work plowing, subsoiling and replowing land in
tended to be cropped. Time lost now may be difficult
to make up later in the spring. Often after a dry win
ter we have a wet spring, and for weeks together it is
impossible to get into the land, then when the
weather takes up all the work of plowing, harrowing,
seeding, planting and cultivation crowd on the farmer
at once, and much of it is cither done badly or not
done at all. Whilst thus urging immediate attention
to this work of breaking the laud, we would at the
same time as strongly urge that the area to be cropped
should not be increased unless such increase is clearly
withiu the capacity of the owuer to be well worked,
fertilized and cultivated throughout the iemaiuder of
the year. Every year hundreds of acres are put into
crops the products from which barely pay the cost of
plowiug, planting and harvesting. Instead of thus
wasting strength, time aud money, let the effort be to
cultivate in crops only such an area as cau be done full
justice to aud from which the greatest yield can be ob
tained on the least area. A large area canuot be sue
cessfully cultivated without adequate capital. It may
be possible to find the team and labor to work a larger
area, but without the capital to provide the other re-

quisites for success, team and labor must work for
nothing. Whilst it is still true that ''tillage is fertil-
ity," yet it is only so to a limited extent in very much
of our Southern lands. On good lands good crops can
be had by the persistent use of the plow, the harrow
and the cultivator. The inherent fertility in the soil
can be thus rendered available as food for crops, and
on such lands this system can for a time be made to
pay. Ou lands, however, like the great part of those
in the South which have produced crops from their
inherent fertility for several generations, such a sys-
tem cau only have a limited use, and little or no profit.
The true course to follow is to farm well a small area,
or rather, only such an area as that to which you can
give all the plowing, harrowing aud cultivation which
can possibly be of any benefit to the crops, and to
which you can apply all the manure and fertilizer
necessary to provido the crop with abundant food.
Better try to make 160 bushels of corn on one acre, as
Mr. Wood did last year, than make the same quantity
on eight acres, as did the majority of Virginia farmers.
Do not overestimate your ability to work a large area.
Better far to curtail the area and give that smaller area
the benefit of your ability and industry.

In breaking the laud we would once again urge the
importance of subsoiling, or at the least of breaking
the bottom of the furrow with a single tooth cultivator
as deeply as possible. It is too late now to turn any
except the least portion of the subsoil on to the surface,

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

as it cannot become sufficiently aerated to be of service
to the crop this year, but very much service to the
crop can be rendered by increasing the depth of the
soil through subsoiling. One of the greatest of these
services is, that it enables water to be conserved for
the use of the crop during the hot dry weather. For
several years past we have had periods of drouth daring
the growing season which in many sections caused
much loss. We are now entering upon another
nop season with very little surplus moisture in the
ground. Last summer was dry, the winter has been a
dry mild one. and already we hear of wells failing,
thus shewing that the deep fountains of the earth have
not been replenished fully since last summer. This
condition of things should make every farmer alive to
the importance of providing the best means possible
of conserving the rain which may fall between now
and the crop-growing season. Few farmers realize
what an enormous quantity of water a crop calls for
in its growth. At the Wisconsin Experiment Station
it has been found, by careful experiments, that each
pound of dry matter in a crop of corn required nearly
310 pounds of water for its production, and that each
ton of dry matter (corn and fodder) in the crop, re-
quired two and a half inches of water per acre to pro
duce it. This means that in the absence of water from
below I here must fall on each acre rain to the weight
of 283 tons for each ton of crop produced during
I lie growth of the crop to enable it to perfect that
growth. Red clover required 452 pounds~of water
for each pound of dry matter. Oats required 557
pounds of water for each pound of dry matter,
whilst peas called for 477 pounds of water for each
pound of dry matter. A full realization of these
facts should emphasize the importance of making a
reservoir in the subsoil for the saving of the rain that
falls on the surface, aud this can only be done by break-
ing the subsoil loose and thus permitting it to act as
a sponge for the absorption of the rain. Tf the growing
season should be a wet one, an open subsoil will per-
mit the excess of water to drain away quickly without
doing injury to the crops.

Except in the far South, it is too early to seed any
crop except oats, and even this crop should not in this
latitude be seeded before the end of the month. The
oat crop in the South is too often very badly treated.
Because it will produce a yield on poorer land than
most other crops from its ability to extract plant food
from the soil being greater than that of most other
crops, it is too frequently sown on poor land and given
no manure or fertilizer. Whilst we are strongly of
the opinion that to grow oats with that profit which
ought to follow the crop they ought in the South to be
seeded early in the fill, yet, with good treatment and

early seeding in the spring and sowing only the win-
ter oats or the rust proof variety, fair crops may be
made. The Northern spring oats are not suited for
the South, except in the mountains, as the weather
becomes hot too soon to permit of their making a ro-
bust growth. An average crop of oats will take from
the soil ninety-seven pounds of potash, thirty five
pounds of phosphoric acid, and eighty-nine pounds of
nitrogen. This shews the necessity for good fertiliza-
tion if a good crop is to be had. In the absence of
farm-yard manure to meet this requirement, which is
the best fertilizer to use, a fertilizer having 5 per cent,
of ammonia, 9 per cent, of phosphoric acid, and 5 per
cent, of potash should be used. Apply at the rate of
500 pounds to the acre.

A crop which we know can be grown with great suc-
cess for a forage or hay crop, is Canadian peas and
oats mixed. This should be seeded in this month and
March. The land should be plowed, then the peas be
sowed broadcast at the rate of a bushel to the acre,
and be plowed down or be worked in with the culti-
vator and the oats be then seeded and harrowed in.
Cut when the oats are in the dough state, and the hay
makes a fine balanced ration.

Clover and grass seeds not seeded in the fall, should
be got in at the end of this month and in March. We
have seen no reason to change our opinion as to the ad-
visability of seeding grass and clover alone instead of
with a grain crop. In the North, where the grain is
not cut off until late in the summer, the old practise
may be followed on rich land with success, but here,
where the grain is cut off just when the sun is most
powerful, the grass aud clover is bound to suffer, and
very often succomb. Where the seeds are sown alone,
they become inured to the heart aud will maintain
their growth, or at least their vitality, through the
hottest weather. Land to be seeded to grass and
clover, should be rich and finely broken. The seed
bed should be as fine as a garden bed. and after the
seeds are sown should first be lightly harrowed and
then rolled. This will hasten germination. If later
the surface becomes baked, it should be brokeu by a
light harrowing. We would like to see Italian rye
grass more frequently seeded. It grows successfully'
here, and makes a fine hay crop. It should, like
timothy, be seeded alone. For a meadow, probably
the best mixture is Tall meadow oat grass and herds
grass. For a pasture, orchard grass aud herds grass
make a good mixture. A permanent pasture may,
however, almost always be largely improved by add-
ing to these grasses blue grass, meadow fescue, peren-
nial rye, and brome grass. These fill up the bottom
and thicken the sod. As a permanent fertilizer for

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

58

grass lands, we strongly advise the use of bone dust,
with kainit to supply the potash.

In our gardening and trucking coluinus will be found
some remarks on the Irish potato crop.

Tobacco plant beds should now receive immediate
atteution. The good prices for which tobacco has
been and is selling will, no doubt, cause much atteu
tiou to be given to this crop this year. For a good
quality of tobacco cured as the market calls for it there
is always a market, and this is not likely to he less
the case in the coming year. But the quality must be
good. Do not raise the meau "one sucker" tobacco,
but raise a good Orinoco or Pryor type in the dark
shipping sections, and a fine quality of bright tobacco
in other sections, adapted to raising this type. The
old method of raising tobacco plants cannot be well
improved upon. Select a piece of good new land,
burn it well, break flue but not deeply, make rich
with a complete fertilizer, with a high percentage of
ammonia, and seed as soon as possible. See that the
bed is well drained, and cover at once with plant-bed
muslin. A tablespoouful of seed will sow a bed 16
feet square, and raise plants enough for an acre. At-
tempts are being made in several sections to raise the
Havanna and Cigar leaf types of tobacco We have
seen several samples so raised, and they promise well
— though it is doubtful whether we can ever in Vir-
ginia raise Havanna tobacco to compete in flavor with
that raised in Cuba, or even in Florida. The climate
has much to do with this flavor. The Cigar- leaf types
we believe can be grown here as well as in Pennsylva-
nia or Connecticut, if only the proper methods are fol-
lowed and the land be carefully selected. One thing,
however, will be necessary, and that is a much heavier
application of the proper fertilizers than is customary
here. It is no uncommon thing for the Pennsylvania
and Connecticut growers to apply from 1,000 to 1,500
pounds to the acre of a high grade fertilizer. If it is
desired to experiment with these varieties, the seed
should be sown now.

Order your seeds and fertilizers as early as possible,
and do not have to wait for them when you want to
use them. In the spring, both seedsmen and fertilizer
merchants are so pressed with business that it is
impossible for them always to ship at once, and
when orders are not given until the time when the
goods are wanted, frequently the best opportunity
for getting in the crop is missed, and sometimes the
crop is lost altogether. It is just as easy to order
these things now as later, and this risk will then he
avoided. Buy good seeds and high grade fertilizers.
They cost a little more to begin with, but what is this

compared with the loss sustained from using infer'or
goods. The proportion which the cost of the seed
lieurs to the crop is very small, and will not justify the
risk of buying second rate qualities. Test your seeds
before planting, and then you will know whether they
can be relied on to germinate when put into suitable
soil. It is easy to do this by damping a piece of flan-
nel and placing it in a saucer in which a little water
can be placed to keep the flannel moist. Let this
saucer be kept in a moderately warm room, and on
the flanuel sprinkle a small pinch of seed, and cover
the saucer with a piece of glass. It will soon be seen
what proportion of the seeds germinate, and this will
guide as to the required quantity to sow. High grade
fertilizers are always cheaper in the end than low
qualities, and the cost of freight per 100 pounds is the
same in either case.

HOW TO MAKE GOOD CROPS.

At this season of the year we are almost daily in re-
ceipt of letters like the following one :

•' I have a ten acre lot that has been in clover for
three years before last ; then it was sowed in peas and
then sowed in annual clover, and it had as fine a
growth as I ever saw. I turned that in and sowed it
iu peas again and cut the peas. Now, I want to put
it in corn this year, and want to know how to get the
largest crop I can. What kind of fertilizer is best to
use, and how much per acre f How would you plow
it, and how would you cultivate it ? I want to make
all that can be made on the piece of land without it
costing too much. C."

Or enquiries like this: "I have a piece of thin,
worn-out land which I want to improve as quickly as
possible. What fertilizer must I use, and how much
should I apply per acre?" Some enquirers go still
farther and want to know if they cannot send some of
their soil to us to be analyzed, and then for us to tell
them how much of each kind of fertilizer to use in
order to make it produce a good paying crop. Whilst
it is most gratifying to us to receive these enquiries,
as they indicate that at last farmers are becoming alive
to their own interests and seeking to acquire informa-
tion which will enable them to get out of the "old
ruts" and put themselves abreast of the pushing,
thriving, prospering people of the cities, yet it is most
difficult for us to answer these various questions in a
way to give satisfaction to the enquirers. Those of
them who want us to have their soils analyzed seem to
be under the impression that we can, from such an
analysis, diagnose the ailments of their land and, like
a physician, write out a prescription that will be an
infallible cure. To such we are compelled to say that,
though science has done much for the farmers, and is
doing much for them every day, yet that it has not yet

V(

THE SOT'THEEN PLANTER.

[February

80 far advanced as to enable the chemist in his labora
torj" to answer, from an analysis of the soil, what ia
ry uuder the changing conditions of climate
awl moisture to make the particular soil produce a
Komi crop. The chemist can tell whether the soil is
deficient in nitrogen, phosphoric acid or potash, but
hi- cannot tell whether such of those constituents as
are in the soil are in such a condition as to be assimi-
lable by the proposed crop as plant food at ouce. He
cannot, from an analysis, tell what is the plnsical and
mechanical condition of the soil, nor yet whether the
field from which it was taken is sufficiently retentive
of moisture to meet the needs of a crop, or, on the
other hand, sufficiently well drained to carry off any
superabundant rainfall. Yet upon these conditions
largely depends the productive capacity of the land
and the effect which the application of fertilizers may
have upon it. The only analysis of the soil which can
Answer these questions is one conducted on the land
itself, with various crops as the chemist conducting
the analysis.

The best we can do, under the ciicumstauces, is to
point out. first, what are the physical and mechanical
conditions in the soil most conducive to successful crop
production (for this, in truth, lies at the bottom of all
successful agriculture), and then to state what are the
requirements of the particular crops in the way of
plant food most conducive to profitable yields, and
how these requirements can be best met.

Speaking generally, what is most necessary in all
Southern lands in order to the production of profitable
crops is an amelioration of the physical and mechani-
cal condition of the land. Long shallow cultivation
in clean hoed crops has depleted nearly all our lands
of their vegetable matter. The effect of this is to
cause the land to become hard and impermeable to the
roots of the plants, to deny the admission of air to the
soil, and further to render it non-receptive and non-
retentive of the necessary moisture required to perfect
the growth of crops. This question of the quantity of
water required to be provided from the soil for the sus
tenance and perfection of the growth of a crop is one
that has received much too little attention from farm-
ers. Prof. Roberts, writing on the subject, says and
says truly ;

"Tons of plant food remain unused and useless in
the soil of the farm for lack of moisture to transport
the waiting nourishment into the living plant. It can
hardly be too strongly emphasized that the subject of
moistun — how to secure it, how to conserve it, and
how to use it is the one that should receive the most
scientific and persistent investigation that the farmer
is able to give, for without moisture nothing can pass
into or out of circulation."

The proper and timely use of the plow is of prime
importance in solving these questions of physical and

mechanical condition and of the acquisition and conser-
vation of moisture and ajration of the soil, and it is in
this direction that the efforts of farmers seeking to im
prove their lands should be first turned. The fall,
« inter and early spring months should be utilized,
wheuever the land is dry enough to plow, in plowing
and snbsoiliog the laud intended to be cropped, in
order that the physical and mechanical condition of
the soil may be brought into that condition which will
render it retentive of moisture and pervious to the air,
so far as it is possible for this condition to be brought
about by mechanical means. Do not hesitate to plow
and replow the land as often as possible. It cannot be
too finely broken. We have frequently plowed a
piece of laud three times before plantiug. To enable
it to retain aud advance upon this improved condition,
it will tbeu be necessary to fill it with vegetable matter.
This may be done in two ways — by the addition of
farm yard manure aud by the growth of forage crops
to be turned under. How this may be best done aud
with what fertilizers these crops may be most judi
ciously assisted we will deal with in our uext issue.
Our correspondent whose letter is quoted in the open-
ing of this article has already advanced the condition
of his soil into a position , which should enable him
now to grow a corn crop with success. His soil is now
filled with humus aud will be friable and moisture-
holding, aud have accumulated nitrogen sufficient for
the production of most crops. His need will now be
the mineral fertilizers and proper cultivation. On
these subjects we will write next month. Let the in
terveniug time be spent in deeply plowing and sub-
soiling the land. Corn requires a deep seed bed, finely
broken, for its successful growth.

TO PREVENT SMUT ON OATS.

In many sections of country the oat crop is much
infested with smut. This may be prevented by de-
stroying the smut spores in the seed before sowing.
There are several ways of doing this by the use of
chemicals, but the simplest way is by the use of hot
water. Heat the water iu a large kettle, and near the
kettle sink a barrel in the ground so the top will be a
foot or more above the surface. Pour part of the hot
water into the barrel and take the temperature with a
good thermometer — be sure to have a good one — and
add either cold or hot water until a temperature of
138° is reached The dipping is done by putting
about a bushel of oats in a coarse guuny sack, tying
this to oue end of a pole aud resting the pole over a
post, thus making a lever, by which the sack of oats
may be raised or lowered very easily. When the oats
are dipped into the water at 138°, the temperature is
immediately lowered, and hot water mnst be added at

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

once to keep the temperature about 138°. Keep the
seed moving all the time and take out at the end of
ten minutes. Spread the oats on a barn floor or other
convenient place, and shovel them over three times a
day for a few days; then they may be sown with a
force drill ; or, when they are taken out of the hot
water, pour cold water over them, spread them out to
drain, and in two or three hours they may be sown
broadcast. As the oats absorb considerable water, it
is necessary to sow about half a bushel more per acre
than when untreated seed are used. This is on the
basis of two and one-half bushels per acre. Two men
in oue day can treat enough seed to sow twenty acres.

Do not sow until the land becomes warm. May is
generally quite early enough. Cut before the millet
seed is formed, or the hay may be injured for feeding
to horses.

FERTILIZERS.

MILLET AND COW PEAS.

Editor Southern Planter :

Last year, to help out the oat crop, I made an ex
peri men t with German millet and peas which proved
to be \ery successful. But for the dry spell about the
time of the millet maturing, it would have been a very
fine crop. As it was, the crop was more profitable
than the oat crop would have been. I used what we
call the Oowder pea, an early variety. Is that the
best pea to use. and is the German millet the best in
this connection ? I cut the crop with the mower and
used it all as hay, and found the horses very fond of it.
I shall sow it more extensively this year. I am in-
debted to the Planter for this good crop, and hope you
will tell us in your February number of the best
variety of seed to use and the best time to sow.

Mr. Bellwood used the reaper to cut his peas, but
the mower answers just as well if you use the crop all
for hay. Win. G. Friend.

We ate glad to know that our correspondent found
the crop so satisfactory. The addition of the cow
peas largely increases the food value of the hay made,
as the cow pea is so much richer in protein than millet.
As to the best variety of peas to sow, we do not know
the "Crowder" pea by that name, but assume that it
is one of the varieties of the "fodder" as distin-
guished from the "pea" producing varieties of the
cow peas. There are some sixty or more so called
varieties of cow peas, but in reality there are only
some five or six true varieties. The others are merely
"sports," brought about by local circumstances.
Broadly, cow peas may be divided into two t.\ pes —
those producing "vines" mainly and those producing
" peas." The latter are generally referred to as
" bunch " varieties. The best vine producers for hay
or for greeu fallows are the "Black," which is the
most valuable generally ; the "Uuknown" or "Won
derfnl." which succeeds best iu the warmer sections o
the South ; the "Red Ripper" and the "Clay." The
best buueh or pea varieties are the " Whippoorwill,"
"Black Eye" and "Blue." We should advise the
Black as the best to sow with millet in this section.
The best variety of millet to sow is the "German."

Tt seems to me that there is too much stress placed
on fertilizers in all the farm journals. It is this con
stant reiteration that drives away many practical far-
mers from agricultural journals. It matters not what
crop is under consideration so many pounds of fertil-
izer must be put on it to make the soil do its utmost
to pay. Now does it pay to fertilize peas and beans
for their own sakes? Will the peas aud beans so fer-
tilized pay for the 500 pounds per acre ? I think not.
Home made fertilizers are better than the bought shift.
If you preach for fertilizers, preach for the home arti-
cle. Nearly every farm in the land can furnish mate
rial far better than the stuff which is bought. Of all
the bought fertilizers excepting bone, potash salts,
nitrate, etc . which are sold in a pure state, all those
that are manipulated, the farmer pays freight on and
hauls to his farm a lot of earth or dirt or sand or
leather scraps cut fine, or saw dust or other material
which is placed and mixed up with a formula com
posed of ammonia, phosphate and potash. In the
2 000 pounds there will be probably 100 pounds of
fertilizer. And of the balance 1,900 pounds will be
the vehicle to carry the 100 pounds of fertilizer. Now
every farm on the Atlantic coast or in tidewater Vir-
ginia has quantities of mauurial ingredients going ro
waste just because the farm journals do not preach to
them about it and tell them what they have on their
own farms. For they have eyes, yet they see not ;
noses they have, yet they smell not. They can see the
floor of their woodland covered in some places knee
deep in leaves. The soil beneath the leaves is a ma-
nure to the fullest extent of the meaning of the term,
and is better for their lands than all the bought fertil-
izer between this point and Jerusalem. In their salt-
water marshes thev have a manure unexcelled, and
costing only the price of digging, piling and hauling.
The farmers purchase nitrogen, they have tons and
tons of it in their muck marshes, and they do not
know it. There are piles and piles of oyster shells on
nearly every farm, which can be screened out from
the rich earth in which they are embedded. The
shells burned into lime, the rich earth hauled and
spread on their poor uplands, a manure in itself.
Shell marl, with shells in itaslargeas dinner plates
which can be changed into lime, the balance loaded
with potash, which afier being broken fine, will fur-
nish all the potash for thousauds of years for each
individual farm, and this marl found in the banks of
every creek. Now, here we have vegetable matter in
the form of leaves, lime, nitrogen, potash and ammo-
nia which is to be found in every stable, henroost
and water-closet on every farm, aud yet you preach
and preach to the poverty-stricken farmer to buy fer-
tilizers, and this is the reason many practical men care
nought for farm journals.

F. K. Steele.

Jefferson County, Mo.

Our correspondent is a new subscriber to The Planter,

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

and, therefore, may be excused for not knowing the
position we have held and still hold on this fertilizer
question. We have always maintained that the duty
of every farmer is to make at home all the manure
possible by keeping as much live stock as he can feed,
and carefully saving and using all the straw and rough
forage and converting it into manure ; that commercial
fertilizers should be used to supplement this home
made manure and not to supplant it ; that these com-
mercial fertilizers can rarely he used with profit on
poor w >rn out land except in the forms of acid phos
pfaate and potash to induce a growth of peas or other
• leguminous crops to be used to supply humus to the
soil in the absence of farmyard manure ; that on rich
land used for the production of truck crops or for to
bacco, commercial fertilizers judiciously selected and
applied can be often used with advantage in conjunc
t ion with farm-yard manure and leguminous crops as
the high prices for which these crops sell make it pos
sible and profitable to use these adjuncts to good
farming. We are. however, here in the South con
fronted with a condition and not a theory. Avery
huge proportion of our so called farmers are not really
"farmers" bat "planters" They grow cotton, corn
and tobacco as sale crops. They keep no live stock
except the horses and mules necessary to work their
land. Until we have succeeded in changing them
from "planters" to "farmers" by showing them how
much more profitable it is to convert the products of
the farm into beef, mutton, pork, milk, butter and
Cheese upon the farm, and to grow all the supplies
necessary to meet the requirements of the home, and
have in this way induced them to keep live stock,
they can neither improve their farms nor yet barely
live on their sale crops of eottou and tobacco without
the use of some commercial fertilizer, but our advice
is always only to use these as a means to a better end.
When they have become truly "farmers" then they
will use commercial fertilizers only as adjuncts to
faun yard manure, and for the production of special
and not staple crops. We entirely agree with Prof.
1. I' Roberts on (his question of commercial fertil-
izers. In his work on "The Fertility of the land,"
speaking of the relative value of faun manures and
fertilizers, he says :

'■ The aim unts and values of M xcremeiits, mixed

or unmixed with bedding, which are produced by dif
Cerent classes of farm animals in given lengths of' time
<vben fed on varied amounts and kinds of food, have
been determined so often and with such painstaking
accuracy that full reliance can be placed on the re

suits. While it is tine that the three elements of chief
value in manures and animal excrements— nitrogen,

phosphoric acid and potash— are not. so available as

they are in skillfully manufactured commercial fertil-
izers, yet they are usually computed at commercial
prices, for there should be some convenient and uui

form standard upon which to base comparisons and
with which to make calculations. On the other hand,
manures furnish available humus, and a mulch if they
are spread upon the surface, and they also tend to in
crease the water holding power of the soil, and to im-
prove its texture or physical condition. In many
cases it is believed that these benefits are a full equiv-
alent for the less soluble character of the fertilizing
constituents of manures as compared with commercial
fertilizers. When the soil has a reasonable amount of
easily available plant food, it is probable that such
may be the case, but the ultimate welfare of plants
depends so much on a healthy, vigorous start and
abundant root-development, that the more quickly;
acting commercial fertilizers may be more valuable
thau the slower-acting farm manures. * * * One
thing is certain, that the careful husbanding of farm
manures, and the application of them in reasonable
quantities in almost any form, result in improved fer-
tility and increased profits iu the final outcome."

WHAT, WHEN AND HOW TO APPLY
FERTILIZERS.

Editor Southern Planter :

There are no longer any doubts in the miuds of pro
gressi ve tillers of the soil as to the benefits of abundant
manuring. Such doubts are vanishing from the minds
of some of the unprogressive farmers also, iu view of
the many illustrations which they see about them.
Even in the regions where nature has been lavish with
her fertilizers, and where the, soil is comparatively
new, it is found that applications of the right materials
are very profitable. But just what, when and how to
apply them are points that are not generally so well
understood.

We hear much about the three greatf inauurial ele-
ments— nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid— -which
are the chemical materials in the soil that are the soon
est exhausted of any by cropping, and. at the same
time, absolutely indispensable to the growth of good
crops of forage, grains, fruits and vegetables. It would
seem that every one would know all that they need to
know about them, but they do not, as is proven by the
thousands of questions that are being asked, and
wisely too, by those who are looking for better means
of working with that mysterious substauce, the soil.
We also see, on almost every hand, in poor crops the
crying need of such knowledge.

Good stable manure contains all the manurial ele-
ments, but there is much that goes for stable manure
that is poor stuff when it comes to the crucial test of
the growing crops. It contains straw and other coarse
materials which will make humus when decayed ; this
is good aud highly uecessary as an absorbent of mois-
ture, a lightener of the soil, aud affords breeding beds
for the myriads of little nitrogen gathering bacteria
that live in the soil ; but the proportion of nitrogen,
potash and phosphoric acid is very small. The so
called manure is mostly trash and water. It pays to

18»8.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

make all that can be made handily on the farm, and
carefully save and apply it ; but to buy it, or even get
it by hauling it several miles, are often losing transac-
tions.

Only a tew days ago I was talking with a man who
was hauling stable manure from a town nine miles dis
tant. This was folly, in view of the easier way of
getting as good or better manure with less than half
the trouble and expense. It costs money to feed and
cut- for horses and pay hired men, and it is worth
something if you do the work yourself.

Now, what is the better way? It is to make the
humus on the farm, get the uitrogen from the air,
make available the potash and phosphoric acid already
in the soil, and supply any deficiency of the latter by
direct purchase in the form of condensed commercial
fertilizers.

It is a fact that clovers, cow peas and soja beans
will, either one or all, grow in almost any sections and
soils of this country. They are nitrogen gatherers ;
they get it from the air. This is clear gain. I notice
with pleasure that Secretary of Agriculture Wilson
favors the idea, and is trying to push the growing of
these great manurial economists upon the people.
There are untold millions of tons of nitrogen in the
air that might well be put to use. It is the slumber
ing electricity of the farmer that goes unused, while
he buys a little at great cost in the form of slaughter-
house refuse, fish scrap, etc., and lets his crops starve
for lack of the rest they need ; besides, these nitro-
genous crops, when plowed under (and the riper the
petter), will make the much needed humus.

But what about the potash and phosphoric acid ?
There are immense stores of both in most soils that lie
unused for generations, simply because those who till
the soil are too ignorant or too lazy, or both, to avail
themselves of them.

It is thorough cultivation that makes them available.
Water has much to do with their dissolution, and fre-
quent and fine pulverization of the soil makes it spongy
and light, so that it will hold moisture. We all know
that crops grow better during a moist season than
when it is dry. This is partly from the furnishing of
the normal supply of water in the growing crops and
partly from the dissolving of the potash and phos
phoric acid in the soil.

But when the natural supply of these elements seems
insufficient, and that is very, very often, we must add
them to the soil. The cheapest forms of potash are
muriate and sulphate. They are more concentrated
than kaiuit, as they contain about 50 per cent, of ac-
tual potash to 12 to 14 per cent, in kainit. The dif-
ference in freight and handling is considerable also.
Phosphoric acid can be had most cheaply in dissolved
bone or dissolved phosphate rock.

As to the time and method of application, these two
last are practically indestructible by ordinary farming
methods, and can be put on the land at almost any
time without loss. They will all be used by the crops in
course of time, but they take some time to dissolve, and
will be more effective after a few months than soouer.
When applied in fall or winter, they will be just right
for the following crop season. Sown on clover of any
kind, but especially crimson clover, which grows in
cool weather, they will stimulate it to gather much
more nitrogen than it could possibly gather without
them. If the clover is plowed under, they will all be
there to push the next crop. Besides, it has been
found that sometimes potash and phosphoric acid in-
jure crops when put on just as the seed is sown or
planted, especially if immediately next to it or the
tender rootlets. They should both be sown broadcast,
thoroughly mixed with the soil, and allowed time to
become prepared for the crops. Rest assured that the
roots will find every bit of them. If sown on top of
the soil, every particle will find its way into the ground
after awhile ; nor will any be lost by evaporation.
Nitrogen is unlike them, and will soon pass away. It
must be applied, if in chemical form, so that the crops
can appropriate it very soon afterwards.

H. E. Van Dejtan.

GREEN MANURES.

Editor Southern. Planter :

One way to economically improve the land is un-
doubtedly by the use of green manures. The process
is slow but effective, and if the farmer is not in a
hurry for returns, he can undoubtedly largely restore
the fertility of exhausted land by the judicious use of
restorative crops. It has been claimed that even an
increased productiveness may be imparted to many
kinds of soil by the careful use of green manures.

By green manures is generally meant green crops,
such as cow peas, clover, rye, lupines, etc., which are
grown to be plowed under and allowed to rot ; or they
may be allowed to rot upon the surface of the land
and be theu plowed under. The general effect is the
same, but of varying intensity. If not plowed under
when in its richest condition as a fertilizer-producer,
it is certainly more economic to pasture the laud and
allow the live stock to get the benefit, of the feed stuff
produced. In this way lands are rapidly improved,
and of all animals adapted for the improvement of
the land the sheep is the best. Cattle and horses do
not distribute the manure so uniformly, and in wet
weather frequently damage land by trampling it.

When utilized in this way, the crops become
the most restorative crops iu existence. Green ma-
nures act slowly, and time must be allowed for them

THE SOUTHERN

[February

>re the plant food in the soil. The only ingre-
dient of plant food that they actually add to
is uitrogeu; but they do more than that They digest
the unavailable plant food in the soil, and pr<
in an available condition for the use of fnture crops.
They improve the tilth of the soil, and by the humus
produced from their decay they restore to it physical
conditions that are quite as essentia] to the sm
development of crops as is the presence of an ade-
quate supply of plant food. They promote tie
opment of micro organisms in the soil, which largely
in the procuring and preparation ot plant food
for the crop. The plant lives largely upon tbt
products of microscopic life, just as the animal lives
upon the plant. The animal cannot utilize the fertil
ity of the laud until it has been appropriated and di-
by the plant, and the plant cannot Cully utilize
the plant food in the soil until it has been digested by
lower forms of life, or by powerful chemical changes
largely brought about by the activity of the micro-
scopic life in the soil.

The green manures provide favorable conditions for
the development of these forms of life and their value
to the land as a restorative, therefore cannot be meas
ured by the actual amount of plant food found in
them by chemical analysis. The chemical analysis ol
a green manure or of stable manure tells only part ol
its actual value to the farmers.

At present, we are acquainted with uo method that
will enable us to determine the actual value of either
green manure or stable manure ; in tiie.f, this will vary
with the character of the land to which they are ap
plied. Theiraction as a mulch, the shading of the land.
the increased absorption of nitrogen, and the decom
position of mineral products in the soil by the increased
microscopic life, are forces that have not yet been
measured.

In sections of the country where a more intensive
system of agriculture is pursued, or where the farmer
looks almost entirely to one crop, such as wheat, corn,
tobacco, or cotton, it is not generally feasible to keep
a large quautity of live stock to eat off the green crop,
lu this case the land is broken up and sowed with the
recuperative crop, which is turned anderat the propei
time and allowed to decompose under the soil ; or, as
in the case of the cow-pea, it is frequently allowed
Bimply to rot upon the surface.

Where the farmer uses commercial fertilizers, I re-
commend that they be applied to the green manure
-uch as clover, cow peas, rye, etc., the season
;t is expected that they should be appropria-
ted by the crop grown as a money crop. In this way,
the farmer may save the purchase of the most
sive ingredient — nitrogen — of commercial fertilizers.
The greeu manure crop will provide the o<

nitrogen, and the phosphoric acid and potash applied
to the green manure, are retained by it. It is also
possible in this way for the farmer to utilize the
cheaper compounds, such as muriate of potash and
acid phosphate. It gives these chemicals time to be
come digested and distributed iu the soil, and offers
the advantage of enabling the farmer to produce more
than a third of his fertilizers.

Another good effect of practicing the use of green
manures upon the farm is that it gradually leads to a
system of diversified farming, which is a most valua-
ble means of protection from periods of agricultural
depression. All one-crop countries, no matter what
the crop, must of necessity, sooner or later, be subject
to periods of violent depression.

Diversify, rotate, economize, and produce as much

fertilizer upon the farm as possible. Apply potash

and phosphate to the green manures and plow uuder.

Dr. John A. Myers,

Ez- Director of the West Ya. Experiment Station.

EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS ON COTTON.

Four Thousand Two Hundred Pounds of Seed-
Cotton, or Three Bales Per Acre — An Increase of
3,200 Pounds of Seed-Cotton, Due to Phosphates
and Potash Alone — No Nitrogenous Fertilizers of
Any Kind Used.
Editor Southern Planter :m /

The soil on which this experiment was conducted
was "alluvial," sandy loam, creek bottom laud, fresh
i. . ., virgin soil), and fertile. It was typical of hun-
dreds of thousands of similar (valley) lauds scattered
about throughout the entire cotton belt, and more es-
pecially iu Mississippi. They are the best soils in the
known world for almost any crop that can be planted
thereon, and if the problem of RAISING four to five
cents cottox at a profit is ever solved, its solution
will undoubtedly give a decided preference for this
class of soils ; and it is right here that judicious fertil-
izing puts in its best work and yields the greatest
profit at the least expenditure. "Nitrogen" is the
highest priced ingredient the farmer has to purchase
when purchasing his fertilizers iu the open market.
These lands oftentimes contain an actual "excess" of
nitrogen, and this excess, more often than any other
way, works an actual injury to the crop and its owner.
It is here that what we choose to term "judicious"
fertilization creeps in; and this same judicious fertili-
zation, by supplying known deficiencies, aud correct
ing redundancies, although it may be by some consid
ered as beiug extremely liberal, is, nevertheless, the
economical" system of fertilization that can
• y be put in practice.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

59

These lands, as above stated, contain an "excess of
nitrogen," as evidenced by an excessive "stalk" or
" weed" growth.

The object of the cotton raiser is to obtain a large
yield of "lint," and not "weed," or "stalk," per
acre, and an excessive growth of " weed " instead of in-
suring a correspondingly large yield of lint, effectual-
ly militates against it. This excess of nitrogen also
causes the plant to grow too late in the season, hence
there is, on this class of soils, an annual loss of from
one eighth to one-fourth of the entire ciop from frost.

Now, the point I wish to make is this, that this ex-
cess is only an excess over and above the other leading
elements — i. e., the phosphoric acid and potash, pres-
ent in the soil ; hence, whenever phosphates and pot-
ash are added to the extent of bringing about a due
proportion of the three leading elements, i. e. nitrogen,
phosphoric acid, and potash, a prodigious yield, or at
least a yield far above the ordinary, is the perfectly
natural consequence. This is the "theory," and the
aforesaid yield of 4,200 pounds of seed-cotton per
acre proves conclusively that it will stand the test of
"practice."

Now, this land would average — without fertilizer —
1,000 pounds of seed cotton per acre. With 800
pounds of Thomas' (slag) phosphate, and 100 pounds
muriate of potash, per acre, at a total cost for fertili-
sers of $7.50 per acre, the crop was increased to 4,200
pounds ; and what is of still greater importance (and
may possibly earn one the appellation of "crank") is
the fact that the above yield is positively not a fraction
above the half of what can possibly be raised on the
single acre, when all influencing and controlling fac-
tors are favorable.

I am going to strive faithfully to hit the "Six-bale
per acre mark" in 1898 ; and even if I fail to "get
there," I can still make a right respectable showing,
as well as a profitable one. It' is the phosphoric acid
and potash that should be in excess, if excess there be,
and not nitrogen.

The land was broken in "lands" with turning plow
— shallow — on May 6th, bedded in rows 4 feet apart
on May 7th, and planted to cotton of the "King's Im-
pioved" variety on May Sth. Up to this date not an
ounce of manure or fertilizer had ever been applied to
this land. Land was laid off into three separate plots.
One of these plots contained a square acre— the other
two contained one fourth acre each. One of the quar-
ter acre plots was fertilized with 200 pounds of Thomas'
(slag) phosphate, the other with 200 pounds of acid
phosphate. This was to test, first, the effects of phos-
phates alone on these soils ; and, second, the differ-
ence, if any, between Thomas' phosphate and acid
phosphate as a source of phosphoric acid. The acre
patch, which received 800 pounds of Thomas' phos-
2

phate and 100 pounds of muriate of potash in addi-
tion, was designed to test the effect, if any, to be de-
rived by applying potash to virgin soil. The two
smaller plots, to which phosphates alone were applied,
yielded, on an average, 50 pounds of seed cotton to
each 70 yards of row, or at the rate of 3,121 pounds
per acre. There was no appreciable difference in
them. The acre plot yielded an average of SO pounds
to each 70 yards of row, or 4,200 pounds of seed-ioiton
per acre.

Counting the increase due the phosphates as evi-
denced by the increase on the two smaller plots at
2,120 pounds, would still leave 1,100 pounds increase
to be credited to the potash.

The soil was so nearly alike in all the plots that the
difference, if any, could not be detected by either a
close and careful examination of the soil or of the crop
grown upon it.

Nitrogen has a tendency to both increase and pro-
long growth, which is just exactly what we did not
want on this land ; while phosphoric acid has, on the
contrary, a tendency to dwarf the plant by forcing an
early maturity, which effect was exactly what we did
want ; hence, our employment of phosphates and omis-
sion of nitrogen in any form. Nitrogen tends to make
the plant "live longer," and to make the growth of
the stalk excessive, this excessive stalk growth being
at the expense of the fruitage of the plant. Phospho-
ric acid, on the other hand, tends to make the plant
"die faster," by increasing its fruitfulness, this same
increase of fructivity tending to hasten maturity, and
hence to dwarf the plant and shorten its life. Theory,
based on scientific deductions, seems to have worked
out very well in practice, in this instance, and I have
very good reason to suppose they would in every in-
stance when given the right sort of a showing. Any
way, "all praise the bridge that carries them safely
o'er."

On this class of soils, phosphates and potash are
good enough for me ; and whenever it becomes neces-
sary to furnish nitrogen to these soils, cow-peas will
undoubtedly "fill the bill," as they grow here to per-
fection, covering the whole face of the earth three feet
deep in nitrogen supplying and humus- making mate-
rial.

Burgess, Miss. G. H. Tuenee.

CAN FARMING BE MADE TO PAY IN SOUTH-
SIDE VIRGINIA?

Editor Southern Planter :

This is a question which interests not only Southside
Virginia, but the whole country. This topic is dis-
cussed in our agricultural journals month after month,
and it is always refreshing and instructive to read the
ideas on the subject of our brother farmers. With

60

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

the rapid strides of agriculture of to-day no man can
make a success at farming who does not read the
farm journals of the country. With the aid of these
and plenty of pluck he can make a success almost
anywhere, and certainly in Southside Virginia.

This is strictly a tobacco country, very little general
farming is done. In this I differ with those around
me; diversified farming is, lam convinced, the true
way to make a living. Utilize ever\ thing on the
farm ; let nothing go to waste. Feed all the cattle
possible, both for milk and for beef. Get the best
strains of Jerseys, Holsteins or Shorthorns— any of
these breeds, well housed and fed liberally, will always
command a profit, either in milk or beef. The cattle
must be bedded plentifully to reap a large crop of
manure. The manure from twenty five head, attended
to well in stables, will go a great way in saving the
fertilizer bill for spring crops. Feed all provender
raised on the farm. My corn, stover, hay and straw
is all run through the cutter and cut to fine fourth of
an inch long. This is packed back in the barn ready
for winter. I have all corn and oats ground together,
half and half, with bran and cotton seed meal to make
a complete ration. My cattle do well and coine out
in spring in fine shape. Pigs must not l>e overlooked ;
they will go a long way towards paying many bills.
Get the best breeds to start with ; fence off all wood-
land, with some fifteen or twenty acres of open land
adjoining ; seed this to black peas in the spring, then
turn in your hogs iu August, and they will take on
flesh very fast aud with very little cost. I feed the
balance of the year corn meal aud oats, with a little
bran. The orchard aud vegetable garden, well at-
tended, will always show up on the right side of the
ledger. With a well managed poultry yard, to bring
up the rear, no farmer need fear which way he will
stand when he goes to make up his year's accounts.
Every farmer, as the Planter so often advises, ought to
keep a strict account of everything sold aud every-
thing bought. Managed iu the way I have pointed
out farming will pay in Southside Virginia. I say
this from my own experience.

Xottoway Co., Va.

T. O. Sandy.

Contracts have been signed by farmers in Ventura
countv, California, for the planting and cultivating of
over 10,000 acres of beets the coming season. Most
of these contracts have been made for the new factory
now being built at Hncneme by the Oxnards. There
is a i.r<>od prospect of a second sugar factory being
put ap in Ventura county.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

ENQUIRERS COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
X. C, not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

How Can Cotton and Corn be Made More Cheaply.

Together with thousands of farmers, we are troubled
with the question of cotton acreage for 1898." We
make corn, bacon, syrup, potatoes, etc., etc., in abun-
dance^— ample for our needs — and plant cotton as a
surplus crop, but we don't make either it or corn
cheap enough.

We fear that something is wrong with our system of
preparing, planting and cultivating the laud, and be-
lieve that there must be something in the shape of
labor saving machinery or implements that you can
suggest which would help us.

In addition to your views, we ask that you invite
articles ou this subject from your readers, whose sug-
gestions would be of service to many besides ourselves.

Subscribers.

You have stated the problem that now confronts the
Southern farmer — a problem that will never be settled
by the use of commercial fertilizers in the way they
have been so long handled in the South. The coustant
dependence on applications of commercial fertilizers
for the mere purpose of producing a sale crop, has iu
it too much of the gambling principle to be perma-
nently profitable. So long as the crop commands a
fair price there may be an apparent profit, but an
apparent one only, as the process leads directly to loss
of fertility and the destruction of the humus in the
soil. The more I see of cotton growing, the more I
am convinced that I have been right in insisting that
the only true way to use commercial fertilizers is to
use only the cheaper forms in acid phosphate and
potash salts for the purpose of aiding the growth of
legumes to be consnmed on the farm, either as a source
of humus direct or for the purpose of supplying food
for stock aud to make manure for the land. The only
way I can see for the reduction in the cost of produc-
ing the staple is to build up the land aud get the cot-
tou without a fertilizer bill attached to it. I have
often said that I would uot feed cattle when there was
no profit except the manure, and I believe that I am
right in this. too. But there are few sections in the
South where the rational feeding of cattle ou such
good foods as cow pea ha\ and corn fodder and corn
cannot be done at a profit in the sale of the animals,
aud the manure be left to pay for the labor and to
build up the land. Our Southern farmers, as a rule,
imagine that there is no money in the corn crop as a
sale crop, and think that, if they succeed in getting
enough to serve them in their present way of feeding,
they are doing well. There is not much profit in the

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

61

corn crop, or, for that matter, iu any crop when the
crop is as small as it is in the majority of cases in the
South. But if one has his laud in shape to practice a
good rotatiou of crops, he can, by applying the home-
made manure to the corn crop in a broadcast applica-
tion, rapidly increase not only the production of the
corn crop, but thereby increase his capacity for feed-
ing stock, and will have the manure in such a shape
in the soil that the oat crop following the corn in the
fall will soon reach the maximum. "With fifty or more
bushels of corn per acre aud seventy-five or more of
oats per acre, the crops are raised iu importance, and
the margin for profit is increased.

I have a letter at hand now from a North Carolina
farmer, who says: "From a piece of land that was
in clover I mowed the clover in 1S96 aud sowed the
land iu peas, and mowed twelve tons of hay from
seven acres. Turned the pea stubble iu September
and sowed oats, and made seventy-five bushels per
acre. Then applied 500 lbs. acid phosphate per acre
aud sowed peas agaiu and saved the hay. The past
fall have plowed that land with three mules, eight
inches deep, and propose to work it iu cotton next
year."

Now I will prophesy that this laud will make a big
crop of cotton, aud the hay fed to stock aud the ma-
nure resulting therefrom has paid well for the fertili-
zer used, while the land is vastly better for the grow-
ing of the legumes. Wheu a man gets his land up to
the production of seventy-five bushels of oats per acre
without an application of fertilizers, the oat crop
assumes greater importance in his eyes. So I say that,
if you want to grow cotton at the minimum cost, you
must do it by building up the laud and the production
of bigger crops of corn aud oats, aud especially bigger
crops of peas. When a man makes manure enough to
cover over one-third of his farm annually for corn,
follows this with oats, or wheat, if his land is better
for that crop, follows this with peas heavily fertilized
with acid phosphate and potash, and feeds all the corn
and peas, he will soon have his cottou crop after the
peas free from the tax of the fertilizer man : and in a
few rounds of such a rotation, he will get more cotton
and more of everything else than if he adhered to the
old gambling iu fertilizers for the sake of a sale crop.
Farm systematically if jou want to farm cheaply.
Quit the tenant cropping system and get all you can
from cash labor. Plant fewer acres in cotton and grow
more per acre. W. F. Massey.

Value of Unleached Ashes, Plaster and Salt as a
Top-Dressing.

1st. 1 have a piece of grey laud, with red subsoil,
which was plowed iu November, 1896, with an Oliver
chilled plow eight inches deep and followed with a
subsoiler four inches deep. In the spring of lt>97 it

was top dressed lightly with stable manure and 500
lbs. of guano (2,8,2,) per acre put in the drill and
planted in tobacco. The first week in October, 1897,
this land was seeded to wheat, one bushel per acre, but
the wheat has made a poor start. I wish to seed this
land in clover this spring. Please tell me what I can
top-dress this wheat with to make a good crop and at
the same time to secure a stand of clover. What do
you think of 100 lbs. each of unleached ashes, plaster
and salt per acre t

2d. Is ten cents per bushel for unleached and five
cents per bushel for leached ashes too much to pay for
them 1

3d. I have some stiff, black, bottom land which will
not grow timothy. What do you think of red top and
Fowl meadow grass (see page 15, No. 73, N. C. AgM
Ex. Station), one bushel each, for a meadow ou this
land ? This land is wet and has not fall enough to
drain it.

4th. Is it possible to drain land into a well f

G.

(1) The unleached ashes and the plaster, if the ashes
are of good quality, would make a good top-dressing,
but I would leave the salt out. The only possible use
it could be on a wheat crop would be to check the
nitrification iu too rank a soil and thereby preveut the
lodging of the wheat. As in your case there seems to
be no dauger of this, the salt may do more harm than
good. Years ago this " Holston mixture" had a great
reputation, but the good it did was rather iu spite of
the salt than by reason of it. If you have it, there is
no better top dressing for the wheat, and nothing that
will better insure the stand of clover, than a light
dressing of fine manure evenly spread over the land.

1 2) It is hard to say what ashes are worth by the
bushel. It will depend on their condition and their
analysis. If the ashes have 5 per cent, potash, they
should be cheap enough at ten cents per bushel. With
the potash leached out, they will be dear enough at
five cents per bushel.

(3) On land of this nature, the Eed top and Fowl
meadow grass are as good as any you can get.

(4) Yes ; in some localities, but not on low flat land
but little above tidewater. Basins on high land, which
hold water, can be drained frequently by means of
wells if there is a substratum of saud beneath the clay
that holds the water up. We have seen such basins
drained by sinking a well thrognh the clay subsoil to
the sand, and then rilling it with oyster shells. But
lowlands along a stream could hardly be drained into
a well. It will depend entirely on the character of
the formation as to whether this mode of draining
could be of use. W. F. Massey.

Cotton-Seed Meal — Raw Bone — Acid Phosphate.

I notice what you say in the Southern Planter about
cotton seed meal as a fertilizer. Can I afford to use it
on corn aud cow peas at $22 per ton? Which is
cheapest, raw bone at $28 per ton, guaranteed analysis

(.2

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[Febrnary

5 per ceut. auimonia and 22 per cent, phosphoric acid,
or acid phosphate at $13.50 per ton, analysis 13 per
ceut. phosphoric acid ? T.

Prince Edward Co., Ya.

To your first question I would say, No ; it will not
pay in my experience to use concentrated fertilizers
on the corn crop, particularly those whose chief value
lies in the nitrogen they contain. The peas will be
better suited by a mixture of acid phosphate and pot
ash that will cost less than the cottonseed meal. It
will pay to use cottonseed meal as the source of or-
ganic nitrogen in a complete fertilizer, and it will pay
the man who makes the cotton seed to put them back
on his land. But for the grain farmer, there is no
need for the purchase of nitrogen at all if he uses the
mineral fertilizers to grow cow peas to get the nitrogen
for him.

To your second question I would say that it will
depend to some extent on the crop to which the ferti-
lizers are to be applied. If the phosphoric acid in the
bone was as available as that in the acid phosphate,
the bone would be the cheaper of the two. But for
certain crops, and for immediate effect, it may be bet-
ter to buy the acid phosphate ; but the price you
quote is too high for an article of that analysis. Ic
should not be quite that high at the seaboard. But of
course you have to pay freight, and we cannot rate the
article at seaboard prices. It would be worth about
$12 per ton at the seaboard rates.

W. P. Massey.

Fertilizer for Tobacco.

I am a subscriber to the Southern Planter and enjoy
the reading of it very much. I notice in the January
number of the Planter " Fertilizer for Tobacco," and
I am deeply interested in that subject. I expect this
year to have about 100,000 hills iu shipping tobacco,
and I cannot use home-made manure nearly to the ex-
tent that the writer speaks of. My land for this crop
is in fair condition — about half red, the balance a
rather dark grey land. ' In the next issue of the
Southern Planter please give me a formula that will
bring me a good crop of tobacco, and the price of the
ingredients named.

Charlotte Co., Va. N. E. Hayes.

We had the past season eighteen different combina-
tions of fertilizers on tobacco, but, until the results
have been studied and the bulletin published, I cannot
give the results in print. I shall say, however, that I
believe that the following formula will grow good to-
bacco : Acid phosphate, 1,000 lbs.; dried blood, 600
lbs.; and sulphate of potash, 400 lbs. Use of this
mixture as much as you can afford, not less than 500
lbs. per acre ; and more will pay usually, particularly
if there is plenty of vegetable matter iu the soil. As
to the price of the ingredients, I will have to refer you

to the dealers in fertilizers in Richmond or your near-
est point. It would cost here about $23 per ton.

W. F. Massey.

Soja Beans.

Do you think soja beaus would keep well in a silo ?
I am feeding some now, but the stalk or stem is dry
aud hard— difficult and rather disagreeable to handle.

H.

Soja beans, when put into the silo with corn, make
most excellent silage. The excess of protein in the
beaus balances the excess of carbo-hydrates in the
corn, and the result is almost a completely balanced
ration for cows. We would like to see the crop much
more generally utilized in this way. It should be cut
for silage when the majority of the beans are in the
dough state, and there is then no loss of the leaves.
—Ed.

Cow Peas.

Please inform me if all cow peas are black peas and
all black peas cow peas. C.

All cow peas are not black peas. If our correspon-
dent will refer to our note to the article on' Millet and
Cow Peas, he will find information on this subject.
All black peas, as the term is usually used, are cow
peas. — Ed.

Soja Beans. Fertilizers.

Please inform me where soja beans can be bought
and at what price ; also let me know when to plant and
method of cultivation. Also let me know where I can
get dried blood and sulphate of potash.

J. F. Haddon.

You can get soja beans from T. W. Wood & Sons,
Richmond. Price, 60 cents per peck ; $2 per bushel.
Plant in May. Previous to that time we shall write
on the subject in The Planter. Dried blood aud sul-
phate of potash can be had from most fertilizer mer-
chants. See advertisements in our columns. — Ed.

Cow Peas. Oat Hay.

How much (in tons) hay can reasonably be expected
from an acre of cow peas'? What is the earliest safe
date on which cow peas may be sown? How much
oat hay can be expected per acre on laud of average
fertility, aud what fertilizer should be used !

J. J. K.

From two to four tons of cow pea hay is often made
per acre according to the fertility of the land. Cow
peas may be sown any time after the land has become
warm, but usually not much before May in this lati-
tude. Two tons of oat hay cau be made per acre on
laud of fair fertility. See our remarks on the oat crop
in "Work for the Month." — Ed.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

63

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE nONTH.

It is too early yet to do more thau continue prepa-
ration for spring crops except in the more Southern
States, and, perhaps, in Eastern North Carolina and
Tidewater Virginia, where some risk may be taken as
if cold weather holds off the earliness of the crops
will ensure a good price for the products. English
peas and Irish potatoes may be planted where the laud
is in good condition. In our last month's issue will
be found information on these crops, and an article on
Irish potato growing in this issue may be read with
profit.

Small sowings of early salads, such as radishes, let-
tuce and cress may be made in sheltered situations.
Fall sown lettuce may be set out, and lettuce in frames
should be pushed on.

Spinach and kale may be sown towards the end of
the month if the weather keeps mild and open.

Frames and hot beds should begot ready for raising
tomatoes, egg plants, melons and peppers, and where
provision can be made for keeping the plants growing
small sowings of tomatoes may be made.

Cabbage and cauliflower seed may be sown in cold
frames, or where they can be protected with mats in
the event of a cold spell.

Asparagus beds should be worked over and covered
with well rotted manure, and this be covered with
good soil to the depth of five or six inches.

Get manure on land to be cropped and thus save
time later. Potash and phosphate fertilizers may be
got on the land as there is no fear of these substances
leaching out of the soil, and they will be more effect-
ive as crop producers when incorporated with the soil
some time in advance of seeding the crops.

Mulch the strawberry beds. Pine tags make one of
the best mulches.

IRISH POTATO GROWING.

A series of experiments, conducted for the past three
years at the Cornell Experiment Station (N. Y. ) in
growing Irish potatoes, are very instructive as to the
requirements necessary for the successful production
of the crop. 1895 and 1896 were years in which Irish
potato growing was remarkably successful all over the

country, the yields generally being larger than almost
ever before, and this was true of the crop at Cornell.
1S97, on the other hand, was a year of general failure
of the crop, and yet at Cornell a yield of over 300
bushels to the acre was made, as against an average of
from 50 to 75 bushels per acre over the whole State.
The yield at the Experiment Station was obtained not
by the liberal use of fertilizers or manure, as two
forage crops and one corn crop had previously been
removed from the land since, the application of any
manure or fertilizer. The soil, instead of being natu-
rally more fertile than ordinary soils, has been found
by analysis to be carrying only about one-half the
total amount of plant food carried by the average soil.
Prof. Roberts says : " The satisfactory results obtained
can only be ascribed to the cultivation and treatment
given." What this cultivation and treatment was we
now propose to state, as given in the bulletin describ-
ing the crop.

Preparation of the Land.

After the removal of the 1896 crop, the land was
plowed and sown to oats and peas as a cover crop.
This cover crop prevented loss of plant food during
the fall and winter, and returned some organic matter
to the soil. Owing to the gravelly nature of the laud,
this cover crop is considered of some importance.
Besides preventing waste of plant food by leaching, it
restores humus to the soil and assists materially in
conserving moisture and in keeping the soil in proper
physical condition.

The plowing was done April 2d and 3d, as early in
the spring as the conditions of the soil would permit.
Before planting, the Acme harrow was used frequently,
the soil being in this way brought to a superior condi-
tion of tilth. It should be noticed that the land was
plowed early and was thereafter frequently stirred
until the time of planting. The Acme harrow kept
the surface loose and thus established a soil mulch
which prevented the stores of moisture from being
wasted by evaporation.

Planting the Potatoes.

All plats were planted May 7. The rows were
marked off at distances of forty inches and opened to
a depth of about four inches with a double mouldboard
plow. The seed was dropped one piece in a place and
at distances of fourteen inches in the row. The pota-
toes selected for seed were large marketable ones, free
from scab, and in every respect as perfect as could be
secured. In cutting, care was taken to have one or
two strong eyes to each piece and to have each piece
of good size. While some growers have made use of
parings, or have simply removed the eye or bud of the
tubers for seed, and others have used, for the same
purpose, small potatoes year after year, neither prac-
tice can be recommended. The potato is naturally a
perennial, and the parent plant stores up in the tubers
the readily available food which is designed to start

64

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

the young plant of next season's growth, if. then, the

raply are used, the plants are ham-

. ami. unless the reason is favorable,

< v able to overcome the effects oi the unfavor-

able conditions under which they were started. The

■ mid be cut into pieces of good size and each

.in from one to two strong buds or
On the experimental grounds, to besore that

me amount of covering was given to each plat,
the covering was dene by band. But iu ordinary farm

• e, the work should be done by machinery. The
following plan is recommended : Open the rows deeply
and wide with a double uionldboard plow or a shovel
plow. If commercial fertilizer is to be applied, dis
tribute it in the bottom of the fnrrow aud thoroughly
rate it with the soil. This thorough mixing
with the soil is of importance, for. should the seed be
put directly upon the fertilizer, it is possible the bud
would be weakened, if not killed. Drop the seed in

ittom of the furrow, one piece in a place, and

Lfl inches apart iu the row. Cover

by menus of the double mouldboard plow or the shovel

plow, breaking open the middle of the space between

ind covering the potatoes deeply. This will

the land in ridges with the furrows between the
rows of potatoes. Iu fi oin five to six days after plant-
ing, with a smoothing or spike tooth harrow, level the
surface of the pound.

This thorough stirring of the soil by means of plow
and harrow does much toward bringing it into good
physical condition. One reason why many farmers
rind it necessary to hill their potatoes is because the
ground has not been made thoroughly mellow, and the
potatoes, in expanding, naturally find their way toward
the direction of least resistance. This is toward the
surface, and the hilling operation is resorted to because
of the. failure to properly fit the laud previous to
planting. The harrowing of the laud before the pota-

e up docs much toward putting the surface soil
in excellent condition. The spring rains, which usu-
ally follow potato planting, pack the soil aud form
more or less of a crust ou the surface. The harrow
breaks this crust, destroys any weeds which may be
appearing, draws the clods and stones which may be
directly over the row into the furrow between rows.

ently two or three harrowings may lie given be-
fore the potatoes are up. aud where the planting has
been done iu drills, so that the after tillage can be
given iu only one direction, much labor may be saved
if the weeds are destroyed by means of the harrow.

Thereafter tillage should be frequent and with imple-
ments which will leave the land as nearly level as
snltB have been secured by stirring
the soil with a fine tooth implement every ten to twelve

and coin inning the operation until the vines

■ grown as to render further culture harmful.
It will be found that the vines have th^n formed a
complete shade for the ground, so the necessity for
further cultivation has largely ceased.

In 1895, the largest 5 ield produced under this system
of treatment was 415 bushels to the acre. In 1896, the
yield was 360 bushels to the acre. In 1897, the
yield was 384 bushels to the acre. Ob a portion
of the land, one acre in extent, where 314 bushels of
potatoes had been harvested in 1896, potato)
agaiu planted in 1897. Previous to 1896, this land
had been subjected to a regular four years' rotation of

wheat, meadow, corn and oats. Iu the fall of
light application of strawy manure was applied, aud
then the straw was all raked off in the spring before
plowing the land for potatoes. The yield in 1S96 was
314 bushels. Without any additional manure or fer-
tilizer, the land was again planted to potatoes in 1S07.
and a yield of L'7-'< bushels obtained from the acre.
Five cultivations and four sprayings were given, the
first three spra\ ings being with Bordeaux mixture and
Paris green and the last spraying being with Bordeaux
mixture alone. This field was somewhat neglected
owing to the wet August, aud the weeds were per-
mitted to grow. While it was late in the season when
the weeds were allowed to grow, there is no question
but what the yield of potatoes was materially decreased
by them. To see what effect weediug would have,
four rows were cleaned of the large weeds by hand,
and it was found upon harvesting that the wetding
had increased the yield at the rate of 30 bushels per
acre. The whole potato field should have been kept
perfectly clean of weeds until the time of harvesting.
A souice of material loss to the potato crop is fre-
quently due to the fact that, in late summer aud early
fall, the weeds are allowed to grow.

These experiments would seem conclusively to dem-
onstrate the advantages of deep aud perfect prepara-
tion of the land before planting, level and frequent
cultivation during the growth of the crop, and the
systematic use of spraying with Bordeaux mixture
and Paris green to keep down and destroy blight and
the potato bugs, and are deserving of the careful atten-
tion of every Irish potato raiser.

A NEW STRAWBERRY

We are indebted to Messrs. Thompson's Sons, of
Rio Vista, Ya.. for the illustration of the •Earliest"
strawberry. This berry, they say, is a seedling of
Michel's Early, has a perfect bloom, and is a number
of days earlier than its parent. It is a beautiful scar-
let color and round in shape. In flavor, it is one of
the very finest of the tart berries. The plant is a
rampant grower, withstands the drouth better than
almost auy other variety, and is much more produc-
tive than the parent ; and two aud three year old beds
are much more productive than the one year beds.
Mr. A. I. Root, of Medina, Ohio, says the past season

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEEN PLANTER

65

it ripened with him fully two weeks earlier than
Michel's Early. At the New York Experiment Sta-
tion in 1S9G, it produced a greater per cent, of its
crop earlier than any other variety. In the same year,
the Michigan Experiment Station reported it several
days ahead of any other variety, showing that, not
ouly in the South was ''Earliest" early, but in the
North and Northwest also. It makes very long roots,
which enable it to stand drouth, and seems to succeed
everywhere.

ENGLISH PEAS.

What are English peas? Are we not propagating a
misleading word — a misnomer? There are no such
things as English peas in this country. If we want a
distinguishing name, why not call them garden peas,
in contradistinction to stock peas? The best peas in this
country are those which have originated here. Peas
of English growth do not do well in this country. The
Champion of England almost always mildews, and
others of foreign growth do not do as -well as our own
improved kinds. The Alaska is an extra early and,
in fact, the earliest and the best for early markets.
Height of viues, two feet. Being low growing, they
can he planted two and a half feet apart betweeu rows
and quite thick in the rows. No fertilizer is needed
to grow them on any soil of moderate fertility. The
next thing I will expect to see a formula of a good fer-
tilizer to grow stock peas. Now almost everyone
knows that the stock pea is a renovator of worn-out
lauds. The garden pea belongs to the same class as
the stock pea. Both of these plants gain the most of
their nutrition from the atmosphere, and leave the
land in better condition than when they found it.
Peas and beans should not be deeply planted. The
old rule says four times the diameter of the seed.
One inch deep for garden seed should be the rule in
any sort of soil. Many peas are thrown away every
year by deep planting. A cold, wet spell, with peas
and beans in the ground five inches deep, will rot the
most of them, as I have tried to my loss. A trucker
planting the old fashioned Dan'l O'Eourke is behind
the times, when there are so many varieties so far ahead
in productiveness. Keep up with the times should
be the farmers motto. He should be always experi-
menting with all the new things which are coming out,
yet in a small way, thus finding out for himself that
which is good. A writer in your January number,
under the heading "English Peas," says that "the
land should be well plowed." What does that mean ?
This is a sentence which would mean most anything.
"And the fertilizer be then sown broadcast and be well
turned in" — this sentence follows. How would it "be
well turned in " after the plowing ? Any soil of mode-
rate fertility is a good soil for the gardeu pea, whether
it is a clay loam or a sandy loam. It requires no fer-
tilizer. But it does require a depth of not more than
one inch deep, and it requires two or three moderate
hillings at each working, with shallow, flat cultivation
between the rows. I write as a gardener with many
years experience.
Jefferson Co., Mo. F. K. Steele.

The name "English peas" is a well and widely-un-

derstood name for a particular variety of pea, and
under that name this particular pea is always described
in the seedsmen's catalogue. It may be somewhat of
a misnomer at this day ; but seeing that the place of
origin was England, is certainly not as great a misno-
mer as "Irish potatoes," seeing that the place of
origin of this crop was America. To call them garden
peas would be equally a misuomer, as they "are now
grown very largely as a field crop for stock feeding,
especially in the North and Northwest, and to some
considerable extent even in this section of the South.
On the question of the variety to sow, whilst agreeing
with our correspondent as to the desirability of test-
ing new varieties, we yet maintaiu that the most im-
proved strains of "Dan'l 0*Rourke" are as good as
many of the so called newer varieties. The old Dan'l
O'Eourke was the originator of most of these. They
are merely improved varieties by selection. We must
take issue with our correspondent on the point that
English peas should not be. sown deeply and do not
need any fertilizer of any kind. We have been grow-
ing English peas for thirty- five years or more, and
have tried both deep and shallow planting. Our ex-
perience, and we believe it is that of nearly every
grower, is that deep planting is the best. We have
6een a crop of peas, sown with oats for fodder, com-
pletely lost from being seeded along with the oats and
merely harrowed in, whilst where the peas were first
sown and plowed down, and then the oats seeded on
the top and harrowed in, a magnificent crop resulted.
In Tidewater Virginia, where thousands of bushels
of peas are grown for the Northern market every year,
the practice is to cover the seed deeply, that is. say
with from four to five iuches of soil. If this is not
done the crop almost invariably suffers from drouth
and is cut short. The idea that peas, either garden or
stock peas, take their support almost entirely from the
atmosphere is a most erroneous one. Like all the le
guminous crops they take their nitrogen largely from
the atmosphere ; but the mineral requirements, in the
way of phosphoric acid and potash, are taken from the
soil, and if these constituents are not present in the soil
the crop will fail. Only a month or two ago we had a
complaint from a correspondent that he had been en-
deavoriug to improve his land solely with the use of
cow peas, by growing the crop year after year in suc-
cession. When he first started the peas flourished and
made a good crop, but after three years they failed en-
tirely, each year after the first being less successful.
We pointed out to him that the cause of the failure
was the exhaustion of the available phosphoric acid
and potash in the soil. Supply these and the crops
will grow. All the leguminous crops require for their
successful growth large supplies of phosphoric acid
and potash. This is seen from an analysis of their

66

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[February

composition. English peaa have a larger content of The yellow bug often attacks the young running
phosphoi ic acid and potash iu their composition than ' vines in the bud. A sure remedy in this trouble is
any Other vegetable crop, except beans. They can found in flowers of sulphur, simply sifted lightly but
only get this from the soil and the fertilizer supplied uniformly into the hud, and all insects will flee in dis-
to tin- soil. In using the term " well plowed," we in- 'may. Old soil from the smokehouse floor, usually
tended to mean that the laud should all be plowed and saturated with salt, sugar and molasses, when sprinkled
be plowed deeply ; not merely as is so often done iu the around the roots of vines about ready to bear, will add
South — the place or row where the peas ought to be flavor and richuess to the melons. Old seeds, if kept

planted plowed, and that done only to the depth of
two or three inches. We see no difficulty in " turning
in " the fertilizer after it has been spread broadcast on
the land after the plowing. It can be done either by
cross plowing with a one-horse plow, or, what is bet-
ter, by being worked iu with a cultivator. To be use
ful to the crop it must he well mixed with the soil, so
as to prevent it coming into contact with the seed in
quantity in its crude state. — Ed.

dry and sound, are preferable to fresh ones, even to
ten years old it is said. Jahes A. Bethuxe.

WATERMELON GROWINQ.

Editor Southern Planter:

I saw in your January number Mr. Lipscomb's re
quest for suggestions on the raising of watermelons.
I recently met a citizen of Loudoun county, Va., who

WINTER TREATflENT FOR SAN JOSE SCALE
DESTRUCTION.

All our experience leads us to believe that the dor-
mant season is the proper time for the application of
washes for this insect. I might also add that inspect-
ion work can \>e done with more certainty when the
plants are bare of foliage, consequently the late fall
and winter season is the I est time for growers to ex-
amine their fruit trees and other plants. It will rarely
occur that old orchards are yet infested in this State.
Hence examination ought to be directed first to young
plantations aud if these are found infested then old
trees iu the vicinity ought also to be examined.

Treatment for Young Orchard*. The first step should
be to carefully determine what plants are infested and
mark these for special treatment. If the case is one

told me that he usually tries to raise a few watermelons _

for his own use. hut that he generally meets with dis- 1 of young orchard' plants, set within two or three years
of the striped yellow

appointment at the "hands'
bugs.

I give briefly of my own successful experience:
The land should he a well drained sandy loam. Dig
holes 12 to 15 inches deep a month or so before plant-
ing time ; fill the holes about two thirds up with corn
cobs, corn stubble, or something of a spongy nature
that will absorb much moisture in the wet season and
yield the moisture to the growing vines in the dry
When this filling has become soaked with the
rains to within a few days of planting time, or before
the drying winds set iu. fill the holes to the top with
well rotted manure of any kind, and cover lightly
with soil. Xo fresh stable manure should be used.

When planting the seeds, open a shallow bed in the
top soil, and after covering the seed evenly press the
hoe firmly on the covering soil, as the closer the soil
lies to the seeds the more promptly aud vigorously will
the latter germinate. Where there is danger of " bak-
ing," this may be fully overcome by using the •• lob-
lolly plan." Thus : when opening the seed-bed. poor
in a gill or so of water, deposit the seed on it, aud in-
stantly the water will soak into the ground, leaving
ds onadamp surface; cover with dry earth,
6 hoe on, and they will never stop at all in the
process of sprouting, but will be op before an j baking
can take place. As the vines grow, the root- will
seek the water supply below, and they will
green and vigorous for a long time.

past, they should be cut back so as to leave only the
stubs of the main branches one to two feet long, and
then the plant should be thoroughly washed by haud
with the soap preparation and this should be repeated
in the spring before growth starts. Care should be
taken to remove any rough bark on the trunk and any
obstructions about base of the plants so that every
part may be reached with the wash. Sprouts about
the base of the plant should be carefully removed.
All trees in the same plantation ought then, as a pre-
cautionary measure, to be sprayed with the soap pre-
paration after such pruning as seems necessary has
been attended to. I now believe that pure kerosene
can be safely used on all the hardy fruit trees, but for
fear of serious results am not willing to recommend it
in the hands of untraiued persons when the soap wash
promises good results. If kerosene is used on young
orchaids do not prune before Spraying.

Treatment for Old Orchards. If old orchard treesare
infested, the probability of clearing out the pest is not
at all promising. But if the trees are valuable and
have not been seriously injured, the attempt is worth
while. They should first be judiciously pruned, but
large wounds avoided, the trunk and branches should
be cleared of rough bark and especially the sprouts
and any trash removed from around the base of the
tree. Then for all orchard fruits, except peach and
cherry, spray with pure kerosene, using great care to
only moisten the bark. The tree must be washed, every
twig and branch, but do not put on enough oil to run
down the stem and collect about the base. If a baud
of any sort is placed about the tree, or if the oil col-
lects about the base of the trunk, damage is almost
einain I cortiin to result. The great desideratum is to just
I moisten the plant all over aud then permit rapid evap-

IW8.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

6T

oration Consequently the spraj j > ■ — should lie done
on a bright, icarm day and when the plants are perfectly dry.
It might be well to spray trees treated with kerosene
in the fall or early winter, with a soap wash in the
spring. I recommend kero.seue for old orchards be-
cause I am satisfied soap washes are not efficient unless
trees can be pruned down severely aud washed by
hand. If some trees are destroyed this will still be a
lesser evil than to permit this pest to go on unchecked.

Peach and cherry trees are excepted from the above
recommendations, because thus far results are con-
flicting. I advise using the soap wash on these trees
both fall and spring as for young orchard trees How-
ever, I would certainly try kerosene on old peach trees
if I had occasion to treat them.

Treatment for Small Fruits. Shrubbery, etc. For all
this class of plants, I would cut away the entire top
unless there be danger of destroying the plant, and
then treat the stools thoroughly with soap wash as for
young orchards. If shade trees or large shrubbery
are infested where it is not best to cut away the tops.
treat as for larger plants.

Washes. The soap wash should be made by dis
solving two pounds of fish oil soap or so called ''whale
oil soap," in one gallon of water. It is absolutely neces-
sary that a potash soup be used as soda soaps cannot be
kept in solution at this strength aud are not so efficient
as the former. The manufacturer should be required
to guarantee his soap to meet the requirements as to
strength and solubility. This wash should be used
warm if possible and preferably on a wai in day. Leg
gett & Brother, druggists, New York city, and Jaine>
Good, Philadelphia, Penn., are manufacturers of fish
oil soaps.

When kerosene is used, it should be purchased by
the barrel and of a grade not lower than 120° flash
test. Low grades are more dangerous to plants than
high grades. Forty gallous of kerosene will spray
three hundred to four hundred trees, depending on
size, and ought not to cost over ten cents a gallon in
barrel quantities. This does not make it a very ex
pensive treatment. It should always be used ou a
bright, warm day when the plants are dry and just as
little applied as can be made to wet properly every
part of the plant.

Wm, B. Alwood, Entomologist.

Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va.

PRACTICAL SPRAYING TESTS.

The good effect of spraying fruit trees is well brought
out in a report made by the Ontario Department of
Agriculture, covering experiments followed last sea
son. For the third year in succession practical in-
struction in spraying was given at various places in
the province, being continued last year under the di
rection of W. M. Orr, of Fruitland, a successful
grower of wide experience. He selected 29 orchards
in various parts of Ontario, providing each with a
cheap but practical spraying outfit. Three men with
experience in spraying were selected to visit these
orchards, performing the operation at certain fixed
dates. Notice was sent in advance to all interested,
and much good work was thus performed in this edu
cational line. The sprayers repeated the work until
seven successive applications had been made. In or
der to find out what the owners of the orchards
thought of the results of the spraying, and to deter

mine as to the possibility of continuing the instruc-
tion in 189S, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, C. C.
James sent special inquiries to all orchardists, aud
their replies point to universal satisfaction in the
work.

The testimony of these fruit-growers includes the
following : E. E Luton, of St. Thomas, I consider
spraying a most decided success financially; I received
$2.50 per barrel for my apples, or 15 cents above any
others in this section, the majority selling at $1.50 or
$1.85, realizing twice as much money from the sprayed
trees as from the unsprayed. A. C. Sussex, Bothwell,
from the trees sprayed 75 per cent, first class, un-
sprayed not more than 5 per cent. W. E. Hooper,
Lucan, my crop was far above the average in this lo-
cality, and fruit the best I ever raised, perfectly free
from worms ; applied the solution to small fruit as
well as the trees. Norman MrPherson, Kincardine,
the Snow apple trees that were sprayed realized $4
each, those not sprayed nothing, as the fruit was
scarcely worth picking ; Northern Spys fully 50 per
cent, better through spraying. George Dixon, Port
Arthur, sprayed trees 70 per cent, good apples, those
not sprayed only 10 per cent. W. A. Warner, Tren-
ton, apple-packers say the fruit obtained from my trees
which were sprayed was the finest they had packed —
especially Spys Snows, Worthies, aud Baldwins. I
have 2,500 trees, and intend to spray everything in
my orchard next year ; am satisfied that if I had
sprayed all the past year I would have obtained $500
more than I did.

MIDWINTER GARDENING.

It is customary at this season of the year, with all
prudent gardeners, to note the results of last year's
operations, as a guide for the future. Every gardener
should have a note book of experience, particularly in
our country, with its vast area of extent, and where
there is such a contrast in the character of soil, and
where situations in close proximity are otten so varia-
ble that different methods must be employed in culti-
vation. But what is still more important is that more
care and selection is required than in almost any other
country. It is often noticed that a variety that can be
perfectly grown in one locality grows but imperfectly,
if at all. in close proximity It is a well known fact that
there is not a soil or situation that will not produce
some vegetable forms, and that in any given .-oil some
varieties will do better than others. Hence the im-
portance of selecting such as do the best. For in
stance, on a thin soil it is folly to grow the long varie-
ties of carrots, but if the soil is rich aud properly pre-
pared, just as many bushels per acre can be obtained
by growing the half long or stump- varieties, and it is
so much less work to harvest them.

PRUNING.

Winter pruning should be done carefully, removing
as few of the large limbs and as little healthy wood
as possible ; bnt do uot fear to open the tree so that
no limbs cross, and so that daylight will flow freely
through in every direction. Three barrels of first-class
fruit can be quickly gathered, easily marketed, aud
will bring more money than twice that number of in-
ferior stock. Do not fear to cut. Then scrape away
all dead or weak, small limbs, rough hark; and, as far
as possible, leave only healthy wood and an occasional
strong "sucker" to fill the head.

«.«

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

Live Stock and Dairy.

HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE.

At last, there appears to be a prospect of these
hitherto incurable diseases and causes of such fearful
loss comiug under control. The Bureau of Animal
Industry, as a result of the experiments iuitiated by
Secretary Wilson in Iowa, has committed itself to the
conclusion that inoculation with au antitoxin serum
has both a preventive and curative action. In exper-
iments made in Iowa last fall, in herds of hogs num
bering 244 head, 88 were sick and 39 died. The per
cent, of loss in the herds treated, in which the disease
existed, was 17 per cent., while in untreated herds,
observed during the same time, the loss was 35 per
cent. Dr. Salmon is of opinion that a better quality
of serum can be prepared, and seems satisfied that by
the use of this serum the loss need not run above 15
to 20 per cent. Secretary Wilson will ask Congress
for an appropriation to enable the Department of Ag-
riculture to furnish serum for at least 2,000,000 inocu-
1, it ions during the next year. The Department of Ag-
riculture will prepare the serum, and it takes about
three or four months to put a horse or cow iD condi-
tion to furnish the same. The serum is made in the
same way as the antitoxin of diphtheria, a horse or
cow being inoculated with repeated doses of the germs
of the disease until high resistance is produced. The
blood of the animal, thus rendered immune, is inocu-
lated under the skin of the hog, one dose being suffi
cient. The preseut cost is about 10 cents per dose.

OLEOMARGARINE.

We are glad to see that Senator Kee/.ell has intro-
duced and carried through the Senate of Virginia a
bill to compel dealers to sell oleomargarine as "oleo-
margarine," and not as butter, in Virginia, and to
label it distinctly, so that no one can be deceived.
We trust that the House of Delegates will also pass
the bill, and that it will become a law during the pres-
ent session. The bill was defeated in the last Legisla-
ture ti rough a technical defect in form. In several
States, the makers of oleomargarine are required to
color the product pink, so as to distinguish it at sight
from butter, and such laws have been declared consti
(rational, but we have never thought it right to ask for
or approve of such legislation. It seems to us that to
compel the introduction of pink-coloring matter into
oleomargarine is to do as much injustice to the maker
of that compound as he has been and is doing to the
maker of genuine butter in palming off his product as
butter. Justice should be even handed, or it is not
justice. Let each product stand on its own merits, if

it has any, and make it certain that each purchaser
and consumer can ascertain that he is getting what he
pays for. This is what Senator KeezelFs bill does, and
it ought to have the support of every farmer.

QUARANTINE AGAINST TUBERCULOUS COWS.

The authorities of Pennsylvania have given notice
that no cows will be admitted into that State for
breeding or milking purposes unless accompanied
with a certificate from a proper veterinary authority
that they have been tested and found not to be infect-
ed with tuberculosis. If cows are brought into Penn-
sylvania without such a certificate, they will be placed
in quarantine and tested by the State authority, and
if found infected, will not be allowed to be removed
except for slaughter, nor will milk be allowed to be
sold from such cows. As many farmers in the Valley
aud Northern Virginia have been in the habit of sell-
ing breeding cattle aud milk cows to Pennsylvania, it
will be well for them to take note of this regulation.
Dr. E. P. Niles, of the Experiment Station at Blacks-
burg, is the proper officer to apply to in this State, to
test cows for tuberculosis, and whose certificate will be
accepted in Pennsylvania.

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF
LIVE STOCK.

A " No Fence " Law a Necessity.

The successful breeding, rearing and keeping of live
stock of all kinds being of paramount necessity, if sue
cess is to be attained on the farm, whether that farm
be in the South, North, or West, makes it a matter of
prime importance to every farmer that the States
should provide for scientific expert officers to exer-
cise control in the event of any contagious or infec-
tious disease attacking stock, and especially is this
important in the South, where Texas or splenetic fever
is indigenous, and certain to cause loss until exter-
minated. That this disease can be exterminated from
Virginia we are satisfied, if only the farmers, stock-
men and Legislature will work together in harmony
with the State veterinarian. The accomplishment of
this end is worth much sacrifice of present conditions,
as it would mean millions to the State in the near
future. How this end can be brought about will be
apparent from a perusal of the report of the Veterina-
rian, which we here publish.

REPORT.

The work of controling contagious and infections diseases du-
ring the year 1897, in the State, has been pursued in much the
same manner as last year. There have been but few calls for
the tuberculin test, thus limiting the work mainly to Texas cat-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

69

tie fever. This alone has involved a great deal of work, requir-
ing the greater portion of one man's time during the quarantine
season, notwithstanding the foot that the Federal authorities
located at Richmond and Norfolk have rendered valuable aid.
Some opposition by those who will not he convinced of the
"' tick theory" has been met with, but on the whole stock-own
era, especially those residing above the quarantine line, have
appreciated the value of the work. It has, however, been utterly
impossible to secure the co-operation of county boards of super-
visors, with the exception of one or two instances. It is scarcely
necessary to discuss in this report the validity of the theory
that the cattle tick is the currier of the disease ; since the theory-
was discussed in the last annual reportof the State veterinarian,
and the correctness of this has been proven by the United States
Department of Agriculture in Virginia and many other experi-
ment stations While there may be scientific points relating to
the disease, which will require years of careful investigation to
determine, enough lias been repeatedly demonstrated to enable
those engaged in the work to practically stamp the disease from
the land if the proper co-operation of all parties concerned could
be had.

As a result of the act entitled "an act to provide for the
protection of domestic animals," etc., sixty-three counties in
Virginia were freed from Federal quarantine in 1896, leaving
during that year thirty -six counties in quarantine, most of which
were b idly infested with the cattle tick. In 1897,1 recommended
as a r< suit of my work in 1896 that six and one-half of these
counties, (viz., Accomac, Northampton, Princess Anne, Eliza-
beth City, Warwick, Norfolk, and the north half of Franklin
county,) he released from quarantine. This the Federal authori-
ties readily agreed to. Two others, Prince Edward and Char-
lotte, would also have been released, but co-operation could not
be had with the boards of supervisors of these counties. The
work of stamping out the disease by extermination of the tick,
under the present system, must necessarily be purely educa-
tional, which is entirely too slow for practical results, and under
this system there will always be more or less tendency to vio-
lations of the law. In lS9rj, however, there was no trouble in
this direction, but owing to the great demand for stock cattle
there have been several violations during the season just passed.
And this has been the history all along the Federal quarantine
line throughout the United States, from the Atlantic coast to
the Pacific. In carrying out the provisions of this law care has
been taken to work as little hardship as possible, and only such
rules and regulations have been adopted as were absolutely ne-
cessary to protect the live stock industry of the State.

Before the beginning of this work frequent outbreaks of
Texas fever occurred in all parts of the State, but during the
year 1896 there was not a single outbreak of the disease with
the exception of a small outbreak in Carroll and Albemarle
counties, as a result of ticks having been introduced there in
previous years. This year, 1S97, the only outbreaks of the dis-
ease above the quarantine line were confined to Loudoun and
Clarke counties, in all probability due to violations of the law.
Violations have been about equally distributed between Vir
ginia and North Carolina people. At the beginning of the sea-
son this State only quarantined against that portion of North
Carolina which was under Federal quarantine, but in the latter
part of September, cattle, many of which wete infested with
ticks, were being sent into Virginia in such great numbers from
western North Carolina that it became evident that the quar-
antine was not being observed in that State, and that Georgia
cattle were being driven into western North Carolina and ship-
ped as non-quarantined cattle. Therefore, for the protection of
Virginia stock-owners, the following not'ee was issued by the
board of control, and the Governor's proclamation asked for:

Office Board of Control,
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station,

Blacksburg, Va., Sept. 27, 1897.
/'. Transportation Companies, Stock Men and Other*:

In view of the fact that cattle infested with fever ticks are
being transported to the State of Vii ginia from that portion of
Nerth Carolina not under Federal quarantine, and in view of
the heavy losse3 likely to result to Virginia stock-owners from
the distribution in Virginia of such North Carolina cattle, notice
is hereby given thai on and after October 1st. 1897, no cattle
from any portion of North Carolina will be allowed to enter the
State of Virginia until the 15th day of November, 1897, except
for immediate slaughter; and when so entering the State, snid

cattle shall be subject to the same rules and regulations govern-
ing the transportation of all quarantine cattle.

E. P. Niles, J. M. McBryde,

State Veterinarian. Secretary.

This notice at once aroused the North Carolina authorities to
the importance of rigidly enforcing their quarantine rules and
regulations, and with assurances from the authorities of that
State, the Board of Control at once issued the following order
releasing its former quarantine, thus making it unnecessary for
the Governor of Virginia to issue his proclamation.

Office of Board of Control,
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station,

Blacksburg, Va., Oct. 7, 1897.
To Transportation Companies, Stock Men and Others:

Whereas the authorities of North Carolina have taken steps
to rigidly enforce the quarantine rules and regulations of that
State ;

And whereas said authorities have pledged this board that
the introduction of tick infested cattle into Virginia from North
Carolina will not Ijc repeated ;

And whereas the stock-owners of Western North Carolina
have signified their intention to form themselves into an a so-
riatioi, to guard against future violations of the quarantine rules
and regulations, notice is hereby given that the order of this
Boaid, dated September 27, 1897, quarantining against all North
Carolina cattle, is hereby revoked, and cattle from that portion
of North Carolina nol under Federal quarantine will be allowed
to enter the State of Virginia without restriction, unless other-
w ise ordered.

E. P. Niles, J. M. McBryde,

>'/,./, \',u rh ■ Secretary.

As stated above, the work of exterminating the cattle tick
must, under the present system be purely educational. This is
too slow for practical purposes, and more efficient methods
should be authorized by the Legislature. County boards of su-
pervisors have the power to establish a so-called "no-fence"
law, but it is impossible to get these boards to co-operate ; only
one board responding to our call for such action.

I, therefore, urgently recommend that the present Legislature
enact a law, establishing a "no-fence" law in all of the coun-
ties below the quarantine line in which the law does not now
exist.

Counties which at one time were badly infected with ticks
are now-, a? a result of the establishment of such a law, practi-
cally free from them ; for example, Prince Edward, Norfolk and
Princess Anne counties. The no-fence law operates in the ex-
termination of ticks by preventing the intermingling of cattle ;
and as the pastures are shifted from one portion of the farm to
another the ticks on such farms soon become extinct. Even at
the present time numerous farms can be cited in badly tick-
infested counties, which are entirely free from the tick pest for
no other reason than that the owners do not allow tattle from
the commons to enter their farms nor allow their eattle to run
on the commons.

Although the owner of such a farm may use every precaution
against intrusion by tick-infested cattle, such cattle will occa-
sionally break into his pasture, resulting in heavy losses to the
farmer' who is endeavoring to keep his cattle free from ticks.
In view of this fact, there can be no justice in allowing tick-
infested cattle to run at large, scattering disease wherever they
go. It is true that the present law purports the prohibition of
the running at large of ticky cattle, provided the owner of such
cattle is aware that his cattle are infested with ticks: but if
legal action be brought against such parties the plea will inva-
riablv he ignorance of the infection of the cattle ; while on the
other hand county officers will make no effort to enforce this
clause of the law which, without their co-operation, cannot be
enforced. Therefore, it is of the greatest importance, in justice
to the greater number of stock-raisers, that a no-fence law be
established bv the Legislature. With such a law in full force
in the tick-infested counties the cattle tick will soon be a thing
of the past in Virginia, and the entire State would, in a short,
time, be released from both Federal and State quarantine. I
am aware that such a measure will meet with strong opposition
on the plea that great hardship will be forced upon thi
class of people : but if these will not keep their cattle free from
ticks, have they any reasonable grounds for asking that their
cattle be allowed to run at large and be the direct cause of kill
ing hundreds of their neighbors' cattle',' And, furthermore, he

JO

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February'

the direct cause of keeping a large portion of the State under
quarantine and running the risk of throwing the entire State
under Federal quarantine?

This is a matter which appeals to every one interested in the
■k industry, and should have the closest attention of all

Cot. •.Til. .1.

For the past two years the United States Department of Ag-
riculture has been experimenting with various methods .if dip-
•!■• for the destruction of ticks, and from the results ob-
tained during the past summer it is hoped that in the near fu-
ture dipping vats may he placed at various points along the line
of traffic in order that cattle may In- transported to various
Northern points without the present restrictions. If this method
of destroying ticks proves successful, we eball endeavor to have
a dipping station located in this State.

In reference to tuberculosis, our work in 1S9G demonstrated
disease existed to a great extent among the dairy and
: herds of this State, and that in nearly all cases the
could In- traced to the importation of tuberculous ani-
mals from other States, mainly from the North.

In order to protect the breeders and dairymen of this State
from the importation of such diseased cattle, the Board of Con-
trol passed resolutions in December, 1896, after obtaining the
opinion of the Attorney-General as to its power in such matters,
prohibiting the importation of such cattle into the State for
dairv or breeding purposes, unless accompanied by a certificate
from n qualified veterinarian, showing that such cattle were free
fr.ni tuberculosis as shown by the tuberculin test. The Gov-
ernor was notified of this action of the Board, December 12th,
1896, and requested to issue his proclamation as provided for
in section 4 of the act, which he refused to do on the ground
that such action would create too great a hardship on cattle-
owners. The hardship thus created on the Northern cattle
dealers, who are constantly sending our breeders and dairymen
tuberculous cattle, thus infecting their herds and endangering
the lives of our citizens who use the milk of such animals, is
not to be compared to the injustice done Virginians by failure
to protect them.

Many of the Northern States are taking active steps towards
curintr their herds of tuberculosis, and as a result many of their
tuberculous cattle are being introduced into Virginia herds.

The following are the rules and regulations governing the
transportation of cattle from the quarantine area, which apply
only to Splenetic or Texas cattle fever :

(These regulations are published elsewhere in this
issue, and are therefore not here repeated — Ed.)

As stateil before, there has been considerable teudency on the
part of Virginia ami North Carolina cattle dealers to violate
les and regulations during the past season, due mainly
to the greal demand for stock cattle. One North Carolina partv
violated the rules by the direct advice of the Mayor of one of
Virginia's most prominent cities, and when a warrant was
sworn out against the party this same Mavor promptlv dis
missed the warrant anil deliberately released the cattle" from
quarantine by police force. The efiect of such illegal action on
other would be violators needs no comment.

Legal action has also been taken in other violations, but at
this writing the cases are pending in the courts.

inuanoe of such action as that taken by the Mavor of
Portsmouth, and the slowness with which the 'courts operate,
cannot belp but lie an obstacle in the way of a rigid enforce-
ment of this act. E. P. Nii.Es,

Stale Veterinarian.

We regret to see that there is not yet that apprecia
tion of the value of the work done by the Veterinarian
which ought to prevail, nor is there that co operation
by the State authorities which is necessary to the ac-
complishment of success. The Legislature, too, is lack
ing in enacting the necessary laws. This, we think,
arises more from ignorance than from intent. If the
General Assembly could by inspection of the map of
the State see how clearly it is possible to point out the

counties having a "no fence" Law by the absence in

such counties of infected areas, we cannot think but
that it would at once enact a " no fence" law for the
whole State. With such a law duly enforced we be
lieve that in three year's time the whole State could
be taken permanently out of quarantine aud the loss
of thousands of dollars every year to the farmers be
saved and such an impetus be given to raising and
feeding of live stock as would be worth millions to our
people. The day when staple crops can be grown for
sale at a large profit is gone by never to return. They
must be converted largely on the farm into a more
concentrated and higher priced product, in order to be
profitably produced, and the making of this product
must be the so uce largely from which the fertility of
the farm is to be maintained and enhanced. Only by
i he keeping of live stock can this pnd be reached, and
it is therefore of absolute necessity that laws should be
enacted and enforced making the keeping of live stock
iu a state of health not only possible, but reasonably
certain, and it is the interest of every one in the State
to co operate in this work.

SHITHFIELD HAMS.

In response to numerous requests for information as
to how the celebrated Smithfield hams are fed and
cured, we republish the followiug article from our
July issue of 189 7 :

The celebrated " Smithfield ham " gets its name from the lit-
tle town of Smithfield, which is located on Pagan Creek, about
thirty miles from Norfolk. Va. About one hundred vears ago
a gentleman by the name of Todd began to cure that meat —
that is. hams and bacon — from the almost wild hogs that were
allowed to run semi-wild in the extensive forests surrounding
Smithfield.

The fame of the hams thus produced spread; consequently
the business of producing hams extended. The business has
descended from one generation to another, and has been per-
fected until the only rival to the Smithfield ham is the celebrated
Westphalia ham. which is considered by many to be inferior to
this product.

There are numerous producers of the genuine Smithfield
hams, and they have many imitators. The principal packer of
these hams is Mr. E. M. Todd He puts up about 12,000 hams
annually. Mr J. 0. Thomas is probably the next largest racker.

Unlike Mr Todd, Mr. Thomas raises a good many of the hogs
he uses, lie has a farm of about 2,500 acres. A large part of
this is, heavy woodland, and in these woods his hogs run almost
wild. All the farmers raise hogs to some extent. Most of them
sell their bams "green"- that is, uncured — to the "packers,"
who in most cases are farmers upon a larger scale. The hams
thus bought are very carefully selected, all those not coming up
to a certain required Btandard being rejected. The standard
price paid last fall for green hams was 14 cents per pound, de-
livered at the smokehouse.

There are several things necessary in order to produce a
Smithfield ham.

1) Tin Kind of Bog Cst</.— It is impossible to make a good
ham from a Western hog

By that, 1 mean a ham with the peculiar qualities of the
Smithfield. The demand for these hams has grown to such an
extent that some of the packers have been tempted to trv hams
from other parts of the country. Mr. Todd, and also Mr.
Thomas, purchased some of the Western hams, and, by curing
them with care, tried to make them like those'grown near
Smithfield, hu( they failed to give satisfaction. They even
tried to purchase the live hogs and kill them themselves, but

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

then they were not like the home-grown animal. The hog
from which the ham is produced is the unimproved, half wild.
" razorback " hog that is peculiar to the mountainous portions
of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. I asked this question
of numerous farmers and packers:

" Why do you not use the improved breeds of hogs at least
for crossing with your ' razorbaeks ' and get an animal with less
no=e, shaped more like a hog and less like a race-horse? " The
unvarying answer was : " We have tried it, and nearly spoiled
our hams. The grain is too coarse and the shape of the ham is
not. the same We want the long-nozed, slab-sided, long-legged
rooter." These hogs appear to be nondescript in breeding ; they
have extremely long noses, are very thin-sided, deep chested,
with small flanks and extremely long, sloping hams.

They show the attempts that have been made to improve the
breed by the variety of colors and marks seen among them.
Many of them are black with no white. Some are white. The
majority are spotted black and white, while not a few show
black, white, and red mixed irregularly, and many are a pecu-
liar iron gray in color.

(2) The Manner in which the Hogs are Fed. — I visited a num-
ber of farmers who are successful producers of these hams, and
from them I find a singular similarity in methods. The aowa
run at large in the woods and pig about the first to the middle
of April. From the manner in which the hogs are kept, how-
ever, the time of pigging is not easily controlled. The pigs r.in
during the summer months in the woods, living upon the nuts
and roots which they can secure. They are not fed anything
to make them fatten. Most farmers give about one ear of corn
night and morning to each hog in order to "keep them to the
call." In the fall, when the corn crop has been gathered, the
hogs are turned into the cornfields. In these fields every other
row has been planted in "black-eyed" peas, and the hogs are
allowed to gather these and the small corn that has been left in
the field. When turned into these fields they are very thin.
The feed they get there causes them to begin to fatten rapidly.
As the potatoes are gathered, the hogs are allowed to follow in
these fields and get those that are left. In that district which
produces the most Smithfield hams, there are a great many
sweet potatoes and peanuts raised, and the hogs are allowed
free access to these fields as soon as the crops are gathered.

This method of feeding fattens very rapidly. The potatoes,
and particularly the peanuts, add fat with astonishing rapidity,
but the fat is very soft. Peanut fat in particular has a translu-
cent, oily character, which, from its tendency to drip when the
hams are hung up, causes a great shrinkage in the weight.

After the fields have been cleaned up in this manner, and be-
fore the hogs can "go back" any in their fattening, they are
taken out of the fields and pit into close pens and fed on corn
and clean water. The pens are made dry with good shelters on
the northern exposures and a chance for plenty of sunlight.
The hogs are plentifully bedded with pine straw gathered from
die woods, and fed all the corn they will eat and given all the
clear water they want. When the "hog is penned, his days for
wallowing are over. From this time until slaughtered, he lives
a life of enforced cleanliness. The hogs are kept in this feedin
pen until just the right condition is produced. They must not
be too fat nor too lean. Many of the larger hog raisers inform
me that they frequently have several killings from the same
fattening pen. some getting into condition sooner than others,
and as they do, b ing culled out and slaughtered, the rest re-
maining for a longer time until just the right condition has
been attained. All were positive in the assertion that "swill-
feed'' spoils the haras, and that corn was a necessary article to
finish the product in order to produce the best hams, while all
were equally positive that it was impossible for them to buy
hogs from the West — by that, meaning anywhere away from
immediate vicinity — and produce the same quality of meat
even if they kept them long enough to fatten them themselves
These hoes, when fat, weigh about 125 to 190 pounds as the ex-
treme limits ; larger hogs are not considered desirable.

(3) After fattening, the hogs are carefully slaughtered. In
1 1) is, as in all the other processes, great care is used. The ani-
mals are carefully handled to prevent bruising, and are care
fully bled. The most particular part of the killing process is
cutting up the meat. The hams arethe first consideration
They are very carefully cut out. care being taken to trim them
so as to leave the tissues in the ham proper intact. The "hock"
joint is left long. The hams are not cut close, care being taken
to leave all the connective tissues possible at the "upper" end,

to prevent as much as possible the hame from dripping when
hung in the smokehouse.

(4) The next important process is curing. Mr. Todd, who
cure? more than anv other one man in Virginia, kindly gave
me his whole process His method is the same as used gener-
ally in the South, which is noted fur its production of superior
pork. In an article on "Something About Hams" in Leslie's
Illustrated Weekly, August 16, 1891, Philip Poindexter gives
Mr. Todd's method in full, and Mr. Todd assures me it is cor-
rect. This method is the one employed by ail the producers of
Smithfield hams. It is as follows:

1. The hams are placed in a lar^e tray of fine Liverpool salt.
Then the flesh surface is sprinkled with finely-ground crude
saltpetre until the hams are as white as though covered by a
moderate frost ; or, say, use three to four pounds of the pow-
dered saltpetre to 1,000 pounds of hams.

2. After applying the saltpetre, immediately salt with the
Liverpool fine salt, covering well the entire surface. No

the hams in bulk, but not in piles, more than three feet high.
!n ordinary weather, the hams should remain thus for three
davs.

3. Then break bulk, and resalt with the fine salt The hams
thus felted and resalted should now remain in salt in bulk one
day for each and every pound each ham weighs; that is, a two-
pound ham should remain two days, and in such proportion of
time for larger and smaller sizes.

4. Next, you wssh with tepid water until the hams are thor-
oughly cleaned, and after partially drying, rub the entire sur-
face with finely ground black pepper.

5. Now the hams should he hung in the smokehouse, and this
important operation begun. The smoking should be very grad-
ually and slowly done, lasting thirty to forty days (most pack-
ers using green hickory or red oak to smoke with).

6. After the hams are cured and smoked, t' ey should be
repeppered to guard against, vermin and then bagged, rheea
hams improve with age, and may be considered perf ct at ab< "it
«ne year old.

The conclusion naturally to be drawn from these facts is, that
anv ham treated as these packers treat theirs, would he better
than the average The Smithfield ham, however, owes its popu-
larity to its peculiar flavor, and this flavor is not due to the
manner in which it is cured, else any ham cured in the same
manner would rival it. It does not owe its flavor to the man-
ner of feeding altogether, else hogs from other parts of the
country could b-^ brought here anil perfected. The necessary
things, in the opinion of the produceis, may then be summed
up as follows :

(1) A slow growing, peculiar-shaped hog.

(2l A peculiar game flavor produced by the wild life in the
woods, and the nuts, berries, etc., upon which it lives.

(3) Rapid production of flesh when the fattening proi
gins The fat formed of corn and pure water

(4 1 The method of curing and smoking.

All these points seem necessary to the production of these
hanrs.

It would be of interest to know if the hog* prod
Southern Kentucky and parts of Tennessee would not ■
■s- in many parts of these States at
in the same manner, except in the process of fattening and to
all appearances are the same hog.

Undoubtedly many hams are sold as Smithfield ham
are produced in other parte of the country, and which are in-
ferior ii many respects to the genuine article. Tin
is limited and the demand is great. Very few of those pro-
duced are so';. I to the trade. Mr. Todd is the principal packer.
He buys ' i- hams whenever he can get those that are suita-
ble, tie assures me that he cannot get hams outside of four
counties in Virginia that will answer his purpose at all. T >1"
of Wight, Surry, Southampton, and a portion of Nansemond
counties, Virginia, produce all the hams that are the genuine
Smithfield.

Mr. Todd about 12,000

Mr. J. ti. Thomas do 2.500

Mr. M. F. Loughron do 2.000

Captain O.G.Delk do 1,000

Mr. Chapman do 1,500

alers do 1,000

tal of about 20,000

sold from Smithfield and vicinity.

72

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

There are probably one-third more sold by various farmer?
re them in a small way. making a total of aboi
need annually, and which ai
Sniitl

average, when mired, abont ten pounds in weight :

re a little heavier, while perhaps the greater number

\t ten pounds, the total output would he

pounds.

sell in the smokehouses a' abont an average price of

- per pound, some packers, like Mr Thomas, getting an

r their whole production. This makes an
annual income of about $60,000 from ham- alone t.i he dis-
tributed among the farmers of Isle of Wight. Surry. Southamp-
I Xanseinond counties. This territory could undoubt-
edly raise many more hogs.
The output could be doubled many times were the farmers
from hog cholera. A.- it is, most of the
rai-e a limited number of hogs, knowing that they
for their hams either cured or green, and
have their other crops *' t6 fall back on'' should hog cholera
break out. I found the largest number raised was about two
hundred head, while almost eve-y fanner has a few. Mr. Todd

- hams on orders received before the crop i- cureS lie
Supplies a limited trade in the principal cities of this country,

e to England and France.

Mr. Thomas sells his whole output on private orders, telling

none to the trade. His principal market is family trade in

New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C.San Fran-

n I he- receives orders from private parties in Europe

and the Sandwich Islands.

Many of the smaller producers sell their hams in this man-

ile some others trade theirs at the stores for groceries,
or sell in snail lots to commission houses in various near-by

The rest of the meat —namely, the side pork and shoulders —
is in most instances cured in exactly the same manner as the
hams, and used by the farmers to feed their field hands, or to
furnish breakfast bacon for the local trade. The Bides make
very desirable bacon that is much sought after among the
and in the small towns. The farmers who sdl their
hams use most of the side meat to feed the families
farm hand?, although BOme of it is sold in the markets
breakfast bacon from these bogs is peculiarly sweet and is much
Bought after by many. It is impossible to say how many par-
tie- an- engaged in the production of these hams without taking
a Census erf the- farmers in the counties referred to, hut the prin-
r;i al packi i - are I he ones named.

ABERDEEN ANOUS CATTLE IN VIRGINIA.
$oMt ru Planter :

As yon advised me to purchase a herd of Aberdeen
Angus cattle, which I did about sixteen moid
T thought perhaps you might he interested in the re-
sult. Ir is too early to say positively whether I prefer
them to oilier heef breeds for this section; bat I will
saj that, at present, indications point thai way, for
the following reasons : They ate sine, early and pro-
lific breeders; are easily fattened and easily kept fat ;
ry bardy, and. so far, are free from disease, and
from what I can gather from others remarkably free
from milk fever. They are beautiful animals, and
with their sleek, shiny, black coats would be an orna
meut to any stock farm, and should be the pride of
whoe\ er owns one.

Their natural homlessness is a great advantage,
saving the necessity of dehorning.

There are some objections to them which I think are

more than balanced by their many good qualities.

'•n in mv own herd — that most

of them are poor milkers ; i. e., they give a small
quantity, but its quality is good and their calves grow
rapidly on it. Another is : They are somewhat wild
and hard to make gentle, making them I would sup-
pose unsuitable for the ranges of the West, and even
the BO called commons of our State.

Their chief advantage, which I have not mentioned,
is the uniformity of the inheritance of the Angus
qualities in the crosses of the Augus bull upon awg
breed of cow, be it thoroughbred of any breed or
common old field stock. Ninety per cent, will be
hornless and black. Indeed, I have a half Jersey
cow. white and dun in color, which has just dropped
a solid black calf, by a thoroughbred Angus bull, and
it could not be distinguished from a thoroughbred
Angus.

For early maturity they can scarcely be out-
ranked ; but with age, in my opinion, the Shorthorns
and Herefords may beat them, though I know of an
Angus bull weighing 2,500 pounds and a cow weigh-
ing 1,800 pounds. As an example of their prolificacy
and rapid growth, I will mention a cow in my herd
that in tweuty-one aud a half months has dropped
three calves, whose combined weight is now 1,674
pounds, as follows : Calf, thcee days old, 60 pounds ;
calf, ten months old, 690 pounds, and a heifer, twenty-
one and a half months old, 924 pounds. The last
dropped a calf at sixteen months old, which now
weighs 325 pounds (estimated) ; the others are actual
weights taken this afternoon. There was weighed at
the same time a heifer, three years old in May, and
which weighed 1,024 pounds, aud another of the same
age weighing 1,010 pounds and suckling a calf.

From a pecuniary point of view the grade is the
animal for us to give the most consideration to, for
there are not many who will own purebred herds;
but almost any one can have the grades by a few
farmers combining and purchasing a pure bred bull.
Tlose Angus bulls, crossed on any kind of a cow. will
produce a valuable beef animal.

I have not made these points in favor of this breed
of cattle because I have gone into their breeding as a
business, but because I firmly believe it the breed for
Middle Virginia, and, iudeed, for any section, for beef
purposes, and the Chicago cattle market and fal
shows will bear me out in my statements. " Baby
beet" is the coming demand.

I have none of the cattle for stile, as I have only two
bull calves, aud they are spoken for in the neighbor-
hood. I will keep the females until I get a herd of 100.

Fluvanna Co. c. E. Jones.

[We are glad to have so good a report of the adapta-
bility of this valuable breed to our State. — Ed.]

Meution the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

.%

REGULATIONS CONCERNING CATTLE
TRANSPORTATION.

\'a. agricultural and mechanical college,
Agricultural Experiment Station,

Office of Board of Control,
Blacksburg, Va., Jan. 6, 1898.
To the Managers and Agents of Railroads and Transpor-
tation Companies Operating within the State. 8todkmen,
and Others:

In accordance with sections 1 and 2 of an act of the
General Assembly of Virginia, approved February 18,
1896, 'entitled "An act to provide for the protection of
domestic animals and to authorize and empower the
Board of Control of the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion of Hie Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical Col
lege, at Blacksburg, to establish live stock quarantine
roles and regulations, and to provide penalties for
violating the same." notice is hereby given that all
counties in Virginia south of aline beginning on the
boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina
at a point coinciding with the summit of the Blue
Ridge Mountains ; thence following the summit of said
moan tains northeasterly to the Blackwater river;
thence easterly along the course of said river, through
Franklin county, to its intersection with the Staunton
river on the eastern boundary of Franklin county ;
thence iu a southerly and northeasterly direction
along the southern and eastern boundaries of Bedford
county to the James river ; thence following the James
river to the southern corner of Charles City county ;
theme northerly and easterly along the western and
northern boundaries of James City, Gloucester, and
Mathews counties to the Chesapeake bay ; thence
south to the northern boundary of Elizabeth City
county ; thence westerly and northerly along the
boundaries of Elizabeth City and Warwick coun-
ties to the James river ; thence southeasterly along
the course of the river to the northwest corner of Nor-
folk county : thence south along the western boundary
of said county to its intersection with the northern
boundary of North Carolina ; thence east along the
southern bounderies of Norfolk and Princess Anne
counties to the Atlantic ocean, are quarantined against
splenetic or Texas cattle fever, subject to the following
rules and regulations :

From the 15th day of January to the 15th day of
November of each year no cattle are to be transported
from said area south or below said State quarantine
line above described to any portion of the State above
said line, except by rail or boat, and then only for im-
mediate slaughter ; and when so transported the fol-
lowing regulations must be observed :

Provided, however, that until the 15th day of Feb
ruary, 1898, cattle will be allowed to enter or leave the
State ot Virginia, or be transported above the quar-
antine line, when accompanied by a special permit
issued by the State Veterinarian or the proper Fed-
eral authorities.

1. When any cattle in course of transportation from
said area are unloaded above, north or west of this line
to be fed or watered, the places where said cattle are
to be fed or watered shall be set apart, and no other
cattle shall be admitted thereto.

2. When cattle from any portion of the State south
or below the above described line are unloaded at their
points of destination, pens shall be set apart to receive
them, and no other cattle shall be allowed to enter said

pens until such time as the pens have beeu Uiaiuli tied,
as hereinafter prescribed. Said cattle shall not be re-
moved from said pens except as may be necessary for
immediate slaughter or for reshipment, as hereinafter
provided, and then only through such passages as are
not used for susceptible cattle.

3. All cars carryiug cattle from south of or below
said quarantine line shall bear placards stating that
said cars coutain quarantine cattle, and each of the
way-bills of said shipments shall have a note upon its
face with a similar statement. Whenever any cattle
have come from said area and shall be reshipped
from any point at which they have been unloaded to
other points of destination, the cars carrying said
animals shall bear similar placards, with like state-
ments, and the way-bills be so stamped. At whatever
point these cattle are unloaded within the State of
Virginia, they must be placed in separate pens, as
hereinbefore provided, and no other cattle shall be ad-
mitted to said pens. The person or persous in charge
of stock-yards shall see that said cattle are unloaded in
the pen, or pens, set apart for such cattle, and said
person or persous shall enforce all rules and regula-
tions governing the management of said cattle while
in said pens.

4. The cars and boats used to transport said cattle,
and the peus in which they are fed and watered, and
the pens set apart for their reception at points of des-
tination, shall be disinfected in the following manner:

• n. i Remove all litter and manure. This litter and
manure may be disinfected by mixiug it with lime, or
saturating it with a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic
acid or creoliu ; or, if not disinfected, it shall be stored
where no cattle can come in contact with it until after
the 15th day of November.

(b.) Wash the cars or boats and the feeding and
watering-troughs with water until clean.

< c) Saturate the walls and floors of the cars or boats,
and fencing, troughs, aud chutes of the pens with a
solution made by dissolving four ounces of chloride of
lime to each gallon of water ; or disinfect the cars or
boats with a jet of steam under pressure not less than
fifty pounds to the square inch.

5. The cars or boats that have beeu used to transport
quarantine cattle shall be cleaned and disinfected be-
fore they are again used to transport, store, or shelter
animals or merchandise, and this shall be done at the
point of destination of said cattle.

6. These rules and regulations shall also apply to
the importation into this State of cattle from sec-
tions outside of Virginia, included within the Federal
quarantine.

The special permits provided for in this notice may
be obtaiued by applying to the State Veterinarian.
Blacksburg, Va. ; Dr. George C. Faville, Norfolk, Va.,
or J. M. Turner, Richmond, Va.

J. M. MbBryde, Secretary of Board.

GRUBS IN HEAD OF SHEEP.

I want to give my brother farmers the benefit of my
cure, which I have used for 30 years, aud never knew
it to fail. I used it on 50 sheep about the first of hist
November, and now they are well aud hearty, and
their noses all clean. Take equal parts of spirits of
turpentine aud sweet oil ; inject a small quantity in
each nostril, holding the nose well up, so that it will
run well up into the head. — D. R. S., Baltimore Co.. Md.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

The Poultry Yard.

HATCHING CHICKENS.

The work of raising chickens should commence in
earnest this month. It is always the early hatched
chicken which fetches the best price as a broiler, and
the early -hatched pallet which fills the egg basket in
the winter months. !f the hens are in good health,
and have received proper food and attention during
the winter, there should be uo difficulty now in having
plenty Of eggs to pat in the incubator or under hens. :
If you have no incubator, then the difficulty frequently '
16 that there are no broody liens. It is always well to
keep a few hens of the Asiatic breeds, such as Cochins.
Brahmas or Langshaus, as. they are much earlief and
more persistent sitters thau the smaller aud more act-
ive breeds Broodiness maybe quickly induced in
these breeds, and also frequently iu the Plymouth
Bocks, by feeding them freely on com and leaving a
number of eggs iu the nests. Be careful, however,
not to leave eggs that are intended for sale, and never j
send to market an egg on which a hen has sat over
night. It is al way s desirable to have a separate build
ing in which to set the hens, and where they can be |
kept apart from the laying heus. We always used
wire or slatted doors or covers for the nests in which
hens are sitting. If this precaution is not adopted,
they will crowd on to each other's nests and neglect
their own nests. Our practice was to take every hen
from her nest every morning, feed her, give her water,
let her have a dust bath, and see that she went on to
her nest in time, and then shut her on the nest. This
took some little time, but we were always well satis
fied to give it, as the result was seen in the good
hatches we got. In making up the nest for a sitting
hen use some trash tobacco stems if they are handy.
They will largely prevent lice from troubling the hens.
If not handy, dust some tobacco dust in the straw or
hay, or in the absence of this use insect powder. Thisi
will prevent many broken eggs and ensure better i
hatches. Do not give too many eggs. Eleven are
sufficient for most hens thus early. Feed hard corn to
the hens whilst sitting, and take care that a good dust
bath is always accessible to them when they come off
to feed. If possible always set two or three hens at
one time, and then when they hatch give all the chick
ens to one or two hens and thus economise on the idle
hens. See that proper provision is made for the
chickens wheu hatched. Have all coops repaired,
cleaned and lime washed, and prepare small wired en
closures for them on the lawn or in the orchard. Let
the first feed for the young chickens be wheat bread
crumbs, and oat or wheat grits, or both. Soft, un-
cooked food almost invariably brings on diarrhoea.

1 >oiv t forget to give Pekin ducks a trial for market
purposes. They are good early layers, aud sittiugs of
eggs can be had now. The ducklings grow foster thau
chickens, and sell for a better price and make more
weight.

CHICKEN AND HOQ CHOLERA.
Editor Southern Planter.

Reading the article on "The Prevention of Chicken
Cholera and Hog Cholera" in your January issue, I
feel it my duty to write you on the subject, as I have
been so much benefited by the writings of others. For
hog cholera I use a remedy I saw I think iu The
Planter, giving a farmer's experience, viz., plenty of
icood ashes. Since I adopted this I have had no dis-
ease amongst my hogs. Before I gave the ashes when
I killed my pork the livers were full of abscesses and
the intestines filled with large worms. Now neither
of these are to be found. I keep the wood ashes where
the hogs can get them at will. Twenty hogs will eat
at least four bushels per month.

Now about chicken cholera. Just use Polk Miller's
chicken food, " The Victory," regularly, and you will
have no disease amongst the fowls. Before I com-
menced the use of it I nearly despaired of raising
fowls, but since have had no trouble, except when we
would forget to use the food. I have fed a turkey with
it when it would not eat, and had to push it down its
throat and the turkey got well. I have no interest
whatever iu the sale of this, but keep it on hand and
will repeat what I have said before. " I had as soon be
without salt as undertake to raise fowls without Polk
Miller's chicken food, " The Victory."

W. W. Hobson.

Powhatan County, Va.

BREEDING AND CROSS-BREEDING FOWLS.

BY GEORGE UNDERWOOD.

There is altogether too little care exercised in this,
too much haphazard work, too little thought given to
the subject by the general grower of fowls.

To be sure, a large percentage of the breeders of
fancy stock give the subject careful thought aud con-
sideration, and many of them breed for a type of their
owu fancy. I am aware of this by having purchased
male breeding birds of the Light Brahma. I have
purchased of Ives, Noyes, Ruicholdt, Williams, Cor-
ney, and Hunter, all of which proved well, aud all
-■■d the true characteristics of the Brahma, and
yet each had his own peculiar stamp, showing that
each breeder had his own ideal and bred to that end.
This certaiuly is commendable. From observation

189S.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

75

and somewhat limited experience with other varieties
of fowls, I aui of the belief that these breeders pursue
a similar course.

In 1S93, I raised a male bird from a clutch of eggs
tbat I purchased of a Massachusetts breeder. When
matured, he weighed 14 pounds, and would have easi
ly dressed 12 pounds. He was the most compact and
well formed Brahma that I have ever seen. He was
sold for poultry, at three years five months old, to a
mau who dresses his thousands yearly. He has re
ceutly told me that he was the most perfectly shaped,
and had the best colored skin of any bird he had ever
dressed. His body feathers were white to the skin-
nut 'smoky," like many strains of this breed.

There are different breedsof fowls that can be cross-
ed with impunity. By exercising < are and thought,
birds can be produced in this waj ofteu that are stipe
rior for general purposes, and especially for poultry.
They are equally as profitable or more so than any
of the pure breeds used for the purpose. For instance,
crossing the Light Brahma with the Barred Plymouth
Book (using the Plymouth Rock male and the Brahma
female) certainly improves the poultry stock. You
will get fully as large birds as the pure Brahma, and
birds that will mature considerably earlier. This I
know from recent experience as well as from observa
tion. Many growers cross promiscuously. Not giving
thought to the subject, they simply cross something
with something else, ofteu producing mongrels of the
meanest type, that are comparatively worthless.

I was too long a breeder of Hereford cattle and
their grades not to learn that the mingling of many
bloods is injudicious and entirely contrary to the true
principles of breeding. Crossing the Hereford male
with the Shorthorn female produces an animal (like
crossing the Plymouth Rock with the Brahma) equal
or superior to either breed for general i^e. It is a true
principle that the introduction of a third blood, with
rare exceptions, is not a safe way of breeding. I did
this, however, the past season with excellent results
I did it at a risk which I should not recommeud the
general grower to take. "In and iu'' breeding, as
practiced by some, is entirely wrong.

If I desired to raise a flock of hens or a herd of cat-
tle, I should feel that there was no surer way of mak-
ing it certain than to resort to this mode of breeding.
We have an object lesson in the methods pursued by
some of our English cousins. A number of the Short-
horn breeders over there, being so tenacious of their
own blood, resorted to the practice of "in and in"
breeding rather thau run the risk of infusing fresh
blood from other herds. They did this to such an ex
tent that they nearly or quite ruined some of the best
herds iu Eugland.

My observation leads me to believe that nothing is
more susceptible to this evil practice than fowls, and
no manner of poultry breeding can be more ruinous.
It i< essential that every breeder infuse fresh blood
each year by securing his male birds from other
breeders w"ho>e ticks he knows to be of a different
strain from that of his own. Great care should be

)<

FOOD FOR FOWLS.

Poultry rations are, of necessity, somewhat limited
in character, for the grains in some form must be the
basis of all combinations. The choice of ingredients
will be determined largely by the accessibility and
prices of the several grains ; but the question of form
of the grains is one which admits of discussion.

Information upon this point is furnished by Bulletin
No. 126 of the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station (Geneva). In experiments conducted at that
Station, chicks were kept under conditions as uniform
as possible from birth until nearly a year old, one lot
being fed rations composed of the "ordinary whole
grains, and the other lot rations of ground grain with
addition of some of the common by-products. The
aim was to make the rations typical of their classes
as usually fed, without involving great differences in
nutritive ratio. Upon each ration the birds did well
remained healthy both as chicks and as capons, and
gave a good margin of profit.

As chicks, the lot upon ground grain made much
more rapid growth, reached given weight earlier, and
cost less per pound of grain, than did those receiving
whole grain. Caponizing caused but little disturb^
ance in health or growth ; but as capons the lot upon
the whole grain seemed to do better. This, however
was due to the fact that the lot on the ground grain
consisted of heavier birds, due to more rapid growth
as chicks, and consequently took on flesh niore~slowly
than did the lighter birds of the whole grain lot.

Proof of this is found in an experiment with two
other lots of capons, from chicks fed alike from birth
and of equal weight at caponizing. During the first
eleven weeks of this test, beginning when the birds
were about five months old, the ground grain lot made
a gain of one pound upon 6.8 pouuds of water- free
food, costing 7.2 cents; while it required 6.9 pounds
of dry matter iu the food, costing 7.8 cents, to produce
one pound of grain upon the whole grain ration.

Thus the ground grain ration proved considerably
more profitable than the whole grain ration with the
growing chicks ; and the same was true of capons of
equal weight from these chicks and from others of
equal weight and age fed alike before caponizing.

Any one interested in further details of the experi-
ments may obtain a copy of the Bulletin without
charge by addressing the Station. .

Soft shelled eggs, at this season of the year, are pe-
culiarly undesirable. If a nest of thin shelled eggs
are set, very likely the half, or more of them, will be
destroyed. Hens which lay such eggs will usually be
found to be too fat. A fat breeding hen is worse than
useless. Far better would it be if her condition were
a ii' tie the opposite way. To get a fat hen into good
breeding condition, put her on short rations, and give
a little Epsom salts in her drinking water every other
day. A fortnight's treatment of this kind will work

wonders, and if she has access to plenty of srreen stuff
exercised to keep the flocks ma healthy condition sharp grit, aud old ]ime rnbl,ish. there is little lfkeli
from now onward through the breeding season, that hood of her laying thin-shelled eggs,
the progeny shall be strong and vigorous. Jsone too

much care and thought can be given to this point. —

American Agriculturist.

Mention Tlie Planter to your friends.

76

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

The Horse.

BREEDING HORSES.

For the past three or four years there has beeu no
great inducement for farmers to breed horses of any
kiud, and certainly not to breed horses of the types so
loug bred by the ordinary farmer. The demand for
the class of horses formerly used for street car pur-
poses, which was the only purpose for which a very
large number of those bred could be used, has ceased
and will not return. Trotters, thoroughbreds, hack
ueys and saddle horses have been produced in larger
numbers than could be absorbed by buyers during the
hard times at paying prices. For these horses the de
man 1 will return with better times. They are largely
kept as luxuries by wealthy men, aud as wealth be
comes again more widely diffused, this class of buyers
will return to the markets aud prices will advance;
but it is to be hoped that more discrimination will be
exercised by breeders and that only the best will be
produced. For these there is going to be a good mar-
ket again, but for anything short of the best, prices
will not for a long time be such as to warrant breeders
in producing them. What the market now calls for is
a horse of a much heavier type. Carriages are now
being built much heavier, and larger horses are re-
quired to pull them. Messrs. F. J. Berry & Co., of
Chicago, say : "The horses that sell to best advantage
and make the seller the most money at present are ex-
tra quality heavy drafters, sound, blocky, 1,300 to
l,10M pound chunks, speedy drivers, of large size, and
coachers with style and action." Early in January
draft horses touched the highest point in (he Chicago
market that has been reported in a number of years,
when Newmond Bros., Germany, bought under the
hammer a brown team weighing 4,050 pounds for ex-
port, paying $570 for the pair. The same parties
bought a brown draft-gelding, six years old, weighing
2,020 pounds, for $300. E. Vervecke, London, bought
at retail a bay 6-year old gelding, weighing 1,850
pounds, for $210, and a roan draft mare for $200. To
secure horses of these types, which we believe are
likely to continue to be in demand, it will be necessary
to use stallions of the heaviest breeds, such as Clydes-
dales and Percherons for draft horses and Cleveland
bays and French coach horses for heavy carriage
horses. The mares must also be large, well built, aud
have good blood in their veins. It will not pay to use
a poor stud horse because his fee is small, nor a poor
old mare because her working days are over. The
parents must be good if the progeny is to be what the
market calls for. To breed any other kind is folly.
For a good heavy horse there is going to be a good de-
maud, both for home use and for export.

MULE BREEDING.

At the present time there is a brisk demand for
mules from all sections. Southern mule buyers say
that they have not seen mules so scarce for fifteen
years. Mule colts are selling readily in many places
at from $35 to $60 each shortly after weaning. There
is also likely to be a large demand ft r mules for Cuba
as soon as the war is over there. This country will
have to supply this demand. In these circumstances
we think it would be found good policy to breed mules.
A mare unfit to produce such a colt as the market now
calls for put to a first class jack will produce a mule
for which a market can be found at any time. But,
like horse breeding, mule breeding will pay best when
the best types of mares and jacks only are used.
Whatever else you may do, however, do not use a
poor undersized jack ; let at least one parent be of the
best. It will pay to follow this rule, and we believe
will pay for several years to breed mules on these lines.

NOTES.

At Walton Farm, near Falls Mills, Va., on the Nor-
folk aud Western railroad, the trotting bred stock
owned by Mr. Samuel Walton, have wintered well
and most of them are in vigorous health.

In that mountain region, grand in its rugged beauty,
healthful and invigorating, horses thrive and the cost
of rearing is small. In snug quarters apart from other
buildings, are kept the farm stallions Red Leo and
Planeteer.

Red Leo, son of Red Wilkes and Dictator Girl, by
Dictator, is a stoutly made horse, attractive in appear-
ance, and with the action of a trotter. Unwise hand
ling, while young, caused the bay stallion to develop
uncertain temper, but later, after becoming tractable
in harness, he trotted to a record of 2:26}, and could
have gone much faster.

A horse of powerful muscular development, Red
Leo gave evidence of his ability to pull weight in Phil-
adelphia in November, 1895. He was six years old,
and hooked to a break c.irt weighing 1S5 pounds, drew
Thomas Settle, then trainer aud driver for Mr. Wal-
ton, and Charles Green, a colored groom, a mile over
the Poiut Breeze track in 2:2S;, the aggregate weight
drawn being 827 pounds.

Red Leo was purchased and brought to the farm as
a two-year-old, aud that season, out of a mare of
thoroughbred liueage, he got the chestnut gelding
Leo Wilkes, his first foal, that trotted a record of
2:211 in 1897.

Planeteer, the ten year old bay sou of Electioneer
and Planetia, thoroughbred daughter of Planet and
Lu Henderson, by Lexington, is kept for service at
the farm also, and his colts are blood like, handsome
and step out like trotters. Planeteer, then called Al-
toneer, was bred at Palo Alto and brought East from
California by Governor Standford and sold as a yearl-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

ing in New York for $1,750. the purchaser being Col.
R. M. Lawson, Burke's Garden. Va. From Col. Law-
son the horse passed to Mr. Walton, who will give
him a chance in the stud. In the big training barn,
which is a model of its kind, handsome and imposing
in appearance, a lot of youngsters now occupy the
former boxes of Catherine Leyburn, 2:14 ; Skilful,
2:17} ; Wilbooka, 2:195 ; Perrette, 2:22} ; Annie Law-
son, 2:21 }, and other well known performers that were
owned and campaigned by Mr. Walton.

Among the two > ear olds by Red Leo, are a bay
gelding out of Carina, by Caliban ; a bay gelding out
of Lottie M., by Abdallah Mambrino; a bay colt out of
Annie Luciel, by Pancoast, and a bay colt, out of Nee
Bang, by St rath more. The latter is an exceedingly
neat, well-formed youngster, and with development
should learn to trot fast.

One of the best yearlings at the farm is Nannie Sud-
duth, a bay filly by Red Leo out of Lucy S., by Young
Jim. Like most of Red Leo's get she has size, rich
color, good limbs, and a profusion of jet black main
and tail. Among the brood mares in foal to Red
Leo, are Annie Luciel, by Pancoast out of Huli Trap,
by Cuyler ; Carina, by Caliban out of Yellow Girl, by
Strathmore ; Xee Bang, by Strafhmore out of Pern-
leaf, by Ajax ; Perrette, 2-22}, by Juror out of Mil-
dred by Mambrino Star ; Ruth McGregor, by Bay-
wood out of Rose McGregor, by Robert McGregor ;
Lucy S., by Young Jim. dam Lucy, by Sherman Black
Hawk. (Lucy S. is the dam of Lutie Dawson, 2:30 ;
Maggie Carrell, 2:32j\ and Ella Leo 3, 2:37*, all owned
at the farm :) Tea Rose, by Mecca, dam Moss Rose,
(dam of Nutrose, ) by Woodford Mambrino, second
dam the famous Primrose; Princess Rene, by King
Rene, dam by Mambrino Patchen ; Lou Zimmerman,
by Wilkes Boy, dam Princess Rene, and Kate Rene, by
King Rene out of Kate, dam of Wilbooka, 2:19}, and
Straugler, 2:26} The mares iu foal to Planeteer in-
clude Leona Red, by Red Leo out of Hartwood Fairy;
Carrie Leo, by Red Leo out of Carina ; Iris, by Nor
man Wilkes out of Ett,t Clay, by Louis Napoleon; and
Hartwood Fairy, by Hartwood out of Fairy, by Mid
dletown. Mr. Walton has in Tom Cannon's stables at
Roanoke, Lutie Dawson, 2:30, bay mare, 6, by Jack
Dawson out of Lucy S , by Young Jim ; Maggie Car
rell, 2:32 j, bay mare, 5, full sister to Lutie Dawson ;
Ella Leo, 2:375, bay mare, 4, by Red Leo out of Lucy
S., and Shorty, bay gelding, 5, by Red Leo out of Nee
Bang. These alone, with others to be selected later
on, will be campaigned during the coming season.

Mr. W. B. Lewis, of Milton, N. C, who owns the
bay stallion Prince Belmont, son of Belmont and Min-
nie Nutwood, by Nutwood, has faith iu the future of
the horse, and will give him a chance in the stud.
Priuce Belmont has never had much of an opportun-
ity, yet he has sired Bird Eye, 2:18}, that good four-
year old colt of 1897 ; Princess Eulalie, 2:23}, and
Velocity, 2:241.

classes, consigned by the principal shippers in the
West.

The bay filly, full sister to Miss Nelson, 2:11 !. by
Norfolk out of Miss Lassiter, is the most blood like
two-year-old at Whitby Farm, though a chestnut filly
of the same age, and by Norfolk out of Frosty Maid,
dam of Halo, 2:15}, i» of larger size and stouter build.

The pony pacer by Clau Alpine, 2:271, that bears
the name of his owner. Johu Addington, of this city,
is speedy, and can more than hold his own with the
fastest road horses here. John Addington, driven by
Thomas Anderson, paced a half in 1:08 over a muddy
half mile track in a race at Staunton last fall.

Thomas Anderson is jogging his bay stallion Marian
Craig, 2:31 }, by Nuthurst, and whose second aud third
dams, Mistake and Lady Yeiser, are great producers,
on the road. Mr. Anderson will prepare Marian
Craig for the season's campaign and drive that good
son of Nuthurst himself.

The grand stand at the old Exposition Grounds track,
Richmond, was destroyed by fire, supposed to be of
incendiary origiu. recently, aud but for the timely aid
of the Richmond Fire Department the stabling would
have gone the same way.

C. R. Richmond is working Loudouu, by Norfolk ;
Guy Flv, by Lord Guy out of Virginia Maid, dam of
Mosul, 2:09}. and Little Betz, 2:23!, over the half
mile track at Glenlea, aud expects to have them ready
to start at New Berue, N. C, during the fair and race
meeting there iu March.

Mr. W. K. Mathews has clipped McZeus, 2:13, and
is jogging that handsome son of McKinney, 2:111, on
the road. A forward tendon, which gave him trouble
last season, was fired in the fall, aud now the brown
stallion appears to be going sound.

Smyth Brothers & Kline, of the Southern Horse
Bazaar, report an increase of about 20 per cent, in
prices of general purposes and business horses through
out the West, and this has. affected the market here
very perceptibly. Their sale on Wednesday last was
a good one, aud on Wednesday, February 2d, they
will off or about four huudred head of horses of all

M. L. Bergen, whose skill and ability as a trainer
and handler of trotting horses is well known and
recognized, will open a public stable at the Exposition
Grounds track about the 1st of March. Bergen de
veloped the speed of Mosul. 2:09}, holder of the
world's record for five year old trotting geldings.
Moaul was a Grand Circuit winner iu 1S97, and was
prepared for the season's campaign by Bergen over
the Exposition Grounds track.

R. L. Smith, of Greenville, N. C, owner of the five-
year old chestnut stallion Bird Eye, 2:1S}. reports that
the sou of Prince Belmont and Sue Burglar is in fine
shape, and is being jogged daily. Bird Eye trotted to
his record in a winning race at Goshen, N. Y. . last
summer, and his campaign iu the hands of H. E Kline.
who trained and drove him, was quite a successful one.

The well-bred and handsome bay mare Anua Daw-
son, by Jack Dawson, dam Gabrielle. by Gambetfa, sec-
ond dara Evelina, by Ashland, and third dam famous
old Lady Patriot, dam of Volunteer, owned by Joseph
Lasitter. of the Richmond Horse Bazaar, is iu foal
to Robert Ransom, 2:29i

78

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

niscellaneous.

THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA AND STATE
TAXATION.

"I see that while the Legislature was elected for the
pnrpose of retrenchment, it is actually increasing
and the Dispatch is advocating this: and the
Governor is opposed to reducing salaries. Can't you
do something to organize the farmers in opposition to
this unnecessary increase of taxes!"

The above is an extract from the letter of a farmer
just to hand, and it is only one of numerous similar
complaints which reach us almost daily. We confess
that we are astonished at the course the Legislature is
is taking. Bill after bill is introduced to increase
taxation in various ways, and some of the worst of
these have already become laws, whilst all one hears
about retrenchment is that committees are considering
the question. Now, whilst we should be sorry to do
an injustice to these committees, as we know many of
the members composiug them are gentlemen siucerelv
desirous of reducing taxation and expenses, yet we
caunot but feel that they are so dilatory in their action
as to practically put retrenchment into a perils
tion. The session has more than half expired, aud
every one knows how easy it is to defeat legislation at
the tail end of a session. It behooves these commit-
tees to hurry up with their work and let the legislators
know what they propose, that something may be done
to redeem the character of the Legislature, which is
already seriously damaged in the eyes of the farmers
and business men of the State.

One measure already passed into law— the bill com-
pelling the listing of all securities for taxation— is of
a in ist pernicious character. It means increased bnr
dens on the farineis who have only few securities at
the best, whilst those who hold many of tin
business men of the cities) will escape taxation by
either transferring them out of the State, discounting
them with a bank, or by converting them into non-
taxable bonds. All this taxation of personal property
is wrong aud seriously detrimental to the business in-
of the State, and no other civilized nation in
•i Id is guilty of such an injustice as taxiug this
>f property. It is impossible to tax personal
rty in an equitable manner, and therefore the
whole tax should be abolished. As the Ohio <

!. it makes the farmer pay $7
it makes the business man pay >1.

There is leeessity to continue the system, as much

more revenue, when needed, can be derived from the
same elass of property by taxing it in another waj . An
inheritance tax will reach every dollars' worth of it I
by making it impossible to make title to it until the'

tax is paid. This system of taxation does not punish
the living, and those who take after the death of the
owner are at best only voluntary donees, who can
have no claim to exemption from taxation upon that
which is given to them aud might have beeu spent by
the deceased owner without breach of any legal or
moral obligation. The Comptroller of the State of
Xew York has just recommended such a change in the
law of that State, and illustrates how it would work
by showing that in the case of the estates of two or
three millionaires recently deceased, little or nothing
had oeen paid iu the way of taxation on personal
property during their lifetimes, whilst the inheritance
tax would produce thousands of dollars.

Such a change in our law wonld work an enormous
relief to farmeis and business men. aud do much to
revive business and bring about prosperity. This,
with the abolition of useless offices and reduction of
criminal expenses, would redeem the Legislature from
condemnation. Every farmer should write the mem-
bera of the Legislature from his county and insist upon
these reforms.

BEET SUGAR PRODUCTION.

A well attended meeting of farmers was held at
Petersburg on the 4th of Jauuary under the presi-
dency uf Mr. .bis. Bellwood, to consider the
bility of taking np l>ret production by the farmers in
the James river valley. The meeting v,
by a representative of the Department of Agriculture,
who said that Mr. Secretary Wilson whs prepared to
do everything in his power to advance the indu>try iu
this State. Ueet seed would be bought by the Depart-
ment aud would be sent free to every farmer who was
desirous of testing his ability to grow the crop who
would make application for the same. Addre-
advooaey of the movement were made by the Presi-
dent, Mr. EDppes, Commissioner Whitehead, Dr. Potts,
and the editor of this journal. A number of the farm-
ers present signed an undertaking to grow a certain
area of beets if a factory was established, but the
quantify guaranteed was a mere flea bite compared
with what will he necessary for even a small factory.
Whilst we were much encouraged by this meeting, we
hat. without the help of the State, we do not
see that there is a reasonable probability that capital-
ists can be induced to invest half a million of dollars
iu putting down a plant to work up the crop. We
regret to make this OOi we are utterly op-

posed to the State or nation going into mercantile
undei takings, or even granting bounties to assist such

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

70

undertakings. But it is undoubtedly a fact that our
fanners are so lacking in enterprise that, even when
an industry promises so well for them as does this
sugar beet industry, they fail to rise to the opportuuity
and are content to plod along in the old ruts. This
inertness and lack of business enterprise is the curse
of our Southland. What a contrast is afforded by the
go-ahead farmers of the "West ! There, in order to
secure the location of a factory, the farmers at once
guarantee not a few hundred acres, but as many as
25,000 acres, for a period of at least three years. These
are the men who succeed in the world. We are, under
the circumstances stated, confronted with the question,
Shall this promising new industry be allowed to die
stillborn, or shall we advocate State help in its least
objectionable form in order to save the industry * Put
in this way, our interest in the welfare aud advance
ment of the agricultural interests of the State compels
us to say that the assistance of the State, granted in
the form of requiring a limited number of the convicts
at the State farm, or convicts to be supplied to a com-
pany to engage in beet production for a limited period,
is advisable rather thau that the industry should not
be established, as we are satisfied that if once a factory
is located here aud work begun, the production of
beets by farmers will soon enable such assistance to be
dispensed with. We regret to see that the Legislature
does not see the question in this light, but listens to
those who proclaim such a use of convicts as an inter-
ference with free labor and as tending to a monopoly.
With $100,000,000 sent abroad every year to buy sugar,
there is no fear that overproduction or the establish
ment of a monopoly need be dreaded ; aud with the
plea in favor of free labor, we have no sympathy in
this case. The employment of all the convicts in the
penitentiary in sugar beet raising would not displace
one free man from employment in the same business,
nor reduce the price which will be paid for the beets.
We would earnestly beg the Legislature to reconsider
this question and permit the use of convicts in this
business to those who will employ them, or require the
State farm or other land to be used in the production
of such a quantity of beets with convict labor as shall
be sufficient to guarantee the erection of a factory here.

APPLE VINEGAR.

" Please publish in your paper the process for
making apple vinegar.*' — J. J. L.

Replying to this query we would say that under the
old process of making cider viuegar the juice was
simply pressed from the apples and then stored away
in casks and kept uncorked until the product had
passed through a slow natural process of fermentation
which first converted it into an alcoholic beverage and
later into an acetous one. This process is a veryi

slow and uncertain one, largely dependent upon the
temperature in which the casks are kept, and results
in vinegar of very varying degrees of strength. A
newer process has been invented which has been tested
at the Experiment Station at Blacksburg, Va., with
very satisfactory results. We take the following de-
scription of this process from a Bulletin which will be
shortly issued, and which can be had on application
to the Station :

A small outfit, comprising one four by eight feet
generator, beech shavings aud accessories were pur-
chased and ser up in au old storage building for the
experiment. The generator is a large tank, strongly
made from two-inch white-wood planks and heavily
hooped with five one-half inch iron rods drawn up by
lug bolts. One foot from the top of this tank, is
placed a perforated wooden disk over which the stock
solution is evenly distributed by a duujper. The per-
forations in the disk are one eighth inch gimlet holes.
Through these the liquid percolates into the mass of
shavings in the body of the generator. It is necessary
that this disk be set level and tightly packed about
the edge to insure even percolation of the fluid. Also,
the small holes are apt to become clogged aud must
receive attention. The dumper is a double wooden
trough so mounted on supports at the end that when
one side is full, it rocks over and presents the other
trough under the spigot. This process repeats itself"
at greater or less intervals according to the flow of
liquid. The top of the generator tank is covered with
a moveable board cover pierced by au opening through
which the stock flows to the dumper. This cover is
necessary to prevent excessive evaporation and for
cleanliness. Above the generator, situated ni
or elsewhere as may suit the convenience, is a tank
containing the stock to be generated. In our outfit,
this tank is a fifty gallon barrel supported immedi-
ately above the edge of the generator tank.

It is necessary in putting up an apparatus of this
sort to avoid the use of iron or other metals of any
kind which will be corroded by acetic acid, conse-
quently we used wooden spigots aud glass rods or rub-
ber tubing whern ir was necessary to convey the stock
liquids or the finished vinegar.

Prior to putting in the perforated disk or arranging
the supply tank or dumper, the body of the gen
was filled with beech shavings. These are manufac-
tured especially for this purpose and are heavy
shavings one inch wide, tightly coiled, so that thej
present the appearance of small cylinders. The pur-
pose of these shavings is to spread the liquid to be
converted out over a large area of surface as it slowly
trickles over them. This permits the rapid oxygena-
tion or conversion of the alcohol in the stock into
acetic acid.

Before rilling the generator with shavings, a bung-
hole was bored with downward slant six inches above
the bottom of the tank and into this was tightly fitted
a siphon made from ou*> fourth inch glass tubing. On
the inside, this tube extended to the bottom of the
tank and was protected by a cage of wooden strips
pinned to the tank. The outer end of the siphon was
connected with rubber tubing which extended into the
Storage cellar below the storeroom.

Two inches above the siphon, eight one-half inch

60

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

holes were bored around the tank on a level and six-
teen inches above this line, a second line of six holes
weie bored. These are for the free admission of air to
the body of the tank. The fermentative process can-
not proceed properly without a sufficient supply of
air. Tnesc vent holes are also bored with a downward
Slant so that any fluids trickling down the sides of the
tank cannot escape. A thermometer was inserted
several inches into the shavings at one of the lower
and one of the upper vent holes.

Generating vinegar by this process is essentially
identical with the fermentation which would go on
slowly in the barrel by the old methods commonly
adopted on the farm. It is simply a hastening or
forcing process. In this manner it is possible to com-
plete the fermentation and put the product on the
market much sooner, and, what is still more important,
it enables the manufacturer to prepare a standard vin-
egar with certainty, which is quite impossible under
the old haphazard methods.

The cost of setting up a generator need not exceed
$30 or $40.

NORTH GARDEN FARMERS' CLUB.

The Club spent a delightful day on the 8th of Jan
nary at the elegant home of Mr. J. H. Lindsay, editor
of the Charlottesville Progress. Mr. Lindsay has re-
cently purchased a splendid farm in this community,
and has already greatly improved its appearance, and
no doubt in a few years will have one of the finest
farms in this section of the county.

We are all very fond of the Planter, and if you would
only come, to our side of the money question, there
would be nothing more that we could ask. J. N. F.

[We are looking to see our friends come to our way
of thinking on the currency question very shortly.
Meanwhile let us all tr> to become better farmers.
Tt matters not what sort of currency we have, if we
have not produced the means to get our share of such
as there is. — Ed.]

EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH.

Editor Southern Planter:

I have read the article of Mr. B. F. Johnson, "A
Message to the Sons and Daughters of the South," in
your January issue, and must confess that while I do
not wish to criticise the whole, I find that Mr. John-
son seems to be under the impression that all the mas-
ter minds of the world sprung from Southern Europe,
and that they were all, or nearly all, born before the
Christian era. In fact, he names only two celebrated
men, Michael Angelo and Dante, who were born after
Christ; the other gentlemen named lived long before
that time. It seeti s that Mr. Johnson forgets entirely
that ihere lived, or still lives in Northern Europe meu
like Luther. Shakespeare, Gladstone, and Bismarck —
that the printing press and the steam engine were in-
vented in the North— that in fact the North has done
tin. re for the advancement of civilization than the
South of Europe ever did.

If Mr. Johnson would take a trip through Southern
Europe, through Spain and adjoining countries, he
would find that the population of these countries is far
below the intelligence and education of those of the
more Northern countries. I am surprised that Mr.
Johnson seems to have overlooked this fact, but as I
think it is proper to give honor to whom honor is due,
I should be glad if you would publish this in your
next issue.

Yours truly, Suburban.

ANALYSIS OF MARLS.

Recent correspondence in our columns has devel-
oped the fact that no systematic analysis has ever
been made of the various beds of marl in this State.
This ought to be remedied, as it is impossible for any
farmer to know whether the application of such marl
as he has on his farm, or near thereto, will be of ser-
vice to his land unless he knows its constituent parts.
To meet this difficulty, Prof. Davidson, the chemist at
the Experiment Station, offers to analyze samples of
all marls sent to him free of cost, and to publish the
results in Bulletin form for the benefit of the public.
The following circular has been issued by him, and we
invite attention to it by all who have marl on or near
their farms :

Experiment Station, Blaeksburg, Va ,
January, 1898.
Dear Sir,— I wish to make an investigation of the
marls of Virginia in regard to their value to the farm-
ers of the State. ***** if VOu will be kind
enough to send me a sample of any marl on your
property, please prepare it as follows : Take about 10
pounds from as many parts of the deposit as you
think necessary to represent the whole, then mix these
various portions thoroughly, and from this mixture
send me about five pounds. The sample can be put
in a small box and sent by freight to Blaeksburg, via
Christiansburg, Va., N. & W. R. R. The result of the
work will be published in a Bulletin from the Station,
and a copy of this Bulletin will be sent you.
Yours truly,

R. J. Davidson, Chemist.

DARK TOBACCO SALES.

Farmville, a few days ago, broke its record on the
prices of dark tobacco. Mr. J. P. Lancaster, of
Cumberland county, sold there two lots of dark tobacco
at $26 and $28. This is the highest price that has been
paid on that market for many years. The break was
heavy and prices ranged from $6 to $15. The farmers
are in fine spirits over the good prices obtained.

The highest price of the season on the Richmond
floors was paid at Shockoe Warehouse, $18.25 being
given for tobacco raised by J. W. Bowles, a Hanover
county planter. Some of his crop was sold before the
holidays, the whole averaging him $9 per hundred
pounds, lugs and all.

1808.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

81

THE INIQUITY OF OUR SYSTEfl OF TAXATION.

The Farmers' Home, of Dayton, O., thus writes on
this subject of taxation as it is felt in that section :

In private life people get rich, or accumulate prop-
erty, by keeping their expenses below their income.
One great advantage of " hard times" is in enforcing
habits of economy and close watchfulness. When
business improves we do not at once branch out into
extravagance, and hence, nearly always, for some time
after a dull season, or "hard times," we accumulate
rapidly.

This rule does not seem to hold, however, in public
affairs. There has been no time since the foundation
of the government when public expenditures of all
kinds have been so prodigal and so reckless as in the
last three years. Privateearningsiu nearly all branches
of business are greatly reduced ; but public expendi
tures, and resulting taxation, are steadily increasing.

In the old days, when taxes were paid in kind, a
tithe, or a tenth part of the annual produce of the
annual produce of the land, taken by the government,
was considered a very heavy burthen — as heavy as
the people could bear. But our modern "statesmen"
would smile at such a niggardly return. As an illus
tration of what present methods do, take the state-
ment of an actual occurrence. An administrator of
an estate in Dayton found a considerable portion of
the property coming iuto his hands was in the form of
certificates of deposit in bank (time deposits bearing
4 per cent, interest). The appraisers valued these at
their face and accrued interest. The Auditor of the
county listed the estate for taxation at its appraised
value. The rate in Dayton is 2.69 per cent. Result,
the government took for taxes a little over two-thirds
of the entire income, leaving the nominal owner less
than one-third, and out of this he would necessarily
pay his share of the indirect taxes levied by the Na-
tional Government.

What is true in this case is true in nearly every case
where property is listed as contemplated, and directed,
by the law, at "its true value in money." Many, who
are dependent on invested funds for support, would be
ruined if they complied. The rate of taxation is fully
half the average total income of any large estate. No
business man could live who honestly paid the taxes
contemplated by the law.

What is true in Ohio is true of Virginia. There is
not a merchant in this State or city who could make a
living if he honestly paid all the taxes and licenses
which the law exacts. Only a few days ago, one of the
largest manufacturers and merchants in this city, who
is a most conscientious and upright man, and strives
always to comply with the law as he understands it,
told us that the taxes and licenses paid by him last
year amounted to S per cent, ou the capital he had in-
vested in his business ; and we doubt not that if he
had fully complied with the law as it is interpreted by
the Commissioner of the Revenue, that the amount
would have been fully 10 per cent, on his capital. There
are several sections of the law which are vague in their
terms and open to more than one construction, and he

and all other tax payers read them in the way least oner-
ous to the tax payer. How can it be possible for
business to flourish in the State and for capitalists to
be induced to invest their money here, when it is so
burdened with taxes? We complain of the non-pro-
gressiveness of our cities, aud hold meetings to en-
deavor to induce people to come here and establish in-
dustries, but we fail to secure these advantages to the
State. We shall continue to fail so long as our system
of taxation is so onerous. Men can take their capital
into other States and invest it where they do not have
to pay one-half of the taxation which is imposed here.
We nominally keep the tax- rate low, but in other ways
bleed the tax payers unmercifully. The fanner is
punished by this system as much as the manufacturer
or merchant. The markets for his products are cur-
tailed, and land lies waste upon which he is required
to pay the taxes. The remedy for the evil is to reduce
the cost for our State aud county government, to re-
lieve all personal property from taxation, and to
abolish all license taxes to conduct any kind of busi-
ness except the liquor business. (This business it is de-
sirable in the interests of morality aud good order to
repress, and heavy license taxes will repress it as well
as any other business.) Give every citizen the right
(it belongs to him) to invest his capital and use his
labor in the way which seems best calculated to ad-
vance his own welfare without it being necessary
for him to secure a license from the authorities for
the opportunity to earn his daily bread, and with-
out being subject to a tax upon his energies and in-
struments of business, and capital would flow to us and
prosperity be assured. Then levy an income tax upon
the income secured by such freedom of opportunity
to earn it, and an inheritance tax upon the passing of
accumulated wealth to those who never earned it, and
ample revenue could be had for all legitimate ex-
penses of government, both State and local, and no
reasonable man would object to pay or seek to evade a
liability so imposed. Until this is done, even honest
men will evade their obligations under the tax laws,
and public opinion will support them in so doing.

BEET SUGAR.

We are asked whether it is possible to make beet
sugar at home. In reply, we have to say that it is not
practicable to make a palatable article of sugar from
beets without the use of expensive machinery. Dr.
Wiley, the Chemist of the Department of Agricul-
ture, writes on this subject in the following terms :

"The production of a crude beet sugar in a small
way is an extremely simple process. Any farmer who
is equipped with a cider-mill for rasping the beets, a
cider press for expressing the juice, and an evaporator

82

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

BOitable for making sorghum molasses, can produce a
crude beet sugar. As a rule, this sugar will not be
eery palatable, because ir is not refined and contains
the salts and bitter principles which make raw beet
sugar and beel molasses, as a rule, unfit for table use.
It will hi*, however, an interesting object lesson to oar
formers to demonstrate the fact that the sugar beet ii
sell' contains sugar, and that the latter can lie made in
the crude way i have mentioned above. In this way
the making of sugar in a small way by farmers may
prove a stimulus to the industry and do great good.

rs, however, should not he deceived by the ex
pectation of being aide to make their sugar in a. suc-
cessful way commercially. Tin' successful and profita-
ble manufacture of BUgar can only he accomplished in
expensive factories, equipped with all the appliances

ary to make a, pure refined sugar. Only the
pure refined beel sugar can ever become an article of
commerce. In this the best differs from the sugar-
cane, because the latter will give a sugar which, eveu
in the crude state, is palatable and marketable; in
fact, many people prefer etude cane sugar to the re
Cued article on account of its containing the aromatic
principles of the cane, which give it an odor and flavor
very acceptable to most palates."

THE MOLE AND HIS FUNCTIONS.

The Rev. Augustus Jessop, in an article on moles in
the "Nineteenth Century," describes them as the nat-
ural enemies of the ground beetles that have of late
been (In- curse of the market-gardener. He says :
"These ground beetles who have begun to eat up the
fruits of the soil, and who by -and- by will return to
their carnivorous habits by feeding upon babies in
their cradles and the two-year-old little toddlers in
their perambulators, have gone on increasing at an
awful and inconceivable rate of geometrical progree
sion, because the moles have beeu for a long time un-
dergoing a process of extermination ; and what is to
be the end of it all none can say." He goes ou to say :
" A mole is one of the most interesting and instructive
of animals, if only you take the trouble to study him
We have had delightful monographs on the frog, on
the crayfish, on the common domestic fly ; but I know
no satisfactory booklet on the mole. May I suggest
that some gifted naturalist should set to work upon
this subject and witch the world with the tale he might
unfold 1 There are those who assure us that the mole
is a survival of the megatherium, and that he is the
only living thing which still possesses a peculiarly
formed linger on his broad hand, the only known ana
logue of a similar toe on the hind foot of the extiuct
glyptodon. Also it is certain that, though the mole
has no external eats, yet no animal that we are famil
iar with has such exquisite sense of hearing. His
sense of touch seems to be diffused overall the surlace
of his little body ; and some of the learned assure us
that those little eyes, which in the full grown animals
are hard to find, are furnished with a certain muscle
which can be contracted or expanded at will, insomuch
that your nude may just keep his eyes open or closed,
according to circumstances— an invaluable accomplish
ment. such as courtiers, diplomatists, et hoc genus omne
may be forgiven if, when they hear of, they too desire
to have. Then there are those marvellous fortresses,

habitations, hunting grounds, and the rest which the
moles construct, and about which it is not my pro-
vince to speak — the domed citadel, the tortuous gal-
leries, the dormitory, the magazines of food, and the
wells or reservoirs of water — yes! actually wells! —
that they dig ; and then the romance of their lives!
their loves and wars and bloody battles, with the
plentiful banquet and repast when the conqueror
comes home, and where Mrs. Mole receives her lord to
four o'clock tea (some seriously insist that literally
and punctually it is always four o'clock), though, in-
stead of muffins, there is a plate of skinned earthworms
provided for her dainty lord — only as a treat, though !
only as a treat! The main point to be kept in view,
however, in all this is that I lie voracity of the mole is
prodigious. The number of wire worms found in a
mole's stomach, as it has been reported to me, is al-
most incredible. The larvae of beetles aud other wild
beasts hostile to man and enemies to human progress,
civilization, and culture that a bundled moles would
consume in a year, they say, we could count by mil-
lions; and some calculators, great in mathematics,
talk eveu of millions of millions. Certain it is that in
tlie present depressed condition of agriculture it is
difficult to estimate how much serious mischief is being
done by exterminating one of the farmer's best and
most influential friends — the mole. To wage a stupid
and ignorant war against this beneficent ally of his is
' to give himself away ' indeed. What I want to know,
and what I suspect others will soou be longing aud
asking eagerly to know, is, how can we get back our
moles.' How can we allure them hither? Can any-
one make it known to the moles that we have here-
abouts such a wealth of ground beetles and wire-
worms as would suffice to fatten whole legious of moles
for years? They shall not be molested I no pun if you
please ! , but treated with the utmost respect and con-
sideration ; and already there is a talk of saddling the
resurrection man with the expense id' a heavy license
duty, and of bringing in a bill for the protection of our
best friends, the talpidse. The pressing difficulty now,
however, is, how to get back those, our benefactors,
whom we have done our best to exterminate?

How sweet a thing is love of home ! It is not ac-
quired ; it is a feeling that has its origin elsewhere : it
is born with us, brought from another world, to carry
us on with joy in this; it attaches to the humblest
heart that ever thrived. — Boker.

When hearts are filled with holy affection and home
is happy, then do the young dwell in a charmed circle,
which only the naturally depraved would seek to quit
and across which boundary temptations to error shine
but feebly.— South,

Any feeling that takes a man away from his home
is a traitor to the household ; home should be the cen-
tre of joy, equatorial and tropical. — //. W. Beecher.

We pity the man, however prosperous his pecu-
niary condition, or however great his fame, who has
not a happy home. A happy home is the heaven of
his life. — R. Bonner.

There is something in thai little word "home" which
lifts the he irt into the throat and ever excites intense
emotion. — /.'. Bickprsteth.

S inie men area home everywhere; others at home
nowhere. — E. P. Day.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

83

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

ANTER PUBLISHING COMPY,

BICHHOKD, VA.

RICH,

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Mai Bger.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,

Business JIanager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Planter is mailed to bubscribers in
tin- United Slates and Canada at $1.00 per an-
num ; all foreign countries, $1.25.

Discontinuances Remember that tbe

publisher must be notified by letter or post
card when a subscriber wishes his paper
stopped. All arrearages mu-i be paid. Re-
turning your paper will not enable us to dis-
continue it. as we cannot find your name on
our books unless your Post Office addiv.-l is
given.

'I'lie I,hw is. that all subscribers to news-
papers are held responsible until all arrearage s
are paid, and their paper ordered to be dis-
continued.

Remittances should be made direct to this

office, either by Registered Letter or Hone)

Order, which will heat our risk. When made

otherwise we cannot he responsible.

The Planter is sent to subscribers unlil

an explicit order is received foritsdisi u-

ance. All payments of arrearages must be
made as required by law.

•» Imtvs Rive the Name of the Test Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.
The l»ate on your label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Snl»cribers failing to receive the!
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the fact at once.

We Invite Fanners to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, Suggestions How to Improve Tin
Pi. \ntek. Descriptions of New lira ins. Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known. Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of postage.

No anouvmoiis communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address— THE SOUTHERN PLAN rER.

RICHMOND. VA.

j Is always the result of proper draining. Don't waste time

JS and money trying to make crops pay until your land is

^ properly drained. We would like to tell you how to do it,

JU| P| M UU # and at the same time quote you prices on

,fltLL t ^DRHIN * TIL-E-te

LAND J POWH&T&N OL&Y MANUFACTURING GO., Richmond, Va.

<V<V%/%/V^/%'%'%"5 PRESSED BRICKS in a Variety of Colors.

WOOD'S TRADE MARK BRAND OF

Grass ^ Clover Seeds

ARE the highest qualities obtainable',
and fanners ordering same can always
di pend on securing as pure seeds
and of as high a germinative percent-
age as it is possible to secure. This
brand is only sent out under seal, and
with a red label <>r tag on same.

Pol) information in our Descriptive Catalogue for 1898, which will he mailed
tree on application; Write for it and prices of any Seed* required.

T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

Horse Owners! Try

GOMBAULT'S

'Caustic
Balsam

1 Safe r,;":dy and rosith-eCare

OR FIRING. Impossible to produce scar or blemish.
Every bottle sod is warranted to pive satisfaction
Price 81*50 per bottle Sold by drugcists, or
sent by express, charges paid, with full directions
for its use. Send for descriptive circulars.
THE LAWRENCE-WI1XIAJ1S CO.. Cleveland 0.

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

To Advertisers.

We have pleasure in inviting the
attention of advertisers to the fol-
lowing testimonial to the efficiency
of The Planter as an advertising me-
dium, just received :

"Eivertox, Va., Jan. 22, '98.

We cannot help testifying to jour
paper being a most excellent me-
dium for advertising, for we are en
riiely sold out of the birds we had
set aside for sale, and any more we
may sell will have to come, from our
choice breeding pen.-*. We expect
to advertise regularly with you.
J. W. Morgan,
Ruction Duck Ranch.

This is only one of many testimo
nials received unsolicited dining
the past few mouths. It is not
strange that The Planter should be
thus effectual in securing orders for
advertisers when it is borne in mind
that now for nearly sixty years it has
been going out regularly every
month to the best farmers of the
South. Generation alter generation
i has looked upon The Planter as the
I especial journal of Southern farm-

FRAZER

J Axle Grease < ™i

0 Its wearing qualities are unsurpassed, ao-

\ tuallvoutlasting 3 bxs. any other brand
0 Not affected by heat. «S-Get the Genu
4/%. FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS.

CHICAGO

CORN

SHELLER

$1.

__ he market (Mention this
paper. Heniou<£ IIu hhi- II,
6K-65 Fill. on St, Chicago.

s

SAVE YOUR FRUIT.

The U.S. Agricultural Department's Bulle-
tin, No. 19, 1805, says: "A Virginian sprayed
one-third of his orchard, thereby increasing
quantity of sound fruit 50 per cent., and in-
creasing value over the rest 100 per cent. He
estimates his loss by not spraying the other
two-thirds at twenty-floe hundred dollars."
SPRAYING PUMPS 'or sale by

S. P. BROCKWAY. Staunton, Va.

WIND PUMP PERFECTED

By perfect pump rod spring

lifting platform, rapid wear slopped. Hilpt
art water. Pay after trial. .EtilS MFG. \'u.,
Mar.hulltown. Iowa.

M

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEB.

[February

State op Ohio, City of Toledo, \

Lucas County, I "

Frank J. Chenky makes oath that he
is the senior partner of the firm of F. J.
Cheney & Co., (joint; business in the city
of Toledo, county and State aforesaid,
and that said firm will pay the sum of
o.NE HUNDRED DOLLARS for each
and every case of Gatabrh that cannot
be cured by the use of Hail's Catarrh
FRANK J. CHENEY.
Sworn to before me and subscribed in
my presence this 6th day of December,
,,—»—, AD. 1886.
\ seal. } A. W. GLEASON,

1 > — . — ■ ' Notary Public.

Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally,
and acts directly on the blood and mu-
cous surfaces of the system. Send for
testimonials, free.

F. J. CHENEY A CO., Toledo, O.
J®*Sold by druggists. 75c,

ers, and advertisers have learnt this
fact, and, therefore, use its columns
regularly. The fact that no " fa-
kirs" or "dead beats" are permit-
ted to use the columns of this jour-
nal at any price, and that no im-
moral or suggestive advertisement
is allowed to appear in its col-
umns, has, no doubt, given a tone
and standing to the journal which
advertisers appreciate, and which
results in satisfactory returns to
those who patronize us. We would
appeal to all who appreciate such a
system of conducting a journal, to
give us their advertisements. They
may rest assured that thev will
never appear in bad company, and
that their advertisements will be
read by the richest aud best farm
ers iu the South. Our circulation
is constantly increasing, and no
other medium in the South can
reach the buyers like The Planter.

MAGAZINES.
Harper's for February opens with the
first part of an article bv George du
Mauricr, "Social Pictorial Satire," which
deals with the great satirists of "Punch."
The illustrations are from drawings by
John Leech, other features are "Pro-
jects fur an Isthmian Canal," bv the Hon.
D. Turpie : "Stuttgart, the Modern City,"
by E .! Allen, illustrated by J. Pennell;
Americans From Oversea," by
K.rk Monroe, giving particulars of his
adventures among the Icelanders and
Russians of North Dakota.

Harper's Illustrate.) Weekly has a fine
article on "Wide Open Chicago," which
should be studied by every one who de-
sires to know to what a state of disgrace
the "boss" system of governing com-
munities can reduce a people.

Harper's Bazaar will always please the

ladies.

The American Review of Reviews
opens with the usual article, "Progress of
the World " In this the editor deals
with the Cuban situation, Hawaii and
Urn. B. Shaw has an interesting
article on "The Travelling Library— A
Boon for American Readers." W. T.
Stead writes on British problems and
policies for 1898.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly
discusses amongst other things the "Pre-
servation of Our Forests," "Scientific
Progress in the Closing Century," and
" School Gardens."

Lippincott's complete novel for Febru-
ary is " A Trooper Galahad," by Captain
Charles King. R. G. Robinson "writes on
"Florida, the Land of the Winter Cu-
cumber." Fakirs, adventurers and swind-
lers of various kinds are discussed in an
article on " How They Live on Nothing a
Year."

The Ladies' Home Journal has a remi-
niscent article on " With Washington in
the Minuet." Another interesting arti-
cle is that on the "Flower Fetes of Cali-
fornia." " Inside of a Hundred Homes "
is full of artistic suggestions for the prac-
tical housewife. Mrs. Rorer writes on
"What Indigestion Really Means."

PAMPHLETS.

" Why Maintain a State Agricultural
College," by Win. E. Simonds, Hartford,
Conn., is a strong presentation of the case
in behalf of liberal support for agricultu-
ral colleges.

CATALOGUES.
Harris' Rural Annual, Moreton Farm,
N. Y. Seed Catalogue.
Iowa Seed Co., Des Moines, la. Seeds.
Burpee's unique list of the best seeds
that grow. W. A. Burpee & Co., Phila-
delphia, Pa.

Thompson's Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Cata-
logue of Strawberries, Grapes, &c.

Lewis Roesch, Fredonia. N. Y. Nursery
Stock.

Prairie State Incubator Co., Homer
City, Pa. Incubators. Mr. J. W. Mor-
gan, of Riverton, Va., the great duck
breeder, whose advertisement will be
found in our columns, is agent for this
Incubator, and will be glad to answer all
inquiries.

Palace Incubator Co., Merriam Park,
Minn. I ncu batons.

We have received the Eighteenth An-
nual Report of the Indian Industrial
School at Carlisle, Pa.

Also the Ninth Annual Report of the
Gloucester (Va.) Agricultural and Indus-
trial School for colored children.

The Millbourne Newspaper Advertis-
ing Agency, of Baltimore, Md., sends us
copy of their Guide Book, which will be
found useful to advertisers.

Agricultural Advertising, issued by F.

B. White Co., of Chicago, will be found

full of hints for advertisers. Their spe-

nee are well got up, and no doubt

largely read by advertiser*.

WANTED TO EXCHANCE

Valuable City Property in the city of Battle
Creek, Michigan, for a Dairy Kami In Pied-
mont section of Virginia. Address C. H.

CoXKLIN, 813 Huntingdon Ave. Baltimore,
Md.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY!

A dozen young men who desire to work and
take pay in board and tuition at Centra]
Academy. Write at once to J. F.TWJSDALE,
Littleton, N. C.

LIME TESTS

By which you can tell quickly a:
sively whether your Ian
not, will be sent free of e
of io cents In postage stamps.
POWtLL FERHLIZER and UiEMICAl CO .
Baltimore, Mo.

CENTRAL ACADEMY.

An Industrial School of high grade where
boys and girls may Becure a good academic
education at very small o»t. Those without

means may get work. ..I Acad-

emy, Boa 50, Littleton, N. C.

SEED CORN.

The ALBEMARLE PROLIFIC, yielding
bus. per acre, and the greatest fodder-i
forensilage. Took a J; prize,

and for two years the flit rth liar-

den Farmers' Club. Price, H.2S per bushel. In
small quantities; will make reduction for
large orders.

Write for prices of registered stock— Poland-
Chinas, Shropshire*. He. I Polls, sheilund
Ponies, Pure-bred Turkeys. Ducks 4 '
ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM. Charlottesville. Va.
bam'l b. Woods, Proprietor,

While thousands are
enjoytnga good thing
yon oughl to be in-

A COMPOST DRILL
ill pulverize
and distribute com-

on si\ acres per day-
one horse* one hand.

J. M. LINDSEY,
Manul 'r & Patentee.
Crystal Springs, Va.

$1000. MADE! i

selling BE Vh'K I IM.E'S Auloultwir
Cooker. Best cooking utensil. Food
can't burn. Noodor >aves iaborand ]
foci. Fitsaoystove. Agents wanted, (
either sex. Good Par. One lady sola (
2385 in one town. Write (P O.nfgi I
BEVERIIHiK.Mr'ti.CO.Haltlninre.JId.

Truck -Farm

^(lWacrcscTeared'i FOR SALEt>°
Four miles from Richmond, one mile from
electric railway; railroad runs through place.
This farm is in excellent condition, and has
all necessary out-buildings; old-fashioned
dwelling of ten rooms, in fair cot
Price, 110,000, on reasonable terms. Must be
sold to close up an estate. Apply to Executors
I (art Southern PlanUr office

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

86

REPORTS.

D. 8. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
D. C. Experiment Station Re-
eoni, Vol IX. Nn 3.

V. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, l> C. Experiment Station Re-
ol. X, Nn- 4.

U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Waah-
I). U. Report of the Director of
the Office of Road Inquiry fur 1S97.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
D.C. Division of Soilc. Bulletin
Hi. The Mechanism of Soil Mixure

(". S. Department of Agriculture, Wash
ington, 1 1. C. Report of the Chief of the
Division of Publications for 1897.

.rain Experiment Station, Berk-
Icy, Oal. Bulletin lift. Vine Pruning

II Experiment Station, Ithaca, N.
V. Bulletin 140. Second Report on Po-
tato Culture.

Maryland Experiment Station, College
Park. Md, Tenth Annual Report.

Maryland Experiment Station, College
J 1. Bulletin 50. Rust and Leopard
Spot Two Dangerous Diseases of Aspa-
ragus

Maryland Experiment Station, College
Park, Md. Bulletin 51. Horse Feeding.

New Yurk Experiment Station, Gene-
en. X. Y, Popular Edition of Bulletin
L25. Tomato forcing

Hew York Experiment Station, Gene-
va, X. Y. Bulletin 126. Feeding Exper-
iments with ( 'lurks and Capons.

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va, X. Y. Popular Edition of Bulletin
126,

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va. N. Y. Bulletin 129. Report of Anal-
yses of Commercial Fertilyzers.

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va, N Y. Bulletin ISO. A Bacterial
I ijsease of Com.

New York Experiment Station, Gene
va, X. Y. Bulletin 131. Results with
()at Smut in 1K97.

XVw York Experiment Sation. Gene-
va. X. Y. Bulletin 1.32. The Source of
Milk Fat.

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va. X. Y. Bulletin 133. Spraying in
1897 to Prevent Gooseberry Mildew.

North Carolina Experiment Station,
Raleigh, V C. Bulletin 145 Crimson

North Carolina Experiment Station,
Raleigh, N, C. Bulletin 146. Miscel-
laneous Farm Bulletin. ' Variety Tests of
Cow peas Variety Test of Cotton. Ex-
periment- with Potatoes.

and Experiment Station,
Kingston, R. 1. Ninth Annual Report.

Tennessee Department of Agriculture,
Nashville, Tenn Pacts for Home Seekers.

Virginia State Weather Service, Rich-
mond.Va. Report for December, 1897.

We commend to the attention of our
readers the advertisement of Mr. C. F.
nan, Norfolk, Va. He is aj_rent for
the "EIJwo "1" Wire Fence for this ter-
ritory. As m my of our farmers are now
looking after their fences, it will be to
their interest to correspond with the
above before purchasing elsewhere.

4W4WHHHWttHHWtfHHt

■mPM

M

M

YourL

oura-iver

needs coaxing, not crowding. Dr. Ayer's Pills stand with-
out a rival as a reliable medicine for liver complaint. They
cure constipation, and they cure its consequences, piles,
biliousness, indigestion, sick headache, nausea, coated tongue,
foul breath, bad taste, palpitation, nervousness, irrita-
bility, and many other maladies that have their root in
constipation. They are a specific for all diseases of the
stomach and bowels, and keep the body in a condition of
sound health.

"I have used Ayer's Pills for the past thirty years and
consider them an invaluable family medicine. I know of no
better remedy for liver troubles, and have always found
them a prompt cure for dyspepsia."— James Quinn, 90 Middle
Street, Hartford, Conn.

Tab* Ay or '& Pills

miWWHHWWHmWWH

■•■
•a*

We wish to call the attention of our
readers to the advertisement of the Ad-
vance Fence Company of Peoria, 111.,
which appears in another column of this
issue. These people are manufacturing a
very desirable, smooth, interwoven wire
fence, and as they have never before ad-
vertised before our readers, we wish to
bespeak for them honest and friendly
consideration at their hands. If you are
needing any wire fencing this spring, you
may find "it to your interest to write
them for circulars and prices. We note,
from their advertising matter, that they
sell only direct to the farmer and pay the
freight, Which offers many advantages be-
sides saving the farmer the d aler's or
middleman's profit.

These propositions seem very fair and
advantageous. In writing them, please
state that you saw their advertisement in
our paper.

CLEAN AND HEALTHY NURSERY
STOCK.
Buyers of nursery stock will be inter-
ested in the result of an examination
made by Professor W. G. Johnson, on
January 13, of the stock of the Harrisons'
Nurseries, at Berlin, Md. All the stock
was found in first rate condition and free
from injurious insects. A certificate
statiiv.- these facts has been issued to the
Harrisons, covering all their stock on
hand to he sold for spring

Large, perfect shape
vigorous, prolific
drought-resisting.
Best varieties Straw-
berry Plants; also As-
pa raensRoots, Peach,
Apple and Plum Trees.
Peaches grown from nat-
ural seed in section free
from scale and yellows.
Vrf.e for ]»te«t oiwlog— FRES
HARBISON'S NURSERIES,
Berlin, ■<•

WSSSMi&Wfi

Lee's Prepared Agricultural Lime

WE HAVE REDUCED THE PRICE TO SUIT THE TIMES.

We are now sellin' this VALUABLE FERTILIZER ami LAND IMPROVES at
S/O Per Ton When used on fallow land, with a fair amount ol vegetation, we
have never known it to fail in giving a sati-r.u-tor.v crop of wheal and a good stand of
clover or grass. We do not recommend it for clean or thin worn-out land, unless
some litter from the farm, pen or forest is used with it.

500 TONS OYSTER SHELL LIME, Sacked or in r ulk, for sale low.

For thin and bare land, we recommend our — — — — —

HIGH-GRADE BONE AND POTASH,

which we are selling at the low price of $16 RER TON. Farmers who used it last
year say they had fine crops on veky thin la

«9-Wrlte for Circulars.

S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

86

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

HOW TORINO OUT

Fill a bnt'lp oroommon g'aaB with urine

ami lei it stand twenty four hours; a se'ti

ment or settling indicates an unhealthy

condition of the kidneva When urine

stains linen it is evidence of kidney

frequent desire to arina'e

n in the back, is also convincing

iiat the kidney and bladder are

out of order.

WHAT TO nO-
There is comfort in the kn iwledge so
wed, thai I'r. Kilmer's

the yreat kidney remedy.
fulfills every wish in relieving pain in
the back, kidneys, liver, bladder and
every part of the urinary passages. It

!s inability to hold urine and scald-
ing pain in passing it. or bad effects fol
Lowing the use of liquor, wine or beer,
anil overcomes that unpleasant necessity
of being compelled t iget up many times
during the night to urinate. The mild
and the extraordinary effect of Swamp-
realized It stands the high-
est for its wonderful cures of the most
distressing cases If you need a medi-
cine, you should have the best. Sold by
druggists, price fifty cents and one do lar

narkably successful has Swamp
Root been, that if you wish to prove its
great merit, you may have a sample
bottle and pamphlet both sent free by
mail. Mention Southern Planter, and
send your address to Dr. Kilmer 4 Co.,
Bingliamton, N. Y. The fact that this
offer appears in this paper is a
sufficient guarantee

^•^ FOR SALE! ^"*-

UUUninl 0 I UriC ing section; doing
4in.00(i business, which can be increased

Ifjn easily.
- FARM— 128 acres, under high culti
vaticn; all necessary improvements
Price. M.000 cash. \ duress BUSINESS,
care Postmaster, Toano. Va

SITUATION WANTED

aarrted man [English . Thoroughly
nndsthe management of all kinds of

si.M-k: good butter maker: understands 66pe>
■ ' !». tester, Ac. References. Address

DAIRYMAN, •arc Southern I'tnnter.

SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

Parties desiring to locate or purchase prop-
erty in beautiful and healthy section, should
write or <-ail on GEO. W. RICHARDSON,

Marion, Va.

Ya. Farms for $3

Anacreand Dp ward, in yearly payments.
Interest 8 per cent Seme to exchange
Northern Set! lenient. List free.

6E0. K. CRAWFORD & CO.. Kiilinioii.l. Va.

• SMCXE YOUR MEAT WITH
WWSH'QUIDEXTRACT^MOK^

-■E.r:S.VJ:E.1iBSB.MIIT0N.Fft.

HOW TO MAKE MONEY!

When such an ingenious, convenient
and useful invention i- put b<-:
public as The Beveridge Automatii
er. it seta housewives to wonder ng why
some benefactor to the human race < i i - 1
not invent it long ago, and thus, through
all these years < c in •niizt- space, food. fuel,
strength and temper. It has been tested
bv thousands of reliable women and pro-
nounced by them to he simple, economi
caland labor-saving ; and its distinctive
merits lie not alone in its successfil
cooking, but in the arrangements whereby
the food cooked retains it.- entiri
and all its nutritious qualities.

Secure at once the agenci- foi
Cookers. The work is light, respectable
and very profitable. Some active member
of each church and Sunday school could
easily get one in every home represented.
To see these Cookers is to buy one, no
kitchen complete without one. Write to
The Beveridge Mfg. Co., Baltimore, Md .
and you'll get special terms and :.

Flint. Mich., Januarv loth, 1S08.
To the Editor:

The American Tarn worth Swine Keiord
Association has received notice that its
herd book has been recognized by the
United States Department of Agriculture
and the Treasury Department, permitting
free entry for breeding purposes of Tarn-
worths recorded in this Association.

The United States has never before had
a Tamwortb record, and as this Associa-
tion has certified copies of all the Tarn-
worth records of Great Britain, the sub-
ject is of interest to farmers generally.

Thanking you in advance for any men-
tion you may make in your journal, I am,
Yours very truly,
Edwin O. Wood, Secretary,
Flint, Mich.

PLANET JR. FARMING IP Tl > DATE.

Any one who think- that farming is
behind other occupations in enterprise
and progress] venese has only to look
through the new 1898 " Planet Jr." hook,
published by S. L. Allen & Co.. to be
undeceived. The best and most practical

application Of mechanic- to farm and
garden work is shown in the varinu
plows, seed drills, cultivators and other
implements These tools have stood the
many yean practical work and
every year shows improvements in the
details' The "Planet Jr." toole have
decreased the cost and the hard work of
farming and have increased the nop- and
the profit. They have steadily grown in
popularity and sale- because each one
meets a real Deed of the farmer, doing
work that would require a day by old
methods, in an hour or less,
gressive farmer, and no one who di
be up with the time-, can afford to he
without "Planet Jr." implements. The
handsome, descriptive hook will
free mi application to S. L. Allen & Co.,
1107 Market street, Phila.

Mr F. M. Gfllel .Verona, Md.), of
" Hereford- Berkshire Dorset" fane-, ,.f-

ne of the choice products of Bacon
Hall Farm in another column.

EGGS FOR HATCHING!

Brown Leghorns, 50 cents perT5. B C.
Brown Leghorn young Roosti

Hiss s. >[. HITER, Kllisvilte. Va,

PEKIN DUCKS— Eggs $1.50 per doz.

8. ' I. Brown Leghorns- Bess, 11.00 for r>.
Black Minorca*- Eggs, I1JW for 13.

LEHOY P. CARTER, Richmond, Va,

PARTRIDGE COCHIN Cockerels.

I have a tew Partridge Cochin Cockerels, 8 to
10 months old, for sale, from slock purchased
from C. A. Ballan. Worcester, Mas-., breeder
of tin- rim-st -train of Partridge Cochins in
United state-. Trice. Sl.'2i each. Address
\VM. D. CHURCHILL, Dry Bridge. Va.

1897 Bronze Toms

25 Pounds and Over.
One Grand WILD GOBBLER very
TOULOUSE GEESE (winners at Bristol.)
INDIAN RUNNER DUCES (laying since

November), 4c., Ac
Box 16. Mrs. R. J. FARRER, Orange, Va.

S. C. BROWN LECHORNS,

Eggs 6>r setting. $1.00 per 15.
PEKIN DU< IKS— Eggs for setting. $1.00 for 11.
8. C. BROWN LEGHORNS, 11.00 each-
Roosters or Pallets.
The above are of t lie best strains and guar-
anteed pure iu breed,

(.. V. GRAVES, Highland Springs. Va.

Berkshire Hogs, Jersey Cattle,

ENCLISH BEACLE DOCS.
PLYMOUTH ROCKS

(Eggs, $1.00 for 15).

BROWN LECHORNS

Eggs. $1.00 for 16)
T. O. SANDY. - BURKEVILLE. VA.

$250

IN GOLD FREE

■

I>e»lrin|; »t many u possible to try
Sdfl Op »€■<-!
-don which

in teetl», the p?Ue« gl

■

■ tiy P. O., ExpN

tlon» awmpanv ey
Or,t«r or R«MlT

||0>VK>GET
Thru FREE

In 1889 we propose to intro-
-kable novel-
ties. One A NEW TOMATO and
the other A NEW BEET. We want
quality of
nd therefore will pay yon

$200 FOR A NAME.

To those who «;-!■ to test them I Lis season and
compete for these i

] nt of our

STAR PRIZE COLLECTION

wliiehiiK'ltiiirsal.-nai«rketor seed of each of

NEW WHITE PRIZE ON.ON HEW WINTER QUEEN

.mm AMD CINCINNATI MARKET RADISH.

i and Farm Manual,

JOHNSON A STOKES,

in-Pt. ai;.anm.rt,ci»i. PHILADELPHIA PA.

189S.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

THE IMPROVED

VICTOR Incubator

HATCH Chickens JIJ "mmj.
„ EXCELSIOR Incubator

C=3 Ji^l^lj^j^ Simple. Perfect, Set/- Rtgulat-

Lowest priced

Orst-clu** Hatebe

A SURE WINNER.

OUR SUCCESSFUL IN-UBATOH wil
veit if jouu-e it. Send be fo,
r 128 puge catulog and rtod J t hi

iticial i

■ Jan,

and poultry culture generally.

iit]f:i tare ;l L'rent^r vuri-

,£ II store anil Brooders

i than ;»r.' other firm. Si»
-
D^S W "-ITS I-jC'B. £0.
OIKES. IOWA.

THE WHOLE STORY

pedigree poultry;

RELIABLE INCUBATOR & CROODFR CO., Qvincy, 111.

START IN BUSINESS!

HATCH THOUSANDS

WITH THE PRAIRIE STATE

INCUBATOR

200 FIRST PREMIUMS.

Send for PRAIRIE STATE INC, CO.
catalog. HOMER CITY, PA.

-3*SEE THAT HOOK?

IMPROVED
CONVEX
EHORNER

me Fo
Christian i. Pa.

For » knife thru will cm :i horn without S
crnflhine cuts from four 4

rTHE KEYSTONE;
!— -DEHORNER—

] durable. Full,

H:r.HF.ST wvakd »T WoitLn's 0
F»IK. IlKTiflr. circulars FREE. «>

A.C BROSICS Coehranville. Pa. %

STUMP PULLERS,

GRUBBING MACHINES, DERRICK

HOISTS. BUTTER WORKERS

BREAD KNEAD!

Agents Wanted. Send stamp for catalogue.
Manufactured i>y the

PARKER CO , 205 Sheffield Ave, CHICAGO. III.

LEVELING A FIELD.
It is desirable, now that machinery is
used for harvesting grain as well as hay.
to have the fields level. But this at fir.-t
Bight appears to he a costly and trouble-
some process. On the contrary, it is the
simplest matter possible if t lie righf
means be taken. This is to use the
"Acme" Pulverizing Harrow, Clod Crush
er and Levelt-r a few times on the land.
This should be d< oe every year daring
the time the grass seeding is coming on,
and when this is reached the field will be
AS smooth and level as a bam floor, thai
is, all the small knolls will have been
leveled down, hollows w 11 be tilled up,
and when the time tomes to finish the
land for the grassorthe grain, some more
careful woik with this implement will
put it iu the best condition for the ma-
chines. For fields that ate irrigated, no
other implement may be made so effec-
tive in leveling and smoothing the fiir
face at so small a cost ot labor. The
plowed land is scraped down in the high
places by the sharp Leveling bar in front,
and the coulters following smooth the stir-
face in the most effective manner. — Henry

Mr. J. W. Hall, Marion Station, Md.,
writes us: " 1 wish to call your attention
to the coming new strawberry, the Hall's
favorite. It is beyond doubt the finest
strawberry ever grown. It defies any
and all competition. It conies the near-
est to i erfection of any berry I have yet
•een. One large fruit arower >ui i when
he saw the Hall's Favorite : 'The climax
is reached.' The Hall's Favorite is a
chance seedling, originated at the Somer-
set Fruit and Plant Farm in the \ ear
1891, found among many other seedlings
by my son, W. C. Hall, and its exact ori-
gin is not known. It is now oil. n d for
sale for the first time, and no one should
fail to give it a trial. It has fruited at
the Somerset Fruit and Plant Farm, and
has never shown any sign of disease I
have been in the fruit busines for twenty-
five years, and during that time I have
had numbers of varieties of st ran berries,
but the Hall's Favorite is the strongest
grower of any variety I ever saw." ,,7^7

Tor Poultry, half cost of
Netting. Also farm. yard.
cemetery fences. Freight

p lid. ( 'atalo- ih' five.
K. L. SHELLABE.vGER,94 F. si. , Atlanta, Qa.

WOOD'S DESCRIPTIVE SEED CATA-
LOGUE FOR 1898
Is a most valuable help to the busy
gardener or farmer all through the year,
giving just the information he needs
about all seeds, time for planting, best
methods of culture, description, and points
as to what crops it will pay best to grow.
It is really a complete manual for the
Garden and Farm, and will be mailed
free upon application to T. W. Wood &
Sons, Richmond, Va.

DOUBLE THE PLEASURE OF A
DRIVE.
"■A fine Carriage doubles the pleasure of
driving. Intending buyers of carriages
can save dollars by sending for the large,
free catalogue of' the Elkhart Carriage
and Harness Manufacturing Com]
Elkhart, It.d _ ~— ,

FENCING

See the Fence? MONARCH
/54/in/hi/ghT builds it Best Machine on

1 Earth, only ss. A snap let-
agents. Calaloge Free.

m fence

M With our Duplet AuKm»ti<

tls also Hor-c-h!;li A

Sfi 16S A ROD >

orCMckenfencarorlSoarod. P'<"

IN BB0TII8BS, Boi230.Ri.L::

A Spring at Each End

of a wire mattress won't do. It most ••give'*

PAGE WOVEX WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich,

30 cents PEBR0|

Saved by building your own wire fence (ritl
W1LLMARTH FENCE MACHINE. One man

weave 4» rods of -

best Cable Strai
► ^ Fence per day ■■•
tbie ec

tagentisly nnd nnifoimly over Hill1, g
simple and easy to operate, Costs only $:■>..'
Sent by exprese on receipt of price. Spccia
favo'-ih'e terras to pood nc-ents and dealers.
Willmarth Fence Machine Co., Detroit. Mi

m

9H«SL.„

WESS*^ rUCnlNEfoST 0NLY 2S

^f ll^PER RDD.f

4.4 KlnmH 5T...JX ^m^****^

FENCE YOUR FARM

With a Good Fence Cheaply.

THE ADVANCE WOVEN WIRE FENCE

whlcnla sild direct to the fanner,freigrhtpala,\ve believe
to be the best feuce made f :

sellinorsaves the fanners the dealer's profll anoDrlnga
the fence to a price that bents t he huml 1. ni-emm lituo
both for chc-apne,,* and aoaUty offence. A. conttauoui
fence; all He '-iri, i. -- ' .ml-i

tie wirce can't slip. Prices 1 [ for oar

new circulars and extra »ncclul discount to lurmerj.
ADVANCE FEME CO.. SSOldSt. Peoria. 111.

88

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

Vegetables

can be raised at a profit, and
the yield enlarged, if properly
fertilized. Most fertilizers do
do not contain enough

Potash.

\ < igetables need plenty of pot-
ash— at least 10% — besides
the phosphoric acid and nitro-
gen.

Writ*: for our hooks which tell all about
fertilizers. They are free.

GERMAN KALI WORKS.

93 Nassau St., New York.

Home-Mixed
Fertilizers

A man can save hundreds of
dollars by mixing- his own
fertilizers. He saves about
half the first cost; he can use
the materials best adapted to
the particular crop, and conse-
quently secure the best re-
sults possible for the money
spent. Nitrate of Soda should
be used to furnish the nitro-
gen (ammonia). It is not only
the cheapest, but the most sol-
uble, available, and in every
way the best formof nitrogen.

Frpp. A ■W-paee book. "Food for Plants."
I ICC Tells all ahont mixing- and using
fertilizers. Pleas( ash for it.

S. M. HARRIS, MORETON FARM (p. 0.) N. Y.

RIFE HYDRAULIC ENGINE.

rumps water automati-
cally by water power,
i'uro water delivered,
USlng muddy or Impure
v.iihi- ns power. Water
pumped 30 feet high for
each foot of fall.

Water supplied

Residences, Farms,
Railroad Tanks,
Irrigation.

No Expense !
No Attention

V, very
machine
guarant'd.
< latalogue
free.

RIFE ENGINE CO., 126 Liberty St., N. V.

PAINT TALKS. II.

READY-MIXED TAINTS.

In my first "talk " I called attention to
the value of paint as a preserver, and
protested against the use of poisonous
materials. 1 now propose to say some-
thing about that popular convenience and
painters' " bugaboo," — Ready -Mixed or
Prepared Paint.

Some ten years ago, certain lead cor-
roders circulated a pamphlet containing
analyses of a great number of prepared
white paints, showing some to contain no
lead and none to be pure lead. The ob-
ject of this pamphlet was to brand these
paints as frauds and to teach paint users
to demand pure white lead. But judicious
people found that the list included all the
most popular paints in the market, and
remembered that white lead manufact-
urers had set the example of selling such
paints as white lead.

Some of the manufacturers thus at-
tacked immediately challenged the cor-
roders to a test of durability, and one of
them still offers a forfeit of $1,000 on the
result; but these challenges have never
been accepted.

Manufacturers know that the basis of
all good paints is zinc white ; their qual-
ity being generally dependent on the
proportion of zinc contained; and the
absenee.of reports of lead poisoning from
the use of such paints is accounted for by
the absence of lead from their make up.
As a matter of fact, good mixed paint
is a result of advancing civilization. It
is as much out of date to-day for a painter
to mix his paints, by rule of thumb, as it
would be for a Western farmer to attack
a hundred-acre wheat field with thesickel
of Bible days. Everything nowadays is
done, as far as possible, by unerring ma-
chinery, under the eyes of experts ; and
the preparation of paint is no exception
to this rule.

Ready-Mixed Paints are now manufact-
ured in infinite variety from the best and
purest materials obtainable. The adap-
tation of these paints to their use is a
matter of lifelong study by experienced
men, and the choice and combination of
colors is rendered easy by the "color
cards" distributed by manufacturers. Ac-
curacy and uniformity are sure under
such conditions ; while the older method
is wasteful and uncertain.

Painters object to Ready-Mixed Paints
because they provide free the knowledge
and the time the painter has for sale.
Many thoughtful painters, however, be-
lieve" in Mixed Paints : and one of them
has published Ids belief that " The 20th
century painter will do very little mixing
or preparing of paints in the shop."

Good mixed paints are always better
than lead and oil alone or than lead com-
bined with tinting colors; and are en-
tirely safe to use, their durability and
safety being proportional to the percent-
age of zinc contained.

If buyers will demand paints with a
zinc \>i\>f, the manufacturers will quickly
respond by abandoning all misleading
labels. The public will then realize that
the beM and most durable paints have
always been the combination paints.

Stanton Dudley.

the FARQUHAR

PATENT VARIABLE

Medal and H<ghr st A

SAW MILL ft ENGINE

BEST SET WORKS 1 1 tip B W IR1D. Vamntefl the twit made.

■itural laipie-
lUuatrated Catalogue.

ogle Mills, Machinery, i

^FARQUHAR SEPARATOR

MM LARGEST CAPACITY.

„- vS£2 "f,st economical, ligb(r?t -JraiKbt.
" ■
°^i«mii i "i. '■ ' r- 1 r catalogue*.

A. B. F.UU>l'lltKCO.,Ltd.,vork,Pa.

The Big 4

i The Starved Rooster, who
1 couldn't fatten np, because
he followed an Aultman &
Taylor Thrasher.

2Skft1hr*5 GRAM THRASHER.

grain saver and clean- '

erin the world, and verily the farmers' friend.

3 saves fc more sc"d CLOVER H U L L E R

saves , ., .
than any other ma- .
chine and cleans it to perfection. . . .

4Lhyi„rA;«os1 Farm and Traction

economical and dur- p " ■'"""»"

able in the world. tHEME ®b <Sb <Sb
Largest & most com- fc"D",u
plete line of Thrashing- Machinery and Saw Mills

MANUFACTURED BY

The Aultman & Taylor Machinery Co.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Send for free illustrated catalosue

1898.]

THE SOUTHEBN PLAOTEB.

m

8. W. SillTJJ, Coc

BERKSHIRE. Chester White,
Jcrsty Kc<l ind Poland Chin*
PIGS. Jersey, Guernsey and
Bolsteln Cattle. Thoroughbred
Stieep. Fancy Poultry. Hooting
and Bonse Dogs. **~
rlUc, "

JERSEY BULL

Three years old, for sale cheap. Fine pedigree;
entitled to registry; in first class condition.
Write to s. c. DORSEY, care H. e). Hiter,
EUisville, Va.

FINE BLOODED Cattle,
Sheep, Hoys. Poultry,
Dogs, Send
stamps rorcHtalogne. 150

IgS. N. P. BOYEB

A Co.. (oates\ i lie. Pa.

JERSEYS CHEAP!

To reduce my herd, I oflfer S or 10 CHOICE
Heifers, fresh and to be fresh this winter.
PUKE BRED and eligible to registry, Prices
low. Apply at once to—

A. R. VENABLE, Richmond, Va.

ELLERSLIE FARM^r
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Shpep

and Berkshire Pigs.

Kor Sale. R. J. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co , Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H- WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

Jacks S Jennets

Stable jn>:
Oentennial Ground,
Harding Pike,

Address \V. E. KNIGHT, Nashville, Tt

Mention Southern Planter.

LISTEN TO THIS FARMERS

Choice Jacks Cheaper than Ever Known
Former Prices Cut in Halves

Handsome 16-hand
Jacks, worth $1,500,
now for 5750; ihese
weigh 1,050 to 1.200
pounds Elegant,
l rim Jacks 151.,
bands, extra every
way. Would be
cheap at si 000. now
1500. Splendid 15-
hand Jacks, stoo.
14, -hand Jacks.
noted for their

breeding-, for 1300. Jacks. U hands, at $200.

All black with while points; all tested and
no cheap, shoddy stoclr. Horse

measn;

PIEDMONT STOCK FARM,
Green Bush p. o., Walker Co , Ca.

A FAVORITE CALENDAR.
With the approach of a new year most
people discover the need of a new calen-
dar. This fact accounts for the great
number of these articles that burden the
mails at this time. Among them all, the
one which suits us best is that published
by N. W. Ayer & Son, Newspaper and
Magazine Advertising Agents, Philadel-
phia. The 1898 edition has just arrived
and been put in commission Perhaps
its chief attraction is that the figures are
clear enough to be read across a room. It
is, however, a most handsome specimen
of the printer's art, while its business
talk always interests business men. Its
price (25 cents) includes delivery by mail
to any address in perfect condition.

HARD WOOD ASHES.
Mr. James A. Bethune, of Washington,
D. C, adyertises Hard Wood Ashes in
this issue. The value of these ashes as
a fertilizer has been long recognized.
They are one of the best sources from
which a supply of potash an be obtained,
and the importance of this plant food is
well known to every farmer and fruit
grower. The question for a long time
has been where to get the ashes strictly
from hard wood and unleached. This is
now answered by Mr. Bethune, who
guarantees his goods to be from Canada-
original growth, hard timber, carefully
saved from being leached. This is the
kind wanted, and we doubt not that they
can be applied with advantage.

We have received an illustrated essay
on the subject of artichokes from Mr. J.
P. Vissering, Box 51, Alton, 111. It com-
piles the experiences of many farmers;
it treats of the different kinds, their cul-
ture, their value as food for all farmstock,
the enormous yield, even in dry seasons,
of the White French variety, and as a
sure preventive of hog cholera. The es-
say may be had free by addressing as
above. See advertisement elsewhere.

bere, Cows, $2; Bulls, $5; for members,
Cows, $1 ; Bulls, $3.1 Transfers, non-
members, 50 cents ; members, 25 <
Very respectfully.

F. L. Houghton, Secretaty.

Dandruff, which causes so much itch-
ing of the scalp, can be cured by Hall's
Hair Renewer, because it is a corrective
tonic for the glands p odiii ing dandruff.

VIRGINIA

Toe Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sa.m'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va

To the Editor :

The many readers of your valuable
journal who are interested in Holstein-
Friesian Cattle will be glad to learn that
the period set by the Holslein-Friesian
Association of America, for recording an-
imals over one year of age at same fee as
for animals under one year of age, extends
to the Kith of March, "1898. and does not
cease January 1,1898, as many persons
have evidently supposed I shall beglad
if you will make this fact known in your
columns, for the convenience of many
people who are remitting double fees to
the Secretary, when but one is necessary,
and to further inform those who may not
be aware of the temporary reduction of
fees for recording animals over one year
old. The fees now stand, for uon-m»m-

NOT TO IMPROVE IS GOING BACKWARD

The cows are the host source «f revenue on the farm.
Don't- refuse to learn how to do better ^ Etta them

Hoard's Dairyman

Is the unbiased champion of the dairy cow i regardless of
breed) and is the best adviser for those Interest! I in rt>e

firoduction of milk and butter. Now is Oie time t-» decide,
f yon send at once mentioning this ml, vmi Lret the paper
1& months for 81.00— 20 paces every week. Don't put it
off— write to-day. Sample free. W. D. Board, E.litor.

Hoard'* Dairyman, Ft, Atkinson, Wis.

S I" ft******

«s oi UOQS

BARGAINS m

Leading Breeds of

Stamp for Catalogue.

S. G MASON & CO., Kirksville,

— — — • • •

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

§*

For STOCK. Just large enough
light and simple; it don't pull
orcomeout. 100 Ear Marks, with
tools and Register Hook, only
S3; with numbers. jpi.50. Send i'6r
Samples and be satisfied. Address
H. C. ST0LL, Beatrice. Nebraska.

SAW

ILLS

IblbU UPWARDS.

BEST FEED HADE.
Send for new catalogue
before you buy.
BRENNAN &. CO.t IrfraisvUle, Kentucky

For POULTRYMEN v v

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.
"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Corn Mill, Farm Feed

Mills. Powder Mills.
lend /or Circular and Testimonial*.
WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

The Crown Point Grinding Mill.

WUhLeU's Patent 8el/-8harptn-
ing Burrs, that do]
runningempty. Qrlndallgrain,
damp or dry, and as tine as de-
sired, with less power than
others. be< ith roller

bearings. A boy can
them. .Make no mistake and
buy the best. Send for catalogue

CROWN POINT MF'Q CO.
Crown Polut. Ind.

M

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[Febrnary

...The ELLWOOD FENCES and GATES...

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

68 INCH.

26 INCH

'.■.->. IMWte ' "'-'*.■- - - ------ -•-.-..'■--

ELLWOOD FIELD FENCE (Standard Style)

Jend for circulars and price to State Agent-

C. F. HODGMAN, Norfolk Va.

WAGONS

best on the market. Made with Belf-

ind arrester cast skeins, steel skeins,

bollow axles, high or low wheels. U

sale m your section write "< furcut and

OWENSBORO WAGON CO..

Owensboro, Ky.

Woods

SEEDS

Catalogue mailed free.

T. W. WOOD <& SONS,

Seedsmen. ^RICHHOND, VA.

Stationery

IHlC THE HIW'HAHI

.1 in !;chk1 slyle,
pal up iu cooTentem
form, at right
by

WlUTIET * !»(( KI'PKKNII.l,
Frlulent, itiebuittud, * a.

A M K R I C A N CH EVIOT S IT E E P
BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

The following are the officers of the
American UIu viot Sheep Breeders' Asso-
ciation of the United States ami Canada,
tor t!ie \eai I at the annual

b held at Cooperaton a, N. V.. J>e-
cember 22 and 23, 1897 :

President— John Laidler, Garrattes-
ville.

Vice-Presidents Ira S. Jarvis, Hart-
wick Seminary; X. I!. Harrington, Hart-
wick ; T. N. Curry, HartwicR : X. M. Pat-
terson, Pattersons .Mill* Pa.; Hon. R. 11.
Pope, Cookshire, Quebec, Canada.

becretury— R. L. Davidson, Coopers-
town.

Treasurer — (ieo. L. Wilber, Oneonta.

Directors, to Serve One Year-
Hall, Middlefied Centre: S. T. Telfei,
Burlington.

Directors, to Serve Two Years — Ira J.
Hiller, Four Towns, Mich.: II. E. Riggle,
Boustonville, Pa.

Directors, to Serve Three Years — lvl-
war.l Severin Clark. Cooperstown; Geo.
Lough, Ilartwick.

Inspector— Thomas Laidler, OaksvihY.

A LIBERAL PROPOSITION.

Mr. John F. Lewis, proprietor of Lyun-
woeil Stock Farm, whose advertisement
will be found in another column, writes
that he will pay the travelling expenses
of any one who visits his farm, ami fails
to find his stock asadcertiztd and IS
in point of breeding and
Our readers are cordially invited to call
and examine his tine stock or write for
prices, &c.

M IRK YOUR stock.

Mr. EL G Btoll, Beatrice, Neb., adver"
tises in another column the ".lust Right''
eir mark. All fanners should have their
sheep, bog8,etc., marked with this handy
device, so that when they stray off or are
stolen they can be readily identified. It
is also useful to distinguish breeds.

FRUIT TREES AND PLANTS

NEW and OLD. Triumph. Greensboro. Wiek-
Bon, Sophie, Eldorado. Miller, IjOudon,
Ruby. Ridgeway.anda host of others

10 suit the lime*. Cat

MYER ,v son, Brldgevllle, Del.

YOU
SEND

NO MONEY

until the

: circulars and
>u ail sizes de-
ar sta-
tion, freight prepaid.

EMPIRE MFG. CO.,

= 0 Rher Str.et. ROCK FALLS. ILL

$ $ $ YOU CAN SAVE $ $ $

By using .

can do your own uair-soling, Boot, Shi

iruess and Tinware Kepali
pairing out tit No. 1. complete. tsiattii
(*:{ 00. outtli No. 2, same as No. I
Harness ana Tinware Tools, only 82. oo. I If
der direct or write for circular—

P. B. McCORMAC.
Box 24, New Concord, tihlo.
N. B.— Agent wanted. Liberal terms.

INFORMATION WORTH $100.

ASCOt"

lew eibow to keep youi poultry in
perfect health. N.> more gapes or d -
any kind. of this plan orl

and was prove. i In connection with the hand-
rearing of pheasants and other gam
and when applied to poultry tbe Bam
nlQcem results were maintained. This Is no
fake selieme. hut sound, sensible, reliable and
practical Information. - JAMfcS

lniABBLE, l«19 Hartford Ave. Baltlmore,Hd.

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter,

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

91

ADVICE TO DYSPEPTICS.
( With Apologies to Rudyard Kipling.)

The heathen in his folly eats anything

that's good,
He doesn't try to choose the food that

Science says he should.
He dies, gray-haired and weary, at four-

ecore years and ten ;
And what most sorely vexes him is that

he can't eat then.

So be wise and keep from pickles, from

sauces and from spice,
And keep away from cabbage, and from

beans and peas and rice.
Never eat a thing that's sweet, and always

eat it cold,
And thus you'll save your intellect from

growing stale and old.

Keep away from breakfast, keep away

from tea,
Keep away from lunches wherever you

may be.
Never let your midday meal be either

large or small ;
Indeed, it's wiser very much to never eat

at all.

— Tlic Caterer, London, Eng.

FEED GRINDER.

The cut shown herewith is that of the
Star Grinding Mill, which is manufoc
tured by our advertising patrons, the Star
Manufacturing Company of New Lexing-
toD, Ohio. This mill claims to possess
more than usual advantage to the aver-
age farmer who wishes to grind feed. In
the first place, it is a horse-power ma-
chine, and may be operated by one or
two horses. It will crush and grind ear-
corn, and will grind all kinds of Bmall
grain singly or in combination. It is
equipped with three sets of grinding
plates, for grinding coarse, medium, or
fine. It has a good grinding Capacity,
grinding from 15 to 35 bushels per hour,
according to kind of grain and grinding
plates used. Then, too, ibis null is sim-
ple in construction and easily operated
It is of light draft, and constructed of the
best material throughout. Write these
people for circulars and prices before buy-
ing. It may be the means of saving you
both money and annoyance.

When you write to an advertiser,
always say you saw the advertisement
in the Southern Planter.

WJf flj^- 1T*» irs%*»S4-s> The comlns Strawberry; best
W /ll! C ' 3 VOF 11C« of 50 varieties ajiain the past

I1HI1 w season at the somerset Fruit and Plant Farm,
HEADQUARTERS for Pure HolTraans; large stock; SO other kinds;
no finer, no truer stock grown. Raspberries, Blackberries, Asparagus,
Roots, &c. Pedigree Second-crop Seed Potatoes; the best seed grown.
W. HALL, MARION STATION, MD.

Send for free catalogue.

Ours is the most Complete
Department Nursery in the
United States.

Can supply all
your wants
from Flower
and Vegeta-
ble Seeds to
Street 'Frees
at low rates.

Try us, can refer 3*ou to customers ia every state and territory in the Union.

Forty-three years of square lealing has made us patrons and friends far and

near. Have hundreds "of carloads of

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, PLANTS.

We send by mail postpaid, Seeds, Bulbs, Roses, Plants, Small Trees, Etc. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed; larger by express or freight. Ot'll OATAsjOGI'IC, an
elegant boo!<: magazine size, profusely illustrated tells it ail, FREE. Send for it today and see
what values we give for a little money. Lastchuuio as this will not appear again. 44th year.
32 greenhouses. 1000 acres.

THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box I I I, Painesville, O.

WE HAVE NO AGENTS

but haToeold direct t
sumer for 2J years at whole-
sale pricc3. saving him the
dealer's profits. Ship any-
where for examination
Everything warranted.
118 styles of Vehicles,
55 stvlcs of Harness.
Top Buggies, $36 to «70.
|5UtoJ125. Cam*

gee, Phaetons, Traps, wagon-

ertos, Sptinc-Rnad and Milk

Wagons. Send for large, free
As good a* sella for 530.00. ' Catalogue of all our styles. renders and pole, $65. As good 11

ELKHART CARRIAGE AND HARNESS MFG. CO. W. B. PRATT, Sec'y ELKHART, 1M>.

A MEW TREATISE

which tells all about the best and most economical
ways of. making, handlineaud applying farm yard
manure and incidentally about

The Kemp,*...
Manure Spreader

It spreads all kinds of manure cheaper and better
than can be done by hand. Has S'eo'J the test
18 years. The machine is greatly Improved
for 1B9B. we send the boo'.; FREE on application.

KEMP & BURPEE MFG. GO.
Box 21 Syracuse, H. Y.

STIR THE EARTH

c^You can do it best, easiest, quickest with a "Planet Jr." Horse Hoe. It

/pulverizes the earth in a scientific way, kills the weeds, lets the air and

moisture in, makes the cotton, corn and tobacco grow as they never did

'before. It's a cultivator as well as a hoe; does either kind of work equally

'well. Use it one season and you will be surprised at the decrease in work

'and the increase in profit. One

Planet Jr. Horse -Hoe

will do as much as six good men and do it better.
The latest ideas in modern cultivation are plainly
set forth in the "Planet Jr. " Book for 1S9S. Mailed
free. Every cotton grower should read it.

S. L. ALLEN &.CO.,
1107 Market Street,
Philadelphia

9t

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

MEAL TIMES.

.M. W. EAELY, WINGINA, VA.

In reference to meals, the first point on
which 1 would insist is that the different
memhers of tlie family should promptly
obey the summons when called to meals.
Nothing occasions a housekeeper more
annoyance and loss of time than for her
family to be unpunctual in coming to
meals. The food, too, becomes so dam-
aged by getting cold and stale, though
ttiis is a punishment richly deserved by
those who come late to their meals, with-
out being under the necessity of doing so.

There is no place where character
shows more than at the table. A vulga-
rian may possibly conceal his ill-breeding
on other occasions, hut it will surely
come out at the table. Parents ought to
have a sort of table drill for their young
children and practice thetn in it daily, in
the home circle, and thui they will be
prepared to bear themselves creditably
in society. Boys being naturally rough
aid unruly, need closer watching than
girls. Insist on their sitting squarely on
their chairs, at the table, instead of
crooked and sideways, as boys so much
prefer doing. .Make them pull up their
chairs exactly in front of the r plates,
and use their knife and fork properly.
Teach them to be careful not to Spill
things On the tablecloth, their own
clothes, or those of persons sitting next
to them. It seems instinctive with chil-
dren to put their elbows on the table, but
tiain them, from the first, to hold their
arms down close to their bodies, else they
will grow up a peat to whatever unfortu-
nate person they sit next to. Not only
do we give our children habits of refine-
ment and good breeding when we teach
them good table manners, but it is a good
moral training besides, for it teaches
them several lessons important in this
building up of a fine character. First,
they learn patience, when we exact that
"They shall sit quietly in their places,
awaiting their turn to be served. Then
they learn to consider the rights and
wants of others, and to be unselfish in
deferring to these. It is important to
try to teach our children to eat every-
thing, and to overcome any whim or pre-
judice, they may have against articles of
food in ordinary use. Sometimes these
prejudices may be a useful provision on
the part of nature to warn them against
articles that do not agree with them, but
a spoiled child who is allowed to pick
out a few favorite dainties for his meals
will grow up in the habit of rejecting
many excellent and wholesome articles
without any such reason as the above.
We may not be able to relish every arti-
cle of food in the wide range of available
articles, but it is desirab'e to be able to
eat everything, on afemergency. 1 have
known a hostess put to cruel embarrass-
ment by guests whose prejudices against
mutton or fish were such that they could
not eat them, and I think we should try
to prevent these excessive prejudices on
the part of our children, even if we can-
not go so far as to make them fond of the
articles in question.

For a meal to be thoroughly refresh-
ing, something more is required than for
the food to be nutritious and well pre-

JERSEYS, GUERNSEYS, DEVON—
all ages.

I CATTLE
J HOGS —

| BEKKSHIRES-Sowh in pig; Boars

^"^S^"%^' ^BF" '^ff"^^"^W*"^pF"TW'^^F™(r WT %|r trio T)flir OT Sllll/lv

FOWl ^ BRONZE TURKEYS, PEKIN DUCKS, LIGHT BRAHMAS,
IUVVLO. PLYMOUTH ROCK, BROWN LEGHORN.

DOGS EIS*GLISH MASTIFFS, SHEPHERD AND FOX TEKR1EUS
■»""*»• generally on hand.

We will be pleased to receive orders for any of the.above, and will strive to please.

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

PURE

High-bred
English

Berkshire
Pigs

Sired by "Biltmore's Longfellow" 4J(i75, grandson of the famous " Longfellow" less."). Dama
of the purest and best English blood, descendants of such imported slock as "Proctor's Bel-
mont." "Luxurious," "Enterprise," "Lord Lome." &C. The blood of these pigs cannot lie
excelled— rarely equalled. Three months old about February IS. Write and have your order
booked. Highest references given. PRICE, 85.00, 510.00 and 815.00.

Address J. SCOTT MOORE, "County News" Office, Lexingrton, Va.

Lynnwood Stock Farm.

Horses

Berkshires

-HEADQUARTERS FOR

Saddle and Driving Purebred and grade
J Percherona. Stud headed by two Imported Stal-
lions, with size and quality combined. Both im-
{ ported and home-bred mares.

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Beaded by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbus; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition :

Black Knight, Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, and the greatest of all boars, King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardless of cost — and are from such blood as :

Klngscote Belle 2d, Artful Belle 3Sth, Lily Clay,
Pansy, Infanta, and other prize winners.

I offer the best pigs I ever raised at reasonable figures (less than half the
cost of the original stock). Call on or address —

N. & w. K. r JNO. F. LEWIS, Lynnwood, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER

03

pared, although those are very important
points. Still, "' Man does not live by
I read alone." The family should meet
around the table in a loving spirit, and
try tn make the meal time a season of
cheerful, pleasant conversation, banish-
ing all vexed and disquieting questions
Aut-r breakfast, garnished by pleasant,
Bocial converse, the father will go forth,
bett-r braced ap in mind and body, for
his struggle with the world, and the
mother for her monotonous round of
household cares. Then by noou, when
they begin to flag under the pressure of
occupation, what a relaxation it is to ex-
change plea-ant words and little jests
around the table ! How it lightens ''life's
endless toi! and endeavor!"

Let us make a point of banishing from
our tahleall croaking, fault finding, heat-
ed discussion, or disquieting talk of any
kinl. Let our meals be served with the
delightful sauce of cheerful conversation
and innocent mirth. This is highly ad-
visable as a mere matter of hygiene,
leaving other considerations aside, for
physicians tell us when we partake of
food, with minds exhilarated by cheerful
conversation, we digest it far better, and
derive more nourishment from it.

The Century for February has a mark-
ed variety in its contents. The second
part of Dr. Weir Mitchell's story, "The
Adventures of Francois," deals with the
experiences of the hero as a thief and a
juggler, and describes the outbreak of the
French Revolution. Mrs. Harrison's
"Good Americans" changes the scene \o
Constantinople, with an interesting sketch
of travel. Jacob A. Riis writes of " He-
roes who Fight Fire." An unusually novel
paper is " Sly Bedouin Friends," by R. T.
Kellv, setting forth unique adventures in
the Egyptian desert. There is an article
on " Currency Reform," by a member of
theMonetarv Commission, and an account
and facsimile of the MS. of "Auld Lang
Syne," with an unpublished portrait of
Burns. Nearly all the articles are finely
illustrated.

St. Nicholas has the third of Rudyard
Kipling's " Just-So-Stories." It tells
"How the Rhinoceros Got His Wrinkly
Skin," and the manner of it is just as
surprising as one would expect from Mr.
Kipl'ne. The other stories are just such
as will interest the young people, whilst
the illustrations are splendid.

A music committee advertised for a
competent person to fill the office of or-
ganist, music teacher, etc. Among the
replies received was the following:

"Gentlemen, — I notice your advertise-
ment for an organist and music teacher,
either lady or gentleman. As I have
been both for some years, I offer my ser-
vices."

An English paper tells of a clergyman
who had two curates, with the older of
whom he was at swords' points. On be-
ing appointed to another living, he de-
cided to take with him the younger cu-
rate, whom he liked, and when he came
to preach his farewell sermon, he chose
as his text:

"Abide ye here with the ass, and I and
the lad will go yonder and worship."

^ CHESTER-WHITE

_ FOR SALE CHEAP.

~Addre»s, LA WFORD BROS. LAV/FORD, VA.

PIGS!

Morgan's Mammoth Dock Ranch,

RIVERTON, VA.

Prize Winding Pair
photographed from life on our premises

THE SOUTHERN HOME

... of the...

IMPERIAL PEKIN DUCK

Nothing on our premises but the Purest
and Choicest Strains in America. Can
furnish Breeding Stock, any number, at
all seasons. Our Birds are noted for
depth of keel, consequently dress to
better advantage, and are sought after
on the market

They m the Farmers' Fowl for Profit.

EGGS in season: $1.50 per 11; 88.00
per 100; $70.00 per 1,000.

Write us for prices on single birds,
trios, or by the ]d0. enclosing a two cent
stamp for reply. Our birds being thor-
oughly acclimated, are more desirable to
the Southern trade than those brought
from the North or East.

The best work extant on Ducks and Geese— " Standard Breeds and Management"— sent as
a premium with each order for eggs or stock.

Southern Agents for the Prairie State Incubators and Brooders. The Best in tbe world.
Catalogue sent on application.

JOHN W. MORGAN, Proprietor, River ton, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

JHSSH5H5B"

BILTMORE FARMS*:

vj

BILTHORE JERSEYS. Gj

Two hundred and fiftj A.J. C. C. and Imported JERSEYS, "of rich'breed- uj
ing and fine individuality.

Bulls in Service: Qj

QOLDEN BLAZE, Imported. GOLDEN LOVE, Imported. f"

TORMENTOR'S HARRY, by Oonan's Tormentor and out of Kitty.Betta— ffi
15 lbs., 14 oz. 75% blood of Oonan of Riverside — 34 lbs., 3 oz.

LAIRD OF ST. LAMBERT, by exile of St. Lambert (sire of 59 tested [}j

daughters), and out of Lilly Niobe— 21 lbs., 6J oz. A pure St. Lambert bull, n]

TREVARTH, by Warren's Prince and out of Xarama— 17 lbs., 7} oz — a j"

daughter ot Tormentor V. A Lowndes- Tormentor bull. }{)

EDGE WARE, by Flavius and out of Edna of Verna— 2fr lbs., 2* oz. An jG

inbred Signal bull. |f|

.«_— All Tuberculin Tested. J

BILTMORE BERKSHIRES.

A large herd of choicely-bred sows; headed by Imported Commander n)

(First Prize Manchester Royal), and Lord Mayor by the unbeaten King }jj

Longfellow, and out of Stumpy Maid VIII. IT]

Apply to G F. WESTON, Supt. Biltmore Farms,

BILTMORE. N. C. [L,

'M

THE SOUTHEEN PLAN TEE.

[February

A N'IGHT IN THE MUD HOUSE OF
A RUSSIAN" AMERICAN.

These Russians had been accused of be
ing filthy in their habits. I did not find
them more so than are many native born
Americans of my acquaintance, though
to be sure, certain of their customs were
not such as a fastidious person would ap
prove; while others would at least strike
him as peculiar. It was, for instance,
somewhat embarrassing when I was ready
to go to bed to have the entire family
gather curiously about, with the evident
intention of witnessing the performance.
In vain did I try to outsit them, but they
declined to leave, and remained, laughing
with each other in high enjoyment of
the situation. I was dead tired, and final-
ly, in despair, crawled fully dressed be-
tween the two feather beds prepared for
my resting place, where I quickly feigned
to be asleep. Upon this the spectators
reluctantly departed, taking with them
the only lamp in the house. Upon this
I slipped out from those beastly feather
beds, softly closed the door, and began
hurriedly to undress.

Inside of a minute the door was flung
wide open, revealing my host, followed by
bis wife and others. As he smilingly in-
quired after my comfort, and if there was
anything I wanted, or at least I thought
he did s<>. I replie 1 that I only wanted to
be left alone. With this they all cheer-
fully sat down, prepared to keep me com-
pany so long as I should remain awake,
and I again retired to my feathers. This
time I really fell asleep, "and when I next
awoke it was with a lively sense of suflb-
cition. The house was hermetically sealed
it the admission of air, the outer
■\ ere locked, not the smallest chink
pierced the two-foot thick walls, and not
a window could be opened, as I proved by
strenuous etfort. At length, in despera-
tion, I picked up a stool and drove it
through the window nearest my bed.
The entire sash went out with a prodi-
gious clatter, that brought the affrighted
family to my room. As I could not sat-
isfactorily explain my action, they evi-
dently believed me "to be crazy", and
watched me apprehensively untii day-
light. Before leaving that oppressively
hospitable house I was allowed to pay for
the broken window, but my host refused
any recompense for board or lodging.—
From 'Some Americans from Oversea."
by Kirk Monroe, in Harper's Magazine for
February.

STEAMED APPLE PUDDING.
To make steamed apple pudding. Mrs.
B, T. Rorer fives her receipt in the Feb-
ruary Ladietf Home Journal. " Line a
mould with slices of bread and butter.
Put in a laysr of Stewed apples, another
layer of bread and •.utter, another layer
of apples, and so continue until you have
the mould rilled. Beat two eggs : add a
pint of milk; pour this over the bread
and apple ; steam for one hour, and serve
with a liquid pudding sauce."

The Stores & Harrison Co., Painesville,
Ohio, Seeds, Nursery, Stork and Orna-
mental Shrubs and Trees We have a fine
Catalogue from this old established and
reliable house, whose advertisement will
he^found in our^columns.

BACON HALL FARM.

HEREFORO CATTLE,

BERKSHIRE SWINE,

DORSET SHEEP— Imported and Home-bred.

E. 31. GILIiET. Verona, Baltimore Co., 3Id.

— Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

DURHAM, N. C.

Everything guaranteed
the best.

FINE POULTRY OF ALL VARIETY

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKErS.

PEKIN DUCKS.

BLACK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.
Jersey Ball Calves of the finest pedigrees.
♦ ■»♦■»♦■»«■■»♦♦♦■«

FINE STOCK and POULTRY

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP, POLAND-CHINA, BERK-
SHIRE and CHESTER HOGS and PIGS.

(Each breed of hogs raised on separate farms.)

JCf f~^(~* C . From the best strains B. P. ROCKS, SILVER WYAXDOTTES famished
•*-' *-Jr *-*■ ^ • ' in large or small numbers : guaranteed to be fresh and fertile.

E. B. WILSON, Owner and Proprietor.

Highlands Stock farm,

fancy Hill, Va.

POI AND-CHINAS A SPECIALTY.

ROYAL WII.KI S 33011.

Travellers' Rest Stock Farm.

A superior lot of Pigs by *' Gray's
Free Trade" 34815 and "Royal
Wilkes" 33011. The two best strains
of living Hogs represented in this herd.

Sows in pig, and Young Boars and
Sows of all ases. Send to headquarters
and get the best from the oldest and
largest herd of Poland-Chinas in the
State, at hard time prices. Address,

J. B. GRAY, Fredericksburg, Va.

THORN HILL STOCK FARM, Lexington, va.

rv*/<rsA/v<tA. -ws*. -»- „«, -w*/t\a -»- ^/r^,T>A^rvi^^« F D^ Co£^ pROpR|ETOI)

TTTTr~T n t Tiir r iMlMh

Registered Poland-China nogs. Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Piss of Free Trade and Black tJ. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now forcnoit is from rov flock of Shropshire*, at prices in

reach of all. EGGS from Mammoth lvkin Ducks and \V. P.Plymouth Rocks, at $1 per setting,
satisfaction guaranteed every

GOLD .... SILVER $1.00 WHEAT

Rut do not think of these, but WRITE
AT ONCE for prices of

THOROUGHBRED

POUND-CHINA HOGS and PIGS

Now is the time to purchase as winter
is e, mlng on. and no reasonable offer
will be refused. All pigs are out of my
show sows and by my prize-winning
boars. I have for sale hogs and pigs of
ported Cliester-While Boar, very hand-
some. Write now for prices, and do not sret left.
Oak Grove Stock Farm. S. SVONEY BRADFORD, Fredericksburg, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

95

POSTAL BANKS IN IRELAND.

The following letter on the benefits of
postal savings banks is from Thomas-
Burke, a trade unionist, in Belfast, Ire
land :

"Of all the reforms now needed in
America, the postal savings bank should
come first. Such an institution gives ab
solute security to the masses in deposit-
ing their savings ; it encourages thrift ;
it also gives a permanent lesson in politi-
cal economy; furthermore, it creates that
true spirit of independence and self-re-
spect which it is impossible to find among
a people under the present system of
savings banks and loan associations. In
speaking with some of the labor men here
on the subject they have expressed sur-
prise that vou have no postal banks in
America. They wonder that such an en-
erg-tic people should be without safe
places to deposit their savings. They fur-
ther said: 'Give the American working
people government security for their de-
posits and they will out-trip the world as
regards the amount of their savings.' In
this country nearly every child has an
account in the postal banks. This is
taught them in the schools. They buy
stamps with their jennies and place these
stamps on a card. When they have
twelve stamps — that is, one shilling — they
open an account in the ' bank ' and keep
their money there until they are able to
work, and it is surprising to note the
amount of their accounts. For instance.
I know of one young man about 24 years
old who has been saving since childhood.
His account amounts to .£1,000, or $5,000.
He is a compositor. I could rill a volume
on the benefits of postal savings banks."
— Chicago Record.

POSTAL BANKS AT WASHINGTON.

Bills Now Before Committees of Cox-
ukess Attract Moon Attention.

The Chicago Record') postal savings
bank bill was introduced in the House of
Representatives on the opening day of the
congressional session by Representative
Lorimer, the Chicago member of the
house committee of postoffices and post-
roads. The bill was referred at once to
the postoffice committee, according to the
usual custom. It was introduced in the
Senate a day or two later by Senator Ma
son, who is a mem1 er of liie Senate post
office committee. It is upon these com-
mittees that attention must center for the
present of those interested in the passage
of a law for the establishment of the
postal savings bank system. The earnest
agitation among the people has forced
upon all tin- members of Congress consid-
eration of this subject, with the result
that it is discussed in Washington to an
extent that it never has been before. The
chairman of the House committee is an
opponent of the postal bank idea, hut
other leading members are friendly to the
plan. The first, and. indeed, the severest
t'-t of strength, therefore, must come in
the postoffice committee. If a postal
savings bank bill is reported favorably
by that committee and brought to a vote
in the House, there can be but little
doubt of the outcome on the floor. For-
tunately, as the result of popular agita-

Seed House of the South.

fifz?-

BICKWHEAT.
OATS and
CANE SEED.

"Whatsoever One Scweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELn AXD GARDEN SEEDS ol

every variety at Eowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGIAND'S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

-WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired.

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

IOI6 Main Street
LYNCHBURG, VA.

AMERICAN STANDARD

ONE HAND AUTOMATIC

Hand Planter.

Easily Operated by a Boy or Cirl.

Is fitted with Sheffield's famous adjustable "seed disc."
which rotates similar to the disc in a horse planter. The
only Planter containing an adjustable dropping disc.

Especially adapted for planting field and sweet corn,
although used for other seeds and grains. Send for illus-
trated circular and prices

Agents Wanted in Every Town.

SHEFFIELD MANUFACTURING CO.

BURR OAK, MICH., U. S. A.

The largest makers of this class of goods iu the United States.

OG

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

tion, and because of the aggressive spirit
which the friends of die measure in Corv-
L'n-.<- are manifesting, the suliject is one
that cannol be ignored or pigeonholed.
Never before has the nuinuer of me

i i the success of this

ui-nt in favor of postal savinge
banks seenn to be even stronger in the
y nate than among 'he members of the
House. It i- expected that a bill will be
reported from the Semite committee with
out great difficulty, with the chances
goo I fir its passage through the Senate
The more that members of Congress,
and especially of the postoffice commit-
in be made to feel individually the
if the public in this matter
the more likely will they he to take early
action looking to the establishment of the
postal savings bank system.

WASTE MADE HELP.

To save, to be thrifty to the point of
avarice, is the virtue or viceof the French
nation, and it strongly tinctures the Fran-
co Belgian temperament. But to teach
children the value of saving what is apt
: to them waste is not an unadvis-
ahle process. Much French attention has
lately been drawn to the object-lesson
given to the pupils of certain public
Bchoolsof Brussels. During eight months
the scholars, rich and poor, were request-
ed to collect each day and to bring to
any and all objects that they saw
while coming anil going on their school-
ways —material thrown away and count-
refuse in the gutters, in vacant
ground, street sweepings, and like depos-
its. Wast" paper, wood, fragments of
leather, hits of metal, empty bottles,
broken glass, corks, cigar ends, and a
score of other classifications were made
as the flotsam and jetsam poured in dai-
ly. The general result was that this un-
attractive but quite "convertible" mate-
rial was sold to dealers in raw material
with surprising profits. They provided
clothing for about five hundred little
wad's of poverty, and furnished monev
for the Bending of ninety-eight invalid
children to health resorts; paid for all
the books needed in several charity
classes, and afforded a sum of several
hundred francs for the city's Public As-
e of the Poor. Jane Taylor's lit-
tle girl who cried, "Dear me! what sig-
nifies a pin wedged in a rotten board?"
should have been educated in Brussels. —
Harper's Weekly.

She was an unsophisticated girl, and
had been engaged as housemaid in the
service of the Duke of Rutland at Bel-
voir. When she came, she was thus in-
structed by the housekeeper:

"Whenever you meet the Duke, Alice,
be sure to say ' YourYirace.' "

The very next day, as the maid was go-
\nt down the passage, the Duke (banc d

her. I mi liately the girl drew

herself close to the wall, closed her eyes,
and. assuming a reverential attitude, said,

" Lord, supply the wants of Others, and
make us thankful, Amen."

When you write to an advertiser,
always say you saw the advertisement
in the Soutueun' Planter.

FARM SUPPLIES.

For Welshing Scales of every description;

r. > i- Threshing Mai-lnnes or Self-Binding Use

-: tor Lou- Metal Wheels with wide

Tires; for Creamery anil Dally Outfitting Sup-
plies; for Corn stalk sloe, tilers ; fur Tandem, ;
Compound or single Expansion Engines; for
Well Drilling Outfits or Tools, address
S. P. BROCKWAY,
Manufacturers' Agent, Staunton, Va.

LIGHTNING WELL MACHT |

PUMPS, AIR LIFTS, I J

GASOLINE ENGINES.^;*/

AIR COMPRESSORS \m¥ff> I
THE AMERICAN WELL W0RK5/#~"*"©I
AURORA, ILL- CHICAGO.- DALLAS.TEX.

prcnTTtTpTTT* hup ■"*-.' t.-!f7o,"eTjjjri >ii|||Rii"njBin'n!ifljnnTp» iW'r<>Tt!w,':wmjWb |l|ffu"iflpiw'IBPBHp (Trpinirr^iin^nniiwiTjp in^HuiTjp.ai^wr^ oit^niq
| WE SELL DIRECT TO FARMERS ! 1

AGENT'S COMMISSION SAVED. NO MIDDLEMAN'S EXPENSES. A

Pure Raw Bone Meal

Scientific Corn * Grain Fertilizer,
Economy Fertilizer, . .
" Tobacco Fertilizer, . .
" Potato Fertilizer, .

Bone and Meat,

For .Samples and Book, write THE SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZING CO.. Box 1017, Pittsburg, Pa.
Office and Factory, Herr's Island, Allegheny, Pa.

i'1'iii. j^i. L'L&iNiuU^'eJ^* i.:a^.lilLi.L,.ii'i>i,„^^)ii. ,n^ iUJiu,..--lBii,„«ifln. ulUhTillilniniHUl"".^!!! "'*"'-"m'"—iUi r[Un. mlllliiuiirjJi ii^Humlflllii i

Plios. Acid,

Ammonia,

Actual Potash,

per rent.

per cen t.

per cent.

4 to 5

2 to3

8 to 10

2 to 3 IB "

11 to 10

2% to 3%

4 to 5 20

11 to 12

3 to 4

4 to 5 21 "

9 to 10

3% to iy.

6 to 7 23

13 to 15

4 to 5

18 "

Barred, Whiter Buff Plymouth Rocks
.EGGS FOR HATCHING,

■ !■■ $1.50 Per Setting of Fifteen Eggs.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder — North or South— but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

Look Box 42. J. II . GARST, Salem . Va.

GHSTON STOCrC f=KR7VT.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JXO. U. DETBICK, Somerset, Va.

CHARTERED f870.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Hank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

Capital Stock,
Surplus,
Undivided Profits,

$200,000
240,000
46,000

.INi). J'. BRANCH,

President.

FRED. R. SCOTT,

Vice-President.

GLENN,

Cashier.

DIBECTOB8.- John P. Branch, Fred. R. Scott, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Strlngfellow, B. W. Branch,
Kred. \V. Scott, Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Piaszini, Jr.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

97

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER'S

(I WIS

READ-

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals :

DAILIES. ""« f

The Dispatch, Richmond. Va SB 00

The Times, " " 5 00

The Post. Washington, D. C 6 00

The World, New York 3 50

SEMI- WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00

The Times, " " 1 00

The World (thiice-a-week), N. Y 1 00

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00

Round Table 1 00

Bazaar. 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00

The Washington Post 50

Breeders' Gazette 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00

Country Gentleman 2 00

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00
Southern Churchman, " " ... 2 00

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00

Christian Advocate, " "...200

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 1 50

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00

Horseman 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00

.300 3:

250 3i

4 00 4i

.300 3

.300 3

. 1 00 1

. 1 00 1

. 1 25 2

. 1 00 1

. 1 00 1

3 5ll

St. Nicholas "

Lippincott's "

Harpers' "

Forum "

Scribner's "

Cosmopolitan "

Munsey's "

St'and "

McClure's "

Peterson's "

Review of Reviews 2 50

The Nation 3 00

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the Det subscription price by deduetin
cents from " our price with the Planter.*
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage ot
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa
tlon desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

nple copies of other period!- '

Wh.at is this Company for?

To BUY or SELL any LIVE-STOCK you wish to PURC&, SE
or have for SALE. You get our EXPERIENCE and JUDGMENT.
Write what you >\ ish or have, and we will send terms and particulars.

AMERICAN LIVE-STOCK CO., 24 State St., New York.

«S-Refers by permission to Sout?iern Planter.

«NOM OFFERS F=OR SHLE«

Pure-bred Holstein Calves, six months old, for S20.00. Shropshire
Lambs— delivered July 1st to Sept. 1st— Bucks for $7.00; Ewes. $5.00 Also
Shropshire Bucks, one year old, *12 00 Poland-China Pigs, six weeks
old, *5 00; three months old $7.00, and five months old, $10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to tegistration.

I have also Colts of William L, Jr., 21058, one and two years] old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turheys now taken.

Wealth in Apples

The increasing demand for good, sound apples, at such handsome
figures as the growers are now receiving, should stimulate every farmer
to place his orchard products at the head of the list, so that he shall
receive only top prices for his fruit

Hard-wood Unleached Ashes

Supply the trees and fruit with proper stimulus and nourishment, and
bring the fruit to maturity and perfection, free from insect ravages and
the blight resulting from impoverished, worn-out soils

These Ashes will be delivered freight free to any station, in car load
lots, and are cheaper than any other fertilizer on the market.

Send for circulars and prices to —

JAMES A. BETHUNE, Southern Agent,

818 D Street, N. E., WASHINGTON, D. C.

J

9S

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[February

SAVINGS BANKS IN MA INK.

Tun Important Pabt They Hate in Pr.o-
... l'n mi- r Among th« Peoplb.

The ea> inga banks of Ne« England are
stitutions, opi
the interest of depositors and without
profit to those who control their affaire.
The extreme concern manifested by all
having the oversight "f these savings in-
stitutions that they Bhall perform the ob-
ject for which established is well ehown
by the following excerpt from the last
report of the hank examiner of the State
of Maine :

"The most important duty of a savins
bank is

only add to the
wealth of the Mate hut I
and future welfare of depositors. It is
for thrs purpose that our State has c stab
lished a system of savings banks, just as
it has schools to educate tin- young, hos-
pitals to care for the siek, and asylums to
protect the unfortunate. As well might
the school cease to educate, the hospital
fail to care fir the sick, and asylums neg-
lect to receive the unfortunate, as for a
savings hank to cease encouraging the
saving of the small aim« that those of
moderate circumstances are able to set
aside for future use. No savings bank
should refuse deposits of this kind, how-
ever much difficulty it may have in pro-
fitably investing them, or however much
additional expense and labor may thereby
11 red. Shi 'iilil it fail in this respect
it has failed to accomplish the chief end
for which created. It is the duty of the
banks, not only to receive deposits of this
class that are offered, but they should, by
every met ho] that may suggest itself,
ige them, and thus fulfill the pur-
pose for which established."

These words might well be used as a
plea for the establishment of postal
savings banks in order to encourage
economy in those sections of the country
that do rot have the admirable savings
institutions that are to found in only a
very few of the extreme eastern States.
If the savings bank is such a force for
good in thi' community it is the duty of
the government to see that the people are
adequately supplied with these institu-
tions. The only way to supply this want
in the West and South is make use of the
ppstoffices as places of deposit.— Chicago
Record.

Barnum, when a boy, went with an-
other school fellow into Quaker meeting
where the congregation were all sitting in
dead silence. Holding up a penny tart
he said : " Whoever speaks first shall
have this tart." "(Jo thou away, boy,"
said a drab Quaker gentleman, rising.

"Go thou away, or ." "The tart's

yours!" tried 'the boy, placing it before
the astonished Quaker, and quitting the
building.

When you write to an advertiser,
always say you saw the advertisement
in The Southern Plantkr.

Ideal
Cutaway

m m

IT IS AN

ALL-AROUND

TOOL.

We Want
Agents
in Every
County;
Special
Inducements
Offered. \.:^

The above cut represents our IDEAL " Cutaway, which is practically a
Revolving blow, thoroughly plowing, harrowing and pulverizing the ground to the
depth of 5 to 7 inches and 24 inches wide. Two light horses handle with ease. It
is reversible, throwing the earth either in or out. No center ridges. For orchards
and vineyards it has no equal.

Send for special descriptive circulars of our new lines of Cutaways.

THE CUTAWAY HARROW CO., Higganum, Conn.

ijiiiiiiiiii:tii!);tii)iiiiii!iiiitMti!iM!iiiiiiiiiii(iiMiiiit!ii;ittii!t'iiiit:iti!iiiiii!:!iL'ii!iiiiiiiitmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiit*

OF

OFFICE, Cor. 9th and Main Streets. RICHMOND, VA.

G. A. WALKER. President. JAMES W PEGRAM. Secretary.

| LIFE, ENDOWMENT, INVESTMENT and INDUSTRIAL |
I POLICIES ISSUED ON MOST FAVORABLE TERMS. I

= yrillS is the only regular Life Insurance Company =

= ^EU chartered hy the legislature of the State, and lias §

= won the hearty approval and active support of the people §

= by its promptness and fair dealing during the last twenty- §
= five years of its operation.

For further information, apply to the Home Office. =
^iiiiiiiiiiitminiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiituiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiniiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiJi

• • • INCORPORATED 1832 • • •

Virginia Fire and Marine Insurance Company.

HOME OFFICE : No. 1015 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

WANTED !

Man t < > attend to Poultry and Vegetable

Musi be competent totai
charge Geo. T. Kino, Jr., Richmond, Va,

Assets, - $725,000.

WM. H. PALMER, Pres.

w. h. McCarthy, secy

DIRECTORS.
E. B. Addison, E. J. Willis,

W. J. Leake, D. O. Davis,

Thomas Potts, Wm. H. Palmer.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

90

For all soils, all work.
Crushes, cuts, lifts, pulverizes, turns, levels
the soil in one operation.
Cast steel and wrought iron— practically indestructible.
Cheapest riding harrow on earth. $8.00 and up.

oair^btet LH^ilM'fcrf'jni To be returned « my expense if not satisfactory.
malted free, rH^HR'ABMM^ N.B.-I deliver free on board at distributing points.
Mention this paper. DU AN E H. NASH, Sole M'f 'r., J^'d'Srf IS.' CaTai'sC&hloaao.

T. W. WOOD. PRESIDENT. L. H. SPENCER, StC'Y AND Treab.

THE BEST PLACE TO BUY

BISSELL CHILLED PLOWS, WIND MILLS, BARB WIRE

OLIVER'S PAT. CHILLED, WELL FIXTURES, WIRE NETTING,

DIXIE and Other PLOWS, PUMPS, RAMS, V Crimp and Cor-

HARROWS & CULTIVATORS, Wagons, Harness, rugated Roofing.

THE IMPLEMENT COMPANY,

Formerly Called The RICHJIOND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT CO.

catalogues mailed on application. 1526 E. Main Street, RICHMOND, MR.

THE COMBINED PEED MILL and HOUSE POWER

Every farmer needs it. None can affird to be without it. Asa Mill it grinds tahle
meal, ear corn, shelled corn or wheat for feed. As a Power it will run a Corn Sheller,
Feed Cutter, Wood Saw or Threshing Machine.

IS

Are in every respect the best in the world. Made in five
Sizes, and range in capacity to meet the wants of every
one. All have the upward cut, patent Rocking Feed
Rollers, and on power machines Safety Balance Wheels.

THE BOWSHER COMBINATION MILL for corn and cob-
all kinds of small grain, cotton seed. Crushes corn with
shucks. Sizes, 2 to 12 horse power.

BALING PKESSES— Excelsior, Neely and Minnich Hand Presses, Whitman All Steel Full Circle Horse and Steam
Power Presses.

PLOWS of all kinds. HARROWS— Latest improved styles of Disc, Cutaway, Spading, Drag and Smoothing. CORN
8HELLERS for hand or power.

Engines. Saw Mills, Corn and Wheat Mills, Wood and Drag Saws, Churns, Fence Material of all kinds, Barb and Baling
Wire, Bale Ties.

VEHICLES AND HARNESS.

We make this Department one of Our Leading Specialties.

IF YOU WANT a Buggy, Family Carriage,

Farmers' Wagon, Surrey, Dayton, Road

Cart, Market Wagons, Farm Wagons,

for one or two horses,

Don't Buy Until Yon See What We Have.

Implement and Vehicle Catalogue sent to any address.
\Af ATT OT C\\Kf PH Office and Warerooms:

VVM1 1 1 LUVV UU. 1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

100

THE SOUTHEEN PLA3TTEE.

[February

SO,

the best way to put them into shape for feeding, is to run them through a

"TORNADO"

ENSILAGE CUTTER and SHREDDER.

It cuts, splits and shreds every particle, so that
any animal will readily eat it. (Testimonials
cheerfully furnished.)

All Sizes— Power and Hand Continu-
ous Cut. No Jerking Capacity Un-
limited. Strong and Durable.
Save yourself money by purchasing
:\ "TORNADO."
Write for prices.

FARMERS' SUPPLY CO.

RICHMOND, VA.

N. B.— E»er) Implement lor the Farm alwais on hand.

EST* £^£5^25^2?

Public Training Stable.

I will open a training stable at the Exposition
Grounds track on March ist, and be prepared
to handle trotters and pacers for speed.

I have developed, among other first class
horses, Mosul, 2:09^. Satisfaction guaranteed
and strict personal attention given every detail.

Address— M. L. BERGEN,

Exposition Gronnds Traek. RICHMOND. TA.

/■N. PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.

V*^ CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

FINE

Road, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock , Genl Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.

REFERENCE*— L BANKS HOLT iformer owner John R. Gentry,
.Graham. N. C : Coi~ .1. s. cakk, Darbam, N. Cj Maj.
P. P. JOHNSTON (President National Trotting
Lexington. Ky; Col. B. CAMERON, FnlrntMn smd. siagville,
N. C ; JOS. BKYAN and H. C. CHAMBLIN. Richmond, Va. :
A. B. GWATHMEY tN. Y. Cotton Exchange;, New York.

WHITBY STOCK FARM,

Stallions in Service for 1898.

MM90MM

NORFOLK 3670.

Sire of Miss Nelson, 2:11^, etc. Fee, $25.

EGWOOD, 2:i%ya.

Sire of Lila, 2:24^2. etc. Fee, $25.

BOURBON BARON 8021.

Son of Baron Wilkes, the leading sire of
money winners in 1S97. Fee, $15. Usual

return privileges.

Brood Mares in foal, richly-bred Colts and
Fillies, Jersey Cattle, Poland-China Hogs, ancj
English Setter Dogs for sale.

Address— H. C. CHAMBLIN,

lilt II MOM), TA.

FANCY POULTRY.

In order to dispose of a large quantity of E^gs, from my Fancy Poultry this spring, I have
marked them down and will ship a setting of any of the following varieties for $t.6o, or three
settings for $2.50; except Bronze Turkey Eggs, which are 50 cents each, or $5.00 per dozen.
My stock is the very best, and the result of years of experience and breeding.

B. B. Red Exhibition Cames

These are "Dandies," long 1 i mbs, high heads,
perfect pictures ! Breeding pen consists of 9&-
poiut cock, and hens scoring 95 and 96 points.

LICHT BRAHMAS.

Are very large and have many friends.
Noted as winter layers. Chicks are ready
for broilers earlier than any other variety.

INDIAN CAMES.

Large, Handsome and Compact. Beauti-
ful, Glossy Laced Plumage. Cocks weigh
up to 13 lbs. ; Hens up to 9 lbs. Guaranteed
as good as can be had anywhere.

B. B. R. CAME BANTAMS.

' Genuine Little Beauties. Score way up
In the nineties. Nothing nicer for pets.
Weigh one pound at maturity.

Mammoth Bronze Turkeys.

Immense size and great layers. Am breed-
ing from a 45-lb. torn and hens weighing from
22 to 28 lbs.

PEKIN DUCKS.

Large, handsome birds, and very prolific layers,
and conceded to be the best ducks for profit.

PIT CAMES.

This stock will stand steel. Won six out of
seven battles on Christmas, 1897, in combat
with crack birds.

WHITE GUINEAS.

Very pre'ty, and lay more eggs and
easier to raise than others.

S. S. HAMBURCS.

These are perfect pictures and great i
producers.

Barred Plymouth Rocks.

For a thrifty, healthy and thoroughly
satisfactory fowl, these have never bad
their equal, and, as layers, when eggs are
worth the most money, they are the ideal
egg-producers.

BLACK MINORCAS, WHITE MINORCAS, BLUE AWDALFSIAXS & W. F. BLACK SP1SISH

These fowls have all the good qualities of the Leghorns, and are larger and handsomer birds.

BELGIAN HARES.

Young. 81.00 per pair. Try them. They are
prolific and sell readily. Bucks weigh from 9
to 14 pounds ; Does, 7 to 8 pounds.

OTlrer-Laced Wyandotte*.

An old and popular breed, and noted as
winter layers. Good sizeand fine for table
purposes.

P. O. Box 1.

STOCK.

Can furnish Brown or White
Leghorn Cockerels at 81.00
each.

Special Prices on any other
fowls.

Brown and White Leghorns.

Will lay more eggs than any other variety.

CEO. T. KING, Jr., Richmond, Va.

The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Comp'y,

organized 1867. Of MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

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tion relative to the exact cost of their policies if their dividends were as large as those of the Northwestern.

—JOHN B. CARY <& SON,

GENERAL AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

1301 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

VEGETABLE GROWING IN THE SOUTHS-

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. PUBLISHED BY THE .

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FARMERS^FERTILIZERS

to stjgojee:!*.

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ForCORN use 'CHAMPION CORN GROWER',

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Vol. 59.

MARCH, 1898.

No. 3.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT:

Editorial— Work for the Month 101

" Manure and Fertilizers 103

" Barn- Yard Manure 105

Some Stray Thoughts 106

— Corn Experiments 107

The Care of Manure Before Applying to the Soil.. 108
Requirements of the Soils of Eastern Virginia 109

— Harvesting Cow-Peas 112

Test of Varieties of Corn in Eastern Virginia 113

Use of Fertilizers 113

Enquirer's Column 113

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month... 118

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial— -Berkshire Hogs at Biltmore Farms 119

" Poland-Chinas for Virginia 119

What Should a Farmer Pay for a Bull? 119

Aberdeen-Angus Cattle 120

Lice and Worms .-. 120

Cotton Seed Meal 121

Aberdeen Angus Cattle

Dairy Management

American Mutton .

Grubs in the Head of Sheep— Moles..

THE POULTRY YARD :

Artificial vs. The Natural Method of Incubation...

The Hen

How Some Notable Egg-Producing Fowls are Fed,
Kansas Hens

THE HORSE :

Horse Breeding

Disease in a Horse

The Horse the Market Calls For..
Notes

121
121
124
124

125
125
126
126

127
127
127
128

MISCELLANEOUS :
Editorial — The Sugar-Beet Industry — Prison Labor 130

Fence Laws — Taxation 131

" State Taxation and Legislation 132

Publisher's Notes 133

Advertisements - 133

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YOUNG
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TOBACCO:

How to Raise It and
Make It Pay.

By R. L. RACLAND.

A GIFT

to all subscribers renewing and
asking for it.

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^Farming in the South.

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Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lands
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

M. V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent,
Southern Railway, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The Fertility of the Land.

By PROF. I. P. PAP^Dfro — ^

This, the most valuable book published in recent years on
FERTILITY OF THE LAND, How to improve it and how
to maintain it, ought to be in the hands of every farmer.

PRICE, $1.25.

Sold by the Southern Planter Publishing Co., Richmond, Va.
Send for it.

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Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, March, 1898.

No. 3.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The work of preparing the land for crops of all
kinds is that which now calls for the constant attention
of the farmer. Do not lose a single opportunity of
pressing forward this work. The dry and open winter
which we have had has afforded almost a continuous
opportunity for work on the laud. There has not
been a month, and scarcely a week, since last year's
crops were harvested, when the teams could not work
in the fields, and this should have put every farmer in
the position of pushing his work rather than his work
pushing him. This is a most satisfactory position at
this season of the year, when we are apt to have heavy
rains, which compel a suspension of work just at the
time when it most needs to be done. The only com-
plaint we hear from farmers is the absence of moisture
in the land. This is a complaint we had to make a
year ago. The summer and fall were dry, and the
winter has been exceptionally dry, aud there is, espe-
cially in Middle aud Eastern Virginia, a marked
absence of water in the depths of the earth. Almost
daily we have complaints from farmers of scarcity of
water in their wells, and this is a serious condition of
affairs at the commencement of another spring, and
should warn farmers to use every effort to economise
such rains as may fall during the spring. The only
way to do this is to plow and subsoil as deeply as pos-
sible, and thus to make a permeable bed of soil which
will act like a sponge and conserve the moisture for
the future needs of the crops. As an illustration how

effective this is in times of drouth, we had a call a few
days ago from a farmer whose land is situate in a sec-
tion of the State which last year suffered more severely
from drouth than any other. We knew that nearly
every farmer in that section had suffered serious loss
in his crops from that cause, and, therefore, expected to
hear a similar complaint from this one. On the con-
trary, in reply to our query as to his corn crop, he said
he had seldom or never made a better crop. He said
that he had acted on our advice, plowed his land in
the late fall and early winter as deeply as he could
plow it, and followed the plow with a subsoiler, aud
worked the land in the spring as deeply and as fiue as
he could before planting the crop, and had afterwards
cultivated it shallow and level, never allowing a crust
to form on the surface, and his corn had grown right
along and made a fine yield. It would be difficult now
to convince that man that fall and winter plowing and
subsoiliug was not profitable. Had the season been a
wet one, an equally good effect would have resulted
from such a system of working the land. The super-
abundant moisture would have been drained away into
the depths of the earth, and the soil aud subsoil only
have retained such water as would have sufficed to
saturate it, and this is net more than the corn crop
could well have utilized.

If well forward with the plowing of the land, do not
be tempted to plow more acres than can afterwards lie
completely worked and fertilized ; nor yet be tempted

102

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

to commence planting crops too early. Utilize any
spare time in more completely aud perfectly preparing
the land already plowed. There are very few acres of
land in the South which receive all the working which
they ought to receive before the crops are planted in
order to their producing the greatest yield possible.
This neglect of a perfect preparation of the land is one
great cause for failure in the yield of our crops. It is
too late to make this perfect condition of the land after
the crop is planted. It cannot be done. Do it now
instead of partially preparing other acres.

to improve for years. Red clover, sapling clover and
alsike are the best varieties of clover to seed.

It is too early yet to sow or plant any crop except
oats, Canada peas, Irish potatoes and grass and clover
except in the more Southern States and ou the Coast
lands. In Eastern North Carolina and Tidewater Vir-
ginia Irish potatoes may be planted ; but elsewhere
they are better out of the ground for near a month yet.
In our January and February issues will be found full
information on planting and fertilizing this crop. Oats
may be seeded at any time when the land is in good
working condition. It is full late now to sow the "Vir-
ginia winter oats except in late and cool sections ; bet-
ter sow the Rust proof variety. Oats and Canada peas
seeded together now, make an excellent forage crop
either to be cut green or to be made into hay. Sow
the peas first at the rate of a bushel or a bushel and a
half to the acre, and either plow down or work in with
a cultivator, and then sow the oats, a scant bushel to
the acre, and harrow in. Grass and clover seeds should
be sown as soou as the land is in good working order.
We have so frequently advocated the seeding of grass
alone that our views on this subject are well known.
We have seen no reason to change our opinion that for
securing a good aud satisfactory stand, seeding grass
alone is far better and more certain to be a success
than when sown with a grain crop. The one condition
precedent to securing a good stand of grass and clover
is well prepared rich laud. The seed bed should be
plowed and worked until as fine as a garden bed before
a seed is sown. Then seed liberally, not less than two,
ami better still, three bushels of seed to the acre, and
oovei with the roller or brush harrow. We prefer to
use the roller even when we use the brush harrow, as
it consolidates the soil around the seed and ensures
quicker aud better germination. For river bottoms
and rich low ground, Timothy and Italian rye grass are
the best. For laud subject to overflow, red top or
herds grass is a proper variety to sow. Ou high land
tall meadow oat grass and orchard grass are the best
hay grasses. If intended for pasture, we would mix
with these Hungarian brome, perennial rye, meadow
fescue, sheep fescue and Kentucky blue grass. These
varieties are short-growing grasses and make a close,
dense sod, which will stand close grazing and continue

Iu another column of this issue will be found two
articles contributed by Dr. W. C. Stubbs, of the Louis-
iana Experiment Station, dealing with the question of
the production of the corn crop (and incidentally
other crops) in Eastern Virginia. These articles place
the farmers of Eastern Virginia under a deep and last-
ing debt of gratitude to their author, and we desire
here to tender their thanks and our own to him for his
labors. He has made a complete physical and chemi
cal analysis of the typical soils of this section of Vir-
ginia, a work which ought to have been done years
ago for every section of the State by the Department
of Agriculture, and has now communicated the results
and given to every Eastern Virginia farmer the knowl
edge which will enalde him to set about scientifically
the improvement of his land and the production of
profitable crops. We commeud these articles to the
careful attention of our readers before they commence
to plant their crops. Attention to these articles and
the truths they disclose means the saving of both time
and money aud the production of better crops.

In the cotton sections the plowing and breaking of
the land should be pushed on at every favorable oppor-
tunity. The remarks we have made as to the import-
ance of deep breaking of the soil as a preventative of
damage by drouth are equally applicable to the land
intended to be planted in cotton. We scarcely think
it necessary for us to say a word as to not increasing
the area of the cotton crop. The price for which the
present crop has sold, aud is selling, will settle that
question. The operation of the law of supply and de-
mand is infinitely more powerful to effect this end than
auy combination of planters or any advice which we
may give. If we said anything, it would be, " curtail
the cotton crop and increase the corn and fodder crops,
especially peas." As soon as the land is in good
working order, work fine and bed up and open out a
furrow and put in the fertilizer, unless the application
intended to be made should be a heavy dressing of
farm-yard manure or commercial fertilizer in excessof
1,000 pounds to the acre, when the applicatiou should
be made broadcast and be well worked iuto the land
previous to bedding. Let the fertilizer, if applied in
the furrow, be well mixed with the soil previous to cov-
ering, and then cover aud leave until planting time,
when a coulter furrow should be run over the fertilizer
and the seed be planted in the newly stirred laud. The
question of the best fertilizer to use is one upon which
there is much diversity of opinion, aud, of course,
much depends on the fertility of the land as to the
quantity to be applied. Very heavy applications are

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

103

not to be advised, as the point is quickly reached be
yond which the gain is not sufficient to meet the addi-
tional cost. The maximum quantity of fertilizer that
can in general be used with advantage, is concluded to
be an amount that will furnish 50 pounds of phospho-
ric acid, 15 pounds of potash and 20 pounds of nitro-
gen to the acre. Assuming there to be but little of
these constituents of plant food in the soil, then a
fertilizer compounded of 1,200 pounds of acid phos
phate (12 per cent.), 600 pounds of cotton seed meal,
aud 200 pounds of kainit, will supply this need if ap-
plied at the rate of 850 pounds to the acre. If the
land has been improved by growing peas, to which
acid phosphate and kainit have been applied, a less
application will meet the needs of the crop. We
would, however, urge that only so much be planted as
can be liberally fertilized, as a vigorous growth on a
smaller area well fertilized will make a better yield
and pay better than a stunted, dwarfy giowth on a
larger area. You cannot have bolls without limbs,
and you cannot have limbs without something upon
which to feed them.

Tobacco land may be plowed and replowed as the
weather and condition of the land allows, so that it
may be got into fiue condition by May, which is early
enough to plant the crop. In our next issue we will
deal with the question of the best fertilizer to use.

Bear in mind the reservation of at least half an acre
of fairly average land upon which to test your ability
to raise sugar beets. Let this be well and deeply
plowed and subsoiled, or have the bottom of the fur
rows broken with a single tooth cultivator or sword
coulter. The beets must be able to get down into the
ground or they will grow above it and be of no value
for sugar making. Harrow and work fine and ferti-
lize liberally, as advised in our January and February
issues. Sow as soon as there is no further danger
from frost.

Do not neglect to set apart a plot of land large
enough upon which to conduct experiments with two
or three different crops grown with different systems
of fertilization, so that you may learn what it is your
particular land needs to make it productive.

riANURE AND FERTILIZERS.

At the opening of another crop-planting season we
regard it as a duty we owe to the farmers of the South
to invite their attention to a careful consideration of
the question of the use and cost of manure and com
mercial fertilizers as elements in the cost of the pro-
duction of the crop. Readers of The Planter know
that we have always taken the position that the duty

of every farmer is to produce at home all the farm-
yard manure possible, and only supplement this by
the use of commercial fertilizers in the production of
sale crops of the highest value on the market, except
to the extent to which it is necessary to use the cheaper
mineral fertilizers (phosphates and potash) requisite
to induce a vigorous growth of the nitrogen-gathering
crop3, such as peas and clover. We have taken this
position advisedly, because we do not believe that,
except upon the higher priced products, such as to-
bacco and truck crops, it is possible to use the costly
mixed commercial fertilizers profitably until the land
is first made rich in humus by the production of nitro-
gen storing crops, aud by the feeding of these crops to
live stock, and the application of the resulting manure
to the land. Let us, for a moment, consider what the
fai meis of Virginia are paying for the commercial fer-
tilizers they are now using. In the year 1897 the
farmers of Virginia bought nearly 200,000 tons of
commercial fertilizers. This taken at the low average
price of $25 per ton, cost them $5,000,000. To pay for
these took the cash realized from all the tobacco, all
the wheat aud all the oats sold outside the place of
production in the State. It took more than all the
cash realized from the sale of all the tobacco and all
the Irish potatoes sold. It took more than the value
of the entire corn crop produced in the State. In
North Carolina it took considerably more than the
cash realized from the sale of half the cotton crop of
the State to pay for the commercial fertilizer bought
by the farmers of that State. With such an immense
drain upon the resources of the farmers of these States
as these figures disclose, and bearing in mind the small
margin of profit over cost of production on all staple
crops, and the low average yield per acre of these
crops in this and the adjoining States, we cannot come
to any other conclusion than that the indiscriminate
use of mixed commercial fertilizers for the pioduction
of staple crops is attended with great loss to our farm-
ers, and that our duty to them compels us to warn
them of this loss, and to endeavor to induce them to
adopt other means for the production of these staples.
That commercial fertilizers can be used profitably on
land full of vegetable matter, or made rich by the ap-
plication of farm-yard manure, we have never doubted;
but we have a strong opinion, based not only on expe-
riments made by others, but on our own personal
experience, that the best results even in these cases
can be obtained by the judicious mixture of the differ-
ent elements of plant food, phosphoric acid, potash
and nitrogen, made by the farmer himself, niter expe-
riments made on the land itself with the different
elements separately. We are satisfied that not only
can better results be thus obtained, but that these can
be had at much less cost in this way. As an illustra-

104

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

tion of this saving in cost we cite the results of analyses
made at the Vermont Experiment Station last year.
One hundred and thirty four different brands of fer-
tilizer were analysed in the spring of 1897. These
brands were the production of twenty different
makers, and were drawn from dealers' stocks. The
average valuation of the contents of these brands at
market prices for the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
potash was -*19.47 per ton. The average selling price
to the fanner was $29.19, an advance of 50 per cent,
over (he price at which the same amounts of plant
food could have been obtained in their unmixed state.
If in the crop year now commencing farmers will re
fleet on these points and confine their purchases, ex-
cept for truck crops and for tobacco, to the cheap
mineral fertilizers, acid phosphate and potash, and use
these for the production of nitrogen-gatheriug crops,
and feed these crops to live stock, we are satisfied that
there cau be made a great saving on the fertilizer bills,
and be secured a much higher degree of fertility in
the land. Farmers in the South fail to recognize the
i in incuse value of farm-yard manure, or they would
take much greater care of it and strive to produce a
much larger quantity. The average value of a ton of
cow manure, as the result of analyses made by fourteen
different authorities, is $2 43 per ton.
Dr. Van Slyke, of the New York State Station, says :

A ton of good stable manure contains 10 lb. of nitro-
gen, 5 II). of phosphpric acid and 10 lb. of potash.
Estimating nitrogen as worth 15c. per lb., phosphoric
acid 6c. and potash at 5c, the value of a ton of this
good stable manure would be $2.30.

Prof. I. P. Roberts in his work on the Fertility of the
Land, says :

The entire product of manure at Cornell in 1SS3-84
was kept in a covered barnyard. The accumulated
mixed and trampled manure of cattle and horses was
about two feet thick. A large number of samples were
taken at various depths, chopped fine, mixed and an
alyzed, with the following results :

Per end.

Moisture 72.95

Sitrogen 0.78 at $0 15

Phosphoric acid 0-10 at 0 07

Potash 0.S4 at 0 25

Value per ton, $.5.61.

During the winter, 311 double box wagon loads were
produced. Every tenth loud was weighed. The loads
averaged, in round numbers. 3,000 pounds each. The
winter's output of manure, therefore, was about 46b'
tons. These results were so astonishi ng. and the data
so iinpei feet, that the following year the number and
kinds of animals, the time embraced in the investiga-
tion, and the weight of the manure, were all carefully
noted.

From October 1. 1SS4, to March 2, 1885, 199.25 tons
of manure were produced at Cornell by n herd of 12
spring calves. 7 winter calves, 1 bull. 24 cows, 12
horses and 1 colt— 57 animals in all. Allowing that

the 20 young animals were equal to 10 adults, there
would be the equivalent of 47 full grown animals
Each load of manure was weighed, sampled and pie-
pared for the chemist, as described above. The nume-
rical results are as follows :

/', <■ ( bit.

Moisture

Nitrogen

Phosphoric acid 0.29

Potash 0.70

J',r Ton.

Nitrogen at 15 cents *- 04

Phosphoric acid at 7 cents.. 0 41

Potash at 4j cents 0 GO

$3 03

For the 150 days $6

Per cow per day 0SG2

We are aware that the fertilizer makers contend
that these figures do not show the crop producing
value of farm-yard manure, and that it is possible for
the same amount of money to get commercial fertilizer
having crop producing power equal to twice the
quantity of farm-yard manure. We are prepared to
admit that the value placed on farm yard manure may
not represent its crop-producing power, but precisely
the same conditions attach to the value placed ou
commercial fertilizers. They may or they may not
produce a crop or an increased yield. Conditions
extrinsic to the farm-yard manure and to the commer-
cial fertilizers regulate the crop producing value of
both forms of manure. We are, however, strongly of
opinion from our own experience and that of scores of
others, that the crop-producing power of the farm-
yard mauure is, undei normal conditions of weather
and soil moisture, much more likely to be realised
than that of the commercial fertilizer, and this from
causes which have only recently been discovered, and
which even yet are not fully understood. The crop-
producing capacity of a soil is greatly dependent on
the presence therein of microbes which render avail-
able for the plant the inert food in the soil. The
multiplication of these silent workers in the iuterest
of the farmer, is largely dependent on the humus in
the soil, and the nature of that humus. It is now
positively certain that farm yard mauure conduces
largely to this multiplication of these microbes, whilst
commercial fertilizers have no such effect. Bearing
all these factors in mind, we strongly urge farmers to
utilize every pound of farm-yard manure possible in
the production of this year's crops, and to use com-
mercial fertilizers, except acid phosphate and potash
for the production of peas and other nitrogen-gather
ing crops, only for the production of tobacco, Irish
potatoes aud other relatively high priced products.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers,

1S98.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

105

BARN-YARD HANURE.

Editor Southern Planter :

Will you please tell us, through the columns of your
paper, something about saving barnyard manure in a
lot without a manure shed! At Central Academy we
have perhaps a half acre in the lot where our cows
stand most of the day.

Shall we spread litter over the yard and leave all
manure to be scraped up about ouce in two months, or
shall we scrape it up every day aud place in a pile to
be covered with dire only?

Which will be the greater loss, that caused by leach
ing in the former plan or the waste of liquid manure
in the latter? In which case will evaporation cause
the greater loss? Please give us in full the advantages
and disadvantages of both plans ; tell us which of the
two you think best, and give us your reasons for your
position. We shall build a manure shed as soon as
we can.

J. F. Twisdale.

Ltltleton, JV. C.

This question of saving and using barn-yard manure
is one that has received much attention from different
agricultural authorities, and there is great diversity of
opinion as to the best way in which to handle the pro
duct. Some authorities maintain that all manure
from live stock should be applied directly to the land
as soou as possible after being dropped, whilst others
advocate its being piled and composted before being
so applied. Where cattle and horses are kept tied up
in stalls, there is n ) doubt great economy in the cost
of handling if the manure is taken directly from the
stables to the laud, and there is undoubtedly a saving
from leaching, as the liquid portion is at once ab
sorbed by the land. But these savings are not always
possible, as the land is not always in a fit condition to
haul upon or to receive the manure. A conihiuation
of the two systems is perhaps the most desirable. In
the fall and early winter, when the land is dry, lead
out the manure as made and spread it on heavy land,
and in the late winter and early spring, let it be piled
and composted and be applied to the light laud when
it is fit to haul upon. Whenever manure is piled and
composted there is always some loss from leaching;
but this may be reduced to a minimum by piling it
compactly upon a site with an impervious bottom,
sloping towards the centre from all sides, or in a pit,
and by covering the heap with dry soil as made, or
with a roof. The amount of water naturally falling
on such a heap so stored, will not often be more than
is requisite to keep it from fire fanging or burning.
Feeding animals iu roomy box-stalls, kept well bedded
and allowing the manure to accumulate, tends largely
to conserve the valuable constituents. An analysis
madf of two lots of manure — the one preserved in a
heap and the other in a box-stall — shows the following
results :

Heap method.
Box-statl

Total.

Moisture. Nitrogen Phos. Acid. Potash.

PerCt. Per Ct Per Ct.

S3 78 .47 .26 4:!

70.54 .67 .31 .76

Turning now directly to the questions of our corre-
spondent, we cannot think that it is necessary thit so
large an area should be devoted to a barnyard as
nearly half au acre of land, or that the cattle should
be allowed to remain in it so long as to require that
this area should be covered with litter to save the solid
and liquid manure. . If, from the size of the herd, so
large au area is necessar\ , or from want of stable room
it is necessary to keep the cattle in the yard for a huge
portion of each day, then we do not see how it will be
possible to save all the manure, both liquid and solid,
without loss, whichever system suggested is adopted.
Upon an area of nearly half au acre of land, the rain-
fall in an average year would amount to something
like 1,500 tons of water, and much of this would fall
upon it during the season of the year when it is occu-
pied by the cows. This immense weight of water
would wash out pretty nearly all the valuable constit-
uents of plant food in the manure, aud would make
the work of handling the manure a costly one com-
pared with its value. Without the use of litter all over
the yard, the liquid manure, the most valuable por-
tion, will be, to a large extent, necessarily lost. What
we should suggest is, that the cattle should not be
allowed to occupy the yard more than just sufficient
time to allow them to get water and for the cleaning
out of the stables, and then be returned to their stalls.
The idea that it is necessary to compel cattle to stand
out in a bard-yard in the cold biting winds of winter
in order to get exercise and keep them in health, is
wholly a fallacious one. They will be much more
healthy and pay much better for their feed, both in
milk and meat, if kept confined to their stalls all the
time during the winter and early spring months. We
have kept cattle closely tied up in stalls from October
to May, without their suffering any ill effects ; on the
contrary, they milked and fed well during the whole
time. Treated in this way, there need be very little
loss of manure, and the yard could be cleaned up
in a few minutes every day after the cattle had re-
turned to their stalls. The manure from the stalls, and
that collected from the yard, should be thrown into a
closely compacted pile, built on such a site as we have
suggested, and as each section is built up to the height
desired, say five to six feet, it should be covered with
soil until hauled out. In this way there will be but
little loss, either from evaporation or leaching, and
even this little can be largely prevented, by using in
the stables and on the heap as it is made, laud plas-
ter, or better still, kaiuit, at the rate of one pound
per head per day. This should be sprinkled part jq

106

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

the stable behind the cattle, and part in the manure
pile. Tf using kainit, do not sprinkle it under the
feet of the cattle, or its causticity may injure them.
We would strongly urge that a shed to cover the ma
nure should be erected as soon as possible. It will
save its cost iu a single year. A light frame structure
is all that is needed to carry a roof. Let the manure
sely compacted under this shed on a dished out
site, and kept sufficiently moist to prevent fire fanging
by throwing over it the liquid manure, and if neces-
sary, at times a little water, and there will be but lit-
tle loss sustained. Manure so protected and com-
posted is made much more available as plant food
than when applied directly from the stables to the
land. It will also be much more easily handled and
evenly spread ou the land, and its effect be more
quickly seen. Whilst it loses a considerable per
centa^e of its valuable constituents and bulk, it is yet
worth more per ton than before the loss occurred. In
an experiment made with, five tons of cow manure,
which contained at the beginning 47 pounds of nitro-
gen or 0 4 pouuds per ton, and at the end of the in-
vestigation 28 pounds, this 28 pounds was contained
in 2.5(! tons iustead of in the original five tons.
While the total loss of nitrogen was 41 per cent, in the
exposed manure, the compacted and rotted manure, at
the end of the exposure, contained 10.9 pouuds of
nitrogen per ton, or 1.5 pounds per ton more than the
fresh manure. Unless intended for application to
heavy cold cla> land, where the presence of much un-
decom posed litter tends to the lighteningof thesoil, we
always prefer to apply rotted manure. Indeed, on light
sandy laud, it never ought to be applied in any other
form.

SOME STRAY THOUGHTS.

Your remarks, in the February number, on "How to
Make Good Crops," make me smile at the reminiscences
that they hriug up of the host of letters I get in the
same line. Men imagine that after they have for gen
erations been running down the store of plant food
that nature provided in the soil, and have exhausted
tin- humus there, the only thing necessary to do is to
put there a lot of concentrated plant food, and "presto
-." the soil is good again. Men write to me:
'• I have a piece of laud that made ten bushels of corn
last year. I want to make on it a premium crop this
year. How much fertilizer shall I use to do it?" Of
course it cannot be done that way. But still they
come with the same old idea. Nature's way of restor-
ing an old field they see all about them. The friendly
broomsedge takes possession of the laud, and in its
shade the pine rinds a place to protect its seedlings
aud to send its tap root down into the unused store of

food that the scratch plowing of past years has not
touched. This food the pine brings up and scatters
all over the top, and gradually restores humus and
mineral matters to the soil till some one finds that the
old field has become improved, and cuts down the
pines and goes to work to exhaust the store again. It
took nature and the pine a long time to get a little
fertility stored in the upper soil again, but men are slow
to learn the lesson that they can imitate nature's pro-
cess, and by the use of legumes, do in a few years what
took her generations to do. It is not enough to put
the plant food on the hard barren soil. We must re-
store the mellowness that makes the mechanical tex-
ture of the soil good, and renders more retentive of
moisture, and also renders the plant food more availa-
ble when placed there. The soil was dead, we must
restore life to it by bringing into activity the bacteria
that abound iu a soil filled with humus, and make it
again a living soil. This cannot be doue in a woinout
soil in one season or in two, but we can do it quicker
thau nature does it with the broomsedge and the pine,
and must improve on nature's methods of subsoiling
with the tap roots by subsoiling the whole so that the
legumes can get down into the fresh subsoil. Xo soil
was ever worn out in a single season, and noue will
ever be redeemed but by years of building up.

Brother Van Deman is on the right track, and the
one that I have been working on for a generation
almost. Right here in this neighborhood is a fine
farm, on which the rich owner for years kept half a
dozen wagons hauling manure from the city three
miles away to grow crops for sale. The same amount
expended in commercial fertilizers to produce clover
and peas would have made the farm greatly richer
than it is, and would have had it in better condition,
for it is now infested with all the bad weeds of the sec-
tion, and last summer the Bermuda grass took pos^
sion of the cotton to such an extent that land that
should have made a bale and a half per acre, made
hardly half a bale, if that much. The proper use
of the mineral forms of plant food, in connection
with the growing of leguminous crops and feeding
them to cattle, form the only available way to get the
wide areas of the South restored to fertility.

Dr. Myers, too, is backing me up on the green ma-
nures. All right; bnt I object to the term "green
manure," for no crop should be used green for the
purpose of improving the soil. The doctor well says
that when the crop is to be turned under, do it "at
the proper time." I think that time is usually when
another crop is to be put in the ground, provided the
manure crop is dead and has done all that it can do
for the land. But "green" manuring — never! If it
is possible to get a profit out of the feeding of the crop,
get it before putting it in the soil.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

10;

Mr. Sandy asks whether farming can be made profit
able in Southside Virginia, and then goes ou to show
that it can. If there is any part of the country where
good farming will give good returns, it is right there
where the land is level and so easy to improve. Farm-
ing will pay there, but the old planting never will again.

In regard to the San Jose Scale, I have become satis-
fied that the only spray that is perfectly effective is
pure kerosene. This will injure the peach if applied
in cold cloudy weather, .but in warm and sunny
weather, when the oil evaporates rapidly, it can be
used without damage. At Fayetteville, in this State,
a nurseryman, on whose place the scale had been de-
tected last spring, went to work in May and sprayed
his entire place, nursery trees and all, with kerosene,
and did no harm. When I inspected his place in Sep-
tember, there was not a sign of the insect to be found,
aud no harm had been done. At Cornell Station,
trees of the peach were sprayed with kerosene in
June, and the scale demolished with no harm. White
washing the trunks and larger limbs is also good
against any scale. In North Carolina we are more
troubled with the oyster shell bark louse or scale than
with the San Jose, and I find that whitewash is a great
cleanser of the old parts of the tree. It will smother
any scale whatever. W. F. Massey.

CORN EXPERIMENTS.

Editor Southern Planter.

As the time will soon be at hand for planting an-
other corn crop, and as I am exceedingly desirous that
other patrons of the Planter should be as successful,
and even more so, than I was last season, I take the
liberty of giving my views, and offering some sugges-
tions which I think will be beneficial.

I think there are thousands of acres of land in Vir-
ginia, and elsewhere in our country, which can be
made to produce just as much as 15 acres of my land
did, under favorable conditions.

I feel alone in the midst of a crowd, and am anxious
others should come to my relief. I think one cause of
my success last season was in having the land well pre-
pared, deeply and thoroughly plowed, before planting,
and thorough cultivation after planting. I am satis
fied, where the corn rows were planted unchecked 4, 5
and 6 feet apart, while the yield was good, it would
have been better had the rows been from 3 to 3} feet
apart. In other words, if the crop has not been put
on the land, you cannot expect a return— you cannot
expect something from nothing — the day of miracles
has passed.

While one acre of my land last season produced 32
barrels, I believe I was equally as well pleased with
the acre which produced me about 20 barrels, with

some of its rows planted unchecked, three feet apart,
one stalk to the hill, from 15 to 18 inches apart, aud
other rows 3* feet apart unchecked, one stalk to the
hill, corn planted from 12 to 14 inches apart.. I am
satisfied that from 3 to 31 feet is distance enough for
the corn rows on rich river land.

My observation has been that corn can be success-
fully cultivated with much less distance between the
rows checked than unchecked.

I have been making some calculations on the corn-
plant, which I wish to place before your readers for
their consideration, some of which I know to be cor-
rect— others I shall test this season. When you check
an acre of land 4x4 feet, you have thereon 40 rows of
corn; multiply 40 by 40, you have 1,600 hills of corn,
in which leave two stalks to the hill. Calculating
four ears to the hill Cand Cock's Prolific will yield
from four to five), you have 6,400 ears of corn. It
takes about 600 ears of Cock's Prolific corn to make
a barrel — five bushels. Divide 6,400 by 600, and you
have 10 barrels and a fraction to the acre checked 4x4
feet. There is too much distance between the rows
for a great yield.

Now, check another acre 3x3 feet, which gives 70
rows of corn — 70 multiplied by 70, gives 4,900 hills,
two stalks to the hill, and, suppose three ears to the
hill, you have 14,700 ears of corn — 14,700 divided by
600, and you have 24J barrels, an increase of about 14
barrels to the acre. This calculation is correct ; I have
tested it.

Check another acre 2*x2£ feet. This will give you
85 rows of corn — multiply 85 by 85, and you have
7,225 hills ; allow three ears to the hill, and you have
21,675 ears— 21,675 divided by 600, and you have 36
barrels and a fraction. I tried this last season, and
harvested 32 barrels, and I think would have made
more had there been more rainfall.

Here are three tests made on the same acre, show-
ing an increase each season where the distance between
the rows has been reduced.

I would be pleased if some of your readers who own
rich river land would try three acres as I tried them —
work them with the Iron Age Cultivator, and leave
the surface level. Give them a fair test — work- the
land thoroughly before and after planting — plant as
early as the season will admit of.

I would also like for some of your readers to culti-
vate some of their good land in unchecked rows three
feet apart — one stalk to the hill, 15 or 16 inches apart,
and again rows unchecked 3z feet apart — one stalk to
the hill, 12 to 14 inches apart. Cultivate these as they
do the checked acres, with the Iron Age, and leave
the surface level.

Persons making these tests need not cultivate large
areas. See first what can be done with the single

108

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[March

acic. ;i d if satisfactory, then enlarge on the area. In
making these testa, I have always planted Cock's Pro-
lific, because it has always done better for nie than
other types.

Last year was not the first time Cock's Prolific has
made 30 barrels per acre (150 bushels) in this county.
It did this repeatedly on the Breuio estate more than
fifty years ago.

I shall this season check one acre 2x2 feet, and
leave two stalks to the hill in one row aud one stalk
to the hill in the row between, through the entire
acre. I would like for some of your readers to try
one acre also on the same plan. I shall check another
acre 1x1 foot, and leave one stalk to the hill, and
would like for some one to join me in that test. All
the acres checked and unchecked worked wilh the
Iron Age and left level. If the acre checked lxl foot
should succeed, the calculation on that is 44 barrels.
There will be 115 rows — 115 multiplied by 115 gives
13,225 bills, and calculated two ears to the hill, 26,450
ears — 26,450 divided by 6Q0 will give 44 aud a fractiou
barrels. No one knows that this can be done. I shall
try it, and report the result. If these two last tests
should prove failures, I will anyhow have learned
something.

Persons buying Cock's Prolific corn for seed should
know that it is supposed to be a rich river land corn.
It has been under cultivation in this country for more
than a century but always cultivated on the best river
bottom lands. It might give satisfactory returns on
well improved high land, but I have never known it
grown on such land.

Mr. Bellwood's method of saving the cow-pea will
be of much advantage to the farmer.

Fluvanna Co., Ya. H. E. Wood.

THE CARE OF HANURE BEFORE APPLYING
TO THE SOIL.

Just how to handle manure economically, and at the
Same time get the best results, is a much discussed
question. Some laud one theory and some another.
We can be sure, however, that wheiever manure is
handled, it is at a heavy cost. Second, that whenever
it is handled, it loses something. With these two fact*
in view, it can be plainly seen that it pays to handle
it as little as possible. The most economical method,
of course, is to have the animals in a box stall, and
use plenty of bedding, aud haul the manure out about
once a mouth. If the economy is to be carried still
further, it would be best, if the laud is ready, to haul
the manure right from the barn to the laud aud spread
it over the land. By this system you avoid heating,
aud handle but once. Then, if there is any leaching,

it goes into the soil aud is taken up by the land. It
may not become soluble as soon as if it were compost-
ed, but it will, in time, be ready for the crop. If the
land is not ready for the manure, it cau be put under
a shelter covering a pit, or excavation, in the side of a
hill, so that the manure can easily be dumped in from
above or on the upper side, aud hauled out from the
lower side. It is best to cover the shelter with oue
layer of planks, so that the rain will be carried off in
the main, but enough will leak through to keep it
moist and thus prevent " fire-fanging." The manure
should be sheltered from the sun as well as from the
rain.

Now, if this compost is mixed with gypsum or laud
plaster, it will be still better. Put in about 200 lbs.
to every load of manure, and mix it iu thoroughly.
The best way to mix it is to put in a layer of manure
and then a layer of plaster. Kainit is still better, as
most soils are deficient in potash, and most of the land
outside of the sandy belt have plenty of lime. The
plaster aud kainit serve a double purpose — the latter
directly as fertilizer, and both indirectly iu .rendering
soluble the manure and the elements in the soil.
Then, too, they absorb moisture from the atmosphere,
and thus prevent heating. If the stables are cleaned
out daily, as many cattle-barns are, then it would be
best to put the plaster, or the potash, either one, in
the gutters behind the cattle. This saves the trouble
of mixing in the compost heap, and serves to deodor-
ize the barns. By being careful, no trouble will occur
from injury to the feet. The kainit should not be put
ou the platform, but sprinkled iu the gutters. Put
about one pound behind each animal daily. Stable
manures, as a rule, are deficient in both phosphoric
acid aud potash, and it would save the expense of an-
other application if some acid phosphate be mixed
with the compost. This would then make a complete
fertilizer, containing the three plant food ingredients
— phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen — in readily
available form.

By using this method, in connection with the bed-
ding ou the platforms, very little loss will occur, and
the best results can be obtained. The idea is this:
The potash ought to be used any way on most of our
lauds, so why not put it with the manure and serve a
treble purpose: deodorizing the barn, absorbing and
rendering soluble the niauure and absorbing moisture
from the atmosphere during the process of compost-
ing. It is a bad idea, generally speaking, lo put rich
nitrogenous stuff in a compost, but cotton seed can be
added to this mixture of manure and kainit without
much fear of heating. They should be thoroughly
mixed, and then, when the pile is hauled out, the mass
should be forked over well, to be sure of eveu distri-
bution of the different ingredients. K. Ik by.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

109

THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SOILS OF
EASTERN VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter :

The Tertiary region of Virginia, running from the
Atlantic ocean to the falls of our rivers, presents a re
markable uniformity of soils, both in physical and
chemical composition. Throughout the eastern section
of this region beds of miocene shell and blue marls
everywhere occur at varying depths from twenty to
fifty feet below the surface, while westward the eocene
marls abouuding in green sands, and with occasional
rich phosphatic material underlie conformably the
miocene deposits. These deposits of marl have been
used, with varying success, for nearly one hundred
years as a physical amendment and chemical addition
to the light sandy soils of this section. Early in the
present century attention was called to the efficacy of
marling by various writers in the Farmer's Register.
The practice became almost universal, and the intense
enthusiasm in the use of marl asanameliorantof these
soils culminated in the publication of "Calcareous
Manures," by Mr. Edmund Ruffin, in 1832. In this
book we are assured of the efficacy of "marling," but
are made painfully aware of the poverty of the soil by
an assertion that but few acres in this section would
produce over ten bushels of corn or six bushels of
wheat once in three years, the other two years being
devoted to resting and recuperating the land. Prof.
William B. Rodgers, in his geological investigations
of Virginia, made from 1831 to 1841, pays special at-
tention to the marls of this section, giving chemical
analyses of over 250 deposits. Unfortunately, "car-
bonate of lime" only was determined, and that class
of decomposed marls, rich in this ingredient, was
recommended for use. Experience has since shown
that the larger measure of success resulting from the
use of marls was due to the presence of phosphates
and potash in them. Hence, in attempting to explain
the varying results obtainable in every neighborhood
from the use of marls, recourse must be had to a fresh
examination of the local marl beds, with special refer
ence to their content of organic matter, phosphates.
and potash. With fresh data upon this subject, marl
ing from selected beds might again become popular
and profitable, and in conjunction with cow-peas,
crimson and red clovers, velvet and soja beans, this
section might become exceedingly fertile. The imme
diate soils of this section are sandy loams of the Co-
lumbian period, underlaid at varying depths by the
yellow, sandy clays of the La Fayette group. These
soils were originally covered with a mixed growth of
oak, hickory, and pines, and when first cleared were
far from being fertile. After a most improvident cul-
ture in tobacco, corn and wheat of over two hundred
2

years, is it any wonder that they are to-day thin and
poor*

It may be asserted, however, that almost every-
where a spirit of improvement pervades the energies
of our people, and already their efforts at progress are
visible in the annually-increasing acre yields every-
where reported.

What do these soils need for their restoration ; and
how shall the latter be obtained by the common farmer,
without too heavy an expenditure of labor aud fertil-
izer, is the burning question of the hour! Inheriting
an old homestead in the county of Gloucester several
years ago, systematic experiments were at once insti-
tuted, looking to a solution of this problem. The first
plan was to find out exactly what valuable ingredients
were wanting in these soils, and with this information
an intelligent effort could be made looking to a combi-
nation of crops with special fertilizers, which would
give the farmer an aunual profit, and at the same time
improve greatly the fertility of his soil. Five years
ago. experiments with different kinds of fertilizers
were begun, looking to the solution of the manurial
requirements of these soils for the ordinary crops
grown. Knowing that tobacco had been grown for
over a ceutury-upon these soils, and that this plant
made enormous drafts upon potash, a full line of ex-
periments, covering every form of potash, were first
instituted. Besides the various forms of potash there
were used also acid phosphates and dried blood, the
former to supply soluble phosphoric acid and the lat-
ter nitrogen (ammonia.) At the end of the first year's
trial the results were so startling that they were re-
pressed, and the experiments were repeated the second
year. Concordant results of the two years indicate 1
conclusively that these soils were not " hungering and
thirsting" for any form of potash, but xcere greedy for
phosphoric acid. In every instance, without the pres-
ence of the last ingredient, no increased yields were
obtainable. These experiments, Mr. Editor, were pub-
lished at the time in your valuable journal. It is un-
wise, as well as unscientific, to draw accurate conclu-
sions from experiments of a few years' duration.
Hence "experiment" patches have been permanently
located at "Valley Front," with a view of ultimately
solving this and other questions involved in successful
farming in this section. The scope of experimenta-
tion has been recently enlarged, and the number of
patches and crops increased. Fields remote from the
residence, and which have been known to be exempt
from fertilization of any kind, at least since the war,
were selected. Typical soils of these fields were ana-
lysed, chemically and physically, in our laboratory
here, aud their needs studied from a laboratory stand-
point.

The first sight of the chemical analyses revealed an

110

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

almost total absence of phosphoric acid, with a low con
tent of nitrogen, and a fair amount of potash. Had
these analyses been made before our experiments were
hegnn, the surprising results from acid phosphates
would naturally have been expected.

It is useless to cumber your pages with these chenii
cal results. The above assertion, with the possible
addition that the lime content was also low, and in
some instances needed absolutely replenishing, con
,11 the information to be derived from them.
Not so with the physical analyses. They are given
below, to show that we have here soils susceptible of
the highest improvement, soils of such a mechanical
texture as to receive and retain the manorial elements
usually applied in mineral fertilizers, and of a rela
tively high water content. They assure us of our
ability to improve these soils by the proper additions
of the needed elements. They convince the most
skeptical that by deep plowing, incorporation of vege-
table matter, and shallow cultivation, these soils may
be placed in a condition to successfully withstand the
most prolonged drouths known to this section. An
Inspection will show that they are generally most ex-
cellent for trucks, corn and cow-peas. Those with the
largest amounts of clay may be made suitable for large
wheat and oat crops. All are adapted to crimson,
while the stiffer ones can grow also red clover.

The following are the results : No. 1 is from a stiff,
cold field, a type of a class of soils which parallel onr
water courses at about one to two miles distant. No 2
is from a level, sandy loam field well drained. No. 3
is from a twenty-acre field, which is regarded as
rather too stiff for potatoes and early vegetables, while
No. 4. from a thirty acre field, represents, perhaps,
the sandiest soil on the place, and is typical of a lari:e
section of this region.

It may. perhaps, be well to explain briefly 'hat the
mechanical separation here described refers to the al>
solute size of the particles which make up the soil.
All particles not passing through a mesh whose open
ings are one miliraetre* in diameter are classed as
fine gravel, while those particles whose diameters are
between z-^rs and rshns of a miliwetre are called

"ela>."

The loss on ignition approximately represents the
ible matter present. The water-holding capacity

has been determined for each sample, and means the
percentage of weight which each soil can cany of
water without dripping. For brevity, the fine gravel.
coarse, medium, fine and very fine sand, may be reck-
oned as "sand," and silt, fine silt and clay may be
styled "clay."

*Milimetre— 0.03yo7 inches.

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1898.]

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER

111

With these laboratory aids oar experiments of 1897
were made. Nos. 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 were selected
for corn experiments, and Nos. 5 and 6 for tobacco.

Plats of 150 by 145.2 were laid off, and divided into
thirty rows five feet wide. Three rows, 1 20 of an
acre, were taken for each experiment, making ten for
each plat. The following were the experiments :

No. 1 — 3 rows. No manure.

No. 2—3 rows. Dried blood.

No. 3 — 3 rows. Acid phosphate.

No. 4 — 3 rows. Kainit.

No. 5 — 3 rows. No manure.

No. 6 — 3 rows. Dried blood and acid phosphate.

. No. 7 — 3 rows. Dried blood and kainit.

No. 8 — 3 rows. Acid phosphate and kainit.

No. 9—3 rows. Dried blood, acid phos. and kainit.

No. 10 .'> rows. No manure.

The dried blood, acid phosphate and kainit con-
tained respectively 12 per cent, of nitrogen, soluble
phosphoric acid and potash, and were used at the rate
of 300 pounds per acre.

The corn was planted 18 inches in the drill and to
bacco planted 24 inches. Iu the table the green to-
bacco is first given, and then the cured, calculated
upon the average of the barn. In one plat of corn the
stover and corn are given ; in the other, only corn.

The corn harvested averaged 79 per cent, grain to
21 per cent. cob. Variety used, "Home grown gourd-
seed." The following are the results :

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS UNDER TOBACCO AND CORN.

The stand of tobacco on Nos. 7 and 8 was poor. There were fairly good stands of corn on the sandy plats. Indifferent
stands on stiff plat — destroyed by worms.

Conclusions.

The faulty stands upon the stiff plat of corn, due to
destruction by worms, and the absence of a perfect
stand on experiments 7 and 8 with tobacco, make a
graphic representation of results on paper in figures
impossible. Scores of farmers from the neighborhood
visited and critically inspected these plats while grow-
ing, and all were unanimous iu the opinion that with-
out phosphoric acid there was no crop. The above
figures also declare the same results, but not so clearly
accentuated, yea punctuated, as sight.

So clearly are we convinced of the wants of these
soils, by a series of experiments extending over five

years, that our purchases of commercial fertilizers con-
sist exclusively of high grade acid phosphates and
tankage, applications of two parts of the former to one
of the latter, in quantities of 300 to 400 pounds per
acre on corn, oats and wheat, are now used ou the en
tire farm. For crimson clover 200 to 300 pounds of
acid phosphate per acre has been found profitable. A
rotation of corn and cow-peas, wheat and oats, and
crimson clover, each manured as above, promises an
eaWy and profitable restoration of these thin soils.
Under tobacco, 450 pounds of the following mixture
is used with success, viz., 200 pounds tankage (10
and 10), 200 pounds acid phosphate (15 per cent.), and

112

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

HO pounds sulphate potash (50 per cent.) Potash is
used here, fearing this potash-loving plant may find
need for it in the large crops removed. However, last
year, on account of a deficiency of sulphate of potash,
about one acre of the tobacco field failed to receive it,
and no one could tell where the mixture with potash
ended. It is probable that in the near future, with in-
creased crops, the necessity for potash manures may
arise. Future experiments, it is hoped, will be our
sentinels to give warning of this requirement. At
present there is certainly little or no demand for potash
in any form, even by such potash-consuming plants as
tobacco, corn and Irish potatoes. When indications of
a failure of the present supply in the soil are given by
experiments, then, and not till then, is it prudent to
spend money in the purchase of potash salts.

W. C. Stubbs.
Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon Park, New Or-
leans, La.

HARVESTING COW-PEAS,

Editor Southern Planter:

I see an interesting article in the January number
of I he Planter from Mr. A. Ii. Bell wood on " Harvest-
ing the Cow Pea." The same difficulty confronts us
here. We cannot get peas picked here after cotton-
picking commences. By sowing every alternate, alley
in the cotton in August — leaving the other alleys for
gathering the cottou — we cau get all that are still on
the vines picked, as cotton at that time is thinning
matei ially, but /never get enough.

There is a machine for harvesting peas that is said
to be a good thing, and was highly recommended to
me. It claims to ''pick, thresh and sack" eight acres
a day, with two mules and two boys. The peas must
be three feet apart, the mules walk in the alley, and
the machine straddles the row— picks, threshes and
Backs the peas and hulls, but does not separate them —
but that is a light job. It is said to do good work and
does not break the peas. It can gather peas in the
corn held if planted in drill, and if the corn is six feet
apart in the row.

Si nne years ago, I corresponded with the inventor,
and made enquiries of parties to whom I was referred,
intending to purchase, but the price was beyond the
financial ability of a small and poor farmer. I think
it was eighty five (85) dollars. It may be cheaper
now.

Should Mr. Bellwood be disposed to give the ma
chine*a trial, and finds it satisfactory, I hope he will
give us the benefit of his experience and judgment in
i lie Planter.

Congaree, Richland Co., S. G. Subscriber.

[The maker of this machine should advertise it in
The Planter. We feel sure that it would pay him to do
so, as the pea crop is now become a very important
one with farmers. — Ed.]

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

TEST OF VARIETIES OF CORN IN EASTERN
VIRGINIA.

Anxious to determine whether the old gourd seed
corn, grown from immemorial time in Eastern Vir-
ginia, could be supplanted by another variety, of su-
perior merit, the following experiments were insti-
tuted :

In a field of corn, following a heavy crop of German
clover, a centre reservation 150 feet deep by 432 feet
wide was made for the experiments. Eight varieties
were purchased and sent to the farm for trial. To
these were added samples from our homegrown
gourd-seed, making nine varieties in all. Twelve
rows, 4 feet by 150 feet, were given to each variety.
The land was not perfectly uniform in composition,
but as nearly so as so large an area would permit of
in most any field. The clover was cut in May, and
removed as hay to the barn. The land broken with
two horse plows, and planted early in June. This
plat was cultivated with two-horse cultivators, like
the rest of the crop. The corn was harvested early in
October, and the writer superintended the operations
of weighing, etc., by which the results given below
were obtained. The following are the varieties of corn
used, the yields per acre in barrels and bushels, and
the percentage of shuck, cob and grain of each :

Yields of Varieties of Corn.

Name

Variety.

Hickory King

Cocke'a Prolific

Blount's Prolific

Gentry's E'y Market..
Marsh field's Wh.Dent
Giant Broad Grain....

Snowrluke

Va. ( lourd-Seed

Home Gourd Seed

0;^

— E S

3102

3742

3o74
3422
4522

3241
31)21
3107

o

o

o

a

it,

S ri
c'3

CD

So

fo

£°

0-i

0

as

P-,

79.

13.5

7.5

72.

21.0

7.0

75.5

17.5

7.0

73.59

1813

8.29

77.50

18.08

4 42

07 50

2.3,00

(i 50

75.30

18.70

(5.00

70 00

18.00

GOO

72.80

20.00

7.20

* rf °°

<b CD-2

°4%

1*02.0

~ z£

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5 "-<?

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M

<

41

43J

50 6

48*

51

51

4H1

47

4li

47+

01

64*

44

43}

53

63*

42

40

Strenuous efforts were made to have all of the va-
rieties "slipped shucked" alike when pulling, but it
was soon found that each variety had its individual
peculiarity relative to slipped shucking, and any at
tempt to leave equal amounts of shuck on each variety
was futile. This is manifested by an inspection of
above table.

Another lot of each was accordingly taken and care
fully shucked, aud the cob and grain carefully deter-
mined, with the following results :

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

113

Comparative Percentage of Cob and Grain.

Name of Varieties.

Percentage of Percentage of
Grain. Cob.

Hickory King

Cocke's Prolific

Blount'a Prolific

Gentry's Early Market,....
Marshfield's White Dent.

Snowflake

Giant Kroad Grain

Virginia Gourd-Seed

Home Gourd Seed

85.5
79.7
81.2
85.2
811
80 0
73.5
80.8
80 0

14.5
20.3
18.8
14.8
18.9
20.0
20.5
19.2
20.0

Several important conclusions can be drawn from
above. 1st. It is unsafe to purchase or sell corn in
the ear by the usual weight of 74 lbs. slipped shucked,
or 70 lbs. of ears to the bushel. Some varieties will
overrun, while others will fall far under.

2d. The proportion of shuck, cob and grain varies,
within wide limits, with different varieties.

3d. That variety, the quality being equal, which
will give the largest yield per acre of shelled corn, is
most desirable.

Each of the above corns have individual peculiari-
ities adapting it to certain kinds of soils. Upon very
rich bottom lands the prolific varieties are admirably
adapted, while on poor uplands a variety giving one
well-filled ear to each stalk will probaoly be most sat-
isfactory. The Giant Broad grain, while growing the
smallest percentage of grain, yet has the largest net
yield. It is followed closely by Virginia Gourd Seed,
which, in many respects, is an admirable variety.

The Hickory King has the largest percentage of
grain, followed closely by Gentry's Early Market.
Cocke's Prolific and Virginia Gourd-Seed are very
late maturing varieties, and were doubtlessly slightly
injured by the dry weather in September, when they
alone were in vigorous growth, the others having vir-
tually matured their crops. There is food for study in
the above tables for every farmer who grows corn
upon the thin uplands of Eastern Virginia.

W. C. Stubs.

Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon Park, New Or-
leans, La.

USE OF FERTILIZERS.

You cannot, by the use of commercial fertilizers
alone, make your land rich. Indeed, if they are
ignorantly applied, the result will be the impoverish-
ment of the soil. If you add $10 to your bank ac
count and check out $20, you know the result. In
like manner, when yon use a small quantity of your
fertilizer, it grows a vigorous plant, which enables it
to gather fertility from the soil largely in excess of
the materials added by the fertilizer. Judiciously
used, they are a great boon to the farmer. But, I
repeat, the best method of using the phosphates and
potash salts is on the pea and clover crops. It en
sures, as a rule, a fine crop of these renovators. — Prof.
M. P. Scott, in SouUiern Magazine.

ENQUIRERS COLUMN.

Prof. \\". F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Grass Seeding.

1. An Albemarle hillside — western exposure — light
friable sandy loam— very rocky— appears dark when
moist — but dead white under hot sun — planted to
winesaps and peaches. I wish to set it in grass
(as it faces the residence) and keep a space manured
and cultivated round each tree, which were plauted
fall of 1S%, and growing finely. My object is a good
appearance, as, of course, it cannot be grazed. Will
you give me a suitable mixture of grass and clover
seeds to grow a green sward in such an exposed, dry
situation i

2. Also say whether I shall rake all the surface rocks
off before seeding.

3. Is Japan clover good to sow on filled in gulleys
to keep from washing again?

4. A light upland, not rocky, somewhat sandy, was
burnt and plowed last fall a year as broomsedge sod
for corn — is now pretty clean, and sod crumbled — will
two harrowiugs and rollings fit it for grass, or would
you plow first, and what seeds for pasturage? It gave
a fair corn crop.

Albemarle Co., Va. Holyoake Russell.

The only grass suitable for sueh a situation is the
orchard grass, or perhaps a mixture of orchard grass,
red top, aud Kentucky blue grass. But while I ad-
vocate the keeping of orchards in grass, I do not ad-
vocate putting them in grass till the trees have at-
tained to a bearing size. Growth is what wo want in
a young tree ; and when the growth has reached a
point of maturity sufficient to bear fruit, the check
that seeding down gives will tend to fruitfulness, and
the trees will, at the same time, make a fair growth, if
the grass is kept good by top-dressing, aud no use is
made of the cut grass but to rot on the ground. The
space to be cultivated around the tree should be larger
thau the spread of the tree top, for the feeding roots
will be found out where the rain drips from the
branches or a little further. The surface rocks should
all be removed before any seeding is done, and the
land should have a mixture of 10 pounds of orchard
grass, 5 of red top, and 10 of Kentucky blue grass
seed per acre, and more seed will do no harm, but
will give effect earlier. Your plan may make it look
better, but I do not think the orchard will be as suc-
cessful as though the laud were well cultivated for six
or seven years. Japan clover is very good to sow on
filled iu gnlleys to prevent washing. If the grass ou
the corn laud is intended for mowing, and the land
to be kept iu rotation cropping, sow it in timothy aud
clover, as soon as possible, using 10 pounds of clover

114

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

and eight of timothy, with a bushel of outs per acre.
Put the land in good order with a cutaway harrow,
but do not replow. A mixture of acid phosphate and
potash (six parts phosphate to one part muriate of
potash) will help the clover and grass. The seeding
would have had a better chance done earlier, but if
the season is favorable, it will do yet.

W. F. Masset.

Applying Fertilizers— Seeding to Grass — Corn-
Growing.

In sowing cow peas with the drill, is it better to drill
in with the peas 200 pounds of South Carolina Bone,
or sow it broadcast beforehand! Can it injure the
peas if in contact with them? I have a small lot
which I wish to improve. It will bring about 4 bar-
relsof corn. Land is clay in Piedmont Virginia. My
plan is to sow in peas with South Carolina Bone in
May. Then, in September, or when nearly ripe, turn
under and seed with red clover and timothy, with 40J
pounds of a mixture of South Carolina Bone and some
potash (Tinsley's Bone and Potash Mixture). Can you
suggest a better plan at moderate cost? I have no
barnyard manure. Kindly answer on enclosed postal.
or discuss fully in your next number of the Planter.
Does it pay on such land to drop 200 pounds South
Carolina Bone to the acre in planting corn, or is it
better to sow the phosphate broadcast ! Is it not bet-
ter to put all your guano on grass and trust to the im-
proved land to bring better corn when next pnt in?

Culpeper Co., Va. Dr. F. S. Hall.

All commercial fertilizers should either be sown
broadcast, or, if sowu in the drill, be mixed with the
soil before the seed is drilled in. Contact of the delicate
rootlets of the newly germinated seeds with commer
cial fertilizers is, it not fatal to the plants, certainly
detrimental to them. Very many bad stands of crops
are undoubtedly caused by the seed aud fertilizer be-
ing placed in immediate contact. Your plan for im-
proving the lot is a good one, but unless the land is
deficient in vegetable matter, we should not plow down
the whole crop of peas, but cut, leaving a long stub-
ble, and utilize the vines for feed, and apply the re-
sulting manure to the grass the following year. The
roots aud stubble of the pea crop will supply much
vegetable matter to the laud, and the nitrogen which
the crop gathers from the air is stored, to the greatest
extent, on the tubercles on the roots. If it is decided
that the land needs vegetable matter so much as to re
quire the whole of the vines to be plowed down, do
not plow them under until they are dead or nearly so.
This will prevent their souring the land, which is fre-
quently the result of plowing down a heavy mass of
succulent vines in a warm climate. It is very doubt
ful policy to apply any commercial fertilizer in the hill
or drill when planting corn. Whilst it may enrich the
soil somewhat, it rarely does so to the extent of in-
creasing the yield of corn so as to be directly profita-

ble. The proper course is to apply all commercial
fertilizers to the land lor the purpose of increasing
thr growth of the clover, grass or pea crop, preceding
the corn crop, and to apply the farmyard mauure on
the sod or pea vine stubble during the winter or early
spring, before plowing for the corn crop. — Ed.

How to Raise the Largest Corn Crop.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have a ten acre lot that has been in clover for
three years, before last ; then it was put in peas, and
then sowed in annual clover, and it had as fine a
growth as I ever saw. I turned that in, and sowed it
in peas again, aud cut the peas. Now, I want to put
it in corn next year, and want to know how to get the
largest crop I can. What kind of fertilizer is best to
use, aud how much per acre? How would you plow
it, and how would you cultivate it? I want to make
all that can be made on the piece of land without it
costing too much. I would like you to give me all
the information you cau about fertilizing the land and
cultivating it.

Southampton Co., Va. J. L. Camp.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have received copy of Southern Planter, and have
read with interest Mr. Wood's articles on corn-grow-
ing. I have twenty acres of bottom land which I wish
to cultivate in corn the present year. It is high dry
land. About ten acres of this land is very loose and
loamy, with a yellow sand subsoil at a depth of about
seven or eight inches, and the remainder is rather close
dark land with better subsoil. About teu acres of the
land has been in timothy for the past five years, and
the remainder has been in rye, with two crops of pea-
vines turned uuder, and last year it was sown in tall
meadow oat grass, but I did not secure a good stand.
I have the twenty -acre plot turned with a light two-
horse plow to the depth of about seven inches. This
was done in the latter part of last year. The part
which has been in timothy produced from one and a
half to two tons of good hay per acre, according as
we had a good or bad season. I want to grow 100
bushels of corn to the acre, and I would like to know
in what manner it must be cultivated and manured to
make this yield.

The loose loamy land of which I have spoken has
considerable sand intermixed with the soil, so much
so that I cmld not get a good stand of grass. There
is plenty of clay land lying alongside this land, aud I
have been thinking of hauling out some of the clay
and patting it on this land.

I would like to have your opinion as to the advisa-
bility of doing this ; and if you think the idea a good
one, about how thick would you cover the surface with
the clay.' I would be pleased to have yours and your
readers' views ;it as early a date ;is practicable.

Would you advise the land checked, as suggested by
Mr. Wood? I have not the paper before me, but Mr.
Wooil states that an implement called, I believe (but
am not sure), an "Iron Age," will clean a row at a
time.

As I am just a beginner iu farming, and am not fa-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

115

miliar with these things, I would like to know what
this is, and its cost, and where I could get it.

A. M. Fey.

The foregoing are two of a number of letters we
have received bearing upon the all-important question
of how to raise the largest crop of corn per acre possi
ble. This being a most laudable ambition, and one
we would like to see influencing every farmer, we
gladly accord space for discussion of the subject, and
invite replies to our correspondents and a general ex-
pression of opinion on the question. At the outset,
we would say that it is impossible for any one to say
how any particular quantity of corn can, with certain
ty, be grown on any particular laud. The best we can
do is to point out the prime requisites for producing a
heavy yield of corn. At the bottom of this question
Ties land in a high state of fertility naturally, and this
fertility must then be rendered available by the most
perfect cultivation of the laud before and after the
planting of the crop. No system of fertilization alone
can ensure a large crop of corn; indeed, the results of
experiments made in nearly every section of the coun
try, North, South, East and West, go to show that the
corn crop is less susceptible to the influence of com-
mercial fertilizers than any other crop grown. What
ever the fertilizer used, we have never yet known an
extraordinarily large crop of corn grown except upon
laud plowed deeply and finely broken before the crop
was planted, and afterwards carefully and frequently
worked shallow during the growth of the crop. To
produce a heavy yield, even with such a system of
plowing and cultivation, it is also necessary that the
land shall be well filled with humus, rich in vegetable
matter, so that its capacity to hold heat and moisture
shall be of the highest. The eorn crop is one abso
lutely demandiug for its success a warm moist soil. In
order to secure these conditions, peas and clover must
be grown on the land proposed to be planted, unless
the same be naturally rich deep alluvial river bottoms
where vegetable matter already exists iu superabuud
ance. Both our correspondents have made this
proper preparation for the corn crop. They have
grown peas, clover, and grass, on the land, and it
should now, in both cases, have a good content of
vegetable matter, and be capable of retaining heat
and moisture. Except in the case of the land with
the yellow sand subsoil, we would now advise plowing
and subsoiling as the proper preparation of the land
for the seeding of the crop. We would plow to the
depth of 8 or 10 inches, and subsoil another 6 or 8
inches, thus getting a seed bed of something like 16 to
18 inches in depth. After plowing, this should be
broken as fine as possible by repeated harrowing and
working with the cultiva or. In this way, the plant-
food in the soil will be rendered available by the com

plete reration and action of the sun and rain upon each
particle of the soil. In the case of the land with the
sandy subsoil, we should plow as deeply as we could
without bringing up this subsoil and leave the subsoil
undisturbed. A subsoil of this nature cannot, by be-
ing broken loose, be made susceptible of holding mois-
ture, as in the case of a heavy clay subsoil. Apply
farmyard mauure up to 20 tons to the acre, if availa-
ble, to the land previous to plowiug and working, and
let this be well and intimately mixed with the soil.
In the case of the sandy land, only well rotted farm-
yard manure should be applied. Loose strawy ma-
nure applied to such land is usually an injury rather
than a benefit, and especially is this so in a dry season.
As previously said, the application of commercial fer-
tilizers for the production of a corn crop has rarely
been attended with satisfactory results, unless upon
land so thin and poor that without something applied
no crop could be expected; and even in those cases, the
result has rarely been such as to show a profit on the
application. It has caused an increase in the yield,
but such increase has been rarely sufficient to repay
the outlay on fertilizers. A marked illustration of the
truth of the failure of commercial fertilizers to sub-
stantially increase the yield of corn was seen in the
crop grown by Mr. S. B.Woods, of Albemarle county,
Va., in competition for the premium offered by the
Breeder's Gazette in 1896, compared with a crop also
grown by him in the same year on adjoining land. The
premium crop was planted partly on land from which
20 tons of silage corn was cut in 1895. and partly on
land in a clover and timothy sod. He applied 1,500
pounds of high grade special corn fertilizer and 100
pounds of plaster to the acre. The yield was 132*
bushels of corn per acre. The corn grown on the
clover and timothy sod outyielded the other part of the
field by one third. On a part of the clover and timo-
thy sod not comprise d in the acre entered for compe-
tition for the premium, corn was also planted, aud to
this part no commercial fertilizer was applied. The
yield was 120 bushels of corn to the acre, or only 12*
bushels less than that to which 1,500 pounds of com-
mercial fertilizer and 100 pounds of plaster was ap-
plied. This 12J extra bushels of corn would only go
a very small way towards paying for the commercial
fertilizer aud plaster applied to the acre on which it
was produced. We could adduce a large number of
similar examples of failure to secure benefit from
commercial fertilizers. Probably the best results we
can show as to the help given by commercial fertilizers
on thin poor soils are those obtained by Dr. W. C.
Stubbs iu a series of carefully conducted experiments
on 15 plots of laud in Gloucester county, Va., in 1895.
In seven of these experiments, the fertilizers applied
were given in such quantities as to furnish slightly

116

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[March

over 50 pounds of nitrogen, soluble phosphoric acid
and pntash to the acre. In five experiments, the pot-
a-h was increased to 70 pounds per acre and the nitro-
gen and phosphoric acid decreased. In three experi-
ments, no manure or fertilizer of any kind was applied.
The yield on the unmanured plots on which a good
stand was obtained was 23 bushels per acre. Where
only dried blood to supply the nitrogen, at the rate of
50 pounds to the acre, was applied, the yield was 26
bushels to the acre. Where only acid phosphate was
applied, supplying 50 pounds of soluble phosphoric
acid to the acre, the yield was 30 bushels to the acre.
Where only kainit was supplied, supplying 50 pounds
of potash to the acre, the yield was 23 bushels to the
acre. Where dried blood and acid phosphate was ap-
plied together, each at the rate of 50 pounds to the
acre, the yield was 32 bushels to the acre, and this w;:s
the highest yield obtained in any of the experiments.
The best iucrease in yield was, therefore, only nine
bnsbels to the acre over the yield of the unmanured
plot, and this increased yield was obtained at a cost
of say 8D.50 per acre, or more than 81 per bushel for
each bushel of increase. The acid phosphate alone,
the cheapest fertilizer used, increased the yield seven
bushels to the acre, and this at a cost of say $2.00, or
about 30 ceuts per bushel for each bushel of increase.
Commenting on these experiments, Dr. Stubbs says
the use of potash does not, on these lands, seem to give
any increased yield, and yet oue would suppose them
to be very deficient in potash from their long contin-
ued growth of tobacco in the early period of the set-
tlement of the State and their neglect since the war.
In an experiment made in the limestone lands of West
Virginia, the use of potash was found to be more ben-
eficial than auy other fertilizer. Dr. Stubbs is, we
beli>ve, now of opinion that it would be better to use
tankage than dried blood as a source of nitrogen aud
for a part of the phosphoric acid. In tankage, most
of the nitrogen is highly available, whilst its phos-
phoric acid (in bone) is insoluble, and therefore only
slowly available. In next month's issue we will fur-
ther consider this subject. A word now in reply to
Our correspondent as to applying clay to his sandy
land. The texture and productiveness of sandy land
may be greatly improved by the application of marl
and clay to it, and this is largely done in some sec-
tions of England. The marl or clay, however, should
be dug from the pit at least a year before beiug ap-
plied to i he sandy laud, and be exposed to the weather
so tied it may be disintegrated and aerated, and thus
be rendered more easy of mixing with the land. It
may be added witli advantage to the extent of making
the soil nearly one half clay.

The "Iron Age," referred to in Mr. Wood's article
is a light Iron Cultivator, which cau be purchased

from nearly all implement dealers, and is well known
to them by this description. — Ed.

[Since writing the foregoing reply, Dr. Stubbs has
sent us a report on his corn crop in Eastern Virginia
in 1897, which we publish in this issue, and to which
we invite our correspondent's attention. — Ed]

Cotton and Corn Fertilizer.

After an absence of some twenty-five years from the
farm, I find, by reading the Southern Planter, that I
am '"awfully green" on the subject of farmiug. If,
however, I continue to read the Planter (and I expect
to do so as long as I try to farm), I do not think I shall
remain ignoraut ; for it is the best help for farmers I
have ever seen, and I am delighted with it. Just a
question or two :

1. I want to use acid phosphate and potash under
cotton this season. What proportion of each would
yon use, aud how would you mix them?

2. I want to use acid phosphate under corn. W> old
you advise using potash with it?

3i Which would be better for the land, peas or an-
nual clover, the peas to be sown in corn at last plow-
ing, and the clover at the proper time? J E. J.

North Carolina.

We appreciate the compliment you pay the Planter,
and assure you that it is our desire aud intention al-
ways to do everything in our power to help our sub-
scribers and farmers generally.

1. Experiments and experience have proved that
the application of an incomplete fertilizer — that is to
say, one lacking in any oue of the three principal in-
gredients of plant food — is uot usually profitable, or
at least, not so profitable as the use of complete fertil-
izer, unless the land has already been enriched in
nitrogen content by the growth of peas and clover,
when the ingredient nitrogen may be dispensed with
iu the commercial fertilizer applied. Assuming the
laud proposed to be planted in cotton hy our corre-
spondent is not already enriched by the growth of
peas or clover, and that he has no farm-yard manure
out of which to make a compost, we would advise the
use of a commercial fertilizer containing the following
ingredients :

Lbs.

Acid phosphate 1,200

Cotton seed meal 500

Kainit 300

2,000
This should be applied at the rate of from 400 to
600 pounds to the acre, and be mixed in the soil of the
drill before the seed is sown.

2. The use of commercial fertilizers of any kind is
rarely profitable directly on the corn crop. The proper
way to secure a good corn crop is to use acid phos-
phate and kainit or muriate of potash to grow a heavy
crop of peas on the land intended to be put into corn

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

117

the following year. The peas should be cut for fodder
and fed to stock, and the resulting manure be applied
broadcast on the corn land previous to plowing for
the corn. The application of acid phosphate and pot-
ash to the corn crop will, however, even if it does not
pay directly on the corn, improve the land, and if, as
should be done, peas are planted in the corn at the last
working, will make that crop a much heavier one, and
thus put the land in better condition for the following
crop. If it is decided to apply fertilizer to the corn
crop, use acid phosphate and kainit in the proportion
of two of phosphate to one of kainit, applied at the
rate of 300 to 400 pounds to the acre.

3. Whilst we are strong advocates for the planting
of peas in corn at the last working, yet we would, if
possible, always try to have the crimson clover as well,
for a winter cover on the land. In the South espe-
cially, bare land during any season of the year is wast-
ing land The loss of fertility from land uncovered
with any crop, is as great as that occasioned by the
growing of most crops. Both the peas and clover can
be had on the corn land if the pea crop is cut off for
fodder at the time when the corn is cut. The clover
should be sown broadcast amongst the corn and peas
in August, and will be shaded and protected by those
crops until it has made a good stand, and they should
then be cut off the laud and the clover given sole pos
session If it is not thought feasible to sow both crops
in the corn from any cause, theu we woiid advise the
use of the crimson clover alone, as that crop secures a
cover for the land during the winter.

Pink Eye.

Please publish remedy for pink eye in horses.

R. J. TURNLEY.

Spotsylvania County, Va.

This is a form of epizootic disease which prevails
occasionally during long cold weather, and is some
times called rheumatic influenza. The primary syrup
toms are fever, rigors, dullness, swelling of eye lids,
discharge ot tears and paiu in limbs, and the color of
the conjunctiva of the eye is altered to a pink. The dis
ease usually runs its course and terminates favorably
in from four to six days. It is often relieved by spon
taneous diarrhoea. If, however, this does not come on,
a mild cathartic, say four drachms of aloes, should be
given. After this has operated freely and ceased to
act, give moderate doses of nitrate of potash in the
drinking water, say half an ounce in half a bucketful
of water twice in 24 hours for two or three days. Feed
sparingly ; bran mashes aud a little hay will be suffi-
cient. Warm fomentations and bandages to the legs
will be of service. — Ed.
3

Capons and Caponizing.

Will you kindly inform me where I can obtain any
publication, or, indeed, any information in any shape
upon the subject of caponizing fowls t

The information that I chiefly need is, as to how it
would pay, how the art can be learned, and where in-
struments for it can be obtained.

A Subscriber.

Bedford County, Va.

Mr. J. Greiner, La Salle, N. T., publishes a book on
this subject. Capons will pay shipped to Northern
markets. There is no local demand for them at a price
such-as they ought to command and do command in
the large cities of the North. — Ed.

Tobacco Fertilizers.

On page 62 of February Planter dried blood is ad-
vised in a mixture for tobacco.

Can cottou seed meal and nitrate of soda be substi-
tuted? If so, in what proportion?

Dried blood is hard to obtain in small lots. At what
stage of cultivation should the soda be applied !

F. H. T.

Prince Edward County.

In an experiment conducted by Major Ragland in
1890 he used nitrogenous fertilizers in the form of
dried blood on one plot, and in the form of nitrate of
soda on another plot. The dried blood gave the best
results considerably. The profit per acre on the plot
fertilized with dried blood was $52.37, whilst with the
nitrate of soda the profit was only $35.91. The total
cost of the fertilizers used was the same in both cases.
He used in tbeouecase 160 pounds of dried blood, 120
pounds of sulphate of potash, aud 114 pounds of acid
phosphate per acre ; and in the other case, 148 pounds
of nitrate of soda, 120 pounds of sulphate of potash,
aud 114 pounds of acid phosphate per acre. The fer-
tilizers were all applied before plautiug. We have no
information as to the use of cotton seed meal as a sub-
stitute for dried blood or nitrate of soda, but see no
reason why it should not be used. The total nitrogen
supplied by the use of 148 pounds of nitrate of soda
would be about 23 pounds. If half this quantity of
nitrogen were supplied by the use of 300 pouurN of
cotton seed meal which would become slowly available
during the growth of the crop, aud the other half was
supplied by the use of 75 pounds of nitrate of soda to
give the crop a good start, we think it might be found
to work well. We do not, however, think it would
compare in results with dried blood, which seems pecu-
liarly adapted to the needs of the tobacco plant. — Ed.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

118

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The truck grower in Eastern North Carolina and
Tidewater Virginia will find this to be a busy month,
and especially so during the latter half of it. All the
land should be got ready for crops as fast as the con
ditiou of the soil and weather will permit, and crops
of English peas and Irish potatoes not already planted,
should be got into the ground.

The growth of fall-planted cabbages should be en-
couraged by working the land, and if vigorous growth
has started, a top dressing of nitrate of soda at the rate
of 100 pounds to the acre will help them on wonder
fully. Cabbage plants raised in frames and beds, and
well hardened off, should be set out in the rows as the
weather permits. Give liberal fertilization or good
heads cannot be expected. A heavy dressing of farm
yard manure may besupplemented by 4U'> to 500 pounds
to the acre of a fertilizer compounded of 700 pounds of
acid phosphate, 250 pounds of nitrate of soda, 750
pounds of cotton seed meal, and 250 pounds of muriate
of potash. This should be applied broadcast and be
well mixed with the soil before setting out the plants.
Cabbage seed may be sown in frames or in sheltered
situations to provide plants for setting out in May.

Onion plants raised in frames or beds, and well hai
dened off, may be set out. Plant in rows IS inches
apart to admit of horse cultivation and set the plants
six inches apart in the rows. Onion seed may be sown
in drills 18 iuches apart if intended to be cultivated
with the horse, and half that distance apart if intended
to be worked with the hoe. Sow thickly as the thin-
nings will come in for salad. Onion sets may be
plauted Set six inches apart in the row with the
rows nine inches apart if to be worked with the hoe,
and 18 inches apart if to be worked bj horse. Onions
require a very rich soil and may be grown successfully
year after year in the same ground if kept rich.

Small sowings of radishes, lettuce, beets, spinach,
spring kale, carrots and parsnips may be made in
warm situations, but it is too early 'yet to make sow
ings for the full crop.

In sections outside Tidewater and Eastern North
Carolina it is too early to sow or set out any crops in
the open air. Seeds may be sown in frames and hot
beds if the means are at hand to protect them in cold
frames whilst hardening and waiting for seasonable
outdoor conditions.

Asparagus beds not already covered thickly with
rotted manure, should he covered at once, and this be
covered with two or three iuches of fine soil.

This is the season of the year when preparation
should be made for setting out new asparagus beds.
The best soil for this crop is a light sandy loam. The
land where the bed is to be located should have a suf-
ficient natural slope to carry off surplus moisture. The
rows should preferably be set out running north and
south. Plow the land deeply and work fine and then
set out the rows six feet apart. Then take the plow,
and by running it three or four times in the line of
each row throw out the soil as deeply as possible and
then clear out the furrow with a shovel so that the
depth of the row will be from sixteen to eighteen
inches. Let the top soil be all thrown to one side of
the row and the subsoil on the other side. The top
soil will be required to work again into the row. The
subsoil may be spread broadcast on the laud between
the rows. Spread in the bottom of the row three or
four inches of the best surface soil, and the rows are
then ready for the plants. Take the plauts from the
seed bed and set at once in the row. Set eighteen
inches apart in the row and cover with good soil.
Keep clean of weeds during the summer but do not
further fill up the rows. Iu the fall cover the plants
with six inches of well rotted manure and cover this
again in the spring with soil. Asparagus plants can
easily be raised from seed sown in April on a piece of
light ground.

The farmer's garden should have attention given
this month. If not already plowed, let this work be
done at once and the beds be located for the different
crops. Let the soil be made rich and worked fine, and
then just previous to sowing seeds or setting out plants
freshen up by runniug a harrow or cultivator overthe
beds.

Small fruit plantations may be made now. Black-
berries, raspberries, strawberries and grapes should be
planted in every garden sufficient to keep the house-
hold in these fruits fresh, preserved aud canned the
whole year. Fifty blackberries, 100 raspberries, 500
strawberries and 20 grape vines will meet this ueed.

There is a magic in that little word " home ; " it is
a mystic circle that surrounds comtort or virtues never
known beyond its hallowed limits. — Southcy.

He is happiest, be he king or peasant, who finds
happiness in his home. — Goethe.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

119

Live Stock and Dairy.

BERKSHIRE HOQS AT BILTMORE FARMS.

We are in receipt of the following letter from Mr.
Westou, the Superintendent of the celebrated Bilt-
niore Farms, N. C. It is most gratifying to us to re
ceive this testimony of the value of the Planter a? an
advertising medium, and to know that at last our far
mers are realizing the advantages of keeping pure-
bred stock. We have been working for years to bring
about this end, and the letters we now daily receive
from breeders assure us that we have not labored in
vain. The only way to farm profitably is to keep good
stock :

Biltmoee, N. C, Jan. 27, 1898.
Editor Southern Planter :

We intend to continue oar advertisement with you
for 1S9S. as the results have fully met our expecta-
tions. Virginia must be making a determined effort
to improve her Berkshires, and it cannot fail to be a
source of much benefit to the State at large. The
amount of money which leaks out of the Southern
States for the purchase of pork, bacon, hams, and
lard, is something deplorable, especially when it is
considered how easy and profitable it is to keep this
at home. We have been breeding Berkshires here for
the last six years, but it is only within the last year
that we have had any surplus to offer the outside mar-
ket, and so far sales have been very satisfactory.
Recent shipments have been as follows — most of them
boars to head herds of old Berkshire breeders :

Mr. J. Scott Moore, Lexington, Va., has bought a
boar called "Bilttnore's Longfellow," which is by
King Longfellow, and out of Royal Beauty XC.

Mr. Orris A Browne, of Cape Charles, Va., bought a
boar called " Biltmore's Baron Lee." which is by Ba
ron Victor, and out of Lady Lee LXIII.

Mr. L. E. Signion, Banks, S. O, has bought a boar
called " Longfellow of Biltmore," which is by King
Longfellow, and out of Royal Beauty XC.

Mr. R. S Cameron, Gloucester C. H.. Va., has
bought a boar called "Biltmore Boy," by King Long
fellow, and out of Royal Beauty XC.

Dr. L B. McBrayer. Asheville, N. C. has bought a
boar called "Merry Victor," which is by Baron Vic
tor, and out of Merry Maid.

Mr. W. H. Ashnrst, Muncey. Pa., has bought a
boar called • Royal Longfellow," by King Longfellow
and out of Royal Beauty XC.

Mr. J. W. Jeudwiue. Bowman's Bluff, N. O, has
bought a boar called "Punch," by Lord Mayor, and
out of Lady Lee LXVII.

Henderson Brothers, of Williamstown, W. Va.,
bought a sow called "Lady Mayoress;" which is by
Lord Mayor, and out of Lady Lee LXVII.

Mr. Wm. B. Withers, Roanes, Gloucester Co., Va..
bought a boar called "Waverlv." which is by Lord
Mayor, ami out of Lady Lee LXVII.

Mr. W. B. F. Leech, Oakdale. Va., has bought a
boar called "Carolina Beauty." which is by Lord
Mayor, and out of Royal Beauty E

Mr. M. B. Rowe, Fredericksburg, Va. . has bought
a boar called "Royalist," which is by King Lee II,
and out of Royal Beauty LXXVII.

Although we keep about twenty sows in the main
herd, Virginia seems to have taken a special liking to
the stock of Lady Lee LXVII and Royal Beauty XC.
Lady Lee is by the unbeaten King Longfellow, and
she is out of Lady Lee VII, who probably has to her
credit more prize winning sons than any other Berk-
shire sow.

Royal Beauty XC. is a granddaughter of Lady Lee
VII, hpiug by King Lee II, and out of Royal Beauty
LXXXI, who was a daughter of the great Victor
Duke, and out of a daughter of Longfellow.
Yours very truly,

Geo. F. Westox.

POLAND-CHINAS FOR VIRGINIA.

In order to keep his herd up to the highest standard
in breeding and points, Mr. J. B. Gray informs us that
be has purchased a young boar that he thinks suited to
head his herd. He was purchased from one of the lead-
ing breeders of Ohio, who bred the hog that sold last
September for §5,100. The pig is one of unusual points
and great promise. We hope to hear from Mr. Gray
more about this young boar later on.

WHAT SHOULD A FARMER PAY FOR A BULL?

I asked Mr. Gardiner, of the Filston Farm, Glen-
coe, Md., this question. He answered by taking up
his pencil, and as he talked he wrote. Last year he
said, I had eleven daughters of a bull named "Gold
Pedro" come into milk. Three of them had the mis-
fortuue to drop their calves at seven months ; and
while this cut down their yield, at the same time it
brings the matter to an ordinary performance. These
eleven made for twelve months 7,990 gallons of milk ;
this is so, for their milk record was kept, as is that of
all our cows. This milk is better than the ordinary
milk, and is valued at IS cents per gallon. The gross
receipts were, therefore, 11,498.20, and their feed, at
tentiou, share of calf raising, beep of bulls, repairs to
stable, etc., was 75 cents per head, thus showing a net
profit of $673 for these eleven heifers with their first
calves. What was the bull worth in money? He was
worth at least this first year's profit, and he is worth
the increased value of his daughters over common
stock, and you can put that down at $50 per head, and
the value of that bull the first year his daughters came
iuto milk was $1,123. 11<- should, with proper cue,
live to be fourteen years old, aud all that time be re-
pealing tcis same profitable business.

Talk of bargains. Farmers write us expecting to

120

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

get sans of that bull for $"> or $10 ; aud if the calf is
of great promise, and you ask £50. your inquiring fir-
mer keeps the pedigreeand loses all further interest iu
your stock.

What is a bull worth T Cooper paid $10,000 for his
sire : $1,075 was paid for his dam. He will raise any
mortgage yon ever saw if you give hiin a chauce, but
not by the sale of his calves.

T asked Mr. Gardiner what his firm paid for their
bulls, and he saidjfrom $100 to $1,500, and did not let
the price prevent them from getting an animal that
had the quality they were seeking, He said they had
ten service bulls and over three hundred Jerseys in
the herd. The milk was sent to Baltimore, and deliv-
ered by the Filston Farm's own wagons, and that the
business was not only growing rapidly, but they were
forced to buy some 400 gallons a day to supply the de-
maud.

As a parting shot, Mr. Gardiner said that if a far-
mer had plenty of money, he could stand the expense
of a poor cheap bull quite a time, before going into
bankruptcy, bat if a man was very poor, he could not
get into a profitable milk business or out of debt faster
than by buying a first class sire to head his herd.

J.

ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE.

In reply to the qnestion as to the adaptability of
Aberdeen- Angus cattle for Virginia, we wonld give
the following brief outline of their history and value :

It is one of our three breeds of polled or hornless
cattle, and from this fact often called Polled Aberdeen
or Polled Angus.

Of the origin little is known except, of course, that
they came from Scotland, and had parentage proba-
bly in common with the Galloways, a breed similar
in most respects, particularly in color, and lacking
horns. In fact, some assert that they are so nearly
alike that the keeping of separate herd books is ab-
surd, but in this we cannot agree. That they had
common ancestry, we believe, and in fact until about
twenty years ago were recorded in the same herd-
books, vet to day the peculiarities of the two breeds
are quite marked, the Angus being larger, smoother,
with better feeding qualities and earlier maturity,
while the Galloways are noted for their hardiness and
ability to do well on rough ranges. The color of each
hould be. black, though white on the udder is
often seen, and this color, with the hornless character,
is very likely to be transmitted to grades. The skins
of the Galloways are much used for lap robes, being
specially adapted to this use on account of the long,
wi\-v and silky hair peculiar to them. The Angus
skins are ns '1 more for cuts and cloaks, and for such
are in demand, prices paid for good skins being from

one to two cents per pound above ordiuary market
price.

The fact that they have no horns will commend
them to many. While we are not ardent advocates of
dehorning, yet we recognize the fact that animals ship
better when they cannot be iujured by these weapons.
In the herd, too, they are easier handled, and not so
apt to harm each other, though this is perhaps over-
rated in a herd of breeding animals. If all have horns
they will exert every effort to keep away from each
other, while the polled animals do not do this t j the
?ame extent, yet the butting is even more dangerous
to the cow soon to drop her calf. However, this dan-
ger is not great, and we look with favor ou the horn-
less peculiaiity.

General Qualities.

They are esseutially a beef breed, and while some
some good milkers have been developed, yet all ten-
dency is toward beef production, and in this the breed-
ers should be commended. The development of both
beef and milk properties iu the same breed cannot
reach the highest point iu each, as some of the features
considered essential in oue case would result in dimi-
nution of some function or peculiarity that may be
necessary in the other. In size the Angus ranks next
fhe Shorthorns and Herefords, and are larger than the
Galloways. In outline they show great symmetry,
with small, well formed bones. The quality of the
beef is very superior — similar to the Devons — and on
account of small bones and compact bodies the car-
casses dress out unusually well.

The animals we possess of this breed have pleased
us. The bull at three years weighed 1,600 pounds in
very moderate condition, and if fat would have weighed
1,800 or 1,900 pounds. The cows are large for their
age, keep very easily, are breeding regularly and ma-
ture early.

As compared with Shorthorns, we would say rather
smaller, poorer milkers, bnt probably better in quality
of beef, early maturity, shipping qualities (ou account
of lack of horns v aud perhaps regularity of breeding.

Ou the whole, we see no reasou why many of them
should not be raised in Virginia.

D. O. NorjRSE. Agriculturist.

Virginia Experiment Station. Blacksburg, Va.

LICE AND WORMS.

E'litn>- Southern Planter:

The articles in your January and February. 1S0S,
issues, on the "Hog" and "Poultry'' are of great
interest to all of your readers, and I assume that any
views on these important factors on the farm home
will be welcome to both you aud them. The intelli-
gent,farmers of to-day, ever on the alert to better both

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

121

the physical and financial condition of their farms,
need only a hint and they will adjust it to practical
application ; hence my remarks, here giveu in a desul
fcory way, are to be regarded as suggestive rather than
instructive. If small lumps of copperas be kept in
the chicken trough the fowls will be vigorous and free
from worms and cholera. If cholera should attack
them, give solution of soda or any weak lye infused
with a little red pepper. If hogs be allowed to sleep
in the stable, they may impart lice to the horses. The
best cure for lice on horses is. tar reduced by enough
lard to prevent it sticking and removing the hair. My
observation conviuces me that lice on hogs indicate
worms in the intestines. Soak corn in lye till the lye
is well absorbed, and stir in a little pulverized coppe
ras at feeding time. If hogs are penned, put a little
copperas in the trough and follow with bran mash. It
is well enough to keep tar on the rubbing places to
rout the lice that do appear.

A former correspondent believes that hog cholera is
only excess of worms. For kidney worm 20 drops
pure carbolic acid in a pint of warm water used as a
bath to loins, and a little turpeutiue as a drench.

Of your interesting paper, I am an

Attentive Readee.

COTTON-SEED MEAL.

Editor Southern Planter :

Cotton seed meal is largely used as a fertilizer as
well as food for cattle, and farmers, when buying,
should know whit they are getting. An average of
thirty five samples gave 42.3 per cent, of protein and
13.10 of fat, and something in the neighborhood of
these figures is what the purchaser has a right to expect.

I bought a few hundred pounds recently in Rich-
mond, and not liking its color, sent a sample to the State
Agricultural Experiment Station for analysis. The
Chemist's report shows it to contain only 15.59 per
cent, of protein and 5 per cent, of fat. He says,
'Your sample contains only 2.57 per cent, of nitro-
gen. A good sample ought to contain about 7 per
cent." He further says, "Your sample seems to be a
little more than half hulls." As cotton-seed hulls
are worth only 84 a ton, selling them as cottonseed
meal at $21 a ton is a profitable business for some-
body. But the farmer who buys the stuff is swindled.

It is time that feed-stuffs were sold unde'r guaranty-
as to composition. In some places cotton seed meal is
sold in bags, bearing tags giving percentage of protein
and fat. Why not iu Richmond?

George Clendon.

Louisa Co., Va.

[Our correspondent has just ground for complaint,
and the only way to remedy the evil is to compel sale
under a guaranty as fertilizers are sold. The Legisla-
ture would be better employed in enacting laws to
compel the cessation of such frauds as this than in
seeking new subjects for taxation, which appears to be
its main occupation at present. — Ed.]

ABERDEEN ANGUS CATTLE.

Editor Southern Planter:

Having noticed Mr. C. E. Jones' communication, I
desire to correct a mistaken idea of Mr. Jones in say-
ing they are wild and hard to make gentle. I am a
breeder of the Aberdeen Angus cattle, and find them
to be the most docile, gentle cattle I have ever bred,
and I have kept all kinds. I have now about forty-
five head of graded cattle by a thoroughbred Aber-
deen bull purchased in Richmond, at the Fair, of
Sharp & Bro., of Ohio. I think Mr. Jones is correct
in his statement as to the other points of the breed, but
he does not give their good qualities as fully as I think
they deserve. I prefer them to any cattle I have ever
seen. My reasons are : First, they are hornless ; sec-
ond, they stand cold, stormy weather better than any
other cattle, having a thick coat of hair, with down
next to the skin that makes it almost impossible to
wet the skin ; third, they are perfectly gentle, and can
be herded like sheep ; fourth, they are uniform in
size and solid color, either black or red, the black pre-
dominating, making no difference what breed you
cross them on ; fifth, they are very hardy ; in my herd
of forty-five, there is not a delicate or weak one ;
sixth, they will fatten at any age, and whilst I do not
advise them for milk, yet their calves are always very
fat, and grow very fast, which shows the milk must be
very rich, although deficient in quantity ; seventh,
they mature much younger than any breed I know of;
eighth, they bring more on the market than any other
cattle, being round in form and showing their flesh and
fat on the outside.

I think you did right in advising Mr. Jones to breed
the Angus cattle, for I believe there cannot be any
improvement on this breed of cattle for this Piedmont
country.

I am in hopes in the near future, that every farmer
in this country will have this breed of cattle, and stop
the inhuman practice of dehorning.

J. H. Ellis.

Orange Co., Ya.

DAIRY MANAGEMENT.

I desire through the columns of your paper, and
for the benefit of the dairy at Central Academy, an
industrial school located on a six hundred acre farm
in Warren county, N. O, some information. 1. Con-
cerning the management of separated cream from the
time it is taken from the separator until it is ready to
be churned. We have not as yet a dairy house and
must manage the cream as best we can until this is
built. At what temperature should the cream be kept
while ripening, what length of time is required for
ripening, and how may we know when the cream is
just right to be churned ? Can the milk left iu the
separator bowl be put with the separated cream with-

122

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[March

ont injury " Can a few qnartsof whole milk be added
to the cream while ripening without injury? We
would like some information concerning: a 'starter''
and any other points that will he helpful to us in pre-
paring the cream for the churn. 2. Please tell us just
how to churn the cream and collect the butter to get
the best results. 3. Also how most successfully to
manage the butter from the time it is taken from the
churn until ready for the market. We take the South
ern Planti r and are much pleased with it.

J. F. Tavisdale.
Littleton, X. C.

('nam from the separator is warm when it is sepa
rated njiht after milking and has the "animal heat"
still in it. It must lie aerated and cooled immediately.
When the cream is run into "'shotgun" cans the aera-
tion and partial cooling may be done by pouring seve-
ral times in a small stream from one can to another.
Abetter way is to have a cream cooler, made some-
thing like a large colander, placed high above the
can. The bottom of this cooler has a great
number of very small holes through which the cream
runs in tiny streams into the cream can, and in that
way is thoroughly aired and partially cooled. Setting
in cold water will complete the cooling. Keep the cream
ting in small cans in cold water, or otherwise at a
temperature of 50° F. till twelve hours before the time
of churning. Then mix it altogether in a vat or can
and warm it up to 70° F. Then put in a ••starter"
and keep it nearly, if not quite, up to 70° for twelve
hours, ami when it is afterwards cooled to the right
temperature it will be ready for churning. The starter
may lie some good skim-milk which has been kept at
a temperature of 85° or 90° F. till it is sour and thick,
or it m .iv be some cream already ripened, or some
buttermilk from the last churning. Use of the starter
an amount equal to about 2 per cent, in bulk of the
cream ; in other words, one quart of the starter to 12
gallons of cream. Another form of home-made
•'.starter " that h is been highly recommended is made
as follows : Take fresh milk, secured in a perfectly
clean way. from ;l healthy, well fed, fresh milch cow.
3 milk in ice water and expose only to pure air
for twelve hours, or pass it through a separator, and
keep the skim milk at a temperature of 85° F.. long
enough to lopper. Do not disturb the coagulura until
ready for use. Then skim off the top, stir it carefully,
and strain through a tine mesh into the cream, in the
■it ion already stated.
if the most difficult things to determine is when
the cream has the proper ripeness to be churned, so
that uniform results can be obtained and one churning
be like another. For aid in this respect acid tests have
he n invented for testing the acidity of cream during
ripening ''to trace the progress of its souring and show
whether the fermentation sho.ild be hastened or
checked in order to have the cream in a certain acid
condition and ready for churning at a given time."
iid tests require experience and skill for their
successful use. A skilful and experienced butter
makei is able to judge closely as to the right condition
of cream for churning by its appearance. But this is
a matter which it is impossible to exactly describe in
words.

Tilt: OHUEN.

The best churns are those with no iuside fixtures

and which revolve, like the barrel churn, square box
churn, rectangular churn, etc. These "bring" {he
butter by the concussion of the cream in falling from
one side to the other as the churn is revolved. A quite
common mistake is to get too small a churn. It should
never be filled more than half full of cream. One-
third full is better, because the cream has a better
chance to fall. Before putting in the cream the churn
should be scalded with hot water and then rinsed with
cold water.

The cream should be brought to the right tempera
ture for churning before being put in the churn by
having it surrounded by cold water if the temper -attire
needs to be lowered, and hot water if it needs to be
raised. The churning should be done at as low a tem-
perature as possible and have the " butter come " in
a reasouable time, say from thirty to sixty minutes.
The colder it is churned the less butter-fat will be left
iu the buttermilk and the more perfect will be the
granules of butter. It is impossible to lay down any
exact rule as to the right temperature ; that will have
to be determined by trial, each buttermaker for him-
self. Ordinarily from 5S° to 62° F. is right, but some
times it needs to be much lower and sometimes, possi-
bly, a little higher. At the dairy tests at the World's
Fair, in 1S93, where expert buttermakers made every
effort possible to do exhaustive work, the Guernsey
cream was churned at times as low as 43°, while the
cream from the other herds was churned S° to 10° F.
higher. The temperature at which cream should be
churned depends in some degree on the breed of cows,
the individuality of certain cows or of certain families
of cows, the period of lactation, the feed of the cons,
aud, more than anything else, the thickness or rich
uess of the cream The temperature of churning needs
to be higher when cows are in an advanced stage of
lactation ; also when they have dry feed in winter-, and
when cotton seed meal is being fed to any exteut.
When cream is rich in butter fat, such as can and
ought to be obtained with the sepaiator, containing
from 30 to 35 per cent, of fat, the temperature of
churning can be low, usually from 52° to 55° F. This
is the way to get the most exhaustive churning ; the
amount of buttermilk and the per ceut of butter-fat in
it will be small at these low temperatures. With deep
cold setting the cream will be. much thinner, contain-
ing considerable milk, and, therefore, the per cent of
butter fat low, and it will be useless to try to churn at
a low temperature. In such cases from 60° to 02 D will
be necessary.

Cream from shallow setting, if it is skimmed pretty
clear of milk, can be churned at a somewhat lower
temperature than that from deep setting. Sometimes
the cream from shallow setting, especially if the pro-
cess of heating and cooling has been resorted to in
raising the cream, is so thick that it will not fall when
the churn is revolved. In that case it must be diluted.
Water is better than milk to dilute it with.

The churn should be revolved at a speed that will
produce the best concussion. With a 40 gallon box or
barrel churn this will be about 50 revolutions per
minute: with a smaller churn somewhat more speed
is required One can soon learn to tell by the sound
when the cream begins to break. Then close watching
is needed, so as not to churn it too much. The churn

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

123

should be stopped when the granules of butter sire
somewhat smaller than wheat kernels. To make the
butter float well, so that the buttermilk can be drawu
off, throw in some salt, say one pint to each 20 gallons
in the churn. Then revolve the churn a few times.
Draw off the buttermilk through a hair sieve, so as to
catch the granules of butter that escape from the
(•hum. Then wash the butter with pure water at a
temperature of 50° or below. This will harden the
granules so they will not so quickly mass together.
Wash it twice, each time using ten or 12 quarts of
water to every 20 pouuds of butter, and revolve the
churn a few times. Do not wash it more, nor let the
water stay on a great while at a time, for this will be
likely to wash out the flavor and aroma, tor which
fine butter is prized.

WHITE SPECKS IN BUTTER.

Mottles in butter and "white specks" are some-
times confounded, and by some are considered the
same, but there is a difference. Mottled or streaky
butter has been explained as being caused by an un
equal distribution of the salt; but "white specks"
have a different cause or causes. Sometimes, when
the milk is set in shallow pans, they result from the
cream drying on top, so there are small portions that
are so hard they do not churn into butter. These par
tides do not take the color like the rest of the butter,
and the "specks" are thus caused. This may be
remedied by carefully straining the cream when it is
put into the churn.

Another cause of " white specks " is this: When
some milk is skimmed off with the cream, as is usually
doue iu the case of deep cold setting, this milk settles
to the bottom, gets overripe, and forms a curd, which
will be so hard as not to break up in churning and
will not run off with the buttermilk, but will remain
with the butter as "white specks," or "flecks," as
they are sometimes called. This can be remedied by
not letting the cream stand so long before churning, or
by frequent and thorough stirring of the cream during
the process of ripening. These hard, white particles
can also be taken out by straining the cream.

Mottled, streaked or speckled butter will not sell
well in market ; therefore it is the part of wisdom to
guard against such conditions.

COLORING BTJTTEE.

Batter should be colored to suit the person for whom
it is intended. The general market demands that but
ter should have a color, the year round, about like
that of grass butter in June. Doubtless any of the
standard butter colors are good. The coloring matter
should be put in the cream after it is all ready for the
churn. When the butter would be uearly white if not
colored, as is often the case iu winter, about a teaspoon
ful of color is usually needed for 8 pounds of butter.
In simmer iu times of drought and in the fall, when
cows are partly on dry feed, some coloring may be
needed, but very little. One will soon learn by expe
rience how much to use. It is well to be cautious, as
it is better to have too little color than too much.

SALTING AND WORKING BUTTEE.

Good, fine dairy salt should be used, and never the
common coarse barrel salt that is used by many. The
salting may be done in the churn when the butter is

in the granular form, if it is a box or barrel churn.
The salt can be sifted on the butter by puttiug on a
part, then revolving the churn half waj over, thus
making the butter fall with the salted side down, then
sifting on the rest of the salt. Theu revolve the churn
a lew times, after which the butter can be taken out
and worked on a butter worker. This is the way most
commonly done, but it has its difficulties. The trouble
is to have just the right aniouut of salt in the butter
when it is finished, so as to have the product perfectly
uniform as to saltness. The exact weight of the butter
in the churn is not known, though this can be closely
estimated, but it is impossible to tell how much waft
the butter contains, while in its granular state. This •
water must be all salted, and a portion of it will run
off in the form of brine when the butter is worked.
The finished butter should contain about three filths
of an ouuce of salt to the pound. To insure that
amount, at least au ouuce and a half of salt must be
put in for each pound of butter in the churn, and yet,
do the best we can, it will be found that two successive
churuings are seldom salted just alike.

The writer has found that a better way to insure
uniform salting is to take the butter out of the churn,
drain and press out a part of the water ou the worker,
then weigh the butter, and salt one ounce to the pound
and work enough to get the salt evenly incorporatad.
Some more water or brine will run off in the working
and leave the butter salted about right. In this way
it will be found that one churning will be salted very
nearly like every other churning.

There are several different kinds of butter workers
used by dairymen, but in the opinion of the writer
none are be:ter for home use than the common lever
pattern.

SHALL BUTTER BE WORKED ONCE OR TWICE?

The object of working bntteristo get the salt evenly
distributed and to expel a portion of the brine. When
it is worked but once, the buttermaker thinks he has
worked the butter enough and packs it immediately.
There is, at that time, no way to tell whether the salt
has been evenly distributed or not. A few hours after-
wards he draws out some of the butter with a trier, or
cuts it with a ladle, and fiuds it mottled, which will
seriously affect the selling price. He kuows the cau-e
is unequal salting ; that the portions which have salt
have changed to a deeper yellow, and the unsalted
portions have remained of a lighter color. With the
next churning he is determined to remedy this and be
sure to work enough. The chances are that this time
it is worked too much, so that the grain is injured and
the butter has a greasy appearance. But alter much
practice and the exercise of good judgment and care,
these errors can be avoided to a great extent, and a
fairly uniform aud even product produced.

In the opinion of the writer it is better to work but-
ter twice instead of only once. The first time it should
be worked just enough to mix in the salt. Then for
four or six hours it should be left on the worker, or in
some other place, where the temperature is from 00°
to 65° F., so that the butter will remain in the right
condition as to hardness to work well. This will give
time for the salt to dissolve and also time for it to
chauge the color of the butter that it comes in coutact
with. Then it should be worked just enough to oblit-
erate the streaks and mottles. This second working

124

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

expels some more of the water, for the salt has had
time to draw the moisture together iu drops, and it is
worked out thus making a drier batter containing
from 85 to 87 perceut. of butter-fat. Such butter will
be tirmer aud better and more satisfactory to the con
sumerthau it usually is when worked but ouce. Im
mediately after the butter is worked, it should be
packed in neat, clean packages, or put up in such form
as is required by the market to which it is to be sent
If tubs are to be used, ash or spruce is to be preferred,
and they should be well soaked before packing the
butter. If other wooden packages are used they should
be lined with parchment paper. This will prevent the
It butter tasting of the wood.

It is not advisable to add the milk from the separa-
tor bowl to the cream. This milk will be found to
contain much of the dirt and impurities which una
voidably get into the milk during milking, aud these
will injure the flavor aud keeping qualities of the
butter.

AMERICAN MUTTON.

Ad English correspondent of the New York Evening
Pout says of English mutton what is said by every
stranger who has "cut his muttou,-' as the sayiug is,
in that country. English mutton is the bpst, juciest
aud tenderest of the uiuttou kind still. The broiled
chop is a specialty in which the English cook is uu
excelled. This is universal testimony, which goes
back to time immemorial, and stands equally unchal-
lenged to day. Why is this so?

It is a matter of feeding. The English farmers feed
their sheep as do no other nation iu the world. It
may be a special possibility of the climate, where the
ever-weeping clouds keep the laud moist, so that the
feed is always succulent, and which favors the growth
to perfection of the turnips aud the beets, while the
grass is proverbially sweet and always green. It is a
strange thing that we on this side of the ocean — act least
some of the scieutitic part of us — will insist that the
food has nothing to do with the quality or flavor of the
flesh, or other products of any animal ; at least, this is
peremptorily alleged in regard to butter of cows, and
this is a similar product in any animal to the fat in
the flesh, aud is derived directly from and is flavored
by the food. As the turuipy flavor and odor of the
English mutton come from the feed — and the milk and
butter are also flavored by this root — it must be ad-
mitted that the succulence of the English mutton chop
is due to the special feeding of the sheep.

But whatever may be the cause of this excellence of
the Engl'sh mutton, it is something for us to study and
make a practical part of our sheep- keeping, if we
would secure the best results from our work. Root
culture is the very key to success of English agricul-
ture. The British farmer is apt to call the sheep "the
rent-payer ; " aud as the rent is a far larger matter to
him than the whole interest on the value of au average
American farm, this is sayiug much for the wool-
bearer, and the sweet, tender, juicy mutton sheep. Iu
England the root crop is the cleaning crop for the
land, aud by its feeding it is the main euricher of the
soil. We, here, on this side of the ocean, spend
several times as much for commercial fertilizers as the
British farmer does. He is far more interested iu his
big compost heaps than we are, and the sheep is a per-

petual manure-maker and spreader for him. Thus it
is that the turnips are eaten off the laud by the sheep,
which leave their liberal return on the laud, evenly
spread, in exchange for their food. And it is to these
turnips that the mutton owes its excellent quality, as
is so truly and emphatically iusisted on by the writer
above referred to.

Iu our agriculture the root crop naturally follows
the corn. This is an advantage the British farmer
does not enjoy, viz , to have two cleaning crops fol-
lowing each other. Now, if we were to make a prac
tice of feeding sheep, for which there is the widest
kind of opening, not only for our own steadily in-
creasing market for mutton — and this would be greatly
stimulated if we were to eat this luscious, and of
all meats the most nutritious as well as satisfactory to
the appetite — but also for export, we might largely
increase the profit of our farms. The South is espec-
ially interested iu this matter, for the Southern cli-
mate is equally fitted for this culture of roots as is that
of Eugland, and there is abundaut land lying idle that
calls iu the loudest manner for the owners to make it
productive, to enrich it and help it to serve the good
purpose for which the great Creator made it, and for
which he conferred it upon mankind, viz., to subdue
it aud to replenish it and make it fruitful ; for then
the roots grown on the land may be eaten directly
from it, in the English way, with no expense of
harvesting the crop. Aud the sheep's golden foot,
and the sweet tenderness o.f its meat made of this suc-
culent food, will inure to the pleasure and profit of
ourselves aud the eager purchasers of this product
abroad. H. Stewart, in Country Gentleman.

GRUBS IN THE HEAD OF SHEEP— HOLES.

In your February number, ''grubs in the heads of
sheep" are said to be cured by equal parts of turpen-
tine and sweet oil injected into the nostrils. This, like
many other prescriptions to compel the ejection of the
grubs from the nostrils — their normal place — does not
affect the grubs after they have entered the head — the
brain. Iu Eugland, trepanning is at times used, but
it costs too much iu America. Ot course, the sheep fly
should be destroyed, and the oil and turpentiue are ad-
missible— but the remedies need to be continually ap-
plied.

I agree with your correspondent about moles. I
war on them no longer. When they attack m> water-
melon patches, I open holes into their runs to let the
air iu. Kept open a few days, the moles fear danger,
and leave for wire worms or other places of service.

I look upon hawks, owls, black martins, crows, black-
birds and many other supposed enemies, as the best
friends of man.

But my eyes, from the war of the "Vendetta," fail
me, aud I close. C. M. Clay.

Whitehall, Ky.

P. S. — Aud don't empty the millions of Asiatic
lepers and syphilites into our uatiou? C. M. C.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

125

The Poultry Yard.

ARTIFICIAL vs. THE NATURAL METHOD OF
INCUBATION.

Editor Southern Planter :

In these days of advanced thought and improved
methods in every department of industry, the poultry
raiser who depends upon the "old hen," is as far behind
the times in his business, as the man who harvests his
grain with the old reaping hook instead of the modern
binder.

I am a plain farmer, but have learned that it takes
good crops and fair prices to make my credit side of
the ledger show as much net gain for the amount of
capital invested as does that of my " better half," who
runs the poultry department on up to date principles.
What follows has been learned in the school of expe
rience.

When artificial incubation was first practiced no
one knows. Tradition does say that it was introduced
by the priests of the Temple of Isis. It is still prac-
ticed in Egypt on an exteuded scale, as can be learned
by consulting the report of the United States Consul
at Cairo, sent in response to a request made by Mr.
F. W. Judd.

Chicks, to bring a paying price, must be ready for
an early market. To make ''biddy take to the nest,"
is not in the power of man. If an occasional one does,
during the winter, what is the result? A few half-
frozen chicks. An incubator is always ready. Started
up in December, and filled with fairly fertile eggs, it
does its work. A good brooder takes the chicks, and
by proper attentiou to feeding, at from eight to ten
weeks old they are ready for market while prices are
ruling high. An incubator chick is not afflicted with
mites as are those hatched by the hen, aud hence not
subject to the gapes, which is a disease resulting from
the large gray- head louse, so some say.

Setting hens need extra care and attention, and
should never be set in the same house with laying
hens. This is an item of time and expense. A good
reliable incubator takes but a few minutes' attentiou,
night aud morning, and the work is done. That any
special cellar or building is necessary, is a mistake.
We run ours in a small room built on the back porch
of our dwelling. We found that the outside tempera-
ture had no effect, upon the working of the machine.
It ran during thecoldest weather we have had this win-
ter, the temperature in the room varying from 60°
down to 22°, and we had a hatch of 77; per cent,
much better than we could have expected from hens.

To run an incubator successfully requires only "com-
mon sense." Too many blame a machine for not hatch-
ing, when they are themselves at fault or are trying
to produce chicks from eggs that are lacking in vital-
ity. Not every germ has in it sufficient strength to
produce a chick. All eggs do not "dry dowu" at the
same rate. More moisture is required at certain sea-
sons of the year than at others. Iron clad rules for
running a machine cannot be given. Every manufac-
turer of an incubator sends with his machine a book
of instructions which, if the novice will strictly fol-
low, and not try to revise and enlarge, will give suc-
cess.

Many are deterred from using an incubator on ac-
4

count of the expense of the "brooder." This need
stand in no one's way. They can be made at home
with but little expense, and will answer all practical
purposes. In a future number I will — with the editor's
permission — tell what I know of brooders.

To sum it all up : Get your wife an incubator and
give her an opportunity to show you what she can do.
Keep the "biddies" busy and keep them laying, run
an incubator by using common sense, and have your
chicks ready for an early and hence profitable mar-
ket. Use thoroughbred or, at least, good grade chicks.
For the amount of capital invested, no business will
give so large a per cent of profit.

J. H. Sledd.

Powhatan Co., Va.

[In our advertising columns will be found the adver-
tisements of a number of incubator makers. We be
lieve the machines advertised are all made by reliable
men, aud as a proof of this, we have satisfactory re-
ports from readers using the different machines. Be-
fore buying, send for the different catalogues and com-
pare prices. Gapes and lice are very usually found
affecting chickens together, but do not stand in the
relation of "cause and effect." The gapes is caused
by a small worm in the windpipe, which is hatched
from an egg taken into the crop of the chicken with
either earth worms or foul water, or from damp in-
fected ground. Brooder chickens escape this risk by
being kept on dry, warm board floors, aud supplied
with pure water. — Ed.]

THE HEN.

Editor Southern Planter :

It is wonderful the vast amount of money that is
brought to us year by year by this bird. She gladdens
the heart of many with her fresh eggs daily, and as the
spring time comes on she is as busy as can be prepar-
ing herself for the work of the year. If she is given
a fair chance she will bring in from 150 to 200 eggs
yearly. This, of course, will depend largely upon the
person in charge. Throwing a little corn morniug aud
night is a poor way to make a success out of the hen.
She must be studied carefully, aud giveu what is essen-
tial to produce the most eggs and promote the welfare
of the chickens. Hens must be kept lean and muscu-
lar to do good laying, and be always ready to hunt for
something to eat. Over fed hens stay drawn up under
bushes aud in shady places. A one half feed ouglii to
be fed in the morning. This leaves them in good shape
to hunt for something more. Cracked coin and wheat
in equal parts fed about two or three o'clock iu the
day, in leaves, straw or cut cornstalks, so that it has
to be scratched for until night, will give them good ex-
ercise. At all seasons of the year the hen-house must

126

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

be kept clean; whitewash once in every two weeks.
The nest-boxes and perch-poles must be disinfected
with coal oil aud whitewash As the hens begin to
sit, remove them to another house, so that they will
not be annoyed by other hens. Prepare your nest,
disinfect with sulphur and lime, place the hens on
the nest at night, and they will soon become satisfied,
and continue sitting. Feed, water and dust box should
be placed conveniently for them, and thus make it
unnecessary for them to leave their quarters during
the three weeks' sitting. When the nest is properly
made, it is unnecessary to remove the chickens until
the hen has finished hatching. No need to trouble
her except to remove shells. Young chicks require
nothing to eat the first twenty-four hours after hatch-
ing. They can then be given a few crumbs of wheat-
bread, and at the end of the week be fed a little wheat
and cracked corn. They will grow very fast. Dust
lime lightly in the coops daily, aud no gapes will ap
pear.

T. O. Sandy.
Xottoicay county, Va.

MOW SOME NOTABLE EGG-PRODUCING FOWLS
ARE FED.

Sir : We have nineteen barred Rock pullets, twenty
white Rock pullets, aud sixty rose comb white Leg
horn pullets. They are all fine, strong, vigorous birds,
and started laying 16th of July last, and have been
light along, aud during December they have
averaged about twenty-five and one quarter dozen eggs
each week, aud we expect them to do better in Jauu-
ary, February and March. We hatched abont seven
hundred last spring, and we kept a few of the very
choicest of the pullets, and the halance when ten to
fourteen weeks old went to market. We are making
provision for hatching now, and expect to fill one ma-
chiue on 27th of this month, aud fill one each week
for t lie balance of the season. We are keeping about
sixty of our very choicest Pekin ducks for breeding.

Our method of feeding poultry for procuring winter
eggs is as follows : Three parts of chopped oats, two
of chopped corn, three of fine shorts, two of fine
chopped clover, one blood meal, meat meal, ground
beef (equal parts) are scalded with boiling water and
fed four mornings of the week. Three parts of chop
pcil oats, two of chopped corn, one of fine shorts, two
of bran, one blood meal, meat meal, ground beef scraps
(equal parts) scalded with boiling' hot water, aud to
this is added 25 per cent, of vegetables, cooked and
mashed fine. We are using carrots and turnips, as
these are the cheapest vegetables we can buy now.
This mash we feed three mornings of each week.
gjNow, as to the grain, we feed for the other two
meals each day as follows : Three parts of wheat, two
of barley, one buckwheat, two oats, two cracked corn.
This we feed about half past eleven in the forenoon,
and from four to half-past four in afternoon, giving
the ilock just enough so they can get a good fill by
night. It is thrown on the floor, in straw, etc.

W. A. Freeman.

Wentworth Co., Ont. — Farmer's Advocate.

KANSAS HENS.
So many persons have looked upon Kansas as a
"one crop State,'' that it is worth while to go further
into the analysis of what she produces. One of the
most noteworthy items of her resources is that of poul-
try and eggs sold. To show how great is the value
put upon this item, let me insert here a quotation from
the report of the Secretary of the Board of Agricul-
ture on this topic, dated March 31, 1897. Mr. Coburn
says, in his interesting Western way of grouping sta-
tistics :

"In the year ending March 1st, 1896, the value of
Kansas poultry aud eggs sold was $3, 60S, 815, or 19
per cent, more tha enthe ntire value of the rye, barley,
buckwheat, castor beans, cotton, hemp, tobacco, broom
corn, millo maize, Jerusalem corn, garden aud horti
cultural products marketed, wine, honey, sheep and
wool of the same year. No field crops, with the ex-
ception of wheat, corn, and hay, equalled in value the
surplus sold from the Kansas hens, ducks, turkeys and
geese in the year named.

''It was a sum sufficient to pay all the State and
city taxes of the preceding year and leave on hand the
comfortable nest egg of $175,000. Its value was near-
ly twice (or 95 per cent.) greater than the same year's
output of lead and zinc from our mines, conceded to
be of great richness, and within 23 per cent, of the
value of all the coal mined during the preceding year.
It- was 23 per cent, greater than the total paid in the
State for teachers' wages and school supervision; more
than three times as much as the total combined
amounts paid for school sites, buildings, furniture,
rent, repairs, district library and school apparatus,
fuel, incidentals, and all other school purposes except
salaries. In fact, the poultry came within about 14
per cent, of paying entire cost of public schools."
The poultry and eggs in 1897 brought .*250 000 more
to the State than in 1896, and much of it may have
heen due to the fostering care of the Department
of Agriculture. Here it is proper to call attention to
the work that this department does for the farmers of
the State. Not ouly has it a system of correspondence
probably unmatched by any other State iu the Union,
but it keeps constantly in touch with all sorts of farm-
ers, and notifies them frequently as to the results in
important experiments. It issues its reports quar-
terly, and they are not the cut aud dried affairs that
such documents usually are They not ouly contain
information, but entertainment. They are prepared
by Secretary Coburn, whose work is so valuable that
he is the only Republican official of importance that
the Populists did not oust when they came into full
possession of the State government. Mr. Coburn is.a
man of decided sentiment, which is mixed up in a pic-
turesque way with the practical method he employs in
lookiug after the affairs of his department. His re-
ports bear in red ink such titles as these : 'Cow Cul-
ture," "TheHelpful Hen," "The Beef Ster-r and his
Sister."

Mr. Coburn says on the cover of "TheHelpful
Hen" :

" While everything else was going to rack and ruin, she (the
'Helpful Hen') increased and multiplied; she supported her-
self and the family, too. The very insects that would have
despoiled the farm she fattened upon, laying her daily egg — the
gg that took the place of beef and milk, mutton and
pork— and in good time, after all these services, surrendered
her toothsome body to the cause of humanity."

FanJdin Maiiheics, in Harper's Weekly.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

127

The Horse.

HORSE BREEDING.

Editor Southern Planter :

Why shouldn't Virginia equal, if not excel, the
Western States iu horse breeding?

We have a climate better adapted to this industry,
our winters are milder, our summers not so extremely
hot and dry, our lauds are cheaper than those of In-
diana, Illinois, Iowa, or Ohio, and our grass crops are
better, and Virginia excels them all in the production
of good hay. Every farmer who keeps as many as
two horses, could as easily keep mares to do their
work, and each year raise a good pair of colts if mated
with a first class sire. I have often wondered at the
Eastern Virginia farmer's keeping little 1,000 pound
mares and breeding little ''plugs," that in the boom
times of high priced horse flesh hardly paid the cost
of production. A pair of 1,400 pounds to 1,600 pouuds
mares can take an Oliver chilled plow through a
heavy sod without any apparent exertion, their weight
against the collar being sufficient to carry the plow
along. Big, heavy draft-horses will and always have
paid well for the care and cost of raising, and the de-
mand for big ones is steadily increasing.

There is nothing in keeping and fitting such horses
for market that the dullest farmer's boy does not un-
derstand ; and this class of horses are less liable to
injury than the light legged kinds, and if blemished,
are not "docked" in price like the other kinds. He
will also pay his way on the farm in work after he
reaches two and a half years old until he attains a more
saleable age. There are seldom any misfits among
them, as those that fail to reach the draft-horse scale
of 1,600 pounds and over, will come in as ice wagon,
dray, coal cart, fire engine and express horses, while
the "scrub" does not pay for his food, much less the
trouble, care and service fee of his sire. When our
people learn that in the live stock business (as well as
in dealing with commission merchants), "the best are
not too good," then, and then only, will Virginia rise
where she rightfully belongs — up among the foremost
States of the Union as a producer of the best farm
stock, as she is and has been of men.

John F. Lewis.

Rockingham Co., Va.

Disease in a Horse.

I have a horse which, I am told, has "hooks" in
his eyes, making him partially blind. Will some one
tell me what is the cause of this, what is the proper
medical definition of this condition of the eyes, and
what the proper course of treatment ? I am told the
"hooks" must be pulled out with a hook. Is this so?
Is such barbarity necessary f F. V. M.

Goochland Co., Va.

THE HORSE THE MARKET CALLS FOR.

Address by F. J. Berry Before National Stock-
Growers' Convention at Denver.

I will endeavor to explain to you what a market
horse is at the present time, and the difference be-
tween a market horse to day aud five years ago. Also,
to inform you on the export demand, and how to pro-
duce and fit it for the market. Breeding the up-to-date
horse is a scientific business. For the past few years
there have been but very few colts raised, and at the
same time the consumption has been going on until
the American supply of 16,000,000 horses in 1S91 has
been reduced to from two to three millions at the pies
ent time. Go into any sectiou of our best horse-raising
country, and you will not find 10 per cent, of the
horses on hand that will ever be good enough or large
enough to meet the demands of the market While
the depression of prices has been going on through
natural causes, the use of horses has been revolution-
ized ; the grade has been raised both iu size and in
quality. Small and ordinary horses are of but very
little value, and no demand exists anywhere for them.
While I do not believe that the wheel and electricity
will ever take the place of the horse, or materially re-
duce his value in general, they have taken the place
of the small horse, and increased the demand for larger
ones. The export demand, which has all sprung
up since 1893, demands a larger and a higher
class of horse. We are on the upward turn of
prosperity, horses are increasing in price, and the
future is bright and full of hope, and offers every in-
ducement to breeders and farmers to produce the very
best kinds. We already have a very strong demand
for good ones, and prices have advanced very much.
It will not be long before the good classes will be as
high as they ever were, and it is believed by our best
judges that a great famine of the salable class will
be upon us in a few years.

The export demand is becoming the leading feature
and life of our Chicago market, it being headquarters
for export buyers. From twenty to forty exporters
can be found there any day in the year, and some of
them are very extensive dealers. About all the for-
eign markets are represented. During the year 1896
35,000 horses were sold for export, and the past year
fully 50,000, including mules, were taken. I think
nothing can ever stop or check this foreign demand,
unless it should be the scarcity of desirable classes and
extreme high prices. If Americans will have an eye
to their own interests, they will commence breeding
the very best grades and as extensively as possible.
Every horse should be bred with a purpose in view,
and the breeder should pay the strictest attention to
the class he wishes to produce. The export demand
is divided into five different classes, and every horse
has to meet the requirements of one of these classes, or
he is condemned by the buyers as a horse of no class.
I will give you a description of the different classes,
covering the export as well as the domestic demand.

Class No. 1. — Drivers and coachers, which must be
of good color, well bred, from 15.3 to 161 hands high,

128

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

with fine heads and necks, plenty of bone and sub
Stance, good knee action, smooth, plenty of quality,
Btaorl back, round barrel, a good traveler, and if some
speed all the better. This class has advanced very
mneta in price, and are worth very nearly double
what they sold at two years ago; prices range fro ui
SKID to $300. Some rare specimens of this class
sold in Chicago the first week in January as high as
$450 [n case of a lack of good, big, trotting bred
stallions, with quality to produce this class, the
French Coach horse has been crossed on the trotting
bred mares with extremely favorable results. It is
believed that this cross will produce a fixed type of a
couch horse that will possess size, quality, action and
style, and still retain all the road qualities required.

Chi^s No. 2. — A cab horse, rather block y made,
weighing 1,100 lbs. and standing about 15} hands
high. He should be smooth-made, with good bone
and substance, and a fair traveler. He brings about
|75. This class of horse is a very salable kind for
many purposes, but there are always plenty in our
market, and too plenty to be profitable horses to raise.
In breeding horses of any kind the breeder always will
get some that will answer for this class. A fair de-
mand exists for all of these horses, although the price
will never be high. This is the smallest class that
should be bred, as there is no demand for anything
smaller, except at ruinous prices.

< 'lass No. 3 — A bus horse, which is blocky and
smooth-made, must shape himself well in harness, and
stand 15} to 16 hands high ; must have plenty of qual-
ity, with bone and substance, be a fair traveler, have
fair action and weigh from 1,250 to 1,400 lbs. This
class of horse includes the quality of not only an om-
nibus horse, but of an express and general-purpose
horse. The English use the more blocky, lower-set
ones for "bussers," while the larger ones are used for
express and general purposes. This class is in the
strongest demand in all American and foreign mar
nd sells from $80 to $125. They can be produced
lies! by crossing a Percheron horse on smaller mares
that have some breeding, good style, action and road
qualities.

Class No. 4. — The draft horse should weigh from
L.500 to 1.800 lbs., be blocky made, have heavy bone.
with smooth finish, good quality and action, and be a
fust class draft horse in every respect. Present prices
range from $100 to $250, and the best specimens sell
as high as $H00. This class is one of the most salable.
and will find, ready buyers in domestic and foreign
markets. He can be produced from the best heavy-
draft mares of good quality, crossed with the best
heavy (haft stallions of high qualify. It makes little
difference what breeding he is so long as he possesses
all the qualities of an A 1 draft horse.

(lass No. 5. — The American trotter in all cases
must be a high bred trotting horse, with good bone
and substance, high finish, good action and disposi
Hon, and the more speed he has the higher price he
will bring. Prices ranie from $200 to $5,000. accord
ing to quality, size and speed. All horses for export
must be perfectly sound and without blemish, and are
bringing at present a higher range of prices than
horses sold for any other market.

The fanner or breeder that is up to date does not
want to undertake to produce all classes of horses.
He wants to select one class or more, according to his

circumstances aud breeding stock on hand. The
classes I would more particularly recommend would
he the best quality of heavy draft or the highest class
of light harness or coach horses. Some farmers say
we have no fixed type of a coach horse, and how shall
we breed that we may produce this class to a cer-
tainty 1 This is a question that has been asked for
years, and it is without a satisfactory answer. Had
proper care beeu used in breeding the American
trotter with reference to size, we might have had a
fixed type of the coach horse of the highest class. The
quality that he lacks in producing coach and carriage
horses (which is size) I believe can be supplied by tin-
proper cross of a French Coach horse. I believe there
can be a fixed type of a coach horse produced by first
crossing our best types of trotting bred mares, with
high quality and size, with the highest class of the
French Coach stallions ; and after getting the size and
quality, then breed back to the American trotter, still
retaining size, quality and action, aud wheu you have
this, the more trotting blood the higher the class of
the horse. I would only advise crossing with the
coach horse when there is a scarcity of the proper
kinds of trotting bred stallions ; and I believe, if
proper judgment is used and care taken, that a fixed
type of a coach horse can be produced. — Breeders1
Gazette.

NOTES.

Too much emphasis cannot be laid on the favorable
outlook for farmers to breed good horses. It is true
that while there is an abundance of horses to he had
at the present time, it is equally true that the supply
of real high class specimens of the various breeds or
types is limited, and when animals possessing the re-
quisites sought for are offered for sale purchasers are
not difficult to find, and those willing to pay prices
which represent a fair margin of profit to the pro-
ducer.

The present low prices are due mainly to the pre-
dominance of an inferior class of horses which flood
the markets ; yet so great has been the falling off in
breeding for several years past, that the supply must
necessarily soon become limited. The export demand
increasing each year has opened a new aud important
market which breeders cannot afford to overlook.
Farmers and breeders should ponder well over the all-
important consideration that there is no profit in
breeding a poor horse of any class ; aud it should he
remembered that the laws of heredity are inexorable,
that to produce a choice animal of any type good sires
and dams must be used.

Abolish the policy of using inferior sires because of
low service fees, which if continued can only result in
disappointment and loss. It is the good horse which
sells for a lar^e price, while the low grade animal is a
drug upon the market.

The breeder who has a superior class of mares will
find his time profitably spent in seeking the ideal stal-
lion to mate them with, regardless of the trifling addi-
tional cost required to breed to the best. By pursuing
such a course, a class of horses will be produced that
possess real merit, aud buyers willing to pay fair
prices will not he lacking. In a very few years prices
will advance rapidly, and the farmer that has one or

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

129

more mares will ultimately find it to his advantage to
begin breeding now.

The big combination sales of trotters, pacers, road
and business horses held last month by Woodward &
Shanks, Lexington. Ky., and W. B. Fasig & Co., New
York, were the best that have taken place siuce 1S92.
Bidding was brisk and good prices were obtained.

In Snowden Farm, the old home of the Stausburys,
near Fredericksburg, Va., Mr. A. K. Ware has a beau-
tiful country place, in appearauce one of the most at-
tractive in all that section.

The large, handsome, old fashioned brick mansion,
cozily furnished inside with modern taste, is an impos-
ing structure, built on an eminence and overlooking
miles of surrounding country. Snowden was pur
chased by Mr. Ware in the fall of 1896, though it was
a year later when he removed to the place from Elm-
wood, Illinois, and brought with him the foundation
for a stud of trotting horses. The stallions at Snowden
include Al Faro, 4, a brown son of Allertou, 2:09 i,
and the famous brood mare Gallita, dam of Wilke
Bette, '.MO! ; Longitude, 2:18; Parallel, 2:17, etc., and
Wilkesoneer, 2:30. a bay horse of massive build, by
Norval. 2:141, out of Millie, by Onward, second dam
Docia Payne, a producer, and sister to the noted sire
Hamlin's Almont, Jr. Al Faro is not large, but
handsome and blood like. He paced to a record of
2:29} at two years, but was not trained at three, though
Mr. Ware will have him handled this season and looks
for him to pace in 2:15 quite handily. The list of devel-
oped speed at the farm includes Allie Medium. 2:17',
an eight year old bay mare by Country Medium, dam
by Alroy, that is blood like and handsome. Allie
Med iu n is about sixteen hands high, and an ideal
roadster. She is frequently driven by Mrs. Snowden.
The daughter of Country Medium has shown a mile in
2:14, half in 1:05, and quarter in 3U seconds iu her
work ; Miss Pratt, 2:28}, and Beauty, a pair of black
mares, full sisters by Oneida, dam by Perduro, are
driven to pole and make an elegant road team. Beauty
is in foal to Nutgold, sou of Nutwood ; Roselawn,
2:29}, a stoutly-made, handsome brown mare, by Ac-
mou, ano1 her son of Nutwood, dam by Great Western,
is sometimes driven doable with Allie Medium. There
is no faster mare in all Viiginia than the latter, and
hooked to pole with a ruuner she can show a terrific
burst of speed.

Etuo, a foar- j ear-old bay mare, by Idolater, dam
Ardiuella, by Frank Noble, is not large, but of speedy
conformation, and hooked to a road cart Mr. Ware
says she can pace like a streak, is steady and gaited to
perfection. She will betraiued and raced this season.
Among the brood mares at Snowden are Ardinella, the
dam of Emo, by Frank Noble ; Fly Gold, by Nutgold,
dam by Nutwood Chief; Jessie Border, by Mambriuo
King, dam by Royal George ; Lucille De Nevera, by
President Garfield, dam by Henry Middleton, and
Fannie Salisbury, by Judge Salisbury, dam by Ad-
ministrator.

Mr. J. S. Curtis, the South African millionaire,
owner of the noted Ball's Bluff Farm, near Leesburg,
in Londoati county, and one of the finest estates in
Virginia, will breed and race thoroughbreds on an
extensive scale, both iu this country aud in England.

The famous battle of Ball's Bluff was fought on the

place during the war, but since coming into Mr. Cur-
tis's possession it has been christened the Mayfield
Stud, and imported Oak wood, bred by the Duke of
Hamilton and raced at Johannesburg for two years,
placed at the head of it. Imported Oak wood stands
sixteen hands in height, is of fiue conformation with
plenty of bone, aud measures eight and a half inches
below the knee. Oakwood was purchased by Mr.
Curtis and brought to Virgiuia to sire hunters, but
bred to mares such as he will have access to at May-
field, the son of Sheen is likely to get race horses.

Messrs. Chas. H. Hurkamp and Duff Green, of Fred-
ericksburg, Va., have quite a stable of hunters, park1
saddle and high stepping harness horses at the Fair
Grounds track near town. Both gentlemen are expert
crosscountry riders, and do their own schooling and
trainiug. The stable includes the heavy weight hunter
Wine Cup. a magnificent bay gelding, six years old. by
Heimdal, dam pntraced. This horse is first class in
harness, 16 hands high, weight 1,125 pounds, well
schooled and safe over five feet; Stafford, black geld-
ing, six years old, by Garrick, dam a half bred mare.
This gelding is a high type of the park saddle horse, is
15j hands high, weighs 1,000 pounds, and very stylish;
Maxwell, brown gelding, six years old, ly Von Brock,
is a fast road horse, handsome and stylish in harness ;
Brompton, bay tfelding, eight years old, by Prince
Belmont, dam by Robert Medium. This gelding has
trotted miles better than 2:50, is compactly built, styl-
ish and handsome in harness ; Hugo, bay gelding,
seven years old, by Longmore, dam by Wilful, 16
hands high and a fine type of a green hunter.

Messrs. Hurkamp and Green have recently sold to
Northern parties several fine hunters and park saddle
horses at remunerative figures Mr. Hurkamp is one
of the best known aud cleverest gentlemen jockeys in
Virginia, and a member of the Deep Ron and War-
rentou Hunt Clubs. He frequently pilots his own
horses to victory. During 1897 his stable, which was
taken through the Maryland aud Virginia circuit of
fairs and race meetings, was placed in 62 out of 74
starts, winuiug32 first moneys in flat races, over hur
dies aud in steeple chases. Mr. Hurkamp has a string
of horses iu training, which will be raced this season
on the flats and over the jumps, starting first at Wash-
ington, D. C, in April, and a week later at the Deep
Run Hunt Club meeting at Richmond. The stable in-
cludes Royal Rover, bay gelding, 5, by Prince Royal,
dam Gypse,» , by imported Glenlyon ; Bonnie Nell, bay
filly, 3, by St. Florian, dam Prunella, by imported
Bonnie Scotland ; Dean Swift, bay "elding, 3, by Eric,
dam May Carew. by imported Dalnacardoch ; The
Earl, bay gelding, 7, by Young Duke, dam by Lothair ;
Vanity, chestnut gelding, 5, by The Bard, dam Pike's
Pride, by imported King Ban ; Princeton, bay geld-
ing, 7, by Voltigeur, dam Stella, by Hunter's Lexing-
ton ; and Tanniger, brown gelding, 5, by Lisbou, dam
Canary, by King Alfonso.

Broad Rock.

One of the prominent dealers in saddle horses in
Kentucky writes thus : ''Good-acting horses are grow-
ing scarcer every day. Only those of us who go out
and scour the country in search for them can appre-
ciate how hard they are to find."

130

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

fliscellaneous.

THESLGAR BEET INDUSTRY— PRISON LABOR.

Editor Southern Planter :

I wish to express what 1 have frequently felt (when-
ever I have read the Southern Planter), viz., that it is
by far the best farming journal published.

All the other journals combine other interests, and
seem superficial, not up to date, when compared with
your journal.

Someone has sent me your January issue; it is worth
to any farmer, who will read it carefully, and consider
carefully its suggestions, five times the yearly snbscrip
tion.

I want the Northern people to realize that the South
is abreast with the times, and can give them many
points on scientific practical farming, as there is a
general impression that the South is slovenly, and
"old-timey," in all things concerning agriculture.
This may he partially true, bat it is not from want of
the best information, on scientific agriculture, pub
lished.

I am visiting numerous places in the North and
West, promoting the beet-sugar industry, where I can
in noway help the farmers more than by calling their
attention to the Southern Planter, aud may I suggest
that you also coufirm aud complete this work by some-
times sending me to those places some numbers of your
journal for distribution, and in addition to this, I will
try to occasionally send you the P. O. address of some
of the more enterprising farmers in these places.

I am to be at West-field, X. Y.. Friday, the 5th of
February ami a few papers sent me there, care of
Hermon L Kent, will ieach me, and be distributed
among the live farmers, as I am to address them on
the In ct sugar industry.

You may have noticed the <-Opie'' bill, introduced
before the Assembly last week, which, I think, meets
the main difficulty of getting a supply of beets in Vir-
ginia till the farmers can seethe experiment made and
the benefits, and then can take the matter in charge,
ami the convicts used for the first factory will then be
withdrawn and nsed to initiate a second, and so on
other factories, until farmers will be ready to supply
the factories themselves.

I believe this offers the best solution, not onl\ for
initiating factories, but for solving the prison labor
problem, which sooner or later will come up, as it has
in the Northern States.

I believe the farmers and laboring men are right in
demanding that prison labor should not be used to
compete with and destroy free and honest labor; and
further. I believe every honest citizen of Virginia will
not uphold a system that fills our prisons, reform
schools, ami asylums with five times the number of
inmates they should contain, besides fostering crime
ami tilling brothels with prostitutes.

It is said every able bodied workman supports fire
others; if so. then each convict put at work at such
times as this when there is an oversapply of laborers,
displaces an honest free outside workman, upon whom
four others are dependent for an honest living: but.
suppose, in place of five, it is only three who are kept

in idleness, poverty, made paupers, criminals or pros-
titutes, or find relief in insanity or suicide, is it any
wonder that our penitentiary, built to house some 250
criminals, should now contain some 1,800 ; that the
prisoners should prefer such a life to starvation out-
side ; that they commit crime to support life?

Other States have passed laws that put a stop to this
penny-wise policy of using prison labor.

A law that will compel prison made goods to be
branded, marked, or tagged, in some conspicuous
place, where the buyer can see it, will be doing justice
to those of us who wish to know, when we buy goods,
whether we are accomplices or not in this policy of
crime ; and a bill which will put a tax on all prison
products made in competition with honest free labor,
when not marked as above, whether made in this State
or outside, will not only prevent our people from becom-
ing accessories to crime, but be treating other States in
the same manner we treat ourselves. A tax of 20 per
cent, on the value of all goods offered for sale or use,
made by prison labor in competition with honest la-
bor, will free those who are conscientious from being
accessories to the incubus of crime and disgrace now
restiug upon the State.

I hope you may be able to take the matter in hand,
for the present policy is not only disgraceful, but ex-
travagant aud destructive of all interests which would
develop the natural opportunities which abound every
where in the State.

It is just beginning to be seen that the main diffi
culty in the way of a revival of business is undercon-
sumption, not overproduction — we are destroying our
buyers by low wages, idleness, competition with crim-
inals— that industries will not come into the State and
cannot be built up in the State, when our criminals
are producing goods which compete with them — that
productive and skilled labor turns aside and goes else
where, where labor is not degraded.

Doubtless you have fully considered these masters,
but want some fuller and bolder expression of them.
It will help the State inside and outside, and if you
get a bill framed on the lines stated above, and before
the Legislature— if it don't pass this year, it will next
or later— for the movement is along that line the world
over.

You are at liberty to use what I have written if it
will aid in securing a higher economic status in the
State, as I know it will. Let Virginia take the initi-
ative on this line, and your journal lead ou this mat-
ter, as it has on scientific and practical farming.

Let me have one of your journals once in a wThile, and
I will try to send you some subscribers as opportunity
happens.

New York City. O. K. Lapham.

On the question of using the convicts in helping to
start the sugar beet industry in the State, we explained
our position in the February issue, and have nothing
to add.

On the question of prison labor, we are not at one
with our correspondent. We believe that every con

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

131

vict, yea, every occupant of a city or county jail,
should be made to work, and work hard every day
that he is kept there at the expense of the people.
Common humanity demands this, for if kept idle
prisoners become lunatics, as experience has proved.
Whilst it is right that wrongdoers should be punished,
it is neither right nor humane to make lunatics, nor is
it economy to do so, as a lunatic costs more to keep
and guard than a convict. If convicts must be made
to work, then it follows that such work must be in
competition with outside free labor, but such coinpe
tition, if confined, as it ought to be, to the manufac-
ture of goods of universal consumption, amounts to
nothing. The convicts of North Carolina are neatly
all employed in producing corn on the large State
farms, yet all the thousands of bushels they produce
does not lower the price of corn on the market a frac
tion of a cent per bushel, nor deprive a farmer in
North Carolina of a day's work. The making of shoes
in the Virginia penitentiary does not, we believe, re
duce the price of shoes on the market a cent per pair.
A point which, it appears to us, is always overlooked
by the advocates of the abolition of prison labor is
that if the prisoners were not in the penitentiary they
would necessarily be employed in labor outside which
would compete with other labor, or they would be
paupers who would have to be maintained at public
expense, and, if able bodied, would bo required to
work. Putting a man in the penitentiary and making
him work, does not add to the number of laboring
men. It merely transfers labor from outside into the
inside. No one, so far as we have observed, of those
who object to prison labor, object to the number of
working men in the country, so long as they are out-
side the walls of the prison, but immediately some of
these men are put inside the penitentiaries a loud out-
cry is raised that their labor should not be utilized,
but the outside men be allowed to reap the benefit of
this reduction in the numbers competing in the labor
market. It is the old cloven foot of "protection,"
which peeps out in another form. We have no use for
it in any shape. Let us, in this matter of the treat-
ment of convicts, yea, and of all prisoners, wherever
confined, get back to the good old plan of making life
in prison not a paradise, but a punishment, and mak-
ing the majority of evil doers work is a punishment they
most dread. Under the system of "no work," the
prisoner has a pic nic so long as he keeps sane, whilst
those outside have the punishment imposed on them
of keeping him in idleness out of their pockets and
earnings. In England, every man or woman sent to
prison even for a few days, is made to work and kept
in solitary confinement. The result is seen in the con-
stant rapid diminution in the prison population in
England and the pulling down of jails and prisons be-

cause there are no occupants for them. The largest
prison in London was pulled down a jear or two a^o
and the site is now occupied by a public art gallery,
given to the natiou by a rich citizen, and only last
week one of the large county prisons in the East of
England was converted into a free Technical School
for training young men and women in different lines
of business, so as to fit them to occupy positions as
foremen and directors in large business nuclei takings.
This is a far better use to make of prisons than to use
them as "loafing places" for the idle, worthless mem-
bers of society. The knowledge that work is com-
pulsory on every man sentenced to prisou would, we
believe, keep hundreds outside the walls.

FENCE LAWS— TAXATION.

Editor Southern Planter:

In the February number of the Southern Planter you
head an article, "A 'No Fence' Law a Necessity."

While I do not wish to be understood as opposing
your view, I think it should be mentioned that there
is another side of that question to be considered. In
the long leaf pine region farmers rely upon the shat-
ters for humus for the cultivated fields and for bedding
for stock. Unless the woods are frequented by stock
the undergrowth becomes so formidable as to prevent
the gathering of shatters with any degree of ease. In
most cases it is not feasible to fence the woods for one's
own stock, even if he had enough to keep down the
undergrowth.

Isn't it rather a case for evolution than for legisla-
tion, until such time as the land becomes too valuable
to raise shatters?

I heartily < ommend your views on taxation. Were
it not for the method of taxation in vogue, I think I
should have made my home in Virgiuia— the land of
my fori fathers— years ago. If Virginia could know
what she has repelled and expelled by her emascu-
lating system, I am constrained to think she long a<*o
would hav.? repented.

Geo. C. Henning.
Washington, D. C.

[There are two sides to most questions, and the fence
question is no exception to this rule. We cannot
however, recognize that there is sufficient force in the
objection raised to a "no-fence law," of which the
illustration given by our correspondent is one, to over-
ride the mauifest injustice of compelling a man to
fence in his own land in order to prevent his neigh-
bors' stock from eating up his crops. It seems to us
that a man has as much right to the exclusive use of
the laud which he has bought and paid for, without
having to fence it in, as he has to the house which he
has bought and paid for, and that there would be just
as much reason in requiring him to allow his neighbor
himself to come and walk into his house and join him
in eating his food and availing himself of the shelter
of his roof as in requiring him to board his neighbors'

132

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER.

[March

cattle. If a inau keeps stock, he should keep them
on bis owu hind, either by means of a fence or by
placing some one in charge of tbein all the time the?
are outside his buildings grazing. If it is desired to
graze the outlying woodland, and the cost of fencing
is too great, then a herdsman should be placed in
charge ol the stock, and the owner of it be held liable
in damages for any injury done by the stock on another
man's laud or crops, whether fenced or unfeuced.
The adoption of a "no fence law" in South Caroliua
has brought under cultivation thousands of acres that
would still have been wild, unprofitable woodland,
whilst in North Carolina the counties having a " no
fence law'' have become uoted for haviug more and
better stock than any other parts of the State. When
a man has to keep his stock at home besets about to get
stock worth keeping, and instead of merely keepiug
cows, sheep and hogs, he looks out for and keeps
only cows, sheep and hogs that will keep him. This
is the only kind' of stock which makes farming profit-
able, and that is what every farmer is aiming at, or
ought to be. We are glad to know that our views ou
State taxation meet with approval. Our correspondent
is no doubt right in believing that our system of taxa-
tion has deprived the State of millions of capital and
thousands of people.— Ed.]

STATE TAXATION AND LEGISLATION.

Editor Southern Planter:

The mure I read your editorials in The Southern
Planter the better I like you. aud I have often said if
I had the power I would make you "chief cook aud
bottle washer" of the whole State of Virginia, from
Governor to county constable, and what you said should
go. Your ideas of taxes, laws and licenses are mine to
the letter, though I may not express them like you. I
believe if you had the making of the laws of Virginia
we would soon have prosperity. Enterprise would be
aroused, and naturally capital would come, taxation
would be just, aud it would be placed where it rightly
belongs. I think there would be fewer offices, lower
taxes and more money in the treasury. The farmers
are taxed on more than they can make, and our law-
makers are still putting it on us ; but they will not tax
a dog. He or she, is the only thing that is free in this
country, aud they do enough damage to pay for
the runuiugof our schools, or near about. Now, why
cannot the Legislature pass a general " no-fence law"
for the State of Virginia? Is it just for one man to
buy a few acres of land or none, and make his neigh-
bor spend hundreds of dollars in fencing his place .just
to keep a few " pine rooters" out, or some half starved
cattle off his place? If so. then the owner of such
rambling stock has the right to demand meat aud bread.

Now about the assessment of land. Why don't the

its put that at what the land will bring at auc

tion .' I have a farm that is assessed at 12,660. The

State of. Virginia can have it for $2,000. Why cannot

we have a fair assessment ! Our legislators might pass

a law to protect the dairy industry and not let any but-
terine or oleomargarine come here except in its "lily
white robe.1'1 Then if people waut it, let them buy it :
it is no one's business what a man chooses to eat. but
many a pound of this componud is sold for butter,
which the buyers would not have bought had they
known better Can you tell me of any insurance com-
pany that insures sheep from the ravages of dogst I
want to get a flock but am afraid to. I lost one flock
by dogs ouce. aud all the pay I got was the scalp of
the cur. I saw when I wauted to make the owner of
the dogs responsible, that it would be harder to do than
to untie the "Gordian knot." for these "sheep-killers"
are owned by people who have nothing else. You say
we farmers ought to organize. That is impossible. We
caunot pull together; but if the authorities will give
us some show, such as lower taxes, "no fence laws."
and a law to protect sheep, insuring us payment for
sheep killed by dogs, there would not be so much
kicking. It is said that the\ want to put an extra tax
on fertilizers Who is going to pay it! The farmer,
that is a dead sure thing : aud then take the money to
pay those big salaried officers whodou'tdo one honest
day's work in three, because it is not there to do. We
who support the world get nothing but laws to keep us
down. We are the foot-balls of the earth.

L. H. Carlton.
Midlothian. Va.

Whilst we appreciate the complimeut paid us by our
correspondent, we have neither the ambition nor the
desire to fill the offices. We have, however, both the
ambition and the desire to do somethiug to advance
the welfare of all the people of the State, and espe-
cially of the farmers ; and we believe that in no way-
can this be so effectually done as to endeavor to bring
about a reversal of our antiquated, tyranous and
grossly unjust system of taxation which is slowly but
surely sapping out the vitals of the State, aud making
it the home of paupers. We are glad to know that at
last some of our people are following our views ou this
question. With wide public eulightenment on the sub-
ject of a just system of taxation our present one could
not stand a day. We intend to keep " pegging away
on this line" until the public conscience is aroused,
aud the system which permits of the taxation of per-
sonal property and requires of a man or a compauy a
license to earn an honest living in a free country by
the pursuit of a calling which tends only to the ad-
vancement and welfare of the whole community is
abolished. It is a standing disgrace that this gr<
called free country is the only civilized nation in the world
which yet retaius on its statute books such barbarous
laws. God forbid that it shall long retain so iniqui-
tous a position. — Ed.

Mr. Walter Whately. of Yancey's Mills, Va., writes
us: "Your periodical seems to improve a> it grows
older. It has been a source of great benefit to me
from acting ou advice aud information obtained from
it"

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEBN PLANTER.

133

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

EICHMOND, VA.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.

Rate card furnished on applicatio:

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

Tli*> Planter is mailed to subscribers in
the United Males and i 'anuria at 81.00 per an-
num ; all foreign countries, $1.25.

Kisooiiltmiances.— Remember that the
publisher must be notified by letter or post
card when a subscriber wishes his paper
slopped. All arrearages must be paid. Re-
turning your paper will not enable us to dis-
contioue it. as we cannot find your name on
our books unless your Post Office addresl is
given.

The l»ir is. that all subscribers to news-
papers are held responsible until all arrearages
are paid, ami their paper ordered to be dis-
continued.

II em itt a noes should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we cannot be responsible.

The Planter is sent to subscribers until
an explicit order is received for its discontinu-
ance. All payments of arrearages must be
made as required by law.

*l»ava stive the Name of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.

The Hal on your label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a fcivor
by reporting the fact at once.

We invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, Suggestions How to Improve The
Pi. v ntei:. Descriptions of New Grains, Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known, Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
u'. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until alter they haveap-
S eared in our columns. Rejected matter will
e returned on receipt of postage.

No anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND. •

Horse Owners! Try

GOMBAULT'S

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Balsam

A Safe r^-odj and Positive Care
The Safent, Bert BLISTER ever used. Takes
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Price $1.50 per bottle Sold by druggists, or
lent by express, charges paid, w th full directions
for its use. Send for descriptive circulars.
nil LAWRENCE-WiXLlAMS CO., Cleveland 0.

Q| All ^ Is always the result of proper draining. Don't waste time

till/ III ^ am' money trying to make crops pay until your land is

' # properly drained. We would like to tell you how to do it,

nfl C | fl UU r and at the same time quote you prices on

LAND i POWH&TAN CLAY M&KUFACTURING CO., Richmond, Va.

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WOOO'S TRAOE MARK BRAND OF

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brand is only sent out under seal, and
with a red label or tag on same.

Full information in our Descriptive Catalogue for 1S98, which will be mailed
free on application. Write tor it and prices of any Seeds required.

T.W.WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

To Advertisers.

We invite the special attention of
advertisers to the following testi-
monials to the efficacy of the South-
ern Planter as an advertising me-
dium. They have come to us with-
in the last few weeks unsolicited by
us, and may therefore be abso
lutely relied on as the unbiased
opinions of the writers, and cannot
fail, we believe, to have weight
with all who are desirous of secur-
ing business in the Southern States.
In addition to these testimonials,
we have received a very large num-
ber of renewal orders from adver-
tisers who have used the Planter in
previous years. These orders are
even more eloquent of good service
rendered than testimonials. Busi-
ness men do not nowadays waste
money by advertising in journals
which do not bring returns. We
feel that we are justified by these
assurances of work well done", in
urging that all who desire to do
business, with the best farmers of
the South, should patronize the

WIND PUMP PERFECTED

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Marshalltown, Iowa.

Uff¥

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£ Its wearing qualities are unsurpassed, ae-

\ tuallvoutlasting3 lixs. any other brand.
W Not affected by heat. #3PGet the Genuine.
i/%, FOB SALE BY ALL DEALERS

Berry Boxes and Baskets

Peach Packages.
Grape Baskets.

Fruit and Vegetable Packages of
every kind.

«j-Send for Catalogue.

HEATH-MORRIS CO.,
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pure: milk.

The New Model Milk
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134

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

CATARRH CANNOT BE CURED
with LOCAL APPLICATIONS, as they
cannot reach the Beat of the disease. Ca-
tarrh is a blood or constitutional disease,
and in order to cure it you must take in-
ternal remedies Hall's Catarrh Cure is
taken internally, and acts directly on the
blood and mucous surfaces. Hall's Ca-
tarrh Cure is not a quack medicine. It
was prescribed by one of the best physi-
cians in this country for years, ami is a
regular prescription. It is composed of
the best tonics known, combined with
the best blood purifiers, acting directly on
the mucous surfaces. The perfect combi-
nation of the two ingredients is what
produces such wonderful results in curing
Catarrh. Send for testimonials, free.
F. J. CHENEY, & CO., Props.,
Toledo, 0.

Sold by dru'ggusts, price 75c.

Southern Planter. Our rates are
low when compared with other
journals of like character and cir-
culation, and especially so when
the high character and make-up
of the paper is considered. We
refer intending advertisers to our
columns, with confidence that they
will not find therein any advertise-
ment in whose company they would
not care to be seen. The aim of the
proprietors has always been to pub-
lish a journal which might be
placed in the hands of the most re-
fined people without hesitation,
and which should carry only the
advertisements of those in whom
implicit confidence could be placed.
We believe such to be now the
character of the Planter, and we
therefore appeal with confidence to
the best class of advertisers to give
us their support.

TESTIMONIALS.

Riverton, Va., Jan. 22, 1S0S.
We cannot help testifying to your jour-
nal being a most excellent medium for
advertising, for we are actually sold out
of birds we had set aside for sale. We
expect to advertise regularly with you.
Jso. W. Morgan,
Proprietor Riverton Duel,- Ranch,

Bii.tmori:, N. C, .Ian. 27. 1898.
We intend to continue our advertise
meat with you for 1898, as the results
have fully met our expectations.

G. F. Weston,
Manager BUlmore Farms.

Ltnnwood, Va, I'cb .">, 1898.
It is with pleasure that I write to add
my testimonial to the efficacy of the
Southern Planter as an advertising medi-
um, especially in the South. I put an
advertisement in your January issue,

and among inquiries received some come
from far Louisiana.

Jno. F. Lewis,
Proprietor Lynnvcood Stock Farm.

Salkm, Va., Feb. Hi, 1898.
I want to continue my advertisement
with you another year, as I am satisfied
with the results thusfar. J. H. Garst.
N.\son's, Va., Feb. IS, 189S.
I will certainly renew my advertising
contract in your valuable journal for the
coming year, for I have found it more
thoroughly read than all the farm and
stock journals in the South put together.
O C. Taliaferro,
Proprietor Alt Sharon Stock Farm.

Fredericksbucg, Va., Feb. 18. 1808.

To stop advertising in The Southern

Planter means to go out of the business,

for all sales are due to my advertising in

your magazine.

S. Sydney Bradford,
Proprietor Oak Grove Stock Farm.

MAGAZINES.
The leading features of Harper's Maga-
zine for March are— "An American Army
Manoeuvre," by Franklin Matthews, ii-
lustrated by Frederic Remington and R.
F. Zogbaum ; "Social Pictorial Satire"—
Part II, by George du Maurier, illustrated
by drawings from Punch and by portraits
of Chas. Keene and George du Maurier ;
"Stirring Times in America," an account
by Mark Twain of the recent disorders in
the Austrian Parliament, of which the
author was a constant and critical specta-
tor, illustrated by Clifford Carleton, T. de
Tbulstrup and Harry Fenn; "The Tradi-
tional Policy of Germany in Respect to
Aust'ia and Turkey," an explanation by
An Eastern Diplomat of the origin of the
troubles Mark Twain describes; "In the
Wake of a War," by Julian Ralph, illus-
trated from sketches made by Lester
Ralph ; " Reminiscences of Eminent Lec-
turers," by Joel Benton, illustrated by
engravings: " The Century's Progress in
Anatomy and Physiology," by Henrv
Smith Williams, M. D., richly illustrated;
and "Our National Seminary of Learn-
ing" an account by Prof. W. J. Mi Gee,
of the forces which are tending toward
the making of a University at Washing-
ton.

Harper's Illustrated Weekly is full of
finely executed pictures of the stirring
scenes in Cuba and elsewhere, and the
editorials should be read by all who are
interested in the better government of
the country.

Harper's Bazaar is one of the best la-
dies' papers published always full of
matters of interest, and with the best
fashion plates issued by any paper.

The March number of The Century
opens with a paper on 'The Mammoth
Cave of Kentucky,-' written by John R.
Procter, formerly State Geologist of Ken-
tucky, anil accompanied by many strik-
ing illustrations by Castaigne. John
Sidney Webb describes "The River Trip
to the Klondike," with pictures redrawn
from photographs. Last summer Mr.
Webb made a tour of investigation along

Took Hood's in the Spring

It Completely Cured a Dread-
ful Scrofula Humor

From Which He Had Suffered From
Boyhood.

If you want a good medicine for
your blood, you should take one which
absolutely cures blood diseases. The
following testimonial and thousands
more like it prove that Hood's Sarsapa-
rilla is the greatest blood purifier ever
discovered. Read it and take Hood's
Sarsaparilla this Spring:
"C. I. Hood & Co., Lowell, Mass.:

" Gentlemen : — I have had a scrof-
ulous humor since I was a boy. Four
years ago it culminated in an abscess
as large as an apple on the left side of
my neck, and extended the whole
length of my jaw from the chin to the
ear. Being on the cords of the neck,
it gave me sharp pains in the left
shoulder and breast. About three
years ago I had the abscess lanced and
this tended to decrease the size of the
bunch somewhat. Last spring I

Commenced to Take Hood's

Sarsaparilla. Up to that time I had
not had any appetite, and in particular
ate very little breakfast. Soon alter
commencing with Hood's SarsapariHa,
I began to feel better in every way
and my appetite improved. I did not,
however, notice any change !n the ab-
scess until I had taken several bottles.
when it gradually grew smaller and
wholly disappeared. Since taking
Hood's Sarsaparilla I have gained from
142 to 158 pounds and have a good
appetite. I know it was Hood's Sar-
saparilla that effected the cure, as I
had tried about everything else, but
nothing did me any_ good, not even
doctors' medicines. I shall always
have a good word for Hood's Sarsapa-
rilla." Geo. D. Stimpson, Islington
Road, Portsmouth, N. H.

HJOOd'S parnia

Is the best Sprini Medicine. All druggists. $1;
six for S5. C. I. Hood & Co., Lowell, Mass.

liable, beneficial, use.

FOR SALE^

One-horse, . . .
•.: will
sell u foi --D
Have no farther use tor It. Machine Is Id good
order. Applv to—

Mrs. ALICE BRANSFORD, Shirley, Va,

189$.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

136

the entire coast of Alaska, and up the
Yukon as far as the Klondike mines, on
behalf of the Alaska Commercial Com-
pany. His investigations, therefore, in-
cluded not only the famed Klondike, but
the other creeks and stream? tributary to
the Yukon. Edward S. Curtis tells of
"The Rush to the Klondike Over the
Mountain Passe?," also illustrated from
photographs. Jonas Stadling, the Swed-
ish journalist who described for The Cen-
tura "Andree's Flight into the Unknwn,"
gives an account of the remarkable re-
covery by the killing of a carrier pigeon
of the sole message received from the
erooaat. Mrs. Sara Y. Stevenson, in her
series of graphic papers dealing with the
French Intervention in Mexico, pictures
" Mexican Society in Maximilian's Time,
1866." John Burroughs writes in his
sympathetic vein of the ''Songs of
American Birds." There is a paper by
Richard T. Ely on " Fratemalism vs. Pa-
ternalism in Government," and Gen. Jas.
S. Clarkson tells of the circumstances un-
der which Gen. Grant wrote and delivered
his famous Des Moines speech.

St. Nicholas is an excellent number,
and will delight the children by its quaint
pictures and stirring tales.

The March number of the American
Monthly Review of Reviews is another
achievement in monthly journalism. The
topics treated in this magazine are such
as occupy much space in the daily press,
but the Review is able to treat thern more
deliberately and in a more carefully ad
justed proportion. No other illustrated
monthly appearing on the first day of
March will have so much as a reference
to the De Lome letter, the Maine disaster,
or the Zola trial in Paris : but these great
themes of the hour are fully discussed in
the Review's pa>:e->, The Review's read
ers expert to have them discussed there,
so ai customed have they become to the
essential qualities of timeliness and com-
prehensiveness in the "' busy man's maga-
zine."

Lippincott's has for its complete novel,
"An American Aspirant," by Jennie Bill-
iard Waterbury. It deals with the for-
tunes and misfortunes of a spirited young
lady w hostudips music in Paris and hope-
to become a prima donna. The Status of
American Agriculture, by Geo. E. Walsh,
i:- an interesting article. The Civil Au
thority is a poweiful story of a weak-
kneed Sheriff, a resolute Captain, and a
Company <<{ the National Guard, which
attempted to defend a jail against a mob.

App'eton'a Popular Science Monthly,
under the title, "An Apostate Democra-
cy." lias a sharp criticism of the degene-
ration in American methods of govern-
ment by Franklin Smith, who has, dur-
ing the past two years, achieved an envi-
able place among writers on modern eco-
- Hon. David A. Wells continues
bis ai tides on Taxation, dealing with the
question of taxation of choses in action.
These articles ought to be studied by
every one interested in a better system
of taxation

The Cosmopolitan is one of the bright-
est and best illustrated monthlies issued.

"MY WIFE'S LIFE."

How I was the means
of saving it.

When the lung! are 'attacked and the
symptoms of consumption appear, then
begins the struggle between affection and
that destroying disease which slays its
thousands annually. It is a happy issue
to the struggle when disease is conquered
and health restored. Such an issue does
not always end the struggle, but it did in
theoase of Mr. K. .Morris, Memphis, Tenn.,
who saw his wife wasting and weakening
and physicians helpless, and then sug-
gested the simple remedy that wrought
the cure. He tells the story thus:

"Seven years ago, my wife had a severe
attack of lung trouble which the phy-
sicians pronounced consumption. The
cough was extremely distressing, espe-
cially at night, and was frequently
attended with the spitting of blood. The
doctors being unable to help her. I in-
duced her to try Dr. Ayer's Cherry Pectoral
and was surprised at the great relief it
gave. Before using one whole bottle she
was cured, so that now she is strong and
quite healthv. That this medicine saved
my wife's life I have not the least doubt.
I always keep Dr. Ayer's Cherry Pectoral
in the house. Whenever any of my family
have a cold or cough we use it, and are

The question: "Is consumption cura-
ble?" is still debated, and still debatable.
It is easy to say that this was not a case of
consumption. Yet the physicians said it
was. They should know. As a matter
of fact, Dr. Ayer's Cherry Pectoral has
wrought so many similar cures that it
seems to argue the curableness of con-
sumption, in its earlier stages, by the use
of this remedy. There is no better medi-
cine for pulmonary troubles than Dr.
Ayer's Cherry Pectoral. It gives relief in
cases of Asthma, and Bronchitis, where re-
lief has been heretofore unattainable. It
promptly cures Coughs and Colds, La
Gr:ppe, and all affections of the throat
and lungs. Heretofore, Dr. Ayer's Cherry
Pectoral has been put up in full size
bottles only, at fi.oo per bottle. To meet
a world-wide demand for a smaller pack-
age, the remedy is now put up in half size
bottles, at half price — 50 cents. Write for
Dr. Ayer's Curebook (free) and learn more

The Ladies' Home Journal is an excel-
lent ladies' paper, beautifully illustrated
and full of matter of interest to every
member of the household.

CATALOGUES.

J. A. Chelton, Fairmont, Md. Incuba-
tors and Brooders.

Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, If. Y.
Nurserymen.

John W. Hall. Marion Station, Md.
Pedigree Seed Potatoes, Strawberries.

A. I. Root A Co.. Medina, 0. Bee-
keepers' Supplies.

A. W. Livingston's Sons, Culumbus, 0.
Seedsmen

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian
Guano Co., Newark, N. J. Fertilizer
Makers; Tobacco growing, practical and
scientific: Fruitgrowing.

Harry N. Hammond, Decatur, Mich.
Seedsmen.

Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cal.
Fruits and Flowers.

Sunset Seed and Plant Co., San Fran-
cisco, Cal. Seedsmen.

John R. & Wm. Parry, Parry, N. J.

Nurserymen.

Pinehnrst Nurseries, Pinehurst, N. C.
Nurserymen.

J. C. Suffern, Yoorhies, 111. Seedsmen.

S. L. Allen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Makeis of the celebrated Planet, Jr.,
Garden and Farm Implements and Tools.
These are the best labor savers in the
garden and on the truck farm that we
know of.

T. S. Hubbard & Co., Fredonia, N. Y.
Grape Vines, small fruits, &l:

Lee's Prepared Agricultural Lime

WE HAVE REDUCED THE PRICE TO SUIT THE TIMES.

We ar.- now Belling this VALUABLE FERTILIZER and LAND IMPROVER at
$IO Per Ton. When used on Callow land, with a fair amount fit' vegetation, we
have never known it to fell in givinga satisfactory crop of whea,t anna good stand of
clover or grass. We do net recommend it for clean ortbin worn-out land, unless
some litter from the farm, pen or forest is used with it.

500 TONS OTSTER SHELL LIME, Sacked or in Bulk, for sale low.

For thin and bare land, we recommend our — ^— — — ^^— .

HIGH-GRADE BONE AND POTASH,

which we are selling at the low price of $16 PER TON. Farmers who used Itlast
year say they had line crops on veky thin land.

«S-Write for Circulars. *• S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

136

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

SPRAYING FRUIT TREES.
The question of spraying fruit tries to
prevent the depredations of insi !l

ami fungus diseases is no longer an expe-
riment, but a necessity.

Our readers will do well to write Wm.
Stahl, Quincy, 111 , and get bis catalogue
deerribing twenty-one styles of Spraying
Outfits and full treatise on spraying the
different fruit and vegetable crops, which
may be bad for the asking and contains
much valuable information.

EMPIRE KING
or Garfield Knapsack

Perfect agitators- no scotching of foliage
— no leather valves. 14 styles spray pumps.
Catalogue free. Agents wanted.
MBLD WWK I'lJli'CU., id Market St. , Loflport, H.Y.

THERE IS

No Argument in it

YOU MUST SPRAY

If you want good
fruit. There la JRJ5.00
tc. J100.00 per day in It
Ifyou cao do it right.

You want the In -

tools and I'm n 11 in
formation — we fur-
nish both. Send for
our catalogue to-day.
MORRILL& MORLEY
Benton Harbor. Mich.

SAVE YOUR FRUIT.

The U.S. Agricultural Department's Bulle-
tin, No. in, lS'.l'i, says: "A Vlrgl
one-third of hla orchard, thereby increasing
quanl i.v of sound frull 50 per cent., and In-
ig value over the rest 100 percent, He
estimates in- loss by not Bpraylng the other
two-thirds :it twentyjtve hundred dollars."
SPRAYING PUMPS for sale by
8. P. BROCKWAY, Staunton, Va.

Thse2?oT4et SPRAYERS

Doublc-Actlot ^*m ■»■» ■ ■— »».v
"i Sprays fi r on rrel 50

feet \i 11 nciple.

My free catalogue will make plain to you that
I nave the sprayer you warn Write to-day.
H. B. RUSLER, - - Johnstown, Ohio.

Lippincott, Jr.. Mount Holly,
.\. J, Strawberries.

J. II. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn.
Strawberries and small fruits.

George II. Stahl, Quincy, 111. The Ex-
I ncubator and Brooder.

Johnson & Goode, Boydton, Va., send
us their circular. These gentlemen are
of Belgian Hares, Poultry,
Pigeons, Ducks and Turkeys. Send for
their circular. It will be sent free if you
mention The Southern Planter.

The Page Woven-Wire Fence Co.,
Adrian, Mich., whose advertisement is
almost always to be found in our columns,
are the makers of one of the best and
most reliable wire fences on the market.
Their reputation is an established one, as
they have, within the last five years,
made enough fence to encircle the world
twelve wires high. Send for their cata-
logue and prices, and also a copy of the
"Coiled Spring Hustler."

Messrs. N. VV. Ayer & Sons, Adver-
tising Agents, Philadelphia, Pa., sends us
"Chips from the Block Itself " and "A
Brief Resume." These are prettily-
gotten -tip advertising brochures, which
should be bad by all publishers.

Kellogg's Lists. A. N. Kellogg News-
paper Co., Chicago, 111. These lists con-
tain the names of 1,988 family weekly
newspapers of the better class.

K. L. Sbellaherger, Atlanta, Ga. Maker
of Wire and Picket Fences. The fence
made by this maker has been highly
spoken of to us by a number of our read-
ers. ( ine gentleman a few days ago said
that he bad used it very largely, and was
perfectly satisfied with it. Send for cata-
logue and prices, and mention The Planter.

PAMPHLETS.

A correspondence between an Amateur
and a Professor of Political Economy,
with notes and appendix, by J. H. Ben-
ton Do Witt, Ph. D. This deals with
Henry George's " Progress and Poverty,"
and especially with the fallacies under-
lying the single-lax theory.

Report of the Monetary Commission to
the Executive Committee of the Indian-
napolis Convention.

Oration of Cassiue Marcellus Clay be-
fore Students and Historical Class of
Berea College, Berea, Ky.

The Illustrated Southern Almanac, pub-
lished by J. L. Hill Printing Co., Rich-
mond, Va. A useful publication for
every household.

REPORTS.

IT. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington,!). C. Division of Soils. Bulletin
11. Tobacco Soils of the United States.

U. S. I icpartment of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. 0. Office of Secretary. Cir-
cular No. 7. Possible Influence of Impor-
tation of Hawaiian Sugar on the Beet
Sugar Production of the United States.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, 1). C. Office of Secretary. Cir-
cular No. li. Number, Status and Com-
pensation of Employees in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

__ See the Fence? MONARCH
/54/in./hi/ghT builds it. Best Machine OH
Earth, only ft). A snap for
agents. Cataloge Free.

Cochrane Fence Machine Co.,
Box 1095, Detroit, Mich.

Most Useful Inventions

within Ave years even, have been ' Improved" until
tna inventor himself would scarcely recognize them.
LMgeFence began bo near right that after twelve

years its competitors are content to imitate as

closely as they dare. ■*

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

HERFECTION w«-

FENCE

'"'llll I" in'. I .'v.-rliilh .mil 1. r. :, 1 1 ■ . I . . .. - ii

ilirsl ivn.rr ..ml can'l be Mil.. I ft the botl or I !■■! . ii ilown from

111- I. in. H,.i,'l l.iiv .»r l.lil 1.1 f-n,-,- i

WITHIMGTOM A CO., ADRIAN, MICH.

Jam

rffiAUMaic mr,^oFE)iff}iAC)'pQ gJWM

The Economical Way,
The Right Way to Raise

Cotton and Corn

We've special, up-to-date
Implements to do it.

CIRCULARS FREE.

Write us about your land,
labor and crop conditions.

B. F. AVERY & SONS, Mfrs. . Louisville, Ky.

1893.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

137

EGGS!

PLYMOUTH ROCK

75c. per 13.

S. S. HAMAKER. Licking, Va.

From SILVER . . .
..WYANDOTTE
and other pure-
bred poultry.
Mrs. JXO. F. PAYNE, University of Va.

EGGS FOR HATCHING!

S. C. Brown Leghorns, 50 cents per 15. S. C.
Brown Leghorn Voting Roosters, SI. 00 each.
Miss S. M. HITEK, Ellisville, Va.

PEKIN DUCKS— Eggs. $1.00 per doz.

S. O. Brown Leghorns- Eggs, Sl.OO for 15.
Black Miuorcas-Eggs, 81.50 for 15.

LEROY F. CARTER. Richmond, Va.

S. C. BROWN LECHORNS,

Eggs for setting, Sl.OO per 15.
PEKIN r-IVKS-Eggsfor setting. 81.00 for 11.
s. ( '. BROWN LEGHORNS, 81.00 each-
Roosters or Pullets.
The above are of the best strains and guar-
anteed pure in breed.

G. W. GRAVES, Highland Springs, Va.

TURKEYS- White Holland.

DOCKS— Imperial Pekin.
Also other varieties of Fowls & Ducks for sale.
Fowls and Ducks, 53.00 p^r pair; Hen Eggs,
81.25 per 13 ; Duck Eggs. Sl.OO per 13.

J. J. PAYNE, Elk Run, Va.

B. P. ROCKS iSthYear

Circular worth So to any farmer free. Ad-
dress J. H. DENHAM, Box 275, St. Clairsvillc,
Ohio.

Hares, Rabbits, Chickens, Bucks,

PIGEONS.

Catalogue Free. Satisfaction guaranteed.

JOHNSON & GOODE, Boydton. Va.

BLACK LANGSHANS<

Eggs, Sl.OO per 15. Stock, prices reasonable.
A lot of fine Asparagus Plants for sale cheap.
Write now.
M. A. OLNEY, Coleman's Falls, Va.

Fowls @ EggS ForSaJc

Purft-ored Lieht Brahma, Barred and
W ti ite Plymouth. Rocks, Brown Leg-horn,
Indian Game, Pekin Ducks-each $1.50;
four for $5. EGGS— Duck, $1 a dozen;
Hens', $1 for fifteen. Address

W. C. DORSET, Pilkintoxi, Va.

PARTRIDGE COCHIN Cockerels.

i few Partridge Cochin Cockerels, 8 to

in motil lis old, for sale, from slock purchased

from C. A. Ballau, Worcester, Mass., breeder

Of the finest strain of Partridge Cochins in

states. Price. SI. 25 each. Address

WM. D. CHURCHILL, Dry Bridge, Va.

1897 Bronze Toms

25 Pounds and Over.
One Grand WILD GOBBLER (very tame).

TOULOUSE GEESE (winners at Bristol.)
i INDIAN RUNNER DUCKS (laying since

November), &c, &c.
Box 16. Mrs. R. J. FARRER, Orange, Va.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D.O. Division of Statistics. Cir-
cular 8. The Cotton Crop of 1897.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Section of Foreign Markets.
Circular 20. Agricultural Imports and
Exports 1893-1697.

Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 88. Experiments with
Corn.

Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 89. Experiments with
Cotton.

Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 5)0. The Peach Ttee Borer.
The Fruit Bark Beetle.

Arizona Experiment Station, Tuczon,
Ari. Bulletin 26. Sugar Beet Experi-
ments.

Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayette-
ville, Ark. Bulletin 48. Strawberries.

Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca,
N. Y. Bulletin 142. The Codling Moth.

Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Me.
Bulletin 41. Dehorning Cows.

Louisiana Department of Agriculture,
Baton Rouge, La. Report for Septemher,
October, November and December, 1S07.

Louisiana Experiment Station, Baton
Rouge, La Bulletin 49. Analyses of
Commercial Fertilizers and Paris Green.

Michigan Experiment Station, Agricul-
tural College, Mich. Bulletin 149. Feed-
ing Dairy Cows.

Michigan Experiment Station. Agricul-
tural College, Mich. Bulletin 150. Sugar
Beets in Michigan in 1897.

Missouri Experiment Station, Colum-
bia, Mo. Bulletin 39. Influence of Width
of Tire on Draft of Wagons.

Missouri Experiment Station, Colum-
bia, Mo. Bulletin 40. The Sugar Beet.

New Hampshire Experiment Station,
Durham, N. H. Bulletin 47. Strawber-
ries.

North Carolina Experiment Station,
Raleigh, N. C. Bulletin 146. Miscel-
laneous Farm Bulletin. Variety Test of
Cowpeas. Germination Test of Wheat.
Variety Test of Cotton. Experiments
with Potatoes.

Wisconsin Experiment Station, Madi-
son, Wis. Bulletin 64. Sonar Beet In-
vestigations in Wisconsin ls97.

Wyoming Experiment Station, Lara-
mie, Wyo. Bulletin 34. Fruit Growing
in Wyoming.

Virginia Weather Bureau, Richmond,
Va. Report for January, 1898.

FENCING

Poultry, half cost of
Netting. Also best Karin
Yard, Cemetery Fences,
ron Posts, Gates, etc. I
cansavevou money. Freight paid. Catalogue free
K. L. SHELLABARGER, 37 F. St., Atlanta, Ga.

And what do you think of our city?"
asked the chief official of Venice of the
American politician.

" It's very fine," said the American,
"but your corporation reminds me of
some of our American corporations — just
a little too much water." — Harper's Bazar.

HATCH Chickens £J ™!Sl

EXCELSIOR Incubator

■ Senrf6o. for 111 ■ CUB0. Ji. s-

■ rtna- Catalogue. 11114 tolgg 8, 6th »U QuIncT.TIl.

Perfect, Sclf-Regutat-
9 in successful
west priced
toher ma-"
KTAHL,

ing. Tfaousa

operation. 1

flrst-claos Hatcher made.

THE MIPKOVEl>

VICTOR Incubator

i Chickens bv Steam. Absolutely
Ctilutine. "The simplest, most

GEO. EHTEL Ot

I PKCK.

This 10 ]-Egg S df-Regulatinq Halchcr
only $6. Out-door Brooders, 100-
chick, 85.00. Hammonton Incu-
bators, latest improvements, 812
up. Nursery Brooders, 86 up.

Prize Fowl and Eg^s. Testimonials and illus.

cir. ic. J. A. Chelton, Fairmont, Mil.

A SURE WINNER.

^i—>\ OUR SUCCESSFUL IICUBATOH will

B,.x 545 DES MOINES, IOWA.

THE WHOLE STORY

/f=^- — ■ ^^^ffigfr- "/'■'»■•'•' ~-tni iiwuhiiiuia and brood-

- fj^fl**'.'

valuable informati(

:hines to use^ortlie purpose

. „..d instructions for l.uilding

'3^ modern, economical poultry houses;

j^ poultry supplies undent-; ami priceson

J-g varieties of pedigree poultry;

eggs for lui telling, etc. Full of

keepa bens*

ipl of Id

RELIABLE INCUBATOR & BROODER CO., Qulncy, UL

x A Record

. to be of value must

k backed by continued
, worthy deeds. The
PpaSfSc State

and Hi-onders

\liave increased their IS

4 first premiums to 200 inlj

\ competition with tile K

. . ibest. Send for

'//Aalogue, giving full de-P

"l/lscription. Handsome \

"| colored plates.

We warrant every

machine.
, Praire StateTncftorC
Vomer Citv, Pa.

\.

US For a knif<- that will cut a horn without!
iBhing, because it cuts from four 4

THE KEYSTONE:
— DEHORNER—

i<l and durabl*

•ranted. Highest ,

[R Descriptive circnlo

(' KKOSIUS. Cochi

lville. Pa. m

STUMP PULLERS,

GRUBBING MACHINES, DERRICK

HOISTS, BUTTER WORKERS

BREAD KNEADERS.

Agents Wanted. Send stamp for catalogue.
Manufactured by the

PARKER CO., 206 Sheffield Ave., CHICAGO, III.

138

THE'SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

DON'T WASTE Grain

■ Ring by hi
with aheap ii

CAHQON

Broadcast

SEED SOWER

irhloh is the most
i rapid

htaii.lnril oft]

t it past

"CM the Best.'- If

r will ni.t

/.rile- l.i hi

< Iniilnr.Kri.-.

QOODI I l.< OMPA.W, witrl

RIFE HYDRAULIC ENGINE.

Pumps Waier by Witter

Power.

Put in place of Old Rams

Deliver more water—

RIFE ENGINE CO., 126 Liberty St., N. Y.

g9f8f9f^tttt

KEYSTONE...

■ ■ Corn Planter

MfEVSTONE...

m Potato Planter

Low Priced
Reliable

Machine

Kor

Planting

' Ksystonc Tongsiclcss
Cultivators

KEYSTONE MFG. CO.,
■iBlverSt. BTERLXNCI, IIX,

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter.

PAINT TALKS. III.

LEAD POISONING.

Mankind are prone to doubt what they
can't see. Tims the fatal disease perms
were discredited until the microscope re-
vealed them and scientists demonstrated
their virulence on animals.

Every doctor knows something about
lead poisoning, but too few physicians
think of lead paints as the probable
source of the common symptoms of rheu-
matism, neuralgia, cholera-morbus, ma-
laria, indigestion, etc. When a paint
dealer or a painter exhibits such symp-
toms lend poisoning is strongly suspected :
l>nt let it be remembered that every one
living in a lead painted house is exposed
to the same danger.

This peril is real and constant, and can
be avoided only by rejecting lead paints
entirely. The market is full of good com-
bination paints based on zinc, as the con-
sumer will find if he insists on having
them ; and it is not only safety but econ-
omy to use such paints. They are cheaper,
■•over more surface and wear bettPr tban
lead paints, and the zinc whites are whiter
to begin with, and do not darken like
lead.

Pome prepared paints are based on a
mixture of zinc and lead. Such paints
are durable in proportion to the zinc con-
tained. Generally speaking, the more
7?nf- and the less lead the better and safer
the paint.

The Commission on Unsanitary Dwell-
ings, in Paris, France (which corresponds
in purpose and authority to our City
Boards of Health), has published a re-
port proclaiming zinc white superior to
white lead on every ground, and has
unanimously adopted the following:

"The Commission, taking into consid-
eration at once the healthfulness of
dwellings, the health of the workmen,
and the interests of property owners, and
in view of the fact that for painting the
choice lies between two materials, one
entirely inoffensive, the other constituting
a virulent poison, has decided that —

" 1. The use of zinc, white to the exclu-
sion of white lead shall be specified in all
orders for painting.

"2. The Commission renews the re-
quest made by it in 1880, for the exclu-
sion of white lead from all public works."

Knowing that lead in any form is ex-
ceedingly poisonous, and knowing that
paints based on zinc are cheaper, more
durable, handsomer and absolutely in-
nocuous, is it not foolish to couit danger
by painting with white lead? Among
the many foolhardy risks taken by
thoughtless people, nothing surpasses
this. Stanton Dudley

HOW TO PICKLE BEEF.

A subscriber asks how to pickle beef
Make sufficient brine out of soft water to
cover the meat well, using sail sufficient
to make the brine strong enough to float
an egg. Add powdered saltpetre at the
rate of half an ounce to the gallon. Then
boil and skim off all impurities. When
cold pour over the meat, which place in
an earthenware pan or salting barrel, and
allow to remain in the brine for 15 days,
turning the meat every few days.

The Big 4

IThe Starved Rooster, who
couldn't fatten up, because
he followed an Aultman &
Taylor Thrasher.

2 Taylor "t he" best GRAIN THRASHER.

grain saver and clean- —

er in the world, and verily the farmers' friend.

-J saves }i more seed llLUltH H U L L t H

than any other ma- =======

chine and cleans it to perfection

4?aV«^ Farm and Traction

economical and dnr- r__:__ ,,-. ,„ ,_
able in the world. tflRiriB <&> <<&> <Sb
Largest & most com- ~"0",M
plete line of Thrashing- Machinery and Saw Mills

MANUFACTURED BY

Vhe Aultman & Taylor Machinery Co.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Send for free illustrated catalogue

THE
NEW

HUBER

TRACTION
ENGINE

Winner in ail practical tests at World's Fair.

sizes, both B.mpieand compound. Askfoi i

THE lit'BER MFG. CO., Dox x» Marion, Ohio.

the FARQUHAR

PATENT VARIABLE
FRICT10S, FEED.

Medal, and Biahrsi Atcard ut the World* Columbian Erpoetllm.

SAW MILL & EN6INE

IIESTSIiTWIIllKSlMIII. n RID. V.'ai

ShitiRle Mills, MiWilncrv, and Standard Agricnltul

i of Best Quilll i lustrated dialogue.

>^a FARQUHAR SEPARATOR

-14 LARGEST CAPACITY.

<j* Moat economical, llglitcst draueht,
*WBgr-ffl8'v °o grain.

A. B. FAHQl'BARCO. i.ld., vork,Pa.

■»*»*»**»**»^»^^»»»»^»»»- »»»«

Easy

t'h" Farmer

to do good work and

lots of it, if he has

a Hench &

Dromgold

riding or

walking

SPRING
TOOTH .

wheel HARROW

Write for onr new illustrittcil catnlop; unci fini

otil nil I I ■

planter", grain drill«,eto, Mailed free.
HENCH & DROMCOLD, York, Pa.

1893.]

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER.

139

BEST POTATOES

SEED ua

irseedi Warranted free from disease.

nwe*t. Catalog of 70 vare-tirs mail. -d
FREE. A. G. ALDK1DGE, Fisher's, Ontario
Co.. N. V.

SEEO COR^andOATST

VALLEY OF VIRGINIA CORN is one of the

finest white corn grown. Grains nearly an
Inch long, ami I tins to the ear.

St „-i for ."/.■:/;-;,'. l'i ice, 11.00 per bushel.

Giant White Abundance Seed Oats, 85c.
per bushel. Prices Include socks.

Address E. T. ROBINSON, Lexington, Va.

SEED CORN.

The ALBEMARLE PROLIFIC, yielding 186J4
bus. per acre, and the greatest fodder-grower
ft>r ensilage. Took a /?>•<> VeiV (lazetle prize,
and for two years the first prize of North Oar-
den Farmers' Club. Price. 51.2-5 per bushel, in
small quantities; will make reduction for
huge orders.

Write for prices of registered stock— Poland-
Chinas, sbropshires. Ked Polls. Shetland
Ponies, Pure-bred Turkeys..Ducks & Chickens
ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM. Charlottesville. Va.
/ sam'l b. Woods. Proprietor.

" THE WOODEN HEN."
The little illustration shown herewith
is small onlv in size, but really large in
magnitude, when we consider that the
"Wooden Hen" is no larger than a live
hen, yet has double the capacity. It
weighs only 15 pounds, has a capacity
of 28 eggs, and, while not a toy, is just

$250

will offer $?5fl.no in prizes for

i n II buy ik
collect

CriA=. Pi

IN GOLD FREE

THFMfREE

In 1S99 t

propose to intro-
_e two remarkable novel-
ties. One A NEW TOMATO and
the other A NEW BEET. VTe wane

names that are worthy the high quality of
these vegetables and therefor? will pay you.

$200 FOR A NAME.

To those who wish to test them this season and

compete for these prizes, we will send liberal

packers of the seed of each as part of our

STAR PRIZE COLLECTION

which incluJS'S Pl.-oa packet ot sccj of each of
NEW WHITE PRIZE ONiON HEW WINTER QUEEN

CELERY AND CINCINNATI MARKET RADISH.
Send We. in stamps or it.er t'T them and our

1898 Carden and Farm Manual,

JOHNSON & STOKES,

Dcnr.76 su-ilU Market it. PHILADELPHIA PA.

PEAGHTREES

at wholesale or retail. Officially declared free
fr<im sC'ile or tnjuTiou Best stock

grown. Strawberry Plants— 63 varieties; all
from new beds. Apple, Pear, Plum, and other
stock. Send tor new Catalogue to-day.

HARRISON'S NURSERIES, Berlin, Md.

FRUIT TREES AND PLANTS

NEW and OLD. Triumph. Greensboro, Wick-
Bon, Sophie, Eldorado. Miller. London, Logan,
Rnby, Ridgeway.andahostof othersat pikes
to suit the limes. Catalogue free.

MYER & SOX, Bridgeville, Del.

SIOOO. MADE! S

i2lJEVEKlD«;

,,u.

Be

okins

.il. 1.

.j'tbnrn. No odor. Saves labor and W

fuel. Fitsanystove. Aeents vynnrcil. J»

i <;ood Pav. One lady s. Id B

3383 in one town. Write (P. O.B63' •

II l-*-M BKVERID(iKMK(J.Ctl.l!alliniore.Jld. •

WftGONS

Are the best on the market. Made wll
oiling sand arrester cast skeins, steel skeins,
iron or hollow axles, high or low wheels. If
not on sale in vour section write usfoi .
prices. OWENSBORO iVAGON CO..

Owensboro, Ky.

as amusing, besides being instructive as
well.

We doubt if a more acceptable or more
valuable present could be made to the
farmer boy or girl, and we suggest that
every one of them who read the Planter,
write Mr. George H. Stahl, Quincy, III.,
and ask him for a copy of his handsome
little booklet describing the " Wooden
Hen," also his large catalogue of the
Model Excelsior Incubator. Tell him
you write at the suggestion of the Planter.

Trie Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va

"VICTORY " POULTRY FOOD. .
We invite the attention of all poultry
men to the advertisement of the Polk
Miller Drug Co., Richmond, Va., of this
well-known poultry remedy. Many are
the breeders who testify to the merits ol
this food as a preventative and cure of
various diseases to which all fowls are
subject. Try a package. Found at all
country stores.

A CORRECTION.
Through an oversight.the advertisement
of Messrs. J. B. Cary & Son. agents for the
Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co., in our
last issue, contained an old statement of
the companv's condition in lieu of the
figures for the current year. The error
has been corrected in this issue, and we
invite the attention of our readers to it.
as it shows that the company has made
rapid and substantial gains over preced-
ing years.

Mr. S. Sydney Bradford, of Fredericks-
burg. Va.. "offers to our readers a choice
lot of Pi land Chinas at remarkably low-
prices. Write him what you want, and
he will see to it that you get it. He also
haa'some improved Ohio Chester Whites.

A discolored, faded or gray beard does
not 'appear tidv, but may be made so
by Buckingham's Dye for theJWhiskers,
which colors an even brown or black.

SQLI} OXT TRIAL.

i mmm

IMPERIAL
PULVERIZER.
CLOD Crusher.
ROLLER and
M "-EVELER

;--"MTrT\T^ Plainly
■_^*^~ described In

liar.

SENT FREE.
Farmers may try it before buying.
PETERSON MFG. CO., Kent, O.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

For STOCK. Just Irfrge enough,
light and simple; it don't pull
oreomeout. 100 Ear Marks, with
tools and Register Rook, only
S3; with numbers. 93.50. fiend /or
Samples and be satisfied. Address
H. C. ST0LL, Beatrice, Nebraska.

SAW

BRENNAN &. CO.

MILLS

SIGO UPWARDS.
BEST FEED MADE.

Send for new catalogue
before you buy.
Louisville, Kentucky

m% For POULTRYMEN -%~

kCi/y The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

■N The Best in the World.

iy/ "Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Corn Mill. Farm Feed

Mills. Powder Mills.
[Send, for Circular and Ti

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

The Crown Point Grinding Mill.

With Lriz's Patent Self-Bharptn-

Ing Rurrs. that 'I I dull « hen

running empty. Grindall grain,
damp or dry, and as One as de-
Bired, wilb less power than
others, because made with roller
A boy can operate
them. Make no mistake and
buy the best. Wcml for catalogue

CROWN POINT M'F'G CO.
Crown Point. Ind.

WANTED

A second-hand PORTABLE ENGINE, 2 to
5 horse power, for farm purposes. Address—
T. LEE MILLNER, Spray, N. C.

140

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

The Champion Bacon Hog

IMPROVED YORKSHIRES. ►'igs from
Imported registered Block for sale. Price $0
each. Apply to ANDREW WILSON, Mana-
ger Horse shoe Farm, Free Union, Va.

WANTED!

I. young combination horse. Speed

about tbreei utes. Weight about 1 ononis.

.11 grey or sorrel. Perfectly
gentle and wi ii broke In all harness.

C. F. ROBINSON,
Lambert's Point, Norfolk Co.. Va.

BERKSHIRE, Chester White,
Jerse; Ketl and Poland China
■PIGS. Jersev, Guernsey and
_ Dolsteiu Cattle. Thoroughbred
F Sheep. Fancy Poultry. Hunting
— A* and House Dogs. Catalogue.
8. W. SMITH, l uchxanvlUe, Cheater Co.. Pernio.

FINE BLOODED Cnttle,
Sheep, ,Hogs, Poultry,
Sporting Dogs, send
stamps for catalogue. 150
engravings. N. P. Boyek
•t Co.. Coatesville, Pa.

Red Polled Cattle

A very valuable breed, where both
heel and milk is desired

Send for pamphlet giving facts con-
cerning this breed Prices, *100 and up-
wards. V. T. BILLS,
Importer and Breeder, Delaware, Ohio.

ELLERSLIE FARM^r
Thoroughbred Horses

AM) SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep

and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sai.k. R. J. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co , Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H- WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill. S. C.

Berkshire Hogs, Jersey Cattle,

ENCLISH BEACLE DOCS.
PLYMOUTH ROCKS

(Eggs, $1.00 for 15).

BROWN LECHORNS

(Eggs, $1.00 for 16).
r, O. SANOY, - BURKEVILLE. VA.

KNIGHT BROS.

Importers and
Dealers In Native

Jacks S Jeinsts

il b ryond
lalGr inn l.
Harding Pike.

Address W. E. KNIGHT, Nashville, Tenn.

Mention Southern Planter.

FALSE IMPRESSIONS.
Through both correspondence and di-
rect conversation with the people we have
become aware that the lowest number of
our people have anything like a proper
conception of the worth and magnitude
of thi poultrv induotry of thta BDuntiy.
It is a fact that no other single industry
of our people — with one single exception
— produces annually so great an amount
of wealth. The receipts from every

Reliable Outdoor Brooder.

branch of the industry for the year 1897
amounted in round figures to $300,000,000.

The advance and increase has been
most rapid in the recent past, and the in-
dustry is now growing at a very rapid
rate. Of course all this increase and
rapid growth would not be possible un-
der old conditions, and indeed it has not
been so. Shrewd business men and in-
ventors seeing their opportunity, and the
immensity of the field before them, have
perfected many n achines and appliances
which have' made this increase and the
profit of the poultry industry possible.
Along these lines, nobody has done more
than the Reliable Incubator and Brooder
Co., of Quincy, III , whose machine we
illustrate herewith. They make a com-
plete line of incubators and brooders, and
other poultry supplies and appliances.

Send ten cents and get their new L'L'4
page illustrated catalogue guide and poul-
try doctor. It contains information that
no man or woman in the poultry business
can afford to be without.

A RELIABLE HOUSE.

One of the leading commission mer-
chants of Richmond is I). .1. I'axton. Last,
season he was the largest receiver of
Sunt hern fruits and vegetables on this
market.

His office and store occupies the entire
four story building situated at No. 1314
east Cary street, in the heart of the fruit
and prod uce sect ion of I he city, with every
facility for handling consignments of this
class of goods.

He not only enjoys a local trade, but
iln. s a considerable shipping business also,
which serves as an outlet when the home
market becomes over loaded, thus en-
abling him to place shipments in large or
small quantities to the very best advant-
age.

We commend this house to all those
having fruits, produce, etc., to dispose of.

Write him for quotations or any infor-
mation desin il.

Seekers after gold are often disap-
pointed. Seekers alter health take Hood's
Saraaparilla and find it meets every ex-
pectation.

F

ILSTON FARM JERSEY HERD.

300 Heavy Milkers^ m+

Some very Choice Bull Calves

for Sale— oat of Choicest

Cows in our Herd.

BULLS IN SERVICE ARE:—

Exile of FUston, 8ljt of Exile of St. Lambert,
Tonnage, double grandson of Combination.

(iiiri'lki's Ultimo, double grandson of Gar-
field's Stoke Pogis.

Trusteeofst. Lambert, son ofSt. Lambert Boy.

Gold Pedro, son of Pedro.

Betsy's stoke Pogis, sou of Matilda's Sloke
Pogis.

Peter A (show bull), son of Naiad's St. I,.
King, and others.

The cows are nearly all descendants of
Matilda 4th Twenty-one and a half
lbs butter seven days, and 16, '53 lbs.
milk one year.

Prices are $25 up, depending on age
and quality

Write for what you want to

ASA ii. GARDINER, Jr.,
Treasurer and Manager, Glracoe, Mil.

JERSEYS CHEAP!

To reduce my herd, I offer 8 or 10 CHOICE
Heifers, fresh and to be fresh this winter.
PURE BRED and eligible to registry, Prices
low. Apply at once to—

A. R. VENABLE, Richmond, Va.

LISTEN TO THIS FARMERS

>fa Choice lacks Cheaper than Ever Known.
^^ Former Prices Cut in Halves.

Handsome 16-hand

Jacks, worth JI.500,
now for J750; these
weigh 1,050 to 1,200
pounds Elegant
trim Jacks r.1..

hands, extra every
ws y, would be
cheap al SI 000. dow
S500. (Splendid 15-
hand Jacks, }|(I0.
l-l;vliand Jacks,
noted for their

breeding, for $300. Jacks, 11 hands, at 8200.

All black with white points; all tested and

reliable; no cheap, shoddy stock. Horse

measure observed.

PIEDMONT STOCK FARM,

Green Bush P. o., Walker Co , Ga.

$ $ $ YOU CAN SAVE $ $ $

By using a Home Repairing: Outfit. You

eat i do your own ha I l-sollug, Boot. Shoe, Rub-
bers, Harness and Tinware Ke|ia i rinu'. Re-
pairing Out-lit No. 1, complete, :i!l articles, only
Set 00. Outfit No. 2, same as No. 1. except
Harness and Tinware Tools, only (12.00. I Ir-
der direct or write for circular—

1'. B. McCORMAC.
Box 21, New Concord, Ohio.
N. B.— Agent wanted. Liberal terms.

1893.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

141

AYRSHIRE CATTLE.

We have frequently invited the atten-
tion of farmers desiring good milch cattle,
fitted to graze on lands not sufficiently
rich to carry Short horns or others of the
large breeds, to the Ayrshire breed. We
have kept cattle of this breed, and know
them to be hardy, healthy animals, good
milkers and easy keepers. They will keep
in condition on pastures much too light
for larger CAttle, and yet will pav well for
good breeding. Whilst not strictly a beef
breed, yet we have seen good beef made
from the steers, and the cows failing to
breed can be relied on not to be a serious
loss. The following milk record of the
herd of Messrs. C M. Winslow & Son, of
Brandon, Va., for the year 1897, will give
an idea of what they are capable of
doing :

Name. Age. Milk. Butter.

Clio Rose- 13 66S7 338

Rose Electa 8 10043 463

Rose Deruth 7 8852 355

Rose Deross 7 7133 413

Rose Cleon 6 7184 331

Rose Ethel t) 5065 239

Rose Clenna 5 7074 411

Rose Allie 5 5909 274

Rose Ladye 5 8194 432

Rose Sultana 4 8301 386

Rose Veritas 4 70S2 383

Rose Laross 4 5030 232

Lerea Douglas 3 6724 272

Acelista 3 6736 323

Rose Erica 3 8401 444

■Pounds.

Average milk for the year 7,227

Average butter for the year 353

Average percent, butter-fat 4.07

Average per cent, total solids. ...12.47

GRASS SEEDING ALONE.

It is frequently desirable to sow grai-s
seeds by themselves, but it is commonly
thought an unsafe practice. It is so un-
less the right way is taken; as thus:
Plow the land as well as for any other
crop, then harrow it thoroughly with
the "Acme' Pulverizing Harrow, Clod
Crusher and Leveller, fitting the land in
the best manner for the mower, avoiding
knolls and ridges, and covering stones,
unless they are large ones, which should
be removed from the land ; then sow the
seeds, which^fall into the small furrows
left close together by this harrow as so
many small drill rows for the seeds. The
loose soil immediately settles down over
the seed, or the first shower washes it
down, and gives all the covering re-
quired. The grass grows quickly, and
will yield a crop of hay the same sea-
son.— Henry Stewart.

IF YOU WISH TO BE WELL

You must fortify your system against
the attack of disease. Your blood must
be kept pure, your stomach and digestive
organs in order, your appetite good.
Hood's Sarsapaiilla is the medicine to
build you up, purify and enrich your
blood and give you strength. It creates
an appetite and gives digestive power.

Hood's Pills are the favorite family
cathartic, easy to take, easy to operate.

ONE HUNDRED MILLIONS
OF DOLLARS A YEAR

T~~>*A_ rpHE DE LAVAL CREAM SEPARATORS

I have revolutionized the Creamery and Dairy

■ met hods of the world since t heir i nt rod net ion
fifteen years ago. They have increased the pro-
ductiveness of the Dairy industry fully One
Hundred Millions of Dollars a year in that time,
and practically earned that much a year tor their
users. They have been the 4k keystone " of modern
dairying. They are now used in every country of
the Globe, and the total number in use is 125,000,
or more than ten times that of all the one hundred
or more various kinds of imitating machines ever
made in the different parts of the earth combined.

As the De Laval machines were first, so likewise
have they been kept best, ever keeping further in
the lead through constant improvement from year
to year. They are now sufficiently superior in all
respects to nearly save their cost each year of use
over and above what is possible with any of the
imitating- and infringing machines.

The De Laval machines are made in every con-
ceivable size and style and operating form, adapted
to the requirements of the dairy of one eow to the
creamery of one thousand or more cows, at prices
ranging from $50. to $800.
They are sold, as ever, on the basis of their unqualified and guaranteed
superiority to all other existing methods and devices.

Send for "Dairy" catalogue No. 257
or "Creamery" catalogue No. 507

The De Laval Separator Co.

Western Offices :
ndolph & Canal Sts.
CHICAGO.

GENERAL OFFICES:

74 CORTLANDT STREET,

NEW YORK.

Branch Offices :

1102 Arch Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

WE HAVE NO AGENTS

Eveir thing warranted,
118 styles of Vehicles,
55 styles of Harness.
Top Buggies, $36 to §70.
Surreys, $5U to $125. Carria-
^i^ges, Phaetons, Traps, Wagon-
**" ettes. Spring-Road and Milk
No.77. Surrey Harness. Price. $16. 00 Wagons. Send for large, free No.606Surrey. Price, with curtains, lamps, snn-

As good ai sells for S'25. Catalogue of all our styles, shade, apron and fenders. $Gl). A3 good as sells for $90.

ELKHART CARRIAGE AM) HARNESS MFG. CO. W. B. PliATT, Sec'y, LLkUAlIT, LSI>.

tfil^ AJ-~-

>&m*^

w

MONARCH GRUBBER.

Simple and strong. Quickest operating
STUMP PULLER in the world. Will take
out a tree 2-1 inches in diameter in one minute
without catting roots. Can be set in five
minutes, and will pull one acre in one setting.

EVERY MACHINE WARRANTED.
Price Is right. For illustrated catalogue, ad-
dress. MONARCH GRUBBER M'F'G CO.,
Lone Tree, Iowa.

PEPPLER and CLIMAX

5ftLtttf SPRAYERS

Horse power or hand pnmp. Most practicl, simplest, most durable,

most perfect sprayers ever bnilt. Either will spr.iy 6r0W8 0f potatoes,

cotton or vegetables at one passage— 30 arres a day— throw 2

sprays in any part of a tree, or 4 or mi r Bpri J b1 once in tho

w-j be worked anywhere in any weather. Catalog, contains formuh

,y calendar, et

•yard. Can be worked anywhere in any weather. Catalog, *..«,

1 free. THUS. PEPPLEK, Bos 20, lllc>it*town, N. J

142

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

THE ERTEL VICTOR INCUBATOR.
For people who do not raise chickens,
but who would like to, either for pleasure
or profit, as well as other people who own
poultry, the catalogue of the George Ertel
Co., of Quincey, 111., is deeply interest-
ing reading. Written in a bright, crisp,
storytelling style, it makes perfectly plain
to the most hurried reader just what a
perfect incubator should be, and just how
a perfect brooder should be put together.
It tells of the opportunities for making
not only " pin money.'' but a competency
from the pursuit of ehicken raising, and
by its description of the Improved Victor
Incubator, it shows the way to engage in
the business, to a certain extent, without
interfering with one's regular occupation.
The cstalouge will be sent free to any one
who writes for it and mentions this paper.

The George Ertel Company is a long-
established house, with vast experience,
and a high reputation for honesty and
solidity, and what they have to say about
methods of raising chickens is worthy of
attention even from raisers of life-long
experience.

HE WAS EXCUSED.

The teacher of a city school received
the following note explaining the ab-
sence of one of her pupils the day before :

" Plese excooze Henny for absents yees-
terday. Him and me got a chance at a
ride to a funeral in a charrige, an I let
.him stay to home, as he had never rode
in a charrige an never went to a funeral,
nor had many other pleasures. So plese
excooze."— Harper's Round Table.

Potash

is one of the three im-
portant ingredients of
a complete fertilizer ;
the others are phos-
phoric acid and nitro-
gen. Too little Potash is sure to result in a partial crop
failure.

Fi

ee

An illustrated book which tells what Potash is, how it
should be used, and how much Potash a well-balanced
fertilizer should contain, is sent free to all applicants.
Send your address.

GER1AN KALI WORKS, 93 Nassau St., New York.

CHARTERED 1870.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

Capital Stock, $200,000

Surplus. 340,000

Undivided Profits, 46,000

JNO. P. BRANCH,

President.

FRED. R. SCOTT,

Vice-President.

JOHN F. GLENN,

Cashier.

Directors.- John P. Branch, Fred. R. Scott, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Strlngfellow, B. AV. Branch,
Fred. W. Scott, Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. a Morton. Andrew Pizzinl, Jr.

WE PA Y FREIGHT™ your station

*U"c have adopted the principle of selling direct to
the farmer, paying the freight, thereby saving him all
the middle man's profit.

ADVANCE FENCE

is sold at a price that makes it cheaper than the use of „
AXY HAXOFEXCE M U'HIXE'M \DE. It i«the"WH \

EflMAI fn Al K andthePFPERIOROFMAXY
U UMU I U MLL woven wire fences on the market.
NOTHING SKIMPED-everything THE BEST.
Remember, it's sold only direct tothe
Extra Special discount and circulars 1

...The ELLWOOD FENCES and GATES...

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

!The Best and Cheapest \

in the world for J

LAWNS, PARKS, |

S CEMETERIES. J

Made of Galvanized ?

Iron. >

Fire. Wind and Rust *

S Proof. <

> Shipped Hired from J

y Factory. \

ELLWOOD FIELD FENCE (Standard Style)

Send for circulars and price to State Agent —

C. F. HODGMAN, Norfolk, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEB.

143

ALMOST PERFORMED MIRACLES.
Sausbory, Tex., Oct. 30, 1894.
The Lawrence- Williams Co.. Cleveland,! > :
The bottle of Gombanlt's Caustic Bal-
sam I ordered some three months ago
came all right. I am liable to order
almost any time, for I am running a 2,000-
acre horse ranch here, and a -ISO-acre
hoise farm in Cass county, Iowa, where I
was when I ordered my first trial bottle.
My first bottle almost performed mira-
cles. It took a hard calloused leg down
in five orsix applications. The lump was
nearly as large as the horse's knee, and I
put him in races afterward, and he didn't
show any lameness. H. A. Burton.

"I have called, Mr. Jingle," said the
tax collector, " to ask you to pay this bill
for taxes on your house for 1896."

" Take it around to the back door and
ask the cook," said Mr. Jingle. " If you'd
lived here twenty-four hours you'd know,
sir, that she owns the house. I've abdi-
cated."— Harper's Bazar.

THE KITSELMAX UP-TO-DATE
FENCE.

The fence here shown is made of a
high grade of Galvanized Coiled Spring
Wire with the Duplex Automatic Bali-
Bearing Woven Wire Fence Machine,
which is made entirely of iron and steel,
and is simple and easily operated Messrs.
Kitselman Bros., Ridgeville, Ind , whose
advertisement appears elsewhere in this
paper, claim the Duplex Automatic Ball-
bearing Machine is the result of their
ten-years' experience in the manufacture
of woven-wire fence machines, and is Per-
fection itself. Thev also claim to be able

to sell a machine and enough wire to
make 100 rods of an " Ideal Farm Fence"
for less money than 90 rods of any good
woven-wire farm fence now on the mar-
ket can bo bought for in the roll. In the
one case you have the fence only. In the
other you not only have a much better
fence for less money, but a machine also,
with which you can do all your fencing
thereafter at the actual cost of the wire.
Send for their illustrated catalogue, which
fully describes the machine and shows
twenty four different designs of fence the
machine will make.

When you write to an advertiser,
always say you saw the advertisement
in The SorrHERV Planter.

Polk Miller's

.Victory Poultry Food.

ft has cured thousands of cases of Gapes and Cholera
in chickens It has stood the test of years and years. It
is really more a medicine than a food. There are ten dif-
ferent ingredients in it. Each chosen because of its well-
known good effects upon the health of poultry.

Victory Poultry Food not only cures poultry diseases,
but prevents them. It makes sick chickens well, and
kee^s well chickens from getting sick. Nothing compares
with it for making hens lay. It pays for itself many times
over in eggs.

Most drug and country stores sell it If you can't
get it at your dealer's, send to us direct.

25 cents a package. By mail, 35 cents.

POLK MILLER DRUG CO., Richmond, Va.

Barred, Whiter Buff Plymouth Rocks
...EGGS FOR HATCHING,

■■i $1.50 Per Setting of Fifteen Eggs.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder — North or South— but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

Iioeli Box 42. J. H. GARST. Salem, Va.

144

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

SEED CORN.

Messrs. T. W. Wood & Sons, of Rich-
mond, Va., are offering four varieties of
orn, (if which they have the high-
>-st opinion. They are :

lyke. A large-yielding early
white variety, specially adapted for up-
l.md soils.

Holfi Strawberry. One of the largest-
growing and largest-eared sorts in culti-
vation.

Cocke's Prolific. An enormous-yielding
white corn, specially adapted for low
.'rounds.

Improved Golden Dent. The best of yel-
low corns ; quick-growing and large-yield-
ing.

Messrs. Woods' seed corns are carefully
grown and bred up by the most experi-
enced corn growers in the South, and can
be relied on to the fullest extent. North-
ern and Western seed corns do not give
satisfactory results planted in the South,
and it is, therefore, true policy to plant
only those varieties which have been
raised in this section. Carv's Klondyke
was grown by Major Miles Gary, of Char-
lotte county, Va., and he says that it is
the finest variety of corn he ever handled
in a long experience as a commission mer-
chant. Holt's Strawberry is the corn that
took the first premium at the Raleigh
Fair, North Carolina, in 1895. It last year
produced on a 200-acre field one-third
more than any other corn ever grown
i lure in an experience of 30 years.

The wonderful yield of 1 60 bushels per
acre made by Mr. H. E. Wood, of Flu-
vanna county, Va., reported in c ur Jan-
uary issue, shows what Cocke's Prolific
can do on land suited to it. Improved
< iolden Dent is undoubtedly the best and
most prolific of the yellow varieties.

WHERE SLEEP THE GUARDS?
The Czar has got Port Arthur,

The Kaiser holds Foo Ching,
The French have gobbled up Hai-Nan,

The Queen holds Ting-a-Ling.

The Cossack's on the Yangtse,
The Teuton's at Wing-Hi,

ul's eloped with Pitti-Sing
The Briton holds Choo-Fli.

Wilhelm becomes King Bill-Hee,
The uueen's the Empress Yum,

The ( 'zar's the Chung of Dit-To ;
But what do we become ?

Where is great Wilhelm Chandler?

And where is Morgan true?
Where sleeps our gallant Cabot Lodge,

And all his fighting ciew''

Why are they not at Teeville?

Why not at Hinki-l'ank?
Why si,, rm they nol the heights of Ping
< »i: Wun-Lung's flowered bank ?

Why are they nol at Oolong?

Ai llulil-l.ee Gee? at l.i ?
Is dear old Glory's finger no!
In this Mongolian pie?

A las 1 It looks BO, truly.

And can the reason be
We've cane and whiskey generals,

With none to care for' Tea?

Harper't Weekly.

ESSEX

_ FOR SALE CHEAP.

Address, LAWFORD BROS. LAWFORD, VA.

PIGS

BACON HALL FARM.

HEREFORD CATTLE, BERKSHIRE SWINE,

DORSET SHEEP— Imported and Home-bred.

E. 1»I. (iUJ.Kl. Verona, Baltimore Co., lid.

— Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

DURHAM, N. C.

Everything guaranteed
the best.

♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ »--»-»

FINE POULTRY OF ALL VARIETY I

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKEtS. T

PEKI1N DUCKS. i

BLACK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS. T

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 1
Jersey Bull Calves of the finest pedigrees.

THORN HILL STOCK FARM, Lexington, va

FS^^^^^^^^^^'^^'^''*^^^"'^^^^~'^^rxA^^^^^VN^^N^/' F. D. COE, Pbopwetoh.

SPECIALTIES Illi

Registered Poland-China Hogs, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black U. S. blood at hard-time prices.
Orders hooked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from rav flock of shropshires, at prices in
..fall. Ei ;i!S from Mammoth Pekiu Ducks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at 51 per setting.

Satisfaction guaranteed every purchase!-.

Let's Talk it Over

Uive me a chance to prove to you that I have
the greatest prize-winning blood in thecountry

Jersey Cattle, Shropshire Sheep, Poland-
China. Berkshire anil Chester Hogs
and Pigs (hogs on separate farms).

FCC Ql Frnm ,l,f* ues< strains B. P. Rocks,
CVjVjO. silver Wyandottes (home manage-
ment) Rose and Blngle-Oombed B. Leghorns

(on separate farms). Also White Holland
Turkeys, White (luineas, Pekin Ducks, Tou-
louse Geese and Pea Fowls. F.^gs furnished
In large or small numbers'; guaranteed to be
fresh and fertile. Write forclrculars & prices.

Highlands Stock and Poultry farm,

E. B.WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. FANCY HILL, Va.

When you write to an advertiser, always say you saw the adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

145

THE SOUTHERN PUNTER'S

READ-

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals

DAILIES. >"'« "™

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 86 00 86 25

The Times, " " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

The World, New York 3 50 4 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 1 00 1 50

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 I 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00

Round Table 1 00

Bazaar 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00

The Washington Post 50

Breeders' Gazette 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00

Country Gentleman 2 00

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00
Southern Churchman, " " ... 2 00

Central Presbyterian, " " ... '2. 00

Christian Advocate, " •' ... 2 00

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 1 50

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00

Horseman 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00

3 00

2 50

4 00
300

3 00
1 00

, 1 00

. 1 25

1 00

. 1 00

St. Nicholas "

Lippincott's "

Harpers' "

Forum "

Scribner's "

Cosmopolitan •'

Munsey's "

Strand "

McClure's "

Peterson's "

Review of Reviews 2 50

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from " our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage ol
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

\WWg% ij-.,fl Small herd of Guernseys to close out. Send for
rg, MM 1/ niClV\J particulars. Also all other classes of livestock.
% Any one wishing farms will find we have a number to offer in all parts of
S the country. If you do not see what you want ask for it.
| AMERICAN LIVE-STOCK CO.. 24 State St., NEW YORK CITY.

VK5S3! .OMOTKWKy EX .W. S£ «BHSHWM"S2R OT5SS!JKSyN»> XBttX&R&JN& VKWCiTOffiWSH (©K

^NOini OFFERS FOR SHLE^

Pure-bred Holstein Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire
Eanihs— delivered by July 1st. Bucks for $7.00; Ewes, $5.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, $12 00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, $5 00;
three months old, $7.00, and five months old, $10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken— $7 00 per pair ; $10 00 per trio.

Wealth in Apples

The increasing demand for good, sound apples, at such handsome
figures as the growers are now receiving, should stimulate every farmer
to place his orchard products at the head of the list, so that he shall
receive only top prices for his fruit.

Hard-wood Unleached Ashes

Supply the trees and fruit with proper stimulus and nourishment,
bring the fruit to maturity and perfection, free from insect ravages
the blight resulting from impoverished, worn-out soils

These Ashes will be delivered freight free to any station, in car
lots, and are cheaper than any other fertilizer on the market.

Send for circulars and prices to —

JAMES A. BETHUNE, Southern Agent,

818 D Street, N. E., WASHINGTON, D.

and [I
and 1

load

C.

146

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

THE BIBLE IN THE HOME.

1. In thisday of projected retrenchment
reaching DOSBibly li> State educational en-
dowments, the University Douiestique

- :i hearing

2. Nothing bat the criticism of the Fn-

■itannic ', on the part of Gen.
Stephen Iv Lee saved your correspondent
from embarking in that Bcheme, capable,
doubtless, of furnishing as many families
as could raise some forty dollars for the
purpose, with the bn*is in volumes of a

3. From of old, the claims of church
and state, in this matter of education,
have antagonized one another. Strip the
public school of its Scripture exercises,
and the Sunday-school becomes essential,
if we would not have a godless genera-
tion.

4. The Sunday-school, however, with
out tin- co-operation of the home, is a
tame affair; but with the home, under the

n of the Daily Bible Headings,
found on the inexpensive leaflet, becomes
endowed with power to make the Lord's
Day a blessing, and to gild everv other
day with the light of life.

5. " When thou sittest in thy house,
when thou walkest by the way, when
thou best down and when thou risest
up." these all indicate with unerring pre-
cision the informal method of the fire-
side, and old as Deuteronomy as they are,
fall in with the column of daily readings
genuine to the subject of the weekly les-
sons, and fortify it with the testimony of
i he worthies in all agea.

I f then in the Oracles we have the
basis of a liberal edniation, what have we
of lb" South to do with encyclopaedias?
Concordances', we may need to multiply

nd reference Bibles, but the Bible
without referencesin the hands of the son
or the father, with that wi ek's issue of the
Richmond Scripture Lesson Leaf, is well
equipped for the week.

li. But do we mean to discourage at-
tendance upon the public school and the
University shorn of its endowment 1 We
reply, we know of no school, public or
private, we would have superseded. We
have use for all knowledge which admits
of application to the elevation of the
home, but the home takes precedence of
the schools and the courts and the com-
A true political economy will de-
fer to tine domestic economy, and the
same authority which bade " Gather up
-i hat nothing be lost," would
in our day plead for making the niostof

i have.
7. Is this the same authority which
bids US take no undue thought about
what we are to eat or to wear? Our an
Yes; this is found in the text of

■li for February 6th. i iod claims
an undivided service, and will not divide
lime or thought with mammon. Inno-
e.-nl a* this thought or care mav seem to
be. God know 3 that in tin- system of a
true liberal education, room must lie made

Study of the works of his hands,
and Unworthy cares preclude the enjoy'

f the landscape and the skies,

Much I e is the fraud practiced on the

family found to he enormous, when in the
end the power of thought bestowed for

highei work, bas been so absorbed with

: a living that the discovery is

Lynnwood Stock Farm.

-HEADQUARTERS FOR

Saddle and Driving Purebred and grade
I Percherons- Stud headed by two Imported Stal-
| lions^ with size and quality combined. Both im-
[ ported and home-bred mares.

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Headed by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbus ; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition :

Black Knight. Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, and the greatest of all boars, King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardle ss of cost — and are from such blood as :

Kingscote Belle 2d, Artful Belle 38th, Lily Clay,
I, Pansy, Infanta, and other prize winners.

I will offer for the next iiiirty days a Choice Lot of Yodng Sows and
Gilts, registered and bred for spring litters, and two Fine Boars old enough
for service Have sold out of boar P gs; have a few Sow Figs still.

Horses

Berkshires

N. & W. R. R

JXO. F. LEWIS, Lynnwood, Ta.

PURE

English

Berkshire

Pigs

FOR
SALE.

Sired by " Biltmore's Longfellow " -ttGTo, grandson of the famous " Longfellow " 16385. Dams
of the purest and nest English blood, descendants of such imported stock as "Proctor's Bel-
mont." "Luxurious," "Enterprise," "Lord Lome." dee. The blood of these pigs cannot be
excelled— rarely equalled. Three months old about February 15. Write and have your order
booked. Highest references given. PRICE, S5.00, S10.00 and Sl.5.00.

Address J. SCOTT MOORE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

fATTI P Jerseys <!- Gncrn
^*» ■ ' I— «!-*• geys— all ages. Sevei
head of two vear Devon heifers in calf.

Berkshires of the highes'
pig. young

nUU5. tpye sows in
boars and young sows

FOVVI ^ Light Brahma. Plymouth Roek and Brown
1 \J VV L«0. Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Bneks.

r\p»/"JC English Mast ill'. Shepherd and Fox Terriers. A fine
*--'"vJ«J. 1 it of puppies from the latter ready soon.

l©~Write for what yon want. <Sl

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

147

never made of the soul's interest in the
reconciliation made of God for iniquity,
and in the everlasting righteousness of
Him brought in, in the person of His Son.
\V. A. Crawford.
Frederick County, Va.

"STOCK CATTLE SHORT."

If farmers were just what they are not,

wbylthen
What a circus there'd be 'round the

stock-cattle pen.
There's hardly a 'bunch" that for love

can be bought
And the power of the dollar is long set at

naught. •

Then the rush of the spring will dwarf to

the fall,
For this is the year for the tallest of corn.
But the farmer he " reckons," he beckons,

he loafs,
Or has set his whole heart on the trade

of his " moke ; :'
So the ring of the hammer awakes not his

ear,
Whilst the pasture awaits the crop of the

deer
In the park of the sportsman or realm of

the wolf.
Yes, stock cattle's short down the breadth

to the Gulf.

Wm. Mann.
Cobham, Va.

CARE OF LAMPS.

Good lights are a constant source of en-
joyment in any home, and a knowledge
of cleaning lamps is necessary in order to
have them.

After getting some good lamps with
clean wicks and burners (which should be
kept so), the next requisite is good oil,
which had best be bought in large quan-
tities. Keep a small tin can with spout to
fill the lamps, and see to it that they are
filled each morning.

Be careful not to use unclean oil, as any
particle of dust or dirt readily adheres to
the wick and drips down, a dirty accumu-
lation in the bowl of the lamp.

Wipe off oil after filling, and with soft
cloth and a little soap clean each lamp,
using an old silk handkerchief or other
soft material for drying, so that no lint
may be seen.

Lanterns, if cared for in the manner
described, will last double as long. Broken
globes usually mean lack of oil or inat-
tention to wicks, which should be trim-
med and cut each morning.

Avoid drafts, as too sudden cold means
a broken chimney.

If farmers' wives who have help, would
make this daily lamp-cleaning a part of
their own morning's work, they would, in
the long run, save many dollars, while
rejoicing in the possession of lamps that
would not have lasted long in the care of
hired help.

Emma S. Payne.

Albemarle County, Va.

SOME DAY.

The Fair One — " I suppose you will
marry, though, when the golden oppor-
tunity offers, won't you ? "

The Cautious One — " It will depend
upon how much gold there is in the op-
portunity.— Harper's Bazar.

=H£5HSHS^

B1LTMORE FARMS;!:!

g BILTflORE JERSEYS. ffi

|u Two hundred and fifty A. J. C. C. and Imported JERSEYS, 'of rich'breed Cl

tj ing and fine individuality. ™

^\ Bulls in Service: fu
| GOLDEN BLAZE, Imported. GOLDEN LOVE, Imported.

$ TORMENTOR'S HARRY, by Oonan's Tormentor and out of Kilty Betta— fij

In 15 lbs., 14 oz. 75% blood of Oonan of Riverside — 34 lbs., 3 oz. ru

ft LAIRD OF ST. LAMBERT, by exile of St. Lambert (sire of 59 tested ft

[n daughters), and out of Lilly Niobe — 21 lbs., 6} oz. A pure St. Lambert bull, n)

u] TREVARTH, by Warren's Prince and out of Xarama— 17 lbs., 7} oz — a pJ
[}j daughter of Tormentor V. A Lowndes-Tormentor bull.

In EDGEWARE, Dy Flavius and out of Edna of Verna— 2021bs., 2j oz. An n]

tJ inbred Signal bull. [n

a — All Tuberculin Tested.

BILTMORE BERKSHIRES.

n A large herd of choicely-bred sows; headed by Imported Commander S

jj (First Prize Manchester Royal), and Lord Mayor by the unbeaten King "]

v Longfellow, and out of Stumpy Maid VIII. [n

}j Apply to G F. WESTON, Supt. Biltmore Farms,

BILTMORE. N. O. n.

esh asssasas asasHsns asasasas pj^ssss3s asasases stis&s&se saa

GHSTON STOCK FHRM,

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JNO. U. DETRICK, Somerset, Va.

ESTABLISHED 1865.

Leading Brands.

Star Brand,

Ancnor Brand,

Bonanza,

Little Giant,
Acid Phosphate. for Tennessee.

TOBACCO, CORX, COTTOX, VEGETABLES, Etc.
RICHMOND, VA.

ALLISON & ADDISON'S

STANDARD HIGH GRADE

FERTILIZERS

USED FOR
NEARLY 30
YEARS IN

Virginia,
West Virginia,
North Carolina,
South Carolina,

w» 1|$ V*\Arr\wl4-t> The coming Strawberry; host

IIOII w season at the Somerset Fruit and Plant Farm.
HEADQUARTERS tor Pure Holimans; large stock; 50 other kinds; j
no finer, no truer stock grown. Raspberries, Blackberries, Asparagus, '
Roots, &e. Pedigree Second-crop Seed Potatoes; the best seed grown.
Send for free catalogue. j. w. HALL, Marion Station, Md.

14S

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

WHERE LITTLE THINGS COT. NT.

Bookkeeping has been reduced to such
an exact science in the big metropolitan
banks that the clerks an- expected to
strike a correct balance ;>t the close of
each day's work, no matter if the transac-
tions rim into the millions of dollars.
When the books f;iil to balance, the whole
force of the hank is put to work to (lis- '
cover the error, and no clerk starts for
until it is discovered, whether it
amount? to two rem- enerally

a quarter of an hour will bring the mis
take to light, hut sometimes the hunt is
kept up until late into the night.

Such a search was being conducted ina
New York hank located in the vicinity of

Wall street. Forty-five cents were miss-
ing. At six o'clock not a trace of the er-
rant sum bad been discovered. Dinner

was sent in for the whole force from an
adjoining restaurant, and after half an
hour's rest the search was again taken up.
Midnight came, but still no clew, so sand-
wiches and coffee were served.

"Hello!" said a clerk. "The Blank
National people are working tonight too.
lines- they're in the same box."

Sure enough, the windows of the bank
across the street were brilliantly lighted.
The incident was soon forgotten when the
wearying huntafterthat elusive forty five
cents was resumed. Shortly after 1 o'clock |
in the morning, as they were about to
give up for the night, a loud rapping was
beard at the front" door of the bank.

•Hello: Hello! What's the matter ?" •
called the cashier through the key-hole.

" Matter, you chumps. Why, we've got
your blamed old forty five cents! Come
along home to

Outside stood the crowd of clerks from
the neighboring bank. It appeared that,
in making a cash transaction, one of the
hanks had paid the other forty-five cents
too much. As a result half a hundred
men had worked for nine hours, and the
search was only ended then because a
bright clerk, noticing the light in the
bank opposite, shrewdly guessed the
cause, hunted up the cash slip, and dis-
covered the error. — Harp,,'.-: Sound Table.

FELT ACQUAINTED.

A Boston lady of the most reserved and
exclusive type, was waiting for her change
at the glove-counter in one of the large
store-, when she was approached by a
very large, gaudily dressed, and loud-
looking woman, who held out a pudgy
hand in a bright green kid glove, and
said :

"Why, how do you tin, Mrs. Blank?"

Mrs. Blank ignored the proffered hand,
and drawing herself up stiffly, said, frig-
idly :

" 1 do not think that I know yon,
madam."

" No, I s'pose not," replied the woman,
in no wise embarrassed.hy the coldness of
her reception, " but I've knowed you by

sight for a long time, and now l'\
hired girl who worked at your house once
a year or two ago, and she's told mo so
much about you that I feel real well ac-
quainted with you. Pleasant day. ain't
it? Well, if she ain't polite to
without so much as a word I Shows her
raisin', anyhow." — Harper's Basar.

Ideal
Cutaway

\Ji^

IT IS AN

ALL-AROUND

TOOL

We Want
Agents
in Every
County;
Special
Inducements,
Offered.

m m

The above cut represents our " IDEAL " Cutaway, which is practically a
Revolving Plow, thoroughly plowing, harrowing and pulverizing the ground to the
depth of 5 to 7 inches and 24 inches wide. Two light horses handle with ease. It
is reversible, throwing the earth either in or out. No center ridges. For orchards
and vineyards it has no equal.

Send for special descriptive circulars of our new lines of Cutaways.

THE CUTAWAY HARROW CO., Higganum, Conn.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIS

I THE LIFE IS1A1 COMPANY OF Villi I

OFFICE, Cor. 9th and Main Streets, RICHMOND, VA.

G. A. WALKER. President. JAMES W PEGRAM. Secretary.

LIFE, ENDOWMENT, INVESTMENT and INDUSTRIAL
POLICIES ISSUED ON MOST FAVORABLE TERMS.

| /iriIIS is tlie only regular life Insurance Company =
= V^ chartered by the Legislature of the State, and has =
= won the hearty approval and active support of the people =
§ by its promptness and lair dealing during the last twenty- |
= live years of its operation.

For further information, apply to the Home Office. =

SllllliMinillllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMiniMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIMIIIIIIMMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIMIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 1111117

• • • INCORPORATED 1832 • • •

Virginia fire and Marine Insurance Company.

HOME OFFICE : No. 1015 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

Assets. - $725,000.

WM. H. PALMER, Pres.

W. H. MCCARTHY, Sec'y.

DIRECTORS.

E. B. Addison, E. J. Willis,

W. J. Leake, D. O. Davis,

Thomas Potts, Wm. H. Palmer.

iS'JS.J

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

149

G HARROW -a*"*™

For all soils, all work.
Crushes, cuts, lifts, pulverizes, turns, levels
the soil in one operation.
Cast steel and wrought iron — practically indestructible.
Cheapest riding harrow on earth. $8.0O and up.

N-l'h^iV>JOIMM To be' rctiii-ncd at my expense if not satisfactory.

ft-i^LlK'KMl.dr^T* N.R— I deliver freeon board at distributing points.
miAUCu uacu c„u hi«. \Mllilngton, New Jersey,
DUANE H. NASH, Sole M f r., iand 30 So. Canal St., Chicago.

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL
WORDS.

Just now, the following words from
Washington's farewell address, made pub
lie one hundred and one years ago, will
be appropriate :

" Be united. Be Americans. The name
which belongs to you, in your national
capacity, must exalt the just pride of pat-
riotism more than any appellation derived
from local discriminations. Let there be
no sectionalism, no North, South, East or
West; you are all dependent one on an-
other, and should be one in union. Be-
ware of attacks, open or covert, on the
Constitution. Beware of the baneful ef-
fects of party spirit and of the ruin to
which its extremes must lead. Do not
encourage party spirit, but use every ef-
fort to mitigate and assuage it. Keep the
departments of government separate, pro-
mote education, cherish the public credit,
avoid debt. Observe justice and good
faith toward all nations ; have neither
passionate hatreds nor passionate attach-
ments to any ; and be independent polit-
ically of all. In one word, be a nation,
be Americans, and be true to yourselves."

George Washington was born February
22, 1732 ; died December 14, 1799.

MONEY TO BURN IN KANSAS.
In the State of Nebraska and in the
other States cd" the Middle West the loan
business, as it was formerly conducted, is
over. Hundreds of thousands of dollars
of Eastern money have been sent back
since last fall because there was no mar-
ket for it Only recently a bank official
in central jSTew York received letters of
inquiry from Kansas asking as to the
value of certain investments. Some per-
sons in Kansas had money to lend in the
East. It is a fact beyond dispute that
Western mortgages are being paid off far
in advance of maturity. One agent of a
loan company told me that from the West
alone returns on unmatured loans were
coming in at his office at the rate of $50,-
000 a week faster than he could put out
the money again. He said he was simply
sending back all the Eastern money that
was coming to him. He could not find a
market even for his Western money. —
Harper's Weekly.

" Have you ever traveled in the South ? "
asked the New Orleans man'of the chap
from Bangor, Maine.

" Oh, yes, indeed," said the Maine man.
" I have been to Boston and New York."
— Harper's Bazar.

When you write to an advertiser,
always say you saw the advertisement
in the Southern Planter.

Seed House of the South.

WHITE

CLOVER,

BUCKWHEAT.
OATS and
CANE SEED.

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS oi

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in wliicli

are RAGLMD'S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

=-— We ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired

i IOI6 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

r|pi infr™iIflli',.'Tfwnip' mniwiim fflll""Tirf iilfl»™iip»»llfl"ll|n|||l»- "rWi»»«rii»'lIBll"l'iip" «ipi nir ro™np> "ip»"1IWiiifi ipirv
WE BELL DIRECT TO FARMERS !

AGENT'S COMMISSION SAVED. NO MIDDLEMAN'S EXPENSES.

Phos. Acid,
percent,

22 to i")

B to 10

i to to

11 to 12
9 to 10
13 to 15
For Samples and Book, write THE SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZING CO., Box 1017, Pittsburg, Pa. ^
Office and Factory, Herr's Island, Allegheny, Pa. m

Ulilll, mlilluiiiUiltUiuUlBliuuftUUu ulW»»ul»lMilllfcNi*' uMLulMll«ailllJliirdll> .iililuiiiilitllniilllllbEillllllll i*li,.ul«Ui.ulllii!i;iillfc .dlMlUlUlllIlLIlIliUl ulliwlJ

Pure Raw Bone Meal.

Scientific Corn & Grain Fertilizer,
•' Economy Fertilizer,
" Tobacco Fertilizer,
" Potato Fertilizer, .

Bone and Meat,

ANALYSIS
\mmonia, Actual Pota

ah,

percent. percent.

2 to 3 2 to 3

16

2'.; to a;- 4tof>

20

3 to 4 4 to 5

21

3li to 4!^ 6 to 7

23

4 to 5

18 "

150

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

A SPLENDID FENCE

That will stand any strain and keep its
shape through all kinds of weather, that
animals cannot break down is the popular
Kokomo Fence. The Kokomo Feme Co.,
Kokorao, Ind , who are the manufactu-
rers of this machine, have reason to be
proud of their record for the year 1S!>7.
Their Steel Kin:: Machine took first pre-
mium at everv State Fair at which it was
exhibited where premiums were offered
and hundreds of county fairs and their
business has increased over 300 per cent.
They sold 24,786 feet of ornamental fence
in the hist two monthsand 320 gates, 1,100
tons of galvanized wire and 456 tons of
coiled spring wire in ten months. The

AT ONE DOLLAR

uUrWbsfa .l.. ivir,-.
Knt.n»o«s£ti*k.

UKii-'-l .

forSj<*r*. TtiecasB!! L-

ifiortnly^prtie4. SOLID HE

If- jtwt .»Tit:c*i»<tt»e»'i*

t rajMisntcb

iTksvU.with

■

[a HOT OiiLD

1. I I! BI 1 » * <>.,

eats ttMm.,

NTRODICE

r snell 'SB models earl;, n
11. for Ihe next 90 days ship _
pie teheel, C. O I>. to any ad
nnon receipt of $1.00.
offer splendid r/i

of rn«V.'the mil i i ■

heel, or Ontrlghl Gi/( of

heels, according tonatuie

of work do

. for

- 1 1 : 1 1:1 IN
COSS1I k
■IOIDIEE

INTRODUCTION PRICES.
,,.i.. ,.«..>.)„»,..:,-. ^"t.».| 2!>.

SiliL'^rt: iST*T.lT!"w> $ sii'

fronted.

makes and styles $12 to $ HI
tVhc-L, elightly naed. modern types. _ $8to$l&

MEAU CYCLE CO., 198 Ave. L, Chicago, 111.

Stationery

FOR THE MERCHANT

is printed In good style,
put up in conTenient
form, at right prices,
bj
WBITTET * SHEPPERSON,
Printers, Richmond, Vi

price of the fence making machine and
complete outfit is very reasonable. The
following Iron Clad Guarantee accompa-
nies all orders :

We guarantee our Machine to be as
represented : that all the frame of ma-
chine, stretcher and reel is the best Bes-
semer Steel, made in good workman-like
manner, and to give satisfaction or money
refunded ; and that there will be no royal-
ties to pay on the machine or fence it
builds. Kokomo Feme Machine Co.

For circulars and complete information
address Kokomo Fence Machine Co., Ko-
komo, Ind.

" Well, people are queer."

It was Mr. Dodge Fenders, of Xo. 2010
Perambulator Avenue, Flatbush, Borough
of Brooklyn, Greater New York, New
York, U. S. A., who was speaking.

" As is well known, the Borough of
Brooklvn, which contributes about 1,000,-
000 of Greater New York's 3.500,000 in-
habitants, is crisscrossed with trolley
lines. The first thing I get into in the
morning is a trolley car, and I ride forty
minutes with a fat man standing on one
of my feet and a slim man stepping on the
other at two-minute intervals. The last
thing I get out of at night is also a trolley
car, and I have had therein another forty
minutes of trolley torture.

" When I was at mv old home in Bing-
town last summer, father said he was
going to give me a grand treat. I asked
him what the treat was.

" ' Never mind ; it's something great.
Dodge,' he cried, enthusiastically. 'Come
on, my boy, come on ; it'll be great ! '

" ' But what is it, paw ? ' I insisted.

" ' It's great, my boy ; out of sight,' he
cried, grasping me by the arm. 'Come
on, an' I'll give ye a jiminy crackin' long
ride, 'way up to Beeswinger's Corners, on
the new trolley car line ! ' " — Harper's
Bazar.

Chollie — " Maud has to wear glasses ;
the occulist said she had been using her
eyes too much."
" Charlie—" I should say so ! You ought
to have seen her at the dance the other
night : she was just surrounded by men
all the time."— Harper's Bazar.

Dorothy had heard some one singing
that classical production the " Little Ala-
bama Coon," on the street. Presently she
came to her mother and asked :

" Mamma, what does ' 6wat ' mean ? "
" What do you think that it means?"
"Well, I don't know, mamma, but I
s'pose that 'swat' is colored for spank." —
Harper's Bazar.

LIGHTNING WELL iMACHY f

PUMPS, AIR LIFTS, n

iASOUNE ENGINESJT
AIR COMPRESSORS J
HE AMERICAN WELL W0RKS/(§T
0RORA.ILL -CHICAGO.- DALLAS.TEX

SOJA BEANS

FOR SALE. For further particulars ap-
p!v to Stoneuckst Fkiit and Stock
Park, Union Mills, Va.

WANTED TO EXCHANCE

Valuable Citv Property in the city of Battle
Creek. Michigan, for a Small Pairy Farm In
Piedmont or Vallev section of Virginia. Ad-
dress C, H.CONKI.IS. 91* Huntingdon Ave.,
Baltimore. Md.

SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

Parties desiring to locate or purchase prop-
ertv in beautiful and healthv section, should
write or call on GEO. W. RICHARDSON,

Marion, Va.

FOR SALE £erSac2r5e

Thirtv-three acres, two and a half miles from
Knoiville. Tenn.: 2,000 feet railroad frontage.
Best place in the South for raising and canning
tomatoes, (iood climate: best market.
M \STERS0X PEYTON", Knoxville, Tenn.

Ya.Farmsfor$3

An acre and upward, in yearly payments.
Interest 6 per cent Some to exchange.
Northern Settlement. List free.

GEO. E. CRAWFORD & CO., Richmond. Va.

.200 Acres...

In King William Co., on Pamnnkey River.

In good condition. Good seven-room dwell-
ing, barn, stable, etc.. in fair condition. Rich
marl beds. Excellent locality for duck ranch.
For price and further description, address
W. A. W.| care Southern Planter.

INFORMATION WORTH $100.

You have been losing your chickens and
young turkeys for years and years with gapes,
cholera ami other diseases. You can in the
future, ir you care to do so, raise every bird
you hatch out. This is no fake scheme, but
sound, sensible and practical information.
See to this at once; it will save you many
disappointments and make you big money.
Send . 50c. to JAMES DRABBLE, 1619 Harford
Ave. Baltimore, Md.

3 Bushels of Rats in 7 Nights.

How I caught three bushels of rats In seven
nights. You can make the trap in ten minu-
tes, send $1.00 for drawing and explanation,
and get rid of rats without further trouble.
Address K D. Wl.-sLER. LyndburM. Va.

When you write to an advertiser,
always say you saw the advertisement
in The Socthkrk Planter.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

151

: asBiSi&ssa sssas&Kssas hss2h$£Sjhs a*g5Bs&ias * aaisraiftssya Ksacis&sssimKsacsSffiSfeH KS&sssasttKsiassissgssassa

For Highest Market Prices and Prompt Returns, Ship Your Fruit and Produce to.

/?*•&* ^66

/Sftf £<**% (%ty <&)*&>£

</^V

*fP*\*^'

M REFERS BY PERMISSION TO THE FOLLOWING LARGE SHIPPERS:— W. A. Clark, Oeala, Fla. ; J. K. Christian, Mcintosh, K

Fla. ; John W. Porter, Charlottesville, Va. ; J. B. Watkins & Bro., Hallsboro, Va. ; H. H. Singletary, Lake City, S. C.

LBST'Write for Quotations and information Desired. 8@*All Comrannications Promptly Answered. S

® S35S^S5ksk xoasMs^aa xan&sux&sgp. kmsssskmeh khssssk-^sk? * ^ctssh&skssb «®ws«ssa§s sffiassasasss? ssisssas^sp xgssg)

The Spangler

CORN PLANTER,

With or Without Fertilizer Attachment.

Will plant a greater variety of seeds in
more ways than any other.

Three rings drop one or more grains eight
different distances; instantly adjusted.

Plants corn in hills or sows for ensilage ;
also Beans, Peas, Broom Corn and Sorghum
Seed.

The Fertilizer can be sown directly to the
corn, or in front of the boot and mixed with
the soil.

Finished with two wheels behind, as
shown in cut, or with broad concave wheel

^ALL-STEEL LEVER SPIKE SPRING HARROW^'

The only Harrow having spring action on spike teeth. Tubular Steel Bars and
Steel Main frame secure strongest construction possible. Solid Pivot Hook Coupling,
dispensing with troublesome bolts. Only twelve bolts in the whole Harrow. Changed
instantly from a straight-toothed to a smoothing harrow.

For Cultivating Wheat in the Early
Spring with the Harrow an early yield is in-
sured, and the plant greatly benefited by loos-
ening the soil.

The Only DISC HARROW . . .

having no weight on the horses' necks
while walking.

Each gang independent of the

Yielding spring action on centre of each gang. Every part under control of the driver,
other, and conforms to any unevenness of surface. PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.

THE COLUMBIAN WAGON has solid steel axles, steel whiffletrees and angle steel hounds, wkich are
guaranteed against breakage and will be replaced free of cost :f broken, no matter how heavy the load or under what
circumstances.

Planet, Jr., Cultivators and Horse Hoes, Iron Age Cultiaators. Plows and Castings of all kinds, Churns,

Feed Cutters, Corn Shelters. Saw Mills, Corn Mills, Engines, Threshers, Implements,

Machinery, Vehicles and Harness j®*Write for Catalogues and Prices.

Office and Warerooms :

1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

WATT PLOW GO.

1 52

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

ENGINES, SAW MILLS,

THRESHING MACHINES, FEED MILLS,

HORSE-POWERS, WAGONS, BUGGIES,

SURREYS, JUMPERS, HARNESS,

AND ALL KINDS OF

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

AT

THE IMPLEMENT COMPANY'S,

catalogues on application. 1526 £. Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

There are all Sorts of CORN PLANTERS.

THE

The Warrior Cultivator.

Now made with Levers to Control Discs.
We have also the DISC Cultivators on Wheels.

Can't you see that this is a far preferable tool
for cultivating than the old " tooth " Cultivators
you have been using? Does not drag the roots out
of the ground, nor drag the trash before it. Cuts
in everything, and turns the earth gently and
nice.

ASHTON STARKE,

RICHMOND, VA.

STAR

WITH OR WITHOUT

FERTILIZER ATTACHMENT.

What will it do?

Answer: Drop at any dis-
tance apart any number of
grains. Will drill corn, peas,
beans, &c Throws out of gear
when tuiningtheendsof rows,
therefore wastes and scatters
nothing. Plants large grains as
well as small grains. Sows the
fertilizer just as desired. You
see the grains as they drop.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

153

Bissell stbeeeal„

Plow.

TORNADO" Disc Harrow.

THE BEST ON THE MARKET.

Turns 12 to 16 inch furrows.

Right-Hand— Two or Three-Horse.
Chilled Mouldboard.
Patent Reversible Nose and 'Ving.
Coulters Straight or Rolling.

All parts interchangeable.

Revolution Oisc Cultivator.

IRON AND STEEL THROUGHOUT...

Strong and Durable.

Guage can be set at any angle.

Tongue rigid or flexible.

Adjustable hitch.

No neck weight ; no side draft.

One of the Best Harrows on the
Market.

FARMERS' SUPPLY COMPANY,

Farmers should send for description of
this valuable machine. This is the 3d year
of its unqualified and sweeping success.

Richmond, Va.

McZEUS 23424

RACE RECORD, 2.3 at 4 years old.

Sired by McKinuey, 2:11}, the great California sire
of speed and race horse quality.

Dam Grace Kaiser, by Kaiser, 2:28} ; secood dam
Grace W., by Comet ; third dam Lady Star, dam of
Neva Seeley, 2:20}, and Hershon 2:29}.

As an individual McZeus is surpassed by no horse,
and his record does not indicate his speed limit.

McZeus will serve approved mares during the season
of 1898 at the Exposition Grounds track.

FEE $25 ^vith usual return privilege. Address

W. K. MATHEWS.Owner, j|9 E. Broad St., Richmond, Va.

X PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.
V v CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

Road, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock), Gen'l Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.

REFERENCES— L. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry,
2:00H), Graham. N. C. ; Col. J. S. CARR, Durham, N. C. ; Maj.
P. P. JOHNSTON (President National Trotting Association),
Lexington, Kv; Coi.. B. CAMERON, Fairntosh .stud", Stagville,
N. C. ; JOS. BRYAN and H. C. CHAMBLIN, Richmond. Va. ;

A. B. GWATH M KY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange), New York. ; Capt.

B. P. WILLIAMSON, Raleigh, N. C; J. F. JACKSON (Editor
Southern Planter), Richmond, Va.

Gill H TRAINING HE

W. L BASS, Proprietor.

Trotters and pacers worked for speed, colts
broken to harness, and horses boarded and kept
in any manner desired at Glenlea Stock Farm,
on the Mechanicsville pike, one-half mile from
Richmond. During recent years I have either
developed, trained, or driven to their records
such good performers as Miss Nelson, ZMI.& ;
Hulman, 2:2054 • LUCY Ashby, 2:21^ ; Roan-
oke Maid, 2:22^ ; Havelok, Jr., pacer, 2:23^ ;
Lila, 2:24^ ; Gordon Smith, 2:2514. and others.

Address, W- L. BASS,

Glenlea Stock Farm, Richmond, Va.

N. B.— First-class references furnished.

154

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[March

Seasonable Goods Ready

FOR 1898...
at Low Prices.

ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

THE BESTS®"
IX THE
COUXTRT.

The "Continental" Disc Cultivator
and Combined Disc Harrow.

" F. F." CORN' DRILL, with and without Fertilizer Attachment.

SMITH'S El'REKA CORN PLANTER.

Double-Row P. F. and TIGER PLANTERS at Bottom Prices.

CHAMPION and JOHNSTON Steel Mowers,
Reapers and Binders.

The TIGER and JOHNSTON All Metal
DISC HARROW— Automatic Lever.

The BROWN STEEL LEVER HARROW-Made in All Sizes.

As a Smoothing Harrow, it has no equal. For cultivating young corn, It stands
supreme. As a Cutting Harrow, we challenge the world.

Genuine BROWN Single and Double Shovel PLOWS and STEELS.

All the Merchants in town who claim
to sell OLIVER PLOWS and BEPAIHS
only sell the IMITATION, BOGUS, CHEAP Goods. The only place
in Richmond, Va , to buy GENUINE Oliver Plows and Repairs is at
1528 East Main Street, of CHAS E. HUNTER.

DOH'T FORGET

STLDEBAKKK and BROWN Farm Wagons,

Carts and Bnggtaa,

Get my prices before buying, and I will save
you money, and al the give you

the best quality goods made. Latest Improved
Implements always on handut bottom prices.
Write for lsus Catalogue.

REPAIRS furnished for Old Champion
and Whitely Machines.

SUPERIOR GRAIN DRILLS. SUBSOIL PLOWS. Write for Prices.

CHAS. E. HUNTER,

1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMES G. HEN1NB. of Powhatan County, Va., General Manager.
HOWARD J. NL'CKOLS, of Henrico County, Va.. Salesman.

FANCY POULTRY.

In order to dispose of a large quantity of Eggs, from my Fancy Poultry this spring, I have
marked them down and will ship a setting of any of the following varieties for $1.00, or three
settings for $2.50; except Bronze Turkey Eggs, which are 50 cents each, or $5.00 per dozen.
My stock is the very best, and the result of years of experience and breeding.

B. B. Red Exhibition Games

These are "Dandies," long limbs, high heads,
perfect pictures ! Breeding pen consists of 96-
point cock, and hens scoring 95;and 96 points.

LICHT BRAHMAS.

Are very large and have many; friends.
Noted as winter layers. Chicks are ready
for broilers earlier than any other variety.

INDIAN CAMES.

Large, Handsome and Compact. Beauti-
ful, Glossy Laced Plumage. Cocks weigh
up to 13 lbs. ; Hens up to 9 lbs. Guaranteed
as good as can be had anywhere.

B. B. R. CAME BANTAMS.

Genuine Little Beauties. Score way up
in the nineties. Nothing nicer for pets.
Weigh one pound at maturity.

Mammoth Bronze Turkeys.

Immense size and great layers. Am breed-
ing from a 45-lb. torn and hens weighing from

22 to 2S lbs.

PEKIN DUCKS.

Large, handsome birds, and very prolific layers,
and conceded to be the best ducks for profit.

PIT CAMES.

This stock will stand steel. Won six out of
seven battles on Christmas, 1897, in combat
with crack birds.

WHITE CUINEAS.

Very prelty, and lay more eggs and
easier to raise than others.

S. S. HAMBURCS.

These are perfect pictures and great egg
producers.

Barred Plymouth Rocks.

For a thrifty, healthy and thoroughly
satisfactory fowl, these have never had
their equal, and, as layers, when eggs are
worth the most money, they are the ideal
egg-producers.

BLACK HI\OK(4S. WHITE MIXOKCAK, BLUE A Xl> 4 1. 1 SI AXS A W. F. BLACK SPANISH

These fowls have all the good qualities of the Leghorns, and are larger and handsomer birds.

BELGIAN HARES.

Young, $1.00 per pair. Try them. They are
proline and sell readily. Bucks weigh from 8
to 14 pounds ; Does, 7 to 8 pounds.

GUINEA PICS.

STOCK.

Can furnish Brown or White
Leghorn Cockerels at $1.00
each.

SHrer-Laced Wyandottes.

An old and popular breed, and noted as
winter layers. Good size and fine for table
purposes.

FANCY

Special Prices on any other
fowls.

Brown and While Leghorns.

Will lay moreeggs than any other variety.

P. O. Box 1.

PIGEONS OF ALL KINDS.

GEO. T. KING, Jr., Richmond, Va.

f As

Ine riorum

_■- amr\ «# Liability. Twenty years' progress of the

.... Mutual Life Insurance Comp'y,

organized 1867 Of MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

Assets. Liabilities. Surplus. Insurance in force

January 1st, 1878 $18,173,257 $15384.020 $ 2,780,231. *r,4.416,847

January 1st 1888 3,019 24819,180 4,181,634 147,616,328

January 1st. 1898 103.37S.686 ?0,8So,0!l3 2.',490,41S 413.081,370

The Northwestern is the strongest of the great companies, as shown by the ratio of assets to liabilities.

The North western's policies are automatically non forfeitable, and the policy contract is one of the most just and
liberal. A copy of the application being furnished with each policy, the Insurant has everything pertaining to his
policy contract in his possession.

The Northwestern has for twenty-six consecutive years printed in detail Tables of Current Cash Dividends for the
information of the public. It would be only natural to assume that other companies would afford similar informa-
tion relative to the exact cost of their policies if their dividends were as large as those of the Northwestern.

—JOHN B. CARY <& SON,

GENERAL AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

1201 Main Street, RICHMOXD, VA.

VEGETABLE GROWING IN THE SOUTHS

For Northern Markets,

A NEW BOOK

By Prof. P. H. ROLFS,

Prof, of Horticulture In the Florida Exp. Station.

266 Pages. CLOTH. Si 25. PAPER COVERS. $1.00.

This book should be in the hands of every trucker and gardener. It is full of the most valuable infor-
mation which can be relied on, as the writer is both scientific, and practical. It is written in plain language
and can be easily understood by any one.

. . . PUBLISHED BY THE . . .

SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING CO., Richmond, Va.

FARMERSwFERTILIZERS

TO SUCCEED.

For TOBACCO use "NATIONAL"
ForCORNuse'CHAMPIONCORN GROWER',

For GRASS and CLOVER use "0RCHILLA GUANO,"
sis For ANY CROP use "BEEF, BLOOD and BONE" Brand

Out Fertilizers can be relied on to give satisfaction. They are especially prepared for
the Crops named. Other brands for other crops. Write for prices.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO.,

3000 Tons ACID PHOSPHATE for Sale.

Manufacturers, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

Established 1840.

THE

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE: 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. P. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

APRIL, 1898.

No. 4.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT:

Editorial— Work for the Month 155

Manure and Fertilizers 157

Tobacco Growing 158 ;

Snja Beans 159 j

Seeding Grass Alone 161 |

" Artichokes 162 !

The Velvet Bean 164

Seeding Grass Alone 16'!

Preservation of Corn Stover 164

Penitentiary Tobacco 166

Corn Growing in Virginia 166

Can the Farmer Afford to sell Cornstalks? 167

Enquirer's Column 168

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial — Work for the Month.- 170

Watermelon Growing 170

Careful Grading and Honest Packing Pays 171

National Legislation for Nurserymen 171

Spray Calendar 172

How to Raise Tomatoes 174

How to Ship Spring Vegetables 174

The Value of Ashes.. 175

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial — Hereford Cattle in Albemarle Co., Va... J7ti

'• Scours in Calves 176

" Dairying in the South 177

Fattening Cattle 177

" Service of Bui \, 177

Mules 177

Scotch or English Beef Cattle- Which Shall it Be? 177
Which is the Most Profitable Way of Handling

the Lamb Crop? 1?8>

Live Stock Statistics '79

Oleomargarine Frauds ! 179

Shorthorns in Virginia 180

Herefords in Demand in Virginia 180

Redskins and Palefaces 180

Unprofitable Cows 180

To Kill-Lice on Cattle 180

THE POULTRY YARD :

The Gapes 181

The Diseases of Poultry 181

Profit of One Hen for the Year 1S97 182

" Crossbred Ducks 182

THE HORSE:

Notes 183

Editorial— Cold in the Head 184

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial— The Legislature of Virginia 185

Electricity as Applied to Farming 185

Fence or No-Fence Laws 185

To the Corn Growers of America 186.

No Fence Law 186

The Sugar Bef-t Industry 186

Publisher's Notes 187

Advertisements 187

SUBSCRIPTION. $1.00 PER YEAR. IN ADVANCE.'

"■EHGUSSON PRINT. Richmond

CITY BANK OF RICHMOND.

WILLIAM H. PALMER, Pre». E. B. ADDISON, Vioe-Pre«.

J. W. SIN TON, Cashier.
CAPITAL »4O0.0O0, SURPLUS, $100,000.

SZCBMON9, VIRGINIA.

CHARTERED 1B7Q.

ySLsK .s^Ss Merchants National Bank

Knoxville. Tenn.; 2,0001eet railroad frontage. 1WIWI V* I IMI I V««-/ I1MWIVI I %*■ ■ fc^ W*J I in

utage.
Best place In the South for raising and caoDlog
tomatoes, (ioo, i climate; best market.
MAstkrsciN PEYTON, Knoxville, Tenn.

Va. Farms for $3

Anacreand upward, in yearly payment.
Interest <> per cent. Some to exchange
Northern Settlement. Lit-t free

ABO. E. CRAWFORD & CO., Richmond, Va.

.200 Acres...

la King; William Co., on Pamunkey River.

In good condition. Good seven-room dwell-
ing, barn, stable, ek\, iu fair condition. Rich
marl beds. Excellent locality for duck ranch.
For price and further description, address
W. A. W., care Southern Planter.

OF RICHMOND. VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
aud New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

Go South,

YOUNG

MEN!

'ft is the field for the Agriculturist,
horticulturist and Manufacturer, un
• equalled by any other portion of the
United States

The James River Valley Colonization
ajtd Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages tointendingsettlers. Send stamp
Jbr Hand Book and list of lands. Address
W.. A. PARSONS. Vinitaville.Va.

"NORFOLK, VA."— J

There are cheap and beautiful homes in
the" Sunny South," near the sea, a>id
oear that thriving 6eaport city, Norfolk,
V»., for thousands of people who want
happy homes in a mild, healthful, and de-
lightful climate, a kind and productive soil,
the very best markets in the world, the
very lowest freight rates, good social, edu-
cational, and religious privileges, and the
greatest number of other both natural and
acquired advantages, to be found in any
other one section of the Union.

The "Cornucopia " tells yon all aoout
the beautiful section of country around
Norfolk, Va. Send for (free) sample copies.

Address "Cornucopia," 212 Main 8 »,
Norfolk, Va.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

BOOK BINDERS,

AND

Blank-Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Covernor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED.
Prompt Attention Given to Pfinting.

Capital Stock, $200,000

Surplus, 240,000

Undivided Profits, 46,000

JNO. P.

BRANCH,

President.

FRED. It. SCOTT,

Vice-President.

JOHN F. GLENN,

Cashier.

Directors.- John P. Branch, Fred. R. Scott, Thos. Potts. Chas. S. Stringfellow, B. W. Branch,
Fred. \V. Scott, Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. 1C. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzinl. Jr.

^Farming in the South.

There are Advantages • • • •

Of Markets, Soils, Climate, Pure Water, Healthy and Pleasant Locations and
Cheap Lands along the

Southern Railway •

In Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and East Tennes-
see, for

The Wide=awake Farmer. • • • •

drains and Grasses Flourish ; Fruits Kipen Early and Yield Heavily; Vegeta-
bles Grow Large and Crops are Big, and Good Prices are the rule. Stock is
raised easily and profitably.
Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lands
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

M.V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent,
Southern Railway, WASHINGTON, D. C.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &o.
Grapevines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South. ,

Tliree hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. Write u«
if you contemplate planting:. Catalogue*, tree.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. T. HOOD <3c CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.--XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, April, 1898.

No. 4.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The month of March has been to this writing (20th
iust.) unusually mild and spring like, but, like Feb-
ruary, and indeed the whole winter, unusually dry
throughout nearly the whole South. We are very
fearful as to the effect of this long-continued dry sea
son on our crop prospects ; and unless unusual care is
taken by farmers to conserve carefully what moisture
there is in the ground and to carefully store what rain
may fall during the spring mouths, w« cannot help
fearing a shortened crop. The danger of this is also
increased by the unusual forwardness of plant growth.
Wheat and winter and spring oats are shooting up
fast, and, should we have a cold season during April,
are likely to suffer serious injury. Usually in March
we are anxious for the proverbial "March winds,"
cool and dry, but cool wet weather would this year
have been much more acceptable. It may, of course,
happen that April will be genial and showery, and
it is much to be hoped for that this will be the case,
so that no serious check shall be given to unduly ad-
vanced crops. The'best the farmer can do is to hope
for seasonable weather, and press on with his prepa-
ration of the land for planting. There can be no ex-
cuse this year for badly prepared land for the corn,
cotton, tobacco, and forage crops. The whole fall
and winter has been at the service of the Southern
farmer, and he ought by this time to be so well ahead
of his work that it need never more crowd him during
the spring and summer. This opportunity for com-

plete preparation of the laud has been and is of the
most vital importance in the production of the corn
crop. From every hand we receive testimony to the
value of the advice we have been persistently giving
for the past seven years, viz., to cultivate the land for
the corn crop before planting the crop. In this issue
aud in our late issues will be found articles from the
most successful corn raisers in the South freely ac-
knowledging that their success has been achieved
mainly from a persistent and close following of the
advice we have given. Deep plowing, subsoiling, and
the preparation of a fine, deep, compact seed bed,
before a seed is planted, is the secret of success in
growing corn. Without these, fertilizers may be ap-
plied and subsequent deep cultivation be used, and
yet only a failure will be the result. And yet, in the
face of all we have written, and of all that has been
written by successful corn growers in our columus,
and of all the examples offered in their fields, what a
vast number of Southern farmers fail to make a profi-
table corn crop year after year. Virginia makes an
average of IS bushels to the acre; North Carolina
makes an average of 14 bushels to the acre ; South
Carolina makes an average of 9 bushels to the acre ;
aud Georgia makes an average of 11 bushels to the
acre. These four large States make only about 2S, 000, 000
bushels of corn more than the average consumption
of the population of the four States. The single State
of Iowa makes more than twice as much corn as all
these four Southern States put together, and the State

1.-.*

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

of Ohio makes Dearly as much corn as the whole four.
And yet the natural climatic conditions of the South
ern States are infinitely more conducive to successful
corn production than those of the two States men-
tioned. That we can do better than we do has been I
abundantly proved. The State of South Carolina has1
raised the largest crop of corn per acre of auy State
in the Union — 250 bushels to the acre. Virginia last
year produced a crop of 160 bushels to the acre, and
has many times raised over 100 bushels to the acre.
All that is needed for the Southern States to do better
is to make the effort. We cau easily double the aver
age production per acre of every Southern State, if
only our farmers will adopt the proper means. To do
this, does not mean the purchase of unlimited quanti
ties of commercial fertilizers, for. if one thing has
been clearly demonstrated by experiments, it is that
the application of commercial fertilizers to the corn
crop are not conducive to large and profitable crops.
What is needed is a better system of rotation of crops
and a better preparation of laud for the crop before it
is planted. If we could ouly induce farmers to plant
corn only on sod land, or on land which has produced
one or two crops of peas, except on the rich river
lands where the fertility is inexhaustible, and to feed
all their corn fodder and rough forage to live stock.
and apply the manure so made to the sod land or to
the pea fallows, before plowing them for coru. and
then to plow and subsoil their lands in the fall and
winter mouths, and replow or work deeply with the
Disc, Cutaway or Acme harrow in the spriug, and thus
make a fine, deep seed bed before planting the seed.
we are quite certain that double the present average
crop of corn per acre could be produced without the
application of one ounce of commercial fertilizer to
the corn crop itself. Let us beg of our readers that
they will adopt this system this year, and plant fewer
if necessary to enable them to make a perfect
seed bed for their corn. It will pay better to do this
than to buy fertilizers to extend the acreage. Bear in
mind that preparing the land and planting the crop
is not all that will be needed to make it a success. It
will require to be cultivated not once or twice, but
three or four times, if the best success is to be made.
In experiments made in Kansas for three years, corn
cultivated onl) once made an average of 30 bushels to
the acre, whilst cultivated /o*r times it made an aver-
age, over the three years, of 48] bushels to the acre.
This extra cultivation takes time. Do not. therefore,
plant more than you can find time to give this com-
plete and frequent cultivation to. The results at-
tained from the use of commercial fertilizers in the
different experiments made in different States, are so
conflicting and. in general, so unsatisfactory, that we
do not feel justified in recommending a formula for a

fertilizer for the corn crop. In our last issue, Dr.
Stubbs gave the results of his experiments on the thin,
poor lands of Eastern Virginia, and to these we refer
our readers. He is a guide whom owners of similar
lands may follow with confidence. Probably the only
thing which we can say with confidence, is that, in the
Southern States, the use of cotton seed or cotton seed
meal -has been generally attended with the greatest
advantage, but even this has not always been used
profitably. Corn is a plant requiring much nitrogen
for its successful growth. An average crop of 30
bushels to the acre removes from the soil 40 lbs. of
nitrogen, 41 lbs. of potash, and 13 lbs. of phosphoric
acid. Much, however, of this nitrogen would seem
to be obtainable from a soil of average fertility with-
out its being necessary to apply it in the form of fer-
tilizers. This is probably accounted for from the fact
that corn makes its best and main growth duriug the
time when nitrification is most active in the soil. If
fertilizers are applied, we strongly advise the applica-
tion to be made broadcast. Corn is a wide rooting
plant, and will benefit much more from fertilizer scat-
tered not only in the rows, but in the middles, than
from an application made only around the stalk of the
plant. Do not be in too great haste to plant. Corn
will not grow off freely and vigorously unless the soil
is warm, and corn stunted in its start by germinating
in cold soil rarely makes a good crop. It should be
able to make a continuous growth from start to finish.
The results of experiments, made in various States,
go to show that corn planted from the 20th April to
the 10th May has usually made the best growth. The
question of planting in drill or in check is one which
must be left to the discretion of the planter. If suffi-
cient room be given, there is not any reason why
either course should not be successful. Checking of-
fers the advantage of cultivating the crop both ways,
and thus dispensing with hoeing, and to this extent is
preferable. The width to be given betweeu the rows
and between the plants should be largely governed by
the state of fertility of the soil. The tall, strong-
growing Southern corn, with its immeuse root system,
must have space given, unless the land is very rich.
On land of good, average fertility, the rows should
not be closer than 3 feet ti inches, and the plants may
be left from 12 to 15 inches apart. On poorer land,
3 feet is not too wide apart to leave the stalks. There
are two enemies to the newly planted crop which re-
quire to be coinbatted. These are crows and cut-
worms. Probably the best way to check the crows is
to cover the seed with tar, and to dry it by rolling in
plaster or dust, before planting. If they are very
troublesome, some poisoned corn, scattered over the
field, may be found useful. If you cau only succeed
in poisoning or shooting a few birds, and hang them

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

157

upon sticks amongst the newly-planted corn, they will
be a greater protection than anything else. Crows
have a horror of seeing harm come to any of the flock,
and generally give a wide berth to a place where they
see their dead relatives. Cut worms should be com
batted before the corn is planted. Take bunches of
green clover and dip them in Paris green solution,
and drop on the ground at frequent intervals over the
field. The cut worms will soon find them and be
poisoned. Eepeat this two or three times before
planting, wherever the worms are suspected of being
troublesome, and the corn will be saved.

In our last issue, we gave some advice as to the
planting of the cotton crop, to which we refer our
readers. Cotton seed meal has been found usually to
be of great help to the cotton crop, and as this fertili
zer. either in the form of seed or meal, is usually to be
found ou most cotton plantations, we would advise its
use freely. In an experiment made in Alabama. 150
pounds of cotton seed meal per acre gave a larger yield
of cotton seed than 316 pounds of cotton seed or 70J
pounds of nitrate of soda, each supplying equal quan-
tities of nitrogen. Kainit alone and in combination
greatly increased the yield, and largely decreased the
injury from rust. With cotton at 5 cents per pound,
what the cotton planter most needs to do is to increase
the yield per acre and reduce the acreage. To do this,
a better system of rotation must be intioduced on the
plantation, and peas should in all cases be grown as
often in the rotation as possible. Use phosphate and J
kainit to produce the pea crop, and the pea crop will !
produce the cotton crop at the least cost. The pea
crop will also make the meat required on the farm at
the least cost, and this, if supplemented by a sufficient
corn crop, will make the planter independent of the
merchant for supplies, and thus make the cotton a
surplus crop which can be held without loss until
prices harden.

and will germinate better if soaked for twelve hours
in water slightly warmed. Sugar beet seed can he
had for the asking for experimental purposes from the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, and from
the Experiment Stations.

Do not overlook the necessity for setting out land
upon which to grow the forage crops necessary to sup-
ply an abundant quantity of feed for the live stock.
Have a field of sorghum ready to cut when pastures
fail in July and August, and thus be able to keep up
the flow of milk and the growth of stock. This and
soja beans may be sown in May, and peas and millet
in June.

In another column will be found an article dealing
with the tobacco crop, to which we refer our readers.

Sugar beets and mangold wurtzel beets should be
planted this month if the weather keeps mild. They
are both very susceptible to injury from frost, and
should not, therefore, be planted until all danger of
this is past. They require deeply-worked land, which
should be made rich. Fresh farmyard manure is not
suitable for growing sugar beets, but may be used with
advantage for mangold wurtzel beets. Sugar beets
should have a fertilizer rich in potash (say, having
from 6 to 8 per cent, of that ingredieut) and with 8
per cent, of phosphoric acid and 4 per cent, of nitro-
gen. The seeds of beets of all kinds are very hard,

MANURE AND FERTILIZERS.

In an article in our last issue we endeavored to en-
force the inipoitance of farmers making the largest
use possible of farm yard manure in the production of
staple crops on the ground of present economy. We
desire now to still further emphasize the importance
of this practice in the light of future benefit to the
land and crops, and for the further purpose of induc-
ing greater attention in the coming crop season to the
production of forage crops as food for stock and from
which to produce the farm manure. The experiments
conducted by Sir J. B. Lawes and Sir Joseph Gilbert
at Rothampstead, in England, which have now been
continuously carried on on the same land for more
than fifty years, throw great light on the question of
th« permanent improvement of laud by the use of dif-
ferent fertilizers and farm-yard manure. On one field
which has grown wheat continuously during the whole
period, the average yield of wheat for thirty- eight
years on the part unfertilized or unmanured has been
13 bushels to the acre. On another plot, to which
mineral fertilizers alone have been applied, the average
yield for the thirty eight years has been 15 bushels to
the acre. On another plot, to which mineral fertili-
zers and ammonia salts (nitrogen), 400 lbs. to the acre,
have been alone applied, the yield has been 32f bush-
els to the acre. On another plot, to which 14 tons of
farm-yard manure alone have been applied each year,
the yield has been 34 bushels to the acre. On the first
plot, the decrease in the yield in the second half of the
thirty-eight years has been 25.2 per cent. On the sec-
ond plot, the decrease in the yield has been 25.4. On
the third plot, the decrease in the yield has been 17.4
per cent ; whilst on the fourth plot, the decrease in
the yield has been only 9.1 per cent. Ou another
field, which has grown barley continuously for thirty-
eight \ears, one plot, unfertilized or unmanured, has
produced an average yield for the thirty-eight yeara nf
16i bushels per acre. Another plot, fertilized with

158

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

minerals alone, has produced 22* bushels per acre on
ao average, A third plot, fertilized with minerals
and ammonia salts alone, has produced an average of
294 bushels per acre, whilst a fourth plot, manured
with farm-yard manure, 14 tons to the acre each year,
has produced an average crop of 481 bushels to the
acre. In the second period of the thirty eight years,
the first plot produced an average of 65 S per cent, of
the original yield ; the second plot produced an aver-
age of 63.3 per cent, of the original yield ; the third
plot produced an average of SO. 6 per cent, of the ori
ginal yield ; whilst the fourth plot actually produced
L02.6 per cent, of the original yield. Here, whilst
there is a large falling off in produce on the first three
plots, the unfertilized one and the two fertilized with
commercial fertilizers, the fourth plot actually pro
duced an increased yield per acre per year in the last
period of nineteen years of the thirty-eight years. As
showing the permanence of the improvement effected
by farm-yard manure, the plot of the barley field, pre-
viously manured with farm-yard manure, was in 1871
divided into two parts. The one half received the
same rate of farm-yard manure each year, whilst the
other half was left unmanured. The following shows
the comparison of these various plots in yield :

The plot unfertilized since 1852 produced an aver-
age yield of 13] bushels of grain per year for nine-
teen years— from 1871 to 1889— and in 18S0 produced
L3 bushels to the acre. The plot manured with mixed
mineral fertilizers each year since 1852 produced an
average yield of 17] bushels per year for nineteen
years, and 17 J bushels per acre in 1890. The plot
manured with 14 tons to the acre of farmyard manure
each year from 1852 to 1871, and no manure of any
kind since, produced in the nineteen years between
1871, when the manuring ceased, and 1889, an aver-
age yield of 301 bushels to the acre, and in 1890 pro
duced 22,; bushels to the acre. The plot manured
continuously each year since 1852 with 14 tons of
farmyard manure to the acre, produced an average
yield of 491 bushels per acre each year for the nine-
teen years ending with 1889, and a yield of 53 bushels
to the acre in 1890. We see here an average increase
of 17 bushels of grain per acre per year on the plot
continuously unmanured, extending through a period
of eighteen years since the last application of the
farmyard manure entirely referable to the permanent
improvt went effected in the land by Hie previous manuring,
and which average yield is L2J bushels per acre per
year greater than that produced on the plot to which
mineral fertilizers were applied every year through
out the whole period, and actually U bushels greater
than the average yield on the plot to which mineral
and ammonia fertilizers were applied continuously
each year during the whole period. A careful con-

sideration of these facts can, we think, lead to no
other conclusion than that, for continuous and per-
manent improvement of the land, no system will
compare with the application of farmyard manure.

If, then, this conclusion be accepted, how important
is it that the means for procuring this source of per-
manent fertility should be enlarged by every means
in the j>ower of the farmer. The first step necessary
is the production of an abundant supply of forage
crops to meet the demands of a large head of live
stock, and the next step is the gradual increase of the
live stock on the farm to consume these crops. The
production of these forage crops can in itself be made
largely conducive to the fertility of the farm by grow-
ing the legumes, instead of corn, sorghum and millet
for feed, or as adjuncts to these crops. Cow peas, soja
beans and the clovers will not only make the most
valuable feed, but will, at the same time, supply the
nitrogen and humus needed to improve the land, aud
when fed to stock, can be made largely to take the
place of bran and supply the protein needed in the
mixed ration of feed.

In planning the crops to be put in do not neglect
these conclusions of sound husbandry, but so set out
the land and crop it as to conduce not only to its pres-
ent economical cultivation, but its ultimate permanent
fertility. To use land and not abuse it is sound doc-
trine and good farming. Merely to grow at considera-
ble expense a crop for the present, without regard to
the future cost of production of a crop, is to abuse
land, and this system, which has been so long prac-
ticed in the South, is largely the cause of the present
unprofitable condition of our agriculture and the
wasted and neglected condition of our lands and
homes. Let us this year make a start on a new and
better path, and pursue it sedulously, and the end will
be profitable.

TOBACCO GROWING.

The great advance which has taken place in the
value of all classes of tobacco is no doubt going to
cause much more land to be planted in this crop this
year than has been the case for some years past, and
there appears to be a legitimate demand for a consid-
erably larger crop. Stocks are Very low, and some
qualities are absolutely unpurchasable at any price.
Even the bright tobaccos, which it was said a few
years ago were so absolutely controlled by one great
tobacco company that the price could be fixed by it,
and could never expect to be profitably grown again,
have shown themselves largely independent of this
control, and have participated in the rise in values
almost as much as other qualities. This should con-
vince growers that they and not the buyers are the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PlANTER.

159

parties who can fix the price of the crop. The demand
for tobacco is a constantly increasing one, and, with
the exercise of judgment on the part of the producers
and the production of the qualities the market calls
for, there is no reason to doubt but that tobacco grow-
ing will always be profitable on lauds suited for it.
The point which growers should bear iu mind is that
there is always "room at the top," and that tobacco
should not be attempted to be grown on land unsuited
for it. or without proper fertilization and preparation
of the land. Given suitable land and complete prepa-
ration of it by deep plowing and careful harrowing
and breaking before attempting to set out the plants,
so that the soil may be made as fine as possible and
yet be compact, the question for consideration is the
proper fertilization of the land. This largely depends
on the type of tobacco to be grown. Where bright
tobacco is to be raised, great care must be taken that
the laud does not have an excess of vegetable matter
in it, as this has a tendency to spoil the quality of the
leaf whilst increasing the quantity. The crop calls
for a considerable supply of nitrogen and potash, but
the use of the sodium salts and of the chlorides has
been found to be very prejudicial to the quality.
Probably the best fertilizer for supplying the nitrogen
will be found to be cottonseed meal, and for the pot-
ash, either cotton-seed hull ashes or the double sul-
phate of potash.

Iu a series of experiments made in Connecticut with
the cigar leaf type of tobacco, cotton seed meal, applied
at the rate of 3,000 lbs. to the acre, giving 210 lbs. of
nitrogen per acre, produced, with the other fertilizers
applied with it, a total crop of 1,839 lbs. of leaf tobacco
to the acre, which was 224 lbs. more than was produced
by the application of cottonseed meal, giving only
105 lbs. of nitrogen to the acre, and the quality was
the best where the largest quantity was applied.
Potash, in the form of cotton-seed hull ashes and dou-
ble sulphate of potash, was applied along with the
cotton seed meal at the rate of 340 lbs. per acre cf pot
ash — that is to say, about 1,500 lbs. of cotton-seed
ashes, or 1,200 lbs. of double sulphate of potash, were
applied. The difference in yield from the use of these
two forms of potash was slight and the quality was
practically the same. Phosphoric acid was supplied
along with the cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hull
ashes at the rate of 150 lbs. to the acre. This quan-
tity was contained chiefly in the cotton-seed hull ashes,
and this source would appear to be ordinarily suffi-
cient, so that cottou seed meal and cotton-seed hull
ashes, when supplied iu sufficient quantity, would ap-
pear to be practically all that is needed to produce the
crop i i quantity and quality. Seeing that bright, to-
bacco is so much smaller in size and lighter in weight
than cigar leaf tobacco, it would seem that an appli-

cation of less than one- half of the quantity of cotton-
seed meal aud cotton seed hull ashes, applied to the
production of the cigar leaf crop, would be ample to
produce a good crop of high quality.

Turning now to the dark heavy shipping tobaccos :
This quality is not sensitive to the excess of vegetab e
matter iu the soil ; indeed, to produce it to perfection
requires that the land should be rich iu decayed vege-
table matte: ; hence, a decayed clover sod is usually
an excellent soil on which to produce this class of to-
bacco. The demand of this heavy tobacco for nitrogen
and potash is heavy, but for phosphoric acid only
small. A crop of 1,000 lbs. to the acre removes from
the soil from 30 to 35 lbs. of nitrogen ; from 35 to 40
lbs. of potash ; from 7 to 10 lbs. of phosphoric acid ;
and from 35 to 40 lbs. of lime. The form in which
the nitrogen and potash is supplied to meet this de-
mand is important, as it very largely affects the qual-
ity of the tobacco. The nitrogen should, as far as
possible, be in an organic form and the potash be in
the form of sulph. te Major Ragland, one of the best
authorities on the crop, got the best results iu a series
of six experiments from the use of dried blood as the
source of nitrogen, sulphate of potash for the potash,
and acid phosphate to supply the phosphoric acid.
He applied 160 lbs. of dried blood, 120 lbs. of sul-
phate of potash, and 114 lbs. of acid phosphate to the
acre. Approximately, this fertilizer supplied 16 lbs.
of nitrogen, 40 lbs. of potash, and 15 lbs. of phos-
phoric acid per acre. This, it will be seen, is less than
the average requirement of a crop of 1,000 lbs. to the
acre as to nitrogen, about correct as to the potash, and
in excess as to the phosphoric acid ; but if applied on
a crop to be grown on a decayed clover sod or land
rich in vegetable matter, would probably be found
sufficient. In other cases, we would either use more
dried blood or, say, 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda to the
acre in addition to the 160 lbs. of dried blood. Major
Ragland found nitrate of soda useful as a preventive
of "field fire."

One word in conclusion. Do not attempt to grow a
larger crop than you can do full justice to both in fertiliza-
tion and cultivation. The first tobacco to fall in value
will be the poor, mean crop. Don't have any of this
quality.

50JA BEANS.

Editor Southern Planter :

Last year I planted about a peck of soja beans in
rows about twenty inches apart, three or four beans in
a hill, and cultivated them twice. They grew finely.
I was anxious to save all the seed I could, so I let
them get very ripe. As a consequence, I lost about
two thirds of my crop. I knew nothing of their pro-
pensity to shell, nor do I remember to have seen a hint
as to this difficulty ju any of the articles you have

160

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

written on the crop. I am very much interested in
this new crop, as I like the way they grow and with-
stand dry weather, and want to try several bushels
this spring, and wish some one, through the Planter,
will tell me how to save the seed and when to cut for
forage. L. M. Thayer.

Person county, X. <'.

We are glad to find that our subscribers are becom-
ing interested in this crop, as we regard it as one of
the most valuable that can be raised in the South, and
at the same time one of the most reliable. Asa grain
feed, as a forage crop, and as an improver of the soil,
if has few, if any. equals. We have grown it and seen
it grown on land in varying states of fertility and
under the most diverse climatic conditions, and never
yet saw it a complete failure. We have seen it grow-
ing rigorously in a corn crop, when the corn was com-
pletely drowned and as yellow as possible, and doing
well when coin was suffering from drouth. Mr. Bell-
wood, of Chesterfield county, Va., who grows the crop
largely, says that he has planted it on rich, alluvial
land and on sand and gravel, and found the crop
nearly as good on the sand and gravel as on the allu
vial soil.

The following analysis of the plant as a food and as
a fertilizer will show its value in these respects :

AS A FOOD.

Carbo-

Protein, hydrate, Fat,

per cent. per cent, per cent.

Green fodder (soja beans), 4.00 10. (.0 1.00

Dry fodder " 15.40 38.60 5.20

G'ain, " 34.00 28.80 16.90

This compares with the cow pea or black pea as
follows :

Carho-

Protein, hydrate, Fat.

percent. percent. percent.

Green fodder (cow pea), 2.40 7.10 0.40

Dry fodder " 16.60 42.20 2.20

Grain " 20.80 55.70 1.40

f Protein is the muscle- and fi esh forming matter,
carbo-hydrate and fat the fat-producing matter.)

From this analysis it will be seen that, as a muscle
and tlesh producing food, the soja beau is considerably
in advance of the cow pea, whilst, as a fat-producing
food, it is very nearly the equal of the cow pea. The
soja bean grain is the richest in fat of any grain pro
daeed in this country.

AS A I BETILIZBB AND IMPROVER.

Fertilizing ingredients in 100 lbs. of green soja
beans —

Nitrogen. Phosphoric acid. Potash.
Soja bean crop, 0.2!) 0.15 0.53

For an average crop, this would give, per acre, 69.6
lbs. of nitrogen. 20.1 lbs. of phosphoric acid, aud 32.4

lbs. of potash. This compares with cow peas or black
peas as follows : Cow peas — nitrogen, 0,27; phosphoric
acid, 0.10; potash, 0.31. For an average crop, this
would give 58.5 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, 15.6 lbs. of
phosphoric acid per acre, and 44.1 lbs. of potash per
acre. As a direct fertilizer, the soja bean is more
valuable than the cow pea, whilst it is more valuable
as a humus producing crop, as a greater weight can be
grown per acre. At the North Carolina Experiment
Station, soja beans produced 4,415 lbs. of air dried
material, whilst on similar land cow peas yielded only
1,S95 lbs. of air-dried material. A crop of twelve
acres, grown by Mr. Bellwood in Chesterfield county.
Va. , cut for hay, after being thoroughly cured in the
cock for eight or ten days, weighed 33 tons, or 21 tons
of hay per acre, and, if put green into the silo, would
have weighed 145 tons. And here, by the way, we
would say that it makes a most valuable silage crop if
filled into the silo in equal parts with corn, making
almost a completely balanced ration for cattle and
sheep. With such a record to recommend it, there
should be no hesitation in growing the crop for all the
various purposes meutioned.

Plant with a corn planter in rows 2j feet apart,
dropping the beans 6 to 10 inches apart in the rows, as
soon as the ground is warm aud all danger of frost is
past. As soon as the plants have three or four leaves,
cultivate with the Iron Age or other similar cultivator.
Set the cultivator so that it will work the whole mid-
dle at oue time, aud turn the blades so as to throw the
fine earth between and around the plants in the rows
to cover up the weeds first appearing. In this way,
all hand hoeing cau be avoided. Whilst rather slow
in starting growth, yet when once fairly started, the
crop makes rapid growth, and it will not usually be
necessary or possible to cultivate the crop more than
twice or thiee times before the plauts meet in the row
and will effectually smother all weeds. We have beeu
in a crop, planted and cultivated in this way, where
the whole field was one mass of green forage from four
to five feet high, aud not a strip of bare ground was to
be seen anywhere. The plants stand upright aud
branch widely, and the pods form thickly close on the
stalks. If the crop is intended for forage or hay, it
should be cut when in full vigor aud with the pods
well formed but green. Let the forage lie until thor-
oughly wilted, and then put up in cocks and allow to
cure thoroughly. If it is desired to save the crop for
the seed, allow it to stand .until a considerable propor- /
tion of the pods are well filled and changing color,
and then cut and put up in cocks and leave alone to
cure, which it will do like corn. In this way, the ten-
dency to shell out will be largely obviated. Mr. Bell-
wood, from one-half bushel planted, threshed out 130
bushels of grain. To ensure the yield of grain, the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

IT, I

crop should uot be planted too thickly, say, not closer
than 12 inches apart in the rows, 2 feet 6 inches apart.
There are several varieties of the bean grown, as the
yellow, the medium green, the light green, and others.
The one, however, most commonly grown in this sec-
tion is the yellow variety. It is claimed that the green
variety matures more quickly, and is therefore better
adapted for Northern and cooler sections.

In explanation of its wonderful value as an improv-
ing crop. Mr. Bellwood, writing on the subject in the
Planter in December, 1896, says, referring to the crop
of 12 acres above referred to, which was cut for hay :
"I wanted to know what was left below the surface ;
so with spade and scales, I investigated and found
something there very interesting. The roots, with the
stubble, I carefully calculated, weighed 23 tons. There
also, I think, I saw why the plants on the sand almost
equalled in growth those on the richer soil. All plants
have a growth limit, and whilst the superabundant
fertility of the alluvial soil could not force the beans
past that limit, the elaborate root system of this crop
enabled those on the poorer soil to secure a sufficiency
of food and moisture to nearly reach this growth limit.
The roots not only ramify through the surface soil,
but penetrate to a depth that few other feed plants
reach. In following one, I dug two feet into the hard
clay subsoil, but it went still deeper searching for
water and the miueral food that had been settling
there for many a year. The effect upon the soil from
the decay of all these roots, distributed as they are in
the upper and lower strata of soil, must be good. I
was particularly struck with the great number of
tubercles on the roots. I noticed them first when the
plants were about half grown, and from then until a
month after the crop was cut, when the roots began to
die. The tubercles varied in diameter from one-eighth
to one-half inch. From the quantity gathered, I cal-
culated that at the time there were 1,300 lbs. in the
field. This is not by any means an estimate of the
quantity developed during the season, as they grew,
decayed, and new ones developed in succession for
more than two months. The amount of nitrogen as-
similated from the atmosphere during this time must
have been great. Where the roots passed through a
decayed corn stubble, or other decayed vegetable mat-
ter, the nodules were more plentiful, which shows the
value of humus in the soil." Further, he says : "Any
one who has seen horses, cattle aud sheep eat the fod
der will not question its palatableness," and as a
further proof, not only of this, but of its feeding qual-
ity, we may say that Mr. Bellwood has, duriug the
>past winter, fed a large flock of sheep— some 1,200 in
number — almost wholly on soja bean aud cow pea hay,
j and made them into fat mutton.

The beans have other good qualities to recommend

them. "When harvesting, if they get wet, they are not
damaged. Other beans would be sprouting aud rotting
when the "sojas" come through sound and as yellow
as a guinea. Rats and weevil do not injure them, and
as food for hogs they surpass corn.

Mr. Bellwood estimated the manurial value of the
soja bean hay from the 12 acres of his crop, offer the
stock had taken from it all they could utilize, as
follows :

Nitrogen, 1,225 lbs., at 17J cents per lb $214.00

Phosphoric acid, 350 lbs., at 5 cents per lb.. 17.50
Potash, 570 lbs., at 5 cents per lb 28.50

$260.00

This does not take into account the tons of matter
that will become humus after the crop is all returned
to the land after having been fed to stock, but all of
which will add to the improved mechanical condition
and texture of the soil.

Surely we have said enough to encourage Southern
farmers to grow this crop. Whilst it may not as yet
be as readily sold on the market as corn, yet it can
well and more profitably take the place of corn on the
farm as a feed and thus set free the corn as a sale crop,
whilst at the same time doing that which corn cannot
do — make the land more fertile. Like the cow pea, it
supplies nitrogen to the soil, and like that crop, it
needs phosphoric acid and potash for its successful
growth. These are cheap fertilizers, and can well be
afforded to make successful so valuable a crop.

SEEDING QRASS ALONE.

Editor Southern Planter :

You speak very glibly of always seeding grass alone,
but in a couple of years' rather careful reading of your
paper, I have never seen how this was to be arianged
so as to give the minimum of plowing with the maxi-
mum of results.

After the oat crop, what is to happen? Is the field
to lie bare all summer (which you also preach against),
and then be plowed and sowed in the fall? That
makes a lot of plowing.

I fancy the reason why almost all farmers keep to
the clover-with-graiu plan is that, in that way, the
clover is at work all summer improving the soil, while
the farmer is attending his corn and getting ready for
his fall plowing for grain ; aud then, next spring, in
spite of the books, there the clover is with its crop of
hay — a pure gift almost.

What is your rotation 1 K. B.

If experience had proven that you can rely upon
grass making a good stand when seeded with a grain
crop, then we should uot be found advocating the
seeding of grass alone. But this is just what experi-
ence in the South has not done. There is rarely a day
— certainly not a week — in the year when we do not

162

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

hear from some oue that he has failed to get a stand
of grass alter repeatedly spending large sums for grass
Seeds. In England and in many of the Northern
States, this difficulty is not met with to anything like
the extent that it occurs in the South. The grain
crop there is not cut so early in the summer, and the
young seeds are not exposed to the scorching sun and
dry heat to which they are here subjected, and which
is so fatal to their success. Grass seeded with grain
in the South is at best only able to make a slender
growth during the period of growth of the grain crop.
The grain is so much more vigorous as to rob the grass
seeds of the moisture, and fertility needed for their
welldoing, and then, in this weakened con lition, the
cutting of the grain crop in June leaves the crop ex-
posed, without shade, to the scorching sun and dry
heat of July aud August, under which it succumbs.

If grass is wanted, and it ought to be wanted on
every farm, in the interest both of the land and the
farmer, it is worth the sacrifice of the grain crop to
get it. and with this sacrifice it can be got almost cer-
tainly every time, if the land is in such a state of fer-
tility aud cultivation as warrants the effort to get a
stand of grass.

In this matter we write from experience. We have
tried both ways, and do not hesitate to say that the
only way to succeed certainly is to seed grass alone.
If seeded alone, a crop of hay can be cut the first
year, which will go far to reimburse any loss sustained
by the omission of the grain crop, whilst, if seeded
with grain, even if the grass should live, it is rarely
that it can be cut for hay until the following year.

It may be that seeding alone does not secure the
minimum of plowing, but this we do not regard as a
fatal objection to the practice. Most farmers in the
South neither plow nor cultivate land whilst under
arable cultivation nearly sufficient to secure the best
results. One plowing is thought to be enough, and
rather than give more the team very ofteu stands
idle in the stable or in the pasture, when it might be
well employed in replowiug aud cultivating the land
already plowed once. In this way only cau a deep,
fine, well-consolidated seed bed be secured, aud with-
out such a seed-bed no crop can do its best.

If an oat crop is to be followed by grass, there is not
very much time between the reaping of the crop aud
the time when the land ought to be prepared for aud
seeded with grass, if sown at the best time to ensure
success; and this time can be well utilized in fitting
the land for the grass seeds. Grass should be seeded
in August and September, and if the oats are not cut
before the end of June or beginning of July, as is
usually the case, the time within which to prepare
the land for the grass seeds is not very long, and uot
usually more than is needed when the claims of other

crops, at that season, for attention is borne in mind.

If, however, we desired to secure a permanent stand
of grass, we would omit the oat crop, which we as-
sume is intended to follow the corn crop, and seed in
grass alone as soon as the corn could be harvested, or
even seed the grass in the standing corn, which should
be cultivated level. We have known excellent stands
of grass and clover to be secured by the adoption of
this latter course. Oats are not a good crop to pre-
cede a grass crop, unless the land is heavily manured
for the oat crop, which is rarely the case. The reason
for this is, that oats are a crop capable of extracting
fertility from the land much more completely than
any other grain crop. They will succeed where other
crops will fail. As grass requires for a perfect stand
and permanence that it shall be seeded on laud in a
high state of fertility, it should not be seeded on laud
which has been subjected to the scouring search for
fertility of such a crop as an oat crop. Oats should
be followed by a recuperating crop like peas or beans.

Grass and clover seeded alone, at the Wisconsin Ex-
periment Station, gave a yield of hay of 3,269 lbs. to
the acre, seventy-one days after sowing. No such
yield has ever been reported, to our knowledge, the
first year, when seeded with a grain crop.

ARTICHOKE;*.

We have several enquiries from subscribers as to
raising artichokes and as to their value as food for
hogs. In our issue of October last we published a
very interesting article on the subject from our sub-
scriber, Mr. Lonergan, of Culpeper county, Va., who
has raised the crop several years and thinks very
highly of it. We here reproduce this article :

The cultivation of the artichoke requires less labor
to the acre than any crop I know of. In the first
place, the land must be broken up not less thau ten or
twelve inches deep with a three-horse plow ; then well
harrowed and laid off in rows with a two or three-
horse plow, as deep as it can run, three aud a half feet
apart ; cut tubers to one or two eyes, drop in the fur-
rows from fifteen to twenty inches apart ; then cover
with the harrow. The double hinge harrow, I find, is
the best for this purpose, as it laps over and draws the
soil down in the furrow, thus filling it np. [f you pro-
cure good seed, you will have no replanting or thin-
ning to do. The artichoke is like a "fish out of
water," no good unless kept in its element, which is
the ground. If kept out too long, they will oesure to
shrink and lose their productiveness, which is often
the cause of a bad crop which wo sometimes hear com-
plained of. They should be cultivated when eight or
ten inches high with a double shovel, or some other
good plow, and, when three or four feet high, cultivate
again in the same manner. Avoid hilling or ridges —
they must be cultivated level. This is all the work
they need, beyond breaking up the middles of the
rows well. If plowed too late after they commence

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

163

branching, the connection of the tubers will be broken,
and thereby destroy the yield of the crop ; that is, if
you are cultivating the branching variety. There is
little or no difference in the tops of different varieties
of artichokes, unless examined closely. The main dif-
ference is in the size and yield of tubers, which spread
all over the ground, very few being under the stalk.
The time to cut the tops for forage is two weeks after
dropping blossoms ; cut. and shock as you would corn ;
when cured, haul in damp weather. At this time
your artichoke patch is ready for the hogs to feed on.
If the tubefs are not all wanted for hogs, but for cat-
tle, sheep or horses, or even fowls, which are very fond
of them, take a two or three-horse turning plow, go
around the land as though plowing it, having hands
behind the plow to pick up the tubers and throw in
piles ; store away after being well dried in the sun.
They may be put away very much as potatoes, a light
sprinkle of straw over them, but not too much earth,
as freezing and thawing does not injure them. If
wanted for spring or summer feeding, put them in a
house having a floor, with sand or dry dirt over them ;
in this manner they will keep as fresh as when taken
out of the ground. If you notice them sprouting, turn
once and cover again with dry dirt or sand. The
ground where artichokes are planted may be plowed
and harrowed over several times, each time securing
tubers ; then turn hogs on to find what are still left.
After doing all this, there will still be enough left to
reseed the land. Hogs should not stay on the patch
later than the first of April. If the artichokes come
up too thick on the land, run the double shovel through
them and plow them up, leaving as many as you think
necessary, and cultivate as you would when first plant-
ing. Three bushels plant an acre, as I have described
above. The soil best suited to the growth of the arti-
choke is a saudy loam or land that is too wet for any
other crop — at the same time they will grow anywhere.
Professor Massey says in the June number that he does
not think much of artichokes ; I would like Professor
Massey to answer a few questions. I plowed a field
this spring, and sowed part in oats and part in cow
peas. The field having several naked spots, which
were bare of vegetation, I planted artichokes on them,
sowing peas and oats among these as an experiment.
I noticed upon fallowing the field this summer that the
oats and peas had perished, while I had four feet of
artichoke tops to turn under. The oats and peas also
perished on the spots where no artichokes were planted.
Now, why is it that the artichoke should thrive so well
where the oats and peas perished ! The soil is a red
clay. These spots we call here naked galls. I be-
lieve artichokes to be self-fertilizing. The land I had
in artichokes last year I also planted again this year.
On an adjoining piece of ground I planted corn last
year, and artichokes this year, the two pieces of land
being side by side, are of the same soil. I used no
♦fertilizer on either piece. The artichokes came up at
the same time on both pieces of ground ; in three
months' time, the artichokes following artichokes
stood two and a half feet above those planted where
corn had been the preceding year. Now, I am not
quite sure, but I believe at a certain age the tubers
drop from the roots, while the roots are left to decay,
and thus fertilize the land. While plowing the land
in the spring it looked as though a coat of manure had
been turned under during the previous year. The
2

artichokes on this ground made 700 bushels to the
acre, while the piece of land adjoining made seven
barrels to the acre of corn. Now, which has furnished
the most feed for sheep, hogs aud cattle ?

I had two sows fed solely on artichokes last spring.
They kept fat all the time while suckling pigs. The
pigs also were said to be the finest I had ever raised.
I have never been able to do this on corn and potatoes
in a raw state.

Another subscriber, Mr. Perry, of Fairfax county,
Va., writes us this month as follows :

Your paper comes to me regularly, and I find in it
many things of value to me. I have raised artichokes
now for two years and like them so well that I thought
I would tell you something about them. Here in the
South they may be planted at any time up to April,
and even later. I plant like potatoes and cultivate
them about the same way. With this all labor ceases,
since my hogs harvest them themselves. With a little
corn thrown in, they will thrive on them better than
anything I have fed to hogs yet. One acre will make
as much hog feed as four or five of corn, and neither
wet nor dry weather affects them, and I am told that
they never are a failure. Right here I would say that
every Southern farmer should try these tubers. With
our mild winters and unfrozen ground, hogs can root
them from early fall till spring, thus reducing the
wintering of them to a minimum cost. Northern
farmers fiud them very profitable, although their
ground is frozen the greater part of the winter. They
are not only good for hogs, but all my stock like them.
I have no seed to sell.

Persons trying the crop should be careful to get good
seed. There are several varieties, among them a wild
one indigenous to the country. This latter is of no
value. The White French or Jerusalem artichoke is
the variety to be planted. It is claimed by many that
artichokes, when fed to hogs, are largely a preventive
of cholera. Doubtless they may be of some service in
cooling the blood and acting as a diuretic. Roots of
all kinds are valuable for stock in this way. Whether
artichokes are better than other roots we are unable
to say. We believe if more roots were fed to hogs,
and less corn, we should have less cholera.

SEEDING GRASS ALONE.

Editor Southern Planter :

I am more and more convinced, both by practice
and observation, that it is bad policy to sow grass
seed and clover with wheat and oats. For the last
three years our summers aud falls have been so dry
that very much of our grass has been killed out, espe-
cially that sown on wheat aud oats. As soon as the
grain crop is cut, the young grass withers and dies
out with the first dry spell we have. If sown alone
in February, March or April, you get a good stand
that is apt to root deep aud stand the dry spells. I
have seen Orchard grass, Tall Meadow oat, and clover
sown as late as the middle of April, and do well when
sown alone. When you want grass, sow grass and
nothing else. F. Guy.

161

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

THE VELVET BEAN.

We herewith present an illustration of this new
leguminous crop, about which we have had several
enquiries. The bean is introduced from Florida, where
it lias been grown as an ornamental plaut for twenty
years, but has only been used as an improver of the
land and as green feed for stock during the past two
years.

Dr. Clute, the Director of the Florida Experiment
Station, says that early in L895 his attention was
called to the bean, and enough seed was secured to

plant about a quarter of an acre on very poor soil.
The soil was prepared as for corn. The beaus were
planted in rows three feet apart, aud about one foot
apart in the row. No special cultivation was given
it, but just kept free from weeds until the plants
shaded the ground. It proved a rampant grower.
The ground was covered with a close mass of vegeta-
tion. It bloomed in August, producing long clusters
of somewhat large, purple flowers, which were quite
ornamental. The bloom was followed by plump pods
of a rich dark gieen, covered with a close down like
velvet. Before frost in November, a square rod of
the vines aud pods gave 93 lbs. of green forage, or
lG,t)80 lbs. to the acre. He did not cure it into hay,
but it would probably have dried into between two
and three tons of hay to the acre. All stock readily
ate the green foliage including the pods.

The pods are thick and leathery, do not crack open
when ripe, and are difficult to open by hand. They
contain from three to five large, plump beaus. The
vines left on the field retain the leaves and pods.
Analysis of the beaus shows them to be rich in pro-
tein and fat, but they do not appear to have yet been
used for stock feeding.

In conversation with Dr. Stubbs, of the Louisiana
Experiment Station, he stated that it grew luxuriantly
in that State. It is, of course, extremely problemati
cal whether it will grow sufficiently luxuriantly to be
useful, or mature its seed so far north as this State
uutil it has been gradually acclimated by productiou
at intervening places between Florida and Virginia ;
but in the more southern States it would seem likely
to be valuable at least as a cover for the land aud as a
producer of humus, and probably eventually as a
feed. We would, however, not advise its planting in
this State, except experimentally, at present.

PRESERVATION OF CORN STOVER.

In October, 1893, we published a bulletin -Coin
Husker and Fodder Cutter," and iucidentally men
tioned the subject of fodder preservation.

Siuce that time we have received so many enquiries
concerning the handling of this crop, that it has
seemed wise to issue the following statements, based
upon observations taken siuce the former publication,
and to answer a few questions as they have beeu asked.

TIME CORN SHOULD BE CUT.

This is a query often put, but one difficult to answer,
so uiuch depending on local circu instances. If possible,
we allow it to stand until the grain begins to hardeu
and the bottom leaves are turning yellow at the tips,
yet we like them to be for the most part green. One
thing is certaiu, corn should be cut before too much
danger of frost, aud we caunot always cut in just the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

166

stage deemed most desirable. It is, however, wise to
select a variety that matures iD good season, that this
trouble may not often confront us. For three years
we began cutting corn on dates as follows : — 1895, Sep-
tember 23rd ; 1896, September 10th ; 1897, September
10th.

The corn raised in 1895 was of a variety rather late
in maturing, so we have changed to an earlier kind,
hence the cutting takes place before great danger of
frosts. We have an advantage, too, in being able to
husk earlier, before much severely cold weather has
to be borne.

METHOD OF CUTTING AND SHOCKING.

For this section — and I think it is equally true for
all Virginia — the best method foi curing fodder, is to
cut at the ground and place in shocks, curing blade,
top, stalk and grain in one operation. The leaves
would be somewhat better if pulled, dried and housed
alone, as they then need be exposed but a short time,
but the expense more thau overcomes any advantage
gained. Placed in shocks of medium size, the loss
from exposure will not be great if well cared for as
soon as its condition of dryness will allow. Shocks
must be large enough to stand well and yet small
enough to dry thoroughly without moulding. We find
shocks made twelve hills square — i. e., one hundred
and forty four hills of two stalks each — most economi-
cal ki every way. If corn has been plauted in drills,
the number of stalks could be counted once or twice,
aud t wo hundred and eighty eight of them would repre-
sent the size of shock mentioned. It may be urged
that corn must at times be cut tiefore it is ripe enough
to cure by this means. If this is true the difficulty
may be partially met by ''striping," as it is locally
termed— i. e., cut the six middle rows of each shock
and let it stand for a day or two, before the balance
is added to it. By allowing the first part to become
partially dry, the remainder may be added without
danger of spoiling !

how long should the shocks stand before
huskixi; !

For three years we have allowed it to stand as fol-
lows :— 1895, forty two days; 1S96, forty-seven d3ys ;
1897, forty-seven days. It might better be stated that
from six to seven weeks after starting to cut the corn
we began to shuck it, finishing the operation in thirty-
one days in 1895, thirty-one days in 1896, and twenty-
six days in 1897. Six or seven weeks' exposure to all
kind^ of weather, must injure the fodder to a certain
extent, but we have no means of saving every pirticle
of value, and if shocks are well made so that they do
not lean or fall the actual loss in this time would be
confined mainly to the outside leaves and stalks that

come in direct contact with air and sunlight, as well
as wind and rain.

Fodder that is to be stored in bulk must be dry, not
merely the leaves but the stalk must stand in the field
long enough to give up most of its moisture. In order
that stover should be cured in the best manner, the
corn should always be cut before first frosts, otherwise
the leaves drying quickly, become brittle, shatter, and
are blown away by the winds, thereby losing a portion
of the most vauable material.

If the weather is cold enough so that the uncut plant
is frozen, it is then very difficult to cure the stalks,
the juices seeming to sour, and evaporation through the
ruptured cells becoming very slow.

The time fodder is kept in the field will depend, too,
upon conditions of the atmosphere — long rains or damp
weather greatly retarding the desired end.

HOW CAN STOVER BE BEST STORED?

After being dried to the extent that the corn is
ready to crib, the question is asked, What shall we do
with the fodder?

It is usually left in the field, carted away as needed,
and fed to the stock on open ground. By this means
losses occur in several ways ; the portions last used
have been exposed to the winter's rains, snows and
winds, and when placed before the animals, much of it
will be trampled into the soft ground, and yet more
spoiled by the excrement of the cattle, while the stalks
will be a nuisance for months to come. Another
method, and one we have used once, is to stack the
fodder as soon as husked, being careful to place the
butts at all times out to the weather. If covered with
poor hay or straw this answers very well, only open to
objections in feeding as mentioned above. In many of
the Northern States, stover is housed and fed in the
barns, but may be so better handled there than here,
as corn is more dwarf in its habits, the cold climate
causing rapid growth, but a smaller plant. In the
South, we should find much difficulty in handling it
in barns, if housed as hauled from the field, hence the
many implements for reducing the size of pieces of
stalk. The ordinary silage cutter has beeu utilized by
some for this purpose, but the short pieces of hard
stalk are apt to injure the animal's mouth to such an
extent as to make its use unprofitable. For some
years, so called shredders have been used with success,
they differing from the cutter in that they first crush
the stalk as it passes through the rolls, and then it is
torn or shredded into small pieces by the action of
spikes, saws, or teeth, but not knives that give a shear
cut. For some years we have beeu using an imple-
ment of this sort, only beside shredding the stover,
the corn is husked by the same operation, its work
having beeu discussed in Bulletin No. 33. Since the

1.06

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

bulletin was published in 1893, we have been using
the same machine, husking all our corn — from thirty-
five to seventy acres — and housing the stover in barns
so far as room allowed, and the balance placed in
stacks or ricks near the buildings. We were warned
that the stover would not keep, either in a barn or in
a stack, some backing their assertions with the state-
ment that they had "tried it," So far as our experience
goes we can say that not once have we had the slightest
trouble in this respect, it keeping perfectly in both
barn and stack.

Began
Year, husking.

L895 Nov. 4th.

LS96 Oct. 28th.

1897 Oct. 28th.

Finished

husking.

Dec. 5th.
Nov. 28th

Nov. 23rd

Finished

putting in

barn.

Finished

putting in
stack.

No record Dec. 5th..
Nov. 14th Nov. 28th

Nov. 18th Nov. 23rd

Moved

stack into

barn.

No record
f Feb. 19.
\ Apr. 8.
j Feb. 7.
1 Feb. 28.

It will be seen by the figures given above that we
have kept fodder the entire winter in the rick, and yet
it comes out in very fine condition, the only protection
it received being a little stiaw on top.

Fodder just moved into the barn at time of writing,
March 1st, is as bright as when first placed in rick
about November 20th, not the slighest sign of mold,
and odor is as perfect as possible.

To keep it thus, two or three facts must be borne in
mind — i. e., time must be allowed for the fodder to cure
in the field, and it must be placed in the barn or rick
entirely free from moisture from rain or gathered from the
ground by fallen shocks, the latter requiring turning
over to sunlight or breezes before shredding. We
have made our ricks directly upon the ground, though
a better plan would be to place a layer of rails first,
as we lose about three inches as a result of the moisture
in the soil.

VALUE ADDED TO STOVER BY SHREDDING.

It is easier to handle, can be stored in much smaller
space, more is eaten, no waste from trampling, etc.,
and the portion of stalk not eaten, instead of being a
nuisance, makes a very good bedding. This is all we
use under our cattle, and acts as an absorbent in the
manure pile. It is possible to bale it, and in some
places it is sold regularly on the markets.

D. O. Nourse,

ExpH Station, Blacksburg, Va. Agriculturist.

PENITENTIARY TOBACCO.

The entire tobacco crop — 25,000 pounds — of the
Virginia State Penitentiary Farm was sold privately,
through Messrs. Frazier & Tompkins, at an average
of $9.30 for lugs, leaf aud all. These tobaccos were
nicely handled, which added much to their salable
value.

CORN GROWING IN VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter :

In answer to your request for information regarding
my corn crops, I would state that I have been more
than usually successful, owing, I believe, to the careful
preparation of the ground for planting and to the
variety of seed used. I subsoil all my corn land. I
have found that it is just as important for the bottom
land as for the hills, and I believe the immediate return
is greater. It is sometimes very trying to one's
patience to see two teams crawling around the field
aud apparently doing the work of one, but the result
is satisfactory. I believe that subsoiliug, for our lands,
is better than fertilizing and as good as a coat of manure.
My low grounds, and I regret to say they are very
limited in extent, are being broken from twenty to
twenty-two inches. A three horse plow goes as deep
as a team can pull it, not taking too much land, and
in the furrow a two horse subsoil plow runs as deep as
it will go.

On the hillsides, where the clay subsoil is easily
reached, the plowing is not so deep. The subsoil plow
never throws the soil out of the furrow, Then I have
the ground rolled and harrowed until it is in the best
condition. Last year my manager was about to plant
and I delayed him, much to his disgust, by requiring
the corrugated iron roller and harrow to go over the
field again. I think you have been preaching sound
doctrine in the Planter in urging that the preparation
before planting is more important even than the work-
ing after planting. I usually use a planter, regulated
so that it does not drop too many grains, for the corn
I use has not a large grain. I also lay off some land
with the plow, rows about three feet apart, drop by
hand and try for one stalk about fourteen inches in the
row. This last has always beaten the other by two or
three barrels per acre. When I have a good clover
sod I use no fertilizer, and this part of the field yielded
over 120 bushels. In 1897, I top dressed some of the
land after plowing with twenty light two horse loads
of fresh stable manure and on au acre of this made
1361 bushels. The manure was put on with a Kemp
Spreader (one of the most valuable pieces of machinery
on the farm) and harrowed in. The manure spreader
distributes it with absolute evenness aud beats it up so
fine that it is all available, no cakes to dry out and
harden. As soon as the corn is up I ruu the cultivator
over it and try to give it three shallow workings before
laying it by.

For two years I have had a surveyor lay off an acre
of the land so that there would be no guessing, and
have measured the corn carefully. In 189G, I was in
the Breeders' Gazette contest. Its regulations required
the affidavit of two witnesses, and the corn had to be

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

167

cut and shucked the same day. I had eighteen men
and boys in the field. There were a great many ears but
they seemed trifling to one who was used to the big cob,
big-eared corn at that time grown exclusively here.
One of my neighbors, who is a great corn raiser and a
good judge, was superintending the job, and when I
asked him what the yield would be, he said, looking
over the piles that dotted the ground, "15 barrels."
About four o'clock the teams came into the field, and
they had not filled one wagon before this gentleman
called out, "It's going far ahead of my estimate."
It measured up 26:; barrels and took the only Breeders'
Gazette prize that came east.

My seed I got some years ago from Mr. H. E. Wood,
being attracted by the large crops reported in the
Planter. I must confess that when I first got the seed
I was disappointed in its appearance. But I desire
nothing better now. The corn is a crosi between
Cocke's Prolific and the old Virginia Dent, and has
also an infusion of Flint, so Mr. Wood tells me. It is
very unlike a great deal of the Cocke's Prolific that is
scattered through the country, and is far superior
to it I believe. A seedsman, who had ordered 300
bushels of it from me in 1896, when he re«eived it,
wrote asking for a history of the corn, saying that it
was very unlike Cocke's Prolific. He has gotten most
gratifying reports of its success since. To distinguish
this corn, I have named it "Albemarle Prolific."

When the North Garden Club met at my house some
summers ago, the inspecting committee visited my corn
field. We were joking each other about the probable
outcome of our corn contest. One of the most promi-
nent farmers in the country, after going through my
field, in a thoughful mood, exclaimed, as he looked at
the large number of goodly ears, " your seed was better
than my seed." I laughed and told him to come out
and acknowledge that I had beat him raising corn, and
not to attribute my success to the only thing which
was no special credit to my farming. He insisted,
however, that he was right, and I believe he was. The
Albemarle Prolific took the first prize offered by
North Garden Farmers' Club in 1896 and in 1S97.
The corn grows to a great height, with a large stalk,
and from two to five ears, occasionally as many as nine.
Of course the additional shucks increase the value of
the fodder. It is the heaviest grower of ensilage of
the best quality. I have used a silo for six years at
Arrowhead, and am satisfied that the Albemarle Pro-
lific has doubled my yield of ensilage per acre. It has
more than doubled my yield of grain. The corn has
been a revelation to us in showing what our lands are
capable of. There were a good many "doubting
Thomases" who did not believe that it was possible to
grow 27 barrels of corn on one acre of land, anywhere.
Most of these have been converted. I have demon-

strated to my own satisfaction that our crops are very
much curtailed and our lands very much injured by
shalloic plowing. I believe "gullies and galls" are due
to this fault almost exclusively. The galls are some-
times due to plowing too wet. I have never found a
manager or a hand who, if he thought he was getting
behind, would not grow impatient and plow laud too
wet. This kills the corn and the land too.

Sam'l B. Woods.
Albemarle Co., Va.

CAN THE FARMER AFFORD TO SELL
CORNSTALKS?

Editor Southern Planter:

Bulletin No. 96 of the Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, published in January, 1889, shows
(No. 14) that a ton of cornstalks, field cured, " Sto-
ver," contain, of nitrogen 17 pounds, of phosphoric
acid 4.4 pounds, of potash 35.2 pounds. The annual
report of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion for 1895, considering only the fertilizing values of
feeds, No. 55, puts nitrogen at 14 cents per pound,
phosphoric acid at 4i cents per pound, and potash at
4j cents per pound.

Applying these figures to these ingredients, the ton
of cornstalks will have 17 pounds nitrogen at 14 cents,
$2.38; 4.4 pounds phosphoric acid at 4> cents, 19.8
cents ; 35.2 pounds potash at 4J cents, $1.58 ; together
$4.16, which they are worth if they are allowed to rot
in the field.

But apart from this is the feeding value, which the
same Connecticut bulletin, No. 14, shows to be 55
pounds of digestible protein, which is as much as is iu
seven bushels of corn, and 1,281 pounds of digestible
fibre, carbohydrates and fat, or as much of these as in
18 bushels of corn or seven bushels of corn entire, and
the fibre carbohydrates and fat of 11 bushels more.

According to a method of valuation set forth in the
same Connecticut bulletin, No. 3, which takes into
account the whole of the ingredients, there is in a ton
of cornstalks a feeding value of $4.17 ; and according
to another system of valuation, which takes into ac-
count only the parts which are actually digested, there
is a feeding value of $3.12.

Taking the lower figures, and deducting 10 per cent,
of the fertilizing value, which will fully account for
what may be lost in its use by the animal, there re-
mains a fertilizing value after feeding of $3.74, making
a value, if fed and the manure put on the ground, of
$6.86 ; besides which, there is a very considerable
value in its mechanical effect upon the soil in the sup-
ply of humus, which is essential to good production,
and in which many soils are deficient.

The farmer who sells for less than this price, will
be out the difference and the hauling. C. M. E.

Philadelphia, Pa.

168

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEB.

[April

ENQUIRER'S COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to i]iiestions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, ami Fruitgrowing in this column. Enquiries
should be Bent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. ('., no! later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap-
lK-:\r in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Fertilizer for Corn, Wheat and Oat%.

Will you kindly auswer the following through the
columns of the Southern Planter .'

I have a field that was iu wheat last season. I wish
to plant it in corn, and sow in wheat and clover this
fall. I plowed it last fall. Will check the corn, and
cut iu the fall. Please give me formula for best fer
tilizi r to use on this field, how and when to apply, and
how much per acre. What do you think of bone and
potash mixture? The land is good sandy loam, clay
subsoil, with a good many round flint rocks. Would
subsoiling be beneficial to laud of this character, and
why?

Also, give formula for wheat and oats fertilizer ou
this kiud of land.

Eespeetfully, Sam'l Hairston.

Pittsylvania Co., F«.

We suppose that you have a field of old wheat
stubble, which has had no renovating crop on it since
the wheat was cut. Had you then fertilized the land
with the bone aud potash, and sowed it in cow-peas,
you could have had a forage crop that would have
gone a loug ways towards paying for the fertilizer, and
would have left enough to make a coru crop as good as
you can get by a direct application of fertilizer. As
an application as much for the benefit of the wheat
and clover to follow the corn as for the profit to be
had from the corn, the bone aud potash mixture will
be as good as any. But I have time and again tried
artificial fertilizers on the corn crop, and never yet
made a profit from the application in the extra amount
of coru. Apply a mixture of 400 lbs. of acid phos-
phate and kainit. in equal parts, broadcast on the corn
laud. Then at the last working of the corn sow peas
broadcast among it. Cut the corn off and cure in
shocks, and turn the peas under, when ripe, for the
wheat. The same mixture can be used to profit on
the wheat by the help it will give the clover. If the
clay subsoil is within reach of a good two horse plow,
it will pay to subsoil the land to loosen up the subsoil
and release plant food. Try to farm the land so that
you will ;.ot be dependent always on some commercial
fertilizer for every crop. Grow forage, and feed stock
ami make manure. If the future of the land is the
prime object, and you succeed in getting a good stand
of clover on it, let it stand one year in clover, cutting
the crop for hay ; and then, when plowed again, get,
if possible, a good coat of lime on it before planting in
corn again. We believe that the true and only place
in a rotation on a grain or cotton farm for the commer-

cial fertilizers is on the clover or the pea crop that is
intended for the benefit of the land, and that if we
properly save and feed the abundant forage that we
can thus grow, we can get home-made manure enough
annually for the corn crop, to be applied broadcast,
and that this will carry the wheat crop through, and
give a stand of clover, to be helped by phosphate and
potash the second spring to make more forage to feed
for manure-making. W. F. Massey.

Fertilizer for Tobacco.

C. E. Harris, of Nelly's Ford, Va., writes asking
me to say in the Planter whether it is better to use
dried blood, tankage and cotton-seed meal or nitrate
of soda in preparing a tobacco fertilizer.

Our experiments with fertilizers on tobacco last sea-
son were on quite an extensive and varied scale ; but,
according to our rules, I cannot give the results of
these experiments in print till after the report now in
progress of preparation is published. We hope then
to give something of interest, and, as we will have
during the present season eighteen different fertilizing
applications on tobacco, we hope for further results
in the future that will be of interest to tobacco grow-
ers. At present I can only say that my preference is
decidedly in favor of the use of dried blood first and
cotton-seed meal next, as a source of nitrogen for to-
bacco. This is particularly the case where the crop
is intended to furnish good wrappers.

W. F. Massey.

San Jose Scale. Hen flanure.

I enclose a small twig of the wild goose plum ; please
say if the insects on it are the San Jose scale ; aud if
so, is it too lat« to spray with kerosene oil ? Must the
oil be diluted? how?

Would be glad to know the simplest, easiest and
quickest method of preparing hen manure for use. I
have it regularly swept up and put in barrels under
shelter, but it becomes hard and dry, and the pulver-
izing it is tedious and troublesome. I saw somewhere
that it would aualyze from 1 to 5 per cent, (a wide
difference) nitrogen, 11 to 2 potash, l to 3 phos. acid,
and advised mixing equal weights or bulks of g) psmn
aud kainit aud manure. Another formula is 1,000
pounds hen manure, 200 pounds muriate potash, or
three times that weight of kainit, and 250 or 300
pounds of acid phosphate.

I get from 12 to 15 barrels a year, aud find it a great
help in the garden. Generally dilute it with earth, a
little of it in liquid form, one third water, is a great
stimulant. Subscriber.

Richland County, S. C.

I can find no San Jose scale on the twig, but there
are little black fruiting spores of some fungus, proba-
bly a saphrophytic fungus, on the dead twig. What
has killed it, I cannot say from the specimen. It may

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

169

be the result of the black knot. If there are any
knots on the tree cut them out and spray with Bor-
deaux mixture several times, and when any green
knots appear, cut them out before the spores ripeD.
There may be scale on the tree, but there were none
on the twig sent. If there are scales, the best remedy
is pure undiluted kerosene, sprayed so as to just
moisten the tree all over, but not to run or drip to any
extent. This should be done on a warm sunny day,
when the oil will evaporate rapidly. If done in cold
or dark weather, there may be some harm to the tree.
I have seen peach trees sprayed with kerosene when
in full leaf in May, without harm, aud others sprayed
in the cool autumn weather were hurt. The best way
to manage the hen manure is to keep a plentiful sup
ply of plaster under the roosts and clean out and re-
new daily. W. F. Massey.

Tobacco Plants Failing.

I would like Prof. Massey or some one to give us
some help as to our tobacco plant beds. The trouble
is that the beds seem to give back after the first good
drawing of plants. After that the plants seem to turn
yellow, the leaves turn up like fox ears, and they seem
to get into a stunted state and just stand at one point
without starting for a long time, even after they are
planted out. The drawing does not seem to cause this,
but they get that way as the plants get older, the
weather dryer, or something. Thus it is general of
late years. We raise dark shipping tobacco, and burn
the beds the usual old way on new land, then hoe in
one pound of good complete fertilizer to each yard,
which would be 4,900 pounds to the acre, besides the
ashes, which would seem enough ; indeed, many claim
that the failure of the plants is caused by the use of
the fertilizers. If yon can suggest a remedy it would
be of much value to us, for if we fail to get an early
even stand of tobacco, then it never makes a crop of
black wrappers, but has to go as low grade and at low
prices. We never use fertilizers, but always a clover
fallow, for the best crop of wrappers or shipping.

Nelson Co., Va. Thomas Massie.

We are of opinion that this failure of the plants to
coutinue vigorous growth is caused-by the exhaustion
of the nitrogen from the bed. A heavy growth of
plants will quickly take up all the immediately avail
able nitrogen from a plant-bed fertilizer, or it will be
washed out by the rains. This nitrogen is usually sup-
plied from nitrate of soda, which is very soluble,
and if not at once taken up is washed away. We
would suggest the application of a solution of nitrate
of soda, applied through a long spouted watering pot
or can around the roots of the plants not drawn, avoid-
ing wetting the leaves as far as possible, or an appli-
cation of liquid manure, made by mixing hen or sheep
manure in water, and applied in the same way, might
be found effective. — Ed.

Dehorning Cattle.

In dehorning cattle, if the hole left, after taking off
the horn is very large, do you advise putting anything
on to keep out the air 1

H. S. Barksdalk.

Albemarle Co., Va.

We recommend the application of a tar plaster to
keep out any foreigu matter and to encourage healing
of the wound. — Ed.

Liming Land — Lime as a Remedy for Borers.

I want to experiment with some lime as a fertilizer,
and would be very glad if you would give me some
information about when and how to apply it. What
is the best time to apply it to a meadow as a top dress-
ing? Do you think lime is a good remedy for sheep
sorrel 1 Would it be useful applied to the roots of
apple and peach trees to keep away borers ?

H. S. Baeksdale.

Albemarle Co., Va.

It is a mistaken idea that lime is a fertilizer directly.
Its action is that of a digester of vegetable matter
and a liberator of the unavailable food naturally in
the soil. This elucidates the truth of the old adage
that " lime makes the father rich and the son poor."
It is, however, very valuable, when used judiciously,
to effect these purposes, and to improve the mechani-
cal texture of the soil by making lighter a heavy clay
soil, and binding together the loose particles of a
sandy soil. It should not be applied to land divested
of vegetable matter except in small quantity for the
purpose of improving the texture. It should always
be applied in the fall or early winter to give it time
to act upon the soil, and should always be applied on
the top. It will quickly work down into the soil. It
is valuable to apply as a top dressing to an old meadow
in the fall. We have applied as much as two tons to
the acre with advantage. Its effect is to kill out the
coarser grasses, aud to encourage the growth of the
clovers and fine grasses. As a remedy for sheep sor-
rel, we do not regard it as of value. We have seen
sheep sorrel growing luxuriantly in an old lime kiln.
Sheep sorrel is an indication of poverty in the soil,
and can be destroyed by making the laud rich euough
to produce the better grasses. We should not advise
the use of lime as a remedy for borers in apple and
peach trees. It is too caustic to apply directly to the
trees. The best remedy for thesr pests is to pick
them out with the point of a knife or a piece of wire,
and then to bank up the soil around the roots to pre
vent their getting access to the trunks of the trees
near the roots, where they always commence their
work. — Ed.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

170

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.
The dry, tine, mild weather of March will have
allowed the garden and truck ground to be put in fine
coudition if proper care and attention has been given
to it. If not already all prepared for planting, no
effort should be spared to get it into good order at once.
Let it be plowed and replowed, harrowed, rolled and
harrowed again until the whole surface, to the depth
of LO inches at least, is as fine as an ash bed. Such a
seed bed as this is needed to enable vegetables of all
kinds to make their best growth, and to this must be
added a soil made as rich as manure and fertilizers will
make it. Vegetables, to be fine and tender, must be
grown quickly, and this can only be done on a fine,
rich seed bed.

Do not be in too great a hurry to plant full crops of
vegetables, as there is yet time for and the probability
of many cold days and nights, but plaut small succes-
sional crops of English peas, radishes, turnips, beets,
salsify, lettuce, parsley, onions and spring kale.

Set out cabbage plants, onions sets and asparagus
roots. *

mild and the potato sprouts are beginning to grow,
after which they may be gradually hardened off ready
for setting out. As sweet potato plants are not wanted
for setting out before the latter part of May or begin-
ning of June, the hot-bed may well be used for push-
ing forward tomato, pepper, egg plant and canteloupe
plants before bedding down the sweet potato sets.
These plants are needed to be set out early in May.

If the latter part of April be mild and warm, a row
or two of sweet corn may be planted.

Let the lawn and flower garden have attention.
Clean up all trash and dig over and rake down the
beds, if not already done. The lawn will be much im-
proved if rolled once or twice.

See to the spraying of the orchard and vineyard.
In this issue will be found a spray calendar, giving
full instructions on this subject.

Transplant tomato plants raised in hot beds into cold
frames or into boxes, which cau be kept under shelter
until the weather is mild enough to harden them off.
Tomato plants are much improved in productiveness
by being transplanted several times before being set
out in the garden or field. It makes them stocky and
lie Iter rooted.

Sow tomato seed, peppers and egg plants in the hot
bed, and, as they become large enough to handle,
plant out in boxes or cold frames to grow on.

Make up a good hot-bed if you have no fire or steam
heated house in which to sprout sweet potatoes. The
bed should be made of good, fresh horse litter and
leaves well mixed together and tramped solid. Make
the bed at least two feet thick when tramped solid,
and let the boards at the sides stand above the bed at
least 10 or 12 inches. After the bed is consolidated,
cover with 4 or 5 inches of sandy woods mould, and
leave to heat and then cool down to a steady heat.
This it will do in a week or ten days, and the sweet
potato sets may then spread out, barely touching each
other on the soil, and be covered with 3 or 4 inches of
good sandy woods mould. They should not be kept
more than just moist, or rot may be induced. Keep
covered with glass or boards until the weather becomes

WATERMELON GROWING.

We have several enquiries as to the best method of
growing watermelons, which we now propose to reply
to. The watermelon requires a warm, sandy soil, light
and dry, yet not too dry. A light gray, well drained
top soil, with strong clay subsoil that will daily give
up its moisture, affords the best location. This soil
should not be too rich in humus or the melous will be
large but watery, and insipid and poor shippers. The
crop should be grown in rotation, in no case letting
melons follow melons. The preparation of the soil
should be thorough, but not too deep, as the plant is a
surface rooting one, and it is not desirable to induce a
departure from this habit. Break and pulverize the
soil thoroughly, so as to make it as fiue as possible.
The best fertilizer is a crop of cow peas growu on the
land the year previous to planting, supplemented with
good farm yard manure. This may be enriched by the
addition of acid phosphate and kaiuit, applied at the
rate of 300 or 400 lbs. to the acre and well mixed with
the soil. If cow peas have not been grown on the
land, then it will be necessary to use either nitrate of
soda or cotton-seed meal to supply additional nitrogen.
Nitrate of soda may be used at the rate of 150 lbs. to
the acre, or cotton-seed meal at the rate of 500 lbs. to
the acre. If peas have not been grown on the land
and farm yard manure is not available, use a fertilizer
composed of 400 los of nitrate of soda, 800 lbs. of
high grade acid phosphate, and 200 lbs. of muriate of
potash to the acre.

After the laud is thoroughly prepared, mark it off

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

171

with a light plow into checks 10 x 10 feet equidistant
each way. Open out a wide deep furrow in one direc-
tion every 10 feet, and into this place the manure and
fertilizer, letting the same be well mixed with the soil
in the furrow. Then throw onto this manure so placed
two or three furrows from each side aud thus throw
up a bed, which will warm up and be ready for plant-
ing much sooner than if left level. When planting
time has come, run over the bed with a light harrow
or rake fine at the point of intersection of the checks,
aud there plant the seeds. Do not plant all at one
point in the hill, but scatter half a dozen or a dozen
seeds over a surface of a foot square aud press each
seed in separately with the fiuger, but do not bury too
deeply. If the soil should crust, over before the seeds
germinate, the crust should be broken with a rake or
hoe. When the seeds have germinated and thrown
out their first leaves, thin to one plant to a hill. Cul-
tivate the soil between the hills regularly so long as
this cau be doue without damage to the vines, aud let
this work be done shallow with a cultivator, and not
with a plow. If, after the vines are in ihe way, weeds
become troublesome, they should be cut off with a
scythe. Do not pull them, as this is very apt to injure
the vines, which fasten to the weeds. Following these
instructions, any one should be able to grow good
melons.

Canteloupes and muskmelons may be successfully
grown in the same way, but less room is needed be-
tween the plants, say, not more than 6 feet by 6 feet.

CAREFUL GRADING AND HONEST PACKING
PAYS.

The greatest quality in the historian is imagination,
the ability to reproduce the actions, manners aud
customs of the by gone ages. The best attribute of a
shipper is the capacity to put himself in the place of
the dealer and the consumer ; to ask and answer the
question : " What kind of goods would I want if I
were a market-goer of New York f "

Is it legitimate to "face" a box of oranges or a
barrel of potatoes'? The voice of "the trade" is
almost unanimously in the affirmative. Morality has
no grades, but produce has. The finest is worth the
highest price, and should be distinctly presented as
such. "Facing" implies that some of the finest is used
as a veneering to that which is inferior. But the trade
demands it, and only stipulates for the limitation that
the facing shall not cover grades which are too inferior
to be countenanced. To veneer with the best a grade
too inferior to be offered in market at all is a clumsy
fraud, uot to be tolerated.

To make a package first grade or second grade clear
through is the only absolute honesty. Would this un-
compromising honesty pay the shipper? Yes — the
second season, if it did not the first. There is no
quicker- witted people on earth than the dealers and
the consumers of our American cities, none more
prompt to recognize — aud pay for — a good thing when
they see it.
3

The shipper needs to get in active workiug relations
with that consuming public ; he needs the imagination
to feel the touch of elbows with that market-goer, a
thousand miles away, as if he were a next-door neigh-
bor. He cau establish that touch of elbows through
his stencil-mark — make it such a clean, honest faced
thing that when the market-goer sees it amid the
dreary waste of slushy ignorance and bald cheatery in
the market he will give the hand-grip — and, what is
better, the mole skin.

A certain Florida shipper of Le Conte Pears has
frequently received checks for fruit in letters which
were posted before the arrival of the steamers bearing
the consignments. His stencil on a package is as true
as the imprint of the Chemical Bank. Such is the
priceless value of character. Some of his neighbors
regard him as a "crank" because of the rigidness
with which he compels each fruit, in packing, to be
assigned to its proper grade. But he pockets his extra
dollar for package, aud holds his peace.

"Know thyself," said the ancient Greek — that was
philosophy. "Know thy commission man," says
the Florida shipper — that is business. And when
found, make a note of — cleave to him through thick and
thin, from season to season, setting your face like steel
against all the seductions of the new agent who
shows telegraphic prices a little higher than any honest
merchant cau give. Every old established house has
its circle of customers. When they discover a good
thing they want it again. They learn to recognize the
names of shippers even in far-off Florida. If they
have found something honestly packed — good measure,
shaken down, pressed down, no suspicion of a "skin"
quart or a "short" half-bushel, no culls hidden in the
bowels of a fair-faced package — they order and pay
for the same man's stuff in advance of arrival, if
necessary.

Such a shipper would almost make a dishonest com-
mission merchant honest. But such a shipper gen-
erally gets into good company. One seldom or never
hears him complain. — Ex.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION FOR NURSERYMEN.

Mr. Barlow has introduced in Congress a bill (H. B.
CS94) to provide rules and regulations governing the im-
portation of trees, plants, shrubs, vines, grafts, cut-
tings aud buds, commonly known as nursery stock,
and fruits into the United States, aud rules and regula-
tions for the inspection of trees, plants, shrubs, vines,
grafts, cuttings, and buds,»commouly known as nursery
stock, grown within the United States, which become
subjects of Interstate Commerce or exportation.

This bill provides that nursery stock from various
countries shall not be admitted to the United States
without a certificate of inspection from the Govern-
ment official ; (2) That the Secretary of Agriculture
is empowered to quarantine against any variety of
fruit infested by any seriously injurious insect; (3)
That provision is made for the inspection of nurserj
stock which is to be shipped from one State to another.
The bill also carries with it an appropriation of one
huudred thousand dollars.

It would be well for those most directly interested
in horticulture and fruit-growing to secure copies of
the bill, make careful examination of it, and then take
such subsequent action as, in their judgment, may be
best.

172

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

Peach Trees affected with "Yellows" should be destroyed and burned. Fire Blight on Pears or Quinces,

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1868.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

173

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174

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

Hellebore.

Fresh white hellebore l ounce

- gallons

Apply when thoroughly mixed. This poison is not bo ener-
getic as the arsenitee, and maj be used a short time before the
! portions mature. For insects which chew.

Kerosene Emulsion.

Hard soap • pound.

Boiling water 1 gallon.

• 2 gallons.

Dissolve the Boap in water, add the Kerosene, and churn
with a pump for 5-10 minutes. Dilute 10 to 25 times before
applying. Ut —ion for all scale insects. For in-

sects which suck, as plant lice, mealy bugs, red spider, thrips,
bark lice, or scale. Cabbage worms, currant worms, and all in-
sects which have soft bodies, can also be successfully treated.

Raupenleim.

Raupenleini (caterpillar lime) is a German product which
has proved very successful against many insects. It is a very
Sticky black substance, obtained from crude petroleum, and
ha~ a strong, tar-like odor. A thick band of it on a trunk of a
tree will remain sticky for several weeks, and catches all insects
which attempt to cross or puncture it. It can be obtained in
untry of Messrs. Wm. Menzel & Son. 04 Broad street.
New York city, for $3.75 per keg of 25 lbs. One pound will
cover the whole trunk of a tree 4 or 5 inches in diameter.

HOW TO RAISE TOMATOES.

Tf good crops of any kind are to be secured begin
with the plow. If you have only two days in which
to prepare your ground and put in a crop of tomatoes
by all means use a day and a half in preparing the
soil. Make it fine, pulverize it. Keep the harrow
going as long as your conscience will let you, and then
harrow some more. If the dirt is lumpy, roll it, then
harrow, and just before setting out the plants go over
the land with a weeder — one of the most valuable
machines yet invented. It leaves the land smooth and
fine. Of course in the garden the hand rake answers
the same purpose as the weeder.

If stable manure is to be used on the tomato field
let it be thoroughly rotted. Do not, under any circum
stances, use coarse green manure. I would prefer none
at all. Whenever stable manure is used, it should be
plowed under in the fall. It is the practice of a great
many people to dig a hole and put in a shovelful or
two of stable manure, throw on a little dirt and set the
plant on top of it. If a rank growth of vine and a
lot ot green tomatoes are wanted, this method will he
sure to give perfect satisfaction. I have experimented
with many kinds of fertilizers for tomatoes and am
still experimenting, but up to the present time and
with my present knowledge of the matter, know of
nothing that will give as satisfactory results as the
following, which has produced, so far as can belearned,
the largest crop of tomatoes ever grown. After the
plants were set. a good handful of Bradley's com
plete potato manure was scattered well about ibe
plant, being ,.;ir,,f„] that it did not touch either leaf
or stalk, then about a teaspoonful of nitrate of soda
and a good huge handful of hard wood ashes were
1 about each plant, and the weeder run over
the field. This thoroughly rakes in the fertilizer.
The same dose wa« repeated jusl after the fruit began
to set. This treatment gave not an excessive growth
of vine, but the largest crop of ripe tomatoes ever

grown, or at least the largest I have ever heard of. It
gave me ripe tomatoes by the bushel in 49 days from
the time the plants were set in the ground, the variety
being the New Imperial. These plants were given
clean culture and were not trimmed or raked up in
any manner.

I cannot recommend too highly the use of nitrate of
soda in growing tomatoes, especially where early ripen-
ing is desired. When used at the rate of 150 to 1 7.~> lbs.
per acre and in connection with wood ashes the total
yield of early tomatoes will be very largely increased.
A larger quantity of nitrate will increase the yield
of fruit but at the expense of the net profit on the
crop. However, great care must be exercised in the
application of nitrate of soda to any plants and espe-
cially to the tomato. It should not come in direct con-
tact with either the stalk or roots. — A. A. Haloday,
in American Agriculturist.

HOW TO SHIP SPRING VEGETABLES.

Asparagus. — Should be cut in length to correspond
with the growth of the plant, and the shape aud style
of package must be regulated accordingly. Short,
thick, crisp stalks are the most salable. These should
be selected of uuiform size, put up in bunches of about
two dozen stalks to a bunch, each bunch neatly and
compactly tied at each end with soft material that will
not cut the plant. After tying, butt of bunch should
be trimmed square, an even top having been made by
placing tops of stalks in a line. Light boxes, holding
from two to three dozen bunches, are the easiest han-
dled and usually the most salable. Asparagus will
carry a longer distance and open fresh, if carefully
packed with butts of bunches resting in damp seaweed
or other soft material that will retain moisture. The
tops, however, should at all times be kept from the
wet, and also from coming in contact with the package.
This packing applies more particularly to the Charles-
ton'anc^ iS!:» descriptions of Southern asparagus. The
Illinois and Mississippi product, put up in third bushel
boxes, is received in very marketable condition ; and
that from the nearby country, in the customary small
buuches, carries well and sells favorably when packed
four dozen each in half bushel hand baskets. Aspara-
gus is one of the high priced delicacies that the masses
use, hence it sells largely, and when the quality is
right up to the standard aud presented to buyers in its
most attractive form, it commands prices remunerative
to producer and seller.

Cabbage. — Do not cut until it becomes well headed ;
soft, leafy cabbage never sells well. It should, how-
ever, be gathered while yet green. Leave enough
leaves on to protect the heads. Pack in crates holding
forty to sixty heads. Putin nothing but good, solid
heads. Pack as solid as possible, so they will not shake
and get bruised during transportation. Barrels also
an' suitable for cabbage; they should have openings
for ventilation, lie filled rounding up full, aud covered
with clean canvas.

Cauliflowers — Should be cut so as to leave about one
inch of the stem on, and trim off the leaves even with
the flower. Pack in bushel boxes holding one dozen
heads, or one liver, with face turned up. Well venti-
lated barrels may also be used, care being taken that
the cauliflower heads be so layered as to avoid rubbing

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

175

and bruising the faces. Good results are obtained by
wrapping each head in paper. Barrels should be
packed full and covered with clean canvas. Cauli-
flowers should be cut and trimmed in such a manner
as to leave plenty of leaves to fully cover and protect
the heads.

t 'ucumbers — In the early part of the season should be
packed in bushel boxes containing four to five dozen.
Ship ouly nice, smooth, medium, uniform-sized stock.
Forward no yellow or wilted cucumbers, and throw
out all small " nubbens." These points are very im-
portant and should not be overlooked. As cucumbers
become abundant and cheap in price, then barrels
should be used, of medium size, with plenty of venti-
lation holes.

Beets — Should be bunched, four or five in a bunch —
five would be better. They should be clean, sound,
even size — very small ones not wanted — and should be
carefully tied. They should be sent in one bushel
crates, and later on in barrels, the latter to be well
ventilated. Beets always sell best when tops are on,
therefore they should not be trimmed close to the beet.
Large cow beets do not sell.

White Turnips. — When the season first opens, bushel
boxes may be used, but they soon become plenty
enough, so that buyers prefer larger packages, when
crates of five or six dozen become most desirable.

Carrots. — Observe the same instructions in packing
as are given in the case of new beets.

Green Onions. — It is not anything and everything in
this line that sells. All people do not use onions, and
those that do are particular. Very small green onions
do not sell ; neither do very large, coarse, strong onions.
It is only medium sized, young and tender onions that
are wanted. The onion part should be clean and white,
with the first outer coating carefully removed. The
tops should remain on, unless trimmed a few inches
from the top, so as to have them look nice ; anything
to give them a good appearance. They should be care-
fully tied in buuches of four or five onions in a bunch.
Boxes of one bushel — same size as a 24-quart berry
case — are about the best packages to use, for when in
large packages they may become heated ; this package
is also easy to handle. A favored and successful way
of packing green onions, grown near by, is to bunch
them as above, leaving entire top on, pack upright in
half Imshel handled baskets, five to seven dozen
bunches per basket. No cover on basket required.

Green Peas. — The earliest shipments from long dis
tances should be in one-third bushel boxes. As the
supply increases and the price cheapens, covered
bushel hampers or baskets should be used, for then the
consumption will be greater and there will be more
demand. It is necessary that these packages afford
ventilation.

Radishes— Should be nice, clean, of medium and
uniform size, put up in medium sized bunches — say.
five or six to a bunch. When the radishes become
coarse and pithy they are no longer wanted, as by that
time fresh young radishes will begin to come from
nearby sources. At the beginning of the season, when
the weather is cool, small packages, as third and half
bushel boxes and one bushel baskets or hampers, may
be used. Later, as the weather becomes warmer, ice
is required, aud tight barrels are best adapted for
packages. The bunches of radishes should be placed
upon aud between layers of ice, barrels filled full and

covered with clean canvas, and count or number of
bunches marked plainly on each barrel.

Siring Beans — Should be gathered as soon as the bean
is about to form in the pod, before it is hardly percep-
tible. Do not allow them to remain on the vines until
coarse. It is also advisable to see that they go into
packages cold and dry, and, when necessary, spread
them out until they are in that condition. When
ready, they should be packed in about the same pack-
ages as peas, only this rule should be observed, espe-
cially in putting up wax beans : The beans should be
nicely and evenly placed in layers on the bottom, sides
and top of packages. This gives them an attractive
appearance, which greatly facilitates the sale. Pack
full, and keep out all specked and rusty beans.

Tomatoes. — Do not pick them too ripe nor too green.
All should be about the same as to ripeness, or some
will rot before the others will ripen. When coming
from long distances, they ought to be packed when
they begin to color ; when nearer to market, they
should have more color, but should always be taken
from the vines and packed before they are fully ripened.
Pack in four and six basket cases, and pack them as
tight as possible, so that they will not shake and be-
come bruised. Ship them of good, even size, which
will assist the selling materially. Bushel baskets and
half bushel round and square covered baskets may be
used by nearby shippers.

Rhubarb. — During a short season, or from the open-
ing of spring until the home crop arrives, has a large
sale. It is wanted in full-sized stalks, all leaves on,
four to six stalks iu a bunch, these bunches rebunched
into bundles of twelve, then packed on eud in large
barrels without cover.

Spinach and Kale — Are wanted in ventilated canvas-
covered barrels

New Potatoes — Are wanted iu three bushel ventilated
canvas-covered aud double-headed barrels.

Lettuce- -Is a vegetable that sells very largely before
the home field crops are ready for the market. South-
ern head lettuce, marketed during the winter aud early
spring, should be packed between layers of ice in
clean, tight, double headed sugar barrels, packed close
and hard. Later, the nearer shipments of hot-house
and garden lettuce should be packed in shallow cases,
in layers, two or three deep. Cases should be covered
with clean muslin. Half bushel handled baskets,
covered with paper, are also suitable packages. Head
lettuce also carries well and sells very largely in bushel
aud half barrel hampers ; these packages are used
successfully by Southern shippers when transported
by refrigerator.

Somees Bros., Pittsburg.

THE VALUE OF ASHES.

I do not think we place as high a value upon ashes
as we should. I have been testing their value as ferti-
lizer, and I am convinced on many kinds of soil noth-
ing is as good. Three years ago I plowed up an old
orchard. When I seeded it down I spread unslaked
ashes liberally under the trees. Last fall, when most
of my neighbors complained of having no fruit, I had
a fairly good crop. The grass was also heavy under
the tr

176

THE SOUTHERN PLAN TEE.

[April

Live Stock and Dairy.

HEREFORD CATTLE IN ALBEMARLE COUNTY,
VIRGINIA.

On several occasions within the last year it has been
our pleasure to place on record the interest displayed
by Southern fanners iu the introduction into this sec-
tion of pure bred cattle of different breeds. We have
now the satisfaction of adding to the list of those who
are thus building up the waste places of the South the
Dame of Mr. .Murray Boocock, of Castalia Farm, Albe-
marle county, Va., who receutly purchased at a sale
in Emporia, Kansas, the imported Hereford bull.
" Salisbury, " two years old, for $3,000. At the sale
144 Herefords passed under the hammer, and made an
average of $407. This evidences the high character of
the xtock offered and the pluck which now distin-
guishes the buyers of beef-making cattle. The bull,
Salisbury, was one of the choicest animals offered, iu-
deed the choicest, as was evidenced by the bidding,
which began at $800 and quickly ran up to $2,000.
Mr. Boocock then bid $2,100, and was met by a bid of
12,500, followed by a bid of $2,700, and theD by the
knock out bid of $3,000 from Mr. Boocock. The effect
of such bold bidding was electric. The crowd of
nearly 3,000 people cheered wildly, aud the bidding
on subsequent offerings was animated and inspiriting.
Salisbury is a typical specimen of a Hereford, a per-
fectly-formed animal of the true beef-making type. Of
him, the Breeders' Gazette says :

•The purchase of the young Hereford bull, Salis-
bury, at Sonny Slope sale, on the 3d, by Mr. Murray
ck, of Castalia Farm, Keswick. Va., at $3,000,
was a case where a long price was clearly justified. It
was not simply a pedigree that was bought; it was not
a case of paying a large price for an animal merely
because he was imported ; but an outstanding example
of individual merit aud grand promise for stock get-
ting purposes meeting with generous appreciation."

In addition to Salisbury, Mr. Boocock purchased by
private treaty, at Sunny Slope, for $1,200, the Beau
Real cow, "Curly Lidy," oue of the best of the old
bull's daughters. Mr. Boocock is no novice iu the
breeding of Herefords. He was already the owner of
some fine animals, among them Rosa 6th, by Wild
Tom ; Bess the 2d, by a Cherry Boy bull ; Daisy, by
Wilt >ii Chief; Lady Lenore, tracing on both sire and
dam's side to Sir Bartle Frere and Lady Dame, by Eu-
reka. He has already tested the effects of the Vir-
ginia climate on the Herefords, and finds that along
side of native 'scrubs" the Herefords grow fat, while
the scrubs grow thin. Crossed on native cows of no
particular breed, the calves show the distinctive Here-
ford type, and mature rapidly. As a proof of the

value of the grade animals, Mr. Boocock tells us that
he recently sold a half-bred Hereford calf, four mouths
old, for $15, when for a calf from native stock of the
same age he could only get $3. We trust that the
farmei-s of Piedmont Virginia will show their appre-
ciation of Mr. Boocock's public spirit by sending their
best cows to the service of his bulls and not hesitate
to pay a reasonable servioe fee. It will pay them
many times over iu a few years to thus grade up their
herds. Those of them who have pure-bred Herefords,
of whom we know a few, should obtain the service of
Salisbury for their cows, and thus still farther enhance
the value of their stock. We regard such men as Mr.
Boocock as public benefactors, and congratulate the
State on his location in it. Nothing will tend so much
to the advancement of our prosperity as an agricultu-
ral people as the improvement in breeding of our
herds and flocks and the increase iu their numbers.

SCOURS IN CALVES.

A subscriber writes us : "I have lately lost ."> calves
shortly after birth. If you can give me a remedy. I
will be greatly obliged. At birth they look well and
move naturally, but in a day or two they begin to
scour, eyes sink, and in two or three days they die."
This scouring in calves is sometimes very troublesome
aud difficult to stop on a farm. It becomes conta-
gious. The cause of a first outbreak is often difficult
to discover. Wheu calves are hand fed. it is frequent-
ly caused by over-feeding or by feeding the milk too
warm or too cold. In other cases, it arises from cold
chills. When once it becomes contagious on a farm,
and attacks every calf soou after birth, the only rem-
edy is to remove the cows to other stables at some dis-
tance away previous to calving, and to thoroughly dis-
infect the old quarters with carbolic acid and water or
bichloride of mercury and water, aud to lime wash
them in every nook and corner. Let all bedding and
trash be burnt and the ground floor be sprinkled with
quick lime, and the stable remain unoccupied for some
time.

As a remedy for scours, take —

One ounce of laudanum.

One ounce powdered canella bark,

Four ounces powdered chalk, and

Four ounces of rain water.
Mix and shake well together aud give three or four
tablespoonfnls in a little water three or four times a
day. A day or two's attention will generally cure if
taken in time. In violent cases, give, before using
| the above remedy, one or two ounces of castor oil and

i898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

one tablesponful of turpentine, and allow this to pass
through the calves. Another remedy we have found
effectual at times is equal parts of laudanum, spirits
of camphor, and tincture of rhubarb, one teaspoonful
every half hour for a calf two to four weeks old. In
slight cases, we have found one or two raw eggs, per
day, given in milk or put in the mouth and the mouth
held closed until swallowed a remedy.

Subnitrate of bismuth, as much as will lay on half
the blade of a pocket knife, is advised as a remedy by
the Pennsylvania Experiment Station.

DAIRYING IN THE SOUTH.
We have a complaint from a North Carolina sub-
scriber that dairying cannot be profitably conducted
in the South, and asking our opinion on the subject.
A lack of space this month prevents our dealing with
the question, but we will do so shortly. We differ
from our correspondent, as we believe dairying can be
made very profitable in the South, and we will en-
deavor to show how this can be done.

FATTENING CATTLE.

Editor Southern Planter :

Will you please give, through the columns of the
Southern Planter, the most approved method of fatten-
ing cattle for the market in your latitude?

A Subscriber.

Algonac, Michigan.

Replying, we would say that in one section of Vir-
ginia, viz., the Southwest, which is the one in which
most stock is fed, and from which the finest beef is
shipped to England in large quantities every year, the
cattle are grass fed during the summer and early fall
months on the rich grazing lands of that section. In
other sections of the State, particularly Piedmont and
Northern Virginia, most of the cattle intended for
beef are fed in stalls and yards during the winter
months on corn and fodder, with the addition, in some
sections, of cotton-seed meal.— Ed.

SERVICE OF BULL.

At what age can a young bull be safely used to serve
cows, and how many should he serve ?
New York. R. McK. Barry.

A bull calf should not be allowed to serve cows be-
fore he is a year old, and not then unless well grown
and developed. It is better not to allow him to serve
before he is eighteen months old. He should not be
allowed to serve more than one or two cows per month
between the ages of eighteen months and two years.
After that age, he may serve twice this number in the
next year. — Ed.

. MULES.

What is the difference between mules i Are not
the big brown mules quieter to handle and work about
than the little mouse-colored ones? The latter seem
to be hung on a swivel, ready to kick fore ami aft.
Give me a little light on the mule. Please answer
through the Southern Planter.

Pa. Henry M. Bowers.

The mouse colored mules show more of the ass than
the others. There is a great difference in mules,
owing to the kind of a mare used in breeding. It has
too often been thought that any sort of a mare was
good enough to breed for mules, but it has been
proven that good blood on the mare's side tells as well
in the mule as in the horse. I have known of mules
from blooded mares that were the finest of road ani-
mals. I had once a mule from a large Percherou mare,
which was the most blocky and able wheel mule I ever
saw, only inheriting mulishness enough to be a first-
class bucker. Then, too, there is a great deal on the
side of the sire. The big Spanish jack will'get better-
tempered mules than the little mouse-colored jack. If
I was selecting mules I would take blocky animals,
and never long legged, thin-flanked ones. A long-
legged mule is sure to be worthless, and usually of
weak constitution. I have no objection to a big mule,
if he is big all over, in good proportion. But I would
select a little kicker, rather than a tall, gangling,
knock-kneed animal. W. P. Massey.

SCOTCH OR ENGLISH BEEF CATTLE— WHICH
SHALL IT BE?

The old adage says : "Speak of a man as you find
him." The same may be applied to your bovine ac-
quaintances.

Many years ago, and a good many miles away, I
remember two oxen, "Redman" and "Merryman" —
both polers, the former the near side, the latter the off.
"Redman" was a thoroughbred Herefordshire. He
had been born round, and he kept round. "Merry-
man" was his antithesis. He projected everywhere
and was of very dubious ancestry — a typical cosmo-
politan. He expected the team of twelve to tow him
along until something had to be gone up, and then he
made things creak. It was my first acquaintance with
Herefords, of which most of the team was composed,
and for keeping up flesh under toil, and grazing in
hobbles in "the bush," they were wonders. The
driver's name was Little Dick, and the black " boy "
who went with the outfit (as our Colorado friends
would style it) rejoiced in the cognomen of " Pots and
Pans." It was. always an open question between the
" Jackaroos" (recent imports) whether more rum had
flowed in or more "cuss- words" poured out of Little
Dick's mouth, but when it came to loving your

ITS

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

neighbor as yourself, probably few men had ever come
so near to H as Little Dick, the bullock puncher. Bat

I digress.

There are many good men in the navy, but it takes
a good man to be the best. So with breeds of cattle.
Many are good, but one must be good indeed to be the
best. Comparisons may be odious, but they are in-
structive, and a test between the Aberdeen Angus
and Hen lords, at Blacksburg, would be about the
most interesting thing that could take place for the
Virginian farmer at the present time, on the three
points — climatic, gastronomic, and abstinence. First
one cross and then another ends iu an unrecognizable,
misshapen mougrel.

With regard to your correspondent Mr. J. H. Ellis's
eight reasons for preferring the Aberdeen Angus,
taken in order given :

1st. "They are hornless," would seem to score one,
except in case of a breeding sire, for a dehorned ani-
mal is epiieter and more amenable thau one of a horn-
less variety. 2d. The thick coat to stand cold would,
until it was lost by acclimatization, be one on the
other side, with the thermometer iu the nineties. 3d.
Gentleness would score, if it continued iu the offspring
upon freer range. 4th. To uniformity of color, the
breed could hardly lay especial claim. 5th. Hardiness
is generally noticeable in any reasonably good cross of
new blood. (>th. Good calf growth would rather tend
to show meat producing qualities, than rich milk, else
no calf could thrive like the Jersey. 7th. Early ma-
turity is generally conceded to the highest fed and
most pampered breeds. 8th. Their bringing more on
the market than any other cattle might be a deduction
from circumstances, where a fair competition with
other breeds had not been had. The highest-priced
beef on the Islingtou (Loudon) market is, in instances,
the Scotch Highland steer. But for intensive farming
and baby beef, the linseed cake should go to the Short-
horn. Wn. Mann.

Albemarle Co., Fa.

WHICH IS THE MOST PROFITABLE WAY OF
HANDLING THE LAMB CROP.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have been disappointed in not receiving my Planter
this month, suppose it must have been lost in the
mails. I wish you would please mail me another
copy, for I think too much of it to miss a copy ; I wish
it came every week.

1 have a (lock of fifty Shropshire ewes and am very
much interested in raising lambs, but am undecided
what course to puisne tor the best results. Could you
not get some of your successful lamb raisers to give us
light on the subject through The Planter? I believe it
is a subject of very general interest. I have three ways
of conducting the business in my mind, and would
like to know which would likely pay the best in this

section (Piedmont Virginia). The tiist is to raise
"hothouse" lambs for the New York market about
Christmas and soon after. This system, I should
think, would take a great deal of attention and grain
feeding, and theu a great drawback is not being able
to get the lambs to come in sufficient numbers early
enough, for it seems that the early lambs are the only
ones that pay much. The second plan is to manage
the flock so as to have the lambs come in time to go on
the April and May market, and weigh from GO to 80
pounds. Good large lambs usually sell very well by
the pouud up to June, when the price drops rapidly.
This plan has many advantages as well as some draw-
hacks, one of the main ones up here is to find a good
buyer about that time, for there are not enough of
these early lambs raised to make it worth the while of
the buyers to come, for they cannot get up a car load
iu a place. If the farmer ships to the city commission
merchants, he will be sure of his net returns being
very small, for they seem always to manage so that
the expenses take the larger part. But still-it is very
satisfactory to get rid of the trouble and care of the
lambs so soon, and to get in the returns at a time when
they are much needed on the farm, and then you can
put the ewes out to pasture and let them be shaping
up for the next season, whilst the farmer can give his
attention to his crops. The third, and most usual way
around here, is to feed the ewes a little grain from
Christmas on to grass time, and have the lambs come
about the last of March or first of April. Then the
weather is getting good and the green feed is soon
ready for the ewes and to fatten the lambs. This is the
least expensive and least troublesome way, but also, I
believe, the least paying, for the lambs come on to the
market in July and August, wheu it is crowded ; so, of
course, they bring the lowest prices, and then the
smaller lambs do not pay to ship at all, so have to be
carried over to winter, which never seems to pay us
here. Still, many prefer this way, claiming that the
flock is very little trouble, takes little grain feed, and
that they are not apt to lose mauy lambs ; and this,
together with the fact that the lambs get large and fat
on the grass, aud that buyers are plentiful, who will
take them right from your field and pay cash down, so
you run no risk. All this they seem to think makes
up for the low price. As for myself, I am inclined to
the second method, if we could only get a fair market.
I would like some of your experienced contributors to
give us their advice, with full details of manner of
breeding, feeding, the ration, including ensilage ; also
cost and profits of marketing from first to last.

Trios. Massie.
Nelson County, Va.

We should be glad if some of our lamb breeders
would give us their views on this cpiestion. It is one
of great importance to the sheep industry of iheSouth.
The following clipping from an article by Mr. Joseph
Ewing, of Champaign Comity, Ohio, in the Breeders'
Gazette, explains how one Northern Virginia farmer
handles his lamb crop :

" I am a clear lover of sheep, especially the Dorsets.
For the last ten years I have made the hot house lamb
business a specialty. My methods are simple. I gen-
erally keep from sixty to eighty choice grade ewes and

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

179

select from them from thirty five to forty of the
strongest and best mothers and have them in good
shape by the 25th of June. I always keep two pure
blood rams, which I use alternately, changing about
every ten days. To leave a ram longer would cause
him to become lazy, but by this changing he is always
fresh and vigorous. My lambs usually begin dropping
the first week in December. After they come the great
secret is to feed intelligently and never to allow the
lambs to get cold or hungry. I have made them go to
forty pounds on the Washington market in eight
weeks, and often in less time than that. I have met
with better success since I began using the Dorset
rams. This is my third season with this breed. The
longer I use them the more I am convinced that they
are the sheep for baby mutton. Now as to results : I
have sold this season all of my December lambs, weigh-
ing forty pounds at home in the stable, at twelve cents
per pound gross, and all lambs that will weigh forty
pounds to the 10th of March ; after that date ten cents
per pound gross to 1st day of April. I commenced
shipping the first of February and now have twenty
ewes turned off. The lambs of these ewes have brought
me $5 a head. Two of the lot were purebred Dorset
lambs, twins, weighing fifty and forty-eight pounds
each at nine weeks old. A neighbor and^friend of
mine delivers to-day forty December lambs, three-
quarter bred Dorsets, weighing from forty-two to over
sixty pounds, at ten cents per pound, live weight." .

This gentleman seems to have struck a good path. —
Ed.

LIVE STOCK STATISTICS.

Decreased Numbers — Increased Values.

According to a bulletin just issued by the Depart
partment of Agriculture the returns as to the numbers
of live stock on farms in the United States on January
1 show 13,960,911 horses, '2,257,665 mules, 15,840,886
milch cows, 29,264 197 oxen and other cattle, 37,656,-
960 sheep and 39,759,993 swine. These figures show
a decrease of 403,756 in the number of horses, 100,841
in milch cows, 1,244,211 in oxen and other cattle and
840,283 in swine. There is an increase of 838,317 in
the number of sheep and 42,011 in mules. While
there has been an increase in the number of milch
cows in each of the New England States and a con-
siderable increase in the Northwestern States, there
has been a decrease throughout almost the entire
South ; and this fact, together with a slight decrease
in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana
and Illinois, reduces the total for the country at large to
six-tenths of 1 per cent, below that of last year. The
total of 45,104,000 cattle is the smallest number since
1885 and nearly 10,000,000 short of the number re
ported in 1890. Of the seventeen States reporting a
total of over 1,000,000 of hogs Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Georgia, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska show an in-
crease, and Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and eight Southern
States a decrease. The number of hogs is the smallest
since 1881 and 7,000,000 less than the yearly average
for the sixteen years since then.

There is a marked increase in the value of live stock
on farms reported from almost every section of the
country, the total value of farm horses having increased
4

during the year by $25,713,011 ; that of the mules,
8ii.72S.972; milch 'cows, $65,573,933; oxen and other
cattle $104,367,218; sheep, $25,700,191, and swine,
18,078,639— a total increase in value of 1236,162,869,
or 14.27 per cent.

Statistician Hyde, of the Department of Agriculture,
has prepared a statement showing that farmers have
received for their cereal crops of 1897 something like
$130,000,000 more than for those of 1896, and 180 000,-
000 more than for those for any preceding year since

1592. The hay crop, although it was the largest, with
one exception, ever raised, commanded an increased
price per ton. Wool is higher than at any time since

1593, and cotton is the only important product in re-
gard to which there is not a substantial improvement
over the conditions prevailing a year ago.

Surely in the face of such statistics as these and
bearing in mind our increased population and the
greatly increased foreign demand for our products,
there is great room for encouragment amongst farmers,
and particularly amongst live stock breeders. The
time we have predicted is upon us. Those who took
our advice can now reap their reward, those who did
not may yet get some share of it. Live stock is
going still higher in our opinion.

OLEOHARGARINE FRAUDS.

Too much credit cannot be given Secretary Wilson
for his part in bringing to trial Joseph Wilkins and
Howard Butler, convicted in Philadelphia last week
of oleomargarine frauds. After years of persistent and
unpunished violation of the oleomargarine laws, the
violators have at last been brought to trial, and if
there is any one to divide the honor with Secretary
Wilson it is President McKinley. The attempts which
the accused made to compromise the cases against
them would undoubtedly have succeeded had the Sec-
retary of Agriculture not intervened and carried the
matter to the President. Upon his representation of
the issues involved, the President instructed the At
torney General to proceed with the prosecution. At
that time the Treasury officials had decided to accept
the offers of compromise, and had recommended to the
Department of Justice that further proceedings be
stopped. Now that violators of the oleomargarine law
have been convicted, and it is known that such cases
will not be compromised while Secretary Wilson re-
mains at the head of the Agricultural Department, it
is reasonable to believe that such offences will de-
crease. As long as it was possible for unscrupulous
dealers to compromise the cases, the law was violated
with impunity. In the recent cases tried at Philadel-
phia, the offence proved was the removal of internal
revenue stamps and stencil brands from 120 cases of
oleomargarine. The penalty is a fine of not less than
$100 nor more than $2,000 for each offense, and impris-
onment from one month to six months for each offense,
in the discretion of the court. It will thus be seen that
the minimum penalty will be a fine of $12,000 and
imprisonment for ten years, and the maximum penalty
a fine of $240,000 and imprisonment for sixty years.
No wonder the judge refused to release the offenders on
bail. No wonder the offending dealers were anxious
to compromise the cases by the payment of $8,000 to
the Government. — Breeders1 Gazette.

ISO

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

SHORTHORNS IN VIRGINIA.
Editor Southern Planter :

I have to report the following sales of Shorthorn
cattle during the past year :

To Sam'l H. Bell, Augusta county, Va.— Two thor-
oughbred cows and two calves, one yearling heifer, one
high grade two-year old heifer, three high grade year-
ling heifers.

To R. E. Owen, of Rockbridge county — One year-
ling bull, one two-year-old heifer, three yearling
heifers.

Frank Ruffin, of Hanover county — One bull calf.

A. F. Broaddus, of North Carolina— One bull calf.

E. L. Burnley, of Berkely county, W. Va. — One
bull calf.

C. E. Shipe, Berkely county, W. Va. — One bull calf.

R. W. Bobbitt, Monroe county, W. Va. — One bull
calf.

W. H. Harman, Floyd county, Va. — One yearling
bull.

Sam'l P. Honaker, Pulaski county, Va.«— One year-
ling bull.

Walter Brauer & Bro., Pulaski county, Va. — One
bull calf.

Governor J. Hoge Tyler — One three year- old bull.

The demand for Shorthorns has been unusually good.
Most of the enquiries I have received have been for
bulls fit for immediate use, which it was impossible for
me to supply. You will notice most of the sales have
been to citizens of distant counties and to West Vir-
ginia. I regret to say the farmers of this, the greatest
grazing section of the State, do not take the interest
they should in the improvement of the stock of the
country. I hope the Planter will do a little missionary
work here. It is sadly needed to open the eyes of the
people to the great importance of live stock improve-
ment. Jno. T. Cowan.

Montgomery county, Va.

[We would gladly do some missionary work in
Southwest Virginia if the breeders and grazier there
would more heartily second our efforts. Every one
who has read the Planter for the past few years knows
how repeatedly we have urged the purchase of pure
bred cattle, and especially of Shorthorns, upon our
Southern people. We predicted the present advance
in prices several years ago, and had our Southwestern
friends followed our advice, they would have been
raking in the dollars now. Several of them who did
$o can testify to this fact. It is not too late yet to
mend. There is going to be money in good stock for
some years. — Ed.]

HEREFORDS IN DEMAND IN VIRGINIA.

"Oliver Anxiety," registered sire "Oliver," dam
"Princess," bred by Mr. Murray Boocock, of Casta
lia, has been purchased for the Mannsfield Stock Farm,
Albemarle county. William Mann.

REDSKINS AND PALEFACES.

The West got on to its dainty feet,

As a tenderfoot bought old England's beef

Where the paleface redskin lows ;
For grit is a thing
That never chills

Where the flower of the prairie grows.

Three bags of gold,
Hard, solid and cold,

Sent wild the cowboy hat ;
The East did smile
At Manhattan's child,

Who plumed with a feather his cap.

Castalia fair

A blush did wear,

For "dey'd heerd de boss done bought
A bull so fine
He'd have to dine
Off hay from a silver fork."
Cobham, Va. W. M.

[At a recent sale of Hereford cattle in the West, Mr.
Murray Boocock, of "Castalia," Albemarle county,
Va., purchased the imported bull "Salisbury" for
$3,000. The Herefords are red cattle with white faces.]

UNPROFITABLE COWS.

A Canadian paper narrates an instance that has be-
come very common since the Babcock test has come
into use. A Canadian dairyinau, who keeps twenty-
four cows, tested them and found that eight were un-
profitable. He sold the cows aud let one of his hired
men go, and at the end of the year found that he had
made as much money out of the sixteen retained as he
had previously been making from twenty-four. Now
he has further weeded the herd down to twelve, and
expects to make from them as much clear money as he
formerly did from twice the number. As fast as he
can find the cows he wants, he will increase the herd
to the original number, but no more cows come onto
his farm unless he knows what they can do. The ex-
perience is one that might be repeated on thousands of
dairy farms. A very large proportion of the cows in
dairy herds do not pay for the food they eat and the
care they require. The owner would do better with-
out them. By instituting a careful test so as to ascer-
tain what each cow of the herd is doing, one can
easily determine what cows are worth keeping aud
what are not.

TO KILL LICE ON CATTLE.

Wash the cow with quassia water, quite warm — i. e.,
take quassia chips and boil them in water and wash
ouoe or twice ; it will kill the lice. Then after a few
days wash in warm salt and water, which will moisten
th« skin and stop the itching.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEBN PLANTEE.

181

The Poultry Yard.

THE GAPES.

I find by experiment that it is possible to prevent
this trouble completely on my place at Lexington by
keeping chicks on a board floor from the time they are
hatched until they are large enough to endure the at-
tacks of the worms.

Chicks hatched by two hens June 6-7, 1897, were
taken from the nests before they had an opportunity to
get to the ground, and confined in two compartments
of the same coop. One compartment was provided
with a board floor : in the other, the chicks were al-
lowed the freedom of the ground. There were twenty
chicks in all, divided equally between the two hens
and confined in the two compartments, which were
separated by wire netting. Immediately after the ex-
periment was started, three of the lot on the floor
managed to get into the other compartment, and were
allowed to remain. There were thus on the plank
floor seven chicks, while confined on the ground beside
them were thirteen. One of the latter lot died from
some unknown trouble soon after they hatched, leav-
ing only twelve for experiment.

The two lots were treated alike in every respect ex-
cept in the matter of the floor and in the character of
food. Those on the plank floor received the accus-
tomed food given young chicks, namely, corn meal
mixed with water and scraps of bread, potato and meat
from the table. After they had grown somewhat, a
little oats was given them occasionally. The chicks on
the ground received the same kind of food, except that
they had in addition a daily ration of earthworms.
The following is a record of observations on the lot to
which earthworms were fed :

June 23. — One of the chicks observed to be badly
affected with the gapes. It died during the following
night. Several others slightly affected.

June 24. — A second chick of the same lot nearly
dead from gapes. It was removed and chloroformed,
when its trachea was found to contain gape worms.

June 29. — A third chick of this lot was found dead,
and on examination its trachea was found partly filled
with the worms. A fourth, nearly dead from the dis
ease, was chloroformed, and it also had worms in the
trachea. Several of the remainder were at this date
observed to be affected, and probably not a single one
was entirely free from the trouble.

June 30. — Three more chicks were so badly affected
that it was decided to remove and destroy them. All
had gape worms in the trachea.

July 1.— Three of the remaining five chicks were
affected, and were removed and chloroformed. The
trachea? of all contained gape worms.

July 3 — One of the two remaining chicks as af-
fected. It was removed and destroyed like the others.

July 5. — The last one of the lot was removed and
chloroformed, and also had gape worms in the trachea.

During this time, not a single chick of the seven kept
on the plank floor became affected with the disease.
The ben kept with them, however, appeared to suffer
from the close confinement and cramped quarters, and
subsequently died. Her trachea did not contain gape
worms.

CONCLUSION.

It is evident that the chicks in the compartment
without a floor obtained the gape worms either from
the ground or else from the earthworms which were
fed to them. At the time my experiment was made, I
had not seen Megnin's interesting account of the gape
worm infesting the European pheasant, and while I
must admit that the experiment here recorded does not
prove that gape worms live within the bodies of earth-
worms, and are by means of the latter conveyed to the
lungs and trachea of chickens, yet I am far from con-
vinced by anything observed by Megnin that they may
not be thus conveyed.

Convincing evidence can be obtained by confining
two lots of the chicks on plank floors, one to be fed
earthworms, the other not. A test of this sort was
started last spring, after the other was completed, but
a drought set in at that time and drove the earthworms
so deep into the soil that enough could not be secured.
The matter will be taken up again next spring.

The result of value to the farmer obtained from this
preliminary experiment is that keeping chicks, for
several weeks after they hatch, on a plank floor will
prevent the gapes. It is my present opinion that the
same result would be obtained by simply elevating an
earthen floor above the surrounding level so that it
would not retain moisture. It must be remembered,
though, that after the disease is established in a brood,
it will be conveyed from one to another through the
medium of food and drink, and in such a case a plank
floor would not alone save them. In case the disease
should be introduced by chicks which had contracted
it elsewhere, the proper treatment would be to isolate
affected individuals as soon as discovered and medicate
the drinking water of the rest.

H. Gtjrman,

Experiment Station, Ky. Entomologist and Botanist.

THE DISEASES OF POULTRY.

A few remarks upon the diseases to which poultry
are, in a minor or greater degree, subject, may not be
unacceptable to our readers.

BAD FEATHERING.

Chickens very often droop and suffer much whilst
their feathers are growing, especially in cold, wet
weather, and the breeds which feather most rapidly
suffer most, and this is probably one reason why
Cochins and Brahmas, which fledge late and slowly,
are so hardy. As soon as a brood appears to be droop-
ing whilst the feathers grow, if it has not been done
before, at once begin to give them a little meat every
day, together with some bread soaked in ale, while a
little burnt and powdered oyster shell will also be
found to be of great benefit. The birds must be kept
out of the wet, and they should be all right in eight
or nine days.

LEG WEAKNESS.

Prize aud fancy, and all highly -fed birds are the
most liable to this complaint, which arises from the
birds over-growing their strength, the remedy being
animal food and tonics. Give meat or worms every
day, and if the weather is not too cold, dip the legs

1S2

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

for a few minutes every day in cold water. Three or
four grains of ammonia, citrate of iron, dissolved in
the water in which the meal is mixed, should be given
every day to each chicken. For cramp, which is
sometimes mistaken for leg weakness, warmth and
warm food is the only treatment.

BAD MOULTING.

Forthis, give warm, stimulating food, well prepared,
every morning, with meat every day, and keep under
cover in wet weather, Also add iron to the drinking
water, and with the grain every evening give some
hemp-seed, and with this treatment the birds should
rapidly recover.

APOPLEXY.

This occurs from over-feeding, and can seldom be
treated in time to be of any avail. If there is any
chance of saving the life of the bird, lift the wing, and
open the large vein which will be found underneath,
afterwards holding the bird's head under a tap of cold
water for a few minutes. If it recovers, feed sparingly
for a few days on soft food only.

LOSS OF FEATHERS.

This is almost always caused either from want of
green food or from not having a dust bath. A mer-
curial ointment, or one of creosote and sulphur, should
be employed in addition ; but the feathers will not
return till next moult.

ROUP.

This is always caused by wet or very cold winds.
It commences with a cold, and ends in an offensive
discharge from the nostrils and eyes, and it is highly
contagious, being easily communicated by the beak
to the drinking water, and thence to the other birds.
All birds thus affected must be isolated, kept warm,
and fed with meal mixed with hot ale. Douglas mix-
ture should be added to the water, and half a grain of
cayenne pepper, with half a grain of powdered all-
spice, should be given in the meal, and also a cabbage
leaf every day. The beak and eyes must be bathed
morning and evening with very diluted vinegar, or a
five-grain solution of sulphate t>f zinc. In a week the
bird will be either recovered or dead.

DIARRH03A

This is caused either by cold and wet weather,
neglect in cleaning the house and run, or from too
little greeu food being given. To cure, feed on warm
bailey meal, give little green food, and administer
four times a day three drops of camphorated spirit on
a pi 1 1 of meal. If the disease passes into the dysentery
stage, recovery is hopeless.

Pip, being no disease, calls for no remedy ; remove
the cause, and the tongue will get better. Soft eggs
are caused by overfeeding. Insect vermin results
from gross neglect and inattention ; cleanse the house
and run, and provide a dust bath, mixed with powdered
coke or sulphur, and the annoyance will cease. When-
ever a fowl is found to hang its wings, and looks droop
ing, give immediately, in a tablespnonful of warm
water, a teaspoon ful of strong brandy, saturated with
camphor. Repeat this next morning, and in most
cases the disease will be checked. The above con-
stitute the usual complaints to be found in the poultry-
yard ; but there are others, inimical to special breeds,
which it is not necessary to deal with here.— Wm.
Norman Brown, in Farmer and Stock Breeder.

PROFIT OF ONE HEN FOR THE YEAR 1897.

1 am of the opiuion that hens should be tested singly,
the same as cows, to ascertain their individual capa-
bilities. With this end in view, I made a test of a
pullet of 189(5. She commenced laying in the first
week of November, and having selected a nest for her-
self away from the other hens, I thought it wonld be a
good opportunity to test her. I began on the 1st of
Jauuary, 1897, to keep an account of her eggs. In
January she laid 25 eggs, which sold at 19 cents per
dozen ; February, 23, at 17 eents per dozen ; March,
2(3, at 13 cents per dozen ; April, 26, at 13 cents per
dozen ; May, 24, at 13 cents per dozen ; June, 22, at
13 cents per dozen ; July, 21, at 13 cents per dozen ;
August, 12, at 14 cents per dozen ; September, 14, at
20 cents per dozen ; October, 23, at 20 cents per dozen ;
November, 21, at 22 cents per dozen ; December, 20,
at 25 cents per dozen ; amounting in all to 257, or
21T5S eggs per mouth during the year. She showed
signs of clucking on August 17, so I put her in the in-
closure for clucking hens, fed her all she could eat, and
gave her all the fresh water she could drink, and in
four days she commenced to moult. On the 12th of
September she commenced to lay again, and continued
laying until the 12th of January, 1S98.

During the year she laid 21T53 dozen eggs, at the
above prices, amounting to $3.56-J-i. The food she
consumed during this period of time cost 67| cents.
The express charges on the eggs was 14T5fl cents, leav-
ing $2.74}|^ clear profit. I am of the opinion that it
would pay people fully as well to test their hens sepa-
rately as to test their cows separately. For, while I
made this profit from this hen, I am satisfied I had
other hens out of the same flock which did not do
nearly so well. In the year 1897, I had chicks hatched
in February, March, April and May. The February
chicks I have found paid best. They moulted in Au-
gust, and commenced to lay during the first week of
September, and have laid regularly ever since. March
chicks moulted- in September, and did not commence
to lay until the latter part of October. The weather
beiug so much colder, it was a greater shock on their
systems, and they did not get over it as easily as the
February chicks did. The April chicks did not moult
at all, and are not laying so well as either of the pre-
vious months' chicks. As for May chicks, I cannot
say anything about them, as I sold them all. — Mrs.
Jos. Yuill, in Farmers' Advocate.

CROSSBRED DUCKS.

These find a place on most farms, pure bred ones be-
ing, as a rule, conspicuous by their absence. If the cross
is a, judicious one, and the birds have not been allowed
to breed together anyhow, these crosses are more pro-
fitable to the farmer than the pure bred stock would
be. If we except the Indian Runner breed, all the
other races of pure bred ducks are not remarkable
for laying qualities ; but when crossed together the
progeny show considerable improvement in this re-
spect. One of the best kinds is the Aylesbury -
Pekin cross. They are very hardy, lay early in the
season for ducks, and keep laying on very steadily
until they go iuto moult. Perhaps they are scarcely so
meaty on the table as the pure Aylesbury, but they are
far superior as layers ; they are at least equal (in many
cases superior) to the pure Pekin in the latter respect,
and considerably superior to it for table qualities. — Ex.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

183

The Horse.

NOTES.

No trotting meeting will be held at Richmond, Va.,
this spring, but one for runners will be given by the
Deep Run Hunt Club, lasting two days, and taking
place on the 2Sth and 30th instants.

Purses will be offered for races ou the flat and over
the steeple chase course of the club, which is one of
the best in the South, and every portion of it is in full
view of the grand stand. Heretofore the annual spring
and fall meetings of the club have been confiued to a
single day each, but encouraged by the bright outlook
ahead, and with a liberal guarantee fund already pro
vided, the Board of Directors decided to offer larger
purses and a longer meeting this spring.

The Deep Run Hunt club meeting will take place
during the week following that at Benning's track at
Washington, D. C, and promises to furnish sport of a
higher class than has been seen here for years. A num-
ber of horses taking part in the meeting at Benning's
will be likely to start here. Located in a section, pro-
bably the most highly improved and beautiful in the
South, the grounds of the club are attractive at all
seasons, but especially so in the spring, while the mile
track, on which much time and care has been spent, is
an excellent one.

With a large and constantly increasing membership,
made up of men of sterling worth and prominence in
business and social circles, the personnel of the club is
strong, and at its meetings, which are free from those
objectionable features likely to invite adverse com-
ment, a large gathering of the fashionable element of
Richmond and other cities is always seen.

The programme, which is quite an attractive one,
consists of ten events, six races on the flat and four
steeple chases, two of the latter being for hunters and
two events open. Mr. P. A. S. Brine, Secretary, 914
East Main street, Richmond, Va., will supply pro-
grammes and other information.

bay gelding, 3, by imported The Sailor Prince, dam
Theckla, by Baden Badeu ; Philoe, brown filly. :;, by
Emperor, dam Phillippa, by imported Sir Mod red ;
Phillidor, bay gelding, 2, by imported Grandmaster,
dam Phillippa ; Buckeye, brown gelding, 6, by Son
sation, dam Memento, by Virgil ; Modena, chestnut
mare, 5, by imported Sir Modred, dam Fidelity, by
Longfield ; Lady Lillian, chestnut mare, 7, by Willful ;
The Duchess, chestnut mare, 5, by Brennan, and
Dahlia, brown filly, 4, by imported Grandmaster, dam
Daisy Chain.

At Ravenwood Farm, in sight of the Exposition
Grounds and right near the city, the place recently
leased by the Messrs. Algernon and Edward S. Cra-
ven, those gentlemen have in training a string of run-
ners and steeplechase horses. The Messrs. Craven are
well known gentlemen jockeys and cross country
riders, and members of the Deep Run Hunt Club, and
have recently moved here from Greenwood Farm, Al-
bemarle county, where the stallion, imported Grand-
master and a band of well bred mares are still kept.
Quite a number of improvements have been made at
Ravenwood, including a new training barn, exercising
track and steeplechase course.

Mr. Edward Craven, who has ridden in England,
Australia, Egypt and this couutry, will ride for the
stable this season, and entries have been made for the
spring meetings at Washington, D. C. ; the Deep Run
Hunt Club, Richmond ; The Country Club, Brookline,
Mass., and Morris Park.

The stable of horses in training at Raveuwood in-
cludes : Jack Pot, gray gelding, by imported The
Jacobite, dam Dew Drop, by Engineer ; King Olaf,

Mr Kenneth Brown, of the University of Virginia,
and his brother in law, Mr. H. B. Boone, of Fall River,
Mass., have established a stud farm near Charlottes-
ville, Va., which will be known as W^ndover Not
only will thoroughbreds be raised, but especial atten-
tion paid to producing hunters and high class saddle-
horses. The bay horse, Chiswick, 8, by imported Mr.
Pickwick, dam Alice Bruce, has been placed at the
head of the stud. This son, of imported Mr. Pickwick,
is a large, handsome horse, of commanding form and
individuality, and over 16 hands high. He was a
good race horse, and won considerable money during
his turf career, which began when he was two years
old, and continued till he was past five. The brood-
mare band at Wyndover includes Peggoty, by Peg-
goty ; Himyar, out of Peggy Woods, by Rivoli, in
foal to Jim Gray; Volee, by Volante, out of Lady
Trappist, by Trappist ; Jane Eyre, by Hilarity, out of
Susie Jennings, by Cape Race ; Nellie Glennon, by
Hyder Ali, out of Plenty, by Planet ; and Miss Hun
tress, by Blast, out of Letta, by Versailles.

Of the noted band of stallions and brood-mares
which have for generations past brought fame and for-
tune to grand old Bullfield Farm, the home of the Dos-
wells, in Hanover county, all save one have disap-
peared, and that is Heinidal, the chesnut sou of im-
ported Mortemer and Vandalite, that was purchased
from P. Lorillard by the late Major Thomas W. Dos-
well, and is now owned by Mr. T. Bernard Doswell.
Heimdal is sixteen years old, but well preserved and
vigorous. A horse of s\ mmetrical conformation and
grand muscular development, he stands seventeen
hauds in height. With little chance in the stud he
has sired the winners Verbena, Hiram and others,
while from his loins have sprung some of the best
heavy-weight hunters and saddle horse3 in Virginia.

The Washington (D. C.) Horse Show, which will be
held in Convention Hall, Washington, May 4 to 7 in-
clusive, promises to be a brilliant one. Mr. Harry E.
Fi^ld, who so successfully managed the Providence,
Newport, and Pittsburg Horse Shows, will direct
affairs, and has succeeded in gaining the patronage of
such well known people as Major General Nelson A.
Miles; Adjutant General Henry C. Corbin, U. S.
Army ; Rear-Admiral James E. Jouett, U. S. Navy ■
Governor John L Carroll, General Geo. H. Harries,
commanding District of Columbia National Guard,
and others. The arena will be one of the largest in

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

the country, and the straightway will be longer than
that in Madison Square Garden, New York, and sixty-
odd feet longer than the large ring of the Boston Horse
Show. Most of the prominent exhibitors in the coun-
try will send their horses, and it looks as if the show
in* the National capital will rival even the famous New
York event in the Dumber of entries and quality and
number of people in attendance.

Mr. James Cox. of the Belgravia Stock Farm, Mt.
JacksoD, Va.. will have trained and campaigned this
season the bay stallion Kelly. 2:27, by Electioneer,
dam Esther, thoroughbred daughter of Express ; a bay
filly, four years old, by Belview, dam Aconite, by
Tretnont. and oue or two others. They will be placed
in the stable of Oscar A. Trowbridge, Harrisonburg,
Va. Mr. Cox looks for Kelly, who is a full brother to
the wonderful three year old campaigner, Expressive,
2:12i, to lower his mark considerably before the close
of the campaign. Kelly's stable companion, the hand-
some bay stallion Belview, son of Belmont and Lady
Simmon's, by Volunteer, will be kept for stud service
by the Clarkson Brothers, at Hagerstown, Bid., during
1898.

Mr. Samuel Walton, of Walton Farm, Fall's Mills,
Va., the former home of Catherine Leyburn, 2:14;
Skillful. 2:17, : Wilbooka, 2:191; Annie Lawson.
2:20. and other last trotters, has leased the mile track
at Reidsville, N. C, and placed the well known trainer
and driver, Thomas Canuon, in charge, with Silas
Smith as assistant. Horses can be reared very cheaply
in the mountain region where Walton Farm is situ-
ated, but the seasons are backward, and for that rea-
son Mr. Walton will have his horses prepared for this
season's campaign at Reidsville. For several seasons
past but little, has been done in the way of develop-
ment at the farm, but now that the outlook is much
brighter, the school of development will be vigorously
pushed by the owner of Walton Farm, where the stal-
lions Red Leo, 2:26}, by Red Wilkes, and Planeteer,
son of Electioneer, and a choice band of brood-mares
are kept. The latter includes Perrette, 2:221, by
Juror ; Jncy S., dam of Lutie Dawson, 2:30, and
others. Cannon has in training at Reidsville, where
he has the advantage of one of the best and safest
mile tracks in the South, a number of good prospects.

At the Fasig sale in New York, on March 23rd, Mr.
A. K. Ware, of the Snowdeu Farm, Fredericksburg,
Va., purchased the famous trotting sire Alcantara.
2:23, sire of 112 trotters and pacers in the list of stan-
dard speed and a number of high class producing sons
and daughters. Alcantara is a son of George Wilkes
and the noted brood mare Alma Mater. Three years
ago Mr. A. A. Bonnar, who consigned the stallion to
this sale, paid §10,000 for him at public auction. Al-
cantara is 22 years old. but well preserved and should
be good for years of service yet. He is by long odds
the inosi famous trotting sire ever purchased for Vir-
ginia.

Mi. Thomas M. Sweeney, who graduated with dis
languished honors at the Ontario Veterinary College
in L895, winning the gold medal for best general ex-
amination, first prize iu materia medica, second prize
each in chemistry and physiology, making a tie for

third prize in anatomy, and capturing honors in pa-
thology and morbid anatomy, and that over a class of
more than four hundred students from all over the
world, is doing well in the practice of his profession
in this city. He succeeded his staunch friend and tu-
tor, the late Dr. Harbaugh, one of the most learned
men in the profession, and is conducting successfully
the veterinary hospital established by the latter in this
city.

Mr. Louis Becker, of Baltimore, owner of the great
brood mare Virginia Maid, dam of Mosul, 2:091, and
other well bred ones, has recently purchased three
head of thoroughbreds as follows : Princess Ida, brown
mare, 15, by Report out of Vienna, dam of G. B., El-
roc, Iconoclast, Vedana, Princess Ida, etc., by Vandal;
bred in 1897 to Bob Miles ; Wigwam, chestnut mare,
16, by War Dance, out of Lavina, by Gilroy; bred in
1S97 to Springland ; and War Maid, bay filly, 3, by
Plevna, dam Little Win. by Wiufred. War Maid was
a winner in 1897, and beat Dunster and others.

Mr. H. C. Chamblin, Whitby Farm, Richmond,
Va., has sold to Mr. John G. Walker, to be used as a
carriage team, a large, handsome pair of chesnut gel-
dings, four and five years old, both by Norfolk, son
of Nutwood. Broad Rock.

COLD IN THE HEAD.

Please state iu the next Planter a remedy for a horse
when he has a cold, a rattling in the head, and dis-
charge from the nose very much like distemper.

O. W. K.

This disease is not serious, but inasmuch as neglect
or bad treatment may cause it to run into a dangerous
complication, it should receive proper attention. The
animal should not be worked for a few days nor be ex-
posed to draughts and changes of temperature. The
benefit derived from inhalation of steam cannot be
overestimated. This is effected by holding the horse's
head over a bucketful of boiling water so that the ani-
mal will be compelled to inhale steam with every in-
halation of air. Stirring the hot water with a wisp
of hay causes the steam to arise in greater abundance.
The horse should be made to inhale steam four or five
times a day, about fifteen or twenty minutes each time.
Particular attention should be paid to diet. Give bran
mashes, scalded oats, linseed gruel, and grass of a sea-
sou. If the auimal is constipated, relieve this symp-
tom by injection of warm water into the rectum three
or four times a day, but under no circumstances give
purgatives. If the appetite is lost and the animal ap-
pears debilitated and dull, give three ounces of the
solution of acetate of ammonia and two drachms of
powdered chlorate of potassium with a pint of water
three times a day as a drench.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

185

fliscellaneous.

THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA.

We had hoped by this time to have been able to tell
our Virginia readers what the Legislature, which
adjourned the first week of March, had done towards
fulfilling their reasonable desires for a reduction of
State expenses. We are, however, still unable to do
this, as the volume containing the new Acts of Assem-
bly is not yet out of the printer's hands, and without
it neither we, nor we believe any member of the Legis-
lature itself, can tell what has been done. It is claimed
that the State expenses have been reduced $100,000
per year. We are afraid that this is very doubtful,
and that in the end it will be found that very little has
been seen saved, and that even this saving has heeu
made where it was least needed, and will be attended
with the least good. We forbear to say more until we
are able to fully examine the record.

ELECTRICITY AS APPLIED TO FARMING.

Editor Southern Planter :

I read recently of a rich Pennsylvania farmer who
utilized a small stream through his place by making
it turn a dynamo, which afforded enough electrical
power to furnish light for his buildings, run a corn
mill, a lathing machine, a silage cutter, a threshing
machine, a wood saw, and various other small machines
requiring four or five horse power. These were not all
run at once, but wires were connected to each from the
dynamo, as they were required. To be sure, every
farmer cannot indulge in such a luxury as an electrical
plant, but the question arises. Why cannot a company
of farmers in *ach neighborhood unite and put to use
the many streams flowing through the State ? Or why
does not some incorporated company harness such
rivers as the Rivanna, the Hardware, the Dan, and
other large water powers, which are now running to
waste, which would afford enough power for the farm-
ers in each county f Now that James river is to be
put to this use for Richmond, why cannot their lines
also be extended for a hundred miles in the country,
affording farmers cheap power 1 That this is feasible
there can be no doubt, as it has been demonstrated in
the plant at Niagara Falls, which now affords power
hundreds of miles distant. The capital invested in
such an enterprise would quickly pay a far greater-
dividend thau any electric plant run by steam, as, after
first cost, there would be no expense for power. Every
farmer would gladly pay a yearly fee for such ready
power, which would be brought direct to his door.

In this age of electricity, it is not going too far to
predict that, sooner or later, all of our farm power

will be produced by electricity — that subtle force
which is to revolutionize all mechanical power, as
steam has done in the past ; and those who will first
apply its effects to agriculture, will certainly strike the
road to fortune and benefit mankind.

Our farmers are already patronizing the telephone,
which connects them with the busy world, and will
doubtless keep up with the advance of the age in util-
izing every modern improvement in the aid of agri-
culture. Let your excellent journal keep this to the
front, urging its early application, and I am sure you
will receive the gratitude of every Virginia farmer.

Kesivick, Va., March 17, 1898. . E. C, M.

FENCE OR NO-FENCE LAWS.

Editor Southern Planter :

In regard to the fence question, on which T note
your remarks in late Planter, and also those of
Dr. Niles, our county (Fluvanna) has lately passed
through an agitation of this question in one of its
forms ; and I notice in a Louisa paper that the same
thing is troubling them there. I suppose it is more
or less a cause of disturbance all over the State where
they do not have a " no -fence law." It is a serious
question, and one that our people should have awak-
ened to loog ago, and should have decided that they
would no longer be taxed to keep other people's stock
off their crops and grazing lands with the expensive
fences needed to tura sheep and hogs.

The compromise proposition between cheap fences
and expensive ones was offered to the people in this
county, in the form of a law to make it unlawful to
run sheep and hogs upon the highways, but this
proposition was positively refused by the masses, and
still refused when put in a milder form, viz., to make
it unlawful to allow hogs alone to run at large.

It is a well-known fact that legislators consult the
masses in deciding whether they should advocate a
law or not. As to the right of such action on their
part I do not assume to judge, but make the state-
ment to show that it is useless to expect assist auce
from that quarter when the masses are opposed.
Therefore we must look elsewhere for relief from the
high and unjust taxation which a fence law imposes
upon us.

There is a vague sort of belief among many that if
the question of the constitutionality of our State law
requiring a man to fence his crop or land against other
people's stock was carried to the courts it would be
decided unconstitutional. If that opiuiou should be
decided to be the law, would it not be necessary to
have a new law conforming to the constitution ;
would we be left without a law upon the subject, or
could a cropper, or land-owner, claim or secure dam
ages from the owner of tresspassing stock in the usual
manner after such a decision iu the Supreme Court '

As an effort is already being made to secure a de-
cision on this point, and as there is some probability

186

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

of a favorable decision, the questions mentioned above
should have consideration from those who are in a
position to know something about it.

I have just received a communication from a coun-
ty-paper editor in an adjoining county informing me
that two lawyers in his town (names not given) are
willing to take the case to the Supreme Court on a
contingent fee, and that a subscription-list had already
been started for their compensation if successful, and
that it is meeting with considerable success. As soon
as the undertaking assumes a more tangible shape,
and if the legal opinion, as expressed, is such as to
justify further action, I will post you, and ask you to
aid us through your columns, which I believe you
will cheerfully do.

Fluvanna Co., Va. C. E. Jones.

[We shall have great pleasure in doing anything we
can to aid in settling this question on what we believe
to be the right line, viz., a " no fence law" for the whole
State. Meanwhile, we should be glad if same of our
lawyer friends would give their views on the questions
propounded by our correspondent. — Ed.]

TO THE CORN GROWERS OF AMERICA.

The Corn Convention, which met in Chicago, Feb.
Kith, to consider the agricultural situation in general
and the interest of corn in particular, organized The
American Maize Propaganda. The central object of
the organization is an international effort to perma
nently and legitimately advance the price of Amer-
ioa's greatest crop by promoting a larger use of Indian
corn at home and abroad. Coming changes in dietary
habits of the world make the present an opportune
time to advertise abroad the virtues and relative cheap
ness of corn as food. The officers of the Propaganda
have already laid before Congress the necessity for
making a comprehensive showing of corn and its pro-
ducts at the Paris Exposition of 1900, in such a shape
as to demonstrate practically its virtues as food. In
order to secure this recognition for corn we must have
the active backing of individual corn growers. It
proposes to follow up the beginning then made by a
continued effort under private auspices.

The organization also has a field for activity at home.
It proposes to educate our own people to a better appre-
ciation of our great crop. In addition it will be alert
to represent the interests of agriculture in general and
com in particular in matters of legislation, and in
urging effective efforts on the part of the government
to combat unjust restrictions upon American trade in
any and all foreign countries. In such matters the
pressure which such an organization can bring to bear
through its local membership will be very great.

The organization is in no sense a secret order, but
a plain business proposition. In order to reach the
highest possible efficiency in the work undertaken it
is desired to have local branches established in every
community where King Coin rules. No expeuse will
attach to these local branches, but each one established
will give Btrength to the central organization by enlist-
ing the actire sympathy of the corn producers. It is
desired to have local farmers' clubs of all kinds affiliate
with us by constituting themselves a local branch, and

where no organization now exists individual farmers
are asked to unite in forming such a local branch.

I desire to urge upon corn growers the necessity of
aiding in this business effort for the general good of
all. and I will be pleased to furnish necessary blanks
aud information to any who desire to enter actively in
the work by organizing local branches.

Respectfully, B. W. Snow,

Marquette Building, Chicago, III. Secreta>~y.

NO FENCE LAW.

It is very strange to me that any intelligent legisla-
tor should refuse to vote for a general "no fence law,"
The law of the State ought to be that every man's line
is a lawful fence, and every man should be liable for all
the damage his stock may do to auy one else.

Every man would then only have to fence in his own
stock, and not to fence out all the stock in the commu-
nity.

I contend that a man has no more right to let his
stock graze my land than he has to take my crops
away to feed them. Such ideas suit the dark ages
better than these enlightened times. Stock at home
can always be looked after aud attended to, and is
much more profitable to the owners. If there are
wood lands in a community that are profitable to run
hogs in for the mast, let the adjoining neighbors club
together and fence in the woods, and turn their hogs
in. Such a system would be cheaper and more profit-
able.

Henrico County, Va. F. GUY.

THE SUGAR BEET INDUSTRY.

Mr. J. B Pace has recently had several important
interviews with the Agricultural Department concern-
ing the sugar beet industry. He found Secretary Wil-
son exceedingly enthusiastic on the topic referred to,
believing that Virginia is especially well adapted to
sugar beet culture. Mr. Pace will distribute 500 pack-
ages of sugar beet seed to Virginia farmers for the
purpose of having a thorough test. He is confident,
from what the department officials told him, that this
year's test would be entirely satisfactory. If so, he
will build a beet sugar factory on James river, just be-
low Richmond, next fall aud get ready for operations
on a large scale. He has all the capital he wants sub-
scribed.

A remarkable thing about alfalfa and Kaffir corn
has been demonstrated in the experiments at the
Kansas Agricultural College, and that is that twenty
pounds of alfalfa hay and eight pounds of Kaffir corn
make the '"ideal dairy ration." It is asserted by the
experts at this institution that on this ration it is pos-
sible for the Kansas dairy cow to produce the very
best butter at four cents a pound. Allowing two cents
a pouud for freight to New York city, the Kansas
dairymen assert that they can put butter on the market
in the metropolis cheaper than any other producers in
the country.

1898.]

THE SOUTHBEN PLANTEE.

187

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

RICHMOND, VA.

J. F. JACKSON,

Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Planter is mailed to subscribers in
the United states and Canada at 81.00 per an-
num ; all foreign countries, $1.25.

niscominnances.— Remember that the
publisher must be notified by letter or post
card when a subscriber wishes his paper
stopped. All arrearages must be paid. Re-
turning your paper will not enable us to dis-
continue it, as we cannot find your name on
our books unless your Post Office addresl is
given.

The Lon is, tbal all subscribers to news-
papers are held res pon siide until all arrearages
are paid, and their paper ordered to be dis-
continued.

Remittances should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat ourrisk. When made
otherwise we cannot be responsible.

The Planter is sent to subscribers until
an explicit order is received for its discontinu-
ance. All payments of arrearages must be
made as required by law.

» I ways give the Bfsmie of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be fouud on our books unless this is done.

The Date on your I abel shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers Sailing to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the fact at once.

We Invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, Suggestions How to Improve The
Planter, Descriptions of New Grains. Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known. Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of postage.

No anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address— THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND, VA.

PUBLISHER'S NOTbS.

To Intending Subscribers.

For the past three or four months
we have had a most satisfactory
response to the appeals we have
made to the farmers of the South
to give us their support by becom-
ing subscribers to The Planter. We
are anxious that this increase of
our lists should continue through-
out the year, and now appeal to all

RICH

^ Is always the result of proper draining. Don't waste time

i and money trying to make crops pay until your land is

£ properly drained. We would like to tell you how to do it,

nn L I (I Uf V and at the same time quote you prices on

. .... S ^DRKlNiTILE^

LAND * POWHATAN CLAY MANUFACTURING CO., Richmond, Va.

"%.*%• -%•■%. -W ■%•-%• -%^i PRESSED BRICKS in a Variety of Colors.

T. W. WOOD & SONS'

Seasonable Field Seeds.

SEED CORN.
COW PEAS.
VELVET BEANS..
SOJA BEANS.

MILLET SEED.

SOBGHCMS.

MANGEL WIRTZEL BEETS.

CARROTS FOR STOCK.

LATE SEED POTATOES.

Write for prices. Descriptive Catalogue, giving full information ahout all
seeds, mailed free on request.

T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

who are regular readers of the jour-
nal to use their influence to induce
their friends to subscribe. For
every dollar sent we will send two
copies of the journal to iwo new sub-
scribers from now to the end of the
year 189S, to any addresses which
may be sent.

An interesting booklet, called the A, B,
C of Fence Making, has been published
by Mr. J. P. Vissering, Box 151, Alton,
Illinois. The primary object of it is to
describe the Farmers' Fence Tools, which
weave a variety of low cost, yet the best
farm fences on earth ; it also contains a
vast amount of useful fence information.
Xo farmer can fail to derive profit from
its perusal. The paper may be had free
by addressing a postal card as above. See
bis advertisement elsewhere.

THE "SUCCESSFUL" TAKES THE
PLUM.

The Des Moines Incubator Co., of Des
Moines, Iowa, were awarded first pre-
mium on their "Successful" Incubator.
Tin? is quite a mark of honor and dis-
tinction, as a number of the prominent
machines were entered in the contest and
the competition was keen. Certainly,
under. the circumstances, tlie prize was
awarded on merit.

This late victory brings to mind the
fact that the Des Moines people have
been forging ahead at a very rapid rate
in their chosen line, and considering the
short time they have been in business,
their progress has been a little short of
miraculous.

WIND PUMP PERFECTED

By perfect pump rod spring, jerks, breaks,
lifting platform, rapid wear stopped. Helj/s
get water. Pay after trial. /EG IS MFG. CO..
Marsballtown, Iowa.

1260 '97 BICYCLES BELOW COST

Second-hand

fake. Write for

COOK CYCLE CO., Fact

BICYCLE FREE

Easy work, no

great offer.

St.; Salesrooms, 69-71 Fourth Av., CHICAGO.

Berry Bones ^ Baskets

Peach Packages. Grape Baskets.

jjes of every kind.

; Axle Grease

FRAZER

Best in
the world, m

£ Its wearing qualitiesare unsurpassed, ao- £
\ tuallvoutlasting 3 bxs. anv other brand. \>
0 Not affected by heat. «S"Get the Genuine W
^%, FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS. ■%/~4

PURE lVriLK.

Groton Ave., Cortland, N. Y.

The New Model Milk
Cooler and Aerator is
the latest improved :

-alts : is
low-down, automatic,
rapid process. First al
N. Y. State Fair. I 'oil-
land dairymen prefer it .
Send for frc*
es to MODEL M. C. A. CO., 97

188

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

how's this:

We offer One Hundred Dollars reward
for any case of Catarrh that can not be
cured by Hall's Catarrh Cure.

F. J. CHENEY & CO., Prop's,
Toledo, O.
We, tin.- undersigned, have known F. J.
Cheney for the last 15 years, and believe
him perfectly honorable in all business
transactions, and financially able to carry
out anv obligation made bv their firm.
West & Truax, Wholesale Druggists,
Toledo, 0.
WaLDING, Kin-nan ^ Makvin,
Wholesale Druggists, Toledo, I >.
Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally,
acting directly upon the blood and mu-
cous surfaces of the system. Price 75c.
per bottle. Sold by all druggists. Testi-
monials free.
Hall's Family Pills are the best.

MAGAZINES.
The leading features of Harper's Maga-
zine for April are^-" Photographing a
Wounded African Buffalo," by Arthur C.
Humbert, illustr»ted from photographs
bv the author, and from drawings by
Maxfield Parrish and G. W. Peters ; "Old
Chester Tales : I. The Promises of Doro-
thea," by Margaret Deland, with illustra-
tions by Howard Pyle: "How to Cycle
in Europe," by Joseph Pennell, with il-
lustrations from drawings by the author ;
" The Closing Scene at Appomattox
Court House," by General George A.
Forsyth, U. S. A., with illustrations by
R. F. Zogbaum ; "The Essentials at Fort
Adobe : Cavalry Tactics on the Plains,"
by Frederic Remington, illustrations and
initial by the author; "Commercial As-
pects of the Panama Canal," by Worth-
ington C. Ford ; " England and Ger-
many," by Sidney Whitman, F. R. G. 8. :
" Some Byways of the Brain," First
Paper, by Andrew Wilson, M. D. ; and
" Wanted— An American Aldershot," by
Captain James Parker, U. S. A.

Harper's Illustrated Weekly continues
to give the finest illustrations of the
scene of the war in Cuba, and of the
destruction of the Maine, and of other
events of interest, whilst the reading
matter is distinguished by its freedom
from exaggeration and sound conserva-
tive tendency.

Harper's Bazaar is the best ladies'
journal published.

The Century has a group of illustrated
papers on the Pennsylvania coal regions.
Under the heading of " Coal is King,"
Edward Atkinson considers " The Ad-
vantages of England and the United
States in the World's Commerce," and
Edward W. Parker tells of the supply of
anthracite coal in Pennsylvania. The
Hon. Theo. Roosevelt discusses "Fights
Between Iron-Clads." Dr. Slaby writes
of "The New Telegraphy," describing
recent experiment in telegraphy with
sparks and without the use of wires. A
series of articles on " The Seven Wonders
of the World," by Prof. B. I. Wheeler,
with full page illustrations by Castaigue,
is begun. The fiction is entertaining and
varied.

St. Nicholas is filled with varied tales
full of interest for children, whilst the
illustrations are exce'lent.

The American Review of Reviews
treats of the Cuban crisis at considerable
length, and insists that Spain's final
withdrawal from the Western Hemi-
sphere will be the only satisfactory ter-
mination of the present trouble The
principal contributed article is entitled
" Political Germany," written specially
for the magazine by Dr. Theodore Burk,
and is the most complete and lucid expo-
sition of the latest problems and policies
of German statesmanship that has vet
appeared. The story of the Swiss gov-
ernment's purchase of the railroads is
told by Mr. J. R. Macdonald.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly
has an interesting article on the economic
lessons to be learned from the results of
the recent widespread engineering strike
in England, entitled, " An Industrial Ob-
ject Lesson." " The Electric Transmis-
sion of Water Power," is fully described
and illustrated in an article by William
Baxter, Jr. Worthington C. Ford writes
on " The Question of Wheat," dealing
with the bearing on civilization of the
future wheat supply of the world.

Lippincott's has for its complete novel
" Meriel," by Amelie Rives. The scene
is laid mainly in Italy. Other stories
are — " The Ark in the Wilderness," " The
Recruit Who Was Rushed," " A Bound-
ary War," and others. There are also a
number of articles of interest.

BOOKS.
The Domestic Sheep ; It's Culture and
General Management, by Henry Stewart,
author of " The Shepherd's Manual," etc.
This is a work which has been in prepa-
ration for several years by the well known
agricultural writer, Henry Stewart It
contains 372 pages, and is illustrated with
about 105 engravings. Mr. Stewart's well
known ability and acquaintance with
sheep, is warrant that his work will be
well done. It is published by the Amer-
ican Sheep Breeder, of Chicago, 111. Price,
$1.50. We can supply it at the pub-
lisher's price.

Mr. W. C. Dorset, Pilkinton, Va., is
offering some choice fowls and eggs at
very low prices.

HALL'5

Vegetable Sicilian

HAIRRENEWER

does for the hair just what its

name says it does — it renews it.

Fading, falling, thin locks

are stimulated to look fresh

and new by its use J nature

does the rest.

iiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinir

America's

Greatest
Medicine

Is Hood's Sarsaparilla.

Greatest, Because Hood's Sarsapa-
rilla is the medicine to which the
bulk of the people naturally turn
when overtaken by sickness, caused
by impure blood, scrofula, dyspepsia,
etc., or when recovering from debili-
tating blood-poisoning diseases like
diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc.

Greatest, Because of the vast number
of testimonials which come from
every city and hamlet in the land,
telling of marvelous cure- and over-*
flowing with gratitude.

Greatest. Because it eradicates every
vestige of scrofula, cures the worst
cases of hip disease, subdues the itch-
ing and burning of eczema, heals all
sore-, boils and eruptions, and every
ailment due to impure blood.

Greatest, Because it conquers dys-
pepsia by toning and strengthening
the stomach, cures rheumatism by
neutralizing the acid in the blood,
overcomes catarrh by removing the
scrofula taints that cause it.

Greatest, Because unequalled by any
other medicine for supplying the
nerves with pure, rich, nourishing
blood, and thus curing nervousness,
neuralgia and nervous prostration.

Greatest, Because of economy and
Btrength, Hood's Sarsaparilla being
the only medicine of which it can
truly be said. " 100 doses one dollar;"

Greatest, Because it is prepared in
the largest Laboratory on earth — a
building which contains more than
three acres of floor space.

Greatest, Because it is peculiar in
combination, proportion and process
and possesses curative properties un-
known to any other medicine.

Greatest, Because of the greatest
cures, greatest merit, greatest sales,
greatest hold upon the confidence of
the people as an honest medicine.

' Sarsa-
§ parilla

Is America's Greatest Medicine.
Sold bv druggists. Prepared onlv by
C. I. ilood & Co., Lowell, Mass.

A VALUABLE TOOL.

The Ulrich M'fg Co., Rock Falls. 111.,
advertise in another column their hand
cultivator. This is a most excellent tool,
and every gardener should have several.
Write for descriptive circular of this and
other useful articles made by them.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

189

CATALOGUES.

Messrs. Stratton & Osborne, Erie Pa.
The " Dandy " green bone cutter. This
machine is highly spoken of by those
who have used it. Mention Southern
Planter when you write them.

Benjamin Hammond, Fish-kill-on-
Hudson, N. Y. Maker of Hammond's
celebrated " Slug Shot," one of the most
effective destroyers of bugs, slugs and
insects of all kinds. See advertisement.

Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano
Co., Newark, N. J. Fertilizers for tobacco,
orange, fruit and truck-growing.

Duane H. Nash, Millington, N. J. The
Acme harrow. An ideal harrow, says
Henry Stewart.

" A Home for the Farmer " on the line
of the Norfolk and Western railroad in
Virginia. Write the Norfolk and West-
ern E. R., Roanoke, Va., for a copy of
this pamphlet.

REPORTS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Division of Entomology.
Bulletin 12. The San Jose Scale in 1896-
1897.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D.C. Division of Forestry. Bul-
letin 15. Forest Growth and Sheep Graz-
ing in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Division of Foreign Mar-
kets. Bulletin 10. Our Foreign Trade in
Agricultural Products during the fiscal
years 1893-1897.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletin 69. Ex-
periment Station Work III. Flax Cul-
ture Crimson Clover. Corn Smut. Use
of Fertilizers, &c.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletin 70. The
Principal Insect Enemies of the Grape.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Division of Agrostology.
Circular 6. The Cultivated Vetches.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Office of Road Inquiry.
Circular 30. Repairs of Macadam Roads.

Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin SS. Experiments with
Corn.

Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin S9. Experiments with
Cotton.

Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 91. Co-operative Fertil-
izer. Experiments with Cotton.

Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayette -
ville, Ark. Bulletin 49. Preliminary Re-
port on Arkansas Seedling Apples.

Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayette-
ville, Ark. Bulletin 50. Some Irish Po-
tato Experiments.

Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca,
N. Y. Bulletin 142. The Codling Moth.

Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca,
N. Y. Bulletin 143. Sugar Beet Inves-
tigation.

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 36. Insects Injurious to
Stored Grain and Cereal Products.

'»■»<

IHHHHHiifmiHMHHHHiH

Dr. Ager's

is the name to remember when buying Sarsaparilla. Dr.
Ayer's Sarsaparilla has been curing people right along for
nearly 50 years. That is why it is acknowledged to be the
sovereign Sarsaparilla. It is the original and the standard.
The record of the remedy is without a rival, — a record that
is written in the blood of thousands, purified by its power.

" I nursed a lady who was suffering from blood poisoning and must
have contracted the disease from her; for I had four large sores, or ulcers,
break out on my person. I doctored for a long time, both by external
application and with various blood medicines; but in spite of all that I
could do, the sores would not heal. At last I purchased six bottles of
Ayer's Sarsaparilla, thinking I would give it a thorough trial. Before the
six bottles had been taken, the ulcers were healed, the skin sound and
natural, and my health better than it had been for years. I have been
well ever since. I had rather have one bottle of Dr. J. C. Ayer's Sarsapa-
illa than three of any other kind."— Mrs. A. F. Taylor, Englevale, N. Dak.

Get Ayer's Sarsaparilla.

HIimiWimHHmHHiHHii

M

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 37. The Pine Apple at
Myers.

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 38. Tobacco in Florida.

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 39. Strawberry Culture
for the Market and the Home.

Florida Experiment. Station, Lake Citv,
Fla. Bulletin 40. The Fall Army Worm.
Southern Grass Worm.

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 41. A Fungous Disease of
the San Jose Scale.

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 42. Some Strawberry In-
sects.

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 43. A Chemical Study of
some Typical Soils of the Florida Penin-
sula.

Georgia Department of Agriculture, At-
lanta, Ga. Publications of the Georgia
State Department of Agriculture for the
year 1897. This is a valuable and useful
book for Georgia farmers, and shows what
can be done by a State Department of
Agriculture properly organized and offi-
cered to advance the agricultural inter-
ests of a State. There is more useful in-
formation for the farmer in this one vol-
ume, which only represents one year's
work, than has been issued by the State
Department of Agriculture of Virginia
during the whole ten years of its exist-
ence.

Georgia Experiment Station, Atlanta,
Ga. Bulletin 37. Corn Culture.

Georgia Experiment Station, Atlanta,
Ga. Bulletin 38. Watermelons.

Georgia Experiment Station, Atlanta,
Ga. Bulletin 39. Cotton Culture.

Lee's Prepared Agricultural Lime

WE HAVE REDUCED THE PRICE TO SUIT THE TIMES.

We are now selling this VALUABLE FERTILIZER and LAND IMPROVER at
$tO Per Ton. When used on fallow land, with a fair amount of vegetation, we
have never known it to fail in giving a satisfactory crop of wheat and a good stand of
clover or grass. We do not recommend it for clean or thin worn-out land, unless
some litter from the farm, pen or forest is used with it.

500 TONS OYSTER SHELL LIME, Sacked or in Bulk, for sale low.

For thin and bare land, we recommend our ^— ^— —

HIGH-GRADE BONE AND POTASH,

which we are selling at the low price of $16 Pen TON. Farmers who used it last
year say they had fine crops on very thin land.

«-Write for Circulars. A- S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

1!)0

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

The Skillful Specialist

and His New Discovery.

The Eminent Physician and Scientist who has Proved that all
Kidney, Bladder and Uric Acid

Troubles Can be Quickly Cured.

You May Have a Sample Bottle of the Great Discovery
Sent Free by Mail.

Ah we are by nature' subject to many

diseases, the only way to guard against
all stampedes on our health is to make a
study of our own physical self.

If a peculiar pain attacks von, try to
locate its origin and discover which organ
of the body is sick anil in need of atten-
tion.

[f the kidneys are at fault— and in al-
most every case in the failing of our
i hey are — look well to their resto-
ration to health and strength.
They are the great filters <.f our body,

and consequently, the purity of the blood
is entirely dependent on their cleansing

powers.

If the kidneys are not in a perfectly
clean and healthy condition, the blood

becomes impregnated with impurities,
and a decay of the kidneys soon takes

If your desire to relieve yourself
of water increases, and you find it neces-
sary lo arise many times during .sleeping
hours, your kidneys are sick/ As they
6 more unhealthy stage, a scalding
and irritation takes place as the water

flows, and pain or dull ache in the back

makes you miserable. If the water, when
allowed to remain undisturbed for twen-
ty-four hours, forms a settling or sedi-
ment, you are in the grasp of most seri-
ous kidney or bladder disorder.

If neglected now, the disease advances
until the face looks pale or sallow, puffy
or dark circles under the eyes, the feet
swell, and sometimes the heart acts badly.

There is no more serious menace to
health and strength than any derange-
ment of the kidneys.

Swamp-Root is the great discovery of
Dr. Kilmer, the eminent physician and
specialist, and will he found Just what is
needed in cases of kidney and bladder
disorders and Uric Acid troubles due to
weak kidneys, such as catarrh of the
bladder, gravel, rheumatism and Blight's
Disease, which is the worst form of kid-
ney disease.

It corrects inability to hold water and
promptly overcomes that unpleasant ne-
cessity of being compelled to go often du-
ring the day, and to get up many times
during the night.

The mild and the extraordinary effect
of this great remedy is soon realized. It
stands the highest for its wonderful cures,
and is sold by druggists in- fifty cent and
one dollar bottles. .

So universally successful is Swamp-
Root in quickly curing even the most dis-
tressing cases that to Prove its wonderful
merits you may have a sample bottle and
a book of valuable information both sent
absolutely free by mail upon receipt of
three two-cent stamps to cover cost of
postage on the bottle Kindly mention
Southern Planter when sending your ad-
dress to Dr. Kilmer & Co., Bing'hatnton,
N. Y.
Copyright, 1888— Dr. Kilmer Jfc Co.

REPORTS— Continued.

Kentucky Experiment Station. Lexing-
ton, Ky. Bulletin 7o. The Woolly Mul-
len. The Gape Disease of Poultry.

Kentucky Experiment Station, Lexing-
ton, Ky. Bulletin 71. Analyses of Com-
mercial Fertilizers.

Kentucky Experiment Station, Lexing-
ton, Ky. Bulletin 72. Potato Expe-
riments.

Kentucky Experiment Station. Lexing-
ton, Ky. Bulletin 73. Straw berries.

Louisiana Experiment Station, Baton
Rouge, La. Tenth Annual Report

Louisiana Experiment Station, Baton
Rouge, La. Bulletin 50 (2d scries). Red
Rice.

Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Me.
Bulletin 42. Ornamenting Home
Grounds.

Maine Experiment Station. Orono, Me.
Bulletin 4:!. Fertilizer Inspection.

Mississippi Experiment Station, Agri-
cultural College, Miss. Bulletin 12
climation Fever or Texas Fever.

Mississippi Experiment Station, .Agri-
cultural College, Miss. Bulletin 4:;. "Na-
tural Plant Food." Claims Made for it
and its Value.

Mississippi Experiment Station, Agri-
cultural College, Miss. Bulletin 44. Wit.
ter Pasture.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

101

T%%?o°&et SPRAYERS

Double- Ac-Mi.* **m "»^» ■ ^mm.-^

are the best. Sprays from backet or barrel SO

feci . Nin -cicntihi and mechanical principle.

ilv rrei mi;, i. .• plain to you that

I have the sprayer you want Write to-day.
H. B. RUSLERi - - Johnstown, Ohio.

SAVE YOUR FRUIT.

The U. S. Agricultural Department's Bulle-
tin. No. l'.i. IMfi, ."ays: "A Virginian sprayed
one-third of his orchard, thereby increasing
quantity of sound fruit SO per cent., and in-
creasing value over the rest 100 per cent. He
estimates his loss by no! spraying the other
two-thirds at twentyfive hundred doUan."
SPRAYING PUMPS for sale by
S. P. BRUCKWAY, Staunton, Va.

WITH THE

EMPIRE KING
or Garfield Knapsack

Perfect agi
—no leather

Catalogue free. Agents wanted.
FIELD FUKCE PUP CO., ,1) Market St.. Lockport, S.T.

ching of foliage
styles spray pumps.

THERE IS

No Argument in it

YOU MUST SPRAY

If you want good
fruit. There is S2.5.00
to $100.00 per day in it
if you can doit right.
You want the best
tools and correct in-
formation—we fur-
nish both. Send for
our catalogue to-day.
MORRILL & MORLEV
Benton Harbor. Mich.

nB»nwn

gmij WIT H 0^ MtCHin£ Costs

8^184 PER RODS

Jl A -CKOtO ISD. US J. «"»<«!^^W

BEATEN TO DEATH

By selling our

ADVANCE

wTFENCE

direct to the farmer &

payiii^'freiKhtthereon

Wenotouiy save him all of the middle man's profit but
we liave tiealen the hand fence machine to death. Prices
way down, ltisa etieaper and better fence thancan be
made by any hand machine for the money. It's all inter-
woven; no loose endstounravelicr ~

. - .ulars and extra
BpeofaJ dJsconnfe. l;etter writoat once.
AJJVA.\CEFE.\CE CO.. 3501dSt.. Peoria III.

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter.

Mississippi Experiment Station, Agri-
cultural College, Miss. Bulletin 45. An-
alyses of Commercial Fertilizers.

Mississippi Experiment Station, Agri-
cultural College, Miss. Bulletin 46. Co-
operative Experiments with Small Fruit.

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va. X. Y. Popular Edition of Bulletin

130. A New Disease of Sweet Corn.
New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va, N. Y. Popular Edition of Bulletin

131. Oat Smut and New Preventives.
New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va. X. Y. Popular Edition of Bulletin

132. Milk Fat from Fat Free Food.
New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va. N. Y. Bulletin 133. Spraying in 1897
to Prevent Gooseberry Mildew.

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va, N. Y. Popular Edition of Bulletin

133. The Best Remedy for Gooseberry
Mildew.

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va, N. Y. Bulletin 134. Report of Anal-
yses of Commercial Fertilizers for Fall of
1897.

New York Experiment Station, Gene-
va, N. Y. Bulletin 135. The Composition
and Production of Sugar Beets.

Tennessee Experiment Station, Knox-
ville, Tenn. Bulletin September, 1897.
The Soils of Tennessee with Maps of the
Different Soil Formations in the Different
Sections of the State.

Virginia State Weather Service, Rich-
mond, Ya. Report for February, 1S98.

Wisconsin Experiment Station, Madi-
son. Wis. Fourteenth Annual Report.

Wyoming Experiment Station, Lara-
mie, Wyo. Bulletin 35. Mechanical An-
alyses and Water Content of Wyoming
Soils.

FENCING

For Poultry, half cost of
Netting:. Also best Farm
Yard, Cemetery Fences,
Iron Posts, Gates, etc. I

SEMI-CENTENNIAL OF J. C. AYER
COMPANY.
It is not often that a business like that
of a proprietary medicine-maker has so
long a life as that just celebrated by the
J. C. Ayer Company. Not infrequently a
run of two or three years is the life of
such a medicine. In the year 1838, the
late J. C. Ayer entered an apothecary's
store, in Lowell, and later became a stu-
dent of medicine and the proprietor of a
drug store. From that time to this J. C.
Ayer's medicines have been known wide
ly throughout this country, and the prem-
ises on which they are made now occupy
an area of nearly two acres of ground.
Such a success as has been achieved by the
,T. C. Ayer Company can only have been
attained by a careful attention to the
quality of the goods made and by honest
business like methods of management.
The Company has always seen to it that
its goods were kept prominently before
the people by advertisements in the best
mediums, and that the statements made
in the journals as to the efficacy of its
medicines were such as it could substan-
tiate. These methods have ensured suc-
cess in the past and will doubtless con-
tinue to do so in the future.

_ See the Fence? MONARCH
/54/ov/hi/ghT builds it. Best Machine on
Earth, only SS. A snap for
agents. Cataloge Free.

Cochrane Fence Machine Co..
Box 10115, Detroit. Mich.

Send for an A. B. C. of

Fence Makinn ■!
ing the F. F. Tools.
which weave the best
fence on earth at the
very lowest cost, and
also repair old
VIssERINii, Box 151, Alton. Illinois.

-JWOVE-NWiTfH
TWE'rftJRMgBts
^FEjrC§«>ogg
?3 DEttFRBEF

J. P.

Fixin' Fences"

every sprine

No "top mils" to lay up,
•?e dinvn til- Line -iirer every ?t'inn if
i-e<l. S'-!itl tnr "ppriutr styles"

Page r.

and prices. See our ;id. in next ls6i
PAGE WOVKK WIRE 1 K\< ' CO

PERFECTION WIRE FENCE.

END FOR FREE SAMPLE
WITHINOTOK & C07, ADRIAN, MICH.

WAR PICTURES

IN BEAUTIFUL COLORS.

Battle-ships MAINE and INDIANA

(Latter cleared for action), each 12x Is.

NORTH ATLANTIC SQUADRON

All ships of the line in action (UxSti!. Drawn

from life by Reuterdahl. Finest pictures ever

published.

New York Bombarded.

Transporting Troops to the Front.

Artillery in Action.

Storming Morro Castle.

All the above beautiful colored pictures will
appear in Truth. 11.00 will bring Truth for
six months, including all the above and fol-
lowing pictures on heavy plate paper for
framing, will be given free as a premium :
Battle-ship "Maine.'' 12x18. Battle-
ship "Indiana.'* 12x18. Storming
Morro Castle.

Address TRUTH. No. 268 4th Avenue. New York.

Gutta Perch ROOFING

CHEAP and FIRF-PROOF.

For Farmers. Planters. Poultry Breeders, 4c.

4S-Send for Catalogue and Pries,

IN BEES
AND HONEY

LOTS 0' MONEY

If you don't keep bees, you ought to. Had
you thought about it? Write for new 64-page
book — Free.
J. M. JENKINS. Wetumpka, Al».

192

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

EGGS!

PLYMOUTH ROCK

Tor. per 13.
s. s. HAMAKER. Lieking, Va.

EGGS FOR HATCHING!

Brown Leghorns, SO cents per 15. 8. C.

Leghorn young Roosters, 81.00 each.

Miss s. M. II ITER. Kllisville, Va.

PEKIN DUCKS— Eggs. $1.00 per doz.

1 1 ^— Ecgs, SI .00 for 15.
- .-. 51. .'vj for l").
LERi (Y F. CARTER. Richmond, Va.

S. C. BROWN LECHORNS,

-r. Sl.00 per 16.
PEKIN DUCKS— Eggs for setting, S1.00 for 11.
s. c. BROWN LEGHORNS, Sl'.OO each—
Roosters or Pullets.
'■v..- are of the best strains and guar-
anteed pure in breed.

O. W. BRAVES, Highland Springs. Va.

TURKEYS- White Holland.

DOCKS— Imperial Pekin.

Fowls & I lucks for sale.

Fowls and Ducks, 53.00 per pair: Hen Eggs,

I ■'", tier l:i- hurl.- Rom «r On >^r 1*4

B. P. ROCKS 15th Year

Circular worth $5 to any farmer free. Ad-
dressj. H. DENHAH, Box 275, St. ciairsville.

Hares, Rabbits, Chickens, Ducks,

PIGEONS.

Catalogue Free. .Satisfaction guaranteed.

JOHNSON A GOODE, Boydton. Va.

BLACK LANQSHAN5

A :

- "'k, prices reasonable.
arague Plants for sale cheap.
Write now.
A. OLNEY, Coleman's Falls, Va.

Fowls © Eggs for Sale

Pure-bred Light Brahma, Barred and
W ite Plymouth Rocks, Brown Leg-horn,
Indian Game, Pekin Ducks-each $1.50:
four for $5. EGGS-Duck, $1 a dozen!
Hens', $1 for fifteen. Address

W. C. DORSET, Pilkinton, Va.

PURE BRED

PARTRIDGE COCHIN ROOSTERS

8 to 10 Months Old.

Price, $1.25 each.
W. P. CHURCHILL, Dry Bridge. Va.

This 10-EqgS-lf-Regulatinq Hatcher
only $6 oders, 100-

chick, 16.00. Hammonton [non-

up. Nursery Brood,
rnze Fowl ana Eggs. Testimonials and lllns
clr. 2c. J. A. Chelton, Fairmont, Md.

SPRAYING FOR PROFIT.
Spraying does pay. This applies not
only to fruit trees, but equally to cabbage,
corn, cotton, tobacco, hops, grapes, pota-
toes, tomatoes, small fruits, and other
growing plants that are subject to injury
by insect pests or fungus.

•

.,

But the profits depend on the intelli-
gence with which it is done. Almost any
good force pump will furnish the spray,
if the nozzle is all right, bat the most im-
portant function of a practicable spray
pump is to keep the mixture properly
stirred. This is most important since, if
not thoroughly and constantly agitated,
there is danger of scorching the foliage
and doing more harm than good, because
the poisons used do not dissolve in water,
and if not continuously stirred sink to
the bottom.

The "Garfield" and "Empire King"
spray pumps, made by the Field Force
Pump Co., Lockport, X. Y., have patented
automatic agitators in addition to all the
good features of a first-class spray pump.
The Field Force Pump Co. is a long-
established house that has built up a
large business by fairand honest dealing,
and all their goods are guaranteed satis
factory in every respect. They will glad-
ly mail a book on spraying, describing
their goods, to any one writing and men-
tioning this paper.

Tne Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va.

Please notice H. B. Rusler's advertise-
ment of the Comet Sprayer in another
column of this paper. The Comet is a
Lawn and Garden Force Pump as well as
a perfect Fruit Tree Sprayer. If you will
write to II. B Rosier at Johnstown, Ohio,
be will forward you free catalogue and
hints on spraying, and will be able to
convince you that the Comet is not only
lint the fastest selling Sprayer on
the market. The very low price at which
the Comet is soli! places it at once within
the reach of every one in need of a Spray-
er. Mr Cluster is one of the oldest man
pJacturers of Sprayers, having been mak-
ing the Comet for the past nine years,
adding valuable improvements from year
o year.

Chickens by sTjMugj-
EXCELSIOR Incubator

Simple. Perfect, SeXf-Regulat-
ing. Thousands in successful
operation. Lowest priced
flrst-cluog llaifher made.
GEO. II. STAML
tolggg.6thSt,Qu.neT.I.L

A SURE WINNER.

OUR SUCCESSFUL INCUBATOR will

i prove it if you use it. Send 6c for

I new 12$ page catalog and *tudy the

I merits of our machines. Hasvalu-

! ablepointsonarlificiu) incubation

ad poultry culture generally.

e manufacture a r-reater Tari-

■• of Incabatora and Brooders

iaa any other firm. Sizes 60 to

*8.on •

THE WHOLE STORY

yf successful incubating and brood-
ing chicks is toid m our new 22b page
■■■it'tlfjif. Full description of the
best machines to use for the purpose
Cuts and instructions for building
modern, economical poultry boose*:
poultry supplies a ndc»t« and prices on
■ l"-illKree poultry;
prices on eg?* tor haiehlni:.

,n "ho keep* hens.

RELIABLE INCUBATOR k BROODER CO., Qntocy, UL

Did you ever hear of SLUG SHO I?

SLUG SHOT saves the garden.

SLUC SHOT has a history.

5LU C SHOT Prim;iri|.v w:is used on tnc

, Potato Bug, and then the

Currant Worm. Then on Hoses and
flowers generally. Cabbage was saved by
it. Beans, Tomatoes, Tobacco and Rad-
ishes were treated. Turnips by the acre
were protected from the tly. Melons from
the cut worm and fly beetles. Saved the
Plums from the curculio. The Quince
covered \\ith slugs was completely cleaned.
The Apple was saved from the canker
worm. Saved the Elm trees from being
destroyed by the elm tree beetle.

SLUG SHOT ls used on Tr''' '"• Snrulls'

Flowers and Vegetables,

/, and the results are excellent.

SLUC SHOT is Put »r in iand 10-pound
- bags; kegs, IS pounds;

barrels, 23.~> pounds in bulk; canisters with
pel filiated top. Ischeapenough foreverybody
ad is

SOLD BY THE SEED DEALERS

in the United stales and Canada,
For pamphlet, addr

B. H7S7Vy7VyOND,

Fishkill on Hudson. N. Y.

Please mention this paper when writing.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

193

DON'T WASTE Grain

>r money sowinpr by ha
fithcheapimiut iuiia<

, CAHOON
Broadcast
SEED SOWER

which

made. Acknowledge] 1
standard of t be v. :
for past 30 years. /vC-
"Get the Best.*' If ■',•'-
your dealer will not
supply yu write to a&

Cireulnr* Free. *

OOODELHO'tlPAW, Antrim, N. 1

RIFE HYDRAULIC ENGINE.

Pumps Water Automati-
cally by Water Power.

Domestic and Irrigation

WATER SUPPLY.

If you have two or more
feet waterfall it will de-
liver water thirty feet
high for every foot of fall.

RIFE
ENGINE
CO.,

126
Liberty
St.,

N. V.

fllffiffi ©9t¥

THIS SIDE DELIVERY

HAY_ RAKE

"Quick Haying Quality Prime."

Itleaves thehay inaliKht. loose windrow, where it
is cured by the a..- 1 ion of" the air, and notbleuchcd
by the sun; hay retains Us bri^bt ereeu color
and all the esacn<
tlul oils

It turns the hay Completely,

and exposes it nil to the air; ..
you can beyin n.kiii_- quirk- l^^it rakes ^
er than with a sulky rake. ^^ fast and t
saves the use of a tedder in many instances;
time, doe* not cut her stubble, manure or
trash. It creatly reduces the cost oi'hnrvi
a crop of hay. More about this and the Kev
Hay Loader in our free circulars. Write tor

KEYSTONE MFG. CO.

11 River St. STERLING,

ititffttiflt

SOLD OXT TRIAL.

IMPERIAL
PULVERIZER.
CLOD Crusher.
ROLLER and
LEVELER.
f Plainly
described in

circular.
SENT FREE.
Farmers may try It before buying.
PETERSON MFO. CO., Kent, O.

iNVWWMU

PAINT TALKS. IV.

SOMETHING ABOUT WALL PAPER.

The inventor of wall-paper succeeded
in producing an ideal dirt-preserver and
disease-breeder. When anything else
about us becomes soiled we wash it ; but
wall paper, which usually is put on with
decaying paste to begin with, continues
from year's end to year's end collecting
dust and smells and microbes, until it be-
comes, under the microscope, a veritable
zoological garden of nastiness and disease.

It is a good rule to use in a house noth-
ing that cannot be cleansed. Carpet is
bad enough, but it can be taken up at
intervals for beating and airing. Lead
paint crumbles off gradually in poisonous
dust, but the paint covers only the wood-
work, while the paper covers the whole
wall.

When paint has outlived its beauty, a
fresh coat makes it at least clean ; but
when the dirt-collection on the paper be-
comes too apparent, it is commonly pre-
served for future use by pasting over it
another layer of the dirt-collector.

There is only one valid excuse for wall
paper — it is convenient. Paint in the
long run is cheaper ; it is in better taste
and infinitely more healthful. But the
great consideration is that a painted wall
can be kept clean, while a papered wall
cannot.

It follows that all living-rooms should
be painted. For this purpose the choice
is between two materials — lead and zinc.
The first is poisonous and darkens from
the effects of coal gas, while the latter is
innocuous, covers more surface, never
changes color, and is more durable. Paints
based on zinc are, therefore, certainly to
be preferred on all accounts.

The property owner that does not use
paint neglects his own interest, and if he
does not give the preference to the com-
bination paints based on zinc, he takes
needless risks to h'ia own financial damage.
Stanton Dudley.

A LIBERAL OFFER.

We are authorized by the manufacturer
of the "Acme" Pulverizing Harrow, Clod
Crusher and Leveler, Millington, N. J.,
and 30 South Canal Street, Chicago, to
say to our subscribers that this Harrow
will be sent to any responsible farmer in
the United States on trial, to be returned
at the expense of the manufacturer if not
entirely -satisfactory. Mr. Nash asks no
money or note in advance, and under
these circumstances the farmer certainly
runs no risk, as Mr. Nash is a reliable and
safe man to deal with.

He delivers Harrows free on board at
the following points: New York, Chicago,
Minneapolis ; Columbus, 0. ; Louisville,
Ky.; San Francisco, Cal. ; and his custom-
ers only pay freight from those points.

PROMPT AND PERMANENT.
Richmond, Va., March 14, 1898.— John
T. Wilt, 721 N. 2Sth street, this city, was
poisoned by poison oak while he was out
gathering wild honeysuckle in the spring.
He tried many different applications
without benefit, and was finally told to
take Hood's Sarsaparilla. He did so, and
three bottles cured him. He says his
blood has been pure ever since, and he
earnestly recommends this medicine.

the FARQUHAR

PATENTVARIABLE
FRICTION, FEED.

Medal and Highest Award at the World » CbZumMon Etepostii

SAW MILL & ENGINE

BEST SET WORKS I.N THE WORLD. Warranted the beat made.
Shingle Mills, Machinery, and Standard Agricultural Imple-
ments of Beat Quality at lowest prices. Illustrated Catalogue.

FARQUHAR SEPARATOR

ket. Send for catalogues.

A. B. FAROCI1 A It 110., Ltd., vork,P«.

!EI

THE HEW

With Plain. Swinging or Wind stacker. Has
no equal for fast and perfect work.

s^mu

THE NEW HUBEFt TRACTION ENGINE

Winner in all practical tests at World's Fair.

All sizes, both simple and compound.

Ask for Catalogue.

THE IIl'BER mil. CO., Box X. Marlon, Ohio.

The Big 4

couldn't fatten up, because
he followed an Aultman &,
Taylor Thrasher.

grain saver and clean- :
er in the world, and verily the farmers' friend.
-I The Matchless piniirn U II I I CD
•J saves H more seed uLUICn (1 U L L C H

than any other ma- =^==^=i^==
chine and cleans it to perfection

4^10^?^ Farm and Traction

economical and dnr- r__:„_ ,^ ,,-. „,-,
able in the world, tflfi M3 ®Ls <Sb <5Sb
Largest & most com- *-"0,,,u
plete line of Thrashing Machinery and Saw Mills

MANUFACTURED BY

The Aultman & Taylor Machinery Co.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Send for free illustrated catalogue

I have a machine that will sow your
Fertilizers perfectly.

One horse opens the row and sows the
Fertilizer in a stream about eight inches
wide, any quantity per acre desired.

Perfect Work, Easy Draught, and

Uniformly Ripe Tobacco

secured.

Our best farmers here use them. Every
one who sows fertilizer needs it, for this
work cannot be done right by hand.

First sale, $12.50. Address,
Cephas N. Stacy, Amelia C. H., Vs..

194

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

iA 12-Year
Old Boy

anJ better work

HAND CULTIVATOR

■ for Bampl*. Liberal terms to ajreui*.
til information.
I Irieh Mfe Co.. li KlTer St., Rock Falls, HL

Farqu..r Seystons Corn Planter

M'« mm •. ,...1 ,1... hnal

srfeci Porce-feed Ft-rtt-
,-, r Distributor in tlie
orid. Sead for Catilcjie.

A. B. FARQUHAR CO.
YOKE, PA.
Send for Laroe Illustrated Catalogue.

WftGONS

Are the hest on the market. Hade with self-
sand arrester east skeins, steel skeins.
Iron or hollow axles, high or low wheels. If
not on sale in your section write us tor cut and
prices. uWENsKuno -V AGON 00,

Owensboro, Ky.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

ft*

For STOCK. lust large enough,
light and simple; it don't pull
oroomeouL. 100 Ear Marks, with

tools and Register Book, only

S::; with numbers, 13.60. Send/or

ratified. Address

H. C. STOLL. Beatrice, Nebraska.

For POULTRYMEN ~

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.
"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Corn Mill, Farm Feed

Mills. Powder Mills.
Send for Circular and Testimonial*.
WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

WANTED.

A Situation by a married man (English).
Thoroughly understands the management of
all kinds ,,'r stoek. good batter maker, under-
stands separator, Babcock test, etc Address,
DAIRYMAN, .are Southern Planter.

WANTED...

A man with some capital to take my
Stock farm near tie folk. No

better opportunity anywhi re for this business,
ind given. ' iwner has
• in the city. Apply at 85 Commerce

tstnessin tbecity. Apply at 85 Com
; HODIIMAN, Norfolk. Ya.

WANTED^—,

Second-Hand Mo««t. Hiot-l
Bake, Corn Planter, Two-
Horse Corn Cultivator.

W. N. WILMEB,

Marlborough 1 1 New York.

WANTED

A second-hand PORTABLE ENGINE, 2 to
power, for farm purpoa

T. LEE MII.l.NKU, Bpraj

LARGER FARM PROFITS.

A NEK CATALOGUE DESCRIBING MONEY — LA-
BOB — AND TIME BAVXHQ TOOLS.

A farmer whose farm implements are
awav behind the times is soon left far
behind himself in the competition for
more production at less cost. Few things
for which the farmer spends money pay
such sure and large profits as good ma-
chinery. In this connection the latest
catalogue of Hench & Dronigold, of York.
Pa., is full of time-saving and money-
saving suggestions. It contains nearly
one hundred pages of illustrations and
descriptions of the latest improved farm
tools, harrows, cultivators, planters, drills,
etc, Hench & Dromgold are the largest
manufacturers of Spring Tooth Harrows
in the world. Of their patent riding
wheel Spring Tooth Harrow, over 6,000
were sold in 1896. Although this imple
ment was introduced so recently as 1895,
its sale has increased so immensely in the
intervening years that during 1898 it
promises to be the harrow in almost uni-
versal use.

BUY THE BEST.

The Filston Farm, Glencoe, Md., are

offering for sale the descendants of 300

heavy milkers, of the "bluest" Jersey

blood. Write your wants.

The natural loss of hair, either by dis-
ease or the age of the hair itself, may be
replenished with a heavy growth by
Hall's Hair Renewer.

Roup, gapes, and other diseases among
fowls are possible owing to the fact that
no Polk Miller's "Victory" Poultry Food
is fed them. You have tried to raise

poultry without it. Now try to raise
some with it. Advertisement in another
column.

" YOU MUST SPRAY,"
Say Messrs. Morrill & Morley. Benton
Harbor, Mich , and they offer the neces-
sary implements with which to do it.

AX HONEST MAN.

"Now look here, Thompson," remarked
Brown; "it has been six months since
you borrowed that rive dollars from me."

"Seven.'' corrected Thompson, gravely.

"Well. then, seven months," snorted
Brown, "and you promised to nive it back
to me in a week. Promised faithfully,
you did. to return me it in seven days, in-
stead of months.''

"I know it." answered Thompson, sad
ly, drawing a memorandum-book from
bis pocket. "That bill was "Series F. No
672929, isfueof l.sST.' I made the note,
and then 1 spent the money. Since then
I've been trying to recover it."

"But," howled Brown, "any other would
do a- well."

"No," responded Thompson, shaking
his head : " I'm a man of my word.
When yon gave me the" bill I said, 'I will
return this to you,' .and I meant it.
Brown, old man, just as soon as I come
iee F, issue of 1887,
I'll see that you L-et it, for 1 am not the
one to go back on my promise." — From
the "Editor's Drawer," in Harper's Ifaga-
tine for March.

HARROW

FOR SALE^ML.
A New CUTAWAY HARROW

NEVER USED.

WIEA SEIX FOB Hlti.lN).
Apply at once to

FARMER, care Southern Planter.

SEED CORN and OATS.

VALLEY OF VIRGINIA CORN is one of the
finest white eorn grown. Grains nearly an
inch long, and : ins to the ear.

Send for sample. Price, Sl.Wi per bushel.

Giant White Abundance Seed Oats, Kte
per hushel. Prices include saeks.

Address E. T. ROBINSON, Lexlngi

SEED CORN.

The ALBEMARLE PROLIFIC, yleldll g

bus. per acre, and the greatest fodder-grower
for ensilage. Took a Breeders' Qazeili prize.
and for two years the first prUe of North c,"ar-
deu Farmers' t lull. Priee.Jl.i5 per hushel. in
small quantities: will make reduction r,,r
large 01

Write for priees of registered stock— Polaad-

rhinas, shropshires. Red Tolls. Shetland

Ponies, Pure-bred Turkeys. I nicks A i hickens

ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM. Charlottesville. Va.

Sasi'i. B. WOODS, Proprietor.

$250

•nil offer #-:yv<v> }- • ■

IN GOLD FREE

them xen will tinvi

PEACH TREES

at wholesale or retail. (MicinUjj declared free
from asoie -■'■ infurim

grown. Stratcberrti Plants— Ki vari.:

from new beds. Apple, Pear, Plum, and other
stoek. Send for new Catalogue to-<iay.

HARRISON'S NURSERIES, Berlin, Md.

rnillTQ VEGETABLES

rnullo produce

and sell.

■ loads oi smaller Lots.

all Products of theGABUEN, ORCHARD. DAI-
RY. HENNERY and FARM. M
References, etc. free upon application. Address
•. PITTSBITRGTt

Somers, Brother &. Co.

tioodPa

2386 in one town. Write 1

BKYKRinoT MFU.fO.Baltlmorc.Md. a)

.-^■. ■>»••■■•■■■*■•■>»»«

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

195

Corn .

responds readily to proper fer-
tilization.

Larger crops, fuller ears and
larger grain are sure to result
from a liberal use of fertilizers
containing at least 7% actual

Potash

Our books are free to farmers.

GERMAN KALI WORKS,

93 Nassau St., New York.

FilSTON FARM JERSEY HEAD

300

HEAVY
MILKERS.

Some very Choice Bull Calves

for Sale— out of Choicest

Cows in our Herd.

BULLS IN SERVICE ARE: —

Exile of Fllston, 8K of Exile of St. Lambert.

Tonnage, double grandson of Combination.

Garella's Ultimo, double grandson of Gar-
field's Stoke Pogis.

Trustee of St. Lambert, son of St. Lambert Boy.

Gold Pedro, son of Pedro.

Betsy's Stoke Pogis, sou of Matilda's Stoke
Pogis.

Peter A (show bull), son of Naiad's St. L.
King, and others.

The cows are nearly all descendants of
Matilda 4th. Twenty-one and a half
lbs. butter seven days, and 16,153 lbs.
milk one year.

Prices are $25 up, depending on age
and quality.

Write for what you want to

ASA B. GARDINER, Jr.,
Treasurer and Manager, Glencoe, Md.

All ages ; ser-
vice boars;
sows bred:

ENGLISH BERKSHIRES

and a very eboice lot of fall pigs. All bred
from best English blood; grand and great
grandam Duchess CXXIII. No. 30278. that won
class and sweepstakes at World's Fair to the
amount of $552.50. Also Registered DEVON
CATTLE for sale. All ages. Guarantee satis-
faction. S. F. WELLER, Rehoboth, Percy
Co., Ohio.

The Champion Bacon Hog

IMPROVED YORKSHIRES. Pigs from
Imported registered stock for sale. Price 86
each. Apply to ANDREW WILSON, Mana-
ger Horse Shoe Farm, Free Union, Va.

When you write to an advertiser,
mention The Southern Planter.

BROAD-TIRED WAGONS.

The Missouri Experiment Station has
made a large number of experiments
during the past two years with the draft
of broad and narrow-tired wagons. These
tests have been made with the ordinary
narrow-tired wheels and with six inch
tires, on macadam streets, gravel and
dirt roads in all conditions, on meadows,
pasture, stubble and plowed fields both
wet and dry. Bulletin No. 39 of the Sta-
tion, by Director H. J. Waters, gives the
results of these tests.

The broad tires pulled materially
lighter on the macadam street and the
gravel roads. Also on dirt roads in all
conditions except when soft or sloppy on
the surface, underlaid by hard roadbed,
and when the mud was very deep and
sticky. In both of these conditions the
narrow tires pulled considerably lighter.
It should be borne in mind, however,
that the roads are in these conditions for
a comparatively short period of time, and
this at seasons when their use has nat-
urally been reduced to the minimum.
The tests on meadows, pastures, stubble
land, corn land and plowed ground in
every condition, from dry, hard and firm
to very wet and soft, show, without a sin-
gle exception, a large saving in draft by
the use of the broad tires.

The bulk of the hauling done by the
farmer is on the farm, in hauling feed
from the fields and hauling manure from
the barns, etc. The actual tonnage hauled
to market is insignificant in comparison
with that hauled about on the farm, in-
asmuch as a large proportion of the pro-
ducts of the average farm is sent to
market in the form of live stock or its
products.

It is clearly shown by these experi-
ments that in many instances where the
narrow tire is very injurious to the road
or field, the broad* tire proves beneficial
when the same load is hauled. When it
is considered, therefore, that the average
draft of the broad tire is materially less
than the narrow tire, and that the injury
done to the roads and farms by the nar-
row tire can be almost wholly corrected
by the use of the wide tires, there remains
no longer any good reason for the use of
the narrow-tired wagons.

These experiments further indicate
that six inches is the best width of tire
for the farm and road wagon, and that
both axles should be the same length, so
that the front and rear wheels shall run
in the same track. A profusely illustra-
ted bulletin giving full report of these
tests is now ready for free distribution
upon application to the director of the
Missouri Experiment Station at Colum-
bia.

" I don't see why this country needs a
standing army at all," said Jackson.

'• It doesn't," said Pilfer. " But if it
has any army at all it has got to be a stand-
ing one. We're too poor to buy chairs
for it to sit down on." — Harper's Bazar.

The superiority of man over the brute
creation is to be seen in the fact that a
donkey can never make a man of him-
self, let him try ever so hard; whereas a
man can make an ass of himself in about
ten minutes.

b. w. SMTH.

BEBKSBTRE, Chester White,
Jersey Bed and Poland Chins,
1PIGS. Jersey, Guernsey and
Holflteln Cattle. Thoroughbred
Sheep. Fancy Poultry. Hanting
and HonBe Dogs. Catalogue.
rllle. Cheater Co.. Fenna.

FINE BLOODED Cattle,
Sheep, Hogs, Poultry,
Sporting Dogs. Send
stamps for catalogue. 150
engravings. N. P. Boyeb
& Co., Coatesville, Pa.

Red Polled Cattle

A very valuable breed, where both
beef and milk is desired.

Send for pamphlet giving facts con-
cerning this breed. Prices, S100 and up-
wards V. T. HILLS,
Importer and Breeder, Delaware, Ohio.

ELLERSLIE FARM^^
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J- HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co., Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H- WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill. S. C.

Berkshire Hogs, Jersey Cattle,

ENGLISH BEACLE DOCS.
PLYMOUTH ROCKS

(Egg-s, $1.00 for 15).

BROWN LEGHORNS

{Eggs, $1.00 for 16).
T. O. SANDY. - BURKEVIL.LE. VA.

LISTEN TO THIS FARMERS

Choice Jacks Cheaper than Ever Known.
Former Prices Cut in Halves.

Handsome 16-hantl
Jacks worth 81,500,
now for $750; these
weigh 1,050 to 1,200
pounds. Elegant,
trim Jacks 15 v2
hands, extra every
way, would be
cheap at 51,000, now
$500. Splendid 15-
hand Jacks, $400.
14V£-hand Jacks,
noted for their

breeding, for $300. Jacks, 11 hands, at $200.

All black with white points; all tested and

reliable: no cheap, shoddy stock. Horse

measure observed.

PIEDMONT STOCK FARM,

Green Bush P. O., Walker Co, Ga.

WANTED TO EXCHANGE

Valuable City Property in the city of Battle
Creek, Michigan, for a Small Dairy Farm in
Piedmont or Vallev section of Virginia. Ad-
dress C. H.CONKLIN, 913 Huntingdon Ave..
Baltimore, Md.

196

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

AN APOSTATE DEMOCRACY.

"Were the founders of the American
Republic to return to the seene of their
memorable achievement p. that which
would surprise them most would not be
the railroad or telegraph ; it would be
the change in the principle? and practice
of government that has taken place since
their day. I do not mean to say that the
marvelous discoveries of ecience would
not arrest their attention. By no rneaus
they without appreciation of the
- -hat make for industrial progress.
But to them the thing of most import-
ance in the affairs of life was govern-
ment. They felt that all was lacking
where a people lacked the guarantee of
freedom and justice. Where these were
had, all else was possible. Sooner or
later it would come as the triumph of
individual thought and effort. Not so
now. The government that insures free-
dom and justice, leaving the citizen to
work out his own destiny, moral and in-
dustrial, is not the ideal of the statesman
and philanthropist of to-day. Reverting
to the ideal of feudalism, one that took
the Anglo-Saxon four centuries to get
away from, they conceive the government
to be best that governs most. But in the
eyes of the founders of the republic such
a government was intolerable ; for it was
to escape despotism that they fought the
Revolution. * * * *

For. gild the deed as we may, every law
I, every office created, every dollar
appropriated beyond the preservation of
order and the enforcement of justice, the
great purpose of the founders of the re-
public, is an invasion of freedom and a
step toward degradation. As has inva-
riably happened, and as Hamilton so
clearly foresaw, such a Dolicy will even-
tually turn the most civilized people into
a race of barbarians, prone not only to
assail one another, but to attack their
neighbors at home and abroad. In an-
other way. and in that way only, must
the goal of human existence be attained :
it is to put within the reach of the poorest
and weakest the means to re-i»t the rich
and strong. Instead of spending countless
millions upon a work that should be left
to the people themselves, the work of
education, the regulation of morals
and trade, the initiation and management
of industrial enterprises, spend them, if
need be, upon the establishment of a
scrupulous justice free to all. Then will
it be possible to mitigate and. in time, to
end the count . ice and crime

that come of war and despotism. Then
will people learn to provide for them
;he thousand blessings, moral and
material, born of peace and freedom.
Then will be solved the only problems
of democracy that require or admit of
u— the simple but weighty pro-
blems of self support and self control. —
Franklin
Smith, in AppUtoni Papular Seienet Month-
ly for Marclt.

" 1 shall not call upon yon next week,
nor the week after," said the young man.
" In fact, I shall not call upon you until
after Easter."

" Why not ?" she asked, anxiously.

"Because I am giving up what I love
best — for Lent," said he. — Harper's Ba:ir.

WORLD'S

BUTTER CHAMPIONS

EVERY ONE AN "ALPHA-DE LAVAL" USER.

THERE have now been six Annual Conventions and Grand
Competitive Butter Contests of the National Buttermakers
Association,— 189S, 1893, (none in 1894), 1895, 1896, 1S97 and 1898.
The following is the list of years, places of convention, names and
addresses of Sweepstakes Gold Medal winners, and the highest
scores. Every prize winning exhibit has been '"Alpha-De Laval ,v-
ruade butter :

Madison, Wis.. Lons Brahe. Washington, Iowa, Seore98
1893, Dubuque, Iowa, C. W Smith. Oh in"s Park. 111., " 97

1895. Hockford. 111., F. C. Oltkogge. Tripoli, Iowa, " Ofl

1896, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Thos. Milto.w St. Paul. Minn., " 97.82
1SP7, Owatomm, Minu., H. N". Miller. Randarl. Iowa, " 98.5
1898, Topeka, Kas., Saml. Haitudahl, New Sweden, Minn., " 98

Everyone knows that the cream separator does not make the
butter and likewise every experienced buttermaker knows that the
'Alpha-De Laval" disc system of separation is not only the most
thorough but that it at same time delivers the cream into the hands
of the buttermaker in better condition for perfect buttermaking
than is possible with any other separator or system.

The reasons for this are as simple and as certain as gravity itself.
If you do not understand them and would like to know them send
for " Dairy" catalogue No. 257 or •' Creamery" catalog-ie No. 508.

The De Laval Separator Co.

Western Offices:

Randolph <fc Canal Sts.

CHICACO.

Ceneral Offices:

74 cortlandt street,

NEW YORK.

Branch Offices :

1102 Arch Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

WE HAVE NO AGENTS

tut hare sold direct to the coi
sumer for 25 years at whole-
sale prices, saving him the
dealer's profits. Ship any-
where for elimination.
5 warranted
f Vehicles.
I Harness.
Top Baggies. |36 to ?70.
Surreys. |iuto|l25. Carria
tgea. Phaetons, Traps. Wagon-
ettes, Spring- Koad and Milk
No. TT. Surrey Ha.-ness. Price, $16.00. Wagons. Send for large, free

As good as sells for J2a. Catalogue of all oar styles shade, apron and fenders. $60. As good as sells far |

ELKHART CARK1AGB A.ND HARNESS MFG. CO. W. B. PBATT, Bec*j, ELKHAKT, 1>1>.

55^

* MONARCH GRUBBER.

(a Simple and strong. Quickest operating

Jfl STUMP PULLER in the world. Will take

ST ont a tree M inches in diameter in one minute

jg£* without cutting roots. Can be set in five

EBt minutes, and will pull one acre in one setting.

Sag EVERY MACHINE WARRANTED.

■ Price is riiilit. For illustrated catalosue. ad-

li'XARCH GRUBBER M'F'G CO..

Lone Tree, Iowa.

PEPPLER and CLIMAX

Sfffttf SPRAYERS

• sprayers
prays in any part of

30 a.

a tr.-e, it 4 i»r in--r*' spray;? At unco iathe

y'where in any weather. Catalog, contains formulas,

THUS. PEPI'LEK, lloi Ui, Uirhutown, N.J.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

197

HIS TURNING-POINT IN LIFE.
" I encountered the strangest man I
ever knew while I was doing some gov-
ernment work in Missouri," said the re-
tired contractor. " He was smart enough,
so jolly that every one liked him, and
apparently in the best of health. But he
made a few bad deals — had to mortgage
some of his property, and seemed to
throw up his hands. He vowed that he
had ceased to be his own man, and would
drift along till he found out what the
world wanted to do with him. He never
tried to dispose of any of his possessions
by auction or private sale, but nearly
every day held a raffle, at which the chief
attractions were his jokes and odd sayings.
All this time he was not trying to earn a
dollar, and in a year or so it was thought
that he had come to the end of his string.
When he disposed of the family clock,
and there seemed to be nothing left, he
coolly announced that the next day he
would raffle himself. He didn't know
whether the boys would care to buy
chances, but he meant business, and
would work faithfully for the man who
drew him. Tickets sold for good figures,
but there were two left, and he laughingly-
said that he would take a couple of shots
at himself. When the drawing came off,
he held the lucky number. Well, sir,
the fellow turned loose and went to mak-
ing money hand over hand. He became
one of the greatest rustlers in the West,
paid off the mortgages, bought everything
there was money in, and is as rich now
as a river-bottom farm. When he drew
himself at the raffle, he made up his
mind that he was his own man again,
and, besides, he had agreed to do his best
for the winner. It was a strange case." —
Detroit Free Press.

THE "DAISY" BOXE CUTTER.

This little mill, manufactured
by Messrs. Wilson Bros., Eas-
ton, Pa., is just what every
poultrvman should have in his
yard. It is simple, cheap, and
durable. As every one realizes
the value of ground bones for
poultry, the next thing is to get
a "Daisy" Cutter, and always
have a supply on hand. Write
for catalogue and testimonials.

"You have a wonderful climate," said
the English visitor to a New Yorker one
balmy day in February. " Really it is
like spring here to-day."

" Yes," replied the American, compla-
cently. " We have more spring days in
February than we have in spring. — Har-
per's Bazar.

" After all," observed the Philosopher,
" considering our mercurial nature in the
United States, it is just as well that most
of our diplomats speak only one lan-
guage. A Spaniard, for instance, can call
our representatives thieves and liars and
coward, and our representatives don't
find it out until the remarks have been
translated and the Spaniards has coofed
down and apologized." — Harper's Bazar.

Men and medicines are judged by what
they do. The great cures by Hood's Sar-
saparilla give it a good name everywhere.

Judge a thing by
its size. A pound
of feathers
makes a big bun-
dle, while a
pound of gold
is small. But
you get the big-
gest value in the
smallest package. The same thing is true in other direc-
tions. You don't get the biggest bundle in the world
when you buy

POLK MILLER'S
VICTORY POULTRY FOOD

But you get real value. You get something that really
and truly cures Gapes, Cholera, and other poultry diseases.
You get something that really and truly makes hens lay
more eggs. There are bigger bundles sold, but they are
not medicines. They are nothing but bran and meal, and
you can get still more at a miller's if that is what you want
No poultry remedy can be too good. Only one is good
enough. It is POLK MILLER'S VICTORY POULTRY
FOOD. Ask your druggist or country store-keeper for
it. If he won't supply you, we will.

25 cents a package. By niail, 35 cents.

POLK MILLER DRUG CO., Richmond, Va.

Barred, White a£d Buff Plymouth Rocks
...EGGS FOR HATCHING,

!■ SI. 50 Per Setting of Fifteen Eggs.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder — North or South— but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

Lock Box 42. J. II. GARST, Salem, Va.

198

THE SOUTHEEN PLAXTEE.

[AprU

(TRED THE MULE.

"I was riding along a mountain road in
Eastern Kentucky," remarked a traveling
salesman, " when I saw a mule running
toward me with a singletree dangling at
his heels. With great difficulty I suc-
ceeded in turning out of his way, and he
continued to go down the mountain at a
lively pace.

" About a mile further on I saw two
front wheels of a spring wagon, and a
short distance away the other wheels and
the wagon-box. I looked around to see if
the driver had been hurt, but. finding no
one, I drove on.

" In a few minutes. I met a man walk-
ing down the road rather hastily.

■".Stranger,' he queried, 'did yo' see a
mewl down thar?'

"'Yes.'

"Did he hev a rag over 'is year?'

'• 'I didn't see any.'

"'Waal, it's all "right. I reckon he'll
stop when 'e gits flustered out, an' I reck-
on c's cured.'

" 'What is he cured of?' I asked.

" 'Balkin'. Yo' see, I heerd thet a
grasshopper put in th' year o' a hoss
or mewl 'd cure 'im from balkin'; sol
tied a rag over th' critter's year so it
couldn't get out, cotched a grasshopper,
put 'im in. an', stranger, it's th' bes' rem-
edy I ever seed. Th' mewl didn't give
me time to git in th' wagon. I never did
see a mewl so sprightly. I reckon the
hopper's got out now, an' I'll go on an'
COtch the "mewl."' — fYaskingUm Star.

" Washington," said Diogenes. " you
appear to me to have been the honest
man I've been looking for. Is it true
that you couldn't lie?"

" Yes," Washington answered ; "but I
claim no undue credit for that, my dear
Diogenes. I was nearly seven feet tall,
and men of that height rarely can lie
comfortably. Beds are usually under six
leet long, you know." — Harper's Bazar.

Alfred. " Papa, do they use snapping-
turtles for soup?"

Papa. " No, my son."

Alfred. " Why do they call them snap-
ping-turtles '.' "

Papa. " Because they have a ' snap '
in not being used for soup." — Harper's Ba-
lar.

"They tell me that Cranston has gone
off through the country giving readings
from his own works."

" So I understand. He is to travel three
thousand miles in sixteen days. Great
test of endurance that."

"Great test of endurance! Why, I
should think that just reading his own
works would lay him out. It does me."
— Harper's Bazar.

Harold has a pair of twin aunties who
look and dress so exactly alike that it is
difficult to tell which is Miss Mary and
which Miss Martha.

One day a lady said to Harold —

" I don't see how you can tell your two
aunties apart."

" Oh, tnat'l easy enough," replied Har-
old, " for Auntie Mary looks a good deal
more alike than Auntie Martha." — Har-
per's Bazar.

Special Offering for April

by the BILTMORE FARMS.

During this month we will make a special low price to readers of the Planter
in order to close out all of our surplus stock before Spring work commences.

Registered JERSEYS.

Some very choice bull calves, sired by Tormentor's Harry, or Laird of
St. Lambert, and out of Great Cowe, from $50 to $75 each. All choice in-
dividuals, but some a little more fashionably bred. Veterinarian's certifi-
cate of tuberculin test, and full pedigree with every purchase.

BERKSHIRES.

One boar, dropped February 1, 1897, by the unbeaten King Longfellow,
and out of Royal Beauty XC. Price, $20.

One boar pig by Lord Mayor, and out of Royal Beauty XC. dropped
September 10, 1897. Price, $20. This will make a show pig.

Fourteen other young sows and boars, from two and a half to four
months' old, of equally choice breeding. Price from $12.50 to Slo. Write
quick for what you want, as we already have eight to ship out to purchasers
this week. Apply to —

GEO. F. WESTUN. Snpt. Biltmore Farms. Biltmore. N. C.

Let's Talk it Over

Give me a chance to prove to you that I have
the greatest prize-winning blood in thecountry

Jersey Cattle. Shropshire Sheep. Poland
Ohiua. Berkshire and Chester Hogs

;ind PijT< hogs on separate (arms).

rrrci From the best strains B. P. Rocks,
L.VJVJO. silver Wvaniiottes (home manage-
ment Rose ami Single-Combed B. Leghorns
\on separate farms . Also White Holland
Turkeys. White Guineas. Pekin Ducks, Tou-
louse Geese and Pea Fowls. Eggs furnished
In large or small numbers; guaranteed to be
fresh and fertile. Write forcirculars & prices.

Highlands Stock and Poultry farm,
E. B.WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. Fancy Hill, Va.

— Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

DURHAM, K. C.

Everything guaranteed
the best.

FINE POULTRY OF ALL VflRIET'ES.

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKEYS.

PEKIN DICKS.

BLACK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.
Jersey Ball Calves of the finest pedigrees.

THORN HILL STOCK FARM, Lexington, va

SPECIALTIES.

F. D. COE. Proprietor.

Registered Poland-C hina Hogs, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey tattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black U. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from mv flock of Shropshlres. at prices in
reach of all. EGGS from Mammoth Pekin Ducks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at $1 per setting.
Satisfaction guaranteed every purchaser.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

199

CAUTIOUS.

He walked into the apothecary shop
with a hesitating step, and glanced ner-
vously at the rows of bottles with a
scared look in his pale blue eyes. After
fidgeting about uncertainly for some time,
he at last caught the eye of the clerk, and
beckoning mysteriously, led the way to a
secluded corner by the cigar-case, where
the clerk was surprised by finding a
trembling forefinger hooked tenaciously
into one of his button-holes and an eager
face thrust suddenly almost against his.

" What's the matter? " asked the clerk.

" I s'pose you can lay your hand right
on the morphine bottle, can't you?" said
the stranger, in an anxious whisper.

" Yes, sir. Certainly," replied the as-
tonished salesman.

" An' I reckon if you was pushed you
could find the strychnine in a minute or
two?"

" Of course."

"Mebbe the arsenic hasn't got lost or
mislaid clear beyond findin', if you just
had to, has it ? "

" Assuredly not."

"An' the sugar-of-lead bottle couldn't
get away from you if it tried ? "

" No indeed."

" An' chasin' up the vitriol to its lair
would be just play for you ? "

"My dear sir, of course I am familiar
with all the drugs here."

" But s'posin' some of the other fellers
had been changin' them around, just as a
joke, you know?"

" What do you mean? "

" Suppose the bottles had got mixed ? "

" Impossible. Besides everything is
plainly labelled."

" An' there ain't no chance of your
palmin' off prussic acid for peppermint?"

"Not the slighest."

" Well, I've — half— a— notion— to — risk
— it. Yes, you may give me two ounces
of peppermint, voung man."— Harper's
Round Table.

A BLACKIE ANECDOTE.

The late Professor John Stuart Blackie
used to tell the following " on himself,"
says an exchange :

As every one knows, the genial old
Professor used to be a picturesque and
striking figure in the streets of modern
Athens. A wiry-framed old patriarch,
with strikingly handsome features and
long hair that fell in ringlets about his
shoulders, no one once having seen him
could forget him. Passing along one of
the principal Edinburg streets, he was
accosted one day by a very dirty little
street gamin with " Shine your boots,
sir?"

The urchin was very importunate, and
the Professor, being impressed with the
extreme filthiness of the bov's face, re-
marked :

"I don't want a shine, my lad, but if
you go and wash your face, I'll give you
a sixpence."

"A' right, sir," was the lad's reply ; and
going over to an adjacent drinking-foun-
tain, he made his ablution. Returning,
he held out his hands for money.

" Well, my lad," said the Professor,
"you've earned your money. Here it is."

"I dinna want it, auld chap," returned
the gamin, with a lordly air. "Ye can
keep it and git yer hair cut."

BACON HALL FARM

HEREFORO CATTLE,

The GROVE 3 and SIR RICHARD 2d

BERKSHIRE SWINE,

KING LEE II and LORD
NS — - CURZON STRAINS.

OORSET SHEEP— Imported and Home-bred.

E. M. C1IEUET, Verona, Baltimore Co., Did.

GHSTON STOCK FHRM.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals'of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex. N

.1 XO. r . DETRICK, Somerset, Va.

INDEPENDENCE 32133.

From the BEST strains of POLAND-
CHINAS, and all PRIZE WINNERS.

I am now offering Pigs, and booking
orders for spring delivery, at the fol-
lowing REMARKABLY low prices:
8 to 10 weeks old, Sfi.OO each ; $10.00 pair.
3 to 4 weeks old, 88.00 each ; Slo.00 pair.

Price of older ones on application.

I also offer ONE THOROUUHBREd CHESTER WHITE BOAR, rising two years
ind a Magnificent Specimen. Pekin Ducks.

Oak Grove Stock Farm. S. SYDNEY BRADFORD, Fredericksburg, Va.

I EGGS FOR HATCHING j

FINEST PEKIN DUCKS

1) From the

i ... IN AMERICA...

€ $l.f.O per 11 ; #8.00 per 100; 500 and over, $7.00 per 100. Place your W

■jjj order at once, as our sales are unprecedented. g|

I JflfO. W. MORGAN, Proprietor, *

$ Ri vert on Duck Ranch, Riverton, Va. $

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEE.

[April

CALLED BACK.

It is one of the school laws in Boston,
as in other cities, that no pupil may come
from a family any member of which is ill
with oontag

due day recently Willie K ap-

peared before his teacher and said—

- My Bister's got the measles, sir."
• Well, what are you doing here,
then?" replied the teacher, severely.
': you know any better than to
come to school when your sister has the
measles? Now, you go home, and stay
there until she is well."

The boy, who is a veritable little rogue,
went to the door, where he turned with a
twinkle in his ere. and said —

■• If vou please, sir. my sister lives in
Philadelphia."— Harper i Bazar.

The garbage is collected every Monday

on the street" in which the D s live.

One morning little Helen D proposed

discarding for good a rag doll, of which
she had grown tired.

•' I think, mamma." she said. " that I'll
pat it out for the garbage man to carry
off. He can take it to the garbage wo-
man, and she can fix it up for the little
garbage children to play with."— Harper'/

Mrs. K had engaged a robust, mid-
dle aged colored woman to do some house
j. During the progress of the work
Mrs. K said :

' A . olored man came along here one
day last week and wanted work, and I let
hirii wash some windows, but he did not
do the work at all well."

•• What fo' lookin' man was he '.' " asked
the helper.

•• Well, he was a b'g strong fellow, and
he had but one eye. He said that his
name was White. He did very poor
work."

" I specs he did. lady. He's de wus
DO-'count in dis town."

>h, then you know him '.' "

" Know him '? Why, lady, l's mah'ied
to 'im '. " — Harper'! Bazar

THK WAY TO SCALLOP APPLES.
Pare and cut the apples into slices ; put
them in a baking pan with a layer of
coarse breadcrumbs between the layers
of apples, having the top layer of crumbs.
Put two tablespoonfuls of molasses into
half a cupful of water : pour the mixture
over; bake in a moderate oven. — Febru-
ary Ladies' Home Journal.

Colonel Hawkins — " Uncle Mose, I hear
you and your wife had a little dispute
again last "night. Which came out ihead
this time?"

Uncle Mose (dubiously feeling a lump
on the back of his head). — " l's powerful
glad to say dat I kim out ahead, boss;
but she mighty nigh overtook me. Yes,
ie did for a fac', an' l's got the ne-
evidence on my pusson to prove
it." — aarper'i Bator.

NO PBOOR

" I noticed that Clara had an engage"
ment-ring on her finger."

" That doesn't prove that there's a wed-
ding on hand." — Harper'/ Bazar.

rATTI P Jerseys A Guern-
^*» ■ • l-'E" seys— all ages. Seven
head of two-year Devon heifers in calf.

f-ff^flC Berkshires of the highest |
' ' vVJ*^. tpye. Sows in pig. young J
boars and young sows.

POV\/I ^ Eight Brahma. Plymouth Rock and Brovu
l\JW L,^. Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Ducks.

pv/^flC English Mastifl", Shepherd and Fox Terriers. A fine
E/vy\J*J. iDt 0f puppies from the latter ready soon.

HaTWrite for what you want."^l

M. B. ROWE 4 CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

PURE

High-bred
English
Berkshire
Pigs

FOR
SALE.

Sired by " Biltroore's Longfellow " 44(t7.5. grandson of the famous " Longfellow " 163S5. Dams
of the purest and best English blood, descendants of such imported stock as "Proctor's Bel-
mont."' "Luxurious," "Enterprise," "Lord Lome." Ac. The blood of these pigs cannot be
excelled— rarelv equalled. Three months old about Fehruarv 15. Write and have your order
booked. Highest references given. PRICE, $5.00. S10.00 and $15.00.

Address J. SCOTT MOOB.E, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

Lynnwood Stock Farm.

-HEADQUARTERS FOR

Saddle and Driving Pure- bred and grade
Pereherons. Stud headed by two Imported Stal-
lions, with size and quality combined. Both im-
ported and home-bred mares.

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Headed by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbus; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition :

Black Knight. Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, and the greatest of all boars. King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardless of cost — and are from such blood as :
KlngaeOtB Belle 2d, Artful Belle 3Sth, Lily Clay,
Pansy. Infanta, and other prize wlDners.

I will offer for the next thirty days a Choice Lot of Torso Sows and
Gilts, registered and bred for spring litters, and two Fixe Boars old enough
for service. Have sold out of Boar Pigs; have a few Sow Pigs still.

N. & w. R. B. JXO. F. LEWIS, Lynuvood. Va.

Horses

Berkshires

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

201

THE SOUTHERN PUNTER'S

I ORIS

READ ■'■

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals:

DAILIES. ""« ",TH

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va $6 00 86 2.5

The Times, " " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

The World, New York 3 50 4 00

SEMI- WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 100 150

The World (thrlce-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

" Round Table 1 00 1 7.5

" Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00 1 60

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00 2 75

Christian Advocate, " "... 2 00 2 50

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 150 2 00

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Horseman 3 00 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St. Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Llppincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' " 4 00 4 00

Forum " 3 00 3 25

Scribner's " 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey's " 1 00 1 60

Strand " 125 2 00

McClure's " 1 00 1 60

Peterson's " 1 OO 1 50

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from "our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage ot
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of theother publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

We furnish no sample copies of other periodi-
cals.

\WLM g% IIaifa Small herd of Guernseys to close out. Send for H
« MM t5 MmCSVv particulars. Also all other classes of livestock. «
|a Any one wishing farms will fiDd we have a number to offer in all parts of J
|s the country. If you do not see what you want ask for it.
I AMERICAN LIVE-STOCK CO., 24 State St., NEW YORK CITY. 1

VEBSK JfflWCHWS'^HI' SSf ZZZ5ZZ S5KSZK\W5KH ggJgSSSHSKM KEft'OTKWM? KOTKBKHWZH SSKS@'

* NOJ/tf OFFERS F=OR SHLE*

Pure-bred Holstein Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire
Iiambs— delivered by July 1st. Bucks for $7.00; Ewes, $5.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, $12.00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, $5.00;
three months old, $7.00, and five months old, $10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken— $7 00 per pair ; $10 00 per trio.

'

Wealth in Apples

The increasing demand for good, sound apples, at such handsome
figures as the growers are now receiving, should stimulate every farmer
to place his orchard products at the head of the list, so that he shall
receive only top prices for bis fruit.

Hard-wood Unleached Ashes

Supply the trees and fruit with proper stimulus and nourishment,
bring the fruit to maturity and perfection, free from insect ravages
the blight resulting from impoverished, worn-out soils
_ These Ashes will be delivered freight free to any station, in car
lots, and are cheaper than any other fertilizer on the market.
Send for circulars and prices to—

JAMES A. BETHUNE, Southern Agent,

818 D Street, N. E., WASHINGTON, D.

and [ I

and

load

■~

202

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

A FINANCIAL PROPOSITION*.

" Now. Bennie, here's the medicine,
and here's the dime papa left to pay you
for taking it."

•' All right, mamma. If you take it
and don't tell, I'll give you half.' '— Har-
per'/ Bazar.

LANDED OX HIS FEET.
"Hike your impudence. I haven't
reached the bargain counter yet."

Ui.\ "Yon would be a bargain at any
counter." — Harper3! Bazar.

" The horse-thief of another day,
Who unhung plied hie trade,
Mow bends and scorches swift away,
On bike of highest grade.

The unshod mustang, lithe and thin.

That bore the savage chief,
Is corralled, slaughtered, put in tin,

And sold as canned corn beef."

" 1 trust.'' said Chappie to Miss Mont-
morency, "that you are putting your
mind on your Easter bonnet ?"

" No," the young lady replied. " I do
not wish to reverse the usual order. I
prefer to put my Easter bonnet on mv
mind. And I will, when the time comes."
—Harper's Bazar.

Miss Antique (fishing for compliments).
he young again !"

Codley "What would be the use?
You'd only grow old again." — Harper's
Bazar.

" Have you sworn ofl anything for
Lent ?" she asked.

" Oh my. yes." said he. Lots of
things."

" What'.'" she asked.

"Oh," he replied, truthfully, "when it
i specify, nothing in particular."
— Harper's B

" < if course it's vulgar and sensational,
but you can't deny that the paper is a
breezy paper."

" It's more than that. It is absolutely
blustering."— Harper's Bazar.

WHITEWASH IN STABLES.
The healthful effect of whitewashing
cow stables two or three times a year is
rought to public notice quite con-
siderably by the action of various city

- of health in different parts of the
country, who. where they hive the
authority, are generally insisting upon it
being done. The true, wide-awake dairy-
man, who understands his busim -
not need a command, but only a hint of
thing for his cows. In this con-
nection it may be well to note that a
small band-pump, with a rose nozzle,

3 about live dollars, will whitewash
more space, and do it more thoroughlv,
in an hour than can be done with a
brush in ten hours. The whitewash
should be made thin, free of all lumps,
and mixed with a little dissolved glue.

Mention The Sodthkbu Plantek when
writing advertisers.

Seed House of the South.

TIMOTHY

BUCKWHEAT.
OATS and
CASTE SEES.

" Whatsoever One Scwelh, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD A>"D GARDEX SEEDS ol

every variety at Lowest JIarket Rates, included in which

are RAGLAXDS PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

—WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pnre Raw-Bone Meal. Xova Scotia and Tirginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired.

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

1016 Main Street
LYNCHBURC. VA.

I WE

SELL DIRECT TO

AGENTS COMMISSION SAVED.

Pure Raw Bone Meal

.Scientific Corn A Grain Fertilizer,

Economy Fertilizer, . .

Tobacco Fertilizer, . .

Fotato Fertilizer, . . .
Bone and Meal

Plios. Acid,

per cent.

23 to ii
StolO
9 to 10

11 to 12
9 to 10

13 to 15

FARMERS !

NO MIDDLEMAN'S EXPENSES

ANALYSIS

Ammonia, Actual Potash,
percent. percent.

to;

2 to 3
254 to 3%

3 to 4
Z% to 4%

4 to5

2to3
4to5

4 to 5
6 to 7

F For Samples and Book, write THE SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZING CO.. Box 1017
fe Office and Factory, Herr's Island. Allegheny, Pa.

rmitfli nil Mi i tttitk tm *i^..ii in- ifln m r> ^ *>md~ A A AiA A <

Leading Brands

Star Brand,

Ancnor Brand,

BoDanzi,

Little Giant
Acid Phosphate.

ESTABLISHED 1865.

ALLISON & ADDISON'S

STANDARD HIGH GRADE

FERTILIZERS

USED FOR
NEARLY 30
YEARS IN

FOR

West Yirginia,

North Carolina,

South Carolina,

Tennessee.

TOBAKO. CORX. (OTTOX. VEGETABLES, Etc.
RICHMOND, VA.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

203

THE LAW'S DELAY AXD COST IN
VIRGINIA.

Take an illustration. Our court pro-
cedure is antiquated, slow and clumsy.
And its costliness is in proportion to
its intolerable procrastination. England
clings to old forms, yet the Briton could
not endure the ancient system, vexatious
by reason of needless and intricate doub-
lings and twistings, while exhausting pa-
tience and purse by reason of costs and
crawling to conclusions. England tum-
bled out a part of the old wooden wheels
and robe bands in 1835. And in 1S73, the
bulk of the creeping, lumbering, obstruc-
tive machinery was sent to the junk-shop.
Virginia retains it all. Chief Justice Cole-
ridge visited America a few years ago
He expressed a desire to come to Vir-
ginia to witness a court at work, and to
see the worn old oak cogs, spindles, and
pullies creaking as they turned around at
a snail's gait. These worm-eaten, obso-
lete contrivances, long discarded in Eng-
land, would have amused the renowned
jurist. We retain these oppressive, tedi-
ous, confused legal forms and practice.
Just across the Roanoke, many of our in-
herited ancient belated modes have been
flung aside for improved tools. In other
States, in New York for instance, a short,
simple, quick machine grinds the legal
grist. In our State Senate, a few years
ago, a lawyer said in a moment of frank-
ness that if the people knew what need-
less, cruel, costly yokes were upon their
galled necks they would rise in iheir rage
and burn the last bit of this old harness.
Effort was made to free our people by
adopting the plain, easy, direct methods
in other States. The plan was smothered
in the "Committee." When it is remem-
bered that these attempts to relieve the
people of an old, painful, confiscating
courthouse practice, are referred to the
" Committee on the Judiciary" — all law-
yers— we can understand that each " bill"
is buried. Within a short period there
was a demand for improved legal prac-
tice.

At Wytheville, the lawyers met to send
a delegate to obstruct the relief measure.
One attorney in the excitement exclaim-
ed that if the mode of legal proceedings
was made as easy as in other States, any
citizen could conduct his own case an'
half the lawyers would have to quit the
law. It was thrilling. We are support-
in" a swarm of professional people with-
out rhyme or reason. It was said a pow-
erful "lobby" of attorneys flocked to
Richmond and strangled the hapless ex-
ertion to permit Virginians to enjoy the
merciful method in vogue elsewhere. It
is a bitter bondage. Think of our farm-
ers forced to use wooden plows, flails to
thresh their grain, and their hands to
shell their corn, while across a creek the
Carolinian rides in his sulky plow!

The Legislature is packing grips to go.
No man has lifted a finger to protect the
people from the "costs," delays, vexa-
tions of a court system that curses, plagues
and plunders Virginians alone. It is a
scandal to civilization. It is a denial of
justice. The rich can fee lawyers to fleece
poor. The law ought to right a wrong
quickly with least possible expense. The
wealthy can wrest the home from the
widow and orphans by the "postpone-

SOUTHLAND

..EGGS

UNEXCELLED

•• See Prices Below

Cornish Indian Games, Barred Plymouth Rooks, White

and Silver Wyandot tes, Black Minoreas, s. C. White

and Brown Leghorns.

Stock from most noted breeders of highest prize winners of the purest royal
blood on the American continent. One sitting, $1.50; two sittings, $2 50; each ad-
ditional, 75 cents ; $6 per 100, assorted. Eggs guaranteed absolutely pure and freshly
laid. Don't lose the opportunity. Order in time, as demands will be great.

tilts. P. WIXSTOST, Amelia C. H., Va.

illllllllllllllllllHIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIHIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIimillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllttllllimilt£

I THE LIFE D1UIS COMPANY OF Mi I

OFFICE, Cor. 9th and Main Streets. RICHMOND, VA.

G. A. WALKER. President. JAMES W PEGRAM. Secretary.

| LIFE, ENDOWMENT, INVESTMENT and INDUSTRIAL =
= POLICIES ISSUED ON MOST FAVORABLE TERMS. =

| (J3ThIS is the only regular Liife Iusiiranee Company 5

= Hy chartered by the Legislature of the State, and has E

= won the hearty approval and active support of the people =

= by its promptness and fair dealing during the last twenty- =

= five years of its operation. =

= For further information, apply to the Home Office. =

^||lllllllilllllllllllllltlllll||||l|||||ll|lllIIII!IIIIIIIIIIMM<IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIII|l|lll!llllllllllllllllll!l!IIIIIIIUJ5

• • • INCORPORATED 1832 • • •

Virginia fire and Marine Insurance Company.

HOME OFFICE: No. 1015 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

Assets, - $725,000.

WM. H. PALMER, Pres.
W. H. MCCARTHY, Sec'y.

DIRECTORS.

E. B. Addison, E. J. "Willis,

W. J. Leake, D. O. Davis,

Thomas Potts, Wm. H. Palmer.

ments," fees, hire of attorneys. Our court
Bystem is an engim of oppression to the
poor. Men subn ry ratherthan

fall a prey to bailiffs, clerk-, commission-
ers, lawyers.

Negro ravishers are hung by m
cause the law palters and postpones the
rope. A country editor details the cru-
elty of women— even children— forced
across a country as witnesses, only to
drudge home in chilling rain because a
pettifogger was not "ready with his case"
— not quite sober. Our best jurists pro-
test, blush, denounce any abhorrent sys-
tem— all in vain, for the fit are few. —
Richmond Christian Advocate.

Mention the Planter to your friends.

INFORMATION WORTH $100.

You ha kens and

young turkeys For years an 4 years with gapes,
ases. You can in the
future, if you care ery bird

you batch -Hit. This i leme, but

sound, sensible and practical information.
See to this at once; it will save you many
disappointments and make you bife money.
Bend 50c. to JAMBS DRABBLE, 161? Harford,
Ave. Baltimore, Md.

Stationery

FOR THE MERCHANT

is printed in good style,
put up in convenient
form, at right prices,
by

WIIITTF.T * SHEPPERSOJT,
Printers, Richmond, Ta.

204

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER.

[April

EARLY DAYS OF THE REPUBLIC.

Despite a few violations of liberty and
justice, the theory and practice of gov-
ernment for the first seventy years ofthe
republic were in the main a realization
of JefferSon'e ideal. If it had not always
been " wise," it had been " frugal " If it
had sometimes taken "from the mouth
of labor the bread it had earned," it had
restrained " men from injuring one an-
other." and left "them otherwise free to
regulate their own pursuits of industry
and improvement." Under this rtgime
of freedom, the American people wrought
the greatest industrial miracle of history.
They won a continent from savagery, and
turned forests and prairies into farms and
gardens; they built hundreds of towns
and cities, and established industries of
mining and manufacturing of fabulous
wealth ; they engaged in moral and so-
cial reforms that promised a new earth,
if not a new heaven. In a word, they
exhibited a capacity unparalleled since
the advent of man to solve " the problems
of life " without other impulse than their
love of toil and devotion to improvement.
But, with the outbreak of the civil war,
a new political and social philosophy be-
came the vogue. It was the product of
the conditions that always spring from
desperate conflicts. Men of action, coping
with insurrection, had no taste for the
refinements of political speculation, and
no use for the limitations of a Constitu-
tion. Nothing was of importance to them
except the measures that would save the
Union. Even freedom, private in
and cherished institutions had to yield

to the exigencies of the hour. — From An
Apostali Demo racy,by Franklin Smith, hi
Appletont? Pop Monthly for

March.

JU8T WHAT BE WANTED.

One of the first men to reach San Fran-
cisco with a hoard of Klondike gold was
an Irishman named Finnegan, who had
liren very poor before he Struck it rich,
and wlio, consequently, was unfamilar
with many ordinary usages of a life of
luxury.

" Oi say, yez kin bring me two dozen
eyesters,' he said, airily, as he took a seat
in our of the finest restaurants in 'Frisco.

The oysters were soon set before him,
and Finnegan, looking about him for
in- to put on them, and hardly
knowing what the something should be,
spied a bottle o£ Tabasco, and proceeded
to season the bivalves not wisely hut too
well.

Impaling an oyster upon his fork, he
thrust it into his mouth, then leaped to
his feet with a terrific roar of pain, and
began dancing about and yelling like a
madman.

" See here ! " cried the proprietor, rush-
ing to the table, "keep still, or I'll put
you out."

"P-p-put me out, is it? Oi wish yez
would put me out!" yelled Finnegan.
" Me insides is blazin' loike a match-
factory ! " — From the " Editor's Drawer,"
in Harpers' Magazine for April.

Mention The Southern Planter when
writing advertisers.

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway

EXTENDING FROM CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE, AND

THROUGH ITS CONNECTIONS.— t

THE BIG FOUR SYSTEM, from Chicago, St. Louis, Peoria, Indianapolis,
Sandusky and Cleveland ;

THE OHIO CENTRAL LINES, from Toledo and Columbus;
THE CINCINNATI, HAMILTON & DAYTON, from Detroit, Toledo, Lima,
and Dayton —

FORMS THE MOST DIRECT ^^.St'SiTeE:." ROUTE

To STAUNTON, LYNCHBURG, CHARLOTTESVILLE,
RICHMOND, PETERSBURG, NORFOLK,
And Principal Virginia Points

Catalogue, with list of farms for sale, mar be secured by applying to the following agents :

C. B. RYAN, A. G. P. A., C. & O. Ry.. Cincinnati, O. ; E. B. TOPE, Western P. A., C. * O. Ry.,
comer Broad and Chestnut Sto., St. Louis; K. E. PARSONS. Ticket Agent, 453 Fourth Ave,
Louisville. Ky.; J. 0. TUCKER, General Northern P. A., Big Four Route, 2S4 Clark Street,
Chicago, 111,; H. M. BRONSON. Asst. General Passenger Agent, Big Four Route, Indian-
apolis, Ind. ; E. O. MCCORMICK, Passenger Traffic Manager, Big Four Route, Cincinnati,
Ohio; D. G. EDWARDS, General Passenger Agent, C. H. & D. Rv.. Cincinnati, Ohio;
MOULTON HOUK, General Passenger Agent Ohio Central Lines, Toledo, Ohio; or to

H. W. FULLER, Gen. Pass. Agt. C. & O. Ry., Washington, D. C.

The Fertility of the Land.

By PROF. I. P. ROBERTS.^^k-^

This, the most valuable book published in recent years on
FERTILITY OF THE LAND, How to improve it and how
to maintain it, ought to be in the hands of every farmer.

PRICE, $1.25.

Sold by the Southern Planter Publishing Co., Richmond, Va.
Send for it.

SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

Parties desiring to locate or purchase prop-
erty Id beautiful and bralthv section, should
write or call on GEO. \V. RICHARDSON,

LIGHTNING WELL MACH'Yf

PUMPS, AIR LIFTS, i j

oASOLINE ENGlNES.fei*/
; AIR COMPRESSORS y&41^
[HE AMERICAN WELL WORKS/©"* "^*>©

MJRORA, ILL. -CHICAGO- DALLAS.TEX

NTRODUCE

>ll *96 models early . ne
wilt. for the next 30 dnys ship a

e wheel, O. O. I>. to any ad-
jpon receipt of $1.00.
We offer splendid chatice to
*:no.t tifjt-nt in each town. Yon hm
choice of Cash, the Flth.i: ISfl,
of a sample wheel, or Outright Gift of
one or more wIihcIs, according to nature
of work done for us.

INTKODUCTION PRICES.
ilIu:KU!f ]]-4i».t»t>,DC. fl«hj»i»,.. r^. .ruk.ii.Aw.,,.. jt 29.

COSSACK I I J is. ".bis,. 2 (.!.«. rruUUortta* Wright urn. $ 24.

kLONllIkE I Mi.. i.blnlplMrrub. MwrttiiMbUfca $ 19.

Any color, ntyle, gear, height frame wanted.

'83 and -8G HoclrU, various makes and styles # l'i to $ 10
»hrr,., hlightl) tined. modern types, 98 to $15

.kt catalogue rait. BECDBI AGENCf ATQNCi

MEAD CYCLE CO., 198 Ave. L, Chloago, 111.

TOBACCO:

How to Raise It and
Make It Pay.

-By R. L. RACLAND.

A GIFT

to all subscribers renewing and
asking for it.

This ia a valuable treatise, and every
tobacco grower should have it.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

205

..The ELLWOOD FENCES and GATES...

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

ELLWOOD FIELD FENCE (Standard Style)

Send for circulars and price to State Agent —

C. F. HODGMAN, Norfolk, Va.

The Spangler

CORN PLANTER,

With or Without Fertilizer Attachment.

Will plant a greater variety of seeds in
more ways than any other.

Three rings drop one or more grains eight
different distances; instantly adjusted.

Plants corn in hills or sows for ensilage ;
also Beans, Peas, Broom Corn and Sorghum
Seed.

The Fertilizer can be sown directly to the
corn, or in front of the boot and mixed with
the soil.

Finished with two wheels behind, as
shown in cut, or with broad concave wheel.

^ALL-STEEL LEVER SPIKE SPRING HARROW^

The only Harrow having spring action on spike teeth. Tubular Steel Bars and
Steel Main frame secure strongest construction possible. Solid Pivot Hook Coupling,
dispensing with troublesome bolts. Only twelve bolts in the whole Harrow. Changed
instantly from a straight-toothed to a smoothing harrow.

For Cultivating Wheat in the Early
Spring with the Harrow an early yield is in-
sured, and the plant greatly benefited by loos-
ening the soil.

The Only DISC HARROW . . .

having no weight on the horses' necks
while walking.

Yielding spring action on centre of each gang. Every part under control of the driver,
other, and conforms to any unevenness of surface. PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.

Each gang independent of the

THE COLUMBIAN WAGON has solid steel axles, steel whiffletrees and angle steel hounds, which are
guaranteed against breakage and will be replaced free of cost if broken, no matter how heavy the load or under what
circumstances.

Planet, Jr., Cultivators and Horse Hoes, Iron Age Cultiaators. Plows and Castings of all kinds, Churns,

Feed Cutters, Corn Shellers, Saw Mills, Corn Mills, Engines, Threshers, Implements,

Machinery, Vehicles and Harness jig** Write for Catalogues and Prices.

Office and Warerooms :

1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

WATT PLOW CO.

206

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

ENG/NES, SAW MILLS,

THRESHING MACHINES, FEED MILLS,

HORSE-POWERS, WAGONS, BUGGIES,

SURREYS, JUMPERS, HARNESS,

AND ALIi KINDS OF

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

THE IMPLEMENT COMPANY'S,

Catalogues on application.

1526 E. Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

What is this?

&&

It is the Frame of a New 1898 WALTER A.
WOOD (Roller Bearing) MOWER.

A Mower Without an equal on earth.

m

None Equipped
Like it.

Best Material.

Highest
Workmanship .

Not Put on the

Market Until

Perfected.

Lasting
Qualities.

Grandest Work.

7ifs

The farmer who is misled in buying
any other Mower will be simply blind
to his own interests.

"%. ^ -%. THIS PUTS IT IN ONE SENTENCE.

Other Machines have "Roller Bearings."==YES.

Examine the "WOOD" machines and see the difference. Notice how
many roller and ball bearings there are and where they are. Notice the
all-steel wheels. Write for a catalogue and learn about the details. Our Harvesters and
Binders also equipped with roller and ball bearings throughout. We have a line of machines
for 1898 that positively cannot be matched. Will you treat this as only an advertisement or
investigate for yourself?

BUT.

ASHTON STARKE, Southern Agent,

The Company has its own Warehouse in Richmond, Va.

..RICHMOND, VA.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

207

Before You Buy...

i

a CORN PLANTER we would
like to give you a few reasons
why the

(With or Without Fertilizer Attachment)

Is the REST of its kind.
SEND FOR DESCRIPTION.

Revolution Disc Cultivator.

IRON AND STEEL THROUGHOUT.

Strong and durable Gauge can be set at any angle. Tongue rigid
or flexible Adjustable hitch. No neck weight ; no side draft.

FARMERS' SUPPLY COMPANY, -

(ALL FARH inPLEHENTS.

McZEUS 23424

RACE RECORD, 2.3 at 4 years old.

Sired by McKinney, 2:111, the great California sire
of speed and race-horse quality.

Dam Grace Kaiser, by Kaiser, 2:28J ; second dam
Grace W., by Comet ; third dam Lady Star, dam of
Neva Seeley, 2:20i, and Hershon 2:29*.

As an individual McZeus is surpassed by no horse,
and his record does not indicate his speed limit.

McZeus will serve approved mares during the season
of 1898 at the Exposition Grounds track.

FEE $25 with usual return privilege. Address

w. K. MATHEWS, Owner, 119 E. Broad St., Richmond, Va.

Richmond, Va.

% PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.
VI v CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

FINE Minn

Road, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock), Gen'l Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.

REFERENCES— L. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry,
2:0OK), Graham, N. C. ; Col. J. S. CAKR. Durham, N. C ; Maj.
P. P. JOHNSTON' (President National Trotting Association),
Lexington, Kv; Col. B. CAMERON, Fairntosh Stud, .Stagville,
N. C ; JOS. BRYAN and H. C CHAMBLIN, Richmond, Va. ;

A. B. GWATHMEY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange;, New York. ; ('apt.

B. P. WILLIAMSON. Raleigh, N. C. ; J. K. JACKSON (Editor
Houihern Planter), Richmond, Va.

W. L BASS, Proprietor.

Trotters and pacers worked for speed, colts
broken to harness, and horses boarded and kept
in any manner desired at Glenlea Stock Farm,
on the Mechanicsville pike, one-half mile from
Richmond. During recent years I have either
developed, trained, or driven to their records
such good performers as Miss Nelson, 2:1 1 % ;
Hulman, 2:20% ; Lucy Ashby, 2:21^ ; Roan-
oke Maid, 2:22^ ; Havelok, Jr., pacer, 2:23^ ;
Lila, 2:24^ ; Gordon Smith, 2:25^. and others.

Address, W. L. BASS,

Glenlea Stock Farm, Richmond, a.
N. B-— First-class references furnished.

208

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[April

Seasonable Goods Ready

FOR 1898...
at Low Prices.

ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

THE BEST6®-
IX THE

COOTBT.

TIGER

For J and 2 Horses.

The "Continental" Disc Cultivator
and Combined Disc Harrow.

CHAMPION ami JOHNSTON Steel Mowers.
Reapers and Binders.

The TIGER and JOHNSTON All Metal
DISC HARROW— Automatic Lever.

STl DEBAKKR and BBOWN Farm Wagons.

Carta and Buggies.

imm my prices beftm buying, and I win save

you money, and :it the Bame time give you

nullity goods made. Latest Improved

Implement* always on hand at bottom prices.

Writ* for 1898 Catalogue.

" F. F." CORN DRILL, with and without Fertilizer Attachneat

SMITH S ElKEKA COIN PLANTER.

Double-Row F. F. and TKJER PLANTERS at Bottom Prices.

The BROWN STEEL LEVER HARROW-Made in All Sizes.

As a Smoothing Harrow, it has no e<
supreme. As a Cutting ;

ual. For cultivating young corn, it stands
larrow, we challenge the world.

Genuine BROWN Single and Double Shovel PLOWS and STEELS.

DON'T FORGET A'li tne Merchants in town who claim
-S~3j2~J: — LJzJt^LztJL to sell OLIVER PLOWS and BEPAIBS
only sell the IMITATION, BOGUS, CHEAP Goods. The only place
in Richmond, Va., to buy GENUINE Oliver Plows and Repairs is at
1528 East Main Street, of CHAS E. HUNTER.

REPAIRS furnished for Old Champion
and Whitely Machines.

SUPERIOR GRAIN DRILLS. SUBSOIL PLOWS Write Tor Priies.

CHAS. E. HUNTER,

1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMES (J. HEN1N8. of Powhatan County. Va.. General Manager.
HOWARD J. NTCKOLS, of Henrico County, Va.. Salesman.

FANCY POULTRY.

In order to dispose of a large quantity of E^gs, from my Fancy Poultry this spring, I have
marked them down and will ship'a setting of any of the following varieties for $1.00, or three
settings for $2.50; except Bronze Turkey Eggs, which are 50 cents each, or $5.00 per dozen.
My stock is the very best, and the result of years of experience and breeding.

PIT CAMES.

This stock will stand steel. Won six out of
seven battles on Christmas, 1897, in combat
with crack birds.

B. B. Red Exhibition Carries

These are "Dandies," long limbs, high heads,
perfect pictures ! Breeding pen consists of 96-
point cock, and bens scoring 95 and 9fi points.

LICHT BRAHMAS.

Are very large and have many friends.
Noted as winter layers. Chicks are ready
for broilers earlier than any other variety.

INDIAN CAMES.

Large, Handsome and Compact. Beauti-
ful, Glossy Laced Plumage. Cocks weigh
up to 13 lbs. ; Hens up to 9 lbs. Guaranteed
as good as can be had anywhere.

B. B. R. CAME BANTAMS.

Genuine Little Beauties. Score way up
In the nineties. Nothing nicer for pets.
Weigh one pound at maturity.

PEKIN DUCKS.

Large, handsome birds, and very prolific layers,
and conceded to be the best ducks for profit.

Mammoth Bronze Turkeys.

Immense size and great layers. Am breed-
ing from a 45-1 b. torn and hens weighing from
22 to 28 lbs.

WHITE CUINEAS.

Very pretty, and lay more eggs and
easier to raise than others.

S. S. HAMBURCS.

These are perfect pictures and great egg
producers.

Barred Plymouth Rocks.

For a thrifty, healthy and thoroughly
satisfactory fowl, these have never had
their equal, and, as layers, when eggs are
worth the most money, they are the ideal
egg-producers.

BLACK MINORCAS, WHITE MINORCAS, BLUE AJfDALlSIAJfS A W. F. BLACK SPANISH

These fowls have all the good qualities of the Leghorns, and are larger and handsomer birds.

. BELCIAN HARES.

Young, $1.00 per pair. Try them. They are
prolific and sell readily. Bucks weigh from 9
to 14 pounds ; Does, 7 to 8 pounds.

CUINEA PICS.

STOCK.

Can furnish Brown or White
Leghorn Cockerels at S1.00
each.

Special Prices on any other
fowls.

Silver-Laced Wyandottes.

An old and popular breed, and noted as
winter layers. Good size and fine for table
purposes.

FANCY PIGEONS OF ALL KINDS.

Brown and White Leghorns.

Will lay moreeggs than any other variety.

P. O. Box 1.

CEO. T. KING, Jr., Richmond, Va.

$128 of Assets for each $IOO of Liability. Twenty years' progress of the

The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Comp'y,

ORGANIZED 1857.

Of MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

Asse&. Liabilities. Surplus. Insurance in force

January let, 1876 $ 18.173.257 $15,334,020 $ 2,789,23fi $64,416,847

January 1st 1888 -.019 24 819,130 4,181,634 147.615,323

January 1st, 1S'..^ 103.:'.7 ".536 80,885,093 2.',490,443 413.081,370

The Northwestern is the strongest of the great companies, as shown by the ratio of assets to liabilities.

The Northwestern's policies are automatically non forfeitable, and the policy contract is one of the most just and
liberal. A copy of the application being furnished with each policy, the Insurant has everything pertaining to his
policy contract in his possession.

The Northwestern has for twenty-six consecutive years printed in detail Tables of Current Cash Dividends lor the
information of the public. It would be only natural to assume that other companies would afford similar informa-
tion relative to the exact cost of their policies if their dividends were as large as those of the Northwestern.

-JOHN B. GARY <£ SON,

GENERAL AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

1301 Main Street. RICHMOND. VA.

VEGETABLE GROWING IN THE SOUTHS***

By Prof. P. H. ROLFS, s~yp

Prof, of Horticulture in the Florida Exp. Station. ^ -

255 Pages. CLOTH. $125. PAPER COVERS. $1.00. C^.

For Northern Markets.

A NEW BOOK

This boo>« should be in the hands of every trucker and gardener. It is full of the most valuable infor-
mation which can be relied on, as the writer is both scientific and practical. It is written in plain language
and can be easily understood by any one-

. . . PUBLISHED BY THE . . .

SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING CO., Richmond, Va.

FARMERS^FERTILIZERS

to stcjog:e::e:i3.

For TOBACCO use"NATI0NAL"
ForCORNuse'CHAMPIONCORN GROWER',

For GRASS and CLOVER use "0RCHILLA GUANO,"
For ANY CROP use "BEEF, BLOOD and BONE" Brand

Out Fertilizers can be relied on to give satisfaction. They are especially prepared for
the Crops named. Other brands for other crops. Write for prices.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO.,

3000 Tons ACID PHOSPHATE for Sale.

Manufacturers, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

2 tablished 1840.

THE

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE : 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. F. JACKSON, Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

MAY, 1898.

No. 5.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT:

Editorial— Work for the Month 209

" Sorghum Cane for Sugar Making 212

Fertilizer for Tobacco 212

Manure and Fertilizers 214

Cotton and Cotton Fertilizers 215

Soja Beans 216

Sugar Beet Industry in the United States 217

Tobacco Plants Failing 21S

Aim for Austrian Leaf. 21S

Editorial — Forage Crops 219

Enquirer's Column 220

"Notes 22a

Poisoning the Cut-Worms 222

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month

Editorial — The Strawberry Crop in Virginia

The Condition of the Fruit Crop

A Cheap Substitute for Paris Green

Shipments of Virginia Apples in 1897 over the C. &

O. Railroad

Truck and Fruit Crops in Tidewater Virginia

An Experiment in Onion Growing

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY:

Editorial — Dairy Information

Ensilage as a Feed — Improved Cows

Hog Cholera and Texas Fever

The Outlook in the Stock Market

" Herefords at Castalia, Va

An Invaluable Book for Farmers

Editorial— Herefords at MannsfielcTStock Farm,Va.

Lice on Hogs 227

Essex Hogs 228

Ensilage as a Feed for Dairy Cows 229

Profits of Sheep 231

Sheep and Fertility 231

THE POULTRY YARD :

Poultry Feeding 232

Ducks vs. Chickens 232

Try Guinea Fowls ' 232

The Low Price of Eggs 233

Feeding Young Chickens 233

THE HORSE:

Horse Breeding in Essex County, Va 234

Horse-Breeding for Farmers 234

Notes 234

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial — War!

" What the Last Meeting of the Legisla-
ture of Virginia Did 236

The Grain Markets 236

"No Fence" Law 236

Alfalfa for Stock Feeding in Virginia 237

Report of Meeting of the Mutual Farmers' Club of

Frederick County, Va 238

Electricity and Farming 238

Legislation for the Suppression of the San Jose

Scale in Virginia 238

Publisher's Notes 24 1

Advertisements - 241

j&- SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE. •««

FERGTJSSON PRINT, Richmond

The Walter A. Wood

Mowing and Reaping
— ^ Machines for 1898

Superb in Every Detail. Wonderful in Construction.

&£

None Equipped
Like it.

Best Material.

Highest
Workmanship.

7fi$

SM£

Not Put on the

Market Until

Perfected.

Lasting

Qualities.

Grandest Work.

7^

These smaller pictures show our roller and
ball bearings, which occur all through the
machines.

Other machines claim " roller bearings."
But, oh! what a difference. The main drive

wheels of the Wood Mower and the Harvester are made of steel that
you can't break with a hammer.

The Wood New 1898 Open-Rear Harvester and Binder

THIS IS THE PERFECTION OF HARVESTING MACHINERY.

Cuts

Any Length

Straw.

All-Steel
Platform.

Warranted

from Start to

Finish.

Nothing
Better Made.

Southern Office, = ASHTON STARKE, Richmond, Va.

CREENSBORO, N. C.

Warehouses for Distribution:
ROANOKE, VA. SALISBURY, N. C.

COLUMBIA, S. C.

flfi^=»Write Richmond for full catalogue, &c.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.—XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, May, 1898.

No. 5.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

Upon the full utilization of every hour of the work-
ing days in this mouth of May to a great extent de-
pends the measure of success which shall be the reward
of the year's work on the farm in the South Atlantic
States. Whilst both the wheat and oat crops are
in the ground and making giant strides of progress
towards maturity in the mild weather we have had
duriDg winter and spring, yet in these States these
crops are only, of secondary importance in the total
return from the farm. The great staple crops are the
corn, cotton and tobacco crops, and these must all be
largely planted and pushed on by cultivation during
this month if they are to be successfully produced.
The fine fall and mild winter and spring have done
much to relieve this month of pressing work wherever
advantage has been taken of them, as we have advised.
All land intended to be cropped should have been
broken during the fall and winter', and where so broken
should now be in good shape for planting. We are
glad to know that this is the case to a much greater
extent than was ever formerly the case. Thousands of
farmers now utilize the fine open winters in plowing
and subsoiling their lands who formerly spent this
time in resting and rusting. Where this work was
done, the beneficent rains we were blessed with in the
last week of March and the first week of April will
have found a place of refuge, from whence they will
deal out the blessings of abundant yields later in the
year. These rains were a great God-send to the farm-

ers of this and the adjoining States. Without them
we should have entered upon the period of growth
laboring under serious disadvantages. The fall of
last year and the winter and spring were unusually dry.
Mr. Willis L. Moore, the Chief of the Weather Bureau
of the United States, says that during the period from
January 1st to March 31st, the precipitation in the
Middle, South Atlantic and East Gulf States was de-
cidedly less than the average. Tn South Carolina and
Georgia, it amounted to less than half the average,
and in North Carolina and Virginia, it amounted only
to little more than half.

As a consequence, there was lacking in the ground
a supply of the first and most important element in
plant growth — a sufficiency of water. It matters not
how rich laud may be, yet not one particle of the food
necessary to plant growth can become available to the
support of the crop without moisture sufficient to dis-
solve it and render it assimilable by the fine rootlets,
which are the plants' mouths. Plants live and grow
and become fruitful only through the assimilation of
licpiid food. Xo solid food particles ever enter into
the plant s> stem. A realization of this fact will bring
home to every farmer how essential is an ample rain-
fall and how important it is that the land «hould be
capable of retaining and conserving the rain when it
comes. Land plowed and subsoiled in the fall and
winter best meets these conditions, and we have reason
to believe that much more of the land in the Southern
States was thus prepared for the reception of the April

210

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

rains than was ever before the case at the same time.
With, however, so great a deficiency to make good, it
will be necessary that every effort shall be made to
conserve that which has fallen. Do not allow land to
crust over and bake whilst .waiting to be planted. If
there is seen to l>e any tendency in this direction, let
the harrow be run over it and a mulch of fine earth be
made. This will prevent evaporation and keep the
land in good planting order.

In our last issue we gave our opinion on the best
method of preparing, fertilizing and planting the corn
and cotton crops, and to that issue we refer our readers
for information on that subject. We now propose to
say something on the question of cultivating these
crops.

Notwithstanding all we have written and all the ex-
amples given by the most successful corn growers
throughout not only the South, but the whole country,
we have yet amongst us a very large number of farm-
ers who still persist in the practice of cultivating the
corn crop with a plow. A plow ought never to be
seen in a corn field after the crop is planted, unless
under most peculiar conditions of weather and weed
growth, conditions which we will hereafter describe.
The object of cultivation is, first, to conserve the mois
ture in the soil ; next, to kill the weeds. Both these
objects can best be attained by the use at the right
time of the harrow and the cultivator, and not by the
plow. If the land has been properly prepared before
the planting of the crops by deep plowing and frequent
harrowing, it is in the best condition in which it can
be put to admit of the running of the roots of the
corn plant, and will remain in that condition if only
the surface is kept in proper order. Any disturbance
of the soil deeper than two or three inches will be a
disturbance which will be attended with injury both
to the soil and to the roots of the plants. The first
cultivation can most effectively and economically be
given by the harrow. Many farmers are afraid to use
this implement for that purpose, but we have never
seen its use attended with injury, even after the crop
has attained a growth of two or three inches in height.
Its use often has the effect of making the crop look
ragged for a day or two, but this soon passes off. The
plants take on vigorous growth when loosened without
the roots being cut or broken, and in no way can this
loosening all round be. so effectively and quickly given
as by the use of the harrow. If there is the slightest
appearance of crusting over before the plants push
through the soil, the harrow should be used, and be
again run over after the plants are two or three- inches
in height. After this time, use either one of the new
riding cultivators, set to only penetrate the soil two
or three inches, or the Iron Age walking cultivator
run the same depth. Let this cultivation be repeated

at least three times if possible, and even more fre-
quently if the land tends to become crusted over. In
this way weeds will be destroyed when so small as not
to be in any way prejudicial to the crop, and the mois-
ture in the soil will be conserved. The effect of culti-
vation in conserving moisture has been well illustrated
by experiments conducted by Prof. King in the West.
He found that the mean daily loss of moisture from an
acre of lar:d, to a depth of six feet on ground not cul-
tivated, was 17i tons, or nearly equivalent to a rain-
fall of one fifth of an inch ; whilst on a piece of land
cultivated to a depth of three inches, the loss was only
l-ii tons. This means a large saving of moisture dur-
ing the growing period of the corn crop, and a rela-
tively large gain in the productiveness of the crop.
Keep the cultivation of the land level. There is no
necessity whatever to throw a hill of soil to the plants
at any time during their growth. The idea that so
doing helps to keep the stalks standing is a mistaken
one. To throw a hill sufficiently high fo accomplish
this end would mean the cutting of so many roots as
to materially decrease the yield of the crop^ and to do
less than this and yet throw a hill to the crop is only
to increase the damage which may be done by a drouth
by exposing a larger surface of the soil to the direct
action of the sun's rays. If the roots of the plants
are never cut by deep cultivation, they will extend to
so large an area all around the stalk that the crop will
stand up well, unless in the event of a very severe
wind storm, and in such a storm even hilling the crop
is unavailing to save it from falling.

We have said that a plow should never be seen in a
corn field after the crop is planted except under excep-
tional circumstances and in exceptional locations. We
think that it may be admissible to use a small one-horse
plow on river low grounds, badly infested with the
vines of the Morning glory, where it is not possible to
hoe the crop except at too great cost. In such a case,
we would run the cultivator in the middles between
the rows and then take a one horse plow and throw a
very light furrow to the plants just sufficient to bury
the vines and weeds growing between the corn plants
in the rows. We would, however, never adopt this
system of working the crop unless compelled by neces-
sity to do so.

The cultivation of the cotton crop should proceed
on the same lines as that of the corn crop. The same
principles apply to both crops. Notwithstanding all
that has been said as to the necessity for curtailment
of the area to be planted in cotton, we see but little
disposition to act upon the advice given to grow less
cotton. Whilst we think that it would be a good
thing for cotton planters not to increase or even grow
as much cotton as was grown last year, yet we think a

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

211

much better course would be for thein to grow more
corn and fodder crops and thus to make their meat
and bread at home. We believe that most of them
could do this and yet not materially reduce the quan-
tity of cotton raised. This we are certain could be
done if a system of growing cotton in rotation with
pea crops was more generally adopted, and would re-
sult in great economy in the production of the cotton
..crop. The cheap mineral fertilizers — acid phosphate
and potash — would make the pea crop a success, and
this would enable the cotton crop itself to be made
without further cost for fertilizers, and would enable
the same weight of cotton to be made on a much less
area, thus saving time and labor and land, with which
corn could be grown and the buying of supplies be
avoided. This, in our opinion, is the true remedy for
the difficulties of the cotton planter and will be much
more effective than a reduction of the cotton crop
itself. We would strongly urge the commencement of
this system during the present year. Two hundred
and fifty lbs. of acid phosphate and 125 lbs. of kainit
to the acre, costing, say, together $2.50, will almost
certainly ensure a good crop of peas to the acre. From
this crop a good supply of peas for seed and home
consumption can be gathered, and the vines, if turned
under after they are ripe, will, with the addition of
200 or 300 lbs. of cotton seed, applied previous to
planting the cotton crop next year, ensure a much
heavier yield of cotton. Or the vines may be grazed
by hogs aud only the residue left by the hogs be turned
down, and yet a good crop of cotton be secured.

Tobacco should be set out as soon as the land can be
got into first rate order and the season will permit, but
do not, for the sake of saving a few days' time, com-
mence planting in ill prepared land. Plants set out
in a finely broken soil will soon outgrow those planted
earlier in laud full of clods, and will in the end make
a much more even sample of tobacco, which will all
iipen and cure alike. In our recent issues so much
has been said on the best fertilizers to use for the crop
that we do not here further discuss this question.

After the staple crops have been planted, and in the
intervals of cultivating them, attention should be given
to the land upon which fodder crops are to be grown.
In an article in this issue, we write more fully on this
question of fodder crops, and to this we invite attention.

Peanuts should be planted in the section where they
are a staple crop. The land should be well prepared,
and, if not already supplied with calcareous matter,
should have at least 20 to 25 bushels of lime per acre
applied and well mixed with the soil. This crop needs
nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid for its successful

growth, but, as it gathers its own nitrogen from the
atmosphere to a very large extent, it is not necessary
to supply this ingredient in large quantity in the fer-
tilizer. An application of 100 lbs. of acid phosphate,
250 lbs. of kainit or 60 lbs. of muriate of potash, and
300 lbs. of cotton seed meal to the acre will approxi-
mately meet the needs of a crop of 60 bushels of nuts
to the acre. If peanut growers would adopt a better
system of rotation on their lands, they would secure
better crops at less cost and maintain the fertility of
their farms. The peanut crop should be followed by
a rye or winter oat crop, and this by crimson clover
or common clover, and this by peanuts again ; or the
rotation can be extended by growing sweet potatoes
after the clover and then follow with peanuts. The
growing of peanuts followed by corn and then by pea-
nuts again is sure to result in failure sooner or later,
unless very heavy applications of manure are made to
the corn crop and of fertilizers to the pea crop. Care
should be taken to select good, sound, well ripened
nuts for seed, and they should not be bruised or in-
jured in the shelling of them before planting. Failure
to get a good stand is often caused by using nuts for
seed which have been heated in curing.

Sugar beets and mangold wurtzel beets should be
planted during this month. In previous issues we
have advised as to the best course to be taken in pre-
paring the land for an experiment with sugar beets.
It is inadvisable to use farm yard manure directly on
the crop. It should be applied to the previous crop
and then its use will be found valuable. A complete
fertilizer having, say, 7 per cent, of phosphoric acid,
8 per cent, of potash, and 7 per cent, of nitrogen, ap-
plied at the rate of 400 lbs. to the acre, will probably
be found to be the most suitable. This should be well
mixed in the soil of the row before planting the seed.
The rows should be about two feet apart and the seed
be drilled in in a continuous row and the superfluous
plants be afterwards thinned out. Transplanted beets
are not a success. Plant the seed one or two inches
deep and cover with compact soil. Seed for experi-
ments can be had from the Department of Agriculture
at Washington. Mangold wurtzel beets will be found
most valuable for stock feeding, and they grow very
successfully in this State. A crop of from 30 to 40
tons to the acre can easily be raised on good land.
Farm-yard manure is an excellent fertilizer to use on
this crop, and may be applied in the rows and covered
with soil and the seed be planted. The rows should
be two feet apart and the seed be either sown in a con-
tinuous row from a drill or be dropped every fifteen
inches by hand, and be covered about one inch deep.
From 15 to 20 tons of manure may be applied to the
acre with profit. In the absence of farm-y ard manure,

212

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

use a complete fertilizer with 8 to 10 per cent, of phos
phorie acid, 6 to 8 per cent, of potash, and 4 to 5 per
cent, of nitrogen.

Sweet potatoes may be set out towards the end of the
mouth, though many prefer not to plant until June.

SORGHUM CANE FOR SUGAR MAKING.

The interest awakened throughout the country in
the business of sugar-making is causing attention to
be given to new sources of production other than beets.
That it is well this is so will be better realized when
people come to understand that our annual consump-
tion of sugar is now 2,000,000 tons, and that this great
quantity is everv year growing larger, not merely from
the natural growth of our population, but from the
feet that the annual per capita consumption is also
increasing. At present this sugar costs us over
$100,000,000 per year, and to pay this "little bill"
takes the total value of all the wheat and flour exported
The total value of all live and dressed beef, beef pro-
ducts and lard exported during the past year barely
equalled the amount paid for imported sugar. It
would take three times the value of all the tobacco
exported to pay our sugar bill.

Iu the face of these facts, too much attention cannot
well be given to devising means for raising our sugar
at home. It can be done if only farmers will give
their attention to it. There are three sources from
which sugar can be produced in this country, each of
which has its special location, thus enabling three dif
ferent sections of the country to engage in the work.
In the extreme South, the sugar cane finds its con
genial home, and is the best source from which to
manufacture sugar. In the North, or rather in all
that section of country lying between the isothermal
lines of 09° and 71° of mean summer temperature,
which is a belt of country crossing from the East to
the West in a peculiar zigzag form, the sugar beet is
found to be peculiarly adapted as the sugar producer,
whilst in the country lying south of this line and north
of the cane section sorghum would appear likely to be
the coming sugar crop.

In discussing this question of sugar production some
years ago with Dr. Stubbs, of the Louisiana Experi
nient Station who is one of the best informed men on
the subject in the country, he then stated that he be-
lieved sorghum cane would be found to be the source
from whence we in Virginia and the other South At-
lantic States would eventually procure our home grown
sugar. A bulletin sent to us by our friend, Captain
Onis A. Brown, just issued by the Delaware Experi-
ment Station, giving details of experiments made iu
growing sorghum cane and producing sugar from it,
would seem to strongly confirm this opinion of Dr.

Stubbs. Part of the sorghum cane experimented with
was grown by Captain O. A. Browne at Cape Charles,
on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. From some of this
cane, of the amber variety, as high a product as at the
rate of 30S lbs. of sugar to the ton of cane was secured,
whilst the large majority of tests made on 23 different
samples of cane, cut at varying dates between Septem-
ber 28 and December 9, gave over 250 lbs. of sugar to
the ton of cane. The average product of sugar in the
United States last year from sugar beets was 232 lbs.
of sugar to the ton of beets. The product from the
sorghum cane is therefore c6nsiderably higher than
from beets.

The object of these experiments of the Delaware
Station was to ascertain the best type of sorghum cane
for the production of sugar, and to take the necessary
steps for breeding up and developing the sugar capa-
city of the cane just iu the same way as the French
and German sugar makers have bred up and developed
the sugar capacity of the sugar beet. It is proposed
to continue these experiments from seed selected from
the best varieties, and we trust that in a few years"
time we shall see established a type of sorghum cane
which can be relied upon to produce a much higher
percentage of sugar than the sugar beet now produces.
The difficulty of crystallizing the sorghum syrup,
which formerly stood in the way of the successful pro-
duction of sugar from sorghum, has, we understand,
been overcome.

We see in the successful outcome of this sorghum
sugar industry a great future for the South Atlantic
States, as we can undoubtedly produce sorghum cane
in competition with any other section of the United
States. The crop is a success here as a fodder crop
already. With its sugar content firmly fixed in a
better type of cane, we see no reason why it should
not be the great sugar crop of this section, where the
sugar beet has yet to become acclimated and its suc-
cessful growth established. We would suggest that
experiments be made with sorghum cane iu various
sections of this and the adjoining States, and that the
Department of Agriculture at Washington be asked
to test the same.

FERTILIZER FOR TOBACCO.

Editor Southern Planter ;

I was much interested iu the article on fertilizers
for tobacco in your last issue, and I wish to ask a few
questions.

The land I expect to cultivate in tobacco this year
has been in grass for the last two years. In 1896, a
tine crop of clover and herdsgrass was taken off; the
second growth was allowed to remain on the land.
Last year there was very little clover, but a very fair
crop of herdsgrass. Some time iu July, the laud was
fallowed deep— from 8 to 12 inches — and well har-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

213

rowed and seeded to Crimson clover, and then rolled ;
but, owing to the dry weather during the last of August
and September, I did not get over two thirds of a
stand. The clover stood the winter well, and is grow-
ing nicely now. Tb« land is what we call the hominy
soil in this section, being coarse and gravelly. It is
in flue heart. The subsoil varies in color from red to
a kind of yellow. I will turn the clover under about
the first of May, and may subsoil at same time.

I would like to know what kiud of fertilizer you
think would give best results.

I had a fine piece of land adjoining this, and about
the same in every respect, in tobacco last year. On
this tobacco I used Baugh's high grade tobacco ma-
nure and Zell's tobacco fertilizer side by side. Baugh's
had the advantage, the tobacco ripening better and
not firing on the hill as it did where Zell's was used.
I used about 300 pounds to the acre.

About what does the dried blood used by Mr. Rag-
land cost, and would it pay to use say 100 pounds of
that to the acre along with 200 pounds of Baugh's or
some other good fertilizer?

I am a young man, just about finished paying for
my farm, and want to make quality the first essential
of all my products. I get three agricultural papers,
but I consider the Planter the best agricultural paper
I know, and I have seen many. I endorse your ideas
on the road and fence question.

By answering the above through your next issue or
otherwise, you would greatly oblige and help me, and
perhaps others.

T. R. Loving.

Fluvanna Co., Va..

The inquiry of our correspondent is one of a num-
ber of like import addressed to us by tobacco growers
in various sections. The reply to these must of neces-
sity vary to some extent by reason of the different
types of tobacco grown in the different sections. As
we pointed out in the article on tobacco growing, in
our last issue, to which we would refer tobacco grow-
ers, the quality of the product is largely controlled by
the amount of vegetable matter in the soil ; and as
quality is of more importance than quantity in the pecu-
niary value of the tobacco crop, this factor cannot be
too carefully considered by growers. Bright yellow
tobacco can never be successfully grown on land rich
in vegetable matter. The weight per acre can and
will be largely increased by an excess of vegetable
matter in the soil, but this increased weight will be
secured at the expense of the quality, and the return
from the crop will be disappointing.

Iu the section from which our correspondent writes,
the type grown is the dark, heavy shipping tobacco,
such tobacco as is called for by the Austrian market,
and of which the Austrian buyer on the Richmond
market says (see article in this issue) there is never
sufficient grown of quality good enough for him.
This type of tobacco calls for a soil rich in vegetable
matter, easily available for plant nutrition. Iu addi-
tion to this, it must have a ready and immediately
available supply of the mineral fertilizers. The laud

which our correspondent describes would seem to
meet the requirement in "respect to vegetable matter.
The clover and grass, followed by German clover, will
have filled the soil with humus, and have made it
porous and heat retaining — in fact, an ideal heavy
tobacco soil. The experiment made last year on ad-
joining laud, with the two different tobacco fertilizers,
should be instructive of the requirements of the land
iu the way of commercial fertilizers, but we regret to
say that, iu our opinion, though nominally called
"special tobacco fertilizers," neither of the brands
used measured up to the requirements of the crop.
Baugh's fertilizer has a guaranteed analysis of S per
cent, of phosphoric acid, 3 per cent, ammonia, and 3
per cent, potash. Zell's fertilizer has a guaranteed
analysis of 8 per cent, phosphoric acid, 3 per cent,
ammonia, and 4 per cent, potash. How far these
proportions come short of meeting the proportionate
requirements of a tobacco crop will be seen when it is
pointed out that a crop of 1000 pounds to the acre re-
moves from the soil from 30 to 35 pounds of nitrogen,
35 to 40 pounds of potash, and from 7 to 10 pounds
of phosphoric acid. Both the fertilizers used were
rich in phosphoric acid, of which the crop calls for
little, and poor in nitrogen and potash, of which the
crop calls for much. This is the evil of mixed com-
mercial fertilizers, and especially of those brands
which are put up to sell at low prices. They always
provide an excess of the cheap ingredient — phosphoric
acid — and a deficiency of the dearer ones — nitrogen
and potash. Either of these fertilizers, used as they
were by our correspondent, at the rate of 300 pounds
to the acre, would give a disproportionate quantity of
the plant food called for by the plant. Baugh's, used
at this rate, would supply 24 pounds of phosphoric
acid, 9 pounds of ammonia, and 9 pounds of potash
per acre ; whilst Zell's would provide 24 pounds of
phosphoric acid, 9 pounds of ammonia, and 12 pounds
of potash per acre. In the case of Baugh's fertilizer,
the phosphoric acid, iustead of being in about the
proportion of one-fifth of the nilrogen and potash, is
in the proportion of nearly three times the amount of
nitrogen and potash. The like conditions nearly ap-
ply in the case of the Zell fertilizer.

Now compare these fertilizers with the one used
by Major Ragland in the production of the best crop
he made in the experiments he couducted (to which we
referred in our last issue), and see how much more
closely he followed the ascertained requirements of the
crop, and how much more successful he was. He
used 160 pounds of drie"d blood to supply the ammo-
nia. This approximately furnished 16 pounds of
ammonia to the acre. A crop of 1,000 pounds to the
acre removes from 30 to 35 pounds of this ingredient.
He used 120 pounds of sulphate of potash. This

214

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

quantity supplied 40 pouuds of potash to the acre.
A crop of 1,000 pounds to the acre removes from 35
to 10 pounds of this ingredient. He used 114 pounds
of acid phosphate, which supplied about 16 pounds of
phosphoric acid to the acre. A crop of 1,000 pounds
removes from 7 to 10 pounds of this ingredient. In
his fertilizer he practically supplied the crop with
more than one half of the ammonia a crop of 1,000
pounds to the acre would call for, and the deficiency
would readily he supplied by a soil rich in vegetable
matter and in the nitrogen gathered from the atmos-
phere by a clover crop. He supplied all the potash a
1,000 pounds crop could call for, and a slight excess
of phosphoric acid over the requirement of such a
crop. He fed the crop scientifically, and he secured
an adequate return. His fertilizer cost him $8.25 per
acre. The total weight of the crop produced was
L,046 pounds, and it sold on the market for $146.60,
or for $60.62 more than the produce raised on an acre
of similar land to which no fertilizer was applied ;
thus giviug a profit of $52.37 over and above the cost
of the fertilizer on this excess of production.

We strongly urge our correspondent to follow this
system of fertilizing his crop. It may be that he
might economize somewhat in the amount of dried
blood per acre, as his land is or should be rich in
nitrogen— possibly 100 or 120 pounds to the acre
would be sufficient. In the potash also he might, we
think, exercise economy, as the lands in his section of
the State are naturally richer in potash than those
farther away from the mountains — possibly 100 pounds
of sulphate of potash would be sufficient to the acre.
A fertilizer mixed in these proportions, of these con-
stituents, would cost probably about half as much
more per hundred pounds as those used last year, but
we believe it would be found to be more than twice as
effective.

To prevent firing, see that the fertilizer is well
mixed with the soil under and around the plant be-
fore planting, so that the roots may be induced to be
wide spreading and deep reaching, rather than all in
a mass just around the stem. They will in this way
secure a better supply of moisture, and thus keep up
i he active growth of the plant until maturity. Dried
blood is we see quoted on the market at $45 per ton.

MANURE AND FERTILIZERS.
Editor Southern Planter :

I suppose that, by this time my position in regard to
manures and fertilizers on the farm is pretty well
Understood by the readers of the Southern Planter,
though it is curious to note the hjsterical way in which
the editor of a trade journal, published in the interest
of fertilizer manufacturers, denounces me for advising

against the wasteful mode in which artificial fertilizers
have been used in the South. I am heartily in accord
with the editor of the Southern Planter in his efforts to
enforce the importance of farmers making the best
use of all the accumulations of manure on the farm,
though I have opposed the idea that a man can afford
iu these days to feed animals on the farm for no other
profit but the manure, when he can accomplish just as
much, in a shorter time and at less expense, by the use
of phosphoric acid and potash on the legumes. In
your last issue there is an editorial article referring to
the experiments that have been made at Rothamsted,
England, by Lawes and Gilbert. In that article the
averages are quoted only. In the Rothamsted report,
it is shown that the plot on which wheat was grown
continuously for forty years without manure made, in
the best season, 171 bushels per acre, and, in the worst
season, 4:,' bushels per acre. Farm yard manure, in
the best season, made 44 bushels per acre, and in the
worst, 16 bushels. On the other hand, the plot ferti-
lized with 400 lbs. of a complete fertilizer made, in the
best season, 54 5 bushels per acre, and in the worst sea-
son, 16 i bushels per acre ; and an application of 600
lbs. per acre of complete fertilizer made, in the best
year, 551 bushels per acre, and in the worst year, made
20 5 bushels per acre, while the average of the plot that
received 600 lbs. of complete fertilizers per acre for
forty years was 35 J bushels per acre, or two bushels
more than the average made on the plot that had 14
tons of farm yard mauure per acre.

But the point to which I wish more particularly to
call attention at present is the relative cost of the ap-
plications. We know very well that the tendency of
the annual application of chemical fertilizers ouly is
to exhaust the humus content of the soil, and while
such experiments as those in continuous wheat grow-
ing at Rothamsted are of the greatest value to students,
they are not made as models for practice in farming.
But even these experiments show that the continuous
application of artificial fertilizers beat the farmyard
manure in actual yield and far more in actual cost of
application. And this is the point where the editor
failed to show the difference. Having the manure on
the farm, it is, of course, the best policy of the farmer
to take the best care of it and to use it. But not
having the manure, will it pay him to make it without
profit in the feeding of the stock other than the ma-
nure, or would it pay him to buy manure rather than
to buy fertilizers? I think that the result of the
Rothamsted experiments shows conclusively that the
use of artificial fertilizers gives the greater profit.

Fourteen tons per acre of manure will be worth, at
low figures, $28. In fact, if it was city stable manure,
it could not be purchased at that figure probably. Six
hundred pounds of high grade artificial fertilizer can

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

21f

be made for $10 or less. So it is easy to see that, even
by the Rothanisted experiments, the artificial fertilizer
not only beat the manure in actual average yield, but
far more in cost. Then, if such a difference is shown
by these experiments where the artificial fertilizer was
used as a complete fertilizer, how much greater would
be the difference if only the cheaper forms, such as
acid phosphate and potash, were used to produce a
growth of legumes to take the place of the organic
matter in the farm yard manure?

As I said in the beginning, we should of course util
ize all the home manure that comes in our way to the
best possible advantage, but as a matter of profit and
rapid development of the soil's productiveness at a
minimum cost, the manure is "not in it" in compari-
son with mineral fertilizers and legumes. The com
parison of cost above is simply the cost of the materials
used in the application, but the cost of applying 14
tons per acre of stable manure will be a long way near
the total cost of the fertilizer and its application too.

While the practice of our Southern farmers, in con-
tinually buying a little of some one's fertilizer mixture
to squeeze a little more crop from the land, cannot be
too strongly condemned, it is evident that American
agriculture has gotten a long way past the days of
Jethro Tull and the old compost pile. Human labor
is worth too much in this country for the farmer to
handle a heavy article like manure any more than is
absolutely necessary, and it is far too costly an item
for him to spend labor all winter long iu feeding ani-
mals merely for the profit that may be in the manure,
the handling of which is about worth its value.

We are not going to hark back to old practices,
Brother Jackson, for the combination of chemicals and
legumes will beat the stable every time. As I said
long ago, if the feeding of animals will give nothing
but the manure as profit, the farmer had better be
without the animals and save the labor. And yet, al-
though I have advocated this same thing for years, the
paper already referred to, called the American Fertili-
ser, calls Prof. Roberts, of Cornell, and myself false
teachers, because we refuse to advise the farmers to go
on buying somebody's brand of fertilizer and to de-
pend solely on fertilizers for a crop. This same
American Fertiliser man, when he wants a fertilizer,
bnys the materials and mixes it himself ; but he tells
the public that it is an awful thing for me to advise
the farmers to make their own mixtures, because for-
sooth the American Fertilizer is a trade organ.

W. F. Massey.

Mr. I. H. Adams, Campbell Co., Va., writes, Jan-
uary 15, 1898 : I take the liberty of saying I am very
much pleased with your journal, and am glad to re-
new my subscription."

Mr. S. C. Simonson, Brooklyn, N. Y., writes, Nov.
3, 1897 : "I like the Southern Planter very much."

COTTON AND COTTON FERTILIZERS.

Editor Southern Planter :

There is but one way in which the Southern farmer
cau succeed in so enhancing the value of the fleecy
staple as that he shall succeed iu obtaining remunerat-
ing prices for his labor and product of his hand-.
This lies in the wholesale curtailment of and decrease
in the area devoted to cotton culture. From past
experience, I venture the assertion that this will never
be done. Increase the area devoted to provision crops,
he can, and will, whenever and wherever he is forced
to it by circumstances over which he has no control.
But decrease the acreage devoted to cotton culture —
never. Such being the case, the next best thing he
can and must do, is to so adapt himself to existing
conditions as to be able to raise cotton at a profit
regardless of price, or rather, in spite of low prices.
To do this, necessitates the planting of cotton ou our
very best lands, fertilizing them intelligently, and
making bales per acre instead of taking acres to make
a bale. Fertilizers pay best on our very richest
lands. One might as well undertake to dip the Atlan-
tic into the Pacific with a teaspoon as to try to enrich
land, and at the same time gather profitable crops, by
the annual application of 200 pounds of a low-grade
fertilizer per acre. In the realms of medicine, homoeo-
pathic doses may be quite popular, but when it comes
to food, whether of the human race, of animals, or of
plants, it becomes quite another matter ; hoiuu-opathic
doses are no longer admissible. A mistake that our
brother farmers very readily fall into is in the imagin-
ing that because the land makes by its own unaided
fertility, a bale, a bale and a half, or possibly two
bales per acre, that such land needs no fertilizer, and
that fertilizers will not pay on such land, when the
fact of the matter is, that on such lands the yield
could oftentimes be very readily doubled by the appli-
cation of less than ten dollars' worth of fertilizers.
These lands already make an excess of weed, hence
no nitrogenous fertilizers are necessary. Phosphates
and potash are what such soils need. Not less than
from S00 to 1,000 pounds of phosphate, and 100 pounds
of muriate of potash tolbe applied per acre broadcast.
I am well apprised of the fact that many will think
this is pretty liberal manuring, and hardly justified by
the present extremely low prices obtained, but. as
p:eviously stated, right there is where the mistake
comes in. If the yield can be doubled by the above
application, and I am satisfied from actual practical
experience that it can, all other influencing or con-
trolling factors being favorable, it stands to reason that
this method, instead of being wasteful or extravagant,
is the most economical, as well as the most intelligent
method, that can be pursued. By it the soil is sup
plied with the exact elements that are lacking, while

J10

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

nothing is purchased or applied that is not needed. !
This is the very acme of scientific as well as economical |
fertilization. By this method I have increased the ,
yield in one season and by one single application from
L.000 pounds of seed cotton to three bales per acre.

To prevent any misunderstanding, I wish the fact to |
be borne iu mind that I am speaking now of lauds
that are already good, naturally so—/, e.. lauds that
make an excess of weed or stalk growth, but do not
fruit in proportion to si2e of stalk, uor ripen all the
fruit they do put on. On poor land — i. e.. land mak
ing about one-third bale per acre, 400 to 500 pounds
of a complete fertilizer— one coutaining not less than
six per ceut. of pot«sh — is little enough. In every
instauce. and under any aud all circumstauces. I prefer
to broadcast all fertilizers— thus effectually guarding
against the the evil effects of drought.

Burgess, Miss. G. H. Turner.

SOJA BEANS.

i n Planter :

Under separate cover I mail you with this specimens
of a black soja bean, which I do not remember to have
ever seen quoted by seedsmen nor described in any
agricultural publication. My start of seed was ob-
tained from U. S. Agricultural Department, labelled
'The Little Black Soja Bean " (Italics my own .

If there is a larger oue. it must be "a whopper,"
and auy one having seed for sale would do well to ad-
vertise it. Iu reply to inquiries, the National Bureau
could give no information respecting the black soja
beans.

This black bean makes here a much larger growth
and is a heavier seed producer than the more common
yellow soja beau. If you can do so, please state
whether it is equal to the lighter colored beans as a
land improver. It seems to have more, longer, and
larger roots, aud is inclined to branch more in the top.

I have been experimenting for several years, on a
small scale, with Boja beans | or peas i aud cow peas or
By the way, isn't it queer that we have
gotten into the way of calliug peas beans aud beans
peas! How many Planter readers kuow any simple,
certaiu way to differentiate between peas and beans!
Questioned about this some years ago. the director of
the Virginia Experiment Station gave information that
may prove of interest and value to others as it did to
me. He said :

" Peculiarities of early growth will enable any one
to distinguish between the plants. The parent pea
lots in the ground, after exhausting its strength in the
formation of a n"w plant : but the parent bean, sepa-
rating into halves, pushes up through the grouud on
top of the new stem, forming the first leaves of the
new plant."'

While it is undoubtedly true that soils, rich in phos-
phoric acid and potash, favor a quicker, larger growth
beans and cow peas, experiments lead me to
believe the yellow soja bean is almost, if not quite, an
air plant. I have had plants to grow — not as vigor-
ously, of course, as in good soil — and mature pretty,
plump, smooth seed in piles of coal ashes.

Last year, as an experiment. I planted yellow soja
beans iu some piles of disintegrated rock. The plants
did not grow as large or as tall as elsewhere, aud their
foliage was of lighter color, but they produced abun-
dance of seed. If you will turn to page SO of the
report of the State Board of Agriculture for 1S93. yon
will find the following quantitative analysis of the dis-
integrated rock in which the beans grew.

ANALYSIS.

No. 16 I Limestone)— H. D. Ribble, Blacksburg, Va.

Moisture 16 per cent.

Silica 9.88

Iron and aluminum oxides 2.51

Calcium carbonate (37.34 p. c. lime). ...66.65
Magnesium carbonate (9.40 p. c. mag.).-19.87

Total 99.10

No extraneous matter was visible in this pile of dis-
integrated rock, though it is possible that minute par-
ticles of eartby dust may have been blown by winds
into the pile, supplying a trace of plant food. Wash-
ing the powdered rock failed to show thi*. though. I
kuow of no other plant that would have seeded in
such a place, and regard the experiment as worthy of
record.

As land improvers. I thiuk so highly of cow peas
and soja beans— even more highly than of crimson
clover — that it is my intention to use more of them.
If any of yonr readers have fields overrun with dew-
berry vines, let them sow to cow peas two years in
succession, putting 150 lbs. or more of acid phosphate
to the acre, and every vine will be smothered and the
land will be in shape to produce somethiug more
profitable. Two crops of cow peas have trausformed
a 23 acre berry patch for me into as fine a clover field
as there is in Montgomery county.

H. D. Ribble.

Montgomery county. Va.. April 6th. 1898.

[The black soja beans sent were the largest soja
beans we ever saw. We cannot find any analysis of
the black soja beau, but assume that it is at least of
equal value as an improver as the other varieties. Mr.
Williams, assistaut agrostologist of the Department of
Agriculture, says that it is a good variety to grow as
an improver. The experiment recorded is a wonder-
ful testimony to the value of the Soja beau as a fodder
plant.— Ed.]

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

217

SUGAR BEET INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED
STATES.

The Secretary of Agriculture has just transmitted to
the President for the information of Congress a very
full report on the present condition of the sugar beet
industry in this country, and of the operations of the
Department during the past season in relation thereto.
The document consists of two parts, the first being a
report from the chemist of the Department, Dr. H. W.
Wiley, in which the history of the industry is re-
viewed and giving a full account of the season's ope-
rations.

The principal distribution of sugar-beet se^d the
past season was made through the agency of the agri-
cultural experiment stations, the directors of many sta-
tions having been appointed special agents of the De-
partment for carrying this method into effect. Seeds
were also sent to about ten thousand farmers in differ-
ent parts of the country, with full instructions for
planting, cultivating, and sampling for analysis.
These instructions were contained in Farmers' Bulle-
tin No. 52, of which during the season nearly 150.000
copies were distributed. The samples for analysis
were sent either to the agricultural experiment stations
or to the Department of Agriculture. In all about
2,300 samples were received for analysis at the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

The best results were reported from the States of
New York and Michigan. Other States in which re
ports were favoiable were Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana,
Minnesota, Nevada, South Dakota, Wyoming, and
Colorado. States giving fair results were Iowa, Ne
braska, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. In general, it
was found that after passing south of the mean iso-
therm of 71 degrees P. for the three months of June.
July aud August, the results were poor. It is found
that the belt of territory included between the limits
of the isotherms of 71 and 69 degrees may be regarded
as the basic belt of the beet sugar industry. The best
results are obtained within or north of this belt, other
climatic conditions being favorable. Extreme north-
ern limits of sugar-beet culture are determined only by
the advent of freezing weather.

A comparison of analytical data with the thermal
area shows a remarkable agreement. In States so sit
nated that their normal portions are in the favorable
thermal area, while their southern port'ons are with
out, comparison of the analyses of the beets grown in
the southern, central, aud northern portions of these
States, shows a regular gradation of excellence from
south to north.

The conditions of growing beets under irrigation
have been studied somewhat, but imperfectly. The
data collected, however, are very reassuring, and lead
to the evident belief that irrigated lands, under proper
thermal conditions, will give most excellent returns
with beets.

The report contains not only the analytical data ob-
tained at the Department of Agriculture, arranged
alphabetically by States and counties, but also of the
data which have been obtained at the agricultu
ral experiment stations during the year. In all in-
stances the data obtained at the stations agreed very
closely with those secured from the same States at the
Department of Agriculture. These data from the ex-
perimental stations are collated and studied side by
2

side with the data from the same States obtained from
the Department of Agriculture, making a complete
exposition of the results of investigations from all
parts of the country. The collaboration thus secured
between the States and the Department has afforded
the best possible results in the studies undertaken.

Experiments were also conducted in the production
of high grade beets. Some of the high grade seeds
obtained at the station at Schuyler during the contin-
uance of the work at that point were found to have
sufficient vitality to continue their growth. Other
high-grade seeds produced from specially analyzed
beets were procured from European growers, and, in
collaboration with six of the experiment stations, com-
parative tests were made of these seeds in various
localities. The stations collaborating in this work
were Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin,
and New York. The best results were obtained from
the stations in Wisconsin and New York. The beets
which were grown at the New York station were care-
fully selected for physical properties, and those which
reached the standard of shape and size were subjected
to individual analyses and preserved for the propaga-
tion of seeds for the season of 189S. In all, 800 beets
were found to have the requisite qualifications for the
production of seed, and these have been preserved
during the winter in a silo and are to be distributed
this spring to the various stations for seed production.
A few of them which have exhibited peculiar strains
of excellence have been preserved for the production
of a new variety of beets, which it is proposed to call
the American Elite. These beets have an average
weight of about 30 ounces and an average content of
sugar of 19 per cent. Th<- purity of juices in similar
beets was found to be ah in 85 These beets, having
shown these remarkable variations from the standard
in size and sugar quality, are evidently fitted to pro-
duce a new variety of beets better suited to American
farmers than the standard beets of Europe. It is the
intention of the Department to endeavor to establish a
variety of beets of this kind which shall have at least
a third greater weight than the standard sugar beet of
Europe without losing anything in sugar content or in
parity of juice. The immense advantage of such a
variety of beet for American growers is easily' seen.
The most successful scientific work in the future will
come from placing the seeds in the hands of a few
reliable persons iu each locality and securing a careful
supervision of their work by some accredited agent of
a State experiment station of the Department of Agri-
culture.

The report contains a chapter on the value of the
sugar beet and the beet pulp as cattle food, giving the
chemical composition of each, the ratio beween the
nutrients, and its general value as a producer of milk
and fat and as a sustaining ration.

The report closes with a chapter on statistics of
sugar production in this country during the year 1S97.
During the season nine factories were in operation in
the United States, namely, at Alameda, Los Alamitos,
Watsonville, and Chino, Cal.; Lehi, Utah; Eddy, N.
Mex. ; Grand Island and Norfolk, Nebr., and Rome,
N. Y. Forty-one thousand two huudred aud seventy -
tvo acres of beets were harvested, with an aggregate
weight of 389,6^5 tons, a yield of almost 9* tons per
acre. This is less than the average in Europe, but
with more scientific agriculture and judicious fertiliza-

218

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

tion the yield in this couutry can doubtless be brought
up to, if uot above, the average of the best fields of
Europe. The careful experiments of the New York
Experiment Station, at Geneva, with beets grown in
collaboration with the Department of Agriculture,
resulted in an average yield of over 16 tons of high-
grade beets per acre.

The total amount of beet sugar made in the United
States during the year 1897 was 90,491,670 pounds, an
average of 232 pounds per ton of 2,000 pounds, or 11.6
per cent, of the weight of the beets. This is a less
percentage than is obtained in Germany, but, consid
ering the newness of the industry in this country, it is
sufficiently encouraging. Reliable information shows
that there will be in operation in the United States
during 1S98 seventeen factories, new factories being
located in Utah (1). Oregon (1), California (4), Michi-
gan (1), and New York (1). It is safe to say that at
least 80,000 acres will be planted in beets during the
season of 1898. The yield of beets may be expected to
be nearly 800,000 tons and of sugar about ISO, 000,000
pounds. These estimates should be reduced somewhat
to represent the proper output of beet sugar in the
United States : they are sufficient, however, to show
the rapid growth of the industry, which will experi-
ence an enlargement of not less than 70 per cent, dur-
ing the coming season. The percentage of beet sugar
produced in the United States during 1S97 to the total
consumption was only 2i, but the prospects are that
in 1.S98 it will be nearly 4 per cent, of the total con-
sumption, which now amounts to about 2,000,000 tons
annually.

The second part of the report consists of a full ac
count of the operations of the field agent, Mr. C. F.
Saylor, who during the past season visited all the
principal sugar beet manufacturing plants and facto-
ries, and recounts the result of his interviews with
both growers and manufacturers. Mr. Saylor's paper
concludes with answers from the practical men in
charge of various beet sugar factories in response to a
series of interrogatories concerning the more important
features of the beet sugar industry.

TOBACCO PLANTS FAILING.

Editor Southern Planter:

I notice in the April number that Mr. Thomas Mas-
sie, of Nelson county, wishes to know why his plant
beds fail and the plants turn yellow after the first
drawing. I want to give him the reason why they do
this, but it is too late now to remedy the matter this
season, though it may be worth something to him here-
after.

In the first place, he spoils the whole bed with
fertilizers. Long experience has taught me that the
plant-bed is no place for guano, especially such stuff
as is manufactured for that purpose. When the
weather gets hot and dry, the bed has a hard, dry
crust on it that I sometimes think a heavy rain fails
to soften, from the way the plants look.

I would say, in the next place, that Mr. Massie per-
haps fails to break his bed deep enough. After the

bed is burnt, haul on one two-horse load of hog-pen
manure for every two hundred yards of land, and
spread it over ; then hitch a horse to a new ground
coulter, or two if the laud is very rooty, and run it
down six or seven inches, run the furrow close, so as to
break thoroughly, but be careful not to bring the clay
to the top ; then run a smoothing harrow until perfectly
fine. Be careful not to use manure with weeds and
grass seed in it. My plan is, when I put my hogs up to
fatten, I keep the pens littered with old straw or chaff,
and let all the manure remain just where it is made,
well sheltered from the rains, until the bed is burnt.

In the last place, be sure to lay aside the plan of
putting one spoonful of seed to one hundred yards —
two-thirds of a spoonful is plenty. I had rather have
one good, broad plant than ten with two leaves and a
stalk six inches long.

If Mr. Massie will adopt this plan, he will never see
any yellow, stunted plants after the first drawing ; but
he and the boys will have to turn about to keep them
from getting overgrown before they can plant them.

Fluvanna county, Va. A Subscriber.

AIM FOR AUSTRIAN LEAF.

The Austrian Buyer Speaks About the Prices for
this Grade of Tobacco.

Consul Borchers authorizes us to say that he is pre-
pared to buy, at full prices, all the fine Virginia leaf
suitable for Austria, and he further wishes us to em-
phasise that with the growing demand for tine tobacco
and the limited acreage suitable for its culture, the
farmer need not fear an over-productiou, the proba-
bility being that for years to come the supply will not
be equal to the demand. Mr. Borchers has but lately
returned from a trip abroad, and in the above gives
the benefit of his experience to the farmer and rehan-
dler. It is quality his government aims at and is will-
ing to pay for, and the farmer who takes his advice
will be sure to profit by it.

There are numbers of thrifty planters in the best
dark belt who will well understand this advice. There
are others who need posting and urging to do so, and
will ask why this advice is so directly offered them.
We reply :

Firstly, that the Tobacconist has no axe to grind, and
can't be accused of it.

Secondly, that we have good authority for what we
say and good proof of its sensibleness.

Mr. Louis Borchers, the Austro-Hungarian Regie
buyer here, is au open market buyer for Austria and
Hungary. His orders require finest dark red wrapper
leaf— it must be fine grain, texture, quality and good
spread. It is the kind planters should be glad to have
their attention aroused to produce, especially since the
open and honest inducement is directly offered them
to do so. The past and previous years' prices are
proof that it pays best to produce fine Austrian leaf,
and whosoever fails in the first attempt could have

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

219

otherwise hardly done better even if a second grade of
tobacco only resulted.

With this definite object in view, coupled with the
assurance of best prices, and also that the supply shall
not exceed the demand, whichhas never been the
case, such a premium placed on the higher grade pro-
duct should be the greatest encouragement to our
farmers. Subordinating quantity to quality may be
essential to the best product, though, as said before,
there need be no fear of an over production, and the
only fear, on the contrary, is that the quantity of stan-
dard tobaccos should not be sufficient. Let it be said,
in further elucidation of the subject, that this fine
Austrian leaf is designed and used for a cigar wrapper,
which perhaps few realize. Such tobaccos have al
ways been extensively used in South Germany, Italy
and Austria. Smokers there, of high and low degree,
hold tenaciously to the Virginia cigars. This tobacco
is particularly treated there for this purpose. The
aroma is preferred to all others. It therefore behooves
Virginia planters to cultivate such fine tobacco as will
inevitably meet this ever recurring special and practi-
cally unlimited demand ; first, as a matter of pride in
maintaining the standard of Virginia tobacco ; second,
to prevent other tobacco being substituted for the Vir-
ginia standard ; third, because there is no other to-
bacco that pays so well or that at all times pays the
highest price of any grade in the market.

When the season closes there is never a hogshead of
fine Austrian tobacco left on the market, while of
nearly all other grades and qualities there is mostly a
surplus carried over from year to year. The planters,
as well as the tobacco trade, should be thankful that a
strict inspection and supervision of this Austrian or-
der has been the means of continuing the high stan-
dard, while on the other hand the standard of nearly
all other contract tobaccos has deteriorated both in
grade and price, causing the intrinsically inferior to-
baccos of the West and European countries to compete
strongly with us.

The Austrian order always contends for and has
maintained the highest standard of excellence, and in
this has evidenced its greatest interest in the Virginia
crop. We can but advise our planters to use care and
vigilance in selecting their best lands and in general
preparing this crop for the market, following the ex-
ample of prominent farmers, found in many sections,
who have been known heretofore to have been success-
ful in securing the best prices in our several Virginia
markets for Austrian leaf, one plant of which pays
better than five nondescript and carelessly cultivated
plants, the latter costing twice as much in expense and
exhaustion of the soil as compared with the finer
tobaccos.

Our finest lands for this red, silky, wrappery, Aus-
trian leaf notably lie in Southside Virginia, especially
those adjacent to Farmville, Lynchburg and Peters-
burg sections, where this stock finds preferable sale
from the moment it is ready for market.

The season so far has been very propitious for a fine
crop, and it is earnestly to be hoped that the 1898
product will be one of the largest and finest that has
ever been produced in Virginia ; and we can but con-
gratulate the planter, as well as the rehandler, on the
prospect so far, especially coupled with the assurance
given above. — Southern Tobacconist.

FORAGE CROPS.

It is only within the last few years that practically
any attention has been given in the South to the pro-
duction of forage crops for stock feeding, and even yet
the practice is very largely neglected, and as a conse-
quence, stock suffer during the late summer, early fall
and during the winter from scarcity of feed. And yet
there is no reason whatever why this should be the
case, except the negligence and thoughtlessness of
farmers. There is no section of the country in which
a greater variety of forage crops can be successfully
grown than in the South. In addition to the various
clovers and grasses, we can grow here the Canadian
pea, the sub- tropical sorghum, soja beans and cow peas,
and the great feeding crop of the Middle States— the
corn crop — all in perfection. That we do not do so
and make this section the great live stock section of
the country is a reflection upon the intelligence and
business capacity of Southern farmers. Even as far
north as Virginia, it is possible to have green feed for
stock nearly every month in the year — certainly ten
months out of the twelve. Crimson clover, vetches,
Canada peas, rye and winter oats will give grazing and
soiling crops for sheep and cattle from November to
May ; the grasses and clovers will carry on the feeding
to August, by which time corn, sorghum, cow peas and
soja beans will be ready to commence cutting, and
these will carry the stock on to November if planted
in successional crops ; while to these may be added
rape, which will make good feed for sheep during the
late fall and early winter months. Of course, the
planting season for such a variety of crops, covering
so large a space of the year, is necessarily an extended
one. What we now particularly desire to do is to in-
vite attention to such of these crops as should be
planted at this and the immediately coming season.

First among these is the corn crop for the silo and
for forage. In planting corn for the silo, the object to
be aimed at is to secure a heavy yield of well-matured
stalks, with a fair proportion of well-grown ears upon
them. This can only be secured by giving the crop
sufficient room between the rows and between the
stalks. Whilst not necessary to give the stalks the
same space required to give the highest yield of corn,
yet, to make good silage, the crop must not be crowded
on the land. If it be, the result will be a watery, im-
mature stalk, with little grain and a poor, sour silage.
At least 2 feet 6 inches should be given between the
rows and 10 inches between the stalks in the rows.
For fodder corn, the crop may be planted much closer,
both in the rows and between the stalks, as the object
is to secure a good yield of small to medium sized
stalks, with an abundance of leaf and little or no
grain,! \The curing of the stalks carries off the water

220

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

and leaves a forage sweet, leafy and nutritious, to be
supplemented by grain when fed.

Next in importance to corn as a forage crop we place
sorghum, and of this we think the amber cane the best
variety to grow. It is sweeter and more nutritious
than the others, and makes probably the best substitute
for grass for cattle and hogs in the late summer and
early fall, and fine dried fodder for winter. On every
Southern farm there ought to be a field of sorghum for
the use of the cows and hogs when the grass fails in
the hot months of summer. The having such a field
means the keeping up of the milk flow and butter
yield and the continued growth of the hogs during the
interval between spring and early summer grass and
the fall supply of grass, peas and beans — a period
during which, without such a field to fall back on on
most farms, means loss of milk and stagnation in the
growth of the hogs. This sorghum crop is one capable
of withstanding drouth better than corn, and the grain
is excellent feed for cattle and hogs. The stalk makes
a fine syrup when ground and the juice squeezed out
and evaporated, for which there is usually a good
market in the country ; and, as we have said in an
article in another column, we believe sorghum js des-
tined to be yet a large factor in sugar production in
the South.

Soja beans should be planted on every Southern
farm, and should be planted in May. In our last
month's issue we wrote at length on the value of this
crop, and to that article refer our readers. In this
issue will be found an article from Mr. Ribble strongly
commending the crop and giving a remarkable illus
tration of its ability to overcome hard treatment.

On the cow pea we have written so much and en-
dorsed it so strongly as a fodder crop for the past many
years that we do not think it necessary now to say
more than that they should be sown on every field not
otherwise cropped, and, in addition, be planted in
every corn and cotton field between the rows. Whether
cured for feed, fed on the ground to hogs, or left to die
down and be plowed under, they, like the sheep, never
die in debt to the farmer. In whichever way he treats
a pea crop, he always gets more than it cost him to
produce it.

The only other forage crop to which we think it
necessary now to invite attention is the millet crop.
This makes an excellent addition to the hay crop when
cut and cured before the seed forms, and it may be
seeded at any time from May to August. The German
variety is the best one to grow, as it makes a heavier
yield of hay, of better quality than the others. Oue
bushel to the acre should be sown on finely prepared
land and be harrowed in.

ENQUIRERS COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Floats vs. Acid Phosphate.

I wish Professor Massey would say what his opinion
is on using the crude phosphate on the legumes. If
Professor Stubbs is right and floats will answer, it will
beat hauling water and litter and foul seed from Rich-
mond. John Cowen.

Station A, Richmond.

While we fear that the floats will not be quick
enough for a crop of short duration like tbe cow pea,
we believe that in the case of clover it will pay to use
the floats, provided they can be had at a price low
enough as compared with the price of the dissolved
acid phosphate. With the crop of cow peas, we would
rather use the acid phosphate and potash. We know,
too, that by the use of these cheaper forms of mineral
plant food on the legumes, we can improve land faster
and more cheaply than by buying the city stable
manure. I would not haul the manure three miles. if
it was given to me while I can get acid phosphate at
the price it has been lately.

W. F. Massey.

Mention the Planttr'when you write to advertisers

Soja Beans and Black Peas.

Please let me know in your next issue if soja beans
and black peas should be planted at the same time
with corn, to be cut with corn and put in silo at same
time. By so doing you will greatly oblige

Lynchburg, Va. John Camm.

Soja beans should be planted at the same time as the
corn. Cow peas may be sown two or three weeks
later. — Ed.

Irish Potato Fertilizer.

In an article in your last number on the culture of
tomatoes, you speak of Bradley's Complete Potato
Manure. Will you please tell me whether that is a
manure for the Irish or sweet potato, and where it can
be procured, and at what price? Thanking you in
advance for your reply, I am, A. W. Graham.

This is an Irish potato manure, made in the North,
and not sold here so far as we know. Mapes' Potato
Fertilizer is equally effective for this crop, and can be
bought here from their agents, T. W. Wood & Sons. —
Ed.

Buckwheat.

Can Japanese buckwheat be grown here on good
land that will produce good wheat ?

Chesterfield county, Va. J. M. Mandees,

Yes.— Ed.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

221

Navy Beans.
Please tell me the best means of saving a crop of
navy beans, how to fertilize, the best kind of soil to
put them on, distance to plant, etc.

Subscriber.

Not knowing who this is nor where he lives, it is
impossible to advise, as climate has a good deal to do
with bean culture, and in most places in the South a
man had better let navy beans alone as a crop to make
profit out of. Our climate is against them, and we
cannot compete with the North in bean culture for
profit. For home use, one can grow them on light,
dry land, and they do not require as rich land as some
other crops, but the proportion of rotten beans will be
much greater here than Northward.

As a rule, I take no notice of letters where the
writer is ashamed to sign his name or give his address,
and I write this merely to say that there is little chance
for any one to grow white beans at a profit in the
South. Better grow something better adapted to the
climate. W. F. Massey.

Seeding to Clover and Grass.

I have a piece of land upon which I raised a crop
of peas last year, and will sow it in peas again this
spring. After this crop, I want to get it in grass and
clover if possible. What time should I sow the clover ?
Would you advise sowing in oats or wheat in the fall,
or sow the clover alone ? Or would it be well to sow
some other grass with it ! The land is thin — a soft,
gray soil. I want to use acid phosphate freely on the
peas this spring. A Subscriber.

Fluvanna county, Va.

Cut off the pea crop in August and make into hay,
leaving a good, high stubble. Then plow this stubble
down and work into fine tilth. Sow seven lbs. of red
clover, half a bushel of orchard grass, half a bushel
of herds grass, and half a bushel of tall meadow oat
grass per acre on the land in September. Harrow in
lightly and roll. This should give you a good stand
before winter. — Ed.

Paris green is best applied to the potato crop in the
form of powder, and not mixed with water. It is
more economical and effective used in this way. It is
applied either by a pair of bellows made for the pur-
pose and called a potato gun, or by a sifter. The Paris
green should be mixed with plaster at the rate of one
lb. of Paris green to 100 lbs. of plaster, or it may be
mixed with flour or fine dust. If mixed with water,
to be applied through a sprayer, two tablespoonfuls
should be mixed in each bucket of water and be kept
well stirred. The quantity necessary to be applied
per acre will depend on the attacks of the bugs.
Sometimes one dressing will be sufficient ; at other
times it may be necessary to go over the crop two or
three times. If the crop is sprayed with Bordeaux
mixture to prevent blight, then the Paris green may
be mixed in the Bordeaux mixture at the rate of half
a pound to the barrel of mixture. — Ed.

Shipping Crates and Baskets— Paris Green Required
for Potato Crop.

Will you please answer through the next issue of
the Southern Planter the following questions: When
fruit and vegetables are sent to Northern markets, are
the crates and baskets in which they are shipped re-
turned free of charge ?

How much Paris green does it take to an acre of
potatoes for one dressing ?

Goochland county, Va. James J. Koch.

Most of the crates and baskets now used for shipping
fruit to Northern markets are called " gift crates and
baskets." They are not returned to the shippers, but
go to the buyers of the fruit. Such barrels aud crates
as are returned are charged for at a reduced rate.

Rats and Mice Eating Seed in the Ground.

Will you please be kind enough to answer in your
May number if there is any way or remedy for keep-
ing out or destroying ground rats? We are terribly
annoyed with them this season. They are going from
hill to hill of the cauteloupes and melons and totally
destroying all the seed in the hills.

T. B. Evans.

We have known mice to be very troublesome eatiDg
seed after planted, and have had complaints that moles
do so, but never before heard of rats doing this. We
have caught the mice with traps set on the ground over
the rows or hills, and moles can be caught in traps set
in their rnns. Possibly if small balls of cotton are
soaked in carbon bisulphide and put into the runs or
holes, or in the hills, this would stop the mischief.
The smell of this drug is death to all small animals
and insects. Use carefully, as it is very explosive. — Ed.

NOTES.

CLOVER AND GRASS SEED.

There is no difficulty, as your correspondent "K. B."
imagines, about getting grass and clover when sown
alone, and I have no doubt that so far as the imme-
diate results in the clover and grass it may be the
better plan. But, as a matter of farm practice in a
rotation, I do not believe it is a good practice. We
hear a great deal about the killing out of young grass
from the sudden removal of the grain crop, but the
fact is, that in all my experience I have never failed
to get a good stand of grass and clover when sown with
grain but once, and that was not the fault of the grain
but the frost that killed the young clover as it came
up. Nor have I ever seen a good stand of grass and
clover that was destroyed by the taking off of the grain
crop. Theoretically, it is best to have but one crop
on the ground at a time ; but as a matter of farm econ-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

omy, I have found that it is best, as a rule, to sow all
clover and grass, except when I might be making a
lawn, with a small grain crop. I have seen red clover
sown here with oats in September that was in full
bloom and almost as tall as the oats the last of May,
and was just as able to stand the cutting of the oats
as though there had been no oats, while the oats had
done their part in the protection of the young clover
in the September heat and the winter cold. Where
clover is sown in the spring I have no doubt that it
will do better sown alone. But every man must be
his own judge as to whether he can afford to sow in
this way.

VELVET BEANS.

Do not be too sure of the velvet bean for this lati-
tude. They failed to mature at Southern Pines last
year, and this is nearly 70 miles south of Raleigh. "We
have planted here this year, and hope to have some-
thing to report, but I fear that the velvet bean is only
for the far South.

ARTICHOKES.

They have some value, of course, but when I think
of the struggle years ago which I had in Maryland, in
tin- vain effort to get rid of the things, I do not feel
like advising any one to plant them. Of the two nui-
sances I would rather have Johnson grass on my farm
than artichokes.

SOJA BEANS.

Mr. Bellwood is right in his estimate of their value.
One experiment with them here as ensilage showed
that they are well adapted to this use and that the
Bilage was of superior quality. But as the soja grows
tall and erect, I believe the best way to secure it where
it is to be made into dry fodder is to cut it with the
same machine we use for cutting and binding corn.
Bound in sheaves, it will be easier to handle and to
cure. This is merely a suggestion.

IMPROVED CORN.

The success of the Messrs. Woods in producing and
growing seed corn is an example of what I have often
insisted upon, that the improvement of our corn crop
mast come from selection from corn grown here and
not from far-fetched sorts. Now, let me suggest, as I
have done before, that the improvement must be kept
ap by selecting from the lower ears so as to get the
col 11 more sturdy and not so tall, and to continue the
habit of bearing more ears than one. Our Southern
com has gotten into the habit of making one ear be-
cause the only selection practiced has been to take the
finest ear-, and these are usually the top ears of the
stalk, which tend to develop the habit of making siu-
gleears. But the lower ears tend towards fixing the
habit of making ears still above. Nearly all of our
farmers will tell you that they prefer to have one big

ear on the stalk of the mammoth cob kind, but I have
never seen a man who could give a good reason for
preferring the big cob tall-growing corn to the sturdy
twin eared sort.

Mr. Wood says that his corn grows tall. I would
suggest that the future selection should be towards the
lessening of the height and thus enabling the plaut to
develop better in close planting. Mammoth stalks are
one of the faults of our Southern corn, and they ne-
cessitate wider planting. Any improvement in a
plant should take in the character of the entire plant
and not a single quality. Having gotten so good a
starting point, Mr. Woods has only to select seed prop-
erly to develop a wonderful variety of corn. I wish
that I was so situated as to work at it myself, for it
seems to be the corn needed for the middle South.
Had I not planted another sort in my plat experi-
ments I would have planted this corn the present year,
and hope to do so another season.

W. F. Massev.

POISONING THE CUT-WORMS.

""Prof. J. B. Smith, Entomolo"gist of the New Jersey
Experiment Station, recommends placing in different
parts of fields to be planted in spring balls of clover
which have been poisoned with Paris green. The
clover may be poisoned by spraying it while growing,
or it may be made into loose balls and dipped into the
poisoned liquid until thoroughly wet. In order to
have the bait as fresh and attractive as possible, it
should be prepared and applied after the heat of the
day is over. No plants should be set out until the
poisoned bait has bad an opportunity to act for two
nights at least.

Mr. Oliver Perry, of Beverly, N. J., has found cut-
worms to be very foud of wheat bran. He protects
his sweet potato plants by putting in each hill a spoon-
ful of bran, to which Paris green has been added, and
the whole moistened so as to form a soft mush. In
every case this served as a complete protection to his
plants, the larvoe invariably preferring the poisoned
bran. As Mr. Perry was a perfectly reliable man,
and this method had been used with some success in
the Western States agaiust grasshoppers and other in-
sects, I published it in a suggestive note in the
"Weekly Crop Bulletin" of the State Weather Ser-
vice. Many of the farmers to whom this came adopted
the suggestion at once, and soon letters were received
highly re.ommending the efficiency of the measure.
All who tried it found it absolutely successful, aud
claim that they lost not a plant after using it.

Mix dry wheat bran with Paris greeen or London
purple sufficiently to color it faintly. The proportions
are not important, but may be in weight about one of
poison to fifty of bran. The mixture should be as
complete as possible, that every particle of the bran
carries its particle of the arsenic, and then water
should be added to make a soft mush that can be
ladled out with a spoon without dripping. The water
may be a little sweetened to add to the attractiveness
of the mixture and to make it a little more sticky. A
teaspoonful should be placed on each hill of plants to
be protected, and this should be done ou the evening
of the day the plants are first set out. — Southern Farmer.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

All danger of severe killing frost being now fairly
past, fall crops of all vegetables may be sown, to be
followed later in the mouth and in the succeeding
mouth with successional sowings, so as to keep up the
supply for the table as long as possible. Snap beans,
pole beans, lima beans and butter beans, being more
tender than English peas, should not be sown too early
in the month, unless the weather be warm and appa
rently settled. A slight frost cuts them badly when
only just out of the ground. The Dwarf lima beans
will be found a good variety to plant, and will save
the necessity for setting poles. For tall limas, butter
beans and pole beans, see that good poles are set in
the ground to the depth of a foot before planting the
beans, and it will save damage to the crops in the
event of high winds if these poles are braced together
at the tops by rods extending from pole to pole in both
directions. Neither peas nor beans require very rich
land for their production, but it should be of good
average fertility and be worked fine. A light dressing
of farm yard manure or a fertilizer with 2 per cent, of
ammonia, 7 per cent, of phosphoric acid, and 5 or 6
per cent, of potash, applied at the rate of 250 or 300
lbs. to the acre, will be found sufficient.

all crops planted earlier in the season growing by fre-
quent cultivation.

Keep on the watch for insect pests and fungous at-
tacks on the trees and plants, and apply the ri medies
given in the spray calendar, which will be found in
our last issue.

The strawberry crop will go to the market this
month. See that it is shipped in nice order, in clean,
well filled crates. Read the article in our last issue on
" Careful Grading and Honest Packing."

Canteloupes, melons, cucumbers and squashes should
be sown. Iu our last issue will be found an article on
watermelon growing, to which we refer our readers.
The same methods will apply to canteloupes, cucum-
bers and squashes, only giving less space between the
hills. Dust the young plants with bone dust when
wet with dew to prevent injury by the melon louse
and bugs.

Tomatoes, egg plants, pepper plants and sweet pota-
toes should not be set out until the middle of the
month, and should be carefully hardened off before
being set out. Keep the frames in which they are
growing uncovered during all mild weather, but close
up at night on any indication of frost. All these crops
require the land to be rich and finely broken. Egg
plants should be helped by plenty of good farm yard
manure being placed under them. A top dressing of
nitrate of soda given to tomatoes, egg plants and pep-
per plants after they have commenced to grow will
greatly help them, but do not let it touch the leaves.

Onion seed and onion sets not already in the ground
should be put in at once.

Plant out successional crops of cabbages and keep

THE STRAWBERRY CROP IN VIRGINIA.

The production of strawberries for the Northern aud
Western markets is extending over the State into new
sections. The Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac
toad are expecting to ship considerable quantities
from points on their road between Richmond and
Quantico, especially from Guinea, Milford, and adja-
cent places in that section. These berries will go
North in refrigerator cars by express trains, and will
thus reach market in fine condition.

The Chesapeake & Ohio road will ship large quan-
tities from Piedmont Virginia to the West. These
will be sent in refrigerator cars, iced at Charlottesville,
and will go by quick through trains to Cincinnati and
other Western markets, with facilities afforded for
dropping off cars at intermediate markets. Both
these railroads express themselves as anxious to do
everything in their power to meet the requirements of
growers so that the product can be put in fine order
upon distant markets.

The crop from Tidewater Virginia will go North by
quick trains over the Eastern Shore road and by boats,
both means of shipment giving excellent service. This
crop is likely to be a very large one and of fine qual-
ity, and should return much money to the growers.

THE CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROP.

Notwithstanding the fact that the frosts in the first
week in April were severe and frequent, yet the re-
ports we receive from the various sections indicate
that much less damage was done than at first appeared
probable. At the outset, it appeared as though the
peach, plum, pear and cherry crops had been destroyed.
The mild weather iu March had hastened the blooming
period, and at the time of the frosts the trees were
covered with bloom even as far north as the northern
sections of this State. In the eastern parts of the State
many growers reported to us very serious damage done

m

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

[May

who have later told us that they overrated the damage.
Several of these now say that they will have a fair
crop, both of peaches, plums and cherries, if there
should be no further frost. In very exposed situations,
no doubt, much damage was done. Apples do not,
however, appear to have suffered, as they were not
sufficiently advanced. This is very consoling, as after
all. this is the staple fruit crop of the State.

A CHEAP SUBSTITUTE FOR PARIS QREEN.

Paris green is a good insecticide, but is somewhat
troublesome to use in liquid form, as it does not dis-
solve readily, and needs constant agitation to keep it
from settling.

If allowed to settle at all, the distribution is not
uniform, aud injury is likely to result to the foliage of
some plants, while the insect on other plants escape.
Moreover, it is unduly expensive, whether used dry
or in the form of a spray.

White arsenic, in a soluble form, costs about one-
third as much as Paris green aud gives no trouble in
the way of settling.

Dissolve two pounds of commercial white arsenic
aud four pounds of carbonate of soda (washing soda)
in two gallons of water, aud use one and one-half pints
to a barrel of Bordeaux mixture (50 gallons).

The easiest way to make the solution is to put both
the white arsenic aud carbonate of soda in a gallon of
boiling water and keep boiling about fifteen minutes
or until a clear liquid is formed, and then dilute to
two gallons.

Oue and one half pints of this solution to each barrel
of Bordeaux mixture is sufficient to use when spraying
for potato blight and potato bugs, for apple scab and
apple worms, or for any other purpose where a com-
bination mixture for fungi and insects is required.

This combination has been fully tested at the Ohio
Experiment Station and found to be quite as effective
as the Paris green and Bordeaux mixture combination,
aud, for the reasons given above, is much to be pre-
ferred.— Ohio Experiment Station.

SHIPHENTS OF VIRGINIA APPLES IN 1897
OVER THE C. & O. RAILROAD.

Editor Southern Planter:

Referring to your personal interview with the
writer, we beg to hand you herewith a statement of
the number of barrels of apples shipped from the
various stations on the line of the Chesapeake and
Ohio Railway for the calendar year 1897.

As Mated to you, we think that this statement if
published in your valuable paper will be of interest
to the farmers and fruit growers generally , and will
demonstrate to them that, notwithstanding the fact
that !t2,999 barrels were shipped during that period,
many more could have been sold at good prices.
This may induce them to put in young orchards, and
will ultimately, we hope, make Virginia the apple-

growing State of the Union. There is no reason why
this should not be the case, aud the C. & O. Railway
will lend their best efforts in that direction.

Yours truly, E D. Hotchkiss,
General Freight Agent, Richmond, Ya.

Statement shotting quantity of apples, in barrels, shipped
from all C. cv 0. Railway stations, in State of Vir-
ginia, during the year 1897 :

Newport News...

Morrison

Grove ••

Williamsburg

Diascund

Roxbury..

Atlees

Ashcake

Hanover

Doswell

Hewlett

Tyler

Bumpass

Buckner

Pendleton

Louisa

Trevilian

Melton

Gordonsville

Lindsay

Cobham ■

Campbell

Keswick

Shadwell

Charlottesville....

Ivy

Mechums River..

Crozet

Greenwood

Afton

Waynesboro

Fishersville

Staunton

Swoope

Buffalo Gap

Augusta Springs,

Goshen

Millboro

185

32

28

224

55

11

4S

1

47

24

176

37

103

271

133

1,46S

910

53

1,467

180

1,215

1,033

755

266

4,673

4,531

483

19.929

6,614

11.624

4,689

2,493

14,706

1,591

2

1

73

149

Covington

Alleghany

Boscobel.

Lee

Maidens

Rock Castle

West View

Stokes

Columbia

Boswell

Bremo.

Orange

Shores

Hardware

Paynes

Hatton

Warren

Howardsville

Highland

Manteo

Warminster

Midway

Wingina

Norwood..

Lynchburg

Coleman

Big Island

Glasgow

Greenlee

Indian Rock

Eagle Mountain..

Buchanan

Springwood

Arvonia

White Hall

East Lexington...

416

18

1

28

127

31

16

14

2,410

42

773

1,485

459

62

9

213

71

63

4

75

3

80

233

22

369

1,253

2,066

33

106

1,129

18

2

152

83

30

582

Total 92,999

The foregoing return, notwithstanding that it shows
the sale of nearly 100,000 barrels of apples, by no
means discloses the total sales of this product by the
State. It merely gives the statistics of those shipped
over one line of railroad. There is a large production
of apples in the southwestern part of the State and
also in the northern part of the Valley of Virginia,
none of which would be shipped over the C. & O.
Railroad. Probably the total apple product of the
State last year was nearer 200,000 barrels than 100,000.
The return, however, shows a most gratifying result
from that section of the State especially noted ./or the
production of the celebrated Albemarle Pippin and
other high priced apples, and indicates that a large

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

225

sum of money passed into the hands of our orchard-
ists. With greater attention to the fertilization of the
orchards, the spraying of the trees, and the planting
of new orchards to take the place of old ones now run
out, and to increase the area devoted to fruit in those
sectious of the State especially adapted to its produc
tiou, the apple crop may yet come to be one of the
great staple products of the State. One thing is cer-
tain, no State in the Union can grow better apples
than Virginia, and in none is it a more certain crop.
—Ed.

TRUCK AND FRUIT CROPS IN TIDEWATER
VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter :

The frost to date has done but little damage in the
trucking belt around Norfolk. One of our leading
berry growers places the damage at 10 per cent. In
other words, he says we have the promise of 90 per
cent, of a full crop of strawberries. He says the crop
is going to be large — almost too large, he fears — and
thinks a farther reduction of the crop by natural
causes would be a blessing. The crop south of Nor-
folk in North Carolina has been injured quite mate-
rially, except where it was mulched.

It is thought that the Southern crop will not be more
than one-half a marketable crop — i. e., such fruit as is
suited for shipping to Northern and Western markets.

Frost injured the radish crop here quite seriously.
Kale and spinach have been marketed at fairly good
figures. Cabbage is looking well, and peas are coming
on finely ; a good crop of each, both in size and con-
dition.

Fruit has generally escaped frost this spring, and
great abundance is promised. I cannot speak about
other sections of country or of the State, however.
Several times on the daily bulletins issued by the gov-
ernment I noticed "heavy frost" south and southwest
of Norfolk. Here and there, especially on low ground
back from the sea, we had light damage from these
frosts in spots.

The potato crop is large in area and promises well.
We are now able to send a barrel of potatoes to New
York or Philadelphia for 20 cents ; a 30 dozen crate of
eggs for 15 cents (one half cent per dozen) ; a barrel
of kale or spinach for 12 to 15 cents ; and a barrel of
cabbage for 15 to 17 cents. The special low rate of
freight our farmers secure, the fine garden lands here,
and our climate, all togethar conspire to cause the
trucking or market garden business to be overdone.

The section around Norfolk is a most singular one
in this respect. It has too much to sell and it buys too
much. Two wrongs never yet made one right.

A. Jeffers.
3

AN EXPERIMENT IN ONION GROWING.

An interesting experiment in onion growing by Mr.
Bloomfield, of Paerata, near Puekekohe, is reported
by the New Zealand Farmer. An onion of good size
and condition was shown, the bulb being described as
the result of planting for certain seasons bulbs thrown
off from seedling onions, as one plants potato onions.
His object was to test the practicability of establish-
ing from ordinary seedling onions a strain that could
be planted like potato onions and produce marketable
bulbs the next season instead of running to seed. He
began by planting the bulbs from a chance seedling
which divided into a double onion. From this stock
he has raised onions as large as the average size of a
potato onion. Alongside of these good bulbs a flower
stalk is thrown up each year, but which does not ap-
parently affect the size and quality of the onions grow-
ing on the same roots. In time the tendency to pro-
duce seed stalks may be lessened, as gardeners know,
even in the case of potato onions, several will often send
up a seed stalk, p7-oducing generally more or less
abortive flowers. Mr. Bloomfield claims for his ex-
periments that they point to the possibility of pro-
ducing strains of onions that can be planted from the
bulbs of different superior varieties of seedling onions,
which will be an improvement in quality upon the
so called potato variety.

On the Sans Souci truck farm, owned by J. F. Gar-
rell & Co., two miles from the city ot Wilmington,
N. C there was in sight on December 24 last $110,000
to $115,070 worth of lettuce. There were fifty-five
beds from 100 to ISO yards long each, the plants filling
every inch of space between the frames. The beds
were all under canvas, covering an area of seven acres.
The crop commenced moving the last week in Decem-
ber in car load lots to Northern markets, the season
extending to about the 15th of April or 1st of May.
Last year the owneis netted $2,100 from one acre of
lettuce.

Superintendent J. W. Mills, of the Pomona Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, has succeeded in a unique
agricultural experiment — the grafting of a morning
glory on a sweet potato vine. As a result, both plants
attained an unusually large growth. One sweet potato
vine produced twenty one pounds of potatoes, the
average being from ten to twelve pounds.

For peach borers, one of the most common remedies
is an alkaline wash consisting of soft soap and wash-
ing soda mixed to a consistency of paint, with enough
carbolic acid to give an odor. Apply the wash with
a stiff brush at various times during the season. :J§£g

Infested trees of all kinds, wheter attacked by in-
sects or fungous diseases, must be stimulated to vigor-
ous growth. This will do more to put them in good
condition and control the pest than any other remedy.

Mention Tlte Planter to your friends.

226

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

Live Stock and Dairy.

DAIRY INFORMATION.

Prof. W. D. Sauuders, of the Dairy Department of
the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Experiment
Station, Blacksburg, Va., writes us that he will be
glad to reply, through the columus of The Planter, to
any enquiries addressed to him on dairy subjects. We
trust that our readers will avail themselves of this
opportunity of obtaining information from so good a
source. Enquiries should reach him not later than
the 15th of the month to be replied to in the follow-
ing issue.

ENSILAGE AS A FEED — IMPROVED COWS.

At the Mountain Side Farm at Mahwah, N. J., now
owned by Mr. John Mayer, which contains an area of
nearly 3,000 acres, and where is kept one of the finest
herds of dairy cows in the world, ensilage is largely
relied upon as a winter feed. The land has been so
scientifically cultivated that last year the yield of en
silage corn was 33 tons to the acre, and this was pro
duced and made ready for feeding to the cows at a cost
of 83 cents per ton. About 2,000 tons are put up
every year. The average yield of ensilage corn
throughout the United States is about 9 tons to the
acre, at a cost of about $1.65 per ton. At Mahwah
the exact cost of every crop raised is known to its
smallest portion. For nearly twenty years the cows
have been bred for a large flow of milk. Inferior cows
have been rigidly culled out, condemned by their
daily records of small yields. Last year the cows each
produced on an average 6,250 lbs. of milk. The
average yield per cow throughout the State of New
York is 2,900 lbs. In Virginia, the average yield per
cow in 1890 was about 2,400 lbs. per head, and we do
not suppose that it is now much more. What a lesson
is conveyed to our farmers by this Mountain Side ex-
perience in ensilage growing and improving cows.
Here ire keep cows. There the cows keep their owner.
Notwithstanding the fact that ensilage is so largely fed
at Mountain Side Farm, yet the milk is recognized by
the highest authorities— the leading physicians in New
York— as the best that can be obtained. The owner
guarantees 20 per cent, of cream on each bottle of
milk, and sells all he can supply at 10 cents per quart.
This is a significant commentary on the condemnation
of ensilage as a food for dairy cows by so many milk
factories. Properly made, and fed under proper sani
tary conditions, and the milk cooled and ffirated as
soon as drawn, no cheaper or better food can be fed to
cows than good ensilage.

HOG CHOLERA AND TEXAS FEVER.

A subscriber asks us to give some information about
how to prevent and cure hog cholera aud Texas fever.
We have written so much and so fully on these sub-
jects during the past year or two that we had thought
our readers were now well posted on the matter. A
reference to the last two volumes of the Planter will
bear us out in this statement. There is no cure for
either disease. Some cattle and some hogs survive
the attacks, not as the result of any treatment, but
from superior vitality or the mildness of the disease ;
but after years of most careful experiments by the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of
Agriculture, it has been unable to find a specific for
either disease. Texas fever can be prevented by keep-
ing the ticks, which are the medium through which
the disease is propagated, from getting on to the stock
by careful isolation of all cattle from those infected
with ticks, and by keeping cattle from pastures In-
fected with ticks until they have ben cleared by being
kept free from cattle for a year at least. Experiments
are now being conducted in Texas with a dipping
solution, and if these experiments should bear out the
promise already given, we have great hope of seeing
a check put to the spread of the disease.

Hog cholera is now the subject of a series of experi-
ments which are beiug conducted by the Bureau of
Animal Industry. The efficacy of inoculation as a
cure is being thoroughly tested. The preliminary ex-
periments promised good results, and we are sanguine
of a greater measure of success with this than any
other remedy tried. Pure spring water for the hogs
to drink ; cleanliness and plenty of vegetable feed,
with wood ashes and sulphur mixed toge her always
kept in reach of the hogs, are the best preventives.

We will give the results of the experiments so soon
as they are announced.

THE OUTLOOK IN THE STOCK MARKET.

Writing on this subject in the Breeders' Gazette, Mr.
J. A. Power, of North Dakota, after a careful consid-
eration of all the faf tors going to influence the prices
in the live stock markets, thus sums up his opinion :

Considering all these carefully, I am forced to the
conclusion that top prices are not now, nor will they
be, reached within the next twelve months, nor per-
haps in the next twenty-four. I will not say when
maximum values will be realized nor to what prices
they will reach, but I will say. as my own opinion,
that I will be disappointed if prices do not reach a
higher figure than seven cents in Chicago before there
is any decline. Present prices are low enough and

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEE.

227

they are warranted. Breeding stock is good property
to hold, but those who are willing to sell at present
prices will readily find purchasers with longer heads
who will take their stock. By all means hold good
heifers.

That there will be a time to sell is. of course, certain,
but it is not now. After awhile prices will tend down-
wards ; then sell, but do not mistake a slight drop
that may come this summer as meaning a start on the
decline.

HEREFORDS AT CASTALIA, VA.

In our last issue we noted the purchase of the great
bull "Imported Salisbury" for $3,000, by Mr. Murray
Boocock. We have a letter from Mr. Boocock, saying
that since he bought the bull he has bought a grand
cow by Peerless Wilton out of Jessie 3d by Sir Bich-
ard 2d, and a calf by Lars. Peerless Wilton has sired
more prize winners than any other Hereford bull liv-
ing. Lars was second prize bull at the World's Fair
and first and champion prize winner as a two-, three-
aul four-year old at all the priucipal fairs, and was
the head of the herd winning grand sweepstakes at the
great live stock show at Madison Square Garden in
1896.

Princess, one of the finest cows at Castalia, has
dropped a fine bull calf by Royalist. Eoyalist traces
to The Grove 3d on both sides, and Princess is a com
bination of the blood of The Grove 3d. Sir Bartle
Frere, and Sir Biehard 2d. This calf should make a
graud animal. Virginia has cause to be proud of so
great a breeder as Mr. Boocock.

AN INVALUABLE BOOK FOR FARMERS.

Feeds and Feeding. A Handbook for the Student
and Stockman. 658 pages. Size of page, 6 x 9
inches. By W. A. Henry, Director of the Wiscon
sin Experiment Station. Published by the Author,
Madison, Wis. For sale by The Southern Plauter
Publishing Co., Eichmond, Va. Price. $2, postpaid.

This is one of the most valuable publications ever
issued from the press for American farmers — indeed,
for farmers everywhere. It is a complete compendium
of all the available information on animal nutrition,
the growth of plants, the elaboration of food for ani-
mate, and the processes of digestion, assimilation and
nutrition. Every kind of stock food is discussed, and
the results of experiments made by the highest au-
thorities with each kind is stated and fully explained.
Part III of the book deals directly with the feeding of
each different animal, the horse, the breeding steer,
the milk cow, the sheep, the hog, and the raising of
all these different animals, and the most economical
and judicious way in which to bring about the best
results. The acknowledged position of Prof. Henry

as the highest authority on all these questions in this
country, and the invaluable work which he has done
at the Wisconsin Experiment Station, makes every
statement in this book of undoubted weight and au-
thority. Accuracy and thoroughness has been the
leading characteristic of Prof. Henry in all that he
has undertaken, and this book is a model of painstak-
ing labor and ability. We wish that the book could
be placed in the hand of every farmer. The price is
a marvel of cheapness for so large and valuable a book.
With this book and Prof. Eoberts' recently published
work on "The Fertility of the Land," a farmer can
be so equipped with information on every branch of
work on the farm that if he goes wrong it will be his
own fault entirely. To attempt to farm without them
is simply to wilfully ignore the opportunity of secur-
ing success. The two books together only cost $3.25.
They are more than the equivalent in value to any in-
telligent farmer of a costly course of instruction at an
agricultural college and experiment station and a life's
work on the farm.

HEREFORDS AT MANNSFIELD STOCK FARM,
VIRGINIA.

In our last issue we announced the purchase of a
bull, "Oliver Anxiety," by Mr. Win. Mann from Mr.
Boocock, and there, inadvertently, were led into an
error in stating his breeding. This bull was out of
Victoria Anxiety by Oliver, and not out of Princess,
and was bred by Mr. E. M. Gillett, of Verona, Md.,
an old breeder and advertiser in our columns, who is
entitled to the credit for this animal. Mr. Boocock
purchased Victoria Anxiety from Mr. Gillett in calf,
and the calf was dropped at Verona. Mr. Boocock
developed the calf and sold him to Mr. Mann. He
has some of the best Hereford blood on this continent
in his breeding and should prove a great sire.

LICE ON HOGS.

Editor Southern Planter:

A correspondent in a recent number of the Planter
advises, iu case hogs have lice on them, that tar be
placed ou their rubbing places as a remedy. I have
found a thorough rubbing of each hog with axle grease
to be a very effectual remedy for lice. The grease will
immediately kill every louse it touches.

Campbell county, Va. L. C. Ashee.

[We always used kerosene oil for killing lice ou
hog*. The best way to apply it is by a watering can
with a fine rose over the nozzle. Sprinkle them as
you would a bed of seeds with water. — Ed.]

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

228

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

ESSEX MOOS.
Their Origin and History,

Editor Southern Planter:

Knowing, as I do, that the profitable and economi-
cal production of pork is a matter that deeply inter
ests every truly progressive farmer, I take pleasure in
furnishing a few facts concerning this most excellent
and profitable breed of swine for the information of
those who have given this subject less study than my-
self, trusting that it may not be altogether uninterest
ing to the readers of your valuable periodical.

The Essex has always been a popular breed of
swine ; they are of Euglish origin — have been bred in
this country for more than three fourths of a century,
the date of the first importation reachiug as far back
as 1821. This, however, was what is known as the
Original English Essex, being different, in many re-
spects, from our Essex of to day ; they were much
smaller in size, and always carried more or less of
white about their shoulders and legs.

weight English breed is, to our mind, one of the very
best breeds ever introduced into the United States."

They combine great stamina and vigor of constitu-
tion— the sows being very prolific breeders and good
mothers, the males making excellent crosses on our
coarser and native breeds.

In disposition, they are quiet and docile, are good
grass hogs, and for fattening qualities they stand with-
out an equal. Can be fattened at any age. from four
weeks old and upward.

Their flesh is tender, juicy and sweet. In size, they
are medium to light weight, and, owing to this, they
never fail to command the highest market pi ice — this
size always bringing from 10 to 20 per cent, more per
pound than heavy weights.

The scale of points, as adopted by the American
Essex Swine Association, is as follows : Color, black ;
head, small, broad, and face dished ; ears, erect, slight-
ly drooping with age ; jowl, full and neat : neck short,
full and slightly arched ; back, broad, straight and

•»

L^L^H ^3^

^HH^H

pjr

k

—j

The first determined effort, says an authority, at
improvement of this breed is credited to Lord Weston.
who, while visiting in Italy, bought a pair of the Ne-
apolitan breed, and imported them to his estate in j
England. This was in 1840. They were then and there |
crossed on the native Essex. The results were exceed- '■
ingly gratifying to Lord Weston. Subsequent selec- ,
tions and breeding, which formed the modern type of!
Essex, was mainly the work of Fisher Hobbs, a ten- j
ant on Lord Weston's estate, and since this time they |
have been regarded as one of the very best English
breeds.

Great improvement, however, has been made on this
breed of swine, even within the last decade, and it is
now claimed by many that the improved up-to date
Essex are unrivaled for profitable and economical pro-
duction of pork.

Mr. A. H. Baker, high authority on the subject of
live stock, says of the Essex : "This medium to light

level: sides, deep and full, ribs well sprung: loin,
broad and strong ; flank, well let down ; ham, deep
and full ; tail, medium, fine and curled ; leg, firm,
straight and tapering : feet, small ; hair, fine, silky
and free from bristle ; action, easy and graceful. *

In our State, as yet, but little is known of this su-
perb breed of swine in their true, up-to-date form.
It was not until 1S91 that the first pair of improved
registered Essex were introduced into North Carolina.

In the fall of 1895, they were exhibited at our State
Fair, and of course easily won first preminms. and re-
ceived perhaps as many compliments as any hogs that
ever visited our Fair.

They were bred by Judge James M. Hanks, of He-
lena, Ark., and were certainly a credit to his skilful-
ness as a breeder.

Princess Caroline, A. E. S. A., 1150, is the name of
the sow above referred to. She is in fine breeding
shape, and has by her side to-day a litter of beautiful
little ••squealers.''

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

ii29

Her mate, Free Coinage, A. E. S. A., 683, was re-
cently disposed of, his breeding qualities having be
come impaired owing to his weight : he was, however,
very active and vigorous for a hog in his flesh.

Not until within the last fifteen years has this breed
received any marked attention in the United States,
since which time they have found a home in every
State in the Union, and the popular favor into which
they are growing wherever introduced is simply phe-
nomenal.

The public should be warned against spurious breed-
ers. If they desire to breed Essex, it is always wise
to buy of responsible breeders, so as to be assured of
success.

Chapel Hill, N. C. R. L. Stroud.

ENSILAGE AS A FEED FOR DAIRY COWS.

Editor Southern Planter:

Enclosed are copies of the minutes of the last two
meetings of the Woodlawn Farmer's Club. They will
partially explain themselves, though the discussion
drew out points not mentioned in the minutes. Mr.
Munroe's question is still unanswered as to the relative
value of corn ensilaged and its product fully ripened,
ground into meal, and the fodder cut or shredded and
fed in that condition. He is on a milk dairy farm,
and sees such immense quantities of other foods used
to supplement the ensilage that he is sceptical as to
its utility, especially as the health department of
Washington city is now demanding a purer and higher
grade of milk. I am a butter maker, and am not
couvinced of the necessity of going to the expense of
a silo. If I were a young man I might be induced to
•xperiment some. After 5S years of experience in
dairying both milk and butter, I am perfectly willing
to let the other fellow do the experimenting. I have
seen a great many fads come and go. One thing cer-
tain, our discussion has drawn out the fact, verified by
some of our largest feeders of ensilage, that unless fed
judiciously it will taint milk. Those are just the
words used.

Fairfax Co., Ya. E. E. Masox.

The following extract from the minutes bear upon
the points raised for discussion.

"Mr. Munroe asked if it was possible to obtain first-
class dairy products by feeding ensilage, exclusively,
as a long feed, grain being given in the usual quan-
tities.

Those present who had had experience with eusilage
concurred in the opinion that it was impossible to
obtain best results with ensilage as an exclusive ration,
but that the maximum of quantity and quality could be
produced by feeding ensilage judiciously, mixing it
with such other grains and feed as will produce a well
balanced ration. The advantages of ensilage men-
tioned were furnishing the necessary succulent food
for winter to supplant summer pastures, the storiug of
large quantities of food in a small space, the cheap
production of a large quantity of feed and the com-
plete clearing early in the fall of the land upon which

the crop is grown, that it may be easily and early pre-
pared and sown to winter grains. Ensilage growers
now allow their corn to mature more than they did
formerly.

******^:^

A discussion on the subject of ensilage was intro-
duced by the reading of two articles pro and con from
the Cultivator and Country Gentleman and during the
discussion Mr. Wm. B. Powell, of the firm of Powell
Bros., of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, who was
present as a visitor and came in late, was introduced
and gave an interesting talk on the whole subject of
milk production. His views on ensilage were about
the same as those expressed at our last meeting. He
thought an injudici us use of it would injure diges-
tion and induce impaction. Also that the dry nature
of our natural grasses made it necessary for us to pro-
vide a greater quantity of succulent food to get best
results in milk production and that a perhaps better
and safer food though more expensive could be pre-
pared by shredding and steaming properly cured corn
fodder. He seemed to think the ideal silo is a round
one, very deep and the diameter proportioned to the
size of the herd, so that by feeding from the top the
ensilage will be used fast enough to prevent spoiling
from exposure to the atmosphere. He thought the
best ensilage they have made was put up about as
follows : They cut the corn, in the usual way, into the
silo 4 or 5 feet deep without packing and let it remain
until it began to get very hot, about 24 to 48 hours.
Then they thoroughly tramped and rammed that down
tight, driving out the heat with the ste;fm, and filled
in 4 or 5 feet more, proceeding in the same way till the
Bilo was full. This had the effect of cooking the
ensilage and then canning it air-tight and it came out
nice and sweet."

Prof. W. A. Henry, the highest authority in this
country on the feeding of live stock, in his new work
on "Feeds and Feeding," which ought to be in the
hands of every farmer, says on this question of silage
and fodder corn :

"Feeding tests with silage and fodder corn, made at
the Vermont and Wisconsin Stations, were conducted
as follows : In each case, two rows of corn across the
field were cut and placed in shocks, while the next
two rows were run through the feed cutter and placed
in the silo. By thus alternating until the silo was
filled, equal quantities of material of the same com-
position were obtained. The dried fodder so produced
was run through a feed cutter, and fed in opposition
to the silage to dairy cows, with equal quantities of
hay and grain.

The results at the Vermont Station were as follows :

14,262 pounds green fodder, when dried, fed with a
uniform daily allowance of hay and grain, produced
7, OSS pounds of milk.

14,262 pounds of green fodder corn, converted into
silage, and fed with same daily ration of hay and
grain, produced 8,525 pounds of milk.
At the Wisconsin Station the results were :

From 29,SO0 pounds of green fodder were obtained
24.440 pounds of silage, which fed with 1,648 pounds
of hay and 2,8S4 pounds of grain, produced 7,496
pounds of milk, containing 340.4 pounds of fat.

230

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

From 29,800 pounds of green fodder were obtained
7,330 pounds of field cured fodder corn, which fed
with L,567 pounds of hay and 2 743 pounds of grain,
produced 7,119 pounds of milk, containing 318.2
pouuds of fat.

At the Vermont Station the silage ration produced 837
pounds, or 1 1 per cent, more milk, than was obtained
from the dry fodder ration.

At the Wisconsin Station the silage ration yielded 377
pounds more milk and 22 pounds more fat, a differ-
ence iu favor of silage of 5 per cent, in milk and fi
per cent in fat.

At the New Jersey Station, Voorhees and Lane con
ducted a trial with silage and fodder corn for milk
production. A field of 15 acres was planted in corn
in rows 3 feet 0 inches apart, with the stalks 8
iDches apart in the row. The crop was harvested
the first week in September, when the ears were be-
ginning to glaze. The corn from 12 acres was run
through the feed cutter and placed in a silo, 11.25
tons beiug the average yield of green forage per
acre The crop of three acres was harvested by
cutting and shocking in the usual manner. After
curing for one month the forage was stored in the
barn, the average yield being 4.1 tons of dry fodder
per acre. The cost for cutting, shocking, storing
the fodder, and running it through the feed cutter,
was $10.31 per acre. The total losses in dry matter
were assumed to be practically equal for the two
methods. The changes iu the fodder were found to
be an increase iu crude fibre and a decrease in
protein ash«ind nitrogen free extract. The changes
in the silo resulted in the conversion of about two-
thirds of the albuminoids into amides. Two lots of
four cows each were fed silage and fodder respec-
tively, the feeds for the lots being reversed at the
closeof the first period iu order that both lots might
be tested upon the same feed. The rations were so
compounded that the fodder or ensilage furnished at
hast one half the total dry matter and two thirds the
digestible carbohydrates. The silage was eaten
without waste, while a portion of the fodder was
left uneaten. Both lots of cows gained iu weight
during the trial. The production of milk and fat
is shown in the following table :

^

s

-

>.*

aj o

5

—

r o

■a

.- -

~ _

— —

>->

.8 >.

>>

P

>>e

.

&

SQ

H

"^

*-

H

<

Lbs

24 2,276.2

Dry fodder ration 24 2,017.9

Gain from silage

Per cent. <>f increase 12 8

Lbs.

3.78

21.0

2 7

0.08

Lbs.

Lbfl.

86 15

.897

78 02

.813

8.13

.084

10.4

It will be seen that the silage ration produced 12.8
per cent, more milk and 10.4 per cent more fat than
did the dry forage."

On the relative merits of silage and dry fodder corn
he says :

"The losses of nutrients in the two methods of cur-

ing are about equal : the digestibility of corn silage
and of dry fodder is practically the same. Actual
feeding trials with dairy cows have shown that silage
usually gives better results than a corresponding
amount of dry fodder. The difference in favor of
silage is probably due in part to the fact that cattle
usually reject the dry butts of the cornstalk even when
cut fine, while in silage this part is readily eaten.
Thus, with a given amount of forage of either kind,
somewhat more of that in the form of silage is con-
sumed. Again, silage is more acceptable to stock
than dry fodder, and a larger amount of dry matter is
consumed in the same time, which conduces to greater
gains in flesh or larger yields of milk. Because the
animal willingly eats more food iu the shape of silage,
there is more nutriment left to form milk or flesh after
the wants of the body are met. It is a significant fact
that the largest users of silage declare the most strongly
in favor of this forage."

Upon the question of the effect of silage upon the
quality of the milk, Prof. Henry says :

"Milk condensing factories have quite generally
refused to accept milk from dairies where silage is fed.
Whether there is a just foundation for this prejudice
remains unsettled at the present time. Not all con-
densing factories, however, are adverse to the use of
silage by their patrons. The Michigan Condensed
Milk Company, with factories at Lansing and Howell,
Mich., accepts milk from silage fed cows. In the win-
ter and spring of 1897, about one fourth of the milk
received at the Lansing factory was from that source,
and the company was urging its patrons to erect and
use silos, at the same time insisting that well- matured
corn only be used. Experts, as a rule, can detect a
silage odor or flavor in milk from silage fed cows.
The fact does not seem of much importance, however,
when we know that milk furnished by many of the
best dairymen who are heavy feeders of silage is
readily disposed of to critical consumers in cities who
pay high prices for what they regard an excellent
article. Butter from dairies where silage is properly
fed meets with no objection from consumers."

Our own view of this matter of silage taint, gathered
from experience, is that the odor or taint can be
almost, if not altogether, avoided or eliminated by-
being careful not to keep silage intended to be fed in
the cow stable, or in a room connected therewith, so
as to avoid the odor of the silage permeating the
atmosphere of the stable any more than necessary, and
then by removing the milk immediately from the
stable when milked, and at once Berating the same
thoroughly. The most complete elimination of all
odors or taints from milk can be secured by heating
the milk, as soon as milked, by steam or in a water
jacketed can to 150 degrees and theu cooling same by
aeration.

We have gone thus fully into the question of the
feeding of silage out of respect for our correspondent
and the Woodlawn Farmers Club, for the members of
which club we have the highest regard, as we know
many of them to be amongst the best of our farmers,

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

231

and because we are the strongest advocates for the
making of silage on every farm. Only by this system
of saving the fodder of our staple crop can we ever,
in our opinion, succeed in economically storing and
converting into a valuable and nutritious feed such a
quantity of this staple as will enable us to maintain on
our farms the necessary head of live stock required to
bring up those farms lo that state of fertility and pro-
ductiveness which ought to be their normal condi-
tion, and from which only can we expect to see our
farmers realize adequate profits on their labor and
outlay.

PROFITS OF SHEEP.

[An essay by Carroll C. Clevenger, read before the Mutual
Farmers' Club, of Frederick Co., Va.]

The question referred to me is, "Give us your views
of the profit to be had from sheep, and the kinds best
adapted for Virginia." Since there seems to be a
general improvement in the sheep industry, we do
well to direct our attention to sheep, and in consider-
ing the profits of sheep we should not forget their
other advantages. Sheep require the most attention
in the winter, when farmers are usually not very busy,
and if farmers will take the interest in them that they
should, their care will prove a pleasure.

Sheep will help the farmer to keep down the bushes
and weeds, for they seem to relish nearly all kinds of
weeds. It is thought the weeds have medicinal prop
erties, that are healthful and are craved by the sheep.
However this may be, they are known to be great
scavengers, and on a weedy farm this would be quite
an item.

Again, sheep increase the fertility of the soil. Their
manure is richer, pound for pound, than that of any
other animal. Comparing sheep manure with that of
other animals, we find that sheep manure is worth
$4.79 per ton, while cattle manure is worth $2.37, and
horse manure $2.79. Sheep manure is more evenly
distributed over the field, and is thought to be more
readily available. The profits of sheep depend great-
ly upon the care and attention they receive. During
the cold winter months and in rainy weather they
should be comfortably housed. Up to the lambing
season, they should have all the hay they can eat, and
the run of an old pasture. After the ewes have
lambed, they should be fed grain for milk. As soon
as possible, train the lambs to eat in a separate pen.
Give them a little bran, oats and corn in different pro
portions, and mixtures, for lambs like a variety. Give
them some bright clover hay. Always feed sheep and
lambs clover hay. If you have no clover hay, sell
your timothy hay and buy clover.

Lambs are the most playful of animals, and they
never play so well as when they have a steep bank, a
pile of old boards, or the butt of an old straw rick to
run over. That they may have this healthful exer-
cise, something of this kind should be provided for
them. As soon as possible in spring, turn the flock
into good pasture and shear as early as safe, for the
lambs will do better afterwards.

We find the Cotswolds, Leicesters, Shropshire
Downs and Oxford Downs on the best level and
slightly rolling lands of England ; while the Hamp-
shire Downs, South Downs, Dorsets and Cheviots are
on the hills and rough lands. The former are large
mutton breeds, accustomed to plenty of feed and the

best treatment ; while the latter are hardier and are
usually more prolific. For this locality, I think we
cannot do better than get the common mountain ewes.
When possible, select Dorset grades, with motherly
tendencies. The Dorsets usually lamb earlier and the
lambs mature quicker than others.

Always head your flock tcith a thoroughbred ram. The
best to cross with common ewes are the Shropshire
Downs and South Downs. The latter, I think, have
given the most general satisfaction.

The advantages and conveniences of a locality will
determine the plan of breeding. In the mountains of
West Virginia, where feed is scarce and there are few
conveniences for housing the flocks in winter, the
farmers aim to have the lambs come in the spring
when pasture is luxuriant, and these are sold to us
the followiug fall a year for slock ewes. Iu this local-
ity, where we have plenty of feed and barn room, our
object should be winter lambs We aim to have the
lambs come in January and sell them in May. Many
sell the whole flock at the same time, which is a very
good plan if p sture is scarce.

If you get a good bunch of sheep and have plenty of
pasture it may be best to keep them over, for it is
sometimes difficult to get a new flock that has been
used to breeding late to breed early enough. We must
learn to raise a fine quality of mutton for which there
is always a demand. Let wool be a secondary object.

If the proper care and attention is given to sheep, I
believe they will pay as well as any other stuck, and
better than raising grain for sale. I will give you the
record of a neighbor's flock for last season, and when
we consider the low prices then prevailing, I think
is a good showing. From a bunch of 26 ewes he raised
40 lambs. These he sold for $4.S5 each. The fleeces
sold for six pounds at 17J cents, or $1.05 each, making
the total value of one season's products $S.51 per ewe.

SHEEP AND FERTILITY.

At the late meeting of Nebraska live stock breeders
Prof. J. A. Craig, of the Iowa Experiment Station,
spoke on "Growing Sheep." The American farmer
had two problems to face in growing sheep. One re-
lated to the maintenance of fertility and the other to
the profits that were to be reaped. The time was very
opportune to urge upon the Western farmers the in-
troduction of sheep. New England had 4,300 aban-
doned farms. Farmers East and South are paying
$40,000,000 a year to maintain the fertility of their
soils. May we be warned ere it is too late. The great
economy of pasturing off such crops as rye, rape,
clover and vetches is becoming more and more appa-
rent. No other method of providing fertility is equal
to it. One hundred breeding ewes on a farm will
more than maintain the fertility of 100 acres of land,
provided nearly all the food raised is consumed on
the land, and provided clover to the extent of ten
acres per year is one of the crops grown. From such
a flock, there should be 800 pounds of wool to sell in
the spring, and one hundred fat lambs to sell in the
summer of seventy-five pounds each live weight. If
the lambs are fed one quarter of a pound of oil meal
per day, it would more than return to the soil all the
fertility removed by the sale of the lambs. In his
judgment, good management would bring a return of
$5 to $10 per head from each ewe, and the farmer may
still maintain his flock without any deterioration.

232

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

The Poultry Yard.

POULTRY FEEDING.

Editor Southern Planter:

Please give iu your next month's issue of the Planter
an analysis of what is eoutained in the different foods
for chickens, and also say which are best for egg pro-
ducing and which for fattening, and oblige,

Richmond, Va. Subscriber.

This is a difficult question to auswer, as the food
which hens will eat embraces matter of almost every
kind, from animal and vegetable wastes to the finest
grain. Again, that kind of food which produces the
best results with one breed of fowls fails altogether 10
produce like results with another breed. As a gen-
eral rule, those foods rich in nitrogenous or protein
matter are the best for egg producing, whilst those
rich in carbonaceous matter are the best for feeding.
As a grain food, wheat is perhaps the very best grain
that can be fed for a general feed, but this should not
be used exclusively. If the object is to make hens
fat, then corn is an excellent feed. As, however, a
fat hen is never a laying hen long, it is not a good egg
producing food, though it may usually be fed with
little danger of reducing the egg producing capacity
of the Leghorns and other Mediterranean breeds. This
is accounted for by the much greater activity of those
breeds. It is difficult, if not almost impossible, to
make them too fat to lay. They run off the fat as they
make it. Corn, if fed to Brahmas and the Asiatic
breeds, will almost certainly soon make them too fat
to lay. They are naturally of a lethargic and con-
tented disposition, and eat and grow fat. The best
rule to follow in feeding hens, is to give them the
greatest variety of feed possible, and if egg produc
Hon is the object aimed at, then a large proportion of
this food should be animal and green vegetable mat-
ter. A mixture of soft food and hard grain is prefer
able to an exclusive diet of either kiud. In winter,
the soft feed should be fed warm in the morning and
hard grain at night. Corn is more preferable for win
ter feeding than for a summer diet, as it is more heat
iDg. Of all the green foods that cau be fed, clover is
the best, as it is highly nitrogenous. In summer, feed
green, and in winter, run the dried hay through a cut-
ter and scald and feed mixed with meal. Oat meal is
an excellent feed scalded, but not made sloppy. Green
bones cut with a bone cutter, or meat senilis fed twice
a week, will largely conduce to egg production, but
care should be taken not to feed to excess. These sub
stances may be fed either alone or mixed with scalded
meal of any kind. In preparing soft food for hens, a
mixture of one third corn meal, one-third bran, and
one third oat meal, makes a better ration than any

one meal fed alone. Vegetables of all kinds will be
found very economical as a feed, and with a little
grain and meal fed night and morning, will usually
keep hens in good laying order. Our practise always
was to feed a warm breakfast iu winter of scalded
meals aud wheat at night, aud in summer, a breakfast
of cold scalded meal and corn at night, but never to
overfeed.

DUCKS vs. CHICKENS.

In order to determine if it is as profitable to raise
ducks as chicks, considering that it took about twice
the amount of food to grow them, an enterprising
Hammon'on, N. J., poultryman, P. H. Jacobs, made
the following test :

At one week old the duckling weighed four ounces,
while the chick only reached two ounces.

At two weeks old the duckling reached nine ounces,
and the chick got up to four ouuces.

At three weeks duckling one pound, chick six and
a quarter ounces.

At four weeks duckling one pound and nine ounces,
chick ten ounces.

At five weeks duckling two pounds and two ouuces,
chick fourteen ounces.

At six weeks old duckling two pounds and eleven
ounces, chick one pound and two and a half ounces.

At seven weeks old duckling three pounds and five
ounces, chick one pound and two and a half ounces.

At eight weeks old duckling four pounds and eight
ounces, chick two pounds.

So it can be seen that in the same time the weight
of the chick was doubled by that of the duck. The
prices for dressed carcasses run very close to each
other, so that the increased price per pound makes
the profits on the duck greater. — Exchange.

TRY GUINEA FOWLS.

These birds must be well known to be appreciated.
From childhood we have had them on the farm, from
50 to 250 iu a flock. They are no trouble whatever ;
lay their eggs in nests which they make in the grass
and wheat fields, we often finding nests with from 3 to
75 eggs piled on top of each other. From some of the
nests we take part of the eggs, and leave some for them
to raise their young. They sit, hatch and raise their
broods, and we often do not see them until late in the
fall, when they bring their chicks home, sometimes as
many as 20 in a flock. Such chirping, such flying up
trees ! The little keets look much like partridges
when about (hat size. They are splendid meat to fry
or roast or for pot-pie ; and, to enjoy a breast of fowl,
one should eat a guinea fowl. The eggs are consid-
ered the richest of all eggs, and keep well. We put
them up to use in winter ; and two years ago, when
illness and death in the family made me forget the
eggs until June, we found them just as good as when
put away. If you try guinea fowls, you are sure to
have eggs aud fowls for your table, aud no trouble to
get them. Subscriber.

Jefferson. Md.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

233

THE LOW PRICE OF EGGS.

How to Hake a Profit.

The warm weather so early in the season has caused
the price of eggs to fall to a point where there is little
profit for the producer in the eastern States. He finds
himself unable to compete with western and southern
producers, who have the advantages of cheap grain
and a warmer climate. Cheap food, a warm climate,
and cheap transportation in refrigerator cars, have so
changed the conditions of egg-production in a few
years, that the problem for the eastern producer is
how to make a profit when work'ng under the more
unfavorable conditions.

At this time, in my locality, the cash buyers are
offering only S cents per dozen, and there seems little
prospect of a rise in price for several weeks. Some
have wintered their stock, with but few eggs to pay
the expense, expecting to make their profits on the
spring and summer eggs. I found one man so dis-
couraged with the outlook that he offered to sell me
his Leghorn pullets at a price that tempted me to buy
them and add them to my stock. I was confident I
could make a profit from them, even with the low
price of eggs, and now I am going to tell how I expect
to do it.

In the first place, I want to make a point on over-
crowding in the houses and yards. A few years ago
I had a lesson in this. At that time I was keeping 25
hens in each one of my yards. In one yard I reduced
the number to 12, with the result that nearly every
one laid an egg every day, and for two or three months
I obtained nearly as many eggs from, this yard as from
the ones containing 25 hens, while the profit was much
greater, as the cost for feed was reduced to about one-
half. It is well known that a flock of 12 or 15 hens
kept to lay eggs for family use pay well, and that an
increase in number always reduces the profits. I am
satisfied that in flocks larger than 15, each one of the
hens will not be so fed and cared for that she will have
an opportunity to do her best and lay her maximum
number of eggs.

I divided these pullets which I bought into flocks
of 15, putting each flock in a separate yard, taking
care to destroy the lice on them, and closely clipping
one wing on each to keep them from flying over the
netting. I prepared the houses by giving them a
thorough cleaning and a coat of whitewash with car-
bolic acid in it, and the inside of the houses and the
fixtures will be frequently sprayed with limewaterand
carbolic acid during the summer. I do not mean to
breed lice to interfere with these hens doing their best,
if I can help it.

Another point I shall study will be how to reduce
the cash outlay for grain. At present, I shall cut
clover hay into half-inch lengths, put it in a pail hav
ing a tight cover, pour hot water on it and steam it
over night. In the morning I shall take bran, mid-
dlings and corn meal, equal parts, wet them up with
milk, add an equal bulk of this to the steamed clover
— using green clover in its season — and mix well to-
gether. Of this mixture, the hens will be fed in the
morning what they will eat up at once. I buy skim
milk at the creamery for 5 cents per 40 quarts, and
feed them only the curd. I can also get tefuse at the
butcher's at a small cost, and frequently feed cut meat
and bone, and at night a small feed of whole wheat.
i

During the summer, I frequently sow small grain over
the yards and plow it in. The hens will scratch it
out, and at the same time get the worms and insects
in the ground. I think by this plan of feeding I can
reduce the expense for grain nearly one-half, thus in-
creasing the profits ; but I am aware that it is much
easier to tell how than actually to do it and make the
account book show a good profit when balanced. Let
me say here, do not neglect the account book, as it
will show you just what you are doing —whether
making a profit or not.

By the methods described, we reduce the cost of pro-
duction. Now let us see how we can further widen
the margin of profit in marketing the eggs. If 100
or more hens are kept. I advise having some egg-cases,
well made and painted, a part of them to hold 30 dozen
and a part of them 15 dozen, so that the eggs can
always be shipped when fresh, and put clean white
fillers in them. Put your name, and name of farm or
poultry-yards, on the cases. Pack only strictly fresh
and clean eggs, and if you have no sperial customers
for them, ship them to a reliable grocer or commission
merchant in the city. If you can furnish a regular
supply of fancy eggs, my experience is you can in time
find a customer for them at a price above market quo-
tations.

It is only by providing cheaper food to substitute in
part for the grain ration, so managing our flocks that
we get larger returns per fowl in eggs, and selling fresh
eggs as directly as possible to the consumer, that we
can make a fair profit when competing with eggs
which western producers are making on their cheap
grain. — W. H. Jenkins, Delaware County, N. Y., in
Country Gentleman.

FEEDING YOUNG CHICKENS.

A mash of some kind I consider absolutely necessary,
because in it can be introduced many different things
which cannot be fed in any other way. Grit, for ex-
ample, should be mixed with mash, thus compelling
the chicks to eat it, and not left in a box for them to
find or not. Meat also can be fed more easily and ju-
diciously in a mash than in any other way.

Chicks at two days old should be given sifted cracked
corn and small wheat mixed together. They should be
taught thus early to scratch for and hunt grain. It
compels exercise and is a more natural food than re-
peated soft mashes five or six times a day. Cabbage
at three days old can be given them and they will en-
joy it, and it will agree with them.

In order that your chicks may grow every day as
they should, they must be watched carefully, espe-
cially at feeding time. If they seem ravenous and cry
and rush about when they see you approaching with
the feed, it is as it should be. If, on the other hand,
they seem contented and utter no cry, they are not
hungry and it would be better to wait another half
hour. If they eat quickly and clean the board in a few
minutes, they are doing exactly right and need the
feed ; if, on the contrary, they eat slowly and run away
and leave some on the board, they are over fed. The
board should be scraped clean of all food, and the next
feed-time should be delayed a little and a smaller
quantity of food given. These signs should be watched
carefully, and it is generally best to do your own feed
ing, or have one person only dp it. — E. A, Rofpele, |n
Country Gentleman,

234

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

The Horse.

HORSE BREEDING IN ESSEX CO., VA.

Editor Southern Planter :

Down on the banks of the Rappahannock river, in
Essex county, Va., in the Tidewater country, which
has produced so many of the best race-horses of Amer-
ica, Messrs. R. L. Stevens, of New Jersey, and P. S.
Hunter, of Virginia, have started a stock farm for
raising thoroughbreds for hunters, saddle horses and
roadsters.

Hoping that a congenial climate, rich grasses, and
pure water, would afford the environments necessary
for the repetition of the success which in former years
Virginia achieved in horse breeding, the projectors
of this enterprise have already secured a good selec-
tion of thoroughbreds. They have leased from Mr.
S. S. Howland, of Washington, D. C, his superb stal
lion Judge Morrow, by Vagabond, out of Moonlight.

This horse, after a most brilliant turf career, in
which he won over $80,000, meeting most of the best
horses of his day, was sent to the leading horse shows
— such as New York and Chicago— winning first prizes
for the best thoroughbred stallion in conformation
points and beauty.

Among the brood mares of the establishment are
Ginka, by Emperor, out of Dolinka, by Mortimer.

Sneezer, by Pontiac, out of Courant d'air, by Eole.

Kate Adams, by Don Jose, out of Cheque, by Long-
fellow.

Donna Rica, by Eayondor, out of Bella Donna, by
Hermit.

Nioma, by Seonatur, out of Vexation, by John Mor-
gan.

Christina Moon, by Magnetism, out of Florence, by
Allhotas, &c, &c, &c.

HORSE-BREEDING FOR FARMERS.

To the Gazette,— J. G. S., Navoo, 111., sends the fol-
lowing :

" I wish to ask you what kind of a horse you would
advise a farmer to raise. There has beeD a great
shortage of horses in the past six years. You can
judge for yourself when in fields that used to have
from twenty to forty horses pasturing you cannot find
one now. I used to raise horses myself pretty exten-
sively, but am now out of the business."

The most profitable horse for the average farmer to
raise would be class No. 4, which would be the largest
and highest quality of draft horse that he can possibly
raise. Br sure to get size and quality by selecting the
best quality of draft mares of good, smooth finish, and
as large as possible, and breed them to the highest
class and best quality of draft horse that you can pos-
sibly find, and then feed them so as to give them a

continual growth from their mother's milk to the time
they are ready for the market, which is between four
and five years old. By this kind of breeding, with
the proper care, you can produce a draft horse that
will weigh 1,600 to 1,800 and, possibly, 2,000 pounds.
This class of heavy draft horse has become very scarce
and high, and some very rare specimens have sold as
high as $300 per head here lately. There would be
plenty of money in raising them at the present prices.
An exporter, who is buying several car- loads each
week for the English market, shipped recently forty
head of draft horses weighing from 1,600 to 1,800
pounds, for which he paid here $205 per head, so you
can see these horses are nearly as high as they used to
be, and will continue to get higher all the time. The
medium grades have not advanced so much, while
the small and rough horses have advanced but little.

Class No. 3 is a bus horse. If you have a small,
compact, smooth mare, that is not suitable for raising
the coach or light- harness horse, breed her to a Perch-
eron, and you will get a nice bus or express horse that
will be about as profitable as the heavy draft. The de-
mand is increasing for them every day. They weigh
1,300 to 1,400 pounds.

There is no question but that there is going to be a
great shortage in the supply of horses for a few years
to come. There have hardly been any colts raised since
1894, and we have not begun to feel the effect of these
short crops of colts as we will in a few years more.
We believe the best quality of heavy draft horses, in
one or two years, will be as high as they ever were.
There is a great export demand upon us, and it is in-
creasing every day as business increases, and it will
not be long before this class of horses will be extreme-
ly high. The horse business has a grand future, and
we believe there never was a time when it offered so
great inducements for breeding and raising good horses
as at the present time. The scarcity of good horses,
and the strong demand, both foreign and domestic,
surely means high pi ices and a stronger demand than
ever was known before. — F. J. Berry, in Breeders'
Gazette.

NOTES.

Most of the trotters and pacers in training in this
vicinity are pretty well advanced in their work, espe-
cially those that are undergoing a preparation for the
spring meetiug at Norfolk and Baltimore this month.
\\ Gleulea Farm, trainers William L. Bass and Geo.
R. Richmond, both have stables made up of seasoned
campaigners and some promising green horses. Bass
is working about a dozen head, all told ; among them,
sumo good prospects for the season's campaign. His
stable includes Red Light, 2:32^, ch. in., by Red
Wilkes, Jr., dam by Twilight ; Marie, b. m., by Jolly
Friar, dam by Sam Purdy; Osmic, ch. h., 5, by Eg-
wood, dam by Young Jim ; Tidewater, b. g., 5, by
Phalanx, dam by Harkaway; Trim, ch. g., by Hustler
Russell, dam by Bowman's Clark Chief; Dragant, b.
g., 4, by Temple Bar, dam by Patterson ; Susel. b. m.,
by Norfolk ; and black colt, 4, by Rupee, dam by
Dictator.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

236

Richmond's stable includes the horses owned by
James C. Smith, and some others belonging to outside
parties. The most prominent member of his string is
Mosul, 2:091. That mammoth son of Sultan and
Virginia Maid is looking grand, and appears to be
going perfectly sound, though he has been given no
fast work, simply jogged daily and brushed through
the stretches of the half mile track at Gleulea. Rich-
mond will make his first start of the season at Nor-
folk, and then at the Gentlemen's Driving Park, Bal-
timore, after which he will train" over the Pimlico
track, where Mosul will be prepared for the $2,000
stake for 2:10 trotters at Glen's Falls in August. In
addition to Mosul, Richmond has Hulman, 2:201 ;
Prince Albert, 2:211; Branchwood, 2:22], pacing;
Loudoun, 2:37*, by Norfolk ; Guy Fly, by Lord Guy,
dam Virginia Maid, and some well-bred youngsters.

At Acca Farm, the horses owned by W. R. Mc-
Comb, of the well known and reliable firm of McConib
& Block, cattle-brokers, are all doing well. They are
in charge of J. B. Stout, who has trained for Mr. Mc
Comb for two seasons, and will drive his horses dur-
ing the coming one. Stout's string includes some
good prospects for speed and race horse quality,
though all of them are green horses. The stable in-
cludes the following horses, which are being worked
over the half mile track at Acca. Joyful Maiden, b.
m., 4, pacer, by King Nutwood, dam by Petoskey;
Sally Toskey, b. in., 4, pacer, by Petoskey, dam by
King Nutwood ; David C, ch. g., 5, by J. J. C, dam
Rosa Clay, dam of David B., 2:091 ; Orphanwood, b.
h., 4, by King Nutwood, dam by Baron Luff; Rex-
wood, b. h., 4, by King Nutwood, dam by Windsor,
and b. g., 5, by King Nutwood, dam by Mambrino
Patchen. Of this lot probably David C, who is a
large, strongly made horse, is the speediest, though
Joyful Maiden is improving fast, aud likely to make a
very speedy mare. She is blood-like and elegaut in
form and finish, and, after her retirement from the
track, should make an ideal gentlemau's roadster.

At the old Exposition Grounds track, now owned by
the Richmond Traction Company, M. L. Bergen, de-
veloper of Mosul, 2:091, and other good ones, has a
string of ten or twelve trotters and pacers, mostly
green horses, that are being worked for speed. Ber-
gen's stable includes Gordon Smith, 2:251, gr. g., by
Willis, dam by Carlos; Ellen Caskie, 2:32}, gr. m.,
full sister to Gordon Smith ; black colt, 4. by Gam-
bruno, dam by Sultan, and others.

At Snowden's Farm, near Fredericksburg, which is
one of the finest old country places in all Virginia,
Mr. A. K. Ware has Alcantara snugly quartered, and
that famous son of George Wilkes and Alma Mater,
Mambrino Patchen*s greatest daughter, though twen-
ty-two years of age, is well preserved aud vigorous
aud the picture of rugged health. Mr. Ware secured
the brown stallion for $600 at Fasig's sale in New
York in March — a mere song compared with his real
worth — simply because the report was circulated
around the sale ring that the horse was not a sure foal
getter, though utterly without foundation, as he served
seventeen mares in 1897, and got fifteen of them in
foal. Three years ago, Mr. A. A. Bonner, by whom he
was consigned to the sale, paid $10,000 for Alcantara
under the hammer.

The sou of George Wilkes trotted to a four-year-old
record of 2:23, and ranks as one of the greatest of
living sires. He has 112 trotters and pacers in the list
of standard speed ; thirty-two of his sons have sired
117 trotters and pacers, while his daughters are the
dams of crack performers, like Heir-at-Law, 2:051 ;
Diablo, 2:09$, and twenty-five others.

Alcantara's stud companions at Snowden are Wilk-
esoneer, 2:30, son of Norval and Millie, by Onward,
and Al Faro, by Allerton, out of Callits, dam of Wilke-
setta, 2:101 ; Parallel, 2:17 ; Longitude, 2:18, etc.

Al Faro has a two-year-old pacing record of 2:291,
and W. G. Bryan, who is preparing the son of Aller-
ton for the coming season's campaign, looks for him to
pace in 2:15 or better.

The choicest matrons at Snowden will be mated with
Alcantara this season. Among those already bred to
him are Fannie Salisbury, by Judge Salisbury; Fly-
gold, by Nutgold ; Ardinella, by Frank Noble, and
Allie Medium, 2:171.

The latter, a bay, sixteen hands high, and by Coun-
try Medium, is one of the cleverest mares in Virginia.
A grand roadster, either in single harness or to pole,
she is much faster than her record indicates.

Lona Wilton, 2:33, by Wilton, dam Lona Guffin,
2:23, who was purchased by Mr. Ware in New York,
will be bred to Alcantara, as will Jessie Border, by
Mambrino King, and Beauty, full sister to Miss Pratt,
2:28}, by Oneida. Miss Pratt was sold in March to
European buyers and has been shipped to Germany.

W. G. Bryan, who has trained stables of trotters and
pacers here for several years— first at Glenlea Farm,
then at the Exposition Grounds, and in 1897 at Acca
Farm, which was leased by him, is now working a
string of horses over the Pimlico track at Baltimore.
While here, Bryan developed and brought out some
good performers, and raced them with success — the
list including Albert C, 2:161 ; Gordon Smith, 2:251 ;
Priucess Eulalie, 2:231, etc.

His stable at Pimlico includes Albert C, 2:161, by
Clay, son of Walker Morrill; Clarence B., 2:23f;
Princess Eulalie, 2:231, pacing; Lucena, 2:291, by
Wickliffe ; Almist, 2:291, pacing, by Alchemist, son
of Almout; Al Faro, 2:291, pacing, by Allerton;
brown filly, by Brown Wilkes, dam by Harold ; chest-
nut filly, by Red Wilkes, and Emo, bay mare, by
Idolater, dam by Frank Noble

The annual spring meeting of the Driving Club of
Norfolk will begin on Tuesday, the 17th instant, and
close on the following Friday. Over $5,000 will be
offered in purses for trotters, pacers and runners. The
purses for harness races are of the uniform value of
$400 each, and three events are down on the card for
each day. The running races, one of which will be
decided daily, are for purses of $125 and $150 each,
one-half and three quarter mile heats.

Secretary Dillion has issued the following attractive
programme for the meeting : First day, 2-50 class trot-
ting ; 2:15 class trotting; 2:40 class pacing. Second
day, 2:30 class trotting ; 2:24 class trotting ; 2:16 class
pacing. Third day, 2:40 class trotting ; 2:10 class trot-
ting and pacing ; 2:30 class pacing. Fourth day, 2:27
class trotting ; 2:19 class trotting ; 2:22 class pacing.
Entries close on Tuesday, the 11th instant, at 11 P. M.

Broad Rock.

236

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

fliscellaneous.

WAR!

The unexpected has happeued. The nation is at
war. The efforts of two or three miserable newspapers
conducted on a plane disgraceful to the nation, and
co-operating with the noisy "jingoes" in Congress,
have thwarted all the efforts of the President to main-
tain peace. We deeply regret this, as, in our opinion,
no war was ever waged for which so little reason can
be given and for which the people of any country ever
had so little heart as the best people of this country
have for this war. Whilst we lament that Spain
should have so misgoverned Cuba as to give rightful
cause for complaint by every civilized nation, we yet
believe that under pressure from the President of this
nation, every reasonable redress would have been
afforded without the necessity lor the loss of a life or
the expenditure of a dollar. We are confirmed in
this view by what the President had accomplished be-
fore Congress " took the bit in its teeth " and precipi-
tated action. The result of this unwise action of
Congress will be the probable loss of many lives and
the expenditure of millions of dollars. Already more
than $50,000,000 have been spent in preparations, and
the Ways and Means Committee of the House is ask-
ing for the imposition of new taxes calculated to bring
in over $100,000,000 per year and for power to raise
by loans $600,000,000. These measures will no doubt
receive the approval of Congress, and the people who
are now groaning under excessive national, State and
local taxation will be burdened for years to come.
And for what? That we may have set up on our
borders another of those parodies on Republican Gov-
ernment, of which the whole South and Central
American continent are standing examples. The
Latin races are not fitted to govern themselves, and
are still less fitted wheu having amongst them negroes
and half-bred negroes Indians and Spaniards, as in
Cuba. However badly they may be governed by
monarchies, the constant condition of affairs in Cen-
tral and South America has shown that they are worse
governed by themselves. They are everlastingly hav-
ing revolutions (two or three are now in progress in
South America), and one blood-thirsty tyrant is suc-
ceeded by another proclaiming himself the "saviour
of the people," but having only one aim and object —
the advancement of his personal iuterest at the expense
of the people. This we doubt not will be the condi-
tion in Cuba wheu Spain is driven out, and we cannot
see that such an end justifies the means. We would
not waste the life of a good American citizen or a dol-
lar of the hard earned money of our farmers and
people to bring about such a result. Washington's

wise words would have been better observed in this
connection : "Observe justice and good faith toward
all nations ; have neither passionate hatreds nor pas-
sionate attachments to any, and be iudependent politi-
cally of all."

WHAT THE LAST HEETINQ OF THE LEGISLA-
TURE OF VIRGINIA DID.

In our last issue we promised to tell what the last
meeting of the Legislature of Virginia did for the
State. We had hoped to have done so in this issue,
but the Acts of Assembly are not yet out of the print-
er's hands, and without these it is impossible for us to
do so. We promise attention to the subject so soon
as we can procure a copy of the Acts.

THE GRAIN MARKETS.

Yesterday (the 27th April), May wheat sold at $1.23
per bushel at Chicago, and for spot wheat at $1.20.
Corn sold at 34 cents, and oats at 31 cents per bushel.
Last summer we predicted that wheat would sell for
$1.25 per bushel before next harvest. This seems
very likely to be realized.

NO FENCE" LAW.

Editor Southern Planter :

I am glad to see that the question of a "no fence law"
is being agitated in some sections of this State. Last
winter I wrote a few articles for some of the daily pa-
pers of this State, advocating the passage of an act
tending to the relief of the crop grower. These arti-
cles called forth some expressions of approval and a
small opposition.

The "anties" claim that there are upon the statute-
books of this State laws that afford all necessary pro-
tection to the crop-growers against breachy stock ; but
I beg to differ from them. In a section where (he area
is largely in forest lands, as it is in Dickenson couuty,
stock is allowed free range, and as a result becomes
breachy. Suppose these breachy cattle throw your
fence down, as I have known done, or a tree falls across
it, then the owners of the breachy stock will claim
that your fence is not a lawful one, and you find your-
self in an unenviable attitude. In this section the rail
fence is used altogether, and in many places the tim-
ber has been used up or destroyed (by wantonness, I
may add in parenthesis,) and a good fence would be
very expensive. But now I will come to the strongest
point in the crop-grower's favor. What right have those

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

owning stock to range upon another's premises? If I
own realty and pay taxes upon it, my neighbor has no
right to anything being thereon, either inside a fenced
inclosure or upon the "commons," (which term is a
misnomer ; no private possessions under the common
law, can be held as "common.") Then what right
has the public to convert private premises to its own
uses?

Last year there was some mast in this section, and
it is depended upon largely to fatten hogs upon. Some
of our farmers, who have their entire "boundaries"
fenced up, turned their hogs out on the "commons" to
" take the mast" (from other people), and when it was
all gone they had their fenced inclosures wheie their
mast was awaiting their hogs. Is this fair !

It does not matter to what extent breachy stock
damage your crop, I do not know that there is any
adequate relief afforded by the statutes, while if you
hurt the stock, you may find a warrant in the hands
of an officer, and you are noticed to trial upon the
charge before a justice, an instance of the kind having
occurred here a year or two since. A farmer in this
neighborhood, finding a hog in his garden one day,
took his gun and shot the hog, which had made its
way into the garden by pushing the palings off and
entering. The man was arraigned before a justice and
the result was a judgment rendered against him for a
fine and costs amounting to about fifteen dollars. The
damage done to the garden was much greater than the
value of the hog.

Let this question be agitated till the meeting of the
next General Assembly.

Dickenson Co., Va. Frank Monroe Beverly.

ALFALFA FOR STOCK FEEDING IN VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter:

Please accept my thanks for your favor of 29th
March. I am gratified to learn that there is a proba-
bility of growing alfalfa in Virginia. I am deeply
interested in the proposition, and am well acquainted
with the plant and its value as a food product for stock.
My desire for information was to enable me to judge
whether I might succeed in making experiments in
Virginia, and I have decided to do so at a very early
date. If I can succeed in establishing this plant, 1
intend to embark in the cattle feeding business in Vir-
ginia. There are many advantages offered by a loca
tion in Virginia — nearer to market, mild climate, cheap
labor, and long seasons for the growth of that crop.
I had an idea that the river bottoms would be best
suited. Alfalfa will not grow where there is a hard
pan underlying the soil. It must get moisture, yet
too much is fatal. I feel confident that I can overcome
the weed problem in the bottom lands the same way

we do here. Strange to say, when the land here is
plowed, there immediately springs up an enormous
growth of wild sunflowers, which grow six to eight
feet high and as thick as they can stand. We sow the
alfalfa in the spring as early as possible, and as fast as
the sunflowers come up, to a height of two or three
feet, we run a mowing machine over the land (set high)
and cut them down, leaving them on the ground as a
mulch. Later, we repeat the operation. About mid-
summer the alfalfa has gotten above the weeds. We
then clip the heads off with the machine, and the fol-
lowing spring the alfalfa gets the first start and is safe.
I trust to be able to reach Virginia about May 1st,
or shortly after, when I shall look about for a small
property possessing a strip of river bottoms in which
to try and get a crop set. If this succeeds, I shall
then look about for a suitable place on a larger scale
on which to establish our feeding ranch. Our object
will be to get all the river land set in alfalfa, buy
yearling steers in the West, and grow "baby beef" for
New York market and export. We may possibly ex-
port wholly via Newport News.

The steers will be fed daily from purchase to sale.
Alfalfa will furnish the main crop of provender, and
corn will be used to finish. As, for example, say 200
head of steers will be placed in a field (upland) of 100
acres or thereabouts, and fed green alfalfa during the
season of its growth and on hay during the dormant
season. Corn will be fed during the last three or four
months with alfalfa — on the stalk, if possible. The
beeves will be ready to ship at 30 months old. The
next lot of steers will be penned on another field, and
last season's lot will be used as a corn field, heavily
manured by the droppings of the 200 head kept there
a year or more. By this method we are bound to en-
rich the uplands to a great corn bearing capacity.
While this proposition is in the stage of an experi-
ment, we do not wish to waste any more money than
is absolutely necessary ; hence, we shall buy the small
place if we can find one suitable, or would rent a large
place that, in our judgment, would seem fitted for the
purpose, provided we could get an option of purchase
should we make the crop grow. We would prefer, all
other things being equal, a place on navigable water.
I feel confident lluit if this experiment should prove a
success, that it would be of great value to Virginia and
mean fortunes to many of her people who were so situated
that they could embark into it. I have not hesitated to
lay before you the matter in its entirety. There is
room e.iough in the undertaking for us all, and we
only hope it may succeed.

Were I not already trespassing upon your time and
c.uirtesy, I could give you good reasons why the future
of beef production looks so very bright. The almost
complete extinction of the range cattle business in the

238

the;southern planter.

[May

lai West, the rapid increase of populatiou, the de-
mands for export, are all to be met in the near future.
Prices will be firm for many years. It is only a ques
tion of time when we shall have to provide for the
breeding of these feeders.

Montana. " TjTOWANNA."

REPORT OF MEETING OF THE MUTUAL FARM-
ERS' CLUB OF FREDERICK COUNTY, VA.

The Mutual Farmers' Club met at "Greenwood
Farm," the residence of D. W. Branson & Son, Satur-
day. April the 9th, 1898. The meeting was called to
order by the President, Lewis Pidgeon, at i0:45. The
minutes of the last meeting were read and, after a
slight correction, were adopted.

The following committee was appointed to report
questions for next meeting : L. M. Boyce, J. L. Bond,
and Ed. L. Irish.

The- Club Advertiser was read by the editor, Mr.
Brown, and favorably commented upon by members.

The following question, referred to Carroll C. Clev-
euger, was first on the list: "Give us your view of
the profit to be had from sheep, and the kinds best-
adapted for Virginia."

Mr. Clevenger read an interesting essay, which
the Secretary was authorized to offer to the pa-
pers for publication. (This essay will be found in
our "Live Stock" columns. — Ed.) An interesting
talk followed the reading of the essay, and Mr. Light
(a visitor from Berkeley Co., W. Va.) gave some val-
uable information as to his experience along this line
of work. During the discussion, dinner was an-
nounced, and adjournment followed.

After dining and viewing the premises and stock,
business was again resumed, and after a few more re
marks upon the sheep question, the next subject, re-
ferred to Hugh S. Lupton, was called — " What can
we use for fence posts when locust cannot be procured
without too much cost?" Mr. Lupton thought that
locust was still very abundant, but in case of inability
to get that, he advocated the use of oak and cedar.

Next followed Mr. Boyer's question— "Give your
opinion as to the advisability of applying commercial
fertilizer to an orchard?" From personal experi-
ence, Mr. Boyer had been unable to see any benefit
from the use of commercial fertilizer in his orchard.

The committee appointed to report questions for
next meeting reported as follows :

(1) What, in your opinion, is the best and cheapest
food for hogs in the absence of milk and kitchen slops?
Referred to Howell M. Bond.

(2) How many inches from the bottom of a name
should the hamehook be placed? Is there a certain
rule to be guided by? Referred to Saml. L. Pidgeon.

(3) What is the best method of planting corn, by
drill — or checked and then cultivated each way ?
Referred to N. W. Solenberger.

Miscellaneous business followed, and under this
head Mr. Light asked what variety of corn was found
to be the most prolific in this section. Cloud's Early
Dent was consideied the most prolific, and was excel
lent for stock, but would not weigh as much as the
more flinty varieties.

An invitation was accepted to meet next at the resi
dence of L. M. Boyer, Saturday, May the 7th, 1898.

The Club then adjourned.

Lewis Pidgeon, President.

Wm. E. Branson, Secretary.

ELECTRICITY AND FARHING.

Editor Southern Planter:

Inotein your issue of April a letter from "E. C. M .,"
in regard to harnessing some of our rivers and trans-
mitting the power so obtained to the farmers in the
neighborhood. Your correspondent wonders why this
has not been done. In reply, I would say that it would
not pay. The Niagara plant to which he refers can
barely transmit power twenty miles and compete with
steam, instead of the hundred to which he refers. I
had recently to make a report on a nine mile trans-
mission plant, with the result that it was conclusively
shown that it would not pay to transmit one hundred
horse-power between the two points nine miles apart.
When it comes to subdividing this into small units
such as the farmer uses, and for the comparatively
short space of time in which he needs it, it is doubtful
if the electrical transmission could compete with mule
power.

I believe that the days of the steam-engine on the
farm are numbered, but it will be the gasoline-engine
which will supplant it, or possibly the wind-mill.
Very truly yours,

Blacksburg, Va. L. S. Randolph.

Consulting Engineer.

LEGISLATION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF
THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN VIRGINIA.

Just at the close of the session of the General Assembly of
Virginia for 1895-96, an act was passed providing for the sup-
pression and eradication of the San Jose scale peat on'fruit
trees. The execution of this act was put in the hands of the
Board of Control of the Agricultural Experiment station, but
no appropriation to cover the expenses of the same was made.
Considering the spread of this pest a serious menace to our fruit
interests, the Board of Control devoted to the execution of the
law such funds as could be spared from the incidental revenues
of the Agricultural Experiment Station and*authorized the en-
tomologist to devote a considerable portion of his time to the
Work, This he has done, and the State has now been partially
inspected, with the result of showing, up to this date, twenty-
seven counties and about one hundred and lifty premises in-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

239

fested. What a full inspection of the State will show is yet to
be seen.

During the two rears the law has been in force, the State In-
spector has published three bulletins, one circular and a re-
port to the Governor on the subject In these publications.
the life history of the scale, its distribution over the State, and
remedial measures to be taken against the same, have been con-
sidered.

Contrarv to expectations, when this work was inaugurated
our report to the Governor showed such wide distribution of
this pest and such grave probabilities of harm that the Legis
lature at its recent session amended and re-enacted the San
Jose scale law, strengthening it in several particulars and ap-
propriating funds for the better prosecution of the inspection
work.

We consider it unfortunate that this act was not passed earlier
in session so that advantage might have been taken of the dor-
mant period for pushing inspection and treatment of the in-
fested plants, but from the progress of our experiments we are
now able to offer recommendations for summer treatment which
we hope will prove effective. These will appear in the second
part of this paper.

The full text of the law and the regulations of the Board of
Control adopted thereunder are here given :
.l/i ad to amend and re-enact an act entitled an act to eradicate the

San Jose, or pernicious scale, a disease affecting fruit trees, and to

prevent its spread, approved March oth, 1896.

Approved February 28th, 1898.

Whereas the fruit industry in Virginia is threatened with se-
rious and irreparable damage by an insect known as the San
Jose, or pernicious scale, now present in some parts of the
State : therefore,

1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, That
an act entitled an act to eradicate the San Jose, or pernicious
scale, a disease affecting fruit trees, and to prevent its spread,
approved March fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-six, be
amended and re-enacted so as to read as follows :

I 1. Be it enacted bv the General Assembly of Virginia,
That the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station be, and is, hereby empowered and directed to
take immediate action to suppress and eradicate this insect.

i 2 The said Board is hereby authorized and required to
designate a member of the scientific staff of the Agricultural
Experiment Station to act as inspector under the provisions of
this act ; and it shall be the duty of said Board to promulgate
rules and regulations in accordance with this act for the gov-
ernment of said inspector in the duties devolving upon him in
the execution of the provisions of this act ; and the said Board
may further appoint assistants as may be necessary for the
purpose of aiding the inspector in the enforcement of this act

3 3. The inspector shall have power under the regulations of
said Board to determine whether anv infested plants are worthy
of remedial treatment or shall be destroyed ; and he shall re-
port his findings in writing, giving reasons therefor to the owner
of the infested plants, his agent, or tenants, and a copy of such
report shall also be submitted to said Board. In ca«e of objec-
tion to the findings of the inspector an appeal shall be to the
said Board, whose decision shall be final ; an appeal must be
taken within three days, and shall act as a stay of proceedings
until it is heard and decided.

| 4. Upon the findings of the inspector in any case of infested
plants, the treatment prescribed by him shall be executed at
once (unless an appeal be taken) under his supervision ; cost of
material and labor to be borne by the owner, except when the
county supervisors, or town or city corporations shall have pro-
vided for the expense of the same, as authorized in section 8 of
this act.

i 5. In case any person or persons fail or refuse to execute
the directions of the inspector or of the said Board after an
appeal the county judge shall, upon complaint filed by the in
spector or any freeholder, cite the person or persons to appear
before him at the first regular session of the county court, ar.d
upon satisfactory evidence of such failure or refusal shall cause
the prescribed treatment or destruction to be executed, and the
expense thereof and cost of court shall be collected by execu-
tion from the owner or owners of the infested plants.

\ 6. It shall be unlawful to offer for sale, sell, give away, or
transport within the bounds of this [State 'plants, scions, trees,
shrubs,' or. vines'infested with the San Jose^scale. Any person

or persons violating this section shall, upon conviction thereof,
be fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred
dollars. This section shall not be construed as affecting the ac-
tion of common carriers in the transportation in the article
above mentioned in interstate commerce.

3 7. The said Board of Control of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, its agents, or employes are hereby empowered
with authority to enter upon any" premises and examine all
plants whatsoever in discharge of the duties herein prescribed.
Any person or persons who shall obstruct or hinder them or
their agents in the discharge of their duties shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall
be fined not less than twenty dollars nor more than fifty dol-
lars.

\ 8. The board of supervisors of any county and the town
council or city council of any incorporated town or city of this
State are hereby authorized, upon the petition of ten freehold-
ers, to appropriate from the county, town or city treasury such
fund as may be necessary for use in the said county, town or city
for the treatment and "eradication of the above cited insect
pest: provided, that it shall be distinctly stated in any Mich
appropriation the specific objects for which the same is to be
expended, and that such treatment shall be done in accordance
with the directions and under the authority of the inspector
hereinbefore provided for.

\ 9. There is hereby appropriated from any moneys in the
State Treasury not otherwise appropriated the sum of one
thousand dollars per annum for the purpose of defraying the
expenses of the execution of this act. and the auditor of the
Commonwealth is hereby directed to draw his warrant upon the
treasurer of the same for this sum or such parts thereof as may
be necessary until the said sum of one thousand dollars per an-
num be expended upon the filing with him of properly item-
ized vouchers certified by the chairman of said Board. The
said Board shall make a biennial report to the governor of the
State, giving in detail its operations and expenditures under
this act.

2. This act shall be in force from its passage.

Riles and Regulations for the Government of the Inspector
and Assistant Inspectors in the Enforcement of toe
Act Providing for the Control and Eradica-
tion of the San Jose Scale Insects Infest-
ing Orchards and Other Premises.

Adopted April 11th, 1898.
In pursuance of an act of the General Assembly of Virginia,
approved February 28th, 1898; authorizing and directing the
Board of Control of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion to take action to eradicate and suppress the San Jose or
Pernicious Scale, the following rules and regulations are adopted
and promulgated :

1. The Entomologist of the Agricultural Experiment Station
is hereby appointed State Inspector in accordance with section
2 of said act. and in his capacity as such is charged, in con-
junction with the Director of the Agricultural Experiment
Station, with the enforcement of this act.

2. The said State Inspector is hereby directed to ascertain, by
personal investigation and in such other manner as he may
deem expedient, the area or areas infested by the sail scale
insect within the State and to delimit the same as definitely as
he may be able, and report his findings in writing to the said
Board of Control.

3. Acting upon the report of the Inspector, the Director of
the Agricultural Experiment Station is hereby directed to cause
to be published and circulated widely within the State, and
especially within the infested area or areas, due notice of the
fact of the existing infection, and the source from which the
same was introduced, if known, and to warn all parties not to
offer for sale, sell or transport plants, scions, trees, shrubs or
vines grown within the infested area or areas without first hav-
ing procured a certificate of inspection from the State Inspector
permitting the same to be sold, shipped or transported, under
the penalty prescribed in section ti of 'he above-cited act.

4. Anv plants, scions, trees, shrubs or vines transported unac-
companied bv the State Inspector's certificate from any area or
areas declared to be infested, as provided under Rule 3, before
the said area or areas shall have been declared free of infec-
tion, may be seized, and, if found infested, destroyed by tin-
Inspector or'anv person acting as Assistant Inspector.

5. The said State [Inspector shall act in conjunction with

240

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

[May

county, town or city authorities, in suppressing and eradicating
the said from any infested area or area" in accord

ance with sections :;, 4 and 8 of said act. and when this lias been
accomplished, due notice shall be given of this fact in the same
manner as provided in Rale ."..and such publication shall act to
relieve t lie before-infested area or areas from further restric-
tions :!- to -.lie. transportation, etc. of the articles therein men-

istant Inspectors will be appointed by the Board of
Control of the Agricultural Experiment Station, to serve under
pay of any county, town or city, and while bo serving shall have
full authority to inspect and report, with recommendations, all
premise- to the State Inspector, hut such Assistants shall not

nave power of condemnation or of determining the treatment to

in any sped;
7. General Assistants will he appointed when deemed neces-
sary by the Board of Control, to do temporary work under the
■ of the Mate Inspector. Any Assistant Inspector will
red at the pleasure of the Board
B. Appeals from the decision of the state Inspector shall he
addressed to the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Blacksburg, Virginia, and it shall he his duty to notify
the appellant of the time and place of the hearing of said ap-
peal.

9 All letters of inquiry relating to the provisions of this act
or the Bubj ct matter of the same should he addresse 1 to Wm.
B. Alwood, Entomologist, Blacksburg, Virginia.

The law. as re-enacted, differs from the previous act in seve-
ral minor particulars which were intended to make it more cer-
tain of execution, ami particularly does it differ in that coun-
- are authorized to appropriate money and
proceed as vigorously as they may desire to eradicate the scale
This feature of the law was inserted at the request of many
fruit growers, believing that it was desirahle to give to every
ommunity the opportunity to organise and act in concert for
the protection of their local inter.

■ law now stands, it is possible for every community to
m as drastic a manner as may he found necessary to
clear up infested premises ami prevent the further spread of
this pe-t within its bounds. The State Inspector stands ready
to furnish evidence as to whether this insect pest is present in
any community in the State, to give advice and direction to the
work of its eradication, and. if necessary, to furnish evidence
in Court when legal proceedings become advisable It is
for the community to determine whether it desires to take or-
ganized action or not. It is our belief that in a number of
counties and town" organized action is desirable, and would re-
sult verv beneficially to the community as a whole. It is much
easier foi the State Inspector to enforce proper treatment and
regulations where the work in a community is placed in the
il one man. The local authorities m'av select their own
local inspector, and must provide for his pay and the current
esof the work conducted by him. The Board of Con-
»evi r, reserves the right to refuse to commission as local
it any person whom it thinks unqualified for the posi-
tion. The expenses of the State Inspector in governing and
giving direction to the work are paid by the State out of the
appropriation provided in the act.

However, if a community will not organize, any individual

r.- the enforcement of the act in any specific case or

infestation by this scale insect. We 'are just as ready

individual as for the community, and will at all

suspicious premises and i«sue formal d

treatment of premises found to be infested. If these

tis be not executed.it is onlv nei any free-

r complaint as provided for in seciion ."> of the act

and we will appearand testifv at the hearing of the complaint

expense to the person making the san.e.

! Control holds that it i« not possible for the State

ke charge of the individual cases in the State.

ter complaints in the courts, and prosecute

ccessful issue. His duty is rather to determine

findings of feet and report the same to the proper

ies with recommendations. The machinery for the

mmendations is provided in the act of

ly and the regulations of the Boaid of Control adopted
thereunder.

i bin the State at present known to be infested

letail in Bulletin tic, of the Station and in

the State Inspector These publications

parties interested, and all information in

our possession relating to cases on our records will be given
upon request.

The future work under the act of Assembly will be prosecuted
along the following lines :

1st. The work of fully inspecting the State so as to furnish
reliable data to fruit-growers and all interested regarding the
prevalence of this pest. These data to become the basis of com-
munity or individual action to suppress the scale.

2d. To keep a watchful oversight of the nurseries within the
>tate with the purpose of clearing out infection wherever it may
occur and require such treatment to be given nursery stock sit-
uated in infested districts as will preclude the further dissemi-
nation of the scale by our home nurseries.

3d. A like oversight will be kept over tree agents operating
within the State, and acting under direction of the Board of
Control, it is intended hereafter to publish aU'nnrseries within
or without the State which distribute scale-infested stock in
this State and, BO far as possible, prosecute under the law all
offenders, both agents and principals.

4th. To conduct a thorough series of experiments with washes
for the destruction of the scale so that this work may be put
ii a practical basis that all persons interested can treat
their own plants

The appropriation made by the Legislature render? it possible
to carry out the above outlined scheme of work, but it does not
enable us to undertake the care and treatment of the many
cases already known nor of those yet to be discovered. This
work must be done, if done at all. by the individuals interested
or by communities acting together.

WM. B. ALWOOD,
Experiment Station. Blacksburg, T"<i. Entomologist.

A remarkable illustration, says an English contem-
porary, of the ability of sheep to withstand the effects
of hunger and thirst for a prolonged period in the
middle of summer, was given recently at Wedderburn
(Victoria), when eight sheep were found in a digger's
hole, into which they had fallen while beiDg driven
with others. The animals were missed as soon as the
Hock was counted at its destination, and had remained
in their prison for thirteen or fourteen days, without
a vestige of food or water, all through the dreadfully
hot weather ; yet when liberated, they appeared little
the worse : indeed, it took a strong boy to hold them
while they were being put into a cart for removal to a
paddock.

A hundred millions for wheat alone is the money
paid by foreigners to United States exporters during
the past niue months. Converting flonr to bushels of
wheat, out foreign shipments of the cereal in March
were 15,400,000 bushels, at a higher average cost to Eu-
ropean buyers than in years. Exports of breadstuffs as
a whole continue phenomenally large, approximating
230,000,000 past nine mouths, compared with 154,-
000,000 a year ago.

Of eight fodder ciops tested at the Ontario Station,
rape was the most productive. Four inches between
the plants in the drill proved the most satisfactory
distance. The seed which gave the best results was
planted two inches deep. Nitrate of soda was more
effective than any other fertilizer. The crop was ben-
efited largely by subsoiling.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers,

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

24 L

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

BICHMOND, VA.
Issced os 1st of each Month.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD.
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on applieatir

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Son I he ru Planter is mailed to sub-
scriber* in the United States and Canada at
S1.00 per annum ; all foreign countries. SI. 25.

Remittances should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we cannot be responsible.

Alwavs sive the Name of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.

The Date on your label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the fact at once.

We luvlte Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, suggestions How to Improve The
Planter. Descriptions of Xew Grains. Roots.
or Vegetables not generally known. Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of postage.

or en-

Addrees-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

RICHMOND. VA.

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

Books for Farmers.

We ask the attention of our sub-
scribers to the advertisement in
this issue offering several standard
agricultural books at low prices.
Every farmer should avail himself
of the opportunity of buying good
books when he has the chance.
They are sure to be a good invest
ment of the money, and will pay a
high rate of interest if only used
wisely. We can confidently say
that no buyer of the books we
offer will ever regret the money he
invests in them.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
our Busim -- office.

S Is always the result of proper draining. Don't waste time
and money trying to make crops pay until your land is
properly drained. We would like to tell you how to do it,
and at the same time quote you prices on

^•DRKIN •• TIL.E+S-
LAND i POWHATAN CLAY MANUFACTURING CO., Richmond, Va.

•%'WV%'%/%'V"%^W PRESSED BRICKS in a Variety of Colors.

RICH,
MELLOW

Wood's Seasonable Seeds

WRITE FOR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE-LIST,
Giving Information About Seeds for Sowing Now.

COW PEAS, VELVET BEANS, MANGEL BEETS,

SORGHUMS, LATE CABBAGE. SOJA BEAXS.

GERMAN MILLET, TEOSIXTE MILLO MAIZE.

LATE POTATOES.

All kinds of Vegetable Plants on hand, in season, Tomato.
Sweet Potato. Pepper, Egg Plants, etc.. etc. Our Descriptive
Catalogue gives prices and full information.

T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

The Walter A. Wood Mowing
and Reaping Machine Co.

To the Farmers of the South.

Through travelers and agents we learn
that unscrupulous representatives of cer-
tain of our competitors, making us* of
the fact that the Walter A. Wood Har-
vester Company, of St. Paul, Minn., has
temporarily closed a portion of its plant,
have circulated a report that the works of
Walter A Wood Mowing and Reaping
Machine Company, at Hoosick Falls, N.Y.,
are shut down The statement is totally
without warrant and absolutely false. In
view of the fact that our trade for the
year 1898 has been vigorously pushed
since the close of the last season, it ought
not to be necessary even to deny the
falsehood which hasbeen so unblushingly
circulated on the part of some of our
competitors, who by making use of such
deplorable method's to advance the sale
of their own goods, thereby acknowledge
the weakness of their position in the
trade and the superior character and
popularity of the Wood machines. But
in order to correct any false impressions
that mav possibly have been created in
the minds of any of our agents, customers
or friends, we desire to state that the
works of the Walter A. Wood Mowing
and Reaping Machine Company, at
Hoosick Falls. X. Y.. have been running
since early in November last, and are
now running day anil night in order to fill
promptly the immense orders that have
been received for this season's trade. The
orders thus far received from many of
our agents, for the season of 1898, art the
largest in the history of ibe Company. Never
'>ut once before has the number of certain

kinds of machines, which are being
manufactured, been exceeded. The Com-
pany is turning out machines of the very
finest workmanship and finish, superior
in every point of construction, and in
adaptation of the very latest improve
merits, which, after the most thorough
test, have been demonstrated as such.
To supply our agents and customers with
these machines our plant at Hoosick
Falls is being ran at its fullest capacity.

Very truly.

Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping

Machine Co., Hoosick Falls. N._Y.

Southern office,
ASHTON STARRKE, Richmond, Va.

%r FEHTHERS
1 WRNTED.

Any quantity of Chicken or Turkey

Body Feathers will be bought

Address- BEATTIE A: CO.,

P. O. Box 310. Richmond. Va.

No Water, No Ice
used with the

Young Mill Strainer
Aerator and Cooler.

This Aerator Purifies
and Cools the Milk, Re-
moves all odors and
Animal CJases. Saves
time and the labor of
stirring milk. Easy to
. keep clean. Adds
J| .from 10 to 30 hours to
9£the keeping qualities.
■ Milk ready to ship at

once. Circulars free.

PW H. YOCNB. Pat-
entee, Aurora. III.
crritory on sale, lease or
Ity, if responsible.

LM'1

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

State of Ohio, City of Toledo, 1
Lucas County, f

Frank J. Cheney makes oath that he
-t-nior partner of the firm of F. J.
Cheney & Co., doing business in the city
of Toledo, county and State aforesaid,
and that aaid firra will pa\ th-. sum of
ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS for each
and every case of Catarrh that cannot
be cured by the use of Hall's Catarrh
Cobb. FRANK J. CHENEY.

Sworn to before me and subscribed in
my presence this 6th day of December,
r'-*— > >-*-.D
/ SBAL. \ A. W.GLEASON,

t , ■ ' Notary Public.

Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally,

and acts directly on the bl 1 and mu-

jurfaces of the system. Send for
aonials, free.

P.J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, 0.
jg?-Sold by druggists, 75c.

MAGAZINES.
The leading featureof Harpers' Maga-
i] Mavis "Awakened Russia," the
first of a series of articles treating Russia

n- a militant power in the forefront of
modern political and territorial move-
ments, by Julian Ralph; illustrated from
drawings by T. de Thulstmp and Carlton
T. Chapman, and from engravings by E.
S'bladitz. "The Trans-Isthmian Canal
Problem" (with map) is by Colonel Wil-
liam Ludlow, LT. S. A , chairman of the
first Nicaragnan Commission. " Last Side
Considerations" is a cheerful and sympa-
thetic account of the less-familiar side of
New York life, by E. S. Martin, illustra-
ted by W. A. Rogers. " Yarallo and the
Val Sesia" is an account of a compara
lively unknown Italian artist considered
by high authorities to be Raphael's supe-
rior, to which is added a graphic sketch
of life in an unexplored corner of Italy.
It is by Edwin Lord Weeks, and is illus-
trated from drawings by E. L. Weeks and
from photographs. "Some Byways of the
second paper, by Andrew Wilson,
M. U., is a scientific explanation of char-
acteristic brain processes as disclosed by
the latest investigations. "University
Life in the Middle Ages" is by Professor
W. T. Hewett, and is illustrated by F. V.
da Mond and A. B. Davies after old prints.

I Weekly is giving fine

r scenes, and these will daily

grow in interest, as the journal will be

nted at the front by its best artists.

Harpers' Bazar is always filled with
matter of interest to the ladies, and the
illustrations are excellent.

.' has an interesting article
oil I lie "Ascent of the Encha lit c 1 Me-a,"

by K. YV. Hodge. The article is finely
illustrated by Mr. Lungren, who also
contributes an article on ''Notes on Old

M"-i Life." Prof. Louis Bontau contri-
butes an article on Submarine Photogra-
phy. Lieutenant-^ ieneral Joseph Wheeler
tells of "An effort to rescue Jefferson Da
vis." Franklin P.. Locke writes on "Rail-
way Crossings in Europe and America,"
showing how much more fatal these are
iii this country than abroad. Andn'- Cas-
con tributes the second article on
" The Wonders of the World." His sub-

ject this month is " The Pyramids." Prof.
Trowbridge writes on " What are the
X-Rays.'- The fiction is interesting.

Si. Nicholas is full of articles of interest
to children, and beautifully illustrated.

In history-making times like these a
truthful record of passing events becomes
an imperative need. The daily newspa-
per is ephemeral and not easily preserved
for reference. The American Monthly Re-
view of Reviews has all the value of the
newspaper, besides distinctive merits of
its own. As an epitome of current his-
tory it is complete, compact, terse, impar-
tial, absolutely reliable, and judiciously
edited. As a piece of journalistic history
writing what could he more brilliant or
fascinating than the May number of this
publication, with its story of the Spanish-
American war-crisis? Merely as a sou-
venir of this past eventful month the Re-
vit w has a certain unique fitness.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly for

May has an article on "Snow Crystals,"
illustrated by a series of actual photo-
graphs taken by the aid of a microscope.
The Hon. David A. Wells discusses the
Income Tax Question, and Worthington
C. Ford has a second article dealing with
the Wheat Question.

Lippineatt's has for its complete novel
"The Uncalled," by Paul Lawrence Dun-
bar, the colored poet. It is an extremely
strong and thoroughly readable story.
The other tales are interesting, and the
articles are numerous and of varied in-
terest.

The Ladies' Home Journal is always full
of finely illustrated articles on subjects of
interest to the ladies. The most notable
one in the May issue is one on " Joseph
Jefferson at Home."

The Cosmopolitan is one of the best and
cheapest journals published. Always
finely illustrated.

CATA LOG ULs.

A. H. Foster, Sheep, Hogs, Seeds, &c.
Allegan, Mich.

The Havana Mutual Wheel Co., Ha-
vana, Illinois. Ail-Steel Handy Wagon
Metal Wheels, Ac.

Deere & Co., Moline, 111. Deere Rotary
Plows.

Morrell & Morley, Benton Harbor,
Mich. Eclipse Atomizer, the biggest bug
killer made.

.Mountain-Side Farm, Mahwah, N. J.

A home for the Farmer. This pamphlet
describes the lands and country on the
line of the Norfolk and Western "railroad
in Virginia. It is compiled by Mr. Paul
Scherer, the agent of the Company for
lands and immigration. Will be sent on
application to Mr. Scherer, Norfolk and
Western railroad, Roanoke, Ya.

MARKET FOR ANOTHER WASTE
PRODUCT.
It will pay you to save and col lee)
chicken and turkey feathers and ship
them to Messrs. Beattie & Co., Box 310,
Richmond, Ya. Write them for particu-
lars before shipping.

Horrors of Dyspepsia

Sour Stomach, Heart Palpita-
tion, Nervous, Sleepless

Now Able to Do All the Housework
-What Cured Her.

The excellent qualities of Hood's
Sarsaparilla as a stomach tonic and
appetizer enable it to relieve and cure
dyspepsia even when cure seems hope-
less. Read Mrs. AYillett's letters:
" C. I. Hood & Co., Lowell. Mass. :
"Gentlemen: — I have been sick for
about six years with dj B-
Letter pepsia with all its horrible
nightmares, such as sour
No. 1 stomach, flatulency, palpi-
tation of the heart, insom-
nia, etc., and all that time I have tried
almost every known remedy and the
best doctors in the state, but nothing
did me any good. I was very

Weak and Nervous.

About five months ago I commenced
taking Hood's Sarsaparilla. and after
using five bottles I am able to do
all my housework and feel better
than I have in several years. Also,
my husband had pneumonia last win-
ter and his blood got very bad: he
had rheumatism and could scarcely
walk. He commenced to take Hood's
Sarsaparilla and in a short time he
was better in every way, his rheuma-
tism has left him and is in better
health than for a long time." Mrs.
\V. J. YYiixett, Mt. Holly, N. C.

Still Praising Hood's.

»C. I. Hood & Co., Lowell, Mass.:

"Dear Sirs: — I am still praising

Hood's Sarsaparilla for the

Letter great benefit both myself

and husband derived from

No. 2 its use and I do not hesitate

to say it is the best medicine

we have ever used in our family."

Mrs. W. J. Willett, Mt. Holly. N. C.

Hood's

Sarsaparilla

Purifier. Sold by all druggists. $1; six for $5.

Is the One
True Blood

,260 '97 BICYCLES BELOW COST

bicycles, *£ up.

BICYCLE FREE
Easy work, no
great offer.

Franklin St.; Salesroom*), 69-71 Fourth Av., CHICAGO

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

243

ES
EY

LOTS 0' MONEYS™

If you don't keep bees, you ought to. Had
you thought about it? Write for new 64-page
book— Free.
J. M JENKINS. - Wetumpka, Ala.

WIND PUMP PERFECTED

By perfect pump rod spring, jerks, breaks,
lifting platform, rapid wear stopped. Helps
<jet water. Pay after trial. MQIS MFG. CO.,
Marshall town, Iowa.

Berry Boies ^ Baskets

Peach Packages. Grape Baskets.

Fruit and Vegetable Packages of every kind.
WSend for Catalogue.

HEATH-MORRIS CO.,
24 Water St., New Albany, Ind.

■w ^ ^ ^ ^^* w ^ ^ ^ » ^ w ^

FRAZER

t

: Axle Grease «£&. ;

m Its wearing qualities are unsurpassed, ac- m
^ tually outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand. \
# Not affected by heat. *5»Get the Genuine. W
£/%. FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS. '%rm

PURE IYHLK.

The New Model Milk
Cooler and Aerator is
the latest improved;
produces best results ; i *
low-down, automatic,
rapid process. First at
N. Y. state Fair. Cort.
laud dairymen prefer it-
Send for free circulars

and sample prices to .MODEL M. C. A. CO., 97

Groton Ave., Cortland, N. Y.

INCREASE YOUR PROFITS

From 2.5 to 5CW by using our latest improved

Cream Separators

New and Second-hand— cheap. Also Churns,
Butter Workers, Butter Prints, Testers, etc.
Catalogue free.

E. P. SMITH, Manchester, Va.

Gutta Perch ROOFING

CHEAP and FIRE-PROOF.

For Farmers, Planters, Poultry Breeders, &c.
«S-Send for Catalogue and Prices.

FOR SALE^at^
A New CUTAWAY HARROW

NEVER USED.

Will SELX FOR SIO.OO.
Apply at ouce to

FIRMER, care Southern Planter.

REPORTS.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, I). C. Bureau of Animal In-
dustry.
Bulletin 19. The Inspection of Meats

for Animal Parasites.
Farmers' Bulletin 75. The Grain Smuts,
How they are Caused and how to Pre-
vent them
Farmers' Bulletin 72. Cattle Ranges of

the Southwest.
Division of Entomology. The Fruit
Tree Bark Beetle.
Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.
Bulletin 144. Notes on Spraying.
Bulletin 145. Some Important Pear
Diseases.
Florida Experiment Station. Lake City,
Fla.
Bulletin 44. Cane Syrup. Sugar.
Bulletin 45. Three Injurious Insects —
Bean Leaf Roller, Corn Delphax,
Canna Leaf Roller.
Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst,
Mass.
Bulletin 52. Variety Tests of Fruit.

Spraying Calendar.
Bulletin 53. Concentrated FeedStuffa.
Illinois Experiment Station. Urbana, 111.
Bulletin 49. The Sugar Beet in Illinois.
Bulletin 50. The Cost of Production of
Corn and Oats in Illinois in 1896.
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, To-
peka, Kansas.
Report for the quarter ending March,
189S. The Plow Cow and Steer. This
is one of the characteristically useful
reports of this Board. It never sends
out matter that is not worth reading.
Louisiana Experiment Station, Baton
Rouge, La.
A preliminary report upon The Bluff
and Mississippi Alluvial Lands.
Maryland Experiment Station, College
Park, Md.
Bulletin 52. Composition of Commer-
cial Fertilizers.
Bulletin 53. Special investigation of
the so-called " New ". Horse Disease
in Maryland.
Bulletin 54. Tomatoes.
Michigan Experiment Station, Agricultu-
ral College, Mich.
Bulletins 151-152-153. Raspberries,
Blackberries, Grapes. Report South
Haven Station — Vegetable Tests.
Bulletin 54. Some Experiments in Corn

Raising.
Bulletins 155-156. Spraying Calendar.
Preliminary Report of State Inspec-
tor of Nurseries and Orchards and
Laws relating to same.
Minnesota Experiment Station, St. An-
thony Park.
Bulletin 55. Grasshoppers, Locusts,
Crickets, &c.
Missouri Horticultural Society, West-
port, Mo.
Report of the condition of the Fruit
Crops, April 15, 1898. The Drouth
of 1897.
New Hampshire Experiment Station,
Durham, N. H.
Bulletin 48. Ninth Annual Report.
Bulletin 49. Inspection of Fertilizers.
Bulletin 50. Dehorning Cattle.
Bulletin 51. Sweet Corn for New
Hampshire.

Send for the free A. B.
C. of Fence Making,
j describing the Farmers
Fence Tools, which
weave the best fence at
lowest cost, and fi x old
fence for pigs and bulls.
J. P. VISSERING, Box 151, Alton, Illinois.

IWQVBNWlflH — -
T HE rAfiWtERK'j— ;

II DEtffREa-- -•--•

See the Fence? MONARCH
builds it. Best Machine on
Earth, only S8. A snap for
agents. Cataloge Free.

Cochrane Fence Machine Co.,
Box 109.5, Detroit, Mich.

YOU GET THE DIFFERED

l-etwoen the wholesale .

■■ ■

WE SELL dS'LY DIRECT TO THE
FARMER AT WHOLESALE PRICE
AND WE PAY THE FREIGHT.

es you the middle man's pro:]L Thefenceia as good as the
te." It will turn anything that any other fence v. ill t

and injure nothinc;. Tie wires .In n't slip, i'ri n way down. Writ*
at once for cironhirs :>i..i estrn .= i>-i

ADVANCE FEXt E ( O. 3.>OldSt. Peoria. III.

Comes and Goes,

bnftsUlllea "stayer.*' >

ter. The Page abides ur;

over and again It's the <-..n that doe-. \

coilis patented liythp

PAGE WOVEX WIRE FENCE CO.. Adrian, Hl«h.

or Garfield Knapsack

Perfect agitators— no scorching of foliage
— no leather valves. 14 styles spray pumps.
Catalogue free. Agents wanted.
FIELD FORCE PlILF CO., 70 Market St. , Lockport, K.Y.

The Original Dry Sprayer.

LITTLE

GIANT

DUSTER

Dusts tree, bush or vine. Two row-
tatoes as fast as you walk, wide or
planting. No plaster or water used. Agents
Wanted. Catalogue Free. LEGGETT&BRO.,
301 Pearl Street, New York.

Sample,

Benton Harbor,
Mich.

244

EGGS!

PLYMOUTH ROCK

T.'ic. per 13.
BAMAREB. Liekiag, Va.

EGGS FOR HATCHING!

Brown Leghorns. 50 cents per
Brown Leghorn Tonne Boosters, 11.00 ™-b.
Miss s. M. BOTER, Ellisvilic. \a.

PEKIN DUCKS— Eggs Sl.OOperdoz.

__-. tun for 16.
Black Minorcas-Eggs. SI. VI for 15.

LEROY F. CARTER. Richmond, Va.

TTJRKEYS- White Holland.

DUCKS— Imperial Pekin.
Uao other varieties of Fowls A Pucks for sale.
Fowls and Dncfcs.J3.00 per pair: HeD Eggs.
$1 25 per IS : I>uck Eggs, 11.00 per 13.

J. J. PAYNE. Elk Rrs. \ a.

B. P. ROCKS 15th Year

Circular worth So to any farmer free. Ad-
dress J. H. DENHAM, Box ITi. St. Clairsville.
Ohio.

Hares, Rabbits, Chickens, Ducks,

PIGEONS.

_-ue Free. Satisfaction guaranteed.

JOHNSON & B00DE, Boydton. Va.

Fowls @ EggS [or Sale

Purebred Lieht Brahma. Barred and
W ite Plymouth Bocks, Brown Leghorn,
Indian Game, Pekin Ducks-each $1.50;
four for $5. EGGS— Duck, $1 a dozen;
Hens', $1 for fifteen. Address

W. C. DORSET, Pilkinton, Va

PURE BRED

PARTRIDGE COCHIN ROOSTERS

8 to 10 Months Old.

Price, $1.25 each.
\V. P. CHURCHILL. Pry Bridge. Va.

BLACK LANGSHANS*^

-onable.
A lot of tin-:- Asparagus Plants for sale cheap.
Write now.
M. A. OLNEY, Coleman's Falls. Va.

S. C. BROWN LECHORNS,

Eggs for setting. $1.0(1 per 15.
PEKIN DOCKS— Eggs for setting. U.00 for 11.
BROWN LEUH< iU.vs, slj.ieach—
Roosters or 1
The above are of the iiest strains and guar-
anteed pure iii i

G. W. GRAVES, Highland Springs. Va.

INDIAN RUNNER DUCKS

alth.)

P \KK I" IRKING.S [mi oi
BLACK MINORCAS Imported .

B. P. ROCKS, BL \'K LAJNG6HANS;

• i per IS.
Infertile eggs replaced at half price.

Mrs. K. 1. PARRER,

Box lti, Orauge, Va.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
i: be had for 26 cents Address
the Business Office.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

Oregon Experiment Station. Corvallis,
Oregon.
Bulletin 50. The Fertility of Oregon

Marketing Fruit.
Perdue Experiment Station. La Fayette,
Indiana.
Bulletin lis.. The Sugar Beet in Indiana.
Bulletin B9. Insecticides, Fungicides
and Spraying
South Dakota Fxperinient Station,
Brookings. So. Dak.
Bulletin 56. Sugar Beets in South Da-
kota.
Bulletin 57. Four Injurious Insects.
Virginia State Weather Service, Rich-
mond. Va.
Report for March.
Annual Summary, 1897.
Wisconsin Experiment Station. Madi-
son, Wis.
Bulletin 65. A Bacterial Rot of Cab-
bage and Allied Plants.

BOOKS.

Friits a»d Flowers Undkb G

Management — A manual for
florists and flower lovers, on the forc-
ing of flowers, vegetables and fruits
in greenhouses, and the propagation
and care of home plants, by L. R. Taft.
Professor of Horticultureand Landscape
Gardening. Michigan Agricultural Col-
lege, and author of Greenhouse Con-
struction. Illustrated, 12mo. 400 pages,
cloth. Price, J1.50, post i*id. Orange
Judd Company. New York, tr The
Southern Planter Publishing Company,
Richmond. Va.

This new- work just published forms a
companion or supplementary volume to
" iiie-nhouse Construction,'' by the same
author.

It treats of all the plants commonly
cultivated by florists and amateurs, and
explains in a thorough manner the
methods that have been found most suc-
cessful in growing them. Particular at-
tention is paid to the growing of cut flow-
ers, entire chapters being devoted to each
of the leading crops, such as roses, carna-
tions, chrysanthemums, violets, bulbs,
smilax. ferns, orchids, etc.

The growing of fruit under glass is at-
tracting the attention of commercial flor-
ists as well as amateurs, and the reader
will find separate chapters devoted to the
forcing of grapes, strawberries, peaches
and other fruits. The forcing of vegeta-
bles also receives the attention it deserves.
and the raising of lettuce, radishes,
cucumbers, tomatoes, mushrooms, etc . is
explained at length.

Fcedi <ii<i1 Feedmg, a hand-book for the
student and stockman, by W. A. Henry,

Director of the Wisconsin Experiment
Station. For extended notice of this val-
uable book, see our Live Stock columns.

Sugar Cane. A treatise on the history,
botany and agriculture of sugar cane and
the chemistry and manufacture of its
juices into sugar and other products. Bv
Wm. C. Btabbe, Ph. D.. A. M.. Director of
the Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon
Park, New Orleans, La. Vol. 1.

" The History, Botany and Agriculture
of Sugar Cane." Issued by the State

[May

THE IMPROVED ,

VICTOR Incubator

. bl Sw»:n. Absolute?
If- regulating. 'Tbe simplest, most
nest first-dM Haloher
lli-CQlar. FKEE.

skol ektel co.. orixcr. ill.

This 10 -EggS If-Reguiating Ha ch.r
only $6. Out-door Brooders. 100-
chick, S-5.00. Hammonton Incu-
bators, latest improvements. $12
Nur>ery Brooders. Sti up.
. Testimonials and illus
iei.ton. Fairmont, Md.

Fop POULTRYWIEN ~

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.
"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Com Mill. Farm Feed

Mills. Powder Mills.
*nd for Circular and Ta :
WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

Did you ever hear of SLUG SHOT?

SLUG SHUT saves the garden.

SLUC SHOT basa history

gi \Jf\ SHOT primarily was used on the
_^-^_ — — Potato Bug. and then the

Currant Worm. Then on Roses and
flowers generally. Cabbage was saved by-
it. Beans. Tomatoes. Tobacco and Rad-
ishes were treated. Turnips by the acre
were protected from the By. Melons from
the cut worm and fly beetles. Saved the
Plums from the curculio. The Quince
covered with slugs was completely cleaned.
The Apple was saved from the canker
worm. Saved the Elm trees from being
destroyed by the elm tree beetle.

CI IJC SHOT is llse>i ou Trees. Shrubs,
*^^__^^^^m*» Flowers and Vegetables.

by Sprai/ing, and the results are excellent.

SLUC SHOT tepatuplnoandlD-potuul

kegs. 125 pounds;

barrels, 2ij pounds in bulk : canisters with
perforated top. Is cheap enough foreverybody
to use, and is

SOLD BY THE SEED DEALERS

in the United state? .

For pamphlet, address

B. HA7VY7VY.OND,

Kishkill on Hudson. N. Y.
Please mention this paper when writing.

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

245

SOJA BEARS and
BLACK COW PEAS

For Sale Cheap.

W. H. WILSON, - St. Brides. Va.

SEED CORN and OATS.

VALLEY OF VIRGINIA CORN is one of the
finest white corn grown. Qralns nearly an
inch long, and 1,300 to 1.350 grains to the ear.
Send for sample. Price, S1.00 per bushel.

Giant White Abundance Seed Oats, 85c.
per bushel. Prices include sacks.

Address E. T. ROBINSON, Lexington, Va.

SEED CORN.

The ALBEMARLE PROLIFIC, yielding 1> t
bus. per acre, and the greatest fodder-grower
for ensilage. Took a Breeders' Gazette prize,
and for two years the first prize of North Gar-
den Farmers' Club. Price, $1.25 per bushel, in
small quantities; will make reduction for
large orders.

Write for prices of registered stock— Poland-
Chinas, Shropshires, Red Polls, Shetland
Ponies, Pure-bred Turkeys„Ducks <fc Chickens
ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM, Charlottesville. Va.
Sam'l B. Woods, Proprietor.

FRUITS

VEGETABLES
PRODUCE

1 loads or smaller lots

*., free upon applii

No. 611 Liberty Street, PITTSBURGH. Penn'a.

Somers, Brother & Co.

I have a machine that will sow vour
Fertilizers perfectly.

One horse opens the row and sows the
Fertilizer in a stream ahout eight inches
wide, any quantity per acre desired.

Perfect Work, Eisy Draught, and

Uniformly Ripe Tobacco

secured.

Our best farmers here use them. Every
one who sows fertilizer needs it, for this
work cannot be done right by hand.

First sale, $12.50. Address,

Cephas N. Stacy, Amelia C. BL, Ve.

...CHEAP FARM

Of 105 acres, all open. One mile from Peters-
burg, Va., Chesterfield county. Good build-
ings, brick; fine orchard; vineyard; good
dairy and stock farm. S2.S00; cost S4.3O0.

Address L. H. C, Southern Planter.

FOR SALE #«?£

Thirty-three acres, two and a half miles from
Knoxville, Tenn. ; 2,000 feet railroad frontage.
Best place in the South for raising and canning
tomatoes. Good climate; best market.
MASTERSON PEYTON", Kuoxville, Tenn.

Ya. Farms for|3

An acre and upward, in yearly payments.
Interest 6 per cent. Some to exchange.
Northern Settlement. List free.

GEO. E. CRAWFORD & CO.. Richmond. Va.

Bureau of Agriculture and Immigration,
Baton Rouge, La. This work will, when
completed, form a valuable contribution
to the literature of sugar production.
The author has had the widest experience
in dealing practically with the subject.
and his well-known scientific attainments
insure an adequate treatment ol this sub-
ject from that point of view. The present
volume deals exhaustively with the his-
tory, botany and agriculture of BUgar
cane, and cannot fail to be of great service
to all producers of the crops.

WORK RESUMED.

" After repeated attacks of the grip I
was bo weak I could hardly drag myself
about. I was nervous, had palpitation of
the heart, and food did not agree with me.
I began taking Hood's Sarsaparilla', and
after taking four bottles I resumed my
work, and now enjov the best of health."
Mrs. M. F. Murray, Stainbock, N. C.

Hood's Pills are easy to take, easy to
operate. Cure indigestion, headache.

FENCING

Poultry, half cost of
Netting. Also best Farm
"ard, Cemetery Fences,
ron Posts, Gates, etc. I
can save you monev. Freight paid. Catalogue free
K. L. SHELLABARGER. 37 F. St., Atlanta, Ga.

A GREAT CARRIAGE CONCERN.

Works or the Elkhart Carriage and
Hasnrss Manufacturing Company,

Elkhart, Ind.

The business methods of the Elkhart
Carriage and Harness Manufacturing Com-
pany have built up an immense business
during the last twenty-five years, requir-
ing the large factories shown in the ac-
companying illustration.

The method of selling carriages, wagons
and harnesses directly to the users at
factory prices, saves a great deal of the
cost of the article, and by doing a strictly
cash or C. O. D. business the concern is
not obliged to overcharge one customer to
make up losses on another one. The lib-
eral plan of the company includes ship-
ment of goods any where for examination,
and if they should be unsatisfactory in
any way they are returned and the com-
pany pays the freight both ways. The
illustrated catalogue which they semi
free is uo-to-date, and the prices are re-
markably low. The company has an en-
viable reputation for liberal "dealing and
reliability.

ARTICHOKES.

Artichokes may be planted as late as
May 15th. Farmers who have not vet
procured the seed, can do so from J. P.
Vissering, Box 51, Alton, 111.

FOR..

SALE

Thoroughbred POLAND CHINAS, 2 months
old. $5.00 a pair ; $3.00 for a boar.
O. P. RENNOLDS, Prop., Lewistox, Va.
Ell Creek and Rockland .Stock Farm.

REGISTERED

ESSEX SWINE

FOR SALE!

My motto : " Not how cheap, but how good."'
Pioneer herd of the Carollnas.
R. L. STROUD, Chapel Hill. N. c

EACLE POINT FARM.

BERKSHIRE PIGS

ELIGIBLE TO REGISTRY.

Bred from the Choicest Boars and Sows.

Three Months Old. $7: Pair, $12.

Wm. B. Withers. Roane's, Gloucester I o., v;i.

& w. SMITH, Ci

BERKSHIRE, Chester White,
Jersey Red and Poland Chin*
PIGS. Jersey, Guernsey and
Holstein Cattle. Thoroughbred

t Ilk-, Cheater Co.. I-'cnat*.

ENGLISH BERKSHIRES

All ages; ser-
vice boars;

— — SOWS bred ■

and a very choice lot of fall pigs. All bred
from best English blood; grand and great
grandam Duchess C'XXIII. No. 30Z78, thafwon
class and sweepstakes at World's Fair to the
r.-r^Vc ?f *5TS0- -Vso Registered DEVON
CATTLE for sale AH ages. Guarantee satis-
Co OhioS' F' WELLER' Rehoboln? ptrev

CINE BLOODED Cattle,
• Sheep, Hogs, Poultry,
Sporting Dogs. Send
stamps for catalogue. 150
engravings. X. P. Boyek
& Co.. Coatesville, Pa.

ELLERSLIE FARM^-
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep

and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co , Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H. WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

Red Polled Cattle

A very valuable breed, where both
beef and milk is desired
Send for pamphlet giving facts con-
erning this breed Prices, *I00 and up-
wards. V. T. HILLS.
Importer and Breeder, Delaware, Ohio.

Mention the Planter to your friends.

24fi

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

Tobacco

will cure well, have a bright,
rich color and flavor, with good
burning properties, if liberally
supplied with a fertilizer con-
taining at least 10% actual

Potash.

in the form of sulphate.

The quality of tobacco is im-
proved by that form of Potash.

Our books will tell you just what to use.
They are free. Send for them.

GERMAN KALI WORKS.

g? Nassau St., New York.

YOUR INSURANCE

■early ..in',:.

I. .von hn,l :■

good sfzed
tank of
water on the
roc / or in
the garret
for fire
emergency-
have your
own water
works

A "Goshen" Storage Tank

ilk- n> h>

|.l.lli,Tol|,ln,. Ir

a. v. e make otfcertank* f<
Send for I- 1:1:1
KELLY FOUNDRY AND MACH. CO.

04 Purl St.. Coshen, Ind.

ELECTRIC MUX

Ourpo-tect knowledge of tMs wapon and the quality of
nmtenaJ uk«1 in it.-^ > ■ n ti in Umh kads us to rieciareit
tobothe NEATEST, SIK,iM.l>|. \H»T IU'R-
VKLE, LONOEST 1.IVII-. I \<*ll^l TO LOAD
«icon made. Has our Bftmonfl strait

Electric Steel Wheels

Wheels have any width of tire, from 2 to 8 Inchest
nny height, from 24 to CO inches. Impervious to
I; can't dry out. ir« I loone or rot; NO RE-

catalogue auU prices. Write for the

ELECTRIC WHEEL 60. I0X i;5 QUINCT. ILLS.

PERFECT RESULTS IN SPRAYING.

The increasing interest in the subject
of spraying and the increase among far-
mers and growers of the profitable prac-
tice of spraying has led within the last
few \ ears to a great variety of devices
and contrivances for spraying vines, trees
and plants Nothing we know of has
been turned out up to date that is more
effective than the Peppier Six-Row
Sprayer or the Climax Six-Row Sprayer,
two machines of high mechanical perfec-
tion, manufactured by Thomas Peppier.
of Uightstown, N. J. Both of these have
been on the market a number of years.
and have been used with increasing sat-
isfaction by their purchasers. The de-
vices for agitating the spray, thus getting
the best liquid, and for directing the
spray so as to make it hit the mark in
any wind that may be blowing, and their
simplicity, convenience and durability
have united to make these implements
very popular. The catalogue fully de-
scribing them and containing sprajr for-
mulas, spray calendar, etc., will be sent
on application to Thomas Peppler,Hights
town, X. J.

Toe Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va

While every person cannot have an
abundant head of hair, it is possible, with
care and the use of Hall's Hair Renewer,
to grow a respectable hirsutic covering.

The Biltmore Farms offer in their ad-
vertisement choicely bred bull calves
from the best of their registered Jersey
cows. They possess one of the largest
and choicest collections of Jerseys on the
continent ; and, although they have in-
vested enormous sums in collecting this
herd, their prices are within the reach of
any dairyman.

We notice in the Farmer and Breeder of
Springfield, 111., that the March sales of
Berkshires from the Biltmore Farms
stand third for the month in number
sold by any breeder in the United States,
and as a result North Carolina comes
twelfth in the list of States for this
month, beating Nebraska, Canada, Mis-
sissippi, New York, New Jersey, Mary-
land, etc., etc.

TO DAIRYMEN.

We invite your attention to the adver-
tisement elsewhere in this issue of Mr. E.
P. Smith, Manchester, Va. He carries a
full line of separators (new and second-
hand), and every other utensil necessary
to a man even if he only has one cow.
Write him your wants.

Mr. J. H. Garet, Salem, Va., whose card
will be found in another column, an-
nounces that he has reduced the price on
all eggs to $1.00 per sitting for the rest of
1 the season.

SI OOO. MADE! §

eellinKBEVEIUDtiE'* Automatic Z
Cooker. Best cooking utensil, rood X
can't burn. Ho odor. ?*aves labor and 9
fuel. Fitaanystove. Agents wanted, •
either eex. Good Par. One lady acid •
2386 in one town. Write (P. O.M S
BEVERIDGEMFO.CO.Baltlmorf.Sd. S

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

fe

F"i' STUCK. Just large enough,
light and simple: it don't pull
or come out. 100 Ear Harks, with
tools and .Register Book, only
S3; with numbers. $3.50. Send /or
Samples and be satisfied. Address
H. C. ST0LL, Beatrice, Nebraska.

LIGHTNING WELL MACH T «

PUMPS, AIRLIFTS.. J i

GASOLINE ENGINES.abar#

AIR COMPRESSORS IgooV—

["HE AMERICAN WELL WORKS:©" ~'~ I

•.URORA.ILL- CHICAGO- DALLAS.TEX.

We are the largest Q-4- n n 1
manufacturers of.. «3 ICC I

Truck Wheels

for farm wagons in America

Send for Catalogue
Havana Metal Wheel Co , Havana, III.

A 12-Year
Old Boy

HAND CULTIVATOR

than t hn
hoes. If no one in your town sell-
It, send 70c. for sample. Liberal terras to agent*
Bend 2c, stamp for full information.

Flrlch Mfc. Co., IS River St., Rock Falls, III.

this :c ti:z XZYSTOXE

HAY LOADER

. which loads nay from the i

i-.w-.itn whc:c the hay is liea vv. It :

-

"Quick
W». Ing

?ssarv. It i^ a l!*bt,

'! f ,r"KEYST0HE CHIEF"!

aide deli\ i>n fori

the nipl.l him! t . r , u ,ii. l-rlcht.i

-iilubH- hsiy. M ■ r fl ■ . rcuiars.,

KEYSTONE MFC. CO.,

(.11 River Sf. STERLING, ILL.)

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

247

'Don't Blow so Hard'

the FARQUHAR

^PATENT VARIABLE
fbiciioSi FEED.

Medot and Highest Avard at the World** Columbian Exposition.

SAW MILL & ENGINE

BEST SET WORKS [\ THE *
Shingle Mills. Machinery, i
menu of Best Quality a; to

a. Illustrated Catalogue.

FARQUHAR SEPARATOR

LARGEST CAPACITY.

Host ecoQomlcal, lightest draoeht,
w&stei no grain. 'Cleans readj
for market. Send for catalogues.

A. B. FARQUHAR CO., Ltd., ?ork,P».

HUBER

TRACTION
ENGINE

THE
NEW

5000
in use.

Winner in all practical tests at World's Fair. All
sizes, both sinapleand compound. Ask for Catalog.
THE UVBEB HFG. CO., Box X , Marion, Ohio.

FILE.

Your SOUTHERN
PLANTERS

WE HAVE A FEW MORE
BINDERS LEFT.

~~ Price, 25 Cents.

SOUTHERN PLANTER.
Richmond, Va.

..200 Acres...

In Kin? William Co., on Pamnnkey River.

In good condition. Good seven-room dwell-
ing, barn, stable, etc., in fair condition. Rich
marl beds. Excellent locality for duck ranch.
For price and further description, address
W. A. W-, care Southern Planter.

PAINT TALKS. V.

ROOF PAINTS.

A house may be painted within and
without, but if'tbe covering that protects
the whole structure be unsound, the work
is wasted. From the economic point of
view the roof is the most important part
of a building.

Wood exposed to the weather will de-
cay and metal will rust, unless artificially
protected ; therefore, a coating of good
roof paint, which is alwavs cheap enough,
is the best investment a man can put into
his house or his barn.

With shingle roofs the paint is best ap-
plied by dipping, before the shingles are
laid, while metal roofs are painted in
place. In either case perfect dryness of
the material and clear dry weather are
prerequisites to success.

The next most important question is
the kind of paint to be used. Lead paints
have been strongly advocated for the pur-
pose; but there are two considerations
which render them unsuitable for the
purpose. First, in the course of disinte-
gration, they may wash off the roof into
the drinking water supply and cause se-
rious illness ; and secondly, they do not
carry sufficient oil to fit them for such
use." White lead, for instance, when
thinned for painting, carries less than 15
per cent, of its weight of oil- and red lead
still less ; while certain other pigments
carry a much higher proportion, zinc
white, for example, requiring about 40
per cent, of oil to reduce it to the proper
consistency. A roof paint exposed to the
direct heat of the sun, naturally requires
more oil than is necessary in other paints

Of the two materials, therefore, zinc is
more than twice the more valuable for
the purpose, and the house-owner in se-
lecting a roof paint based on zinc, cannot
err. Such paints are plentiful if the buyer
will insist on having them.

For a metal roof the same considera-
tions hold good. The metal should be
freed from rust and the coats of paint ap-
plied thin, allowing plenty of time for
drying after ear-h coating. But even an
old roof will have its life materially
lengthened by a coat or two of good com-
bination paint based on zinc.

STANTON DuDLEV.

The need of a good Spring Medicine is
almost universal, and Hood's Sarsaparilla
exactly meets this need. Be sure to get
Hood's.

A countryman wandering about a
churchyard came upon a stone having
the inscription, " Sic transit gloria mun-
di."

" What does it mean?" he asked of the
sexton, who had been explaining the in-
scriptions to him. The sexton peered to-
ward it, and not wishing to show any ig-
norance, replied :

" Well, it means that he was sick tran-
siently, and went to glory Monday morn-
ing."— Harper's Bazar.

A farm may be owned by any man who
has industry enough to work, honor
enough t o command confidence, and
courage enough to pinch at spots.

Filston Farm

DEEP MILKING JERSEYS

Herd of 300.

Selected from the Best.

A BILL CALF FOR 8100.

Dropped August 28, 1897.

SIRE "Tonnage," a double grandson of
Combination.

DAM. a phenomenal heifer; Inbred Ma-
tilda's Stoke Pogis.

A BTLL CALF FOR 835.

Dropped January 7, 189$.

SIRE " Garella's Ultimo." iGarella made
23 lbs. butter first calf.)
DAM, a flne Stoke Pogis cow.

TOP BERKSHIRES.

Address ASA B. GARDINER, Jr.,
Treas. and Mgr., Glencoe, Va.

A Superior Farm

Near Richmond, Va., with railroad depot
within 400 yards of the house; 100 acres. First-
class improvements. Hot and cold water
bath, and closet in house. Water in barn-yard
and garden. Fine orchard of all kinds of fruit ;
small fruit of all kinds in garden. Well
stocked with Jersey cattle, game chickens,
and a superior pair of young mules, wagons,
etc., all new. Place complete, with furniture,
etc., S6,000. Address B. H. L., Southern Planter.

Go South,

YOUNG

MEN!

It is the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un-
equalled by any other portion of the
United States.

The J amis River Valley Colonization
ind Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages to intending settlers. Send stamp
for Hand Book and list of lands. Address
W. A. PAESONS. Vinitaville. Va.

"NORFOLK, VA."— I

There are cheap and beautiful homee in
he "Sunny South," near the sea, and
aear that thriving seaport city, Norfolk,
Va., for thousands of people who want
aappy homes in a mild, healthful, and de-
lightful climate, a kind and productive soil,
the very best markets in the world, the
?ery lowest freight rates, good social, edu-
cational, and religious privileges, and the
greatest number of other both natural and
icqnired advantages, to be found in any
jther one section of the Union.

The "Cornucopia " tells you all auout
:he beautiful section of country around
Sorfolk, Va. Send for (free) sample copies.

Address "Cornucopia," 212 Main 8 _,
Norfolk. Va.

When you write to an advertiser,
mention The Southern Planter.

248

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

THE TRAINING <»F CHILDREN.

M. W. KAKI.Y.

There are three < jna.1 i tit.-^ which seem to
me especially important in our inter-
course with our children, and these are-
patience, sympathy and candor. The lit-
tle creatures nee.l a world of patience,
for even the most angelic of them will he
trying, at times, careless, heedless, wilful,
ami otherwise provoking. To have daily
and hourly patience with them is a much
greater test of our parental love, and a
much better way to promote their real
good and happiness than to bestow occa-
sional bursts of fondness upon them, al-
ternated by tits of impatience.

Sympathy is also essential to a child's
iappiness, and there is nothing that
sheds more sunshine on its little life.
Therefore parents should enler into all
their little joys and sorrows .-how inter-
est in all their little sports and pursuits.
welcome their little confidences, and
show, in all things, that they feel for them
and with them.

Candor is no less essential in training
our children, and establishing a tight re-
lation between them and ourselves. It is
a fatal moment for a parent's influence
when a child discovers any want of truth
anil candor in them This seems, in some
to spring from an amiable weak-
ness rather than from a want of princi
pie. S .me mothers, when they refuse a
child any thing, will try to soften the dis-
appointment by some' little fiction, in-
stead of candidly saying, '' No, my child.
I do not think it would be good for you "
A writer I once read on the subject of
training child) en, gives an instance of
this want of candor on a mother's part.
A child begged for some rich fruit cake,
which the mother knew would make it
sick, so in order to save herself further
solicitation, and to soften her little girl's
disappointment, she told her that "she
had no more cake. The cat had gotten at
it, and eaten it all." The sideboard door
being left accidentally ajar, an hour or tw. >
afterward, the child distinctly saw the
cake in it, and could never again feel the
same implicit reliance on her mother's
word that she had done before.

Some mothers fail to draw a distinc-
tion between what is annoying and what
is morally wrong in their children, visit-
ing the former class of offences with as
severe rebukes and punishments as the
former. For instance, some mothers will
administer as sharp a rebuke to a little
son lor uttering a sudden and startling
shout in their ears as if he had been
guilty of falsehood; or they will be as
aiiL-rv with a little daughter 'for breaking
a cup or vase as if she had committed
some mean or seltish act. It is very im-
portant that we should draw a sharp and
clear line of demarcation between offen-
C6S that are intrinsically wmng and those
that an- merely annoying, springing from
the boisterous or heedless nature, if child-

1 1 Unless we observe this distinction,

our children will have bat vague and con-
fused ideas of light and wrong

Many mothers from a mistak. n tender

iv to spare their children exertion

as much as they can. but this is an error

in judgment, and one that is injurious

AMERICA'S HIGHEST

DAIRYING AUTHORITY ON

CREAM SEPARATORS.

University of Wisconsin Experiment Station.

Madison, Wis.. Jan. 10. 1898.

"The use of the Hand separators is a great boon to the progressive dairy
farmer who is making t lie most out of his milk by manufacturing it at home.
The amount of fat which many dairymen lose in the skim-milk issiupiis-
ingly large, and only because they do not know that such is the case dot beee
dairymen daily sutler this loss. We have tested skim-milk lor men who
thought they 'were pretty good dairymen where there was as much as
1 per cent, of fat remaining in the skim-milk, though generally the
about one-halt that, as shown by our tests. Now think of it lor a moment:
If the full milk contains 4 percent, of fat, and the dairyman loses one-half
of one per cent, of this fat by imperfect creaming, there is a hiss of l'.'U. |>er
cent, by the old method, about all of which is saved without difficulty
through using a good Hand separator. To care for the cows, milk them and
handle the milk, ami then each day losel'JK'I'er cent, of the fat produced, is
permitting a continual loss which no thoughtful dairyman will long stand
when he comprehends the situation. By the use of the 'Bahy' Hand sepa-
rator the milk can lie at once almost completely rid of the f lit, leaving the
warm skim-milk fresh for the calves and pigs, while the cream only Deed
receive further careful attention. With the Hand separator and the milk
le^t the progressive dairyman is now master of the situation.

"Another year's experience in our creamery, which we operate in a prac-
tical way as well as for experimentation and instruction, has given us still
higher appreciation of the 'Alpha' De Daval separators. Theexlianstiveness
of the skimming under the varying conditions of milk-flow and temperature
continues highly satisfactory and the machines give full evidence of lasting
qualities under daily use." w. A. Hbnbt, Dean and Director.

Send for "Dairy" catalogue No. 258.

The De Laval Separator Co.

Western Offices:

noolph & Canal Sts
CHICACO.

Ceneral Offices:

74 cortlandt street,

NEW YORK.

Branch Offices:

1102 Arch Sthee-

PHILADELPHIA.

WE HAVE NO AGENTS

i direct to the
sumer fur Z'< years at who
- ivinc him tl
dealer's prwots. s mp any-
where for c -tarn: nation.
warrutod.
: Vehicles,
. lianifs.5

rreys, j

^- pes. Phaetons, lr...

. id and Milk
Ue.OO Wat us. Send for large, free
Catalogue of all

ELKHART cabhiage ami harness a&xu. to. w. & nan, &<*>>, elkhaut, iad.

MONARCH GRUBBER.

Simple and strong. Quickest operating
STOMP POLLER in the world. Will take-
out a tree J4 inches in diameter in one minute
without cutting roots. Can be set In five
minutes, and will pull one acre in one setting.

EVERY MACHINE WARRANTED.
Price la right. For Illustrated catalogue, ad-
dress. MONARCH GRUBBER M'F'Ci CO.,
Lone Tree, Iowa.

PEPPLER and CLIMAX

s,xc-^ow SPRAYERS

Ilorso power or hand pump. Most practk-sl, simplest, most durable,
r luii!t. Either will sprwy t". r t« sofl POtatOOB.

cutton or Tegetablea at one paaaage 3Q arrr-. it 1'ay— throw 2
•prays in any part >>f a tnev, or 4 orno re ttprajsatonoeintna

pTanT. Can b»* worked anywhere in any weather. Cat-. ... •--• tins f-.rmnlas,
- ,1 lr, I 1IOS. PKPPLEB, I.v K. Ilichl-town, N.J.

■ A*'

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

249

both to parent and child, especially the
latter, inasmuch as it hinders the develop-
ment of muscles and usefulness, and helps
the development of selfishness. It is well
to give our children some especial little
I'tity and make them feel the responsi-
bility of it as early as practicable. For
instance, let it be the little girl s task to
feed the chickens, whilst the little boys
weed the flower beds, or do any other lit-
tle task that circumstances may call for,
within the range of their strength and
capacity. Let them perform their little
tasks regularly and systematically, and
this will prove a good preparation for the
grayer work of mature years. Often it is
easier and more convenient for the
mother to do little jobs than to show her
children how to do them ; but this would
not effect the great purpose to be aimed
at in raising a child, viz., to teach him
how to perform uses.

Whilst we are training and educating
our children, our own training and edu-
cation are being widened and deepened
by the process. Not only is our stock of
knowledge enlarged and rendered clearer
by our trying to impart it to our children,
but we receive many valuable suggestions
and lessons from our contact with these
fresh, untainted minds, so full of quaint
simplicity and earnest questionings.
Many of our sweetest and purest lessons
are learned through our love and care of
little children.

SHE WAS PARTICULAR.

" How mooch is a letther to Oireland ?"
she asked of the stamp clerk.

"Five cents."

" Gimme a shtamp."

The stamp was handed out. She looked
at it critically.

" Sure an' Oi don't loike the color ov it.
Hev ye no grane shtamps ?"

" Xo. That is the only color in five-
cent stamps."

"Sure an' I see in the newspayapers
aomethin' about new colors of shtamps."

"They are not issued yet, madam.
Will you please take your stamp and
step aside? Several persons are waiting
behind you."

" In a minute, sorr. Ye are quoite sure
thot ye hov no grane shtamps?"

" Quite sure, madam. That stamp will
carry your letter to Ireland quite as well
as a green one. Won't you please—"

"An' whin do yez think the grane
shtamps will be out?"

"I can't tell. Madam, the crowd be-
hind you is increasing, and the people
are growing very impatient."

'• Will they be out in a yare, think ye ?"

" Perhaps. It may be longer. I can't
tell. But you must take your stamp and
move on."

"Oi don't think Oi'll tek it," said she,
pushing the stamp back again. " Oi'll
wait until the grane shtamps are out
Sure an' there's no hurry."

Then she moved off, and the wants of
the crowd were attended to.— Harper's
Bazar.

" Lester, dear," said Mrs. Giddings,
anxiously to her husband, " I don't like
that cough of yours."

" I'm sorry," replied Giddings, " but it
ie the best f have." — Harper's Bazar.

Biltmore Farms

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN!

YOU KNOW • • •

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual.

WE SAY • • •

That we can supply you with the very best
A. J. C. C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.

Berkshires, Southdowns and Standard Poultry.

Apply to Q. F. WESTON, Superintendent,

BILTMORE, N. C.

GHSTON STOCK I=7SR7VT.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JNO. C. DETRICK, Somerset, Ta.

250

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

THE CONGRESSMAN AND THE
LOBSTERS.

Mr. X. found himself a servant of the
people after the last general election. He
turned up at Washington as the repre-
sentative of a Congressional district of hit

native State — a State far removed fron
the seaboard. The knowledge possesses
by Congressman X. concerning things of
the watery and mysterious dee), was at
this time limited. Blindfolded and sealed
in the darkest subcellar that ever yawned.
Congressman X. could have distinguished
a red ear of corn from a white one. but
with his best spectacles he could not have
told a dolphin from a marline-spike.

It was during his tirst week at the capi-
tal. He reached his hotel late, and he
was tired and hungry. He determined to
have his dinner served in his room, and
rang for a waiter. He turned to the sea
food on the bill of fare, attracted no doubt
by its comparative novelty. Oysters he
knew, thanks to the activity of the Balti
more packers and the cheapness with
which s(|uare-cornered tin cans are pro-
duced. Clams were also within his ken
Experience had shown him, as it has
others, that a dozen of either of these is
no such unreasonable number for con-
sumption at one sitting. He would have
a dozen oysters. "Waiter," he began.
Unlucky moment! His wandering eye
caught the word "lobster." Now with
this fruit of the sea he had no personal
acquaintance. But analogy, and an un-
defined general idea, pointed to it as be-
ing very like an oyster or a clam. "Waiter,
bring me a dozen lobsters."

" Sah ?" returned the astonished waiter.

" I said you may bring me a dozen
lobsters."

" Yes. sah. I— ah— sah— "

" Well, what's the matter? Don't you
understand?"

"i>h, yes, sah; understand, sah. But
it's a — a large ordch sah."

"Large ordfr, is it!" exclaimed Con-
gressman X . with some warmth. "Well,
don't you think 1 can pay for it? Got to
give references before I'can get mv sup
per. eh ?"

The terrified waiter fled, calling out as
he did so. "Fetch yo' ordeh right up.
sah"' while the Congressman sank hack
, in his chair and mused of what the
heavier courses of his dinner should con-
sist.

In due time the door opens and enter
the waiter, and with him three other lie
ings like unto himself; each hears aloft
a tray on which repose three lobsters, red
as I he morning.

Congressman X. was on the point of
crying out in consternation when he
caught a triumphant expression on the
face of the original African. Heinstantly
smothered his emotions, and looked ,,n
languidly as the four deposited their bur-
dens "ii the table. Then he waved them
away and straightened up.

Left alone' with his conscience and
twelve broiled lobsters, the statesman

felt that the mighty hour of his existence
had indeed arrived. He was encouraged

to find, however, on examination, that a
fair proportion of the lobster consists of a
horny substance not intended to be eaten
He was hungry, and he is what is known
in his own State as a " good feeder." He

Lynnwood Stock Farm.

-HEADQUARTERS FOR

Pure-bred and Grade Percberon. Grade Hack-
neys and Saddle Horses. Both Imported and
Home-bred Blares. Stud headed by two Im
ported S alliens combining size, action & style

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Headed by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columb'is ; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition:

Black Knight. Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, and the greatest of all boars, King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardless of cost — and are from such blood as :
Kingscote Belle 2d, Artful Belle 38th, Lily Clay,
Pansy, Infanta, and other prize winners.

Young gilts bred and pigs ready for shipment, of either sex, at less than
half the cost of the original stock.

N. & w. R. R JXO. F. LEWIS, Lynnwood, Va.

Horses

Berkshires

Lef s Talk it Over

Give me a chance to prove to you that I have
the greatest prize-winning blood in the country

Jersey Cattle. Shropshire Sheep. Poland-
China. Berkshire anil Chester Hogs
anil Pigs (hogs on separate farms).

FPP C I From the best strains B. P. Rocks,
CVjwO* Silver Wyandottcs (home manage-
ment) Rose and Single Combed B. Leghorns
fon separate farms). Also White Holland
Turkeys, White Guineas, Pekin Ducks. Tou-
louse Geese and Pea Fowls. Eggs furnished
in large or small numbers; guaranteed to he
fresh and fertile. Write for circulars & prices.

HIGHLANDS STOCK AND POULTRY FARM,

E. B.WILSON, Ownerand Proprietor. Fancy Hill, Va.

REGISTERED

Berkshire
Sows ™.

irly eighteen months
old. Bred to my high-bred
English Berkshire boar
" Blltmore's Longfellow."
Will farrow about June 25
■-Jjpr toJnlyi.

a' old ni'M December. All safely In pig; and parties

ry day increases the risk of moving them. Price. $20.
live months' old.

Address J. SCOTT MOORE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.
if- /-*■ Oj£. rU'FFLEfinortN-Eees. per setting. 81.00; s. (\ BROWN LEGHORNS,
■\JOO~ si. on. Tbegreateai lay Ing chickens in the world,

ne aged sow— a great breeder— five yea
i wish to liny had better not dels J . :ise
Iso several young Berkshire Boar Pigs

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

251

ate three of the lobsters, and then-
paused. But the memory of that look on
the waiter's face spurred him to action.
He emptied his dress suit case into his
trunk, and therein deposited the contents
of five of the lobster shells. A boy came
with a telegram, and departed with the
meat of two lobsters done up in an even-
ing paper. He bore another to the win-
dow and tossed it out. But one rem lined.
He hesitated, then ate half of it, and rang
for the waiter. The man entered, sur-
veyed the mountain of empty shells, and
bis countenance fell.

'Anything else, sah?" he inquired, in
an awed tone.

" Er, well — no, I think not. It's late.
Just bring me a cup of coffee."— From the
" Editor's Drawer," in Harper's Magazine
for May.

A certain newspaper in an Eastern city
publishes free of charge appeals for help
for persons in distress, and for any good
cause. The paper has a wide reputation
for this kind of philanthropy, and it has
made public many cases of individual
affliction, and raised thousands of dollars
for benevolent purposes.

It does not, however, agree to publish
ever// letter sent to it, and one was re-
ceived not long ago that it thought best
to suppress. It read as follows :

" Dear Kind Sir,— I see that you print
letter's from people wanting things, and
it is beeosof this sircurastance that 1 now
address you to say would you pleze be so
kind as to put a peece in the paper sav-
ing that any one having a party dress that
would make over stilishly would confer a
favor by sending it to me for my dawter
Maggie, who runs a good deal, an who has
an invite to a bawl she can't very well go
to in any of her present rigs. I thot
mebbe some of your lady sowciety read
ers had a party dress they would just as
soon give away as not. Will you pleze
find out? P. S. Maggie is a brewnette of
averidge size."

There is so much of the milk of human
kindness extant in the world that Maggie
would probably have had a gown suitable
for a "brewnette" sent to her had this
letter appeared in the column for which
it was intended. — Harper's Bazar.

" I see," said Spatts, " that there may
be a scarcity in armor plate."

"Oh, well, they needn't worry," said
Barker. ■' If they'll get you a chafing-
dish, you can turn out a lot of your fa-
mous Welsh rabbits; they'll do the busi-
ness."— Harper's Bazar.

Pat was suffering dreadfully with sea-
sickness, and there was no prospect of
relief, for the vessel pitched and rolled
without cessation.

" By t'under," he cried in agony
Won't somebody second this motion and
let it he passed without debate." — Harp-
er's Bazar.

" That dog certainly seems almost hu
man at times," said old Mr. Fussy.

" Yes," replied Mrs. Fussy. " He growls
over his food quite as much as you do." —
Harper's Bazar.

BACON HALL. FARM.

BERKSHIRE SWINE,

HEREFORD CATTLE,

The GROVE 3 and SIR RICHARD 2d
STRAINS

DORSET SHEEP— Imported and Home-bred.

E. M. GIEEET, Verona, Baltimore Co., Sid.

■»♦♦»■»

— Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

DURHAM, N. C.

Everything guaranteed
the hest.

FINE POULTRY OF ALL VARIETIES,

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKEYS.

PEKIN DUCKS.

BLACK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS.
SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Jersey Bull Calves of the finest pedigrees.
♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦(

rATTI P Jerseys «& CJuern-
W/~\ ' * L<I_*« seys— all ages. Seven
head of two-year Devon heifers in calf.

|-I/~lf~|C Berkshires of the highes
■ * VyVJ^?. tpye. Sows in pig. young
boars and young sows.

F?fl\A/I ^ Eight Brahma, Plymouth Rock and Brown
rV/ W L,^. Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Bucks.

r^pi^JC English Mast ill'. Shepherd and Fox Terriers. A fine
L/\~/VJ*J. it of puppies from the latter ready soon.

t@~Write for what you want."®*

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

*NOM OFFERS F=QR SHLEie

Pure-bred Holsteiu Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire
Lambs- delivered by July 1st, Bucks for $7.00 ; Ewes. $5.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, $12 00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, $5.00;
three months old. $7.00, and five months old, #10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21068, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken— $7.00 per pair; $10 00 per trio.

252

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER'S

s uiiers

READ-

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals:

DAILIES. '«'« *

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va J6 00 t

TheTi. " " 5 OO 5 00

The Tost, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

The World, New York 3 50 4 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 100 150

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

Round Table 100 175

'• Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00 2 75

Christian Advocate, " "... 2 00 2 50

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 150 2 00

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Horseman 3 00 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St. Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Lippincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' " 4 00 4 00

Forum " 3 00 3 25

Scrlbner's " 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey's " 1 00 1 60

Strand " 1 25 2 00

McClure'o " 1 00 1 60

Peterson's " 1 00 1 50

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from "our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage oi
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any Informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

We furnish no sample eopiet of other periodi-
cals.

THORN HILL STOCK FARM, Lexington, va

r -^ "»• -^ "»• *-T *■ T ■*■ T *. •*■ ATi^TWVWTWTW p p QQ£ PROpB|ETOR.

SPECIALTIES irfi

Registered Polaiid-C'liina Hogs, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black U. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from mv flock of Shropshh-es, at prices in
reach of nil. EGGS from Mammoth Pekin Ducks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at $1 per setting.
Satisfaction guaranteed every purchaser.

INCORPORATED 1832 • • •

Virginia Fire and Marine Insurance Company.

HOME OFFICE : No. 1015 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

Assets, - $725,000. * dirbctors'

uiuuoaiucdd V E. B. Addison, E. J. Willis,

WM. H. PALMER, Pres. \ w> j, Leake, D. 0. Davis,

W. H. MCCARTHY, Sec'y- # Thomas Potts, Wm. H. Palmer. *

I Lee's Prepared Agricultural Lime

(|l WE HAVE REDUCED THE PRICE TO SUIT THE TIMES.

fe] We are now selling this VALUABLE FERTILIZER and LAND IMPROVER at

15^ $ZO Per Ton. When used on fallow land, with a fair amount of vegetation, we

fjjjl have never known it to fail in giving a satisfactory crop of wheat and a good stand of

(C*y clover or grass. We do not recommend it for clean or thin worn-out land, unless

r>)| some litter from the farm, pen or forest is used with it.

jgj 500 TONS OYSTER SHELL LIME, Sacked or in Bulk, for sale low.

[re] For thin and bare land, we recommend our — —■■■■■■■■^.

HIGH-GRADE BONE AND POTASH,

mil which we are selling at the low price of $16 PER TON. Farmers who used It last
JJi- year say they had fine crops on very thin land.

IS «S-Write for Circulars. A. S. LEE A SON, Richmond, Va.

Wealth in Apples

The increasing demand for good, sound apples, at such handsome
figures as the growers are now receiving, should stimulate every farmer
to place his orchard products at the head of the list, so that he shall 1
receive only top prices for his fruit. (

Hard-wood Unleached Ashes

Supply the trees and fruit with proper stimulus and nourishment, and
bring the fruit to maturity and perfection, free from insect ravages and
the blight resulting from impoverished, worn-out soils

These Ashes will be delivered freight free to any station, in car load
lots, and are cheaper than any other fertilizer on the market.

Send for circulars and prices to —

JAMES A. BETHUNE, Southern Agent,

818 D Street, N. E., WASHINGTON, D. C.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

253

SOUTHERN FARM IMPLEMENT
HOUSE.

We invite the attention of our readers
to the advertisement of Ashton Starke in
this issue. At this old established house
you can get the most modern and beat
inade implements of every kind at the
lowest prices, and especially can you get
there the Mowers and Binders made by
the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reap-
ing Machine Company, whose goods
have been so long recognized on the mar-
ket as of first class make and with the
latest improvements.

In this connection, we would ask our
readers not to overlook the notice from
the Walter A. Wood Company in this
issue with reference to their business.

At a Dublin county court recently I
was very much interested in the follow-
ing case :

Judge — Who is it that brings the alle-
gation against the prisoner at the bar ?

X 99 — Plaze, Y'ur Wurshup, O'm the
allegator.

Judge — What's the charge ?

X 99— Well, plaze Y'ur Wurshup, Oi
was on my bate, as usual, when Oi saw a
man with a box creating a disturbance in
the road. " What are you doing there ?''
says Oi. " Oi'm going to lave that box
here," says he. " Shure ye can't lave it
there," eaysOi. "Well, Oi've left it there,"
says he. " Come out of that," says Oi.
" Oi'm not in it," says he. " It's ag'inst
the law," says Oi. " You're a liar," says
he, ' it's ag'inst the window." With that
Oi struck him and missed him. Thin Oi
hit him ag'in in the same place, but he hit
me a blow on the nose with his fist, and
says, "A friend in need isa friend indeed."
— Answers.

The farmer may grunt and grumble un-
til he is black in the face; butter, he will
find, is in proportion to the quality of the
cream churned.

" This pill's like a story I read the other
day," said Jimmie. " It's awful hard to
Bwaller." — Harper's Bazar.

" And is London a handsome city, Daw-
son ?"

" Don't know. Didn't see it."

"Didn't see? Why, man, you were
there ten days. Sick?"

■' Nope. Fog." — Harper's Bazar.

" The European nations manifest an
inclination to sit down on Turkey," said
Spykes.

" It is the Ottoman Empire, you know,"
replied Spokes. — Harper's Bazar.

The intensive farmer's motto is : " No
plowing where there is no manure to turn
under." He expends no unnecessary
force. He values labor too highly to
waste it. Investments are not made where
there is not a great deal of certainty in
the matter of a promise to pay back."

No bank of deposit can be found by a
farmer that is so safe and that pays so
large an interest as a compost bank.

A currycomb is a valuable condiment
to hay and corn.

Thousands of dollars are lost every year because of eggs which hens ili.
not lay. Other thousands are lost because of chickens that died ofcbo era.
gapes and other poultry diseases. All these dollars could be in the pockets of
the people to day if the losers had given their chickens an occasional feed of

polk miller's
Victory Poultry Food

This food makes hens healthy. Health makes them lay. This food is also
a positive cure and preventive of Cholera and Gapes. It will not disappoint
It does just exactly what we say. Sold by druggists and by country storekeepers.

35 cents a package. By mail, 33 cents.

POLK MILLER DRUG CO., Richmond, Va.

Barred, White and Buff Plymouth Rocks
...EGGS FOR HATCHING,

.SI. 00 per Setting of Fifteen Eggs for rest of the season.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder— North or South— but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

lock Box 42. J. H. GARST. Salem. Va.

254

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

WASTES ON" THE FARM.

J. O. MAT.

One of the things most forcibly ira-

pressing the merchant who feels u desire

to return to the eultivation of the soil, is
the waste ami leakage which seem nat-
urally a part of farm life. Any merchant
who had the same leakages would soon
be forced tocall a meeting of hia creditors
ami have very little on the dollar to give
them in settlement.

How is it at the barnyard, that lean at
which every farmer must first commence
work to reach his mine ? Journals on ag-
riculture have for years heen warning the
fanner of the loss in shape of liquid pot-
ash anil nitrogen, and still we find the
farmer throwing his manure against the
barn or into the barnyard, there to have
its beet elements leached out by rain.
Such wastes denote a poor farmer and a
ha 1 business man. On nearly every farm
of the farmer who will not or thinks he
cannot provide tight floors and proper
drainage to a receiving vault or tank, can
be found absorbents which not only in
themselves under proper manipulation
become valuable as fertilizers, but will,
when dried, be sufficient to absorb all ex-
cess of urine and liquids from the stable.
If you have available a muckbole or
8w„mp, draw out a quantity of the muck
or peaty soil, put it where it can dry and
drain, and when shoveled over until all
has been exposed to the air and it is
nearly dry, vou will have an absorbent
which not only performs the function of
saving almost all the valuable fertilizers
of th« stable, but in turn, by mingling
with the potash present, makes available
the valuable nitrogen in its own combi-
nation. The neglected swamp thus be-
comes one of the most valuable areas.
Land plaster can also be used to great
advantage with other absorbents to keep
or hold nitrogen, while wood ashes added
to the pile containing the muck will go
to make up a tine fertilizer which shows
great results when applied to the ground
for beets, turnips and all root crops.

A very valuable source of revenue
which is generally wasted, consists of the
dead animals. Instead of drawing the
dead horse, cow or dog to the woods or
swamp, to pollute the air and feed the
crows, a shallow trench or square about
one foot deep and as large as needed
should be dug in the earth, the animal
thrown in, then covered with two or three
bushels of lime which has become gran-
ular by exposure to the air. Dried muck
from the swamp should cover the whole
pile well, and after a month or so the
pile shou'd he shoveled over occasion-
ally. A few bushels of wood ashes added
will greatly help to, in less than a year.
make a complete fertilizer line enough
for any crop.

ANOTHER GREAT LEAKAGE ON THE FARM

which greatly appeals to the business
man is the neglect and waste of tools.
Instead of housing them on the approach
of winter, seeing that the metal parts
are cleaned and covered with oil, the
woodwork painted, repairs made and all
ready for next season's work, one sees on
every side the machines exposed to the
weather, the woodwork bare of paint
and falling apart, the metal rusted, so

LICE

Fleas. Ticks. Scab. Mange and other '
parasitical troubles, "Tbe Cold Water

Dip," recommended and used by the

leading Breeders aud Veterinarians all over'tiie world: non- poisonous.

Mixes instantly with raid water. Samiile by in. til 50c. For Etue by all

reliable dealers. Law lord Bros. Box GG Baltimore. Md. 8oU A<jt*.fvr U S

Thymo-Cresol

f EflHTNiac; HAY PRESS

SV Wosi iarabU EucuV ecouowucuV
So-lisijacUovv ov ao -sale. ^~
KuususGiUiVUut Press Co.
jM'iU Se.Kutt5usGitu.Mo.

The "MICHIGAN" Garden Drill

WARrUNTEO THE BEST DRILL IN THE M'RKET.

Built, on new principles, it sows with absolute

regularity all kinds of seed. It successfully handles

t'eans. pea*, beets, onions, parsnips, carrots, etc.

SOWS ANY DESIRED DEPTH.

Opens furrow, drops the seed, covers it. rolls it, and

marks next row, all In one operation.

It is strongly made, yet weighs only 30 pounds.

All Adjustments are made by Thumbscrews.

GEO. H. REISSMAN, - Walled Lake, Mich.

ft gMAUL f HBBSHB*e MACHINE

Something- for the farmer,who can do hisowu <
^threshing-.vrith less help and powerthau j
ever before. We also make a full
line of Sweep and Tread

The Columbia Thresher

tas great capacity, and can be r

light power. Send for illustrated
catalogue, giving testimonials.

uiiiiiuimiiiihiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiu:

DFVI

OFFICE, Cor. 9th and Main Streets. RICHMOND, VA.

G. A. WALKER. President. JAMES W PEGRAM. Secretary.

r LIFE, ENDOWMENT, INVESTMENT and INDUSTRIAL f
1 POLICIES ISSUED ON MOST FAVORABLE TERMS. I

/S~ II is is the only regular Life Insurance t onipanj =

= V^ chartered by the Legislature of the State, and has §

= won the hearty approval and active support ot the people 2

| by ii> promptness :in<l lair dealing during the last twenty- =
= Ave years of its operation.

For further information, apply to the Home Office. =

^MIIIIIItlUIIMIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIUUIIMIUMIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIUIimUIIHIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUS

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

255

that when needed they are generally out
of repair, easily broken, and at a time
most wanted the leakage becomes most
apparent. At these two points lay the
most glaring wastes.

In winter, see that your cattle are well
housed, that the food for them is of the
right kind and balance, that the grain
has been ground, and that for this conces-
sion to their natural rights they are able
to pay you well in milk, egss, meat and
work, for it is a great leakage not to have
chickens hatched at proper time to ar-
rive at the laying period when eggs are at
40c. a dozen. Then look after the cows,
find how much milk each one gives, how
much cream can be gathered, and if its
formation is the right one for good but-
ter, and if there is one not up to the
standard, get on good terms with the
butcher and make as good a bargain as
possible for her and then buy your neigh-
bor's best cow. Remember that the ad-
vantage of one cow over another of even
10 cents a day would in a year allow you
to offer a price for the neighbor's best
which he could not resist. It costs no
more to feed the good milker than the
scrub. See that they become new milch
at the time most profitable to vour mar-
ket.

Then there are the horses. Stop the
leak there by knowing if they are well
and strong enough to pay for their keep-
ing ; keep them in good flesh by warm
quarters, good bedding and ground feed.
Know if their teeth are in proper shape
to masticate their food so that perfect
digestion may take place; see that their
food and manger is sweet and clean so
that stomach and bowel trouble is not
caused by fermentative material ; learn if
the'horse has worms, and if so, set about
to relieve him and tone up his system
after with some good condition powder;
know that the food yon give him is giv-
ing value to some one or something. See
that the pig has warm, dry quarters and
good food. Do not try to produce good
pork by making a scavenger of him at
the manure pile.

Farming is a business, and nowhere are
close business principles more needed or
show better results when applied than on
a farm, while neglect in any department
means wastes and leakages which, with
the close competition which is now a
part of the business life, means, if not
stopped, but one thing -that instead of
being with the front of the procession
where there is much light and pleasure,
you and yours must travel in the dust
and heat with the rank and file of those
who do not make the most of their op-
portunities.— American Agriculturist.

APPETIZING BREAKFAST DISHES, j

ADELE K. JOHNSON.

Ham Patties. — Two cups bread crumbs
moistened with a little milk and 2 cups '
cooked ham thoroughly mixed. If one
likes the flavor, add a chopped onion.
Bake in gem pans. Either break an egg
over each gem or chop cold, hard-boiled
egas and sprinkle over them, scatter a
few crumbs on top, add bits of butter and
season highly with pepper and salt ;
brown carefully.

When the housekeeper has a rather
small amount of cold meat, beef, chicken,

Seed House of the South.

TIMOTHY

KICKWHF.AT,
OATS and
CANE SF.F.It.

"Whatsoever One Scwelh, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD \M> GARDEN SEEDS ol

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in wuicli

are RAGLAXD'S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

"^■^ ^WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal. Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price onr goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

1016 Main Street
LYNCHBURG. VA.

B QP I -*n.'uniflli''"f!T'»"H|!lB "WV'fWmiffni'Tifj* <(mm"WQH'<niW™'rw '<mr.<i»iTm» W"» "Tflii"iilfT'"HW!"rrnp< V ''''Iff1'" V"^1P" fl'HP7,,"3

f WE SELL DIRECT TO FARMERS ! 4

L AGENT'S COMMISSION SAVED. NO MIDDLEMAN'S EXPENSES. J

Pure Raw Bone Meal

Scientific Corn & Grain Fertilizer,

" Economy Fertilizer, . .

" Tobacco Fertilizer, . .

Potato Fertilizer, . . .

Bone and Meat

For Samples and Book, write THE SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZING CO., Box 1017, Pittsburg. Pa.
Office and Factory, Herr's Island, Allegheny, Pa.

Phos. Acid.

— ANALYSIS

Ammonia, Actual Potash.

percent.

percent. percent.

22 to 25

4 too 85

9 to in

2 to 3 2 to 3

fi to 10

2% to 3'/i 4 to S S

U to 12

3 to 4 4 to 5 5

9 to 10

V/„ to Ay„ 6 to 7 i

13 to 15

4 to 5

D qjaiimiiifflj lifllLmriLi. liiEi-.-iiliilL^iiiii:...!^'-

lUll l4i .■ililiJhiiMlIlliiii.nlHh tUlLi. ,. 'i j. ■* ulUIli ulllltth ■ it ■ - i

LeadiDg Brands.

Star Brand,

Ancnor Brand,

Bonanzi,

Little Giant,
Acid Phosphate.

ESTABLISHED 1865.

ALLISON & ADDISON'S

STANDARD HIGH GRADE

FERTILIZERS

USED FOR
NEARLY 30
YEARS IN

Virginia,
West Virginia,
North Carolina,

Scnth Carolina,
Tennessee.

TOBACCO, CORX, COTTOV, VEGETABLES, Etc,
RICHMOND, VA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

SOUTHLAND FARM,

.CHARTERED 1870.

..EGGS

UNEXCELLED.

PRICES REDUCED..

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

Capital Stock,
Surplus,
Undivided Profits.

$200,000
240,000
46,000

$486,000

JNO. P. BRANCH,

President.

FRED. R. SCOTT,

Vice-President.

JOHN F. GLENN.

Cashier.

For rest of season, sittings of 15 eggs
75 cents, assorted to suit ; $4 per 8100.
Eggs guaranteed absolutely pure and
freshly laid.

Orders filled in rotation, or booked for
future delivery, if accompanied by re-
tainer.

CHAS. P. WINSTON,

AMELIA C. H.. VA.

etc., for breakfast, a dainty way is to chop
the meat, warm it. season, place in the
center of a hot platter and arrange around
it a row of nicely baked eggs. This will
be more attractive than if the eggs and
meat were served separately.

OmeUt with Peat.— Beat A eggs very
slightly, allow a tahlespoonful of milk to
each egg. Dee a smooth saucepan and
and conk the omelet in hot butter that
has not been allowed to brown. Assoon
as the omelet sets, pour over it canned
peas that have been cooked almost dry,
then fold over, and serve immediately.
Cold meats could be warmed and substi
tuted for the pe.is

I'iitm., Croquettes.— Two cups mashed
po'ato, seasoned with pepper, celery salt,
butter, ami 1 tablespoonful stewed to-
mato, Mraini d ; add 1 egg well beaten.
Mix carefully these ingredients, make
int. 1 croquettes, dip into well beaten egg,
then roll in bread crumbs and frv in very
hot fat. Drain.

A skillful housekeeper gave me this
IE egg rolls. Sift two

teas) nt'uls of baking powder in a pint

of Hour anil rub a piece of batter as large
as a butternut into the same Add 2
well-beaten eggs and a pinch of salt to
one cup sweet milk, add the prepared
Hour ami enough more to make a soft
dough. Handle as little as possible, roll
out thin, cut with large, round cutter,
butter the top Blightly, fold over on the
other half and hake in a hot oven.

— Warm cold "flaked" white fish

or canned sal n in a little hot butter.

Brown the toast neatly, dip quickly in
" very hot" salted water, and rapidly and
lavishly butter. Then place two or three
spoons of the fish in the center of each

Fried Apple.— Pare and quarter tart ap-
ples. Place in a frying pan, pour over
them 1 cup sugar, three tablespoonfuls of
water, three pieces of butter the size of a

walnut, rover closely allowing them to
steam brown. _ Excellent.

Directors.- John P. Branch, Fred. R. Scott, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Stringfellow, B.W.Branch,
Fred. W. Scott, Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzini, Jr.

^Farming in the South.

There are Advantages • • • •

Of Markets, Soils, Climate, Pure Water, Healthy and Pleasant Locations and
Cheap Lands along the

Southern Railway

In Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and East Tennes-
see, for

The Wide=awake Farmer. • • • •

1 ; rains and Grasses Flourish ; Fruits Ripen Early and Yield Heavily ; Vegeta-
bles Grow Large and Crops are Big, and Good Prices are the rule. Stock is
raised easily and profitably.
Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lands
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

M.V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent,
Southern Railway, WASHINGTON, D. C.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &c.
Grape Vines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. 'Write us
if you contemplate planting-. Catalogue* free.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. T. HOOD <Sc CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

257

The Strongest, Fewest Repair Points,

Lightest Punning-

Mowers, Reapers and Binders

ARE THE

BUCKEYE

THEY HAVE
NO EQUAL.

BINDER TWINE AT THE LOWEST MARKET PRICES.

Engines and Threshers i

Of the best makes, both in stock and to order. Terms Liberal.

THE IMPLEMENT CO., 1526 e. Main St., Richmond, va.

THE GEISER THRESHERS AND PEERLESS ENGINES.

More Simple in Construction, Thorough

in Work. Lighter in Draft.
And more durable in build than any
other we know of A record of 25 years
places the old Geiser beyond reproach.

The NEW PEERLESS is the most
perfect grain saver ever constructed.
Entirely new in principle and rapid in work,
bushels per minute with six-horse engine.

The PEERLESS ENGINES are well known to be all the name indicates.
Reduced prices for this season.

Threshes and cleans one to two

THE EMERSON MOWBR.

The Latest Perfected Grass-Cutting Machine. Light in Draft, Durable, Simple
and Perfect in its Work. Its many points of superiority are set forth in special
circular.

The WATT ALL-STEEL RAKES, hand and self dump.

Heavy Steel Wheels with Wide Tires. Combination Pipe Shafts and Pole. - "''_- >.LV "-:;..' .

Strong Angle-Steel Rake Head. A boy who can manage a team can handle ' Zl^^^S^&r£*a~m?i3£ '■''-

them. -. - -•"••'

A f-fo-s/ T<i/"IH^t* ^8 a nece8S'ty *n every hay field. WTe have the HOCKING VALLEY, which combines the latest
J vUUCI improvements, and is unequalled for strength, durability, and quality of its work.

The EMERSON SPRING-TOOTH CULTIVATOR and HARROW.

Wheels, 52 inches high. As a Cultivator, it has two sections of fine teeth each. Asa Harrow, has three sections of fine
teeth each, with Reversible Steel Points.

Spangler and Eureka Corn Planters, The Planet, Jr., and Iron Age Cultivators and Horse Hoes, Malta Riding and Walking

Cultivators, Plows of all kinds, Geiser Threshers and Peerless Engines, Saw Mills, Grinding Mills, Disc, Spring-Tooth,

Lever and Spading Harrows, Churns, Feed Cutters, Cane Mills, Baling Presses, Wire Fencing of all kinds,

Farm Wagons, Buggies, Road Carts, Phaetons, Surreys, Harness for all purposes.

t&§* Write for catalogue and price list.

Office and Warerooms :
1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

WATT PLOW GO.

258

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

™ Deering i Harvesting Machines

LEAD ALL COMPETITORS!

(SEND FOR NEW CATALOGUE.)

The DEERING

1HPROVED ALL=STEEL

/GOOD TOUGH STEEL, \ RIMnpD
\ NOT CAST IRON J Dll^LfEl^.

Eclipses its competitors in —

Light Draft, Simplicity,

Durability, Strength,

Convenience, Capacity,

Saving of Qrain, Saving of Twine,
Saving of Repairs.

5, 6 and 7 feet cut.
Roller and Ball Bearings.

The DEERING
Ideal Mower.

4 and 5 ft. cut. Roller and Ball Bearings.

Best Mower in the world. More exclusive
features, among which :

Foot Lift, Anti-Wobble Pitman,
Lightest Draft, Shear Cut.

The IDEAL GIANT,

6 and 7 ft. cut, for smocth land, is an
economical machine.

The Deering Steel Hay Rakes

Are unequalled. 8}4, io}4 and 12 ft. Horse and Hand
Dump. Adjustable to one or two horse.

Revolution Disc Cultivator.

IRON AND STEEL THROUGHOUT.

Strong and durable. Gauge can be set at any angle. Tongue
rigid or flexible. Adjustable hitch. No neck weight ; no side draft.

We are prepared to furnish at once the above machines at right prices and terms.

FARMERS' SUPPLY CO., RICHMOND, VA.

Headquarters for all Farm Implements and Binder Twine.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

259

SEASONABLE GOODS READY FOR 1898

AT LOW PRICES.

ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

READ THE LIST FOR YOURSELF AND SEE WHAT GOODS I HANDLE.

THE ALX-METAL, . . .

TIGER Self-Dump

AND

GRANGER Hand-Dump

MAY KAKL Two Horses.

Smith's Eureka Corn Planter,

Farmers' Friend Plain Planter,

The "Continental Disc Cultivator" and

Farmers' Friend Fertilizer Planter,

Combined Disc Harrow,

Tiger Double Row Planter.

The Tiger and Johnston All- Metal Disc Harrow— Automatic Lever.

Portsmouth, Va., March 15, 189S.
Mr. CHAS. E. HUNTER, Richmond, Va.:

Dear Sir— The " Continental " Disc Cultivator bought of you last June works well, and
I expect to use them In the future. Very truly, A. N. LINDSAY.

Iraville, Essex Co., Va., March 16, 1898.
Mr. CHAS. E. HUNTER, Richmond, Va. :

Dear Sir— I like the working of the " Continental " Disc Harrow so much that I will
get another this season. It does good work in wire grass, and used as a harrow it puts the
land in nice condition. Yours truly, H. L. BAYLOR.

47 Bank Street, Norfolk, Va., March 12, 1898
CHAS. E. HUNTER, Esq., Richmond, Va:

Dear Sir— It gives me pleasure to be able to recommend to my brother farmers an im-

E lenient that does as thorough and economical work as the " Continental Disc Cultivator,"
oth as a cultivator and a disc harrow. It is a light draft, durable, and is one of the greatest
labor-saving implements of the age. I do not think too much can be said of the "Conti-
nental." Very truly yours, RICHARD BAYLOR

V4*.

Studebaker and Brown
Farm Wagons, Carts and Buggies.
Genuine Oliver Chilled Plows
Champion and Johnston Steel Mowers, Reapers and Binders.

The Brown Steel Lever Harrow

Made in All Sizes.
As a Smoothing Harrow it has no equal. For culti-
vating young corn it stands supreme. As a Cut-
ting Harrow, we challenge the world.

GENUINE BROWN SINGLE and DOUBLE SHOVEL
PLOWS and STEELS.

DON'T FORCET_— .

ACENT FOR . . .
The Genuine Oliver Chilled
Plows and Repairs.
Genuine Farmers" Friend Plows.
Studebaker and Brown Farnt
Wagons, Carts and Buggies.
Land Rollers and Harrows.
Ross Feed Cutters and
Horse Powers.
Grinders, Wood Saws and Car-
riers, Superior Grain Drills,
Subsoil Plows.
Cbainpion A Johnston Honcrs,
Reapers and Binders, Hay
Rakes and Twine.
Iron and Wood Pumps,
I. X. L. Wind Mills.
Milwaukee Hay Tools and Corn
Huskers and Shredders.
1 ul (mail A Taylor Threshing
Machines, Engines and

Saw Mills.

Disc Harrows and Disc

Cultivators.

AH Goods Guaranteed First Glass.
ADJUSTABLE SWINGS.

Buy one of the swings and set it up in your
yard. You cannot please the wife and babies

yard. You cannot please the w
half so well in any other way.

Get my prices before buying, and I will save
you money, and at the same time give you the
best quality goods made.

Latest Improved Implementsalways on hand
at bottom prices.

Write for 1898 catalogue.

REPAIRS FURNISHED FOR OLD CHAMPION
AND WHITELY MACHINES.

Superior Grain Drills. Subsoil Plows.

WRITE FOR PRICES.

All the merchants in town who claim to sell
OLIVER PLOWS and REPAIRS only sell the
IMITATION, BOGUS, CHEAP Goods. The
only place in Richmond, Va., to buy GENUINE
Oliver Plows and Repairs is at 1528 East Main
Street, of CHAS. E. HUNTER.

CHAS. E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMES G. HENING, of Powhatan Co., Va., Gen'l Manager.

HOWARD J. NUCKOLS, of Henrico Co., Va., Salesman.

260

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[May

MoZEUS 234241 Qeea parm Trajnjnrt

RACE RECORD, 2.13 at 4 years old. / I I / / ^>

Stable...

Sired by McKiuney. 2:111, the great California sire
of speed aud race-horse quality.

Dam Grace Kaiser, by Kaiser, 2:28} ; second dam
Grace W., by Comet : third dam Lady Star, dam of
Neva Seeley, 2:20i, and Hershon 2:29*.

As an individual McZeus is surpassed by no horse,
and his record does not indicate his speed limit.

McZene will serve approved mares during the season
of 189S at the Exposition Grounds track.

FEE. $25, ^vith usual return privilege. Address

w. K. MATHEWS, Owner, 1(9 E. Broad St., Richmond, Va.

/-S PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.

V> v CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

FINE-

Road, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock), Gen'l Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.

KEFERENt'F.S-I.. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry,
2:00}<), Graham. N. C. ; Coi.. J. S. CARR, Durham, N. C; Maj.
P. P. JOHNSTON (President National Trotting Association),
Lexington. Kv; Col. B. CAMERON, Kairntosh Stud, Stagville,
N. C; JOS. BRYAN and H. C. CHAMBLIN. Richmond, Va. ;

A. B. GWATHMEY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange), New York. : I apt

B. I\ WILLIAMSON, Raleigh, N. C. ; J. F. JACKSON (Editor
Southern Planter). Richmond, Va. ; H. A. Buck (Editor Spirit of
the Times), New York.

W. R. McCOMB. Proprietor.

J. B. STOUT, Trainer and Driver.

TROTTERS and pacers worked for speed:
colts broken to harness, and horses
boarded and kept in any manner desired at
Acca Stock Farm, near the Exposition Grounds,
or about one-half mile from Richmond.

Good stabling and one of the best half-mile
tracks in Virginia to train on.

For terms and further information address
W. R. McCOMB, Richmond, Va.

A THRESHING MACHINE FOR THE
FARMER.
The print which we show above is an
illustration of the small Columbia Thresh-
er and Horse Power. This ought to be
most interesting to our Southern farmers
who have been annoyed a great deal by
the large threshing machine outfits that
go through the country, hurrying through
work and wasting inure or less
farmer's grain. Now, < ur farmere can
have their own threshing machine, which
important as it is to have a bar-
two <>r more fanners
can buy an outfit together, and do their
work whenevi onvenient for

nd their f.miilies. The Columbia

Thresher has large capacity and can be
run by any power, doing work according
to the amount of power used in operating
the machine. It will thresh all kinds of
grain, and can be easily taken by two
horses over any road that a wagon can go.
Send to the" Belle City Mnfg. Co., of
Racine, Mich., for their printed matter,
which they will gladly send you, describ-
ing the different machines and horse
1> iwers which they manufacture for the
farmer's use. These Machines have been
s,.ld extensively in the Southern States
the past few years and they are no ex-
periment, as you will see by reading the
printed matter, giving testimonials, etc.,
from those who an "["-rating them.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

BOOK BINDERS,

AND

Blank-Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Governor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED.
Prompt Attention Given to Printing.

FANCY POULTRY.

In order to dispose of a large quantity of Eggs, from my Fancy Poultry this spring, I have
marked them down and will ship a setting of any of the following varieties for $1.00, or three
settings for $2.50 ; except Bronze Turkey Eggs, which are 50 cents each, or $5.00 per dozen.
My stock is the very best, and the result of years of experience and breeding.

PIT GAMES.

This stock will stand steel. Won six out of
seven battles on Christmas, 1897, in combat
with crack birds.

B. B. Red Exhibition Games

These are "Dandies," long limbs, high heads,
perfect^pictures ! Breeding pen consists of 96-
point"coek, and h'en's scoriirg;95 and 96 points!

LICHT BRAHMAS.

Are very large and have many friends.
Noted as winter layers. Chicks are ready
for_broilers earlier than any other variety.

INDIAN GAMES.

Large, Handsome and Compact. Beauti-
ful, Glossy Laced Plumage. Cocks weigh
up to 13 lbs. ; Hens up to 9 lbs. Guaranteed
as good as can be had anywhere.

B. B. R. GAME BANTAMS.

Genuine Little Beauties. Score way up
In the nineties. Nothing nicer for pets.
Weigh one pound at maturity.

PEKIN DUCKS.

Large, handsome birds, and very prolific layers,
and conceded to be the best ducks for profit.

Mammoth Bronze Turkeys.

Immense size and great layers. Am breed-
ing from a 45-lb. torn and hens weighing from
22 to 28 lbs.

WHITE CUINEAS.

Very pretty, and lay more eggs and
easier to raise than others.

S. S. HAMBURCS.

These are perfect pictures and great egg
producers.

Barred Plymouth Rocks.

For a thrifty, healthy and thoroughly
satisfactory fowl, these have never had
their equal, and, as layers, when eggs are
worth the most money, they are the Ideal
egg-producers.

BLACK MTNORCAS, WHITE MINORCAS, BICE ANDALUSIANS «fc W. F. BLACK SPANISH

These fowls have all the good qualities of the Leghorns, and are larger and handsomer birds.

BELCIAN HARES.

Young, $1.00 per pair. Try them. They are
prolific and sell readily. Bucks weigh from 9
to U pounds ; Does, 7 to 8 pounds.

CUINEA PICS.

STOCK.

Can furnish Brown or While
Leghorn Cockerels at #1.00
each.

Special Prices on any other
fowls.

Silver-Laced Wyandottes.

An old and popular breed, and noted as
winter layers. Good size and flue for table
purposes.

FANCY PIGEONS OF ALL KINDS

Brown and White Leghorns.

Will lay more eggs than any other variety.

P. O. Box 1.

GEO. T. KING, Jr., Richmond, Va.

The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Comp'y,

OF MILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN.

IS a purely Anseriean company, ami supervised only by the governments of the various States in this country.
There are no policy-holders in Spain or Cuba. No complications arising from war or otherwise can affect the
mutuality of this oompanv. It is American from the ground up. This certainly constitutes a tremendous advantage
over some other companie's, which have about one-third of their members outside the United States, and a very large
proportion of their assets invested in foreign countries and in foreign securities. In event of war. a part of our policy-
holders will not shoot the other part and the company be compelled to pay the polices There is no chance of any-
thing occurring to interfere with what ha* always been the cardinal principle in the company's management— viz : its
entire mutualit v. The policy-holders of the Northwestern are American. Its assets are American. Its whole genius
is American, and it is'the largest and strongest purely American company. It is the stress of such times as we are
now passing through that demonstrates the wisdom of the management of the Northwestern in persistently refus-
ing to go to Europe, and Asia and Africa, and the Isles of the Sea, to write business merely for the sake of increas-
ing the volume of its business. The more than one hundred millions of assets of the Northwestern are all in
America, and all protected by the laws of this country, and would not be jeopardized in event of the United States
becoming involved in war with any foreign country.

This companv has furnished for years, is furnishing to-day, and is likely to continue to furnish, the cheapest
insurance obtainable.

■» JOHN B. CARY <& SON.

GENERAL AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. 1301 Main Street, RICHMOXD, TA.

R

, , r „ 1 Vegetable Growing in the South for Northern Markets.

Uldl • • • • • By Prof. Rolfs. 255 pp. Illustrated. Paper, $1.00; cloth, $1.2

Books

Paper

FERTILITY OF THE LAXD.

By Prof. Roberts. 415 pp. Cloth, Sl/25.

FEEDS ASD FEEDING.

By Prof. Henry. 657 pp. Cloth, 82.00.

THE TOBACCO LEAF.

By Killebrew & Mvbick. 50<3 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE DOMESTIC SHEEP. By Stewart. 371 pp. Cloth, $1 50.

The above books are among the best written dealing with their respective subjects. Every farmer in the
South should read them. Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, Richmond, Va.

FARMERS^FERTILIZERS

TO SUCCEED.

>>

For TOBACCO use "NATIONAL'
ForCORN use'CHAMPION CORN GROWER',

For GRASS and CLOVER use "0RCH1LLA GUANO,"
H For ANY CROP use "BEEF, BLOOD and E0NE" Brand

Oui Fertilizers can be relied on to give satisfaction. They are especially prepared for
the Crops named. Other brands. for other crops. Write for prices.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO.,

3000 Tons ACID PHOSPHATE for Sale.

Manufacturers, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when vou write.

Established 1840.

THE

Filtv-Njnth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE: 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

"IE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. F. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

JUNE, 1898.

No. 6.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT:

Editorial— Work for the Month 261

\ Second and Late Crop of Irish Po-
tatoes 263

The Hav Crop 263

The Cow Pea for the South 265

Bnquirerl Column 266

Washini 1 wav of the Soil 267

The Va.jeof Careful Selection 267

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month.- 268

New Strawberries 268

Good News for Tomato Canners and

rera 268

V New Strawberry— The Fitz Lee 269

Cacumbers for Pickles 269

Tidewater [Va.] Notes 269

Some Garden Notes 270

Summer Treatment for Kan Jose Scale 271

[ole the Gardener's Friend 274

Waste Bones 274

Hardiness of Plum Buds 274

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY:

Proportion of Live Stock on Farms to Farm Pro-
ducts. 275

Editorial— Dorset Sheep and Dogs 277

Peanuts, Cow Peas and Sweet Potatoes

as Food for Cattle 278

Sales of Pure Bred Stock from Bacon

Hall Farm, Md 278

Development of Live Stock Interests of the South
Atlantic States..- 279

An Armour Buyer on Bacon Pigs.
Pure Breeding and Poor Land

280
280

THE POULTRY YARD :

Editorial — Preserving Eggs 281

Fowls and Salt 281

Poultry Experiments 2s]

Poultry Crossing 282

Fertile Eggs 282

THE HORSE :

Old English Trotting Speed 28:;

Notes 283

Bots in Horse 286

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial — The Work of the Legislature of Vir-
ginia 286

" Legislation Specially Affecting Farmers,
Enacted at the Last Meeting of the
General Assembly of Virginia

Official Testing of Seeds

Crop Values at the Farm

The Development of the Resources of the South-
ern States

Alfalfa Growing in the West

Peanut Oil Factory in Virginia

The Spud for Killing Weeds

Government Whitewash

The Largest Farmer in England

A Georgia Hen Coop

Publisher's Notes

Advertisements

2SS
2SS
L'S'.i

291
292
2! 12

292
2! 12
292

293
293

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE.'

FERQTJ8SON PRINT, Richmond

CHARTERED 1870.

Merchants National Bank

.200 Acres...

In Kins William Co., on Panumkej River.

In good rendition. Q I leven-r a dwell-
ing, barn, stable, etc, In fair condition. Rlob
marl beds. Excellent locality for .lock ranch.
For price iind further description,
W, A. W., care Sbuttem Planter.

Va. Farms for $3

An acre and upward, in yearly payments.

Interest 6 per cent. Some to exchange.

Northern Settlement. List free. Directors.- John P. Branch. Fred. R. Scott, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Stringfellow, B. Vv\ Branch,

8E0. E. CRAWFOUK & CO., Richmond, Va. I're.l. w \ Scott, Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K.Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzlnl, Jr.

of Richmond, va.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of

Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
BeiiiK the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

Capital Stock,
Surplus,
Undivided Profits

$200,000

240,000

46.000

$486,000

JNO. P. BRANCH,

President.

FRED. R. SCOTT,

Vice-President.

JOHN V. GLENN,

Cashier.

A Superior Farm

Near Richmond, Va,, with railroad depot
within 400 yards of the house; HKia,-r.-s. First-
class Improvements. Hot and old water
hath, and closet in lions.- Water In barn-yard
and garden. Fine orchard of all kinds of fruit ;
small fruit of all kinds in garden. Well
stocked witli Jersey cattle, game chickens,
and a superior pair of young mules, wagons,
etc, all new. Place complete, with furniture,
etc., *i,000. Ad.lress li. H. I... Southern r!n„ter.

iJIIIIIIIMIIMIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIILi

or vi

60 South,

YOUNG

MEN!

It is the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un-
equalled by any other portion of the
United States.

The James River Valley Colonization
and Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages to intending settlers. Send stamp
for Hand Book and list of lands. Address
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^Farming in the South.

There are Advantages • • •

Of Markets, Soils, Climate, Pure Water, Healthy and Pleasant Locations and
Cheap Lands along the

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i ; rains and Grasses Flourish ; Fruits Ripen Early and Yield Heavily ; Vegeta-
bles Grow Large and Crops are Big, and Good Prices are the rule. Stock is
raised easily and profitably.

Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lands
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

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The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.—XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, June, 1898.

N0.C6.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The weather during May has been very changeable,
and, in the early part of the month, unseasonably
cold, and the frequent rains have caused much inter-
ruption to farm work, which is now in arrear in many
sections. With warm, seasonable weather, however,
this arrear would soon be made good, as, from the
moisture in the ground, crops, when planted, will
make rapid growth. Wheat, oats, and grass are gen-
erally looking well, and the prospect is for fiae crops.
Clover is not so promising, the cold spring having
stunted the growth. Corn is not looking well gen-
erally, the wet, cool weather having caused it to come
very unevenly, and much will require to be replanted.
Irish potatoes look well, and promise an early crop.
Tobacco plants and sweet potato plants are forward
and in good supply, and are being set out on good
seasons and growing off well. The condition of the
wheat crop throughout the country is better by six
points than it was twelve months ago, and in Virginia
is the highest (110) of any State in the Union, and,
except in California, promises a good yield. In Cali-
fornia, drouth has almost destroyed the crop, and it
is doubtful whether that State will grow more wheat
this year than is needed for its own consumption. In
Kansas, the wheat crop promises to be the largest in
its history. Notwithstanding the fact that wheat had
risen to the dollar mark before seeding time last fall,
the increase in the acreage sown is not more than five
per cent over that of the year previous. There is a

large reduction in the area of the crop in]Indiana,
Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri, due to the fact of an un-
favorable seeding time. The indications are that,
with good weather from now to harvest, farmers will
make a fine crop of wheat, and that it will sell for a
high price. The reserves of wheat in the country are
less than for many years past, whilst the world's visi-
ble supply was only 132 million bushels on the 1st
May against 222 million bushels at the same date in
1883. Notwithstanding the high price at which wheat
is now selling ($1.62 in New York, and $1.60 in Chi-
cago), Europe is buying all that is offered, and the
exports are enormous. If this buying should con-
tinue until harvest, as appears now probable, the new
crop will be in great demand immediately it is har-
vested, and farmers will have such an opportunity to
realize on their crop as has not fallen to their lot for
many years. The cotton crop, of which the area has
been reduced about six per cent., is coming up slowly,
and the prospect is not very promising for a large
crop. This is not to be regretted, as the only remedy
for the existing low price is a smaller production.
The fruit crop promises to be much better than ap-
peared probable a month ago. In Piedmont Virginia
peaches, apples, and cherries promise a good crop.

The planting of corn should be pushed on as fast as
the weather will permit. Even on the low river bot-
tom lands it should all be got in by the 10th June if
possible, or the chance of making a good crop will

262

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

be materially lessened. Corn is selling at a much
better price than at one time seemed probable, and.
with wheat selling well and likely to continue to do
so, the price is likely to be higher in the coming year
than in the past. Keep the cultivators rnnning in
the corn-fields whenever the land is in a fit condition
for them to work, and just as long as the teams can
get through the crop without injury. At the last
working, sow Cow peas. German clover, Red clover,
or Sapling clover. These crops will give much graz-
ing in the fall and winter, and greatly improve the
land for the succeeding crop. We have a report from
a subscriber, who sows German and Red clover mixed
in his corn crop, and he is well pleased with the re-
salts. The German clover makes early spring feed.
and the Red clover a later hay crop.

Corn for the silo should be planted daring this
month. Whilst it is not necessary to give so much
room between the rows or hills as when planting for
corn, yet sufficient room should be given to allow of
the crop making a fair proportion of ears on the
stalks and to admit of the sun maturing the crop. If
not well matured, the silage will be watery and sour,
and lacking in nutritive value.

Soja beans, cow peas, and sorghum should be got in
as soon as possible during this month, where' not
already planted, and millet may be sowed at any time
during this and the succeeding month. In our last
issue will be found au article on forage crops, to which
we invite attention. They are deserving of more care
and attention than is usually given them in the South.

Sweet potatoes should be set out during the first and
second weeks of the month. It is a mistake to plow
too deeply for this crop or to make the hills too high.
The effect of doing so is to cause the tubers to grow
long and crooked, whilst the markets of the North, to
which the crop is shipped, call for a short chunky po-
tato. In growing the crop avoid the use of nitrogen-
ous manures. These cause it to run to vine instead of
tubers. Wood's mould, mixed with lime and com-
posted in the fall, is one of the best fertilizers to use
broadcast, and this should be supplemented by a
mixture of acid phosphate and muriate of potash
(600 pounds of acid phosphate and 200 pounds of mu-
riate of potash mixed together | applied at the rate of
300 pounds to the acre, which should be put in the
rows and be mixed iu the soil before planting the slips.
If short of slips to set out the quantity required,
cuttings may be taken from the vines of those earliest
planted, aud these will root readily and make potatoes
which will come in later aud keep better during the
winter. These cuttings should be pieces of the vines

about a foot long, and be buried in the ground except
the tips.

The cutting and harvesting of the grass and clover
crops will call for attention during the month. In
this issue will be found an article on this subject, to
which we invite attention. See that mowers and rakes
are all in good repair and ready for work, aud have
knives ground.

The cutting and harvesting of the wheat and
oat crops should receive prompt attention when
ready. Too often these crops are allowed to be-
come over-ripe before being cut. The consequence is
much loss of grain from shattering and a sample much
iaferior in look from that made when the grain is cut
at the proper time. Experiments made in Indiana and
Michigan have shown conclusively that wheat cut
when the giain was in the hard dough stage of ripen-
ing gave much the largest yield, and of a superior
quality, being finer in the skin and much brighter.

See that the binder is in good working order at
least ten days before you want to use it. and then, if
any repairs are needed, there will be time to have
them attended to without running any risk of loss of
crop. Have sufficient hands to keep up close to the
binder when cutting, so that every sheaf may be
shocked before leaving the field in the eveniug. See
that the shocks are well made — not merely thrown to-
gether. Much loss is suffered every year from poor
shocking, which can altogether be avoided by proper
care. A well made shock should turn a great deal of
rain if it is only allowed to settle for twelve hours be-
fore the rain comes on. However well shocked the
crop may be, do not let the shocks stand longer in the
fields than is necessary. Wheat is going to be worth
much more money at harvest than has been the case
for many years, and those who sell earliest will, in our
opinion, get the best price. The market is bare of
supplies, and until the great crops of the West and
Northwest come on to it, the price is likely to be a
good one. Even these great crops will not, we believe,
force it down very much, but they must aud will have
some effect. Thresh as soon as the grain is fit for the
miller, and let him have it, is our advice.

Keep the cultivator running in the cotton ant1, to
bacco fields, so as to encourage a quick growth whilst
the land is fall of moisture. Let the chopping out of
the cotton crop be done as fast as the plants are ready,
aud bring to a stand, so that the plants to make the
crop, may get the full benefit of all the fertility in the
land. The showery weather we are having, if contin-
ued, will make weeds grow fast, and will necessitate
much labor to keep pace with them. Yon cannot af-
ford to grow weeds.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

268

A SECOND AND LATE CROP OF IRISH
POTATOES.

Irish potatoes planted early in the spring are not in
the South fitted to be kept for use in the winter. They
mature too early in summer to keep well, and should
be marketed at once when dug or be used during
the fall and early winter. Neither do the tubersraised
from early planted crops make good spring seed. They
commence to sprout too soon and their vitality and
vigor is greatly reduced by planting time. To provide
for the winter supply and also to raise seed for early
planting, a late crop, or a second crop if an early one
has been raised, should now be prepared for and be
planted during the latter part of this month or the
first part of July. The seed for this planting may be
either northern grown seed kept in cold storage until
this time or the small medium sized seed selected from
the early planted crop when dug for market or use.
Tubers raised from seed selected from the early grown
crop have been in large demand for several years for
planting in January and February, as it has been
found to make an excellent yield and has avoided the
necessity of buying northern grown seed, which has
to be shipped here at a time when much risk has to be
run from damage by frost.

Whilst recent experiments made by Prof. C. S. New-
man, at the Arkansas Station, do not support the con-
tention that better yields can be made from thic second
crop seed than from northern seed, yet we do not think
that southern farmers should neglect to raise a second
or late crop. For home use the tubers thus raised are
certainly much better than the early grown ones ; for
seed for the early crop they are practically, at any
rate, as good as northern grown seed, and there is
always a demand for them during the late fall and
early winter in the more southern market. The crop
has also the additional recommendation that it provides
seed for the early crop without the necessity for paying
out cash for it, and when potatoes are scarce and dear
this means a considerable saving, where as in Tidewater
Virginia, and other trucking sections, large crops of
early potatoes are planted. The seed for the late or
second crop, whether selected from northern grown
seed kept in cold storage or from the early crop, when
dug should be sprouted before being set out in order
to ensure success. To do this the tubers should be
fully exposed to the air in some shady place for a week
or ten dnys to green them. Then bed them down in a
single layer on some rich wood-mould or garden soil
and cover lightly with the same. This should be done
in a place where the seed will not be fully exposed to
the powerful rays of the sun. In a week or ten days
they will commence to sprout and when once sprouted
may be safely planted in the drills. Never, how-

ever, plant a tuber not sprouted, as it will rarely
grow at this time of the year. To plant the crop,
throw out deep rows or drills by running the plow
twice in each row. Then drop the sprouted sets uncut
in the bottom of the row at the usual distance apart
and coyer lighly with soil. As the plants grow, work
in the soil thrown out of the rows until the land is
level again, and so keep it until the crop is matured,
cultivating frequently during the period of growth.
The preparation and fertilization of the land for this
late or second crop should be the same as for the early
crop. A reference to our issues for January and
February will be found to contain information on this
subject.

THE HAY CROP.

When to Cut and How to Save It.

The great increase in production of this crop
throughout the Southern States, makes it imperative
upon us to devote more attention to the proper saving
and harvesting of it, as upon this largely depends not
only its value in the market, but its value as food for
stock. In 1887 (ten years ago) the hay crop in the
four Southern States of Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina and Georgia amounted in weight to
468,180 tons, of the value of $5,117,335. In 1897 the
same four States produced hay of the weight of 1, 062, 582
tons, and of the value of $11,440,379. The crop
has, therefore, more than doubled in weight and value
during that time, whilst the average price per ton is
practically the same in both years. This shows that
there is no overproduction of this crop even yet ; in-
deed, those of us who are conversant with the hay
markets of the large cities of the South, know that to-
day a very large part of the hay sold in those cities is
brought into the South from the West, and yet the
value of the home-grown crop is not depreciated. We
are satisfied that if more cafe was taken in keeping
our hay fields clean from weeds, if the hay was cut at
the proper time, and that if it was saved when cut in
a better manner, not only would the price be main-
tained, but that a still higher price would be realized
for the home product, notwithstanding the competi-
tion of western hay. In the hope of doing something
towards bringing about this end, we desire to offer
some suggestions as to the proper time to^cut hay and
clover and in what condition to store it in the barn or
stack. Tests made by Dr. Armsby at the Pennsyl-
vania Station and at the Wisconsin Station, show that
practically the same results can be secured from feed-
ing gras3 and feeding hay, provided the hay is cut at
the right time and properly cured. In practise, of
course, it is difficult to secure the perfect curing of the
hay at all times, from climatic change s, but much more

264

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

can be done in this way than is usually the case, espe
cially in the South where nearly all hay is exposed
much more to the sun than is conducive to proper
curing.

Dealing first with Timothy hay and the proper
time to cut it. Professor Hunt, at the Illinois Sta
tion, studied the effects of maturity on the yield and
composition of this grass. He examined Timothy a'
four periods, covering about one month, beginning
June 25, when the plants were in full bloom. The
following table gives the result :

i Total Nutrients Per Acre .

Stage of De- g.

a

8>S

velopment. >t

-d

£ $

J2

-d

a

PL.

O

IZ&4

W

<!

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

June 25,

Full bloom..4480

240

1056

1602

165

224

July 2,

One-half an-

thers shed..4320

225

1155

1636

152

228

July 11,

Seed in

dough 5240

246

1380

1960

153

273

July 23,

Seed nearly

ripe 5180

253

1377

2058

137

236

It will be seen that on the whole there was a steady
increase in the weight of the crop as the plants pro-
gressed toward maturity. Between the first and last
cuttings the crude fibre increased more than 300
pounds, and the nitrogen free extract more than 350
pounds, while the ether extract was reduced in total
quantity as ripening progressed. It appears, then,
that aside from protein, the Timothy plant had not
elaborated i' s full complement of nutrients at the time
of blossoming, and to secure the largest total quantity
of nutrients in the hay we must wait until the seeds of
this grass are nearly ripe. Notwithstanding these
conclusions, it is, generally speaking, well to cut the
hay grasses early in order that the grass seeds may
not shell from the heads. Although in so doing we
lose some little of the full nutrient value of the crop,
we usually secure a more palatable hay, and palata
bility counts for much in the feeding value of the
crop. Especially do dairy cattle and sheep relish
much more early cut hay. Horses and fattening cattle
are not usually so fastidious, as they subsist more on
concentrated food and the hay goes more for filling.
For these animals ripe hay is not, therefore, so ob
jectionable. Professor Sanborn conducted trials with
early and late cut hay for fattening steers, and found
that late cut hay gave the best returns, and this also
was the experience of Professor Henry.

Turning now to the clover crop. Professor Hunt,
of the Illinois Station, has arranged the results of
studies relating to the development of the clover plant
for hay production, conducted by himself and others,
in the following table :

Sta'_'e of ( irowth at Time of -2 ~ "« ~ St?

Cutting. .g| -J feW » g>£

203 2 S 2 S3 2 "3

£ £ a o isa <

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.

Medium red clover.

Illinois— Hunt.

Full bloom 3600 400 197 660 1052 217

Three-fourths heads dead 3260 379 156 672 1024 196

Pennsylvania— Jordan.

Heads in bloom 4210 539 116 1033 1731 260

Some heads dead 4141 469 106 1248 1379 226

Heads all dead 3915 421 94 1260 137S 208

Connecticut— Atwater.

Just before bloom 1618 198 24 384 664 115

Full bloom 1641 189 33 390 682 107

Nearly out of bloom 2054 230 31 523 837 129

Nearly ripe 1S02 158 36 484 746 99

Mammoth red clover.

Illinois — Hunt.

Beginning to bloom 4340 443 212 971 1317 252

Full bloom 5440 519 237 1404 1612 266

Nearly full bloom 4213 386 173 1110 1504 218

This table shows that clover gave the largest returns
of protein (the muscle-forming substance) when the
heads were in full bloom or just past that stage. The
carbohydrates (the flesh and fat-forming substances)
were also materially lessened after the plants had
passed the full bloom stage. The table clearly points
to the full bloom stage as theoretically the best time
for cutting clover for hay ; but as, when cut at this
time, it is very full of water, and, therefore, slow and
difficult to cure, practise and theory combine in fixing
the period when one-third of the heads are turning
brown as the best, all things considered, for hay mak-
ing.

Having thus considered the question of the best
time to cut the grasses and clovers to secure the great-
est yield of the most nutritive value, we will now turn
to the question of the saving of the crop when cut.

Whilst it is impossible to lay down hard and fast
rules for hay-making, because of its being a work so
entirely dependent on climatic conditions, yet it is
possible to lay down certain rules for guidance which
should be followed so far as weather conditions will
permit. First amongst these we would say do not cut
when the grass or clover is wet with dew or rain. A
neglect of this rule makes the hay much more difficult
to cure, and involves much extra labor, besides having
the tendency to bleach the hay and rob it of some of
its nutritive parts. Next we would say, do not allow
the hay when cut to lie longer exposed broadcast to
the scorching suns than is absolutely necessary to wilt
it thoroughly ; and in order that this time may be
shortened as much as possible, so soon as the upper
surface is well wilted the hay should be turned over
with a hay tedder and the under side bo exposed just
long enough to wilt completely. The further curing

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

265

should take place in the windrow and cock. The ob-
servance of this rule will preserve the green color of
the hay and retain the aroma which is so perceptible
in new mown hay, and which adds so much to the pal-
atability of the feed. Hay thus made will not have
the appearance so common in Southern hay of a bun-
dle of dried and bleached straws, without smell, and
altogether wanting in appetizing character. After the
grass or clover has thoroughly wilted, let it be put
into heavy windrows or cocks and remain over night
at least. In the case of clover it should usually re-
main not less than two days in good weather. Then
after the dew is off the ground in the morning, break
open the cocks and let in the sun. The hay or clover
will have heated in the cocks and become soft again.
An exposure to the sun for two hours will drive off
all the moisture and make the crop fit to be stored in
the barn or stack. Let it be packed away solid before
any further dew or rain falls on it. In this condition
it will heat very considerably in the barn or stack,
but will neither mould nor burn if the air is kept out
of it by not disturbing it. We have had stacks to be-
come so hot that we could not bear our hand in them,
yet the hay cured and came out fine, sweet-smelling
feed, relished by stock of every kind. If put away
in the barn or staek with dew or rain upon it, the hay
will undoubtedly mould and spoil if it does not fire.
We have seen hay so stacked to be completely burnt
into charcoal. The exact point at which hay or clover
is safe to stack or put into the barn is difficult to de-
scribe in writing, but experience will soon determine
it. It may be generally said that if a small quantity
of the hay or clover be taken in the hand and twisted
tight, and show no signs of moisture on the outside of
the twisted portion, it may be safely stacked or put in
the barn.

When the mower is put into the crop in the morn-
ing, the tedder in fine sunny weather should be ready
to follow it in two hours, and two hours later the hay
or clover should be put into windrow and cocked. The
Southern sun is so powerful that longer exposure to it
than this time will spoil the hay. If not then cured
sufficiently to stack the rest of the work of curing
should be done in the cock if a high quality of hay is
to be had.

Where hay is not stored in barns we would strongly
urge that it be made into large stacks, not the little
lumps so common, holding two or three tons at the
most. In such stacks as these the proportion of waste
is too great. The outside, and from three to six inches
in, is practically of no use as feed. This in a small
stack is too great a proportion to be wasted. Make
stacks to contain at least ten tons. We have made
them to contain 100 tons, and the proportion of waste
is then small to the whole bulk, and the quality of the

ay is better throughout the whole stack, from the
much more complete exclusion of the air during the
process of curing and settling.

THE COW-PEA FOR THE SOUTH.

Editor Southern Planter :

Of all the crops that have been tested in the South
for improving the soil perhaps there is none, that
equals the cow-pea. It seems to have been especially
created for such use in that region. It will grow in
either rich or poor soil, clay or sand, and it seems to
flourish whether the season is wet or dry. It is by no
means a new crop in the South, but the wonder is that
it ia not more largely grown there, as it surely should
be.

The clovers have long been known as soil improvers
and also as valuable forage crops, and where they will
flourish there is perhaps nothing better. But they do
not succeed in all parts of the Southern States ; this is
especially true of the poor sandy lands. The summer
heat of the warmer parts of this country is too great
for nearly all kinds of clover. This just suits the
cow-pea, for it delights in hot weather. Indeed, it is
not a pea, properly speaking, but a bean. It is ex-
ceedingly tender, and will not endure the slightest
frost ; whereas, the true peas will safely withstand
light freezing. I do not mean to say that none of the
clovers will do well in the South, for some of them do
exceedingly well there when properly treated. Crim-
son clover, if sown in the early fall, as cool weather is
approaching, is a most suitable crop, and will grow
all winter and make good forage ; or, it may be
plowed under to great advantage. However, it re-
quires fairly good soil to induce a rank growth ; or,
what is better still, if plenty of potash and phospho-
ric acid is applied to rather poor soil a few weeks be-
fore the clover is sown, the crop will make astonishing
growth, and consequently gather large quantities of
nitrogen from the air — thus turning unproductive land
into that which will be productive.

There are some lands in the South that are so poor
that clover will not grow on them unless well manured ;
especially is this true of the pine plains. But even on
this almost barren sand the cow-pea will grow a little.
I have seen it tested repeatedly under such circum-
stances. It is the custom of some thoughtful farmers
to bring up their poorer lands by sowing or drilling in
cow-peas, using potash or phosphoric acid in some of
their more concentrated forms, and then plowing
under the crop when fully mature, repeating it for
several succeeding years. After one or two treatments
of this kind, I Lave seen the poor pine lands of Missis-
sippi and North Carolina so improved that fair crops
of several kinds were grown. It is certain that it pays

266

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

to pat on plenty of these mineral forms of plant food,
for there is almost none of either in these pine lands,
and little that is available in many other kinds of
land. They are taken up by the pea crop, and are
kept in available form for the other crops that may
follow, such as corn, cotton, potatoes, etc.

A good fertilizer of this kind may be made of 400
lbs. of kainit, or in place 100 lbs. muriate of potash
and .">00 to 600 lbs. acid phosphate rock per acre.

It is a common practice in some sections of the South
to drop hills of cow peas along the corn rows about
the time of the last cultivation. By this means a con-
siderable amount of food for man and beast is secured
at very little cost, for the peas make excellent food for
both ; besides the manurial value of the roots and tops
to the soil. All this is about clear gain.

In orchard and vineyard culture the cow-pea may
be made quite an important factor. By sowing broad-
cast or drilling between the rows about midsummer,
there may be grown a considerable crop, which will
not interfere materially with the fruit crop, and will
add large quantities of nitrogen and humus to the
soil. For an old orchard that has been neglected it is
a very good plan to put on plenty of the mixture of
potash and phosphoric acid already mentioned, and
cultivate thoroughly and frequently, but shallow, from
early spring to midsummer, and then seed to early
cow-peas. In the fall, after the fruit is gathered, hogs
may be turned in to feed on the peas. One of the
largest orchard firms in the South follows this practice
with great profit.

As to varieties, there are many. All of them will
mature as far Xorth as Maryland and Kentucky if the
later ones are given the entire growing season, begin-
ning with corn-planting time. The Wonderful is about
the latest variety, and makes an enormous growth of
long vines on ordinary land, and yields a large crop of
peas. Large Black-Eye is not so late nor quite so ram-
pant a grower, but it is a heavy yielder and a great
soil improver. Red Ripper is said to be the hardiest of
the viney cow-peas, and is very productive of seed of
dark red color. Whippoorwill is an early short
growing kind, the peas being more easily gathered
than from the viney sorts. Little Black is one of the
most popular of the early bushy kinds. It is espe-
cially useful for late planting. Clay is some later thau
Little Black, but otherwise much like it, except that
the peas are clay-colored.

H. E. Van Deman.

.Mr. I). IT. Griffith, Westmoreland Co., Va., writes:
"The Southern Planter is a most valuable journal, and

I am sure it must be gratifying to its editor to know

I I i;t t he is helping his fellowman in one of the noblest
callings."

ENQUIRER'S COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Millet and Cow-Peas.

I have concluded to try one of your recommendations
on millet and cow peas, please say how much millet and
how many cow-peas to sow to the acre, and whether to
sow both at the same time. The land is highland, but is
very rich ; was in tobacco last year, and have just cut
a heavy crop of rye from it.

Goochland county, Va. J. B. Ferguson.

Sow three pecks of cow-peas broadcast, and harrow
in with a heavy harrow, or work in with a cultivator.
Then sow half a bushel of German millet and harrow
in lightly, or brush in with a bush harrow. — Ed.

Johnson Grass.

In the Southei'n Planter for May, I see you call "John-
son Grass" a nuisance, will you kindly state in what
way it may be called a nuisance, as it. has been highly
recommended to me as a hay grass, and I have been
thinking of planting some. How much seed to the
acre, and when is best to sow it? Please give your
experience, and greatly oblige

Albemarle county, Va. Nathaniel Western.

If our correspondent will come with me to one of
the best sections of this state, near Mockville, in Davie
county, the coming summer, and ride through the
section near the town, and see how with every crop
they plant or sow the farmers have a never ending
battle with the Johnson grass, he would not ask why
I call it a nuisance. The man who introduces this
grass into a grain-growing section ought to be prose-
cuted as a public enemy of his section. There is no
doubt that it will make a big crop of forage on good
land, but it is also a fact that once introduced in a
neighborhood it is soon all over every field in that
neighborhood, and is there to stay. If I was in a sec-
tion where there was no Johnson grass, and was en-
gaged in grain or tobacco farming, and one of my
neighbors proposed to sow Johnson grass on his land,
I would try hard to get an injunction out of the courts
to stop him. There are other plants that will give
you just as much feed and will not take possession of
the country. There may be places in the far South
where they can do no better, but you can grow far
better grass in Virginia than the Johnson grass. If
the plant could be kept in one place, like the Bermuda,
it would not be so bad, but its seeds are certain to get
scattered, and its big under ground stems fill the soil
in all directions and sprouts everywhere, so when you
try to get rid of it you will only increase it by divid-
ing the stems. W.|F. Massey.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

267

Food for Calf.

Editor Southern Planter :

Would some of your readers give me the following
information : I have a calf (heifer) calved March 12th,
1898, first calf cow has had, and it has not appeared
very strong all along, and now and again refuses its
food (a mixture of milk, corn meal and warm water,)
given twice a day, morning and evening, balance of
day it is on pasture. What should I give it at these
times? An answer through your columns will oblige

Greensboro, N. C. Thomas Thompson.

We would substitute flaxseed jelly for the corn meal
in the milk at all times, and give a handful of oatmeal
flakes or crushed oats, mixed with a little cut clover-
hay twice a day. The flaxseed jelly should be made
by putting a small cupful of flaxseed into an earthen-
ware jar with a quart of water. Set this on the stove
and allow to simmer gently for three or four hours
until it becomes a jelly. Give half of this in each meal
of milk. The quantity of flaxseed may be increased
gradually as the calf gets older, and a larger quantity
of the jelly be given as also with the oat flakes or
crushed oats. Let the calf eat as much clover-hay as
it will take. — Ed.

Swamp Oaks Dying.

I have some large swamp oaks on what was wet,
swampy land, and has been lately well drained with a
view to cultivating and sowing to grass. They appear
to be dying at top. Can anything be done to save
them, as we would like to save them for shade trees.

T.

Nothing you can do will save the trees. The swamp
oak is naturally a product of undrained land, and will
no more flourish in dry land than will rushes or other
aquatic or semi-aquatic plants. — Ed.

the water is collected, will serve to cut out these
places, and thus make the matter worse. A very good
plan where brush is accessible is to cut it up and place
it in these gulleys — "weighting" it down with rocks,
if handy. Logs rolled into them will serve a good
purpose bj intercepting the rush of the water.

This erosion is not seen in forest lands. The falling
rain is intercepted, and the roots of the trees which
penetrate the earth in every direction help to hold the
soil together. It is a very good plan to leave the for-
est growth about the extreme tops of the hills when
clearing up the lands. Reafforesting is being resorted
to in some instances to restore the soil. This is an ex-
cellent plan, but slow in results.

Frank Monroe Beverly.

Dickenson Co., Va.

[The true remedy for this washing away of the soil
and gullying of the land is to fill the soil with humus
or vegetable matter, and to plow deeply. This
makes the land capable of absorbing and holding the
rainfall. During the period required to fill the soil
with humus the hillsides should be terraced so as to
break the flow of the water and distribute it evenly
over the whole surface, and conduct the surplus not
absorbed gradually to the lowest level. The reckless
way in which timber has been cut down has no doubt
conduced largely to the wasting away of millions of
acres of land and to the destructive floods now so
prevalent all over the country. There are thousands
of acres in every State which would to-day pay better
if producing timber than they can ever be made to
pay in producing crops. — Ed.]

WASHING AWAY OF THE SOIL.

Editor Southern Planter :

In this section, as well as in all hilly sections, the
cleared lands are being washed away to the great dam-
age of the fields This denudation is either in the
form of gulleys or the top soil is washed away and de-
posited in the levels below. Technically speaking, I
believe this process is termed "erosion," and there is
no human agency that can wholly prevent it. In this
matter, as well as in many others, serious results are
to be traced to very small and obscure beginnings, and
as the saying goes, "an ounce of prevention is worth
a pound of cure."

In some instances, where rocks are found distributed
over the ground, they are thrown into the gulleys with
the hope of preventing the washing-out process ; but I
wish to enter a protest against this course, as the
" grinding " of the rocks in case of heavy rains, where

THE VALUE OF CAREFUL SELECTION.

In the breeding of animals and plants, climate and
selection are important factors. The characteristics
of either plants or animals may be changed in a
marked degree by careful selection, and likewise they
will deteriorate for lack of judicious care and selec-
tion. Plants abnormally large lack quality of flavor
or both. By selection and care the dairy breeds have
acquired the dairy habit and beef breeds the beef
habit. These things should be understoood by the
farmer if he wishes to make farming pay.

There is much time and money lost by farmers be-
cause they do not grow those varieties of grains and
grasses adapted to the climate. Plants with thick
leaves are best suited to a dry climate, while those
with thin leaves are more desirable for a damp air.
For this reason those living in a dry climate should
grow corn, grass, etc., with thick leaves. Seed corn
should be selected carefully. Nibs one and a half
inches long on an ear of corn result from bad selec-
tion. On such an ear the silks from the kernels on
the tip of the ear are so slow in maturing that there
is no pollen to fertilize them. Select ears that show,
by being well filled at the tip, that the silks mature
close together, not more than three or four days apart.
— American Agriculturist

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

268

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The efforts of the gardener and trucker this month
should mainly be devoted to the work of keeping crops
growing vigorously by frequent cultivation and the
destruction of all weeds as fast as they appear. Sow
successional crops of pole beans, lima beans, sweet
corn, cucumbers for pickles, and salads of various
kinds. These should be put in every week or ten days
in order to keep up the supply as late as possible. Set
out tomato, pepper and egg plants. Crops ready for
market should be gathered and shipped in nice con-
dition, and should not be allowed to become over-
grown.

Onions as they complete their growth should be
pulled, dried and shipped to market. Southern grown
onions do not keep well, and should, therefore, be put
on the market at once, and be sold before the North-
ern crop comes in.

Celery seed should now be sown. Prepare the seed
bed by breaking it very finely and making it rich with
well-rotted, fine farm-yard manure, which should not
be buried deeply but be merely well-raked into the
surface soil. Sow the seed pretty thickly either in
drill or broadcast, and cover lightly with fine soil, and
then sprinkle the bed and cover with mats or brush.
The seed is slow of germination, and unless the bed is
covered with mats or shaded, many of the young
plants can never struggle through the crust which will
form on the surface. Watch for the young plants
appearing, and then remove the mats, and shade less
closely, until they are fairly growing. In this way a
very much larger percentage of plants will be raised.
When once fairly started, give water whenever re-
quired to keep them growing, and thin out wherever
they are overcrowded. The plants should not be left
closer than two inches apart, and thus strong, stocky
plants be secured. If they grow spindling, clip off
the tops of the longest leaves ; this will stunt theii
growth and tend to make them stocky. This may be
repeated once or twice if necessary to keep them
stocky until the time comes to set them out in the
rows.

Strawberry beds more than a year old should be
plowed up as soon as the crop is gathered, unless
wanted to produce plants for resetting, and the ground
should be sown with German clover. Old beds never
produce fine early fruit, and become usually so in-
fested with weeds as to become a nuisance. If it is
desired to save a particularly good bed, rake up all

the leaves and trash on to the bed and burn it over,
and then plow between the rows, throwing the soil
from the plants towards the middles. Clean the weeds
out of the rows with the hoe or hands, and then turn
the soil back to them aud keep from weeds during the
summer by cultivation.

NEW STRAWBERRIES.

Messrs. Thompsons Sons, of Rio Vista, Va., whose
reputation as introducers of new varieties of strawber-
ries is well known, sent us a few days ago several bas-
kets of three of their latest introductions. These are
the "Darling," " Pendrik " and "Carrie." The
Darling is the earliest berry they have yet introduced.
The first ripe berries from this variety were gathered
on the 3rd of May. The berry is a large one, of fine
shape and color, and most evenly colored, and the
plant is a strong, healthy grower. It promises to be
very prolific. One bunch of fruit had on it twenty-
five berries, the largest of which was over two inches
in circumference. This berry has been tested in
Louisiana and pronounced an acquisition for a hot
climate. It ships well, having been sent from Vir-
ginia to Rochester, N. Y. Fendrik is also an early
berry of the true canners' type, and of large size. It
is sub acid in flavor and long in shape. It is an ex-
cellent shipper, being very firm. Carrie is a second
early berry, of fine table quality, and beautiful color,
but not quite so firm as to make it a long distance
shipper. It is very prolific and a vigorous grower.

GOOD NEWS FOR TOMATO CANNERS AND
GROWERS.

The packers of tomatoes in Hartford, Cecil and East-
ern Shore counties, Maryland, are in luck. It will
take the greater part of the stock of cauued tomatoes
in Maryland to supply the army of invasion to be sent
to Cuba. Thomas J. Meehan & Sons, of Baltimore,
who have the contract to furnish immediately 256,000
cans of tomatoes, to-day sent orders to all the princi-
pal canneries to forward their reserve stock. The to-
mato contract is worth about $20,000.

The taking off the market of all this surplus stock
will, no doubt, prove of great advantage to growers,
and enable them to realize a fair price for this year's
crop. The showery weather has given the young
plants a fair start, and with warm days and nights
they should make rapid progress.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

•2(59

A NEW STRAWBERRY— THE FITZ LEE.

Mr. Nigh, whose truck farm is on the Nine mile road,
just out of the city of Richmond, has this year intro-
duced the finest strawberry it has ever been our privi-
lege to see or taste. It is not only fine in size, but in
color and in flavor. Berries between two and three
inches in circumference and nearly two inches in
leDgth are quite frequently gathered. The variety is
one raised by Mr. Nigh from seed, and is a perfect
bloomer and of most robust growth and fine foliage.
Whilst it is not the very earliest to ripen, it is yet
with the early ones, and is far away ahead of the
others in flavor. It is firm, and ships well. Mr. Nigh
has named it Fitz Lee. Mr. Nigh has been growing
strawberries for thirty five years, and has tested nearly
every variety. He has now eighty varieties g! owing.
Among these, in addition to Pitz Lee, he has Bubach,
Enormous, Gandy's Prize, Wolverton, Lady Thomp
son, Gandy Belle, Michel's Early, and Brandy Wine.
He intends to discard, after this season, Gandy Belle,
Wolverton, and Michels' Early. As a pollenizer for
Bubach and Enormous, he has found Fitz Lee to be
the best of all varieties. One great advantage
.possessed by Fitz Lee is its wonderfully vigorous
growth and fine foliage. This protects the berries
from the scorching sun. On the same ground where
Bubach and Enormous are growing on either side of
Fitz Lee, scorched berries can be found on both these
varieties, and the foliage and berries of Wolverton are
burnt up, whilst the Fitz Lee berries are perfect and
the foliage unharmed. This berry is an acquisition for
this State, however it may do elsewhere, and it would
be well for strawberry growers to look out for plants
whenever they are put on the market.

CUCUMBERS FOR PICKLES.

In several sections of this and adjoining States cu-
cumbers are largely grown for making into pickles.
Growers would do well to read the following report
of an experiment made by the New York Experiment
Station with Bordeaux mixture for the prevention of
downy mildew and anthracnose. In New York State
the last season was a most unfavorable one for cucum-
bers, as all the enemies seemed to combine for destruc-
tion of the crop, yet by thorough spraying good yields
of both early salad cucumbers and late "pickles"
were secured on the Station experimental plats on
Long Island. With early cucumbers spraying in
creased the yield at the rate of 30,450 fruits or 12,405
pounds per acre, a gain of 75 per cent, in number of
fruits, or almost 100 per cent, in weight.

To show what results might be expected if entire
fields were sprayed, an exact acre in a meadow was
plowed up and planted to late cucumbers, and the en-
2

tire plat sprayed thoroughly eight times between July
22 and September 20. The acre yielded 57,110 large
"pickles" and 44,850 "gherkins," a total of 101,900
fruits, which sold for $126.25. As the average yield
of cucumbers on Long Island during 1896 was less
than 20,000 fruits, and decidedly less during 1897, the
great benefit from spraying can be easily seen. This
thorough spraying of an entire field wholly prevented
both downy mildew and anthracnose.

TIDEWATER [VA.] NOTES.
Editor Southern Planter:

The song and laugh and chaff of the berry-picker is
heard again in the land. The berry-picking is a pic-
nicking time for the 20,000 or more colored pickeis
engaged in that work.

Our local force of big "darks," little "darks," and
" darkees," is not sufficient for the demand. There-
fore, the interior is drawn upon for extra help, and the
draft is honored. Several thousand extra hands from
up the country are now camped out, so to speak, on
the strawberry farms near this city.

A frying-pan, coffee-pot, an iron kettle, and a tin
pail, together with a few — very few — knives, forks and
spoons, supply the culinary and eating utensils, and
any sort of shelter will do this beautiful May weather.
It is a long picnic "shure nuff" with the colored
people. Thoy laugh and sing and joke, and get more
fun out of labor than any other race under the sun.
They are paid about 2 cents per quart for picking, and
make from 50 cents to $2.00 per day, depending on the
picker, the season, condition and yield of the crop. It
is something like hop-picking time in hop sections, or
like a corn-shucking bee in corndom ; but when it
comes to happiness, the white race isn't in it with the
darkies. A full stomach, a little music, and some one
to talk to, and to talk with, and happiness is complete.
The shipments of berries are getting larger daily.
Fully 10,000 to 12,000 crates go North to-day, the price
ranging from 9 to 14 cents per quart in the different
markets. The berry-growers here may pick until 1 or
2 P. M., and then deliver at the different wharves here
to ship to Boston, Providence, New York, Philadel-
phia, Baltimore, or Washington. He can select his
market. He can also ship to the Great West to all the
leading cities. One now sees our truckers daily car-
rying out suspicious looking cauvas sacks, which,
when they hit up against anything, give out a really
musical sort of jingle unlike any other sort of music
in existence.

The sacks are heavy with the "Dollars of our Dad-
dies," nickels and dimes with which to pay the pick-
ers. Fully one quarter of a million dollars is paid out
annually to the berry -pickers, and but very (ew of

2,0

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

these dollars are carried out of the city by the labor
era, it all being spent here and put into circulation as
fast as earned.

The freight on berries to Northern markets ranges
irom * cent to li cent per quart. Berries are sent to
all northern points by rail by fast freight. In cooler
weather, common freight cars are used ; in warmer
weather, the refrigerator cars are brought into use.
Probably one-fourth of our great crop is carried North
l>y rail. The balance goes up by steamer. The time
is a little longer by steamer than by rail, but the ber-
ries go up so easy (no jar)— so cool — the steamer being
thoroughly ventilated by the sea breezes. No dust
Hies on the water route.

Our berry-growers are truly fortunate —

l -t. They have a soil and a climate nicely adapted
to the berry crop.

2d. They have a cheap and ample supply of labor.

3d. They have all the Eastern, Northern and West-
ern markets to sell their $12,000,000 to $15,000,000
annual crop of berries in.

-1th. They have the finest shipping facilities and the
lowest freight rates in the world.

5th. Our immense crop goes on to masket in May,
when the demand is largest.

It we put our great crop on to the market in April
or earlier, it would not sell at all. It would be "too
previous" to fit the demand. It would, therefore,
glut the market and ruin prices.

Our growers here have the advantage of soil, climate,
market, labor, shipping facilities and freight rates. In
these very essential features this section leads all
others.

The Florida, Georgia, or Carolina berry grower has
no single advantage over us, while we have several
over him. Practical experience demonstrates clearly
the correctness of the facts stated above. Ours is the
fiuest market-garden in the United States.

A. Jeffees.
Norfolk, Va., May 14th, 1898.

SOME GARDEN NOTES.

ONIONS.

Noting the report yon copy in the May number of
the Planter from New Zealand, I would say that we
have had this season from the Queen onion grown from
fall planted sets a number of bulbs which have pro-
duced a mass of little bulbs on the under side of the
lar»e one. These we propose to use as sets, to see if
the habit will be perpetuated in the progeny. We
liii'l the Queen the very best onion to grow for early
green onions from fall planted sets. We grow our own
set* by sowing the seed very thickly in rows in May,
and keeping them clean till the little bulbs mature

the last of July. These are replanted in September in
well manured ridges setting the bulbs deeply in the
beds so that they will be about the general level of the
soil. This is for winter protection. In February the
earth is pulled away from them to allow the bulbs to
form on the surface. We began to use these onions
this spring, the first of March, and by the middle of
May the remaining ones were very large, averaging
near four inches in diameter, the largest Queens w e
have ever grown. They are now ripe and pulled, as
we had more than our family could consume green.
If there is any difference between the Queen and the
onion sold by some seedsmen as the Pearl, we have
never been able to discover it.

CAULIFLOWER.

We had seeds sent to us of American growth from
Puget Sound last fall, and intended to make a compara-
tive test between these and the Danish seed, heretofore
considered the best by all seedsmen. But as we desired
to have real Danish seed for the test, we got the seed
from Denmark, but it did not arrive in time to sow,
and will be kept till the coming fall. The Puget Sound
seed has, however, given as good results as we have
ever had. Hardly a plant missed making a good
marketable head, and we are perfectly satisfied that as
good cauliflower seed can beproduced in our far North-
west as in Denmark, and the price is far less than the
Danish seed. Our cauliflowers were the Snow Ball
variety, and came into use early in May — the plants
set outside in the fall being little behind those set in
cold frames, owing to the mild winter here, during
which there was little time when there was any advan-
tage in putting the glass over the cauliflowers.

PEA TRELLIS.

Years ago we urged all gardeners to use the wire
netting now so cheap as a support for the garden peas.
We have had this netting in use for eight years, and it
is still good, and every year is cheaper, if its first cost
is charged, than the troublesome and ugly pea brush.
This season we deteriniued to use it for all the peas,
even the most dwarf, and so got some rolls only two
feet wide. We rind that some such support is just as
desirable for the dwarf peas, as it prevents their
tumbling over, as they are sure to do when full of pods.
Then we are now pulling the earliest pea vines and
planting Lima beans along the wire to take the place
of the peas during the rest of the season.

SALSIFY.

We sowed our first salsify to day (May 19th). Some
people always sow this hardy plant early, because it
will grow early. But there is no advantage in early
sowing, as the plant is only wanted in the winter, and
it grows here better during the winter than at any

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

271

other time. Hence we use it as a succession crop,
sowing up to July. We have found that when salsify
is sown early here, it is apt to get a severe check at
midsummer, and sometimes will then run to seed, while
sown late, it grows on till the cool weather comes, and
then grows faster than ever. The Sandwich Island
salsify has entirely superseded the old sort, as it is
larger and better.

LETTUCE.

For the Christmas crop of lettuce, in cold frames,
we still use the Boston Market, but for the replanting
of spring we have heretofore used the Big Boston.
This winter, however, we have tried the San Fran-
cisco Butter Lettuce, and are very much pleased with it.
We have now under trial forty four vaiieties of lettuce.
Many of these are only useful as varieties, others
will make good forcing varieties, while others are of
special value in late spring, as they staud the hot
weather, but are no use for winter work. The lettuce
crop is getting to be a very important one in winter
among the truckers of Eastern North Carolina, but
most of them still adhere to the notion that the plant-
cloth is a good and cheap substitute for glass, while it
is really a very poor substitute, and in the long run
far more costly. Recently I have received for trial a
new material for covering frames. This is a heavy
manila paper, prepared so that it is translucent. It is
to my mind far more promising than the plant cloth,
as it must be much warmer. How it will stand the
weather is yet to be determined. It costs about ten
cents per yard, thirty-eight inches wide, and though
far cheaper than glass in first cost, it may prove less
economical if it lasts but a little while.

BEETS.

' The Eclipse came into use the first week in May,
fully as early as the Egyptian, and far better in quality.
But so far as earliness and quality are concerned none
of them, in our opinion, excel the Bassano. ThB
market growers dropped the Bassano because of its
big top, which made it hard to bunch, and the light
color, which the city buyers objected to, as they want
only a perfectly red beet. Now that the Sugar beet is
making so much talk, it is well to call attention to the
fact that it is the very best of all late table beets, when
not grown to too large a size. For winter use I prefer
the Sugar beet to all others, on account of its sweet-
ness. Those who imagine that it is only to i>e fed to
cattle or made into sugar, had better try it on the
table. There is another old plant of the beet family
which we seldom see in the gardens, but which is very
fine. This is the Swiss Chard or Silver beet. It is
grown for the midribs of the leaves and the leaf stalks,
which are pulled off like rhubarb and cooked like
asparagus, and is far better to my taste even than

asparagus. Then too it comes in use during the 'lot
weather after the asparagus is gone. The leaf bla I'S
too when cooked like spinach are hardly to be distin-
guished from spinach.

KEEPING THE GARDEN AT WORK.

In part of my little home garden patch we have now
planted the third crop since last fall. Onions were
planted iu September. These were in use the first of
March, and corn was planted between the onion rows.
Now the onions are pulled and between the corn rows
salsify has been sown. After the corn has been eaten we
will sow late crops of snaps where the corn is to pay for
working the salsify during the summer. This is but
an illustration of how we keep the garden at work,
and get out of a little patch more than most people
get from a large garden. There is not a day in the year
that every foot of land in the garden is not occupied
by some crop. People of the South hardly realize
what can be had out of the garden in this climate, for
all around we see gardens made in spring and some
crops planted and gathered, and by autumn the whole
is a weed patch, giving harbor for the moths to lay
eggs to hatch cut worms in the spring. We do not do
any fancy gardening in our little home patch, which
is hardly larger than some people's back yards, and in
fact is smaller than our own front lawn. But every
foot is kept at work, and we do not even have a walk in
it. In our big garden, down in the piney woods, we
have ample opportunities for work on a larger scale,
and we keep this little patch for a play-ground and
make it pay for its use too. Beginning with the next
fall planted crops we intend to keep a regular record of
all the little patch produces. The small list of vege-
tables eaten by our Southern farmers, and in fact by
farmers everywhere, is a matter of surprise to the city
dwellers, who have so much of variety in their markets.
It would be just as easy for the farmer to have the same
variety in this climate if he only made the effort. But
most of them seem satisfied with potatoes, black eye
peas, and collards, and seldom see any other vegetable.".
No one ought to have a better garden than the far aer;
and no one generally has less if they have any.

W. F. Massey.

SUMMER TREATMENT FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

The subject of treating this insect has been briefly
considered in several publications from this Station,
but the geat interests at stake warrant us in giving out
data as rapidly as anything of importance is ascer-
tained.

Our last Bulletin, No. 72, as in previous publica-
tions, urged the use of strong soap washes in winter,
and we ateo recommended with quasi-endorsement the
use of pure kerosene spray. At the date of that pub-
lication we were not willing fully to endorse the use of
kerosene spray in the hands of inexperienced persons.

272

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

nor can we pretend to say now that it will prove harm-
less in every case, but the evidence is so much in its
favor that we publish extracts from our records and
make recommendations based thereon.

Mild measures of treatment are of little effect with
this insect in the mature stage, and it is out of the
question to use the heavy soap solutions during the
growing season. It can quite confidently be stated
that if growers wilf use weaker solutions or emulsions
frequently during the summer, (say about one pound of
Boap to five gallons of water or kerosene emulsion
diluted ten times) they can in this manner largely de-
stroy the young scales. This treatment would, how-
ever, need to be repeated frequently for a period of
weeks and in the end a percentage of the insects would
almost certainly escape.

The great desideratum has been all along to secure
a wash that will effectually destroy the scale and not
injure the plants. Pure kerosene as a destructive
agent to the insect is just the thing desired, but results
with its use have been so conflicting as to make many
experimenters hesitate about recommending its use in
;« ;, i ral way. This subject was briefly reviewed in
Bnlleiin 72 which can be had upon application. In
this • aper we wish to bring our experience down to
date ' nd make such recommendations as seem justified.

RECORDS OF TREATMENT WITH KEROSENE.

Note* on Treatment with pure kerosene done by my direc-
tions, in Prince William County :

March 11th, 1897. One hundred Abundance plums
and eleven Kieffer pears sprayed with pure kerosene.
Buds just beginning to open.

March 23d, 1897. Sprayed fifty Kieffer pear trees
and resprayed twenty-five of above plum trees, — buds
open.

Same date, sprayed two hundred and fifty Bartlett
pear trees with pure kerosene, buds not open.

No injurious results were observed at any time.
September 11th, 1897. I examined these trees and
failed to find live scales. The trees were in fairly
thrifty condition. I consider this a remarkably suc-
cessful case of treatment, as several hundred trees had
already died from San Jose scale on these premises and
it was spreading badly over the trees treated. The
kerosene was applied with spray pump mounted on a
barrel, a fine Eddy chamber nozzle was used.

Notes on a case in Henrico County:

September 25th, 1897. Eow of Seckel pears, num-
ber not taken, treated very heavily with pure kerosene
spray. September 28th, leaves falling but apparently
trunk and branches not injured, all scales appear to be
killed, some of the treeB were crusted with scale.
March 12th, 1898, these trees appeared to be uninjured
and all scale insects appeared to be dead.

Two small trees in the garden at same place treated
in the fall of 1897, no date furnished. These were
crusted over with San Jose scale and from appearance
were drenched with oil. March 12th, 1898, both dead.

A row of old peach trees treated in the same manner
and at the same time as above. March 12th, 1898, all
dead. Treatment was applied in these cases with
spray pump and Eddy chamber nozzle. The applica-
tions were unnecessarily heavy.

Notes on two cases in Roanoke County:

March 23rd, 1898, sprayed at one place with pure
kerosene the following young trees: Fifty-nine apple
trees coming in foliage, seventeen Morello cherries in
bloom, three gage plum trees, bloom buds just opening,
one large plum tree nearly in full bloom, one pear in
bloom, one pear leafing out, three quince leafing out.
These trees were treated with the blast atomizer which
is mentioned later in this paper. Used six and one-
half pints kerosene. Trees four years planted.

Observations on the above plants up to April 19th
do not disclose the slighest injury and those trees in
bloom and which bloomed later have set fruit as
though untreated.

March 25th, 1898, the following young tFees, three
years planted, were treated with pure kerosene from
atomizer above mentioned : Sixty-four apple trees,
foliage buds opened, three cherries nearly in full bloom;
used three pints kerosene. Observations on these
trees up to April i9th show no injury whatever.

A large number of other cases treated this spring in
Eoanoke county could be cited but the above are
representative. Complete records will be published
later.

Notes on cases in Montgomery County :

March 21st, 1898, sixteen trees in an orchard of four
hundred trees reserved for an experiment with kero-
sene, were treated on this date with atomizer mentioned
above. One of these trees was entirely crusted over
with scale and nearly dead, the other fifteen had be-
come infested from local spread ; orchard two years
planted. Foliage buds much swollen when treated.
One and a half pints oil used. Maich 28th, 1898,
these trees retreated with Deming sprayer, using
thirty per cent, mixture of kerosene and water ; quan-
tity of oil required not noted.

April 22d, 1898, the growth of the treated trees is
less forward than on untreated trees, foliage buds
opening, no injury is apparent on the fifteen trees
above specified as partly infested, but the tree covered
with scale is now dead.

February 14th, 1898, fourteen trees in a young orch-
ard two years set, reserved for experiment with kero-
sene treatment. These were sprayed with atomizer on
above date, using one quarfr of kerosene. One of
these trees is crusted' over with scale and now dead.
Trees entirely dormant.

March 28th, 1898. Re sprayed with Deming knap-
sack pump with thirty per cent, kerosene mixed with
water. Buds yet dormant.

April 21st, 1898. Examination to day shows these
trees less forward than untreated trees, buds swollen,
none open, but no appearance of injury. This orchard
is in a colder situation than other orchards mentioned
in Montgomery county.

USE OF KEROSENE TO NOTE EFFECT ON PLANTS.

To test the effect of kerosene on seversl varieties of
trees, on March 10th, 1898, one tree each of following
was thoroughly sprayed with kerosene from the
atomizer, viz. : Apple, pear, peach, sweet cherry, three
plums, one each of Domestica and Japanese groups.
These trees and branches were sprayed until branches
and stems were wet with pure kerosene. Buds on
most of these trees swollen but none opening. Obser-
vations up to April 20th show no injury has resulted

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

273

to these trees. All except the apple (which did not
bloom this year), bloomed out as usual and are in nor-
mal condition. The trees are nine years old and in
vigorous condition. They are not infested with San
Jose scale but are somewhat infested with Chionaspis
furfurus and Mytilaspis pomorum. The eggs of the
former appear at this date to be entirely destroyed but
those of the latter are apparently not injured.

April 16th, 1898. A single tree each of apple, pear,
plum and cherry was selected for treatment with
pure kerosene, to note effect on plant when in growth.
All were in bloom except the apple, which did not
bloom ; on it the foliage buds were open. The kero-
sene was applied with the atomizer until the plants
were wet. The day was warm, with bright sun and
brisk air.

Notes taken until April 22d show that in every case
the petals of the trees in bloom were injured, and these
fell in advance of untreated bloom, but the injury did
not extend to the anthers, stigma, or ovaries and
apparently the set of fruit will not be affected. The
young leaves were slightly injured at the tips, but in
no case has this resulted in material damage.

On the same date as above a Kieffer pear in full
bloom was sprayed with pure kerosene from the Dem-
ing pump, using an Eddy chamber nozzle with fine
perforations. The tree was heavily treated, and the
notes show that injury was greater than with use of
oil from the atomizer, yet to date it appears that no
material damage has resulted.

On March 28th, 1898, the following tests were made
with dilute kerosene to test its effects on plants in
waler mixture. It was used in two strengths, viz.,
twenty per cent, and fifty per cent. The applications
were made with the Deming knapsack pump with
kerosene attachment, and the percentages were gov-
erned by the indicator. This is not absolutely correct,
but several trials under test showed it to be approxi-
mately so.

The applications were made to pear, peach, plum,
cherry and crab-apple. The bloom clusters were ex-
posed, but the individual blossoms were not open ex-
cept in case of pear and Japanese plum. A few pear
blossoms were open and most of the plum blooms.

A fifty per cent, mixture destroyed the bloom at
once on plum and pe*r, no immediate effect on other
trees. Result on April 22d ; All buds and growing
points on pear and plum destroyed, probably wood is
injured and plant may die. On crab apple, leaves and
growing points of twigs are killed. Peach and cherry
not injured severly ; bloom and foliage have come out
and these plants are growing.

The twenty per cent, mixture has practically de-
stroyed all growing points on plum and pear. On
other plants, effect is less severe than fifty per cent,
mixture.

This work was done at a most unfavorable time as
rain set in soon after its completion and lasted for
several days. This prevented evaporation and en-
hanced the injurious effects of the oil upon the plants.

On April 13th, 1898, when the trees were in bloom
(except apple which was coming in foliage), a second
application of mixed kerosene was made to set of trees
like the above. In this instance fifteen per cent, and
thirty per cent, mixtures were used.

Notes taken to April 22d show that the stronger per
cent, burned the bloom on pear, plum, cherry and

peach, and slightly burned young foliage on apple.
The fifteen per cent, mixture darkened the petals of
the bloom on trees above named, but apparently the
injury will not be material. The treatment was
applied in warm, bright weather.

The foregoing abstracts from the records of the work
now in progress show that pure kerosene can be safely
used upon all our fruit trees in the dormant season and
with proper precautions during the growing season
also. The chief point to be observed in its applica-
tion is the proper atomization of the kerosene. Unless
it be applied in a finely atomized condition, and in
quantity so as to just moisten the parts of the plant
there is danger. The skill and judgment necessary to
insure success in this work are not such as to preclude
the use of kerosene by fruit- growers, hence, in the
light of the above and other unpublished experiments,
I recommend it as a summer treatment for San Jose
scale. I believe it to be the treatment par excellence,
as in every case where I have used it on this scale it
has destroyed them with great certainty. It is too
soon to make an absolute statement as to the degree of
efficacy, but the experiment now under way will
furnish much data on this point by the end of the
season.

APPLIANCES FOR SPRAYING KEROSENE.

The machinery which I have found best suited to
this work, so far as safety to the plant is concerned, is
a blast atomizer. There are several styles on the
market, but the essential principle is the same, viz.,
the delivery, by bellows or a syringe-like apparatus,
of a strong blast of air across a tube which extends to
the bottom of a cistern or can, fastened at the outer
extremity of the apparatus. By the action of this
blast the air is rarefied in the tube which extends into
the oil receptacle, and this causes the oil to rise to the
top of the tube where it is blown into an extremely
rarefied spray.

The greatest obstacle to the use of this apparatus is
its small capacity, but as it is yet true, in most cases,
that the scale is confined to small trees and plants, I
do not know of a better or safer device for the average
orchardist and gardener to use. Any tinsmith cau
make this apparatus if he has a model to work by.

In the nature of large apparatus, for the use of pure
oil, I recommend any well-made force pumps, but
they should be carefully fitted up for high pressure,
and in my experience the Riley or Eddy chamber
(often called the Vermorel) nozzle is the best spray tip
for this work. The exit orifice in the cap of the nozzle
should be small for use of kerosene, not larger tha.i
one twentieth of an inch in diameter and preferably a
little smaller. With this small orifice and high pressure
an excellent spray-mist can be obtained, and by going
over the plants lightly a couple of times at each treat-
ment, better results are secured with greater safety to
the plants.

Concerning the use of kerosene diluted with water
in mechanical mixture, I am yet at loss what to say.
The Deming apparatus for making this mixture is, so
far as I have used it, a success. These pumps mix the
oil and water perfectly, and the per cent, indicated on
the apparatus can be depended upon with reasonable
certainty. But the burning by kerosene in this water
mixture is much worse in our work than when pure
kerosene is used. The water mixture of kerosene with

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[Jane

these puuips will be thoroughly tiied this summer and
results noted.

Our recommendation for summer work is that pure
kerosene be used, preferably with a blast atomizer,
but when a considerable amount of work is be done,
and especially on large trees, a spray pump is necessary.
Choose bright, warm weather for this work, go over
the trees rapidly so as to just moisten the branches and
trunks, aud repeat as often as thought necessary.

The atomizers can be purchased of J. A. Everett.
Indianapolis. Iud.. D. B. Smith & Co.. Utiea, N. Y.,
and others. Good pumps can be purchased of The
DemingCo.. Salem. O., W. & B. Douglas, Middletown,
Conn.. The Field Force Pump Co., Lockport. N. Y..
and others Wm. B. Alwood, Entomologist, etc.

Ya. Exp. Station, Blacksburg, Ya.

THE MOLE THE GARDENER'S FRIEND.

We have written several articles in defence of
moles, in response to complaints made by farmers and
truckres of damage done by them. The following arti-
cle, which we take from the American Agriculturist,
confirms what we have said :

Your correspondent. E. J. F., of Vermont, tells that
old wornout story that "the moles ate his neighbor's
peas." After all that has been written about this sub-
ject it seems strange that any one should be led into
such au error. But as a rule, farmers are not very
close observers unless they have had some special
training that has taught them to use their eyes.

Twenty -five years ago, the late Charles Y. Riley, one
of the most accomplished entomologists of the world
and one of the most practical, made this experiment.
He took a large dry goods box, filled it with garden
soil and in it put six moles. He also added a motrey
collection of grubworms, cutworms, fish worms, bee-
tles, etc. He also inserted from day to day pieces of
vegetables of different kinds, keeping a record of every-
thing that went into the box. All decayed portions of
vegetables were removed from time to time. At the
end of six weeks he took his moles out in fine condi-
tion aud turned them loose and then went to sifting
the soil. Every worm, big aud little, was gone, and
every piece of vegetable food was recovered or ac-
counted for and not one piece of the latter had been
touched by the moles. Mr. Riley had recently returned
from France where there was a fine of five francs for
killing a mole.

The above facts I got from Prof. Riley soon after his
experiment while making au all night ride with him
on the Kansas Pacific railroad. Since that time I have
been a careful observer of the mole and its habits.
When I have had a piece of ground infested with cut-
worms or grubworms I have caught moles and turned
them loose, and if not too much disturbed they will
soon clear it of worms, but iu 25 years' close observa-
tion I have never seen any vegetable matter of any
kind eateu by them. They feed entirely upon animal
food. They sometimes do slight damage by lifting a
plant so that its roots die from lack of moisture. Your
correspondent's pea vines were probably eaten oycut
worms, and the mole was after the worm, and ten to
one he got him. Field mice often do damage in gar-
den and field by eating the seed crop, and careless
farmers ascribe it all to the moles.

Sometimes iu a small garden moles become so nu-
merous that they have to be removed, or a part of
them. He cau take a hint without being knocked in
the head. He is nobody's fool. If you want him to
move his quarters, keep his run way trampled down
from day to day except the last five or six feet. The
time to do this is when he is working. He is very
methodical. He burrows early in the morning, from
ten to twelve, and from four to six iu the afternoon.
Iu hot weather he works soon after daylight.

HOW TO USE WASTE BONES.

The bones of fish and fowls, and the large and small
pieces of bones which are bought with beefsteak and
mutton, constitute the very best food for frait trees
and grapevines if the fragments are only placed where
the roots can lay hold of them.

Instead of being cast into the backyard as food for
stray dogs and cats, care should be taken to deposit
everything of the sort in a small tub with a cover. As
soon as a few pounds have accumulated, take the tub
to some grapevine or fruit tree, dig a hole three or
more feet long, a foot or two deep, dump in the bones
and fill in the soil. The more fragments that can be
spread around the better, but they should be buried
so deep that a plow or spade will not reach them. The
roots of growing vines or fruit trees will soon find this
mine of fertility, and will feed on the elements that
will greatly promote the growth of healthy wood and
the development of fair and luscious fruit.

Many horticulturists and farmers buy bone dust
costing not less than $20 per ton, simply to enrich the
soil around and beneath their vines and trees. Frag-
ments of bones are just as valuable as ground bone,
although their elements will not be as available in so
short a time as if the large pieces were reduced to
atoms. Nevertheless, if large bones are buried three
or four feet from a grapevine, the countless numbers of
mouths at the ends of roots will soon dissolve, take up
and appropriate every particle.

When cast out of the kitchen door, bones are a
nuisance, but if properly used, they become a source
of valuable fertility. Let every person who owns a
grapevine or fruit tree save all the bones that pass
through the kitchen and bury,them where they will
be turned to some profit.

Ira Graber, Marshall ville, 0.

— Country Gentleman.

HARDINESS OF PLUM BUDS.

It appears from observations made by Prof. Goff in
Wisconsin aud others tabulated from New York, that
'• the flower buds of the cultivated plums that are na-
tive to this country are capable of enduring without
harm a greater degree of cold than those of the Euro-
pean or Japan plums, and that of the native species,
those of Primus americana are hardiest." Some of the
varieties of the Wild Goose and Chickasaw classes did
not prove hardy in fruit bud ; and this accords with
results secured by Craig iu Canada. But other varie-
ties usually referred to these last species seem to be
considerably hardier. Robinson and Moorman are
two comparatively hardy varieties. In general, hard-
iness seems to be a strong point with all the native
plums. — Country Gentleman.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

275

Live Stock and Dairy.

PROPORTION OF LIVE STOCK ON FARMS TO
FARM PRODUCTS.

Editor Southern Planter :

In considering the question of the necessary propor-
tion of live stock to the land in order that the maxi-
mum of field crops may be attained, it occurred to me
to investigate the statistics of agriculture in the cen-
sus of 1S90. The facts developed are very significant.

Leaving out the Pacific States and the mountain
sections of the far West, it will be remarked that upon
arable land the principle requiring a high proportion
of live stock in order to the production of maximum
crops is fully justified. It will be observed that in the
great grain-growing States of the Mississippi Valley
the value of live stock on the farms exceeds the value
of the crops made, while in the Eastern States where
the greater number of the counties of largest produc-
tion are situated, the rule is to some extent varied by
the great proportion of the crops gathered from mar-
ket gardens which are fertilized with material drawn
out from the great cities and towns, rendering the
proportion of stock less important.

In order to make it certain that I have committed
no error in enunciating this principle, a brief has been
submitted by me to several persons of authority in the
case, and from every side comes the warning that a
great obstruction to raising sheep as a branch of live
stock industry in the Southern States is the cur dog.
Heretofore the ratio of illiteracy to literacy has been
considered the best standard or measure of relative
poverty and welfare. I am inclined to think that this
standard must give way to another. Some of my most
intelligent neighbors, thrifty and well-to do-men, are
men who cannot read and write, especially those who
migrated from Ireland under the influence of the fam-
ine. Such men would never tolerate cur dogs. The
future standards of relative ignorance and intelligence,
of relative povery and welfare, of relative brains and
industry, may well be the proportion which the cur
dogs bear to the sheep in any given State or section.

In proof that the abundanre of field crops is now in
ratio to the quantity and value of live stock main-
tained upon the farms, the following data are sub-
mitted :

Memorandum on Relative Farm Products by

Counties and Sections and Proportion of

Value of Live Stock to Farm Product

on the Census Data of 1890.

In respect to counties there were fourteen (14) coun-
ties in the North registered for a production in excess
of five million dollars ($5,000,000) in the year 1889,
reported in 1890. The following table gives their
names, rank, areas, value of live stock and value of
product :

Lancaster, Penn

St. Lawrence, N. Y....

Chester, Penn

Worcester, Mass

Bucks, Penn

Colusa, Cal

Middlesex, Mass

McLean, 111...

Oneida, N. Y

Monroe, N. Y

Onondega, N. Y

Erie.N. Y

Orange, N. Y:

La Salle, 111

16,939 $53,130,794 $77,197,280
Proportion of live stock to farm product, 70 per cent.

There were seventeen (17) counties in the Southern
States, chiefly in the Cotton States, producing an ex-
cess of value above two and a half million dollars
($2,500,000). The names, rank, area, value of live
stock and value of products are given in the subse-
quent table :

Sq. Miles.

Washington, Miss 880

Bolivar,'Miss 876

Ellis, Texas 950

Barnwell, S.C 1,214

Orangeburg, S. C 1,400

Yazoo, Miss 1,020

Kemper, Miss 740

Montgomery, Ala 772

Abbeville, S. C 1,006

Collin, Texas 880

Shelby, Tenn 728

Anderson, S.C 690

Lowndes, Ala 720

Dallas, Ala 1,195

Edgefield, S. C 1,352

Jefferson, Ark 810

Hill, Texas 1,000

$16,263 $17,672,750 $49,460,051
Proportion of live stock to farm product, 36 per cent.

It will be remarked that those northern counties
which produce the largest value, notably in Massachu-
setts, New York and Pennsylvania, are the counties
which are devoted largely to market gardening and to
dairy products. In the three Pennsylvania counties
tobacco is added, which is doubtless the crop which
puts them at the head.

The proportion of live stock to the product of the
farms is seventy (70) per cent, in the northern coun-
ties, thirty-six (36) per cent, in the southern.

When the refuse of the cotton seed oil mill and the
meal, coupled with the Bermuda a ad Crab grass, and
with the Lespideza, the cow-pea and the roots which
can be grown in excess throughout this cotton section,
are considered, the question may well be asked why
the proportion of live stock to the value of product
is so small, why the value of the farm product in
ratio to countus which are no more fertile in the
North, is only one half, and what is wanting to equal-
ize the conditions of welfare?

When we take up the several sections of the coun-

Value

Value of Total

of stock.

Product.

$1,182,800

$4,276,850

1,012,380

3,852,860

1,550,110

3,552,430

915,090

3,381,540

921,180

2,842,760

1,007.320

2,710,950

487,360

2,, 00,500

837,970

2,696,810

816,060

2,673,020

1,814,290

2,650,000

1,362,220

2.644,701

773,640

2,640,230

802,250

2,611,660

905,320

2,589,930

991,400

2,581,980

770.580

2.566,060

1,492,780

2,517,770

276

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

try the contrast becomes yet greater. The following
table gives the relative proportions of the value of
live stock to the value of farm products by figures and
ratio in each of the several customary division of the
country :

PACIFIC AND WESTERN MOUNTAIN STATES.
Value of
Live Stork.

$60,259,230

22,594,010

7,253.490

21,020,687

5,801,820

7,247,180

22,648,830

6,813,830

14,113,110

15,348,331

California...

C'.l'.rado

Idaho

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

< tregon

Utah

Washington
Wyoming...

Value of

Farm Product.

$87,033.2110

13,136,810

3,848,930

6,273,415

2,705,660

1,784,820

19,026,120

4,891,460

13,674,930

2,241,590

$154,617,025

$183,700,518
Proportion of live stock to farm product, 113 per cent.
GRAIN GROWING STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.

Value of

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

Nebraska

North Dakota.

Ohio

South Dakota.
Wisconsin

Value of

Live Slock.

$180,431,662

93,361,422

206,436,242

128,068,305
69,564,985
57,725,683

138,701 173
92,971,920
18,787,294

116,181,690
29,231,509
63,784,377

Farm Product.
$184,759,913
94,759,262

159,347,844
95,070,080
83,651,390
71,238,230

109751,024
66,837,617
21,264,938

133,232,498
22,047,279
70,990,645

$1,112,950,720

$1,195,246,262
Proportion of live stock to farm product, 106 per cent,
MIDDLE SOUTHERN STATES.

Value of
Live Stuck.

Kentucky $70,924,400

Tennessee 60,254,230

Virginia 33,404 281

W est Virginia 23,964,610

Value of
Farm Product.
$65,948,48.-.
55,194,181
42,244,458
20,439,000

$188,547,521 $183,826,124

Proportion of live stock to farm product, 102 per cent."

Tt-Xlts $103,259,503 $111,699,430

Proportion of live stock to farm product, 90 per cent. '
MIDDLE STATES.
Value of
Live Stock.
N(jw York $124,523,965

New Jersey

Pennsylvania.

Maryland

Delaware

15,811,430

101,672,758
19,194 320
4,198,810

$265,401,283
Proportion oflive stock to farm product, 80
NEW ENGLAND STATES.
Value, of
., . Live Stock.

Maine $18,280,140

New Hampshire 10,450,125

x '•' "' 16,644,320

Massachusetts 142C0.178

Rhode Island 2)364970

Connecticut 0,'.i7l'i;is

$71, 91 4,351

Value of

Farm Product.

$161,593,009

28,997,349

121,328,348

26,443,364

6,481,590

$344,843,660
I per cent.

Value of

Farm Product.

$22,049,220

13,761,050

20,364,080

28,072,500

4,218,300

17,924,310

$106,389,460

Proportion'of live stock .to fermjiroduct, 68 per cent

Alabama

Arkansas

Florida

Georgia

Louisiana

Mississippi

North Carolina.,
South Carolina,

COTTON STATES ASIDE FROM TEXAS.
Value of

IAve Stock.

$30,776,730

30,772,880

7,142,980

31,477,990

17,898,380

33,936,435

25,547,280

16,572,410

$194,125,085

Value of
Farm Product.
$66,240,190
53,128,145
12,086,330
83,371,482
54,343,953
73,342,995
50,070,530
51,337,985

$443,921,620

Proportion of live stock to farm product, 44 per cent.
SUMMARY.

Percentage of the Value of Live Slock on Farms to the Value of
Farm Products.

No. 1. — Pacific States and Rocky Mountain States
in which stock raising is the larger interest
as compared to field crops 113 per cent.

No. 2. — Grain growing States of the Northern Mis-
sissippi Valley in which stock raising and field
crops work together 106 percent.

No. 3. — Middle Southern States, Kentucky, Tennes-
see and the Virginias, in which stock raising is
equal in importance to field crops 102 per cent.

No. 4. — Texas.. 90 percent.

No. 5 —Middle States of the East, New York, Penn-
sylvania, &c., in which fields are largely ferti-
lized with manure drawn from towns and cities, 80 per cent.

No. 6. — Fourteen (14) most productive Counties of

the North also fertilized from towns and cities, 70 per cent.

No. 7. — New England States also fertilized in large

measure from towns and cities 68 per cent.

No. 8. — Southern Cotton States, omitting Texas 44 percent,

No. 9.— Seventeen (17) most productive Counties

in the Cotton States 36 per cent.

Among the causes which retard progress in South-
ern agriculture and prevent the increase of stock,
doubtless the tenant system and the crop mortgage
system are among the principal factors. These methods
have doubtless been necessary in the progress of the
change from the plantation to the farm, bur. the sooner
these methods cease to be necessary the greater will be
the progress of the several States. In Arthur Young's
well-known treatise on the Condition of Agriculture
in France, just before the French Revolution, he con-
stantly remarks on the evils of the great holdings of
land, then abused by privilege, beyond anything we
have ever known in this country, even under the slave
system. On the condition of the tenants and of the
tenant system terse observations like the following
have been constantly quoted from this work in con-
trast with ownership :

"The magic of property turns sands to gold."

In a hundred years the whole aspect of France has
been changed, its agriculture promoted, its product
increased, its stock improved and vastly increased in
amount and quality through the individual holding of
land under equal conditions, both as to large and small
estates. The division of land has been carried to such
au extreme that there is and can be no competition with
our own methods. The small allotments are too small
for the adequate use of modern mechanism and the
best tools. It will not take a hundred years, probably
not a single generation, to improve the condition of
the Cotton States in even greater measure than the im-
provements in France in a century. The first step is
to promote the ownership of land by the farmer, black

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

277

or white. How successful and profitable that system
may be in settling black farmers on their own land,
will be proved by the testimony of Mr. E. P. Coleman,
of Como, Mississippi, which I trust will be presented
at the Convention in Nashville, Tennessee.

The pocket nerve is the most potent factor in pro
moting improvement. If through the combined action
of the skilled farmers, who are very numerous in the
South, even if they bear but a small proportion to the
whole number, and the press, the cur dog cannot be
suppressed and the progress of agriculture iD diversity
and value cannot be promoted, then all the progress
must wait until the schoolmaster of hard times or of
relatively poor conditions shall arouse the whole people
to a recognition of the fact that the old darkey was right
who explained to me a very beneficial change in the
government of one of the Southern States — "Yer
can't put ig'nance on top of 'telligence and make
it stay dar." This is true in politics, yet in agricul-
ture it is not true. The ignorance and incapacity which
tolerates the cur dog will stay the progress both of
agriculture, the mechanic arts and manufactures, uu-
til it is surmounted by industrial intelligence.

It may be well to sound a note of warning to the
Atlantic Cotton States, even to Alabama and Missis-
sippi. There are many indications of greater progress
in a true method of agriculture in Texas than in the
upland cotton section. Texas is taking the lead in the
production of cotton. It has a long start in the pro-
duction of wool, both on the intensive and extensive
methods. Sheep are being carried in large numbers
on the refuse of the cotton-seed oil mills, even on the
cotton seed itself, which is less desirable. The staple
of Texas cotton is as a rule longer and stronger than
the staple of the upland cottons. The long cottons
necessary for the manufacture of fine fabrics, both
from Egyptian and American seed are being raised in
increasing quantity in Texas. It is very plain that
unless force and intelligence are applied to agriculture
in other sections, Texas will control the production
both of southern cotton and southern wool. Its fields
being, so far as cost is concerned, nearer to New Eng-
land than the Piedmont plateau, the competition of
Texas and New England combined may hereafter be
very severely felt both in the agriculture and manu-
factures of the Atlantic Cotton States.

Edward Atkinson.

Boston, Mass.

The foregoing article from the eminent statistician
and political economist, Mr. Edward Atkinson, em-
phasizes the argument we have so often made in favor
of greater attention being given to the production of
live stock and to live stock husbandry generally in the
Southern States. It is certain, as we have repeatedly
said, that not until live stock becomes a great factor
on Southern farms can we expect to become a prosper
ous agricultural community. We may produce enor-
mous crops of cotton and great crops of corn, but these
will not make us wealthy unless combined with them
we produce great herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, and
herds of hogs. Without these the cost of maintain-
ing the fertility of our lands will eat up all the profit
derived from our great crops, and our last state will be
3

worse than our first. We shall have lost the capacity
to produce great crops, and also the product of the great
crops produced in the past. It is idle, in the face of
the figures cited by Mr. Atkinson, and the example of
England, to say that it is useless to produce live stock
at little or no profit beyond the manure made by the
stock. Even were this to be the actual condition of
things, which we deny to be the case, except under a
system producing only the veriest "scrub stock," it
would yet mean advancement in the productivity of
our land and in the wealth of the farmers of the South
in some degree, in the saving of a very large part of
the annually increasing outlay for commercial fertili-
zers in this section, an outlay which in 1897 amounted
in the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro-
lina and Georgia, according to a report just made by
the statistician to the Department of Agriculture to
the sum of $11,427, 126, or more than the value of all
the wheat produced in those States last year. If, how-
ever, the live stock produced and fed in those States
should be of that high grade standard which ought to
be produced then the profit on their production would
amount not only to the value of the manure made by
them, but to a large sum in addition, and thus mean
not only a substantial saving, but also a material gain
upon the price realized for the crops converted by
means of the stock into beef, mutton, milk, butter,
wool, and hog meat ; and this profit would be accom-
panied by a corresponding increase in the fertility of
the soil, and hence greater crop-producing capacity.
We commend this aspect of the question in the light
of the figures given by Mr. Atkinson to the careful at-
tention of our readers. We have every condition ne-
cessary to make the South a great live stock section,
and few drawbacks to contend against. The cur dog
is the worst enemy to progress. It will continue to be
a reflection on our intelligence and business acumen
until we compel the dog to down and cease to hinder
our prosperity. — Ed.

DORSET SHEEP AND DOGS.

Mr. E. M. Gillet, of Bacon Hall Farm, Md., whose
advertisement of Hereford cattle, Dorset sheep aud
Berkshire hogs appears regularly in our columns,
and of whose stock we have the highest reports from
friends who have bought from him, writes us as fol-
lows : "Dorset Sheep. — Having had samples of the
courage of this breed of sheep, I am willing to sell
yearling rams to responsible parties with the under-
standing that if they are killed by a dog, no pay.
Lately, three strange dogs were following a wagon out
of my place, and a ewe left the flock and deliberately
attacked and re attacked one of them, a wolf houud,
and made him forget which way he was going. I have
a setter, collie and rabbit hound, and they all respt cfc
the Dorsets."

278

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

[June

PEANUTS, COW-PEAS AND SWEET POTATOES
AS FOOD FOR CATTLE.

We have repeatedly urged upon southern farmers
the importance of growing cow-peas, peanuts and
sweet potatoes for feeding logs. We desire once again
to invite their attention to the question at the season
of the year when these crops are being planted. The
fact that more than one-half of the hog meat consumed
in the South is raised in the West, and that this means
an enormous draft on the proceeds of the staple crops
raised in this section, ought of itself to be sufficient to
emphasize the importance of trying to obviate the out
go of so large a sum of money by the production at
home of this great necessity of life. If it were a fact
that we could not produce our meat at home, except at
a cost greatly in excess of that involved in its produc-
tion in the West, then we should not be found advocat-
ing its production here, as we are staunch believers iu
the principle that each section and each country should
produce that product which by nature it is best fitted
to produce, and that no artificial means should be used
to interfere with the operation of this natural law ; but
when, as is the fact, we can produce meat here as cheap
and cheaper than it can be produced anywhere else in
the world, it is neither right nor reasonable that we
should fail to do so. Even if the cost of production
here were nearly the same as in the West, it would
yet be wise policy on the part of farmers to produce
meat enough for their own use and for their hands.
It is far easier to pay for the production of meat with
labor than with money realized from the sale of crops,
the production of which has not been attended with a
large profit, as has been the case for several years past.
That it is possible to produce meat at a very low co.-,t
iu the South is easily demonstrable.

With the assistance of the cow-pea, the peanut and
the sweet potato, all of which crops are essentially
southern products, and capable of being raised here iu
the highest perfection and at a small cost, and the
feeding of a little corn to harden the fat during the
last month of feeding, meat equal to the best can be
made at a cost of three cents a pound and possibly
less. Au average crop of cow-peas or peanuts, con-
verted into meat by graziug hogs upon it, will pay
well for its production even with meat at three cents
per pound, and will largely add to the fertility of the
land. In an experiment made at the Alabama Experi-
ment Station last year, an acre of peanuts made
$18.34 worth of meat at three cents per pound, and
142U pounds of meat (live weight) was made from an
acre of peanuts supplemented by 37 bushels of corn.
To show the value of peanuts as a meat making feed,
they were fed unhulled to hogs iu pens. It only
took 2 8 pouuds of the nuts to make one pound of in-

crease in live weight. This is equal to nine pounds
of increase, worth at three cents per pouud twenty-
seven cents, as a return for each bushel of peanuts
eaten.

In an experiment made with cow-peas, shoats pas-
tured on nearly mature cow-peas and supplied with
corn made almost three times the gain in live weight
made by similar shoats fed solely on corn, whilst shoats
fed in pens gained more rapidly on a ration of ground
cow-peas and corn than on ground corn alone — 5.2S
pounds or say 5! pounds of the mixed food was equal
to 8 pounds of ground corn. Whilst sweet potatoes
do not begin to compare with cow-peas and peanuts as
producers of meat, yet if the hogs harvest the potatoes
for themselves the sweet potato is doubtless a cheaper
food than corn on some sandy lauds that yield 10 to 15
times as many bushels of sweet potatoes as of corn,
and their value would be considerably greater still if
fed with a liberal allowance of cow-peas or peanuts.
There is also a further advantage gained in feeding
cow peas, peanuts and roots of all kinds, in that they
largely conduce to the better health of the hogs and
are great preventatives of hog cholera and swine
plague ; iudeed, it is asserted that no case of hog
cholera has ever been known in hogs fed on artichokes.
Roots are laxative and cooling in their nature and can-
not be too highly valued as a supplemental food to
corn, which is heating, and the exclusive use of which
food is no doubt often the cause of much loss from
cholera. When it is considered how cheaply and cer-
tainly a crop of cow-peas can be produced in the South,
aud with what certain advantage to the increased fer-
tility of the land and the cheap production of meat, it
should not need more than a suggestion to induce the
much greater production of the crop. All arable land
not producing other crops should this month be put to
the production of a crop of cow-peas, and the same
should be grazed by the hogs or be converted into hay
for the feeding of stock. A bushel of seed will sow an
acre of land, and when ouce seeded no further labor is
required if fed to hogs, and only the cost of cutting
aud carrying home if made into hay.

SALES OF PURE-BRED STOCK FROM BACON
HALL FARM, MD.

Mr. E. M. Gillet has sent us a record of the sales of
Hereford cattle, Dorset sheep, and Berkshire hogs,
which he has made in 1897 aud to 1st May, 1898. The
list comprises 18 Hereford cattle, 42 Berkshire hogs,
and 58 Dorset sheep. Amongst the buyers we are
glad to notice very many of our subscribers in Vir-
ginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Amongst
these are C. C. Taliaferro, of Orange Co., Ya., three
Hereford cattle : Murray Boocock, Albemarle Co..

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

^79

V;i., three Hereford cattle and four Dorset sheep ;
W. A. Smoot, Alexandria Co., Va., Berkshire boar ;
M. B. Rowe, Spotsylvania Co.. Va., Berkshire boar;
W. B. Withers, Gloucester Co., Va.. pair of Beik-
shires and seven Dorset sheep ; P. S. Hunter, Here-
ford bull and Berkshire boar; A. C. Throckmorton,
Culpeper Co., Va., Berkshire boar, and a number of
others. The reputation of Mr. Gillet is well estab-
lished, and his stock always does justice to his repu-
tation.

DEVELOPMENT OF LIVE STOCK INTERESTS
OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES.

Editor Southern Planter :

The letter of "Utowanna," in the May number of
the Planter, leads me to write to you on a subject
closely related to the inquiries and suggestions it
contains.

For several years I have had a strong conviction
that there are localities in this section of North Caro-
lina particularly well suited to cattle raising on a
large scale ; and that, with good management and at
tentiou to details, the business could be made a safe
and profitable one.

Along the rivers of this section and on many of the
smaller streams, there are frequently to be found large
areas of low-lying lands covered with a thick growth
of reeds, with mixtures of marsh grasses of various
sorts. These "reed pastures'' afford, without cultiva-
tion or trouble of any kind, good forage for cattle for
a large part, if not all, the year, and especially in
winter. I have had many persons in different neigh-
borhoods to tell me that in the vicinity of one of these
pastures they had no trouble in keeping cattle during
winter, at small expense, having only to give them a
little other feed now and then to keep theui from
straying or running wild, or in time of deep snows
lying long on the ground. Often cattle turned out in
this way are not seen again until spring, and come up
as fat as if they had been stabled and fed regularly.

It has long seemed to me practicable aud likely to
be profitable to secure a large area of this soil, con-
sisting of parts of several adjoining tracts, or the
whole of them, put them in one enclosure — a stiff
wire fence — employ herders and stockmen, aud make
a regular cattle ranch here in the East, with all the
advantages belonging to our situation — in proximity
to markets, etc., and exemption from most of the
hardships and risks of western ranch life.

I know of at least one locality of this sort in this
State, in which I think the prospect is a very good
one for combining with the natural advantages already
possessed by it, the special features of "Utowanna's"
plan for growing alfalfa, etc.

On the lower Roanoke, in Bertie county, in this
State, just below Lewiston, there is a place of this
sort. A large part of this area is subject to overflow
in times of extreme high water, and a good deal of it
in ordinary freshets ; but here is one place where the
regular attendance of a few trained and attentive
stockmen woulcf come in, who, being able to learn
very well, with our present facilities, when dangerous
freshets are likely to occur, could run out the cattle
to the higher ground until the danger was past. Any
losses that might occur from this or other causes
would not probably approach those caused by the
deadly blizzards and freezes of the West.

The islands in this area, as the higher parts are
called, are generally cleared and cultivated, and many
of them would afford, I think, fine fields for the culti-
vation of alfalfa, red clover, and the like, while
much of the lower land, intermediate between the
higher parts and the reed swamps, might be easily
converted into excellent meadow lands. These islands
are often composed of the finest alluvial soil, a mingling
of the best from the head of the river, in the moun-
tains, to the lowlands of the east ; and, with the lower
bottom lands, make some of the finest corn lands in
the world. I have seen clover there three feet high.
At the point I speak of, there are several square miles
embracing a good many thousand acres of just such
lands as I have described, in an unbroken body.

The industry I speak of is already carried on in a
small way by several proprietors, who yearly send
small droves of cattle to Norfolk and other markets.
Their efforts are, however, less successful than they
might be— in some instances for want of sufficient
capital to develop the business properly, and in others
for lack of time apart from regular farming opera-
tions to give it due attention. Complaint is made,
too, that the small herds now running out "in the
the swamp" are subject to depredations by parties
"from over the river" in search of beef, and this
tends, perhaps, unduly, to dampen the interest of
proprietors in the business.

All these difficulties, however, aud others not
noticed, could be eliminated by the use of sufficient
means in the hands of either an individual or a stock
company to enclose a large tract, provide minor en-
closures, shelters and storehouses for food reserves,
and employ stockmen to look after the cattle regu-
larly. Under such auspices, and with the use of the
means suggested by "Utowanna," and others of a
like character, I have little doubt that a surprising
success might be made.

The locality mentioned is far from being the only one
where such a thing is practicable. In the county
in which I live (Warren), on the larger creeks, simi-
lar localities are to be found, embracing large areas of

2S0

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

reed swamps and contiguous bodies of higher land, on
which food of other sorts could be. produced, and the
business of raising cattle and sheep for market on a
large scale be carried on safely and successfully.

I have no special interest, save as a citizen of the
community, in advertising the advantages of these
points, having no interest in the ownership, sale or
rental of any of the lands mentioned ; but wish only
to make this suggestion towards developing the un-
known and unnoticed capabilities of our section. The
Planter, as I take it, is not devoted in its aim to the
development of Virginia alone. If for no other rea-
son to the contrary, it has too many warm friends and
admirers in this State for that.

If you or any of your readers want further informa-
tion on this point, you might write to such men as
Geo. Bishop, or John W. Buxton, of Rich Square ;
Messrs. Norfleet, of Rosabel ; J. P. Johnson, of Lewis-
ton, or any well-known resident of the section referred
to. M. L. Wood, Esq., whose postoffice is Lewiston,
I think, is another to whom reference might be made.
I should like particularly to hear from Mr. George
Bishop (who, I think is a subscriber of yours) in re-
gard to the above.

You are at liberty to publish the whole of the
above, or make such extracts as you see fit, or drop it
into the waste-basket if you have no use for it.
Yours truly,

Warren Co., N. G. Warren.

[We gladly give publicity to this communication,
in the hope that it may arouse attention to the capa-
bilities of the South Atlantic States as centres of live
stock production and development. As Mr. Atkin
son shows in an interesting article in this issue, wealth
in herds and flocks always accompanies wealth in
crops and fertility of laud. The one without the
other is impossible. We are as anxious to see these
capacities for development utilized in North Carolina
and the other Southern States as in Virginia. What
benefits one or more of these States will redound to
the advantage of the whole Southland, and for this,
*nd not for any particular Southern State, we are
working. — Ed.]

AN ARMOUR BUYER ON BACON PIGS.

In reference to the bacon pig I will gladly give you
any information that I am possessed of.

1. With regard to its conformation. The pig, like
the poet, is born, not made. It should have a lengthy
body with larger hams and smaller shoulders than are
usually seen on the hogs that come to our Chicago
market. A small head set on the body with a light
neck, a good, deep side and a back that is not too
heavy, complete its frame.

2. As to breed. The best breeds are Yorkshire,
Berkshire, Tatnworth and Improved Chester White
and all the crosses of these breeds. During my trip
through the Province of Ontario, for the purpose of
finding out all I could learn with regard to the breeding

and feeding of pigs for the export bacon trade, I could
find no other kind of hogs than the above mentioned
and their crosses, and as far as my experience goes I
feel sure that the cross of the Tamworth boar and the
Yorkshire sow produces a bacon hog that cannot be
excelled. The great majority of hogs raised in the
West have a large percentage of Poland-China in them
aud the light hogs of this breed are too short and
chunky to ever make a good bacon pig. We do, how-
ever, get some light hogs from Missouri that if properly
fed would be as near the right shape as can be made.

3. Does the difference between the bacon pig aud the
ordinary hog lie in the breed or feed 1 It is necessary
to have breed and feed to make good bacon pigs.
Bacon pigs have been bred for many years past to have
a larger percentage of lean meat in the carcass than the
average hog — a fact that may be seen at once when the
side of meat is cut.

4. Will corn make the desired quality of bacon when
fed to any sort of swine? Most undoubtedly, no.
Corn contains a far greater proportion of oil than other
small grains, which the hog assimilates more rapidly
than any other animal, aud the fat so produced is far
softer and contains more oil than the fat of a hog fed
in the proper manner to produce the right kind of
bacon.

5. Will bacon pigs command a premium on the mar-
ket over the ordinary corn fed type sufficient to jus-
tify farmers in growing them ? That is a very difficult
question to give an answer to. There is absolutely no
means of knowing how a hog has been fed while he is
alive ; the only test is when he is killed and chilled.
There is as much difference between the fat of a good
bacon hog and that of one fed on corn as there is be-
tween the fat of a corn fed hog and that of a long-nosed
Texas hog fed on mast. There is no doubt in my mind
that if packers could have any guarantee that hogs
were fed in the proper manner they would be willing
to pay a premium for them. The best bacon hogs in
Canada, Denmark and the British Isles are fed in con-
nection with dairy farming, and if that branch of hog-
raising is to be tried in the United States it must be
in conjunction with the dairy industry to become suc-
cessful.— Charles Lennan, Armour Packing House,
Chicago, in Breeders' Gazette.

PURE BREEDING AND POOR LAND.

Arthur Young, in describing Bakewell's principles
of breeding, states that among them was one he thor-
oughly believed in, "That the poorer the land, the
more it demands a high bred flock of sheep ; that
no land was too poor for a good breed of sheep, aud
that in places where large boned, coarse animals would
be useless, smaller boned ones would do well. He once
offered a wager that his highest bred Leicesters would
do better on poor soils than the inferior sheep usually
to be found on them." Mr. W. Houseman, in a bio-
graphical sketch of Bakewellin. in Vol. 5, third series,
journal of the R. A. S. E., relates the following : "An
experiment by a friend of Bakewell was tried with five
or six pure Dishley ewes, turned out into the highways
at May Day for a summer's range there without other
food. The roads were narrow in those days, aud the
hedge sides were bare, yet the ewes at the close of their
term of probation were in excellent condition — nearly
fat."

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEEN PLANTEB.

281

The Poultry Yard.

PRESERVING EGGS.

We observe in several of our exchanges an adver-
tisement, or reading notice, advising the use of "Per
Allgretta" as a preservative for eggs. We desire to
caution our readers as to this, as we are given to un-
derstand that it is a fake. When one tries to buy
Per Allgretta at the drug store, it will be found that
it cannot be bought, as no such substance is known.
On writing to the advertisers, they will offer to sup-
ply it at a good price. The substance supplied is of
no value whatever as a preservative, and costs little
or nothing to the sellers. If you desire to preserve eggs
for winter use, you will find nothing more effective
than lime water to exclude the air, and the keeping
them in a cool even temperature.

FOWLS AND SALT.

Farmers, do you give your fowls salt ? All animals
like some salt, why not our fowls f You have possibly
noticed how pigeons will even peck the brick work in
quest of it, and geese have been seen to nibble the
cattle's rock salt. Salt is a great sedative, and the
want of it is probably the cause of the restless run-
ning about of some mother-hen, tiring her young
brood, looking for what they never find. Also the
lack of this article, at times when fowls get very little
from the table scraps, is probably the cause of cholera
among fowls with no apparent reason. Do not give
salt in the food, for no one knows just how much is
needed. Put a small teacupful of salt into a quart of
water, and place it near the drinking water, and the
fowls will take a sip just as they need it, causing their
combs to look like coral. Do not keep putting this
off, for then you will never attend to it.

Lynchburg, Va. Experience.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS.

The Utah Experiment Station is one of the few
stations having a thorough equipment for experiments
in the poultry industry. In November, 1896, that
station began a series of experiments in egg production
which are designed to show twelve things, namely :

1. The relative value of old hens and pullets.

2. The effect of exercise.

3. The relative value of early and late hatched
pullets.

4. The effect of crossing.

5. The relative merit of the different breeds.

6. The yearly food cost per hen.

7. The average yearly production of eggs per heu.

8. The food cost per dozen of eggs.

9. The relative weight of eggs from different breeds.

10. The relative fertility of eggs under different
treatments.

11. The relative fertility of fresh and old eggs.

12. The merits of different incubators.

The details of these experiments are fully set forth
in Utah Bulletin No. 51, and the following conclusions
are stated :

1. The profit in feeding pullets and one and two-
year-old hens was six times as great as that in feeding
hens three and four years old.

2. Leghorn pullets hatched in April gave one and
a half times as large profit as Leghorn pullets hatched
in May.

3. The pens having exercise produced twenty-six
eggs per hen more than those without exercise.

I. The three exercised pens produced eggs at a food
cost of 5J cents per dozen ; the pens without exercise
at a cost of 6i cents per dozen.

5. The three exercised pens average a profit per
fowl during the year of 84 cents ; the non-exercised
pens, 58 cents.

6. Pen 1, representing egg production under the
most unfavorable conditions, except as to ration fed,
cleared 2} cents per fowl during the year on the cost
of food. Pen 4, representing egg production under
the most favorable conditions, cleared during the year
$1.26 per fowl ; this would have been increased con-
siderably had the eggs before the experiment been
counted. In the one case there was a profit on feed of
5 per cent. ; in the other case 203 per cent.

7. Exercise had no apparent influence on the weight
of the fowl. The lack of exercise did not add to the
weight of the fowls.

8. The non exercised pens produced eggs weighing
about 3 per cent, more than the exercised pens.

9. The eggs produced by the old Leghorn hens
weighed about oi per cent, more than those produced
by the Leghorn pullets.

10. The eggs produced by the Light Brahma pullets
weighed 11 1 per cent, more than those produced by
the Leghorn pullets.

II. The Barred Plymouth Eock pullets' eggs
averaged about the same as those of the Leghorn
pullets.

12. In two out of the three pens exercise produced a
larger consumption of food.

13. The exercised pens made a better use of the food
than those without exercise. It required 22 per cent.
less food to produce a dozen eggs with exercise than
without it. The results are strongly conclusive that
exercise aids digestion and assimilation of food. The
chief value of exercise, therefore, seems to be iu pre-
venting a waste of food.

14. Exercise apparently reduced the percentage of
fertility in the eggs.

15. The percentage of fertility was highest with the
early hatched pullets and lowest with the old hens.

16. The fertility of eggs averaging five days old was
300 per cent, higher than of eggs averaging twenty-
two days old.

17. The results noted above were secured from what
was considered a good ration fed alike to all pens.
Practically the same ration was fed throughout the

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

year, Tne conclusions, therefore, mii^t uot lie ac-
cepted if a different ration is used.

18. The results seem to indicate an average capacity
for a Leghorn pullet of 200 eggs per year, with intelli-
gent care and feeding.

L9. No advantage was discovered in crossing the
Brahma and Leghorn.

20. In a single test of the Prairie State and Jubilee
incubators the former hatched 64 per cent, of fertile
eggs, the latter 81 per cent.

POULTRY CROSSING.

Object in Crossing.

During late years crosses of different breeds of poul-
try have gained great favor among poultry keepers,
and a few hints on the subject may prove acceptable
to readers of this journal.

It should always be kept in mind that the object in
crossing two breeds is to unite the good qualities of
both in the progeny, and to produce a fowl combining
the valuable points of two or more pure breeds. It is
useless to cross breeds which possess the same qualities,
and do uot differ much from one another, as, in this
case, the result will be uo improvement on either breed
employed. Some poultry keepers mate Leghorns and
Minorcas together, or cross Brahmas and Langshans,
and such crosses are also often recommended in poultry
papers, but this is entirely wrong, as there is no object
whatever in crossing breeds which closely resemble one
another in regard to economic qualities.

Many people say that cross-bred fowls are superior
in stamina and robustness of constitution to pure bred
poultry. This is right, so far as it applies to the cross
bred progeny of strains which have been interbred for
a long time, and of delicate breeds. In the case of
pure bred fowls of the hardier races, such as are kept,
not for show purposes, but for eggs and meat, their
constitution and hardiness is equal to those of any
cross-bred fowl, if fresh blood of the same breed is in-
troduced frequently. Every poultry breeder ought to
know the importance of fresh blood, as, without it, a
•strain very soon degenerates.

CROSSES FOR LAYING.

I will now proceed to discuss the different crosses
which are to be recommended to the poultry keeper
whose principal object is eggs. The breeds which are
good layers may be divided into two groups, one group
including the Mediterranean, Leghorn, and French
breeds, the other comprising the Asiatic and heavy
American breeds. The varieties belougiug to the first
group are excellent layers, and non sitters, but they
do not lay freely in winter, except early hatched pul
lets. They are very poor table fowls, excepting the
French breeds, which possess splendid table qualities,
but of these the Houdan fowl is the only one that suits
the requirements of farmers and poultry keepers.

The second group of breeds ilo not lay as well as the
light varieties, but they are extremely good winter-
layers. Their eggs are brown, or, at least, tiuted, and,
on this account, very often more salable. The table
qualities of these breeds are also satisfactory, espe-
cially iu the case of the Langshan. They are very
troublesome, on account of their sitting propensities,
and another disadvantage is, that they eat considera-
bly more food than the small breeds.

The following breeds are included iu the first group :
The Minorca, the Andalusian, the Ancona, the Span
ish, which, however, is of little value to commercial
poultry keepers, the Leghorn varieties, aud the Hou-
dan. Hamburgs cannot, as a rule, be considered sis
profitable poultry. The second group comprises the
following : The Brahma, the Cochin, the Langshan,
the Wyandotte and the Plymouth Rock. Any variety
of the first group may be crossed with auy of the sec-
ond, and the progeny of such crosses are, iu all cases,
the most excellent layers, both in winter and summer.
Their eggs are almost always brown or tinted, aud
they do not, as a rule, sit more than ouce a year, while
their table qualities are very fair. Iu the case of
Houdan crosses very good table birds are obtained.
Iu all cases cocks of the small breeds should be mated
with the larger hens, as vice versa the result is not
nearly as satisfactory.

It is not at all advisable to cross breeds belonging to
the group of fowls, for reasons already stated above.
One exception may, however, be made, namely, the
Plymouth Rock Brahma, or Plymouth Rock Cochin.
I have tried both of these crosses, and have obtained
splendid results in regard to laying properties. The
color of these crosses is generally similar to that of the
Plymouth Rock.

The Minorca Langshan is one of the best crosses ob-
tainable, laying plenty of eggs. The color of the
plumage is black, and very glossy, and Andalusian
Langshans are similar, the fowls being either of a black
or blue color. Minorcas also cross well with either
Brahmas, Cochins, Wyandottes, or Plymouth Rocks.
Leghorns mate well with Brahmas or Langshans, but
Leghorn Wyandotte and Leghorn Plymouth Rocks
are not quite as satisfactory. Houdau crosses are not
only splendid layers, but also have most excellent table
qualities.

Very handsome and well marked fowlsare produced
by crossing silver- spangled Hamburg cocks with light
or dark Brahma hens, and this cross lays very well
indeed.

FERTILE EGOS.

When a hen steals her nest and is allowed to sit, the
result is usually a large hatch. When hens hare been
fed carefully and have produced eggs for a long time,
it is folly to expect good results from setting such eggs.
Nature causes the female to become "broody" when
her nest is full of eggs ; therefore, the first twelve or
twenty eggs laid are strongly fertile, and will produce
healthy chicks. The result is less satisfactory as the
number of eggs increases. I have experienced this,
and do not breed from my layers.

The best results are obtained by mating two or three-
year-old females with yearling birds, keeping such
fowls back until you wish to mate. Breeding fowls
can be allowed to run at large or mated with one male ;
partial confinement with more than one male will lead
to trouble and lack of fertility.

Do not blame your incubator or the place where you
set your hens ; the trouble can be further off.

Eggs that do uot test strongly fertile at the end of
seven days, will not give a big hatch or healthy chicks.

Thirty years of experience has taught me that the
key to the situation lies in the capitou of this short
letter. — D. E. Howatt, iu Country Gentleman.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

283

The Horse.

OLD ENGLISH TROTTING SPEED.

Of late some Euglish gentlemen have, for the good
of the cause, devoted much time and not a little ready
cash to an investigation of the old records of trotting
performances in Britain. They started with the be-
lief that in Bugland there once existed the fastest
trotting horses iu the world, and they were satisfied
that this could be proved a fact if sufficient time could
be given to an investigation of the records available
in the British museum and elsewhere. The results of
their labors are highly gratifying not only to them,
but to every one in any way interested in trotting
speed, for they prove that as far back as 1536 fast
trotters were to be found in England, an 1 that subse
quently this speed was in a measure lost owing to the
crossing the parent stock with Arabs and other
horses. Still, enough of it remained to furnish some
really fast goers, and though the dates are not given,
the following performances are quoted to show that
endurance as well as speed was a characteristic of
these early-day trotters : Bishop's brown mare, when
eighteen years old, trotted 16 miles in 56 minutes ;
Ogden's trotting mare trotted 40 miles in three hours,
carrying 252 pounds ; a mare called Phenomena
trotted 17 miles in four minutes less than the hour ;
and on a bet to beat that time she went the 17 miles
in 53 minutes, which is wonderfully close to a 20-mile-
an-hour clip ; a stallion named Black Tom trotted 16
miles in 57 minutes; Grenadier, four miles iu 13:30;
Othello, a stallion, went 17 miles in 58:10 ; and, coming
a trifle nearer our own day, Marshland Shales trotted
17 miles in 58 minutes, carryingl68 pounds; Rains-
dale Performer trotted three miles in exactly nine
minutes ; Bead's Fireaway trotted a mile in 2:19, and
the same day trotted 12 miles in 51 minutes, carrying
224 pounds on his broad back ; Jary's Bellfounder
trotted nine miles in 29:30 ; Wrott's Preteuder went
16 miles in an hour, carrying 224 pounds; Jenkin
son's Fireaway trotted two miles iu five minutes ;
West's Driver, 17 miles in 60 minutes ; Norfolk Cob,
who is numbered in the Hackney stud-book in Eng-
land, trotted two miles in 5:40 ; the dam of Lund's
Merrylegs went two miles and some yards over a fur-
long in 5:40 when twenty years old, and Lund's black
filly trotted her 100 miles in 11:48. These records
prove that the old English trotter had plenty of speed
and endurance, for it is no poor sort of a horse that
can pick up two hundred and twenty four pounds and
trot sixteen miles or more in an hour with that weight-
on his back. Undoubtedly much of this blood de-
scended to Bellfouuder. and it is not at all likely that
it detracted from Hambletoniau's power to sire speed
and speed-begetting progeny. — Horseman.

NOTES.

Joseph Lasitter, of the Eichmoud Horse Bazaar,
sold on May 17th, at public auction, for Mr. H. C.
Chamblin, Whitby Farm, a lot of yearlings, and two
and three year old colts and fillies, for which satisfac-
tory prices were obtained. The offerings included a
full brother and sister to Miss Nelson, 2:lli, two full
sisters to Jauie S., 2:30, and two fillies, a yearling and
two year old, out of the dam of Halo, 2,151,

Capt. E. J. Hancock began in a modest manner to
breed race horses with a small baud of mares and the
great race horse Eolus as the premier stallion of the
Ellerslie stud, Overton, Va.

That Ellerslie has been a nursery for the production
of high class race horses through its sires, Eolus and
imported Charaxus, and its wouderfully productive
band of matrons, cannot be said to be due to numbers
or adventitious aids, but must be attributed to judg-
ment in selection and mating, and to the excellence of
the animals, individually, and as to blood lines, chosen
as the foundation for the stud. In the entire history
of breeding in America, it is doubtful if there can be
found two animals in one stud, which, with the same
opportunity and time, have made such distinguished
reputations and whose influence is so potent, wide
spread and all pervading as Eolus and War Song.

Here is a list of names to which any breeder may
well point with pride :

Morello (Futurity Stakes, etc.), 24 wins, amounting
to $81, 750.

Elkwood (Suburban Handicap, etc.), 14 wins,
amounting to $36,376.

Eurus (Suburban Handicap, etc.), 28 wins, amount-
ing to $70,582.

Eon (N. Y. J. C. Handicap, etc 1, 34 wins, amount
ing to $43,695.

Diablo (Brooklyn Handicap, etc.), 34 wins, amount-
ing to $78,667.

Eole (Cnps and Handicaps, etc.), 27 wins, amount-
ing to $54,187.

Eolian (Woodland Handicap, etc.), 21 wins, amount-
ing to $18,900.

Russell (Great American Stakes, etc), 31 wins,
amounting to $81,797.

To these may be added Knight of Ellerslie, P'leve,
Thomasia, Eolist, Chauucey, Major Tom, Eolic, Eolo,
St. Savior, Harry Ensseli, Charley Russell, Charley
Dreux. Little Jim, John Cavau*gh, Raymond G.. Sou-
venir, Elkton, Thorndale, Royal Garter, and a score of
other frequent winners and great campaigners.

While the sires and matrons at Ellerslie have been
of the most fashionable blood, there can be but little
question that some of the success of these Virginia-bred
race horses is due to their good constitutions and strong
bone, the pure air, water and climate, undulating na-
ture of the country, with plenty of exercise, allowing
a natural development and conducing to make them
hardy and healthy.

This is not the forcing, hot house process which fat-
tens for the market, and pleases the eye of seven tenths
of the buyers of yearlings, but it is better for the pur-
chaser, the trainer and the youngsters themselves in
the long run, although not immediately profitable to
the breeder.

The 1898 crop of yearlings, sixteen in number, thir-
teen colts and three fillies, which will be sold at the
American Horse Exchange, New York, on Monday,
June 13th, by electric light at night, is said to he the
handsomest aud most forward that Ellerslie b»8 ever

284

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

sent to the market. The lot includes a full brother to
Ein. the last of the get of Eolus ; a brother to Leigh,
Chateau and Eostre, by imported Charaxus, — Eolee ;
a brother to Helmsdale, by Charaxus— Helniwiud ; a
brother to Lester, by Charaxus— Eola ; a brother to
Tom Skidmore, Ravioli and McCall, by Charaxus—
Jennie Keene, the Charaxus— Genevieve colt ; a hall
brother to Morello, Orton, Parthian and Wild Cherry,
by Bon — Cerise; the Eon— Eolide colt, a brother to
John Cavanangh. Bay Archer, Kathleen, His Grace
and Gould, by Eon— Lady Grace; a half brother to
Harris and Vigilant, by Eon — Vigiline ; the Eon-
Calais colt ; a brother to Gun Metal, by Eon— Amy ;
a half brother to Montell and Clarin, by Montfort—
Clash ; a sister to Capstone, Katie C, Annie G., Blue
Blood, Mabel A. and Lyllis, by Charaxus — Elite; a
Bister to Scrape, etc., by Charaxus— Canter, etc.

The well known Kentucky breeders of thorough-
breds, Messrs. Clay and Woodford, write as follows
concerning spaying fillies :

Our experience in spaying five fillies last year has
induced us to still further experiment in that direc-
tion. We last week spayed twenty yearlings and one
two year old, and up to the present time have not lost
a single one. We believe if the breeders would adopt
the system of spdying 75 per cent, of their fillies, leav-
ing entire only good individuals and those coming
from the |best racing families, that in a few years we
would have the grandest lot of brood mares in the
world, and worth five times what they are now. This
would give us an improved class of race horses and
better prices all around. Prom experience we believe
that spayed fillies have more stamina and train better
than those entire.

At Acca Farm, which is leased by W. R. McComb,
of the well-known firm of McComb & Block, cattle
brokers of this city, J. B. Stout is handling a string of
trotters and pacers, owned by Mr. McComb. The
stable iueludes Joyful Maiden, b. m. 4, by King Nut-
wood, dam by Petoskev ; Sally Toskey, b. m. 4, pacer,
by Petoskey dam by King Nutwood ; David C, ch. g.
5, by ,1. J. C, dam Lady Tanner, dam of David B.,
-:<>!>', ; Rex wood, b. g. 4, by King Nutwood, dam by
Windsor, and Orphanwood, b. h. 4, by King Nutwood,
dam by Baron Luff.

At Glenlea Farm, near this city, trainers W. L.
Bass and Geo. R. Richmond are working a number of
trotters and pacers, for speed over the half-mile track
there. Bass has Red Light, 2:32$, ch. m. 7, by Red
Wilkes, Jr., dam Twilight; Marie, b. m. 6, by Jolly
Friar, dam by Sam Purdy ; Osmic, ch. h. 5, pacer, by
Bgwood, 2:18}, dam by Young Jim ; Dragant, b. g. 4,
by Temple Bar, dam by Patterson ; Tidewater, b. g.
•r>. by Phalanx, dam by Harkaway ; black colt, 4, by
Rupee, dam by Dictator; bay colt, 2, by Willis, dam
Louise, sister to Branchwood, 2:22-5, by Woodburn
Hambletonian, and bay colt, 2, by Egwood.

Richmond's string includes Mosul. 2:09}, b. g. 6, by
Sultan, dam Virginia Maid, by Sam Purdy ; Hulman,
2:20}, br. g. (i, by Quartermaster, dam Winnie D., sis-
ter to Whitby, 2:18*, by Hannis; Branchwood, 2:22},
pacer, b. g. 13, by Woodburn Hambletonian; Prince
Albert, 2:21*, ch. g., by Greenwich ; Guy Fly, ch. h.
5, by Lord Guy, dam Virginia Maid; bay filly, 3, by

Bourbou Baron, dam Virginia Maid ; Loudoun, br. h.
7, by Norfolk, dam by Messenger Duroc, and bay
gelding, 4, by St. Vincent, dam Peach and Honey, by
Sam Purdy. Mosul, like all of Richmond's horses, is
looking fine, and goes perfectly sound, though the big
gelding has been given no fast work yet, but simply
jogged regularly and brushed through the stretches of
the Glenlea Farm track. He is entered in the $2,000
stake for 2:10 trotters, to be decided at Glens Falls,
N. Y., in August.

Mr. C. C. Taliaferro, of Mt. Sharon Stock Farm,
near Nason's, in Orange county, Va., has engaged the
well known trainer and driver, Thomas Kerr, to han-
dle his horses this season. Mr. Taliaferro has at the
head of his stud the bay horse, William L., Jr., a sixteen
hands high, well formed and handsome, son of William
L., and the great producing mare, Mother Lumps.
William L., Jr., is six years old, has never been han-
dled for speed, though Kerr will shape him up this
season, and later on, probably start him in a few races.
A number of the bay stallion's get are owned at Mt.
Sharon, and among them are some good prospects for
speed and race horse quality.

The brood mare band at the farm includes Patience,
2:285, by General Knox, dam Sappho, by Jay Gould ;
Lady Nutwith, by Nutwith, dam Nelly Purdy, by Sam
Purdy ; Virginia Breeze, full sister to Three Tips,
2:25 J, by Sam Purdy, dam Virginia Girl, by Hetzel's
Hambletonian and Young Nelly, by Nutwith, dam
Nelly Bly, by C. M. Clay, Jr., 22.

A number of young geldings by speed-producing
sires out of well-bred dams are owned at the farm, and
will be handled by Kerr, who looks for them to de-
velop speed at the trot and to make fine road and har-
ness horses.

Mt. Sharon Farm is located in one of the most beau-
tiful and highly productive sections in Virginia ; and
in addition to trotting horses, Mr. Taliaferro is a
breeder of Hereford and Holstein cattle, Shropshire
sheep, and Poland-China hogs.

At the Exposition Grounds track M. L Bergen, the
developer of Mosul, is working a string of trotters and
pacers, among them Gordon Smith, 2:251, gr. g. by
Willis, dam by Carlos ; Ellen Caskie, 2:325, gr. m.,
full sister to Gordon Smith ; Adry.blk. h , 4, by Gam-
bruno, dam Selma, by Sultan ; Climax, ch. g., 4, by
Havelock, Jr., and Sport, ch. c, 3, by Col. Kip.

Mr. W. M. Parrish, Richmond, Va., has bred the
grey mare, Ellen Caskie, 2:324, by Willis, dam May
Bee, dam of Gordon Smith, 2:251, by Carlos; second
dam Haze, dam of Lilia, 2:24*, to McZeus, 2:13.

W. J. Carter, Richmond, Va., has sold to Maj. T. L.
Emry, Weldon, N. C, Ada Cox, br. in., 4, by Judge
Cox, dam by Harkaway.

Smith Brothers & Kline, of the Southern Horse Ba-
zaar, recently filled a government contract for four
hundred mules and came out with a fair margin of
profit on the transaction.

Broad Rock.

Mention the Plantm- when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

285

BOTS IN HORSES.

Particulars About the History of this Disease.

A great deal of misapprehension exists among the
horse-owning public about bots, as they are called.
Another erroneous impression seems to be that bots
can be "cured" — i. e., expelled — and there are some
people who think themselves as being the proud pos-
sessors of a useful recipe for this purpose. A glance
at the natural history of the creature will at once show
the fallacy of this, aud dispel the illusion.

THE BOT EESEMBLES A FAT MAGGOT,

and is usually reddish brown in color. Its progenitor
is a fly — the oestrus equi — and if it escape all the dan-
gers that beset it in the shape of insectivorous birds,
it will, after passing out of the body of the horse,
change into, or assume the form of a fly, to torment
the horse in its turn.

HISTOEY OF THE PEST.

Briefly the history of the pest is as follows : The
female fly deposits its eggs about the arms, knees, and
other parts of the horse's body, within reach of the
animal's mouth, and sometimes under the jaw. This
takes place during the late summer aud autumn, when
the eggs may be seen adhering to the coat in little
white clusters, adhesion being secured by a glutinous
fluid with which they are covered.

The eggs hatch in a few days, and the live embryo is
taken into the mouth when the horse licks or bites him-
self, or, in the case of those under the jaws, they fall
into the food and are eaten with it.

When conveyed into the stomach it fastens itself, by
the aid of hooks around the head, to the mucous mem-
brane of the stomach, where it remains until late in the
ensuing spring. The bot grows steadily during winter,
feeding in the mucus of the stomach until, being des-
tined to undergo further transformation, it disengages
itself, aud is passed out of the body with the duug. It
then seeks shelter in the ground by burrowing, be
comes a chrysalis, and is finally transformed into the
gadfly. When the bots are few in number, and attach
themselves, as they generally do, to the thick inseusi-
ble cuticle in the left half of the stomach, they appear
to do very little harm, aud nothing is known about
their presence until we see them being passed out of
the body ; indeed, Bracy Clark, to whom we are in-
debted for most of what is known of their history, sup
posed them to be rather beneficial than otherwise in
stimulating the secretion of gastric juice. When, how-
ever, they are numerous, aud especially when attached
to the highly sensitive right half of the stomach or the
duodenum, they cause serious mischief, and even rap-
ture of the stomach.

This has been denied by some writers, but we have
had ocular demonstration in several cases that bots are
responsible for perforating and causing rupture of the
organ.

INTERFEEE WITH DIGESTION.

They also seriously interfere with digestion, cause
horses to thrive badly, become easily fatigued, sweat
profusely, and sometimes, especially during their pas-
sage through the bowels in early summer, cause colic
and diarrhoea. During their progress they hook them-
selves at intervals to the sensitive coate of the bowels,

aud have been known to accumulate in such numbers
as to block the passage. They also collect under the
tail, causing the horse discomfort, and from the irrita-
tion of their presence to switch the tail, and to go
awkwardly when at work.

m EEMEDY THEEE IS NONE,

or practically none, because, at the time we become
aware of their existence, they are already leaving the
body in the usual course of nature, and this is how
some so called remedies have gained an undeserved
reputation. A dose of physic or worm medicine, given
about this time, may seem to be efficient, but the bots
would have as certainly left if nothing had been done.
The only time that medicines are likely to have any
effect is during early winter, before the larva has be-
come fully developed. If we look at the bot, when
clad in his horny coat of mail, and consider the way
the head is hooked into the stomach, so tightly adhe-
rent that the creature will permit itself to be broken
or the membrane of the stomach torn out before it
will quit its hold, it will easily be understood that
remedies for its destruction that can be safely given
would be powerless.

Youatt says : "They cannot be removed by medi-
cine, because they are not in a part of the stomach to
which medicine is usually conveyed, and if they were
their mouths are too deeply buried in the mucus for
any medicine that can be safely administered to affect
them."

Law says : "We cannot certainly kill the bots in
the stomach, as they will resist the strongest acids and
alkalies, the most irrespirable and poisonous gases,
the most potent narcotics, mineral poisons, etc. Oil
of turpentine, bryony, ether and benzine have been
relied on by different practitioners, but none of them
are satisfactory."

What, then, is to be done ? Nothing, except to pick
off all bots found adherent to the fundament, to care
fully destroy all that are passed in order to prevent
their development into flies, and to clean away all
eggs deposited on the horses while runniug at pasture,
or dress the coat with something distasteful to the flies,
and so prevent the attack. S.

Norfolk, son of Nutwood and Lady Alice, by Mam-
brino Chief, and for twelve years past at the head of
the Whitby Farm trotting stud, owned by Mr. H. C.
Chamblin, was destroyed on April 27th last, on ac-
count of physical infirmity. He was a large, hand-
some chestnut horse, full sixteen hands high, and
weighing over 1,200 pounds in stud condition, and pur-
chased by Mr. Chamblin in 1S85, when one year old,
from his breeder, the late J. C. McFerran, Glenview
Farm, Louisville, Ky., and brought to Whitby Farm.
Norfolk never sired any great number of foals, and
but a small percentage of those were traiued, yet he
attained prominence in the stud as the sire of Miss
Nelson, 2:11}, the fastest Virginia-bred trotter ; Pres-
queisle, 2:291 ; To Be, 2:29!, etc. Mr. Chambliu has
also lost by death, due to blood-poisoning, the chestnut
mare, Belle of Richmond, foaled 1886, by Daniel Lam-
bert, dam Lucy (dam of Crome, 2:26), by Foote's Black
Hawk. Since being owned at Whitby Belle of Rich-
mond had produced six foals, among them the bay
mare Janie S., 2:30, by Egwood. Her foal of 1898, a
chestnut colt by Norfolk, survives her.

286

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

niscellaneous.

THE WORK OF THE LEGISLATURE OF
VIRGINIA.

At last we have beea able to secure a copy-of the
Acts of Assembly of Virginia for the session 1897-98,
aud now that we see it are uot at all astonished at
the time it has taken to get it. The volume contains
no less than 1,008 new laws, which we are required
to take notice of, observe aud obey, in addition to all
the hundreds which have gone before. One would
have thought that in such a mass of legislation en-
acted by an Assembly elected upou a pledge to relieve
the people of the State from some of the enormous
burdens under which they labor, that at least a few of
the laws would have conformed to this pledge, but
truth compels us to say that there is not amongst the
1,008 statutes one single one abolishing an office or an
officeholder of all the superfluous ones with which we
are cursed. It is true that the Appropriation bill fails
to appropriate the salary for the Register of the Land
Office, which office the Assembly, it is said, thus in-
tended to abolish in order to be able to say that it had
made a beginning in carrying out its pledges, but the
Court of Appeals has decided that such a method ot
accomplishing this end failed of its purpose, aud that
the office still exists, aud that the holder of it can
compel payment of his salary. The only result of this
attempt, or pretended attempt, to abolish an office is
that it has added another paid officer to the staff of
the Secretary of the Commonwealth, aud thus, if this
officer be appointed, has increased iustead of decreas-
ing the burdens of the people. In addition to this
officer thus created, the Legislature has created a paid
Board of Fisheries, entailing an appropriation of
$4,000 per year for its support, aud a Labor Commis-
sioner, calling for $2,000 per year for his salary and
the expenses of his office Whatever justification there
may have been for the creation of a Board of Fish
eries, about which we offer no opinion, as we have long
since given up any hope of ever understanding the
oyster question, or of believing that in any way any
material income for the State can, in any way, be se-
cured from this source, although it ought, in our opin-
ion, to be a most valuable source of revenue, we will
say that for the Labor Commissioner's appointment
there is no excuse whatever. It is simply a political
sop thrown to the labor element to appease its clamor
and to endeavor thus to secure its support at the elec-
tions. The National Government, at every census,
procures all the labor statistics that can be of any ser-
vice to the State, and this without, practically, any
cost to us. The Labor Commissioner is only another
parasite tacked on to the body politic, aud his main

occupation will, we judge, be the drawing of his salary.
If the Assembly had required the Commissioners of
the Revenue to give us returns every year of the crops
produced and the live stock kept iu the State, they
would have doue something which would have been
of service to the farmers and helped them to know in
what direction to reach out for better returns on their
labora, and this could have been reasonably required
of them, and have cost little if anything to the State.
At present, this State is kept in ignorance of its pro-
ductions, and the result is seen in the disparity of the
estimates made by the Department of Agriculture at
Washington and the facts as illustrated in our mar-
kets. As an instance of this, take the tobacco crop.
The Department of Agriculture states the production
in 1896 at 57,961,200 pounds, whilst the best authority
iu the tobacco trade places our average crop at
85,000,000 pounds, and a full crop at 100,000,000
pounds. Accurate statistics on this aud other crops
aud live stock would be of iufiuitely more value to
the fanners and the State than any statistics as to la-
bor can, by any possibility, be. Whilst it is true that
no office has been abolished, but new ones have been
created, it would be unfair not to say that some re-
ductions in salary have been made. Some of these we
regard as being most unwise, notably that of the First
Auditor, whose salary is reduced by $250 per year.
Au officer having the responsibility of this officer, and
who can, as he can, save the State thousauds of dollars
every year by the wise administration of his office, is
worth every dollar of the $3,000 formerly paid him,
and it is a poor inducement to him to exercise rigidly
the power placed in his hands, to curtail such remune-
ration. If, instead of resorting to such pettifogging
reductions, the Assembly had attacked the gross out-
rage perpetrated upon the people in maintaining such
a large staff of Circuit and Couuty Court Judges, and
had amended or abolished the laws under which it is
possible for trumped up cases to be concocted for the
sake of the fees to be got out of the Treasury, it would
have beeu entitled to commendation. The Appropria-
tion bill provides $88,040 for the salaries of judges and
their clerks ; aud beyond this there are the salaries of
94 County Court judges and their clerks, payable oat
of county levies. These County Court judges have
varying salaries, but we assume an average of $300
per year each at the least. At this average, their to-
tal salaries amount to $28,200. This sum, added to
the $88,040 appropriated by the Assembly, brings up
the total salaries forjudges and clerks to $116,240 per
year. North Carolina, with a population almost the
same as that of this State, ouly expends $61,466.40 for

3898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

287

the judiciary of the State, or a sum very little more
thau one-half of that spent in this State. If, to the
salaries of the State Judges are added the appropria-
tions for the Penitentiary and the conveyance of
prisoners and the amount appropriated for criminal
charges, we have a graud total of $3.84,670. Surely
there was here scope for retrenchment, and that not
of the paltry character of that made in the First Au-
ditor's salary, and yet the Assembly failed to either
retrench or to permit the people to vote in favor of
retrenchment, by amending the Constitution so as to
prevent such extravagance in the future. The only
provisions made by the Assembly for taking the opin-
ion of the people on amendments to the Constitution
are one for abolishing the exemption from taxation of
oyster tongers, and one for changing the time of elec
tion of certain county officers. Not a word is -aid in
favor of allowing the people to vote to change the
Constitution by abolishing unnecessary offices, and
combining the duties of different officers. The legis
lation enacted appears to have been carefully framed
so as to embody the views of one of the leaders of the
Assembly, whom we heard say, on the floor of the Sen
ate, that what Virginia needed was " not less expendi-
ture, but greater income." The provisions for reduc-
ing expenditure are notable by their absence, whilst
the pagijs of the statutes bristle with attempts to make
more onerous our antiquated and barbarous system of
taxation. How far these attempts will succeed we
know not, but doubt exceedingly their efficacy.
Whilst the people are suffering from the injustice in-
flicted upon them by a barbarous system of taxation,
and a prodigality of expenditure in behalf of un-
needed officers, they are little likely to conform to the
requirements of laws framed on a Draconian system of
penalties both here and hereafter. We trust it will be
found that " vaulting ambition has overleapt itself,"
aud that the people will fail to respond with more
taxes until those now levied upon them are more
wisely spent. It is true that the Appropriation bill
appropriates somewhat less money than that appro
priated two years ago, but we do not 6ee that except
as to the smaller appropriations made to some of the
Institutions of learning anything has been done ex-
cept in the most picayune manner, to alter the laws
under which the Auditor is required to certify the
expenses chargeable against the State. Without such
alteration, the fact of less appropriation being made
to meet these expenses is of no value. The State must
pay the charges out of money not otherwise appropri-
ated. The total appropriations amount to $2,085,107,
assuming the interest charges to be the same as last
year. We venture to say the expenditures will be
little if any less than those made in previous years.
A Legislature with such a record ought to be remem-

bered by the people when its members ask for a re-
newal of their trust. In a future issue, we will say
something on other work done by the Legislature.

LEGISLATION SPECIALLY AFFECTING FARM-
ERS, ENACTED AT THE LAST MEETING OF
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA.

The following are the principal statutes passed
affecting farmers and owners and occupiers of land as
a class : Chapter 77. An act to regulate the size of barrels
used for shipment of agricultural products commonly
called truck. This act provides that after 10th August,
1898, it shall not be lawful for any person in the State
of Virginia to use in the shipment of those agricultu-
ral products commonly called truck a barrel of less
size and dimensions than as follows, to- wit: the heads
or ends shall not lie less than 17 inches, the staves
shall not be less than 27'' inches, inside measurements
at bilge not less than 181 inches, aud the height of bar-
rel from the bottom head to the top end of the stave
shall not be less than 26 inches, single head or double
head from head up, 24} inches. Any person violating
this section, shall be fined not less than $1 nor more
than 95 for each offence, and the use of each barrel so
prohibited used shall constitute a separate offence.

Section 2 provides that all barrels manufactured or
offered for sale by any railroad company, agent or
transportation company, or any person in this State
after the 10th August, 1898, used or to be used iu the
shipment of truck, shall be of not less dimensions,
and shall be of not less capacity than the barrels pre-
scribed in section 1.

Section 3 provides that nothing contained in sections
1 aud 2 shall apply to or prohibit the use or sale of
ordinary flour barrels, or of half barrels, boxes or
crates.

Section 4 provides for recovery of fines and penal
ties before a justice of the peace, who may issue a
warraut against any one charged with the violation of
this act ; and it also provides that the provisions of
this act shall not apply to barrels for the shipment of
apples.

This act seems to us very difficult of construction
and contradictory in its provisions.

Chapter 146. An art to prevent deception in the manu-
facture and sale of imitation butter. This act provides
that no person, by himself or his agents or servants,
shall lender or manufacture, sell, offer for sale, expose
for sale or have iji his possession, with intent to sell,
any article, product or compound made wholly or
partly from any fat, oil or oleaginous substance, or
compound thereof, not produced from unadulterated
milk or cream of the same ; provided, that nothing in
this act shall be construed to prohibit the ruanufac: ure

2S8

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

or sale of oleomargarine, butterine or kindred com-
pounds in a separate or distinct form, and in such man
ner as will advise the customer of its real character,
free from coloration or ingredient that causes it to look
like butter. Hotel keepers or places of entertainment
may not use or. serve oleomargarine without first post-
ing in a conspicuous place a placard with this inscrip
tion : '• Imitation butter used here." The penalty for
violation of either of these provisions is a fine of not
less than $50 nor more than 6250. or imprisonment in
jail not exceeding six months.

Chapter 283. An act to amend and re enact section
i 'ode of Virginia of 1887, in relation to rail road
companies enclosing their road beds with fences and erect
ing cattle-guards. This act provides that every such
company shall cause to be erected along its line and
on both sides of its road bed, lawful fences as defined
in section 2038, which may be made of timbei or wire,
or both, and shall keep the same in proper repair, and
with which the owners of adjoining lands may connect
their fences at such places as they may deem proper.
In erecting these fences the company shall, at the
termini of those portions of its road-bed which it is
required to fence, and on each side of all public or pri-
vate crossings, construct across its road-bed and keep
in good repair, sufficient cattle-guards with which its
fences shall be connected. Such cattle guards at pri-
vate crossings may, with the consent of the owners of
said crossings, be dispensed with, the company, in
lieu of cattle-guards, erecting and keeping in good
order sufficient gates. But no court of this Common-
wealth shall have jurisdiction, by writ of mandamus
or otherwise, to compel the erection of such fences or
building such cattle guards.

Chapter 494. An act to amend and re-enact section
.'"',:> of the Code of Virginia in relation to damages for
trespass by animals, forfeiture, &c, as amended and re-
enacted by acts approved March 1. 1SSS, and March S,
1896. This act provides that if any horses, mules,
cattle, hogs, sheep or goats shall enter into any grounds
enclosed by a lawful fence, or by a river or stream, or
any part thereof which is by law a lawful fence, or
into any grounds wherein the boundary lines of lots
or tracts of land have been constituted lawful fences,
the owner or manager of such animals shall be liable
for the actual damage sustained, and he shall also be
liable to a fine of not less than $1 nor more than $20 ;
and where punitive damages are awarded, the same
shall not exceed $20 in any case. For every succeed
ing trespass, the owner or manager of every such ani
mal shall be liable for double damages, both actual
and punitive. After a judgment of the court, a lien
upon such animal shall enure for the benefit of the
owner or tenant of such enclosed grounds, and execu-
tion shall thereupon issue from the court rendering

such judgment, and the animal so trespassing shall be
levied upon by the officer to whom the execution was
issued, who shall sell the same as provided for by
statute. Whenever auy such animal is found tres-
passing upon auy such enclosed grounds, the owner or
tenant of such enclosed grounds shall have the right
to take up such animal and impound the same, and
the cost of such taking up and impounding said ani-
mal shall be estimated as a part of the actual damages.

Chapter 567. An act to amend and re enact an act en-
titled an act to eradicate the San Jose or pernicious scale,
a disease affecting fruit trees, and to prevent its spread,
approved March 5, 1890. This act amends the original
act mainly by providing for an appropriation of $1,000
/or the execution of the law. In our last issue we
published the statute at full, together with the rules
and regulations made thereunder.

Chapter 88S. An act to amend and re-enact an act ap-
proved February 2^, 1S9S, entitled an act to preserve the
purity of all field and garden seed, and-to define the liabil-
ity of the sellers of all such seeds as guarantors that all
suck seeds are true to kind and name as represented at the
time of sale. This act provides that all seedsmen and
others who sell farm or garden seeds to be used in pro-
ducing crops, shall be bound as guarantors that such
seeds are true to kind and name as represented at the
time of sale, aud that where any paper or package
containing seed sold in this state for planting, has
printed or written thereon the name, kind or quality
of seeds therein, the seller shall be bound in the
courts of this Commonwealth by the same written or
printed statement, unless proved that there was some
other agreement between the parties.

OFFICIAL TESTING OF SEEDS.

Uxited States Dept. of Agriculture,
Office of the Secretary.
Washington. D. C, May 10, 1S98.
The act of Congress making appropriations for the
Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1899, under the heading "Botanical Investi-
gations and Experiments, Division of Botany," con-
tains the following clause :

'• The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized
i to purchase samples of seeds in open market, test
same, and when found not up to standard he may, at
his discretion, publish the results of these tests, to-
gether with the names of the seedsmen by whom the
I seeds were sold."

The purchase of seeds for the tests authorized under
this act will begin July 1, 1898.

The following standards are the basis for the deci-
sions of the Department :

STANDARDS OF PURITY AND GERMINATION OF
AGRICULTURAL SEEDS.

The seed must be true to name, and practically free
from smut, bunt, ergot, insects or their eggs or larva,
and the seeds of dodder (Cuscuta spp. ), wild mustard

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

289

(Brassiea spp.\ wild flax (Canielina spp.), Russian
thistle (Salsola kali tragus), Canada thistle (Carduus
arvensis), cockle (Agrostenima githago), chess (Bio
mus secalinus), quack grass (Agropyron repens),
penny cress (Thlaspi arvense), wild oat (Avena fatua),
and the bnlblets of wild onion (Allium vineale). It
must not contain more than one per cent, of other
weeds, and should come up to the percentages of
purity* and germination given in the following table:

Kind of Seed.

Alfalfa

Asparagus

Barley

Beans

Beet j,

Blue grass, Canadian....'

Blue grass, Kentucky

Brome, awnless

Buckwheat

Cabbage

Carrot

Cauliflower

Celery

Clover, alsike

Clover, crimson.....*.

Clover, red

Clover, white

Collard

Corn, field

Corn, sweet

Cotton

Cowpea

Cucumber

Eggplant

Fescue, meadow

Lettuce

Kafir corn

Melon, musk

Melon, water

Millet, common (Chaetochloa italica)..

Millet, hog (Panicum miliaceum)

Millet, pearl

Oats

Okra

Onion

Parsley

Parsnip

Peas

Pumpkin

Radish..

PuiilTY.

Per Cent:
98
99
99

Rye ,

Salsify

Sorghum

Spinach

Squash

Timothy

Tomato

Turnip

Tobacco

Vetch, hairy. ...
Vetch, kidney..
Wheat

90
93
99
99
95
99
98
95
98
98
95
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
95
99
98
99
99
98
99
99
99
99
99
99
95
99
99
99
99
99
98
98
99
99

Germination
Per Cent.
85-80
75-80
90-95
90 95
140-150t
45-50
45-50
70-75
90-95
90-95
80-85
80-85
60 65
75-80
80-85
85-90
75-80
90-95
90-95
85-90
85-90
85-90
85-90
75-80
85-90
85-90
85-90
85-90
80-85
85-90
85-90
85-90
90-95
80-85
75-80
70 75
70-75
90-95
85-90
90-95
85-90
90-95
75-80
85-90
75-80
85-90
85-90
85-90
90-95
75-80
70-75
85-90
90-95

on the other hand to the honorable seedsman and seed
dealer.

The purchase and testing of the seeds will be car-
ried on under the supervision of the Botanist of the
Department, Mr. Fred. V. Coville, and in the imme-
diate charge of Mr. Gilbert H. Hicks, Assistant
Botanist.

Seeds showing a test as high as these standards are
considered of high grade. Seeds falling five points
below the standard in purity,* or containing an ap-
preciable amount of the prohibited seeds, or more
than one per cent, of other weed seeds, or falling
twenty points below the maximum percen'age in
germination,! are, in general, considered unfit for sale
as first-class seed ; and if sold as such, the results of
the tests are liable to publication. Furthermore, if
seeds sold as of lower grade are found to contain a
large amount of weed seeds, or show a very low ger-
mination, so as to render -them practically valueless
or seriously injurious, the results of these tests also
are liable to publication. It is recognized, however,
that in certain cases, as in highly bred varieties or
growth and harvest under unfavorable seasonal con-
ditions, seeds may show a germination lower than the
normal, and due allowance will be made.

James Wilson, Secretary.

•Impurity allowed refers to Inert matter and one per cent, (only) of
weed seeds other than those practically prohibited, as above noted.

fEach beet fruit, or "ball " is likely to contain from 2 to 7 seeds.
One hundred balls should yield 150 sprouts.

It will be the aim of the Department of Agricul-
ture, in carrying out] this law, to put a stop to the
sale of seed so poor as to make probable a positive
injury and loss to the purchaser, thus giviug protec
tion on the one hand to the farmer and gardener, and

*This means purity of grain. not,purity*of stock.

CROP VALUES AT THE FARM.

Early in each calendar year, the Department of
Agriculture publishes a statement of the average
farm value of the various crops on December 1 imme-
diately preceding. This year the figures, just pub-
lished', appear later than usual. The estimated value
per unit of the 1S97 crops presents some interesting
comparisons. The average value of wheat, it will be
noted, is the highest since 1891, while corn and oats,
though low, are better than a year earlier. Average
values of potatoes show a very sharp increase over
one and two years ago. The figures in the subjoined
table are official, being furnished by the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, and are well worth preserv-
ing by the up to date farmer, either in his bound file
of our journal, or in a scrapbook.

VALUE PER UNIT PRINCIPAL CROPS.

[Average value at the farm December 1, in cents.]

1897,
1896,
1895,
1894,
1893,
1892,
1891,
1890,
1889,
1888,
1887,

o
5.0
6.6

7.6
-lii
7.0

8 4

7.:;
8.6
8.3
8.5
8.5

80.8
72.6
50.9
49.1
53.8
62.4
83.9
83.8
69 8
92.6
68.1

o
26.3

21.5
2ii.4
45.7
36.5
39.3
40.6

.-.(i.e.
2s :;
34.1
44.4

21.2
187
19.9

32.4
29.4
31.7
31.5
42.4
23.0
27.8
30 4

«

44.7
40 9
44.0
50.1
51.3
54 .8
77.4
62.9
45 7
59 1
54.4

H

37.7
32.3
33 7
44.2
41.1
47.2
54.0
lil 8
42 7
59.6

pq

42.1
39.2
45 2
55.6
58.3

53.4
57.11
57.7
51.8
63.6
56.1

6.0
6.9
6.8

S.l

"s.4
7.7
7.1
7.8

10.3

54.7
28.6
26 6
53.6
59.0
ii7.:;
37.1
77.7
40.3
40.4

w

662
655
835

854

SliS

849
839

774
788

1076
H34

*A margin of 10 points is allowed in the clovers (except
Crimson clover), grasses, and carrot.

tA margin of 50 points is allowed in beet, and only 15 points
in the blue grasses.

200

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESOURCES OF
THE SOUTHERN STATES.

The Hon. Kdw. Atkinson, of Bo ecently

invited by the Chamber of Commerce of Atlanta, Ga.,
to address the people of that city. i us his

subject, "The Development of the - of the

Southern States." The following extract fioui the
address enforces so strongly a point to which \vc have
often adverted, that we reproduce the same in the
hope that cotton planters will be induced to give atten-
tion to it in the handling of the present cotton crop.
After discussing the subject of cotton manufacturing
in the South, and shewing how improbabl
the present supposed advantages ol that section over
the North would long continue, he turned to the ques
Hon of a better system of handling the crop and the
diversification of the system of production of crops.
On this subject he said :

I cannot enforce this matter of the primary manu-
facture ol cotton too strongly upon you. 1
there were in the Southern - hundred and

eighty-four thousand (584,000) cotton spindles; in
1897, according to the latest computation, thi
lion two hundred and fifty thousand (3,250 000). Since
then some additions have been made, and yon now
have two and three quarters million (2,750 00<
dies working on cotton fabrics, in excess of what vou
had when, in 1880 and 1881, 1 gave you the warning
to go slowly in this matter. Fou think I was mistaken.
Time will tell. At a fraction less than fifteen dollars

spindle, the capital invested, at a fair average,
iu these new spindles, amounts to forty million dol-
lars ($40,000,000)— (I believe you estimate it at a
much larger sum). This is about equal to the capital
of Lowell only, iu which the larger part of the invest-
ments are in cotton factories. fn t he same period,
your cotton crops of 1880 to 1897, inclusive, have
numbered one hundred and twenty eight milliou
I 128,000,000) bales. How much hai on that

>>\ neglect of the primary process of mannfao-
tun — by bad ginning, bad handling, exposure to the

r. pickage and stealage ; by mud dirt, and un-
necessary fires, and all the other evil influences by
which you yourselves have depreoial
a pound 1 That would com,- t , six hundred milliou
dollars ($600,000,000), all of which has i
your cotton growers. I have not a doubt that such is
the fact. How much saving ar< you offered by the

doption of a better method of baling yonr cot-
ton in the cylinder bale ? More than two doll .
a bale. This is already established and proi

a theory. That saving would h
about two hundred ami tiff, million dollars
000,000) s'nee 1880. How much h; togain,

and what will it .

me that your cotton mills will average 10 per
cent, on a first cost — aye, even 20 percent, this year —
that profit would come to eight milli
000) this year.

You might have saved on this year's cotton crop of
]0,000,OD(), only by decent baling and can
a bale, or twenty million dollar- ($20,000

Profit and Loss Account— Southern Cotton.

Dr.

To loss on 10.000,000 bales cotton bv bad

baling in 1897 and 1898, $2.00 per bale, $-'0,000,000

Ob.

By profit on cotton spinning and weaving, $S,000,000

Balance, loss $12,000,000

Bad baling i-; not the worst of the bad treatment of
your cotton.

There has been an additional loss- on bad ginning,
bad handling, pickage, stealage, fire, etc., of about
$2.00 p 10,000,000).

Figures never lie, unless liars make the figures.

If these figures do not lie, then what do they mean ?

If the South has lost on the present crop of c >tton,

calling it only ten million (10.000,000) bales, two dol-

2.00) a bale by bad baling and two dollars

a bale by bad ginning, bad handling and all

the other faults, the two sums together amount to forty

million dollars ($40,000,000). Have you lost on the

crop of cotton of the years 1897-8 a sum equal

to the true value of all the cotton spindles that you

have added to your number since 1881! If these fig-

ie Mich is the truth. Who lias profited!

I leave this sum for yourselves to figure upou, and

on have made the figures let me know whether

- lie.

1 of which I haveauy information,
which is ud to lie on the true model of a perfect fac-
tory, operated with the same careful supervision that
is called for in the spinning factory, and yet more
in the ginning factory, is one in Florida. It
.; dished there by Scotch thread-makers of the
North lot the right preparation of Sea Island cotton.
Island crop may be set apart as an article of
luxury, of little general cousequence iu the general
crop. What have you done to improve the great crop
of Hie green seed cotton of commerce? Where is there
tand which approaches the ginning factories of
in its perfection, in its supervision, or in its
er quality and condition? I do not know
through personal knowledge about your gin stands,
i know that with high speeds, rush of business,
and in the effort to get quantity without regard to
. you have steadily deteriorated the conditiou
American cotton crop as compared to that in
which special crops were delivered by the great plant-
ers of a former day, who did the best that they could
under the former system of labor, and even with slave
labor go nits than in this rush have been ob-

tained under a better system of labor. There is but
one ginning establishment of which I have any infor-
whicb is rapidly approaching, if it is not fully
up to a true standard, and that is the Advance Gin
and .Mill Company of Vicksburg, which is under the
B lgiau— not a Southerner or a Yankee.
* * *

This is a suggestive theme. When I told you, in

L880, that, if we had a variety of cotton plaut in the

producing no lint but only seed, it would long

since hi le of our most valuable crops, you

i and you acted. You have saved the

previous waste, which, I believe, pays the cost of cu]-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

liitl

tivatiug your cottou, and possibly a part of
of picking. Will you act now on the startlinj
tion which I have put before you again "i Enough of
cot'ou. There are other departments of manufactur-
ing which are subjects of total neglect, one is the pen
nut. I ventured two years ago to put, m
in the prediction that in the subsequent fifteen years
there would be as great a development of peanut oil,
peanut meal, and peanut forage as there bad been in
the previous fifteen years in the development of the
food properties of the cotton plant. I now make that
record again. Witness the enormous commerce be
tween Central Africa and Southern Europe in peanuts.

You have the chufa, of which little can be l<
It is grown ou poor land to feed hogs. It might be
made the source of one of the finest and best llavored
of the food oils. Its properties are known to the few
who have investigated it — wholly unknown to the
many who might develop its use and manufacture.

Long since it became apparent to me that the cow
pea vine was the most important plant of your sec
tion, because it was the renovating plant. I knew it
only under that general title. Why it was a renovat-
ing plant was then almost unknown to any one, yet it
was manifest that in agriculture the pea vine farmer
was the coming man of the South. Since then, the
wonderful influence of the bacteria has become known,
which, living and dying in the nodules attached to
the roots of leguminous plants, I litrogeu

from the atmosphere, theu converting it to the nutri-
tion of the soil ; and yet what do you know in any
true sense about pea vines of which you have almost
innumerable varieties'? Some are rich in starch and
nitrogen, almost free of oil ; some are full of oil, de-
ficient in starch ; and some contain more nitrogen
than any other seed of the known world, ihe soya
bean is one of the latter kind. I imported two or
three bushels of soya beans, which were distributed
in small parcels from your exposition of 188L. The
bean had been known under another name ; I think it
was called Japan pea before that time, but now I ob
serve that the soya bean has rightly become one of
your great forage plants. Do you know whj ! Here
and there, some young man who has got his education
at an Agricultural Experiment Station or at the Tus-
kegee Institute, cau tell you all about it ; but there is
yet no separate list of the number and most valuable
kinds of peas and beans coupled with an analysis of
their properties, to be found, even among government
publications. Nothing corresponding to "Church's
Food Grains, or Food Plants of India,"' from which I
obtained what little knowledge I have of the relative
properties of the peanut or arachis, the soj a i le
other matters. When my friend, J. Sterling Morton,
became Secretary of Agriculture, I immediately called
upou him and told him that my chtef criticism of the
Department had been that it " didn' know I
that, while it had made futile efforts to develop silk
growing without any sufficient number of apt 1
reel the silk, such as are fouud in China ; and while it
had made great efforts to introduce sorghum, when
sugar cane was better for the production of sugar, it
had paid no atteution to beans. I then
him to appoint an Assistant Secretary who did know
beaus. My suggestion was gratefully accepted by Sec-
retary Morton, and I was asked to nomin
Southern man.

who for lour years held that position with most distin-
guished credit, and who has done more to teach the
alphabet of beans than anybody else ever in the De-
I. lb' is now the honored President of Van-
derbilt University, Knoxville, Teuu., and will doubt-
r graduate a great many Southern stu-
dents well instructed iu the philosophy of beaus.

ALFALFA GROWING IN THE WEST.

The Hon. J. II. Churchill illustrates the staying
qualities of alfalfa by saying :

"The alfalfa farm is a dividend-paying investment
through all kinds of seasons, an insurance against hail
as well as a guarantee from drouth. I have seen a field
iu bloom cut to the ground by a June hail, and in less
than thirty days blooming again for the harvest. What
other crop will do that? ... I believe this is the best
paying business in the West to day."

There are many men iu the West to day who have
recognized the truth of what Mr. Churchill says. The
ilures of recent years showed that it paid to
raise alfalfa. One of the best known newspaper writers
in Nebraska, J. W. Johnson, told in the Nebraska
State Journal, on November 21 last, a story that illus-
trated this fact graphically. He had been driving
near Culbertson, in the western part of Nebraska,
and his companion stopped suddenly and pointed out
a brick bank building in towu and a white farmhouse
not far from towu. Those buildings concerned the
careers of two men. One was a banker, who had
come out into Nebraska about fifteen years before.
He had been county treasurer of oueof the best kuown
counties of Iowa, and had brought with him to Ne-
braska nearly $30,000, with which he started a bank.
He did very well, until hard times came along, and
then he got into difficulties. The other man was a
Russian peasant, who came to the same place a year
or two later. It took about all his savings to get to
his destination, so that it is said of him that when he
icached Culbertsou he was as " poor as a rat." That
man got hold of a bushel of alfalfa seed, aud he raised
as much of the hay as he could from it, increasing his
crop year by year. He raised cattle and hogs as well.
He always had crops when corn and wheat and the
other cereals failed, aud he always had live stock to
sell. He soon so prospered that he gave to each of his
farm at marriage, and to his daughter, who was
I not long ago, he gave $1,000 in cash— an uu-
heard-of wedding gift for a farmer to make out iu that
territory. This ali'alfa-grower had considerable busi-
. i with the bank. According to Mr. Johnson
when he found that the bank was in trouble, he demand-
ed his money. The bank went down, but the farmer
remained in control, and the banker had to quit. Al-
falfa for that man had not only withstood all the
storms of nature, but had helped him to survive the
financial storms that had swept over that region.
rmers in the West who have raised alfalfa witli
care and intelligence are not among the people who are
ugly poor.— Fkaxklix Matthews, in Har-
per's Weekly.

[ This crop can be grown as readily here in Virginia
as in the West, and can prove as great a benefit to the

iwer, It only requires suitable land aud proper
1 nominated Charles W. Dabney, Jr., ! care for the first year to ensure success. — Ed.]

292

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

PEANUT OIL FACTORY IN VIRGINIA.

The first peauut oil factory in the United States is
expected to be established soon at Norfolk with a cap
ital stock of $(50,000. An exchange says :

'•The company has issued a prospectus in which they
calculate that the receipts from five tons of peanuts
will amount to 225 gallons of reduced oil at 50 cents
per gallon, 3,680 pounds of Hour at 2 cents per pound,
and 3,680 pounds of meal, for stock feed, at 60 cents
per hundred, which will make the gross receipts
1 115.90 per day. It is estimated that this will give a
yearly profit on a five-ton factory of $19,725. Peanut
Hour can be used for making bread, cakes, biscuits,
etc., and is one of the favorite articles of food in the
hospitals of Germany, according to the report of one
of our consuls. It is said that much of the castile
soap imported is made from the oil obtained from Af
ricau peanuts. It. is now proposed to make the soap
in America from the oil of Virginia peanuts."

The peanut crop of this country in 1897 was estima-
ted at 2,500,000 bushels, of which Virginia produced
500,000 bushels. Statistics show that the annual crop
of the world is 600,000,000 pounds. The city of Mar-
seilles, France, takes 200,000,000 bushels annually,
that are converted into oil used for salads, confections,
fine soaps, etc. Norfolk, Va., is the largest distribut
ing point for peanuts in the United States.

THE SPUD FOR KILLING WEEDS,

Two hundred years ago, in the time of Dean Swift,
the spud was used for destroying weeds in meadows
and pastures, and there is yet no better implement in
the case of all growths that send up sprouts from the
crown or roots when the top is cut off at the surface of
the ground. ■ The spud is a steel blade, in the form of
a chisel, attached to a long handle. A blade, two
inches wide and four inches long, fastened to the end
of an old hoe handle, makes an implement of conve-
nient size. The steel should be nicely tempeied and
kept sharp. The blade is thrust into the sod in such
a way that the root of a large weed is cut off an inch
or two below the crown, and the grass is not killed as
with a hoe The weed is drawn out with the hand,
and there is no bare place left for sprouts from roots
left in the ground for the sprouting of other seed.
One can do about as rapid work with the spud as with
a hoe, and do the work much more thoroughly. It is
especially valuable in keeping rough pasture land
clean, killing out sprouts growing close to rocks and
stumps that cannot be reached with a hoe.

GOVERNMENT WHITEWASH.

The whitewash used by the United States govern-
ment for the lighthouses and beacons, chosen for its
permanence under the most extreme exposure to the
weather, is made as follows : Fresh hydraulic cement,
of any good standard kind, not of the more costly
imported kind, three parts, and clean, fiue sand, one
part, are mixed well with cold water and immediately
applied. This gives a light, brownish white that is
not so glaring as the common lime, and has been found
to resist moisture better than any other wash. It ad-

heres to brick or stone or wooden walls or fences very
firmly. In its application, the walls are first wetted
with water, by which the adhesion of the wash is made
stronger than if applied to a dry surface.

THE LARGEST FARMER IN ENGLAND.

The largest farmer in England, curiously enough,
bears the name of Farmer. His residence is at Little
Bedwyn, near Hungerford, in Wiltshire, and he occu-
pies the land for miles and miles, the entire amount
of his holdings exceeding 15,000 acres. He milks at
least 1,000 cows, and has a stock of upward of 5,000
sheep. Paying his men good wages, he commands
the most useful class of labor. He also obtains his
farms on the best possible terms. There was recently
a farm of 1,800 acres to let which had previously
fetched $9,000 a year. Mr. Farmer offered $3,250,
and got it.

A GEORGIA HEN COOP.

"The charm is in the timber," said he.

"No," said I.

"Fact, just the same," said he. "You don't see it
on the outside and you don't know it, but the darkies
around here do, and they won't come within one hun-
dred yards of that coop if they can help it, I don't
care how full of chickens it is. 'Cause why? It is
built of the timbers of a gallows on which a man was
hung about three months ago in another county. It
cost me something extra to get it, but it has more
than paid for itself since I have had it, and I am in
the market now to buy all the second-hand scaffolds
in Georgia. If you run across a sheriff any place
with one for sale, let me know by next mail, won't
you, please?"

"It was a true bill," concluded the traveling man,
"for I saw a darky tried on it, and he refused a big
silver dollar to go down to the coop and get a chicken
for breakfast." — Washington Star.

W. K. Mathews has quarters adjoining those of
Bergen, and his stable includes the two trotters, Miss
Bird, 2:32J, roan mare, by Jay Bird, dam by Young
Jim, and the brown stallion, McZeus, 2:13, by McKin-
ney, dam Grace Kaiser, by Kaiser. McZeus has been
jogged regularly, and is in fine shape. He will be
given stronger work after the close of his stud season,
and probably, if he keeps right, started in some races
later on.

Mr. W. A. Turk, of Washington, D. C., the well
known and popular passenger agent of the Southern
Railway, has bred the bay mare Delco, by Pamlico, to
Red Wilkes.

Mr. W. O. Allen, Wake Forest, N. C., January 22,
1898: " I like your journal wonderfully. It seems to
me like home folks talking about farming. I take
three other farm papers, but like the Southern Planter
better than all."

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

•203

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

richmond, va.
Issued oh 1st ok each Moni

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Southern Planter is mailed to bub-
Rcrlbere in the United States and Canada at
21.00 per annum ;,all foreign countries, SI. 25.

Remittances should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we cannot he responsible.

Always give the Name of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.

The Date on your Label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper

Sromptly and regularly, will confer a favor
y reporting the fact at once.

We invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, suggestions How to Improve The
Planter. Descriptions of New Grains. Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known, Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned od receipt of postage.

No anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address— THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

RICHMOND. VA.

PUBLISHER'S NOTbS.

Feeds and Feeding.

Iu our last issue we invited the
attention of our readers to this new
book by Prof. Henry, and strongly
urged that it should be in the hands
of every one who kept an animal of
any kind, Further acquaintance
with the book has only made us
more convinced of its absolute ue
cessity to every farmer who desires
to feed his live stock scientifically
and profitably. In order as far as
possible to aid in this we have ar
ranged with Prof. Henry to offer
the book as a premium with The
Planter. The price of the book,
"Feeds and Feeding," is $2.00. It
contains G57 pages of large size,

RICH,

MELLOW

LAND

Is always the result of proper draining. Don't waste time
and money trying to make crops pay until your land is
properly drained. We would like to tell you how to do it,
and at the same time quote you prices on

4vDRHIN iTILE-rv-
POWHATAN GLAY MANUFACTURING CO., Richmond, Va.

PRESSED BRICKS in a Variety of Colors.

Sow Cow Peas— <

To give you big wheat crops and improve your land. Can be
successfully sown any time up to the middle of July, but the
earlier the better.

Other Field Seeds for June Sowing.

GERMAN and PEARL MILLETS. HUNGARIAN GRASS, LATE SEED POTATOES,

WHITE NAVY BEANS, SO.JA BEANS. VELVET BEANS, BUCKWHEAT,

TE0SINTE, S0RGHLM9, MILL" MAIZE, MANGEL WIRZEL

BEETS, RITA BAGAS.

VEGETABLE PLANTS— all varieties in season. Tomato, Sweet Potato, Celery,

Late Cabbage, etc.
Prices of any seeds desired quoted on application. Descriptive catalogue free

T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

and is one of the cheapest books we
have ever seen published. Such a
sized book is rarely offered for less
than twice the price of this one.
We will send the book and The
Planter one year for $2.50. This is
one of the greatest offers ever made.
Parties accepting this offer must
send us the name of the nearest ex-
press office to their place of resi-
dence, as we cannot afford to send
the book by mail at this price. It
must be delivered by express at
our cost.

Our readers are requested to notice the
advertisement of Mr. A. H. White, Rock
Hill, S. C. He offers some choice thor-
oughbred stock— bis specialties — being
Jersey cattle, Berkshire hogs, and poultry.

Mr. E. B. Wilson, Fancy Hill, Va., offers
some bargains in Jersey cattle, Shrop-
shires Berkshires, Poland-China and
Chester hogs. He also has some of the
choicest strains of poultry. Write him
your wants and satisfaction is guaranteed.

The Hill Top Farm, Staunton, Va., an-
nounces that it has a number of fancy-
bred cattle, hogs, and sheep for sale at
low prices. Messrs. H. A. S. Hamilton
& Co., the proprietors, have at the heads
of their flocks and herds some of the best
known prize winners. Write or call on
them.

IJEX

~-r=="\J

J LITTLE KLOiWKE

SPRAYER, the wonderful bug exterminator;
works easily, in fact makes a hard job a pleasure
Weighs only 1 lb. Reduces cost of spraying to al-
most nothing. Sells at sight. Thousands will
want them this year. Write at once and secure
theAgencv. Big Profit. Sample sent bv m.iil
post paid, 75 cents. Address, HUNTINGTON &
PAQE. Seedsmen, 136 & 138 E. Market Street
Indianapolis, Indiana*

*THE DRV SPRRYER*

LITTLE

GIANT

5TER

Dusts tree, bush or vine and potatoes as fast

as you walk. No plaster or water used. Will
more than pay for Itself tirst season. Agents
Wanted. Catalogue Free. LEGGETT & BRO.,
:;nl Pearl street, New York.

ECLIPSE

Positively best on the

Will Last a Lifeti

NOT

CHEAP

TIN.

Sample. JI.50.

Benton Harbor,
Mich.

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter.

294

THB SOUTHERN PLANTER

[June

$100 REWARD, 5-100.

The readers ofthis paper will be pleased
to learn that there isa( least one dreaded
disease that Bcience has been able to cure
in all its stages, and that is Catarrh.
Ball's Catarrh Cure is the only positive
cure now known to the medical fratern-
ity. Catarrh being a constitutional dis-
ease, requires a constitutional treatment.
Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally,
acting directly upon the blood and mu-
cous surfaces of the system, thereby de-
stroying the foundation of the disease,
and giving the patient strength by build-
ing up the constitution and assisting na-
ture in doing its work. The proprietors
have so much faith in its curative pow-
bat they offer < ine Hundred Hollars
for any ease that it fails to cure. Send
for list' of Testimonials.

Address, F. J. CHENEY & CO.,
Toledo, 0.

8©*Sold by Druggists, 75c.

MAGAZINES.

The opening article of Harpers' Maga-
zine for June is "The Czar's People,"
the second of a richly illustrated series of
articles treating Russia as a militant
]iower in the forefront of modern political
movements, by Julian Ralph. "Current
Fallacies upon Naval Subjects," isa timely
article relative to warships and naval
strategy, by Captain A T. Mahan, U. S. N ,
our leading authority on the subject. In
"A Century of Cuban Diplomacy — 1785 to
ls'.i.",," Professor Albert Bushnetl Hart, of
Harvard, impartially sums up the past of
the Cuban question. "The Trolley in Ru-
ral Parts," is by Sylvester Baxter, and is
illustrated by Peter Newell. " William's
Moose " is a hunting story, by Hamblen
Sears, illustrated by A. B. Frost and E. B.
Edwards. "A Study of a Child," by
E. Hogan, records the develop-
ment of an infant mind. It is illustrated
by drawings made by the child before his
seventh year. ,:The situation in China,"
is an explanation by the Eastern corre-
spondent of the London Times of the in-
terest of the United States in the explo-
itation of China.

Harper's Illustrated Weekly is full of ac-

eurate pictures and scenes from the seat
of war, and excellent descriptive reading
matter.

Ilm-per's Bazaar is the ladies' paper
without peer in this country.

The June number of The Century has
several features of particular timeliness.
Captain Alfred T. Mahan, recently re-
called to active service as Special adviser

to the Naval Strategy Board, contributes
ii ' describing the reasons for the
failure of the Spanish Armada. This is
introductory to a general article on the
Armada, illustrated iy Varian, and writ-
ten by William Frederic Tilton. Mr. Til-
ton's paper is chiefly based on the manu-
script Irish correspondence in t he London
Record Office, and on the narratives of

survivors and other authentic Spanish
papers, gathered by Captain Duro, the
historian of the Arrnada. Mr. Emory W.
I ci i n, who served as a major in the Cuban
army, recounts his experience under Gen-
eral Garcia in an article enitled "Ten

Months with the Cuban Insurgents."
Mr. R. O. Crowley, formerly electrician
of the Torpedo Division in the Confed-
erate Navy, describes "The Confederate
Torpedo Service," which he was largely
instrumental in organizing. Mr. Crowley
laid the mine which blew up the first
gunboat ever destroyed by this means.
Mr. Stephen Bonsai, formerly of the
American Legation at Madrid, writes of
"Toledo, the Imperial City of Spain," the
illustrations being by Joseph Pennell.

The June St. Nicholas performs again
the feat of finding novelty in the well-ex
plored field of fiction for the young.
There is a good balloon story, a story for
stamp collectors, a history of the opera
bonffe kingdom of Yvetot, an account of
the humble bumble bee, one of Miss
Woodward's delightful ballads of Durley,
a sketch of the wonders a boy can accom-
plish with a jack knife, a queer " darky "
fairy story, and a newspaper reporter's
adventure.

Apple ton's Popular Scienci Monthly has

an interesting article on the Indians of
Southern Alaska by Professor George A.
Dorsey, an article on Manual Training by
Professor C. Hanford Henderson, and an
illustrated article on the Sahara Desert
by Professor Angelo Heilprin.

Lippineolt't has for its complete novel
in the June number " Mere Folly," by
Maria Louise Pool. It is of unusual
length, and of high order of merit. The
other articles in the number are short
and varied.

The Ladies' Home Journal for its open-
ing feature presents a series of character-
istic anecdotes of Mrs. Cleveland. An-
other article describes the Shaker Com-
munity of Mount Lebanon. This is an
excellent ladies journal.

The American Review of Reviews keeps
its readers fully posted on all subjects of
interest in the political world of this
country and Europe in its monthly arti-
e'e, " Progress of the World," and in its
other departments enables its readers to
keep in touch with what the brightest
writers are saying in the other leading
journals of the country. It is the busy
man's magazine.

CATALOGUES.

University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
\'a. Catalogue for 1897-'!IS. Announce-
ments 1898-98. These can be had on ap-
plication to the Secretary to the Board of
Visitors, University of Virginia, Char-
lottesville, Va.

Randolph Macon System of Colleges
and Academies. Programme for first
Commencement Exercises at Lynchburg
June 6th to June 9th, 1898. We have to
acknowledge receipt of an invitation to
be present at this gathering with thanks.

Kelly Foundry and Machine Company,
Coshen, Ind. Catalogue of steel tank's,
heaters, saw, wagon wheels, &c.

Elkhart Carriage and Harness Manu-
facturing Company, Elkhart, Ind. Cata-
logue of harness and carriages. I

Virginia Woman

Tells People How to Look Young
When They Are Old

All Weak and Nervous Women May
Follow Her Example.

(( I was very nervous and weak, had
bronchitis and a cough and was afflicted
with female difficulties. Sometimes I was
almost crazy. I took medicines with
scarcely any benefit. A friend who had
been greatly helped by Hood's Sarsapa-
rilla advised me to try it. I did so and
also used Hood's Pills and I am now feel-
ing better than I have felt for years.
When people ask me what makes me feel
so well I tell them to take Hood's Sarsa-
parilla if they wish to feel well and look
young when they are old." Mrs. J. W.
Stinson, 415 4th Ave., N. E., Roanoke, Va.

HOOCl S parilla

Is the host— in fact the One True Blood Purifier.
All druggists. $1; six for $5. Get only Henri's.

All druggists. 26cents.

IN BEES
AND HONEY

LOTS 0' MONEY

If you don't keep bees, you oughl to. Had
you thought about it'.' Write tor new 64-page
book— Free.
J. M. JENKINS, - Wctumpka, Ala.

% FEHTHERS
f WHiNTEED.

Any quantity of Chicken or Turkey

Body Feathers will be bought

Address— BEATTIE & CO.,

P. O. Box 310. Richmond, Va.

FARM MANAGER

Desires a situation. Ample recommenda-
tions as to character and ability. Married ,
and wife will cook for farm hands, if
desired. R. A. ADAMS, 1500 W. Broad
Street, Richmond, Va

^-.WANTED...

Energetic men who can sell LUBRICATING
OILS for farm and other machinery, to cor-
respond with CLINTON OIL CO., Cleveland, O.

SITUATION WANTED!

lly a married man (Kn^lish). Thoroughly
competent to manage all kinds of stock. Good

butter maker, and understands separators,
BabOOCfa test, etc. Address DAIRYMAN, care
Southern Planter.

WANTED!

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
our Business Office.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

295

The Test of Time

Perkins

Wind Mill*

Catalagueasi I 1 ree,
PERKINS WIND MILL CO.

.. MtsimV.lhl, I\D.

™e FARQUHAR

SAW MILL & ENGINE

lii.ST BETWOHKSIN THE WliRf.D. Warranted the best made.
Shingle Mills, Machinery, and Standard Aericaltural Imple-
meow or Best Quality at lowest prices. Illustrated Catalogue.

FARQUHAR SEPARATOR

LARGEST CAPACITY.

economical, lightest draught,
e8 no grain. 'Cleans ready
iark.?t. Send for catalogues.

A. IS. KU;ori!UU,O..Ltd.,vork,P».

THE NEW

HUBER THRESHER

With Plain. Swinging or Wind stacker. Hag
no equal lor i;i»i and perfect work.

-HHH

THE NEW HUBER TRACTION ENGINE

Winner in all practical tests at World's Fair.

All sizes, both Simple and compound.

Ask for Catalogue.

THE II111KK MfO. CO.. Box X. Marion. Ohio.

|tf ttttVttttt

THIS SIDE DELIVERY

HAY RAKE

-Me

"Quick Haying Quality Prime."

It leaves the hay in a liirlit. loose windrow, where it
— cured by the action of the uir, and not blenched
retains its bright frreeu color
and all the es»ei
i lul oil

by the

It turns the hay Completely,

and ex].osea It till to the air;

■ --in uikin-j- quick-

erthan with a sulky rake.

. if ■ tedder in many install

time. d»efl not eather ntubhle, immure or other
trn-h. It greatly reduces the font oi'hai-ve*t>oe
■ crop ol'liay. More about this and the Kev»tone
May Loader in our free circulars. Write for them.

KEYSTONE MFG. CO.

11 River SI. STERLING, ILL.

REPORTS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Experiment Station
record, Vol. IX, Nos. 9 and 10.

Farmers' Bulletin, No. 71 . Some essen-
tials in Beef Production.

Farmers' Bulletin 73. Experiment Sta-
tion Work IV.

Farmers' Bulletin No. 74. Milk as
Food.

Division of Agrostology. Bulletin 10.
A Report upon the Grasses and For-
age Plants of Central Texas.

Bureau of Animal Industry. Reprint
from Year Book of Department for
1897.

Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulletin
iiO. The Milk Supply of Boston and
other New England States.

Division of Botany. Circular 14. Dod-
der's Infesting Clover and Alfalfa.

Division of Botany. Bulletin 19. Chic-
ory Growing.

Section of Foreign Markets. Bulletin

11. Spain's Foreign Trade.
Section of Foreign Markets. Bulletin

12. Our Trade with Spain 1888-1897.
Section of Foreign Markets. Reprint

from Year Book of Department 1897.

Division of Publication. Bulletin .':!.
Historical Sketch of the Department
of Agriculture ; its Objects and Pres-
ent Organization.

Division of Soils. Reprint from Year
Book of Department, 1897.

Division of Statistics. Final Report on
the crops of 1897.

Division of Statistics. Crop Circular
for May, 1898.

Division of Statistics. Bulletin 13. The
Fertilizer Industry.
Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn.
Ala.

Bulletin 92. Experiment with Lime
on Acid Soils.

Bulletin 93. Peanuts, Cow Peas and
Sweet Potatoes as Food for Pigs.
California Experiment Station, Berklev,
Cal.

Partial Report of Work of the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station of Cali-
fornia.

Bulletin 120. The Olive Knot.
Colorado Experiment Station, Fort Col-
lins, Col.

Bulletin 41. Blight and other Plant
Diseases.

Bulletin 42. Sugar Beets in Colorado
in 1897.
Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.

Bulletin 114. Spray Calendar.

Bulletin 146. Fourth Report of Pro-
gress on Extension Work.
Louisiana Experiment Station, Baton
Rouge, La.

Bulletin 51. Cattle Tick and Texas
Fever.

Bulletin 52. Report for 1896 and 1897
of the Horticultural Department.
Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Me.

Bulletin 43. Fertilizer Inspection.

Bulletin 44. Feeding Stuff Inspection.
Maryland Experiment Station, College
Park, Md.

Bulletin 55. The Black Peach Aphis.
Cut- worm in Tobacco. Law Provid-
ing for Suppression and Control of
Insect Pests.

We are the largest C-4-£w>l

manufacturers of.. ^ICCI

Truck Wheels

for farm wagons in America

Send for Catalogue

Havana Metal Wheel Co , Havana, III.

GOSHEN

LOWWACON

WHEELS

iiuM

edoflayei upon

i-| layer of inch kiln dried

■ W> In'dianaWhite Oak. Sea

1 |tlio wedge-shaped sec-

grain runs from

tire.Lookat the

__.. that hold hirers

tok'ether.Wueel3l8to38
in.; tire 3Hto6-in.; fit
any wagon. Buy a set &
have two wagons— high
oneandlowone. Fully
guaranteed. Circulars
and price list free.

KellyF'ndry&Mch.Co.

H4 Purl St. GOSHEN, MD.

ELECTRIC WH

> be the NEATEST, STRONGEST, MOST DLR-

to oe me >r,Air^i, rjiuu.u'Lr'ii -«v^ « «i-«"
ABLE, LONGEST LIVED, EASIEST TO LOAD

wacon made. Has our famous straight or stagger spoke

Electric Steel Wheels

brake &4.00 extra.
It has given universal satisfaction and will at your re-
quests exactly. Don't buy until you get our * tLt,tn
catalogue and prices. Write for them at once.

ELECTRIC WHEEL CO. BOX K6 QUINCY. ILLS.

SI OOO. MADE! §

selling BEVEKIDGE'.S Automatic a
Cooker. Best cooking utensil. Food X
can't burn. No odor. .Saves labor and W
fuel. Fits any stove. Agents wanted, 9
either sex. fcood Pav. One lady 8' Id •
2383 in one town. Writ* (P. 0.<ln3>. •
BEVKRinUEMFU.CO.IIaltlmore.JIil. 0

S»»0«««W»»8««HW«>

Yoaog Mils Strainer
Aerator and Cooler.

This Aerator Parities
and Cools the Milk, lie-
moves all odors and
Animal I
time and the
stirring milk. Easy to
^ keep clean. Adds
Btn from 10 to 30 hours to
-1l itlie keeping qualities.
d.Yiilk ready to ship at
lonce. Circulars free.
WW. H. Youw
entee, Aurora, ill.
Parties can obtain territory on sale, lease or
nianii Hy, If responsible.

296

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[June

FENCE YOUR FARM

With a Good Fence Cheaply.

THE ADVANCE WOVEN WIRE FENCE

kl direct t.» the farmer.frelKhtpald

Our ni&nof
selUnv mr«e the farmers tl »:.f bring*

the fence t<> a priee that beut* the hnrtil
both for rhrupncM ami quality of fene

ttowlr

tiuuous

dow circular* and •xtra *n*i-lul <H»«-«uiit t<» li.rmor*.
AD\ AVE I' 1C\CE CO.. 35 Old fit. Peoria. 111.

.. . cud for i

dil discount i» former*.

a3.I.T-fJ-Lj-LJ-^-JLJ-|J^ffi

Armed Intervention

ip not necessary to the pea ,r stock or safety

- about which Pase Fence is erected..
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO.. Adrian, Mich.

See the Fence? Monarch
builds it. Best Machine on
Earth, only SS. A snap for
agents, Oataloge Free.

Cochrane Fence Machine Co.,
Box 10B5, Detroit, Mich.

A 12- Year
Old Boy

'■. for sample. I.i bei i

i mp for full Information,
L'lrlch Mfc- Co., ftl Klvcr St., Koek Fall*, III.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

fi

Por STOCK. Jus! large enough.

light and simple; ii don't pull

it. liiti Ear Marks, with

tools and Register Book, only

88; wlthnuinlicrs, s.;.:»i. ,v ml for

■ Address

H. C. STOLL, Beatrice. Nebraska.

Gutta Percha ROOFING

CHEAT and FI BE- PROOF.

For Farmers. Planters. Poultry Breeders, Ac.
49-Send for Catalogue and Prices.

EMPIRE PAINT AND ROOFING < 'i >..
Ki.-> N 2nd st„ Phlladelpb

For POULTRYMEN -**

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Rest in the World.
"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Corn Mill, Farm Feed

Mills, Powder Mills.
|S ml for i tUnumial*.

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

This 100-Eqg Sell-Regulating Hatcher
only $6. den. 100-

chiek, 15.00. llniiinion'

la lest Improvements, Sl-
op. Nurserj Br lers, Sti up.

Prize Foul and Eggs. Testimonials l lllus.

eir 2c i. A, I'nKi.ru.v, Fairmont, Md,

Minnesota Experiment Station, St. An-
thony Park, Minn.

Bulletin 56. Sugar Beets.
Missouri Experiment Station, Columbia,
Mo.

Annual Report 1897. .

Bulletin 41. The San Jose Scale in
Missouri.

Bulletin 42 A New Orchard Pest Tlie
Fringed Winged Apple Bad Moth.
New Hampshire Experiment station,
Durham, N. 11.

Bulletin 50. Dehorning Cattle.

Bulletin 51. Sweet Corn for New
Hampshire,

Bulletin 52. Growing Musk Melons in
the North.
New Mexico Experiment Station, Mesilla
Park, N. M.

Bulletin 25. Preliminary Notes on the
I iii- Moth.
New York Experiment Station, Geneva,
N. V

Popular Edition of Bulletins Nos. 127,
12s. Notes on Small Fruit Growths.

Bulletin 136. Inspection of Nurseries
and Treatment of Infested Stock.

Bulletin 137. Commercial Fertilizers
for Potatoes.

Popular Edition of Bulletin 137.

Bulletin 138. Experiments and Obser-
vations on Some Diseases of Plants.

Popular Edition of Bulletin 138,

Popular Edition of Bulletin 139. Com-
batting Plant Liee.

Popular Edition of Bulletin 140. Wood
Ashes not an Apple Scab Preventive.

Popular Edition of Bulletin 141. Some
Results in stock Feeding.

Bulletin 142. Directors' Report for
1897.
North Dakota Experiment Station, Fargo,
N. I>.
Bulletin 32. Chemical Studies.
South Carolina Experiment Station.Clem-
son College, 8. C.
Bulletin 33. Tests i f Dairy Methods
and Apparatus. Comparative Tests
of Butter Fat.
Virginia Weather Bureau, Richmond. Va.

Report for April, 1898.
Wisconsin Experiment Station, Madison,
Wis.
Bulletin 66. Analysis of Commercial
Fertilizers.
West Virginia Experiment Station, Mor-
gantown, W. \ a.
Bulletin 50. Tin Periodical Cicada in

West Virginia.
Bulletin 51. Commercial Fertilizers.
Spray Calendar.

FENCING

Poultry, half cost of
Netting. Also best 1-arm
"ard, Cemetery Fences,
ron Posts, Gates, etc. I
. . -ight paid.Cataloguefree
K. L. SHELLABAkOER, 37 F. St., Atlanta. Qa.

WONDERLAND.

This tourist book comes to us with the
compliments of the Passenger Dept. of
the Northern Pacific railroad. It is a
beautifully gotten up hand-book of the
Northwest, and finel] illustrated. It will
be sent to any address on receipt of six
cents in stamps, cm application to Chas.
S. Fee, G. P. A., Northern Pacific railroad,
St. Paul, Minn.

HARROW

FOR SALE^mt^
A New CUTAWAY HARROW

NEVER USED.

WILL SKI.L FOR 916.00.
Apply at once lo

FARMER, care Southern Planter.

THE IMPROVED

Chamberlin Mfc. Co., Mean. X. V., I . 8. A.

SAW MILL

Complete and in good running order, FOB
SALE. Also at) Horse-power Kn'^ine, lie. Horse-
power Boiler, Cut-oil saw. Shingle Mill and
Planer; in bet, everything as a going concern,
working now. Capacity. 3D. 000 feel of lumber
per day. Apply to

tikis. SHOOSMITH, Jamestown, Va.

INCREASE YOUR PROFITS

From 'j--> to 50 by using oar latest Improved

Cream Separators

New and Second-hand Churns,

Butter Workers, Butter Prints, Testei
Catalogue free.

E. P. smith. Manchester, V \.

SEED CORN.

The ALBEMARLE PROLIFIC, yielding 186%
bus. per acre, and the greatest Fodder-grower
forensilage. Took a Breeders' Gazette prize,
an.l for two years the tirsi prir.e of North Gar-
den Farmers' Club. Price, $1.25 pei bushel, in
small quantities; will make reduction for
large orders.

Write for prices of registered stock— Poland-
Chinas, Shropshins, Red Polls, Shetland
Ponies, Pure-bred Turkeys, Ducks & chickens
ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM. Charlottesville. Va.
S.vm'i. 1!. W is. Proprietor.

COW PEAS EORSflLE

THE GREAT LANS IMPRCN BR.

Makes Cine Hay for Hairy fjows.

V. B. STOKES, stoke-. Va.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

297

Did you ever hear of SLUG SHOI?

SLUG SHuT saves the garden.

SLUC SHOT hasa history.

SLUG SHOT primarily was used on the

— — — — — Potato Bug. and then the

Currant Worm. Then on Roses and

flowers generally, Cahbage was saved by

it. Beans, Tomatoes, Tobacco and Rad-
ishes were treated. Turnips by the acre
were protected from the fly. Melons from
the cut worm aud fly beetles. Saved the
Plums from the curculio. The Quince
covered wi tli slugs was completely cleaned.
The Apple was saved from the canker
worm. Saved the Elm trees from being
destroyed by the elm tree beetle.

SLUG SHOT is us°l1 ou Trees, Shrubs,

— — — — ^^— Flowers and Vegetables,
by Spraying, and the results are excellent.

SLUC SHOT is put up in. 5and 10-pound

— ^— — hags; kegs, 12.5 pounds;

barrels. 28.3 pounds in bulk; canisters with
perforated top. Is cheap enough foreverybody
to use, and is

SOLO BY THE SEED OEALERS

in the United states and Canada.
For pamphlet, address

B. HK7VY7VYOND,

Fislikill ou Hudson, N. Y.
Please mention this paper when writing.

FRUITS

VEGETABLES
PRODUCE

' loads or smaller lol:

all Produolsot ^theJJAHUJBN, OHUUAKD, DAI-
RY^ HENNERY and FARM. Market Reports.
Address

Somers, Brother & Co.

...CHEAP FARM

Of 195 acres, all open. :mile from Peters-
burg. Va„ Ohesterlield county. Good build-
ings, brick; in, i orchard : vineyard; good

dairy and stork farm. S2.SAM1; cost «1,;100.

Address L. II C, Southern riant, r.

UWIVEHSiTY OF VIRGfiMIA.

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.

Letters, Science, Law, Medicine, Engineering,

Session begins 15th September.
Tuition in academical Schools free to Virginians
for catalogues address

P. B. BARRINGEB, Chairman.

PAINT TALKS. VI.

THE COMPARATIVE COST OF PAINTS.

Figures have been pubrishetMniming

to show a saving of nearly fifty per cent.

in the cost of painting done with pure
white lea. 1 as compared with ready mixed
paints.

Mr. Olivet- D Goodell, now of Balti-
more, who i- an authority respected by
all paint manufacturers, made in 1890 a
series of experiments to test these figures,
lie found that a pure lead paint mixed
according to the published formula would
require four coats to cover insfr ad of two
as claimed, and therefore the cost of the
lead paint was quoted over fifty per cent,
too low. He also found that, a mixture
of equal parts of lead and zinc showed a
saving, for the same work, of over ten per
cent , while with pure zinc white, the
Saving in cost for the same, work equally
well covered, was about fifty per cent.

The practical demonstration from these
experiments is that combination paints
are more economical than pure lead, as I
have already asserted in these articles.
That they are more convenient every one
knows; that they are durable is gnaran
teed, under forfeit, by several manufac-
facturers of them ; and that zinc paints
are inocuous, has been fully demonstra-
ted. Why then do painters continue dic-
tating pure lead? I will allow Mr. Good-
ell to answer this question :

" We have heard one old honest painter
give the kernel of truth in this matter.
Let us quote his words: 'I know white
lead does not last as long as the mixed
paint ; but when it goes it goes all over
alike and leaves a fair surface to paint
over. Then, again, houses painted with
white lead need painting oftener, and as
long as people think it best I let them
think so, as it makes better business for
us.'" Stanton Dudley.

VIRGINIA

Trie Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va

THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY COM-
PANY.

This company informs us that it pur-
. continue the practice of making
exhibits of the products of the country
through which its lines run. To enable
it to do so effectually it must have the
help of th* citizens located along the rail-
way in the way of desirable samples and
specimens of any and everything likely
to be of value or in any way useful or in-
structive. We bespeak this help for the
company. Scud all contributions, and
for information as to forwarding speci-
mens, etc., to Mr. M, V. Richards, Land
and Industrial Agent Southern Railway
Company. Washington, D. C.

America's greatest medicine is Hood's
Sarsaparilla, which cures when all other
preparations fail to do any good whatever,

Mica

'Axle
Grease

lightens
the

shortens

road.

Makes the -wagon pull easier,

helps the team. Saves wear

aud expense. Sold

evervwhere.

FRAZER

: Axle Grease t&£

m Its wearing qualities are unsurpassed, ae
\ tually outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand
^ Not affected by heat. «$»Get the Genuine
4^%. FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS,

PIEDMONT

Hog Cholera Preventive and Cure

A sure Preventive and c lure for Hog and
Chicken cholera. (J. .1. Reid, Woodville.
Va.. Inventor.) Manufactured and sold by
C. H. WINE, Brandy Station, Va.

PEKIN DUCKS — Eggs $1.00 per doz.

s. ( '. Brown Leghorns— Eggs, 81.00 for 15.
Black Minorcas— Eggs, $1.50 for 1.5.

LEROY F. CARTER. Richmond, Va.

INDIAN RUNNER DUCKS

(Greatest layers on earth.)

DARK DORKINGS (Imported).

BLACK MINORCAS (Imported); Eons S'J

POT 13. B. P. ROCKS, BLACK I.A.NGSH ANS;

Ecus, 81.50 per 13.

Infertile eggs replaced at half price.

JIks. R. I. FARRER,

Box in, Orange, Va.

BELGIAN HARES!

Meat Elegant Flavor and White.
Very prolific breeders. At maturity weigh

(pounds. Address —

WOODSON VENABL1C. Farmvllle, Va.

FINE BLOODED cattle.
Sheep, Hogs, Poultry,
Sporting Dogs. Send
stamps for catalogue. 160

QgS. X. P. Hoi Fit

A I o.. I natrsi illc, Pa.

ELLERSLIE FARM^^
Thoroughbred Horses
AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,
Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. .1. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co., Va.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF
VIRGINIA.
Literature has Buffered a real loss in
the death of Professor M. Scheie deVere,
which recently occurred in Washington.
For a half century he was a pro!
the University, and the alumni of the
Institution will learn of his death with
He was helpful as a teacher, of
unusual literary capacity, and endeared
to all by his kind and genial die]
Until recent years he was a frequent con-
tributor t" leading periodicals in this
country and Europe, and the author of
many works of recognised value among
educal

Mr.J. M Brodnax, a graduate of Prince-
ton, and until recently a member of the
graduating class of Princeton Theologi-
cal Seminary, has been engaged as Gen-
cretary of the Y. M. 0. A. for next
Mr. Brodnax has been at the
University for several months, and has
commended himself to students and pro-
alike, as an earnest, active, busi-
.. man. and the work will pros-
per in his hands.

The newly-appointed committee on Re-
ligious Exercises for next -•■-

Perkinson, Lite, and
Dunnington. Thi* committee has charge
of all the religious exercises in the
chapel.

NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF AMER-
ICAN PRODUCTS AND MANUFAC-
TURES AT PHILADELPHIA IN

The Philadelphia people are desirous
of having another Exposition in their
City, and, under the auspices of the Phil-
adelphia commercial museums, are mov-
ing to secure the support and financial
Congress. We think it is
time the people of the Eastern states
were moving to keep themselves and
their products before the people of the
world, otherwise the Western States and

Oil monopolize the country and
it< trad.-. We doubt, however, the wis-

f the nation coming to the help of
all these local expositions. They are
mainly for local benetit, and should be

ted locally.

THE PAINT QUESTION.

This little book is a practical treatise
mi the selection and use of paint for
property-owners, painters ami others, by
Stanton Dudley. It is full of matter of

of painting property, and will be found

useful. It will be sent free to any one

:'or it anil mentioning T:

v the New Jei -

pany, 52 Wall St.. New York City.

UK THIRSTED FOR KNOWLEDGE.

The country clergyman was nailing a
refractory creeper t> a piece of trellis
work near his front gate, when he I
a small boy stoppe I and watched him with
•en! ion. "Well, my young friend,"
he said, pleat a interest be

'are you looking out for a hint
or two on gardening said the

youth ; " I be waiting t.> see w hat a parson
00 Bay when he hammers his thoomb."

ALPHA "
DE LAVAL
CREAM SEPARATORS

OVER 1 25,000 IN USE.

FIRST-BEST-LATEST.

New and Improved May, 1898, Machines.

Send for new "Baby" catalogue No. 268.

The De Laval Separator Co.

RANDOLPH &. CANAL STS.

CHICAGO.

74 CORTLANDT STREET,

NEW YORK.

fl SMALL THBLSSHlrVS MACHINE

The Columbia Thresher

has great capacity, andc

light power. $e^d f t illustrated
catalogue, giving testimonials.

Mnmwm: hay press

> fWosi- iurubU cU'ul CtOUOUUl'A
duV.»b\ucUotv b? ao -sale. ^T
"ruUUioUUj rU-yj Press Co.

1 MiU Si-.Vuo

Thymo-Gresol

troubles

■
I'poisoooas; nr*e<U no vrvii

LAWFORD BROS., Box QG Baltimore, Md.

TICKS

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

299

A NEW 11 A V RAKE.

We present herewith a cut of a new
side delivery hay rake, the " Keystone
Chief," which is manufactured by the
Keystone Manufacturing Company of
Sterling, 111. This new machine possesses
more than ordinary advantages to the
farmer who has more than the ordinary
quantity of hay to make, or who happens
to be short of help. As no dumping is
required, any child that can drive a team
of horses can rake hay equally as well as
a man. Among other advantages are
these: This rake makes a clean hay,
as the teeth do not touch the grourjd,
taking up trash, stubble, or manure ; the
hay is not rolled over and over <fr
" roped " as with the ordinary rake, but
is left in a light, airy windrow in nice
shape for curing or loading as the wish
may be ; it rakes a space nine feet wide
and leaves the hay in a continuous
straight windrow ; it is of special value
where a hay loader is used, as it leaves
the hay in the best possible shape for
taking up by the loader; as the rows are
continuous, it avoids all turning with the
wagon and loader; in a majority of all
cases it dispenses entirely with the use of
a tedder, for the reason that it turns the
hay completely over in the act of raking;
thus, when the hay is sufficiently dried
on top, the rake may be started, as the un-
dried portion will be left on top of the
windrow, exposed to the sun and air; it
operates easily, and is all made of good
material and strong and durable.

These people also make the famous
Keystone Hay Loader, which is supposed
to be the only loader made which will
successfully handle clover and alfalfa
without loss. Its principles of construc-
tion is such that it does not knock or jar
off the leaves of the clover in loading.

Write them for circulars and prices be-
fore buying. Please mention that you
saw this in the Southern Planter.

STAMP TAXES
Are coming as a necessary war measure,
and as a consequence medicines will be
advanced in price If you have not yet
begun your course of Hood's Sarsaparilla.
it is advisable to lay in a year's supply at
once and begin to take it to-day. By so
doing you will save money and regain
health. Hood's Sarsaparilla is America's
Greatest Medicine. Be sure to get Hood's.

Hoon's Pills are easy to take, easy to
operate.

He was an earnest minister, and one
Sunday, in the course of a sermon on the
significance of little things, he said: "The
Hand which made the mighty heavens
male a grain of sand; which made the
lofty mountains made a drop of water;
which made you made the grass of the
field ; which made me made a daisy!" —
London Figaro.

ghston stock: fhrm.

Holstein-Friesian i Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JNO. U. DETRICK, Somerset, Va.

INDEPENDENCE 32133.

POLAND-CHINAS.

PIGS! PIGS! PIGS!

From the BEST strains of POLAND-
CHINAS, and all PRIZE WINNERS.

I inn now offering Pigs, and booking
orders for spring delivery, at the fol-
lowing REMARKABLY low prices:
8 to 10 weeks old, Sti.00 each ; $10.00 pair.
3 to t weeks old, SS.00 each ; $15.00 pair.

Price of older ones on application,

IsooflerONE THOR< HJCiHBREd CHESTER WHITE BOAR, rising two years,
Magnificent Specimen. Pekij* Dicks.

Stock Farm. S. SVDNEY BRADFORD, Fredericksburg, Va.

SBiltmore Farms

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN!

YOU KNOW • • •

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual,

WE SAY • • •

That we can supply you with the very best
A. J. 0. C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.
ALSO »■■

Berkshires, Southdowns and Standard Poultry.

Apply to Q. F. WESTON, Superintendent,

BlLTMORE, N. C.

300

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

SELLING DIRECT TO THE FARMER.

In the poet, and before the system of
the department of mails had attained
anything like its present completeness,
the farmer was a somewhat isolated
being. He knew, and really had very
little means of knowing what wa
OD in t lie outer world. He could not and
did not often undertake the long jour-
neys necessary to bring him in touch
with the souree of supply for such things
asjie needed on the farm and in the
home. Under these conditions there
sprung up a system of peddling, the Brel
introduction of the " middle man" who
carried the goods to the farmer's door
and carried his produce away. This sys-
tem with its necessary variations exists

(Mill

1 f l

l Ii

III

J i ; 1

1 (1 f t—

rm~' 111

11

\ 1 li

A

p- 1* h- — — I —

— M-+4$f

to day. and the "middle man" is still
handling the farm and household sup-
plies from the manufacturer to the far-
mer, and charging the farmer a good
round price for the service. In the last
few years some manufacturers have con-
ceived the idea of doing business direct
with the farmer through the medium of
the mails. The plan has been a pro-
nounced success. The manufacturer sells
for cash, which saves all the expense of
keeping an elaborate and extended set of
md accounts. All this expense,
and that of the "middle man's" salary
and profit, is deducted from the price the
farmer has to pay, and he accordingly
gets the same article at a greatly reduced
price. Among those concerns who have
adopted this plan, and who have used
our columns to assist them in carrying it
out. is the Advance Fence Co., 35 Old
street, Peoria, III. They are making a
very good woven wire fence, and are gell-
ing it direct to the farmer Instead of
dividing profits with a "middle man"
they divide it with the farmer. Write
them for circulars, prices, etc. Please tell
them that you saw this in our paper.

HOG CHOLERA— ITS CURE AND
PREVENTION.

Mr. J. .1. Reid, of Wood vi lie, Va., has
compounded a medicine that will, if fed
to bogs two or three times a week, pre-
vent cholera ; and if fed when the hog is
find taken with the disease will, in most
cases, cure it.

This is not an experiment with me, I
have fed hogs with cholera, side by side,
with well ones, and the sick got ,\
the well remained well. Some of my
neighbors have used it after their bogs

refused to eat, and did not lose a hog.

The name of this medicine is Pil

Hog Cholera Cure, and being fully satis-
fied of its merits, 1 have arranged with
the inventor to manufacture and supply
the public, and 1 ask that a fair trial be
given. I shall be glad to send circulars
and testimonials to any one wishing in-
formation on the subject. Sic advertise-
ment in this issue of the /'
Brand;/ Station, Va, c H. WINK

Let's Talk it Over

Give me a chance to prove to yon that I have
the greatest prize-winning blood In t he can try

lersej Cattle, Shropshire Sheep, Poland-

('hiua. Berkshire ami Chester lings

and Pi . parate farms).

rppCI From tin- best si ruins I'.. P. Kecks.
CvjoO 1 Silver Wyandottes (home manage-
ment Rose and Blngle-Combed I'.. Leghorns
(on separate terms . Ms., White Holland
Turkeys, White Guineas, Pekln Junks, Tou-
louse Cieese and Pea Fowls. Kgsts furnished
in large or small numbers; guaranteed t" be
fresh and fertile. Write for circulars .V prices.

Highlands Stock and Poultry farm.
E. B.WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. Fancy Hill, Va.

REGISTERED

Berkshire
Sows F

SALE.

Nearly eighteen months

old. Bred toniy high-bred

f/c English Berkshire boar

™ '• Biltmore's Longfellow."

Will farrow about June J"i

to July l.

i Ine .isjeil Sow— a great breeder— five years' old next December. All safely in pig; and parties
who wish to buy had better not delay, as every day increases the risk of moving them. Price, $20.
Also several young Berkshire Boar Pigs, five months' old.

Address J. SCOTT MOORE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

E*-*- ><-». C?j«a. BUFF LEGHORN-Eggs, per setting. $1.1X1; s. ('. BROWN" LEGllni; Ns;,
V_z *<_» »S *W SI. 00. The greatest laying chickens in the world.

mmzjp

Lynnwood Stock Farm.

—HEADQUARTERS FOR

i Pure-bred and Grade Percheron, Grade Hack-
I neys and Saddle Horses. Both Imported and
j Home-bred Mares. Stud headed by two Im-
[ ported Sallions. combimogsize, action & style

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Headed by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbus; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition:

Black Knight, Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, ami the greatest of all boars, King Lee

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardless of cost — and are from such blood as :
Km. col \rtful Belle 88th, Lily Clay,

Pansy. Infanta, and other prize winners.

Young gilts bred and pigs ready for shipment, of either sex. at less than
half the cost of the original stock.

n. & w. r. r .IXO. F. LEWIS, Lynnwood, Va.

Horses

Berkshires

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

301

0. I. C. and Chester-White Pigs

FROM THE BEST STOCK INT THE LAND.

We have been paying from $25 for pigs to $60 for sows bred,
but we are going to sell for the next 30 days young pigs well
grown, thrifty and handsome, a credit to the breed, with a

certificate, of pedigree for each sale, at $4.50 — _i_^

They ought to go fast at that price, so write at once.
Dr. J. B. EMERSON, Proprietor. THE CREST STOCK FARM, Red Hill, Va.

Filston Farm

DEEP MILKING JERSEYS

HILL TOP STOCK FARM

The Home of Many Prize Winners.
.^k Registered Berkshires and Poland-China Hogs,
Herd Of 300. f*st Southdown and Shropshire Sheep, B. B. R.
'f* Game Chickens and Bronze Turkeys

Selected from the Best.

A BULL CALF FOB $100.

Dropped August 26, 1897.

SIRE "Tonnage," a double grandson of
Combination.

DAM, a phenomenal heifer; inbred Ma-
tilda's Stoke Pogis.

A BULL CALF FOB $35.

Dropped January 7, 1898.

SIRE " Garella's Ultimo." (Garella made
23 lbs. butter first calf.)
DAM, a fine Stoke Pogis cow.

TOP BEBKSHIBES.

Address ASA B. GARDINER, Jr.,
Treas. and Mgr., Qlencoe, Va.

ENGLISH BERKSHIRES

EACLE POINT FARM.

BERKSHIRE PIGS

ELIGIBLE TO REGISTRY.

Bred from the Choicest Boars and Sows.

Three Months Old. $7: Pair. $12.

Wm. B. Withers, Roane's, Gloucester Co., Va.

All ages ; ser-
vice boars;
sows bred ■
and a very choice lot of fall pigs. All bred
from best English blood; grand and great
graudnm Duchess CXXIII, No. 30278, that won
class and sweepstakes at World's Fair to the
amount of $552.50. Also Registered DEVON
CATTLE for sale. All ages. Guarantee satis-
faction. S. F. WELLER. Reuoboth, Percy
Co., Ohio.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H- WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

We have now a choice lot of Ewes and Ewe Lambs. A limited number of good
Bucks and some fashionably-bred Pigs, &c.

Write for prices or come and see our stock. Visitors always welcome, and
will be met at depot with conveyance on. short notice.

H. A. S. HAMILTON & CO., Staunton, Va.

THORN HILL STOCK FARM, lexington^I

r^~»^»^-»-*^^.^^^/-»-v^»-x^»-^^»-s^^ p D Cq^ pRopR|ETOR

SPECIALTIES ^Ifflfc^

Registered Poland-China Hogs, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black U. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from my (lock of Shropshires, at prices in
reach of all. EGGS from Mammoth Pekin Ducks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at 81 per setting.
Satisfaction guaranteed every purchaser.

Barred, Whiter Buff Plymouth Rocks

...EGGS FOR HATCHING,

■ii» SI. 00 per Setting of Fifteen Eggs for rest of the season.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder — North or South — but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

Loek Box 42. J. H. GABST, Salem, Va.

BERKSHIRE, Cbeiter White,
Jersey Bed and Poland Chln»
PIGS. Jersey, Guernsey and
He. Thoroughbred
Sheep. Fancy Poultry. Hunting

Lee's Prepared Agricultural Lime

WE HAVE REDUCED THE PRICE TO SUIT THE TIMES.

We are now selling this VALUABLE FERTILIZER and LAND IMPROVER at
$JO Per Ton. When used on fallow land, with a fair amount of vegetation, we
have never known it to fail in giving a satisfactory crop of wheat and a good stand of
clover or grass. We do not recommend it for clean or thin wom-outland, unless
some litter from the farm, pen or forest is used with it.

500 TONS OYSTER SHELL LIME, Sacked or in Bulk, for sale low.

For thin and bare land, we recommend our

HIGH-GRADE BONE AND POTASH,

which we are Belling at the low price of $16 Per TON. Farmers who us«d it last
year say they had line crops on very thin land.

«-Write (or Circulars. A. S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

B. W. B4IITII. Coc

302

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

"Feeds and Feeding" is a substantial,
large 8vo. volume of 657 pages. It is
printed from new type upon clear white
paper and substantially bound in art
vellum. In the preparation of I
Feeding the extensive experiments con-
ducted by investigators in the old world
as well as the work of American stations
have all been carefully garnered, sifted,
compared and arranged in the best form
possible, care being taken to give the sub-
ject matter a practical, helpful bearing to
the farmer and stockman. The numer-
ous tables contained are well digested
and arranged in form to convey quickly
and accurately to the mind the data and
summaries of results of feeding trials,
analyses by the chemists, digestion work,
etc., etc.

In this work the author has had in
mind the needs of the student in our ag-
ricultural colleges and the wants of the
stockman who aims to net the highest
results possible from the animals under
his care.

Attention is also given to the manurial
value of feeding stuffs in order that the
second value which such substances con-
tain shall l)e wisely conserved to the farm.

MRS. CLEVELAND'S COOKING
LESSONS.
While First Lady of the Land She Was
Instructed isy an Old " Auntie."
"Part of one summer President and
Mrs. Cleveland spent at Woodley, their
suburban home near Washington," writes
a friend of the latter in the June Ladies'
Home Journal. "The occupant of the
adjoining residence had in her employ a
genuine ' befo ' de war ' Virginia auntie,
whose cooking was the delight of her
mistress and guests. Her pickles and pre-
serves were incomparably tine, and to even
possess one of her receipts was regarded
as a piece of good fortune. Mrs. Cleve-
land was interested in this branch of
cooking, and during the summer took fre-
quent lessons from ' Aunt' Charlotte. It
was a sight that delighted the old colored
woman to see the first lady of the land
walking up the lane, her gown covered
with a long gingham apron, and carrying
a white umbrella to shield her from the
son. 'Aunt' Charlotte would execute a
Series of profound curtsies, and her face
would glow with joy as Mrs. Cleveland
approached' Then the first lady of the
land would peel silver-skinned onions,
slice tomatoes or chop cabbage for pickles.
Or she might be seen standing over a
glowing brazier of charcoal (for these
preserves were made in real old Virginia
style), armed with a long wooden spoon,
stirring a kettle of peaches to prevent
their burning, as eagerly interested as
though she were a young housekeeper
with limited means." — Iiadies' J fume Jour-
nal.

Phrenologist {examining Johnny's head).
"This, ladies and gentlemen, is the bump
of caution, and here is located the bump
of combativenees. This— this" (much
puzzled) "is — ah— er — "

Johnny. "Oh, I know all 'bout that
one! That's the bump o' cur'osity. I got
it last night for peekin' inter the parler! "
— Harper's Bazar.

HEREFORD CATTLE,

BACON HALL FARM.

BERKSHIRE SWINE,

DORSET SHEEP— Imported and Home-bred.

E. M. GILLET, Verona, Baltimore Co.. Md.

— Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

DUUHAM, N. C.

Everything guaranteed
the hest.

FINE POULTRY OF ALL VARIETY

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKEfS.

PEKIN DUCKS.

BLACK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.
Jersey Bull Calves of the finest pc

r\ A TTI p Jerseys & diner n-
W/A 1 1 L/C 8eyS_aii ages- Seven
head of two-year Devon heifers in calf.

V-M (")("| C Berksliires of the highest |I|
" *"VJ4k3. tpVe Sows in pig, young ■
boars and young sows.

■ - -

POVVi ^ Light Brahma. Plymouth Bock and Brown
1 \J »» L,J. Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Bucks.

P)/^l/"m English Mastiff', Shepherd and Fox Terriers.
^^-'*^* lot of puppies from the latter ready soon.

A fine
puppies from the latter ready i
iSTWrite for what you want."©!

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

*NOini OFFERS FOR SHLEl

Pure-bred Holstcin Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire
Lambs- delivered by July 1st. Bucks for $7.00; Ewes, $6.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, $12.00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, (5.00;
three months old, $7.00, and five months old, #10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken— (7.00 per pair ; $10 00 per trio.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

303

HE SOUTHERN PLANTER'S

fill lis 1 1898.

RE A O— — ^"^

The following and SAVE MONEY o:
buying your newspapers and periodicals

DAILIES. '»'« W'T"

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va $6 00 86 25

The Times, " " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

The World, New York 3 50 4 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 100 150

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 -1 00

" Round Table 100 175

" Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00 1 60

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00 2 75

Christian Advocate, " "... 2 00 2 50
Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 150 2 00

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Horseman 3 00 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 .5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St. Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Lippincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' ■' 4 00 4 00

Forum " 3 00 3 25

Scribner's " 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey's " 1 00 1 60

Strand " 1 25 2 00

McClure's " 1 00 1 60

Peterson's " 1 00 1 50

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
eents from " our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage ot
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired ; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

We furnish no sample copies of other periodi-
cals.

• • • INCORPORATED 1832 • • •

Virginia Fire anil Marine insurance Company.

HOME OFFICE : No. 1015 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

Assets. - $725,000.

WM. H. PALMER, Pres.
W. H. MCCARTHY, Sec'y.

DIRBCTORS.
E. B. Addison, E. J. Willis,

W. J. Leake, D. O. Davis,

Thomas Potts, Wm. H. Palmer.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &c.
Grape Vines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. Write us
if you contemplate planting-. Catalogues free.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. T_ HOOD <Sc CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

Wealth in Apples

The increasing demand for good, sound apples, at such handsome
figures as the growers are now receiving, should stimulate every farmer
to place his orchard products at the head of the list, so that he shall
receive only top prices for his fruit.

Hard-wood Unleached Ashes

Supply the trees and fruit with proper stimulus and nourishment, and
bring the fruit to maturity and perfection, free from insect ravages and
the blight resulting from impoverished, worn-out soils.

These Ashes will be delivered freight free to any station, in car load
lots, and are cheaper than any other fertilizer on the market.

Send for circulars and prices to—

JAMES A. BETHUNE, Southern Agent,

818 D Street, N. E., WASHINGTON, D. C.

304

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[Jane

HARNESS THE WIND.

PERKINS

Xature works for
nothing. 8he
charges you for no
fuel ; she collects
no interest or toll ;
her force? are never
exhausted. She
will irrigate the
farm in a dry sea-
son, saw the wood,
churn the butter,
pump water for the
house and stock,
grind the grain,
turn the grindstone
or chop the fodder.
Harness the wind,
and it can be de-
pended upon. The
Perkins Wind Mill
Company of Mish-
awaka, Indiana, is
manufacturing a di-
rect motion steel
mill that is simple, strong and effec-
tive. Seventy-five thousand Perkins
Wind Mills have been erected in this
country daring the last quarter of a cen-
tury, and the splendid business reputa-
tion of the Company is a fair index of the
character of the work they turn out. The
tower is made with four corner posts of
angle steel, bands and braces of channel
steel, and all the parts are so arranged
that they will tit exactly. The sections
of the wheel are made with two-inch
steel bands for outer and inner rims, and
tin- Bails are riveted'to these rims. The
governing device is made by setting the
wheel at one side of the turn-table or
vertical axis, and thereby doing away
with all side vanes, levers, balls, etc.
When at work, the wheel is square with
the wind, and when at rest, is edgev. iae to
the wind. The Company has issued a
fully illustrated catalogue showing the
various windmills, pumps, tanks and
spare parts to the machinery which they
manufacture.

A BORH GENTLEMAN.

The other day. I heard of a boy who
was invited, with his mother, out to
dinner. At the table, he sat some dis-
tance from his mother, and a lady next
to him offered to help him.

''Let me cut your steak for yon," she
said. " if I can cut it the way you like it."

"Thank you." Baid the boy. "i shall
like it the way you cut it. even if you
don't cut it the way I like it. — The Sun-

"Cleanliness of the head usually insures
a goo 1 growth of hair. An occasional ap-
plication'of Hall's lliiir Renewer will aid
to keep the.hair of a natural color.

COUNT THEM UP...

Count up your dead chickens lost by Cholera, Gapes and
other diseases peculiar to poultry, and see how many dollars
you might have saved if you had invested a few cents in

Polk Miller's
Victory Poultry Food

This isn't a plain mixture of bran and meal. It is a medi-
cine— a tonic — an insurance policy against disease. It does
even more than we claim for it. We say it cures and pre-
vents poultry diseases. Others who have tried it say it
also cures and prevents dog cholera.

We ask you to give it a fair trial. Give it to your chick-
ens, and see if they don't show its effect in their bright red
combs, in their general looks and in their actions. See if
your hens don't lay more eggs than they ever did before.
You surely can afford to spend 25c. for a package to keep
your chickens alive and to make your hens lay more eggs.

25 Cents a Package; by Mail, 35 Cents.

Sold at drug and general country stores, and by

POLK MILLER DRUG CO., Richmond, Va.

J

• v^»»^tr ^*^*^^m ^**i^m*^ ^p^f^

WE SELL DIRECT TO FARMERS I

AGENTS COMMISSION SAVED. NO MIDDLEMAN'S EXPENSES.

"1

-AXALYSIS-

inionla, Actual Potash, ^

percent. percent. percent. ^

Pure Baw Bone Heal 22 to 25 4 to5 _.. 822perton. m

Scientific Corn & Grain Fertilizer. 8 to 10 2 toS 2 to 3 16 1

Economy Fertilizer. . . ytolO 2Uto3K 4to5 20 ■• %

Tobacco Fertilizer. . . 11 to 12 3 to 4 4 to 5 21 " 1

Potato Fertilizer, . . . 9 to 10 3% to V/t 6to7 23 %

Bone and Meal 13 to IS 4 to5 18

For Samples and Hook, write THE SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZING CO., Boi 1017, Pittsburg, Pa. 1

. Office and Factory, Herr's Island, Allegheny, Pa. J

1898.]

THE SOUTHEBN PLANTER.

305

MRS. CLEVELAND'S ONE OFFICIAL
FAVOR

Wiucn She Asked of Her Husband
During His White House Days.

" All during Mr. Cleveland's two terms
as President Mrs. Cleveland's most inti-
mate associates were those whom she
knew before marriage," says a writer in
the June Ladies' Home Journal. " One of
them was the wife of a clerk in the
Treasury Department, who lived in one
of the most modest little homes in Wash
ington's most unfashionable district.
This made no difference to Mrs. Cleve-
land. Often the White House carriage
called to ' pick up ' the friend for a drive.
Another of her intimate friends in Wash-
ington was a young woman who taught
music to support herself. Mrs. Cleveland
obtained many pupils for her. Another
was the wife of a struggling lawyer, and
each week a bouquet of White House
flowers came to cheer the home of the
friend of school-girl days. A fourth was
the teacher of a small kindergarten, who,
when the Cleveland children reached a
suitable age, transferred her school to
the White House, and the children and
grand children of the Cabinet members,
and the families of Mrs. Cleveland's
friends, and of the friends of the Presi-
dent, became her pupils. The only
' official ' favor which Mrs. Cleveland
asked of her husband while he was Presi-
dent was the appointment to office of the
husband of her college room-mate. " —
Ladies' Home Journal.

SWEET REVENGE.

The Judge had never taken a Turkish
bath, but he was not feeling his best that
morning, and it suddenly occurred to him
to test its vivifying effects, so enthusias-
tically descanted upon by his young
friends.

It seemed to the Judge that the rubber
was terribly rough, but, fearing to expose
his inexperience and subject himself to
ridicule by objecting to the regular treat
ment, he patiently endured l>ein_'
punched, pummeled, slapped, spanked,
whacked, and poked, until he could not
stand the torture a moment longer.

"Is — it — (jui-ite — necessary— to — m ake
— me — bla-ack — and — blue — all— ov-vef?"
panted the Judge, as irregularly as the
rubber dug his lists in more or less vigor-
ously.

" Never you mind : I'm fixin' you," re-
sponded the rubber, redoubling his as-
saults, and grinning diabolically — at least
so it seemed to the Judge.

"Who [slap, groan] are [thml, groan]
you?" gasped the Judge, a horrible sus-
picion dawning in his mind. " Your
[whack, groan] face [thump, groan] does
[whack, groan] look [slap, groan] fa — [thud,
groan]— miliar" [swish, groan].

" Oh ! you remember me, do you ? "
growled the rubber, sarcastically. " Well,
dash your old hide, mebbe you'd like to
send me up for six months again for pri/.e-
fightin'!" — From the "Editor's Drawer."
in Harper's Magazine for June.

A good Methodist brother once startled
his hearers by announcing, with regard
to an approaching quarterly meeting :
" The Lord will be with us during the
morning service, and the presiding elder
in the evening."

Seed House of the South.

TIMOTHY

BUCKWHEAT,
OATS and
CAUTE SEED.

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELO AKD GARDEN SEEDS ot

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGLAJfDS PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

>~WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will tind it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired

i IOI6 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

The "MICHIGAN" Garden Drill

WARRANTED THE BEST DRILL IN THE M RKET.

Built on new principles, it sows with absolute

regularity a II kinds of seed. It successfully handles

heans, peas, beets, onions, parsnips, carrots, eie.

SOWS ANY DESIRED DEPTH.

Opens furrow, drops the seed, covers it. rolls it, and

marks nest row, all in one operation.

It is strongly made, yet weighs only 30 pounds.

All Adjustments are made by Thumbscrews.

GEO. H. REISSMAN, - Walled Lake, Mich.

ft New BOOK

eeDS ftND heeDiNG

^
^

By Prof. W. A. HENRY, Wisconsin Experiment Station.

This book should be in the hands of every farmer in the country.
Every reader of the Southern Planter could save the price of it
many times over. It is a large, well-bound book, nicely printed,
over six hundred and fifty pageB. Price, $2.00.

Name Express Office.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[Jane

The Strongest, Fewest Repair Points, Lightest Running
MOWERS, REAPERS and BINDERS

ARE THE BUCKEYE. THEY HAVE NO EQUAL.

BINDER TWINE AT THE LOWEST MARKET PRICES.

ENGINES AND THRESHERS ■

Of the best makes, both in stock and to order. Terms Liberal.

THE IMPLEMENT CO., 1526 E. Main St., RICHMOND,VA.

THE GEISER THRESHERS AND PEERLESS ENGINES.

More Simple in Construction. Thorough
in Work. Lighter in Draft.

And more durable in build than any
other we know of A record of 25 years
places the old Geiser beyond reproach.

The NEW PEERLESS is the most
perfect grain saver ever constructed.
Entirely new in principle and rapid in work,
bushels per minute with six-horse engine.

The PEERLESS ENGINES are well known to be all the name indicates.
Reduced prices for this season

Threshes. and cleans one to two

THE EMERSON MOWER.

The Latest Perfected Grass-Cutting Machine. Light in Draft, Durable, Simple
and Perfect in its Work. Its many points of superiority are set forth in special
circular.

The WATT ALL-STEEL RAKES, hand and self dump.

Heavy Steel Wheels with Wide Tires. Combination Pipe Shafts and Pole.
Strong Angle-Steel Make Head. A boy who can manage a team can handle
them.

A Hay Tedder

Is a necessity in every hay field. We have the HOCKING VALLEY, which combines the latest
improvements, and is unequalled for strength, durability, and quality of its work.

The EMERSON SPRING-TOOTH CULTIVATOR and HARROW.

Wheels, 52 inches high. As a Cultivator, it has two sections of fine teeth each. Asa Harrow, has three sections of fine
teeth cull, with Reversible Steel Points.

Spanglerand Kureka Corn Planters, The Planet, Jr.. and Iron Age Cultivators and Horse Hoes, Malta Riding and Walking

Cultivators, Plows of all kinds, Geiser Threshers and Peerless Engines, Saw Mills, Grinding Mills, Disc, Spring-Tooth,

Lever and Spading Harrows. Churns, Feed Cutters, Cane Mills, Baling Presses, Wire Fencing of all kinds,

Farm Wagons, Buggies, Road Carts, Phaetons, Surreys, Harness for all purposes.

|®*Write for catalogue and price list.

WATT PLOW CO.

Office and Warerooms :

1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

807

AN EXCEPTION.

Senator Vest has a favorite story which
he has told on the occasion of many a
political speech, but so far as known,
never on the floor of the United States
Senate.

" A temperance lecturer was struggling
against odds in Kentucky," says the Sen-
ator. " He was talking to a not very large
audience that had been drawn to the hall
by curiosity. ' The effect of alcohol is to
shorten life,' said the lecturer

" An old man in the rear of the hall
arose at that juncture and said : ' You're
a liar ! '

"'Why?' inquired the advocate of
Adam's ale.

" ' Because, sir, I've been drinking for
seventy-five years, and I'm ninety, and
am likely to live to be 100. I am strong
enough to lick you if you'll step outside.'

" ' Oh, no doubt, sir. You're an excep-
tion, sir. If you keep on drinking — ' the
lecturer paused.

"'What?' asked the impatient old
toper.

"'If you keep on drinking you'll have
to be shot on judgment day.' " — .SV. Jmiiis
Globe-Democrat.

He got his daughters off his hands,
And thought it quite a treat,

Until he found he had to keep
Their husbands on their feet.

He didn't mind the Harrys or
The Georgies with their ills ;

The Jacks and Peters he rather liked,
But drew the lines at Bills.

— Harper's Bazar.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

RUSSIAN
NAVY SERGE

A combination of Silk and Wool, of pure Indigo Dye —

woven exclusively and expressly for us, and

we guarantee both color and wear.

Suits made to measure, $15 00
Men's Suits, ready to wear, 12 50
Boys' Long Pants Suits, 10 00
Children's Short Pants Suits, 5 00

We shall be glad to have you take a sample of this
Serge for comparison and test

A. SAKS & CO.,

/ "Saks' Corner."

RICHMOND, VA.

■^V^V^VV^VW^^^rV^^^V^VV^*?1^^

McZEUS 23424

RACE RECORD, 2.13 at 4 years old.

Sired by McKinney, 2:11}, the great California sire
of speed and race-horse quality.

Dam Grace Kaiser, by Kaiser, 2:28J ; second dam
Grace W., by Comet ; third dam Lady Star, dam of
Neva Seeley, 2:20}, and Hershon 2:29*.

As an individual McZeus is surpassed by no horse,
and his record does not indicate his speed limit.

McZeus will serve approved mares during the season
of 1898 at the Exposition Grounds track.

FEE $25 with usual return privilege. Address
W. K. MATHEWS, Owner, 119 E. Broad St., Richmond, Va.

f\ PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.

V v- CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

Road, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock', Gen'l Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.

REFERENCES— L. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry,
2:00V2), Graham, N. C. ; Col. J. S. CARE, Durham, N. C. ; Maj.
P. P. JOHNSTON (President National Trotting Association),
Lexington, Ky; Col. B. CAMERON, Fairntosh Stud, Stagville,
N. C ; JOS. BEY AN and H. C. CHAMBLIN, Richmond, Va. ;

A. B. GWATHMEY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange), New York.; Capt.

B. P. WILLIAMSON, Raleigh, N. C. ; J. F. JACKSON (Editor
Southern Planter), Richmond, Va. ; H. A. Buck (Editor Spirit of
the Times), New York.

fleea parm Jraipir^

Stable...

^ ^v ^v ^« ^5^5?^S/

W. R. McCOMB, Proprietor.

J. B. STOUT, Trainer and Driver.

TROTTERS and pacers worked for speed:
colts broken to harness, and horses
boarded and kept in any manner desired at
Acca Stock Farm, near the Exposition Grounds,
or about one-half mile from Richmond.

Good stabling and one of the best half-mile
tracks in Virginia to train on.

For terms and further information address

W. R. McCOMB, Richmond, Va.

308

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[June

The DEERINC Improved Ail-
Steel (Good Tough Steel, not nast Iron) Binder

its competitors in—

Light Draft. Simplicity. Durability.

Strength, Convenience. Capacity.

Saving- of Grata, Saving of

Th Inf. Saving of repairs.

5, 0 and 7 It. cut. Holler and Hall Bearings.

The DEERINC Steel
Hay Rakes

Are unequalled. *'._., 10'L. and 12 ft. Horse and
Hand Damp. Adjustable to one or two horse.

The DEERINC Ideal Mower.

4 and .". it. cut. Roller and Ball

Best Mower in the world. Moi xclusi\

features, among which :

Foot I. iff. Anti-Wobble Pitman.
Lightest Draft. Shear rut.

The IDEAL GIANT,

ii .-nil] 7 It. rut, for smooth land, is mi <v>
nomical machine.

FARMERS' SUPPLY CO.

RICHMOND, VA.

Headquarters for all Farm Implements
and Binder Twine.

SEASONABLE GOODS READY FOR 1898

AT LOW PRICES.

ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

READ THE LIST FOR
AGENT FOR...

The Genuine Oliver Chilled
I' lows and Repairs.
Genuine Farmers* Friend Plows.
Studcbaker and It row n Farm
Wagons. Carls and ItuggU's.
Land Rollers and Harrows,
■toss Feed Cutlers and
Horse Powers.
Grinders, Wood Saws and Car-
riers, Superior Grain Drills,
Subsoil Plows.
Champion A Johnston Mowers,
Reapers and Hinders, Hay
■takes and Twine.
Iron and Wood Pumps,
I. X. L. Wind Mills.
Milwaukee Hay Tools and Corn
Hiiskers and Shredders.
Aultiuan A Taylor Threshing
Machines, Engines A Saw Mills.
Disc Harrows A' Disc Cultivators
All Goods Guaranteed Pirsl ('lass

ADJ USTABCF SWINGS.

Buy one "f I b I 81 it up i i > your

yard. Von cannol please the wife and babies
half so well In any other way.

YOURSELF AND SEE WHAT GOODS I HANDLE.

The All-Metal TIGER SELF-DTJMP and
ORANGER HAND-DUMP 1IAV RAKE for
One or Two Horses.

Kami Wagons, Carts and Buggies, Genuine
Oliver Chilled Blows, Champion and Johnston
Steel Mowers, Reapers and Binders.

Superior Grain Drills. Subsoil Plows.

TED. 100,000 in use.

hi lla v and Grain Cap vet introduced. Thousands
of them sold, am atisl'acticiu given, Practical, IHirahle. No strings, no tying

down, i let my |,ri,-c« in tore Inlying, and I will save v.m money, and at the same time give
.von the i '.I. made. Latest Improved Implements always on hand at bottom

prices, w i iiieui-, bfbaibs kiiunisiikh for oi.ii en a.mimon and

WHITELl MACHINES. WRITE FOE PRICES.
DON'T I i I he merchants in town who claim to sell OLIVES PLOWS and

REPAIRS j sell the IMITATION, BOGUS, (II K..\l' o i . . The only place in Richmond,

Va^tobuj GENUINE Oliver Blows and Repairs is at 1628 East Main street, ofCHAS. K.

CHAS. E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

IB (WARD J. NUCKOLS, of Henrico Co., Va., Sale

REGULAR

Annual Clearance Sale

IN ORDER TO MAKE ROOM FOR YOUNG
STOCK, I WILL OFFER THE FOLLOWING:

300 Brown Leghorn Hens,
200 White Leghorn Hens,
200 Plymouth Rock Hens,
200 Black Minorca Hens,
100 Light Brahma Hens,
100 White Minorca Hens,
50 Indian Game Hens,

at $1.00 each,
at $1.00
at $1.00
at $1.50
at $1.50
at $1.50
at $1.50

50 Silver-Laced Wyandotte Hens, at $1.50
25 B. B. Red Ex. Game Hens, at $1.50
25 Silver-Spangled Hamburg Hens, at $1.50
25 Blue Andalusian Hens, - at $1.50
25 W. F. Black Spanish Hens, at $1.50
25 Pit Game Hens, - - at $2.00

10 B. B R. Game Bantams, - at $2.50
40 White Guineas, at $1.00

Bronze Turkey Tom, weighing about 50 lbs., $7.50
Bronze Turkey Hens, " 20 to 24 lbs., $5.00

Eggs

from all of above, except Turkeys, $1.00
per setting, or three settings, $2.50.

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE CHEAP FOR QUICK SHIPMENT.

GEO. T. KING, Jr., Richmond, Va.

The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Comp'y,

OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN,

IS a purely American company, and supervised only by the governments of the various States in this country.
There are no policyholders in Spain or Cuba. No complications arising from war or otherwise can affect the
mutuality of this company. It is American from the ground up. This certainly constitutes a tremendous advantage '
over some other companies, which have about one-third of their members outside the United States, and a very large
proportion of their assets invested in foreign countries and in foreign securities. In event of war. a part of our policy-
holders will not shoot the other part and the company be compelled to pay the polices. There is no chance of any-
thing occurring to interfere with what ha? alwavs been the cardinal principle in the company's management— viz : its
entire mutuality. The pulicv-holders of the Northwestern are American. Its assets are American. Its whole genius
is American, and it is the largest and strongest purely American company. It is the stress of such times as we are
now passing through that demonstrates the wisdom of the management of the Northwestern in persistently refus-
ing to go to^Europe, and Asia and Africa, and the Isles of the Sea, to write business merely for the sake of increas-
ing the volume of its business. The more than one hundred millions of assets of the Northwestern are all in
America, and all protected bv the laws of this country, and would not be jeopardized in event of the United States
becoming involved in war with any foreign country.

This company has furnished for years, is furnishing to-day, and is likely to continue to furnish, the cheapest
insurance obtainable.

^^— — JOHN B. CARY e€ SON,

GENERAL AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

1201 Main Street. RU'HNOXD, VA.

R

1 1 t*5l 1 Vegetable Growing in the South for Northern Markets

UTClI • • • • • By Prof. Rolfs. 255 pp. Illustrated. Paper, $1.00; clot

cloth. $1.25.

RflflW^ FERTILITY OF THE L.4SD.

*-'V/W1V*5 By Prof. Roberts. 415 pp. Cloth, $ 1.25.

FEEDS 4XI> FEEDIMi.

By Prof. Henry. 657 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE TOBACCO LEAF.

By Killebrew ft Mvrick. 506 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE DOMESTIC SHEEP. By Stewart. 371 pp. Cloth, $1 .50.

The above books are among the best written dealing with their respective subjects. Every farmer in the
South should read them. Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, Richmond, Va.

FARMERSwFSRTILIZERS

USE

to stjgcee:!^.

For TOBACCO use "NATIONAL"
ForCORN use 'CHAMPION CORN GROWER',

For GRASS and CLOVER use "0RCHILLA GUANO,"
For ANY CROP use "BEEF, BLOOD and BONE" Brand

Out Fertilizers can be relied on to give satisfaction. They are especially prepared for
the Crops named. Other brands for other crops. Write for prices.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO.,

5000 Tons ACID PHOSPHATE for Sale.

Manufacturers, Richmond, Va.

I®", Mention Southern Planter when you write.

Q\\V\ V^~ ' '

Established 1840.

THE

Fifty-Ninth Year.

/'

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE : 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. F. JACKSON, Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

JULY, 1898.

No. 7.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT :

Editorial— Work for the Month 309

" Crimson Clover 312

Enquirers Column 313

Where Cow Peas are of Value 316

Practical Notes 317

Catching the Tobacco Fly 31S

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD :

Editorial— Work for the Month.- 319

Tidewater (Va.) Notes 319

The Late Spring Frosts 320

Apple and Pear Blight : 321

The Preservation of Grape Juice and Sweet Cider, 321

Asparagus Growing 321

Editorial — Lima, or Butter-Beans 321

For Killing Plant Lice 321

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial— Shorthorn Cattle in Virginia

Herefords in Albemarle Co., Va 32::

Black-Leg 323

The Cattle-Tick in Virginia 326

Cheese for the Soldiers— An Opportunity for

Dairymen 328

Parasitical Diseases in Lambs.- 329

The Horse that is Wanted -...#»?. 329

Editorial— Herefords in Virginia 330, 331

THE POULTRY YARD :

Editorial— Cull Out the Boosters 332

The Best Breed of Poultry 332

Feeding Experiments 3:!2

Experiments with Poultry 332

THE HORSE :

Horses for the Farmer to Breed 333

Notes 333

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial— War Taxes 335

" "Fence" or ''No-Fence" Law in Vir-
ginia 335

New Wheat 335

Southern Forage Plants and Their Adaptabili# for

Planting in the North and West 336

Farming in Germany 338

Reading for Farmers 339

Mutual Farmers' Club of Frederick Co., Va 340

Good Advice from the Secretary of Agriculture 340

Publisher's Notes 341

Advertisements- - ~ 341

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE.-

FEEGTJ8SON PRINT, Richmond

.200 Acres... ~~

CHARTERED T870.

In King William Co., »n Pa«unkej River,

In good condition. Good seven-room dwell-
ing, barn, st etc., in fair condition. Rich
marl beds. Excellent locality for duck ranch.
For price and further description, address
W. A. \\\, care Southern Planter,

YaiarmsW

An acre and upward, in yearly payments.
Interest G per cent. Some to exchange.
Northern Settlement. List free.

GEO. E. CRAWFORD & CO., Richmond, Va.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

JNO. P. BRANCH,

President.

JNO. K. BRANCH,

Vice-President.

Capital Stock, $200,000

Surplus arid Profits, $300,000

JOHN F. GLENN,

Cashier.

Directors.— John P. Branch, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Strlngfellow, B. W. Branch, Fred. \V. Scott,
Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzinl, Jr.

A Superior Farm

Near Richmond, Va.. with railroad depot
within 400 yards of the house; 100 acres. First-
class Improvements. Hot and cold water
bath, and closet In house. Water In barn-yard
and garden. Fine orchard of all kinds of fruit;
small fruit of all kinds in garden. Well
stocked with Jersey cattle, game chickens,
and a superior pair of young mules, wagons,

etc., all new. Place complete, with furniture,
etc.,*6,000. Address B. H. I... anthem Planter.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:

I THE LIFE INSUHANCE COMPANY OF VIRSINIA I

60 South,

YOUNG

MEN!

It is the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un-
equalled by any other portion of the
United States.

The James River Valley Colonization
AKd Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages to intending settlers. Send stamp
for Hand Book and list of lands. Address
W. A. PABSONS, Vinitaville, Va.

OFFICE, Cor. 9th and Main Streets. RICHMOND, VA.

G. A. WALKER, President. JAMES W PEGRAM. Secretary.

| LIFE, ENDOWMENT, INVESTMENT and INDUSTRIAL f
I POLICIES ISSUED ON MOST FAVORABLE TERMS. =

"NORFOLK, VA."— I

There are cheap and beautiful homes in
the " Sunny South," near the sea, and
near that thriving seaport city, Norfolk,
Va., for thousands of people who want
happy homes in a mild, healthful, and de-
lightful climate, a kind and productive soil,
the very best markets in the world, the
Terr lowest freight rates, good social, edu-
cational, and religious privileges, and the
greatest number of otber both natural and
acquired advantages, to be found in any
other one section of the Union.

The "Cornucopia " tells you all about
the beautiful section of country around
Norfolk, Va. Send for (free) sample copies.

Address "Cornucopia," 212 Main SU,
Norfolk, Va.

tVAr II IS is the only regular Life Insurance Company |

= K-i'' chartered by the Legislature of the State, and has 5

= won the hearty approval and active support of the people ;

= by its promptness and fair dealing during the last twenty- =
= five years of its operation.

For further information, apply to the Home Office. =

TillllltlllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMllllE

^Farming in the South.

There are Advantages • • • •

Of Markets, Soils, Climate, Pure Water, Healthy and Pleasant Locations and
Cheap Lands along the

S. B. Adkins & Co.

Southern Railway • • • •

In Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama,
see, for

Mississippi and East Tennes-

book binders, The \yide=awake Farmer. ...

Blank-Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Covernor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED.
Prompt Attention Given to Printing.

< drains and Grasses Flourish ; Fruits Ripen Early and Yield Heavily; Vegeta-
bles Grow Large and Crops are Big, and Good Prices are the rule. Stock is
raised easily and profitably.

Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lande
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

M. V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent,
Southern Railway, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.—XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, July, 1898.

No. 7.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The month of July may fairly be taken to divide
the crop year. The planting half of the year is now
past ; the reaping half is just commencing. Upon
the area planted and the present prospect may rea-
sonably be inferred the profit of the year's crops.
What, then, is the year's prospect for the farmer, argu-
ing from this standpoint? Take, first, the wheat pros
pect. The failure of the wheat crop last year almost
throughout the world, with the exception of this coun-
try, and the quickly advancing prices of the fall, gave
an impetus to wheat seeding which is seen in the
increased acreage now awaiting harvest. The area
seeded is the largest ever known, amounting to
43,000,000 acres, or over 3,000,000 acres more than
was seeded in 1890-91, and from which there was
harvested in 1891 the largest crop ever raised in this
country. The winter and spring has been favorable
to the growth of the crop in nearly every State except
California, where a severe drouth has prevailed, and
practically destroyed the crop over a large section of
the State. The condition of the crop on the first June
was better than the average for a number of years,
and much higher than at the same period last year.
Whilst admitting that a considerable area of the crop
has yet to pass through considerable risk, the indica
tions are that the yield will be a greatly increased one,
and probably in excess of that of 1891. Assuming
the yield to be at the rate of 15 bushels to the acre, as
in 1891, and making allowance for the failure in Cali-

fornia, we think it may fairly be expected that, bar-
ring any exceptional damage to the spring wheat crop
of the Northwest, we shall have a crop of about
625,000,000 bushels of wheat, or nearly 100,000,000
bushels in excess of the crop of last year, and 13,000,000
bushels in excess of that of 1891 — the greatest crop
ever previously known. Under normal conditions,
the probability of such an immense crop could not
fail to have a depressing influence ou the price, and to
an extent that no doubt will be the case, but certainly,
under existing conditions, to nothing like the extent
which might have been, or which was the case, in 1891.
The world is bare of supplies ; barer, in fact, than ever
before at this period of the year. Notwithstanding
all that we have shipped abroad, Europe is yet hungry
for our grain. India and Argentina have already
shipped a very large part of this year's crop to Europe
much earlier than is usual, under the influence of high
prices, and yet the scarcity continues. Beerbohm, a
reliable European authority on wheat statistics, esti-
mates the requirement of Europe from May 1st to
September 1st, at 72,000,000 bushels, and the grain
available between those dates at 51,000,000. In the
face of such a situation it may, we think, be fairly as-
sumed that, notwithstanding our great crop prospect
prices will certainly keep up until after September,
and we thiuk will not fall much below 80 cents this
year. The indications so far do not point to more
thau an average crop in Europe. Our excess will
largely be required to build up the world's reserves

310

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

to the normal limit, and thns prices will, we think,
be steadied and maintained. Our Southern wheat crop
will be ready to come on the market at a time when
supplies are needed, and should sell well. We advise
that advantage be taken of this opportunity, and that
wheat be thrashed and shipped as soon as ready. Our
reports are most favorable as to the present condition
of the crop in Virginia, and we trust that fine weather
will enable it to be saved in good condition. A fort-
night of fine dry weather would see nearly the whole
crop cut and saved. The area in wheat in Virginia is
about 2 per cent, greater than last year, giving a crop
of about 720,000 acres. With a yield per acre as great
as that of last year, which seems probable, this should
give us a crop of about 8,640,000 bushels. In North
Carolina the area of the crop is about 10 per cent,
greater than last year, giving an crop of about 570,000
acres. With a yield per acre as great as last year's,
this would give that State a crop of about 4,560,000
bushels. At such prices as we think likely to be got
for these crops, they will give our farmers a very nice
help along with the year's profits. The much more
general production of small crops of wheat by farmers
in the South this year than for many years past, will
also be the means of saving much money, and it is
still as true as ever, that "a penny saved is a penny
gained."

Whilst the oat crop in the South is not so largely a
market crop as wheat, yet a good crop means much to
our farmers. The area seeded to oats in the South is
much less now than it was some years ago, as the com-
petition with the northern-grown crop, where much
larger yields are made, is too great. The area grown
in that section of the country has been much increased,
and the supply on the market is so large as to make
the production on our lands of our small yields un-
profitable. Indeed, very much of our crop is now
made into hay, with manifest advantage to our live
stock. The prospect of the winter oat crop is gener-
ally good, but that of spring oats is likely to be largely
a failure, as the hot, dry weather in June too rapidly
hastened maturity. This fact once more emphasizes
what we have so often advised, that oats in the South
should be fall seeded if anything like a satisfactory
crop is to be looked for.

The prospect of the corn crop is not so good as we
should like to have seen it. The very wet weather in
May, in which month we had a fall in this section of
Virginia of over six inches of rain, and which made
the month the wettest for a great number of years,
seriously interfered with the planting of the crop, and
largely spoilt the stand of that planted in April. The
result has been that much replanting has had to be

done, and the crop is generally uneven and backward.
Such a crop rarely makes a good yield. To be suc-
cessful, corn needs to grow rapidly from start to finish
without any check ; and especially does it need to grow
off well at the start. In North Carolina and South
Carolina, the drouth has also seriously hurt the crop ;
and on the whole, we are inclined to the opinion that
the corn crop in the South will this year be reduced in
yield per acre, and that the acreage will not be so
large as last year.

The cotton area has been reduced apparently some-
thing like 5 per cent., and the crop has been mate-
rially injured by drouth. This would point to a re-
duction in yield which is not to be seriously lamented,
as at the price current for last year's crop, much of it
must have been made at a loss. Probably the smaller
crop this year will bring the planters more money ;
indeed, the price is already hardening.

The good price for which tobacco has sold dur-
ing the winter, has stimulated planters to increase
the area plauted, and, coupled with the fact that plants
were plentiful and the seasons for planting good, we
expect to see a much larger crop raised than for many
years past. This we are glad to notice, as the markets
are bare of stock, and the probabilities are that prices
will be good for all good tobacco. Should this fore-
cast be verified, our tobacco-growers are likely to find
themselves in possession of much money, and they are
to-day much better off than they have been for many
years.

The hay and clover crops, especially the hay crop,
have been good and are now saved in fine order, and
should very materially reduce the demand for West-
ern hay in our markets. We do not, however, antici-
pate a high price for this product, as the crop through-
out the whole country is a large one.

The fruit crop promises to be generally much better
than anticipated in the spring, and, though we do not
expect anything like so large a crop as last year, it
will certainly be far from the failure predicted.

The truck crops, and especially the Irish potato
crop, are bringing much bettei prices than last year,
and the yield, especially of Irish potatoes, promises to
be good.

Reviewing the situation generally, we think South-
ern farmers may look hopefully forward, as a result
of this year's work, to a still further improvement in
their financial condition, which is, no doubt, already
very much better than for many years past. The

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEEN PLAtfTEE.

311

much greater diversification of crops, the attention
given to live stock, and the better prices realized
from the much better stock now kept, is telling, bene
ficially, on Southern agricultural interests. With a
persistence in these lines of progress, a bright future
is in store for the farmers of this naturally highly
favored section of the country.

Millet and cow-peas may yet be seeded and make
excellent hay crops. German millet is the best variety
of millet to sow, as it makes a heavier yield of better
quality hay than the others. The land should be
plowed and harrowed down to a fine seed-bed, and the
seed be then sown at the rate of one bushel to the
acre. In this issue will be found a report of the result
of seeding millet and German clover together, which
was most satisfactory, two excellent crops being
secured from the land. Millet should not be seeded
on poor land. To make a good crop, the land should
be in good heart. If the crop is cut when in bloom,
which is the time at which it makes the best hay, it is
not exhaustive of fertility. Where land is poor, cow-
peas or cow-peas and German clover should be sown,
and should be helped with 300 pounds of acid phos
phate and 200 pounds of kainit, or 50 pounds of mu-
riate of potash to the acre. This will ensure a crop
which will add materially to the fertility of the land,
and if German clover is sown with the cow-peas,
will secure a covering crop for the ground during
winter, and one to tarn under as a preparation for corn.

In this issue will be found an article on German or
crimson clover, to which we invite attention. Wherever
the wheat and oat stubbles are not set in clover or
grass, we should like to see them seeded to German
clover this month. The cost is small, and the advant-
age to be gained is great. Plowing is not necessary.
The land can be prepared by running it over with a
Disc, Acme or Spading harrow, or with a heavy drag
harrow. Sow at the rate of 12 pounds to the acre,
and cover with a bush harrow, or if the land be dry,
with a roller. Fields so treated will then be covered
with a recuperating crop during the fall and winter
instead of with an exhausting crop of weeds. If the
weeds should persist in growing, run the mower over
them when they are a few inches high, before they
have flowered or seeded, and leave them as a mulch
for the clover. This course should also be taken with
the weeds growing in grain fields set to red clover and
grass. We have seen many a good stand of clover
and grass completely lost by the moisture in the soil
being exhausted by the weeds being allowed to grow
unchecked. Clip them off once or twice with the
mower and leave for a mulch, and thus save both the
clover and grass, and also the annoyance and labor

caused by another weed crop next year. " One year's
seed is ten years' weed."

The second crop of Irish potatoes should be planted
this month. In our last issue an article will be found
on this subject to which we invite attention ; as also
to some remarks by Professor Massey on the same
question in this issue under the head of "Practical
Notes."

The land for the rutabaga and turnip crops should
be got ready this month. Rutabagas in order to make
a heavy yield, require land to be in a high state of fer-
tility and finely worked. Twenty or more loads of
good farm yard manure to the acre should be spread
broadcast on the land after it has been plowed, and be
well worked in, and this may with advantage be sup-
plemented with 300 pounds to the acre of acid phos-
phate also sown broadcast and worked in. The heavi-
est crops will be made by sowing the seed in drills 24
inches apart, and then thinning out the plants so as to
stand nine inches apart in the drill. It will take from
two to four pounds of seed to the acre. Let the crop
be cultivated frequently and all weeds be hoed out of
the rows, and a crop of from 25 to 35 tons to the acre
can be easily grown. If the turnip fly is troublesome
when the plants first appear, take some air-slacked
lime and mix with it a little kerosene, not sufficient to
make it sticky, but only to scent it well, and sow this
over the young plants. This will prevent injury and
get rid of the fly. Because we are able to grow heavy
crops of ensilage corn, cow peas and Soja beans, is
no reason why we should not also grow heavy crops
of rutabagas and turnips. Their value as food for
stock of all kinds, and especially for sheep, is so great
that it is well worth the while to supplement these si-
lage crops with t he roots ; besides, every farmer has
not a silo, and in its absence he can in no other way
than by growing root crops provide succulent food for
his stock during winter. Rutabagas should be sown
towards the end of this month, turnips a month later.

We should like to see the rape crop grown in the
South. Seeded in July or August, we are satisfied
that it would be a success on land in good heart ; and
if so, would be found invaluable as pasturage for
sheep, young cattle and hogs during the fall, winter
and spring. It is like a rutabaga turnip without the
bulbous root, growing from four to six feet high, full
of leaf growth, and making a heavy yield of feed
which will withstand hard frost. The Dwarf Essex is
the variety to sow, and it should be seeded in drill as
advised for rutabagas and turnips. From four to six
pounds of seed will be needed per acre. As evidence
of the value of the crop as a feed for sheep and hogs,

312

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

we quote the following from the report of an experi-
ment made at the Wisconsin Station :

"The results of our experiments in fattening lambs
on rape, show that the average amount gained per head
weekly has been 23 pounds. About one pound of
grain per head daily has been the average amount fed
with the rape. Using our results in a conservative
way, it may be said that if 40 lambs are fed off an
acre of rape and given some pasture and an average of
one pound of grain per head daily, they will produce
at least 400 pounds of mutton from the acre in one
mouth. Two tests were made at the same Station in
feeding rape to pigs. The first trial was made with
two lots of ten pigs each. One lot was fed in a pen, a
grain ration of corn and bran 2 to 1. The corn was
soaked and mixed with the bran in a slop. The other
lot received a less amount of the same grain ration,
and, in addition, were allowed the run of a T3/T acre
field of rape. In 76 days the ten pigs on rape con-
sumed 1,386 pounds of corn and 690 pounds of bran,
and gained 853 pounds. The lot fed in a pen con-
sumed 2.096 pounds of corn aud 1,042 pounds of bran,
and gained 857 pounds. The gains were practically
the same in each case. In other words the rape grown
on ffa of an acre was equivalent to 1,062 pounds of
grain. In the second experiment the gains of the two
lots were practically the same. Taking the average of
the two trials, one acre of rape was equivalent to
2,767 pounds of grain fed. The report adds : It (rape)
gives every promise of proving an excellent crop for
pasturing brood sows aud young pigs."

When threshing, see that the straw is carefully
stacked or put under cover and not simply thrown on
a heap to be spoiled with rain and wasted. It is too
valuable as a food and for bedding to be thus wasted.
It should all be converted into manure during the
winter by means of stock, and thus add to the fertility
of the farm. See also that the chaft is carefully stored
in the barn or in pens and protected from the weather.

When "laying by" the corn and cotton crops see
that the land is left level, and that either peas or Ger-
man clover are seeded.

CRIMSON CLOVER.

The last two or three years have proved so fatal to
the success of the Crimson or German clover crop that
it seems desirable we should consider the question as
to the cause of this and how far it is remediable. The
crop itself, when a success, is so valuable a one in so
many ways for Southern farmers that we are anxious
it should not be allowed to drop out of cultivation
here because of the recent ill-success in its growth.
In our opinion Southern farmers are themselves more
to blame for the want of success with the crop than
the seasons. They have got into the way of sowing it
on ill-prepared land, and sowing it too late. No doubt
one reason which has led to this late sowing is the
fact that the newly sprouted crop is very easily

killed by the hot sun of the late summer, and to avoid
this they have deferred sowing until the fall. This,
however, is not the proper remedy for this difficulty.
It only leads to another one — namely, the killing of
the young plants by the frost. Though the crop is
perfectly hardy in much higher latitudes than Vir-
ginia, in order that it may be able to withstand
cold it must have acquired a strong root growth, and
this it cannot have unless sown early. The proper
course is to sow early with a shade crop. July and
August are, in our opinion, the two best months in
which to seed Crimson clover in the Southern States,
and the land on which it is to be sown ought to be pre-
pared as finely as possible, otherwise much of the seed
will not be covered properly, and the young plants
will be killed either by the sun or by heavy rains.
This fine preparation of the soil need not necessarily
involve the plowing of the land ; indeed, we think it
better in many cases not to plow but to use a Disc,
Acme or Spading harrow in preparing the land. In
seeding wheat and oat stubbles we would always adopt
this course and thus conserve the moisture in the land.
When seeding in corn or cotton we would sow the seed
at the last working of the crop, and cover with the
cultivator, running as shallow as possible. As show-
ing the advantage of using a shade crop, Mr. C. C.
Moore, of Mecklenburg county, N. C, says, writing
under date May 7, 1898 : " Last seeding time I put
18 pounds of Crimson clover and 30 pounds of Golden
Millet per acre in one field. In another field I put
15 pounds of Crimson clover and half a bushel of Clay
peas, and in another field seeded Crimson clover alone.
The field sown with clover alone was killed by the sun
in September. The millet field gave me a good cut-
ting of hay last fall, and to day the Crimson clover is
14 to 20 inches high, very thick, and the field a beau-
tiful sight to look at. The field where peas were sown
was cut off in October, and such a growth that it was
a tedious job to put the crop away, and from where I
write to-day lean see the pea field, and it is a solid
mass of crimson and green. I shall seed Crimson clo-
ver with all Rowings of peas or millet this year, as I
am convinced that Crimson clover needs a protection
in August and September." If not seeded in corn or
cotton, or with peas or millet, we would seed with
winter oats or rye. This mixture makes a tiue soiling
crop and excellent hay. Sow half a bushel of oats or
rye with 12 pounds of the clover per acre. Wherever
we could seed in July we would use millet or cow peas
in preference to the oats or rye, as by that means we
could get a hay crop this fall in addition to the clover
crop in the spring. Sown later than July the oats or
rye would be preferable, and would give good winter
and spring grazing and a good soiling or hay crop in
the spring.

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTEB.

313

ENQUIRER'S COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Mullein,

Is mullein an exhauster or a renovator of the fertil-
ity of the soil ? By letting me hear from you on this
subject in the next issue of the Southern Planter, you
will greatly oblige a farmer.

Wm. H. Stephens.

Albemarle County, Va.

If the mullein was regularly removed from the
land, like our cultivated crops are, it doubtless would
rapidly exhaust the land. Its deep tap root gets
down into the subsoil and draws heavily on the mine-
ral matters in the soil. But where such a growth is
simply plowed under, there must be a benefit rather
than a loss to the land. Any growth that is returned
to the soil to make humus will benefit the land. I do
not of course think it advisable to grow mulleins on
the land, for there are other plante we can use for the
improvement of the soil which are far better. But I
want to impress this point. No plant that is not re-
moved from the land can exhaust the soil, for in its de-
cay it leaves matter there which did not come from
the soil, in the shape of the carbonaceous organic
matter, and whatever mineral matter the plant gets
from the soil is returned entire in the decay. Growth
of any kind that decays on the land can only be a
benefit to the soil. For the purpose of soil improve-
ment, however, we prefer to use the plants like the
legumes, which not only make humus by their decay,
but have the additional power of getting nitrogen
from the air, and fixing it in the readily available form
of a nitrate in the soil. No ; the mullein does not ex-
haust the soil if the plants decay on it.

W. F. Massey.

Composting — Cotton Fertilizer, &c.

Will you please give me the following information,
through the columns of the Southern Planter ?

In making compost heap, I have stable and cow
manure, and can procure any quantity of leaves.
What quantity of each should I use, and what potash
salt and quantity would you advise being added to
make a useful all round manure?

Can I procure a fertilizer for cotton of the following
formula : "Analyzing soluble (available) phosphoric
acid, 9; potash, 3; nitrogen, 3. A local merchant
says not ; and, further, that it is against the law.

I have a piece of land that I don't wish to use for
about two months. Is it better to plow it occasionally
to keep down weeds, or let it lie dormant until I need
it?

Guilford County, N. C. T. Thompson.

My opinion of what is called composting has been

given here so often that I hardly thought any one
would seek my advice in this matter. You say you
have stable and cow manure. Have you nothing
growing on your land which needs that manure? If
so, why do you wish to compost it and waste much
that might be feeding plants. My advice is to use
what leaves or other material you need for bedding
purposes, and then get the manure out where it will
be getting into shape for feeding plants right where
the plants are, generally on a grass or clover sod.
Then, if your land needs potash, apply it in a definite
quantity, and not in au uncertain mixture in manure.
Where the manure must be kept for a time, it is well
to sprinkle it liberally daily with kainit, to prevent
fire-fanging. But do not pile and turn mauure mixed
with a lot of other stuff and imagine you are making
more manure, for you are making less all the time.
Manure from animals is a by-product from the feeding
that should be secured as quickly as possible, and put
where the growing crops need it. No matter how
carefully you hoard it, there will be a loss, and the
loss of manure is far less when spread at once on the
surface of a grass or clover sod, or anywhere that
growing plants can get at it. Then, as to the hauling
of an extra amount of leaves, you can get the organic
matter you need on the land far more cheaply by
growing peas there than by hauling leaves.

The cheapest way to make compost is with the plow
and the great advantage in growing your organic mat-
ter is that it requires no hauling or spreading.

To your second question I would say that while you
may not be able to find a ready made fertilizer of the
analysis you propose, it will be easy enough to mix
one if it were desirable. There is nothing unlawful
about it. The only thing the law prescribes is that a
manipulated fertilizer must, if a complete fertilizer
contain not less than certain percentages of nitrogen
phosphoric acid, and potash. It may coutain as
much more as the makers choose. But we do not be-
lieve the formula you name would be the best for cot-
ton. With 3 per cent, nitrogen, you should have at
least 10 per cent, phosphoric acid, while 21 per cent,
potash is ample for the cotton crop. In fact, a very
heavy dose of potash applied directly to the cotton
crop may prove detrimental for the time being.
Hence I always advise the application of the potash
to the pea crop the previous year, and none on the
cotton.

To your third question, it will be too late for me to
advise in regard to this land when you see this. But
why allow land to lie uncovered in our hot sun ? If
you had no use for the laud for two summer months
the laud would have had use for a crop of peas on it
and you could perhaps have found use for the hay
crop they would have made, and your land would be

314

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

all the better prepared for whatever use you then in-
tended to make of it by reason of having grown the
peas. W. F. Masset.

Rats— Smoke-House— Potato-House — Oats— Pea-
Vine Hay.

We write to ask the benefit of your experience, and
that of your readers, on the subject of ridding our
premises — especially stable and gin house — of rats.
It is almost impossible to estimate the loss we suffer
yearly from their depredations upon our corn, oats,
peas, &c.

We have tried rat poison, but the rats ate very little
of it. and we could only see where one or two had died
as a result.

It has been suggested to us that ferrets would kill
them or drive them away, but we have had no experi-
ence with them. Will not the ferrets take to the
woods or destroy our poultry? Must they be trailed
for the purpose of killing rats! If you consider their
use a practical plan of killing the rats, can you sug-
gest to us from whom they can be bought?

Please furnish us plans for a practical smoke house,
and also a potato-house ; the latter to be one in which
we can successfully keep sweet potatoes and Irish po-
tatoes for a year. ''Banking'- the potatoes has not
proved successful with us, and if we go to the expense
of building a house in which to store them we want to
be sure that it will preserve the potatoes

Owing to the low price of cotton, and the probabil-
ity of there being no material improvement in its
value, we have concluded to go somewhat largely into
making oats and pea-vine hay.

What outfit beside reaper and mower (kindly go
into details) is required for the successful preparation
of the land, cultivation of the oat and pea crops, gath-
ering them, threshing the oats, baling the straw, and
baling the hay!

What fertilizer is necessary, and what quantity per
acre for each crop, the peas to be planted after the oats
are gathered ?

Is a hay tedder essential in making pea- vine hay,
and for what purpose is it used?

Will a continuous planting of the same land, year
after year, in oats, followed by peas, injure its fertility?

Is it best to thresh the oats and bale the straw, and
bale the hay in the field or after being housed ?

South Carolina. SUBSCRIBERS.

The subject of keeping rats out of farm buildings
has been a matter of interest to all cultivators every-
where, and the number of plans proposed are endless.
Ferrets, if properly managed by some one who is go-
ing to give the animals his personal attention, and
hunt them systematically with the help of good dogs,
will doubtless clear the premises of rats for a time.
But the best thing that can be done is to make the
buildings as near rat proof as possible, and then keep
plenty of cats. Ferrets, if not carefully attended to,
will become as bad a plague as the rats. We have
found that there is nothiug better than a family of
good cats that are kept and fed only at the barns.

Ferrets need a skilled attendant, and cats do not. We
cannot say where the ferrets can be bought.

The best smoke house I ever saw was built of brick
in two stories. The lower story or basement was a re-
ceptacle for the wood ashes from the house, and the
floor above was made of slats that allowed the smoke
to rise freely. The smoke was therefore made in the
ash-house, and the meat was hung above.

It is easy to keep sweet potatoes if you build the
house right. There was published in the Practical
Farmer, of Philadelphia, a year or so ago, a cut ef a
potato house which we had a hand in devising for Mr.
H. B. Mitchell, of Athens, Ga. This house has been
a great success, and Mr. Mitchell has more than once
sent us a present of a barrel of potatoes as an evidence
of the fact. The size of the house will depend of course
on the quantity of potatoes you may wish to store, and
the keeping of the potatoes will depend very largely on
the way they are handled. You will find that potatoes
grown from the July planted cuttings of the vines will
keep better than the potatoes from the spring sprouts.
The important point, however, in the handling is at
digging time. As soon as frost has cut the vines take
them off the hills, no matter whether you dig at once
or not. Dig in sunny and dry weather. Do not throw
the potatoes into piles, but let them lie along the rows
in the sun as dug, and insist on their being handled
as carefully as eggs. Haul to the house in small bas-
kets or boxes. Build the house so that there shall be
plentiful ventilation above, capable of being closed
when necessary. Make the house long and narrow,
and have the walls double and filled in with pine
straw. Have an alley way through the middle, and
shelves slatted on each side. At one end build a brick
furnace, and run a flue from it through the length of
the house down the centre walk and under it. Place
the potatoes on the slatted shelves and then start the
fire, and keep the temperature of the house up to near
100°, till the potatoes go through their sweat and dry
off. After this, there will be no difficulty in keeping
them if you give attention to ventilation in warm
spells, and see that the temperature inside does not
fall much below 50° in cold weather. If the house is
built tight, there will be few nights when it will get
that low. The keeping depends on the thorough dry-
ing before cold weather. Potatoes can be kept in
banks very well in the following way: Put down a
thick layer of pine straw, and make arrangements to
have all the hills near together so as to be convenient
for covering. Put not more than 25 bushels in a heap,
and cover them deeply with pine straw. As soon as
all are covered in this manner, make a roof over all
the banks so as to keep the rain off. The pine straw
should be gathered in dry weather and kept dry under
cover for use. Now, let them remain with no cover

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

315

but the pine straw while going through their sweat,
and, as the weather gets colder, cover with a good
thickness of earth. The roof above will keep the earth
dry, and dry earth will keep out a great deal more
cold than wet will. We have kept them in this way
till June. But where a large quantity is grown, the
house will be far better and safer. T have no doubt
that Mr. Mitchell will furnish you the plans of his
house if you ask him.

In the saving of pea- vine hay, Mr. Bellwood's ex-
perience, given in a late number of the Planter, is sug-
gestive. He found that the reaper was the best im-
plement for cutting the hay. With a rank growth of
pea-vines, we doubt that the tedder will be of much
use. The green vines are too heavy for it. The peas
will cure readily in winrows and cocks in a couple of
days sufficiently to store them in a tight barn to com-
plete the curing theie. A good sling and hay carrier
at the barn is one of the essentials in economical han-
dling of the crop. The peas should have 300 pounds
per acre of acid phosphate mixed with 50 pounds mu-
riate of potash. If the peas are fertilized in this way
annually, we believe that there would be for a time at
least a great increase of the oat crop, and a great pro-
duction of forage. To what extent sueh a short rota
tion could be carried can only be determined by actual
experiment. We assume that in a few years the oats
would get to lodging so badly from an over-rank
growth, induced by the excessive nitrification, that
the crop would be almost worthless. The oats should
be housed or stacked and then threshed, and if the
straw is to be sold it should be baled. The pea-vine
hay will not be in condition to bale till winter, and it
must be completely cured before baling.

If you propose to abandon the cotton crop entirely,
we believe you are not acting wisely. Far better farm
the land in a rotation that includes cotton, corn, and
oats, with peas once in three years, and then feed stock
enough to eat up all the hay and straw, and make ma-
nure enough to cover a field annually that is to go into
corn, following this with oats, and the oats with peas,
fertilized, and the pea-stubble with cotton manured
only with the cotton seed of the previous crop, and
sow rye or crimson clover among the cotton as a win-
ter cover, to be plowed under for the corn. Growing
crops of any kind, for sale year after year, by the aid
of commercial fertilizers applied to each crop, is not
farming to the best advantage. Build up the land by
proper farming and a judicious use of fertilizers and
plenty of stock feeding, and you can grow cotton at
present prices and find a margin, small it may be
at first, but annually increasing, and all without a
fertilizer bill attached to the bales.

W. F. Massey.

Strawberry Planting.

First. I bought and planted two varieties of straw-
berries, one hundred plants each, last November.
Please tell me if I can raise enough plants from these
to set a bed next fall and raise a crop of berries next
spring, and how shall I manage them. The land was
made rich, and the vines are now running in every
direction. Shall I cut them off or let them run?
They are planted iu two rows, twelve inches apart,
then two and a half feet and two more rows.

Second. A neighbor has an old bed which he pro-
poses to plow up this fall, and will give me plants for
a new bed. Will it pay me to plant them, or shall I
buy from a nurseryman *

Third. When is the best time for planting raspber-
ries in this section, and how many vines will grow
enough fruit for a family of six 1 Please tell me how
to manage them, and name one early and one late
variety which you think will succeed here.

Appomattox Co., Va. G.

If the land is strong, the plants should make run-
ners last enough to have plants to set this fall early.
If you want to have the best success in next year's
crop, get a lot of three-inch flower pots, which you
can buy by the thousand for about $3.50 per thousand,
fill them with rich earth, and bury them along the
rows. Place the runners on the pots and hold them
fast with a lump of soil or pebble, and pinch the tip
so that the runner will go no further, putting only the
first runner next the plant on the pot. As soon as
well rooted in the pot, take them up and plant, by
knocking them out of the pot, with the whole ball.
Or, if you have a cold frame handy, where you can
take care of and shade the pots, it is just as well to
take up the runners as soon as a few white roots have
started and pot them, and then pack the pots close
together in the frame, and put a lath screen over
them, and attend to watering them till you are ready
to plaut the whole in the fall. If you do not want to
pot the runners, turn them in towards the rows, and
stop them after the first plant on the runner takes
hold. Do not bother with the old bed. You had bet-
ter pay a good price for plants grown right than to
have the old ones planted for you free.

Plant the raspberries in early spring, and cut them

near the ground, so as to get a strong growth of cane

the first season. About one hundred plants will be

enough for a family. Cuthbert for red, and Gregg for

black.

W. F. Massey.

Ants — How to Destroy Them.

Please tell me what will destroy ants. Our place is
literally covered with the insects. They attack young
plants as soon as they are out of the ground, and kill
them.

Soiithamirton County, Va. H. J. Lewis.

Make openings into the ant-hills or nests with au

316

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[July

iron bar or pole, and put into these openings balls of
cotton batting or seed cotton soaked in bisulphide of
carbon and then close up the openings. The fumes of
the drug will permeate the hill or nest, and destroy
every insect that comes within its influence. In using
the drug, be very careful not to have any lights about,
as it is highly explosive. — Ed.

WHERE COW PEAS ARE OF VALUE.

The Southern farmer has hardly yet fully realized
the great value of the cow pea in bringing up the
productiveness of his laud, and there is much miscon-
ception as to the proper office of the pea and other le
guminous crops used for the growing of forage and the
improvement of the soil. Some seem to imagine that
the mere sowing of peas on the land and then cousnni-
ing them will of itself improve the soil. Some time
since a farmer in the South wrote to one of the agri-
cultural papers that the cow pea was a complete
humbug, for he had sown cow peas on a piece of land
for twelve consecutive years and the land finally got
so poor that it would not grow peas. He simply
failed to realize what the office of the pea and other
legumes is. The growing of any crop on a piece of
land consecutively, without fertilization, and the re-
moval of the crop, will bring it to poverty, and there
are no plants that will make laud poor faster if used in
this way than the Cow pea or clover, for there are no
plants grown that more rapidly consume the mineral
elements of plant food in the soil. The pea in a farm
rotation, if properly used, will restore nitrogen to the
soil, and will give to the soil a large amount of nitri-
fying humus, which will not only make plant food in
itself, but will enable the commercial fertilizers used
to have a better effect than if the vegetable decay or
humus is not present. But to be enabled to do its best
in these lines of work the pea must have the food it
needs. It can get the nitrogen needed from the air
that penetrates the soil, through the action of its root
microbes ; but if the potash and phosphoric acid are
deficient in the soil the pea cannot get them from the
air, and hence will make a more feeble growth, and
this feeble growth means a less amount of nitrogen
fixing. As we are now just at the time when the sow-
ing of peas should engross the attention of the farmer,
we have concluded that a few words of advice as to
the place where the peas will pay well would not be
amiss. The Southern farmer who allows the stubble
of the wheat held or the oat. field to grow up in rag
weeds is not doing the best for his land. Here is one
of the places and one of the chief places for the cow

pea. Instead of allowing a rank growth of weeds,
that at best would return but little organic matter to
the soil, let us forward the improvement by a liberal (dry weather from a direct application of fertilizers.

application of the cheaper forms of plant food in the
shape of acid phosphate and potash, and thus get a
larger quantity of aerial nitrogen and a larger amount
of organic matter, either to use as food to make ma-
nure or to bnry when mature in the soil, and thus
rapidly increase the humus with matter already
spread. Thus we will get the great value of the stable
manure without the labor of spreading manure. Then
a little later, when the cultivation of the corn crop is
about done, sow some peas among the corn, and
thereby prevent the growth of weeds. The peas may
perhaps do a slight harm by taking moisture from the
corn in a dry time, but this will be largely over-
balanced by the good they will do in the oat crop suc-
ceeding the corn. The liberal fertilization of the peas
following the oats, will make the cotton crop that fol-
lows the peas better than if a complete fertilizer was
applied to the cotton direct. But until one has gotten
his land into a high state of fertility, through the use
of cow peas and mineral fertilizers, it will also be best
to use some fertilizer to give the cotton a start, and
then the home store of cotton seed that was made from
the crop of the previous year will continue the growth,
if it is buried in a furrow in the middles, where the
roots of the cotton will find it right at the time when
it will be of most use — at fruiting time. With a sys-
tematic rotation of three years in cotton, corn and
peas, and oats and peas, 500 lbs. per acre of acid
phosphate and muriate of potash on the peas will do
more good to the land than the same amount dribbled
in lots of 150 lbs. per annum of a complete fertilizer
on every crop. Mix 400 lbs. of acid phosphate and
100 lbs. muriate of potash, and apply it to the pea
crop once in three years, and my word for it, you
will get greater results from it than you can possibly
get from 150 lbs. of any complete fertilizer applied to
every crop in the rotation. It is this dribbling of a
little fertilizer that has ruined the fields of the South,
in connection with the constant culture of cotton on
the laud. The little dose is all used up by the sale
crop and the laud is really worse off than before, while
the cotton crop has got to pay the whole bill for the
fertilizer. Instead therefore of applying 150 lbs. per
acre in the furrow for the cotton, suppose we apply
500 lbs. as suggested of the acid phosphate and potash
alone on the pea crop. It is evident that there will be
a heavy increase in the pea crop, and that by curing
and feeding this we can get a larger amount of manure,
which will increase the corn crop and add humus to
the land, and at the same time will leave in the
soil an extra amount of nitrogen, far more than we
would get in the little 150 lb. application, and would
leave mineral matter enough in the soil to make the
cotton crop a success with no danger of burning in

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEK.

317

Concentration is the order of the day in farming.
Concentrate on fewer acres and concentrate your ferti-
lizers where they will do the most good to the perma-
nent improvement of the land. Get food for stock
and make money from the feeding, and get manure for
the corn crop that will carry the following small grain
crop through till the advent of the dose of mineral
fertilizer on the peas again. The 500 lbs. of acid
phosphate and potash, once in three years, will cost
less than the 150 lbs. of complete fertilizer annually,
and it will hit the land just where it is needed. Then
another place for the peas is among the orchard trees.
Our fruit trees complete their growth for the season
by the first of July, and the sowing of peas among
the trees at that time can do no harm, if the orchard
has been well cultivated up to July. Then they will
go on to ripen the wood and form their winter buds,
and the dead pea vines let lie on the land will protect
it from washing in the winter, and make a good cover
to turn under in the spring, at which time the appli-
cation of the mineral fertilizers will be the thing for the
trees. We have hardly begun to realize what the pea
will do for the South if properly used and helped in
its work. W. 'F. Masset.

PRACTICAL NOTEi>.

SECOND CROP POTATOES FOE SEED.

I note what you say in regard to these in the June
number of the Flanter. The experiments made at this
Station some years ago were so decidedly in favor of
the second crop seed that we have not felt it necessary
to repeat them further. The experience of all our
growers in Eastern North Carolina is, that the home-
grown seed is far superior to any that can be had from
the North. We find the best way to start them is to
clip a small piece from the potatoes before bedding
them, aud then bed by merely covering with pine
straw, kept moist. We plant all that sprout up to
the middle of August, but none that do not sprout.

cow- PEAS.
I am glad to welcome the help of Mr. Van Deman
in the cow-pea crusade. I have beeu preaching cow-
peas to the Southern farmers so long and persistently
that I fear at times that they will tire of it. But when
I go about the State and see the increased interest that
is being manifested in the cow-pea as a soil improver
and as a forage maker, and reflect that perhaps some-
thing that I have written may have had an influence
in this development, I am encouraged to keep up the
fight for the clover of the South. To-day there are
fully ten times the quantity of peas sown in North
Carolina that there were ten years ago. And nowa-
days it is getting to be a matter of interest a long way

North, and men are experimenting with them as a
catch crop away up on Lake Erie.

WASHING OF THE LAND.

You cannot too strongly insist upon the value of
humus in the soil to prevent washing. The great
trouble all over the South has been that the constant
clean culture of the soil and the constant use of chemi-
cal fertilizers to squeeze a little more sale crop, has
brought about the conditions that require terracing to
prevent the bodily carrying away of the soil on the
hillsides. Then, too, all over the country land has
been cleared of forests which should never have been
cleared. In the mountain region of Western North
Carolina this process is going on, and lands are in cul-
tivation on the steep mountain sides which should
have been kept in forest. This clearing of the moun-
tain sides is the leading agent in the destructive floods
that sweep down the valleys, and if the practice is
continued, the day is not far off when the fine lowlands
of the rivers will be uncultivable. And not only in
the mountains, but all over our Piedmont country
there are hillsides which should have been left in
forest, and which must eventually be reforested if the
best results are to be expected. Tfcere is no one thing
that claims more attention from our people than for-
estry, and the preservation of tree growth on our up-
lands. Then, too, a tree belt along the rushing streams
that come down from the mountains is as important as
a forest growth on the mountains. Men clear the rich
bottoms right to the banks of the streams and every
freshet carries the rich alluvium down to fill the rivers
aud harbors of the coast. A dense belt of willows or
other water-loving bushes along every stream on the
bottom lands is one of the most important things in
the checking of disastrous washing. Tree growth on
hillsides too steep for proper cultivation, aud the cul-
tivation of the soil so as to fill it with vegetable matter
are the means by which we will most effectually check
the washing so common now. Terracing is at best
but a temporary measure. I had far rather have a
soil full of vegetable matter like a piece of new land,
without any terraces, than to have the same situated
land terraced but destitute of the humus.

SUMMER TREATMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

We have fully proved that after the foliage is out
and the weather is warm, a spraying with pure and
undiluted kerosene is not only perfectly effectual iu
killing the scale, but is safe for the trees. Injury has
resulted where the spraying was done in cool weather,
but in no case has any been done after foliage was out
aud the sun bright and warm.

SEED TESTING.

I note that the Department at Washington is still

318

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

working at the seed testing business. It seems to me
that while there is some need for an inspection of the
clover and grass seeds on the market, through the
agency of which our fields have gotten covered with
weeds, there is nothing to be gained by a laboratory
test of garden seeds. No reputable seedsman now
sends out garden seeds till he has tested their viabil-
ity, and the standards proposed by the government
will usually be reached by the seeds of the leading
seedsmen, perhaps. But if in certain cases they should
not, what then ? The laboratory test shows nothing
but that there is a certain amount of foreign matter
with the seeds, and that a certain percentage of the
seeds germinate. It shows nothing in regard to the
quality of the seed. It does not show whether an
Early Wakefield cabbage seed is an English grown
seed or an American one, and every market grower of
experience knows that the foreign seed is worthless for
his planting in comparison to the home grown seed,
though it may show a higher germinating power. The
laboratory test tells us nothiug in regard to the breed-
ing of the seed, and every gardener of experience
knows that he had better take seed from a well-bred
stock that shows a rather low germinating power than
to take seed of high germinating power from a care
lessly bred stock. Pedigree is of far more importance
to the grower than the mere percentage of germina-
tion. Nine persons out of ten will assume from a table
that gives the percentage of "purity" in a lot of seeds,
that this means the sample has a certain percentage of
pure seeds of the variety sought, while it means noth-
ing of the sort, and the laboratory tester cannot dis-
cover anything of the kind. It simply means that he
has found a certain percentage of trash in the seeds.
He cannot tell from his test whether a sample of cab-
bage seeds is Early Wakefield or Plat Dutch. He ean-
not tell whether a sample of Early Peas came from a
well rogued stock or from a general mowing of all that
grew. The seed business will always be a matter of
confidence between buyer and seller, and in the sharp
competition in the vegetable seed trade a man has to
pay too much for his reputation to risk it by sending
out poor seeds. For my personal use I had far rather
depend on a first class seedman's statement in regard
to his seeds than to depend on the mere test of a gov-
ernment agent in a laboratory. With grass seeds the
case is different. Most of these I believe are sold by
men who are not seedsmen, and the amount of seeds of
weeds that are scattered over the land in grass seeds is
appalling. Men search foi low priced clover seed, not
realizing that it costs a great deal to thoroughly re-
clean seeds, and that the extra price charged by the
best seedsmen for clover and grass seeds is really
cheaper in the end than the cheaper seeds sold by com-
mission merchants direct from the machine without

recleaning, and if the weeds are taken into account, the
higher priced seeds are far the cheaper. We need
State inspection of grass seeds as badly as one of fer-
tilizers.

W. F. Massey.

CATCHING THE TOBACCO FLY.

When the tobacco plants have been set out and are
well started the grower will no doubt find the tobacco
fly depositing her eggs on the plants. He must pick
them off and then destroy the worms and also put out
poison. The poisonous liquid is made and used as fol-
lows: At any drug store buy a quarter's worth of cobalt,
put two teaspoonfuls of it into a pint flask, put thereon
two thirds of a pint of water and one-third of a pint of
sugar, honey or syrup, shake up well three or four
times a day for two days, draw off the liquid into an-
other flask, put a hen feather through the cork of this
last flask as you would in a pepper sauce bottle, and
by turning the flask bottom upward about two or three
drops will be discharged through the quill at a time.
While the liquid is being prepared you cau prepare
your stands by taking a barrel stave, or something of
that kind, and boring a one-half or five eighths inch
hole through the center of gravity of the same and
twelve holes one-half or three eighths inch, large
enough to admit the stem of a Jamestown weed blossom
(Datura stramonium) without letting it go through.
Take a pole about five feet long, pointed at one end, and
draw down the other end to fit the hole in the center
of the stave, stick the pole firmly in the ground in the
tobacco field and put the stave thereon.

About an hour before sunset gather the Jamestown
weed blossoms, put them in the holes in the stand, and
put about three drops of the liquid into each flower.
Three stands will be enough for an acre. If there are
more flowers on your weeds than you require for your
stands, pluck them off, as you do not want to give the
flies any feeding ground except your stands. If there
are flies around they will go to your stands, and every
one that has fed on the poison will trouble you no
more. You will come across them occasionally dead
in your field. Moonlight nights are their favorite
time for working.

Do not put the poison on the Jamesto wn weed plant,
because it will kill it ; and when putting the poison
out on the stand be careful Dot to let it drop on the to-
bacco, as it will blacken and burn the leaf it drops on.
Distribute your stands through your fields. After
having drawn off the clear liquid from the flask add
one teaspoonful of cobalt to the grounds remaining
and fill up the flask with water and sweetening as at
first and shake up well, and do not draw off until you
require or have used up your first clear liquid. Then
draw off and prepare a third, and so continue until
you have your tobacco housed. Should there be a
shower or wet weather, the poison may be diluted and
cease to be effective. You should watch your tobacco
plants, and if you see any signs of worms you must go
over your fields and remove them. But if you set out
the poison regularly you will have very little trouble
with the horrid worms. — S. Powers, Southern Tobacco
Journal.

1898.]

THE SOT7THEKN PLANTER

319

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

Little can be done in the garden or in the truck
fields this month beyond gathering the crops as they
become ready for market or for use at home. Never
allow vegetables to become overgrown or fruit over-
ripe before gathering, and ship to market at once
when gathered, taking care to cool off before packing.
When it is necessary to keep fruit or vegetables, after
gathering, for some days, they should be stored in a
cool, dark, dry cellar, if no proper fruit house is
handy. See that all fruit is graded carefully, and
shipped to market in clean, new baskets or carriers.

Every large grower of fruit should have a house
specially built, in which to store his crop until mar-
keted. Such a house need not be very oostly, and
will soon save its cost in preventing the necessity for
shipping when markets are glutted. It should be
built with double walls and roof, with a dead air space
of at least six inches between the inner and outer walls
and roof, so as to maintain an equable tempera-
ture, and have means provided for ventilation. It
should have slatted shelves divided into compart-
ments for holding the fruit, and be used only for stor-
ing fruit. Vegetables should be stored in a cool, dark
cellar, except onions, which keep best stored on slat-
ted shelves in an airy room.

As the crops are gathered, clear the ground and
burn up all weeds and trash, so as to destroy weed
seeds and insect pests, and on such land as is not needed
for fall crops, sow German clover.

Successional plantings of Sweet corn, Snap beans
and cucumbers for pickles may be made. Cabbage,
cauliflower and broccoli seed may be sown for planting
out in August.

The land for celery should now be got ready, but we
do not advise setting out the plants until next month.
Celery requires rich land, and unless to be planted out
so closely as to be self-blanching, is best prepared by
working deeply and then throwing out trenches four
feet apart. These trenches should be one foot wide
and six or eight inches deep, and be filled with well
rotted farmyard manure, covered with three inches of
good soil. Irr each of these trenches two rows of
plants cau be set. The plants should be set six inches
apart each way. By adopting this method of setting,
two rows can be blanched with the same soil and
trouble as one, and thus economize in both space and
time. If growing one of the self blanching varieties,

the whole of the land should be heavily manured, and
the plants be set six inches apart each way. These
self- blanching varieties do not, however, usually make
such fine celery as those varieties blanched by bank-
ing with soil or enclosed by boards. If possible to
arrange the celery bed where it can be irrigated, by
all means do so, as celery always does best with plenty
of moisture. ■

Keep the strawberry beds clean of all weeds by con-
stant cultivation, and train in the runners so as to
make a close matted row.

Cultivation in the orchard should cease this month,
and the land be seeded to German clover or Cow peas.

TIDEWATER (VA.) NOTES.
Editor Southern Planter :

Summer is with us in full force. The thermometer
has been reaching the 85° to 90° notch for several
days, with a maximum yesterday of 95°. It is rarely
that the thermometer goes above 95°. It is often the
case that June gives us the hottest days of the year.
Our big berry crop did not bring the price we had
hoped it would. The reasons were these : 1st, a big
crop ; 2d, too much grit went North with the berries ;
and, 3d, sufficient care was not taken in picking, pack-
ing and shipping. "Grit" is necessary, but people who
buy do not want too much of it in their strawberries.
They do not want half-ripe or half grown berries, nor
over ripe fruit. Nor do they want sticks and leaves,
neither do they want a quart with the best on top.
The buyers want an honest quart — equally good on
top, bottom, middle and all sides. A great crop went
North in too bad order to bring top prices.

The great Irish potato crop is now going forward.
Prices are good to date, and if our growers are wise,
and sort out the small and ship only good and ripe
stock, the potato crop will pay handsomely. It brings,
on the average, nearly or quite $1,500,000 per year to
the field or section cose around Norfolk. Last week
I spent a day on the farm of one of our truckers. He
was formerly from New York, has been here for about
fifteen years, and has done well. He had finished
picking berries — stopped when the price went below
five cents per quart, and has another crop now grow-
ing where he had picked his berries. He was busy
shipping beets. He had already shipped 1,000 barrels,
100 bunches to the barrel, at prices ranging from $2.50
to $1 per barrel. He "figured" that he had 1,000 bar-
rels more to ship. Had he been a Southerner, he would

920

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

have "reckoned," or a Down Easter, he woul have
"guessed," or a Westerner, he would have "allowed;"
but being a New Yorker, he just "figured" it out, and
I happen to know that he "figures" pretty cor-
rectly. His farm was only an 80 acre truck patch.
His beets are invariably grown as a second crop — a
sort of "stolen" or "catch crop." As I stood in the
middle of his little farm, there were "beets" in front
of us, "beets" on the right of us, "beets" on the left
of us, "beets" behind us, "beets" in the asparagus
beds, between the rows of asparagus, between the
rows of potatoes and corn — "beets" everywhere, sand-
wiched in between other crops. Every foot of his
cultivated farm brings him two crops a year, and
some of it three crops.

It beats anything I have ever seen before in the
beet line. The beets are round and less than two
inches through, and five are put in each bunch. They
are pulled and neatly tied in "blocks (bunches) of five"
by colored men, women and children, who get 15 cents
for pulling and tieing 100 bunches, and make from 15
cents to $1 p r day — the children getting less and the
experienced workers more. His pay-roll, he assured
me, from March to Septamber, was about $150 per
week or more.

He float' his farm products from thefaim to this
harbor, and then he ships to all the Eastern seaboard
cities and to Baltimore, Washington, and also to the
West. He represents the " Intensive Style " of farm-
ing. In the absence of definite figures from the proprie-
tor, I "figure" that his gross sales from, say fifty acres
in cultivation, reach from $15,000 to $20,000 yearly.
But I do not advise your readers to go and attempt to do
likewise. It is a wearing, tearing and exhausting sort
of life. He makes money, it is true, but the heavy
draft ou brain, muscle and nerve is powerful straining
on the system.

Our friend, fifteen years ago, bought thirty acres of
land near Norfolk for $100 per acre, and after cultiva-
ting it profitably for eight or ten years, sold it for
$1,000 per acre. He then purchased his present home,
for which, I suppose, he would take $400 per acre, and
it cost him less than $100 per acre a few years ago.
Some men are boru lucky ; others are plucky. But
whether it is luck or pluck, I was forcibly struck with
the result of truck farming, when properly pursued.

I do not mention names, as I have no permission to
do so. Neither do I advise your readers to go into
the trucking business. But I do advise the growing
of 90 acres of hay, oats, corn, &c, to 10 acres in truck
crops.

We are now buying too much hay and too many oats
and corn, too much of the staple farm crops, too much
butter, cheese and pork, and we are selling too much
truck, or trying to sell too much.

Those who wish to make homes in the South, should
go to raising such crops as the South now purchases
from the East, West and North, instead of helping to
overstock an already oversupplied truck market.

You have many readers in the East, North and West,
and it will pay them to consider well beforehand what
crops to grow or what stock to raise in the "Sunny
South." A. Jeffebs.

THE LATE SPRING FROSTS.

Never did hobgoblins or dancing fauns or satyrs in
their antics and gymnastics over fields, forests, mead-
ows and hills cut such fantastic figures or perform
such variety of sports as did the late spring frosts in
this section of the country. In some localties there
was a perfect devastation— a complete "Dewey"
slaughter ; in others, the angel of mercy hovered and
blessed the land with bounteous crops of fruits, flow-
ers and vegetables. But singularly enough, in other
places (and there are many such), there were some
plants of vegetables in the same hill taken and others
left. Ou some limbs of cherry trees the clusters hang
profusely, while other limbs of the same trees have scat-
tering cherries here and there. The same condition is
observed with other kinds of fruits, particu arly
peaches. On some apple trees the upper half of the
trees groans with an abundant crop, and on the lower
half not an apple, and vice versa in other parts of the
same orchard. Contiguous trees in the same locality
show different conditions. How as to the forests?
Observe the farmer at this time of the year walk-
ing leisurely in his hog pasture under the stately oaks
with his eyes turned towards heaven. He is not
thinking of heavenly things ; he is not looking at the
starry hosts or contemplating the beauties and gran-
deur of the solar system ; nay, verily, his mind is
upon "hog and hominy." He is looking among the
tall trees to see, in the fall of the year, wheu hog
fattening time comes on, whether these giants of the
forests, with lavish hand and with no labor of his own,
are going to help him out on his corn crop to fatten
his porkers. He finds, to his astonishment, that a
like state of affairs exists here to that found in his
garden and orchard ; here a little and there a little ;
here an abundance and there abundance ; regularity
and irregularity prevail accordingly as the secret and
mysterious action of the frosts blighted or spared the
tender buds of the incoming mast. While farmers gen-
erally admit that they are a complainiug sort of folk,
they do not bother themselves much ahout the philos-
ophy of the freaks of frosts so the frost leaves them
enough, ;ind they have reason in this section to be
thankful this year that there is much fruit in the
country, and early vegetables and a goodly number of
acorns to help to replenish the larder.

Thos. J. Garden.

Prince Edward Co., Va., June 11, 1898.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEBN PLANTEB.

321

APPLE AND PEAR BLIGHT.

This disease, which perhaps is commonest upon the
pear, where it is known as pear or fire blight, also at-
tacks apples, quinces, and allied fruits. Its bacterial
origin was first demonstrated at what is now the Illi
nois Experiment Station, and later by the New York
Station, and other stations, and the United States De
partment of Agriculture. The methods of infection
and prevention have been well worked out. The
parts affected are the flower clusters, young fruit, and
the more succulent woody tissues and foliage. The dis
ease runs down the living bark to the larger limbs and
trunk. While it attacks the leaves to some extent,
the discoloration and wilting of the foliage is mostly
due to the destruction of the twigs. The affected por-
tions are quite conspicuous, and all portions below
the point reached by the spread of the bacteria will
be healthy. While the disease is progressing, the dis-
colored portion of the bark blends gradually with the
normal bark, but when the disease has run its course,
the line is sharply drawn. From a long series of ex-
periments conducted at this Department, it was learned
that the chief means of spreading the contagion was
through the visits of bees, the first point of infection
seeming to be at the nectaries. The disease is accom-
panied by a flow of gum, and it is thought probable
that the first flowers are infected by bees, flies, etc.,
that have visited the gummy deposits.

Cutting away and burning all diseased twigs will
prevent the recurrence or spread of the disease. In
pruning, the twig should be cut a few inches below
the dead tissue. In rapidly growing, succulent tis-
sues, the disease spreads most rapidly, the bacteria
there finding the most favorable conditions for their
development. Anything that will check the growth
will aid in preventing the spread of the disease. The
use of nitrogenous fertilizers and severe pruning re-
sulting in rapid growth, should be avoided. In addi-
tion to pruning, some investigators recommend spray-
ing trees thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture as an
extra precaution. It will do no harm to the tree, and
may result in good other than the prevention of the
blight by destroying other fungi.

THE PRESERVATION OF GRAPE JUICE AND
SWEET CIDER.

The manufacture of unfermented grape juice and of
sweet cider assumes considerable portions in many
localities, but difficulty is often experienced in prepar-
ing a product which will ''keep," i. e., does not fer-
ment.

Fermentation is due to the presence of micro-organ-
isms in the juice or cider, and may be prevented by
sterilizing the latter as well as the vessels used in con-
nection with the bottling of the product. Heating is
the simplest, safest, and most effective means of steri-
lizing, but great care is necessary in order to so control
the temperature as to secure thorough sterilization
without injuring the flavor of the product. A report
of the Canada Experimental Farms gives an account
of a series of experiments on the best means of steri-
lizing grape juice. The conclusion, which probably
applies to sweet cider as well as to grape juice, was
that " the natural flavor of grape juice may be pre-

served intact by raising the temperature of the juice
gradually to 170° F., keeping it at this point for ten
minutes, and then quickly bottling it, taking care to
use absolutely air-tight and thoroughly sterilized ves-
sels. These vessels should be taken from a tank or
kettle of boiling water, immediately filled, and corked
or covered with the least possible delay."

The use of antiseptics, such as salicylic acid, is con-
sidered unwise. They are unnecessary, and unless
used with great caution may be injurious to health.

ASPARAGUS GROWING.

The Missouri Experiment Station has been experi-
menting for the past two years with asparagus grow-
ing, aud has successfully grown asparagus in the open
field in mid-winter by running steam into shallow
tunnels between the asparagus rows. The aspara-
gus field was first covered with six or seven inches
of heating horse manure, and the steam forced into
the soil from the green-house boiler. By this means a
large yield of fine asparagus was obtained throughout
the months of December, January and February; the
finest quality being gotten in the middle of January,
when the weather was coldest. Many of the sprouts
were twelve or fourteen inches long and an inch in
diameter, bleached perfectly and very tender and de-
licious. The amount of steam required was very
small, and for persons located near a good market the
winter growing of asparagus would prove very profit-
able. Bulletin No. 43, by Prof. J. C. Whitten, Horti-
culturist, fully described this process and the results
obtained. This illustrated bulletin is for free distri-
bution among the farmers and gardeners, and may be
had by addressing the Director of the Experiment
Station, at Columbia.

LIMA, OR BUTTER-BEANS.

California is the State from which the largest por-
tion of the supply of dried Lima or Butter-beans comes
for the winter market. Drouth in that State has this
year cut off a very large portion of the crop, and the
probability is that there will be but a very small crop
to ship. This should be an inducement to growers of
these beans in the South to carefully save all the beans
possible, and dry them for marketing in winter. In-
stead of gathering closely and selling for a small price
in the summer and fall markets, save the beans as they
ripen, dry well, and bag them to keep out the insects.
They will be in demand in winter.

FOR KILLING PLANT LICE.

Perhaps the best and simplest remedy for these
pests is good whale oil soap solution. This is made
by dissolving one pound of a standard whale oil soap
in seven gallons of hot water. A good soap of this
character may be made at home by boiling together
for two hours one pound of crystal potash lye, three
gallons of water, and three pints of fish oil. Do not
add the oil until the lye is dissolved.

322

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

Live Stock and Dairy.

SHORTHORN CATTLE IN VIRGINIA.

Notwithstanding the fact that Hereford and Polled
Angus cattle are now largely bred for beef stock by
the largest stock owners of this country and of Eug-
land, and are justly popular as being moneymakers
for their owners, yet the world celebrated English
Shorthorns have not lost one iota of their justly-
acquired popularity as the best general purpose cattle
of the world. They will make beef with the Here-
fords and Polled Angus, and make milk and butter,
ou the average, with the best known special milk and
batter breeds. An animal which possesses these
qualities can never fail to maintain its position in the
favor of farmers, and while other breeds have their
days of special and merited popularity, the Short-
horns will be found all the time the favorites of the
majority. Since the recent appreciation of the fact
that this country has so neglected its live stock inter-
ests, during the past decade, that there is now an
actual scarcity of good cattle for the feed lots and
rauges and for the stock yards, enquiry for Shorthorns
to build up the depleted herds has been brisk, and we
have been constantly asked where in the South good
Shorthoru blood could be had. It has been our pleas-
ure to refer many enquirers to Major Cowan and
Major Beutley, whose joint advertisement will be
found in this issue, as we knew them to have some of
the finest animals in the country in their herds. In
response to our request for more particular informa-
tion as to their herds, we have the following informa-
tion from these gentlemen. Major Cowan says :

My Shorthorn herd consists of twenty five breeding
cows and young heifers, headed by the fine Scotch-
topped Bates bull Warrior Brave and the pure Scotch
ball Champion Cup, the latter owned jointly with
Major Bentley. The Duchess, Gwendoline, Moss Rose,
Young Mary, Secret, and Josephine families repre-
sented as follows :

Archduchess, out of Imported Grand Duchess of
North Oaks, sired by Knight of Weldon, the fine
breeding and show bull recently sold at a long price
by Major Bentley, to go to Iowa. Archduchess is a
grand animal and the only representative ever bred
or owned in Virginia of that great Bates family, mem-
bers of which family sold at the ''New York Mills"
sale at such fabulous prices as $40,600, 935,000,
•30,600, etc., etc.

Gwendoline. I own all the feiuals of Gwendoline 2d,
the founder of this justly celebrated family of pure
Scotch bred Shorthorns, viz.: Gwendoline 3d and
Gwendoline 6th. Gwendoline 2d had for sire Im-
ported Cup Bearer, bred by Wm. Duthie, and famous
as a prizewinner in England, Scotland, Canada, and

the United States.

<:<r, „,/„'/,., Sd I purchased three years ago at Storm

Lake sale, iu "Western Iowa. She is by Imported
Henchman (bred by Cruickshank), and is a wonder-
ful cow. She weighs 1,600, dropped her fifth calf, at
single births, four months before she was six years
old, and will produce her sixth calf three months be-
fore she reaches her seventh year. This cow I sent to
Kentucky and bred her to the great show and breed-
ing bull Young Abbottsburn, the world's champion
bull, and the only one ever able to divide honors with
Cup Bearer in the show ring. As a result of this
union, I have a world-beater in their daughter Gwen-
doline 7th, one of the grandest animals iu America
to day. She weighs as a yearling 1,150, is a low down,
heavy fleshed, blocky roan, and, combining as she
does the blood of the two world-renowned bulls (Cup
Bearer and Young Abbottsburn), she cannot fail to
measure up to the high standard of her dam and
grandam. She is now in calf to Champion Cup, the
best living son of Cup Bearer.

Gwendoline 6th, a red daughter of Gwendoline 2d,
was sired by Knight of the Thistle, the pure Scotch
bull purchased by H. C. Stuart, of Virginia, at the
long price of $660, in June, 1895, during the great
depression in prices of breeding stock of all kinds.
This cow promises to be a credit to her illustrious
dam and sire, and has produced a heifer — Gwendoline
9th — and bull calf to the service of Warrior Brave.
The heifer is now eighteen months old, and a show
animal in any company.

Warrior Brave is a Scotch-topped Bates of the cele-
brated Wildeyes tribe. Most of my herd consists of
"Josephines," descended from the priceless Whitaker
bred cow, imported Josephine, by Norfolk, imported
to America in 1834, and the blood chiefly used by the
late Abram Renick in founding his famous Rose of
Sharon family. The breeder of Josephine by Norfolk
would not place a money value ou her, but gave her to
his friend, Felix Renick, of Ohio, in whose hands she
died at a good old age, after enriching by her blood
most of the leading herds of America. I have one
representative of the Moss Rose or Constance family,
a show animal, having never been beaten in her class —
a bull breeder, not having produced a heifer so far.

The famous Cruickshank, "Secret" family, to which
the great show and breeding bull, imported Spartan
Hero, belonged, is represented in this herd by Sea-
maid 3d, a grand red 2 year old, sired by Red Cup
(a son of Cup Bearer) out of Seamaid (the dam of
Champion Cup), said to be the best Cruickshank cow
in America, This grand old cow died recently, leav-
ing Seamaid 2d her only female representative. That
wonderfully prolific and grand old family of Young
Mary's is represented by a daughter by Hogarth, the
great show bull bred by Major Bentley, and sold to a
syndicate at a long price.

Major Bentley says :

"I commenced breeding Shorthorns in 1871, with
two heifers — Rosebud 8th and Myra 2nd — one from
each of the well known herds of Abram Renick and
Wm. Warfield. of Kentucky, and a few years later
added Joanna by Muscatoon bred by Wm. Warfield,
and Illustrious ith and 5th, and the bull Illustrious

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

323

Airdrie from the herd of Ahrain Renick, and subse-
quently added two Josephine heifers bred by A. M.
Young. The bulls used down to 1884 were almost ex-
clusively of Abram Renick's breeding and those I bred
from his stock. Among these were the celebrated
Hogarth, sold for a long price in 1884, and Cleveland
(a Young Mary bull by Hogarth). The bull lately at
the head of the herd was Knight of We&don, by Knight
of the Thistle, out of Gwendoline 2nd, which I sold a
few months ago to head a famous herd in Iowa. The
bull now in use is Champion Cup, which I own jointly
with Major Cowan. I have now in the herd nine cows
and heifers descended from Poppy 38, by 4th Airdrie
of Sharon. The Poppy branch of Abram Renick's
Rose of Sharons was considered by many the best in
his celebrated herd. My Shorthorns have, been very
successful in the show ring, but the best evidence of
excellence and merit I can offer is the animals them-
selves, which are always open to inspection."

With such stock as these gentlemen offer, there can
be no excuse for buyers going West or North to buy
pure bred Shorthorns except for the purpose of intro-
ducing crosses upon their stock. They can buy here
at home foundation stock second to none. We trust
that many of our readers will avail themselves of the
opportunity to secure animals to head their herd which
will do credit to their owners, and result in enhancing
the profit to be secured from cattle breeding and feed-
ing. As Mr. Atkinson showed in our last issue, only
the States and counties in the States which kept large
herds of stock realized that profit from farming which
all ought to do, and a closer examination of the statis-
tics would show that only the farmers in those States
and counties who kept the purest bred stock realized
the highest returns from their labors. The day of
profitable "scrub stock " is gone by never to return.
Only the animals which can be made into beef, weigh-
ing from 1,200 to 1,500 lbs., under two years of age,
or into producers of milk and butter, in excess of
6,000 lbs. of milt and 300 lbs. of butter in the year at
the same age, can be kept profitably at present prices
of meat, milk, and butter, and these can only be had
by keeping pure or very highgrade stock. To secure
such, the bull at least must be a pure bred animal.

HEREFORDS IN ALBEMARLE CO., VA.

Mr. Murray Boocock, whose purchases of Herefords
we noted two months ago, has now got his recent ac
quisitions home. In their journey from the West the
animals were the admiration of all who saw them.
At Cincinnati, over 1,000 persons saw the cattle, and
many most excellent judges pronounced the bull Imp.
Salisbury the finest bull they had ever seen. Though
only 2 years old, he weighs 1700 pouuds, and is of
ideal shape and conformation. His head is one of the
best ever seen on a Hereford. The herd of cows
headed by Curly Lady is of great excellence, and when

seen in the pastures at "Castalia" are a charming ad-
dition to the beauties of that well known locality.
They are also proving excellent milkers. We hope in
our next issue to publish illustrations of Salisbury and
Curly Lady.

BLACK-LEG.

This is an infectious disease of young cattle, and
proves fatal in a very short time after infection has
taken place. The disease is also known as " black-
quarter" ; in France as " charbon symptomatiqu ," and
in Germany as " rouschbrand."

For some time it was supposed that black -leg and
anthrax were one and the same disease, and that black-
leg was a form of anthrax with external manifesta-
tions; hence, the term symptomatic anthrax. Bacterio
logical investigations of recent years have, however,
thoroughly disproved this theory, and the two dis-
eases are now considered to be distinct and separate.

Black-leg is quite common in the United States,
while anthrax is an imported disease and exists in but
few localities of this country. It is said to exist in the
lower Mississippi valley, and is reported by the Dela-
ware Experiment Station as having caused serious
losses in that State since 1892. In 1893 official atten
tion was also called to the disease in Illinois. The
writer is not aware of the disease existing in Virginia.

Where it has made its appearance in this country
the evideuce in some instances seems quite conclusive
that the germ of the disease has been imported on
skins which have probablv been taken from animals
which have died of the disease, since several out-
breaks have been reported in close proximity to mo-
rocco factories.

Black-leg is at this time much more common in this
State than for some years past, and it is the purpose of
this article, therefore, to give the stock-growers in-
formation, rather than to advance any new or original
ideas on the subject.

The disease attacks cattle from six months old up
to three years of age, but is most commonly seen in
yearlings which are in a thrifty plethoric condition,
rarely ever attacking an unthrifty animal.

CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.

Many theories have been advanced by the laity as
to the cause of the disease. Many think that a change
of feed has something to do in causing it, while others
assert that turning calves on a wheat field will pro-
duce the disease.

Bacteriological investigations during the last fifteen
years, however, have thoroughly demonstrated that
the disease is caused by a minute plant (bacterial) of
low organization and too small to be seen without the
aid of a microscope.

324

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

But little attention was paid to black leg as a dis-
tinct disease until 1856, when observations and experi-
ments were made which led to the belief that it was
a separate disease from anthrax. But it was not posi-
tively known to be a separate disease until the bacte-
ria causing it was first described by Bollinger and
Feser in L878. It was still more carefully studied by
Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas, in 18S0 and 18S3 ;
and later, Kitasata succeeded in cultivating the germ
on artificial culture media, aud successfully transmit-
ting the disease by inoculation, thus proving beyond
the shadow of a doubt that the germs studied and de-
scribed by Bollinger, Feser and others, and cultivated
by them, were the true cause of the disease. Without
the preseuce of these germs, then, black-leg cannot
exist, and if a vigorous policy of disinfection and the
proper disposal of all animals which have died of the
disease were to be pursued the disease might in time
be stamped out of existence.

In order that this bacteria, and the manner in which
it causes disease may be better understood, a brief de-
scription of it may not be out of place at this time.

Compared to other species of bacteria, it is a rather
large rod-shaped cell with rounded ends. Some idea
of its size may be gotten when we consider that about
eight thousand of them placed end to end would only
measure one inch in length, and that it would take
about 4S.9!>8, placed side by side, to measure one inch
in breadth. It is what is known in bacteriology as au
anserobic germ, therefore only thrives in the absence
of oxygen. In the tissues of the animal and in arti-
ficial culture media from which oxygen is excluded,
and beneath the surface of the soil, it rapidly multi-
plies by direct division, and possibly, but doubtfully,
by the formation of spores, while in the tissues of the
living animal. It is known, however, that spores (of
the so called resting stage of the germ) form very
quickly when all of the conditions are not favorable
to the germ ; as in the tissues of the dead animal, and
in the presence of oxygen. The ground on which a
dead animal has laid, and the animal's grwe, there-
fore, become" thoroughly impregnated with these
spores, and animals coming in contact with these
places a year afterwards may be infected. Whether
these spores are capable of developing into a bacteria
in pastures before entering the tissues of a susceptible
animal has not yet been determined, except that they
may do so if they are sufficiently protected from the
air by be'ng covered with soil. This, however, is im
material, since it is known that the spore may live
over from one season to another and still be able to
cause disease when it gains au entrance to the tissues.

To some it may seem strange that a pasture or cer
tain field may remain infected from one season to an
other, but it is a well known fact that the spores of

bacteria are capable of a much greater resistance to
destructive elements than the bacteria itself. In plant-
life the seed is not as easily destroyed as thr; plant ; in
insect life the inject is usually much more easily gotten
at and destroyed than its egg. The spore of a bacte-
ria is nothing more nor less than its egg, which bides
its time for a favorable condition to hatch.

That this germ is the true cause of black-leg there
can no longer be any doubt. If cultures of the germ
are obtained from the sick or dead animal, artificially
cultivated and injected beneath the skin of a suscepti-
ble animal, the latter will die with all of the ante- and
post mortem symptoms of the disease.

The germ enters the tissues naturally through some
slight abrasion of the skin or the mucous membrane
lining the mouth, throat and other portions of the diges-
tive tract. Abrasions of the mucous membrane of the
mouth may be caused by sharp cutting grass, stubble,
or any sharp-pointed object taken into the mouth
along with the food. The skin may be scratched or
punctured by brush, sharp stubble, briers, or by ani-
mals horning each other. Flies, mosquitoes, and other
biting insects may also afford a means by which the
germ may enter.

SYMPTOMS.

These are both of a general and local nature. The
symptoms begin from one to three days after the germ
has entered the system. General symptoms are loss
of appetite, cessation of rumination, (generally known
as loss of cud), dullness, debility and a high fever, the
temperatuie frequently rising to 107 degrees. When
affecting one or more of the quarters lameness will
appear. The animal usually dies in from one to three
days after the symptoms are manifested. Before death
swelling will usually be noticed in the region of the
shoulder, fore-arm, thigh, leg, rump, neck, breast, and
occasionally the throat. The general symptoms usu-
ally appear first, but in some instances the local swell-
ings are the first indication of the disease. Upon pass-"
iug the hand over these swellings a crackling sound is
heard, due to the presence of gas in the tissues as a re-
sult of the multiplication of the bacteria in the parts.

Upon cutting into the tumor after death, the tissues
beueath the skin are found to be infiltrated with dark-
colored blood and a yellowish jelly-like material (co-
agulated serum and gas bubbles). The tissues, in fact,
have the appearance of having been badly bruised,
and in this tissue the germ is found in large numbers
upon microscopical examination. The muscles be-
neath the swelling present a dark-red yellowish ap-
pearance. They are soft and easily torn. Bloody
looking fluid is often found in the thorax and abdo-
men, and the membranes lining these cavities are
often blood-stained. Ecchymoses (blood spots) are also,
found on the heart and lungs. In this disease the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

325

spleen (milt) is not affected and the blood does not
lose its power of coagulation, while in anthrax the
spleen is very much enlarged and the blood has but
little tendency to clot. In anthrax the local swellings
do not contain gas nor do they cause death so quickly
as in blackleg.

TREATMENT.

But little can be said in favor of attempting treat-
ment of an animal affected with blackleg, since nearly
all die regardless of treatment applied. Some writers
recommend making a deep and long incision in the
swelling in order to allow the fluids to escape, and
then washing the parts two or three times daily with
an antiseptic solution. As the germs have a con-
siderable power of resistance, a strong antiseptic is re-
quired. For this purpose a strong carbolic acid solu-
tion of one ounce of carbolic acid to a pint of water
may be used, or bichloride of mercury, one part to five
hundred of water. ODe writer says, "since nearly all
those attacked die, there is no harm in trying these
rather heroic suggestions."

It is the writer's opinion, however, that this treat-
ment can do no good, while on the other hand it en-
dangers the life of the remainder of the herd by allow-
ing the discharges from the wound thus inflicted to be
scattered by various agencies to all parts of the farm.
The loss likely to result thereby is by far of more im-
portance than the mere possibility of saving one or
two sick calves.

Our only hope lies in

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT,

and the sooner this is realized the less frequently will
black-leg occur in our herds.

It has been stated by various writers for years that
the disease is much more common on low grounds than
on high. We presume that by the term "low grounds"
these writers did not have reference to the altitude,
but to ground of a swampy or damp character. It is
the writer's opinion that the disease will occur in a
high altitude as readily as in a low, all other conditions
being equal. In fact, the disease is as frequently heard
of in the mountains of Virginia as in the Eastern por-
tion of the State.

Bacteria, for their growth, require a certain amount
of moisture and organic matter, both of which are in
greater abundance on creek and river bottoms and
marshy lands than on hill sides, mountain-tops, etc.
In speaking of low lands, then, we do not refer spe-
cially to the altitude in general, but to lands which
overflow and receive the wash from the hillsides, and
are, therefore, rich in organic matter, and which are
naturally moist. On such lands black-leg has been
known to occur year after year, and was only eradica-
3

ted by putting the land under cultivation for a few
years.

We have noticed the manner in which the germ en-
ters th« animal. In addition to this, it may be stated
that the disease is not spread direct from one animal
to another, but a sick animal may scatter the germ in
the pasture or infect the fodder, watering-troughs and
stables, and from these the germs finally gain entrance
to the healthy animal. A dead animal's grave also
becomes a source of infection.

As soon as the disease makes its appearance all
healthy cattle should be removed from the field in
which it occurs. Animals dead of the disease should
at once be burned, or, if buried, put deeply in the
ground with the skin on and the grave well limed.
Animals may be thoroughly burned by placing them
on two logs and piling over them a quantity of dry
wood. The ground on which sick or dead animals
have laid should also be thoroughly disinfected by
thoroughly liming it. Pastures and fields in which
cattle hare contracted the disease should be avoided
as much as possible.

Various drugs have been used as a preventive, but
it is a doubtful question if any good is accomplished.
Such drugs as nitrate of potash, chlorate of potash,
sulphate of soda, sulphur, and lime are employed. In
order to reduce the animal in flesh, purgatives and
diuretics are also used. For the same purpose a seton
through the dewlap is sometimes used. Bleeding is
practiced by some. These preventive remedies all
have their advocates, but the good accomplished by
them can be but little, if any.

Vaccination as a preventive is now coming into gen-
eral use, and those who have adopted this measure
give very flattering reports as to results. The vaccine
is prepared by drying a piece of muscle taken from
the region of the swelling of an affected animal. It is
then heated for a certain time at a temperature of
85 to 100 degrees centigrade according to the strength
of the vaccine required. It is then pulverized to a
fine powder, and if k«pt dry will keep for a year or
more. This dried muscle contains the spores of the
germ of black-leg, which spores are so weakened by
the heating process that their injection into the animal
does not cause a virulent form of the disease, but at the
same time protects the animal from any future attack
of it. The immunity so produced is said to be lasting,
and it is also claimed by some that the calf of a so
immuned animal will enjoy the same immunity as its
mother.

The vaccine as prepared by the Pasteur Vaccine Co.,
is of two kinds, known as single and double. The
double is classed as the first and second lymph, and
differing from the single in being weaker as a result of
having been heated at a higher temperature. In

326

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

using the double vaccine, two doses at stated intervals
are required, a dose of the second lymph following in
about ten days after the first.

Recent investigations have, however, shown that the
single vaccine is quite as effectual, and as but one dose
is required, it is much more convenient to use.

The Bureau of Animal Industry is now preparing
a single vaccine and distributing it to a limited num
her of reliable parties, who will report results of
its use.

As before stated, vacciuation, as now practiced, has
been very favorably reported on and highly recom
mended by a large number of scientific investigators
and while it has never beeu practiced in Virginia, it
is the writer's advice that stock-owners of this State
should so protect their herds against black leg, espe
cially since the operation is a harmless one, and can
be done by the owner.

Full directions accompany the vaccine, and any one
with reasonable intelligence and in possession of a
vaccinating outfit, can perform the operation for
himself.

A vaccinating outfit consists of a graduated hypo-
dermic syringe, a small mortar and pestle, a small
glass funnel, filter papers of absorbent cotton for filter-
ing, and a small measuring glass. This outfit costs
from four to five dollars, and may be obtained from
the Pasteur Vaccine Co., Chieago, 111., or Z. D. Gil-
man, 627 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C.

This Department is, however, now in a position to
vaccinate a limited number of herds, and if parties
who are losing cattle with black-leg will report the
same, the vaccination will be done without cost to the
owner. In doing this work, however, we shall confine
the vaccinations, as far as possible, to herds in which
the disease is present at the time, or to farms where
the disease is known to occur each year.

We would earnestly request, therefore, that owners
of stock report to us immediately upon the appear-
ance of the disease.

E. P. Niles, Veterinarian.

Experiment Station, BlacJcsburg, Va.

THE CATTLE-TICK IN VIRGINIA.

Owing to the great scarcity of stock-cattle in all
sections of the State, and as a result thereof of the in-
creased danger of the dissemination of the cattle tick,
it is thought best to issue a short article on the sub-
ject, calling the attention of the stock owners to the
importance of carefully guarding against this carrier
of one of the most disastrous diseases of cattle. Sple-
netic or Texas cattle fever, also popularly known as
murrain, bloody murrain, distemper, etc., has been
fully described in a former bulletin from this depart-

ment. This article will therefore be confined to a
discussion of the cattle tick, with suggestions for its
speedy eradication. In connection with this one, how-
ever, two other species of ticks which occasionally in-
fest cattle will be briefly described, since they may, by
some who are not familiar with the tick family, be
mistaken for the cattle tick.

The cattle-tick (Boophilus bovis) may be described iu
a general way as follows : Adult female, length about
one half inch, breadth five-sixteenths of an inch, body
oval and slightly contracted at sides at about the mid-
dle Olive brown on back, with two longitudinal
stripes, which are more plainly visible in the dried
specimen. Belly slate colored, head small and of a
solid reddish brown color, beak short.

Another species of tick which may be mistaken for
the cattle tick, and which is occasionally found on
cattle, is

IXODES EICINUS,

This tick is said to occur on rodents in the Missis-
sippi Valley and on large animals in Europe. It has,
however, been found on cattle from Prince William
county. The adult is described as being four tenths
of an inch in length, and about one-half as broad.
The body is a leaden color, and, like the cattle tick, is
slightly contracted at the sides slightly back of the
centre. Head reddish brown and slightly larger than
that of the cattle tick, beak short.

It will be seen that the above species very closely
resembles the cattle tick, and, by the inexperienced,
may be mistaken for it. Its color, however, is differ-
ent, and the longitudinal markings are wanting. This
alone will enable a close observer to distinguish be-
tween the two. Another point of difference, as seen
by the aid of a small lens, is in the beak. In the cat-
tle tick, the mandibles do not extend the full length
of the beak, while in this species the mandibles extend
slightly beyond the beak.

The tick most commonly found on d gs, and fre-
quently on cattle, is the

AMBYLOMMA UNIPUNCTATA,

the adult female of which measures from seven six-
teenths to nine-sixteenths of an inch in length, and
from six sixteenths to eight sixteenths of an inch in
breadth ; body rounded latterly, oval when filled ;
color grayish brown. On the back and upper part of
the head is a small whitish looking spot, which, when
examined with a lens, is seen to be iridescent.

It will be seen from the above that this species of
tick is nearly round, which, in addition to the small
spot on the head, will distinguish it from the other
species described. This species is quite commonly
found on cattle, but, so far as is known, has no ill ef-
fect on them.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

327

As the last two species described are supposed to
have nothing to do in causing disease, it is only ne-
cessary for us to be able to recognize them in order
that cattle which are infested with them alone may
not be condemned as dangerous. It is also of great
importance that the cattle-tick be recognized at sight,
so that cattle infested with it may at once be placed
under proper restrictions, thus preventing the spread
of disease conveyed by these parasites. The cattle in
the counties of this State mentioned below are more or
less infested with this tick, on account of which it has
been necessary to place rigid restrictions on the move-
ment of cattle from them during the interval from the
fifteenth of February to the fifteenth of November.

The counties are.the Southern half of Franklin, all
of Patrick, Henry, Pittsylvania, Halifax, Campbell,
Appomattox, Buckingham, Prince Edward, Charlotte,
Mecklenburg, Lunenburg, Nottoway, Amelia, Cum-
berland, Powhatan, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Bruns
wick, Prince George, Sussex, Southampton, Green-
ville, Nansemond, Isle of Wight, James City, York,
Gloucester and Mathews.

The tick is not a native of these counties, nor, in
fact, of the United States, but was imported in early
years. But as no effort has ever been made to exter-
minate it, it has gained a firm foothold.

In establishing a quarantine line through the State,
it is quite a difficult matter to so establish it that all
infected territory will be included, or that all non in-
fected territory will be excluded. In some of the
counties named above, portions of them are not in
fected, but infection is so scattered in these counties,
or their location is such, that it is impossible to draw
a line to exclude the non-infected portions without, at
the same time, excluding infected areas. Prince Ed-
ward and Charlotte counties, for example, are practi-
cally free from the cattle tick, but these counties are
surrounded by infected counties, and the authorities
will not cooperate in excluding ticky cattle ; hence,
the necessity of keeping both of the counties in quar-
antine. Small localities infested with ticks may also
be found above the quarantine line, but these are so
small, and tlie counties in which they exist so located,
that justice would not be done in placing the whole
county in quarantine. The locality referred to is a
narrow strip of land lying along the James river in the
counties of Amherst, Nelson, Albemarle and Fluvan
na. Parties are therefore warned against the danger
incurred in purchasing cattle in these sections during
the quarantine season.

On account of the presence of the cattle tick in all
of the counties above named, the United States De
partment of Agriculture, two years ago, quarantined
against the whole State of Virginia, and, only by
prompt action of the Legislature and vigorous efforts

of the authorities placed in charge of the work, was
the line thrown back to the actually infected counties.
Had the entire State remained under Federal quaran-
tine, no cattle could have been exported from the State
during the quarantine season. It is therefore a matter
of great importance to the stock-owners of the State
that the present law be rigidly enforced, and that the
people lend their hearty co operation to this end.
Nor should the co operation of the people stop here ;
it should extend to an effort to exterminate the tick.

That the tick can be exterminated has been demon-
strated in several counties in the State. All that is
required is a rigid enforcement of the proper laws and
concerted action on the part of the people. No doubt
in time stock owners will sufficiently realize the im-
portance of stamping out this pest without being
forced to do so. But they must be educated up to
this point, and education in this direction is too slow
for practical purposes, for such an education would
necessarily have to extend through several genera-
tions before any noticeable results would be obtained.

The cattle tick will never be exterminated in Vir-
ginia or any other State until the pasturing of cattle
on the commons is prohibited. This can only be done
by means of a " no fence" law. Such a law we know
to be very unpopular where it has never been tried,
but in counties in which the law has become thor-
oughly established its practical value is such that the
people, as a rule, are well pleased with its operation.

Counties which were at one time badly infested with
ticks are now, as a result of the establishment of such
a law, practically free from them. Example : Prince
Edward, Norfolk and Princess Anne counties. The
no-fence law operates in the extermination of ticks by
preventing the intermingling of cattle, and as the pas-
tures are shifted from one portion of the farm to an-
other, the ticks on such farms soon become extinct.
Even at the present time numerous farms can be cited
in badly tick-infected counties which are entirely free
from the tick pest for no other reason than that the
owners do not allow cattle from the commons to enter
their farms, nor allow their cattle to run on the com-
mons.

Although the owner of such a farm may use every
precaution against intrusion by tick-infested cattle,
such cattle will occasionally break into his pasture,
resulting in heavy losses to the farmer who is endeav-
oring to keep his cattle free from ticks. In view of
this fact, there can be no justice in allowing tick-in-
fested cattle to run at large, scattering disease where
ever they go. It is true that the present law purports
the prohibition of the running at large of ticky cattle,
provided the owner of such cattle is aware that his
cattle are infested with ticks ; but if legal action is
brought against such parties, the plea will invariably

328

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

be ignorance of the infection of their cattle ; while, on
the other hand, county officers will make no effort to
enforce this clause of the law, which, without their
cooperation, cannot be enforced. Therefore, it is of
the greatest importance, in justice to the greater num-
ber of stock-raisers, that a no fence law be established
by the Legislature. With such a law in full force in
the tick-infested counties, the cattle-tick will soon be
a thing of the past in Virginia, and the entire State
would, in a short time, be released from both Federal
and State quarantine. The writer is aware that such
a measure will meet with strong opposition on the plea
that great hardship will be forced upon the poorer
class of people ; but if these people will not keep
their cattle free from ticks, have they any reasonable
grounds for asking that their cattle be allowed to run
at large, and be the direct cause of killing hundreds
of their neighbors' cattle, and, furthermore, be the
direct cause of keeping a large portion of the State
under quarantine, and running the risk of throwing
the entire State under Federal quarantine?

This is a matter which appeals to every one inter-
ested in the live stock industry, and should have the
closest attention of all concerned.

If the life-history of the tick is taken into consider-
ation, it will readily be seen how the "no-fence" law
operates in its extermination. First of all, let it be
remembered that the tick does not breed while at
tached to the cattle. Neither does the tick pass from
one animal to another. When the young tick gets a
firm hold on the animal, it remains attached until it
reaches maturity*. Usually, two ticks will be found
attached close together ; one a male, and the other a
female. The male never grows large, and attaches it-
self beneath the female, while the female attains the
dimensions given in our description given of the tick.
While attached in this position, the female becomes
fertilized. At maturity she drops to the ground, and
finding a secluded place beneath the leaves, grass, etc.,
deposits her eggs, about two thousand in number.
These eggs, with the requisite amount of moisture and
warmth, hatch in from twenty to thirty days. The
egg of the tick being small, the young tick is necessa-
rily exceedingly small ; about the Bize, in fact, of the
small chicken louse which is so frequently found in
the nests and on the roosts of poultry houses.

The young tick does not travel from place to place
in search of cattle, as many suppose, seeming only to
instinctively climb upwards. Hence it is that a space
of twenty to thirty feet between infected and non-in-
fected cattle is sufficient to insure the safety of the
latter. If, then, cattle are not allowed to run on the
commons and scatter the adult tick promiscuously,
the commons would soon be free from the tick.

Again, as soon as the running at large of cattle is

prohibited, thus compelling each and every stock-
owner to provide pasture for his own cattle, the natu-
ral rotation of crops, change of pasture, etc., quickly
destroys the tick. For instance, the cattle tick does
not infest other animals in sufficient numbers to prop-
agate its species, and the young tick will not live
more than from two to three months if it does not
succeed in attaching itself to cattle. Hence, if cattle
were this year kept out of fields which were infested
the previous j ear, they would be free from ticks, and
in one year's time the whole State could be freed. To
accomplish such desirable results, however, requires
concerted action on the part of stock-owners, after
having induced their board of county supervisors to
establish the necessary "no-fence" law.

In recommending and urging the establishment of
such a law, the writer does so knowing its unpopular-
ity in many sections, but having had opportunity to
observe the marvelous results of such a law in several
counties of this State, and knowing, from experience
in the field, that Virginia will never be freed from the
cattle tick until such a law becomes universal, the
writer considers it his duty to the people at large to
make such recommendation.

With results so thoroughly demonstrated, it is to be
hoped that the people will promptly lay aside all pre-
judice in the matter and speedily adopt the only meas-
ure by which the tick can possibly be exterminated in
Virginia.

For the past two years, the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture has been experimenting with va-
rious methods of dipping cattle for the destruction of
ticks, and, from results obtained, it is hoped that in
the near future dipping vats may be placed at various
points along the line of traffic, in order that cattle
may be transported to various Northern points with-
out the present restrictions. If this method of de-
stroying ticks proves successful, we shall endeavor to
have a dipping station located in this State.

E. P. Niles, Veterinarian.

Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va.

CHEESE FOR THE SOLDIERS--AN OPPOR-
TUNITY FOR DAIRYMEN.

Editor Southern Planter :

Congressman J. H. Davidson, of Wisconsin, has
introduced a bill in the House of Representatives
providing that pure wholesome cheese shall hereafter
constitute a portion of the ration of our soldiers.
Such a measure is timely and important, for cheese is
one of the cheapest foods available to man. It is con-
densed, has no waste, requires no preparation for con-
sumption, and is peculiarly suited for nourishing
soldiers in their fatiguing labors in a tropical climate.

Every person interested in dairying should work

1896.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

329

for the wider distribution and more general use of
dairy products. Every farmer who reads this article
is urged to write at once to his member of Congress,
in both houses, urging them immediate support of the
Davidson bill. If our dairymen will do their duty,
Congress will no doubt enact the Davidson bill into a
law within the next two weeks, in time to render our
soldiers now in the field a genuine service.

Butter makers as well as cheese manufacturers are
interested in the measure, for every pound of milk
turned into cheese leaves the market in that much
better shape for butter, aud aside from personal in-
terests, we are all desirous of seeing dairy products
more largely consumed, because of their wholsome-
ness, palatability, and the low cost for nutriment fur
nished.

Congress is now debating the question of adjourn
ment, and unless there is quick action by our people,
the measure may fail this session. Will not every
dairymen make this a personal matter and write at
least a postal card to his Representative and Senator,
urging that they support the Davidson bill? "In
union there is strength." Let us see how quickly the
Davidson bill will become a law !

W. A. Henry,

Madison, Wis. Dean College of Agriculture.

PARASITICAL DISEASES IN LAMBS.

Now is the time to have in view the prevention of
the two parasitical diseases of lambs due to the stom-
ach and lung worms, which have caused such large
losses during past years. There is no doubt but the
stomach worm is mostly transmitted to lambs from
the older sheep, and the same seems true of the lung
worm. Pasturing lambs on pasture that has been the
grazing ground for the older members of the Mock for
some years back will undoubtedly result in the greater
prevalence of this disease among the lambs. I believe
also that top-dressing pastures with the manure of old
sheep and then grazing lambs on it later will have a
like result. If possible, give the ewes and the lambs
a fresh run of pasture.

It is known that an infusion of pumpkin seeds is
one of the most effective worm- destroyers. The most
successful treatment of the tapeworm in sheep that I
know of resulted from the use of an infusion of pump-
kin seeds. For that reason I believe that it would be
advisable to grow some pumpkins in the corn or alone,
with the special purpose in view of helping the lambs
to combat the attacks of the worms. Sheep are fond
of pumpkins, and as they are heavy yielders, it will
be found to be an advantage to have them to teed, in
addition to the value that they will return in prevent-
ing the worms from obtaining an abiding place in the
lambs. To further fortify the lambs, they should be
taught to eat grain before weaning. The usual prac-
tice of letting the lambs run without any grain and
then taking them off the ewes without any special feed
to turn them on, makes the weaning season very try-

ing to them. If they have been taught to eat grain
and get a little of it at weaning time, and also have a
piece of clean pasture to run on, or better still, second-
crop clover or rape, the attacks of the worms will not
be so fatal. Under such conditions it will be advisa
ble to wean the lambs early unless the ewes are milk-
ing very freely.

Watching the lambs closely during the middle of
the summer season will enable one to take the proper
measures to destroy the worms in time. When a lamb
is not thrifty, the trouble is likely due to one of two
causes — the ewe that suckles it is not giving enough
milk, or else the lamb is troubled with worms. The
best evidence of the stomach worm is the presence of
the small white worm in the manure, the dry harsh
coat and starved appearance of the lamb, and the fact
that the lamb scours frequently. In the instance of
the lungworm the appearances of the lamb are very
much the same, and with these there is the addiiional
symptom of a deep, dry cough. As soon as any of
these symptoms are apparent, I would keep the lambs
in a yard over night, and the next morning, before they
have a chance to get any pasture or other lood, I would
give them some turpentine and milk. About a teaspoon-
ful of turpentine in at least six tim'S as much milk,
will make a dose for a lamb three ©r four mouths old.
If this does not stop the coughiDg and the scouring, I
would repeat it in three days and again after the lapse
of a similar period. It is a good plan to give the
lambs the turpentine mixture independent of any
symptoms. In giving it, it should be observed that
the milk and the turpentine is well mixed, and that
it is put down the right passage. — John A. Craig,
Iowa Experiment Station, in Breeders1 Gazette.

THE HORSE THAT IS WANTED.

Another consideration, and a very important one, is
that there are now calls for ten horses suitable for
"heavy leather," where there is a call for one trotter.
While the ability to step-a-bit always appeals to our
hearts, the laws of nearly all cities prohibit a speed
greater than seven miles an hour. Rich people, who
can afford to keep good horses and pay long prices for
them, want style, beauty and action. The carriages
are large, heavy and expensive, and the prices of har-
ness would make an ordinary man's salary for a year.
Animals suitable to show off the beautiful trappings
must be in keeping, and it is not a question of price.

To show whit one man, under the right teaching,
can do in the way of producing the proper animals, it
is only necessary to cite the case of one Virginia far-
mer. He has now marketed about 75 half bred Hack-
neys at auction, to go to the highest bidder, at an av-
erage within a few dollars of $S00 for each and every
horse. This is a success that can be easily duplicated,
and the market is waiting and ready to take every one
that can be produced. — E. T. Riddick, in Country
Gentleman.

Mr. J. C. Jnrgensen, Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. ll, 1897,
writes : "Aside from your splendid articles on farm-
ing, in your excellent journal, I am especially thank-
ful to you for your firm stand on the tax question."

330

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

HEREFORDS IN VIRGINIA.

Since writing the paragraph under this caption in
the earlier part of this issue, in which we intimated
that we hoped to publish illustrations of some of Mr.
Boocock's stock in our nest issue, we have received
the plates of two of the animals, and therefore have
decided to publish them iu tbis issue.

bury was sired by Boniface, the first prize winner at
both the Birmingham and Smithfield (Eng.) fat stock
shows in 1897, Snowball, the dam of Salisbury, was
sold to the Queen of England, and was sired by the
great breeding bull Pioneer. Salisbury represents a
combination of Rogers, Turner and Price blood, the
three greatest Hereford breeders in England, and does

SALISBURY.

The above is a most perfect reproduction of the
celebrated Imported Bull Salisbury, for whom Mr.
Boocock gave $3,000 at public sale at Emporia, Kan.,
in February last.

Salisbury was calved 27th January, lS9<j, and bred
by Mr. John Price, of Court House, Pembridge, Eng

credit to the skill with which the combinations have
been made. His purchase for $3,000 was stated by
the Breeders' Gazette to be ' 'a ease where a long price
was clearly justified. It was not simply a pedigree
that was bought, * * * but an outstanding example
of individual merit and grand promise for stock-

land, and was imported by Mr. Cross last fall. Salis- 1 getting purposes meeting with geuerous appreciation.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

331

HEREFORDS IN VIRGINIA.

The illurtratioa shown on this page is a picture true
to life of the beautiful cow Curly Lady, purchased for
$1,200 by private treaty by Mr. Boocock, at Sunny
Slope, at the time when he bought the bull Salisbury.

bull should be accompanied by a cow equally as good
as himself, consented to sell her for the price named.
Curly Lady is by the celebrated bull Beau Real,
and is considered by good judges to be one of the old
bull's finest daughters. Certainly, judged by her pic-
ture, she is a gem, and a fit mate for Salisbury.

CURLY I.ADY.

The owner of this cow had no intention of selling her As we have previously said, the experience of Mr.

at the time, and she was not included in the sale cata- Boocock, and others who are keeping Herefords in

logue. When Mr. Boocock saw her. he determined Virginia, is that they are well adapted to our climatic

to buy her if anything in reason could secure her. conditions, and that in our best grazing sections they

The owner, realizing that Mr. Boocock had paid so will undoubtedly do well. We trust that many of

handsomely for Salisbury, and being desirous that the our breeders will give them a trial.

332

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

The Poultry Yard.

CULL OUT THE ROOSTERS.

All the youDg roosters should now be culled out of
the flocks of chickens, and put by themselves until
ready to ship to market. Both the roosters and pul
lets will be benefitted by this process. They will
grow and feed faster separate than together, and the
pullets will become layers much sooner. The breed-
ing season being now over, old roosters may also be
taken from the hens, and fed up for the market. The
hens will lay better without them, and the eggs will
keep better.

Commence the selection of the most promising pul-
lets from the flocks of chickens, and keep them alone
and push to maturity for early fall and winter layers.

THE BEST BREED OF POULTRY.

Editor Southern Planter :

For some years past I have been much interested in
poultry-raising, and after having had experience with
several different breeds, I think that, for an all round
bird, none excel the Brown Leghorns. This breed is
not large, but their laying qualities will compensate
for the loss in size. They are a sprightly, thrifty fowl,
and a brood of chicks a few weeks old can amply take
care of themselves if they can be allowed to "range."
In fact, all breeds will do better if there are patches of
woodland on the farm where they can be allowed to
run. They will always presenta much neater, cleaner
appearance, and their natural wants will be much more
readily supplied. The man who comes around with
the chicken wagon will also note the difference. There
is a large area of woodland on the north side of my
farm where the fowls are allowed to run, and we nearly
always have an abundant supply of eggs, while some
of our neighbors, whose fowls are confined in their
range to the immediate premises, have scarcely any.

Dickenson Co., Va. Feaxk Monroe Beverly.

FEEDING EXPERIENCE.
•• I do not consider cottonseed meal fit to feed poul-
try of any kind, yonng or old. We have fed it to our
laying hens and ducks, with bad results. As soon as
we fed it t<> the ducks they shut right down on the egg
3 ield The young, also, that were hatched from these
eggs weie affected in the same way. It might do to
help fatten poultry, and change the color of the skin ;
otherwise, I do not like it. Cut bone, if fed too often,
will open the bowels. We feed it but twice a week, at
noon, when we have it; when not, we use scraps.
The best egg food we have found to be one part corn
meal, one part middlings, one part bran, one part
ground oats, ten per cent, of scraps, with wheat, buck-
wheat, oats and barley, for the noon and night feed. —
Cor. Am. Fancier.

EXPERIMENTS WITH POULTRY.

The following conclusions were reached as the result
of experiments made at the Michigan Experiment
Station :

The hen house being located on a dry, preferably
sandy, knoll, and facing the south, the windows should
be exclusively upon the south side and of good size.
Where the floor area of the chicken house was 19.5 by
11.5 feet, a window G feet wide by 5 feet and 8 inches
high did not cause severe freezing in the pens except
on the very coldest days of winter and afforded an
abundance of sunshine. A window one foot narrower
is recommended.

Where the incubator is placed in a room whose
temperature is reasonably even and is properly man-
aged a high per cent, of hatch may be expected only
(a) when the hens have plenty of exercise, (b) when
the eggs are fresh laid.

In an experiment involving the feeding of 86 chickens
it was found that finely ground grain was slightly
better than closely cracked, and that corn was some-
what better than wheat, later when the chickens were
approaching maturity. A second experiment shows
that where the chickens weighed nearly five pounds
apiece it cost very much more to put on a pound of
gain than when they were younger.

Young ducks «ain more rapidly than chickens of the
same age and put on their gains more rapidly. They
sell better than chickens, and, at the present market
prices, bring in a greater profit.

Where three pens of 35 hens each, matched as
to the breed, relation to the laying period and in all
other known respects are fed alike for six months the
number of eggs laid by the pens were 2,228, 2,362,
2.288, a difference large enough to be significant had
the conditions been varied in any one respect.

A pen, each of twenty pullets and five yearling hens,
of the Brown Leghorn, Barred Plymouth Kock and
Golden Wyandotte breeds respectively was fed for a
year and the number of eggs counted and weighed.
The Wyandottes laid in the year 3,575 eggs, weighing
451.8 pounds, the Leghorns laid 3,225 eggs, weighing
3.!2,5 pounds, and the Plymouth Rocks 3,360, weigh-
ing 419.2 pounds. The hens were fed alike and con-
sumed approximately the same quantiey of food. The
extract from the College record shows a marked
diflerence in breeds in the number of eggs laid.

The eggs laid by different breeds have approximately
the same composition, nor do extreme changes in the
character of the foods supplied cause marked variations
in the composition of the eggs. The latter contains
about seventy five parts water, and twenty -five parts
solids. The solids are made up of albumen, fat and
ash, 12 per cent, of the white and yolk being albumen,
10 per cent. fat. and about 1 per cent. ash.

The feeding of capons during the winter was found
to be profitable, since they made good gains at a com-
paratively low food cost.

Always mention the Planter when you write to
advertisers.

189S.]

THE SOTJTHEEN PLANTEB.

333

The Horse.

HORSES FOR THE FARMER TO BREED.

There are two horses a farmer with horse sense can
raise — the draft horse and coaeher. Either of them
can be made of enough service on the farm before old
enough to sell to help pay the cost of keep. There will
be misfits enough to keep the farmer supplied with
serviceable, levelheaded horses suitable for farm work
and to be used in training the youngsters. If the
farmer intends to breed draft horses he must secure
mares of that type and not expect success from breed
ing his light mongrel mares to the nearest monster he
can find. The progeny of such a cross lacks in so
many points that are required in a salable draft horse
that they will always be low sellers and unprofitable.
There are farmers who love a good, stylish horse, and
that take enough pride in their teams to give them the
care and training that improves the youngsters. We
know of some such farmers who always have a nice
team in good order, and when on the farm or road to
town their teams attract attention because of their
style and good behavior. Their owner takes pride in
them and looks to their comfort and harness, and sees
that the horse responds by prompt work done in good
style. A slouchy driver soon has a team of slouchy
ways and bad habits. A dealer that buys a horse from
such a man discounts his price heavily because he
knows it will take a deal of handling to bring the horse
into marketable shape. Such a man had better grow
steers and let the farmer grow horses who knows how
to handle them to keep them improving while he owns
them. By the time such a farmer offers a horse for
sale it will be an extra good horseman who can add
enough to his horse's manners and appearance to pay
for the attempt.

The horse that has been raised and trained by such
a farmer is handy and reliable wherever he may go.
His mouth and disposition have not been ruined, his
wind and stomach have not been injured by excess of
work or feed. He is a well-trained, faithful servant.
Nowy if he is the offspring of sire and dam of the right
sort, such a horse will go into any company and be a
satisfaction to his owner. — L. S. Bokham, in Breedrs1
Gazette.

this season are Patience, 2:28J, by General Knox, dam
Sappho, by Jay Gould ; Lady Nutwith, by Nutwith,
dam Nelly Purdy, by Sam Purdy ; Virginia Breeze,
full sister to Three Tips, 2:254, by Sam Purdy. dam
Virginia Girl, by Hetzel's Hambletonian, and Young
Nelly, by Nutwith, dam Nelly Bly, by C. M. Clay,
Jr., 22.

Mr. Kerr is a member of the Board of Directors of
the Orange Horseman's Association, which, though
but recently organized, has over forty members and a
snug sum in the treasury. This organization is simi-
lar in purpose to the Manassas, TJpperville, Leesburg,
Culpeper, and other Virginia Horse Show Associa-
tions, and will hold its first annual show on August
10th and 11th, when prizes will be offered for thor-
oughbreds, trotters, hunters and jumpers, saddle-
horses, etc.

NOTES.

Thomas Kerr, who trains for Mr. C. C. Taliaferro.
Mt. Sharon Stock Farm, Nason's, Va , is working a
string of green horses over the half-mile track at the
farm, and among them are some good prospects for
speed at the trot. Mr. Kerr is a painstaking, careful
handler, and has developed and driven to their record
some good horses. His stable includes a bay gelding,
6, by Sam Purdy ; a bay gelding, 5, by Omar Pasha,
dam by King Bolt ; bay filly, 4, by Omar Pasha : also
some three-year old fillies and geldings by the farm
stallion William L., Jr., son of William L., and the
famous brood mare, Mother Lumps, dam of the pro-
ducing sires Lumps, 2:21 ; Betterton, Monte Christo,
and Jolly Friar. Among the brood-mares, owned at
Mt. Sharon, which have been bred to William L., Jr.,

Messrs. George F. and W. C. Dyer, lessees of the
Eoanoke Driving Park, at Eoanoke, Va., write me
that plans are being perfected to hold a three days'
race meeting there this fall, when purses of sufficient
size will be offered to attract some good horses, trot-
ters, pacers, and runners, to compete in the different
classes.

The Messrs. Dyer have quite a large stable of horses
in training at the Driving Park, a portion of which
will be raced through the Maryland and Delaware
circuit, and later the circuit of Virginia and North
Carolina fairs will be included. Their string includes
Mary D., bay mare, 6, by Cheyenne, 2:09 J, dam by
Messenger Duroc ; Lady Dudley, chestnut mare, 6, by
Norfolk, dam by Mambrino Dudley ; chestnut filly, 3,
by Simmons, dam by Bayard; Laura D., 2:29}, bay
mare, pacer, by General Hancock, dam by Blue Bull ;
Valid, bay gelding, 1, by Vasco, dam by Strathmore ;
Cop, bay gelding, 3, by Clay King, dam Lilly More-
land, 2:26*, by Eed Wilkes.

While all of these horses are in good condition and
have shown up well in their work, none of them have
been driven fast miles, though occasionally quarters
and halves at a merry clip have been given them.
Mary D. and Lady Dudley are likely candidates for
the slow classes, trotting, while Mary D. is expected
to pace close to 2:15 and win money in her class.

Now that buyers haunt the markets seeking cavalry
and artillery horses for the U. S. Government, it may
be well to record the qualifications the country must
have for its cavalry mounts. First we are told that
the animal must be sound, well bred, and of a supe-
rior class ; well broken to the saddle, free from vicious
habits ; with free and prompt action at the walk, trot
and gallop ; without blemish or defect, and of a kind
disposition ; with easy mouth and gait. And coming
down to minute detail, your Uncle Sam more particu-
larly prefers : A gelding of uniform and hardy color,
in good condition, from 151 to 16 hands high; weight
not less than 950 nor more than 1150 pounds ; from
four to eight years old ; head and ears small ; forehead
broad ; eyes large and prominent ; vision perfect in
every respect : shoulders long and sloping well back ;
chest full, broad and deep ; forelegs straight and

334

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[jmy

standing well under ; barrel large and increasing from
girth to flank : withers elevated ; back short and
straight; loins and haunches broad and muscular;
hocks well bent and under the horse ; pasterns slant
ing and feet small and sound. And from all of this it
will be seen that it taken a pretty good sort of horse to
suit the requirements of the cavalry service.

Harbison Brothers, of Lexington, Ky., who have
supplied the government with 1,100 horses already
this year, and now have a contract to furnish more
than 500 more, state that they find it very hard to find
desirable horses enough in this country to fill their
contract. These gentlemen have travelled over the
entire South and West, visiting the sale maits at St.
Louis, Indianapolis, Chicago, Buffalo, and many
smaller places, and yet their order has not been half
filled. Through the South, all the mules that fill the
bill are rapidly being bought for army service, with
the result that prices on them as well as horses are
rapidly bounding upward.

Since the war with Spain began, the Blue Grass re-
gion of Kentucky has furnished the United States
Army somewhere in the neighborhood of 1,500 caval-
ry and artillery horses, and equally as many mules.
These animals were purchased by Capt. Ayleshire and
Lieut. Blunt, and sent to Chickamauga. Of this
number, 500 horses and 300 mules were purchased in
Lexington from Jewell & Patterson, Stewart & Lewis,
Caruthers & Beard, and others.

Bayless & Turney, of Paris, have also furnished the
government a large number of cavalry horses.

Capt. R. J. Hancock's thoroughbred yearlings from
the Ellerslie Stud, Overton, Va., were sold at the
American Horse Exchange, in New York, on Monday
night, the 13th June, when the bidding was slow, and
prices far below the real value of the offerings.

The principal buyers and bidders were ex Corpora-
tion Counsel W. H. Clark, John Hines, and T. M.
Farish, the latter of Charlottesville, Va. Fourteen
well-bred, well-grown youngsters — about the hand-
somest lot ever sent out from the famous Ellerslie
Stud — by Eolus, imported Charaxus and Eon brought
only $2,565 — an average of $183 each. John Hines
paid the top price, $500, for a bay colt with angular
hocks, by Eon, out of Cerise, dam of the great race-
horse Morello. The same buyer paid $300 for another
colt, by imported Charaxus, out of a sister to the fa-
mous cup-horse Eole, and secured one of the apparent
bargains of the sale in Einus, a lengthy, rangy, racy-
looking chestnut colt by Eolus, out of Nita, by im-
ported Billet.

The best prices were :

Bay colt, by Eon, dam Cerise, by imp. Moccasin;

John Hines $500

Einus, ch. c, by EoIuh, dam Nita, by imp. Billet;

W.H.Clark ' 275

Brown colt, by imp. Charaxus, dam Eole, by

Eolus; T. M. Farish 235

Bay colt, by imp. Charaxus, dam Helmwind, by

Eolus; T. M. Farish 1G5

Bay colt, by imp. Charaxus, dam Eola. by Eolus;

John Hines 300

Bay colt, by imp. Charaxus, dam Jennie Keene,

by Eolus'; T. M. Farish 210

Bay colt, by Eon, dam Eolide, by imp. Charaxus;

John Hines 275

Bay colt, by Eon, dam Lady Grace, by Romney;

t. M. Farish 180

Brown colt, by Bon, dam Vigiline, by Vigil. P.

M. Ware 100

Bay colt, by Eon, dam Amy, by Hindoo; T. M.

Farish 130

The great brood mare, Virginia Maid, dam of Mo-
sul, 2:091, and Nutwith, 2:291, foaled at Ardeu Farm,
Goshen, N. Y., ou May 10th, a very handsome brown
colt, marks star and guip, by Eg wood, L':tS', and later
was bred to the great show horse Stauiboul, 2:071.
Virginia Maid, a daughter of Sam Purdy and Peach
Blossom, by Orange Blossom, is owned by Mr. Louis
Becker, of Baltimore, who purchased her in 1896 from
her breeder, Wm. Ellison, Richmond, Va. She is her-
self one of the handsomest brood mares to be found,
and in her produce by such a noted horse as Stani-
boul, Mr. Becker has reason to expect something very
fine. Mosul, the fastest of Virginia Maid's produce,
was sired by Sultan, the sire of Stamboul.

Mr. Joseph Lasitter, of the Richmond Horse Ba-
zaar, has in training at Montezuma Farm, his country
home near this city, the following horses :

Firewood, 2:291, bay gelding, by King Nutwood,
dam by Middletown ; Zilla B., 2:30; brown mare, by
Woodburn Hambletonian, dam untraced.

Bay mare, 4, by Macey, dam by Onward.

Brown mare, 4, by Simmons, dam Miss Sontag, 2:28,
by Victor Mohawk.

Dobbin, bay gelding, 3, by General Dashwood, dam
untraced.

President John S. Cunningham and Secretary John
Nichols, of the North Carolina State Fair, which will
be held at Raleigh October 24th to 29th, inclusive, are
exerting themselves to make it a grand success. The
speed programme will, as usual, be a prime attraction,
and purses will be offered for trotters, pacers, and
runners.

W. J. Carter has sold, for export to Cuba, where he
will be used as a troop horse by an army officer, the
bay gelding Composite, 6, by Lexington, 2:24}, dam
Agile, by Sherman's Hambletonian.

Bkoad Rock.

Galtee More, winner of the English Derby of 1S97,
has been sold to the Russian government for $100,000.
This is the largest price ever paid in Britain for a
blood-horse. It will be remembered that a "fake"
report was published in this country shortly after the
Derby that the horse had been bought by Marcus Daly
at the price now reported to have been paid for him.
Galtee More is a great horse, and with good luck the
Russians may be able to get back the price out of him,
large as it is.

Mr. Carme Elam, of Cleveland Mills, N. C, writes:
"I find the Southern Planter valuable and interesting
reading."

.1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

335

niscellaneous.

WAR TAXES.

The people will now have the opportunity of know -
iug and feeling what going to war means. The war
revenue bill has passed Congress and comes into force
on the 1st July. Practically almost everything but
fresh air is taxed. The tax on beer and tobacco is
doubled ; tea is taxed 10 cents per pound ; all propri-
etary medicines and compounds are taxed ; and even
chewing gum is levied on, so that the dear girls may
help the men to " chew " out a revenue. All bankers,
brokers and other merchants are specially taxed, and
the circus and theatre must contribute their share.
Stamps are required on all deeds and other legal doc
uments, cheques and receipts for money, telegraph and
telephone messages, and duties are payable on legacies
and estates. Provision is made for borrowing
$500,000,000 on bonds to run twenty years, of which
$200,000,000 has already been asked for ; and in addi-
tion power is given to the Secretary of the Treasury to
borrow an additional sum of $100,000,000 on short
terms on notes.

We feel only one satisfaction in referring to this
burdensome measure, and it is that so much of the
revenue is to be raised by direct taxation. Every
man will know exactly how the tax hurts him, for he
will have to pay it directly out of his own pocket into
the hands of the Government. This is a sound sys-
tem of taxation, and were it in force in respect of all
our taxes, we should soon have no more " billion con-
gresses." The people would not send men to Congress
who would spend money like our existing congressmen
if they had to pay the taxes required to raise such
enormous revenues directly. It is only because exist-
ing revenues are raised by indirect taxes, and thus the
people do not realize how much they are plundered,
that we have such extravagant expenditure. Indirect
taxation directly conduces to extravagance, bolsters
up the trusts, and enriches the monopolists ; whilst at
the same time it fails to put into the government cof-
fers all that the people are compelled to pay. A sound
system of taxation is one which takes only from the
people just that sum which is needed to carry on the
government, and which is so levied as that every cent
paid by the people goes into the hands of the govern-
ment, and neither favors the monopolist nor the trust.
Direct taxation is the only system which meets these
requirements, and in that respect much of that im-
posed under the new law is to be approved. The
man who is continually having to put his hand iuto
his pocket to pay taxes, will soon see that he has a
representative in Congress who will check extrava-
gance.

"FENCE" OR "NO-FENCE" LAW IN VIRGINIA.

A number of gentlemen interested in the question of
"fence" or "no fence," have decided that if sup-
ported, they will have a test case made and submitted
to the highest court of the State, and thus obtain a de-
cision as to the law upon the subject. They have ob-
tained from three lawyers of standing and reputation
an opinion that every man's line is his fence, and these
lawyers have offered to cany a case to the courts to
establish this principle on the terms that if their opin-
ion is not sustained, they shall only be paid $50 to
cover out of pocket expenses ; whilst if sustained,
they shall be paid a fee of $150. We are asked by the
gentlemen who are interesting themselves in the ques-
tion to bring the subject before our readers and solicit
promises of pecuniary assistance towards paying these
fees. It affords us pleasure to comply with this re-
quest, as we have always been of opinion that the ex-
isting interpretation of the law was most prejudicial to
the prosperity of the State and most unjust to farmers
and land owners, who, in accordance with that inter-
pretation, must protect themselves and their crops
from the stock of their neighbors' by fencing in the
whole of their property. We have never believed that
this was a correct view of the law on the subject, and are
heartily glad to know that it is proposed to test the
question. We appeal to every land- owner who may
come within the reach of our pen to come forward
with a promise of definite assistance to some extent.
If the above mentioned opinion is sustained, and the
law declared to be that each man's line is his fence,
then the burden of fencing in large or small planta-
tions or farms will be removed ; and we believe that
this alone will result in greatly advaucing the pros-
perity of the State and of each individual farmer
aud land owner. We are asked to accept promises of
assistance from those williug to help and to take
charge of the collection of the same when needed.
This we have consented to do, and shall be glad for all
who are willing to help, in however small a way, to
send in their names and addresses to us.

NEW WHEAT.

The first Virginia wheat of the crop of 1898 was
sold on the Baltimore market on the 22d June. The
price realized was $1 per bushel. In 1895 the first
new Virginia wheat was sold on the22d June, and the
price realized was 62 cents per bushel. Last year the
first sale was on the 24th June, the price 80 cents per
bushel.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

336

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

[July

SOUTHERN FORAGE PLANTS AND THEIR
ADAPTABILITY FOR PLANTINQ IN THE
NORTH AND WEST.

[Bead before the American Seed Trade Convention, held in
June, at Old Point, Va., by Henry W. Wood, of the firm of
T. W. Wood & Sons, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.]

First in importance for the purposes outlined in the
title of my paper is the cow-pea. The possibilities of
this crop are only just beginning to be recognized.
This crop is one of the greatest importance to South-
ern farmers, and fills in, to a great extent, the place
that clover occupies in the farming system throughout
the North and West, the Southern farmers, especially
in the coast regions, relying on same very largely for
their forage and soil-improving crops, using the shelled
peas as feed for cattle, hogs, turkeys, &c. There is no
surer or cheaper means of improving and increasing
the productiveness of our soils than by sowing the
cow-pea. It makes an enormous growth, enabling the
farmer to put plenty of nitrogenous vegetable matter
into the soil at a small cost, and so very largely ena-
bles him to dispense with the use of nitrogenous or
ammoniated fertilizers. The cow-pea, to a greater ex-
tent than other leguminous crops, has the power to
extract nitrogen or ammonia from the atmosphere and
to store same in the vines and roots, so that, even if
the crop is cut off the land is enriched and its condi-
tion improved. To grow for hay they are also valua-
ble, as they yield an immense quantity of feed of the
best quality, and produce the crop in so short a time.
The bacon made from hogs fed on the dried peas is
much sweeter and more solid, and the fat will not run
out in cooking nearly so much as if fed on corn.- For
ensilage, they are unsurpassed, being more nutritious
than green corn and other crops used for this purpose.

The varieties of cow-peas best adapted for seeding
in the North and West are the Whippoorwill, Black,
Black-eye, and Clay, in the order in which they are
named. The Whippoorwill is the quickest-growing
of the above-named sorts, and does not make long
running vines as do most of the other varieties of the
cow-peas. The Black pea is the favorite kind through-
out this section, and is more largely grown than any
other sort, yielding very largely both of the vines and
shelled peas. The Black-eye cow-peas are probably
best known in the North, and are very similar to the
Black in their growth, yield, and period of maturity.
There is also an extra early Black eye pea, which,
however, has not yet come into very general use,
which matures two to three weeks ahead of either the
Black or Black-eye. This would also be of considera-
able value for planting in the North and West. The
Clay peas are a little later than the Black in maturing,
and are the principal variety used in North and South

Carolina. This variety is also very popular through-
out the sugar growing districts of Mississippi, Louisi-
ana, and other Gulf States. The Wonderful or Un-
known pea makes an enormous growth of vine, prob-
ably greater than any other variety in cultivation, but
is later in its growth and maturity, and even in this sec-
tion frequently fails to mature its crop of peas before
the vines are killed by frost. The Red Ripper is very
attractive in the appearance of its seed, and is hardier
than any of the vine peas, and on this account can be
sown earlier.

In Georgia, it is claimed that the seed will lie in the
ground all winter and the plants come up in the spring
from self-sown seed. It is very prolific in yield of seed
and growth of vines, but requiring a little longer time
to mature its crop than the Black pea, is not to be so
strongly recommended for planting in more northerly
sections than our own. Cow-peas should never be
sown before settled warm weather. In this section,
the 10th of May is considered early enough.

Next in importance to the cow-peas, the soja beans
must be considered. Their value for planting in the
North and West will be very greatly enhanced by the
more extended use of an early variety, which has as
yet only been grown to a limited extent. I refer to
the Early Green Soja. This variety matures its crop
about a month earlier than the Yellow Soja which has
been so generally in use. It is just about equal to the
Yellow Soj'a in growth of vine and yield of beans, and
on this account will prove of the greatest value for
planting in the North and West, where the drawback
hitherto to the cultivation of Soja beans has been the
late maturity, frequently causing the crop to be cut off
by frost before it was matured. The value of this
Green Soja to our Southern farmers will be that they
can plant it later than the Yellow Soja bean, making
the planting at the last working of corn or after wheat
harvest, and yet safely mature a crop. The use of
Soja beans in the South has increased enormously in
the past few years. The following extract, from an
exhaustive article in regard to this crop, which ap-
peared in The Southern Planter, published at Rich-
mond, Va., will give some idea of its value to our
Southern farmers, especially under adverse conditions
of weather, and also its adaptability to different soils :

We are glad to find that our subscribers are becom-
ing interested in this crop, as we regard it as one of
the most valuable that can be raised in the South, and
at the same time one of the most reliable. As a grain
feed, as a forage crop, and as an improver of the soil,
it has few, if any, equals. We have grown it and
seen it grown on land in varying states of fertility,
and under the most diverse climatic conditions, and
never yet saw it a complete failure. We have seen it
growing vigorously in a corn crop when the corn was
completely drowned and as yellow as possible, and do-
ing well when corn was suffering from drouth. Mr.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

337

Bell wood, of Chesterfield county, Va., who grows the
crop largely, says that he planted it on rich, alluvial
land and on sand and gravel, and found the crop
nearly as good on the sand and gravel as on the allu-
vial soil.

Another forage crop which has been attracting a
very great deal of attention in the South in the past
two years is the Velvet bean, which was originally in-
troduced from Brazil into Florida. It has created a
sensation in that State and in Louisiana, and the tales
which are told of its enormous growth will almost
rival those of Baron Munchausen. It is claimed that
these beans will climb to the top of tall trees, and
will make such a dense growth of vine that when it
has rotted down it will virtually amount to the same
as if a coat of manure had been applied to the soil.
The adaptability of this bean even for Virginia, North
Carolina, and States of similar latitude, has not yet
been tested, and we are inclined to think that it re-
quires too long a season to mature its seed, even in
this locality, and that it would not be adaptel for
planting in the North and West.

Another distinctively Southern forage crop, which
has attracted considerable attention of late, and also
proved of considerable value for growing in our North-
ern and Western States, is Teosinte. This makes an
enormous growth of most nutritious food. It can be
cut several times in the season, and stools and branches
out thicker at each successive cutting. As many as
forty -five stalks have been grown from a single seed.
This crop should receive a much larger share of at-
tention than is now the case, especially where farmers
desire to make continuous cuttings of green fodder for
feeding during summer.

The Ensilage corn of the South has long been noted
for its productiveness of fodder, and our strains of
Ensilage corn are also rapidly becoming very popular
in France, Germany, and other Continental countries.
For Northern and Western planting, the popularity of
our Ensilage corn is very greatly enhanced by the cli-
matic change, which makes it especially valuable for
fodder and ensilage purposes. The reason for this is
very clearly set forth in the following extract from
Messrs. D. Landreth & Sons' book, "999 Queries and
Answers :"

The planting of corn, ripened under a Southern cli-
mate, in localities far North of its latitude of produc-
tion, seems to completely upset its natural habit, a
common occurrence in vegetable life, as such corn
runs almost entirely to foliage, the function of leaf
and stem development being so stimulated as to com-
pletely displace the function of seed production. The
cause of this is difficult, perhaps impossible, to answer
to the satisfaction of every one. It may be due to
several causes in combination, sometimes partially in-
fluenced by richer soil, more generally to increased
moisture or more even distribution of rain during the

last half season of growth, a better conservation of
water, for in Southern localities the evaporation is
greater, and transitions of soil moisture conditions
more marked.

A Southern corn, under any circumstances, takes a
greater number of days of growth to arrive at matu-
rity, and when planted in the North, simultaneously
with Northern corn, continues vigorous longer than
the Northern sort, so much so as to be in a position to
profit by August and September rains, which come
too late to extend the growth of the quicker maturing
Northern varieties. Thus the formation of leaf tissue
in the case of Southern corn is still further continued,
till finally the plant, yet in vigorous growth, enters
the moister seasons of the autumn, when nothing will
arrest the growth but frost.

Owing to this benefit from climatic change, I be-
lieve that even better known forage plants which are
largely raised in the North and West, such as the mil-
lets and sorghums, would prove much better and more
satisfactory if the seed were always obtained from the
South. Southern-grown German millet has long been
noted for the superior crops which it produces ; so
much so, that the Southern-grown seed always com-
mands a good premium over the price of Western -
grown seed.

The Pearl or Cattail millet is one of the best and
most satisfactory continuous cutting crops we have.
Hungarian is very little grown in the South, our
farmers seeming to prefer the German millet to this
crop. Among other forage crops which have their
particular value for the South, but are not adapted for
Northern and Western planting, I might mention the
Beggar weed, Burr clover, Johnson grass, and Japan
clover. Beggar weed is popular in the sandy ridges
of Florida and the South Atlantic and Gulf States,
making a large yield of nutritious dry feed, and re-
seeding itself each year. Burr clover makes an excel-
lent winter pasturage, reseeding itself, dying down at
the approach of summer, and re-appearing with the
fall rains. Sown on Bermuda grass sods, it proves
specially valuable, as it fills in a period when Ber-
muda grass is dormant in its growth. Johnson grass
is properly a sorghum, and once planted in the South-
ern territory, it is almost impossible to get rid of it.
On this account care should be used never to plant it
in fields which are desired afterwards for cultivation.
At the same time, no matter how much this crop is
abused by neglect or being planted on poor soils, or
suffering from adverse conditions of weather, the fact
that it always continues to thrive and makes a large
yield of nutritious feed makes it of considerable value,
and especially in sections of the South where other
grasses and clovers do not succeed so well. While the
State of Texas has seen fit to even go so far as to make
a law against the seeding of Johnson grass, on account
of its ineradicable nature, it undoubtedly has great
value when properly used.

338

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

Bermuda grass is another of the old stand-bys of the
South, and furnishes excellent summer pasturage, and
in the extreme South also makes a very good yield of
hay. It is not, however, adapted for the North and
West, hut owing to its hahits and growth, seems to be
peculiarly adapted for the South.

The different varieties of sorghums, Early Amber,
Early Orange, While and Yellow millo maize, and
Kaffir corn, are all largely grown as continuous green
catting and summer forage plants. All of these are,
however, I believe, also well known and grown suc-
cessfully throughout the North and West. The
vetches are also grown to a considerable extent with a
constantly increasing acrea e, and I believe will prove
one of our most valuable winter growing forage plants.
When not cut too early they prove a self-seeding crop,
and many farmers continue to make excellent crops of
vetches year after year on the same land without re-
seeding.

The Crimson clover crop is one of our old stand bys,
and has been grown largely in this section for more
than twenty years. Its great value as an early green
forage and soil improving crop was recognized with us
long before New Jersey, Delaware and other sections
of our country began to grow it to any extent.

Our Virginia winter oats, winter rye, barley, and
sometimes wheat, are largely sown for winter and
spring grazing and for early feed crops, for which
purpose s they are used in addition to their value for
graiu purposes, and some of our farmers, where they
desire the crop for grazing or feeding purposes only,
are sowing grain mixtures composed of all of the above
mentioned grains mixed together, as they find they
yield more and better winter and spring pasturage
than where only one kind of grain is sown.

The well known grasses and clovers, such as Orchard,
Tall Meadow oat, Red Top, Italian rye grass, Red,
Mammoth, and Alfalfa clover, are also successfully
grown ih nearly all parts of the South, while timothy,
meadow fescue, Kentucky blue grass, etc., succeed
well on soils adapted to their growth in the Middle
South, especially in the Piedmont and mountainous
districts.

The advantages that the South possesses in being
able to raise such enormous yields of feed from its
various forage plants, such as soja beans, cow-peas,
etc., really enables its people, with intelligent man-
agement, to produce their supplies of feed and forage
cheaper and to better advantage than the North and
West. This, with our mild winters and the fact that
cattle can he turned out and grazed practically every
month in the year, will no doubt cause the South in
the future to become a much more important factor in
live stock production. Henry W. Wood.

Richmond, Va., June 11, 1898.

FARMING IN GERMANY,

Editor Southern Planter:

The season opened late this year in Southern Ger-
many, and the usual progress has not been made in
farm work. In the Black Forest there was considera-
ble snow up to the first of May, not only on the moun-
tain tops, but in many of the valleys as well, and even
in sheltered localities vegetation is more backward
than I have ever seen it in that picturesque and fertile
region. Winter wheat and rye. of which larger areas
have been planted, owing to the advance in prices,
seem in good condition throughout the empire. In
only a few districts have I noticed a poor stand, and
this was apparently due to excess of moisture. Little
reseeding was necessary. The general outlook for
spring grain is hopeful, and the clover and lucerne,
now far enough advanced in this part of Baden to be
cut, are up to the standard of the best years. Three
tons to the acre are not an unusual yield here, and if
the season is not unfavorable, three and four crops are
harvested. Good clover hay sells in the local markets
for about $15.00 per ton. This afternoon I passed an
old peasant in his clover patch by the roadside, and as
his pipe wouldn't draw, we had a cigar together. The
family cow, a splendid specimen of the Simmenthaler
breed, was hitched to a little wagon loaded with fine red
clover, and he was getting ready to drive back to his
home in the village, some two miles away. He had
been mowing with a sickle that had begun life as a
cavalry sabre, and it was slow work, but he was in
good spirits. Bossy took the middle of the smooth,
hard road, turning out for other vehicles, and we
walked on behind under the widespreading boughs of
immense apple and pear trees. In the course of our
talk, the old man said he didn't believe all the bad
things about America that he read in the newspapers.
German farmers, it is true, suffer from American com-
petition, and their feelings towards America are not
friendly ; but he had a son over there who sent him
money regularly. He lived in Ohio, and wrote that
that they were all good people there. I didn't ask
him if his son was acquainted with the Hon. Mark
Hanna.

Potatoes were planted late, but have come up nicely,
and as there are no potato bugs to worry them they
will be pretty sure to give a good account of them-
selves. Let us hope so at any rate, for a failure in the
potato crop in Germany meaus widespread suffering.
The early market is supplied from the islaud of Malta,
but as the retail price seldom falls below 4 cents a
pound, the demand is limited to the well-to-do classes.

The boy at the huckster's shop tells me that nearly
all the edibles he handles are selling much higher than
heretofore, and that housewives complain that their

1898.]

THE SOUTHBEN PLAFTEE.

339

allowances will have to be increased or the family
menu curtailed. Butchers and bakers have put up
prices ten to fifteen per cent. Meat is bought in
smaller quantities, and calls for the choice cuts are far
less frequent than formerly. Bakers are accused of
making their loaves lighter, and they are using more
rye floor. Corn bread is unknown in Germany ; the
large amount of corn imported in recent years, most
of which comes from the United States, is u^ed almost
exclusively for feeding stock. The merits of this
great cereal for fattening purposes are beginning to be
appreciated here, and I should not be surprised at a
steady increase in importations. Attempts are being
made to raise the earlier varieties of American corn
in different parts of Germany, but in most cases with
indifferent success, as the summers are not hot enough.
As a forage plant, it does fairly well.

The present high prices for all food stuffs are help-
ing the sale of American canned meats and sausages,
and while these have also followed the upward move-
ment of the market, still they axe cheaper than the
home products, and are largely consumed in Germany
in spite of the efforts of interested parties to turn the
people against them. Chicago sausages have entered
the race with the German " trotters," and lovers of
the horseflesh in the Fatherland are deeply interested
in the result. With fair play, the Americans are
bound to win. American evaporated fruits, corn
starch and petroleum are also kept in provision and
huckster shops, and rolled oats are growing rapidly in
popularity. A one pound package sells for ten cents,
the price being fixed by the trust.

Great damage has been done by hail at many places
in Southern Germany during the past few weeks, and
notwithstanding the fact that German farmers insure
more generally against hail than we do, yet the losses
are very heavy, as fruit, which the insurance com-
panies will not insure, suffered most. The premium
rates are fairly reasonable, except in the so called
"hail regions," as the companies are subject to the
control of the public authorities, who recognize their
importance to the farmer and see that they are pru-
dently managed. No money is wasted in fancy salaries,
and litigation is comparatively rare. Some of the
companies receive State aid, and district and parish
boards, where they have no mutual associations of
their own, often arrange with them to insure their far-
mers at a reduced rate. The farms in South Germany
are small, few of them being over 50 acres in extent, and
for a few dollars the field crops can all be insured. The
rates in this neighborhood average about 65 pfennigs
per hundred marks (100 pfennigs=l mark=21 cents).
The government of Wurtemberg is planning to intro-
duce compulsory hail insurance throughout the king-
dom.

The year 1898 will be remembered in South Ger-
many as a " May beetle year," as this destructive in-
sect (Mololontha vulgaris) has appeared in many
places in immense numbers, and with appetites as vig-
orous as ever. May beetles are especially injurious
to fruit trees, as they devour every vestige of the
foliage. Hundreds of women and children are busy
collecting them, for which they are paid from 1 to 2
cents a pound by the parishes or farmers. In some
parishes every farmer is required to deliver a certain
number of pounds according to the size of his farm.
The children of a school, who were given a three days'
holiday to help the good work along, brought in a
thousand pounds and took away $13.00. As the beetles
are about the size of our June bugs, as I remember
them, and have to be shaken from the trees, no great
fortunes are being amassed at prevailing prices. The
German pound, too, is somewhat larger than ours.
The beetles are fed to poultry and pigs. If this were
done in the United States, what a splendid opportunity
it would offer the boards of health in Germany to
warn the public against "the unwholesomeuess of
Amercan food products."

Sam'l Eolfe Millar.

Singen, Baden, Germany, May 31st, 1898.

READING FOR FARHERS.

Editor Southern Planter :

It is a lamentable fact that our farmers take little
interest in agricultural literature. Many of our people
who are engaged in agricultural pursuits eagerly seek
the newspaper to learn of the progress of the war,
since we have become involved (or entangled, I may
say,) with Spain ; or to become posted upon the polit-
ical outlook. To such I would say, keep posted by all
means ; but'do not forget that there is much to be
learnt about the management of the farm if you
would be successful.

Do not fail to have two or three good farm journals
coming to you regularly {The Southern Planter is as
good as any, and better for this section), aud then do
not fail to read and study them. They will give you
the best practical methods of cultivating your crops,
raising and caring for farm stock, aud offer sugges-
tions all along these lines that will be beneficial to you.

Yes, take your newspaper, brother farmer, aud your
literary magazine ; but do not forget that those publi-
cations devoted to agriculture and kindred topics, are
indispensable to success on the farm.

Frank Monroe Beverly.

Dickenson County, Ya.

Mention The Planter to your friends.

340

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

MUTUAL FARMERS' CLUB OF FREDERICK
COUNTY, VA.

Report of Meeting.

The Mutual Farmers' Club met at "Circle Hill,"
the residence of Samuel L. Pidgeon, Friday, June 3d.
The meeting was called to order by the president at
10:45 A. M. The minutes of the last meeting were
read and adopted, after which the installation of offi-
cers for the ensuing term took place.

An interesting edition of the Club Advertiser was
read by the editor, Howell Bond.

The first subject on the programme was that referred
to H. S. Luptou, "How can we more effectually pro-
tect our birds from destruction ? "

Mr. Lupton thought all farms should be "posted,"
and that the importance of protecting the birds, many
of which live principally upon obnoxious insects,
should be taught in our public schools.

The Club recommended that the law for the protec-
tion of birds should be more rigidly enforced.

Dinner was then announced. After faring sumptu-
ously at the table, and inspecting the stock, garden,
etc., business was resumed.

The next question, "How can we agitate the subject
of improvement in our public roads?" was discussed
by Dr. Brown. He suggested that State aid should
be given in constructing permanent roads, and that
each one should discuss and agitate in favor of this
vitally important question.

The Club approved of the contract system, i. e., the
county to contract with the lowest responsible bidder
to improve and keep in order a section of road.

The next question referred to Wm. E. Branson —
" Which is the best late potato to plant, what time to
plant, and how? Would >ou advise covering with
straw?" was then taken up. Mr. Branson thought
that better results were obtained from early potatoes
in this locality, but if late potatoes were desired, he
would plant the White Star variety from 1st to 10th
of June. After covering lightly with soil, cover with
straw.

The committee on referred questions reported the
following for discussion at the next meeting :

1. Write an essay on the value and importance of
saving barn-yard manure. Referred to Ed. L. Irish.

2. Give your opiuion on the question of plowing
corn the first time with single shovel, with bull tongue
attached, then running out the middles. Referred to
J. W. Branson.

3. Is a farmer ever justified in working on Sunday?
as, for instance, to save a berry or hay crop. Referred
to D. W. Branson.

4. How can farmers be made to realize the neces-

sity of destroying noxious weeds? Referred to C. C.
Clevenger.

Under the heading "Miscellaneous Questions," the
question was asked what roof to put on asmoke house.
Joint shingles were recommended as the best, and tar
paper the cheapest roofing.

We regret to have to record the death of our brother
member, Nathaniel B. Branson, whom we greatly
loved, and who was the father of the Club. The Club
was organized at his home in 1870, and he was mainly
instrumental in having it organized. The following
resolution was passed by the Club :

Whereas, The Almighty, in the dispensation of His
providence has seen fit to remove from our midst one
of our much esteemed members, Nathaniel B. Bran-
son ; and

Whereas, The Mutual Farmers' Club realizes that it
has sustained a great loss in his demise, not only be-
cause of his many rare and commendable qualities, but
also because of his connection with the early history
of the Club ; therefore,

Resolved, That we, the Mutual Farmers' Club, ex-
tend our heartfelt sympathy to the members of his
family in this their sore bereavement.

Resolved further, That this resolution be published,
and a copy be sent by the Secretary to the afflicted
family. .

The Club then adjourned to meet at " Lost Stream,"
the residence of J. Q. Bond and Son.

Lewis Pidgeon, President.

Carroll C. Clevenger, Secretary.

GOOD ADVICE FROH THE SECRETARY OF
AGRICULTURE.

"The people of some of the countries of the old
world are concluding that literary education is over-
done. University men are so numerous that they
jostle each other in the humbler walks of life in efforts
to earn their living. We are reaching that condition
here. I personally know that one Iowa creamery
man earns more money than the Iowa dentist ; that
the horticulturist earns more than the physician, and
that each county in the State has several farmers, any
one of whom accumulates more money and reads more
books than all the lawyers in his county. I have no
doubt people of other States observe like conditions.
The country has not room for more professionals; it
does need more educated farmers. Every worn-out
field proclaims this ; every uncomfortable animal tells
us this ; every bare pasture admonishes us of it ;
every roll of inferior butter makes us feel it ; every
average crop emphasizes the fact that as a nation of
producers we are not educated as highly as we should
be."

Mr. J. A. F. Scha?ffelen, Dinwiddie Co., December
20, 1897, writes : " The more I read the Southern Plan-
ter, the better I like it, and the more I am benefitted
by it. Don't miss sending it to me as long as I live."

189«.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

341

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

RICHMOND, VA.

Issued on 1st of each Month.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Southern Planter is mailed to sub-
scribers in the United States and Canada at
$1.00 per annum ; all foreign countries, $1.25.

Remittances should be made direct to this
■ office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we cannot be responsible.

Always give the Name of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.

The Date on your Label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the fact at once.

We Invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, Suggestions How to Improve The
Planter, Descriptions of New Grains, Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known, Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of postage.

No anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND, VA.

PUBLISHER'S NOTfcS.

To Advertisers.

The marvellous development of
business which the fiscal year just
closed has experienced bids fair to
be duplicated in the year now com-
mencing. Crops are most promis-
ing, prices are good, demand is
active, and money is plentiful. So
soon as the war ceases there will be
a great rush in business, and those
who are the most ready to handle it
will get the best returns. Why not
put yourself in shape to get at least
your share of this new business by
letting the people know that you
are in a position to meet all de-
mands in your line of goods at the
most reasonable prices ? The man

Ql ERF HROPS Krss

\J \J ■ % Wm \f U W%0 I ^# low land depends on
proper drainage. Proper drainage depends on the use of drain tile. We would
like to tell you how to install an effective system of drainage, and quote prices on

Farm Drain Tile

Fire Bricks,
Drain Tile.

Powhatan Clay Mfg. Co., Richmond, Va.

Artist;-:
Front Bricks.

WOOD'S TURNIP SEEDS

Not only grow the best Turnips, but they make a large yield ; QUAN-
TITY AND QUALITY TOO. Our aim is to grow and supply seeds
that are adapted in kind, variety and growth to the soil and climate of
the South, and that we are succeeding is evidenced by the large sale and
splendid reputation which WOOD'S SEEDS enjoy.

Send for our Price-List and Descriptive Catalogue. Small packages can
be sent by mail, and large packages cheaply and quickly by freight.

For stock feeding alone, Turnips should be sown ten times as much as at
present. They make a most nutritious and healthy winter feed.

T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

New Crop Crimson Clover now ready. Write for price and special circular.

who keeps himself and his business
always before the people is the one
the people are going to patronize
when they need what he has to sell.
We can help you to get your share
of business if you will advertise
with us. We say this without hesi-
tation, as we are daily in receipt of
letters from advertisers speaking in
the highest terms of the results at-
tained from the use of our col-
umns. We append a few of these
testimonials recently received. We
could add scores to the list. It
could not well be otherwise, seeing
that we have both quality and quan-
tity of circulation. To an adver-
tiser quality is of more consequence
than quantity. This is one reason
why the Planter is so successful in
securing and keeping its advertis-
ing patronage. It goes, and has
been going for over 50 years, to the
very best farmers of the South, and
these men are buyers and can and
do pay for what they buy. They
have the prospect before them this
year of fine crops and good prices.

J LITTLE KLONDYKE

SPRAYER, the wonderful bug exterminator;
works easily, in fact makes a hard job a pleasure
Weighs only lib. Reduces cost of spraying to al-
most nothing-. Sells at sight. Thousands will
want them this year. Write at once and secure
the Agency. Big Profit. Sample sent by mail
post paid, '75 cents. Address, HUNTINGTON &
PAOB, Seedsmen, .36 & 138 E. Market Street
Indianapolis, Indiana.

•a-THE DRV SPRHYER*

LITTLE

GIANT

DUSTER

Dusts tree, busli or vine and potatoes as fast
as you walk. Is'o plaster or water used. Will
more than pay for itself first season. Agents
Wanted. Catalogue Free. LEGGETT & BRO.,
301 Pearl Street, New York.

28 YE ARSC0NSTANT USE

wind null u-l-i - uttt-st the value

of our »0|d Reliable"

DIRECT-MOTI

IS Knee SI., MISUAWAkA, I.ND.

342

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

BEWARE OF OINTMENTS FOR CA-
TARRH THAT CONTAIN MER-
CURY,
as mercury will surelv destroy the BenBe
of smell and completely derange the
whole system when entering it through
the mucous surfaces. Such articles should
never be used except on prescriptions
from reputable physicians, as the damage
thev will do is ten fold to the good you
can" possibly derive from them. Hall's
Catarrh Cure, manufactured by F. J.
Chenev & Co., Toledo, O., contains no
mercury, and is taken internally, acting
directly upon the blood and mucous sur-
face of the system. In baying Hall's
Catarrh Cure be sure you get the genuine.
taken internally, and made in To-
ledo, Ohio, by F. J. Cheney A Co. Testi-
monials free.

8®° Sold by Druggists, price 75c. per
bottle.

They will buy freely. Let your
appeal for a share of their trade go
before them at once. Don't wait
until fall and then be overlooked
in the crowded columns. Now is
the time to make your impression.
It will be borne in mind when the
goods are wanted.

The following testimonials from local
advertisers help to prove our claim that
Tin Southern Planter pays advertisers :

St. Brides, Va., May 10, 1898.
My advertisement of Soja Beans and
Cow-Peas in this month's issue has al-
reivlii brought orders enough to take all
I have for sale. W. H. Wilson.

Lexington, Va., May 20, 1898.
H The Southern Planter has demonstrated
to me that its equal as an advertising me-
dium cannot be found.

E. T. Robinson, Breeder.

Staunton, Va., May 25, 1898.
Our last year's advertisement is still
bringing us inquiries for Hogs, Sheep and
Cattle.

H. A. S. Hamilton & Co., Breeders.

MAGAZINES.
The leading features of the July Harp-
er's are " The People and Their Govern-
ment," by Henry Loomis Nelson; "The
Ethics of a Corrida," the story of a ren-
contre with a Spanish bull-lighter, by
Lucia Purdy, illustrated by photographs
taken by the author ; " Notes on Journal-
ism," by George W. Smalley; "A Man
and His Knife. Passages from the Life
of James Bowie," by Martha McCulloch-
Williams; " Eastern Siberia," by Stephen
Bonsai, illustrated from photographs
taken by the author ; " A Colonial Dame.
Neglected Records of the Life of Mis-
tress Margaret Brent, the earliest Ameri-
can Woman to Demand the Right of
Sullrage," by Caroline Sherman Banse-
mer ; " New Era in the Middle West," by
Charles Moreau Harger; and "New
Words and Uld," by Professor Brander
Matthews.

Harper's Illustrated Weekly is full of pic-
tures of the War, and excellent reports
on the different scenes depicted. The
best artists are engaged on the staff of
this journal, and are at the front all the
time.

Harper's Bazaar is always filled with
the freshest gossip on matters of interest
to the ladies, and pictures of the latest
fashionable dresses.

Lippincott's complete novel for July
is "Harold Bradlev, Playwright," by
Edw'n Van Zile. This dramatist is no
hack, but a man of marked ability, cul-
ture and character. The story is Mr.
Van Zile's best work thus far. The other
numbers in the journal comprise : "John
C. Calhoun from a Southern Standpoint,"
bv C. C. Pinckney; "An Old Virginia
Resort," by A. Stuart Bailey ; " Cheap
Tramping in Switzerland," by A. F. San-
born ; and " Literary Men as Diplomat-
ists," by Theo. Stanton.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly has
the first article of an extremely impor-
tant series, entitled " The Evolution of
Colonies,'' by James Collier, of Australia.
A copiously-illustrated article on the
methods and instruments used in the
United States Weather Bureau for pre-
dicting storms and obtaining meteorologi-
cal data, is full of interest. " Education
for Domestic Life," is the title of a
thoughtful inquiry into this important
question, by Mary' Roberts Smith.

The Ladies' Home Journal for July has
an anecdotal biography of President Mc-
Kinley. The Declaration of Independ-
ence and the original draft of the fam-
ous document are photographically re-
produced in the number. There is an in-
teresting article on the " Dunkers," and
Mrs. Rorer continues her cooking talks,
dealing with the best foods for stout and
thin women.

The Review of Reviews contains a full
record of the whole campaign up to the
landing of the troops for the advance on
Santiago. Dr. West writes an interesting
summary on the New War Taxes. Mr.
W. T. Stead writes on Mr. Gladstone.
The illustrations are good, and the maga-
zine is one which cannot fail to satisfy its
readers.

The Century for July opens with a
story of the times, " By Order of the
Admiral," by Winston Churchill, dealing
with a filibustering expedition and full
of romance. There are two articles on
Confederate Commerce Destroyers.
Poultney Bigelow gives a resume of
" Ten Years of Kaiser Wilhelm," written
from intimate personal knowledge of
the aspirations of the Emperor and his
realizations of them. James Bryce is
represented by a highly important essay,
in which he analyzes the conception of
Equality, and examines how far it can be
realized politically.

St. Nicholas is a great journal for the
boys and girls. It is full of illustrations
of the War-ships of the United States,
and Lieut. Andrews, of the United States

Strong, steady nerves
Are needed for success
Everywhere. Nerves
Depend simply, solely.
Upon the blood.
Pure, rich, nourishing
Blood feeds the nerves
And makes them strong.
The great nerve tonic is
Hood's Sarsaparilla,
Because it makes
The blood rich and
Pure, giving it power
To feed the nerves.
Hood's Sarsaparilb.
Cures nervousness, i

Dyspepsia, rheumatism,
Catarrh, scrofula,
And all forms of

Impure blood.

FARM MANAGER

Desires a situation. Ample recommenda-
tions as to character and ability. Married ,
aud wife will cook for farm hands, if
desired. R. A. ADAMS, 1500 W. Broad
Street, Richmond, Va.

\ FEHTHERS
p WHNTED.

Any quantity of Chicken or Turkey

Body Feathers will be bought

Address— BEATTIE & CO.,

P. O. Box 310. Richmond. Va.

For Sale Cheap...

HEEBNER THRESHER and POWER ; will
thresh and clean 175 to 250 bnshels wheat per
day. Only been used one season. Guaranteed
to be in good working order. Address

FARMERS' SUPPLY CO.,
1540 E. Main Street, Richmond, Va.

IN BEES
AND HONEY

LOTS 0' MONEY

If you don't keep bees, you ought to. Had
you thought about it? Write for new 64-page
book— Free.

J. M. JENKINS.

Wetumpka, Ala.

VIRGINIA

WM. B. PIZZIM CO.

FARMS!

All prices and Bi

Free list on application.

Rirhmoml, Va.

WANTED!

A position as Farm Manager for 189!). Address
FARMER, Shores, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

343

Soldierly Heroism

onto itself," a "self regulator."

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

BEATEN TO DEATH

3SsUsB

By selling <

AaVANCE

fcNFEHCE

I direct to the farmer &
I ] taying freight thereon

We not only save liim all of the middle

made by any hand machine for the money. It's all inter-
woven ; no loose en

REMEMBER fi^WrTteTurireec
special discount. Better write at once.
ADVANCE FEACE CO., 35 Old St.,

AJAX

FARQUHAR'5

THRESHING ENGINES

Most perfect and powerful made.

Threshing Machines & Saw Mills of all sizes

Send for full descriptive catalogue and prices.

A. B. PARQDHAR CO., Ltd., York, Pa.

Glover Huller

FOR SALE CHEAP!

And good as new. List price, $90; will

take S-5.
J. \Y. M. CARDEZA, Brown's Summit, N. C.

LIGHTNING WELL MACHYj

IS THE STANDARDl
STiAM PUMPS. AIR LIFTS. t.I _ %

THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS ^"r^f

AURORA. ILL -CHICAGO.- DALLAS.TEX

ENSILAGE CUTTERS,

FEED CUTTERS,

CORN CRUSHERS,
CORN THRESHERS.

Best work, greatest capacity, cheapest to ope-
rate of any machinesjmadelfor the;purpose.
Address—

E. A. Porter &^Bros.,

BOWLINCi GREEN. KV.

Navy, describes the Ceremonies and Eti
quet'te of a Man-of-War, showing the
honors with which distinguished visitors
are received. There are a number of ex-
cellent tiles and adventures and pictures
and rhymes galore.

CATALOGUES. .

Superior Drill Co., Springfield, Ohio
Wheat and Grain Drills, Beet Drills, Ci
dor Mills.

The Implement Co., Richmond, Va.
Manufacturers of and dealers in all kinds
of Agricultural Machinery, Carriages,
Harness, &c.

Roanoke College, Salem, Va., 1897-'98
and Announcements for 1898-99.

REPORTS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash
ington, D. C. Year Book of the De
partment of Agriculture for 1897
This is a most complete and useful
publication and should be in the
hands of every farmer. It is full of
information of value to him.

Division of Forestry. Bulletin 16. For-
estry Conditions and Industries of
Wisconsin.

Farmers' Bulletin No. 78. Experiment-
Work V. Humus in Soils. Rape.
Winter Protection of Peach Trees, &c.
Leguminous Forage Crops. Lawns
and Lawn-Making.
Some Interesting Soil Problems.

Division of Agrostology. Work of the
Department.

Review of Weather and Crop Condi-
tions, 1897.
Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayette-
ville, Ark.

Bulletin 51. Methods of Combatting
Communicable Diseases of Farm An-
imals.
Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N.Y.

Bulletin 147. Fourth Report on Chrys-
anthemums.
Louisiana Board of Agriculture, Baton
Rouge, La.

Crop Report for March, April and
May, 1898.
Louisiana Experiment Station, Baton
Rouge, La.

Geology and Agriculture. A Prelimi-
nary Report upon the Bluff and Mis-
sissippi Alluvial Lands of Louisiana.

Bulletin 51. Cattle Tick and Texas
Fever.
Maryland Experiment Station, College
Park, Md.

Bulletin 56. Wheat, Winter Oats, Bar-
ley and Lime Exports.
Michigan Experiment Station, Agricultu-
ral College, Mich.

Bulletins 157, 158. Hog Cholera. Some
Experiments with Poultry.
Missouri Experiment Station, Columbia,
Mo.

Bulletin 43. Winter Forcing of Aspar-
agus, &c.
Missouri State Horticultural Society.
Fortieth Annual Report, N. A. Good-
man, Secretary, Westport, Mo.
This is„full of valuable information
forjthe Ifruit-grower, and shows the
work[of an active and influential so-
ciety.) | . M

"ALPHA-BE LAVAL"
CREAM SEPARATORS.

De Laral Alpha
"Baby" Cream Sepa-
rators were first and
have ever been kept
best and cheapest. They are
guaranteed superior to all
imitations and infringe-
ments. Endorsed hvallnu-
thorities. More than l-'j.ooo
in use. Sales ten to one of all
others combined. Allstvles
and sizes — $50.- to t~~>--
Save $5.- to $10.- per cow
per year over any sitting
system, and $3.- to
$.">.- per cow per
year over any imi-
tating separator.

New and improved
machines for lW'S.
Send for new Cata-
logue containing a
fund of up-to-dMte
dairy information.

THE DE LAVAL SEPARATOR GO.

No Water, No Ice
used with the

Young Mils Strainer
Aerator and Cooler.

This Aerator Purines
and Cools tbe Milk, Re-
moves all Odors and
Animal Gases. Saves
time and the labor of
stirring milk. Easy to
keep clean. Adds
from 10 to 30 hours to
the keeping qualities.
Milk ready to ship at
nice. Circulars free.
W H. Young. Pat-
entee. Aurora, 111.
territory on sale, lease or
ally, it' responsible.

ELECTRIC MU

MADE TO LAST ALWAYS.

Our perfect knowledge of this wagon and the quality of
material used in its construction leads us to declare it
tobethe NEATEST, STRONGEST, MOST DUR-
ABLE, LONGEST LIVED, EASIEST TO LOAD

wat'onmade. Has our famous straight or stagger spoke

Electric Steel Wheels

iifo'1

hounds. First clas;

i^dry out, get loose

brake MOOe^raT All F. 0. B. For $25.00

It hag given universal satisfaction and will fit your re-
quests exactly. Don't buy until you get our FREE
catalogue and prices. Write for them at c

ELECTRIC WHEEL CO. BOX J45 QUINCV, ILLS.

A Neat BINDER for your back nuiu
bers can be had for 25 cents. Addres
our Business^Office.

344

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

We are the largest C-#-£k£»1
manufacturers of.. ^ICCI

Truck Wheels

for farm wagons in America

Send for Catalogue

Havana Metal Wheel Co , Havana, III.

SAW MILL

Complete and in good running order, FOR
BALE. AisoW How-power Engine, 60 Horse-

gower Boiler, Cut-on" saw, shingle Mill and
laner; In fact, everything as a going concern,
working now. Capacity, 30,000 feet of lumber
per day, Apply t<>

THOS. slii msMITH, Jamestown, Va.

INCREASE YOUR PROFITS

From 25 to 500 by using our latest improved

Cream Separators

New and Second-hand— cheap. Also Churns,
Butter Workers, Butter Prints, Testers, etc.
Catalogue free.

E. P. SMITH, Manchester, VA.

SEED CORN.

The ALBEMARLE PROLIFIC, yielding 136K
bus. per acre, and the greatest fodder-grower
for ensilage. Took a Breeders' Gazette prize,
aod for two years the first prize of North Gar-
den Farmers' Club. Price, $1.25 per bushel, in
small quantities; will make reduction for
large orders.

Write for prices of registered stock — Poland-
Chinas, Shropshires, Red Polls, Shetland
Ponies, Pure-bred Turkeys, Ducks & Chickens
ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM, Charlottesville. Va.
Sam'l B. Woods, Proprietor.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

For STOCK. Just large enough,
light and simple; it don't pull
orcomeout. lOOEarMarks.with
tools and Register Book, only
J;; with numbers, $3.50. Send/or
Suntjtlcs and be satisfied. Address
H. C. ST0LL, Beatrice. Nebraska.

a*

For POULTRYMEN <%~

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best In the World.
"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Corn Mill, Farm Feed

Mills, Powder Mills.
lend /or Circular and Testimonials.
WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

This 100-Eqg Self-Regulating Hatcher

only $6. Out-door Brooders, 100-

chick, 85.00. Hammonton Incu-

latest Improvements, $12

up. Nursery Brooders, 86 up.
Prize Fowl and Eggs. Testimonials and illus.
<ir. 2o. J. A. Cheltos, Fairmont, Md.

HARROW

FOR SALE^**>.

A New CUTAWAY HARROW

NEVER USED.

WILL SELL FOR $10.00.
Apply at once to

FIRMER, cars Southern Planter.

Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture,
Harrisburg, Pa.
Third Annual Report. Thomas J. Edge,
Secretary. This is alarge volume,
showing much good work done and
giving valuable information.
Bulletin 35. Veterinary Medicines.
Their Nature, Properties and Doses.
Pennsylvania Experiment Station, State
College, Pa.
Bulletin 41. Tests of Dairy Feeds.
Tennessee Experiment Station, Knox-
ville, Tenn.
Tenth Annual Report, 1S97.
Virginia Experiment Station, Blacks-
burg, Va.
Bulletin 73. Preservation of Corn

Stover.
Bulletin 74. Legislation for the Sup-
pression of San Jose Scale. Summer
Treatment for the San Jose Scale.
Virginia Weather Bureau, Richmond, Va.

Report for May, 1898.
Wyoming Experiment Station, Laramie,
Wvo.
Bulletin 36. Sugar Beets.

Condensed Report of the Annual Meet-
ing of the Holstein-Friesian Associa-
tion of America. Buffalo, N. Y.,
March 16th, 1898.

N. C. State Dairymen's Association
Report.

The second report of the North Carolina
State Dairymen's Association has just
been issued. It is a neat pamphlet
of 97 pages, containing a frontispiece
and several illustrations. A neat
Table of Contents gives ready refer-
ence to the subjects and to the adver-
tisements separately.
This Association is now in its fifth
year. It is seeking to encourage the
most profitable branch of animal in-
dustry and farming, and to help its
members and others to practice dai-
rying on the best methods which
have been worked out, and to help
its frisnds find the best markets for
their products. This Report is pack-
ed with helps and suggestions, and
has within its covers information re-
garding nearly everything a dairy-
man needs, or directions as to where
he can find what he wants. The Re-
port is sent free to all members, and
every North Carolina dairyman, or
cow-owner, is invited to join the As-
sociation and take part in its pro-
ceedings. Membership fee is $1, and
the annual dues are $1. New mem-
bers who have not received a copy of
the first report will be entitled to
both reports on receipt of member-
ship fee or dues to October, 1898.
Address the Secretary and Treasurer,
Frank E. Emery, West Raleigh, N. C.

WHO'S SHELLABERGER?

He'stheWire Fence Man, of Atlanta, Ga., and
sells the best and cheapest fencing in existence
for all purposes. Freight paid. Catalogue free.
Write for it.
K. L. SHELL ABERfJER. 37 F St., Atlanta, da.

One of Mark Twain's latest epigrams is :
" Man is the only animal that blushes.
Or needs to."

frazer!

i Axle Grease *?&. ;

0 Its wearing qualities are unsurpassed, ao- ^
\ tually outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand.
0 Not affected by heat. O-Get th« Genuine. '
4/%. FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS.

THE IMPROVED

Chamberlin Mfg. Co., Olean, N. Y., D. S. A.

-ganizedm
v tHe

Ha**

j{F I RE & MARINE)}
RICHMOND, VA.

ASSETS,

$750,000.

DIRECTORS :

Wm. H Palmer, D. O. Davis,

E. B. Addison, E J. Willis,

Thomas Potts Wm. Josiah Leake,

W. Otto Noltlng.

WM. H. PALMER,
W. H. MCCARTHY,

President.
Secretary.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

345

UNIVERSITY DF VIHGfHIA.

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.

Letters, Science, Law, Medicine, Engineering.

Session begins 15th September.

Tuition in Academical Schools free to Virginians
For catalogues address

P. B. BARRINGER, Chairman.

...CHEAP FARM

Of U).i acres, all open. One mile from Peters-
burg, Va., Chesterfield county. Good build-
ings, brick; fine orchard; vineyard; good
dairy and stock farm. 82,800; cost $4,300.

Address L. H. C., Southern Planter.

PIEDMONT

Hog Cholera Preventive and Cure

A sure Preventive and Cure for Hog and
Chicken Cholera. (J. J. Reid, Woodville,
Va.. Inventor.) Manufactured and sold by
0. If. WINE, Brandy Station, Va.

BELGIAN HARES!

Meat Elegant Flavor and White.
Very proline breeders. At maturity weigh
8 pounds. Address—

WOODSON VENABLE, Farmville, Va.

PEKIN DUGKS— Eggs, $1.00 per doz.

S. C. Brown Leghorns— Eggs, $1.00 for 15.
Black Minorcas— Eggs, 81.50 for 15.

LEROY F. CARTER. Richmond, Va.

FOR SALE-

One Registered Aberdeen-Angus Bull,
3 years old. One Shorthcrn Bull Calf.
J. L. Humbert, Box 139, Univ. of Va.

COTTAQE VALLEY STOCK FARH.

Thoroughbred ESSEX HOGS.

Pigs, 8 to 10 months old, $10 each, or $18 a pair.

Also a first-class Steel Full Circle Baling

Press, good as new, for sale.

W. M. W atkins, Proprietor, Randolph, Va.

FIXE BLOODED Cattle,
Sheep, Hogs, Poultry
Sporting Dogs. Send
stamps for catalogue. 150
engravings. N. P. Boyer
& Co., Coatesville, Pa.

ELLERSLIE FARM^^
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co., Va.

HHilJI SHORTHORN G1TTLE

i well-bred cows, 4 or 5 years old ; I solid red,
and three roans. All are recorded. Bred to a
recorded Cruickshank bull, and each one of
individual merit. Also 1 yearling bull and 1
yearling heifer.

W. H. ASTON, Meadow View, Va.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

PAINT TALKS. VII.

THE PROVINCE OF OIL.

Generally speaking, the durability, as
well as the economy of a paint depends
on the proportion of the oil it contains ;
the more oil on a surface, the more dura-
ble and the more economical the paint.
This means that those pigments that re-
quire the most oil to transform them into
paint ready for application make the best
paints.

Of the several materials used as bases
for house-paints, zinc white carries more
than twice as much oil as any other ; and
when added, in combinations, to other
materials, greatly increases their oil-car-
rying capacity. Thus a mixture of half
lead and half zinc will carry about twice
as much oil as a pure lead paint, and
other combinations in proportion.

This fact explains why combination
paints last longer than "straight" paints.
It also explains why combination paints
will cover, pound for pound, a much
greater surface than the straight paints.
The best paint is really nothing more
than a preservative coating of pure lin-
seed oil, the pigment being added to
make the layer of oil thicker, and to hide
the surface covered. In oil varnishes the
pigment is replaced by hard transparent
gums, but the purpose is practically the
same —to protect the surface with oil.

Linseed oil has the valuable property
of absorbing oxygen and hardening into
a tough, elastic layer, and this tough sub-
stance is the chief element of protective
value in paint and varnish.

Now anything that has an injurious
effect on linseed oil naturally injures the
paint in which it is used. Some of the
most popular paint materials form a me-
tallic soap with a portion of the oil in
which they are mixed ; others oxidize or
burn it, and the paint made with such
pigments gradually crumbles and washes
away.

Of the white base materials, properly
so-called, used for house paints, zinc white
is the only one that has absolutely no
effect on linseed oil, neither saponifying
nor oxidizing it.

It follows, that of all pigments, zinc is
the one of most value in paint. Other
materials may be used because of their
opacity or their ease of working; but du-
rability, spreading capacity, economy,
brightness and permanence of color are
obtained only by the use of zinc.

The consumer, whose chief concern is
that he shall have the best effect and the
greatest wear at the cheapest cost, will
find it of interest, when ordering paint,
to insist on having a combination paint
with a zinc base. When he gets that he
will get a satisfactory paint no matter
what it may be called on the label.

Stanton Dudley.

Tne Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va.

Filston Farm

DEEP MILKING JERSEYS

Herd of 300.

Selected from the Best.

A BULL CALF FOR #100.

Dropped August 26, 1897.

SIRE "Tonnage," a double grandson of
Combination.

DAM, a phenomenal heifer; inbred Ma-
tilda's Stoke Pogis.

A BULL CALF FOR $35.

Dropped January 7, 1898.

SIRE "Garella's Ultimo." (Garella made
23 lbs. butter first calf.)
DAM, a fine Stoke Pogis cow.

TOP BERKSHIRE*.

Address ASA B. GARDINER, Jr.,
Treas. and Mgr., Glencoe, Va.

SHEEP, SWINE AND LOGS.

FOR SALE!

SOUTHDOWN SHEEP

The Public Park Commission of Baltimore,
Md., desiring to reduce the DRUID HILL
PARK Flock, offer for sale FIFTY-TWO Ewes
and TWENTY-FIVE Bucks at reasonable rates

These Sheep are of the purest blood, the
Rams for over twenty years past having been
direct importations from England— from the
Sandringham flock of His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales, from the flocks of the Duke
of Richmond, Lord Walsingham, Henry Webb
and other well-known Southdown breeders.
The Pedigree of the flock has been carefully
kept, and will be furnished on application to
Capt. WM. H. CASSELL. local Supt. Druid
Hill Park, who will give all information as to
price, shipping, etc.

THE PUBLIC PARK COMMISSION.

EACLE POINT FARM.

BERKSHIRE PIGS

ELIGIBLE TO REGISTRY.

Bred from the Choicest Boars and Sows.

Three Months Old. $7; Pair, $12.

Wm. B. Withers, Roane's, Gloucester Co.,Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

R. H- WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

BERKSHIRE, Cheiter White,
Jersey Red and Poland Chin*
PIGS. Jersev, Guernsey and
HoUtoln Cattle. Thoroughbred
Sheep. Fancy Poultry. Hunting

ft. W. SMITH, Coe

When you write to an advertiser,
mention The Southern Planter.

346

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

BLOCKADE TIMES.

MARY W. EARLEY.

When the newspapers recently pro-
claimed, in startling head lines, "The
Blockade has Been Formally Declared,"
memory carried me back so vividly to a
similar announcement made in April,
1S<>1, that it gave me a strange, startled
feeling, akin to the sense that t lie Hindoo
may have of his having undergone a pre-
vious state of existence, in some bygone
age. I am glad, however, that the pres-
ent blockade will not bring upon the
Southern people the privations entailed
by that of the late civil war.

Toward the close of the war, the stores
were as bare as the famous cupboard of
Mother Hubbard, and we were thrown
almost entirely on our own resouries.
Garrets and closets were ransacked, and
clothes, long obsolete, were brought forth
and remodelled. The last year of the
war a lady of my acquaintance took her
piano cover (which was royal purple)
and cut it up into a Sunday suit for her
little boy. A gentleman of my acquaint
ance had a coat made for himself out of
a large grey blanket shawl, and declared
that he felt himself quite a fop when he
wore it. i ioode rose to such an enormous
price the last winter of the war that
flimsy silk (such as would barely be used
for lining now) sold at $100 a yard, and
calico sold at $50 a yard shortly before
surrender. With other "depriva-
tions produced by the blockade, ladies
suffered the loss of artificial flowers for
their hats and bonnets, and towards the
close of the war. we were often reduced
to homemade feather flowers for this
purpose. Occasionally a box of clothing
from Baltimore, Philadelphia or New
York would find its way through the
blockade, and then the fortunate recip-
ients would cause all their female ac-
quaintances to break the tenth command-
ment. I remember the last year of the
war some Richmond ladies received a
box of clothing from friends in Philadel
phia. Amongst the contents of the box
was a plaid ribbon, which these ladies
lent by turns to all their female friends,
and this ribbon excited a thrill of admi-
ration wherever it appeared. The men
of the Confederacv fared much better in
regard to clothes than the females, as the
government provided them with uni-
forms.

I m the plantations we might have been
reduced to the most grievous straits for
want of clothing, but for the fact that it
had been the general custom, a genera-
tion before the war, to weave cloth at
home for the negroes, and though we had
begun to deviate from this custom and
buy "store clothes" for our negroes be-
fore the war, yet we still had a stock of
looms on hand, and old negroes whose
regular trade it had been to weave for
the Others, so we returned to the primi-
tive custom of making home spun cloth
for our servants, and also partlv clothed
ourselves with it. Again the" whirr of
the spinning wheel and clang of the
loom were heard as in the davs of our
grandmothers.

Nor did the stringency of the blockade
affect our clothing only. We felt it in
every department. Coffee and tea com-

best galvanized steel.
1 until you have seen our eire
KELLY FOUNDRY AMD MACH. CO.

A Short Water Supply

means actual loss to the farmer and stockman

y ' have an ample supply .u I have it always.
Live stock will live longer without food than without water.
Cows shrink nmre in miik from insufficient water than tram lack of
food. The ft fSnc §»***%" T"^*«lr ot ,he Proper size.
remedy is a ** OSnCH I SHK u hold* water,
does not leak, rot or fall to pieces. Are made of the
Better replace that old tank with one of these. Don't buy at least
lars and prices. Send 2c. stamp for 48 page illustrated catalogue.
B4 Purl Street, Goshen, Indiana.

MGfMTNM^;HAY PRESS

" Wosi (LutotoVt axv(\ fxcmouuccA
Sai\s*iacViovv or wo soAe. ^~
KausasGdy Htui Press Co.
J Will St. Kansas CiVjj Mo.

The Columbia Thresher

has great capacity, and can be run by
light power. Send for illustrated
catalogue, giving testimonials.

BELLE CITY MFG. CO. Bx 73 Racine. Wis.

• SHORT-HORNS

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE!

Champion Cup, 121743, the great son of the famous Cup Bearer, 52692.
and Warrior Brave, 121517, by Knight of the Thistle, 108656, at the head of
our herds.

Ota cattle are of the purest strains; including Pure Scotch and Scotch
Topped Bates, representing such noted families as the famous Duchess, Rose
of Sharon, Young Mary, Josephine, Illustrious, Moss Rose, and the great
Cruicksbank Gwendolines and Secrets.

Also rtU.AM)-(IIIXA and BERKSHIRE HOGS

From World's Fair Winners.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP ——*

Correspondence solicited. Satisfaction guaranteed.
For further particulars and prices, call on or address —

W. W. BENTLEST, JNO. T. COWAN,

Pulaski City, Va. Cowan's Mills, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

347

menced to dwindle away till they became
only a rare, occasional treat. We used
rye as a substitute for coffee, and also
burnt sweet potatoes or chestnuts, ground
up. For the fragrant plant of China
"That cheers, but not inebriates,''
we used dried raspberry leaves, and some
persons used sassafras tea, which I must
say is not palatable, though it may be
medicinal. We had sugar as long as our
communication with the far South was
kept up, but we were almost totally with-
out it after Louisiana fell into the hands
of the Federals We then turned into
raising sorghum, of which we made mo-
lasses, which formed the basis of most of
our desserts, the latter part of the war.

We had sorghum pies, sorghum ginger
bread, and even sorghum preserves and
jelly.

Only at a wedding, or some other very
special occasion, did we see cake made
with sugar, or taste genuine coffee.

We made domestic wine of grapes or
blackberries, and distilled apple brandy
in lieu of imported liquors. Fortunately
the blockade did not appreciably affect
our supplies of bread and meat in the
country. We continued to raise these,
almost as well as ever, on the plantations
in addition to fruits and vegetables. I do
not know any instance of any person liv-
ing in the country suffering for food then,
though I believe the same could not be
said of the Southern cities.

It is hard to get things to tally in this
world. In those times, when the stores
were so bare, we would go out with a
wallet of money. Now the stores are
overflowing, but our stock of money has
shrunk away into small proportions.

Wingina, Nelson county, Va.

A BAD CONDITION.
Richmond, Va., May 2, 1898. G. L.
Wilkerson, Sta. A, this city, has been in
a very bad condition. His entire system
was out of order, his eyes were weak, his
blood impure, and he was a physical
wreck. He began taking Hood's Sarsa-
parilla, and the first bottle did him so
much good that he kept on until this
medicine has made him a well and strong
man. The cures by Hood's Sarsaparilla
are indeed wonderful.

ENSILAGE CUTTERS.
We call the attention of our readers to
the advertisement of Messrs. E. A. Porter
& Bros., Bowling Green, Ky., of these in-
dispensable machines. Write them for
descriptions and prices.

BERKSHIRES.
Mr. Thomas S. White, Lexington, Va.,
oflers some choice, finely bred hogs of
this breed. With Sir John Bull at the
head of his herd, he gives our farmers an
excellent chance to infuse some aristo-
cratic blood into their herds at reasonable
prices.

Don't ovealook the advertisement of
The A. B. Farqnhar Co., York, Pa. This
well-known firm is offering their celebra-
ted "Ajax" Engine in another column.
Write them for catalogue description of
this and other valuable farm machines
made by them.

Let's Talk it Over

Give me a chance to prove to you that I have
the greatest prize-winniug blood is the country

Jersey Cattle, Shropshire Sheep, Poland-
China, Berkshire and Chester Hogs

and Pigs (hogs on separate farms).

Cr>f*C| From the best strains B. P. I locks.
L-V7170. silver Wyandottcs (home manage-
ment) Rose and Single-Combed B. Leghorns
(on separate farms). Also White Holland
Turkeys, White Guineas, Pekin Ducks, Tou-
louse Geese and Pea Fowls. Eggs furnished
In large or small numbers; guaranteed to be
fresh and fertile. Write for circulars & prices.

HIGHLANDS STOCK AND POULTRY FARM,
E. B. WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. Fancy Hill Va

GHSTON STOCK F=HR7UY.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the beat, I can offer animals>f
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JMO. U. DETRICK, Somerset, Va.

Biltmore Farms

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN !

YOU KNOW . . .

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual.

WE SAY • • •

That we can supply you with the very best
A, J. C, C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.

Berkshires, Southdowns and Standard Poultry.

Apply to

Q. F. WESTON, Superintendent,
BILTMORE, N. C.

.■.■."■.V.V.W.W.ViV.V.WVF,

■.v.w.v.v.w.v.v.v.v.w,

us

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

THE STEEL TANK ON" THE FARM.

This u tin- age i.i steel. The wooden
age has done with our immense forests,
never to return. Ill former years wood
was plenty, workmen were plenty, and
there was always money to pay them.
People were satisfied with wooden tanks,
simply because they knew of nothing
better. When the old trough rotted out,
when it frozeand burst, or when it sprung
a leak thev made another. But the world
is in a hurry to-day. It has not time "to
make another." What it wants is a tank
that will practically last permanently,
that is not subject to accident and that is
just the right size. The Kelly Foundry
& Machine Co., of Goshen, Indiana, is
manufacturing and selling a steel tank
that is guaranteed as practically accident
proof and wear proof. It is galvanized
and does not rust easily, and can be or-
dered of almost any size that is needed.
They are lighter than wood and more
economical of space. The Kelly tank is
sold under the name of the "Goshen,"
and it is certainly a first-class investment
for a farmer needing anything of the kind.

FELINE AMENITIES.

She : " I had three men at my feet last
night."

Her Sister : " Is that all '.' There's cer-
tainly room for lots more."— Harper's
Bazar.

Mrs. Wicks: "Why is old china so
valuable?"

Mrs. Picks: "On account of its rarity."

Mrs. Wicks: "But I don't see why it
should be so rare?"

Mr:- Kicks : " Well, with my experience
of servants, I must confess that a piece of
china that lasts a mouth is a wonder to
me." — Harper's Bazar.

" Commander B has invited me to

go on his ship with him," said Mr. Patter-
son to his wife.

"Oh, papa, if you go will you take me
with you as your orderly ? " pleaded
Tommie, who had been reading the
papers.

"You don't know how to obey well
enough to be an orderly," answered bis
father.

"Then take me as your disorderly,"
added the little fellow, roguishly.— Ifar-
per's Bazar.

"There's been another engagement,"
said young Mr. Dolley, who had been
reading the latest war news.

•• i ih dear." Bighed Miss Frocks," I wish
I could be in an engagement."

And in a few minutes she was right in
one. — Harper's Bazar.

high-bred ENGLISH
BERKSHIRE

Pigs

FOR
SALE

These pigs are sired by Sir John Bull, of N. Benjafield's
herd, of Motcombe, England, who is patronized by—

Her Majesty the Queen :

His Royal Highness Duke of Connaught;

His Royal Highness Duke of York ;

His Royal Highness Prince Christian, etc.

Imported by me last November. Dams of the purest
and most aristocratic families of English blood. Pedi-
grees furnished with every pig. A rare chance for
entirely foreign and new blood for your herds.
41 Piss now on hand at one-third.

"Western Frioes

Address THOS. S. WHITE, Lexington, Va.

Lynnwood Stock Farm.

-HEADQUARTERS FOR

Pure-bred and Grade Percheron, Grade Hack-
neys and Saddle Horses. Both Imported and
Home-bred Mares. Stud headed by two Im-
ported S 'allions. combining size, action & style

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Headed by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbus; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition :

Black Knight, Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, and the greatest of all boars, King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardless of cost— and are from such blood as :
Klngscote Belle 2d, Artful Belle 38th, Lily Clay,
Pansy, Infanta, and other prize winners.

Young gilts bred and pigs ready for shipment, of either sex, at less than
half the cost of the original stock.

N. & w. b, r. JXO. F. LEWIS, Lynnwood, Va.

Horses

Berkshires

1898.]

THE SOUTHBEN PLANTER.

349

CANNING TOMATOES AND OTHER
VEGETABLES.

M. IV. EARLY.

There are three essential points to be
observed, if you would can tomatoes suc-
cessfully. First, you must put them up
boiling hot ; secondly, you must till the
vessel to the brim ; and thirdly, you must
seal it up perfectly air-tight. The ques-
tion often arises among housekeepers, is
it best to can in tin or in glass ? My own
experience leads me to prefer the former,
especially for tomatoes which are harder
to can successfully than fruit.

Be sure to have perfect cans. Tinners
sell their cans so cheap that they doubt-
less feel that they cannot afford to turn
out a first-class article at the prices they
receive, and so their wares are sometimes
imperfectly soldered and leaky. Test the
cans by tilling them with water before
you use them for fruit or vegetables. An
inexperienced housekeeper, neglecting
this precaution, will sometimes throw
away whole days of work by putting up
tomatoes and fruit in leaky cans.

It is a good plan to begin putting up to-
matoes as soon as you have a few quarts
of surplus ones, left from table use. If
you put up a couple of cans a day, you
will accumulate a good stock in a few
weeks, without any appreciable trouble
or fatigue. Scald them about an hour be-
fore dinner, peel them, cut them in two,
and have them ready to put on immedi-
ately after dinner, while the stove is still
hot. They will quickly come to a boil,
and if you have everything at hand that
is necessary, the whole process will be
over in less than half an hour. Draw up
a small wooden table close to the stove,
lay a newspaper down, and place the cans
on it. Have ready your cement, either
melted or in the form of tapers. The lat-
ter is much the most convenient. Do not
take the pot or kettle of tomatoes off the
stove, but dip up the hot tomatoes with
a tin dipper. When the can is brimful,
take a soft old cloth and wipe the rim
bone dry, as a single drop of moisture left
there will cause the cement to loosen in
a few days and the tomatoes to sour. I
pass a rag around this rim a dozen times
to make sure of its being absolutely dry.
Then press the top firmly down, and
wipe the rim again, as moisture is some-
times pressed out by putting on the top.
If you use taper cement, you will have
nothing to do now but press the taper
into the groove and the heat of the can
will soften it sufficiently to make it ad-
here. If you use stick cement, melt it in
an old frying-pan, dip it up with a kitchen
teaspoon and pour it into the groove of
the can. If you hear a hissing sound,
stop instantly and dry the groove more
perfectly. When you have finished with
the cans, put them away in some cool,
dark place, a closet or cellar, for instance.
During the first month or six weeks that
tomatoes are in season, it is well to put
them up on the scale I have advised
above ; but about the first of September,
it is desirable to have a large canning,
and put up all the tomatoes you will
need for winter. It is very difficult for
any but a professional canner to put up
corn successfully ; but by mixing it half
and half with tomatoes, you are much

HILL TOP STOCK FARM

The Home of Many Prize Winners.

<i Registered Berkshires and Poland-China Hogs,
3g Southdown and Shropshire Sheep, B. B. R.
*4r Game Chickens and Bronze Turkeys

We have now a choice lot of Ewes and Ewe Lambs. A limited number of good
Bucks and some fashionably-bred Pigs, &c.

Write for prices or come and see our stock. Visitors always welcome, and
will be met at depot with conveyance on short notice.

II . A. S. HAMILTON A CO., Staunton, Va.

WJP Z1Z"

REGISTERED

Berkshire
Sows ™.

Nearly eighteen months

old. Brsd to my high-bred

English Berkshire boar

11 Biltmore's Longfellow."

farrow about June 25

'lV.\"7/y§W// ' ' in '*' HlKIMt fXiF

One aged Sow— a great breeder— Ave years' old next December. All safely In pig; and parties
who wish to buy had better not delay, as every day increases the risk of moving tnem. Price, 420.
Also several young Berkshire Boar Pigs, five mouths' old.

Address J. SCOTT MOORE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

T^f^S^- Gja. BUFF LEGHORN- Eggs, per setting. $1.00; S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS,
E5 V-» V_jr >^ "W Si. 00. The greatest laying chickens in the world.

THORN HILL^STOCKJT ARM, Lexington, va

SPECIALTIES illi

Registered Poland-China Hogs, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Ponltrj .

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black U. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from my flock of Shropshire.', at prices in
reach of all. EGGS from Mammoth Pekin Dncks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at $1 per setting.
Satisfaction guaranteed every purchaser.

BARGAINS! ^THOROUGHBRED STOCK

One choice Registered Poland-China Sow, 3 yearsold, weigh in ordinary condition 375 pounds,
for $20.00. Four choice Poland-China Pigs, of finest blood, eligible to registry, at $5.00 each. (3
males and 1 female.) One Pure-bred Holstein Bull Calf, 5 months old, weighs about 600 lbs., for
825.00. One Pure-bred Jersey Heifer Calf, solid fawn, a beauty for $15.00. one pair beautiful
matured Pea Fowls, for $5.00. All guaranteed strictly first class. .Money returned promptly if
stock is sold when order is received. O-Do not delay.

E. T. ROBINSON, Lexington, Va.

Barred, White ™* Buff Plymouth Rocks
...EGCS FOR HATCHING,

sammmmm—— $1.00 per Setting of Fifteen Eggs for rest of the season.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder— North or South— but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

Lock Box 42. J. H. GAKST, Salem, Va.

350

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

more apt to keep it sound than by can-
nine it separately.

The same general directions will apply
to the canning of all articles, the essential
points being to pot np things boiling hot,
till the vessel full and seal it perfectly
air tight.

ROCK ME TO BLEEP.
Backward, turn backward. 0 Time in

your flight.
Make me a child again, just for to-night ! I
Mother, come back from that echoless

shore.
Take me again to your heart as of yore :
Kiss from my forehead the furrows of

care.
Smooth the few silver threads out of my

hair;

< iver my slumbers your loring watch

keep ;
Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to
sleep!

Tired of the hollow, the base, the untrue.
Mother. 0 mother, my heart calls for you !
Manv a summer the grass has grown

green.
Blossomed and faded our faces between :
Yet with a strong yearning and passionate

pain.
Long 1 to-night for your presence again.
Come from the silence so long and so

deep;
Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to

sleep !

< her my heart in the days that are flown.
No love like mother love ever has shone:
Xo other worship abides and endures,
Faithful, unselfish and patient like yours.
None like a mother can charm away pain
From the sick soul, and the world-weary

brain.
Slumber's soft calms o'er my heavy lids

creep;
Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to

sleep!

Come let your brown hair, just lighted

with gold,
Fall on your shoulders again, as of old ;
Let it drop over my forehead to-night.
Shading mv faint eves awav from the

light:
For with its sunny edged shadows once

more,
Haply will throng the sweet vision of yore,
Lovingly, softly, its bright billows sweep :
Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to

sleep.

—Elizaltth Akm Allm.

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY.

Daughter : " Where have sister and
George gone" "

Father: " I've sent them into the dark
room to develop their affections."— Har-
prr't Bazar.

The imagination of some small boys is

worth having. The other night, when

Mr. Wallypug was lying asleep on his

library sofa and snoring away for dear

life. Mrs. Wallypug remarked that she

'. he would not snore so.

' P.i ain't snorin','' said Tommy Wally-

Be's dreamin' about a dorg, and

that'M

HEREFORO CATTLE,

BACON HALL FARM.

BERKSHIRE SWINE,

DORSET SHEEP— Imported and Home-bred.

E. ■. Q1XIJET, Verona. Baltimore Co.. JId.

- Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

0UKBA]

Ivrrr-nzj gaenBlaad
the best.

FINE POOLTRY OF ALL VARIETY

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKEtS.

PEKI.N DICKS.

BLACK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Jersey Ball Calves of the best pedigrees.

CATTI P Jerseys A Guern-

\*t\ 1 i LCi seys— all ages. Seven

head of two-vear Devon heifers in calf.

BBJ

young

I-I f\ri C Berkshire* of the high
* *"VJ4i7. tpye. Sows in pig. you
boars and young sows.

FOVVI ^ L'ghl Brahma. Plymouth Bock and Brown
I v tt L<0. Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkey** and Pekiu Ducks.

PlOfwC English Mastift". Shepherd and Fox Terriers. A fine
L'^'VJfc?. lot of puppies from the latter ready soon.

BS^ Write for what yon want."^f

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

*NOW OFFERS FOR SHLE«

Pure-bred Holslein Calves, six months old. for $-20.00. Shropshire
Lambs — deliveredby July 1st. Bucks for $7. 00; Ewes. $6.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, $12.00. Poland-China Pigs, bu weeks old. I
three months old, $7.00, and nve months old, $10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken — $7.00 per pair ; $10 00 per trio.

1893.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

351

THE SOUTHERN PUNTER'S

READ ™

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals :

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va $6 00 86 25

The Times, " " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 100 150

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 I 00

Round Table 100 175

Bazaar „ 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00 1 60

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va ... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50
Central Presbyterian, "
Christian Advocate, "
Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times .

Turf. Field and Farm

Horseman

Illustrated London News..

100

1 50
. 4 00
3 00
6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00

St Nicholas

Lippincott's

Harpers'

Forum

Scribner's

Cosmopolitan

Munsey's

Strand

McClure's

Peterson's

3 00

2 50

4 00
300

3 00
1 00
1 00
1 25
1 00
1 00

_' ::,
■1 50

5 00
4 25

3 as

3 00

4 00
3 25
3 25
1 80

Review of Reviews 2 50

The Nation 3 00

1 60
300
3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from " our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage ot
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write ns for any informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

Pomona Hill Nurseries, pomona, n.c.

Large stock of the following varieties o
apple trees, and many other market va
rieties for Fall 1898, and Spring 1899 sales.

YORK IMPERIAL 'Johnson's Fine Winter), ALBEMARLE PIPPIN, BEN
DAVIS, WINE SAP, ARK, MAMMO TH BLACK.

500.000 Peach Trees, leading varieties. Also a complete line of general nursery stock. All trees
guaranteed absolutely true to name and free of all diseases.
Take time to write for catalogue, and give us an estimate ol your wants.

J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor, Pomona, N. C.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &c.
Grape Vines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. 'Write u*
if you contemplate planting. Catalogues free.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. T. HOOD <5c CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

qJ^JTL^J^J^J^J^J^J^nJ^rlJ^^^ xnj

WOOD'S PATENT SWING CHURN.

Not a Step. But a Leap in Advance of All Other Churns.

AJXn

Simplest,

Easiest,

Quickest,

Cleanest,

Lightest,

Cheapest.

The Best
Chnrn for the

Smallest
as well as
the Largest

Dairies.

^ FOURTEEN REASONS PROVE THE ABOVE CORRECT.

It forms a Table by putting a board on the top. Has a water chamber

for raising or lowering the temperature of the milk.

CAUL AND SEE IX OR SKXI) FOR CIRCULAR.

The Implement Co., Richmond, Va.:

Gents:— I took one of Wood's Patent Churns
home, and have thoroughly tested it. and
fiod it the best Churn I ever saw : my boy ten
years old can work it, and it makes fine butter
in ten minutes.

WM. H. MARTIN,
Highland Springs P O., Va., May 14, 1898.

Chase Citv. Va„ May 16, 1898.
The Implement Co., Richmond, Va.-

Gents:— The Woods Patent Churn bought
of you has been thoroughly tested bv my wife.
Itaois like a charm, and without a doubt is
the best Churn on the market to-day.
Yours.
WALTER V. GREGORY, Sec'v

Chase City M'fg. Co.

Manufactured by THE IMPLEMENT CO.,

j? 1526 E. Main Street, Richmond, Va. 5

352

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[July

FRESHENING UP RUSTY DRESS
MATERIALS.
When black materials begin to look
gray or rustv. brighten them by Bponging
on the right si.lt- with equal parte of alco-
hol and water, and, while damp, iron on
the wrong side. Mud will often leave a
stain, which may be removed with nap-
tha after it has been allowed to become
thoroughly dry. Black silk-warp goods
will shine as they wear, and expose the
silk threads : this shine may le partly-
removed bv sponging with alcohol and
water, though it will likely return ; if it
does, the silk must be red'yed. Colored
cashmere, serge, albatross, etc., may be
cleaned bv sousing in a fluid composed of
one dessertspoonful of beef's gall to a
pail of warm water; use less gall in the
rinsing water, dry in a shady place, and
iron on the wrong side, when nearly dry,
with a moderately warm iron.— Emma M-
Hooper, in the July Ladies' Ho,
nal.

FRUITS TO EAT AND THOSE TO
AVOID.

Truits as foods, are, then, peaches, apri-
cots, nectarines; ripe, mellow apples;
dates, figs, fresh and dried ; prunes with-
out skins; persimmons, papaws; very
ripe or cooked bananas ; guavas without
seed — fresh or canned without sugar;
pineapples, grated or finely picked, never
cut; mangoes, grapes ; sweet plums with-
out skins, sweet berries, and occasionally
cooked pear. Bartletts are excellent when
canned without sugar.

The fruits which must be used most
sparinglv are lemons, oranges, shaddocks,
currants", barberries, cranberries and
strawberries This applies most emphati-
cally to those persons who are inclined to
uric acid conditions. The rheumatic and
gouty should also most rigidly abstain.
The "tender lining of the child's stomach
cannot, certainly, bear such fruits any
length of time; serious results mutt fol-
low. The ripe, mellow peach is really
the child's fruit.— Mks. S. T. Rorf.k in the
June Ladies' Hbmi J-/wnal.

EXPLAINED.

'• Are vou a native of this town ?" asked
a traveller of a resident of a sleepy little
.Smthern hamlet

"Am I a what'.'''

•Are vou a native of the town ?"

- Hey

" I asked if yon were a native of this
place?"

At that moment his wife, tall and sal-
low and gaunt, appeared at the open door
of the cabin, and taking her pipe from
between her teeth, said, acridly :

"Ain't ye got no sense. Jim? He
means wuz ye livin' here when you was
born, or w n/. ye born before you begun
livin' here. Now answer him." — Bar-
pet's Bazar.

Hood's Pili-s are the favorite family
cathartic and liver tonic. Gentle, relia-
ble, sure.

Seed House of the South.

TIMOTHY

/ ♦

BUKW1IKA1.
OATS and
CAKE SEED.

CLOVER, *"] I I £L fc»

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD AM) GARDEN SEEDS of

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGLAXDS PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

-We ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal, \ova Scotia and Tirginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired.

1016 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

Wm. A. Miller & Son, #

CELERY PUNTS

I have BO.otO

' 'elery
Plants for sale

The "MICHIGAN" Garden Drill

WARRSNTEO THE BEST DRILL IN THE MARKET.

Built on new principles, it sows with absolute

regularltyall kindBOfseed. It successfully handle*

beans, peas, beets, onions, parsnips, .-arrets, etc.

SOWS ANY DESIRED DEPTH.

i ipens furrow, rlrops the seed, covers it. rolls it. and

marks next row, all In one operation.

It Is strongly made, yet weighs only 30 pounds.

AM Adjustments are made by Thumbscrews.

GEO. H. REISSMAN, - Walled Lake, Mich.

Lee's Prepared Agricultural Lime

WE HAVE REDUCED THE PRICE TO SUIT THE TIMES.
We are now Belling tins VALUABLE I'KUTII.I/.KK and LAXD IMPROVER at
S/O Per To/v Whin used on (allow land, with a fair amount of vegetation, ue
have never known it to fail in giving a satisfactory crop of wheat and a good stand of
clove! ? or grass We do 'not recommend it for clean or thin worn-out land, unless
some litter from the farm, pen or forest is need with it.

500 TONS OTSTER SHELL LIME, Sacked or in Eulk, for sale low.
For thin and bare land, we recommend our — — — — — ^— ■-

HIGH-GRADE BONE AND POTASH,

which we are selling at the low price of $I6P£R TON. Farmers who m«xl it las

vear sav they had fine crops on very thin land.

' «-Write for Circular,. A. S. LEE 4 SON, Richmond, Va.

Richmond. Va.

•W&L'.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

353

Threshes and cleans one to two

THE GEISER THRESHERS AND PEERLESS ENGINES.

More Simple in Construction, Thorough
in Work, Lighter in Draft,

And more durable in build than any
other we know of. A record of 25 years
places the old Geiser beyond reproach.

The NEW PEERLESS is the most
perfect grain saver ever constructed.
Entirely new in principle and rapid in work,
bushels per minute with six-horse engine.

The PEERLESS ENGINES are well known to be all the name indicates.
Reduced prices for this season.

The Hocking Valley Cider Mills

Are constructed with a Single Wooden

Roller, and are so made that the apples pass
over no surface to speak of but a wooden sur-
face, ensuring cider pure and free from that
taste and color imparted by other mills.

THE HOCKINC VALLEY

Fodder and Ensilage Cutters

Are in every respect the best in the world. Made
in five Sizes, and range in capacity to meet the
wants of every one. All have the upward cut,
patent Rocking Feed Rollers ; on power machines
Safety Balance Wheels.

Baling Presses for Hand, Steam, and Horse Power.

Engines, Saw Mills, Grist Mills, Grain Drills, Harrows,

Corn Shellers, Plows and Castings of all kinds, Road Carts,

Buggies, Surreys, Farm Wagons, Log Trucks. Implements,
Machinery and Vehicles of every description.

WATT PLOW CO,

Office and Warerooms :

1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

" Don't you come around here with any
more of your patent frauds," said Uncie
Reuben. " I've been took in once, but
you ain't goin' to ketch me agin." "What's
the matter?" asked the gentlemanly
agent. "The lightning rods I sold you
are all right, aren't they ?" "All right.
Well, mebby* you call 'em all right, but
they've been up for more'n six months
now and the lightnin' hasn't hit 'em
once.'' — Chicago News.

Attorney : " You say this defendant
kissed you in a dark room?" Fair Plain-
tiff: " Yes, sir." Attorney : " Will you
please explain to the court how you came
to enter a dark room with the defendant?"
Fair Plaintiff: " Oh, it wasn't dark when
we went in. We turned the light out af-
terward."— N. Y. Herald.

She : " Do you know that married men,
as a rule, live longer than bachelors?" —
He: "Oh, I don't believe that. It only
seems longer to them." — Cleveland Leader.

ft NSW BOOK

By Prof. W. A, HENRY, Wisconsin Experiment Station.

This book should be in the hands of every farmer in the country.
Every reader of the Southern Planter could save the price of it
many times over. It is a large, well-bound book, nicely printed,
over six hundred and fifty pages. Price, $2.00.

Name Express Office.

354

THE SOUTHEBN PLANTER.

[July

THE FARMERS' SUPPLY CO.

CAN FURNISH ANY IHPLEMENT NEEDED ON THE FARM.

Only the BEST from the BEST makers. All goods guaranteed.

Catalogue for the asking.

Prices Lowest

Is there anything in
this list you need ?

HAT RAKES,
MOWERS (Deering),
WAGONS, BUGGIES,
CARTS, HARNESS,
PLOWS,
CULTIVATORS,
HARROWS,
LAND ROLLERS,
SUBSOIL PLOWS,
CORN DRILLS

(for Sowing Peas, Ac.)
ENSILAGE CUTTERS,
GRAIN DRILLS,

PUMPS,

CORN SHELLERS,
HAY CARRIERS,
HAY FORKS,
CIDER MILLS,
LAWN SWINGS,
PULLEYS, ROOFING,
FENCING, WIRE,
BALE TIES,
BALING PRESSES,
SAW MILLS.
ENGINES, Eto., Etc

Write for what you want and we can supply you. Call on us when in town.

Address— 1540 E. Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

For Sale or Exchange

AN IHPORTED- ^

HACKNEY STALLION

High-class individuality ; handsome and well formed. Well

broken to harness ; a fine saddler, and no horse has a better

disposition. Offered for no fault, simply because owner has

other stallions. Pedigree and further information supplied by

W. J. CARTER,

Box 929, KICHMOND, VA.

\ PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.
V* v- CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

FINE ™

Road, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock), Gen'l Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.

REFERENCES— L. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry,
2:0OJ<), Graham, N. C. : Col. J. S. CARR, Durham, N. C. ; Maj.
P. P. JOHNSTON (President National Trotting Association).
Lexington, Ky; Col. B. CAMERON, Fairntosh Stud, Stagville,
N. C; JOS. BRYAN and H. C. CHAMBLIN, Richmond, Va. ;

A. B. GWATHMEY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange), New York.; Capt.

B. P. WILLIAMSON, Raleigh N. C. ; J. F. JACKSON (Editor
Southern Planter), Richmond, Va. ; H. A. Buck (Editor Spirit 0/
the Times), New York.

fleea parm Jraipir;^

Stable...

^- ^ ^- ^^s?^?^s?

W. R. McCOMB, Proprietor.

J. B. STOUT, Trainer and Driver.

TROTTERS and pacers worked for speed :
colts broken to harness, and horses
boarded and kept in any manner desired at
Acca Stock Farm, near the Exposition Grounds,
or about one-half mile from Richmond.

Good stabling and one of the best half-mile
tracks in Virginia to train on.

For terms and further information address

W. R. McCOMB, Richmond, Va.

REGULAR

Annual Clearance Sale

IN ORDER TO MAKE ROOM FOR YOUNG-
STOCK, I WILL OFFER THE FOLLOWING:

300 Brown Leghorn Hens,
200 White Leghorn Hens,
200 Plymouth Rock Hens,
200 Black Minorca Hens,
100 Light Brahma Hens,
100 White Minorca Hens,
50 Indian Game Hens, '

at $1.00 each,
at $1.00
at $1.00
at $1.50
at $1.50
at $1.50
at $1.50

50 Silver-Laced Wyandotte Hens, at $1.50
25 B. B. Red Ex. Game Hens, at $1.50
25 Silver-Spangled Hamburg Hens, at $1.50
25 Blue Andalusian Hens, - at $1.50
25 W. F. Black Spanish Hens, at $1.50
25 Pit Game Hens, - - at $2.00

10 B. B. R. Game Bantams, - at $2.50
40 White Guineas, at $1.00

Bronze Turkey Tom, weighing about 50 lbs., $7.50
Bronze Turkey Hens, " 20 to 24 lbs., $5.00

from all of above, except Turkeys, $1.00
per setting, or three settings, $2.50.

Eggs

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE CHEAP FOR QUICK SHIPMENT.

GEO. T. KING, Jr., Richmond, Va.

MM

A FEW POINTERS.

8®*The Northwestern Mutual Life, of Milwaukee, is
the largest purely American Company ;

f6?*Its ratio of assets to liabilities is larger than that
of any other leading company ;

I^"Tts permits no discrimination between members;

(©"Its dividends to policy-holders are unequaled, and
at the same time its surplus increase is relatively larger
than that of any other Company ;

l^-It has for more than twenty-five consecutive years
printed tables of current cash dividends for the informa-
tion of the public ;

IS^-It keeps a memorandum account with each Tontine
and Semi-Tontine policy, and furnishes a statement of
the same on request after three years from date of issue ;

fcg"It makes liberal loans to policy-holders on the
security of their policies :

JgTIt issues Guaranteed Cash, Loan and Extended
Insurance Value policies — as well as other approved
forms of policy contracts, including installments, annui-
ties, etc. :

1®-The Northwestern imposes no restrictions what-
ever as to residence, travel or occupation after two years.

T. ARCHIBALD CARY, Errs?..-.

General Agent for Virginia and North Carolina. 1301 Main Street, RICHMOND. VA.

R

1 1 Vf\ 1 Vegetable Growing in the South for Northern Markets.

^* &■*■ • • • • • By Prof. RoLf^. 255 pp. Illustrated. Paper, $1.00; cloth, $1.:

Books

FERTILITY OF THE EAXD.

By Prof. Robebts. 415 pp. Cloth, $1.25.

FEEDS A\D FEEDING.

By Prof. Henry. 657 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE TOBACCO LEAF.

By Killebrew & Mybick. 506 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE DOMESTIC SHEEP. By Stewart. 371 pp. Cloth, $1.50.

The above books are among the best written dealing with their respective subjects. Every farmer in the
South should read them. Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, Richmond, Va.**

FARMERSwFERTILIZERS

TO SUCCEED.

ForTOBACCO use "NATIONAL"
ForCORN use 'CHAMPION CORN GROWER*,

For GRASS and CLOVER use "0RCHILLA GUANO,"
Wk For ANY CROP use "BEEF, BLOOD and BONE" Brand

Out Fertilizers can be relied on to give satisfaction. They are especially prepared for
the Crops named. Other brands for other crops. Write for prices.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO.,

Sooo Tons ACID PHOSPHATE for Sale.

Manufacturers, Richmond, Va.

"JMention Southern Planter when yon write.

Established 1840.

THE

— —

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE: 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. P. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

AUGUST, 1898.

No. 8.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT:

Editorial — Work for the Month 355

Preparation for Wheat Seeding 357

" Seeding to Grass 358

" The Silo and Ensilage 360

The Hessian Fly — How to Avoid Injury

from It 361

Lime as an Improver of Land 362

" . Sand or Hairy Vetch 362

" Growth of Corn 362

Some Notes on a Trip North 363

Can Land be Made too Rich for Profitable Crop

Production? 364

Successful Farming in Tidewater Virginia 365

Some Peanut Jottings 365

Organic vs. Inorganic Nitrogen 366

The Velvet Bean 368

Value of Humus 368

Enquirer's Column 369

The Disc Plow 373

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month 375

" The Apple Crop , 375

What the Virginia State Horticultural Society has

Done for Fruit Growers in Virginia this Season.. 375
For a Winter Mulch 376

Spraying — How to Teach Its Value 376

To Kill Blackberry Bushes 376

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial — Early Lambs 377

The Dog Pest 377

" The General Purpose Cow 377

Why this Boom in Herefords? 377

Herefords in Virginia 378

Fattening Minnesota Lambs in Winter 378

THE POULTRY YARD :

Earthworms as a Source of Gapes in Poultry 380

Relative Gains of Young Ducks and Chicken* 380

Cold or Catarrh 381

The Good Points of Cross-Breds 381

The Langshan 3S1

THE HORSE:

Grain for Horses 382

Notes 382

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial— The "No-Fence" Law 3S4

The " No-Fence" Law from a Sanitary Standpoint, 384

Farming in Germany 385

Some Don'ts for Farmers 3S6

Publisher's Notes 387

Advertisements 3S7

SUBSCRIPTION. $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE. •««

FERQU8SON PRINT, Richmond

.200 Acres...

In KhiK William Co., on Pamiinkey River.
In gooil condition. Good Beven-room dwell-
ing, burn, st etc., in fair condition. Rich
marl beds. Excellent locality for duck ranch.
For price and further description, address
W. A. %V., care Southern Planter.

Southwest Virginia.

\ line old Virginia Homestead: :;'.<) acres;
choice; Siuvtli county. Blue grass lands on
railroad. Five hundred acres s].lendid blue
lands, The Celebrated
Pearson Plaster Kids. Two nice rarms in
Claiborne county, Tenn. Fine brlch hotel

firopertj in a good town. Mineral an 1 timber
ands. For pa rl ieu lars. write llEO, W.
RICHARDSON, R. E. Agent, MARION, Va.

CHARTERED 1870.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Hank offers superior facilities for
direct and Quick collections.

Capital Stock, $200,000

Surplus and Profits, $300,000

JNO. P.

BRANCH,

President.

JNO. K. BRANCH,

Vice-President.

JOHN F. GLKNN,

Cashier.

A Superior Farm

Near Richmond, Va., with railroad depot
within 400 yards of the house; 100 acres. First-
class Improvements. Hot and cold water

bath, and closet, in house. Waterin barn-yard
and garden. Fine orchard ol'all kinds of fruit:

small fruit, of all kinds in garden. Well
stocked with Jersey cattle, same chickens,
and a superior pair of young mules, wagons,

etc., all new. l'laci niplete, with furniture,

etc., 8ii,ooo. Address B. H. L., Southrrn Planter.

Directors.- John P. Branch, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Striugfellow.'B. \\r. Branch, Fred. W. Scott,
Jas. H. Dooley, Jim. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzinl, Jr.

1J 1 1 1 II MI!III II I IllJilllll II DIM! > Illll 1I1IMIIII i illllllll llllllll 1)1 lilt (IIIIMIII llll till I IIIIMIII II III III II L^

I THE LIFE lUlUICS COMPANY OF Mi I

Go South,

YOUNG

MEN!

It is the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un
equalled by any other portion of the
United States.

The James River Valley Colonization
and Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages to intending settlers. Send stamp
for Hand Book and list of lands. Address
W. A. PARSONS, Vinita. Va,

OFFICE, Cor. 9th and Main Streets. RICHMOND, VA.

G. A. WALKER. President. JAMES W PEGRAM. Secretary.

| LIFE, ENDOWMENT, INVESTMENT and INDUSTRIAL I
= POLICIES ISSUED ON MOST FAVORABLE TERMS. I

"NORFOLK, VA."— Near

There are cheap and beautiful homes in
the "Sunny South," near the sea, and
near that thriving seaport city, Norfolk,
Va., for thousands of people who want
happy homes in a mild, healthful, and de-
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the very best markets in the world, the
very lowest freight rates, good social, edu-
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greatest number of other both natural and
acquired advantages, to be found in any
other one section of the Union.

The "Cornucopia " tells you all about
the beautiful section of country around
Norfolk, Va. Send for (free} sample copies.

Address "Cornucopia," 212 Main Si.,
Norfolk, Va.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

I (23ThIS is the only regular JLife Insurance Company =
§ ^0^ chartered hy the Legislature of the State, and has =
5 won the hearty approval and active support of the people E
= hy its promptness and fair dealing during the last twenty- S
= live years of its operation. §

For further information, apply to the Home Office. =

^IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIS

^Farming in the South.

There are Advantages • • • •

Of Markets, Soils, Climate, Pure Water, Healthy and Pleasant Locations and
Cheap Lands along the

Southern Railway

In Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and East Tennes-
see, for

book binders, The \yide=awake Farmer. •

Blank-Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Governor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED.
Prompt Attention Given to Printing.

Grains and Grasses Flourish ; Fruits Ripen Early and Yield Heavily ; Vegeta-
bles Grow Large and Crops are Big, and Good Prices are the rule. Stock is
raised easily and profitably.

Information regarding locations in Piedmont Regions of the South, Prices of Lands
Character of Soil, etc., furnished by

M.V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent,
Southern Railway, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.--XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State.==SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, August, 1898.

No. 8.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

August is the month in the year when the Southern
armer can usually count upon taking things easily
fand recuperating himself, and it is well that this is so,
seeing that it is usually one of the most oppressive
months in the whole year. The power of the sun is
great, the heat of the ground is great, and between
the two, poor, sweltering humanity has a pretty hard
time if compelled to push work in the open fields.
This year we are afraid farmers will have cause to
keep steadily to work at least for a considerable part
of the month, as the late spring has crowded work
very much. We hope, however, that at least some
measure of rest may be possible, for after the swelter-
ing heat of July this is undoubtedly needed. The
best and most invigorating rest which man can take is
a change of occupation and scene. It is not necessary
to be idle in order to rest. Put into work other facul-
ties and the end will be accomplished in a way much
more beneficial than "loafing." One of the best means
of taking a rest at this season of the year is to take a
trip to some city or town with which you have busi-
ness relations, and there by personal observation see
what are the conditions of the markets and what the
people need, and how their wants can be supplied in a
manner profitable to yourself. More can be learned
in a few days of personal observation than by means
of correspondence. If opportunity serves, a trip to
another State or country, and a personal examination
of methods of farming in operation there, is a more
1

impressive lesson than can be gathered from reading
all the reports and literature which can be got from
those places. If neither of these opportunities of
rest can be availed of, then, at least, have a day or two
off in your own county, and meet your brother farm-
ers and exchange views with them and discuss systems
of farming and methods of business to be put into op-
eration for your mutual benefit. The life of farmers
in the Southern States is far too isolated to be con-
ducive to the highest welfare of themselves and their
families. They become narrow in their views, preju-
diced in their opinions, and uncongenial in their
characters. Use some part of this month in trying to
correct these idiosyncrasies, and to the elaboration of
some means of preventing them in the future. Arrange
for regular meetings of the farmers in your section at
least once a mouth through the year, and for the dis-
cussion of subjects of interest at these meetings. Form
clubs or associations for promoting the advancement
of particular interests, such as trucking, fruit-growing,
stock-breeding, etc., and for safeguarding those inter-
ests. In this way, whilst resting, much permanent
good can be secured to your business.

Since writiug last month we have had a most bene-
ficial change in the weather for the growing crops.
Frequent showers and a high temperature have com-
pletely changed the aspect of the corn crop. At that
time the prospect for a large crop was not promising.
Now, we do not think we ever saw corn at this season

356

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

look so well. It has made a most wonderful growth
and is a rich, dark green iu color. Fodder crops of
all kinds are promising an enormous yield. Tobacco
is generally looking well and cotton promises to make
a fair average crop. The frequent showers have caused
some delay in housing hay crops, but these have been
greatly increased in quantity by abundant second
crops, whilst pastures never looked better. Threshing
has been much hindered by the rains, and much yet
remains unthreshed. The yield of wheat is generally
reported unsatisfactory. There is too much straw and
too little grain. This complaint is not peculiar to this
and the adjoining states, but is general wherever thresh-
ing has been done. Our estimate of the wheat crop
in our last issue was much less than that of many other
writers, but we do not hesitate to stand by it. We
believe the crop will fall far short of some of the ex-
travagant predictions made, and that, as a conse-
quence, the price will remain firm. The European
crop conditions, though better than last year, are not
too roseate, and we strongly incline to the opinion
that we shall not have more bushels of wheat to sell
than will be called for. Australia is again suffering
from drouth, and the wheat crop there is likely to be
again a failure.

Whilst waiting for the maturity of the spring-sown
crops, let attention be given to the preparation of the
land for wheat seeding. This work is too often put
off much too long, and as a consequence we do not
make the yields which we are capable of doing. In
this issue will be found an article on this subject, to
which we ask attention.

Winter oats should be seeded in the month of Sep-
tember. Let the work of preparing the land for this
crop receive attention this month. Do not follow
the too common practise of selecting some of the
poorest land on the farm for this crop. Whilst oats
will make a better yield on poor land than many other
crops, yet they will always pay better when grown on
good land, and it is poor policy not to give them a
chance of paying well for the labor involved in their
production.

August and September are the best months in the
year for seeding grass. In this issue will be found
an article on this grass question, to which we invite
attention.

If you have not already sowed German clover, let
the matter have your immediate attention. In our
last issue we pointed out the importance of early seed-
ing of this crop, with a cover crop either of millet or
peas to prevent scorching of the young clover plants.
Our subscriber, Mr. F. P. Pope, of Southampton

county, Va., writes us: "Continue your advice to
farmers to sow crimson (German) clover. I sowed
eight to ten pounds per acre in my cotton last fall,
after picking over first time — 23d October, I think —
and it gave me such a growth I had trouble in turn-
ing it in, which I did, about the middle of May. I
planted corn on the 1st June, and to-day (19th July)
it is about head high, green and thrifty as can be,
and the prettiest field of high land corn I ever saw."
The practise of sowing a mixture of German clover
and turnip seed is also to be commended. The larger
turnips can be pulled for feeding or market and the
small ones make with the clover excellent grazing.

Winter vetches and sand or hairy vetch should be
sowed in this and the following month. We have re-
ports of excellent crops made in this State of these
new forage plants. They are also improvers of the
soil, and, therefore, better than rye for making a
winter cover for the land.

In this issue will be found an article on Silos, to
which we invite attention. See that your silo, if you
have one, is in good repair before filling. Take out
any soft or defective boards, and thus prevent further
injury to the structure by the absorption of moisture
from the crops when filled in. Give the inside of the
silo a coat of tar and pitch mixed hot, before filling.
In filling the silo, do not rush the work too fast. It is
better to fill half the day or every other day and
allow time for the silage to pack and heat rather than
to fill right away. The silage will be better and the
silo will hold more. Cover with marsh hay or chaff
or cotton-seed hulls to a depth of eighteen inches.
This will prevent loss of silage at the top of the silo.

Don't waste time pulling fodder. When the corn
is glazed and hardening, cut up at the root and save
the whole crop, and not merely the blades and corn.
Half the feed value of the corn crop is in the stalks,
blades and shucks, and if these are saved aud run
through the cutter, or, better still, the shredder, will
enable a much larger quantity of stock to be kept
through the winter and make the crop a much more
profitable one. You cannot afford to waste half a
crop.

In this issue will be found an article on a new method
of plowing, to which we invite attention. It is one of
the most astonishing scientific facts that, notwith-
standing all the inventive skill of the centuries which
have passed since land was first cultivated, yet, until
the close of the nineteenth century practically no
change has been made in the principle of the plow.
In its first rude form of a sharpened stick it was an

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

357

adaptation of the wedge to the cleaving of the land.
To-day, with the exception of the Disc plow just in-
troduced, and which the article referred to describes,
every plow made is on the same principle of the wedge.
It is true that the adaptation of this form has been
greatly improved, but the essential features are the
same. We shall watch with interest this loug deferred
change in form from the wedge to the cutting revolv-
ing Disc. It would seem that there is reason in favor
of the change, and that it may be expected to become
a success and mark a new departure in the cultivation
of land.

PREPARATION FOR WHEAT SEEDING.

The much higher price for which wheat has sold
during the past two years, and for which it is likely
to sell during the present year, has revived interest in
this old staple crop, and thousands who for years past
have not raised wheat at all, or only to the most lim-
ited extent, have this year grown considerable crops,
and are contemplating doing so in the coming year.
Whilst we are not at all anxious to see any increase in
the area to be seeded this fall, as we are strongly of
opinion that the production of the crop can easily be
overdone, and another era of low prices be brought
about, we are yet anxious to see farmers make better
yields on the existing area, so that in the probable
event of a lower range of prices in future years greater
profit can be made. It is a reflection on the farmers
of this country that they do not make a higher average
yield over the country than 13 bushels to the acre,
which was the yield in 1S97 ; or than 12 bushels to the
acre, which was the average for the last ten years ;
and it is a serious reflection on the farmers of Virginia
that they did not make more than 12 bushels to the
acre last year, or than 8 bushels to the acre as the
average for the last ten years. North Carolina did
not eren do so well as this, as that State only made an
average of 8 bushels last year, and 6 bushels as the
average for past ten years. There is no profit even at
the highest prices paid within the past ten years on
such crops as these. Every acre producing yields
short of 15 bushels to the acre brought the producer
into debt, if anything like a fair rate was charged
against the crop for labor of man and team, to say
nothing of cost of fertilizer and interest on the money
invested in the land. A yield of 25 bushels to the
acre is the least upon which a fair profit can be made,
and this is easily within the reach of every farmer
who has land upon which wheat should be grown. It
is true that even with the best of care and preparation
for the crop, it is not always possible to ensure suc-
cess, and this is most strongly exemplified on some of
our best lands this year, where from climatic condi

tions at a particular season of the growth of the crop
a failure in yield of grain has happened ; but it is
much more reasonable to expect success when efforts
have been made to properly fit the land than when
little or no care has been taken to provide those con-
ditions of soil and fertility on which it has been clearly
ascertained largely depend the success of the crop.
" It is not in the power of mortals to command success,
but we'll do more, deserve it." This is the true posi-
tion for the farmer to take up with this and every
other crop.

The month of August is none too soon to set about
making preparation for the seeding of wheat. The
first step to be taken is to select land in a good state
of fertility. It is useless to sow wheat on poor, worn-
out land, and expect it to produce a crop worth har-
vesting. A 30 bushel crop of wheat, with the average
straw accompanying such a yield, will remove approx
imately from the soil in its production 46 pounds of
nitrogen, 20 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 26 pounds
of potash. If the land has not more than these quan-
tities of readily available nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash per acre, it is useless to expect it to pro-
duce a 30-bushel crop of wheat. No crop, however
well the land is tilled or cultivated, can secure all the
available plant food in the land, even under the most
favorable climatic conditions ; hence the necessity for
an excess of plant food in the soil over and above the
requirements of the crop. To supply by means of
commercial fertilizers the plant food requirements of
a 30-bushel crop of wheat per acre would call for 300
pounds of nitrate of soda, 200 pounds of acid phos-
phate (10 per cent.) and 50 pounds of muriate of
potash, to be applied per acre. This would cost at
regular prices at least $12.00 per acre, and even then
would not certainly produce the yield, as it would be
impossible for the crop to secure all the fertilizer ap-
plied. This shows how impossible it is to make wheat-
growing profitable on poor laud. Let the land, there-
fore, to be selected be land in a high state of fertility,
and, if practicable, let it be laud in a clover sod, as
this will largely avoid the necessity for the application
of nitrogenous fertilizers, and also greatly reduce the
quantity of phosphoric acid and potash needed to be
applied.

Professor Roberts in his work on The "Fertility of
the Land," says : " It is established beyond doubt that
the clovers, especially the annuals and biennials, are
able to take large amounts of mineral matter from the
soil, and they receive from the soil aud air large
amounts of nitrogen which they store up in roots and
tops. The proportion of roots to tops varies widely.
The medium red clover (that is the clover usually
grown) one year from seeding gives a much larger
proportion of roots to tops than clover two years from

358

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August 1

seeding. Red clover, which produces two tons per
acre, may be expected to furnish potentially to the
soil, after the first cutting, in roots and stubble, 40 to
<;0 pounds of nitrogen, 20 to 15 pounds of phosphoric
acid, and 30 to .">0 pounds of potash. Such a clover
stubble, therefore, would or might if plowed early
furnish of available plant food two thirds of the nitro-
gen, one half of the phosphoric acid and two thirds of
the potash needed for a crop of 30 bushels of wheat
per acre and the accompanying straw, if soil, climate
and moisture performed their legitimate work." If a
clover sod is not available, then select land that has
produced one or two crops of peas or a crop of Ger-
man clover, followed by peas ; or a piece of land that
has been liberal ly fertilized for the production of a
crop of tobacco. If none of these are available, then
select land upon which corn has been grown after clo-
ver, and which land has been liberally manured with
barn-yard manure on the clover sod. By adopting
this system of selection, much economy in fertilization
may be secured and a wise and beneficial rotation of
crops be inaugurated.

Having selected the land, the next step is the pre-
paration of it as a seed bed. Wheat requires for its
successful production that the subsoil should be well
consolidated and the surface three or four inches be as
finely broken as possible. Do not, however, run away
with the idea that because the subsoil requires to be
consolidated that it should be a hard-pan, which has
not been broken for years. It should be a subsoil that
has been well broken so as to be permeable to the
moisture both from above and below ; but it should
be at the same time so far again consolidated as to be
free from holes and pockets capable of holding water,
and with its capillarity perfectly restored so that the
necessary circulation of moisture may not be inter-
fered with. This condition will be found usually in a
clover sod which has been plowed two months before
being seeded, and the surface in the meantime has been
frequently harrowed and reharrowed to bring it to a
fine tilth. In the case of a tobacco field or corn field
which was properly prepared last spring for these
crops by deep cultivation, usually all that is necessary
to properly fit it for wheat seeding is to break the sur-
face four inches of soil finely with the Disc, Cutaway
or Spading harrow, and then to complete the bed with
a seeding harrow. The deep breaking of the soil last
spring, and the summer cultivation of the corn or to-
bacco crop will have put and kept the subsoil in a
proper condition for a good wheat seed bed. One of
the greatest mistakes made iu wheat-growing is usually
want of adequate harrowing and reharrowing of the
surface 6oil to bring about a close consolidation of the
subsoil, aud secure a fine surface mulching of soil. We
have often found the roller of great service in helping

to bring about this condition, especially in a dry fall,
and advise its use whenever the land can be rolled
without sticking to the roller.

In a subsequent article we will say something as to
the fertilizer to be used. At present we will only say
that we are strongly in favor of the application of lime
previous to seeding wheat. This should be applied
after plowing or previous to harrowing, at the rate of
from 25 to 50 bushels to the acre, freshly slacked and
caustic, and to be worked well into the soil.

SEEDING TO GRASS.

The yearly increasing value of the hay crop in the
Southern States, which in ten years has more than
doubled in weight and value, and the fact that in ad-
dition to the hay crop there are now thousands more
acres in permanent pasture of improved grasses than
there were ten years ago, makes it a matter of impor-
tance to farmers that they should become better ac-
quainted with the nature and quality of the different
grasses and of the best conditions for their growth.
Notwithstanding the fact that our hay crop has so
largely increased, the South is yet a great buyer of
hay from the West. It comes by whole train loads
into all the large cities every month in the year, and
yet the demand is so great that the average price per
ton is to-day as high as it was ten years ago, and so
high that it will pay farmers to produce it better
than almost any other staple crop when the yield is
what it ought to be per acre. The great mistake which
farmers make is, that as a rule they do not sufficiently
consider what kind of grasses they should sow nor give
the crop that fair treatment to which it is entitled.
Too many of them are apt to think that a grass crop is
a recuperative crop, and that when land will no longer
produce heavy yields of small grain and corn that it is
time to put it into grass to restore its fertility. This
is entirely a mistake. The grain crops are in reality
nothing more than gigantic grass crops. They, as well
as the true grass crops, are equally large consumers of
plant food. Neither the one nor the other can be suc-
cessfully grown on land depleted of fertility. The
production of the grain crops ought to be made the
opportunity for supplying the land with plant food,
not only for their own nourishment, but for the pro-
duction of heavy crops of hay and grass in due rota-
tion with the grain. The true grass crops are only re-
cuperative, in so far as they densely shade the land
throughout the whole year and add humus to the soil
by the decay of vegetable matter, which they so largely
produce, and this humus becomes a source of supply
of nitrogen, or rather a meaus of the conversion of un-
available plant food, in the land into available plant
food, but in no sense do they supply to the land the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

359

mineral plant food so essential to crop production.
The true grasses may be conveniently divided into
two groups, each filling a recognized position and
want, and each requiring a different system of treat-
ment for success. These two groups are the strictly
hay grasses, such as timothy and Italian rye grass,
and the hay and pasture grasses, such as tall meadow
oat grass, orchard grass, herds grass, the fescues and
the blue grasses. For the former class, all that is ne-
cessary is that the land should be clean and sufficiently
fertile to produce one or at most two crops of hay; for
the latter class it is necessary that the land should be
clean of weeds and sufficiently fertile to maintain a
perfect sod for a number of years. The one class re-
quires an abundance of quickly available plant food,
the other class requires an abundance of plant food
more slowly available and more permanent in its ac-
tion. For the first class, acid phosphate and muriate
of potash should be applied previous to sowing, with
top dressings of nitrate of soda just when the vig
orous growth of the crop commences in the spring ;
for the second class, raw bone meal and muriate
of potash, applied before seeding, should be sup-
plemented by farm-yard manure, both previous to
planting and as a top dressing afterwards. Failures
to secure good stands of grass are in general referable
to two or three causes, amongst these probably those
most common, after lack of sufficient fertility, are in-
adequate preparation of the seed-bed, the presence of
weeds, the practice of sowing a grain crop with the
grass seeds, and seeding at an improper season. Grass
seeds being very small and light, it is necessary for
their successful germination that the seed-bed should
be as fine as possible, so that the soil may pack closely
around the seeds. To secure this the land should be
harrowed, rolled, and reharrowed, after being plowed,
until the surface three or four inches is as fine as an
ash -bed, and the seeds should then be sown and
lightly covered in with a harrow or bush harrow, and if
the land be dry, with a roller. The presence of weeds
in land is always prejudicial to a good grass stand.
Weeds are "survivals of the fittest." They are na-
ture's provision for shading the soil, and, being indig-
enous, are always more vigorous and persistent in
growth than introduced varieties of plants. In their
presence the fine introduced varieties of grasses can
have little chance of success. They will outgrow the
grass and rob it of fertility and moisture. To obviate
this, clean culture of the staple crops preceding the
grass seeding is absolutely necessary, and, after these
crops have been removed, every effort should be made
to induce germination of the weed seeds in the land
previous to the sowing of the grass seeds. The land
should be plowed some considerable time before the
best time for seeding with grass, and should be har-

rowed fine. This will induce germination of the weeds.
After they have germinated, reharrow the land on a
hot day and thus kill out the young plants and turn
up other seeds for germination to be in like manner
killed. This practice, followed three or four times,
will rid the land of all weeds within germinating dis-
tance of the surface and secure for the grass seeds ex-
clusive possession of the soil. The practice of seeding
a small grain crop with grass seeds is one we have
often condemned. It had its inception in a climate
very different from ours, and was there profitable and
successful. Here it is altogether out of place, and
neither, as a rule, profitable nor successful. The grain
is more vigorous in growth than the grass, and thus
gets rapidly ahead of it and robs the grass both of fer-
tility and moisture, rendering it weak and spindling
in growth, and also by its shade robbing it of ability
to withstand hot sunshine. The grain crop is cut at a
time when the heat is the greatest, and the result too
often is the immediate killing by the sun of the weak,
tender grass. We have tried both ways of grass seed-
ing many times, and have no hesitation in condemn-
ing seeding with a grain crop. Sown alone, the grass
seeds will be robust in growth and able to withstand
the sun, and will make a paying crop the first year.
In regard to the last point, "seeding at improper sea-
sons," this has often much to do with want of success.
In the South there can be no question that August
and September are the best months in which to seed
grass. Usually we have showery weather in those
months and heavy, dews. These help to germinate
the seed, and the fine, open fall months, often up to
the middle of December, permit of the growth becom-
ing strong before any serious frosts affect the land.
In this condition the crop goes into the winter able to
withstand the weather, and ready in the first days of
spring to start into vigorous growth. Spring seeding
of grasses in the South is only permissible when, from
some accident or an exceptionally severe winter, fall
seeding has failed. It should be regarded only as a
second string to the bow, and to be used only in case
of absolute necessity. The question of what grasses to
sow is one largely to be determined by the purpose for
which the crop is to be used, the time for which it is
to stand, and the character of the land. As a general
rule, we strongly advise the seeding of a mixture of
grasses. Experience has shown that they help each
other in their growth to make a better sod. Some are
recumbent or creeping in their nature, others upstand-
ing. Seeded together, they each follow their own na-
ture, and together fill up the ground and form a close
sod. The only exceptions to this rule are when seed-
ing Timothy and Italian rye grass. These two varie-
ties are purely hay grasses, and grown only for one
or two crops at most. They should be seeded alone.

300

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

Italian rye grass will be found a most valuable grass
for lowgrounds and also for rich upland. It makes a
heavy yield of tine hay, and can be cut twice or three
times iu the first year, and should then be turned down
aud the land put into a grain crop. For an upland mead-
ow and pasture we advise the mixing of Tall Meadow
oat grass, orchard grass and herds grass, and would add
six or eight pounds of red clover to the mixture seeded
at the same time as the grass. Tall Meadow oat grass,
perennial rye grass, and Hungarian Brome grass, with
six or eight pounds of clover, makes a fine mixture for
a light loam soil. For low, damp land, herds grass
and perennial rye grass, with alsike clover added, is
a good mixture. Where the sole object is to secure a
pasture, then a mixture of the different fescue grasses
aud blue grass if the land is at all adapted to blue
grass, will make the finest and most perfect aod in a
few years' time. One caution we desire to add. Do
not seed with a niggard hand. We have tried both
ways and always found heavy seeding of grass seeds
to pay. Not less than three bushels of seed to the acre
should be used, except in the case of Timothy, where
a peck to the acre is sufficient.

THE SILO AND ENSILAGE.

The work of filling the silo will be in order next
month. Have you a silo, and if not, why not? If
you keep eveu half a dozen cows and a score of sheep,
you cannot afford to be without one. It is the cheap-
est barn a man can build, and it enables feed of the
best quality to be saved at the least cost, and in any
kiud of weather. If you have not a silo, you have
probably been deterred from building one by an idea
that it is a costly job, and one involving scientific
knowledge and the application of scientific rules. Let
us assure you on these points. A silo is the simplest
form of a building in which to save a crop, aud it
may be built at a less cost per ton of capacity than
any other means of storage. It involves no scientific
knowledge greater than that required in the making
an air-tight box or tub — nay, it may even be made
without anything more costly than the digging of a
hole in a clay bank, large enough to hold the crop
proposed to be saved. The great point to be seen to
is to have it deep enough and so enclosed that the
outer air cannot penetrate it. The depth is needed in
order that the pressure of the crop put into it may be
so great as to quickly consolidate the couteuts. aud
cause the whole mass to heat quickly, aud drive out
the air. No silo should be less than 12 feet deep, and
it is better that it should be 20. If, then, the quantity
of silage to be put up is not large, curtail the length
and width, and get the size required in the depth.

The question that first occurs to one contemplating

buildiug a silo is, What size will be required to hold
a certain quantity of silage I A cubic foot of silage
weighs, on the average, about 40 pounds. From a
small silo, a foot will weigh about 30 pounds ; from a
large, deep silo, it will weigh 50 pounds. A foot of
silage will feed a cow a day, with a little hay and
some corn. On this basis, a silo 12 feet square and
16 feet deep will hold from 46 to 56 tons. A round
silo, on this same basis. 18 feet inside diameter aud 20
feet deep, will hold 100 tons. A good crop of silage
corn will average from 12 to 15 tons to the acre,
though as much as 20 tons to the acre is frequently
grown. If the silo is to be built in the barn, then the
square form is the most convenient and economical of
space, unless the barn be a round or octagonal one,
when a round silo may be most conveuieutly built in
the centre. If the silo is to be built as an indepen-
dent building, then the rouud form is the cheapest
and best. In building a square silo in a barn, the
frame should be of 2 x S studding, 2S inches apart,
and this should be double boarded, first horizontally,
and then vertically, on the inside of the studding.
Such a silo can be built at a cost of about 75 ceuts per
ton of capacity. The best floor for a silo is a good,
well-pounded, clay floor. There should be three
openings left between the studding, in the depth of
the silo, for the removal of the silage. These are to
be closed by tight-fitting doors, to be put in as the
silage is filled in the silo.

Professor Nourse, of I'.laeksburg, thus describes the
buildiug of two cheap rouud silos at the Virginia
Experiment Station, which have been found perfectly
to answer the purpose required :

We obtained some green oak lumber the only kind
we could get at short notice) 16 feet long, 6 inches
wide, and 2 inches thick. The edges were dressed by
hand. Round iron bands, five iu number, large
enough to eucircle the silo and with threads on ends,
were bought and held in readiness for the plank.
The silo, erected by contract, was placed in position
as follows :

The circle, 16 feet in diameter, was marked on the
ground, and short pieces of plank laid in such posi-
tion as to cover the mark. Four of the long planks
were then set on end on the circle, and as far apart as
possible. These were held in an upright position by
braces in various directions. Two of the bands (made
of three quarter inch iron! before mentioned were
bent as uearly iu a circle as possible, and one placed
about one foot from the bottom of the planks in the
upright position, and held there by driving under the
bands in each plank a twelve penny nail, bendiug it
up and over the band. The ends of the irons with
the threads on them were run through blocks of cast-
iron with two holes through them about two inches
apart ; a nut was then placed on each end of the
band, thus giviug a method for tighteuiug the planks
when all were iu position. A second band of iron
was put about one foot from top, and when several

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

361

horses had been made, high enough for a man stand-
ing on them to reach the top of silo, then we were
ready to set up rest of plank. These were put in un-
til space was all full, each time one was put in a nail
being driven part way into plank and bent over band.
The bands were tightened somewhat, and three more
bands so placed that all would not be quite four feet
apart. By turning up the nuts on all, the silo was
soon tight enough for the material to be placed in it.

NOTES CONCERNING THE SILO AND SILAGE.

It will be noticed nothing is said about a roof. None
was made. The silage was left open to the weather.
The only result of this was a slight drying of the sur-
face, not enough to injure it. The silage was in a per
feet condition, the waste very little, not nearly as
much as usual, and this year the loss is practically
nothing next the plank. This, however, is before
cold weather has acted upon it.

CHANGES EEC03LMENDED IN ERECTING ANOTHER.

The lumber used, for reasons given, was green oak.
On account of its customary warping, we would not
use it again, if other were obtainable. We have this
year taken out some of the planks and put in poplar
There was little loss in this, as the ones taken out were
perfectly sound and fit for other purposes. Concern
ing the iron bands, we had followed suggestions of
parties who had erected similar silos, but would now
do as follows : Procure (as can usually be done) par-
tially worn tire iron from heavy wagons. Get a smith
to rivet, not Weld, these together, so that two bands
will go around the silo. Rivet to the ends of these
bands short pieces of iron, one-half inch thick by two
inches wide. Turn up three inches of this thick iron,
and punch a three-quarter inch hole in the turned-up
portion. For each band procure two bolts a foot long
and three quarters of an inch in diameter. Have
threads cut on bolts nearly the entire length, and
place these bolts through the holes in upturned ends,
put on nuts and tighten the silo. These are stronger,
cheaper, and easier to work than the round bands,
and we consider a great improvement over the latter.
Last spring, we erected a silo 12 feet high by 10 in
diameter, using poplar plank and tire bands. It was
filled with oats, cut just before they were beginning
to turn, and used as a soiling crop. The result was
perfect ; crop kept good to the very side, and in as
fine condition as could be possible in any silo. To
take the silage from a structure of this kind, it is
necessary to cut apertures at intervals. In our 16-foot
one we have two places, and in the 12-foot only one,
from which to take the product. In refilling, we take
out the cut plank and insert others. This can be done
at short notice.

COST OF STAVE SILOS.

As has been stated before, the great advantage of
these silos is the slight cost. The outlay for the
larger one built here was as follows :

104 planks, 16 feet long and 2 inches thick by

6 inches wide $16 64

Five iron bands, at $2.00 each 10 00

Contract for erecting 10 00

Nails, about 30

Total cost $36 94

COST OF SMALLER SILO.

Planks, valued at $10.00 per thousand, same as

in above estimate $6 30

Contract for erecting 5 00

Four iron bands, at $1.20 each .„ 4 80

Nails, a' out 20

Total cost $16 30

The edges of the plank in second one were not
dressed, as w« had found it entirely unnecessary.
Any person may erect silos of this sort, no carpenter
being needed ; and if a farmer has the lumber on his
premises, the actual cash outlay would be reduced to
the iron bands aud nails, an amount that would be
much more than saved the first year.

If farmers can be induced to try these cheap struc-
tures, we feel sure they, or the more costly ones, will
become a permanent feature of their farms, and re-
sult in very considerable gains in their yearly income.

The capacity of silo will vary much, depending
upon kind of fodder stored, and degree of maturity
of the article. Of oats, our smaller one held only 13
tons, while of corn it would probably hold about 18
tons.

Below we append a table showing approximate
capacity of round silos, corn nearing maturity being
the crop used, and estimating it to weigh 40 pounds
per cubic foot.

CAPACITY, IN TONS, OF SILOS OF VARIOUS SIZES.

Depth

dp Silo.

Diameter op Silo,

in Feet.

20 feet.

22 feet.

25 feet.

30 feet.

10

31 tons.

34 tone.

40 tons.

47 tons.

12

45 "

49 "

56 "

65 "

14

63 "

68 "

77 "

90 '*

16

80 "

90 "

105 "

130 "

18

100 "

110 "

125 "

150 "

20

125 "

135 "

155 "

185 "

22

145 "

160 "

180 "

215 "

THE HESSIAN FLY— HOW TO AVOID INJURY
TO THE WHEAT CROP FROM IT.

We have complaints from different sections of in-
jury done to the wheat crop by Hessian fly. Wherever
the fly has been present this year it will be likely to
be present again next year, unless means are taken to
destroy it now. Let all wheat and oat stubbles in
these places be burnt over so as to kill the flies and
destroy the eggs and pupa now on the stubble. Plow
at once a strip of land in each field intended to be
seeded with wheat, or near thereto ; harrow fine and
seed with wheat. This will germinate quickly and
soon be covered with the fly. When in this state, let
the strip be plowed down deeply, and thus bury the
whole army of flies at one time. This may be repeated
once or twice before seeding the full crop of wheat ;
and if this seeding be then deferred until we have had
a touch of frost, little danger from Hessian fly next
year need be feared.

362

THE SOUTHEEN PLAOTEE.

[August

LIME AS AN IMPROVER OF LAND.

We have recently had a number of enquiries as to
the advisability of applying lime to land. As the
fall and early winter months are the time when lime
should he applied, if applied at all, we will now give
our views on this question. As liberal users of lime
for many years, we have been much astonished to find
how, until quite recently, so little attention was given
to the subject, and how few farmers ever applied a
bushel of lime to their laud in the South. The only
explanation which we have been able to conceive for
this neglect of lime has been that, in the opinion of
the majority of farmers, lime was only needed to be
applied when land was sour, and that this condition
only happened on wet marshy land growing much
coarse vegetation, and that as this was not the charac-
ter of much land in the South, its use could not be of
service. This, however, is an entirely erroneous view.
"Whilst it is true that lime is a corrective of sour land,
it is yet equally true that much of the land of the
country, whilst not marshy or wet land, is yet too
acid for the best production of crops. This has been
clearly demonstrated by experiments made on the high
lands of Ehode Island and other States, and it is, in
our opinion, undoubtedly true of very much land in
the South. But that lime is only needed on acid or
sour land is another fallacy. In addition to its power
of sweetening or rendering land alkaline, lime has a
wonderful power — physically and mechanically — upon
land. It will render heavy clay lands lighter, and
light sandy lands more retentive of moisture. It has
a further and more valuable property, in that it ren-
ders available the latent plant food, and especially the
potash, in all lands, and thus, whilst not directly a
fertilizer, has the power of rendering fertile much land
incapable without it of producing profitable crops.
Lime has also another valuable property, in that it as-
sists in putting land into such a condition that the ac-
tion of the microbes upon which it is now known so
largely depends the production of profitable crops, is
rendered possible and active — that is, it promotes ni-
trification. Prof. Eoberts says : " Eeceut experiments
have thrown much ight on the effects of liming land,
yet lime acts in such a variety of ways, and produces
such complex changes, that a wide field is still open to
the investigator. It is known that in some cases it
may furnish needed plant food, that it constitutes from
1 to 50 per cent, of the ash of plants, and thai it helps
to bring about physical, chemical, and biological
changes in the soil. When applied to clay soils, it
binds the fine particles together or flocculates them.
This results in opening channels which augment fria-
bility and porosity, and produces conditions which al-
low the free passage of water downward, and of mois-
ture upward, by capillarity, air and heat are allowed

freer passage through the land, the cost of plowing is
diminished, locked up mineral matter liberated, nitri-
fication promoted, and a more comfortable environ-
ment is secured for plant-roots. ***** Wherever
lime can be secured cheaply, from 10 to 15 cents per
bushel, it should be used at the rate of from 20 to 40
bushels per acre in a small way at first and the results
most carefully noted, for only by actual application
can it be certainly known whether it will pay or not."
With so many reasons to apprehend good results from
the application of lime, we strongly urge that some
part of the money which has been spent in buying
commercial fertilizers should be spent this fall in buy-
ing lime. The lime should be bought freshly burnt,
and be set out in small lumps on the land to be limed.
These should be covered with damp soil, and in a day
or two will be found to have become slacked. If
wanted to be spread at once, before it will slack from
the moisture absorbed from being covered with soil,
pour a part of a bucket of water on each lump and
cover lightly with soil. It will be ready to spread
next day. Always spread the lime when freshly slack-
ed, so that all the advantage to be derived from its
causticity can be obtained. Spread broadcast on the
newly-plowed land and harrow in at once. We have
the highest opinion of the value of lime from experi-
ence in thus liming land for the wheat crop, and for
grass production. We have applied as much as four
tons to the acre, where the vegetable matter on the
land was abundant, and with manifest advantage.
We think, however, that smaller applications, more
frequently applied, are better than such heavy ones.

SAND OR HAIRY VETCH.

We last year urged that experiments should be
made in growing this new forage crop. A number of
our friends took our advice, and from these we have
reports of great success. The crop made but small
growth during winter, but as soon as the weather com-
menced to be warm the vetches began to grow, and a
wonderful crop of green fodder was quickly the result.
One gentleman tells us that he has vines 20 feet long
and a thick mat over all the land. As a green forage,
hay and improving crop, this plant is going to be a
valuable acquisition. Sow in August and September
at the rate of 30 to 50 pounds to the acre. Winter oats
or rye may be seeded with the vetch, in which case
less seed may be sown.

GROWTH OF CORN.

A subscriber from Southside Virginia told us a few
days ago that he had never seen corn grow so fast as
his had done during the past month. So extraordi-
nary did the growth appear, that he decided to meas-
ure a stalk and see what it was doing. The result was
that he found the stalk to be growing at the rate of
fourteen inches in forty-eight hours. Thisis pretty rapid
work, and shews conditions unusually favorable to
the crop.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

363

SOME NOTES ON A TRIP NORTH.

A recent vacation trip was used by the writer to
take some notes by the way, in order to see what other
folks are doing. One of the most interesting things
to a farmer which I saw was the grass at the farm of
Mr. Chas. Henderson, of Peter Henderson & Co., at
Hackensack, N. J. I was particularly struck by the
crop of Italian Rye grass which was b^ing harvested
the day I was there. I estimated the crop at not less
than two and a half tons per acre, and it was probably
more. But what was of more inportance was the fact
that this grass was sown last September with no nurse
crop. Of course, Italian Rye grass is little more than
an annual, but I was impressed with the fact that here
was a grass that we could do more with in the South
than perhaps any other as a meadow grass, not looking
for any but the one crop. There are numberless
places in the South where this crop of hay, grown
during the winter and cut during May, would pay
vastly better than any grain crop. A crop of winter
oats of 50 bushelg per acre would not bring more than
half the money that the crop of hay would on the
same land, and the hay crop would be less exhaustive
to the soil. Then, too, the grass could be gotten off
in time in the South to turn the sod for corn the same
season, and if the hay was fed on the place, it would
make a flue addition to the cow-pea hay. Then, too,
it occurred to me that it furnished a good hint to our
cotton growers in the upland country especially.
Sown among the cotton, the grass would make a
winter cover to the land, and furnish feed at the same
time, and even if used for only a winter and spring
pasture, it would ensure a better crop of corn if helped
by the manure accumulation during the winter. What
we need in the South is not so much meadow grasses
to occupy the land for years, but a grass of just such
a character that can be made to fit into a short rotation,
and give forage while improving the land. I noticed
another grass at Mr. Henderson's, which is promising
for the South. This is the Bromus Inerruis. a grass of
the same family with Cheat, but a really fine forage
grass. The growth was particularly dense and leafy
from bottom to top. and it stood almost shoulder high
to me. and I stand six feet in my stockings. This, too,
was sown last September alone. Tall meadow oat
grass, 6own at the same time, was also very fine and
taller than the Bromus. The crop of this had been
cut. bat some stray bunches were standing, which
showed well its height, and I believe that I was told
that the crop was about three tons, on fair upland soil.
At Mr. Burpee's beautiful farm, "Fordhook," near
Doylestown. in Bucks Co., Pa., I found that the place
is mainly used for testing the character of the various
stocks of seeds before offering them for sale. Mr. B.
makes it imperative that everything must be tested

practically in field culture before selling it. This sort
of a test is worth far more to the grower than a thou-
sand laboratory sprouting experiments, such as the
Department at Washington proposes to make. The
mere percentage of any seed that will sprout is of far
less importance than the quality of what is grown, and
the quality can only be determined by an actual test
under the same conditions that the purchaser of
the seeds would be placed in. Sweet peas were in
their glory when I was at Fordhook, and the wonderful
array of trial plots showed plainly the superiority of
the stocks that are bein-; produced in California.
Sweet peas from French stocks invariably showed a
great mixture, and in one place I was shown some
plots that were grown from the seed sent out from the
Department at Washington. Their great inferiority
to the others was so manifest that they seemed almost
worthless by comparison. What a terrible waste of
public money is this distribution. Bought at prices
at which no first- class seed stocks can be had, it is no
wonder that the Government seeds are inferior, even
when they show the standard percentage of germina-
tion. The Government sweet peas were another illus-
tration of the worthlessness of laboratory seed testiug.
At Riverton, N. J., I visited the nursery of D. A.
Dreer, the most wonderful array of glass structures in
America. Here are a group of glass structures cover-
ing acres— in fact, there are two houses that each in-
clude an acre of surface, and nearly every house
crowded with palms of all sizes, from the little seed-
lings on the beds, ''as thick as the hairs on a dog's
back," to big specimens in large tubs. Palms were
there by the million, and I could but wonder what was
to become of them "all. But I was assured that the
demand was nearly equal to the supply, and that these
plants would go to all parts of this country and
Europe. Growing them in such quantity, the Dreers
can supply them to the trade cheaper than they can
grow them in a smaller way. Another feature of the
Dreer nursery which is uuique, is the attention that is
being paid to aquatic plants. The ponds were a very
attractive feature. The gigantic Victoria Regia was
unfolding its monstrous leaves in the larger pond, and
what wa« of special interest was the fact that self sown
seeds of the great water lily, dropped last year, were
sprouting all over the pond. Here the pond is covered
and heated in the early spring, but in our latitude this
is not necessary, as has been shown at the pond of Dr.
Bahnson, at Salem, N. C, where the Victoria grows
to full perfection without any artificial aid. Mr.
Tricker who has charge of the lily ponds, is an
enthusiast in the culture of aquatics, and he has a
notion that in our southern ponds there are still pond
lilies that he has not. We hope to investigate this
matter if time allows.

W. F. Masset.

364

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[August

CAN LAND BE MADE TOO RICH FOR PROFI-
TABLE CROP PRODUCTION?

Editor Southern Floater :

" Virginia Farmer," in May issue of the Tri S ales
Warmer and Gardener, says : "I read in a newspaper a
few days ago of a cattle feeding company in Florida
that had a rather remarkable experience.

This company has for several years been feediug a
large number of cattle on cottonseed meal and hulls,
fattening them for the market. They fed them on a
lot of twenty acres. Naturally the soil was made
richer and richer every year. After the cattle were
sold off in the spring, the land was planted in some
sort of erop (pity our correspondent forgot what sort
of crop it was), which was harvested before feediug
b«gan again in the fall. The last crop planted was
practically a failure.

The immense accumulation of nitrogen in the soil,
and humus, made such a tremendous growth ot stalk
and vine that scarcely any seed was produced. The
land was therefore abandoned, and a new piece fenced
in for feeding pui poses (or was it for planting pur-
poses?) No doubt the same policy will again be
pursued until that tract too becomes too rich for
profitable crop growing."

We have followed our Virginia friend thus far in
order to keep from doing that gentleman an injustice ;
for lack of space we must refrain from quoting farther,
but cannot help taking issue with his conclusion, that
land can be made too rich for profitable crop produc-
tion. This we unequivocally and emphatically deny,
and call on those who think it can be done for the
proof. Of course we do not advocate the planting of
crops of any kind in a manure pile.

Cotton-seed meal, like stable manure, is really a one-
sided and incomplete fertilizer — furnishing, as it does,
nitrogen in excess, and needing the addition of phos-
phoric acid and potash to balance this excess, and
bring about an equilibrium of the three more impor-
tant elements of fertility. It is folly to continue the
practice of using fertilizers indiscriminately and
blindly, as has often been done iu the past. Where it
becomes necessary to add nitrogen to any given soil,
it should never be added in excess, but only in quanti-
ties necessary for the full and complete development
of the crop ; it is phosphoric acid and potash that
should be iu excess, if excess there be.

Soils differ materially iu their chemical content,
their humus supply, and in their presence or absence,
deficiency or excess, as well as degree of availability,
of the three most essential plant foods contained
therein, and it is this difference that determines their
value ; but the difference is no greater thau is that of
the manurial requirements of the various crops it is
desired should be grown thereon.

Had leafy crops, as cabbage, lettuce, spinach, rape,
etc., been the crops planted on the laud our Virginia
friend characterized as too rich for profitable crop
growing, the probabilities are that a highly profitable

crop would have been harvested ; while if, on the other
hand, Sweet or Irish potatoes had been the crop
planted, inevitable and disastrous, as well as iguomiu
ious failure would surely have been the result. But
if, again, phosphates aud potash had been added to
the land to the extent of bringing about a due propor-
tion of the leading elements of fertility, of course
making the land, which it had beeu said was already
too rich, vastly richer, a prodigious yield of mammoth
tubers might reasonably and confidently have been
looked for.

This is what we have repeatedly choseu to term
rational fertilization. Rational, because intelligent,
common-8ensical, economical, and scientific. Ratioual
fertilization necessitates the question as to the neces-
sities and requirements of each soil, or class of soils,
to be put to, and answered by the soil itself. If potash
be deficient in any given soil, it would be the height
of folly to imagine that this deficiency cau be made
good by the application of phosphoric acid or nitrogen,
iu auy conceivable amount, or vice versa. There is no
substitution in nature. By experience and observation,
we have found the very best of our virgin soil — i, e. ,
alluvial soils, or what is commonly known as made
land — to contain organic nitrogen iu excess of the
requirements of the crops planted thereon ; or, iu other
words, we fouud these soils to be deficient in both
phosphoric acid and potash, and that best results in
crop production could not possibly be brought about
except this apparent excess was corrected, or deficiency
made good, by the application of these two latter
agents ; and furthermore, that iu every single iustauce
where these agents were liberally applied, and the
needs of the crops bountifully supplied, other iullu-
encing or controlliug factors being favorable, a truly
magnificent crop would be the result. This is how
we succeeded in getting three bales of cotton per acre,
and this is how we expect to beat even this iu the very
near future.

Really good crops are not the result of chance ; they
never were, they never will be, but they are, aud
always will be, the perfectly natural result of intelligent
and well directed effort ; they are the logic il sequence
of planting on fertile soil, on rich land, on very rich
land, and cannot possibly be obtained without it, or
in auy other way. Take something from nothing, you
can't and never will.

Away with the idea that land can be made too rich
for the production of profitable crops. Double or
treble the manure and fertilizer applications per acre ;
be more thorough in tilling the soil ; apply all added
fertility, of whatever kind or description, broadcast ;
plow and re-plow until it is thoroughly incorporated
with the soil, aud every square inch of soil has received
its quota or allotted portion and none has beeu slighted,

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

3G5

and our word for it that the yield will be correspond
ingly doubled or trebled. We must grow big crops if
we want them to be profitable, and to do this, we
must feed heavy.

It will be found more profitable every time to apply
neither more nor less than the soil needs and the crop
calls for, let the substance applied be phosphoric acid,
potash, or nitrogen ; a combination of any two ; or all
three of them.

Away, too, with the old inherent fertility humbug ;
we believe as strongly as any one ought to in thorough
tillage, but have never yet learned the s,ecret of
manuring a piece of poor dirt with it.

Just as surely as like produces like, just that surely
will inferior and impoverished land produce indiffer-
ent, unsatisfactory, and unprofitable crops, and this
in spite of the most thorough system of tillage that
could be brought to bear upon it.

Don't be afraid of gettiug your land too rich for
profitable crop production ; the idea of such a thing
originated at the desk and in the office, and not in the
field and between the plow handles ; it is not the re-
sult of either experience or observation ; but is simply
the chimera of an idle brain.

Burgess, Miss. G. H. Turner.

SUCCESSFUL FARMING IN TIDEWATER
VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter:

At a time when so much is being said about farm-
ing not paying, it does one good to be able to record a
great success in the management of a Virginia farm.

About three years since, one of our citizens had the
misfortune to have to pay about $20,000 for a friend.
He had endorsed, and his friend failed, -and our citi-
zen was compelled to take a 700 acre Norfolk county,
Va., farm, or lose his claim entirely. It was " Hob-
son's choice," that or nothing ; so, with many a mis-
giving, he took the farm. He was especially averse
to taking it, as the former owner could not pay ex-
penses and taxes from off the place. Well, our citi-
zen set to work with a vim. He deepened the ditches
and cleared up the farm.

The first year he did not make a dollar. Last year,
from 125 acres in Irish potatoes, he received, for the
first crop, after freight and commissions had been
paid, 19,500.

He then put a part of the same land into a second
crop of Irish potatoes and the balance into corn, and
the value of the crop grown on the 125 acres in one
season was fully $13,000.

This year, he planted 300 barrels of seed potatocs
on 200 acres of the farm. One week ago, he had dug
and sold 8,750 barrels, and had enough undug to
round up the amount to an even 10,000 barrels.

He will plant corn after part of the potatoes, and a
second crop of Irish potatoes on the other part of the
laud.

He is realizing $2 per barrel for his potatoes on the
farm where grown. One more fairly successful year,
and he will have cleared enough money from less than
one third of the farm to pay for it.

It is in the manipulation — the manure — the man-
agement. See how things apparently go by contra-
ries. The man who formerly owned the farm could
not, or did not, make a living on it.

The man who was compelled to take it, and who felt
it a hardship to take it, sets to work with a vim and
turns the farm into a grand success.

So it goes — one man comes here with plenty of
money and not much experience. Pretty soon he has
the experience, aud the money is scattered. Another
man comes with nothing in the way of capital, but he
is a good manager, and he succeeds.

Here is the best field we have ever seen for agricul-
tural "gumption." Plenty of people have failed in
Virginia and elsewhere for lack of "gumption."
Tbere is more in the man than in the land.

One year with another, the Irish potato crop is one
of the best paying crops grown here.

Tomatoes are now going to market in large quanti-
ties— the finest tomatoes we have ever seen.

Norfolk, Va., July, 1898. A. Jeffeks.

SOME PEANUT JOTTINGS.

Editor Southern Planter:

The peanut crop being so largely grown throughout
the South, it would seem quite superfluous to have
anything to say on its culture. But a few items of
personal experience in growing this crop along exper-
imental lines will perhaps be a little interesting to
some of your readers.

In growing peanuts on very light and sandy soil, of
which we have so much in the South, I always observed
that the crop was generally full of pops or empty
shells; and with the determination to find out the cause
of this and remedy it if possible, I laid out some spe-
cial plats and applied various combinations of fertili-
zers to these plats. I also noticed that on land which
had a clay subsoil near the surface, and on which the
original growth of timber was hard wood, such as dog
wood, hickory, beech, etc., the peanut crop was nearly
always perfect. This gave me a slight clue to the
treatment necessary for the lighter sandy soils.

Without going into details, I must state that the fer-
tilizer which gave me the best results, both in yield
and quality, was one which analyzed about 7 to 8 per
cent, phosphoric acid, and 8 to 10 per cent, potash.
This, with the addition of lime applied to the soil

366

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

several months previous to pi >nting time, proved the
ideal peanut fertilizer.

I found that a heavy application of nitrogen was
simply throwing away money; it did not increase the
yield at all, but made the crop run to vines and no
nuts. This result is due to the fact that the peanut
is a leguminous crop, and draws its nitrogen from the
atmosphere. The hulls were of poor quality, thin, and
would not dry out well, but shrivelled up, and a good
many of them rotted.

Phosphoric acid alone did not prove satisfactory —
the half of the nuts being pops. Potash and nitrogen,
without phosphoric acid, made a small crop. The
vines grew well, but the nuts were very small and
badly formed in the shell. Where the potash and the
phosphoric acid were used together in the proper
quantities, and lime added to the soil, the yield and
quality were all that could be desired. Lime of course
makes sandy soils more cohesive, and should therefore
be more extensively used than it is ; a ton of it per
acre is one of the most profitable investments that a
farmer with this class of land can make. The advan-
tage of applying lime is that it is there to stay, and
the benefits it confers on the soil last for years.

One is apt to question the advisability of using such
heavy quantities of phosphoric acid as recommended
above, but without this heavy application of phospho-
ric acid the potash cannot be made so easily available
for plant-food. Experience and observation lead me
to say that it is quite impossible to make a satisfactory
peanut crop without this combination.

When we consider the fact that a good crop is as
easy, if not easier, to make thau a poor one, every
farmer ought to try his best to make the best crop pos
sible ; to do this, he must start right and keep right as
he goes along. Regarding quantity per aire of this
fertilizer, I should say that all the way from four to
eight hundred pounds per acre will be none too much;
and when we consider the fact that the peanut crop is
one of the most important in the Southern States, it
is self-evident that every grower should make it a
point to produce as good quality as possible,

The soil for peanuts must be made as friable as pos
sible, and kept so by constant cultivation. Where lime
is used, if should, as already said, be applied to the
land several months ahead of planting time. Itshould
be scattered as evenly as possible on the ground in an
unslaked condition, and plowed under immediately, so
as to slake in the soil. The process of slaking in the
soil is a double advantage, and I have always found
that when the lime is first slaked and then applied it
loses half its virtue.

In planting t lie crop, furrows should be run out
about three and a half to four feet apart and very
shallow. The nuts should be dropped every twenty

inches or so, and be covered with a board on the plow
stock; they must not be covered deep, or a great many
of them will rot instead of germinating. None but
carefully selected seed should be planted. After cul-
tivation should consist of keeping the soil well pul-
verized, and free from grass and weeds. Wheu the
blossom drops, the crop should be laid by.

The crop should be harvested before any frost strikes
the vines ; but when they are to be used fur hog feed,
they can be let alone for a long time. A good plan of
harvesting is to run a sharp coulter on an ordinary
scooter stock as deep as possible under the vines, cut-
ting the tap-root, leaving them thus for a few days.
They can then be forked in piles, aud, wheu dry,
hauled to the barn. C. K. MoQUABEIE.

ORGANIC vs. INORGANIC NITROGEN.
Editor Southern Planter :

Inorganic nitrogen is usually obtained either in the
form of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia, while
organic nitrogen is found in barn-yard or stable ma-
nure, animal and vegetable matter of all kinds, aud
leguminous crops turned under..

The question as to which is the cheapest source of
nitrogen for ordinary farm crops is a question of para-
mount interest to each and every farmer.

It is needless to say that our vote will have to be
recorded in favor of organic nitrogen.

We have quite a number of acres that are subject to
annual inundation that is filling in with the wash-
ings, detritus and sedimentary matter from hundreds
of fertile acres that lie higher up the stream. Every
overflow leaves a sediment of varying thickness on
this laud ; sometimes as much as an inch and a half at
a single rain.

This sediment matter is peculiarly rich in organic
nitrogen. To such an extent is this the case that ni-
trogen is actually present in excess in all these soils,
as evidenced by the super-luxuriance of stalk growth
of any aud all crops planted thereon, by the <lense,
deep, dark green color of the foliage, and by the
plants failing to put on fruit in a ratio corresponding
to the super luxuriance of stalk growth.

Theory would point to phosphates, and possibly to
potash, as a remedy; aud, for once, theory is abun-
dantly supported and borne out by practice ; lor we
have found out, by actual experience and observation,
that phosphates are really and truly the remedy; and
that, by their liberal yet judicious use, the crop can
easily and surely be increased from 200 to 400 per
cent.; we have done this ourself, and, if we live, will
do it again ; hence, know whereof we affirm.

We are aware that, owing to the irregularity and
ohaageableness of the seasons, farming may be con-
sidered as a somewhat uncertain occupation, and the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

367

harvest to be gathered an unknown quantity; yet lib-
eral and judicious feeding of plants with foods adapted
to their several needs aud requirements, liberal dis-
tance allowed the plants in which to spread them-
selves, and frequent, thorough, and clean culture, will
either entirely eliminate this element of chance, or re-
duce it to the minimum. This sedimentary matter is
invariably composed largely of vegetable and other
organic matter ; and it is a well known fact, yet one
that is too often ignored, that any soil that contains
decaying organic matter in abundance will manufac-
ture its own nitrates in sufficient quantities to produce
good crops ; hence, where this organic matter is fur-
nished in abundance, as it is when furnished in the
form of sedimentary matter, and without any effort
on the part of the husbandman, as a matter of course
this is undoubtedly the cheapest source of nitrogen for
all who are fortunate enough to obtain it that way, it
is even cheaper than obtaining it by means of legumi-
nous crops turned under.

We will now briefly consider the comparative value
to the farmer of the different forms of nitrogen.

Nitrate of soda gives us the nitrogen in the most
readily available form. But this nitrate is so readily
soluble that if not at once taken hold of by the grow-
ing plant it is very liable to leach away and be lost.

This also is the case with sulphate of ammonia,
though it is not quite so soon leached away as nitrate
of soda.

With nitrates generated during the process of de-
composition of organic matter, it is altogether differ-
ent : nitrification aud decomposition go hand in hand
and keep pace with each other ; as decomposition pro-
ceeds very slowly, if at all, in cold weather, and very
fast in hot weather ; the hotter the weather, up to a
certain point, the faster the decomposition ; and the
faster the decomposition, the faster the nitrates are
evolved ; hence, we are continually, during the entire
growing season, receiving fresh supplies of nitrogen,
equal to any in quality, and abundant in quantity, if
only the farmer will take care that his supply of or-
ganic matter shall be sufficient to last throughout the
entire growing season.

Nitrates evolved during the process of decomposi-
tion of organic matter are of equal value with those
of the somewhat expensive nitrate of soda and sul-
phate of ammonia. The supply is more regular and
abundant ; hence, the effect is steadier, surer, and
more permanent, and its real value correspondingly
greater than those of the purchased article.

No farmer is so poor but that he can raise, right at
home, aud clear of all expense, nitrogen in quantity
sufficient to supply the needs of any and all his crops.

It is possible to overdo even a good thing, and make
land what is knowu as clover sick aud pea-sick ; but

this, in every single instance, is brought about by
neglecting to supply phosphoric aeid and potash, in
quantity sufficient to balance the nitrogen, which, in .
all such cases, has become excessive.

This apparent excess of nitrogen is not surely an ex-
cess over and above the needs of the crop, or its power
to assimilate it ; but it is an excess over and above the
amounts of phosphoric acid and potash present and
available in any given soil ; hence, a liberal aud judi-
cious application of these all-important agents will
remedy the difficulty every time.

There are some lands that do not need the addition
of phosphoric acid ; some that do not need the addi-
tion of potash ; and some even that do not need nitro-
gen. Every really good, progressive farmer will ex-
periment for himself; put the question to his own
soil, or soils, and let them answer ; they will not mis-
lead him in a single instance.

The crop-test is the best and only true test ; and is
far better than to rely upon chemical analysis, valua-
ble though the latter may be, and actually is, in many
instances.

A fact we wish to emphasize to the extent of im-
pressing it upon the mind of the reader is that phos-
phoric acid and potash may be, and should be, when
ever and wherever practicable, stored up iu the soil
in actual excess of the demands that can be made upon
it by the most exhaustive crop ; while nitrogen, on
the contrary should never be in excess.

An undue excess of nitrogen never fails to induce
an excessive and oftentimes undesirable, if not actu-
ally injurious, growth of vine, of stalk, stem or wood,
and a correspondingly dense and luxurious growth of
foliage; but this super luxuriance of stalk growth is
invariably at the expense of the fruitage of the plant.
It also tends to prolong the growth of the plant until
too late in the season ; this is particularly noticeable
in the cotton patch and in the orchard ; the cotton
stalks, together with the immature bolls being frost-
bitten aud the terminal twigs of fruit trees winter-
killed, the immature wood not being sufficiently ri-
pened to stand the winter freezes.

Phosphoric acid, on the other hand, tends to increase
fruitfuluess ; and, by forcing an early maturity, to ac-
tually shorten the life of a plant— dwarfing it. Pot-
ash increases the quantity at the same time that it im-
proves the quality of fruit of all kinds ; heightening
the exquisite coloring, aud rendering still more deli-
cate and enticing the delicious aroma. It likewise
toughens aud improves the quality as well as increases
the quantity of fibre produced by all fibre-producing
plauts, as cotton, flax, hemp, etc. It increases the
amount of staich iu tubers, as the potato, increasing
quantity and improving quality; as well as in grains,
making them fatter, plumper, and heavier. It also

368

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

increases the sugar-content in all sugar producing
plants, and renders fruits of all kinds more palatable
by increasing their sweetness.

We see, then, that each of the three leading elements
have an important part to perform in the upbuilding
of a perfect plant and in the perfecting of the seed ;
the one is as indispensably necessary as the other ; yet
it is essential that we purchase but two of them.

Let us by all means raise our own nitrogen at home.

Burgess, Miss. G. H. Turneb.

THE VELVET BEAN.

Editor Southern Planter:

As many of your readers are largely interested this
season in growing the new forage plant — the Florida
velvet bean — and as I have had large experience in its
cult nre, I want to give them some points that will be
of value to them.

When it is possible it is always better to give the
growing vine support to keep the pods off the ground.
This largely increases the yield. To do this, mix corn
with the bean seed, and the vines will climb the corn
stalks, giving the necessary support. A full, well de-
veloped crop will yield from twenty-five to thirty
bushels of beans to the acre.

The green forage is eaten ravenously by all stock on
the farm, but 1 would not continue stock on it steadily
for more than a week or so at a time. A few days off
to other feed occasionally is advisable. The vines can
be cut at any stage of growth and cured as hay. All
stock will eat it greedily ; or the crop may be used as
green forage for a time, and finally cut and cured as
hay. A good average acre will yield four tons.

When the bean is ripe in the fall, pick the pods and
be careful to place them in an airy, dry place — a scaffold
is best. Nearly all stock will eat the beaus, hulls and
all, but it is better to have the pods ground without
shelling, land feed equal parts of bean and shorts in the
meal. This is an excellent feed for milch cows.

After picking the vines in the fall, on a dry, sunny
day inn over the field with a harrow before plowing,
and this will break the vines and enable them to be
easily buried with the plow. The pods are wonder-
fully tough and leathery, and exceedingly hard to
shell, and only shell at all when pods are crisp and
dry, from exposure to the sun, and even then they
often shell hard. If you want to practice economy
and use your muscle freely, you can shell them fairly
well by placing pods in a bag, and pounding them
with a bludgeon. A man can in this way shell out
from five to eight bushels in a day. We have a sueller
— a two man machine — made specially for the business,
that is capable of turning out from five to eight bush-
els an hour, the beans coming through 96 to 99 per
cent, commercially clean, This is a labor saver, a. ud

one we appreciate, having from eight to ten acres of
beans to shell.

The bean has grown steadily in popular favor here,and
many have commenced to grow it in a small way. I am
now growing from fifty to eighty acres. It is certaiuly
the finest all around forage, seed, fertilizer, and shade
for the sun [.arched soil, that can be placed upon the
farm. I have had it on trial here for several years,
but am giving it a broader test the present season, as
I have sent it on order to every State in the Uu;on —
to Honolulu. Canada, the nineteen Central and South
American Republics, Australia, England, Ireland,
Scotland, France,. Germany, Italy, Egypt, and to far
away China and Japan.

Orlando, Fla. E. A. W1L6ON.

We have tried the beau in the garden this year, and
now have vines 20 feet loug, but no flowers or pods
yet. — Ed.

VALUE OF MUHUS.

Many of the better farmers of Canada are coming
to believe in the all-sufficiency of humus as a fertilizer,
either for maintaining fertility or developing available
plant food in land that is run down or worn out. On
unproductive lands, either the application of com-
mercial fertilizers or the process of summer fallowing,
affords but temporary relief, and the one is very ex-
pensive, while the other is very wasteful of the mate-
rials in the soils and necessitates the ground lying
idle a portion of the time.

The analysis of almost any soil will show au abund-
ance of plant food. The difficulty comes from its not
being in a soluble and available form. The applica-
tion of barn yard manure and the growing of these
crops that will increase the supply of humus in the
soil, are the aveuues through which these elements of
fertility may be the most freely liberated. The value
of vegetable matter does not, as too many suppose, lie
wholly in the plant food which it contains. .Not the
least of its functions is the unlockiug of the inert ma-
terials of the soil by the direct action of the carbonic
and humic acids that it supplies; by rendering the
soil more loose and porous and securing better ®ra-
tiou ; by increasing the water supply of the soil, and
by raising its temperature. All of which aid in the
solution of the mineral compounds. The increased
supply of water thus rendered available to the crops
is in itself an important consideration ; especially in
times of drought it is perhaps as important a factor
as that of the plant food itself. It would seem, there-
fore, that it were cheaper and better to cultivate fer-
tility than to purchase it at the store, particularly
when the former method gives you a better and more
lasting fertility, rendering the soil more easily worked,
and acids to it one of the controlling elements in the
present vexed problem of moisture conservation.

We found a very good illustration of the effect of
humus upon the soil on the farm of Mr. Tilson, of
Tilsonhurg. Out. This farm has a light, sandy soil,
upon which is applied a four years' system of rotation,
together with a free use of clover and barn-yard ma-
nure. As a result, it returned the past year fifty

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

369

bushels of wheat, seventy-five bushels of corn, twentj -
five tons of corn silage, and three tons of hay to the
acre It also contains at the present time as tine a field
of winter wheat as we have seen anywhere. In Buch-
anan and some of the adjoiniug counties of Iowa ex-
clusive grain farming was practiced for many years
until the productiveness of their land was greatly re-
duced.— Prof. J. J. Edgekton, in Breeders' Gazelle.

ENQUIRER'S COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh.
N. C.j not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Preparation for Grass Seeding, Barn and Silo
Building.

I again seek information at your hands.

I have a field of upland which is in corn this year.
It has a gray soil and is rather gravelly. The land is
thin, and I desire to get the same in good condition,
and get it down in clover and grass as soon as practi-
cable. I first thought of sowing Red Top or Sapling
clover with the corn and ploughing the seed in when
the corn is laid by. I thought of putting two gallons
of clover seed to the acre. I again thought of sowing
peas and ploughing the same in when the corn is laid
by, and next spring fallow the land and again sow in
peas, putting some 300 or 400 pounds of S. C. phos-
phate to the acre, and the following fall put in wheat
and clover and grass, or sow clover and grass by them-
selves. I would like to know how you would advise
me to farm this field so as to quickly get the same in
clover or clover and grass, and whether you would
advise me to sow it in clover by itself, or in clover and
grass, and if in grass, what sort of grass.

I have another field which is this year cultivated in
oats, and this field is likewise thin. I desire to get it
in good heart and put it in clover or clover and grass
as quickly as I can. The soil is a loose red soil —
rather porous. I bad expected to turn the oat stub-
ble under and sow down a bushel of peas with some
400 pounds of S. C. phosphate to the acre, and this
fall turn the peas under and sow wheat, together with
clover and grass and the phosphate. I do not know
what kind of fertilizer to sow with the wheat. I had
also thought of sowing the clover and grass ou the pea
fallow without sowing wheat. Will you please advise
me how, in your judgment, this field should be culti-
vated, and whether you would advise me to sow grass
at all, and if so, what kind.

I also desire to build a large bam this fall. I have
about a hundred head of cattle and desire to run not
less than a hundred head each year. Having pur
chased a very large building, which was used as a
stove foundry. I am prepared to build the barn either
of brick or frame, at a reasonable cost. I have never
seen a good barn ou a cattle farm, and, therefore, am
at a loss to some extent to know what is the best plan
of a barn for me to adopt. Could you not put me in
touch with some party from whom I could likely get
information as to how to construct the barn so that it

will be of the most service to me. Perhaps you could
refer me to some journal from which I could probably
get the desired information. I would like to build a
silo in connection with the barn. I would like to have
it constructed in connection with the barn, so that the
ensilage could be used with as little trouble as pos-
sible.

I have piped water from the mountain side to the
farm buildings. I have a fall of some 1,500 feet, and
a two inch main. My object was to get sufficient
power to run corn sheller, corn cutter, etc., at this
barn. I also secured the water, thinking that I might
another year start up a dairy and I could then have
running water through the dairy building. I think I
shall desire to put up a building for a dairy this fall.
Could you put me in touch with any party from whom
I could get the desired information as to the proper
construction of a dairy that would accommodate the
milk and butter from 30 to 40 cows ?

I thank you very much for the valuable information
you have so kindly given me in the past, aud hope
that you will likewise find the time to answer the in-
quiries herein contained.

A. H. Burroughs.

Campbell County, Va.

The great secret of success in grass growing is
having the land clean from weeds, in a high state of
fertility, and rich in humus at the time when the grass
seeds are sown. To secure these prerequisites to suc-
cess, the land in question would be better to be put in
German clover this fall, sow the seed at the rate of 15
pounds to the acre in the corn this month, covering
lightly with a cultivator if the coru is not too thick
on the ground to preveut this, and if so, then leaving
the seed to be washed in by the rains. This will form
a cover for the soil during the winter. Jn the spring,
say in April, plow this clover down aud apply 400
pounds of acid phosphate and 150 pounds of muriate
of potash to the acre, and work in and seed with cow-
peas at the rate of one bushel to the acre. In Septem-
ber plow this crop down, work fine and seed to Red
clover and mixed grass seeds without a grain crop.
The result should be a good stand of clover and grass
from which a crop can be cut the followiug year. The
clover will run out the second year, and the grass
make a permanent sod. We would follow the same
course with the oat-field, seeding it now to German
clover. Grass being a permauent crop for some years,
it is always worth while to make an extra effort to fit
the land well aud to sacrifice a yield from it for at
least one year where it is thin, to secure success.

There is such a wide diversity of opiuion upon the
best plan for a barn, that we would advise the pur-
chase of the book called "Barn Plans and Outbuild-
ings," which we can supply for $L50. This contains
about 150 different plans from which suggestions can
be taken so as to secure just what is desired. We
have published a number of plans for silos, and if
further help is needed, there is a book published on

170

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

tht subject called " - silage aud Silage." which

we can supply : price, 90 ceuts. The stave or tub silo
is uow probably the most popular form, aud has the
added advantage of beiug very cheap aud thoroughly
satisfactory for the climate of the South. Iu our Jan
uary issue for this year will be found an article des
cribing a silo of this character.

With such a supply of water as is described, it will
be a very easy matter to build a most satisfactory
dairy house, where the milk cans can be submerged in
the constant flowing water if a separator be not used.
We would build with double walls and roof with an
air space of at least sis inches between, and thus se
cure an equable temperature winter and summer. We
would have a cemented trough deep enough to hold
the milk cans along oue side through which the water
should constantly flow, and ou the other side have the
churn and butter-working table fixed. The floor
should be cemented so that it can be flushed with
water, and be kept perfectly clean and sweet, and
good drainage should be provided. In another build-
ing should be provided a kettle for heating water and
scalding cans and utensils.— Ed.

Curing Pea-Vine Hay.
What is the best method of curing and preserving
hav from pea vines I
Roanoke Co., Va. Walter Watson.

Mow as s"on as dew is somewhat off in the morn-
ing, and when the first pods are just mature but not
dry. If you have a tedder to follow the mower and
toss the viues up loosely, they will cure more rapidly.
But, iu any eveut. as soon the same dav as the vines
cut in the moruiug are fairly wilt d. rake them into
windrows, and. iu the afternoon, throw them into
cock, or shocks as we call them here. Open the
shocks the following morning, and as soon as fairly
dried off. haul into the barn while still quite limp,
and pack away in a close mow. When all the hay is
in. close the barn and keep it closed as much as possi
ble from the air while the hay is curing. It will get
very hot. but do not disturb it while hot. or you will
have a lot of moldy hay. If let alone, you will have
as good lot of hay as any one need wish for.

W. F. Massey.

They are equally with the Cow pea gatherers of
nitrogen from the atmosphere, aud store this in nod-
ules ou the roots. The following table gives the ferti-
lizing constituents, outside of the vegetable matter,
of three different leguminous crops :

- HoRir
— Nitrogen".— — Potash.— — Acid. —

Yield of d 1 z. |

Green £ .- 2 £ — 2 .= -

For.u-. . - - ^ - - 5 - "

!>er acre. Jz £ f. £ i: f- — — -~

Ton«. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lba. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs

Soja bean.... yi 16S 9 174 109 6 115 4.

Cow pea - 87 23 90 60 15 75 1"

Red clover... 13 32 IS 45

—Ed.

Soja Beans.
Are Soja be ins as good a land improver to turn
down as I

. Va. Wm. Wakerman.

Yes. Analysis shows that they are even better, as
will be seeu by a comparison of the following figures :

■>aen.

Phosphoric Acid.
Per Cent.

Potash.
Per Cent.

Cow pea ...
Soja beau..

0.29

0.10

0.31

Peas — Lime — 5ilo.

1. Can a farmer afford to harvest peas on his land,

.'1 he plow them under.' If so, can the land
be packed in time to hold wheat from the freeze!

2. Would you advise packing p as and vine iu silo
for winter feed!

i j a farmer afford to use lime at the price of
eight ceuts a bushel I 80 lbs. ), to spread on the land ?

4. Should the lime be used fresh or slacked .'

5. How many bushels per acie would you advise
used!

6. Will the lime interfere with the use of raw bone
meal?

7. What price can a farmer afford to pay for pure
raw bone meal analyzing 4; per cent, ammonia. 26
per cent, phosphoric acid !

B. When you use lime and bone meal, is it neces-
sary to use potash*

'.'. What do you think of silos as au iuvestmeut ?

10. How many more cattle can be fed from the same
acreage by use of silo thau from cut up corn I

11. What size silo will it require to carry tweuty-
five head of cattle ■

12. Would you advise building silo with division,
or only have one room !

13. At what stage in the growth of corn would you
advise cutting and storing same in silo .'

14. Would it pay to salt eusilage?

15. What is the best machine for cutting corn for
silo! I don't see that you advertise auy.

Washington Co.. Va. ' A. D. Reynolds.

1. Wherever land is in a good state of fertility, aud
well supplied with humus or decayed vegetable mat-
ter, in the soil, then the pea crop ought to be cut aud
made into hay, or be converted into silage. It is a
waste of oue of the most nutritious cattle feeds which
we grow, not to thus utilize it. Pea vine hay is very
rich in protein — the muscle and flesh forming con-
stitueut of food — aud very largely can be made to
take the place of bran and other protein feeds in a
ration. The value of the crop as au improver of the
soil is not lost by thus utilizing the vines, as the uitro
gen which is gathered from the atmosphere is largely
stored on the roots of the plant, aud is thus left iu the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

371

soil after the vines are removed. If plowed down in
August or September, the land will be sufficiently
packed, if properly worked, to sow wheat in October.

2. Pea vines make good silage when mixed with
cornstalks, as they supply the protein in which the
corn is deficient. They should be run through the
cutter at the same time as the corn, and thus become
thoroughly mixed with it. Used alone, pea vines do
not make a first-class silage.

3. Yes. Professor Koberts says : " Whenever lime
can be secured cheaply — from 10 to 15 cents per
bushel — it should be used at the rate of from 20 to 40
bushels per acre, in a small way at first, and the re-
sults most carefully noted, for only by actual applica-
tion can it be certainly known whether or not it will
pay."

4. Lime, to be most effective, should always be ap-
plied immediately after it has fallen from being
slacked. It is then most caustic, biting, and effective.

5. From 30 to 50 bushels to the acre.

6. No. It is true that it may cause some slight loss
of the ammonia from the bone meal, but this ammonia
is only a small factor in the fertilizer. The object in
applying bone meal is mainly to supply phosphoric
acid to the crop, and this is more surely and quickly
accomplished in the presence of lime. When soluble
phosphates are applied to soils deficient in lime and
magnesia, the phosphoric acid combines with the iron
and alumina of |the soil to form compounds which are
not readily utilized by plants. If, however, the soil is
fairly well supplied with lime and magnesia, this
transformation is retarded so that the plant is afforded
an opportunity to utilize much of the phosphoric
acid before it becomes unassimilable.

7. $27.00 per ton at the seaboard. Freight should
be added to this price, from seaboard to point of de-
livery.

8. Unless yon use potash along with lime and bone
meal, you will quickly exhaust the potash in the soil,
as the effect of the lime is to render available the pot-
ash naturally existing in the land, and unless this
natural supply be large, rapid exhaustion is certain.

9. A farmer and stock keeper said in this office a
few days ago that it was not a question of affording to
build a silo, but whether a farmer could afford to do
without one. We are of this opinion also. No
farmer, keeping the stock which he ought to keep on
a large farm, can afford to be without a silo.

10. The use of a silo will easily double the number
of cattle which may be kept on a farm, even when the
best care possible is taken of the dry corn fodder, and
it is fed in the most judicious way. A silo is the
cheapest barn which can be built.

11. A silo 12 feet square and 16 feet deep will hold
from 46 to 56 tons of corn ensilage. Allowing 50

3

pounds per cow per day, which is a large feed, such a
silo would hold the silage ration of 20 cows for over
three and a half months. Twenty-five cows would
consume, at this rate, about 20 tons of silage per
month. Silage, in a silo from 16 to 20 feet deep, may
be taken to weigh about 40 pounds to the cubic foot.
Each foot of silage may be taken, therefore, to repre-
sent the feed of one cow per day. From this data, it
is easy to calculate the size of a silo required for a
given number of cows.

12. Several small silos, or one large one divided into
two or more compartments, will be found more eco-
nomical and better than one large silo, unless the herd
to be fed is a very large one. Silage soon spoils when
exposed to the air, and, therefore, the surface exposed
at each feeding should be as small as possible. In
building a silo, always secure all the depth possible,
up to 25 feet deep, and curtail in superficial area.

13. When the corn is nearly matured. The nearer
to this stage, the more nutritious and sweet the silage,
so only that there is in the blades and stalks sufficient
natural moisture to make the silage pack well and
heat quickly.

14. No. We do not believe in using salt on either
ensilage or hay, except the hay be very badly spoiled
with the weather, when a little salt spread on the
mow or stack as it is made, tends to make it more
palatable.

15. All the Richmond implement houses advertis-
ing in our columns, sell fodder cutting machines. We
are of opinion that those machines which shred the
fodder rather than cut it, are the most desirable, as,
in that way, the hard pieces of the stalk, which so
often cause sore mouths in cattle, are avoided. Ton
will find several advertisements in this issue of such
machines. — Ed.

Bacteria on the Legumes.

Will you please answer the following questions
through the Southern Planter :

Will the same species of bacterium that works upon
the roots of our Cow peas, do the same for Soy beans?
Cow peas are grown extensively here ; only a few small
patches of Soy beans have been planted. I found
tubercles on the roots of the latter last fall, but they
were not very abundant. Are beans of all kinds in-
fluenced by the same species of bacterium ? And as
to the clovers, will the same bacteria work on all of
them, including the annual Crimson clover?

Blount Co., Tenn. Foster Clarke.

So far as the investigations have gone, it seems that
each legume has its own particular bacterinm or bac-
terioid, for it is by no means certain that the organisms
inhabiting the root tubercles of leguminosce are true
bacteria or not. Some believe they are of a higher
order of development. Be this as it may, it would
seem that losely allied legumes might be infected with

372

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

the same micro-organism, and that where Cow peas
have long been grown would be a good place for the
Soy beans. If the Soys show an abundance of tuber-
cles it would go far to demonstrate this to be true.
The study of these forms has not gone far enough to
enable any one to answer your questions positively,
but. from what we have seen, we are of the opinion
that the bean family will take the same form, and all
the clovers another form, that lives ou clover. Finally
they may be more exactly classified, and this is given
only as an opinion.

W. F. Massey.

Stable Manure.

I am very much interested in the question of fertil-
izing land with stable manure, and write to ask your
opinion upon two subjects.

1st. To prevent danger of obnoxious weeds. &c.
from getting a hold upon the land, how should manure
purchased from cities and towns be treated so that the
germs in the seeds of all such weeds would be effectu-
ally destroyed.

2d. When cleaning out stables and like buildings,
and piling the manure under sheds, which is prefera-
ble to sprinkle or cover over the manure in order to
preserve the ammonia. &c, and make the best fertil
izing heap — lime or ground plaster!

In answering this question I would not only like for
you to tell me which should be used, but why.

Roanoke Co., Va. D. H. Babger.

1. The only way to destroy noxious weed seeds in
manure is to allow the heap to heat, and thus destroy
their vitality.

2. Lime should never be mixed with manure from
the barn or stables, as it sets free the ammonia, which
is thus lost. Plaster on the other hand, fixes the am-
monia. It is still better to use kainit or acid phos-
phate, both of which conserve the ammonia and at the
same time add to the manure the mineral elements of
fertility iu which barn or stable manure is most defi-
cient.—Ed.

Oats and Canada Peas.

I have a trial patch of oats and Canada peas mixed.
Will you tell me when is the proper time to cut and
cure, and whether best for horses and cattle green or
cured ? Also the same information about soja beans?

jy. r. Thojias Thompson.

The peas and oats should be cut when the peas are
forming in the pods. Do not let them stand too long
or the peas will shatter from the pods when dry. The
crop makes fine feed either green or cured. Soja
beans intended for hay should be cut when in full
foliage, at which time part of the pods will have the
beans fully formed but not ripened. If intended to
be grown mainly for the beans, the crop should be
allowed to stand until the beans are nearly ripe in the
great bulk of the pods, at which time much of the leaf
will have fallen. — Ed.

Agricultural Lime.

Will you be so kind as to tell me through the col-
umns of The Southern Planter, in August, how the agri-
cultural lime, advertized by A. S. Lee & Son, of Rich-
mond, will act on fallow that has a little sod on it for
wheat and grass by sowing 400 or 500 pounds to the
acre. The land is a red soil with some gravel iu it I

Culpeper Co., Va. A. C. Thbockmorton.

I cannot give an opinion in regard to any proprie-
tary article, and in this case I have never tried the
lime you mention, and hence could not give an intelli-
gent opinion. But I have found that fresh lime slaked
with water jnst before using is far more effectual than
what is commonly called "Agricultural lime," which
is generally air slacked aud so completely carbonated
that it is in a very insoluble condition. When en-
gaged in large farming operations I always bought my
lime in the lump in car load lots and thus saved
greatly on the freight, as I did not have to freight and
haul the large amount of water the lime takes up in
slaking. This was only hauled when the slaked lime
was ready to spread. I have never used lime directly
ou wheat, because I have found that as a rule it is bet-
ter applied to the land just before planting corn, right
on top before marking out the rows, or on a clover sod
the second spring as a top dressing. I have had most
wonderful results on the clover when applied iu this
last way at the rate of about 30 bushels per acre, the
clover growing as rankly on a thin rocky hillside as
on my best bottom lands. The lime burners in the
Valley gave me special prices ou lime to be used for
agricultural purposes and the railroad gave special
rates when it was guaranteed to be used for this pur-
pose, so that my slaked lime cost me at my depot
about 6 cents per bushel, after paying 12 cents for the
rock lime. W. F. Massey.

Saving Manure — Hay-Growing.

May I ask your help along a certain line. ?

I notice in last Planter you advise using kainit on
the manure piles to prevent fire-faug. I have been
using plaster (after first throwing water upon the pile
before it is turned). I am compelled to pile the ma-
nure until fall. I buy it as I have time to haul, and
can get that which is free of pine shavings.

I have two acres in peas upon which I put about 600
pounds acid phosphate and kainit to the acre. The
growth is good in places aud in some not so good. Can
I hope to get it in sufficient state of fertility this fall
to grow hay profitably, or must I fallow peas oue more
year — putting it in oats this fall !

I would not bother you with these questions, except
to know about taking care of the manure — wishing
to keep it in best shape I can for fall use upon cab-
bage and onions. Thanking you in advance,

Pittsylvania Co., Va. W. S. Pace.

The use of plaster as you have practiced it is good,
but the use of kainit is better, for the kainit is not only

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

373

very effective in preventing fire fanging, but it adds
potash to the manure, in which it is efficient. Now,
as to that piece of land in peas. Your object is to im-
prove the land. I would plow the peas under when
ripe, and as early as they are ripe, and in September
or early October, sow the land thickly with Italian
rye grass alone. This will give you a fine crop of hay
in all probability next June, and you can then put the
land in peas again with more mineral fertilizers. I
saw a week or so ago a crop of hay at Mr. Charles
Henderson's place, at Hackensack, N. J., of the Italian
rye grass, which was sown last September, and which
I estimated at nearly if not quite three tons per acre.
It is to all intents a pure annual, but though you may
not get as big a crop as Mr. Henderson had on his
highly improved land, I believe you can get a crop far
more valuable than the oat crop would be and a less
exhaustive one. Then, with more fertilizer and an-
other crop of peas to be cut for hay, you can get the
land in order for grain and grass.

W. F. Massey.

THE DISC PLOW.

Editor Southern Planter :

"Behold, the days come .... that the plowman
shall overtake the reaper, and the treader of grapes
him that soweth seed ; and the mountains shall drop
sweet wine, and all the hills shall melt." — Amos ix :
13.

Here we have the farmer's millennium, but it is ne-
cessary that the farmer should giye heed to some few
things, among them an intelligent conception of how
to handle the soil for the best results before the con-
summation.

In passing, it does seem to me that the average far-
mer is sadly lacking in a real study of those things
that lay at the very bottom of his vocation. That he
is too often moved, not by the result of his own inde-
pendent reasoning, but rather by what others have
done, and continue to do. Well enough to profit by
the experience of others, but hardly commendable to
stop where others left off without positive assurance of
perfection.

Are there not some who pursue their work, or rather
whose work pursues them, while they dreamily wait
for the condition and hope for the result named in the
quotation.

It might be interesting to ascertain how many of
the improvements in farm appliances have emanated
from those engaged in farm work, whose daily occu
pation and first interest is in actual experiment ; and
how many have come from the shop where thought is
the result primarily of theory.

You ask me, Mr. Editor, to write something about
the Disc plow, and in the effort to comply, I beg first

to make two points in regard to the plow, as it is pop-
ularly known to-day, as follows :

The ancient plow (which was nothing more than a
forked stick, the work of which we may say is alluded
to in the book of Job), was in several respects more
conducive to the better condition of the soil than any
plow used since.

My second point is that the principle of construe! ion
and work of the plow uutil to-day has beeu identical-
ly the lame that was f )und in the first plow (as we are
wont to accept it) ever made.

So that up to this time, as far as the plow is con-
cerned, there has been absolutely " nothing new under
the sun."

This leads us at once to the question, What is the
desirable work we would have the plow do ?

I sum it up, taking in also its construction, after
this wise : The least possible friction in doing the
work. An implement which may be used in the ad-
hesive clay and in the light soils alike ; one that will
cut down into the baked land as well as handle the
light fluffy condition. A plow that will not tend to
continually pack and render harder and more imper-
vious to water the sub-surface or bottom of the fur-
row. One that will successfully turn under and cover
vegetation, especially the "green fallow" (an item in
farm work which our farmers are just beginning but
slowly to appreciate), and, for the present, a plow that
will, to the greatest extent, pulverize the soil as it is
inverted.

If, then, these considerations are desirable, it seems
to have remained for our day to produce something
materially different in construction looking to a nearer
accomplishment of the thing needed.

The Disc plow may be described as simply a con-
cave made of thin steel, mounted on or suspended
from a frame ; which disc may be forced down into or
raised up out of the land, and which also may be set
at an angle to throw little or much dirt at will.

As the disc revolves, necessarily there is a minimum
of friction. The soil not having to slide along and
over a mould-board, the chances of adhering to and
packing against the disc is not to be compared with
the operation of the mould board. There being no
cutting or turning surface except the thin disc, the
packing of the sub-surface by the action of the share
and sole of the landside is at once obviated. The disc
continually revolving, it is seen at once that the
chances of clogging with vegetation, trash, &c, as is
the case with all other plows which drag through the
land, is minimized. The action of the disc inverts the
soil more after the order of land spaded up ; leaving
it not in decided furrows, but to a large extent broken
and the vegetation covered.

The writer has experimented with each style of

374

THE SOUTHERN PLASTER.

[August

Disc plow yet brought out, and the
one provided with a sub soil attach-
ment, which may be used or not,
as desired (a third wheel taking the
place of the subsoil attachment
when the hitter is uot to be used),
strikes him more favorably for sev-
eral reasons. Experiment showed
that without the sub soiler it was
easier draft, more easily controlled
and handled, and. having the sub-
soiler, gives it the ability to do
another important work.

It is a great temptation here to
touch at some length upon the
value ot sub-soiling and why some
experiments along this line have
not produced more satisfactory re-
sults, but I will only call attention
to the fact as has been so repeated-
ly emphasized by others, that the
action of the old plow, with the
tread of the plowman in the fur-
row, has tended all the while to
pack the sub-surface ; the rain falls,
and in sinking into the soil, strikes
this hard pan : finding it easier
there to run off through the once
broken land, a washing and carry-
ing off of the soil is suffered. If

This illustration shows the regular single Disc plow with the subsoiler attached.

the sub-surface or bottom of the ^ ^X'oftwo Dteptow ^ °f ** 6ubsoiler' U 6ho™ attached t0 the
furrow was easily percolated by the

water, it can be seen that the washing would be largely steel and polished chilled iron — both ordered from fac-
stopped, and the moisture, held in check, would re- tories especially to make this trial : also the three horse
main to be drawn to the surface by capillary attrac- Syracuse and Oliver plows. There was no doubt upon
tion to nourish the tender roots of growing plants, the minds of all who witnessed the. trial that the Disc
This, then, is the work of proper plowing and partly plow, cutting the same depth and from 3 to 5 inches
the effect of subsoiling. * wider, pulled lighter. The maximum work which we

In an experiment made by the writer with the single forced the Disc plow to do, and which was well done,
Disc plow, three horses were used, and while a dynamo was to cut and turn a furrow 11 inches deep and 16
meter was not at hand to record the actual draft, there inches wide, across land broken last winter with 3-horse
was used beside it in the same land, under like condi- plows, and over which a heavy dressing of trash had
tions, the most improved Sulky plows, both polished been spread. The plow was then taken to the side

of an old road-bed, where
the gravest doubts were en-
tertained as to its going into
the ground, but we found that
no ordinary swing plow would
take ground as hard as the
Disc would. The overseer of
the farm (white) was given the
preference of teams and a first-
| class chilled plow, and a plow-
man (colored) was put upon
the Disc. Xot advising the lat-
ter, and coaching the former,
to do his best, the Disc plow
made just double the distance
of the ordinary plow in the
same time ; thus convincing
us, from close observation,
that the Disc plow will, with
the same team, do more work
and travel over at least two-
or two Disc plow, with third wheel in rear, in place of the thirds a greater distance.

subsoil attachment. Ashtox Staeee.

This shows the "gang'

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

375

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

Little can be done in the garden or truck field dur
ing this mouth, except to gather the crops as they ma-
ture and to market or store them. Weeds should be
kept down by frequent cultivation, and all trash and
waste from crops be either converted into manure or
burnt. Do not allow vines and tops to remain on the
ground after the crop has been gathered. They only
harbor insects and form breeding places for them and
for the propagation of fungous diseases. If the cattle
will eat them, let them be fed to them at once, and if
not, let them be burnt.

Break up all ground from which crops have been
gathered, and if not intended to be planted with other
crops for use in fall or winter, seed with German clo-
ver, and thus conserve and add to the fertility of the
land.

Cabbages and broccoli for fall and winter use may
be set out when the opportunity offers, after showers
or during cloudy days. Let the land be made rich
and plenty of potash be applied in the fertilizer.
Thes« plants are great consumers of potash.

Turnip seed should be sown at intervals during the
month to supply a succession of roots. The best va-
riety to sow for market purposes or home use is the
Milan turnip. Both the White and the Extra Early
Milan are quick growing and fine flavored. The Im-
proved Red Top Globe is also an excellent turnip.

Celery plants should be set out in the rows or beds
during showery weather, and provision should be
made for shading the plants with bushes or mats until
they commence to grow. In our last issue will be
found an article on celery-growing, to which we refer
our readers. Celery needs especially rich land and
plenty of water.

Towards the end of the month English peas and
snaps may be planted for fall crops. Though uncer-
tain in yield, yet if the frost holds off these crops sell
so well that it is worth while to take some risk to se-
cure them.

Lettuce seed may be sown for planting out in the
fall, under glass or in shaded positions, for a winter
supply.

Kale may be sown this month for the fall crop.

Land should be got ready for planting strawberries,
and the plants be set out at the end of the mouth or in
September. Let the land be worked fine and the
weeds be induced to germinate, and then kill them
by harrowing again. Weeds are the greatest hin-
drance to successful strawberry-growing, and every
effort should be made to clear the ground of them be-
fore plants are set out. Let the land be made rich,
and especially let plenty of potash, in the form of mu-
riate of potash, be applied. Some of the best growers
use 200 or 300 pounds of potash to the acre and find
that it pays.

Clean off the runners from old beds which are to
stand for another year. These should be cut off close
to the old plants and not be allowed to form embryo
plants a few inches from the old plant, which they
will do if left a few inches long. These only weaken
the old plants and never bear fruit.

THE APPLE CROP.

The outlook for the apple crop is very discouraging.
Of the fourteen principal apple growing States, eleven
report even a lower average of condition than at the
corresponding date last year, the present condition be-
ing as follows : New York, 67 ; Pennsylvania, 66 ;
Virginia, 47 ; North Carolina, 72 ; Tennessee, 58 ;
West Virginia, 24 ; Kentucky, 46 ; Ohio, 32 ; Michi-
gan, 81 ; Indiana, 37 ; Illinois, 44 ; Iowa, 81 ; Mis-
souri, 41, and Kansas, 48. Those who have apples
should hold them for a good price. They are going to
be scarce and dear.

WHAT THE VIRGINIA STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY HAS DONE FOR FRUIT GROWERS
IN VIRGINIA THIS SEASON.

Editor Southern Planter :

The fruit-shipping season is now in full swing, and
it seems to me to be not amiss to urge fruit growers
who have not yet joined membership with the above
Association, to do so without further delay ; and to
remember the adage, "union is strength." By way
of proof of this, our Association has been able to ac-
complish what individual growers have often tried,
and as often have failed to do, viz., obtained a reduc-
tion in rates charged on fruit by the express compa-
nies, and though it may be thought that the reduction
is not as great as it should be, yet it amounts to 15 per
cent, from all points reached by the Southern and
Adams Companies to the principal Northern and

376

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

Western markets. It is quite possible that many of
your readers may not be aware of these reductions,
and it is for this reason I now address you, and to fur-
ther say, that if any member of this Association is
still being charged the same rates as last year, to New
York, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati or Pittsburg,
if he will inform either the Secretary or President of
our Association the matter will be at once attended to.
I think that any fruit grower who has been so long
handicapped by the high rates hitherto charged by
express companies on fruit, will see how much to his
advantage it would be to join this Association and add
to the numbers leagued together to work for our mu-
tual benefit. I am expecting to see a notice in your
Journal's September number of the date of our next
annual meeting, and our President's call for attend-
ance, and I feel sure that any fruit grower (if he has
not already joined) will not regret attending, and
taking the opportunity of becoming a member.

Last year most interesting papers were read by
some of the most prominent men in horticultural cir-
cles in this country, among whom were : Messrs. Hale
(of peach growing fame) and Kerr, of Maryland ; aud
though I am not aware what arrangements have been
made for speakers at the coming meeting, yet I am
sure that papers of the greatest interest will be read
by men who know what they are talking about.
Apart from this, remember our Association is work-
ing for the benefit of the fruit growers, and in this
our first season, we have our first results in a reduc-
tion of rates.

Hoping you will not consider this too much intru-
sion on your valuable space,

Walter Whately,
Chairman of Committee on Transportation
Virginia State Horticultural Society.

Crozet, Albemarle Co., Va., July 20, 1898.

[We heartily endorse this plan for better support by
the Association. Every fruit grower in the State
ought to become a member. It can secure results
which no individual efforts cau secure in the way of
reduction of rates and facilities of transport. — Ed.

FOR A WINTER flULCH.

Sow crimson clover in all fruit plantations and upou
all land under cultivation at any time from July 1 to
August 15. The American grown seed has proved
hardy in New York for three successive years. This
clover grows quickly arid forms a dense mat on the
ground before winter sets in. It serves as a mulch aud
protection to the ground during winter and adds a
large amount of plant food to the soil.

Analysis of the soil of Geo. T. Powell's fruit farm
by a careful government chemist, and figuring at the
lowest valuations for nitrogen, has developed the fact
that three years of crimson clover culture has added

$200 per acre of nitrogen to the soil. Such figures are
almost beyond belief, but all the analyses were care-
fully checked to avoid any mistakes and the samples
of soil were taken with as much skill and uniformity
as possible.

The possibilities of bringing up runout land with
crim'on clover are almost beyond comprehension. By
the use of potash and phosphoric acid in the form of
wood ashes, kainit, sulphate or muriate of potash,
South Carolina rock, Thomas slag or bone meal a
greater growth of clover is obtained and the succeed-
ing crop thereby benefited. — E. C. Powell in Na-
tional Stockman.

SPRAYING— HOW TO TEACH ITS VALUE.

The farming public is not a couvert to spraying.
Talk to almost any man whose orchards are now
strewn with fallen apples, and he will listen to noth-
ing of the sort. He is bound not to be convinced that
it amounts to anything, and is usually ready with a
report of some experiment of the sort that failed to
save the apples. The State and general government
are aiming at the old farmer too low. Literature is
still "book larnin' " to him. Let them select or
plant in conspicuous places orchards or single trees —
best of all, trees that have refused to bear of late —
and then, by proper care of them, raise good crops
alongside the unfruitful orchards that have been left
to themselves. This would force conviction where
tons of literature would make no impression. — John
Chamberlin, Erie County, N. ¥., in Country Gentle-
man.

TO KILL BLACKBERRY BUSHES.

With scythe and grubbing-hoe Mr. Arthur Kabrich,
of Blacksburg, Va., had for several years been attempt-
ing to eradicate a cluster of blackberry bushes en his
farm (succeeding, as one usually does, when trying to
fight such things, in getting the canes in a thrifty con-
dition), when, by accident, a great pile of saw-logs at
the top of the ridge or hill got started and rolled down
over the patch. It was extremely cold weather, and
the bushes, thoroughly frozen and brittle with the cold,
under the pressure, snapped off close to the ground.
Next year Mr. Kabrich noticed the bushes were dead.
He then tried mowing blackberry bushes when frozen,
with equally gratifying results. As the result of ob-
servation and experiment, Mr. Kabrich recommends
cutting blackberry hushes in midwinter, instead of in
July and August. Make a note of this. — "Reader,"
Blacksburg, Va., July 7, 1898.

Asparagus is the oldest known plant that has been
used as food. It contains a crystallizable principle
termed asparagine, which, possessing diuretic prop-
erties, renders it a highly wholesome vegetable from a
medicinal point of view. Some claim that the young
buds of hops are scarcely inferior to asparagus.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

377

Live Stock and Dairy.

EARLY LAflBS.

The early lambs are the ones which bring the most
money to the breeder. They are also in the South the
ones that leave the most net profit. Our winters are
so mild that the cost of production is reduced to a
minimum. With proper provision made in the seed-
ing of German clover, rape, vetches, rye, winter oats,
and rutabagas, and turnips, at this season of the year,
the ewes and lambs can have good grazing all the fall
and winter months until grass grows again in the
spring. Under such conditions, it is a neglect of op-
portunity to fail to have a few of these money produ-
cers on every farm. Now is the time to set about ar-
ranging to do so. The first requisite (after securing
the ewes, if you have not already got these), is to get
a good buck. Let him be selected from the mutton
type of sheep, either a Dorset, a Shropshire, or a
Southdown, and do not let him be less than two years
old. He should be bought at once, and be put on
good feed, but not turned with the ewes for a week or
ten days after reaching the farm. Let him have a few
oats and peas every day in addition to good pasturage,
and when turned with the ewes only be allowed to run
with them at night. He will in this way better keep
up his stamina and be a surer stock-getter than if al-
lowed to run altogether with the ewes. He should
serve the ewes during this month and September to
secure lambs at the time when they bring the most
money. A later service is, however, better when no
provision has been made for early spring pasturage
for the lambs. To induce the ewes to accept service,
they should be put on to good stimulating feed, a good
pasture, and some grain feed every day for a week or
two before turning the buck to them. Rub the breast
and belly of the buck with red chalk or ochre before
turning him to the ewes, so that you may be able to
see what ewes have been served and make a note of
the dates of service, so that you may know when to
expect lambs and from which ewes, and may arrange
your feeding and care of the ewes accordingly.

THE DOG PEST.

We are glad to see that some of the county papers
are taking up the question of a war ou the dogs, and
are preparing to make the question a political issue.
Much strength to their elbows, we say ! The prowl-
ing curs of the South are a standing menace to our
prosperity — nay, they are a blot on our civilization.
When the people of the South will stand by legisla-
tors who will enact laws to tax dogs so heavily that
only rich men can afford to keep more than one, and

the poor man cannot afford to keep one at all, then we
shall begin to thiuk that we are justified in boasting
of our civilization. So long as the man who votes for
a dog tax is certain to lose his election, we have no
claim to the character of a highly civilized people.
Our city papers cry out against the prowling dogs in
the cities because they disturb the slumbers of our
citizens, but we always fail to secure their support of
a dog tax in the counties where the dogs destroy not
slumbers, but valuable property, because, forsooth, it
means the loss of votes at an election. Votes are more
valuable than sheep. But for the dogs, we could keep
millions of sheep in Virginia, and add millions to the
incomes of our farmers and to the taxable values of
the State. England alone raises an annual crop of
10,000,000 of lambs. We could easily raise more than
this number, and yet do not raise 100,000. Down with
the dogs !

THE GtNERAL PURPOSE COW.

Striking confirmation of what we have so often
stated, that the Shorthorn cow comes nearest to filling
the description of a "general purpose cow," is afforded
by the fact that the champion Shorthorn cow at the
recent Royal Agricultural Society's Show in England
(Jewel 2d), was the same cow that took the premium
as the best dairy cow last spring at a big dairy show.
"Her width of top and her wealth of flesh are most
striking," was the comment of the show yard critic.
In the Shorthorn, beef and milk qualities are com-
bined in greater perfection than in any other breed.

WHY THIS BOOM IN HEREFORDS?

Editor Southern Planter :

The best always goes to the top, and since the first
importation of Hereford cattle in the early part of the
present century, they have surely and steadily grown
into favor, and at last, through pure merit, have
gained the appreciation of the American stock raiser.

In the present state of American agriculture, a
farmer can afford to pay more money for a Hereford
bull than for any other animal or product of live stock
husbandry, for there is no other branch of agr culture
that now offers anything like so good prospects as the
making of prime young beef. With a third of his
acres devoted to good grass, and the rest growing
grain and roots to stimulate the calves and put on the
finishing touches, the stock man, without buying any-
thing, may put on the market the very finest prime
young beef and obtain the top prices.

Herefords, intelligently raised, are fit for market

378

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[August

from six weeks to three years old. It is true Here-
fords seem very high priced now, but they will be
higher ; the on • breed of cattle that have slowly
climbed the ladder round by round, clinging on tena-
ciously in the face of "hard times" and too frequent
Presidential elections, although now distancing their
competitors, are yet only half way up.

Murray Boocock.
Albemarle County, Va.

HEREFORDS IN VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have just purchased from F. A. Nave, of Indiana,
the following valuable addition to the Castalia herd of
cows and heifers, selected with special reference to
their combined individual merit and. remarkably
choice ancestry :

Shadeland Amber 68547— Sire, Earl of Shadeland
22d ; dam, Alma, descended from Anxiety and The
Grove 3d.

Shadeland Lorna 63549— Sire, Earl of Shadeland
22d ; dam, Lady Wilson 39th, by Sir Bartle Frere.

Gipsy Real 68425— Sire, the Beau Real bull, Valen-
tine ; dam, Gipsy Beel, descended from Horace and
Anxiety.

— Christy 684.14 — Sire, the Beau Real bull. Valen-
tine ; dam, Christmas Gift, descended from Garfield
and Lord Wilton.

Maskers 72907 — Traeing on both sire's and dam's
side to Garfield and Lord Wilton ; on the sire's side to
Earl of Shadeland 22d ; on the dam's side to The
Grove 3d and Sir Bartle Frere.

Here is a collection of animals and pedigrees which
cannot fail to suit the most critical, and I am confident
that under the skillful handling of Mr. Frank C.
Cross, herd manager to the Castalia estate, they will
thrive and flourish. Murray Boocock.

Albemarle County, Va.

FATTENING HINNESOTA LAMBS IN WINTER.

This paper gives the more important facts contained
in Bulletin No. 57, section 1, recently issued by the
University Experiment Station of Minnesota. It re-
lated to the fattening of home grown lambs, that is to
say, of lambs from within the State.

As is generally known, lambs have heretofore been
fattened chiefly at the stock-yards, so far as the work
has been engaged in, and usually on screenings and
hay. The chief reliance of the feeder has been screen-
ings. There can be no question but that screenings is
the cheapest grain food that has been attainable for
such a use. It has usually been bought for not more
than one-quarter of a cent per pound, and in many

instances for less ; and it is equally true that screen-
ings is one of the best foods that can be used in fatten-
ing this class of animals, because of the variety of the
components which it contains, and because of the
adaptability of the same to the needs of the sheep. It
was determined, nevertheless, not to concentrate on
experimentation with screenings, but rather with
those other coarse grains which can be grown on any
Minnesota farm. Screenings is a quantity so variable
and so indeterminable, that it is impossible to reach
conclusions from experimenting with them that would
be of much advantage to the farmer. But before
leaving this phase of the question, it may be well to
state that no other grain food probably furnishes so
safe a food to feed to sheep or lambs in a self feeder.

The feeding period began December 23rd, 1895, and
covered a period of 8-4 days. The experiment proper
began December 30th aud ended March 16th, 1896,
lasting for 77 days. The chief of the objects sought
were : 1, to learn the comparative value in fattening
lambs on certain combinations made up of the chief
of the coarse grains grown in the State ; 2, to compare
feeding such food in limited and unlimited quantities;
and 3, to ascertain the outcome from feeding such foods
to a good type of home-grown lambs.

The lambs used in the experiment were Minnesota
grown. The major portion were bought from David
M. Fyffe, then manager of Havertree Farm at Dun-
dee. But some were bought from A. Guun, Janes-
ville, and a few were grown at the station. The price
paid for the bulk of them was $i per 100 pounds
when they reached the station. They were bought in
August. Good finished lambs had sold the previous
spring for $6 per 180 pounds, hence the high price at
which lambs were held at the time ; but, owing to a
drop in prices, such lambs could have been bought at
from 50 cents to $1 less per hundred when the experi-
ment began in December. They were excellent quality,
and were essentially Shropshire grade in breeding, but
some were the offspring of a Cotswold top cross on
high grade Shropshire females.

One hundred lambs were fed. They were divided
into five lots of twenty each, and were fed in compart-
ments of a shed opening into small yards into which
the lambs virtually had access at will ; water and salt
were accessible when needed. The lambs in lot 1 were
fed oil cake, corn and oats in the proportions of 1, 3
and 6 parts by weight. This food was given in a, self-
feeder. The lambs in lot 2 were given a similar grain
portion, but limited to what they would eat clean.
Those in the remaining lots were also fed on a limited
ration. The lambs in lot 3 were fed oil cake, barley,
and oats in the proportions of 1, .'! aud 6 parts. Those
in lot 4 were given the same kinds of grain during the
first half of the experiment, hut during the last half

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

379

of the same the proportion of the oil cake was doubled;
ami the lambs in lot 5 were given oats and oil cake
in the proportions of 1 an I 9 parts, and in this case
also the oil cake was doubled at the middle of the
experiment. A poor quality of native hay was fed
during the first half of the experiment, but during
the last half thereof good clover hay was fed.

The food was charged at average market values in
the State These were as follows : Oil cake, $14 per
ton ; corn, 18 cents per bushel ; barley, 16 cents ; oats,
32 cents ; native hay, per ton, $3 ; and clover hay,
per ton, $3.50. The grain was not ground nor was the
hay cut. The lambs consumed on an Average 2.39
pounds of grain per day, and .82 pounds of hay. The
total daily consumption of food, therefore, was rela-
tively small for such lambs, and exceedingly small in
proportion to the gains made, as will be shown later.
The cost of the food per lamb was 955 cents for the S4
days feeding.

The average weight of the lambs used in the expe-
riment when the experiment proper began, December
30th, was 9S.2 pounds; and when it ended, March
16th following, it was 129.2 pounds without shrink,
and 122. S pounds with shrink. The average increase
in weight was 31 pounds in the 77 days of the experi-
ment, or a trifle over 12 pounds per month. The gains
are the best ever attained by the writer in any experi-
ment in feeding lambs. They were superior to any
gaius made in Ontario experiments, even when such
foods as peas and oats, clover hay and roots were fed.
The cost of making 100 pounds of increase in weight
during the experiment proper was $3.05. With the
lambs in lot 1, that is to say, the lambs given the ex-
tra portion of oil cake along with the barley, it was
$2.92. This is the cheapest production of mutton ever
realized by the writer while fattening sheep and
lambs. Wherever this can be done is a paradise for
the feeder. During the experiment proper, the profit
on the increased weight was $36.35, although the
lambs were sold at the low price of $4.65 per 100
pounds in Chicago. Under the circumstances such a
result is simply extraordinary.

The net profit made on the lambs, excluding the one
that died, was but $22.09, or 22 cents per lamb. This
profit was small, but it was not in any sense the out-
come of unsuccessful feeding, but rather of fluctuating
market values. It is one of those instances which the
feeder must now and then face. The lambs were
bought when they were dear, and they sold on one of
the lowest markets that we have had for years. When
the experiment began the lambs had cost the station
$4.(U per 100 pounds, and when delivered in Chicago
they only netted the station $4.22 per 100 pounds.
The advance, therefore, in the selling price over the
cost price was only 18 cents per 100 pounds. Had the
4

selling price been normal for such lambs the profits
would have been excellent. In every other respect
the results were most gratifying with the lambs of all
the lots except those in lot 1 which were fed an unlim-
ited grain ration. Compared with the lambs in lot 2,
which were fed the same foods in kind but limited in
quantity, they made much the same gains. But in lot
1 one lamb died toward the close of the experiment,
and several were more or less off their feed occasion-
ally. The troubles were digestive, and called fox
special attention on the part of the feeder.

Although the increase made by the lambs was not
far different, those in lot 4 made the best gains, and
also gave the most profit. It will be remembered that
the distinctive grain ration fed to these was barley,
and they were given an increased portion of oil cake.
The excellence of this combination of oil cake, barley
and oats in feeding lambs has been further confirmed
by succeeding experiments. The gains made by feed-
ing oil cake and oats were nearly equal to those ob-
tained from feeding the other mixtures, but the cost is
considerably greater, and so it has proved in every in-
stance in succeeding experiments.

The lambs were sold, as previously intimated, in
Chicago. The price paid was $4.65 per 100 pounds.
The firm of Clay, Robinson & Co. who sold them ex-
pressed the opinion that had they been 30 or 40 pounds
lighter, and yet of equal quality, they would have
brought 25 cents per 100 pounds more. The winter
of 1895 and 1896, it will be remembered, was the first
season when the discrimination in favor of light lambs
of good quality and finish was marked. Since that
time it has become further intensified, insomuch that
the growers of lambs must needs bow to the inevi-
table. It means that if large types of lambs are grown
they must be marketed before they reach heavy
weights. In some respects this change is unfortunate,
for the good, well grown lamb will be more than 100
pounds when he reaches the wiuter market, unless
dropped later, and when he gets over that weight he
must needs be sold at a disadvantage as compared with
his brother, who is not so heavy. This change will
unquestionably have an influence on the breeds from
which sires shall be chosen.

It should also be noted that in this experiment the
lambs made an aggregate gain of 1,691 pounds, or 23$
pounds more than during the first six weeks. Such a
result is very uncommon, as usually the best gains are
made during the first half of the period of feeding.
These greater gains are doubtless to be credited to the
good clover hay fed the last half of the experiment,
and they emphasize the importance of using fodder
good in quality.

Thos. Shaw
University jof Minnesota.

380

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

The Poultry Yard.

EARTHWORMS A SOURCE OF GAPES IN
POULTRY.

In our April issue we published part of Bulletin
No. 70 of the Kentucky Station, containing an account
of an experiment made in the spring of 1897, with a
view to getting information as to the source from
which chickens obtain gape worms, and it was shown
that the worms were not obtained by chicks kept
from the time they hatched on a wooden floor, and the
conclusion was drawn that the lot under experiment
which became affected with the disease obtained the
gage worms either from the soil or from the worms.

Professor Garman, the writer of that bulletin, has
continued his experiments this spring, and in a bulle-
tin just issued, says :

"This spring six chicks taken direct from the nest
in which they hatched were divided into two equal lots
and kept in two cages with wooden bottoms and wire
guize sides, which were suspended at first over the
hot water pipes of the Vivarium of my Division, and
later were placed upon slate topped tables. One lot
was given a daily ration of earthworms with its other
food, while the check lot received no earthworms.
Some sand aDd gravel was put in each cage, but was
first thoroughly sterilized by baking in an oven used
commonly for bacteriological work. They were con-
fined in the cages March 19th. It soon became evi-
dent that the lot which received the earthworms was
growing faster thau the other, and to supply the place
of the worms, cooked meat was thereafter given to
the check lot. Chicks in both lots suffered from a
trouble resembling rheumatism, in its effect on. the
legs, probably caused- by dampness in the Vivarium,
or lack of exercise. Later, a bowel trouble became
apparent, culminating April 26th in the death of one
of the check lots. Its trachea was examined for gape
worms, but none were present.

"On April 27th, one of the lot which ate earth
worms was observed to show symptoms of gapes.
April 28th, a -ecoud chick was affected. On the night
of April 29th, both of these chicks died. Both had
gape worms in the trachea. The third chick appeared
to suffer occasionally from an obstruction in its trachea,
and sometimes wheu it exercised more vigorously than
usual, became afflicted with something resembling a
spasm, lying upon the bottom of the box, opening its
mouth and tw sting its head about as if suffering
acutely. It was now of considerable size, and although
these outward symptoms were not those usually pre •
Bented by fowls suffering from gapes, it was decided
to kill it and make an examination of the trachea,
which was done May 3d. On opening the trachea,
the lower part was found empty and in good condi-
tion, but just below the glottis it was plugged with a
mass of mucus in which was a single gape worm.

•The two remaining chicks of the check lot are
still alive, and have not thus far shown any symptoms
of the disease.

"I can draw only one conclusion from the experi-
ment, which is, that the earthworms conveyed the dis-
ease to the treated lot. So far as the experiment is of
immediate practical interest, this is all that need be
said.

"Several questions arise, however, that have a
scientific interest, and may eventually prove to have
important practical bearings. How does the gape
worm get into the body of the earthworm ; is it swal-
lowed with earth or other matter taken into the ali-
mentary canal as food : or does it make its way in by
boring through the skin ! How long does it remain
alive in the bodies of earthworms, and in what situa-
tion and condition ! Does it infest the bodies of all
earth worms, or only of particular species ? * It may be
suggested that since earthworms live in soil, it is pos-
sible that the young gape worms adhere to the outside
of their bodies in particles of dirt. The worms were
always washed carefully to remove all trace of soil,
under the tap of a sink, before being fed to the chicks.
But even with this precaution, it cannot be denied
that a minute gape worm might adhere to the moist
skin of an earthworm. I have no desire to argue this
question now, but merely to point out the possibilities.
The experiments have been made from the point of
view of the practical man, to whom it is immaterial
what the condition of the gape worms may be when
introduced. The main question is settled that earthworms
trill convey the gape disease to poultry, and the common
practice of feeding young chicks with these worms is
consequently not to be commended.

"By itself, the experiment made in 1S97 was not con-
clusive as to the part taken by earthworms in convey-
ing the gape worm ; but taken in connection with the
experiment just reported, it has more weight as evi-
dence that the gape worm is obtained by chickens
from earthworms. Briefly told, the result of the ex-
periments, taken together, is: Number of treated
chicks affected with gapes, 100 per cent. ; number of
un treated chicks affected, none."

RELATIVE GAINS OF YOUNG DUCKS AND
CHICKENS.

Ou the sixth of Juue thirty-nine young ducks, two
weeks old, were weighed and placed in a brooder, and
yard attached, to be fed against the same number of
chickens of the same age placed in another brooder
and yard. On that date the ducks weighed 13.25
pounds, and the 39 chickens 7.5 pounds.

The feed of the ducks consisted of middlings, corn
meal and bran, besides the necessary grit and green
food. The green food consisted of lettuce and the run
of a grass patch included within the fences of the small
yard. The young things were very fond of this grass
and ate it almost continuously, which will account for
the small amount of grain food required for their
growth.

The chickens were fed relatively more corn meal
than the ducks, and had no middlings. They were
also allowed the run of a small grass plat and were
fed lettuce in addition. Both pens had abundant ex-

*The worms fed to the chicks were largely obtained on my
own place and consisted of three or four species. The most
common was Allolobopkora turgida, the next in numbers was
AUolobophora fwtida, the small brown-banded worm, common
everywhere in the United States and Europe. The others I
am not sure about, but think 1 observed among them A. mucosa.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

381

ercise and were healthy and thrifty. The experiment
was continued bnt five weeks, as by that time the
ducks were nearly ready for the early market.

In the five weeks the ducks ate 41.3 pounds of corn,
93.1 pounds of middlings, 43.4 pounds of bran, and
59 pounds of lettuce, besides 88 pounds of skim milk.
In the same time the 39 chickens ate 52.2 pounds of
corn, 25.9 pounds of bran, aDd 46 pounds of lettuce,
besides 44.3 pounds of skim milk. No estimate can
be made of the amount of grass eaten by the two pens.

On July 11th the ducks weighed 122 pounds, having
gained 108.75 pounds in the five weeks, and this not-
withstanding the fact that one of the ducklings died
on the 18th of June in the second week of the test.
The average weight of ducks on July 11th was there-
fore 4. 3C pounds.

The 39 chickens weighed, July 11th, 30 pounds,
having gained but 22.5 pounds in the five weeks, and
averaging when seven weeks' old but three quarters of
a pound.

In estimating the cost of the gain the values of the
different materials was calculated as follows : The corn,
at $14.00 per ton, the bran the same, the middlings at
$15.00, the milk at twenty cents per hundred, and the
lettuce at one cent per pound. At these rates the total
cost of the 108. 75 pounds of gain of the ducks was
$2.06, or 1.9 cents per pound. This is of course the
food cost alone. The food cost of the gain of the
chickens was $1.06, or 4.84 cents per pound. The
ducklings gained therefore not only much more rapidly
than the chickens, but more economically as well.

Although not bearing directly on the experiment, it
may be reported that twenty-nine of these ducks were
sold at eight and a half cents per pound July 21st.
They weighed at that time 112 pounds.

At that date, the broiler season being over, the
chickens were not large enough to sell at any price.
The feeding of the 39 chickens was kept up until
August Sth. At that time they weighed 65.5 pounds,
and had eaten in all 137.7 pounds of corn, 39.9 pounds
of bran, 128 pounds of skim milk, and 88 pounds of
lettuce. At the prices already given the total cost of
the gain from July 11th was $1.27, or three and one-
half cents per pound. The chickens were worth in
the market nine and one half cents per pound. The
sixty -five and a half pounds brought therefore $6.22. —
Experiment Station, Michigan.

COLD OR CATARRH.

It is not an uncommon thing for chickens which are
reared in an exposed situation to contract a kind of
catarrh or cold at the period when thdy are growing
their new feathers and the whole frame is undergoing
a natural and rapid development. At this period
there is no surplus vitality in the birds, no reserve to
fall back upon ; and a chill, or the slightest exposure
to contagion of any kind, is sufficient to iuduce disease.
This cold to which we refer is usually a simple thing,
if it is not allowed to go on unchecked, but the results,
as we have sometimes known, have been serious
enough when the affected birds have been neglected
by their owner. Many a cold is induced by over-
crowding at night, and we believe also there are breeds
which have a peculiar tendency to contract these
troubles as chickens. Although as hardy and vigorous

as could be desired when maturity is reached, they
exhibit a certain delicacy of constitution until a cer-
tain age is passed.

TREATMENT OF COLD.

But, however, the cold or catarrh is produced, the
treatment is the same in all cases. In the first place,
it is most desirous that all affected birds should be
separated from the healthy ones. The reason is that
the disease is very apt to be contagious, and when a
whole brood gets affected it means that possibly some
good birds get stunted in growth and impaired in con-
stitution, so that their ultimate value is considerably
reduced.

A sheltered and fairly warm spot should be selected
for housing the affected birds. One of the very best
remedies for the disease is quinine, and it may be
given in the form of pills, from i to 1 grain each,
according to the age of the birds. One such pill
should be given twice, or in bad cases thrice, a day.
A few drops of eucalyptus oil should also be put in
the drinking water, just sufficient to form a thin film
on the surface. If there is rattling in the throat, half
a teaspoonful of glycerine should also be given twice
a day. Feed on soft nourishing food, seasoned with a
little pepper, and keep the birds strictly clean. When
they are practically recovered the foregoing treatment
should be stopped.

THE GOOD POINTS OF CROSS-BREDS.

It is strange how some poultry authorities cannot
see any good in cross-bred fowls. Just recently it has
been stated that so much " mongrelizing " is ruining
the poultry of this country, and that in the cultivation
of pure breeds alone the salvation of the industry is
to be found. We don't for a moment believe it.
Pure breeds are indispensable, but many of them are
played out as far as utility points are concerned. Any
one who stocked his yard with Brahmas, Cochins, or
some other of our ancient pure breeds would find the
balance of his account on the wrong side of the book
at the end of the year. Many of the newer breeds
which have been produced by crossing ior, as some
people would call it, "mongrelizing") are miles ahead
of the old ones as far as utility is concerned. One or
two of these can with difficulty be beaten by any cross-
bred fowl ; but, on the whole, judiciously bred first
crosses will produce more eggs in a year than any av-
erage lot of pure-bred fowls which can be picked up.
But where a really good laying strain of the latter can
be obtained, combined with good show points, and
there is a good market for pure-bred fowls, it will pay
better to cultivate pure-bred birds.

THE LANGSHAN.

One of the most popular breeds of the present day
is the Langshan, and enthusiasts who keep that va-
riety declare that the problem of obtaining a breed
equally good in laying and table qualities, has been
at length solved. Certainly the Langshan is a useful
breed, of large size and handsome appearance ; it is
hardy, a good layer of rich -colored brown eggs ; it is
not always getting broody like some sitting varieties,
and it stands confinement well. Its chief point is its
size ; in this respect it proves hard to beat ; full
grown cocks will weigh from 9 lbs. to 12 lbs., and
hens from 7 lbs. to 9 lbs.

382

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

The Horse.

GRAIN FOR HORSES.

Prof. Thomas Shaw, of the Minnesota Experiment
Station, writes on the value of corn, oats and bran for
horses, and says the proportion of corn and oats which
are best for working horses will depend somewhat
upon the nature of the work, and somewhat on the
season of the year. The harder the horse is being
worked, it would be correct to say, the larger the pro-
portion of corn that may be given to him, and the
colder the weather, the more corn, relatively, he may
be fed. But to keep the system in tone, he should be
given oats and corn, and if some bran can be added,
heavy feeding can be continued with safety for a longer
period than in the absence of bran. When horses are
being worked hard, they will do very well on a grain
ration in winter, two-thirds of which is corn, and in
summer on a grain portion, one-third or one-half of
which is corn. But if one-fourth or one fifth of the
grain fed is bran, there is much less danger of diges-
tive derangement than when bran is not fed. So
advantageous is bran to the grain food that the aim
should be to feed some of it during much of the year.
The proportions named above relate to shelled corn,
and to weight rather than bulk. It would not be very
material whether the corn, oats and bran are all mixed
before feeding, or whether they are fed separately; but
even a horse tires of sameness ; hence, it may serve
some useful end, as whetting the appetite, to feed the
corn and oats separately — that is to say, to feed the
corn morning and evening in winter, and the oats at
noon, and in the summer to feed the oats morning and
evening, and the corn at noon. The bran could be fed
with one or the other of these grains. A horse weigh-
ing 1,200 pounds should require about fifteen to eigh-
teen pounds of grain per day — that is to say, five or six
pounds at each of the three feeds ; but care should be
taken to lessen the amount of food when the work
slackens and in proportion as it slackens.

NOTES.

At his farm known as "Plain Dealing," with its
broad acres, nestled among the hills of Albemarle,
amidst scenery romantic and beautiful, Mr. W. N.
Wilmer, of the law firm of Wilnier & Canfield, 48 Wall
street, New York, is breeding thoroughbreds, trotters
and hackneys.

The place is within an easy drive of Charlottesville
and the University of Virginia, and no great distance
from far-famed Ellerslie, Annitaand other well-kuown
thoroughbred breeding establishments in Albemarle
county.

Mr. Wilmer is a student of blood lines and pedi-
grees, but the fluctuations of the betting ring have no
charm for him, his ambition being to produce a type
of horse likely to gain distinction on the turf, or to
attract attention if used for road or pleasure purposes,
on account of symmetry of form, high finish, size and
style.

Among the trotters owned at Plain Dealing are Vir-
ginia Chief, a black stallion, seven years old, by Ken-

tucky Prince, dam Nina, by Messenger Chief; second
dam Hattie Hogan, dam of Hogarth 4, 2:26, and
Prince Hogarth, 2:271 ; Aebina, a bay mare, eleven
years old, by Alban, dam Violet, by Electioneer ; sec-
ond dam Victress, dam of Monarch, 2:23$ ; Barbara,
a brown mare, twelve years old, by Alcantara, dam
Helen, by Daniel Lambert ; a bay filly, three years
old, by Sandy, thoroughbred son of imp. Dalnacar-
doch, dam Aebina ; a chestnut colt, two years old, by
Virginia Chief, dam Aebina ; a chesnut colt, two years
old, dam Barbara ; a bay filly, one year old, by Vir-
ginia Chief, dam Aebina ; a bay filly, one year old,
l>y Virginia Chief, dam Oklahoma, thoroughbred
daughter of Tom Bowling, and a bay colt, foal of 1898,
by Virginia Chief, dam Barbara.

The thoroughbred division includes Hercules, a
chestnut horse, seven years old, by Panique, dam Ni-
netzin, by imp. Mortimer; Oklahoma, a brown mare,
nine years old, by Tom Bowling, dam Eveline, by
Hyder Ali ; a bay filly, three years old, by Sandy,
dam Oklahoma ; On Time, a bay filly, three years old,
by imp. The Sailor Prince, dam Arrogance, by Empe-
ror, and a bay filly, one year old, by imp. Charaxus,
dam Elite, by Eolus.

In addition to these, Mr. Wilmer owns the hackney
mares Empress, a brown, seven year old, by Star of
Mopel, dam Haden Empress, by Danegelt ; Lady Fay,
a bay, five years old, by Lord Rufus, dam Huldana,
by Young Derby, and Belle Palmer, a bay, five years
old, by Lancer, dam Miss Palmer, by Fire King ; also
a brown colt, two years old, by Virginia Chief, out of
Empress, and a brown filly, one year old, by Virginia
Chief, out of Lady Fay.

To prevent saddle galls the London Live Slock Jour-
nal suggests the following course which will be found
very effective :

" When a horse has returned to the stable after a
long ride he should by no means be unsaddled within
from half an hour to an hour after dismounting, or it
may tend to the production of saddle galls, which may
be very difficult to cure. These galls have their origin
in uneven pressure of the saddle, due to faulty con-
struction, from shifting of the saddle when the girths
slacken, and not infrequently from bad riding. The
reason why the non-removal of the saddle for some
time after dismounting, acts as a protective against
sore backs is well explained by Moller. Where an in-
jury has taken place, the vessels are compressed and
almost bloodless. If pressure be now suddenly re-
moved, blood is vigorously forced into the paralyzed
vessels, and may thus rupture the walls. On the other
hand, if the saddle is allowed to remaiu some time in-
position, circulation is gradually restored without in-
jury. The fact thaS the swelling appears after the re-
moval of the saddle supports this explanation."

The following clipping from The Horse Review,
should afford much encouragement to breeders, indi-
cating, as it does, a return of prosperity and ready
sale at remunerative prices for good horses of all
breeds :

"The half has never been told of the revival of the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

383

horse business. We can get reports of the public sales
held at the trade centers, and they tell a story of un-
exampled recuperation, but they do not tell it all. If
the facts concerning the sales held by private persons
in various localities, since the begiuniug of 1898, were
all collected, they would furnish some information of
high value. We have only just learned of a closing
out sale held a few weeks ago by J. K. Hopkins, at
his farm near Princeton, 111., a strictly agricultural
community, though it should be said for it that its
people know a good horse when they see one and ap-
preciate it highly. At this sale 28 horses were disposed
of to the highest bidder, and brought an average of
$117. Quite a few of them were absolutely unbroken,
which makes the prices seem all the more satisfactory.
The top price was $510 for a stylish gelding that can
pull a buggy at a 2:35 gait on the road. Doubtless
there have been scores of other sales equally as good,
but the one referred to is sufficient to prove that good
horses are no longer unsalable. And it is the belief
of the gentlemen who made the sale that a year ago
the same number of horses would have failed to bring
half the average of $147. All were bred in trotting
lines.

at TJpperville, Va. , and the prospect ahead for this new
organization, of which Mr. H. R. Dulaney will be the,
M. F. H, is very bright.

The colt shows held annually at TJpperville, are very
successful affairs, and encourage the production of fine
hunters and jumpers, many of which are bred and
owned by men who will take an active part in the af-
fairs of the TJpperville Hunt Club, and ride to hounds.
That section is one of the best in Virginia for cross
country sport, and wild foxes are plentiful.

Dr. Frank B. Perry, Secretary of the Orange Horse-
man's Association, has issued a very attractive pro-
gramme and prize list of the first annual exhibitiou of
the Association, to be held at Orange, Va., ou August
10th and 11th. Prizes will be offered for thorough-
breds, trotters, hackneys, hunters and jumpers, saddle
and draught horses. J. B. McComb is the President
of the Association ; C. C. Taliaferro, Vice President,
while Dr. Perry combines the duties of Secretary and
Treasurer.

W. G. Bryan, formerly of this city and lessee of
Acca Stock Farm, but now located at the Pimlico
track, Baltimore, has a large stable of trotters and
pacers in training there, among them a half dozen or
more owned by Richmond parties, including the speedy
bay gelding Albert O, a money winner in Bryan's
hands during successive seasons ; the chestnut pacing
mare Princess Eulalia, who has this season reduced her
record from 2:23' to 2:191 in a winning race ; Gordon
Smith, 2:251, and the chestnut gelding Lord Athel.
Lncena is owned by Chas. McLeod , of Lynchburg, Va. ,
and in her first start this season reduced her record
from 2:29] to 2:261, which does not represent her speed
limit by ten seconds or more. Almist is owned by M.
E. Doyle, also of Lynchburg. She has shown a mile
in 2:1S5 this season. Bryan thinks highly of the green
pacing mare Emo, as he does of the brown horse Bon-
nie Kirkland, who paced to a record of 2:29* at two
years old under the name of Al Faro, which was
changed for registration purposes. Both Emo and
Bonnie Kirkland are the property of A. K. Ware,
Fredericksburg, Va., owner of the famous trotting sire
Alcantara, sou of George Wilkes and grand old Alma
Mater.

In charge of L. K. Bryan, his trainer and driver,
Mr. M. H. White, of Hertford, N. C, has five horses
at the Gentlemen's Driving Park, Baltimore, which
will be campaigned through the Maryland and Dela-
ware Circuits, and other points later ou. The stable
includes :

Baron Hood, 2:191, b. g., by Baron Posey, dam by
Russia.

Hazel Hess, b. m., 3, by Happy Day, dam Spring-
time, by Black's Hambletonian.

Trim, 2:291, blk. g., by Perquimans.

Wade Hampton, 2:271, ch. g., by Dundee, dam by
Orange Blossom.

Lavaigne, b. h., by Lancelot, dam Phallamont Girl,
2:27 i.

Mr. H. Rozier Dulaney is organizing a Hunt Club

Active preparations are being made for the second
annual colt and horse show, to be held at Culpeper,
Tuesday and Wednesday, August 16th and 17th, or
during the week following the Orange Horse Show,
under the auspices of the Culpeper Colt aud Horse
Club. The exhibition will take place at Monte Vista
Park, aud will consist of trials of speed, jumping tests,
displays, parades aud other means of showing the su-
perior styles and qualities of horses raised in that sec-
tion.

Last year there were a great number of entries, and
over five thousand people attended. It is thought that
the event this year will be even more successful.

The gray stallion Iron Bar, owned by Mrs. John L.
Lindsey, of this city, and trained and driven by her
brother. Mr. John W. Sale, who formerly resided
here, is in great shape again this season, and starting
in four or more races has won all of them aud reduced
his record from 2:13], earned in 1895, to 2:121. Iron
Bar was a prominent factor in Grand Circuit battles
during the season of 1895, when he made a strong
fight for first money in the big M. & M. stake at De-
troit, which he did not win, but took third money.
The son of Temple Bar has all of his old time speed
and should trot in 2:10 before the close of the season.

The North Carolina bred stallion Governor Holt, a
five-year old bay, son of the famous Pamlico, 2:10,
out of Blondette, by Leland, formerly owned by Holt
& Scott, of Graham, reduced his record from 2:39J,
earned as a two year old, to 2:15 iu the M. & M. Con-
solation race at Detroit on July 22nd, but after trot-
ting another heat had to be drawn ou account of ill-
ness.

Governor Holt was sold in New York at the Fasig
sale in February, 1896. at the dispersal sale of Holt
& Scott, a id purchased by E. E. Lauyod, of Montreal,
for $710. He is the fastest of the get, by the records,
of his sire, the dead Pamlico.

Blondette, the dam of Governor Holt, and several
of her foals, are owned by Mr. L Banks Holt, Ala-
mance Farm, Graham, N. C.

Broad Rock.

3&i

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

niscellaneous.

THE "NO-FENCE" LAW.

la our last issue we intimated that we were prepared
to receive subscriptions towards the cost of testing the
constitutionality of the fence law, a case for which
purpose was being made np aud had been undertaken
by well known lawyers on the terms of being paid $50,
if not successful in establishing the unconstitutionality
of the law, and $500 if successful. We are glad to say
that we have received numerous subscriptions and
promises of subscriptions from different sections of the
State. Two or three gentlemen have promised, if ne-
cessary, to contribute one tenth of the cost, whether
successful or unsuccessful. We would ask that others
should give us their support in this matter, in order
that the burden on each may be made lighter, as the
intention is to apportion the cost pro rata amongst
those subscribing. It is hoped to bring the case to a
hearing early in the fall. In connection with this
matter, we invite the attention of our readers to the
articles in this and last month's issue, from the pen of
Dr. Niles, the State Veterinarian, whom we asked to
write on the subject from a sanitary standpoint— that
is, as to the effect of a fence or no fence law on the
health of the live stock of the State. The testimony
he gives on this point is most instructive and valuable.
With a "no fence" law he does not hesitate to say
that we can drive Texas fever from the State and thus
secure the removal of quarantine from all the State.
This alone would be worth millions to the stock keep-
ers of the State. Writing to us, Dr. Niles says, "The
results of the 'no-fence' law in Gloucester county are
marvellous, for this was once a badly infested county,
according to Government reports. I examined a great
many cattle aud visited numerous farms, travelling
from West Point to Gloucester by buggy, and found
but three cattle-ticks. The people themselves told
me that before the law was established that they had a
great many ticks, and that they attributed the scarcity
of ticks at this time to the law. They are well pleased
with the law, and say it has ' come to stay.' " Wher-
ever there are ticks there is Texas fever and quaran-
tine laws are enforced ; wherever ticks are absent
Texas fever is absent, and no quarantine is enforced.

From this point of view aloue, it is of vital impor-
tance to establish the unconstitutionality of the fence
law, but when to this can be added that, if the exist
ing fence law is declared unconstitutional, it will
save to land-owners millions of dollars in the cost of
fencing, it surely cannot need much argument to com-
mend the question to the attention of our readers and
all laud-owners. A man's laud ought to be as much,
aud as completely his own property, and safe from the

intrusion of his neighbor's stock, without fences
around it, after he has paid for it, as his house is his
own property and "his castle," after he has paid for
it, although he may not have put Tale locks on his
doors or patent fasteners on his windows.

THE " NO-FENCE " LAW FROM A SANITARY
STANDPOINT.

In my last article on the Cattle Tick in Virginia,
published in the July issue, I pointed out the value of
a "no-fence" law in the extermination of the cattle
tick and the eradication thereby of Texas cattle fever
from Virginia. So far as diseases of animals are con-
cerned, this eradication of Texas fever is not the only
value of such a law; for contagious and infectious dis-
eases of various other kinds are numerous among
stock of all kinds, and the more liberty given to stock
the wider will such diseases be spread.

Outside of Texas cattle fever, the most important is
hog cholera ; a disease which is more or less prevalent
in our State every year. Hog cholera is a highly con-
tagious and infectious disease, and one sick hog, under
the present fence law, is often the cause of the loss of
nearly all of the hogs in a whole neighborhood. An
infected herd roaming about, dying here and there,
and passing over the same ground in common with
other herds, or coining in coutact with them, starts the
disease on its rounds, and, under present conditions,
there is no checking it. Whole counties may, and
often are, thus infected. Sick hogs allowed to run at
large, and wallow in the branches, have been known
to infect hogs which have access to the same branch
miles below.

Two years ago, when hog cholera was present in
Rockingham county, the mortality among those which
were allowed access to the Shenandoah river was
great, while those farmers who lived on the river, but
who did not allow their hogs to have access to the
river, lost none. Again, it is frequently noticed that
hogs which are kept up in pens, and not allowed to
come in contact with others, rarely ever die with
cholera.

The system of allowing dead hogs to remain on the
surface of the ground, aud near the water courses, is a
bad one, and has much to do in spreading cholera.
As the disease is a bacterial one, buzzards, dogs, and
rats are doubtless frequently responsible for outbreaks
of the disease, as they may carry the bacteria on their
bodies after feeding on the carcasses of hogs which are
left to be devoured to save the trouble of burying.
All hogs which have died of cholera should be burned.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

385

If every farmer were to keep his hogs on his own
place, the mortality in this State from hog cholera
would be greatly reduced.

Parasitical diseases of sheep and hogs, and, in fact,
other auimals, are also spread to a considerable extent
by the common practice of allowing stock to run at
large. The mortality of the sheep of this State is due
almost entirely to parasites of the lungs or digestive
tract. One sheep infested with these parasites is suf-
ficient to infect the grounds of a whole neighborhood
if allowed to roam at large.

Since writing my article in the last issue of the
Planter, I have investigated the presence of the cattle
tick in Gloucester county. Two years ago, a "no
fence" law was established in this county. Up to
that time, ticks were numerous in the county. As a
result of this law, the writer was able to find but
three ticks in a ride from one end of the county to the
other, and numerous farms were visited. The result
of the "no fence" law in Gloucester county is two-
fold : Stockmen will be enabled to breed a better class
of cattle by having gotten rid of the ticks, and the
county will be released from quarantine next season.

Being charged with the work of controlling conta-
gious and infectious diseases of the lower animals in
this State, it is the writer's earnest desire that the
people speedily adopt some method to prevent the
running at large of stock, as this is a very important
factor in controlling and stamping out diseases.

E. P. Niles,
Veterinarian, Va. Experiment Station.

FARMING IN GERMANY.

Editor Southern Planter :

Among the odd things about farm life in Southern
Germany are the primitive implements iu use. Most
peasants have a wagon, a plow and a harrow of old-
fashioned patterns, but the standbys are the hoe, the
scythe and the flail. The women handle them as well
as the men, and as the children are early taught to
help with the work, the peasant thinks that money
expended for improved machinery is badly invested.
With the sound methods employed his eight to ten
acres will support the family in comfort. Close econ-
omy is, of course, necessary, and the land must be
made, if possible, to bring two or three crops. If milk
and poultry are sold, the standard of living will not
only be raised, but something may be laid aside, for
where proper attention is given to these important
items the results are almost always satisfactory. It is
here as with us, the farmer who has only grain to sell
seldom prospers.

Of the 306,643 parcels of land devoted to farming
in the kingdom of Wnrtemberg, over 134,000 are from

two to ten acres in extent, 18,445 from twenty to forty
acres, 7,323 from forty to one hundred acres, and only
156 exceed two hundred acres. Quite a number of
the larger tracts belong to the Crown, and are con-
ducted as model farms. They are leased for a long
term of years and at a moderate reutal to farmers with
established reputations, and serve as object lessons for
the peasants. They are of great value to them, as may
be readily seen by a visit to the districts in which they
are located. Most of the forest lands are owned by
the Crown and by parishes, and those that are in the
hands of private persons are subject to the State
forestry laws, and may not be cleared except on cer-
tain conditions. The forest is held in high veneration
by the German people, and the part assigned to it by
nature, as well as its economic importance, is so thor-
oughly appreciated by them that too much cannot be
said in praise of the admirable management of every-
thing connected with the German forest. In Wurtem-
berg forest lands pay on the whole nearly as well as
farm lands, averaging between 2 and 3 per cent, on
the capital invested.

In addition to the sale of. lumber, firewood, tanbark
and charcoal, considerable revenue is derived from the
game, as deer, hares, foxes, pheasants and woodgrouse
abound. Wild boar are still found, though they are
not as numerous as in former years. The privilege of
hunting is granted only to those who procure a " shoot-
ing pass" from the government, which costs about
$5.00, and is good for a year, and in addition thereto
purchase the exclusive right to. certain preserves, the
price varying according to their extent and the game
they contain ; but it is generally a good round sum.
A landowner is not permitted to hunt even on his own
land without taking these steps, unless it embrace at
least forty acres lying in a body. In which case, he
may dispose of it as he sees fit without consulting the
parish authorities. Only the rich enjoy the luxury of
hunting and fishing in the Fatherland. In the ad-
joining Grand duchy of Baden the receipts from
" rents of hunting grounds" reach $200,000 annually,
and it is probable that in this State they are even
more.

The smaller parcels of land in Wurtemberg, those
under two acres iu extent, and which are 100,000 or
more in number, lie in the main close to the cities and
towns. They are owned mostly by townspeople, often
tradesmen and thrifty mechanics, who raise ther veg-
etables on them. As the peasants live in villages with
their fields scattered over a radius of two or three
miles, and there are no fences, it is difficult to ascer-
tain how much each one owns without consulting the
records ; but a peasant with twelve to fifteen acres is
considered well off. The price of land depends on
quality and location, the buildings in the village being

386

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

usually sold separately ; but there is not much of it of
any account that can be bought for less than $250
to .**;00 au acre.

In Northern and Central Germany, where land is
cheaper, and the farms are larger than in the south, a
great deal of improved machinery, much of which is
imported from the United States, is in use, owing to
the great scarcity of help. Indeed, in many parts of
Prussia, especially in the beet sugar districts of Han-
nover and Madgeburg, I have teen steam plows in op-
eration.

An official in the Agricultural Department told me
the other day that there are over two hundred of these
plows in nse in Germany, and that the work done
with them is cheaper, quicker and better than with
horses. They differ materially in construction and in
size ; some of them are operated by one traction en-
gine which accompanies the plow, and others by two
engines with windlasses. The largest size turns seven
furrows and requires engines of 18 20 horse power.
Steam drainage plows are also rendering invaluable
service in reclaiming swampy lands, following the
methods which have proven so successful in Holland.
They cut a good, smooth ditch three feet deep, and one
plow will, it is claimed, do as much work in a day as
five hundred men.

So keenly is the want of farm hands felt, especially
on the large estates in Prussia, that landowners are
petitioning the government through their agricultural
societies to permit them to employ convict labor.
People in Germany never think of trying to help
themselves in an emergency if they can get the govern-
ment to come to their relief. She is a dear good old
grandmother that responds to their every call. During
the busy seasons on the farm large numbers of soldiers
are furloughed and sent to the country for weeks at a
time, and the schools in the rural districts have their
regular planting and harvesting vacations. It was
only recently, too, that the Prussian minister of Pub
lie Works instructed the managers of the State rail-
roads to reduce their forces during harvest as much as
possible without detriment to the service, so that far
mers might obtain help more easily. The government
further has expended $25,000,000 during lecent years
in buying up large bodies of land in the thinly-settled
provinces of Northeast Prussia and has divided them
into small farms to be sold to actual settlers. The
chief object of this scheme is, of course, to colonize
these lauds with Germans and crowd out the naughty
Poles who worry "granny" so, but still the farming
interests of these provinces will bo benefitted by the
undertaking.

Large farmers do not hesitate to say that they could
not cultivate their lands were it not for Americau ma-
chinery. Farm laborers of both sexes are inefficient

— slow, lazy and dull — if their employers are to be be-
lieved. The laborers, on the other hand, complain of
low wages, poor food and harsh treatment, and leave
the farm to better their condition in the manufactur-
ing districts. The industries of the country are
steadily growing, while farming, in spite of the foster-
ing care of the government, is declining, and Germany
will in years to come be obliged to bay more of her
bread and meat abroad.

Sam'l Rolfe Millar.
Rotweil, Wurteniberg, July 6. 1898.

SOME DON'TS FOR FARMERS.

Don't put off till to morrow what you should do to-
day. A few days' growth of the weeds will probably
make au extra day's labor for your force.

Don't lend your farm tools too much to your shift-
less neighbors (if you have any) ; they may make you
do what they will not do themselves — that is, buy
again. There are, of course, occasions when all must
borrow ; but it has grown to be too much of a practice
with some, and they will not buy.

Don't go a fishing when you should go a field. Re-
verse the order — go a -field and then go a-fishing.

Don't spend too much of your time in keeping posted
as to the progress of the war, or the political outlook,
while there is so much work needing attention on the
farm. Keep posted on these matters ; but be sure to
devote a portion of your time to studying the farm.

Don't let the branches of your apple trees grow too
thick. Prune them liberally every year. The trunk
cannot furnish vitality for too much top. Prune
them.

Don't fail to subscribe for two or three good farm
publications, including The Southern Planter, aud then
read and study them closely. They will give you
timely hints and suggestions as to the management of
the farm.

Don't grumble at the weather; you may think it
rains too much or too little. Just be patient.

Don't leave your farm tools exposed to the weather.
It is a bad plan, as you will find, after yon have had a
little experience.

Don't keep too many dogs ; some six or seven are
enough for one man. I only keep one ; but then I am
not a dog fancier.

Don't let your hogs run at large unfed, if you would
have them thrive. They will become breachyaud get
up trouble for you with your neighbors.

Don't grow impatient if your farm work is hard
and pressing; just think of harvest time and be pa-
tient.

Don't forget that these "dou'ts" are intended for
YOU. Frank Monroe Beverly.

Dickenson County, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

387

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

RICHMOND, VA.

Issued on 1st of each Month.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Southern Planter is mailed to bub-
Boribers in the United States and Canada at
$1.00 per annum ; all foreign countries, 81.25.

I! < in it lancfs should be made direct to this
otlice. either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we cannot be responsible.

*ltravs (jive the Name of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
tint be found on our books unless this is done.

The l»ate nil your I abel shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the fact at once.

We invite Farmers to write us on auy
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles. Suggestions How to Improve The
Planter, Descriptions of New Grains. Roots,
tables not generally known. Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of < 'ultivation are each and all wel-
' ontriliutions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of postage.

No anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

RICHMOND, VA.

PUBLISHERS NOTES.

Our Sixtieth Anniversary.

Next year will be the sixtieth year
of publication of The Southern
Planter. We desire to make it a
record year in the number of our
new subscribers. To enable us to
do this, we have decided to start
now. We will send The Planter to
the year 1900 to all who send us $1
at auy time during the present year
who are not at present subscribers,
thus giving them the Journal for the
present year free of all cost. This
is a most liberal offer, and one
which ought to secure us a large
addition to our list. We would ask
our subscribers to bring this offer
to the notice of their friends and

Vr %f ■ m. tkm \f U % ^^ I V.J low land depends on
proper drainage. Proper drainage depends on the use of drain tile. We would
like to tell you how to install an effective system of drainage, and quote prices on

Farm Drain Tile

Fire Bricks,
Drain Tile.

Powhatan Clay Mfg. Co., Richmond, Va.

Artistic
Front Bricks.

T.W.WOOD * SONS
FALL CATALOGUE

Will be Ready for Mailing August 15th.

Will be sent free to anyone interested upon request. This catalogue gives
the latest experience and information in regard to

Grass and Clover Seeds. Vetches, Seed Wheat, Oats, Rye, Barley,
and all Vegetable and Flower Seeds and Flowering Bulbs

■i5'FOR FALL PLANTING. •*■—

Write for Catalogue and Prices of any Seedj required

T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

urge them to avail themselves of it.
It is needless for us to say anything
of the merits of The Planter, and it
would be in bail taste for us to do
so. Our subscribers are sending us
testimonials every day, for which
we thank them. The greatest tes-
timonial, however, of the work of
the Journal is that it has continued
to receive the support of the farm
ers of the South for nearly sixty
years, and that to-day it has more
subscribers on its books than ever
previously in its history. We trust
and expect that this offer will, at
least, enable us to double that list.
There are few subscribers who t ould
not send us at least one new name
if they would only try. We ask
them to do so. We shall be deeply
grateful.

FIRST TO FRONT.

When the soldiers
was Pii^'e tence— first i
-there's tbj

: bed I bickamaug/a, there
the Beld. Landed in Cuba
sa "path-finder."

WHOSE MONEY?
On July 1st, 1898, we received a remit-
tance of $1.00 without any name or ad-
dress accompanying it. It was post-
marked Washington, D. C. As we have
a large number of subscribers at this of-
fice, we do not know whom to credit.

PAGE WOVEN KIKE PENCE CO., Adrian, Midi.

WideTires Make Good Roads.
GOSHEN

LOW WAGON

WHEELS

nave wide tires — 3K to 6-in.
Justseehowit'smade — layer
/upon laver of kiln dried In~
,y diana White Oak, cut wedge
/ shaped, grain running from
,/ hubtotire. Look how it's riv-
y eted. Look at the hroad
flanges with bolts running
KfcLLY F'NDRY & MACH. CO. Hear throuBfi.
V4 Furl St. Goshen, Ind. Circulars &c. free.

Mill. We make al5
od power mills in a
CotuloBueFKEE.
PERKINS WIND MILL CO., 15 Race St., Mlsbawaka, lad.

388

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

HOW'S THIS!
We offer One Hundred Dollars reward
for any ease of Catarrh that can not be
cared "hv Hall's Catarrh Cure.

F.'.T. CHENEY & CO., Prop's,
Toledo, 0.
We. the undersigned, have known F. J.
Cheney for the last 15 years, and believe
him perfectly honorable in all business
transactions, and financially able to carry
out any obligation made bv their firm.
West i'v TbdaX. Wholesale Druggists,
Toledo, 0.
Wai.dinc, Kin-nan & Marvin,
Wholesale Druggists, Toledo, 0.
Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally,
acting directly upon the blood and mu-
cous surfaces of the system Price 75c.
per bottle. Sold by all druggists. " Testi-
monials free.
Hall's Family Pills are the best.

MAGAZINES.
The Century has a number of articles of
intense and timely interest, amongst
these being "The Island of Porto Rico,"
by F. A. Oberlate, Commissioner in Porto
Rico for the Columbian Exposition ;
"Cuba, as Seen from the Inside," by
id Welsh, an American sugar grow-
er': " An Artist with Admiral Sampson's
Fleet,' by Walter Russell; "The Sani-
tary Regeneration of Havana," by Sur-
geortiGeneral Geo. M. Sternberg; "Facts
About the Phillippines," by the Hon.
Frank A. Vanderlip, Assistant Secretary
of the Treasury ; and "Life in Manila,"
by Wallace Gumming, an American busi-
nessman. In addition to these articles,
Mark Twain is represented by a charac-
teristic article, "The Austrian Edison
Keeping School Again."

St, Nicholas is a midsummer number,
full of timely and seasonable articles for
the young people. There is a story of the
Navy, "Margery and the Captain," by A. A.
Rogers; an article on the "Big Guns
and Armour of our Navy ;" a story of
the Phillippines; an article on "Ocean
Storms," and another on the " Cradle of
lies." "Lawn Tennis for School
," is an excellent article by a clever
te^pnis player, J. R. Paret.

Cipmncott'a complete novel for August
is " The hast Rebel," by Joseph A. Alt-
sheler,\a well-known writer of war stories.
It deals with the experience of a north-
erner who wandered into a lonesome
pari of the Southern Alleghanies after
the war had ended, and found himself a
prisoner. The prospects of "The United
Slates as a Colonial Power," are consid-
ered by Fred. Perry Powers. Annie
Steger Winston writes on "The De-
mocracy of Fiction."

AppUton'a Popular Selena Monthly has

an interesting article by Mary Roberts
Smith on the "Education of Women for
Domestic Life." Dr. Collier gives his
second article on the " Evolution of Colo-
nies." ''The Manual Training School" is
the subject of Prof. Henderson's third
article. Hon. David A. Wells continues
his articles on Taxation, and this month
discusses the question: "What shall be
taxed and how it should be taxed." This

subject is one of great interest at the
present time.

The Ladies' Home Journal for August
is almost entirely given up to fiction, and
those who love good tales will therefore
have a treat in store.

Harpers' Monthly for August is an ex-
cellent number. The first article is by
Stephen Bonsai, " The Convict System in
Siberia." It is finely illustrated. " The
Monster," a story by Stephen Crane ;
"The Lord Chief Justice," by H. B. Mar-
riot Watson; "Old Chester Tales," by
Margaret Deland ; " The Fish Warden of
Madrid," by Bliss Perry, are amongst the
stories. " If the Queen Had Abdicated"
is an interested explanation of the diffi-
culties attending the abdication of a Sov-
ereign in England, with tine illustrations.
"Mr. Gladstone, Reminiscences, Anec-
dotes and an Estimate," by George W.
Smalley, is full of interect.

Harpers Illustrated Weekly tells the
story of the War by pen and pictures
better than any other journal.

Harpers' Bazaar is always full of mat-
ter of interest to the ladies.

The American Monthly Review of Review
for August reviews the Santiago campaign
by land and sea from start to finish.
Winston Churchill, who wrote so accept-
ably on Admiral Dewey for the June Re-
view, describes in this number the won-
derful battle with Cervera's fleet, and his
article is illustrated in part from Hem-
ment's remarkable photographs of the
Spanish ships taken the day after the
fight. John A. Church, formerly of the
Army and Navy Journal, contributes a
full account of the Santiaeo land fight-
ing, and his article also is illustrated
from new photographs. Park Benjamin
writes on the work cut out for the East-
ern squadron under Commodore Watson.
Altogether, the Review again shows its
ability to keep well abreast of all impor-
tant military and naval movements, and
to exhibit a clean pair of heels to all its
competitors in magazinedom.

CATALOGUES.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute (State
Agricultural and Mechanical College),
Blacksburg, Va., 1897-'98. Copies may
be obtained from the President of the In-
stitute on application. This is now one
of the finest Technical Colleges in the
United States, where boys can be trained
in the sciences, both practically and the-
oretically, so as to be fitted to earn their
own livings from the day they leave the
Institute, and it ought to have the sup-
port of every citizen of the State who has
boys to equip for life's battles.

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
This is now a most fully equipped Insti-
tution of learning and doing a great work
for the State.

Sunnyside Shetland Pony Farm, Mon-
mouth, 111. Milne Bros., Proprietors.

Souvenir Hand-Book — The Farmer's
Friend. By A. H. Foster, Allegan, Mich.,
Breeder of Purebred Stock, Ac.

Strong _Champion

A Mother Whose Child Was
Saved from Suffering

Had Inflammatory Rheumatism
and Screamed with Pain.
" One of my children was helpless with
inflammatory rheumatism and rheumatic
fever. He had been in a bad condition
for five weeks, and screamed nearly all
the time with pain. Medicine seemed to
do him no good. One evening my hus-
band suggested that a good blood purifier
was what was needed. He purchased a
bottle of Hood's Sarsaparilla and began
giving it to him. From that time he im-
proved rapidly and soon he was able to
attend school and could walk quite a dis-
tance. He has never since had an attack
of this kind. I have given Hood's to other
members of my family, and find it ensures
good health. 1 am a strong champion ot
Hood's Sarsaparilla." Mas. C. 8.
Fletcher, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Hood's Sarsaparilla

Is the best— In fact the One True Blood Purifier.

I_l ,, Dillc are purely vegetable, re-

nOOu S Kills nable, beneficial. 25c.

FARM MANAGER

Desires a situation. Ample recommenda-
tions as to character and ability. Married,
and wife will cook for farm hands, it'
desired. R. A. ADAMS, 1500 W Broad
Street, Richmond, Va

SITUATION WANTED

Bv a mnrried man. Thoroughly understands
farming In all its branebes. Wife good butler
maker. Two years' reference from cm-sent
employer. Address HERDSMAN, care
Southern Plan/

WANTED!

VIRGINIA

\VM. B. PIZZ1NI CO..

FARMS!

Ki<-li m mid. Va.

...CHEAP FARM

Of 105 acres, all open. One mile from Peters-
burg, Va.. Chesterfield county. Good build-
ings, brick; fine orchard: vineyard; good
dairy and stock farm. Jl',800; cost $1,300.

Address L. H. C. Southern Planter.

HARROW

FOR SALE^m^

A New CUTAWAY HARROW

NEVER USED.

WILL SELL FOR $16.00.
Apply at once to

FARMER, cars Southern Plantar.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

389

We are the largest C-d-£wi|
manufacturers of.. ^5 ICC I

Truck Wheels

for farm wagons in America

Send for Catalogue
Havana Metal Wheel Co , Havana, III.

FARQUHAR'S

WUSX".* THRESHING ENGINES

Most perfect and pow

Threshing Machines & Saw Mills of all sizes

Send for full descriptive catalogue and prices.

A. I!. FARIH'HAR CO., Ltd., York, Pa.

Gas and Gasoline Engines

The "LAMBERT"

ONE-H 1RSE POWER
ONE HOUR foi
ONE CENT.

Stationary Engines, 1 to 100 H. P.
Portable Engl new, ' 2 to 15 H. P.

The modern farmer necdsone for driving his
pump, green hone cutter, churn, cream separa-
tor, feed grinder, wood saw, saw mill, ensilage
or fonder cutter, cotton gin, electrical dynamo.
The '• LAMBERT" is honest, reliable, simple,
sate. A boy can start and operate it. Send for
our latest catalogues and circulars.

LAMBERT GAS a GASOLINE ENGINE CO.
780 W. 3d St., Anderson, Indiana.

ENSILAGE GUTTERS, CORN CRUSHERS.

FEED CUTTERS, CORN THRESHERS.

Best Work, Greatest Capacity,

Cheapest to Operate.

E. A PORTER & BRO., Bowling Green, Va.

and Fertilizer Drill

Positively the
neatest, ligh
est and strong.

est cruin

and fertilt
can be changed
operation with
of (rnar wheels. Fully guaranteed.
Positively accurate
titv. Giceonea triad
vinced. Agents wanted. Circulars free. Addreei
HEX H dt DRO.lIGflLO, Mfr's, York, Pa.

Peter Henderson & Co., Cortlandt St.,
New York. Midsummer Catalogue.

Illinois Steel Co., Chicago, 111. A com-
plete description of the immense works
of this Company, with fine illustrations.

Homeseeker's Catechism. Issued by
the Land and Industrial Department,
Southern Railway, Washington, D. C.

PAMPHLET.

The Matterhorn Head and Other
Poems. By Charles Josiah Adams, St.
Luke's Rectory, N. Y.

REPORTS.

U. S Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Office of Experiment
Stations. Experiment Station record,
Vol. IX, No. 11.

Division of Botany. Bulletin 20. Prin-
cipal Poisonous Plants of the United
States.

Division of Chemistry. Bulletin 50.
Composition of Maize.

Division of Entomology. Bulletin 14.
The Periodical Cicada.

Division of Entomology. Circular 32.
The Larger Apple Tree Borers.

Division of Entomology. Circular 35.
House Fhes.

Office of Experiment Stations. Bulle-
tin 54. Nutrition Investigations in
New Mexico.

Section of Foreign Markets. Bulletin
13. Trade of Puerto Rico.
Division of Forestry. Bulletin 18. Ex-
perimental Tree Planting in the
Plains.

Division of Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology. Bulletin 15. Some Edi-
ble and Poisonous Fungi.

Division of Pomology. Bulletin 7. The
Fruit Industry.

Division of Statistics. Bulletin 15.
Changes in the Rates of Charge for
Railway and other Transportation
Services.

Farmers' Bulletin, No. 76. Tomato
Growing.

Farmers' Bulletin 79. Experiment Sta-
tion Work VI.

Farmers' Bulletin No. 80. The Peach
Twig Borer.

Farmers' Bulletin, No. 82. The Cul-
ture of Tobacco.
Arizona Experiment Station, Tucson, Ari.

Bulletin 27. Arizona Weather and
Climate.

Bulletin 28. Salt River Valley Soils.
Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.

Bulletin 148. The Quince Curculio.

Bulletin 141). Some Spraying Mixtures.
Kentucky Experiment Station, Lexing-
ton, Ky. Bulletin 74. The Chinch
Bug. Earth worms a Source of Gapes
in Poultry.

Bulletin 75. Commercial Fertilizers.
Louisiana Bureau of Agriculture and Im-
migration, Baton Rouge, La. Bulle-
tin I. Louisiana Fanners' Institute.
Minnesota Experiment Station, St. An-
thony Park, Minn. Bulletin 56. Fat-
tenit g Lambs in Winter. Fattening
Range Lambs.

Bulletin 58. Fattening Steers in Win-
ter. Fattening Minnesota Steers.
Fattening Range Steers.

Mica

'Axle
Urease

Makes the wagon pull easier,

helps the team. Saves wear

and expense. Sold

everywhere.

lightens
the

shortens
the

road.

For POULTRYMEN ~

ilThe "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The I'.'

the World.

■' em" Cover Cutter. The $5
Sheil and Com Mill, Farm Feed

Mills. Powder Mills.
srntl far Circular and Testimonials.

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

LIGHTNING WELL MACHY*

IS THE STANDARD]
STFAM PUMPS, AIRLIFTS.^ M

GASOLINE ENGINES t,f|e

WRITE FOR CIRCULAR IES IfB&SS

THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS ll_

AURORA. ILL-CHICAGO.- DALLAS, TEX.

THE IMPROVED

Chaniberlin Mfg. Co., Olean. N. Y., U. S. A.

CLEANERS

ICZ'T^--

And One and Two-horse Threshing outfits.
Level Tread Pat. Governor. Feed and Ensilage
OTJTTEttS. Circular Free.

PEA-NUT THRESHER AND CLEANER

THREE SIZES.

The Keystone Pea-Nut Thresher and Cleaner
made a lasting impression on all who saw il
work last season by the superior manner in
which it removed the nuts from the vine,
separated the broken nuts from the whole
ones and deposited each In separate vessels.
No grower of pea-nuts can afford i<> be with-
out one. Apply to Ashlon Starke, Richmond,
Va. ; Geo. C. Burgess, Burgess. Va.; Harrls-
Dillard Hardware Co., Rlackslone. Va.--.\gts.
ELLIS KEYSTONE AGR'L WORKS,
Pottstown, Pa.

{90

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

Potash

is as necessary to plants as
bread is to man. Some crops
need more Potash than others,
but none can do without it.

The character of soils must
also be considered, some soils
being more deficient in plant
food (Potash, phosphoric acid
and nitrogen) than others. .

Every farmer should read
our pamphlets containing full
particulars of the large number
of experiments made by Experi-
ment Stations with fertilizers on
different soils and crops.

These pamphlets can be had fret on application.
UERT1AN KALI WORKS, 93 Nassau St., N. Y.

ftri R E sTm \A JR 1 1 NE I ?)

RICHMOND, VA.

ASSETS,

$750,000.

DIRECTORS :
Win. II Palmar, D. O. Davis,

E. B. Addison, E J. Willis.

Thomas Potts. Win. Josiah Leake,

W. <'tto Noltiug.

W.M. H. PALMER,

w. h. McCarthy,

Presideut.
Secretary.

FRAZER 1

: Axle Grease..™;. ;

4 Its wearing qualities art- unsurpassed. ;ie
^ tuallvoutlasting 3 bxs. all v other brand
W Not affected by heat. «*-Get the Genuin
4^%. FOR BALE BY ALL DEALERS,

PIEDMONT

Hog Cholera Preventive and Cure

A sure Prevent Ive and Cure for Hoe and
Chicken Cholera. (J, 1. Eteid, Woodvllle,
V:i.. Inventor.) Manufactured and sold by
C. 11. wine, Brandy station. Va,

North Carolina Experiment Station, Ra-
leigh, N. C. Bulletin 147. A Study
of Lettucea.
Bulletin 148. Digestion Experiments.
Timothv Hay. Timothy Hay with
Cotton-Seed "Meal. Crab Grass Hay.

South Dakota Experiment Station, Brook-
ings, South Dakota. Bulletin 58.
Moisture Investigation, 1897.'"
Bulletin 59. Forage and Garden Crops

on the James River Vallev.
Bulletin 60. Millet.

Virginia Experiment Station, Blacks-
burg, Va. Bulletin 75. Black Leg.
Bulletin 70. The Cattle Tick in Vir-
ginia.

Virginia Weather Bureau, Richmond, Va.
Report for June, 1898.

West Virginia Experiment Station. Mor-
gantown, W. Va. Bulletin 52. Straw-
berries.

Trie Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion address, Sam'l B Woods,

Charlottesville. Va.

HAS FOUND RELIEF.

Petersburg, Va., May 13, 1S9S— James
Leath, of this place, states that he lias
been troubled with pimples on his face,
and has been taking Hood's Sareaparilla
which purified his blood and cured him.
Hood's Sarsaparilla is a great medicine to
make the blood pure, and it promptly
cures all disease originating in or pro-
moted by an impure or impoverished
condition of the blood. Its popularity is
well merited.

We begin this issue an announce-
ment of the Golden Fleece Shropshire.'
at White Star Stock Farm, Allegan, Mich.,
the property of A. H. Foster, a well
known breeder of Shropshire sheep and
Poland China swine.

Mr. Foster is breeding sheep for wool
as well as mutton quality, and rams from
his dock are heading many of the pure
bred Hocks throughout the United States.
Parties needing anything in his line
should not fail to write to him for prices,
and his handsome illustrated catalogue,
which is mailed to any address free

DELICIOUS SPONGE CAKE.
For sponge cake, weigh six eggs, take
their weight in sugar, and half their
weight in flour; separate the eggs care-
fully; add the sugar to the yolks, and
beat until light ; then stir in carefully
the well-beaten whites; sift the Hour two
or three times, adding it a little at a time,
folding and cutting it in. Turn into a
pan lined with greased paper, and bake
in a quick oven for from twenty to twen-
ty-five minutes — Mrs. S. T. Rorer in the
August Ladies' Horn* Journal.

A Neat BINDER for your hack num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

1 ,
Low-Down Grain and Fertilizer

Force feed throughout. Best working and
bandies! on the market. Bows all ..
graiu. Write for full particulars and prices to
A. I?. FARtJ I'll All CO., LTD.,

Manufacturers, York. Pa.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

<*

For STUCK. Just large enough.
light and simple; it don't pull
orcomeout. 100 Ear Marks, with
tools anil Register Book, only
13; with numbers, $3.50. &erutfor
Sample* andbe satisfied. Address

H. C. STOLL, Beatrice. Nebraska.

CELERY PUNTS

I have 50.000

Choice Celery
Plants for sale
at $1 50 per

Harvest King Wheat

^-j^sFOR SALE&<,
Yield, two years, running over 30 bushels
per acre. Also Imported White Winter Oats.
Write for prices to

E. FREEMAN, Rapidan, Va.

SEED CORN.

eldl

1.16!

The ALBEMARLE PROLIFIC, .

bus. per acre, aDd the greatest fodder-grower
for ensilage. Took a Breeders' (inzelte prize,
and for two years the tirst pri ■<■ of North < Jar-
den Farmers' Club. Price. Sl.ii per bushel. 111
small quantities; will make reduction lor
large orders.

■Write for prices of registered stock — Poland-
Chinas, Shropshire*. Red Pells. -;
Ponies, Pure-bred Turkeys, Ducks & 1 Iblckens
ARROWHEAD SfOCK FARM, Charlottesville. Va.
Kami. B. Woods, Proprietor.

BELGIAN HIRES!

.Meat Elegant Flavor and White.
Very prolific breeders. At maturity weigh
> pounds. Address—

WOODSON VENABLE, Farmville. Yn.

PEKIN DUCKS! PEKIN DUCKS!

One Thousand Early-Hatched Mammoth
Pekln Ducks al prices thai will surprise you
Now is your time to buy breeders for nexl
season. Save your express money by order-
lug from us, instead of the Northern breeders.
Our birds are noted Tor then- size an. I depth 01
keel. We will give you satisfaction In every
ease. Write ns what yon want. Addi

HAM I'l'i i.N ROADS DUCK RANCH,
W. C. Burruss, Prop. La Vista, Norfolk, Va.

STOCK FARM.

HOME OFTHE
COLDEM FLEECE

SHROPSHIRES

Hundso

AHFOSTEB Propr..
Allep'nn. Mich .

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

391

One

THE FILSTON FARM

Si JERSEY HERD |g

(Over 300 in Number)

Will Sell the Following Ball Calves
AT REASONABLE PRICES :

Dropped Aug. 26. 1897. By inbred
Combination bull Tonnage, out of

Pogis Diugv, that promises to exceed

8.000 lbs. fornrst year in mill; Has
25 per cent, of the blood of the great
Matilda 4th.

A-JA . Dropped March 18. 1898. By Ton-
■fc" • nage, out of Saurv Sally, a daughter
"^^^^ of Matilda's Stoke Pogis and grand-
dam of Rex ; 40 lbs. of milk and It;
lbs. of butter.

A "1/4 . Dropped April 14 189 3. By Gold Pe-
JU • dro, a son of Pedro, out of Perli-
"™""^^— vanta ; 51 lbs. milk one day, 1,38-1 lbs.
31 days, and 16 lbs. 5 oz. butter.

These Cows are Prize Winners in the
Dairy and Show-Ring.

For Pedigrees and Prices, address

ASA B. GARDINER, Jr., Treas. and Mgr,

GLENCOE, BALT. CO., MD.

SHEEP, SWINE AND DOGS.

FOR SALE!

SOUTHDOWN SHEEP

WITH PEDIGREE.

The Public Park Commission of Baltimore,
Md.. desiring to reduce the DRUID HILL
PARK Flock, offer for sale FIFTY-TWO Ewes
and TWENTY-FIVE Bucksat reasonable rates

These Sheep are of the purest blood, the
Rams for over twenty years past having been
direct importations from England— from the
Sandringham tiock of His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales, from the flocks of the Duke
of Richmond, Lord Walsingham, Henry Webb
and other well known Southdown breeders.
The Pedigree of the flock has been carefully
kept, and" will be furnished on application to
i 'apt. \VM. H. CASSELL. local Sunt. Druid
Hill Park, who will give all information as to
price, shipping, etc.

THE PUBLIC PARK COMMISSION.

ELLERSLIE FARWI^r
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co , Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H- WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

COTTAGE VALLEY STOCK FARH.

Thoroughbred ESSEX HOGS.

Pigs, 8 to 10 weeks old, $10 each, or $18 a pair.

Also a first-class Steel Full Circle Baling

Press, good as new, for sale.

W. M. W ATKINS, Proprietor, Randolph, Va.

FINE BLOODED Cattle,
Sheep, Hogs, Poultry,
Sporting Dogs. Send
stamps for catalogue. 1-50
engravings. N. P. Boyer
& Co., Coatesville, Pa.

SOME SEASONABLE RECEIPTS.
By M. W. Early.

Muskmelon Preserves.

Take muskmelons or canteloupes bare-
ly ripe ; peel off the outer rind thinly and
cut the' fruit into squares ; drop these into
weak btine, and let them remain there
twenty-four hours ; then soak them, and
boil them in a weak solution of alum till
they become firm and clear. Soak out
the taste of alum, and then make a syrup
of white sugar and a little water, allow-
ing 1 ' pounds of sugar to each pound of
the melon. After the syrup has boiled
transparent, drop in the pieces of melon,
and let them cook gently till done. Fla-
vor with stick cinnamon and white gin-
ger, and the thinly pared peeling of lem-
ons. In cool weather, add two teaspoon-
fuls of vanilla to each quart of the melon
preserves.

Brandy Peaches.

White Heath peaches are the best for
brandying, although almost any fine
peach will answer, if you take it before
it is dead ripe. Peel the peaches careful-
ly with a sharp penknife, and drop them
into a bucket of cool water, so as to keep
them white till you are ready to heat
them. Make a syrup of white sugar and
a little w;ater, allowing a half pound of
sugar to a pound of the fruit. When the
syrup has boiled transparent, drop the
peaches in it, and let them boil 10 or 15
minutes. Then pick them out with a skim-
ming ladle and lay them on dishes while
the syrup boils about a half hour longer,
or until it thickens. Put the peaches in
glass jars, and when the syrup lias cooled
a little, measure it in a cup, and to every
cupful of it you pour over the peaches
pour also a cupful of brandy or whiskey.

How to Can Peaches.

Freestone peaches are the best for can-
ning. Peel them carefully, and divide
them in half. Put them raw in quart
glass jars. Put these jars in a large tin
dish pan half full of water. Leave this
pan on the stove till the water boils
briskly and the peaches are thoroughly
heated. You will have to pour a little
water into the jars, at the start, whilst
waiting for the juice to cook out of the
peaches, and you must allow one- fourth
of a pound of white sugar to a pound of
the fruit. As ihe peaches shrink in the
process of heating, you will have to take
about one jar of them out of every three
or four to till up the remaining jars after
heating them all. Let them be brimful,
and then screw the top on tightly, after
putting on a rubber band. Set the jars in
some cool, dark place, and examine them
for several days, and screw the top more
tightly, as you can never do this thor-
oughly at first.

Another and easier way to can peaches
is to make a syrup of a little white sugar
and water, drop the peaches in, let them
come to a boil, and then put them either
in glass or tin vessels, filling the vessel
to the brim, and sealing it in such a way
as to make it thoroughly air-tight. It is
easier to keep peaches (as well as other
canned articles) in tin than in glass

STORY COUNTY HERD OF

-DUROC JERSEY SWINE

Bred from the very best stock. All
registered. For pi-ices, etc., address

N. L. NILES, Ames, Iowa.

The Champion Bacon Hog;

YORKSHIRES.

Will sell our surplus spring pigs at 8:1.00
each. Only a few left.

ANDREW WILSON, Manager,
Horse Shoe Farm, Free Union, Va.

WASHINGTON ^} LEE UNIVERSITY

LEXINGTON, VA.
WM. L. WILSON, LL. D., President.
Academic Engineering and Law Depart
rnents. Additions for next session.- Hue
professor, four lecturers; new School of Ecn-
nomies, Political Science and History. Ex-
penses very moderate. Opens September 8.
For catalogue, address the President.

VIRGINIA BUSINESS COLLEGE

Fifty dollars tuition admits to all depart-
ments for session of forty-two weeks.

Experienced faculty. Individual instruc-
tion. Open to both sexes. Graduates assisted
to positions. Eleventh session begins Sept.
6th. Catalogue free.

B. A. DAVIS. Jr., Pies t, Richmond, Va.

(State A. and M. College)
At BL.ACKSBURG. VIRGINIA.

Thirty Instructors. Thoroughly equipped
Shops, Laboratories and Infirmary. Farm of
iOO acres. Steam-heating and Electric Lights
in Dormitories. Degree Courses in Agricul-
ture; Horticulture: Civil, Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering; Applied Chemistry
and General Science. Shorter Courses in Prac-
tical Agriculture and Practical Mechanics.

Total cost of session of nine months, in-
cluding tuition and other fees, clothing, hoard,
washing, text-hooks, medical attendance, etc.,
about SKI5.0O. Cost to State students. 51fio.nO.
Next session begins Sept. 21, 18(18. For catar
logue, apply to

J. M. McBRYDE, Ph. D., LL. D., Pres't.

FILE.

Your SOUTHERN
PLANTERS

WE HAVE A FEW MORE
BINDERS LEFT.

■** Price, 25 Cents.

SOUTHERN PLANTER.
Richmond, Va.

A Neat BINDER for your hack num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
our Business Office.

392

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

though, on some accounts, the latter is
more desirable.

The best peach preserves are made of
late White Heath peaches, or of fine
Clingstone peaches, not perfectly ripe.
AHn« three- fourths of a pound of white
Sugar to each pound of the fruit ; make a
Byrup of the sugar and a little water, and
drop the peaches in it when it has boiled
transparent. A few blanched peach ker-
nels improve the flavor.

Small and inferior peaches will answer
for peach marmalades, and the riper the
better, Put on the fruit first, with a lit-
tle water, and add the sugar a little later.
It should be cooked about three hours.

WASHINGTON AND LEE

university:

We call attention to the advertisement
of Washington and T.ee University, Lex-
ington, Va., of which ex-Postmaster Gen-
eral Wilson is now President. One pro-
fessor and four regular lecturers increase
the faculty for next session.

We call attention of our readers to ad-
vertisement of Randolph-Macon College.

NOTES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF
VIRGINIA.

Among recent appointments of Univer-
sity of Virginia graduates to positions in
educational institutions is that of Mr.
Christopher B. Oarnett, of Mathews, Va.,
to be Instructor in Greek and Mathe-
matics at Bellevue Academy. Mr. Gar-
nett graduated as Master of Arts at the
recent commencement. He has already
taught for two years at Marion Military
Institute in Alabama, and did exception-
ally line work at the University last ses-
sion.

Prof. J. W. Downer, recently elected for
■ me year tii the Chair of Latin in Rich-
mond College, is another University of
Virginia man who has won rapid and
well deserved promotion. Prof. Downer
received Iih Master of Arts- at the Uni-
versity in 1897. For one year he was
Principal of the Charlottesville High
School, and during the year just passed
tilled the position of Instructor in Latin
in McCabe's University School at Rich-
mond.

Professor Downer has done considera-
ble work at the University for his Docto-
rate of Philosophy, and his friends ex-
pect to see him receive this additional
honor before long.

A MIDSUMMER WISH.

These summer days,

In burning haze

I rather wish

I were a fish ;

i »r, say a frog
• In some wet Log,

With naught to do

The long day through

But soak and croak,

And croak and soak.

— Hurjirr't Bazar.

' bar preparation has ever done so
many people so much good as Hood's Sar-
?a pari Ha, America's Greatest Medicine.

HOLSTE I N-FRI ESI ANS

Of the bluest blood— (NETHERLANDS,

1'IETEKTJES, CI.OTH1LDKS). Rich, heavy
milkers; magnificent animals.

BERKSHIRE HOCS (Registered)

" .Mayor of Biltmore" at head of in; herd.

English Beagle Hugs. Brown Leghorn
and Plymouth Rock Chickens.
Choice stock of all above for sale at right prices
Address—

T. O. SANDY, Burkeville, Va.

Are You a Hog

RAISEU? If you appre-
ciate the value of good
blood, try one Of my

Extra High bred
Berkshire Pies

to improve what you have.
There are no better pigs In
the world than mine. All
sired by Blltmore'e Long-
fellow 44fi7o, and dams of

English blood.

$500-110 more —
Ready for delivery-
Sept. 15th. Get your order
booked, as these pigs will
goat these prices

Address J. SCOTT MOORE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.— This is to Certify. That we are personally acquainted with Mr.

J. Scott. Moore, breeder of Berkshire hogs. Know him to be a reliable and responsible gentle-
man, and persons will find it a pleasure to do business with him: A.T. Shields, Clerk Rock-
bridge County Court ; K. R Witt. Clerk Rockbridge 1 Ircull 1 Sourl : Thus. A. Bterrett, sheriff of
Rockbridge Co. ; s. R. Moore. Treasurer Rockbridge Co.; Robert Catlett, Common wealth's At-
torney Rockbridge Co. : .1. S. Saville, Supt, of .schools Rockbridge Co. ; T. K. McCorkle, Mayor
of Lexington.

fy, the best Enp
fS l»rice. $5.

' no less. Reai

Lynnwood Stock Farm.

Horses

— HEADQUARTERS FOR

I Pure- bred and Grade Pereheron. Grade Hack-
I neys and Saddle Horses. Both Imported and
1 Home-bred Mares. Stud headed by two Im-
! ported S'allions. combining size, action & style

As I cannot use one of my imported Pereheron stallions
I longer to advantage, I will dispose of him at a low flgure
I He is very large and handsome and a 11 rst-class breeder.

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy. Headed by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbus; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition :

Black Knight, Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, and the greatest of all boars. King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardless of cost — and are from such blood as :

Kingseote llelle 2d, Artful Belle 88th, Lily Clay.
Pansy. Infanta, and other prize winners.

Young gilts bred and pigs ready for shipment, of either sex, at less than
half the COBl of the original slock.

N. & W. R. R JXO. F. LEWIS, |jj nun I. Va.

Berkshires

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

393

GOOD NEWS FOR GRAIN
GROWERS.

Thousands of farmers will welcome
news of a combined grain and fertilizer
drill that not only makes sowing easier
and more accurate, but economizes time,
grain and labor. All this, and more, is
done by the York Force Feed Grain and
Fertilizer Drill. It has a positive force
feed, sowing with perfect regularity all
kinds of grain, grass seed and fertilizer
The " agitator" makes it possible to sow-
oats as accurately as other grains. Both
the grain and fertilizer feeds are geared
from the center, doing away with all cog
wheels at ends of box. Both wheels act
as drivers, so there is no lost motion, and
the drill begins to feed the instant the
wheels move. The regulation of the feeds
is absolutely perfect. The amount of
grain to be sown per acre can be changed
without stopping the drill ; the variation
in quantity may be made as little as one
pint or as much as three and one-half
bushels. A land measurer accurately re-
cords the number of acres sown. By
sending to the manufacturers, Hench &
Dromgold, York, Pa., any farmer can ob-
tain a handsome catalogue containing a
detailed description and illustrations of
this grain drill, and of many other per-
fected farm machines.

FENCING

For Poult^-, half cost of
Netting. Also best Farm
Yard, Cemetery Fences,
Iron Posts, Gates, etc. I

USEFUL HINTS.

For removing from the hands stains
made by paring fruits and vegetables, use
oxalic acid.

If you want to cut glass for mending
windows, and have no diamond glass-
cutter, dip a piece of cotton wrapping
thread in turpentine, stretch it tightly
across the glass where vou wish to cut it,
set tire to the string, and after it is burned
break the glass while it is warm.

Washing the head with warm water,
into which a fresh egg has been well
beaten, prevents the hair coming out, and
softens the skin of the scalp.

Those who suffer from very hot and
damp feet should not wear Lisle thread
or cotton stockings, and they should be
careful to change their stockings fre-
quently, and bathe their feet in strong
salt water.

Shoes last much longer, and keep a
better shape if, when they are taken off,
the soles are straightened by being slight-
ly bent backwards before being put away.
Boot-trees are also very economical, keep-
ing the shoes the same shape as when
new.

If a little ordinary salt is placed in the
bath water each morning, the skin is
much invigorated and refreshed. Where
a hath cannot be had, the body should be
quickly sponged down with a sponge
wrung out of salt water.

When you write to an advertiser,
mention The Southern Planter.

HIOH-BRED INGUSH

BERKSHIRE

Pigs

FOR
SALE

These pigs are sired by Sir John Bull, of N. Benjaneld's
herd, of Motcombe, England, who is patronized by—

Her Majesty the Queen :

His Royal Highness Duke of Counaught;

His Roi'al Highness Duke of York ;

His Royal Highness Prince Christian, etc.

Imported by me last November. Dams of the purest
and most aristocratic families of English blood. Pedi-
grees furnished with every pig. A rare chance for
entirely foreign and new blood for your herds.
41 Pigs now on hand at one-third

Western Prices

Address THOS. S. WHITE, Lexington, Va.

POLAND-CHINAS.

PIGSI PIGS! PIGS!

From the BEST strains of POLAND
CHINAS, and all PRIZE WINNERS

I am now ottering Pigs, and booking
orders for spring delivery, at the lot
lowing REMARKABLY low prices:
8 to 10 weeks old, 8(1.00 each ; $10.00 pair
3 to 4 weeks old, JS.00 each ; $15.00 pair

Price of older ones on application,
two years

I

£

SHORT-HORNS

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE!

Champion Cup, 121743, the great son of the famous Cup Bearer, 52692,
and Warrior Brave, 121517, by Knight of the Thistle, 108656, at the head of
our herds.

Our cattle are of the purest strains; including Pure Scotch and Scotch
Topped Bates, representing such noted families as the famous Duchess, Rose
of Sharon, Young Mary, Josephine. Illustrious, Moss Rose, and the great
Cruickshank Gwendolines and Secrets.

Also POL.1MM II 1 \ i and BERKSHIRE HOGS

From World's Fair Winners.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP - — — —>

Correspondence solicited. Satisfaction guaranteed.
For further particulars and prices, call on or address —

W. W BENTLEY, JNO. T. COWAN,

Pulaski City, Va. Cowan's Mills, Va. .

394

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

WOMEN \VH(> SHOULD NOT
MARRY.

The woman who proudly declares that
she cannot hem a pocket handkerchief,
never made up a bed in her life, and adds
with a simper that she has " been in
society ever since she was fifteen."

The woman who would rather nurse a
pug dog than a baby.

The woman who thinks she can get
$1,000 worth of Style out of a $200 salary.

The woman who wants to refurnish
her house every spring.

The woman who buys for the mere
pleausure of buying.

The woman who does not know how
many cents, nickels, dimes and quarters
there are in a dollar.

The woman who thinks that men are
angels and demigods.

The woman who would rather die than
wear a bonnet two seasons old.

The woman who thinks that the cook
and nurse can keep house.

The woman who reads cheap novels
and dreams of being a duchess or a
countess.

The woman who marries in order to
somebody pay her bills.

The woman "who expects a declaration
of love three times a day.

The woman who expects to have a
" good, easy time."

The woman who cares more for the
stvle of her winter cloak than she cares
for the health and comfort of her chil-
dren.

The woman who stays at home only
when she cannot rind a place to visit.

The woman who thinks embroidered
centrepieces and " d'oyleys " are more
necessary than sheets, pillow cases and
blankets.

The woman who buys bric-a-brac for
the parlor, and borrows kitchen utensils
from her neighbors.

The woman whose cleanliness and or-
der extend no further than the drawing-
room.

The woman who wants things just be-
cause " other women " have them.

The woman who thinks she is an orna-
ment to her sex if she wins a prize in a
competition.

MEN WHO SHOULD NOT MARRY

The man who proudly declares, when
he is going away to enjoy himself, he
leaves his wife at home.

The man who gives his wife work to do
instead of doing it himself.

The man who likes his wife to work
like a servant, except before his friends,
when it pleaies him to say, " She has the
times of it."

The man who thinks his wife can keep
house on the same money when they
have a family of twelve as when they
had none.

The man who takes his wife from a
jolly, comfortable home, and when the
family arrives takes care to have his
yearly holiday, and expects his wife to
be bappy at bome nursing the baby.

The man who teaches his children to
obey himself, and not his wife.

The man who never deems it necessary
to show any affection for his wife till her
eyes and ears are past all understanding.

The man who deems it no disrespect to
his wife to chuck the servant under the
chin.

tf. .(sSwpy^Wf^^i

Let's Talk it Over

Give me a chance to prove to you that r have
the greatest prlee-wlnnlng blood In theeountry

Jersey Tallle. Shropshire Sheep. Poland-
Cliiua. Berkshire and Chester Hugs

ami Pigs (hogs on separate farms).

silver Wyandottes (home manage-
ment) Rose and Single-Combed B. Leghorns
(on separate farms). Also White Holland
Turkeys, White Guineas, Pekin Docks, Tou-
louse Geese and Pea Fowls, Eggs furnished
in large or small numbers; guaranteed to !»<■
fresh and fertile. Write for circulars iV prices.

Highlands Stock and Poultry Farm,

B. WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. FANCY Hill, Va

/"* ATT I p Jerseys A Guern
V/*V ' * L#l-<» seys— all ages. Sever
head of two-vear Devon heifers in calf.

Berkshire* of the highest

* ' v-/vJ«J. tpye. Sows in pig. young
boars and young sows

Rock and Brown
Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Ducks.

r\/^|/"IC English Mastiff, Shepherd and Fox Terriers. A fine
L/Vyv_l4J. lot of puppies from the latter ready 60on.

tSTWrite Tor what you want.-ga

M. B. R0WE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

POWI ^ Eight Brahma, Plymouth

Biltmore Farms

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN!

YOU KNOW . • •

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual.

WE SAY • • •

That we can supply you with the very best
A. J. C. C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.

Berkshires, Southdowns and Standard Poultry.

Apply to * G. F. WESTON, Superintendent,

Biltmore, N. C.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

395

AN ITEM OF ECONOMY.

The use of the Gas and Gasoline en-
gine with the farmer is destined to be-
come general in the near future. The ad-
vantages possessed by this type of engine
over steam is apparent to any one who
will give it his attention.

The question of economy and keeping
down expenses is one in which every far-
mer is deeply concerned. The average
cost of fuel for running Gas or Gasoline
engines is about 5 cents per horse power,
for each ten hours' run. The engine af-
ter it is started is practically automatic.
No engineer or fireman is required, and
hut a few pails of water each day is all
that is necessary. The Gas engine is
clean, simple and reliable. It is an im-
portant item to be considered in the re-
duction of running expenses. The ma-
jority of power users overlook this im-
portant part of their plant when they are
seeking for expense items that may be
dispensed with, without affecting the
business. A hint to the wise is sufficient.
The " Lambert " Gas and Gasoline en-
gines are well built and thoroughly reli-
able, and are doin/ most excellent ser-
vice in driving every conceivable kind of
machinery. The builders will take plea
sure in acquainting anyone interested in
this type of motor with its merits and
advantages, and special attention will lie
given to all inquiries addressed to the
Lambert Gaa and Gasoline Engine Co.,
No. 780 W. 3rd street, Anderson, Indiana.

The Empire Manufacturing Company,
who were formerly located at Rock Falls,
have moved across the river and are now-
established in their new building at Ster-
ling, 111., and will soon be prepared to
take care of their business, which, they
report, has been steadily increasing for
the last three years. Their postoffice ad-
dress in the future will be Sterling, 111.

The Lynnwood Stock Farm, John F.
Lewis, Esq., proprietor, announces that
he caunot longer use one of his Imp. Per
cheron stallions to advantage, and is will-
ing to part with him at a low figure.

HARD FO FIND.

A woman who attends to the ordering
of her own household as she would have
others order theirs.

Those who keep the Ten Command-
ments, without wishiug that one or two
of them might be safely broken.

Those who love their neighbors as
themselves without measuring the rela
tive positions of love by different meas-
urements.

TO MANAGE A BOY.
A boy is like a bicycle, because he can
not stand alone. He needs a steady hand
t" direct his way. He runs the easiest
down hill. If you lose control of him he
may break your heart, if not vour head.
He is not made to travel on bad roads.
The straighter you keep him the more
safely he runs. The faster he runs, the
more closely must his guide stick to him.
He needs blowing up once in a while.
He should never be run by an}' more
than two cranks.

The Paint
Question?

" The economic value of a paint
is the sum total of the cost of the
material and its application, di-
vided by the number of times of
renewal within a given time of
years."

GOOD PAINT COSTS NOTHING BECAUSE
IT SAVES MORE THAN ITS PRICE.

Property owners wish to know what paint will
give the best protection for the longest period at
the smallest comparative cost.

This problem is exhaustively discussed in our
practical pamphlet, entitled "The Paint Question,"
by Stanton Dudley, which will be sent free on
application.

The New Jersey Zinc Co., 52 Wall St., New York.

LEE'S PREPARED AGRICULTURAL LIME....

As we have had so seasonable a simmer, there is a heavy growth of
VEGETATION. Now is your time to use our Prepared Lime.

On account of the war acid phosphate has materially advanced in price,
while we ate selling at the same as last season.
We made a small quantity of

SPECIAL WHEAT FERTILIZER

Last fall as a trial on corn land. All who tried it say they had better wheat on
their corn land than they had on tobacco land, on which they used 7' 0 or 800 lbs.
of standard fertilizers to the acre. Write for circulars to —

A. S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

Barred, Whiter Buff Plymouth Rocks

...EGGS FOR HATCHING

— SI. 00 per Setting of Fifteen Eggs for rest of the season

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder— Vorth or South — but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

Lock Box 42. J. H. CiARST, Salem, Va*

R

ando!ph= Macon

COLLEGE, Ashland, Va.

Reputation unsurpassed. Thoroughly equipped. Advanced
work in Science Expenses moderate.
Next session begins September 15, 1898.
For catalogue, apply to RICHARD IRBY, Secretary.

396

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

CAMPHORATED OIL.

A simple, home made liniment that is
almost magical in its results, is composed
of kerosene, camphor gum and sweet oil.
Into a quart bottle put a pint of kero-
sene, and add as much camphor gum as
it will dissolve, adding a little more day
by day and then shaking thoroughly.
Then add half a pint of sweet oil, shake
well, and it is ready for use. It should
be well corked and" kept out of the way
of children. Use for burns, cuts, bruises,
stiff neck, stirl joints, sore throat, bunions
and about all the ailments that rlesh is
heir to, as it will cure, and that right
speedilv, almost everything. A burn or
scald of any kind will not blister or long
remain sore if this oil be at once applied.
A ladv's hand was so severely scalded
with steam that it felt as though the
tlesh might be fairly cooked. It was at
once wrapped up and the liniment ap
plied, but so fierce was the heat that it
evaporated in less than a minute. Ap-
plication after application was made until
evaporation ceased. In less than ten
hours the hand was not in the least pain-
ful, and so natural in appearance that no
one would have imagined it had been
scalded. Kathleen-

A HUNDRED YEARS HEN'CE.

The world is growing better.

We see it in the South.
Some say The Southern Planter

Is what has brought it out.

Yes. the world is growing better ;

A hundred years hence
Who ever's here to pet her

Will find she's much less dense.
More juice within the oranges,

Less timber in the fence ;
So here are our apologies

For what now seems intense.

Yes. the world is growing better,

Poets have more sense :
What's lovelier than fresh butter.

And eggs in the present tense?
Love is far too subtte,

Too deep and too immense ;
With eyet it must be uttered,

If inky scrawl resents.
Cobham. I'd. Wm. Manx.

NURSERY RHYMES.

SLEEP '.UARANTEED.

I hav^ an orchard, who has not ?
I looked for apples and found a spot.
Now. the donkey that wouldn't go, got

hay :
Shall I treat my orchard that same way '.'
Or cut off its head with a carving knife'.'
The way Mrs. Farmer sliced the mice.
Go to my cupboard to buy some bone,
Or supply each tree with a telephone
To say hello ! when the microbes come
So I can run for mv spraying gun.
Vobham, To. W. M.

Miss Singleton : " They say that happy
marriages are rare. Tell me, did you
ever have any trouble with your hus-
band'.''' Mrs. May Tedd: "No trouble
that I recollect except in getting him." —
lid Bit*.

FOR SALE ; Five or Six thoroughbred mares

/• • of the Purest and Best Blood.

Sound and all right. Believed to be in foal to Imported Cbaraxus and
Eon. Sold for no fault. I have more than I want to keep.
Also a few SHORTHORNS and SOUTHDOWH&

R. J. HAXCOCK.
Overton. Albemarle Co.. Va.

QNLY \ BACON HALL FARM.

ATTRAPTIVF ' Hereford Bulls, at present.
A ii H A 1 1 1 V t Berkshires, all ages.

STOCK v Dorset Rams, Yearling Lambs.

cqi n Satisfaction or no money.

E. 5f . GILXET. Verona. Baltimore Co.. JId.

— Address -

OCCONEECHEE

FARM,

UCRHAJI. N. C.

Everything guaranteed
the beet.

FIME POULTRY OF ALL VARIET'RS

BRONZE AND WHITE TURKErS.

PEK1N DUCKS.

BUCK ESSEX AND RED JERSEY PIGS.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.
Jersey Bull Calves of the finest pedigrees.

THORN HILL STOCK FARM, Lexington, va

r-^^,^-^,^^'^^^'^^^^-r */*v*wv*/TS*/TS*/' F. D. COE. Pbwbietor.

specialties irrm .

Registered Poland-Cliina Hog*, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep. Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black D. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from my flock of Shropshires. at prices in
reach of all. EGGS from Mammoth Pekin Docks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at $1 per setting.
Satisfaction guaranteed every purchaser.

GHSTON STOCK r=HR7UT.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals.of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices;
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JXO. I . DETRICK, Somerset, Va.

HILL TOP STOCK FARM

The Home of Many Prize Winners.

W| Registered Berkshires and Poland-China Hogs,
^ Southdown and Shropshire Sheep, B. B. R.
'49 Game Chickens and Bronze Turkeys

We have now a choice lot of Ewes and Ewe Lambs. A limited number of good
Bucks and some fashionably-bred Pigs, Ac.

Write for prices or come and see our stock. Visitors always welcome, and
will be met at depot with conveyance on short netice.

H. A. S. HAMILTON A CO.. Staunton. Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

397

THE SOUTHERN PUNTER'S

1 (MS

READ-

The following and SAVE MONEY or
buying your newspapers and periodicals

DAILIES. """ »"»

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va J6 00 $6 25

The Times, •' " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, •' " 100 150

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

" Round Table 100 175

" Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00 1 60

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00 2 75

Christian Advocate, " "... 2 00 2 50
Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 150 2 00

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Horseman 3 00 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St. Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Lippincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' - 4 00 4 00

Forum " 3 00 3 25

Scribner's " 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey's " 1 00 1 60

Strand " 125 2 00

McClure's " 1 00 1 60

Peterson's " 1 00 1 50

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from "our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage oi
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

We furnish no sample copies of other periodi-
cals.

Pomona Hill hmn, pomoni, h. c. S emEbSSSS?

YORK IMPERIAL Johnsons Fine Winter), ALBEMARLE PIPPIN, BEN
DAVIS. WINE SAP, ARK, MAMMOIH BLACK.

500.000 Peach Trees, leading varieties. Also a complete line of general nursery stock. All trees
guaranteed absolutely true to name and free of all diseases.
Take time to write for catalogue, and give us an estimate ot your wants.

J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor. POMONA, N. i '.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &c.
Grapevines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. 'Write u*
if you contemplate planting. Catalogues tree.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. X. HOOD «3c CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

«NOW OFFERS FOR SHLE^

Pure-bred Holstein Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire

Lambs— delivered by July 1st, Bucks for $7 00 ; Ewes. $5.00. Also Shropshire
Bneks. one year old, $12 00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, $5.00;
three months old, $7.00, and five months old, 510.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken — $7.00 per pair ; $10 00 per trio.

When you write to an advertiser, always say you saw the adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

398

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

"Dill you ever stop to think, ray love,''
said Mr. M , gazing at his plate of lobster
salad. " that the things we luVe most in
this life are the very things that never
agree with us?" " Will you be so kind,"
said Mrs. M\, straightening herself, "as to
tell me whether you are speaking of the
salad or of me, sir?"— Credit Lost.

When woman drowns her home in suds,

Her husband feels despair;
She roots out such a lot of duds,

She thinks he ought to wear.

— Chicago Record.

Old Gentleman: ' So you'd like to be-
come my son-in-law." Mr. Harduppe;
" Yes, sir, if you can afford it." — Life.

Bacchus Woods: "So you've g'it hack
from New York. How did you feel in
such a big city ?" Farmer Stumpley : " I
felt for my pocket-book most o' th' time "
— Puek

Teacher : " Of course you understand
the difference between liking and lov-
ing?" Pupil: "Yes, raarm; I like my
father and mother, but I love pie." — Bos-
Ion Traveller.

School Teacher: "Now, Willie Higgins,
you may tell me what Commodore Dewey
did -on the 1st of May, 1898." Willie :—
" He did the Spaniards, ma'am." — Har-
per's Bazar.

Tailor (to mother, who is having a suit
made for her boy) : "Will you have the
shoulders padded?" Tommy (interrupt-
ing* : " No, ma ; tell him to pad the trou-
sers." -Credit Lost.

This is an excellent foundation for a
nursery dinner, and is very nourishing
and strengthening: Pick any white fish
free, from all skin and bones. Mix with
some boiled potatoes and mash well.
Beat an egg into this mixture, and season
with salt. Mix well, and steam for quite
half- an hour in a well-greased basin.
Serve with melted butter.

" Yes," said the politician, '• I said 1
was the working man's friend." But you
don't do any work," suggested the man,
with callused hands. "No — not at pres
cut." "And yon never did any work."
" That's true. You see, what the working
man most needs is work. And I am too
much the working man's friend to run
any risk of taking work away from him."

At a Wesleyan meeting recently a min-
ister at the beginning of his discourse
said he had forgotten his notes, and ex-
cused himself as follows: "I will have to
depend upon the Lord for what I say
this morning. This evening I will come
better prepared."

PAMPHLET.
"An Address to Intelligent and Patri-
otic Voters." By T. W. Wood, of Rich-
in. in. 1, Va This is a 20-page pamphlet
embodying the well-known views of the
author on the Silver question, and on the
position of capitalists at the present day.
It may be had on application to the
author.

Seed House of the South.

TIMOTHY

HI « KW III A I.

OATS and
CANE SKKIl.

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD AND GARDEN SI.I.DS ol

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGLAND-S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

-^WE ALSO SELL.

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

Tor Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

IOI6 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

ft New BOOK

By Prof. W A. HENRY, Wisconsin Experiment Station.

This book should be in the hands of every farmer in the country.
Every reader of the Soui'hkkn Planter could save the price of it
many times over It is a large, well-bound book, nicely printed,
over six hundred and fifty pages. Price, $2.00.

Name Express Office.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

399

CASTALIA HEREFORDS

'CASTALIA, KESWICK, VIRGINIA.

To make room for Pure-bred Registered Herefords

. . . ALL THE HALF-BRED . . .

Hereford Cows and Heifers

EXCEPT THE DAIRY HERD, ARE NOW OFFERED FOR SALE AT REASONABLE PRICES.

Farmers raising stock for market, or wishing BEEF with MILK,
cannot afford to miss this opportunity. A better lot could not be found
on Chicago Stock Yards, after a week's search.

Several of the above heifers are due in calf to my Grove 3d bull
Royalist 66433 ; others bred to him if desired.

g^r* Write for prices, or call.

Visitors met by conveyance at Keswick, when notified,

Js^^MURRAY BOOCOCK.

Seasonable Implements. . .

We have now ready for delivery All Implements for fall use.
Quality best. Prices lowest.

^W^W^^M^W^

Hoosier Grain Drill,
Land Rollers,
Ensilage Cutters,

Bissell Chilled Plows,

Corn Harvesters,
Junior Cider Mill,

BEST IN THE WORLD.

Send

for

Catalogue

and
Prices.

^*\*v

FARMERS' SUPPLY GO., - Richmond, Ua.

100

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

ANNOUNCEMENT

STOCKMEN* AND FARMERS are now piven, for the first time in
the history of Virginia, the opportunity of improving their Cattle by
cropping them with

PURE-BRED HEREFORDS

The Property of MURRAY B00C0CK. "Castalia," Keswick, Albemarle Co., Va.
ALL STOCK REGISTERED — .

Chief Herd Bull Imported Salisbury (Vol. 18). Cows selected for
combined excellence of individual merit and ancestry, descended from
such noted sires as WILD TOM, EARL OF SHADELAND 22d, BEAU
REAL, THE GROVE 3d, SIR RICHARD 2d, LORD WILTON, Etc.

VISITORS MET BY CONVEYANCE AT KESWICK.

FARMERS purchasing PUREBRED BULLS to cross on native cows, from a herd headed by a Bull of so pre
potent a type as SALISBURY, and cows of such scale and quality, can be sure that their next lot of calves will be
one hundred per cent more valuable than the usual "scrubs"

For Sale or Exchange

AN inPORTED' ^

HACKNEY STALLION

High class individuality ; handsome and well formed Well

broken to harness ; a fine saddler, and no horse has a better

disposition. Offered for no fault, simply because owner has

other .allions. Pedigree and further information supplied by

W. J. CARTER.

Box 929, RICHMOND, VA.

Kj \

PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.
CATALOGUES COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

Read, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER 'Broad Rock), Gen'l Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.
REFKKEHGEH— I.. HANKS BOLT [former owner John R. Gentrv,
J:i»i'..i, Graham. N. C. : Coi.. J. S. CARIi, Durham. N. C. : Maj.
1'. r. JOHNSTON (President National Trotting Association),
Lexington. Kv; Qoi.. b\ CAMERON. Kairntosh Stud, Stagville,
N. c.: JOB. BRYAN and H. G CHA.MBI.IN. Richmond. Va. ;
A. B. GWATHMKY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange), New York.; c apt
li. P. WILLIAMSON. Raleigh, N. C. ; .1. F. JACKSON Editor
Southern Planters Richmond, Va. ; H. A. Hnck (Editor Spirit ;f
the Timet), New York.

/}eea parm Jraii^i^
Stable...

^« ^« ^- ^- ^5?^v^S?

W. R. McCOMB, Proprietor.

J. B. STOUT, Trainer and Driver.

TROTTERS and pacers worked for speed:
colts broken to harness, and horses
boarded and kept in any manner desired at
Acca Stock Farm, near the Exposition Grounds,
or about one-half mile from Richmond.

Good stabling and one of the best half-mile
tracks in Virginia to train on.

For terms and further information address

W. R. McCOMB, Richmond, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

401

CANE MILLS AND EVAPORATORS

Strongest and Heaviest.

No Expensive Breakages.

Top and Bottom Journals
run in Brass Boxes

Encased Gearing to pre-
vent accidents.

Our EVAPORATOR PANS are made of best quality galvanized
steel, or heavy sheet copper, and are thoroughly tested before
leaving the factory. Furnaces are made of heavy sheet and
angle steel WRITE FOR REDUCED PRICES.

The Hocking Valley Cider Mills

Are constructed with a Single Wooden

Roller, and are so made that the apples pass
over no surface to speak of but a wooden sur-
face, ensuring cider pure and free from that
taste and color imparted by other mills.

THE HOCKINC VALLEY

Fodder and Ensilage Cutters

Are in every respect the best in the world. Made
in five Sizes, and range in capacity to meet the
wants of every one. All have the upward cut,
patent Rocking Feed Rollers; on power machines
Safety Balance Wheels.

Baling Presses for Hand, Steam and Horse Power, Engines, Saw Mills, Grist Hills. Grain

Drills. Plows and Castings of all kinds. Harrows, Corn Shelters. Road Carts, Buggies.

Surreys, Farni Wagons, L,og Trucks. Implements, Machinery and Vehicles

of every description.

WATT F LO W 00. 1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

3M2

Smith's
Well Fixtures,

Feed Cutters,

Buckeye
Corn Shelters,

Etc.

The Best Wagon in the State is the CAPITAL

It has 33 improvements. Workmanship and material warranted.
The Road Carts, Milk Wagons, etc., which we manufacture are unsurpassed.
Our Buggies. Carriages and Harness are of superior quality at the least money.
Wood's Patent Swing Churns have no equal The iron frames make nice tables.
Our show rooms and warehouses are the largest in the State. We have 50,000 feet floor space.
Catalogues on application.

7A^

THE IMPLEMENT COMPANY,

Office and Show Rooms: 1526 E. Main St., and 1525 E. Franklin St.,
Factory formerly H. M. Smith & Co. RICHMOND, VA.

402

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[August

Seasonable Goods Ready for 1898

AT LOW PRICES. ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

CHATTANOOGA

Improved Cane Mills.

GRIND YOUR OWN CASE .

Tlie Best Constructed. Finest
Finished and Lightest Running
Cane Mill in the World. "Take
Time by the Forelock," and write
for Discounts and Terms on

Chattanooga Steel Constructed
Cane Mills.

Self-Skimming Steel anil Copper

Evaporators, and Portable

Steel Furnaces.

Latest Improved Buckeye and

Hntchinson Cider Mills and

Presses.

Write for prices.

Milwaukee Corn Huskers
and Shredders.

Ross Peed Cutters and Powers.

READ THE LIST FOR YOURSELF, AND SEE WHAT GOODS I utumc —

The Genuine Oliver Chilled Plows and Repairs. Genuine Farmers'
Friend Plows. Studebaker and Brown Farm Wagons, Carts and
Buggies, Land Rollers and .Harrows, Ross Feed Cutters and Horse
Powers, Grinders. Wood Saws and Carriers, Superior Grain Drills,
Subsoil Plows, Champion and Johnston M owers. Reapers and Binders,
Hay Rakes and Twine, Iron and Wood Pumps, 1 X. L. Wind Mills,
Milwaukee Hay Tools and Corn Huskers and Shredders, Aultman &
Taylor Threshing Machines, Engines and Saw Mills, Disc Harrows
and Disc Cultivators- All goods guaranteed first-class.

ROSS CUTTERS

For Green Corn, Hay, Stalks, Dry Feed, and all kinds of
Cutting. Write for prices and 1S98 catalogue.

ADJUSTABLB SWINCS.

Buy one of the swings and set it up in your yard. You
cannot please your wife and babies half so well in any
other way.

1 .it my prices before buying, and I will save you money, and at the same t me
give you the best quality goods made. Latest Improved Implements always on
hand at bottom prices. Write for 189S catalogue. Repairs furnished for
Old Champion and Whitely Machines. Write for prices.

DON'T FORGET.

All the merchants in town who claim to sell Oliver Plows and Repairs
only sell the Imitation, Bogus, Cheap Goods. The only place in Rich
mond, Va., to buy Genuine Oliver Plows and Repairs is at 1528 East
Main Street, of CHAS. E. HUNTER.

**fc.

CHAMPION and JOHNSTON Steel Mowers.

Reapers and Binders.

The All-Metal TIGER SELF-DUMP and
GRANGEB HAND-DUMP HAY BAKE for One

or Two Horses.

STCDEBAKER and BROWN Farm Wagons,

Carts and Bnggies.

Superior Brain and Fertilizer Drills.
Write for prices on all

CHAS E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

James <;. HENING, of Powhatan Oo., Va., Gen'l Manager.

HilWAHl) .1. NUOKOlfl, of Henrico (',,., Va., Salesman

'.w&jgmwmm&iE wffl&£fflmty&&mmwM-WM!!Mmwffigm'&

" REMEMBER THE MAINE."

The Richmond City Mills Co.

RICHriOND,VA.

GEO. T. KING, President.

Manufacturers of all kinds of

Flour, Corn Meal Crushed
Grain and Mill-Feed -

AND DEALERS IN

GRAIN, HAY and STRAW.

Highest Market Price in Cash Paid for Sumac.

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2L FEIST POINTERS.

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SSTlts permits no discrimination between members;

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than that of any other Company ;

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printed tables of current cash dividends for the informa
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the same on request after three years from date of issue ;

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security of their policies ;

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BST'The Northwestern imposes no restrictions what-
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T. ARCHIBALD GARY, sm

General Agent for Virginia and North Carolina.

1201 Main Street, RICHMOND, TA.

R

1 1 vft 1 Vegetable Growing in the South for Northern Markets.

UlCU • • • • • By Prof. Rolfs. 255 pp. Illustrated. Paper, $1.00; cloth, $1.25.

ROrtW^ FERTILITY OF THE LASfD.

'A-'v'vU'VO By Prof. Roberts. 415 pp. Cloth, SI. 25.

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

By Prof. Henry. 657 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE TOBACCO LEAF.

By Killebrew & Myrick. 506 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE DOMESTIC SHEEP. By Stewart. 371 pp. Cloth, $1.50.

The above books are among the best written dealing with their respective subjects. Every farmer in the
South should read them. Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, Richmond, Va.

Farmers Must use Fertilizers to Succeed,

We offer them the following Brands, with full confidence in their merits :

"TRAVERS' WHEAT and GRASS FERTILIZER,"
"CAPITAL" BONE-POTASH FERTILIZER,

"TRAVERS' DISSOLVED BONE PHOSPHATE,"
"BEEF, BLOOD and BONE FERTILIZER,"
"STANDARD" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE,
"CAPITAL" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE.

fl@-We especiaHy recommend ORCHILLA GUANO for GRASS
CLOVER. It makes it grow where all other fertilizers fail. It equals
Raw Bone, at a much less price, and makes poor land rich.

WRITE FOR PRICES. OTHER BRANDS FOR OTHER CROPS.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO., Manufact'rs, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern IVauIrr when VOU write.

Established 1840.

THE

- —

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE : 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. P. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

SEPTEMBER, 1898.

No. 9.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT :

Editorial— Work for the Month 403

" Wheat Seeding 405

" Humus as a Factor in Soil Fertility 406

Experiment Stations and Experimental Farms—

What is the Difference? .' 407

Too Much of a Good Thing 409

Corn Fodder 410

Nature's Method of Fertilizing 410

Farming in the South 411

Farming in Tidewater Virginia 411

Silos and Ensilage 412

Enquirer's Column 413

Selection of Seed Corn 415

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial— Polled Angus Cattle 416

Fattening Range Lambs in Winter 417

Dogs 419

Breeding and Training Carriage Horses 419

Individuality of Cows 420

Editorial — Southdowns 420

Why Is It Necessary to import Live Stock from

England? 420

The Importance of Sheep Husbandry 421

Remedy for Horn Fly 421

Editorial— The Golden Hoof. 421

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month

Experiment Farm at Southern Pines, N. C...

Editorial — The Apple Crop

Pluni Curculio

Pear Blight

THE POULTRY YARD :

Editorial — Early Moulting

" Preserving Eggs for Winter Use...

THE HORSE :

The Horse Market

Notes

Editorial — " Hooks in the Eye of the Horse.

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial — Peace

A Word for the Down-Trodden Dog

Mutual Farmers' Club, Frederick Co., Va

Notes

Purity of Seeds

Sound Advice

Lime for Clover and Grass

Review of the Agricultural Situation

Editorial — The Fence Question

Our Greatest Year in Exports

Publisher's Notes ,

Advertisements

422
422
423
423
424

425
425

427
427
428

429
430
430
431
431
432
432
433
434
434
435
435

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE. «®«

FEEGUSSCN PRINT, Richmond

..200 Acres... .

In King William Co., on PamunUey River.

In good condition. Good seven-room dwell-
ing, barn, st etc., in fair condition. Rich
marl beds. Excellent locality for duck ranch.
For price and further description, address
W. A. \V\, care Southern Planter.

Southwest Virginia.

A One old Virginia Homestead: 3.50 acres;
choice; smvth county. Blue grass lands on
railroad. Five hundred -Arvf splendid blue
grass and farming lands. The Celebrated
Pearson Plaster Beds. Two nice farms in
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property in a good town. .Mineral and timber
lands. ' For particulars, write liEO. W.
RICHARDSON, R. E. Agent, Mahion.Va.

A Superior Farm

Near Richmond, Va., with railroad depot
within 400 yards of the bouse; 100 acres. First-
class improvements. Hot and cold water
bath, and closet in house Water in barn-yard
and garden. Fine orchard of all kinds of fruit:
small fruit of all kinds in garden. Well
stocked with Jersey cattle, game chickens.
and a superior pair of young mules, wagons,
etc., all new. Place complete, with furniture,
etc., $6,000. Address B. H. L., Southern Planter.

.CHARTERED 1870.

Go South,

"NORFOLK, VA."— r

There are cheap and beautiful homes in
the " Sunny South," near the sea, and
near that thriving seaport city, Norfolk,
Va., for thousands of people who want
happy homes in a mild, healthful, and de-
lightful climate, a kind and productive soil,
the very best markets in the world, the
very lowest freight rates, good social, edu-
cational, and religious privileges, and the
greatest number of other both natural and
acquired advantages, to be found in any
other one section of the Union.

The "Cornucopia " tells you all about
the beautiful section of country aronnd
Norfolk, Va. Send for (free) sample copies.

Address "Cornucopia," 212 Main St,
Norfolk, Va.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

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Capital Stock, $200,000

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President.

JNO. K. BRANCH,

Vice-President.

JOHN F. GLENN',

Cashier.

DiRECTORS.-John P. Branch, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Striugfellow, B. W. Branch, Fred. W. Scott,
Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford. R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzinl. Jr.

ft New BOOK

YOUNG

MEN!

It is the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un-
equalled by any other portion of the
United States.

The James River Valley Colonization
and Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages to intending settlers. Send stamp
for Hand Book and list of lands. Address
W. A. PARSONS, Vinita, Va.

By Prof. W A. HENRY, Wisconsin Experiment Station.

This book should be in the hands of every farmer in the country.
Every reader of the Southern Planter could save the price of it
many times over. It is a large, well-bound book, nicely printed,
over six hundred and fifty pages. Price, $2.00.

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As a special inducement to NEW Subscribers, we will
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guide to farming in this section.

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Address, THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND, VA.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.—XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, September, 1898.

No. 9.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

We are now at the commencement of another crop
year, as this month the laud for the wheat and winter
oat crop must be selected and prepared for the seed,
and in many sections wheat and oats will be seeded
before the close of the month. These facts impose
upon farmers the consideration of the probable course
of the markets for products during the coming year,
for he is an imprudent man who prepares and seeds
land without due consideration of 'what is likely to be
the demand for his product when grown.

The indications are, as we see them, that this year's
wheat crop in this country is not going to be so large
as was at one time anticipated. The test of the thresh-
ing machine has dispelled the illusion. Wheat which
looked in the field like making 25 bushels has, so far
as we can gather, rarely made 20, and this is the case,
not merely in the South, but throughout the whole of
the winter wheat section, where threshing results have
been reported. Much wheat has also been damaged
in the shock by sprouting, and the samples shown on
the markets are soft and out of condition. The pros-
pects in the spring wheat sections are still good, but
we do not believe that even if these continue so until
the crop is threshed, that we are going to have a crop
in excess of 625,000,000 bushels. The old wheat in
the hands of farmers and in sight is less than has been
the case for many years. Practically the reserves
both here and in Europe have been exhausted. The
European wheat crop promises to be much better than

last year, and may be set down as good, consequently
the demand from that quarter will be much less than
last year, but still Eugland and some other European
countries will require a considerable quantity of wheat.
How far Russia will be able to supply this is doubt-
ful, as the reports from that country are not satisfac-
tory. India will have a considerable surplus for sale,
and the Argentine crop, now just seeded, is a much
larger one than that just marketed. With favorable
conditions, Argentina will have a large surplus for
export next February . Locusts, however, are already
threatening the crop, and this may seriously affect the
yield. On the whole, we are inclined to agree with
the opinion expressed by the statistician of the De-
partment of Agriculture in the August crop circular :
"While the world's wheat crop of 1898, including the
crop of the southern hemisphere for 1898-90, if that
should turn out well on the increased area sown
promises to be a pretty large one, the stock now on
hand is lower than for many years past, and this re-
mark appears to be applicable to that in farmers'
hands as well as to the visible supplies. This fact
would appear to furnish a pretty good guaranty against
any sudden return to the low prices of a few years ago."

The oat crop gives indications of being a much less
crop than that of last year, both the acreage and con-
dition being reduced. The proportion of old oats on
hand is estimated at 6 per cent, as compared with 10
per cent, a year ago.

The corn crop promises to be a much smaller one

404

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

than that of last year. There is a reduction of about
3 per cent, in the area planted, and a large part of this
reduction in area is made in the great corn-producing
States of Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Ne
braska. In the Southern States, the area planted is
about the same as last year, except in Texas, where
there is an increase of 8 per cent. The average condi
tion of the crop is somewhat better than that at the
same time last year, but in Indiana, Iowa, Illinois,
Kansas, and Nebraska, condition has gone back very
much during July and the early part of August.
With this reduced area and lower condition, if Europe
should take anything like the corn she has taken dur-
ing the past year, we shall expect to see corn advance
in price. There is, however, this to be said, that
Europe never takes corn in great quantity, except
when the price is low. A factor in advancing the
price will be the increased demand at higher prices for
fat beeves, sheep, and hogs, which seems to have be-
come fairly established.

The prospects for the cotton crop are favorable,
though there is still room for much uncertainty. The
wet weather recently has caused undue growth and a
shedding of the bolls. A less crop, however, than that
of the year just closed would be a good thing for
planters. An 11,000,000 bale crop is more than is
called for by the trade. The indications do not point
to a crop much in excess of 10,000,000 bales this year.

The tobacco crop conditions are in the South most
promising. Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky
have promise of one of the best crops ever raised.
The area planted in the South is somewhat larger thau
last year, whilst in the North there has been some re
duction. The market for the last years crop has been
a firm one and still so continues, and the small portion
of the new crop which has been sold has fetched good
prices. We see no reason to expect reduction in price
for a go»d artiele, as European demand is strong and
stocks there much reduced.

Reviewing the situation as regards these staple crops,
and from the point of view of the farmer desiring to
make the best disposition of his land for the coming
year, it would seem safe to say that he should provide
for a wheat and oat crop not in excess of that grown
this year ; for a corn crop somewhat larger ; for a to-
bacco crop, if he makes that a staple, of at least the
same acreage, and for cotton for a somewhat less crop.
There is one crop which in the South he may with
wisdom and profit to himself iucrease, and that is the
hay, clover and grass crop. Whilst it is true that the
South now grows more than twice as much hay as it
did ten years ago, yet it does not grow any thing like
the quantity consumed here. The price on the mar-
ket to-day of good hay is practically the same as it
was ten years ago, notwithstanding the increased pro-

duction. The extension of the area under grass and
clover means an extension of the area of laud under
permanent improvement, and this at the cost of least
labor and outlay. It is a distinct sign of progress, an
indication of the time we hope not far distant when
the whole South shall be a land filled with cattle and
live stock of all kinds, and supplying the near-by
markets of the North and Northeast with the best
beef, mutton, lamb and pork to be found in the coun-
try. Wherever and whenever a piece of land can be
got into grass or clover, it should be done.

There is every indication that the country is on the
eve of a period of great prosperity. We desire to see
the farmers have their full share of this, but we do
not desire to see them so overproduce the staple crops
as to break down the markets. The power of con-
sumption of a home population of 75,000,000 of
people is great, but our lands are capable of meeting
this and that of a population two or three times as
large over the seas. It is the price of the product
which is produced in excess of that which our own
population can consume which fixes the price of the
whole product.

In our last month's issue and in this issue will be
found articles on the preparation and seeding of the
wheat, winter oat and grass crops. To these we in-
vite attention. We desire again to emphasize the im-
portance of the most thorough preparation of the
land and the early seeding of the crops. When we
say early, we do not mean unseasonably early seeding,
especially of wheat. It is never safe to seed wheat
until we have had a touch of frost. Danger from
Hessian fly is never past until frost has fallen. We
have a lively recollection of once seeding wheat in
September and continuing seeding until the 5th of
November. The last sown wheat was a much heavier
crop than that seeded in September, whilst the Oc-
tober seeded wheat was a long way ahead of either.
One word as to seed wheat. Let care be taken to se-
lect and clean this well. Experiments have con-
clusively shown that plump, well-ripened seed, from
which all weed seeds have been carefully sifted, makes
a much heavier yield than wheat taken indiscrimi-
nately from a bulk. Treat the seed with blue stone
or hot water to destroy smut germs before sowing.

Do not overlook the necessity for providing wiuter
and early spring grazing and green forage crops for
the stock. Whilst it is too late to seed German clover
with a certainty of a crop, yet it is not too late to seed
it along with winter oats or rye. If the winter should
kill out the clover, the oats or rye will make grazing
and good green feed in the spring, whilst if the winter

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

405

is not severe, the clover may survive, and, with the
grain, make one of the most valuable spring crops
either for green feed or for hay. Winter vetches, sand
vetch, winter oats and rye may he seeded all through
this mouth aud the next. The vetches are best seeded
with a half seeding of oats or rye with them, as they
hold them from the ground and make nicer and easier
cured hay. Rape and turnips may yet be seeded for
winter grazing for sheep and hogs. Not only are all
these crops valuable for feed, but they all tend to the
improvement and preservation of the land by keeping
it covered during the winter.

In our last issue will be found an article on seeding
to permanent grass, to which we invite attention.
This is the latest month in the year for seeding to grass
with a reasonable prospect of success, therefore do not
miss the opportunity. Spring seeding of grass or
clover is but a poor substitute for a fall sown crop, aud
ought only to be availed of when from some accident
a fall sown crop has been missed.

The harvesting of the corn crop will call for attention.
Do not waste time pulling fodder and cutting tops.
Cut down at the ground and set up in large shocks as
soon as the corn is glazed and hardening. Do not be
afraid that it will not cure out in the shock. We have
seen some of the heaviest corn grown on the James
River low grounds cut down and shocked in this way
and cure perfectly.

Let the filling of the silo receive attention. In our
last issue, and in this one, will be found articles deal-
ing with this subject.

Let tobacco be cut and cured as it ripens. See that
care is taken not to bruise or break the leaves in cut-
ting, aud allow to wilt before hanging. See that you
a have competent hand in charge of the curing. The
best grown tobacco can be ruined by improper curing.
Learn what the market wants and then cure accord-
ingly.

We are glad to see that at last cotton planters are
taking steps to secure better baling of the crop. We
have urged this upon them for years. They have lost
millions of dollars by bad baling. See that the crop
is picked as it ripens, and not allowed to hang on the
plant staining and wasting, and then have it cleanly
ginned and baled in bales of uniform size and covered
with good bagging. If it is worth growing it is worth
carefully saving.

This is one of the best months in the year for re
pairing and cleaning up in and around the home and

farm buildings. In the intervals between preparing
land for seeding and harvesting crops, let all defects
in roofs, walls, doors, and windows of buildings be
made good. A few feet of lumber, a keg of nails, and
some shingles will not cost much, and with a few hours
of labor will convert a comfortless and disreputable-
looking homestead and buildings into a home-looking
place of which one may be proud. When to these
are added a keg of paint or a few buckets of lime- wash,
the home becomes a place to be enshrined in the heart,
and will do more to keep the boys and girls on the farm
than all the advice which can be given them. Time
spent in thus making good all defects before winter
comes is time well spent, and means the saving of
dollars.

WHEAT SEEDING.

In our last month's issue, we discussed the question
of the best land to be seeded in wheat, and its pre-
paration. Since we wrote that article, we have re-
ceived from the Kansas Experiment Station a short
report on experiments made at that Station with the
wheat crop. One of these was to test the efficacy of
different systems of preparation of the land previous
to seeding, and the result is to strongly confirm our
views as to the advantage of thorough preparation of
the land. One plot, given the ordinary preparation
of wheat land in that State, viz., harrowing and float-
ing until in fair condition, but having many small
clods on the surface, yielded 19 bushels per acre, weigh-
ing 53.7 lbs. per struck bushel. Another plot, which
received thorough preparation with the Disc harrow
and float, until a fine dust mulch four inches deep was
made, yielded 22.4 bushels per acre, weighing 54.7
lbs. per struck bushel, a gain in yield over the plot
only prepared in the ordinary way of 18 per cent.
This emphasizes the importance of perfect preparation
of the seedbed. Time will not be wasted if during
this month the wheat land be harrowed and reharrowed
and rolled where dry enough to roll until the finest
seed-bed possible can be secured.

We desire now to say something as to the fertilizer
to be used. As stated in our last issue, a 30 bushel
crop of wheat, with the average straw for that yield,
removes approximately 46 lbs. of nitrogen, 20 lbs. of
phosphoric acid, and 26 lbs. of potash from the land.
In our last, we explained how, by the selection of a
clover sod or a piece of land upon which peas have
been grown, or land filled with humus derived from
farm-yard manure, the need for the application of
of nitrogen, the most costly of fertilizers, may be
largely obviated. The result of experiments, however,
both in this country and in England, go to show that

400

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

the mineral fertilizers (phosphoric acid and potash)
are absolutely essential to a good yield, and that of
these two the phosphoric acid is the controlling factor
in producing the best results. In experiments made at
the Virginia Experiment Station, Prof. Nourse arrived
at the conclusion that phosphoric acid gives an
increase in proportion to the quantity applied up
to 213 lbs. to the acre. Probably the best source from
which this phosphoric acid can be derived is from
bone used in a dissolved condition, and it has the
additional advantage over phosphoric acid supplied
in the form of acid phosphate made from South Caro-
lina rock, that it also supplies about four per cent, of
nitrogen, which gives the plant a vigorous start, and
and thus better fits it to withstand the winter. The
potash may be supplied either by kainit or muriate of
potash. As salt is believed by many authorities to
have the effect of strengthening the straw, and pre
vent lodging, probably kainit, which largely contains
salt, may be found the most advisable form in which
to apply the potash. The one objection to the use of
bone is its cost as compared with acid phosphate made
from South Carolina rock. We are, however, of
opinion, that notwithstanding this, at least part of the
phosphoric acid should be supplied from bone. From
200 to 300 lbs. to the acre of bone or acid phosphate
should be applied with 200 lbs. of kainit or 50 lbs. of
muriate of potash. If acid phosphate alone is applied,
and wheat is not seeded on a clover sod or pea fallow,
or on rich land, then 50 lbs. to the acre of nitrate of
soda should also be used, and a further application of
50 to 75 lbs. of nitrate of soda be applied as a top
dressing in the spring, when the plants commence
growing.

As to the variety to be seeded. This is largely a
matter of experience and adaptability. The three
varieties probably most largely grown in the South
are Fulcaster, Fultz, and Currell's Prolific. These
varieties have all given good yields. In a series of
experiments made at the Pennsylvania Experiment
Station, Fulcaster and Currell's Prolific are amongst
the first five varieties out of eleven tested over a series
of nine years. The average yield of Fulcaster for
nine years has been 32J bushels, and Currell's Proli
fie 30 ] bushels. Fultz has given an average of 29
bushels for the nine years. Seeding at the rate of
from one to one and a half bushels to the acre has
generally been found to give the best results, but this
much depends on the preparation of the land and its
degree of fertility. A very rich piece of land, well
prepared, may le and should be much lighter seeded
than a piece of poor land.

Mention ThelPlanter to your friends.

HUMUS AS A FACTOR IN SOIL FERTILITY.

For years we have been insisting in season and out
of season on the importance of humus or decayed veg-
etable matter as the prime factor in making land not
merely crop producing but profitably responsive to
the action of commercial fertilizers. In taking this
course, we have subjected ourselves to virulent criti-
cism from the sapient editor of the trade orgau of the
fertilizer manufacturers, and have been denounced as
the enemy of commercial fertilizers. We have been
content to allow these attacks to pass unnoticed, satis-
tied with the soundness of the views we have enuncia-
ted, which have received the endorsement of the great-
est authorities on soil fertility and the support of all
practical farmers who have given study and applied
experience on the farm to the subject, and conscious
that instead of being the enemy of the fertilizer
makers, we were the best friend they have. No trade
can be permanently prosperous which does not result
in the prosperity of those who consume its products.
We believe that a right understanding of this subject
lies^at the door of all good farming, especially in the
South, where nearly all our lands which have been
under cultivation, except the river low-grounds,
have been so denuded of vegetable matter or humus
by a long course of cropping in clean hoed crops as to
be incapable of being made profitably productive,
even though commercial fertilizers be applied in
almost unlimited quantity. These lands in large part
are not unproductive so much from the absence of
mineral plant food in the form of phosphoric acid and
potash, as from the absence of humus or decayed veg-
etable matter. Experiments conducted at the Minne-
sota Experiment Station abundantly sustain the posi-
tion, and show that a decline in the fertility of the
lands of the West is not entirely the result of the
removal from the soil of the essential fertilizing con-
stituents, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, or lime,
but is due in many cases to a loss of humus. The loss
of humus is due to a variety of causes, among which
are (1) the continuous growth of a crop which does
not return any residue to the soil ; (2) systems of cul-
tivation which leave the bare soil exposed to the action
of the oxygen of the air, such as summer fallowing
and bare soil in the winter. Soils cropped continu-
ously with grain showed a great decline in fertility,
and yet were found abundantly supplied with nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash, and were not benefitted !>>/ ap-
plications of commercial fertilizers containing these sub-
stances. There was fouud, however, in these soils to
have been a great decrease in the amount of humus,
and to this was to be attributed their decrease in fer-
tility. With a return of humus to the soil, the pro-
ductive power at once increased, or did not continue
to decrease. Th gain or loss of humus during four

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

407

years in the soil of different plats experimented upon
with crops grown continuously and crops grown in
rotation, is shown in the following table :

SYSTEM OF CROPPING. |a| I'S'E ~°°

*2w wo

Plat 1— Wheat continuously 3.30 3.00—0.30

" 2 — Rotation (wheat, clover, wheat and

oats) 3.30 3.80+ .50

" 3 — Rotation (oats, clover, barley, corn) 3.30 3.50+ -20

" 4— Corn continuously 3.30 3.10— .20

" a— Oats continuously 3.30 3.08— .22

" 6 — Barley continuously 3.30 3.10— .20

From the data thus obtained, it is calculated that
with continuous wheat raising there was an annual loss
of 1S00 pounds of humus per acre. The annual loss
from continuous cropping with corn, oats, and barley
was about 1500 pounds of humus per acre. On the
other hand, on the rotation plats there was an annual
gain of about 1500 pounds of humus per acre in one
case and over two tons in the other. Since humus is
one of the principal sources of nitrogen in the soil,
these variations of the humus content affected to a
marked extent the supply of nitrogen. In the case of
continuous wheat growing, there was an annual loss of
146 pounds of nitrogen per acre, over and above tlmt
utilized by the ivhea . In other words, for every pound
of nitrogen removed in the wheat crop there was a loss
of over five pounds of nitrogen from the soil. In the
case of oats the loss was 150 pounds, with barley 170
pounds, with corn 29 pounds. On the first rotation
plat there was an annual gain of 61} pounds of nitro-
gen per acr^, notwithstanding the fact that larger
crops were grown on this soil than on those cultivated
continuously in the same crop. A gain of nitrogen
was also observed in the second rotation plot, though
it was smaller than on the first plot probably because
of the poor stand of clover obtained.

It is not, however, merely as a source of nitrogen
that humus is valuable. It influences to a marked
extent the available potash and phosphoric acid.
Humus forming materials, like vegetation plowed
down and barnyard manure, have the power when
they decompose in the soil of combining with the
potash and phosphoric acid of the soil, and thus eon-
verting them into forms which are readily utilized by
plants. The influence of the loss of humus upon the
physical properties of the soil is fully as important as
its effect upon the chemical properties. The power
of the soil to hold moisture and fertilizers declines
rapidly with the loss of humus. We have quoted thus
fully from the report on the experiments made on
this subject, not merely to support our position on the
question, but to encourage southern farmers to make
use during the fall of the growth of vegetable matter

which the frequent showers and warmth of the weather
has this year made so luxuriant.

All the leguminous crops, such a peas, Soja beans
and clover are flourishing in great luxuriance.
Where and as far as possible cut and make these into
hay, and feed to stock, and return the resulting ma-
nure to the land, but in cutting them do not cut close
to the ground, but leave a good stubble to turn in.
This and the roots with the nitrogen bearing nodules
on them will add largely to the humus and nitrogen
content of the soil, and will largely make available
the phosphoric acid and potash in the laud. Where
more of these crops have been grown than can be
saved for hay, or where the land is practically abso-
lutely devoid of humus that is as is commonly de-
scribed "dead poor," allow them to die down on the
land, and then turn under and seed the land with win-
ter oats or rye, or leave on the land until spring, and
then turn under as a preparation for corn or other sum-
mer crop. Proceed in the same way with crops of
grass and weeds. If you cannot utilize them for
feed for stock, at least utilize them as feed for the land.
They will make the use of commercial fertilizers
wherever applied much more profitable, and often iu
fact be the sole factor in making their use at all profit-
able. The farmers of Virgiuia alone have this year paid
for commercial fertilizers sometning near $4,000,000.
A very large part of this money has been absolutely
wasted, simply because the fertilizers bought were
uot applied to land that was in a condition to make
it possible for the constituent parts of the fertilizers
used to become available as plaut food. Had all the
land to which the fertilizer was appli: d been rich in
humus, the crop return would doubtless have been
many fold what it is, and the outlay would have been
a wise one.

EXPERIHENT STATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL
FARMS— WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

Editor Southern Planter:

Many individuals seem to think that because the
general government has seen fit to organize experi-
ment stations iu every State, for the purpose of ar
riving at as near absolutely correct conclusions in
regard to the great facts and principles that underlie
the scieuce of agriculture as it is possible for poor,
erring humanity to do, that as these conclusions will
in every instance be the outcome of pains taking re-
search and accurate experimentation, much more so
in fact than the average farmer would have either
means, time, or inclination to determine for himself,
and that as this experimentation is paid for by the
general government, there is no need of the farmer
using his own time and means in experimenting

W8

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

for himself. This idea is erroneous. The stations
make experiments to establish general principles ; and
now it is the province of every good farmer who
aspires to be at the head of his profession, to experi-
ment each for himself, until he ascertains how best to
apply those principles to his individual farm.

Luckily for the farmer, we have quite a number of
experimental farms in existence that keep immediate
practical results, just such as every busy, go-ahead
farmer is interested in, in the foreground.

Prominent among these, we may mention Rotham-
stead, with which every grain raiser is pretty thor-
oughly acquainted ; but we have one right at our
doors — one which is already aptly termed "the
Kothamstead of America" — in which we are all
vitally interested, but of which comparatively few
have as yet heard : we refer to the experimental farm
located at Southern Pines, North Carolina.

In a conversation we had with one of the Directors
of Experiment Stations, that gentleman stated that
their object was. not to make money, nor to save
money, but to spend money.

Now this is exactly the opposite of what the ma-
jority of our farming brethren waut and need ; money-
making and money saving information is just exactly
what they think they need, first, last, aud all the time ;
and this is just exactly the information the experi-
mental farm at Southern Pines proposes to give.

Unlike the major portion of the farms that are car-
ried on in connection with our several experiment
stations, which are mostly located on old aud well-
worn soils, this particular experimental farm was
located originally on virgin soil ; yet, though virgin
soil, it contained but little plant food, and is uniform
in composition.

The maiu object iu locating this farm was to fully
answer the important question, What amount of phos
phoric acid, nitrogen, and potash are needed, and in
what proportion to each other, for best development
of horticultural products? This question could be
answered much more surely and satisfactorily by se
lectiug a soil not rich in all the elements that go to
make a fertile soil, and also one that was totally un-
altered b\ cultivation, than by choosing lands that
were richer, but from which a greater or lesser num-
ber of crops had in time been removed, or a larger or
smaller amount of manure or fertilizer been applied ;
either of which would have materially modified or
nullified results.

If it was possible to learn nothing else by a visit to
the experimental farm at Southern Pines, one can cer-
tainly learn a lesson in accuracy. As instances of the
nicety, exactitude, precision, and accuracy that char-
acterizes each and every operation of the farm, we
would call the reader's attention to the fact that in

the first clearing of the land, all trees and stumps
were removed entirely, and nothing burned on the
land, so as to prevent any alteration in its natural
character.

In looking over the barn, we could not help but
notice the large number of bundles of grape vine and
other cuttings stacked up. Our first question, of
course, was if they were going to propagate from
them. The answer was, Xo ; that every particle of
the prunings were carefully saved and accurately
weighed, so that all the actual growth on a plat can
be accurately ascertained.

This same adherence to the strictest accuracy, even
to the very smallest and apparently most insignificant
and unimportant of details, characterizes the entire
farm, and everything and everybody connected with
it. While watching one of the plow-hands cultivat-
ing the plats, we saw that he had a sack along, into
which all the droppings of the horse were put as fast
as dropped, and carried to the barn at noon and night.

Looking at this farm from the farmers' standpoint,
as a matter of course, it looked like they were unne-
cessarily particular ; yet these, and many more such
instances we have neither time nor space to mention,
are absolutely essential to strict accuracy. They cer-
tainly serve to show that whenever the Horticultural
Society of North Carolina send out their report of
work performed, or results obtained, at the experi-
mental farm at Southern Pines, such report may be
depended upon as being strictly accurate.

In the matter of applying fertilizers, the labor in-
volved in the mere weighing of the various amounts
to be applied can be realized from the statement that
there were 6,556 weighings made in one season.

The managers of this enterprise have had in view
the work conducted at the justly celebrated Rotham
stead station, in England, and their ultimate purpose
is to make their work no less thorough and authorita-
tive for American farmers. The main object of ihe
work being mainly to determine the proper amounts
and proportions of the different fertilizing elements to
be used in compounding and using fertilizers, on both
fruits and vegetables, the normal application of phos-
phoric acid and potash was fixed at 50 pounds of
actual potash or phosphoric acid per acre, and 20
pounds of actual nitrogen. Starting with these nor-
mals, every practicable combination is made on the
various plats, each of which consists of one tenth acre.

On some plats the fertilizing is supplemented with
green manuring, in the latter part of the season, by
the sowing of cow peas, which are allowed to die ou
the land. In connection with this, lime is used, with
a normal application of 2,000 pounds per acre.

A series consists of 29 of the tenth acre plats, and
each series is planted with one kind of fruit or vege-

189S.]

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTEK.

409

table. Of fruits, one series is devoted to strawberries,
one to blackberries and raspberries, and one each to
grapes, peaches, plums, pears, apples, Japan persim-
mons, and Paragon chestnuts. Of vegetables, one
series of plats, 20 in number, making an acre of each,
is devoted to tomatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, sugar
corn, asparagus, Irish potatoes, and tobacco.

By sending lor the reports of work performed and
results obtained, which are published by the North
Carolina Experiment Station, in connection with the
State Horticultural Society, any farmer, fruit grower,
truck raiser, or market gardener can have, at his
elbow, as it were, the latest scientific advice as to his
work, and the results of the most extensive and com
prehensive series of experiments that are carried on
anywhere in the world.

The point of especial interest in connection with
this experimental work at Southern Pines, is that, by
posting one's self as to the best mode of fertilization
for these lands, one incidentally gleans information
that will be found to be equally applicable to all sec-
tions, and that can be applied anywhere in the cul-
ture of both fruits and vegetables.

As the most thorough of culture has been prac-
ticed on this farm ever since the experiments were
first inaugurated, it would be quite interesting to our-
selves, and possibly to those who try to teach, and
try to make others believe that they believe their own
teachings, that thorough tillage can be made to act as
a substitute for applied fertility in the production of
profitable crops, to know just how many heads of
marketable cabbage, and how many bushels of mar-
ketable Irish potatoes are annually obtained from
plats 1 and 20 of the series devoted to their culture ;
and if none, as we suspect, were obtained of market-
able size, how many years of the rough tillage will it
take before such marketable heads of cabbage can be
raised. We rather opine that this may be classed as
one of the unknown quantities ; while a single hand-
ful of a complete plant food would have settled the
question the first year.

There is no class of soil tillers but would be bene-
fitted and abundantly repaid for the loss of time and
money consequent upon an actual visit in person to
this experimental farm ; but to those who cannot go,
we would say, do the next best thing — send for the
reports. They cannot fail to interest you, if yon are
in any way interested iD keeping up with the vast
strides of progress that our agricultural scientists
are annually bringing to light.

G. H. Turner.

When corresponding with advertisers, say that you
saw their '"ad" in the Southern Planter.

TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING.

Editor Southern Planter :

A Virginia correspondent, who says that he has
read carefully what I have written in the Planter, and
has tried to follow my advice, declares that I have
gotten him into trouble. He has a piece of rich creek
bottom in corn this year, and among the corn he
sowed Cow peas. Now he says that the Cow peas are
waist high, and he wants to put the land in wheat,
and is having great difficulty in plowing under the
mass of pea vines. So he wants me to help him.

His case is like that of so many people who imagine
that they are following advice, when really they are
doing nothing of the sort, that I am sure our friend
will pardon me for using his case as a text for the pur-
pose of impressing him and others with what I have
really advised.

He says that the wheat on that piece of land, when
it was last in wheat, lodged badly, and yet in the face
of this evidence that the land already has an excess of
nitrogen, proposes to add more by the growing of
peas and turning the whole mass under in this hot
and moist weather, running the risk of serious injury
to the soil, and also of getting the land into condition
to make the wheat lodge worse than ever. I have
never advised the use of peas on land of this charac-
ter, and have particularly urged against the plowing
of them under while green. So our friend cannot
charge his trouble to me. I have said time and again
that the great value of peas is in the fixation of
nitrogen in the soil by means of the symbiotic micro-
organisms that infest their roots. I have also insisted
times without number that the best use to make of
the Cow pea is to cure the vines for hay, aud that
their feeding value is too great to use them as manure
direct, even on upland in good heart. But having a
piece of land already too rich in nitrogenous matter
for wheat, our friend proposes to further increase the
excess of nitrogen, and increase the danger of lodging
from overgrown and weak straw. With land of that
character, to go into wheat after corn, it was a mistake
to sow peas on it. Had he intended, on the other
hand, to put the land in corn again, the peas would
have been all right, had they been left to decay on the
land, and have been plowed under in the spriug for
the corn crop. I fear that the result of too much of a
good thing will be to spoil the chances of a wheat
crop entirely, for, aside from the risk of souring the
land and the getting of an excess of nitrogen, he has
the further difficulty of getting the land in that com-
pact condition needed by the wheat plant for the best
results.

After cutting the corn, I would have mown the peas,
and cured them for hay, and then merely prepared

410

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

the si nbble with a cutaway, and made it as fine as pos-
sible without replowing it, and would have added a
heavy dose of kainit and acid phosphate for the double
purpose of balancing the ration in the soil for the
wheat and rendering the chances of weak straw less ;
but the particular form of the potash in kainit, being
associated with so much chloride of sodium, would
have a tendency to check the excessive nitrification,
and so to prevent the lodging of the wheat. In fact,
as the matter stands, I have so little faith in the result
from wheat sowing on that land that I would let it lie
till spriDg, and then prepare it for corn, giving it a
good dressing of thirty or more' bushels of lime per
acre just before planting the corn. Then, the next
fall, put it in wheat, and give the mineral fertilizers
indicated in equal proportions. It is not so much the
amount of organic nitrogen-forming matter as the ex-
cess over the other forms of plant food in the shape of
phosphoric acid and potash that is the fault. Plants
need a balanced ration as well as animals.

W. F. Massey.

CORN FODDER.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have seen and heard of so much needless waste of
corn fodder, that I feel constrained to say something
about it, as it will soon be time to begin the cutting
and saving of corn fodder. It is a much cheaper way
to save fodder to cut the corn down as. soon as it gets
hard and glazed than to pull fodder and cut tops in
the old way. If the corn is shocked up well, and
tied around the tops, it will soon cure nice and bright,
and the land is ready for sowing wheat or oats. The
old way is much more laborious, and takes more time,
thus making it much later before you can plow the
land. If you want the shucks for any special pur-
pose, pull the ears off when the corn is dry, and re-
shock the fodder until wanted, but if you are going
to feed the fodder to stock, shuck the corn, leaving
the shucks on the stalks, then reshock the stalks again.
When the shucking is done, haul up the fodder and
cut up with a power machine and store away, and it
is then ready for use when wanted. No corn fodder
should be wasted, for, if kept dry, it is good feed for
cattle and horses. Young, thin cattle, bought after
frost and fed under shelter all winter on good corn
fodder, and a little grain in bad weather, will winter
well. In the spring, turn them on grass, and give
them plenty of crushed grain, and they will soon be
fat and give a good return for the feed, besides adding
largely to the manure heap. I know of some farmers
on the James river who make large crops of corn and
do not save any fodder, and I have heard of some
who burn it all. Feeding beef cattle is again a good
business in the Atlantic States, and all rough feed
utilized thus will pay well. F. Guy.

NATURE'S METHOD OF FERTILIZING.

Editor Southern Planter :

It is surprising how little the hints that nature gives
as to the best methods of securing soil fertility are
heeded by the ordinary farmer. In a general way all
arable soil may be said to be the result of the growth
of plants. Freshly disintegrated rock is generally
quite unfertile. Kindly nature takes up the process
just where sun and rain and frost have left it. Some
form of scanty vegetation comes, then decay, then
more plant growth, more decay, until finally the broad
forest with its deeply rooted sources of nutriment, its
annual leaf fall, finally turns barren rock dust into
fertile soil. This is nature's method of manuring.
It is thus that available plant food from the deep un-
derlying layers of subsoil are brought to and concen-
trated upon the surface.

But trees and deep-rooted plants not only pump up
from below a vast store of already soluble plant food,
but they are directly concerned in its increase. . Even
the most tender rooted, from the acids which it secretes,
is able to bore its way into the disintegrating frag-
ments of rock and thus liberate and bring to the
surface nutriment, which would otherwise remain
securely locked up. In this way vegetable life be-
comes the active instrument of its own increase. It
will thus be seen that when left entirely to nature's
handiwork the tendency with all soils is to constantly
improve.

The more closely we follow nature's ways in our
methods of fertilization, the more certain we are to be
on the right track. A soil covered with vegetation,
whether growing crops or grass or even weeds is,
other things being favorable, an improving soil, while
one kept barren of vegetable growth either by plow-
ing or otherwise, is either stationary or retrograde in
fertility.

The old plan of "summer fallowing" as a prepara-
tion for fall crops is therefore an essentially faulty
method. The disintegrating effect of sun, rain and
atmosphere are apparent enough, and the following
crop may be abundant and seemingly remunerative.
But it is secured at the expense of permanent soil fer-
tility. Humus, the most precious of all soil constit-
uents, is sacrificed, while from the absence of root-
lets to absorb it, there is always danger that some
portion of the soluble liberated food will be carried
away by drainage or mechanically removed by heavy
rains.

Artificial fertilizers in the hands of an intelligent
farmer will not be used merely to obtain a single crop.
Everything should be directed with reference to per-
manent soil improvement. Remembering what has
been already said as to the role which vegetation plays

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

411

in nature's method of manuring, it will not be at all
difficult to combine the two. All progressive agricul-
tural authorities are now urging the use of clover,
cow peas, and other similar leguminous plants, heavily
fertilized when necessary with potash and soluble
phosphates, as the only practicable plan of securing
simultaneous soil and crop improvement.

Fall fertilization is of course often advisable in the
case of fruit trees, aud in the lower Gulf States, where
winter gardens are practicable, it is of course impera-
tive. Indeed, the earlier these things are attended
to, the better the results. If the progressive horticul-
turist has taken care to have his ground covered by a
heavy summer growth of cow peas or some other
equally effectual gatherer of nitrogen and huraus, he
occupies a distinct vantage ground. The problem of
fertilization is greatly simplified. He can probably
stop buying nitrogen and pay out his good dollars for
phosphoric acid and potash. Neither of these fertiliz-
ing elements are likely to waste, aud after the summer
rains have ceased, the sooner he gets them incorporated
with the surface soil the better. For this purpose a
harrow is superior to a plow and some form of light
cultivator better than either.

Norman Robinson.

FARMING IN THE SOUTH.

Editor Southern Planter :

Permit me to take the liberty of adding that I quite
agree with the views in "Can Land be Made Too
Rich for Profitable Crop Production ! " if " ? ich 1a.7id"
be defined to be land suited to the conditions required
for the crop desired to be raised. It may be assumed
that an ordinarily good field standing heavy in
clover covered with thirty loads of well-rotted barn
yard manure, 300 pounds of bone me^l, and 300
pounds of acid phosph te per acre, would be made
rich if turned uuder and subsoiled. This land, how-
ever, could not be made to produce profitable tobacco.
It could not be said either that it simply lacked the
properties required by tobacco, for, in my opiuion,
no treatment of such laud except intense cropping in
worked crops for f ur to seven years would ever ren-
der it moderately profitable for tobacco ; and then
when thin, devoid of humus and worthless for almost
any other crop, it might be treated by quick fertilizers
and made suitable for this purpose. For this reason
I raise no tobacco myself, except when I wish to clear
land.

Tenants, however, will not be dissuaded from rais-
ing it. I have five two-horse tenants whom I have
finally gotten down to about 20,000 plants each, but
it makes them poorer and me richer. A $50 crop of
tobacco will net me $8 per acre if raised by a tenant ;
2

whereas it will bring the tenant in debt if he be al-
lowed 50 cents a day for labor. Land owners who re-
quire large crops of tobacco are killing the goose
which lays the golden eggs, and I for one would be
glad to see agricultural papers like yours join the
public press in what they are pleased to term their
"Hog and Hominy Agitation" — encouraging land
improvement, grain and hog, etc., raising in place of
tobacco. A. V. Sims.

Pittsylvania County, Va.

Our correspondent, who is a new subscriber to The
Planter, will soon find out that our advice to farmers
is largely on the lines he suggests. We have for the
past ten years been engaged in a crusade for more
grass, more live stock, and the home production of all
the necessities of life, and we are glad to say have
made some impression. Such a system does not, how-
ever, necessarily discourage tobacco growing ; on the
contrary, it leads to a more profitable production of
this Southern staple. We cannot afford to eliminate
tobai'co from our Southern products, and its produc-
tion in due rotation and in quantity bearing a due
proportion to the other crops, is in a large section of
the South good farming and economically sound. The
evil of the past has been the production of tobacco in
one section and cotton in another to the exclusion of
grass, grain and live stock. This could only result in
what we see all through the South — impoverished land
and impoverished farmers. A better day, however, is
dawning. We are now keeping our corn crib and
meat house at home and not in the West. Shortly we
shall have of these products to sell, and yet not make
a dollar's worth less of cotton and tobaeco. — Ed.

FARniNO IN TIDEWATER VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter :

The potato growers, to whom I referred in a late
communication published in your columns, have
rounded up their crop, and secured 9,756 barrels of
potatoes, worth on the farm where grown fully $2 per
barrel. I feel quite sure that they lost 500 barrels
of their crop by not digging clean. This shows the
need of a good potato digger on such a farm. The
200 acres on which the potatoes were grown are now
in corn, volunteer grass, and a second crop of pota-
toes. I may say there are some weeds growing there
also. The corn is good for 40 to 50 bushels of shelled
corn to the acre ; the volunteer hay is worth about $15
per acre, and the value of the second crop of potatoes
is yet to be determined. Nevertheless, it is profitable
farming.

The profit in the "little farm well tilled" is shown
in the work of a practical old lady, on two acres of
land near Norfolk. There are ten acres in the farm,
of which two acres come under the special care of the
old lady. On the two acres she grows parsley, car-
rots, onions, leeks, thyme, asparagus, celery, and cab-

412

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

bage. Her specialty is to arrange the above in a neat
package, each composed of one sprig of thyme, one
onion, one carrot, one leak, one sprig of parsley, one
stalk celery, and one of asparagus — all tied in a neat
bunch, and rolled up attractively in a cabbage leaf,
and these sell at $3 per hundred bunches. She sells
one hundred bunches per day on the average, or §18
worth each week. The bunches are prepared the
night previous. The lady also sells milk from two
cows ; also chickens and eggs. On the other eight
acres are kept two cows, three horses, two brood sows
and plenty of chickens. The old man looks after
these and the eight acres and the old lady, in addi-
tion to all her other work, keeps usually from three
to five boarders. These are lively workers, and this
is a lively ten acres of land.

Thorough cultivation coupled with "git, grit and
gumption" does it. I have often claimed that deeper
cultivation would dig up at least two good farms un-
derneath the one scratched over by the implements in
general use in the South. These ten acres, rightly
handled, fully equal thirty acres in a less favored
locality.

I have just had a visit from an Illinois farmer and
his son, who came to "spy out the land." The elder
has been renting an Illinois farm for the past ten
years. The farm consists of 500 acres, of which 300
is cleared, and 200 acres in woodland and pasture.
For this 500 acres he paid $1,735 cash rent per year
for the first five years, and $1,700 per year for the
next five years. In fact is paying $1,700 per year
cash rent for 500 acres of Illinois laud now. The
statement from the lips of the man himself fairly
paralyzed me. Just think of it — $1,700 a year for ten
years, and no farm of his own yet ! Paying out
$17,000 rent for land, and not enough land of his own
for a burial place for himself ! This is not all he has
given or paid for the rent of the Illinois farm. The
ten years' struggle to pay this $1,700 yearly rent has
cost him gray hairs, wrinkles, and a broken constitu-
tion, and almost a broken spirit. His eyes are opened
now, however, and while he may not look so well as
he did ten years ago, he knows more. He's coming to
Virginia.

I also had a call from a Pennsylvania trucker and
fruit grower, who has been, for five years, paying $17
per acre annual rent for laud.

In each of the above cases, the rent paid for two
years would have fully paid for as much land in Vir-
ginia as these men were working in Pennsylvania and
Illinois. It would be better than the Pennsylvania
land, and equally as productive as the Illinois rented
farm. A.. Jeffees.

Norfolk, Va.

SILOS AND ENSILAGE.

In our last issue we had an article on this subject,
to which we think the following extract, from an arti-
cle by Prof. Henry, in the Breeders' Gazelle, may use-
fully be added. Prof. Henry is the foremost authority
on feeds and the feeding of live stock in this country,
and whatever he says on that subject is always worthy
of consideration. He says :

"Silage is pre eminently a food for the dairy cow,
and its use will largely remain with the dairy farmer. J
This animal is especially appreciative of succulent
feed, probably because many pounds of water are re-
quired for the daily milk flow. The objection that
silage taints milk or renders it inferior in any way
for any purpose does not hold under careful, impar-
tial examination. Silage received a great setback as
a food for the dairy cow many years ago, when it was
announced that our milk condensing factories would
not allow this feed to be used by its patrons. That
their ruling was not necessarily a just one is shown
by the fact that the milk condensing factories of Lan-
sing and Howell, Mich., use milk from silage-fed cows,
and the Lansing factory has, by circular and other-
wise, urged its patrons to construct silos and use them.
Two years since, the writer found silage in use on
many of the best dairy farms of the East. In New
Jersey, the great Fairfield dairy, with several hundred
cows, sells its high-priced milk in Orange, Newark, etc.
At the time of my visit, in mid-summer, the cows at
this farm were receiving a heavy ration of silage
daily. At the Mountainside Farm, Mawah, N. J.,
Ellerslie Farm, Rhinebeck, N. Y., and many other
places, silage was highly appreciated even as a sum-
mer feed for cows. From both these farms milk was
sent daily to New York, and brought high prices. On
all these farms silage was fed more or less heavily
throughout the year, and the owners expressed a high
appreciation of its value aud economy. * * * *

I believe that in many cases corn silage can be ad-
vantageously used in steer feeding, especially during
the earlier stages of fattening. At this period it is
desirable that the digestive tract of the steer be well
tilled with a* reasonably nutritious food, and succu-
lence is then a helpful factor in such food. By its use
the tissues are more moist, and in this sappy condi-
tion the animal should gain weight rapidly and econo-
mically for the food supplied. To produce a flesh
that is sufficiently firm at time of slaughter, let the
silage be reduced in quantity as fattening progresses.
In experiments by the writer, steers fed good corn
silage made a gain of a pound and a half a day on
that feed alone, while those on silage and corn with
bran double that amount. I caanot but believe that
those stockmen living in the corn belt, who insist that
they must have more or less roots for their fattening
steers, will find silage a cheaper form of succulent
food than that crop, and one which is equally satisfac-
tory otherwise.

Silage can take the place of roots in sheep feeding,
in most cases at least. Experience at the Wisconsin
Station indicates that this food should be used in a
limited way for breeding ewes until after their lambs
are dropped. The tendency of silage to stimulate
milk production seems marked with the sheep, and

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

413

because of this, it is helpful with ewes having lambs
at foot. For horses, silage can only be used in a very
limited way, because of its succulent character and
the large volume it possesses for the nutriment con-
tained. Driving horses and those at hard work can-
not be given this food because of its bulk and mois-
ture, but I do not see why idle horses and growing
colts cannot receive as large a quantity in weight as
one would give in roots. *******

Coming now to the question, Who is in position to
use the silo advantageously and who should let it
alone? Where farms are heavily stocked with cattle,
and every kind of rough forage produced finds wait
ing mouths, with demands for still more, there is
usually a need for the silo. As has been shown in
these articles, the Indian corn plant easily leads all
other farm crops in the amount of dry matter pro
duced on an aere. This crop is especially responsive
to barnyard manure. The more manure placed on a
cornfield, the larger the crop that cau be produced.
Where much stock is carried on a farm, there are
large quantities of manure, and through the use of
this, an enormous corn crop is an easy possibility.
This in turn, placed in the silo, preserves, in the most
compact, desirable form possible, forage for the nour-
ishment of cattle. A visit to those who favor silage
will usually show that the farms are heavily stocked
with cattle, and that the fields are rich with barnyard
mauure, and that large corn crops are a natural se
quence.

On the other hand, when one visits farms where
silos have been erected, used for a time and then
abandoned, he will usually find such farms carrying
a relatively small amount of stock, and the coarse
forage, in dry form, ample for all requirements. Of-
ten, on farms where the silo has been abandoned, the
ripening corn has been allowed to stand in the field
with only the ears snapped or removed ; hack of the
stables large straw stacks are slowly rotting to manure.
A farmer with these conditions prevailing is very lia-
ble to tell us that he does not see why or where there
is any advantage to him in the silo — nor is there, un-
der such conditions.

First of all, .a farmer of this class needs a change in
his system of farming. Rather than build a silo, he
should first increase the number of animals he is car
rying, to consume more closely the available rough-
age. The silo is a useful factor in intensive farming,
where dairy cows or fattening auimals, particularly
the former, are the main sources of income."

On the subject of filling the silo, he says :
"Our ideas are gradually crystalizing in the couclu
sion that the operation should not go on too rapidly.
From seven to fifteen days should be allowed for fill
ing the silo, since this period permi s of storing much
more material, and seems to insure a better and
sweeter silage. Through the slower filling, more of
the entangled air is expelled by the carbonic acid gas
which is set free. Occasionally the user of silage be-
gins feeding from the surface immediately after fill-
ing, in which case there is very little silage lost.
Where no immediate use follows, it is probably best
to cover the surface of the filled silo with some cheap
material which will pack tightly. Fresh marsh grass,
we*>ds, cut straw or shavings will all prove satisfac-
tory. The effectivenesH of this covering is increased

by sprinkling water upon it, which hastens fermenta-
tion aud consequent settling and packing."

ENQUIRERS COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to ap
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Soja Beans.

At the suggestion of the editor of the Southern Plan-
ter, I planted this spring a few Soja beans as an ex-
periment, and ask that yon will give me some informa-
tion in the next issue of the Planter. My beans seem
to be doing very well, the best of them waist high,
and very stout. I see as vet no sign of bloom. At
what time and on what part of the plant does (he
bloom appear ? What is the best way to separate the
beans from the hulls where there are only a small
amount? (I only planted two quarts.) Can they be
put away in boxes or barrels? I want to sow the bulk
of what I have on poor spots, to be turned under.

Fauquier Co., Va. "Fauquier."

There are several varieties of Soy or Soja beau,
some of which are later than others. Yours will
probably bloom shortly. The beans grow mainly un-
der the mass of foliage and near the ground. If only
a small amount of seed are grown, the best way to
separate the crop will be to flail them out by band.
The seeds are Tery hard, and can be run through a
threshing machine without injury. As a crop to plow
under, if such a thing should ever be done with any
feed crop, which T doubt, the Cow pea will beat the
Soy bean out of sight. In fact, for any purpose for
which the Soy can be used, I greatly prefer the Cow
pea. If your land is decidedly deficient in hnmus, it
may pay to turn under a crop of peas at first. But
when soil is in any fair heart, it is a great waste of
valuable fo d material. A good crop of Cow peas is
worth $20 per acre for food, and a large part of the
manurial value can be recovered in the manure if fed
to stock. Turning under such a food crop is never
good farm practice, and green manuring, as advocated
by Northern writers, is a dangerous practice in the
South if the crop is plowed under green, and a waste-
lul one if it is turned under mature. Grow all the
Soy beans and peas you can, and cure them and feed
them, and then get the manure on your corn field, but
do not waste good food by plowing it under, except in
the first start of the renewing of dead poor land.

W. F. Massey.

Silo.

Editor Southern Planter :

Last year I took charge of a farm with a silo built
in the basement. It is 20 feet long, 0 feet wide, and ft

414

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

feet deep. I had it filled with ensilage last fall, but a
great deal of it spoilt, especially the top. I, think
there is too much top to it for the depth. How would
it do to divide it iuto two pits? I never had any ex-
perience with silos, but had a man to help me to fill
it who claimed to know all about it. My owu opinion
18 that it will never answer the purpose of a silo, and
that it would be best to let my corn cure and then cut
it up and run it into the pit convenient to my cows.
What do you think of it? I have a Ross shredder
and cutter, also horsepower, to do the work.
Albemarle Co., Ya. Subscriber.

This pit silo will never make, good ensilage. There
is not depth enough to permit of the silage becoming
so closely compacted as to heat sufficiently to cook it
and force out the air. No silo should be less than 12
feet deep, and it is better that it should be twice that
depth. The advantage of having succulent feed for
stock iu winter is so great that we would advise that
the depth of the silo be increased, by adding on the
top of the walls, say. 10 or 12 feet of wooden siding,
thus making the depth 10 or IS feet. Merely divid-
ing the pit into two pits would not help out of the
difficulty. If it is for some cause impossible to adopt
our suggestion for increasing the depth, then the bet-
ter course will be to use the pit as a storage for dry
cut fodder. This makes admirable feed, if nicely
cured and packed away with no water or dew on it,
and with only sufficient natural moisture in it to make
it heat gently. If the fodder is stored away iu this
shape, do not disturb it after once storing it, even
though it should appear to become hot. If let alone,
it will come out all right and sweet, if clear of water
and dew, whilst if disturbed, it will certainly mould.
—Ed.

Small Grain in the Orchard.

As I am much interested in orchards and gra.-ses. 1
would like to know, through your columns, whether
or not it is injurious to orchards, either young or old,
to sow oats or rye amongst the frees. Some say it
causes blight. Does it. and if so, why!

Inquirer.

It is not advisable to sow either oats, rye. or any
other cereal crop in an oichard either young or old,
not because these crops cause blight, as they have no
such effect, but simply because the trees require all
the plant food in the land to enable them to make
good growth, and produce heavy crops of fruit ; in
deed, they usually require much more plant food than
is to be found iu orchard land. For this reason, it is
desirable to cultivate the land between the trees every
year until about July, and then to sow Crimson clover
or Cow peas, and leave this crop to shade the ground
and gather nitrogen during the fall and winter, and
in the spring to plow down the growth aud cultivate
the laud several times until July again, and then to

seed with clover or peas. After two or three years of
such treatment, it may be well to seed the orchard in
August iu permanent grass, and allow it to stand for
a few years, grazing it with sheep, calves or hogs
each ^r ear. The object iu adopting this latter crop is
to obviate the danger of making the land too rich in
nitrogen, aud thus inducing a too vigorous growth of
wood, which does not become sufficiently matured be
fore winter.

Wbeu seeding to Crimson clover or Cow peas, an
application of 200 pounds of acid phosphate and 100
pounds of muriate of potash to the acre will be found
of material help both to the clover, peas, aud trees.
Fruit trees are always greatly benefitted by potash,
both in their growth aud in the character of the fruit
pioduced.

In a newly planted orchard a crop of some kind
may be grown between the rows of trees for the first
two or three yens, if care is taken not to plant too
near the rows. They should have at least six feet on
each side of the trees kept free from crop. A culti-
vated crop, like potatoes, cabbages, or even corn, is
the one that should be grown, and not a small grain
crop. Very much loss is caused to fruit growers iu
the South by the foolish practice of requiring an or-
chard to produce both fruit and some other crop, even
if it be only grass. The draft upon the soil of a heavy
fruit crop is great, not only in plant food, but in mois-
ture, and there are few, very few. of our orchard
lands which can more than meet the needs of the fruit
crop alone. We have land enough in the South to
meet all our needs without requiring any of it to
grow and perfect two crops at one time. — Ed.

Lupine.

I see in -Xew Americau Farm Book," by Allen,
page 85, he recommends " White Lupine" as a land
improver. Will be glad of any information about
same, should any of your readers have tried it.

Greensboro. X. C. T. T.

The Lupine is a leguminous plant grown in North-
ern Europe (largely in Germany) to perform the same
service iu gathering nitrogen as we here secure from
growing Cow peas, Soja beans, and other leguminous
crops. It is of no value as a feed crop, and. there-
fore, is not used in this country, as both the Cow pea,
the Soja bean, and the other legumes which flourish
so well with us, are equally as good as the Lupiue for
gathering the nitrogen, and at the same time are most
valuable as feed crops. — Ed.

Rolling Cow Peas.

Allen, in the "New American Farm Book." in

speaking of the Cow Pea, says, like a luxuriaut crop

of clover, it requires the roller to prepare it properly

for the plow. Is it customary to roll the pea vines

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

415

previous to plowiDg in, or to cut for hay, then roll
stubble and plow in *

Greensboro, N. C. T. T.

No ; it is not customary to roll the pea vines before
plowing or cutting. Sometimes, when the crop is
very heavy, and the vines very long, this is done in
order to make it easier to bury the crop when plowed
down. Such a crop, however, ought not to be plowed
dowu. but be cut and cured, and fed to stock, and the
resulting manure be applied to the land. — Ed.

Silo and Ensilage.
On page 300, August issue, you use the words "The
Silo aud E.nsilagi:."' and on page 361 you say ''Notes
Concerning the Silo and Silage." Will you please
explain, aud oblige. T. T.

The word "silage" is very commonly used in the
place of "ensilage," which is the correct term to de-
scribe the food preserved ;u a silo. — Ed.

SELECTION OF SEED CORN.

Editor Sotithern Planter :

A correspondent in Eastern North Carolina, who
says that he has been reading my contributions to the
Southern Planter for some time past with some interest,
writes that he has been endeavoring to improve the
productiveness of his corn, by selection from stalks
that bear two ears, aud has made some improvement.
He says that he got the past spring some of the Albe-
marle Prolific* but concludes that his own is the best
for his purposes, and wants to know why I advise tak-
ing the lowest ear for seed. He has always practiced
taking the best ear on the stalk. There are others who
are puzzled over this seed selection business, and hence,
though I have given my North Carolina correspondent
a personal answer, he will, I am sure, pardon my re-
ferring to it here. There is no force in life so strong
as heredity. In my effort to improve our cultivated
plauts, we have got to overcome hereditary tendencies
that are objectionable, and to introduce and make
hereditary characteristics that are of value. Some imag-
ine that by some sort of legerdemain, by crossing or
hybridizing, we can, at once, jump to what we want.
But, while crossing favorable varieties in the species
may help us, the only way to effect any permanent
improvement in plauts is by the slow process of accu-
mulative selection towards a well settled ideal, adding
up as we go along from year to year the desirable traits
aud banishing the evil oues as much as possible. We
cannot improve a race of plants by simply breeding
for one characteristic. We must take the whole plant
into consideration. In selectiug seed corn, if we al-
ways take the finest ear, that will, in all probability,
be the top ear on a double eared stalk or the single
ear on a stalk. It will, in either event, inherit a ten-
dency to be the last ear on the stalk. The seed from

the lower ear, will, on the other hand, inherit a ten-
dency to make another above it, and this tendency
will become more and more fixed as the selection is
carried on in the same way from year to year. The
practice of selecting the best ears in the crib for seed,
has, in the South, resulted in the productiou of a very
tall growing corn, and a race that habitually makes
but a single ear, getting higher and higher from the
ground with each selection of the top ear. What we
should aim at in the improvement of our field corn is
to develop a sturdy and more dwarf stalk, and a ten-
dency to make two or more ears on a stalk. Another
thing iu selection of seed is to remove the seed-bearing
plant from influences that tend to disturb and interfere
with the progress of the selection. Therefore the seed
patch should be kept annually to itself. You will find
in any lot of corn a great many stalks that are en-
tirely without ears, even iu the best fields and on the
best land. But these barren stalks make strong tas-
sels, and are really the most potent males in the field.
I passed a field of corn this summer in the fertile
bottoms of the Yakdin, which had apparently a mag-
nificent crop of corn on it. But on closer inspection,
I found that fully one-third or more of the fine large
stalks were absolutely barren. Seed corn selected from
such a field, no matter how fine the ear, I would con-
sider absolutely worthless. Now, if we are growing
a patch for seed, we must watch for the barren stalks
and not let them spread their influence around, by
cutting their tassels as soon as seen and before the
pollen ripens. The cutting out of the tassels might
even be carried to the stalks that show but one ear, so
that all the pollen ripened should be from stalks that
have two or more ears. Corn selected in this way,
will soon show the effects of the selection, and if it is
rigorously carried out from year to year the result
will be the establishment of a race that will be better
suited to the particular locality thau any o'her can be.
We are not surprised that the Albemarle Prolific did
not do as well on your black swamp land as your own.
A change of seed is at times beneficial if the change is
not too violent. But taking the Albemarle Prolific
corn from the Blue Ridge section of Albemarle, and
plautiug it in the black swamp land of southeastern
North Carolina, was too violeut a change. Yon would
find a still worse result if your corn was taken to
the mountain country of Albemarle and planted
there. To sum up, then, the way to improve our corn
is to plant a piece every year expressly for seed ; cut
away the tassels from all inferior aud barren stalks,
and then select the lowest ear from stalks that have
the nearest character to the ideal stalk you want, and
which have two or more ears. Let the selection be
rigid year after year, and it will not be many years
before your neighbors will be taking an interest in
your seed corn. Your swamp-land farm ought, if well
under-drained, be good for ten to fifteen barrels of
corn per acre, and yet, as you say, there is plenty of
similar land that under the system thai has prevailed,
or rather the lack of system, makes about two to four
barrels per acre.

W. F. Massey.

410

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

Live Stock and Dairy.

POLLED ANGUS CATTLE.

We have the pleasure this month of giving our
readers pictures reproduced from photographs of four
fine specimens of pure bred Polled Angus cattle, be-
longing to Mr. C. E. Jones, of Carysbrook, Va.

Lady Lncretia, No. 24974, is twenty-eight months old,
weighing 1050 pounds, with two calves to her credit.
Mr. Jones is, so far as we know, the first gentleman
who introduced this fine breed of beef cattle into this
State, though others are now following his good exam-

No. 1, Cliftonio. No. 25849, is a bull sixteen months
old, weighing 906 pounds. No. 2, McFarlane, No.
29471. is six months old, weighing 542 pounds. No.
3, Rossini, No. 20500, is three years and three months
old, weighing 1125 pounds. She has two calv< s to her
credit, whose combined weight is 1350 pounds, and is
due to calve again on the 18th October next. No. 4,

pie. When Mr. Jones first contemplated founding an
Angus herd, he wrote us on the subject, and we told
him to " go slow," as we were doubtful as to how far
the breed would be adapted to oar climatic conditions,
which are so different from those of the original home
of the breed— the north of Scotland. Our doubts,
however, have been dissipated. The cattle have

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER

417

proved themselves admirably adapted to our condi-
tions, and will now take the place to which they are
justly entitled, as one of the best beef breeds of cattle
for the South. For years they have stood at the head
or near the head of purely beef breeds in England.
Aberdeen county, Scotland, sends to the London mar-
ket yearly probably more prime beef than any other
single county in the United Kingdom, and "ets for it
the top price of the market, and nearly the whole of
this supply is Polled-Angus beef. It was reported re-
cently that that county was now sending to London
$300,000 worth of this beef every week. That this
State may follow this example in the near future with
corresponding profit to the farmers is certain from
Mr. Jones' practical experience with the breed. Send-
ing us the photographs from which our illustrations
are produced, Mr. Jones said :

' Aberdeen Angus Cattle — The Cattle foe the
South."

I predict, with a feeling of certainty, that in a few
years this will be found to be true in all sections of the
South, where beef cattle are bred and fed. It will be
as true of the medium grass sections as of the best.
The pure-breds as well as the grades will thrive on
the broomsedge and wire-grass pastures of the South,
wintering well on wheat straw supplemented with
cornstalk fodder. As compared with the common
cattle of the South on such treatment, the Angus will,
as a rule, take on fat and growth much more rapidly
and retain the gain. No section in this country can
excel our river and valley lands and much of the up-
lands in the production of corn for ensilage or for
stalk feed. With that advantage, and the abun-
dant broomsedge and wire grass pastures consumed by
Aberdeen Angus cattle and their grades, I believe we
have something that will return as hundreds of thou
sands of dollars.

In speaking thus of such grasses I do not mean to
disparage the raising of better ones. Get better if
you can, if you cannot, take advantage of what you
have in such plenty.

These cattle breed uniformly in color in grades as
well in pure breds, they are very hardy, they are horn ■
less and mature early.

The butcher will soon find out that they dress more
beef to the live weight than any other breeds, and
that their hides are worth one to two cents more per
lb. The consumer will soon find out that he gets more
beef in proportion to bone. When he and the butcher
discover these facts, Angus cattle will be in demand.
Already, if you will notice the London and Chicago
markets, you will see Angus cattle selling somethiug
higher than other breeds. In cattle feeding experi-
ments, the least cost per pound of beef made goes to
the grade Angus usually.

Though comparatively a new breed for this coun
try, they have made rapid headway in favor. They
are specially noted for their ability to withstand ex-
posure in the winter, having next to the skin a fine,
close down which does not allow any ordinary weather
to penetrate.

Prior to 1880, these cattle were comparatively un-

known in the United States. Yet they topped the
Chicago World's Fair with the champiou cow of the
world, and are regularly topping the Chicago Stock
Yards market with prime, early-matured beeves.

Their hides are now being used for making coats
and robes.

The ease with which they are handled, on account
of their hornlessness, has exerted a strong influence
in the introduction of dehorning horned cattle.

To see a herd of these beautiful cattle, with sleek,
jet black coats and well rounded forms, grazing over
a green pasture for a background, is a thing of beauty,
never to be forgotten by a lover of live stock, or, for
that matter, by auy one who has an idea of beauty,
harmony and sj mmetry. If Delmonico could see the
cattle in the pastures, never again would his menu
specify anything but an Angus roast or an Angus ten-
derloin in the beef line ; neither would his patrons be
satisfied with anything less.

They are rapid gainers when growing, being always
in the pink of condition. Here in Fluvanna Co., on
five pounds of ground feed per day, and wire-grass
pasture, a yearling gained 80 lbs. in thirty-three days.
A seven months calf (weaned), on the same feed,
gained 66 lbs. in twenty-nine days. A six months old
calf, from mother's milk and wire-grass pasture, gained
86 lbs. in twenty- nine days.

They are prolific. One of my cows, Lady Lucre-
tia No. 17352, dropped calves as follows : March 28,
1896 ; March 17, 1897 ; January 17, 1898. The com-
bined weight of the three approximating 2,500 lbs.

They are early breeders. Lady Lucretia A No.
24974 calved at sixteen months, and calved again at
twenty-nine months.

Fluvanna Co., Ya. C. E. Jones.

FATTENING RANGE LAMBS IN WINTER.

This paper is a condensation of the principal facts
contained in Bulletin No. 57, Section 2, recently is-
sued by the Animal Industry Department of the Min-
nesota University Experiment Station.

For long years past, sheep and lambs have been
shipped from the ranges to the markets farther east,
and in going thither, they cross our State. Fattening
sheep by our farmers has virtually not been attempted,
except in a few isolated cases, hence this great stream
of opportunity has been running over our borders
from the West to the East in a never ending flow,
without the effort having been made to profit by its
presence. True, sheep and lambs have been fed for
several years at the Minnesota Stock Yards, and in
ever increasing numbers, but such feeding, while it is
helpful to the State, is not directly helpful to the
farmers as such. Omaha, Nebraska, is a great feed-
iug centre of live stock, but the feeding is not done
at Omaha. It is done by the farmers around Omaha,
who buy the stock in the lean or half finished form,
and after having finished it, they then return it to the
market. This is just what the Minnesota farmer
ought to do, and to demonstrate the practicability of

4is

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

fattening range animals on the farm was this experi $2.85 per LOO pounds, although the average price paid
ment undertaken. True, the lambs in this instance was 82.60 per hundred. They were thus estimated
were bought upon the range rather than at the stock because the lambs chosen for the experiment were
yards, but they could have been bought quite as ' somewhat better than the average of the whole lot.
cheaply at the yards. All things considered, that is They were fed in four separate apartments of the
probably the best place to buy them, as then the risks shed, 18 x 20 feet each. These apartments opened
to run in transportation are not borne by the farmer into yards of similar size. To these the lambs had
If, however, one desires to feed in a large way, the access at will. They were supplied with water and
railroads northward in the State, as the Great North- salt in the sheds. The food fed to the lambs in Lot 1
ern and Northern Pacific, will allow animals to be fed cousisted of oil cake, bran, corn, and oats, fed in the
in transit — that is to say, if the purchaser buys on proportions of one, two, three and four parts respec-
the range and pays the freight to the place of final tively, by weight. Lot 2 were fed the same, except
destination, he can then unload the sheep at his sta- that barley was substituted for corn. Lot 3 were fed
tion and, after having fattened them at his farm, can bran, oil cake, barley, and oats in the proportions of

load them up again and ship them on to the market
without any additional freight, other than a nominal
fee for shunting the car.

one, two, three, and four parts ; and Lot 4 were fed
oil cake and oats in the proportions of one and nine
parts. The other food was prairie hay, and miserable

The experiment began November 10, 1896. The sheep provender it was. It had been cut from prairie
experiment proper began November 16th, and euded upreaped the previous year, and, therefore, was much
February 2Sth, thus coveriug a period of eleven mixed with skeletons composed of old, dead grass,
weeks, or seventy seven days. The whole period of This, doubtless, hindered much the growth of the
the feeding continued for 131 days. That this was too lambs. The food was charged at average market
long a period, under the conditions of the experiment, values in the State — that is to say, the oil cake was
will be shown later. The chief of the objects sought charged at $14 per ton, the bran at $6.50, the corn at
in the experiment were : 1. To ascertain the suita- 18 cents per bushel, the barley at 16 cents, the oats at
bility of range lambs for being fattened under what 14 cents, and the hay at $3 per ton. These are low
may be termed farm conditions. 2. To ascertain the values, and yet much of the food was actually bought
relative adaptation of various foods, other than lower. Oil cake, for instance, was bought at $12 per
screenings, for fattening lambs, such as the farmer ton, and bran at $4.50. These are lower values prob-
may readily grow. 3. To ascertain the outcome ably than will ever be seen again in the State, as the
viewed from the stau- (point of profit. increase of stock keeping will tend to raise the price

The lambs used in the experiment numbered 120. of grain.
They were taken from a lot of 160, shipped down The average of food consumed per day by the lambs
from Crookston, October 28th. These formed part of was low. They ate, on an average, 1.98 pounds of
a carload of lambs and wethers bought from Win. B. grain aud .45 pounds of hay, or a total of 2.43 pounds
Shaw, manager of Prospect Ranch, Culberton, Mon per day. It should also be mentioned that the grain
tana. They were first unloaded at Crookston, as pas- was fed unground and the hay uncut, aud the food
ture was plentiful there at the State sub station. This was given in two feeds per day. They were only
part of the experiment, however, was not a success, given what they could eat clean. The food fed to the
The weather turned cold, and severe frosts killed the lambs of the respective lots, daring the experiment
grass early, so that when the lambs reached the State proper, cost respectively, 922.64, $22.18, *-'4.74, and
Farm, a month later, they were not in first-class con- $23.90 ; aud the profit made on the lambs during the
dition. The whole car consisted of 1ST lambs and same period was $30.16, $29.37, $32.18, and $28.35,
100 wethers. The cost of transit from Culberton to respectively. It will thus be noticed that considera-
St. Paul, 702 miles, was $79.40. This sum included bly the greatest profit was realized from the lambs in
$1.40 paid for food. The cost of each lamb in Mon- Lot 3, which were fed a double portion of oil cake,
tana was $1.25, aud of each lamb used in the experi- and this greater profit was made in the face of greater
ment, $1.63. The average weight of each lamb on cost of food. It arose from the greater gains made by
reaching Crookston was 43.8 pounds. They were late the lambs. These gains for the several lots were ">70,
lambs, dropped in May. When shipped, they had 554, 681, and 566 pounds, respectively. The average
not yet been weaned, and as they had been at least gains per month for all the lambs was 7.06 pounds,
two days on the road, they were very much shrunken and for the lambs in Lot 3, S.ll pounds,
on reaching Crookston. When put on food, Novem- j The profit was estimated ou the following basis:

ber 10th, the 120 lambs averaged 57.2 pounds without
shrink, and the price upon them in Montana was

The lambs, when put into the experiment proper, on
November 16th, 1896, were charged at what they had

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTEE.

419

cost. This cost was made up of the following items :
$1.63, the cost in Montaua, plus 23 cents freight, plus
7 cents for pasture, plus 4 cents for food during pre-
paratory week ; making in all $1.97 per lamb, or
$3.44 per 100 pounds. To this cost the cost of food
was added. The lambs, at the close of the experi-
ment, February 28, 1897, weie valued at $4.87* per
100 pounds, the price they sold for on March 24th.
The net profit, therefore, per lamb was $1.01, not tak-
ing the shrink into account, and S6 cents per lamb
with the shrink of 4 per cent. The cost of making
100 pounds of increase during experiment was $3.63.

The lambs were kept too long. They were ready
for sale February 28th, but were not sold until March
24th. The delay was caused by a desire to get a home
market for them. In the meantime, some were
slaughtered for the Supply Department of the School
of Agriculture ; five also died after the 'close of the
experiment proper. The cause was some urinary af-
fection in nearly all instances, and it arose probably
from the rather shaky condition of the lambs when
put upon experiment, together with high feeding too
long continued. In all, six lambs were lost, or 2.4
per cent, of the entire shipment of 245 head of lambs
and wethers shipped down from Crookston.

University of Minnesota. Thos. Shaw.

doqs.

Editor Southern Planter:

The article on "Dogs," in the August issue, should
arouse the whole rural community to action. For fifty
years I was always the owner of a dog, until within
the last year. I liked a good dog, and was willing to
pay the tax on one wheu the law taxed them here, but
it was soon annulled.

It is not only the stock men who ought to raise
more sheep, but who are deterred on account of the
worthless curs in the country, but the nursery and
fruit man suffers also. The present season I am rais-
ing several thousand grape cuttings that grew and are
growing finely, but a neighbor who keeps four dogs
allows these dogs to overrun the ground after rab-
bits, and break off more than all the dogs are worth.
The owner of these dogs was robbed one night not
long ago of a $10 watch and some money, and the
thieves took a meal in the kitchen. Where were the
dogs, I asked him. He could not tell. Then what
are they for? The owner has a pretty large family
and has no earthly use for a dog at all.

It is such dogs as these, that are not fed at home,
that do the sheep-killing. The shotgun and stryc i-
uiue is about our only remedy, but must be judicious-
ly used, or will hurt us.

An Old Subscribes.

Bluffton, Mo.
3

BREEDING AND TRAINING CARRIAGE HORSES.

The following taken from the editorial column of the
California Breeder and Sportsman, will prove both enter-
taining and instructive to breeders and handlers of
carriage horses throughout the South, a type of horse
much sought after and so readily disposed of at re-
munerative figures :

The question is now quite frequently asked, "How
much does it cost to train and get a carriage horse
ready for market!" Indeed, the idea seems to pre-
vail in some quarters that a regular expensive course
of training is required with the coach and carriage
horse, as it is with the trotter. The belief quoted is
entirely erroneous, no expensive system of training is
necessary, no boots, hVpples or other costly parapher-
nalia ; the horse must be well broken, well groomed
and well conditioned, that is all. Of course, the better
broken the horse is, and the more accustomed to the
sights and sounds of urban life, the better he will sell ;
bat even if he never saw an electric car, let alone
passed under an L road with its trains thundering
over his head, he will bring a long price, providing
his action and conformation are all they should be.
Wonderful stories are going the rounds about contri-
vances necessary to give a park horse the proper
action, and various devices, ranging in scope from
spectacles, with magnifying lenses, to complicated
spring "contriptions" to fasten to the forelegs, and so
educate the horse to double his knee ; but all such are
hollow mockeries ; unless the horse has the right con-
formation, he will never acquire the action, and if he
has the action, his conformation, as a general rule, will
be of the kind required. In short, type and action
generally go together, both having been developed
simultaneously, and the mating of the right sire and
dam is the best " contription " for the fixing of high
action in the progeny.

There is no doubt that a horse with naturally high
action may be made to go higher by proper treatment.
For instance, when first taken up, he should never be
driven to the point of great fatigue, and he should
always be kept feeling well and in prime condition.
Then he will delight to bound along, pulling up his
knees and hocks, and proudly showing himself off to
spectators. No amount of fixing will put action into
a -horse not properly formed, and it must never be for-
gotten that there is as much difference in high action
as there is difference between proverbial chalk and
cheese. The horse that doubles his knees up quickly
and slams his feet down again hard, will not sell in the
same class with the horse whose forefoot is picked up
and put down as though following the circumference
of a wheel, the pastern springing quickly when the
foot touches, not strikes, the ground, and is picked
gracefully up again to perform its round circling mo-
tion once more. The horse with the latter way of go-
ing will outwear two or more of the others, and though
any kind of high action will sell to advantage, the
more graceful sort described is the kind that should
be sought. It goes with the conformation of shoulder,
head, neck, loin, quarter and hock, that is most de-
sired, and is in all ways infinitely the most preferable.

Grow the sires and dams that will produce offspring
with this action and conformation ; all the training

420

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

that will be found necessary is very slight. The horse
must be taught to drive on a loose rein ; a puller will
never sell to any advantage. No gentleman will
bother with one for a moment. When thoroughly
broken on the farm to do all kinds of light work, the
education of the colt should be continued as far as
possible in the nearest village. He should be thor-
oughly accustomed to stand unmoved when express
trains and electric cars dash by, and should be accus-
tomed to as much " town life " as possible.

He should never be made to draw a heavy load, for
that spoils his mouth, stiffeus his shoulders and sours
his temper ; noue but light work should ever be de-
manded of him. He should, as noted, be kept as fat
and feeling as gay as possible, and when the time
comes to sell him he should be sleek as a seal, sound
and cheerful, with his mane foretop and tail as nature
made them, and all as clean and fresh- looking as
hands can make him. This is all the training required
for a carriage horse. It involves no expenditure of
money, nothing but common sense, patience, and the
exercise of as much sense as the horse has himself.
Stallions to beget suih carriage horses must have the
qualities required by right of inheritance, and the
more of them the mares have the better ; but no
matter how the horses are produced, the profits in the
business are large and the expenses small.

INDIVIDUALITY OF COWS.

Major Henry E. Alvord, chief of the dairy division,
United States Department of Agriculture, says in the
Dairy Herd that cows differ in their tastes and in their
requirements in the way of food just as human beings
do, although perhaps not to the same extent. To feed
all the cows in the* herd alike, day after day and
mouth after month, as is so often done, is an absurd
and wasteful practice. Some are sure not to get
enough for the greatest profit, and others are likely to
get more than they will use to advantage. This is to
quantity only ; but differences in kind of feed may be
equally desirable. Iu a thorough study and eompre
hension of the question of feeding lies the greatest
opportunity for the exercise of real economy in the
management of the dairy herd. Each auimal ought
to be watched, and its habits, appetite, aud condition
known at all times. If it leaves its feed in the trough,
through lack of taste for it, or restlessly throws it
about, at once shorten the supply of that particular
feed and try to find as a substitute something the cow
will relish. Its distaste for the food that it has long
been accustomed to is an evidence that the system is
demanding some change of diet rather than that the
cow has lost its appetite to a hurtful extent. Give her
something she will like and the appetite will be found
all right

SOUTHDOWNS.

Mr. R. J. Hancock, of Ellerslie, Va., writes us that
he has bought the three-year old Imported Southdown
buck Warwick, bred by the Prince of Wales, at San-
driugham, England. He intends to use him on his
flock this year. The Prince of Wales' Southdowns
have made a fine record at the Royal and other shows
in England for many years.

WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO IMPORT LIVE
STOCK FROfl ENGLAND.

Mr. Alviu W. Saunders, the well known authority
on live stock, and editor of the Breeders' Gazette, gives
the following as his views on this subject, and we re-
gard them as sound :

After some study of the British breeds on their na-
tive soil, I have been forced to the conclusion that
America will never be able to declare, with due regard
to her own best interests, her absolute independence of
foreign herds and flocks in the matter of breeding stock
belonging to types specially designed for the block. I
am aware that some Who fail to approach the subject
in an unprejudiced way will enter deuial, and others
will question the patriotism (?) of any American mak-
ing such an assertion ; but the student of breeding
problems regards not geographical divisions nor po-
litical distinctions in seeking for truth. It is indis-
putable that we are just now breeding as good Here-
fords iu this country as in England. Our best show
cattle are probably the equals of the royal winners ;
but we must remember that we are not yet far enough
away from Anxiety, the Lord Wiltons, the Grove 3d,
Tregrehau, Archibald, Sir RichaTd 2d, and the rest
to declare with any degree of assurance that we have
no further need to resort to the fountain head. In
brief, to come to the gist of the matter at once, th«
full effect of the American climate aud of American
feed upon the form and character of the Hereford has
not yet been demonstrated. That climatic conditions
and character of foods exercise a powerful ultimate
influence upon all auimal form is au axiom with sci-
entists ; and the experience of practical breeders bears
out the teaching of Darwin, Huxley and Spencer.
That the Hereford should constitute an exception to
the rule does not stand to reason. We have but to
contrast the girths of the Anglo Saxons aud the Ameri-
can aborigines or call to mind the conventional carica-
tures of "John Bull" and "Brother Jonathan-' to
grasp the idea iu its entirety. Animals are the pro-
ducts of their environment. The typical native Ameri-
can free from recent admixture of foreign blood is
leau and of the distinctly nervous temperament. Your
true Briton is brawny, full blooded, lymphatic and
blessed with assimilative power. The same forces
that mold form iu man, affect all auimal life. To ap-
ply the test of actual experience to the question in
hand, we may in studying the Hereford proposition,
profit by some Short-horn history. When the "white-
faces" began their assault upon Short-horn power in
the Central West, some twenty years ago. the Short-
horn had beeu bred in this country for genera-
tions. It soon' became appareut, however, that the
home-bred stock could not successfully cope with the
burly-bodied invaders from Herefordshire, and it was
only by immediate and persistent resort to old-country
herds that the march of the imported Herefords and
Augus could be impeded. By free use of fresh British
blood, Short-horn breeders were able to give their op-
ponents at the shows a Roland for every Oliver, Duke
of Richmond for an Anxiety, a young Abbottsburn
for an Ancient Briton.

How long even the rugged Hereford can withstand
our terrific extremes of heat and cold, our drought and
blizzards, our dry feed, corn diet and insect pests, with-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

421

out beginning to lose sappiness and that plethoric
habit ol body so desirable in a butcher's beast, is a
question to be tested by the future. We know that
England, thanks to the gulf stream, is a paradise for
her herbivorous animals. We know that the climate
of Herelordshire, the succulent grasses of the Wye aud
Severn, the cooling influence of a free use of roots in
the feeding ration, and the skill of experienced breed-
ers had gjyen us a race of breeding cattle second to
none this world has ever seen. Every condition there
is favorable to the production and maintenance of a
type. We know that we have in America the feeding
ground par excellence of the world — cheap grass and
oceans of cheap corn — but we must realize that the
underlying conditions are working silently but none
the less surely in the direction of ultimate physical
deterioration. Careful handling can of course ward
off any special loss of breed type for some time. But
any consideration of the question of how to sustain
Hereford power in America that fails to take into
the calculation this vital element of modification of
type through the operation of feed and climate, may
lead to a false conclusion. Occasional recourse to
Herefordshire herds on their native soil is one of the
natural s ifeguards.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SHEEP HUSBANDRY.

The importance of the sheep industry in the United
States cannot be estimated by the mathematician. It
cannot be stated accurately in figures. It would not
be fair to the sheep industry to say that the maximum
of its value is represented by the number of sheep in
the country, valued at so much per head. This arises
from the intimate relation which exists between sheep
husbandry and fertility, and between fertility and the
production of maximum crops.

In reckoning the profit on growing sheep it is cus-
tomary to place a value on the lamb crop and on the
wool, and to deduct from that a sum representing the
cost of maintenance. The difference between these is
said to represent the profit. But that mode of reckon-
ing only tells half the story, for the service rendered
by each animal in destroying the weeds and in fertiliz-
ing the soil is oftentimes fully equal to the cash returns
■which it gives to the owner.

Sheep ought to be multiplied in the land because of
their utility in destroying weeds. Introduce a small
band of sheep on every farm. Give them a chance to
do the work of scavengers. Utilize a portion of the
Ian 1 every year in growing a succession of pastures for
them and they will improve the farm more effectually
than could be done at a large outlay in destroy iug
weeds aud in other ways.

Some men claim that it is not fair to the sheep to
make it a weed destroyer ; but those who talk thus
know not whereof they speak. Sheep are not fools in
the choice of foods. They don't eat what they don't
relish ; hence, if they devour weeds, it is usually be-
cause they relish them, and relish them they will if
allowed to eat them when they are yet tender and suc-
culent. And when weeds become woody aud produce
seeds sheep will gather the seeds with great diligence
when they refuse to eat the woody stem that produced
them.

As distributers of fertility on the farm sheep hnve

never had an equal since the world began. It is that
property in sheep which has given rise to the trite pro-
verb that the sheep has a golden hoof. The abandoned
farms of New England are being reclaimed by the re
storative power of sheep. They are gradually driving
the cattle from the ranges, but this is not matter for
regret, since the equilibrium of fertility on the ranges
can be far better maintained through the growing of
sheep upon them than through the growing of cattle.
At least half of the $50,000,000 that is being paid out
annually in the Eastern States for commercial fertilizers
could be saved by the multiplication of sheep upon
those eastern farms. And a great portion of that
$50,000,000 and more that are being put out every year
from the Mississippi valley in the fertilizers contained
in the exported stuffs could likewise be saved if sheep
were so increased that much of this food would be fed
at home. Prof. Thos. Shaw.

REMEDY FOR HORN FLY.

In some quarters the horn fly is again reported
troublesome to dairy cows and other cattle. An effec-
tive remedy consists of seal or fish oil, worth about 60
cents per gallon, and crude carbolic acid, about 25
cents per pint. Mix thoroughly four tablespoonfulsof
the acid in one gallon of the oil, and rub on the cattle
with a rag once a week. Be careful not to apply too
heavily on the back. It will also kill the warble fly
and vermin. Mr. Wm. Reunie, Farm Superintendent
at the Ontario Agricultural College, who uses and re-
commends this treatment, finds it excellent for winter
use, also going over the herd thoroughly about three
times in the season for vermin and to put the hair and
skin in nice handling condition. A gallon of the mix-
ture would do about 30 animals.

THE GOLDEN HOOF.

On the 27th July last, Mr. Dudding, of Riby Grove,
Lincoln, England, held his annual sale of Lincoln
bucks. * The sale was memorable as marking the
record price for sheep of this breed. He sold 52
yearling bucks for $22,606, or an average of $434.75
per head. For one buck the astounding price of
$5,250 was paid. This and many other high priced
ones were bought for the Argentine, whose great sheep
breeders have learnt to value the Lincoln breed
for crossing on their ewes. Truly is the sheep the
animal with the golden hoof. When will our southern
farmers learn to set a higher value on this animal
than the miserable mischief making sheep-destroying
dog!

Commission merchants who keep close tab on affairs
are positive that good cattle will be good money — bet-
ter money than they are now. There isau undoubted
scarcity of the top class and prices seem certain to ad-
vance considerably. Of course the trouble is that few
farmers or feeders have the right kind ; the disastrous
experience with scrub lots has lessened the demand for
that sort of feeders, and buyers do not know where to
fiud the other kind. The situation simply emphasizes
the necessity of producing a better class of stock cat-
tle.— Breeders' Gazette.

422

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEE.

[September

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The fine rains we have had during the past month
have put the land into splendid cocdition for seeding
and planting out fall and winter crops, and this month
will he a busy one with the trucker and gardener. In
the intervals between gathering and shipping, or stor-
ing his summer grown products, he must get ready the
land and set out fall cabbages and broccoli from the
seed beds, and prepare for and seed his winter and
spring crops of kale, spinach, and early cabbage. All
these crops require that the land should be made rich,
as they are gross feeders. In addition to farmyard
mature, many truckers use as much as 1,000 pounds
to the acre of a high-grade fertilizer, made up say of
300 pounds of nitrate of soda, 750 pounds of cotton-
seed meal, 700 pounds of acid phosphate (14 per cent.),
and 250 pounds of muriate of potash. This fertilizer
should be well mixed with the soil before setting out
the plants or sowing the seed.

Kale should be sown in the rows where it is to grow.
Sow either the curled or smooth variety, using 3 or 4
pounds of seed to the acre. The land for kale need
not be made so rich as for cabbages.

Spinach should also be sown in the rows where it is
to grow. That for the winter crop should be sown at
once. The spring crop may be sown a month later.
Sow in rows 15 inches apart, and do not sow too thickly
or bury the seed tbo deep. It will take 15 or 20
pounds of seed to the acre. The Norfolk Sayoy is a
good variety.

Sow cabbage seed in beds to provide plants for set-
ting out in October or November for the spring crop.
The Early Jersey Wakefield is a good variety. Do
not make the seed bed too rich, as the object is not to
grow a spindling tender plant, but a short stocky one,
which bears transplanting so much better and keeps
stocky all winter.

Onion sets should be planted out for the early green
onions. Potato onions sets should be set out in rows
15 inches apart and about 5 inches apart in the rows.
This is an excellent onion for providing early green
onions and later for bulbs for the early summer mar-
ket. It will not, however, keep like bulbs raised from
seed sown in the spring. Onions require rich land.
Give all the rotted farm-yard manure you can spare
and work well into the land and if this be not in
sufficient quantity supplement with a fertilizer made
up of 200 pounds of nitrate of soda, 750 pounds of

cotton-seed meal, 750 pounds of acid phosphate (14
per cent.), and 300 pounds of muriate of potash.
Apply at the rate of from 300 to 500 pounds to the
acre. The large potato onions when set out now make
sets in the spring, and the small ones makctnarketable
bulbs.

Lettuce seed should be sown in beds for transplant-
ing into frames later or for setting out in beds, which
can be protected during hard winter weather.

Clean up all land not required to be sown or planted
with truck crops and seed in German clover.

In the orchard, apples and pears should be gathered
as they ripen or mature, and be stored in cool cellars
or fruit houses until required to be shipped.

EXPERIMENT FARM AT SOUTHERN PINES, N. C.

Editor Southern Planter :

Probably no other Experiment Station is doing
more to benefit the agricultural community than that
of North Carolina, located at Ealeigh. The Experi-
ment Farm, which is owned by the North Carolina
State Horticultural Society, and is carried on mainly
in the interests of horticulture by the Horticultural
Society, in connection with the State Experiment Sta-
tion, is at Southern Pines, N. C. This location was
chosen b cause land suitable for the purpose could be
procured there at comparatively low prices. Experi-
ments are continually bein; made with a view to spe-
cially benefitting all branches of horticulture.

The object of these experiments is to determine the
proper amount of the different materials to be applied
as plant food to the various crops, and not onl,) to find
out the right amounts, but also determine in what
form each ingredient should be used.

To accomplish this end, the ground is laid out in
plots of equal size, and different fruits and vegetables
are planted upon them, a number being devoted to
strawberries, the same number to blackberries, grapes,
pears, peaches, plums, apples, potatoes, cabbage, as-
paragus, etc. No two plots of any variety of fruit or
vegetable are fertilized alike. So many different
formations of plant food are employed, that it requires
something like 30 plots for each variety of fruit or
vegetable. Different forms and amounts of nitrogen
are used on different plots to determine which form
and amount may be best for each different crop, and
the same is doue with potash and phosphoric acid,
thus necessitating quite an acreage of land, and in-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

423

volving a very great amount of labor. It is natu-
rally of the utmost importance that these experiments
should be carried on with great carefulness and intel-
ligence ; they have, therefore, been placed under the
'direction of skillful men, who will leave nothing to
chance or guess-work.

All fertilizer materials are carefully weighed and
applied. A record of each plot is kept, showing the
amount of each ingredient and its form, and when
and how it was applied. The product of each crop
is also carefully weighed or measured, and a record
made of the same. In this way, by the use of differ-
ent forms and amounts of each ingredient, and noting
the results upon the various' crops, the amount and
form most profitable for each crop can be arrived at.
Now, when all these results are tabulated and re-
ported, and the reports distributed, they will consti-
tute a work of incalculable value not only to the
farmers in the State of North Carolina, but to farmers
throughout the country.

The good work of this farm goes still further, and
ii fcludes experiments for destroying injurious insects
and fungous diseases. The State has enacted very
stringent laws for the destruction of the San Jose
scale and other pests, and also to eradicate "peach
yellows" and other fungi. In this respect, some
other States would do well to follow her example.

The soil and climate of North Carolina make her
eminently fitted for the production of fruits and vege-
tables, in which she is encouraged by the transporta-
tion companies, which give excellent facilities for
reaching good markets. Therefore it seems very wise
that the State should encourage horticulturists in their
work, for this experimental work would be very un-
likely to be accomplished by individual effort, as the
average horticulturist and agriculturist is hardly com-
petent to carry on such work, even if he had the time
and means to do it. Then, again, by having these
experiments conducted in a body, at one place, and
under the supervision of capable men, the expense
can be greatly reduced, and any one who chooses can
profit by the object-lesson given at the Farm. Tt is
far cheaper to profit by another's experience than for
each individual to learn everything by experimenting
for himself.

All it costs one to get the benefit of the experience
of those who conduct the experiments at the Farm, is
the time necessary to carefully read the reports which
are furnished free on application. At the same time,
individual experiments should by no means be discour-
aged, but rather the contrary. It is good for every
one to investigate for himself (if he cau), and also to
see what others are accomplishing. It would be well
for every one who cau spare a little time and money
to visit the Experiment Farm at Southern Pines,

N. C, and see for himself what is being done there.
Whoever does so, will hardly fail to appreciate the
wisdom of the State of North Carolina in encourag-
ing and maintaining by her aid such a work as the
Experiment Farm at Southern Pines.

J. M. White.

THE APPLE CROP.

The reports on the apple crop of the country are
doleful reading. With the exception of one or two
far Western States (Pacific Coast States) there is
not a State in the Union with more than a three-
quarters crop. The New England and Northern States
run from a third to three quarters of a crop, whilst
here in the South the crop is a half crop or a little
more. Apples are going to be worth money both for
home aud export. Messrs. J. C. Houghton & Co., of
Liverpool, England, say that the crop in England is
much under the average. In Scotland aud Ireland
there is an average crop. On the continent of Europe,
and especially in Germany, the crop is a short one.
Our advice to apple growers is to hold on to the crop.
It will be wanted at a good price.

PLUn CURCULIO.

Editor Southern Planter:

The plum curculio, or '' Little Turk," as she is some-
times called, because of the crescent-shaped incision
she makes to prevent the growing fruit from crushing
the egg she lays within its centre, is very trouble-
some here in some localities.

I cut down my plum trees several years ago, as the
curculio was too much for me. I have been tempted
to do the same with my peach trees for the same rea-
son. I have tried spraying with only a minimum of
poison, aud killed the foliage and not the bugs. I
have tiied jarring also, with little or no effect. That
is like catching birds by putting salt on their tails. I
have come to the conclusion that bees aud hogs afford
the only remedies — the bees to cause vigor in the
fruit, as the insects, I have noticed, prefer weakly
fruit ; and hogs to eat up the fallen fruit, and so pre-
vent reproduction. Chickens will perform the latter
function in a minor degree.

There has been a noticeable increase of the curculio
in this locality, and a noticeable decrease in the num-
ber of bees kept, or rather, in the number of persons
keeping bees. This used to be par excellence the peach
growing section, aud within my recollection, nearly
every housekeeper had bees. Now hives are seldom
seen.

I am of the opinion that the curculio is only par-
tially migratory. In proof of this, my neighbor has

424

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

an orchard with;n three hundred feet of mine, and he
is not troubled with the curculio. There is a neigh-
boring orchard, about as far beyond, troubled with
the curculio to the same extent as mine. The latter
has peach trees as well as myself, but no peaches
ripen with either. The man between has hogs always
running in his orchard. I and the far neighbor have
none. Geo. C. Henning.

Northampton Co., Va.

The following note on this subject, from Prof.
Slingerland's Bulletin on ''Quince Curculio," would
support our correspondent's view as to the hogs : — Ed.

"Hogging the Orchard : " "In one quince orchard,
Mr. E. A Barnes, of Lockport, N. Y., allowed hogs
to run from early in the spring until just before time
to gather the fruit, when, because they would reach
up and pick the fruit, they were excluded for a time ;
and small grain was from time to time scattered on
the ground to induce more thorough rooting by the
hogs. From this orchard he gathered his finest fruit.
Either the orchard was not badly infested by the in-
sect, or else the hogs found most of the grubs in the
.spring before they are transformed into beetles."

PEAR BLIGHT.

In the laboratory it has been found that blight is in-
variably accompanied by a minute organism, a bacil
lus, allied to those which cause such dangerous dis
eases as tuberculosis and typhoid fever in man. These
minute germs have been found in countless millions in
the delicate cells of the plant, but to prove that they
were the actual cause of the disease it was necessary to
separate them from the pear tissues and all other or-
ganisms present, to grow them wholly apart and in au
absolutely pure state, and finally to bring them again
into coutact with healthy pear trees and produce the
disease. This has been done. The germs of pear
blight, free from all other organisms, have been made
to grow on potato, on various kinds of gelatin, and
other media, just as the farmer grows a crop of corn
on a soil free from all other plants. The germs grown
in this way, when picked into the delicate tissues of a
young pear shoot, multiply rapidly, and in a few days
there is a well developed case of the disease. The
cause of the disease being thus definitely determined,
it remained to find out how it was spread from tree to
tree, and how, after seemingly disappearing in late
summer, it would break outagain the following spring.
The work was now transferred from the laboratory to
the orchard itself. Here it was found that insects,
particularly bees play an important part in dissemi-
nating the disease. One very destructive form of
blight occurs in the blossoms, and the bees in visiting
these for honey carry the germs to healthy flowers.
Tims, from one center a whole orchard may soon be-
come iufected, and with what results will be easily
understood by those familiar with the way the blight
works.

While bees were found to be a really serious factor
so far as the spread of blight was concerned, the work
brought out a lact heretofore unknown, but of vast

importance to fruit growers, namely : that many vari-
eties of pears will not fruit at all unless bees have ac-
cess to them — in other words, their own pollen is not
potent, and they require the pollen from some other
variety in order to set fruit. This fact explains why
large blocks of certain varieties are unfruitful, and
suggests a way of overcoming the difficulty.

Coming back to blight, the studies in the orchard
further revealed the very important fact that, while
the branches killed during the summer usually contain
no living germs after a few weeks, in a certain small
proportion of them, at the point where the diseased
part merges into the healthy, they do remain alive,
and also that these germs pass the winter in a partly
dormant condition. As soon as spring opens, the
germs in these few "hold over" cases again start into
active life, and in a short time become so numerous
that they ooze from the wood in gummy masses. In-
sects are attracted to this more or less sweetish gum,
and by visiting it and then going to other trees, espe-
cially to the blossoms, they redistribute the organism.
So much, therefore, for what has been developed by a
long and careful study of this disease. It now re-
mained to apply the knowledge in a practical way,
which was done by what has come to be known as the
winter method of combatting blight. This consists
simply in a careful inspection of the orchard in the
fall or early winter and a cutting out of every branch
showing any sign of the ho d-over blight. Not only
is it necessary to cut out these branches, but it is im-
portant that they be completely destroyed by fire.
Following this practice carefully, it has been found
practicable to eradicate blight not only from the or-
chard, but also from the nursery, where the conditions
for spreading are much better, owing to the way the
trees are planted. — B. T. Galloway, Chief Division
of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology.

The Asparagus Rust is further discussed in Bulletin
129 of the New Jersey Station by Dr. Halsted. His
inquiries indicate that thus far this serious pest has
beeu confined to the Atlantic coast from New England
to Florida, the vast interior of the country aud the
Pacific coast being as yet fr 'e from the rust, which was
carefully illustrated and described in our issue of June
11. This fungus has beeu destructively injurious here
only in 1S9(> and since, but is common in Europe,
where it is described as early as 1805. At the New
Jersey Siation, spraying with Bordeaux and similar
fungicides reduced the amount of rust about one-fourth.
The Palmetto variety is less susceptible than other
sorts, and pistillate plants were somewhat less rusted
than those that do not bear berries. The bulletin re-
peats the advice Dr. Halsted has given for the last
two years, to burn the affected plants as soon as they
become brown aud lifeless, but the experience of com-
mercial growers at Concord, Mass., last year indicates
that better results are obtained by letting the brush
stand uutil fall and then cutting and burning. The
bulletin is an interesting one, but reveals no practical
means of combatting the pest, which emphasizes its
gravity.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1808.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

425

The Poultry Yard.

EARLY MOULTING.

One of the first requisites towards having fresh laid
eggs in winter is to secure the early moulting of all
hens. That this moulting may be hastened and quick-
ened by proper treatment of the fowls has been abun-
dantly demonstrated by experiment. One of the most
recent experiments is that made at the Central Exper-
iment Farm at Ottawa in Canada. Mr. Gilbert thus
explains and summarizes the course he successfully
adopts :

For the past three or four years attention has been
given to the bringing on of an early moult and the
shortening of the non revenue producing season.
Every effort was made to have hens moult in the mid-
summer months when the price of eggs was about the
lowest. In order to bring this about, during the first
week in July the breeding pens were all broken up
and the male birds were removed to quarters by them-
selves. The hens were then allowed to run promis-
cuously in small fields in rear of the poultry build-
ings. In these fields they had grass and clover and a
certain amount of insect life. The rations were com-
posed of wheat, buckwheat, and oats — the two latter
mixed — and were fed twice per diem. During Au-
gust, a warm mash, composed of ground grains, to
which was added deodorized blood meal in the pro-
portion of one ounce to every ten hens, was fed three
times per week in the morning, and a grain ration in
the afternoon. When cut bone coald be procured, it
was fed in lieu of the deodorized blood meal, and in
quantity of one pound to every fifteen hens. A light
noon ration was occasionally given. This treatment
was continued until the new feathers were fairly well
out, when the noon ration was dropped and every care
was taken to prevent the hens becoming too fat. To-
wards the end of October, cut bone, in the propor-
tions named, was fed three times per week regularly.
When laying had fairly commenced in November, a
small quantity was given every day. Roots or cabbage
were in abundant supply.

Experience proved that if the above treatment is
carried out, with care that too much is not fed and an
overfat condition result, the laying stock will make a
satisfactory respouse in the wintes months, commenc-
ing with a moderate output in late October or early
November, and gradually but surely increasing. For
instance, in the fall of 1896 we had 204 hens and pul-
let*, and they gave in November 5G8 eggs, and in De-
cember 1,466 eggs. We calculated we had 120 active
layers, for we had to keep over a certain number of
old hens for setters, as we had no incubator. A cer-
tain number of old hens were also kept over for
breeders.

SU.MMABY.

A synopsis of treatment recommended may be in-
teresting :

1. Let the laying stock have access to clover and
grass and insect life if possible. If kept in limited
quarters, supply cooked meat and green stuff regu-
larly.

2. In middle of August give mash three mornings
of week. Other three mornings, cut bone or cooked
lean meat, beef heads, etc. For afternoon ration,
sound grain of some kind.

a. When new feathers appear, be careful not to
overfeed. Keep hens in exercise searching for their
grain food if possible. If in limited quarters, exer-
cise is imperative to avoid an overfat condition.

4. The early pullets will stand a greater quantity of
stimulating food than the older hens. May hatched
pullets ought to begin to lay in December or late No-
vember.

5. The above applies to hens not over two years of
age, and which are winter layers.

6. A supply of grit, pure water, lime, and green
stuff, are at all times essential, particularly so during
the winter season. Hens running at large will, of
course, supply themselves if it is to be had.

Do not say, "Oh ! you have fine buildings, all the
requisites, and the government at your back, and you
can do what we cannot." Not so ; we have fourteen
breeds, composed of old, middle-aged, and young
birds. We experiment with a view of giving you
what we learn. And we do know that a farmer with
one breed of fowls ought to have a good time in han-
dling them so as to make money out of them. In
poultry-keeping, as in every other department of farm
work, intelligence, energy, and a thorough knowledge
of your business is imperative. With proper care,
there is money in poultry.

To the above, we would add that we have found
that the addition of a little flaxseed meal to the feed
two or three times a week is an advantage.

PRESERVING EGGS FOR WINTER USE.

The Poultry Keeper, after careful examination of and
experiment with all known methods of preserving
eggs for use in winter, thus summarizes the results :

1. Only strictly fresh eggs can be preserved, and in
packing them the eggs should not touch each other, as
one bad egg will spoil the whole.

2. Eggs collected from neighbors, or at stores, will
not answer, as even the most obliging neighbor may
unintentionally impose a stale egg on you.

3. Eggs from hens not in company with cocks will
keep three times as long as will those from those mated
with cocks. Hence, after hatching is over, remove
the males, as the hens will lay fully as well without
them.

4. Keep the eggs as near sixty degrees as possible,
but seventy is not too high. In other words, keep
them in a cool place in summer, and do not let them
freeze in winter. The cooler you keep them the bet-
ter, but do not go below 40 degrees.

5. Be sure and turn the eggs at least twice a week,
or the yokes will adhere to the shells, no matter how
they may be preserved. This may be done by putting
the eggs in a box and turning the box, or by placing
the eggs on a rack or turning tray.

426

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

6. Eggs will keep in a cool place if simply turned
often, without any packing at all, especially if they
are from hens not in company with cocks.

7. Dry, finely sifted coal ashes, dry salt, fine, clean,
dry dirt, corn, oats, chaff, charcoal or brau will answer
for packing, but ashes or salt are preferred.

8. Twenty grains salicylic acid iu one gill of cotton-
seed oil (or laid) may be used for greasing the eggs
slightly, in order to prevent evaporation before pack-
ing.

9. The liquid processes are not as convenient as the
dry processes. Do not trust any of the so-called
" Havana," " Per Algretta," " New York," or other
unknown methods.

10. Never go into the business of preserving eggs
until you have experimented with a dozen, breaking
an egg every month, in order to make observation.

11. It will be very difficult to preserve eggs and
have them fresh at the end of six months, but as three
months is long enough, eggs from uumated hens will
easily keep that length of time. The prices advance
in three mouths from the time prices are low. Bear
in mind that eggs decay, like meat or fish, and one
cannot keep them a long time and have them " strictly
fresh."

12. Assort your eggs when taken out for sale, put-
ting dark ones together and light ones together. Wash
them clean, before preserving, iu warm water, and do
the same when taking them out.

13. Although we have given several methods, sim-
ply to lay them before our readers, we recommend
only the method of placing eggs on racks, turning
them twice or three times a week, and keeping them
in a cool place. We term this the rack method.

14. Eggs that are fertile will not keep well under
any process, but may be kept six weeks for hatching,
in a cool place, by the rack method.

15. Limed eggs, or eggs packed in salt, etc., will
not bring more than one half the price of fresh eggs
in market. In other words, you will get no more for
them after preserving than when they are fresh and
cheap, hence such eggs do not pay. You lose in price
what you gaiu by keeping them.

16. No one can buy eggs and preserve them with
profit. You must keep your own hens and have no males
with them. This point is one we wish to impress on
you.

17. The sulphur process will enable you to preserve
and keep ground bone, grouud meat, fresh fish, or
almost anything, for six months or a year, and not the
slightest odor will result. It also destroys all germs
of disease or impurities in the meat or bone, and flies
or insects will not attack the materials after preserved.

18. We do not recommend the sulphur process for
eggs, as it discolors them some, though it is efficacious.
The rack method, in a cool place, is our choice.

19. If you can keep eggs for three months only, it
will be sufficient for a change of prices.

20. To run around the country and buy eggs to pre-
serve, getting them here and there, will result in fail-
ure. Read No. 16 of this summary. The whole
thiug may be summed up thus : 1. Cool place. 2. No
males. 3. Turn the eggs.

We are able to endorse the advice of the Poultry
Keeper from our own experience. We always kept
our eggs on racks, turning them twice a week, and

rarely found a bad
months in this way.

egg. We have kept them three

Frequently one or two hens in a flock will droop,
and on examination their crops will be full, water will
run from their beaks when they are held heads down,
and an offensive odor will be noticed. It usually
happens when sour food has been left for the hens to
consume, indigestion occurring, the food fermenting
in the crops. The remedy is to give only as much
food as the heus can eat at a meal, so as to permit of
noue remaining over to sour. Place the sick birds on
straw and withhold all food for forty-eight hours, add-
ing a gill of lime water to every quart of the drinking
water. — Poultry Keeper.

Experiments in feeding and in computing the value
of eggs show that, if no estimate is made for labor,
one dozen eggs can be produced at a cost of about six
cents for food, or about half a cent per egg. If all of
the food allowed to hens was converted into eggs, the
profit on a dozen eggs would be large, even when
prices are very low, but much depends on whether
the hens convert the food into eggs, flesh, or support
of the bodies. It is a fact demonstrated, however,
that when a dozen eggs are marketed, they carry from
the farm but little of the nutritious elements of the
soil in proportion to their value in market, and on
that account they are as profitable as anything that
cau be produced on the farm. — Poultry Keeper.

The great secret of securing eggs is really no secret,
for every experienced person knows that everything
depends upon the conditions. It is not always the
breed or the feed that makes a hen lay. The main
point is not to make a laying hen fat. If you have
hens for market that are to be fatted, remove your
laying hens. Keep the market hens confined closely,
but keep your laying hens at work. The secret (if it
is a secret) of making hens lay is to have them always
busy scratching. It is something that they should be
compelled to do from the time they come off the roost
in the morning until they go on again at night. The
laying hen is a scratching hen. The idle, lazy hen
never lays. Do not forget the fact. — Poultry Keeper.

Instead of feeding wheat every day the grain may
be varied by simply allowing one kind of grain each
day. Oats may be given the first day, coru the next,
and wheat the next. The cost of food will be about
the same as if but one kind is given, but the fowls
will enjoy the changes of grain, and keep in better
health. If meat, milk, and bulky food are also added
to the ration the hens should lay, provided they have
warm quarters and are not over fed. Variety should
always be the rule, for even the grains differ in their
composition.

Always mention the Planter when you write to
advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTEB.

427

The Horse.

THE HORSE flARKET.

By and by, the average farmer, breeder horsemen
will wake up to a full realization of the situation in
regard to the immediate future of the horse supply of
not only this country, but of others, though a great
many will not realize the situation till it is too late for
them to greatly benefit thereby. The Chicago Horse-
man places the increase in value at 40 per cent., and
on the situation in general says :

"That the long promised shortage of supply in the
general horse market is even now being felt ii proved
beyond peradventure by the advance in prices that
has been scored. Last week our East Buffalo corre-
spondent wrote that so few horses were coming to that
market that many buyers for the domestic and export
trade were unable to fill orders, and that horses which
but a short time ago were plentiful and easily procured
at from sixty-five to ninety five dollars now command
fiom one hundred and fifteen to one hundred and
forty dollars, without nearly enough to supply the de-
mand. For the better grades prices have risen even
more in proportion, and the supply comes even fur-
ther from being sufficient to satisfy the wants of pur-
chasers. This, taken in conjunction with reports from
other points, will convince any one of the very healthy
tone general market is assuming. Of course, it is the
eternal object of the dealers to keep prices down, to
the end that they may buy on the old basis from the
producer and sell on the new to the consumer, and
they have many powerful allies ; but strenuous and
well directed though their efforts are, they cannot suc-
ceed much longer in depressing values below a legiti-
mate level. Last Wednesday a gentleman who is
thoroughly in touch with all that goes on in the Chi
cago horse market was in The Horseman's editorial
rooms and stated that never in his experience had
that market been as devoid of desirable offerings as
at this moment. 'They simply are not coming in,' he
said, ' because they are not in the country to come. I
have an order at this moment for a good pair, without
limit as to price, and I cannot find the horses in Chi-
cago to fill the bill. Several other gentlemen have
asked me to find them single horses and pairs at prices
ranging from fifteen hundred dollars and downward,
and I cannot find the horses.' He then proceeded to
inquire if we knew of any first class horses for carriage,
coach or road purposes, and we were compelled to re-
ply that we did not. Further, an extensive advertiser
in and liberal patron of The Horseman recently asked
that we furnish him with information that might lead
him to purchase several large, stylish, standard bred
trotting stallions that would be likely to beget coach-
ers of salable type. Our commissioner then at Peoria
was forthwith instructed to make inquiries among the
horsemen congregated there as to where such horses
might be found. His reply was that he met no less
thau nine men looking for just such animals, their ob-
ject being not to sell them for reproductive purposes,
but to add them to the list of geldings and sell them
for carriage use in the larger cities. One large firm of
dealers had three representatives at the Peoria meet-
ing, and not one of them bought a horse. If this is
not tidings of comfort and of joy to the breeder who

has some young things coming on, we should be pleased
to learn what is."

NOTES.

At Windsor Farm, near Cascade, in Pittsylvania
county, Va., which is a grand old aucestral estate of
nearly two thousand acres, watered by the Dan river,
several creeks aud numerous springs supplying abun-
dance of clear, limpid water for stock, Mr. Samuel H.
Wilson is breeding thoroughbreds and combined sad-
dle aud harness horses. Linsey Woolsey, son of Eolus
and Lizzie Hazelwood, by Scathelock ; second dam
the famous War Song, dam of Eole, St. Saviours and
Eon, heads the thoroughbred department. He is a
well made horse, sixteen hands high, and full brother
to the good race horse and successful sire Knight of
Ellerslie, who got the great Henry of Navarre. The
brood mare band includes : St. Olga, a chestnut, by
imported St. Blaise ; imported Gay Deceiver, a chest-
nut, by Albert Victor ; Katie O, a bay, by imported
Charaxus ; an unnamed bay, foaled 1894, by imported
Order ; and Thelma, a chestnut, by imported Esher.

The saddle stallion to which Mr. Wilson is breeding
all of his mares, aud which was purchased by him last
spring in Kentucky, is Whitsett Denmark, seven
years' old bay horse, weighing over 1,100 pounds and
close to sixteen hands high, by Sterling Denmark, dam
Ada M., by Black Eagle, while one of the choicest
saddle maivs at Windsor is Millie W., a chestnut, by
Forest Denmark, dam Maggie W. , by Scotland, son of
Halcorn.

The eleventh annual fair and race meeting of the
Chesapeake Agricultural Society, which began at Cape
Charles, Va., on August 16th and lasted four days,
was one of the most successful in the history of the
Association, both financially and in point of attend-
ance.

The present season has been a prosperous one for
the farming community on the Eastern Shore of Vir-
ginia, the potato crop having been a bountiful one and
disposed of at paying prices, which made tillers of the
soil happy and accounted for their generous patronage
of the fair. The race programme, prepared under
the supervision of Secretary Dr. A. Brockenborough,
formed, as usual, one of the most attractive features
of the week and furnished excellent sport. Mr. F. G.
Smith, of Buffalo, N. Y., served as starting judge and
did good work. Three harness races were decided on
the first day, two of them for two and three year old
classes, trotting, and the third for the 2:29 class, trot-
ting. The latter went to the bay gelding Firewood,
by King Nutwood, dam Medina, by Middletown, in
straight heats ; time of fastest heat, 2:26}, a reduction
of three seconds in his record. Three harness races
were decided on the second day, and a popular feature
being the performance of the bay mare Lamp Girl,
who won the 2:19 class, trotting, stepping the final
heat in 2:191, which lowered the track record and
chipped three seconds from her mark. Lamp Girl,
who is by Walker Morrill, dam by Signet, was bred

428

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

and raised on the Eastern Shore and is owned by J. R.
Bull, Bobtown, Va.

The programme for the third day was made up of
three harness races, viz : those for four year olds and
2:40 trotters and the free-for-all trot and pace mixed.
The latter weut to the fast pacing mare Veta, 2:091,
owned by R. Hentschell, of Baltimore, after Happy
Nick, a bay pacing stallion, by Albert W., dam Vir-
ginia, by Echo, owned by W. F. Fitchette, of Cape
Charles, Va., had won the first heat in 2:19i. In the
summary, Veta stood for first money, Happy Nick for
second, the brown stallion McZeus, record 2:13, trot-
ting, third, and Whitby fourth.

Only two races were scheduled for the fourth and-
concluding day of the meeting, which were for three
minute trotters and the mixed class for 2:22 trotters
and 2:24 pacers. The latter went to the five year old
bay pacing gelding Little Guy, by Frank Mayo, dam
by Walker Morrill, in straight heats; time, 2:22},
2:241 2:24.

Secretary W. E. Dillion, of the State Fair and Ag-
ricultural Association, Norfolk, Va., reports a bright
outlook for the forthcoming fair and race meeting to
be held there October 4th to 7th next. The programme
includes three harness races each day and one or more
for runners, the latter including the Virginia Derby,
purse $250, for three year olds and upwards, distance
li miles, with a cup added for the winner of the event,
which will be run on the third day. The purses for
the harness raees are of the uniform value of $500
each, and the classes have been arranged as follows :
First day, 2:45 trot, 2:24 trot, and 2:24 pace. Second
day, 2:30 trot. 2:22 trot, aud 2:15 pace. Third day,
2:27 trot, 2:30 pace and 2:20 pace. Fourth day, 2:37
trot, 2:1S trot, aud free for all pace and trot.

The grounds and half-mile track of the Association
are inferior to none in the South, while the appoint-
ments are first-class of their kind. There are over
350 box stalls for horses, fine cattle, sheep, swine, and
poultry houses, while the main exhibition building is
built of steel, aud is of grand size, being 400 feet long.
165 feet wide and 60 feet high. In addition to the reg-
ular exhibits other prime attractions will be provided,
while the race programme will attract horsemen from
various sections, aud good performers, some of them
of note, will contest in the different classes and furnish
excellent sport.

Among the well known Virginians, who are guests
at the White Sulphur Springs, are Mr. Joseph Wil
mer, owner of that beautiful and highly improved es-
tate known as "The Horse Shoe," near Rapidan, in
Orange county, where he breeds thoroughbreds, trot-
ters aud hackneys ; and Mr. A. B. Gwathmey, of the
New York Cotton Exchange, who owns the elegant
road mares Lucy Ashby, 2:21*, by Jolly Friar and
Salient, by Wickliffe, and is regarded as one of the
ablest amateur reinsmen in the Metropolis.

Dr. F. E. Williams, of the Tidewater Stock Farm,
Pope, Va., has a very handsome brown colt, foal of
1898, by McZeus 2:13, dam Margaret Walker, by
Gambetta ; second dam Nyack, by Cuyler, and third
dam the Busted mare, grand dam of Io, 2:18i. When
started up in the paddock this youngster shows the

action of a trotter, and, with age, should develop
speed and race-horse quality. He was bred by Dr.
Williams, who owns his dam, Margaret Walker.

Among the winners in the classes for standard bred
trotters at the Culpeper Horse Show were a couple of
two-year-old colts, bred and owned by Mr. W. N.
Wilmer at Plain Dealing Farm, Albemarle county.
The youngsters were sired by Mr. Wilmer's stallion,
Virginia Chief, son of Kentucky Prince, out of the
farm mares Barbara, by Alcantara, and Aebina, by
Alban. Mr. Wilmer is a member of the prominent
law firm of Wilmer & Canfield, 48 Wall street, New
York, and a busy man, yet he is a student of pedi-
grees, and rears thoroughbreds, trotters and hackneys
at his Virginia breeding establishment.

W. J. Carter, of this city, has purchased of Dr.
F. E. Williams, Tidewater Stock Farm, Pope, Va.,
the very promising green trotter, Tidewater, a five-
year old bay gelding, by Phalanx, son of Phallas,
2:13f, dam Virginia Harkaway, by Harkaway. Under
adverse circumstances this gelding has shown a milo
this season in 2:21, latter half in 1:10, and final eighth
in 17 seconds— a 2:16 gait — and if he keeps right
should beat 2:15.

Mr. R. J. Hancock, of Ellerslie Stock Farm, Albe-
marle county, Va., whose reputation as the breeder of
some of the finest thoroughbreds this country has pro-
duced, is still breeding on his well known lines, and
looks to yet produce as good if not better stock than
ever left his farm. He has also some fine Short Horn
cattle, Southdown sheep, and Berkshire hogs, from
which he is breeding stock for sale at reasonable prices.

At a recent meeting of the Lynchburg Fair Associa-
tion, Lynchburg, Va., it was decided that no fair and
race meeting would be held this fall.

Broad Rock.

"HOOKS" IN THE EYE OF THE HORSE.

We have an enquiry as to "Hooks" in the eye of
the horse. Our querist says that he is advised to have
the so called "hooks" pulled or cut out. We would
strongly advise him to do nothing of the kind. The
man who would pull out or cut out the " hooks" is au
ignorant, brutal fellow. The so-called "hooks" is
simply an inflamed condition of the membrane nicti-
tans, which is the membrane provided by nature to
wash off dirt from the eyeball. Bathe the eye two or
three times a day with extract of witch hazel 1 oz.,
sulphate of morphia 10 grains, sulphate of zinc one
drachm, clear soft water, one pint. This will reduce the
inflammation, and the "hooks" will disappear. This
condition of the eye is usually au accompaniment of
ophthalmia or other disease of the eye.

Mention the Plant*- when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER.

429

niscellaneous.

PEACE.

After three months of War, the Nation once more
finds itself at peace with all the world. The power
of Spain has been broken, and the Nation that first
discovered and brought civilization to the Western
hemisphere now finds itself driven from every foot of
land in that lfemisphere, and with the further loss of
her greatest possessions in the East Indies. Whilst
this may be said to be gratifying to the pride of the
Nation, yet we are still of the opinion we expressed
when War was declared, that the objects to be gained
were not worth the shedding of the blood of the mean-
est one of our soldiers or sailors, but were fraught with
danger to the stability of the institutions of this Na-
tion, which ought not to be risked, whilst at the same
time the cost to the people of the War itself, and of
the conditions growing out of it, would be out of all
proportion to the benefits to be gained. That we were
not wrong in thus thinking and holding, is evident
now to all who will look with calm and dispassionate
eyes. The Insurgents in Cuba, for whose success the
War was waged, have shown themselves to be a miser-
able handful of thieving, looting, banditti, composed
of the lowest colored plantation hands and half breeds
of the country. So despicable are they that it is
seen to be absolutely impossible to hand over to them
the care and safeguarding of the towns and cities
which the Spaniards are evacuating. The American
General in command has ordered the Insurgents away
to prevent them sacking the towns and pillaging and
killing the citizens. And yet, these are the men for
whom we fought, and to whom it was proposed to
hand over the government of the Island of Cuba, and
in favor of whom a self denying ordinauce was passed
by Congress which precludes the Nation from honora-
bly holding. Cuba as part of her possessions. Porto
Eico, the Ladrone Islands, and the Phillipine Islands,
are, as a result of the War, now a part of this Nation,
held not in accordance with the teachings of the Con
stitution of this country, but in accordance with

"The good old rule, the simple plan,
That they may take who have the power
And they may keep who can."

A danger to the institutions of this country grows
out of this seizure of territory and despotic govern-
ment of peoples alien in race and blood. It means
"Imperialism," which, in this country, we fear means
before many years are past, "Socialism." However
this may be, and time only can decide, we are satisfied
that it means immediate burdens in the way of taxa-
tion on the farmers and ruinous competition with them
in two great staples of their production. The Islands

seized and annexed,- and declared to be absolutely the
territory of this Nation, and Cuba, which, although
not so declared in terms, is yet practically secured to
us, are the great sources of supply of sugar and to-
bacco. No longer will it be possible for the sugar beet
industry (which bid so well to bring money into the
hands of farmers) to make headway in this country if
the products of Hawaii, Porto Kico, the Phillipines,
and Cuba are to be entitled to free entry into this
country, and, if a part of the Nation, this cannot well
be denied them. The tobacco of these tropical lands
will oust our home production from the market, or
seriously reduce its value. In these tropical lands, all
the products will be the result of the application of the
white man's capital to the utilization of the cheap col-
ored labor of the natives. Climatic conditions will for-
ever preclude the white man from making these islands,
with their rich lands, his home, but will reserve them
to the white capitalist, who will exploit their resources
with cheap colored labor to his own personal advan-
tage aud to the injury of the farmer in this country.
We do not elaborate the point as to the burden of
taxation which is going to flow out of this departure
from the wise old rule of "minding our own busi-
ness." Already we are all feeling this, but, in our
opinion, we have only yet just touched the fringe of
the subject. What the War itself has cost, whether
that be $400,000,000 or $500,000,000, as seems likely,
will be but a flea-bite to the cost which will be en-
tailed upon us by the conditions growing out of that
War. A large standing army will undoubtedly be
necessary for some years to garrison and maintain or-
der in the islands, and probably when once established
will remain a fixed institution. A great navy, with
all its constant cost, undoubtedly will have to be main-
tained, aud to these will have to be added the neces-
sary cost of- the civil government of the islands. Bet-
ter far -that we had never departed from' the wise
advice of the founders of the Nation, aud been con-
tent to develop aud add to the glory of the Nation
within the four seas. There is room enough here for
all the ambition and the aspirations of a Nation the
greatest in the world. It would be yet, in our opin-
ion, a wise and economic course to wash our hands of
all responsibility for the islands now in our care,
and to leave them to their own devices and the evolu-
tion of such systems of government as they are able
to maintain.

When corresponding with advertisers, say that you
saw their "ad" in the Southern Planter.

430

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

A WORD FOR THE DOWN-TRODDEN DOG.

Editor Southern Planter :

Baron Cuvier (in Encyclopaedia Britannica), speaking
of the domestication of the dog, says it is "the com
pletest, the most singnlar, and the most useful con
quest ever made by man." From the earliest periods
man has had a thirst for conquest. Almost every form
of animal life has fallen his prey. Kingdoms, powers
and principalities have been conquered. But man's
greatest — yea crowning act — was the domestication of
the dog ; all acts before or since dwindle into insig
nificance when compared to it.

How few of us realize what we owe the dog. Look
back over the centuries through which he has been
our greatest friend ; call to remembrance, if you
can, when the dog has ever deserted his master, when
he has ever faltered in a single one of the thousand and
five duties which devolve upon him. He guards the
house by night and the children by day ; his greatest
pleasure seems to be the execution of duty. Of course,
the dog has his little shortcomings — but what human
being is without some fault ! We can't be perfect. If
old "Ring" should not be found at his post at all
times, no notice should be taken of it, as he is very
likely just out on a little visit to some neighbor, just
trying to extend and fortify friendly relation. If such
a thing should happen that he did not return home,
why there is only one thing to do : just get ycur gun,
go over and tell neighbor Brown that you have come
over to settle up that little matter about old " Ring,''
and if he don't apologize and pay $25.00 cash down,
just put a hole through him and start up a good
healthy family feud. If anybody should kick Fido,
give that "anybody" a black eye and swollen head ;
it will only cost you five or ten dollars.. What does a
man care for money when it comes to defending his
greatest friend — the dog. If "Ring," "Jack" and
"Tray" should desire fresh meat, and visit a aeigh
bor's flock and take only fifteen or twenty of the best
lambs, why should that neighbor object? He_knows
that dogs like gooil mutton, and besides that, if hedidn't
want the dogs to get the lambs from him he should
have just put the sheep up. But every community
has some men in it who seem to think that dogs should
be restrained from " foraging" about. Such men will
DBually be found harboring two or three dozen worth-
less sheep that don't do a thing but roam about, eat
grass and bushes, get fat, make choice mutton, grow
wool and raise lambs. These men are a sore on the
thumb of dog raisers, and the sooner they are taught
a lesson the better. The way our laws now stand it is
very difficult to get at them. Farmers are permitted to
keep almost any kind of a sheep, and some of those of a
ionable reputation keep uothiug that cannot out

run a dog ; and not only that, some sharp Yankee has
gone and imported a kind of sheep that actually fights
dogs. Whoever heard of such an outrage! Dog
raisers, one and all, the time has come when we can
and will no longer stand these depredations upon our
kennels. Our favorite black, white, brown, yellow,
blue speckled, ring-necked and bob tailed "friends"
are being poisoned, shot, trapped, run to death, trying
to catch long-legged fleet-footed sheep ; and to crown
the list of fiendish acts, a dog-killing afceep has been
invented. What shall we do! Let every dog raiser
appoint himself a committee of one to see or write to
his member of the legislature and demand that the
following be made a law :

"Beit enacted that all farmers who keep sheep,
shall keep only the shortest legged sheep of whatever
breed he desires to keep. That these legs shall not
exceed in length fourteen inches. That all sheep and
lambs shall be kept very fat. That all farmers or
keepers of sheep are forbidden to put up their sheep
at night, to erect or cause to be erected any form of
fence over three feet in height. That upon being con-
victed of any of these offences, a fine of $50.00 or six
months in prison, or both, be imposed. That keepers
of sheep are forbidden to poison, shoot or trap dogs,
or keep sheep that will butt, horn, or in any way
frighten, wound, or kill dogs. Any one found guilty
of so doing, or keeping such a nuisance, shall be given
twelve months at hard labor in the State prison."

Let dog fanciers and every owuer of a dog be up
and doing. Vote for no man that will not swear to
use his utmost power in bringing about this law. Let
the battle cry be, "Down with dog-killing farmers
and dog killing sheep," and victory will be ours.
Then, and only then, since the age of man, can we lie
down upon our couches at night and dream sweet
dreams of canine fatness and contentment, of canine
immunity from the ravages of man and sheep ; peace
will spread her wings over this beautiful land, and the
keeper of dogs will be happy.

Biltmore, N. C. W. T. Duke.

MUTUAL FARMERS' CLUB, FREDERICK CO., VA.

Report of Meeting.

The Club met at "Lost Stream," the residence of
J. L. Bond, July 30. The Club was called to order by
the President at 11 A. M. All the members were
present except one. After the reading of the minutes
of the last meeting, the President read the criticism
on "Circle Hill" farm.

The Club Advertiser was then read by the editor,
Howell Bond, and one point, which was termed the
"grasshopper theory," brought on quite a discussion.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

431

The paper stated that one of the experiment stations
had determined by experiments that the cut worm is
the larva of the grasshopper, and that if cut worms
were plentiful in the spring, we should look for an
abundance of grasshoppers in the fall. Many of the
members doubted this, and a motion was made to have
the subject investigated. A committee was appointed
to confer with several of the experiment stations in
regard to th« life history of the cut worm.

Ed. L. Irish read an interesting and instructive
essay on the " Value and Importance of Saving Barn-
yard Manuie." He discussed the subject under three
heads — how to make manure, how to save it, and
where to put it to reap the greatest profit. He thought
the waste of barnyard manure was vast in extent on
the average farm, and was much more than it would
be if farmers better understood its value and impor-
tance.

Dr. Brown gave a touching eulogy on our late
brother member, Nathaniel Branson, which was au-
thorized by the Club to be offered for publication.

Dinner was then announced, and, after viewing the
premise?, business was resumed.

The next question referred to D. W. Branson : "Is
a farmer ever justified in working on Sunday, as, for
instance, to save a berry or hay crop? " He thought
Sunday should be faithfully observed as a day of rest,
but in case of an accident, or when the saving of a
crop actually depended upon it, a man was justified
in working on Sunday. In the case of a berry or hay
crop, it was thought that, with proper management, it
seldom, if ever, occurred that the saving of the crop
depended on working on Sunday.

The next question, "How can farmers be made to
realize the necessity of destroying noxious weeds 7 '
was discussed by C. C. Clevenger.

The committee on referred questions reported the
following for next meeting :

1. What is a proper share for a landlord to receive
when renting land? Referred to N. W. Solenberger.

•2. Would it not be to the interest of the farmers of
Frederick and Clarke counties to vigorously agitate
the question of building a bridge across the Opequon
somewhere in this part of the two counties? Referred
to Lewis Pidgeon.

3. Would you leave a patch of locust for fence
posts in the future, provided the same is already
started ? Referred to Dr. T. Y. Brown.

The Club then adjourned to meet at " Sunnyside,"
the residence of Dr. Brown.

Lewis Pidgeon, President.

Carroll C. Clevenger, Secretary.

NOTES.

If the horse could talk, he would doubtless point
out many of his owner's faults with regard to his
treatment of the equine. Have you read "Black
Beauty?" If not, get a copy and read it carefully,
and you will see what one horse has said tersely and
pointedly upon this matter.

Study the farm if you would make it a success.
Farming at random cannot be made to pay. Keep an
account book between yourself aud the farm, and then
t.iy to keep the balance in favor of the farm. Know
if farming does pay you.

See that your cows have a sufficiency to eat, and
plenty of clean, pure water to drink, if you would
realize the best results in the dairy. Try to keep them
contented and happy, and you will find that a little
care in this direction will pay you.

Study economy on the farm. It has been said that
small leaks will sink great ships, and this is applicable
to many phases of farm life. See if you cannot dis-
cover some leaks in the farm management, and then
endeavor to stop th»m. I would not encourage penury
in the farmer ; spend freely and cheerfully when neces-
sary.

If you would be a successful farmer, you must be at
the helm yourself. You know that it is said —

" He that by the plow would thrive,
Himself must either hold or drive."

You should not fail to lay up something for a wet
day, in a figurative sense. Opportune moments are
not always present, and they should be improved
when we are favored with them.

What is worth doing at all is worth doing well on
the farm, as well as anywhere else. A thing done just
to get it off band does not "count."

Frank Monroe Beverly.

Dickenson county, Va.

Mention TJte Planter to your friends.

PURITY OF SEEDS.

Washington, D. C.,*July IS, 1898.

The act of Congress making appropriations for the
Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1899, under the heading " Botanical Investi-
gations and Experiments, Division of Botany," con-
tains the following clause :

" The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized
to purchase samples of seeds in open market, test
same, and when found not up to the standard he may,
at his discretion, publish the results of these tests, to-
gether with the names of the seedsmen by whom the
seeds where sold."

This provision went into effect July 1, 1898.

In a circular dated May 10, 1898, was published a
table of standards of purity aud germinations adopted
as the basis of the decisions of the Department. The
following additional standards, of purity only (freedom

132

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

from foreign matter), are now submitted for the infor-
mation of buyers and sellers of seed :

Scientific Name of

Seed.

Common Xa.mb of Seed.

Per Cent
of Pdbitt.

- carina

stolonifera

- ralga i-

Alopecurue pretends....
Arrhenatherum elatiiis.

Cynodon dactylon

Dactylis glomerate

Fes'uca duriuseula

I-Vstura ovina

rubra

Lolium itelicum

Lolium perenne

Poa memorelis

Poa trivialis

Rhode Ieland Bent

Creeping Bent

Red Top

Meadow Foxtail

Tall Meadow Oat Grass

Bermuda Grass

orchard Grass

Hard Fescue

Sheep's Fescue

Red Fescue

Italian Rye Grass

English Rye Grass

Wood Meadow Grass....
Rough Meadow Grass...

50
50
*90
80
85
95
90
85
85
80
95
95
80
90

*This standard applies to "fancy silver" seed only. For seed
Bold in the chall', as such, a purity of 60 per cent, is required.

These standards are provisional only, and the right
is reserved to raise or lower any of them in the future
after due notice has been given, and provided it shall
be found necessary. Germination standards for these
varieties cannot be given at present, hence the vitality
of samples mentioned in this supplementary circular
will not be taken into aecouut unless evidence of
serious fraud be discovered.

All of the provisions of the circular dated May 10,
1898, apply to the varieties herein specified.

James Wilson, Secretary.

SOUND ADVICE.

Every farmer should be a feeder. The farmer who
raises his own feed, and with it fattens prime beef
intelligently, is absolute sure of profit. He simply
tells the feed to himself instead of hauling it to the
market, and if he saves the manure and returns it to
the fields he will make two ears of corn grow where
a "nubbin'' grew before, and fed to well-bred cattle,
this corn will cash him, when concentrated into beef,
from 10 to 100 per cent, more than when delivered to the
elevator. We have yet to see very much money made
by feeders who simply possess a feed lot and pay in-
terest on money borrowed to buy both cattle and feed.
While that man is invariably successful, who, in pos-
session of a farm, grows his feed and intelligently
feeds the produce of his farm to well bred stock and
markets the fruit of his labors in the most concen
trated form, whether it be condensed into prime beef,
butter, pork, mutton, or even high class horseflesh.
Every farmer should raise a surplus of coarse grains,
and should be a feeder of wall bred stock to the extent
of that surplus. The percentage of profit is vastly
greater ou the quarter section that finishes a car load of
six I ecu prime heeves and their accompanying hogs than
on the section that tries to finish L'oO. That man who
intelligently farms and feeds out of his own resources
• me prime steer and one hog per year for each ten
acre- of laud on his farm, raising all the feed and buy-
ing nothing bnt the cattle as calves (and perhaps a
lit I ■ in- in aid oil cuke), will be absolutely certain of
Success, and he who has found out the certainty of this

steady, sure method of farming has discovered the
most independent life yielding a competency that is
available to American agriculturists to-day.

Misguided ambition often urges too much expan-
sion. We are not satisfied with the sure things; we
want to speculate and get rich at one jump, and too
frequently the very leap that promises so much lauds
in bankruptcy. Men are apt to estimate that if six-
teen cattle yield a profit, that 1600 would yield 100 times
as much, and they argue that they might as well do
in one year what others do in ten ; forgetting that the
smaller operation possesses all the elements of safety,
while the larger too often possesses every element of
uncertainty. The time is coming, it is already here,
when nine tenths of the profitable feeding operations
are conducted on a small scale with the prime consid-
eration of the feeder, how can the food products of
the farm be concentrated into the minimum of con-
densed form to guarantee the minimum cost of its
transportation to market and the maximum price at
market T When Americans as individuals come to a
realization of the truth, it will be found that their
duty and their success imperatively demand the best
development of the business in hand ; then will the
fruitless hunt for the softer "snap" be abandoned and
the Divine injunction, "Do with thy might what thy
hands find to do," be fulfilled, and with it will come
a benediction of prosperity the like of which the
world has never seen. — T. F. B. South am, in Breeders'
Gazette.

LIME FOR CLOVER AND GRASS.

In an article in our last issue we advised the use of
lime as of value in grass and grain production. Since
writing the article, we have received from the Rhode
Island Experiment Station a bulletin, in which we
find the following remarks bearing on this subject :

"A large number of experiments, conducted at this
Station and upon farms in various portions of the
State, have given every indication that large tracts of
land in Rhode Island cannot be made to grow clover
successfully by the use of ordinary commercial fertili-
zers until slacked lime, wood ashes, or some form of
lime other than land plaster (gypsum) has been ap-
plied. Even large quantities of stable manure, unless
applied annually, do not on certain soils insure an
even stand and a large, crop of clover, though such
applications do increase it to a marked extent. These
experiments in different portions of the State have
shown in a strikiug degree that what is true of clover
is also true of timothy. Farmers who have been seed-
ing their land with timothy, red top and clover, and
who, after one or two years, find it almost wholly occu-
pied by Rhode Island bent and red top, have usually at-
tributed this fact to the quality of the timothy seed
which was used, or to some other unknown or un-
dreamed of condition. It seems that timothy cannot
be grown successfully on land which is very sour and
which, in consequence, lacks carbonate of lime. Where
lime has been applied, timothy has been found to hold
its own for much longer iutervals of time, and it seems,
under such conditions, to be capable of overcoming
the red top and Rhode Island bent iu the natural
struggle for existence. * * * Our experiments

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

433

have also shown that Kentucky blue grass cannot be
made to succeed on very acid land until liming is re-
sorted to."

Our own experience in growing clover has been en-
tirely in accord with the results found in the Rhode
Island experiments.

REVIcW OF THE AGRICULTURAL SITUATION.

We take the following from the American Agricul-
turist. It is full of matter conveying comfort and en-
couragement to farmers, and should be an incentive to
them to stand by the farm. There is more solid pros-
perity and happiness there than in any other vocation
in life, taking one year with another over a lifetime:

INCREASE IN VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS.

In millions of dollars.

Value for 1895 1897-8 Inc.

Staple crops 1,779 2,079 300

Other produce 800 1,000 200

Livestock 1,728 2,037 309

809
191

Total 4,307 5,116

Value of farm lands increased fully

Total gain to agriculture in a little

more than two years $1,000,000,000

Farm mortgages paid off during these

two years. 100,000,000

Agricultural exports past fiscal year reached a total
of nearly $900,000,000.

Total United States exports exceeded imports by
more than $600,000,000.

Net import of gold over $100,000,000.

Increase in national bank resources upwards of
$400,000,000, of which $300,000,000 was gain in indi-
vidual deposits.

The two wheat crops of 1896 and 1897 have returned
farmers nearly twice as much as the crops of 1894 and
1895— a gain of $400,000,000. Corn shows a decline
of some $150,000,000, but these two staples alone mak?
a net money gain of nearly $250,000,000. The United
States wheat exported during the past twelve months
sold for about as much as the whole crop was worth
in either '93-' 94 or '95.

There is a brilliant promise for the largest tonnage
of crops this year ever produced in America. Prices
bid fair to be reasonably well maintained, compared
to the low values of '92-' 95, indicating a total return
for staple crops alone of $100,000,000 more this season
than last year.

The advance in the value of agricultural lands is
noticeable. The live stock industry is again flourish-
ing, with a great revival in the breeding of thorough
bred stock.

Business with farmers is everywhere good, extra-
ordinarily so at the West. The fall boom in the
agricultural trade has already begun. Interest rates
are down, money easy, collections good, and the pres-
ent is full of promise for large prosperity to all in-
dustries.

THE PRESENT SITUATION,

Agriculturally, industrially and financially, may fairly

be compared to the two-yeai period following 1877.
Then the country had partly recovered from the panic
of 1873-4 that followed the war boom ten years earlier.
Specie payments were resumed in 1879, Europe drew
heavily upon our surplus food products, gold imports
were large, confidence was restored, activity became
general, prices advanced, and the early '80' a enjoyed
the best material prosperity the country had ever
seen.

The thing was gradually overdone, manufacturing
was prosperous, but on the fictitious basis of depressed
agriculture, and only the crop failure abroad in 1891
postponed to 1S93 the collapse that was all the more
severe because of the artificial boom of 1892. Then
came the slow process of readjustment, hastened, how-
ever, by modern methods, and by 1896 the basis was
laid for another period of stability. The short crops
abroad have evidently hastened by a twelve month
the full tide of prosperity, which has not been stemmed
by even the uncertainties of war. The war itself may
be followed by some inflation, but we leave that out of
the case as both uncertain and unhealthy.

THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE.

Instead of curtailing our agricultural exports, as
some economists have asserted, there is no good reason
why they may not continue in large value for years.
American genius, skilled labor and improved machin-
ery are enabling certain of our manufactures to com-
pete with the products of cheaper labor in other lands.
B.) producing our sugar and by building and operating
the ships that carry our foreign trade, two vast out-
goes will be converted into receipts.

The conclusion is irresistible that the United States
has entered upon an era of profitable industry at
home and a growing trade abroad. Vet we must rec-
ognize the increasing agricultural competition of South
America and Russia, and must not delude ourselves
with oversanguine views of vast and quick expansion
of trade with the comparatively poverty-stricken mil-
lions of the Orient. And we saw in 1S93-4 how easy
it was for the world to produce so much wheat as to
force down prices to the lowest level, just as great pro-
duction has forced down prices of manufactures — the
bicycle is a conspicuous example of this.

A world wide view, taking into account many other
factors which space forbids us to mention, affords
strong grounds for confidence. Since almost every
opinion we expressed along this line one, two and
three years ago has since been fully justified, there are
strong reasons for "tieing to" the judgment here ex-
pressed.

We look for an industrial activity early this fall
quite unparalleled, with quick markets at home and
abroad for the surplus of American farms. We find
no reason to anticipate higher or fancy prices for pro-
duce, : ut with the economy in production and market-
ing brought about by recent improvements, and having
regard also to the cheapness of manufactures (also due
to inventions) and the ease of money, our deliberate
conviction is that the average American farmer is to
have the largest prosperity he ever enjoyed. This
forecast is measured by the standard of the present,
by the exchangeable power of farm products of labor
in other vocations.

434

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

AN ERA OF GOOD TIMES.

Expanding industry should have a wholesome effect
in steady price.*, with the trend of values upward.
Unless great crop shortages should occur next year
throughout the world, or some vast war interfere with
the arts of peace, a stationary period of prices may
thereafter prevail until, within a few years, invention
capital and labor again get ahead of the world and
gradually bring on the next great readjustment of in-
dustry.

Many able and far sighted men who realized the
situation two years or more ago, and who have since
benefited by their judgment, unite with us in the be
lief that the next few years will be full of profit to the
enterprising and thrifty, according to their means,
judgment and ability.

Why ? Because based on the bedrock of agricul
tonal prosperity.

GAINS IN FARMERS' AVEAETH.

Wheat Values Compared.
Value to farmers of the last two crops,

1896 and 1897 $861,000,000

Value of previous two crops, 1S94 and

1895 460,000,000

Gain to farmers on '96-7 wheat over

' 94- 5 crops 401,000,000

Average value of wheat crops '93-'4-'5 221,000,000
Value of wheat exported past twelve

months 213,000,000

Farmert? Increased Values from 1897 Produce over that
of 1895.

Ou staple crops $300,000,000

On other produce 200,000.000

Ou live stock 309,000,000

Actual gain in values to farmers $S09,000,000

OUR GREATEST YEAR IN EXPORTS.

. The record of the most remarkable year in our ex-
port trade was completed June 30 by the Bureau of Sta
tistics so far as relates to the exportation of wheat,
corn and other breadstuffs, pork, beef, and other pro
visions, cotton and mineral oil. These articles form a
large percentage of the total exports aside from manu-
factures.

The cotton exported during the year increased from
3,103,754.929 pounds to 3,341,332,800 pounds, while
the total value last year was $230,890,971, and that for
the year just ended $229,907,477. In provisions, in-
cluding beef, pork and dairy products, the value
of the exportations is greater thau last year, beiDg
$164,454,074, against $137,138,084 last year.

The exportation of wheat for the year (including
flour as wheat) amounted to 215,17 1,961 bushels, which
exceeded the exportation of any preceding year except
that of 1892, which amounted (flour included) to
225,665,fcl2 bushels.

In no year prior to 1897 did the quantity of corn
exported "ever reach half that of the year just ended.
In oats, oatmeal and rye, the exportation also greatly
increased.

The figures in the principal articles for the fiscal

year, compared with those of the preceding year in
values, are as follows :

Values.

1898. 1897.

Wheat $144,272,849 $59,920,178

Flour 68,618,790 55,914,347

Corn 73,502,237 54,807,152

Meal 1,757,830 902,161

Oats 20,591,433 8,756,207

Oatmeal 1,748,329 1,071,340

Rye 8,795,820 3,667,505

Total breadstuffs 324.706,060 197,857,219

Cotton 229,907,477 230,890,971

Mineral oils: 65,171,001 62,635,037

Provisions 154,454,074 137,138,084

THE FENCE QUESTION.

Since our last issue we have had promises of several
contributions towards the fund now being raised to
test the constitutionality of the fence laws. Already
sufficient has been promised to warrant proceedings
being commenced and this has already been done. It
is hoped to have the case in court as soon as the court
sits in the fall. Meanwhile we would ask all who are
interested to send us their contribution.

Drouth in Australia has carried off enormous num-
bers of 'sheep ; the loss is estimated at 60,000,000.
That this must materially affect the mutton market of
the world cannot be doubted. Britain must look to
this country and to Argentina for her supplies, and
the latter country is not much better off than Austra-
lia just at present. A survey of the situation as to the
world's mutton stocks indicates a highly promising
future for sheep-feeders in this country. Moreover, it
should be remembered that wool is on the rise. The
immense stocks accumulated in this country by the
wool trust anticipatory to the enforcement of the new
tariff have, of course, clogged the market, and the ac-
tivity is not so great as it would otherwise be, but with
the demand from mills that have Government con-
tracts, and the general healthy tone to nearly all
branches of trade, it seems but a matter of a short
time before these huge stocks will pass into consump-
tion, and with them once out of the way the wool
market promises a gratifying degree of buoyancy. —
Breeders'1 Gazette.

Summer pruning tends to form fruit buds while
trimming in the spring produces wood growth. Trim
each year, but only enough to. cut cross branches and
water sprouts. A tree can sometimes be induced to
bear yearly by removing half of the fruit buds and
permitting it to bear a half crop only each season. It
is, however, usually more practicable to allow nature
to take its course and let the trees bear each alternate
year. Let each tree assume its individual shape and
do not try to have all look alike.

Mention the Planter to your friends.

1898. J

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

435

THE

Southern Planter

I'lU'.LISHED BY

PI

RICHMOND, VA.
Issued os 1st of each Month.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Southern Plaulcr Is mailed to bub-

- in the United states and Canada at
81.00 per annum : all foreign countries, 81.25.

Remittances should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we cauuot be responsible.

'■ Iwuvs (five the Name of the Post I Ifflce
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.

The Date on your label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers foiling to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the fact at once.

We Invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, Suggestions How to Improve The
Planter, Descriptions of New Grains. Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known, Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of postage.

No anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address— THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND, VA.

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

Our Sixtieth Anniversary.

Next year will be the sixtieth year
of publication of The Southern
Planter. We desire to make it a
record year in the number of our
new subscribers. To euable us to
do this, we have decided to start
now. We will send The Planter to
the year 1!>00 to all who send us $1
at any time during the present year
who are not at present subscribers,
thus giving them the Journal for the
present year free of all cost. This
is a most liberal offer, and one
which ought. to secure us a large
addition to our list. We would ask
our subscribers to bring this offer
to the notice of their friends and

SURE CROPS

depend on rich, mel-
low land. Rich, mel-
low land depends on
proper drainage. Proper drainage depends on the use of drain tile. We would
like to tell you how to install an effective system of drainage, and quote prices on

Farm Drain Tile

SSHfe Powhatan Clay Mfg. Co., Richmond, Va. Fr£ ■&*

AWWW

i

WOOD'S TRADE MARK BRAND OF

GRiSSlCLOV£R SEEDS

Are the highest qualities obtainable, and
farmers ordering same can always de-
pend on securing as pure seeds and of
as high a germinative percentage as it is possible to secure. This
Brand is only sent out under seal, and with a red label or tag on same.

Full information is given in our Fall Catalogue, which also gives

descriptions and full information regarding Wheat, Oats, Rye,

Barley, Vetches, Crimson Clover, Forage Plants, and all

Seeds for Fall sowing. Write for it and prices of any seeds required

T. W. WOOD &. SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

urge them to avail themselves of it.
It is needless for us to say anything
of the merits of The Planter, and it
would be in bad taste for us to do
so. Our subscribers are sending us
testimonials every day, for which
we thank them. The greatest tes
timonial, however, of the work of j
the Journal is that it has continued
to receive the support of the farm-
ers of the South for nearly sixty
years, and that to-day it has more
subscribers on its books than ever
previously iu its history. We trust
and expect that this offer will, at
least, enable us to double that list.
There are few subscribers who could
not send us at least one new name
if they would only try. We ask
them to do so. We shall be deeply
grateful.

IRON ROOFING.

— BRAND NEW, $1.75 PER SQUARE—

Just purchased entire product of a mill and will
close out at above price until sold. Place your
orders now. CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.,

Purchasers ,•{ West 35th & Iron Sts.

World's Fair Buildings; Chicago Post OJfiat Building.
Send for our General Catalogued Merchandise for
Home, Farm and Field. Our Prices are ;i of Others.

WHOSE MONEY?
On July 1st, 189S, we received a remit-
tance of $1.00 without any name or ad-
dress accompanying it. It was post-
marked Washington, D. C. As we have
a large nunitar of subscribers at this of-
fice, we do not know whom to credit.

PEACE WANTED.

The "Tranquillity Stock Farm," at Alamuchy,
New Jersey, ha* It. They use only Paye Fence—
15 liiileK or more. We »ell this peace maker.

PAGE WOVEN MIKE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Wood Oval Air-Tight Heating Stove

Spun Brass Urn. for burning wood, corn
kg cobs, chips, shavings,
o etc. The most perfect
& stove of its class, ab-
^ solutely air-tight; fire
"-s can be maintained for
q maDy hours. Every
farmer has enough
5* fuel going to w a - 1 e
is to supply one or more
o Of these stoves an en-
lire season. Mods pro-
8 tceted, they cannot
» burn out; joints mn-
~ structed so as to avoid
creosote deposits, stove
very handsomely nick-
eled—suited for use iu sitting rooms, parlors,
and libraries. Ask your nearest dealer for
this stove. If he does not have it, write us
for circulars.

THE MArlCH-BRQWNBACK STOVE CO., PottSiOWD, Pa,

Nicki / Swing Tap.

136

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

DEAFNESS CANNOT BE CURED
by local applications, as they cannot
reach the diseased portion of the ear.
There is only one way to cure Deafness,
and that is by constitutional remedies.
Deafness is caused by an inflamed condi-
tion of the mucous lining of the Eusta-
chian Tube. When this tube gets in-
flamed you have a rumbling sound or
imperfect hearing, and when it is entirely
closed Deafness is the result, and unless
the inflammation can be taken out and
this tube restored to its normal condition,
heaiing will he destroyed forever; nine
cafes out of ten are caused by catarrh,
which is nothing but an inflamed condi-
tion of the mucous surfaces.

We will give One Hundred Dollars for
anv case of Deafness (caused by catarrh)
that cannot be cured by Hall's Catarrh
Cure. Send for circulars, free.

F. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, O.
by Druggists, 75c.

MAGAZINES.
The leading articles in the September
Harper's are " Davs in the Arctic." Notes
from the Journal of Frederick G. Jack-
son, illustrated with thirty-three photo-
graphs taken by the author. " The New
Fiscal Policy of the United States," by
Worthingtoii C. Ford; "Some Thoughts
on the Policy of the United States," by
James Bryce, author of " The American
Commonwealth." " The Experience of
the United States in Foreign Military
Expeditions." by Professor Albert Busri-
nell Hart; "Social Life in the British
Army," Part I, by A British Officer, il-
lustrated by R. Caton Woodville; "The
Turk at Home," bv Sidnev Whitman, F.
R. <t. s.: " Mr. Gladstone," Second Paper,
by I it'n. W. Smalley; and "The Romance
of a Mad King, Ludwig II, of Bavaria,"
by the Rev. Alexander Mackay-Smith.
D. D., illustrated by a portrait engraved
by E. Schladitz, and from drawings by
Hairy Fenn and George Wharton Ed-
wards.

Harper's Illustrated Weekly continues
to be as interesting as ever, and the illus-
trations are finer than those which ap-
pear in any other paper. The leading
articles are noteworthy for their conser-
vative tone and sound arguments.

Harper's Bazaar is the best ladies' pa-
per published in the country, being al-
ways filled with matter of interest to
them and beautifully illustrated.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly
has an interesting article on "Curiosities
of American Coinage," by A. S. Outer-
bridge. Jr., son of the former Director of
the Philadelphia Mint. M. Horace
Nuchel lias an article on "The Nationali-
zation of the Swiss Railroads." Mrs.
Augstman writes on "College Women
and the New Science," dealing with the
higher education of women in domestic
science.

Lippincott's Complete Novel in the
September issue of that magazine is
"Tin- Touch of a Vanished Hand," by
the late Miss M. G. McClelland. The
action occurs mainly in Virginia, and
partly in Eastern New York, during the

French and Indian War of 1755. There
are several other good stories in the
number. An article on " Monarchies
and Republics," by Fred. M. Bird, has
special reference to our relations with
England.

The Ladies' Home Journal has an in-
teresting article about the coronation of
Queen Wilhelmina of Holland. " Blind
Tom as He is To-Day," is photographed
and sketched in his New Jersey home.
There are several good stories and a
wealth of matter of interest to ladies.

The American Monthly Review of Re-
views for September presents the usual
timely features that we have come to ex-
pect from this magazine. The various
events connected with the end of the war
with Spain are fully discussed by the ed-
itor, while the Porto Rican campaign,
from start to finish, is described by John
A. Church, formerly of the Army and
Navy Journal. The cost of the war and
the financial provisions for meeting it are
ably summed up by Charles A. Conant,
an experienced financial writer. Henry
Macfarland, a Washington journalist,
contributes a character sketch of William
R. Day, the Secretary of State, which is
of special interest at this time because of
Judge Day's appointment as leading
member of the American Peace Commis-
sion. Charles Lowe, the English biogra-
pher of Bismarck, and W. T. Stead fur-
nish a rich fund of anecdotes regarding
the late ex-chancellor. Aside from many
other illustrations, numerous cartoons
apropos of the war are reproduced from
home and foreign journals.

CATALOGUES.

Rochester Machine Tool Works, Roches-
ter, N. Y., makers of Acme Engines and
Boilers.

Kingsland Manufacturing Co., Vibrator
Shuck Corn Shellers, St, Louis, Mo.

The Implement Co., Richmond, Va. A
full and complete catalogue of Farm Im-
plements for sale by this company. Sent
free on application.

The University of Virginia, Charlottes-
ville, Va., sends us a small pamphlet con-
taining full information as to the courses
of study and advantages offered by this
celebrated University. Also copy of Mr.
Chas. Broadway Rouss's message to the
University. Copies will be sent free on
application to Prof. Barringer, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.

The Industrialist, published by the
Kansas State Agricultural College. Man-
hattan, Kas. This is a magazine for the
promotion of agricultural, industrial and
civic education. Price, $100 per year.

T. W. Wood <fc Sons, 8eedsmen, Rich-
mond, Va. Fall Catalogue of Grass and
Clover Seeds, Seed Grain, Forage Plants,
Bulbs, Vegetable and Flower Seeds.

The Principles, of Breeding and Rear^
ing Domestic Animals, by Dr. John R.
Page, University of Virginia, Charlottes-
ville, Va. Dr. Page writes us that he has
still on hand a number of copies of this
excellent pamphlet, which he will be

Gained Strength

Able to Walk a Long Distance Since
Taking Hood's Sarsparilla— That
Tired Feeling Overcome.

"I was very weak and could not gain
strength. I determined to try Hood's Sar-
saparilla. After I had taken a few bottles
I could get around in the house and waLk
> block or two. I kept on taking Hood's
and now I am able to walk quite a dis-
tance and can do many other things about
the house, which I could not do tor a long
time before taking Hood's Sarsaparilla.
This medicine has strengthened me won-
derfully, and done me good in many
ways." Mbs. J.J. Gkimes, 219 West Cory
Street, Richmond, Virginia.

" I am subject to that tired feeling, and
hearing Hood's Sarsaparilla so often
spoken of as a strengthening medicine I
purchased a bottle. It gave me relief at
once, and I have not been troubled with
that tired feeling since I began its use."
Wttj.tam A. Barxett, 110 North West
Street, Alexandria, Virginia.

Hood's Sarsaparilla

Is the best— in fact, the One True Blood Purifier.

Honri'*; Pills cure liver iIls; casy to

"wu "■> rliis take, easy to opei ate. iDo.

FARM MANAGER

Desires a situation. Ample recommenda-
tions as to character and ability. Married,
and wife will cook for farm hands, if
desired. R. A. ADAMS, 1500 W. Broad
Street, Richmond, Va.

VIRGINIA

WM. B. PIZZIN'I CO..

FAFtMS!

All prices and si/.es.
Free list on application.

ilicliinond, Va.

...CHEAP FARM

Of 106 aires, all open. One mile from Peters-
burg, Va., Chesterfield county. Good build-
ings, brick; fine orchard: vineyard; good
dairy and stock farm. £>, XOO ; cost 51,300.
Address L. H. C, Southern 7'

F"or Sale!

My Farm, "Old Hall," on the Mattaponi
River, about 80 miles from Richmond, Va.,
containing SIS acres. About 300 acres cleared
and arable; about 30 acres iu grass and clover.
Well timbered with pine, oak, walnut, gum,
poplar, cedar, <tc. Watered by good springs
and living streams. Suited for stork farm,
trucking, or general (arming purposes. Soil:
Sandy loam, chocolate gray, and black river
bottom, easily worked and productive. May
be easily sub-divided into several farms, each
one fronting on the public road and running
back to the river. The river abounds In fish,
and is navigable for steamboats, vessels. Ac.
LandlngaX) yards from barn. Dwelling house
contains five rooms. Large barn and usual
outbuildings. Directly on the route surveyed
for the Richmond and Chesapeake Railroad.
Convenient to churches, postoffica,
telephone and public schools. Location
healthy. Ttlle guaranteed. ' Price. TKB Tnoc-
SAND Doi.i.aks ($10.000i, in payments to suit
purchaser. l'o.s.sessiou given when sale Is
made. Address. J. \Y. FLEET, P. i ). BlSOOB.
KlNc and (Jl'KKN Co., Va. Stock, crops, and
farming implements.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLAOTEB.

437

Cas and Casoline Engines

The "LAMBERT"

ONE-HORSE POWER
ONE HOUR FOR
ONE CENT.

Stationary Engines, 1 to 100 H. P.
Portable Engines, 2 to 15 H. P.
The modern farmer needs one for driving his
pump, green bone cutter, churn, cream separa-
tor, feed grinder, wood saw, saw mill, ensilage
or fodder cutter, cotton gin, electrical dynamo.
The '■ LAMBERT " is honest, reliable, simple,
safe. A hoy can start and operate it. Send for
our latest catalogues and circulars.

LAMBERT GAS & GASOLINE ENGINE CO.
780 W. 3d St., Anderson, Indiana.

After Being on the Market TEN YEARS,

The ACME Engine Still Leads

For Churning,
Cutting & Grind-
ing Feed, Filling
Siloes, Sawing
Wood, Elevating
Water, and all
Farm and Gene-
ral Uses where

Small Power is
Required.

No Skilled Engi-
neer required.

[KEYSTONE

. DOUBLE SPIRAL

{Fodder Shredder 1

"K i machine that makes the fan
Keystone Corn Hay.

averts an kinds of dry rodder—. „.

i ai»\ Sor^um. A-„. intr, n Sllft !,,„_. nijr,l
substance better than hav. shreds k'reerf
corn for ensilatre. Shredded ensilage frj

better than any other.

If packs closer, excludes more air and!

..nently ;»M«r. pon't huvf

util von pet our illustrated ear

ague. Sent free upon applieatio

KEYSTONE MAN'F'G CO.

I 11 River St., Sterling, III.

mmmoiiiMMtMum

BLACK H.WK Corn Shelter.
0rigina, ogfh,ai
In every Durable.

Feature. n~77„T*

Never wears
out, and sel-
dom gets
broken. All
Repairs free.

A if

its

Sole Maker and Patentee

«S-Write
arkesville, Tenn.

glad to send to any one desiring same at
the price of five cents per copy. Every
stock breeder should read this pamphlet.

REPORTS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Special Report on the
Beet Sugar Industry in the United
States.

Division of Agrostology. Bulletin 12. A
Report on the Grasses and Forage
Plants and Forage Conditions of the
Eastern Rocky Mountain Region.

Office of Fiber Investigations. Report
No. 10. A Report on Flax Culture for
Seed and Fiber in Europe and Amer-
ica.

Farmers' Bulletin 81. Corn Culture in
the South.

Division of Vegetable Physiology. Cir-
cular, No. 16. Danger of Introducing
a Central American Coffee Disease
into Hawaii.

Bureau of Annual Industry. Circular,
No. 2-1. Colored Spots in Cheese.

Division of Entomology. Circular 36.
The True Clothes Moths.

Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 94. Strawberries.

Canebrake Station, Uniontown, Ala.
Twelfth Annual Report.
Colorado Experiment Station, Foit Col
lins, Col. Bulletin 46. A Soil Study.
The Crop Grown. Sugar Beets.

Bulletin 47. Colorado's Worst Insect
Pests and their Remedies.

Bulletin 48. E sses from Canals, from
Filtration or Seepage.
Idaho Experiment Station, Moscow, Ida-
ho. Bulletin 11. Smuts and Rusts
of Grains in Idaho, and the most ap-
proved methods of dealing with them.

Bulletin 12. Sugar Beets in Idaho.

Bulletin 13. Meteorology.
Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Me.

Thirteenth Annual Report.
Michigan Experiment Station, Agricul-
tural College, Mich. Bulletin 159.
A Study of Normal Temperatures and
the Tuberculin Test.

Bulletin 160. Some Insects of the year
1897.

Bulletin 161. Fertilizer Analyses.
New Mexico Experiment Station, Mesilla
Park, N. M. Bulletin 26. New Mex-
ico Sugar Beets, 1897.
Nebraska Experiment Station, Lincoln,
Neb. Bulletin 53. A Preliminary

Report on Experiments with Forage
Crops.

Bulletin 54. The Effect of Certain
Methods of Soil Treatment upon the
Corn Crop.
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

College Prospectus.
Rhode Island Experiment Station, King-
ston, R. I. Bulletin 47. Lime, Nitro-
gen and Soda.

Bulletin 48. Analyses of Commercial
Fertilizers.
South Carolina Experiment Station.Clem-
son College, S. C. Bulletin 34. Sugar
Beets.

Bulletin 35. Analyses of Commercial
Fertilizers.
Tennessee Experiment Station, Knox-
ville, Tenn. Bull. Vol. X, No. 4.
Scale Insects and other Species.
Virginia Weather Service, Richmond, Va.
Report for July, 1898.

BOWSHER

FEED
MILLS.

(Sold with or without Elevato
Will Crash ear corn (wltL __
without shacks) b
any kind of small grain at the
same time; mixing in any pro--*
portion. Ilnve conical shaped
grinders. Different from all ,,

Lightest Running

and Handiest to Operate.

SIX SIZES! — 2 to 25 horse power. One style

fur windwheL'l use. One style for cotton seed.

(Also make Sweep Feed Grinders. )

R. N. P. BOWSHER CO.

South Bend, !nd.

"VSAXWF* GRAIN

and Fertilizer Drill

Positively the

neatest, \\z lit-
est and strong'
est grain
drill on the

market.
Many points
of superi-
ority: it is
geared from
the centre.
Quantity of

grain and fertil

can be changed while in

operation without the ut_

nf pi'.-ir wheels. Folly guaranteed.

Pnnitively accurate

tity. Give one a trial

vinced. Agents wanted. Circuits

HEN'CH *fc UKOi>ICiOLO, Mfr's, York, Pa

Dixie Pea-Harvester

Cow Peas gathered by machine at the
rate of ten acres per day, operated by
double team and two uipii ; will do the
work of a hundred hands per day in
gathering peas Address,

Dixie Pea-Harvester Co. (Lim),
t>28 Gravier St. New Orleans, La.

Low-Oown Grain and Fertilizer Drill.

Force feed throughout. Best, work i
handiest on the market. Sows all kinds of
grain. Write for full particulars and prices to

A. B. FARfiUIIAR CO., Ltd..
Manufacturers, Yokk, Pa,

438

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

HORSE POWERS lH^^5

And One and Two-horse Threshing outfits.
Level Tread Pat. Governor. Feed and Ensilage
CUTTERS. Circular Free.

PEA-NUT THRESHER AND CLEANER

THREE SIZES.

The Keystone Pea-Nut Thresher and cleaner
made a hist oil: impression on all who B8>W it
work last season hv the superior manner in
which it removed the nuts from the vine,
separated the broken nuts from the whole
ones an eh in separate vessels.

No grower of pea-note can afford to be with-
out one. Apply to Ashton Starke. Richmond,
Va.; Geo. ( '. i'.tin;ess. Hurt-ess, Va. : llarris-
Dlllard Hardware cb., Blaokstone, Va.— Agts.
ELLIS KEYSTONE AGR'L WORKS,
Pottstown, Pa.

ENSIL&GE CUTTERS, CORN CRUSHERS,

FEED CUTTERS, CORN THRESHERS.

Best Work, Greatest Capacity,

Cheapest to Operate.

E. A. PORTER 4 BRO., Bowling Green, Va.

'Don't Blow so Hard

t . A-l; tor
tiiloiiuelree.
PERKINS WIND MILL CO.

15 Race St., ill«liu»uUn. lad.

We are the largest C-fpol

manufacturers of..

Truck Wheels

for farm wagons in America

Send for Catalogue

Havana Metal Wheel Co , Havana, III.

HOOK ON-CUT OFF

IMPROVED
CONVEX^ DEHORNER

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

Wisconsin Experiment Station, Madison,
Wis. Bulletin 67. Factory Tests for

Milk.
Bulletin G8. One year's work done by
a sixteen-foot geared Windmill.

WAS OVER-HEATED.

Richmond, Va., June 10, 1898.— W. B

Taylor, residing at 2504 E. Broad street,
this city, states that he became over-heat-
ed, and that afterwards took cold, which
brought on rheumatism. He Buffered
from this disease for many years, hut
finally reading of cures by Hood's Sarsa-
parilla, he began taking this medicine,
and it gave him relief. It has done him
so much good that be earnestly recom-
mends it to all sufferers.

HEREFORDS.

We are indebted to Mr. Murray Boo
cock, of Keswick. Va., the owner of the
celebrated Castalia herd of selected Pure-
bred Herefords for handsomely-framed
portraits of the Imported Bull Salisbury
and the Cow Curly Lady. The pictures
now adorn the walls of our office and are
accepted with thanks.

N. Y. Agricultural Experiment

Station,
Geneva, N. Y., August 6, 1898.

Editor Southern Planter, Richmond, Va.:

Dear Sir, — The new Biological and
Dairy Building at the New York Agri-
cultural Experiment Station is Hearing
completion. At a meeting of the Board
of Control of this Station, held on July
12th, it was decided that the dedication
exercises shall take place on or about
September 21st It is hoped to make this
a notable gathering of the agriculturists
of New York, and of their friends in the
State, and from outside. Hon. .las Wil-
son, Secretary of Agriculture, Ex-Gover-
nor Hoard of Wisconsin, and Hon. ('has
W. i farfield of Michigan, have all agreed
to be present. It is expected that Secre-
tary Wilson will speak, and addresses of
a more or less formal character will be
delivered by Governor Hoard and Mr.
Garfield. Numerous brief addresses will
be made by other speakers. Invitations
will be sent to a large number of New-
York men. prominent in official life and

in agriculture, and to Experiment station
officers, and prominent agriculturists out-
side of the State. Strenuous efforts will
be made to induce Governor Black to be
present. An attempt will also be made
to secure half rates on the railroads.
Respectfully,

W. H. JORDAN, Director.

ACME ENGINE.

We beg to call attention to the adver-
tisement of the Rochester Machine Tool
Works, Rochester, W. V., in which they
offer their celebrated Acme K
Engine. For efficiency, durability, and
full economy, this machine has no equal
in the market. Those interested in cheap
and tcrfi power will do well to correspond
with the above firm before purchasing.
Catalogue or other information cheerful-
ly furnished.

THE IMPROVED

Chamlterlin Mfg. Co., uh-an. N. V.. D. 8. A.

LIGHTNING WELL MACHY

IS THE STANDARD

ST f AM PUMPS. AIR LIFTS. *I
GASOLINE ENGINES i#rI>C

THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS ^T^©j

AURORA.ILl.- CHICAGO- DALLAS.TEX.

; For POULTRYMEN <v*>

""The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.

"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5

Shell and Corn Mill, Farm Feed

Mills. Powder Mills.

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

»

ForSTOCK. JubI large enough,
light and Bin) pie; it don't pull

oreoi in. in' KarMark-.with

tools and Register Book, onlj
J3; with numbers, $3.50.

and be tatinfted. Address
H. C. StOLL. Beatrice. Nebraska.

It Cuts All Around the Horn

< 'Dehorning

w sClippe

P

OTATOEi esioek.

BTBAWI1 Kx-I--

BEKK1 l'lant.s..Ve No. I Slock. Catalogue
free .1 \V. II W.I.. Marion sia.. Mil.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

439

THE NEED of Potash t
make a successful fer-
tilizer is well known.
Phosphoric acid
and nitrogen
without

o

Potash
'without them,
is not economy.
Most fertilizers do not
contain sufficient Potash.
The amount required varies.
See our book.

■pppp Our books contain the results of

ITIVI-J-. actual experiments on various
crops and soils in different sections of the
United States. They have helped thousands
of farmers to make comparatively barren fields
yield profitable crops. Free to all farmers.
"' ' ; for them.
GERMAN KALI WORKS, 93 Nassau St., N. T.

(State A. and M. College)
AT BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA.

Thirty Instructors. Thoroughly equipped
Shops, Laboratories and Infirmary. Farm of
400 acres. Steam-heating and Electric Lights
lu Dormitories. Degree Courses in Agricul-
ture: Horticulture: Civil, Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering; Applied Chemistry
and General Science. Shorter Courses in Prac-
tical Agriculture and Practical Mechanics.

Total cost of session of nine months, in-
cluding tuition and other fees, clothing, board,
washing, text-hooks, medical attendance, etc.,
about $1115.00. Cost to State students. $165.00.
Next session begins Sept. 21, 1898. For cata-
logue, apply to

J. M. McBRYDE, Ph. D., LL. D., Pres't.

WASHINGTON! LEE UNIVERSITY

LEXINGTON, VA.

WM. L. WILSON, LL. D., President.

Academic. Engineering and Law Depart
ments. Additions for next session: One
professor, four lecturers; new School of Eco-
nomics, Political Science and History. Ex-
penses very moderate. Opens September 8.

For catalogue, address the President.

VIRGINIA BUSINESS COLLEGE

Fifty dollars tuition admits to all depart-
ments for session of forty-two weeks.

Experienced faculty. Individual instruc-
tion. Open to both sexes. (Graduates assisted
to positions. Eleventh session begins Sept.
6th. Catalogue free.

B. A. DAVIS, Jr., Pres t, Richmond, Va.

MOSS SIDE HOME SCHOOL FOR GIRLS

Branches Taught: Higher English, Latin,
French, I lerman, and Music. A limited num-
ber of pupils taken. These will receive the
constant care and supervision of the teacher,
thereby enabling them to make much more
rapid progress. For this reason it recom-
mends itself as preferable to the colleges for
those not sufficiently drilled and trained to
appreciate and understand the college system
of lectures. Terms : 8150 per Session. No
extras. Address, Mrs. T. J. Edwards,
Fergusson's Wharf, James River, Va.

CUT OFF THE HORNS.

What is the best dehorner to use?
This question has been definitely an-
swered to the satisfaction of every one
who has given the Improved Convex
Dehorner a trial. This instrument is a
radical departure, both in shape and
working principle, from all other makes
of dehorners. It consists of only two
castings and one knife. The larger cast-
ing forms an open hook that holds the
horn. The peculiar shape of the knife
gives it a drawing or shearing cut, from
one side only, allowing the horn to ease
off; this effectually prevents crushing the
horn or pulling it apart.

The Improved Convex Dehorner is
the simplest, strongest, easiest-operated,
smoothest-cutting, and cheapest horn-
cutter yet invented. The manufacturers,
Webster & Dickinson, Christiana, Pa.,
will send free upon request a book upon
the best method of dehorning.

Tne Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va.

GREEN RIDGE FARM.

It is with pleasure we introduce to our
readers the above farm, of which Mr.
Walter Watson, Salem, Va., is proprietor.
His advertisement of the purest strains
of Wyandottes in another column will,
we feel sure, command the attention that
his purebred stock deserves.

POLAND CHINAS.

Mr. J. B. Gray, the Pioneer Poland
China Breeder of Virginia, offers some
very choice pigs by his fine voung boar,
'Admiral," (Vol. XX). This unusually
fine hog was purchased at a large price
from Ed. Klever, of .Ohio. It will be re-
membered that Mr. K. bred the. celebra-
ted boar which sold for $5,100 last Sep-
tember.

WHO'S SHELLABERGER?

He's the Wire Fence Man, of Atlanta, Ga.; and
sells the bestand cheapest fencing in existence

"PAGE FENCE AGE."

This is the title of a bright little pub-
lication issued by the Page Woven Wire
Fence Co., of Adrian, Mich., as a succes-
sor to the "Coiled Spring Hustler." Of
coarse this paper is issued exclusively in
the interests of the celebrated " Page
Fence." It is free, monthly, to any far-
mer who asks for it.

Messrs. A. S. Lee & Son, Richmond,
Va., have .just issued a circular contain-
ing high testimonials from the users of
their Prepared Agricultural Lime, and
are anxious that every farmer in the
South should read it.

0^ANIZED,63§

ftfj ?. E" ^MJ^^^jh

RICHMOND, VA.

ASSETS,

$750,000.

DIRECTORS :
Wm. H Palmer, D. O. Davis,

E. B. Addison, E J. Willis,

Thomas Potts, Wm. Josiah Leake,

W. Otto Noltiug.

WM. H. PALMER,
W. H. MCCARTHY,

President.
Secretary.

Situation as Teacher by
a young lady. Can teach

I, the usual English branches

and beginners in Latin and Music.
Terms will be quite moderate. Address,
giving full particulars. Miss S. Y. I.,
Garysville P. O., Prince George Co., Va.

FRAZER

t

1 Axle Grease tS5S«. ;

A Its wearing qualitiesareunsurpassed, ac- m
\ tuallv outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand. ^
9 Not affected by heat. <8S»Get the Genuine. T
4/%. FOE SALE BY' ALL DEALERS. "%/"J

PIEDMONT

Hog Cholera Preventive and Cure

A sure Preventive and. Cure for Hog and
Chicken Cholera. (J. J. Reid, Woodville,
Va., Inventor. ) Manufactured :.\nd sold l>v
C. H. WINE, Brandy Station, Va.

SAN JOSE SCALE gK&§?W

... WHALE-OIL SOAP...

One to two ounces to a gallon of water will
he found sufficient for Summer Spraying.
Endorsed by Experiment Stations. The Soap
contains Organic Potash, and has a distinct
value as a Fertilizer as well as an Insecticide.
Destroys many forms of insects. BO-lb Keg.
f.o. b. cars at Philadelphia, for $? 50. Scud
for information. JAMES GOOD, 514-51S Ran-
dolph Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

STOCK FARM,

HOME OFTHE

GOLDEN FLEECE

SHR0PSHIRES.

indsome <_ dialogue tree.

AH Foster. Fropr..

Allednn, Mich .

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
our Business Office.

440

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

White Wyandottes.
B. P. Rocks.

Stock Bred for Utility Purposes.

Have a few vigorous farm raised

..COCKERELS..

left. Also a few

BUFF WYANDOTTES.

WALTER WATSON, Salem, Va.

SHEEP, SWINE AND DOGS.

FOR. SALE!

SOUTHDOWN SHEEP

Tin Public Park Commission of Baltimore,
Md., desiring to reduce the DRUID HILL
PARK Flock, oiler for sale FIFTY-TWO Kwes
and TWENTY-FIVE Bucks at reasonable rates

These Sheep are of the purest blood, the
Rams for over twenty years past having been
dlrecl importations from England— from the
Sandringham Hock of His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales, from the flocks of the Duke
of Richmond, Lord Walsingham, Henry Webb
and oilier well known Southdown breeders.
The Pedigree of the (lock has been carefully
kept, ; 1 1 1 < I will be furnished on application to
i'ait \VM. II. C.'ASSELL, local Supt. Druid
Hill Park, who will give all information as to
price, shipping, etc.

THE PUBLIC PARK COMMISSION.

FOR SALE!

A Fine Lot of PIGS sired by a son of J. H.
Bonders, also by a son of "LOOK ME OVER."
Pigs not akin can be furnished. A splendid
lot of Sows, elegantly bred, daughters of
K lever's Model, Chief Tecumseh 2d, and
Zenifh Chief. Kvery breeder of Poland-uhinas
knows that the five ho^s named have sold for
thousands of dollars. You can buy now for
one-third of western prices. Also a few regis-
tered Shropshire Bucks.
ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM, Charlottesville, Va.
Sam'i, B. Woods, Proprietor.

FOR SALE!

A Nice Pair of Carriage Horses.

... ALSO iw

A Splendid Thoroughbred Riding
and Brood Mare.
Is an excellent Lady's Riding Horse.
Apply to " HOUSE," care ,Sout/wrn Planter.

FINE BLOODED I lattle,
Sheep, Hogs, Poultry,
Sporting Dogs. Send
stamps for catalogue. 160

engravings. N. P. IIovek
& Co.. Coatesvllle, Pa.

A BARGAIN!

A Registered SIP iRTHOBN BULL CALF,
i; months' old ; sire and dam both prize win-
ners. Address- .T. L. HUMBERT,

liox 189, University of Va.

PAINT TALKS. -VIII.

Why a Combination or Zi.vc and Lead is
" NON-POISONODB."

All the salts of lead, including white
lead, are extremely poisonous compounds,
and nothing can be added to them which
will make them non-poisonous if taken
into the system. Therefore the lead in a
combination paint is of itself as poison-
ous as the lead in a keg of " strictly pure
carbonate." But in the combination
paint, the lead is, first of all, diluted.
Suppose the mixture to be half lead and
half zinc white: this reduces by one-half
the quantity of poisonous material in a
given bulk of the dry paint. Further-
more, such a combination will require
about fifty per cent, more oil than Hie
pure lead would need to make it ready
for use, thus reducing still further the
quantity of tbe poisonous material in a
given bulk of the paint.

The foregoing considerations are of
special interest to the painter, he being
the only one whose health is jeopardized
in the application of the paint. But the
most important consideration is the be-
havior of the paint after it has been ap-
plied. It is well known that pure lead
paint quickly crumbles and falls into
powder— "chalks otf," in painters' par-
lance. This lead dust or powder is poi
sonous, and especially so to women and
children. It may not produce severe
lead poisoning, but it does injure the
health. Now zinc white does not crum-
ble from the painted surface, and, when
combined with lead, it prevents the lat-
ter from crumbling. Hence, with a com-
bination paint, made of zinc and lead,
there is no "chalking off," and conse-
quently no possibility of lead poisoning.

A lead combination paint, containing
zinc, is, therefore, perfectly safe to use as
far as the health of those living in its
presence is concerned, and relatively safe
as regards the health of the patients who
apply it.

Some French authorities claim that
pure zinc white is superior to white lead
on every _ account, and one prominent
Parisian firm of contracting painters use
no white lead in any of their work ; but,
taking conditions as they are, and expe-
rience as it runs, this is rather an extreme
view. Painters are familiar with the use
of lead, it is very opaque, and when
properly combined with zinc to hold it
in place, and to whiten it, makes general-
ly a satisfactory paint. But alone it is
not a good paint, and is anything but
economical. Compared with the best
combination paints, it costs more per
pound, requires fully fifty per cent, more
of it to cover satisfactorily an equal sur-
face, and needs renewal in a much short-
er time. On every consideration, the
combination paints have the advantage.
Stanton Dudley,

The Filston Farm, Glencoe, Md., is of-
fering some "blue blood" Jersey Bulls
at low figures.

Scrofula, hip disease, salt rheum, dys-
pepsia, and other diseases due to impure
blood, are cured by Hood's Sarsaparilla.

THE FILSTON FARM

^JERSEY HERD ^

(Over 300 in Number)

Will Sell the Following- Ball Calves
AT REASONABLE PRICES:

f)r\a • Dropped Aug. 26, 1897. Bv Inbred
""*- • I'oniiiinatlon hull Tonnage, out of
"^~"—~ Pogis Dingy, that promises to exc, ed
8,000 lbs. for first year in milk Has
25 pel cent, of the blood of thi
Matilda 4th.
A "7fl * ^PPed March 18. 1898. Rv Ton-
" •**" • niige, out ot'Sanev Sally, a daughter
of .Matilda's SP>ke l'.jjis and grand-
dam of Rex ; 40 lbs. Of milk and 111
lbs. of butter.
A 1(1 * Dr°PPe« April 14. 1 898. By Gold IV-
"■ "*u • <lro, a sun of Pedro, out of Peril-

These Cows are Prize Winners In the
Dairy and Show-Ring.

For Pedigrees and Prices, address

ASA B. GARDINER, Jr., Treas. and Mgr,

QLENCOE, BALT. CO., MD.

ELLERSLIE FARM^^
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,
Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J. HANCOCK,
Overton, Albemarle Co., Va.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

fl. H- WRITE, Breeder, Rock Rill, S. C.

STORY COUNTY HERD OF

DUROC JERSEY SWINE

Bred from the very best stock. All
registered. For prices, etc., address

N. L. NILKS, Ames, Iowa.

COTTAGE VALLEY STOCK FAR/1

TnOKOlTGHBHED ESSEX HOGS

Pigs 8 to 10 weeks old, sio eaeh. ,„■ sis a pair

Also a first-class steel Full Circle Baling
„, ., ,„Press- soocl as ne"'. for sale.
W. M. Watkins, Proprietor, Randolph, Va

FILE.

Your SOUTHERN
PLANTERS

WE HAVE A FEW MORE
BINDERS LEFT.

"""^Price, 25 Cents.

SOUTHERN PLANTER.
Richmond, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

Ill

SOME EXCELLENT RECEIPTS FOR
SWEET PICKLE.

BY M. W. EARLY.

It requires experience or a very good
receipt to prevent a housekeeper from
making her sweet pickle either too sweet,
too sour, or like fermented preserves. In
the first place, do not cook them in an
iron vessel, as this will darken them, nor
in brass, which is apt to canker when
vinegar is put in it, but cook them in a
porcelain kettle.

For sweet peach pickle, take well-
shaped clingstones, not entirely ripe.
Allow three pounds of white sugar to five
pounds of peaches. Peel them and sprin-
kle sugar in la>ers between them. Put
them on in a quart of strong vinegar
as soon as you have finished paring, as
they discolor rapidly by waiting. Flavor
them with au ounce of ground cinnamon
and an ounce of mace. Let them come
to a boil, and then take out the fruit in a
perforated skimmer and spread it on flat
dishes. Let the syrup boil on till it thick-
ens. Put the peaches in ajar and pour
the syrup over them. The syrup shrinks
as it cools, so you must add enough when
cool to fill the jar to the brim, else the
peaches will mould.

Damsons should be pickled before get-
ting thoroughly ripe. Prick each one
with a coarse needle. Allow four pounds
of sugar to seven pounds of fruit, putting
the damsons and sugar in alternate layers
in a porcelain kettle- Heat it slowly to a
boil. Add a quart of vinegar, one ounce
of mace and one ounce of cloves. Boil
for five minutes, then take out the dam-
sons with a perforated skimmer, lay them
on Hat dishes, and continue to boil the
syrup till it thickens. Then put the dam-
sons in a jar and cover them with the
syrup. Apples and pears may also lie
pickled by above receipts. Watermelon
rinds make very nice sweet pickle. Se-
lect thjpk, firm rinds, removing all the
pink flesh from them, put them in strong
brine, and keep them there two weeks.
Soak them in fresh water a week, chang-
ing the water daily. Then boil them in
alum water, and afterwards soak them in
cold water and drain them all night.

Allow seven pounds of white sugar to
seven pounds of the rinds, one ounce of
white ginger, one ounce of turmeric, one
of mace, one of powdered cinnamon, one
of allspice, and one gallon of strong vine-
gar. Put the sugar, vinegar and spices in
a porcelain kettle; when they get warm,
adil the rinds and let them simmer slowly
till they are clear, but not soft. Take
them out and spread them in dishes to
cool. Boil the syrup till it thickens, re-
turn the rinds to it, and let all boil to-
gether lift I'l-n minutes, and then it may
be taken off and put away in jars.

WHALE OIL SOAP.

Mr. James Good, Philadelphia, Pa.,
advertises in another column Whale Oil
Soap for prevention and remedy for the
San .lose Scale. Write for circulars and
prices.

A note to the board school ma'm ran —
"Dear teacher, please excuse Freddy for
staying home; he had the meesels to
oblige his father."

ADMIRAL, VOL. XX.

POLAND-
CHINAS...

A superior lot of pigs by my fine young Boars, "Admiral" and "Commodore.'
"Admiral" was bred by Ed, Clover, and "Commodore" is of my own breeding. The
two best strains of living Hogs represented in this herd Sows in pig. and Young
Boars and Sows of all ages. Send to headquarters and get the best from the oldest
and largest herd of Poland-Chinas in the State, at hard time prices.

Addresn, J. B. GR4V, Fredericksburg, Va.

AND ALSO REMEMBER

I have sold about all the Sheep I can spare
this season but two. Have now to oflferover
one hundred head of choice

Poland-China, English Berkshire, anil
Todd's Improved Chester White Pigs

As good as the best (hogs raised on separate
farms). Two Choice Purebred Durham Bull
Calves, Barred Plymouth Rock and Silver
Wyandotte Chickens, White Holland Turkeys
and Pekiu Ducks. Get my prices, as I can
save you money.

Highlands Stock and Poultry Farm,

E. B.WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. FANCY Hill, Va.

Lynn wood Stock Farm.

Horses

—HEADQUARTERS FOR

f Pure-bred an.; Grade Percheron. Grade Haek-
I neys and Saddle Horses. Both Imported and
] Home-bred Mares. Stud headed by two Im-
! ported S allions combining size, action & style

As I cannot use one of my imported Percheron stallions
I longer to advantage, I will dispose of him at a low figure
t He is very large and handsome and a first-class breeder.

My registered herd consists of the best
strains that money can buy.' Headed by two
aged boars, very large and as near perfect as pos-
sible. Blood of the great Longfellow and noted
Columbus ; also of the following champions in
their classes at the Columbian Exposition :

Black Knight, Royal Lee 2d, Baron Duke 2d, Baron
Lee 2d, and the greatest of all boars, King Lee.

My sows were selected from the best— re-
gardless of cost — and are from such blood as :
Kingscote Belle 2d, Artful Belle 3Sth, Lily Clay,
L Pansy, Infanta, alid other prize winners.

Young gilts bred and pigs ready for shipment, of either sex at less than
half the cost of the original stock.

N. & w. R. R JXO. F. LEWIS, Lynnwood, Va.

Berkshires

112

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

SWBET MEATS.

BY M. U. EAKI.Y, WTNGTNA, VI.

Sweetmeats, though troublesome to
make, are SO pretty and palatable that 1
do not think a housekeeper's stock of pre-
serves is complete without them. Get
thick, firm rinds for the purpose: those
of melons not fully ripe are best. Put
them in brine and let them remain there
two or three weeks, then soak the salt
out by repeated changes of fresh water.
Next boil them in alum water, which will
not only give them a beautiful, clear,
green color, but will make them very
firm and brittle. Put them in a brass
kettle and cover them with water, to
which add alum in the proportion of four
tablespoonfula to a gallon of water. Cover
the rinds over with grape leaves, and let
them simmer till they become a pretty
green. By the way, alum is also valua-
ble for giving a pretty color and firm con-
sistency to cucumbers for pickle.

After taking the rinds out of the kettle,
soak them twenty four hours, so as to re-
move the taste of alum. Then boil them
in a B'rong ginger tea. and let them stand
in this till the next day, when the cook-
ing may begin. Old-fashioned receipts
k your sweetmeats seven times,
but 1 find that three good cookings will
suthce. Allow two pounds of sugar to a
pound of rinds, but do not put all the su-
gar at once, as it is best to reserve some
for the second and third boiling. Make
a syrup of sugar and a little water, let it
boil transparent, and then flavor it with
stick cinnamon and white ginger. Scald
the latter, so as to soften it sufficiently to
cut it into thin slices. Boil your sweet-
meats an hour the first time, and a half
hour at a time afterwards. On the last
cooking, slice up several lemons cross-
ways, and add to the Mveetmeats. Keep
on cooking them till the syrup is thick.
If you wish them to look ornamental
you will have to buy t he carved rinds,
which nearly all green grocers in town
keep in the autumn, but I have seen
housekeepers cut very pretty designs for
themselves with a pen-knife.

There is a kind of melon (the citron
melon) which never becomes ripe and
mellow, and which is only suitable for
preserving. It answers admirably for
this, and as it will keep all the winter,
you may lay it aside and preserve it any
time before spring. You proceed very
much as with sweetmeat--, only you do
not cook it but once, and you only add
1 ] pound of sugar to a pound of rinds,
and keep them on brine only three or
four days.

Father — "Come, young man, get your
coat off and come with me." Tommy—
"You're not going to lick me, are von,
dad?" Father— • Certainly. Didn't I
tell you this morning that 1 would settle
with you for your bad behavior ? " Tom-
my—"Yes; but I thought it was only a
joke, like when you told the grocer that
you were going "to settle with him.''

Clara—" Was he bashfull ?'' Maude—
"I had to tell him at last that I would
certainly scream if he attempted to kiss
me." - "

{"'A'T'TI pj Jersey* A Gucru-

Vrt I I L-<I-<» seys— all ages. Seven
head of two-year Devon heifers in calf. .

|_i f\f\ C Berkski res of the highest '
IIvU^i tpve. Sows in pig. young

tp.ve
boars and young sows

Plymouth Rock and Brown
Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Ducks.

A fine
lot of puppies from the latter ready soon.
l@"Yfrite for what you viinl.fa

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

pA\l/| C Light Brahma.

rW VV L<^. foghorn. Eggs from above at f 1.00 per dozen.

* and Pekin Bucks.
r\/"lf~»C English Mastiff, Shepherd and Fox Terriers.

AreYouaHog

KAISER? If you appre-
ciate the value of good
blood, try one of my

Extra High bred
Berkshire Pigs

to improve what you have.
There are no better pigs In
the world than mine. All
sired by Biltroore's Long-
fellow jjci. anil dams of
the best English blood.
Price, $so»— no more—
. no less. Readv for delivery
'/ Sept. loth. Get your orde

booked, as these pigs will
go at these prices.

Address J. SCOTT MJORE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.— 77m u to Ctrli.fi/. That we are personally acquainted with Mr.
J. Scott Moore, breeder of Berkshire hogs. Know him to be a reliable and responsible gentlc-
man, and persons will And it a pleasure to do business with him : A. T. Shields, flerk Rock-
bridge County Court : R. R. Witt. Clerk Rockbridge Circuit Court ; Thos. A. Sterrett, Sheriff of
Ro"kbridge Co. ; s. R. Moore, Treasurer Rockbridge Co. ; Robert Catlett. Commonwealth's At-
torney Rockbridge Co. ; J. B. Saville, Supt. or Schools Rockbridge Co. ; T. K. McCorkle, .Mayor
of Lexington.

IBiltmore Farms

* s**!

V.

■:■:

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN!

YOU KNOW . . .

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual.

WE SAY • • •

That we can supply you with the very best
A. J. C, C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.

Berkshires, South-downs and Standard Poultry.

Apply to G. F. WESTON, Superintendent,

BlLTMORE, N. C.

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEBN PLANTER.

443

ENGLAND AND AMERICA.

We Americans are a fairly capable and
adaptable race. Some few things we can
teach the world ; nay, we have done it
already. But some other things we are
not so good at England could give us
points on municipal government; our
cities are scarcely so well managed as
Manchester and "Birmingham. England
prepares her diplomatists by natural se-
lection and systematic training; we trust
the fitness of ours to luck. She has stan-
dards of public character and conduct in
office; it is questionable whether we
have any. She cultivates and defers to
expert opinions on finance, political econ-
omy, and the like; we hold "professors
and theorists" in some contempt, and
consider one man's notion as good as an-
other's. When new dangers ami duties
confront us, our happy go-lucky temper
recalls the man in Dickens who "sup-
posed" he could play the fiddle; he had
never tried.

Now, Britain can, as a rule, rely on the
qualities needed in any of her public ser-
vants. It is not that Englishmen are
naturally better or brighter than Ameri-
cans: they and we are built on the same
foundation'!; but they are trained for
their work — -they have to be. It is not
so long since appointments with them
came by patronage and "pulls," much as
with us now ; but they found it expedient
to substitute a merit system. That sys-
tem has had a good deal to do with Eng-
land's prosperity and progress, with her
recent strides toward widened empire,
with her present isolated greatness. —
Frederick M. Bird, in September Lippin-
cotl's.

The Implement Co., Richmond, Va.,
whose advertisement will be found in
this issue, is the same Company formerly
known as the Richmond Agricultural
Implement Co. It has very much en-
larged its business facilities, and now oc-
cupies the premises so long occupied by
the old firm of H. M. Smith & Co. In
addition to dealing in implements of all
kinds, it now manufacturers several
specialties on its own account, and is
thus able to give farmers the advantage
of dealing direct with the makers. The
Company has just issued a new catalogue,
which will be sent free on application.

Here is an advertisement from an old
copy of an English provincial journal:
"Wanted, for a sober family, a man of
light weight, who fears the Lord and can
drive a pair of horses. He must occa-
sionally wait at table, join the household
prayer, look after the horses, and read a
chapter of the Bible. He must, God
willing, arise at 7 o'clock in the morning,
and obey his master and mistress in all
lawful commands; if he can dress hair,
sing psalms and play at cribbage, the
more agreeable. Wages, 15 guineas a

Boarder (warmly) — "Oh, I'm knowing
to the tricks of your trade. Do you think
I have lived in boarding-houses for
twenty years for nothing?" Landlady
(frigidly,—" I shouldn't be at all sur-
prised."

fe

g

SHORT-HORNS

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE!

7t

Champion Cup, 121743, the great son of the famous Cup Bearer, 52692
and Warrior Brave, 121517, by Knight of the Thistle, 108656, at the head of
our herds.

Our .cattle are of the purest strains; including Pure Scotch and Scotch
Topped Bates, representing such noted families as the famous Duchess, Rose
of Sharon, Young Mary, Josephine, Illustrious, Moss Rose, and the great
Cruickshank Gwendolines and Secrets.

15 TO SO BIJIiL, CAIiVES -~.

from 3 to 6 months, sired by the above named sires Also 3 yearling
Bulls. Parties wanting heifers will address W. W. Bentley, who will
spare four, by Knight of Weldon in calf to Champion Oup.

Correspondence solicited. Satisfaction guaranteed.
For further particulars and prices, call on or address—

W. W. BENTLEY, JNO. T. COWAN,

Pulaski City, Va. Cowan's Mills, Va.

high-bred ENGLISH
BERKSHIRE

Pigs

FOR
SALE

These pigs are sired by Sir John Bull, of N. Benjafleld's
herd, of Motcombe, Eugland, who is patronized by —

Her Majesty the Queen :

His Hoyal Highness Duke of Connaught;

His Royal Highness Duke of York ;

His Royal Highness Prince Christian, etc.

Imported by me last November. Dams of the purest
and most aristocratic families of English blood. Pedi-
grees furnished with every pig. A rare chance for
entirely foreign and new blood for your herds.
41 Pigs now on. hand at one-third

Western Prices

Address THOS S. WHITE, Lexington, Va.

HILL TOP STOCK FARM

The Home of Many Prize Winners.

Wk Registered Berkshires and Poland-China Hogs,
^ Southdown and Shropshire Sheep, B. B. R.
*4r Game Chickens and Bronze Turkeys

We have now a choice lot of Ewes and Ewe Lambs. A limited number of good
Bucks and some fashionably-bred Pigs, &c.

Write for prices or come and see our stock. Visitors always welcome, and
will be met at depot with conveyance on short notice.

II. A. S. IIAMIL.T01V & CO., Staunton, Va.

444

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

APT QUOTATIONS FOR SOCIAL
OCCASIONS.
In a page of quotations for social occa-
sions in the September Ladies' Home
Journal, are the following ,
For a musical program :

" If vou love music, hear it."

— Charles Lamb.
For an amateur theatrical program :
"We'll hold, as 't were, the mirror up to
Nature."— Shah speare.
To send with a book :
"Take, I give it willingly."— I Maud.
"With two spoons sent as a silver wed-
ding present:

■Sweet friends of mine, be spoons once
more,
And with your tender cooing
Renew the keen delight of yore,^
The rapturous bliss of wooing.

— Engine Field.
To send with a bunch of pansies :
"Take all the sweetness of a gift unsought
And for the pansies send me back a

thought."— Sarah Dowdney.
To send with a birthday present :
•'As this auspicious dav began the race
Of ev'rv virtue join'd with ev'ry grace;
May you, who own them, welcome its re-
turn, . .
Till excellence, like vours, again is born.
Jeffery.
To send with a work-basket :
"Industry can do anything which genius
can do, and very many things which it
cannot."— Henry Ward Beecher.

MORE IRISH BULLS.
Two laborers set out from Wexford to
walk to Dublin. By the time they
reached Brav they were very much tired
with their journey, and the more so when
they were told they were still twelve
miles from Dublin. "Be me sowl," said
one, after a little thought, "sure, it's but
six miles apiece ; let us walk on ! " Dur-
ing a discussion at a meeting of the
Trinity College Historical Society upon
the slight consideration attached to life
by uncivilized nations, a speaker men-
tioned the extraordinary circumstance
that in China, if a man were condemned
to death, he could easily hire a substitute
to die for him ; ' and," the debater went
on, "I believe many poor fellows get their
living by acting as substitutes in that
way '. " — London Spectator.

THE INTRODUCTION OF POTATOES
IN ENGLAND.
In the garden adjoining his house at
Youghal, Ireland, Raleigh planted the
first potatoes ever grown in Ireland. The
vegetable was brought to him from the
little colony which he endeavored to es-
tablish in Virginia. The colonists started
in April, 1586, and Thomas Harriot, one
of their number, wrote a description of
the country in 15S7. He describes a root
which must have been the potato : "< >pe-
nank are a kind of roots of round form,
some of the bigness of walnuts, Bome far
greater, which are found in moist and
marsh grounds growing many together
one by another in ropes, as though they
were fastened with a string. Being boiled,
they are very good meat."

When you write to an advertiser,
mention the Southern Planter.

*NOM OFFERS f=QR SHLE^

Pure-bred Holstein Calves, six months old, for 820.00. Shropshire
L,amhs— delivered by July 1st, Bucks for $7. 00; Ewes. $6.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, 812.00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, 85.00;
three months old, $7.00, and five months old, $10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21068, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken— 87.00 per pair ; $10 00 per trio.

POLAND-CHINAS.

PIGS! PIGS! PIGS!

From the BEST strains of POLAND-
CHINAS, and all PRIZE WINNERS.
I am now ottering Pigs, and booking
orders for spring delivery, at the fol-
lowing REMARKABLY low pri
8 to 10 weeks old, SU.00 each ; S10.00 pair.
3 to 4 weeks old, J8.00 each; $15.00 pair.
INDEPENDENCE 3^/33. Trice of older ones on application.

1 also otter ONE THOROUGHBREd CHESTER WHITE BOAR, rising two years,
and a Magnificent Specimen. Rekin Ricks.

icksburg, Va.

Oak Grove Stock Farm.

S. SYDNEY BRADFORD, Fr

HOLSTE I N-FRIESI ANS

zsm.

ffl

Of the bluest blood— (NETHERLANDS,
PIETERTJF.s, CLOTHILDES). Rich, heavy
milkers; magnificent animals.

BERKSHIRE HOGS (Registered)

" Mayor of Blltmore" at head of in- herd.

English Beagle Dogs, Brown Leghorn
and Plymouth Rock Chickens.

Choice stock of allabove forsale atright prices
Address —

T. O. SANDY, Burkeville, Va.

FOR SALE : Flve or Slx thoroughbred mares

/ • of the Purest and Best Blood.

Sound and all right. Believed to be in foal to Imported Charaxus and
Eon. Sold for no fault. I have more than I want to keep.
Also a few SHORTHORNS and SOUTHDOWNS.

It. J. HANCOCK,
Overton, Albemarle Co., Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

11.-.

SALT AND ITS PROPERTIES.

Used in washing the hair, it will pre-
vent the hair from falling out.

A Uaspoonful of salt in a lamp will
make paraffin oil give a brighter light.

Added to a bucket of water, it foVms a
remarkably effective fire extinguisher.

Damp salt will remove the discoloration
of lea and the like in dishes that have
been carefully washed.

New calicoes soaked in a strong solu-
tion of salt for an hour before washing
will retain their colors better.

As a dentifrice, salt and water will not
only cleanse, but whiten, the teeth, and
will harden the gums.

When broiling steak, a pinch or two of
salt thrown on the fire will quench the
flames arising from the dripping fat.

A weak solution is good for sore throat
to be used as a gargle, and this is still
better if a few grains of red pepper are
added.

Dissolved in water and snuffed up the
nostrils, it is of use curing catarrh, but.
when chronic, its use must be persisted
in night and morning for several months.

A little salt in raw or boiled starch will
prevent the irons from sticking, and make
the starch whiter. If the irons are
rough, lay a piece of muslin over it and
rub the irons on it until they are bright
and smooth.

TEACHINGS BY A SAGE.

I am an old man of upwards of three-
score years, during two of which I have
been rich ; always have all I need ; do
not owe a dollar; have given my chil-
dren a good education, and, when I am
called away, shall leave them enough to
keep the wolf from the door. My expe-
rience has taught me that :

1. One acre of land well prepared and
well tilled produces more than two kept
on the same amount of labor used on
one.

■J. One cow, horse, mule, sheep, or hog
well fed is more profitable than two kept
on the same amount necessary to keep
one well.

3. No farmer who buys oats, corn^or
wheat, fodder and hay, can keep the
sheriff from the door in the end.

4. The farmer who never reads the
papers, sneers at book farming and im-
provements, always has a leaky roof, poor
i-tock, broken-down fences, and complains
of "bad seasons."

5. The farmer who is above his busi-
ness,and entrusts it to another to manage,
soon has no business to attend to. — Ex-
change.

CUCUMBERS IN BRINE.
Several years ago we filled an order of
several hundred barrels of cucumbers in
brine for a pickle factory, and this was
the recipe given us for the brine and the
previous preparation of the cucumbers,
which should be packed as soon as possi-
ble after being cut from the vines: Leave
on a bit of the stem, wash lightlv in cold
water, drain, pack and cover with brine
that will float an average sized egg or a
potato the size of an egg. Keep under
brine with a weight. ^No more salt is
added. Cucumbers put down in this
brine will not shrivel, and need but little
freshening before using.

QNLY \ BACON HALL FARM.

ATTRAfTiVF ' Hereford Bulls, at present.
A I I KAIi 1 1 Yfc ^ Berkshires, all ages.

STOCK I Dorset Rams, Yearling Lambs.

cqi n / Satisfaction or no money.

E. M. GILLET, Verona, Baltimore Co., Md.

TSQRNBIIIj^TOGKWABM, LEXINGTON, VA

SPECIALTIES -^^M^fe.

Registered Poland-China Hogs, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black U. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from my flock of Shropshires, at prices in
reach of all. EGGS from Mammoth Pekin Ducks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at SI per setting.
Satisfaction guaranteed every purchaser.

ghston stock: fmrm.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

J\<>. IT. DETRICK, Somerset, Ta.

Barred, Whiter Buff Plymouth Rocks

...EGGS FOR HATCHING

mi SI. 00 per Setting of Fifteen Eggs for rest of the season.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder — Vorth or South— but are also
extremely vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

Lock Box 43. J. H. C1ABST, Salem, Va.

LEE'S PREPARED AGRICULTURAL LIME....

As we have had so seasonable a summer, there is a heavy growth of
VEGETATION. ]Vow is your time to use our Prepared Lime.

On account of the war acid phosphate has materially advanced in price,
while we are selling at the same as last season.
We made a small quantity of

SPECIAL WHEAT FERTILIZER

Last fall as a trial on corn land. All who tried it say they had better wheat on
their corn land than they had on tobacco land, on which they used 7C0 or 800 lbs.
of standard fertilizers to the acre. Write for circulars to —

A. S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

When you write to an advertiser, always say you. saw the adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

I Hi

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEB.

[September

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER'S

The following uud SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals:

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va $6 00 $6 25

The Times, •' " 5 00 5 00

The IVst, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 100 150

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

•' Round Table 100 175

" Bazaar 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00

The Washington Post 75

Breeders' Gazette 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00

Country Gentleman 2 00

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00
Southern Churchman, " " ... 2 00

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00

Christian Advocate, " "...2 00

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Seed House of the South.

Times 1 50

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00

Horseman 3 00

Illustrated London Neves 6 00

MONTHLIES.
North American Review

The Century Magazine

St. Nicholas "

Lippincott's "

Harpers' "

Forum "

Scrilmer's "

Cosmopolitan "

Muusey's "

Strand "

McCl ure's "

m's "

Review of Reviews 2 50

The Nation 3 00

4 00
300
2 50
4 00
300
300
1 00
1 00
1 25
1 00
1 00

300

a 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting
cents from "our price with the Planter." Ii
you desire to subscribe toan; other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can lake advantage ol
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us lor any informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

CLOVER,

TIMOTHY

BICK WHEAT.
OATS nnd
CANE SEED.

" Whatsoever One Scweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD AM) GAKDEX SEEDS of

every variety at Eowest Market Kates, included in which

are RAGLAXDS PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

"^■■■MB"""— —WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Kaw-Bone Meal, Xova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price onr goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired.

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

IOI6 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

Mi"'

ill Machinery JL

SAW MILLS,
SHINGLE MILLS,
PLANING MILLS,
GRINDING MILLS,
TURBINE WHEELS,
BALING PRESSES,
STEAM ENGINES.

DeLoach Mill Mfg. Co.

Atlanta, Ga. Box 601.

All kinds of Mill Machinery
Send for£large catalogue '

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEBN PLANTER.

447

A new post-office was established in a
small village out West, and a native of
the soil was appointed postmaster. After
a while complaints were made that no
mail was sent out from the new office,
and an inspector was sent to inquire into
the matter. He called upon the post-
master and asked why no mail had been
sent out. The postmaster pointed to a
big and nearly empty mail bag hanging
up in a coiner, and said, "Well, I ain't
sent it out 'cause the bag ain't nowheres
nigh full yet!"

Give fools their gold and knaves their
power,

Let fortune's bubbles rise and fall ;
Who plows a field or trains a flower,

Or plants a tree is more than all ;
For he who blesses most, is blest,

And God and man will own his worth
Who seeks to leave as his bequest

An added beauty to the earth.

— Whittier

It will take 1,000 quarts of milk at 2J
cents a quart to pay for the keep of a
cow one year. Every quart over that
amount is profit. Such is an estimate
made by a dairyman, who has kept accu-
rate accounts. It is plain, therefore, that
that if one cow yields 3,000 quarts of
milk in a year, and another 2,000, the
one yielding the larger quantity will pro-
duce twice as much profit as the other,
although she gives only one-third more.
This is due to the fact that the first cost
of support of the cow must be met with-
out regard to the yield. It is well known
that some cows will yield more milk on
the same quantity of food than others,
and a slight increase of milk may change
a small profit into one that is large.

Waldo F. Brown, in the Cincinnati Ga-
zette, says for ten years past he has esti-
mated what his farm was worth to his
family, and finds that at fair valuation
the farm was paying over 8 per cent, on
the investment, if only enough were sold
to pay taxes, insurance, and hired help.
In other words, with a family of eight
persons to be fed, the farm valued at $5,000
was furnishing what would cost, if bought
in market, from $400 to $500, namely,
fruit, vegetables, poultry and dairy pro-
ducts, breadstuff's and meats, all of best
quality and furnished in abundance.

For burns, take equal parts of linseed
oil and lime water mixed, and pour over
the burn. A cotton or linen cloth should
then be covered with the mixture and
laid upon the wound. If this prepara-
tion is used, it will be found to remove
pain and give a great deal of comfort.
Pure glycerine is a most excellent reme-
dy also. When first applied it cau-es
smarting, but this soon ceases, and the
actual pain from the burn is much re-
lieved. Glycerine is said to favor rapid
healing. The sooner it is applied after
the accident the quicker good results will
be obtained.

Remember that the middle of tin- road
should always be a little higher than the
aides, so that the rain may run into the
side gutters at once.

Always use chips for patching and re-
pairing roads during the summer season.

FEED MILLS

\W m.iko over sTj si/,es and et\ !<** of Kit hi- Stone Mills, 2 horse power and up. It has
hren our specialty for nearly fifty years. A huhr stone ruill is tbe best and only luill
ndiny on the farm. Easiest kept in order, lasts a lit' etiuie,

Pomona Hill Nurseries, pomona, n. g.

Large stock of tbe following varieties of
apple trees, and manv other market va-
rieties for Fall 1898, and Spring 1809 sales.

YORK IMPERIAL (Johnson's Fine Winter), ALBEMARLE PIPPIN, BEN
DAVIS, WINE SAP, ARK, MAMMOIH BLACK.

500,000 Peach Trees, leading varieties. Also a complete line of general nursery stock. All trees
guaranteed absolutely true to name and free of all diseases.
Take time to write for catalogue, and give us an estimate ol your wants.

J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor, Pomona, N. C.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &c.
Grapevines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. Write us
if you contemplate planting. Catalogues tree.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

TAT. T. HOOD <5c CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway

EXTENDING FROM CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE, AND

THROUGH ITS CONNECTIONS^—

THE BIG FOUR SYSTEM, from Chicago, St. Louis, Peoria, Indianapolis,
Sandusky and Cleveland ;

THE OHIO CENTRAL LINES, from Toledo and Columbus;
THE CINCINNATI, HAMILTON & DAYTON, from Detroit, Toledo, Lima,
and Dayton —

FORMS THE MOST DIRECT 'TSSSXTSttSSS'

To STAUNTON, LYNCHBURG, CHARLOTTESVILLE,
RICHMOND, PETERSBURG, NORFOLK,
And Principal Virginia Points

Catalogue, with list of farms for sale, may be secured by applying to the following agents :

C. B. RYAN, A. G. P. A., C. & O. Rv., Cincinnati, O. ; E. B. POPE, Western P. A.. C.&O.Ry.,
corner Broad and Chestnut Sts., St. Louis; It. E. PARSONS, Ticket Agent, iVl Fourth Ave.,
Louisville, Ky.; J. C. TUCKER., General Northern P. A., Big Four Route, L'.'H Clark Street,
Chicago, III,; H. M. BRiiNsiiN, Asst. Cnural Passenger Agent. Big Four Route, Indian-
apolis, Ind.; E.O.McCORMICK, Passenger Traffic Manager, Big Four Route, Cincinnati,
Ohio; D. G. EDWARDS, General Passenger Agent, C. H. & U. By.. Cincinnati, Ohio;
MOULTON IIOUK, General Passenger Agent Ohio Central Lines, Toledo, Ohio; or to

H. W. FULLER, Gen. Pass. Agt. C. & 0. Ry., Washington, D. C.

Hs

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTER.

[September

Murray Boocock's Castalia Herd

I =

QUALITY and

QUANTITY

COMBINED

ORDER BULL
CALVES EARLY

... SUPPLIES ...

PURE-BRED PEDIGREE HEREFORDS

OF UNEQUALLED QUALITY.

**f\*im*wm:mim%irm

4 P

All fashionable strains. Cows by Beau Real, Wild
Tom, Earl of Shadeland 22d ; in calf to Salisbury,
Gold Dollar, Dale, Actor and Lamplighter, Jr.

All orders and inquiries promptly attended to by

o. Keswick, va. FRANK C. CROSS, Manager.

The Hancock Rotary Disc Plow...

IS THE GREATEST PLOW OH EARTH

For broadcasting, breaking black prairie or red clay lands; for turning under corn or cotton stalks, oat or wheat stubble, Ber-
muda sod or Johnson grass, there is no implement manufactured which will equal it. It cuts from 12 to 14 inches wide and
from C to 10 inches deep at the will of the user. It will break up two to three acres a day, and will do it with lighter draft
and pulverize the ground better than any other plow manufactured.

WE GUARANTEE EVERY HANCOCK ROTARY DISC PLOW to give entire satisfaction in any kind of soil or
under any conditions, and will replace absolutely free of charge any part or parts which may
break within twelve months from the date of purchase.

2,000 Sold Since February, 1898.

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

MILLS AND EVAPORATORS

Strongest and Heaviest.

No Expensive Breakages.

Top and Bottom Journals

run in Brass Boxes.

Encased Gearing to pre-
vent accidents.

Our EVAPORATOR PANS are made of best quality galvanized

steel, or heavy sheet copper, and are thoroughly tested before

leaving the factory. Furnaces are made of heavy sheet and

angle steel.

s WRITE FOR REDUCED PRICES.

HOCKING VALLEY, ENSILAGE AND FEED C TTTERS-Best in use.
BUCKEYE FEED MILL AND HORSE-POWER-lVeeded ou every farm.

Baling Presses for Hand. Steam and Horse Power, Engines, Saw Mills, Grist Mills. Grain

Drills. Plows and Castings of all kinds, Harrows, Corn Shelters, Road Carts, Buggies.

Surreys, Farm Wagons, Log Trucks. Implements, Machinery and Vehicles

of every description.

Office and Warerooms :

1518-20. Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

WATT PLOW GO.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER

449

Do You Pull Your Fodder?

If you do, you lose about ONE-HALF of your corn crop. Cut
your corn and run it through ,

The Tornado Feed and Ensilage Cutter,

the very BEST Machine of its kind IN THE WORLD. It CUTS,
SPLITS and SHREDS every stalk, so that every particle will be
eaten by stock. g^^Hand, Horse and Steam Power.

Send for Circulars and Prices.

We have on hand yet a number of the

Junior Cider Mills.

Every farmer who has a dozen apple trees should have one.
BEST QUALITY AND LOWEST PRICE.

FARMERS' SUPPLY CO.,

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

Every Implement for the rarm ^

JUSSI Virginia State Fair * IJIE
® Agricultural Association

To be held at NORFOLK, VA., October 4-7, 1898, inclusive.

# %

v* v

PEDIGREES TRACED AND TABULATED.
GATAL0GUE8 COMPILED AND CIRCULARS PREPARED.

FINE i

Road, Trotting and Saddle Horses,

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock), Genl Turf Correspondent,

P. O. BOX 929 RICHMOND, VA.
REFERENCES— L. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry,
2:00U), Graham, N. C: Col. J. S. CARR, Durham, N. C. ; Maj.
P. P. JOHNSTON (President National Trotting Association),
Lexington, Kv; Col. B. CAMERON, Fairntosh Stud, Stagville,
N. C. ; JOS. BRYAN and H. C. CHAMBLIN, Richmond, Va. ;

A. B. GWATHMEY (N. Y. Cotton Exchange), New York.: Capt.

B. P. WILLIAMS! iN, Raleigh, N. I'.; J. F. JACKSON (Editor
Southern Planter), Richmond, Va. ; H. A. Buck (Editor Spirit of
the Times), New York.

Splendid Agricultural and Mechanical Ex-
hibits. Attractions varied and interesting The
Main Exhibition Building built entirely of steel
and glass, 400 feet long and nearly 200 ieet wide.
A prime attraction will be the

GRAND SPEED CARNIVAL.

Over $6,000 hung up on purses of

$500 each, for Trotters, Pacers,

and Runners.

Finest Half Mile Track and best Stabling in
the South. For further information, address

W. E. DILLION, Sec'y,

NORFOLK, VA.
JOHN MARINER, President.

450

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[September

WSMMMEl^^ %.^^ls&ffitE0M&Mffl3- -^^^M-W^WMh

REMEMBEK THE MAINE."

The Richmond City Mills Co

RICHriOND,VA.

GEO. T. KING, President.

Manufacturers of all kinds of

%'

Flour, Corn Meal, Crushed
Grain and Mill-Feed^

AND DEALERS IN

GRAIN, HAY and STRAW.

Highest Market Price in Cash Paid for Sumac.

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS.

Guaranteed VEHICLES and IMPLEMENTS.

Buggies and Carriages, Stylish and
Durable, at Low Prices.

The CAPITAL Wagon is the Best in the
World. Has 33 Improvements.

The CROWN Drill Has No Equal.

In our Show-rooms, which are the largest in the State, we exhibit the

Latest Improved
Agricultural Implements,

To which we invite inspection. We are agents for the CELEBRATED
OHIO FEED CUTTERS, for Power or hand, with or without Carriers.
These have proved themselves superior to all others in strength and work accom-
plished. Testimonials furnished.

CANE MILLS AND EVAPORATORS.

WOOD'S PATENT SWING CHURN is not a step, but a leap in
advance of all others.. — — _^__^_^

Horse Powers. Corn Shelters. Corn Mills, Fanning Mills.
Well Fixtures* Harness all kinds.

B@"Catalogue and Illustrated Circulars sent on application. Correspondence
cheerfully answered.

THE IMPLEMENT GO.,

Office and Store 1526 E. Main St.,

Warehouse and Factory, 1525-1533 E. Franklin St.,

H. M. SMITH & CO.'S Old Factory. RICHMOND, VA.

CHAS E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMES G. HENING, of Powhatan Co., Va., Gen'l Manager. HOWARD J. NUCKOLS, of Henrico Co., Va., Salesman.

ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

Superior Grain and Fertilizer Drills.

Write for prices on all sizes.

CHAMPION' and JOHNSTON Steel Mowers,
Reapers and Binders.

The All-Metal TIGER SELF-DUMP and
GRANGER HAXD-DUMP HAY RAKE for One
or Two Horses.

The TIGER and JOHNSTON All .Metal
Disc Harrow— Automatic Lever.

STUDEBAKEK and BROWN Farm Wagons,
I'arts and Buggies.

FODDER & ENSILAGE
CUTTERS, SHREDDERs
& SWIVEL CARRIERS

CHATTANOOGA

Improved Cane Mills.

GRIND YOUR OWN CANE.
The Best Constructed, Finest
Finished and Lightest Running
Cane Mill in the World. "Take
Time by the Forelock," and write
for Discounts and Terms on

Chattanooga Steel Constructed

Cane Mills,

Self-Skimming Steel and Copper

Evaporators, and Portable

Steel Furnaces.

Latest Improved Buckeye and

Hutchinson Cider Mills and

Presses.

Write for prices.
Milwaukee Corn Huskers.

READ THE LIST FOR YOURSELF, AND SEE WHAT GOOOS I HANDLE.

llfifNT ffll) Tne Genulnq Oliver Chilled Plows and Repairs, genuine Farmers' Friend Plows,
HULUI lull Studebaker and Brown Farm Wagons, Carts and Buggies, Land Rollers and

Harrows, Ross F 1 ( utters and Horse Powers, ( Irinders, Wood Saws and Carriers, Superior

Grain Drills, Subsoil Plows, Champion and Johnston Mowers, Reapers and Binders, Hay
Rakes and Twine, Iron and Wood Pumps, I. X. L. Wind Mills. .Milwaukee Hay Tools and
Corn Huskers and Shredders. Aultman & Taylor Threshing Machines, Engines and Saw
Mills, Disc Harrows and Disc Cultivators. All goods guaranteed first-class.

A FETftT POINTERS.

8®~The Northwestern Mutual Life, of Milwaukee, is
the largest purely American Company ;

Saflts ratio of assets to liabilities is larger than that
of any dther leading company ;

l£?*Its permits no discrimination between members ;

Big-Its dividends to policy-holders are unequaled, and
at the same time its surplus increase is relatively larger
than that of any other Company :

fv 8®*It has for more than twenty-five consecutive years
printed tables of current cash dividends for the informa-
tion of the public;

J®~it keeps a memorandum account with each Tontine
and Semi-Tontine policy, and furnishes a statement of
the same on request after three years from date of issue ;

t&~lt makes liberal loans to policy holders on the
security of their policies :

Jfe^*It issues. Guaranteed Cash. Loan and Extended
Insurance Value policies — as well as other approved
forms of policy contracts, including installments, annui-
ties, etc. :

t&'The Northwestern imposes no restrictions what-
ever as to residence, travel or occupation after two years.

T. ARCHIBALD CARY, ^""".va

Semen] Afenf for Virginia and North Carolina.

1201 Main Street. RICHMOND. VA.

R

1 1 fo 1 Vegetable Growing in the South for Northern Markets.

^' *-** • • • • • Bv prof_ Rolf-. 255pp. Illustrated. Paper. SI. 00; cloth. $1.25.

ROOf<S FERTILITY OF THE LA\D.
1^V,V'rV'J By Prof. Robert. 415 pp. Cloth, Sl.io-

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

By Prof. Henry. >x>7 pp. Cloth, 32.00.

THE TOBACCO LEAF.

By Killebrew & Myhick. 5i>3 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE DOMESTIC SHEEP. By Stewart. 371 pp. Cloth, 81 50.

The above books are among the best written dealing with their respective subjects. Every farmer in the
South should read them. Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, Richmond, Va.

Farmers Must use Fertilizers to Succeed.

We offer them the following Brands, with full confidence in their merits :

"TRAVERS' WHEAT and GRASS FERTILIZER,"
"CAPITAL" BONE-POTASH FERTILIZER,

"TRAVERS' DISSOLVED BONE PHOSPHATE,"
"BEEF, BLOOD and BONE FERTILIZER,"
"STANDARD" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE,
"CAPITAL" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE.

jj J®- We especia! y recommend ORCHILLA GUANO *« GRASS or
CLOVER. It makes it grow where all other fertilizers fail. It equals
Haw Bone, at a much less price, and makes poor land rich.

WRITE FOR PRICES. OTHER BRANDS FOR OTHER CROPS.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO., Manufact'rs, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when you^write.

Established 1840.

THE

WW ■

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE : 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. P. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

OCTOBER, 1898.

No. 10.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT :

Editorial — Work for the Month 451

Insects, Worms and Fungous Diseases, 453
To Prevent Smut in Wheat, Barley and

Oats 453

Humus as Factor in Soil Fertility 454

Farm-Yard Manure 464

Cocke's Prolific Corn 454

A New and Valuable Virginia Grass 455

Rotation on a River Farm 456

Cow Peas Retaining Vitality in the

Ground 458

Velvet Bean 458

Use and Abuse of Lime 458

Some Thoughts Suggested by September Number, 459

Home Mixed vs. Factory Mixed Fertilizers 460

Enquirer's Column 460

Fall Oats at the South. Followed by Cow Peas or

Grass 464

Experiments with Oats at the Alabama Experi-
ment Station 4ti5

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the "Month 466

Editorial — Diversification in Truck Farming 466

Virginia State Horticultural Society 4i>7

Cauliflower Growing 467

Notice of Meeting of the Virginia State Horticul-
tural Socieiy 468

The Sand Pium 467

Soil for Bulbs.. 469

How a Famous Grower Forces Peaches 4G9

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial — Texas Fever in Henrico County, Va 470

" Cattle-Feeding in Europe 470

A New Hog Feed 471

Editorial— The Oastalia Hereford^ 471

Cioss-Breeding Sheep 471

Delaine Merino Sheep 47)

Feeding Lambs and Sheep 472

Fattening Range Lambs in Winter 473

Winter Rations for Calves 474

Polled Angus Cattle ; Stock Ewes 474

THE POULTRY YARD :

Editorial— Winter Care of Poultry 475

Feeding in a Nutshell ■■ 475

THE HORSE :

Notes 477

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial— The Prospects of the Wheat Market... 479

•' The Fence Law Case 479

" The Corn Crop Prospect 479

The Tobacco Market 479

Agricultural Education 479

Dogs and Sheep 481

Notes 481

The Advantages of a "No-Fence" Law 481

Gathering and Marketing Apples 481

Publisher's Notes 483

Advertisements ~ 4s;;

I&- SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE.

FEROTJSSON PRINT, Richmond

Southwest Virginia.

old Virginia Homestead; 350 acres;

-myth county. Blue grass lands on
railroad. Five hundred acres splendid blue

nd farming lands. The Celebrated
Pearson Plaster Beds. Two nice farms in
Claiborne county. Term. Fine brick hotel
property in a good town. Mineral and timber
lands. For particulars, write GEO. W.
RICHARDSON, K. E. Agent, Marion, Va.

Go South,

. . . FINE . . .

ROAD,

TROTTING and
SADDLE

HORSES

FOR SALE BY

W. J. CARTER

broad Rock ,

General Turf Correspondent.

WHITMAN'S MONARCH FEED MILL

Vi

,). the most rapid

>ls„ manufacture

guaranteed to

YOUNG

MEN!

It is the field for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un-
equalled by any other portion of the
tmited States.

The James River Valley Colonization
asd Improvement Co. offers superior ad-
vantages to intending settlers. Send stamp
for Hand Book and list of lands. Address
W. A. PABSONS, Vinita, Va.

Pedigrees Traced and Tabulated.
Catalogues Compiled and
Circulars Prepared.

with Steel Grinders and K.
and durable Mill in Amen. ■
Young America Mill. Tin- a
grind faster than GBARED MILLS, 1
power, and far niore durable.
Full line of BALING PRESSES. HORSE POWERS, ORAM DRILLS. CORN
SMELLERS, CIDER MILLS, SEED SOWERS. Etc.

Hanufjcturjdby WHITMAN AGRICULTURAL CO., St. Louis.Mo.

KEYSTONES

Corn Husker and Fodder Shredder

This is the machine that has revolutionized the ha
i husks the corn clean and delivers it into a wagon ol —

e shreds the fodder. The Double Spiral Shretltter heart con
ts the fodder into b tine, soft, long substance called **Ket/sfo»ie
<»r»i May." It is readilv eaten by live stock, can be as easily
, baled as hay and sold in the city market. It saves the entire
ft— mt irtiste. Ma«le in three sizes. We make a full line
chlnery. Get our free illustrated catalogue before buying.

(eystone Mfg. Co., I I River St., Sterling, Ills.

P. O. Box 929.
RICHMOND, VA.

yy^ilLMachinery

SAW MILLS,
SHINGLE MILLS,
PLANING MILLS,
GRINDING MILLS,
TURBINE WHEELS,
BALING PRESSES,
STEAM ENGINES.

DeLoach Mill Mfg. Co.

Atlanta, Qa. Box 601.

All kinds of Mill Machinery
Send for large catalogue

REFERENCES— L. HANKS HOLT (former
ownerJohnR. Gentry. 2:00' i), Graham, N.C.;
Col. .J.s.i 'AUK. Durham, N. C.J Maj. P. P.
JOHNSTON (President National Trotting
Association!. Lexington, Kv; Col. B, CAM-
ERON, Fairn tosh Stud, Stagville, N. C.; JOS.
BRYAN and H.C. CHAMB'LIN. Richmond,
Va.; A. B. G\\ AT1IMKY iN. Y. Cotton Ex-
change). New York.; ('apt. B. P. WILLIAM-
Si iN, Raleigh, N. l'.;J. F. JACKSON (Edi-
tor Southern Planter), Richmond, Va. ; H. A.
Buck (Editor Spirit 11/ the Times), New Y"ork.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

BOOK BINDERS,

AND

Blank. Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Governor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED.
Prompt Attention Given to Printing.

.CHARTERED 1870.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

jnated Depository of the United stales, city of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New urleaus, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

JNO. P. BRANCH,

President.

JNO. K. BRANCH,

Vice-President.

Capital Stock, $200,000

Surplus and Profits. $300,000

JOHN F. GLENN.

Cashier.

Directors.- John P. Branch, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Stringfellow, B.W.Branch, Fred. W.Scott,
ii< B. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzinl. Jr.

When you write to an Advertiser, always say you saw the Adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.— XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State.--SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, October, 1898.

No. 10.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The early maturity ai.d harvesting of all the staple
crops of the farm is giving southern farmers an oppor-
tunity of doing a large amount of work to advance the
interests of another crop year. With certaiuly two
and possibly three months of fine open weather, when
it is positively a pleasure to both man and team to work
out of doors, there ought to be such a turning over of
land and so much clearing up of new land and of laud
that has been out of cultivation as to put every ener-
getic and pushing farmer ahead of his work, and ob-
viate the difficulty of the work in spring pushing him.
Whilst the dry spell of weather we have had in Sep-
tember has no doubt hindered somewhat the prepara-
tion of land for seeding with wheat and oats, yet much
of this work has been done, and the land now only
waits a cooler season for the grain to be sown. This
work, wheu the right weather comes, can be pushed on
quickly as the harvesting of corn and the cutting of
tobacco has been largely already done. Do not be in
too great haste to sow. When the wheat land seems
to be iu good order, then give it another harrowing,
rolling and reharrowiug, and make the seed-bed the
best possible. More wheat crops are failures from
waut of preparation of the seedbed than from want
of fertilizers. A crop well planted is half made. Do
not sow wheat until we have had a touch of frost to
kill out the fly. If the wheat is to be sown on the
corn land or on tobacco land, plowing may be dis-
pensed with, and the land be prepared with the Disc

or Cutaway harrow. Land that has been well worked
during the growth of a corn or tobacco crop all
through the summer should make an excellent seed-
bed for wheat when properly worked with the Disc or
Cutaway harrow, and thus both cost and time be
saved.

Winter oats should be seeded as soon as possible,
and not later than this mouth. If the crop cannot be
got in during October, it is better to wait until early
spring before sowing. As a fertilizer for this crop, we
strongly advise the use of acid phosphate alone at the
rate of 200 or 300 lbs. to the acre. The cost of this
phosphate is now so reasonable (we had a gentleman
in the office a few days ago who had bought acid phos
phate, with a guaranteed analysis of 15 per cent., for
$8.50 per ton), that there can be no excuse for not
giving the oat crop some help on poor land. Oats
will pay for fertilizing as well as any other crop.

Whilst it is too late now to seed German clover
alone with any certainty of making a crop, yet we
would not hesitate to sow a mixture of German clover
and winter oats or rye, say 10 lbs. of German clover
and three fourths of a bushel of oats or rye to the
acre. If the winter should be mild, much of the
clover will come through safely, and with the oats or
rye will make fine green feed or hay in the early
spring or summer, besides affording much good graz-
ing during the winter and spring.

452

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

Hairy or sand vetch should be sown this month.
This crop has succeeded remarkably well in many
places this year, making a heavy green forage crop or
good hay early in the year. The crop is best seeded
with winter oats or rye, say 40 pounds of vetch with
half a bushel of the oats or rye. Like German clover,
the vetch is a great improver of the land, and will
leave it in good shape for a corn crop.

See that all crops of cow peas, soja beans, and late
millet, are carefully harvested as they mature. There
has been a wonderful increase in the breadth of land
seeded to cow-peas this year, and there are now grow-
ing some of the finest crops ever raised. These, if
carefully saved, will provide a great weight of most
highly nutritious hay, and can be made to take the
place of bran and cotton or flax seed meal in a feed
ing ration for stock. Fed with corn-fodder, they will
enable stock to be carried through the winter in a
constantly improving condition without grain, or with
a veiy small ration of it. The secret of making good
pea-vine hay we have often explained, but yet we
have constant enquiries on the subject. Cut the vines
when dry, and let them lay until they are fully wilted.
Then put into small cocks and let stand two or three
days. Then open out the cocks after the dew is off
them, and let the sun shine on the vines for two or
three hours, and at once put into a tight barn and pack
awa> closely. After this, leave the hay alone. It will
heat considerably, but if not disturbed and free from
water or dew when packed away, will cure thoroughly
and come out splendid feed. If disturbed after com-
mencing to heat, the hay will mould. Soja beans may
be cured in the same way, but will take longer to cure
in the field, as the stalks are so much stronger. Rain
will not injure soja beans when cocked up in the field
nearly so soon as it will cow- peas. They seem to shed
it better and dry out more quickly.

If more cow-peas or soja beans have been grown
than can be saved for hay, they make one of the best
feeds for hogs. On these two crops pork can be made
cheaper, probably, than with any other crops, and yet
the advantage of their growth be not lost to the land.
Turn the hogs into the fields and let them harvest
their own food. After they have done this the vines
left should be turned under during the winter and
early spring, thus acting as a mulch on the land to
prevent washing and wasting. The nitrogen they have
gathered will be conserved on the roots.

Let all the corn stalks be saved with the fodder and
shucks on them. It is very gratifying to see how much
more corn is now harvested by being cut up at the
roots than in the old-fashioned way of pulling the

blades and wasting the stalks. No farmer can afford
to throw away or waste nearly one-half of the value of
the crop he raises, and this he does when he does not
save the corn stalks with the fodder and shucks upon
them. The most convenient way to save the stalks
and fodder is to run them through a shredder and pack
away the shredded product in the barn. This enables
a large quantity of stalks to be put into small compass
and in a condition ready for feeding at any time. The
stalks should be well cured and free from water or
dew when shredded. The shredded fodder will heat
considerably in the barn, but if let alone, will come
out iu fine condition when cool, and will be greedily
eaten by all stock. If you have a silo either partially
filled or in which the silage has settled much, it may
be filled up with this shredded fodder, and thus space
be economized. If the fodder is cut or shredded into
an empty silo, it may be made into good silage by
being damped liberally with water as it is packed
away. If neither of these methods of saving the fod-
ker can be adopted, then at least have the stalks care-
fully stacked and covered with straw, near the stables
or pens, so that they will be convenient for feeding
during winter.

Sugar beets and mangold wurtzel beets should be
pulled and stored away before frost. They are very
susceptible to injury from frost, and if once frozen
will not keep well. When harvesting these crops,
care should be taken not to bruise the roots. Pull
them, clean off the dirt and fibrous mots with a dull,
heavy knife, and then cut off the top above the root
itse'f. They should be harvested when dry, so that
the soil will not stick to them. The best way to store
them is either in a root cellar, where an equable tem-
perature, say of 40 to 45 degrees, can be maintained,
or in pies or heaps, covered with straw and soil suffi-
cient to keep out the frost and rain. Stored in this
way they will keep until May.

Irish potatoes and sweet potatoes should be dug be-
fore the vines are completely dead or cut down by the
frost. As soon as the skin on the tubers will not rub
off with the fingers they may be safely dug. Dig
when the ground is dry, and allow them to lie in the
sun until dry ; especially is this necessary with sweet
potatoes, as they will not keep if stored away damp.
These roots should be handled with care, so as not to
bruise them. Every bruise means a point for the en-
trance of disease. Let them be carefully sorted over
as gathered and all bruised, damaged and diseased
tubers be placed to themselves for immediate use.
Irish potatoes require less care in storing than sweet
ones. They will keep in any dry cellar from which
frost can be excluded, or in pies or heaps covered with

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

453

straw and soil, but it is not wise to store them in too
great quantities in one heap. They are better divided
into lots of, say, fifty bushels each. At first, if in
pies or heaps, they should not be closely covered, but
only protected from rain until they have gone through
the "sweat." After this is over, say, in ten days or
a fortnight, they may be covered closely with straw
and soil. Dusting them with air slacked lime will
tend to prevent rot and aid in keeping them. Sweet
potatoes are best kept in a root-house specially built
for the purpose. This should be impervious to frost,
and yet be capable of being well ventilated. The
secret of success in keeping sweet potatoes is to have
them thoroughly dry when stored, and afterwards the
maintenance of an equable temperature of about 45
degrees. The house should be so arranged as that, in
case of frost, a stove can be kept burning to maintain
this temperature. If stored in pies, they should be
packed away between layers of pine tags, which will
absorb moisture and maintain an equable temperature,
and be carefully covered with straw and soil.

We have said nothing about the harvesting of the
tobacco crop. Much of this is already safely housed,
and the balance will be by the time this issue reaches
our readers. The curing of the tobacco crop is so es-
pecially the business of an expert that we do not offer
any suggestions on the matter beyond that of strongly
advising each grower to ascertain from the tobacco
dealers, before cutting the crop, what color and style
of curing is in demand, and to endeavor to cure as
near this as possible. Much may be done to meet the
demands of the market, and thus much better prices
be secured, if growers will adopt this suggestion.

aud prepare the subsoil for being brought hereafter to
the surface. In the subsoil of all farms there are
abundant stores of phosphoiic acid and potash, which
only require the action of the atmosphere and the
work of the soil bacteria to make them productive of
crops. Until broken by the plow and subsoil plow,
these stores remain unavailable.

The work of plowing all lands intended to be cropped
next year should receive attention whenever other
work does not press. A good day's work can be done
at this season of the year by both teams and men
without hurting them, and advantage should be taken
of the opportunity. Strive to break all land some
what deeper -than when last plowed, but do not turn
too much of the subsoil on to the surface at one time.
This subsoil, iu moderate quantity, may at this season
of the year be turned on the surface without injury to
the productiveness of the land next year, as it will
have time to become aerated and weathered before be-
ing required to produce a crop, and will, in the course
of working the land, become intermixed with the soil.
Later in the year and in the spring, it is unwise to
turn the subsoil on to the surface. It should theu be
utilized by being broken with a subsoil plow. Even
when turning some of the subsoil on to the surface
we would say break the bottom of each furrow with a
subsoil plow. This will give additional depth of soil

See to it that all stables aud cattle sheds are thor
oughly repaired and made weather-proof, so that they
may be fit places into which to put live stock so soon
as the weather becomes cold. Live stock housed in
cold, draughty, leaky stables and sheds are in no bet-
ter condition, often worse, than if left out of-doors.
They cannot there make a profitable use of feed given
to them. It will, be used to warm the stables instead
of to nourish and feed the animal.

INSECTS, WORMS AND FUNGOUS DISEASES.

Much may be done at this time of the year and for
the next two mouths in reducing the risk of damage
to crops next year by insects, worms and fungous dis-
eases. If every farmer would make it a rule wherever
injury has been done to crops to carefully gather up
and buru all trash from fence corners and fence rows
as soon as crops have been harvested, thousands of
these pests or their eggs, larvte and spores, would be
destroyed. Wherever chinch bugs have been preva-
lent, not only the trash from the field corners and
fence rows should be burnt, but all grass, stubble and
corn stalks not cut up and put into the silo or the
barn should also be burnt. Land infested with cut
worms should be plowed and dressed with kainit.
This potash salt is very destructive to these aud seve-
ral other kinds of worms, and is at the same time
valuable as a fertilizer. It may be applied at this
time of the year without fear of being leached out of
the land before the next crop can be benefitted by it.
Apply 200 to 300 pounds to the acre. Where orchards
or vineyards have been infested with blight or fungoid
diseases like rot, all leaves and prunings should be
burnt as soon as possible. Pull off and burn all the
cedar apples (the large yellow balls frequently found
on cedar trees). They are the means of spreading a
fungoid disease very injurious in the orchard.

TO PREVENT SHUT IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND
OATS.

Immerse the seed grain for five minutes in water at
a temperature of 135 to 145 degrees — that is, about 65
degrees below the boiling point — and do not allow it
to cool below 130 whilst the grain is in it. Dry the
grain before sowing. This will kill all the smut germs.

454

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

HUMUS AS A FACTOR IN SOIL FERTILITY.

In an article in onr last issue, we endeavored to show
the importance of humus (decayed vegetable matter)
in the soil as a factor in securing its fertility. We
showed that as this humus decreased so did the crop-
producing power of the land decrease, and that this
was caused by the decrease in the nitrogen in the soil.
Plants utilize nitrogen in their development and
growth in the form mainly of nitrates. In the absence
of these nitrates, the plant cannot grow or make a
crop. They are one essential factor in crop produc-
tion, and are best supplied from the humus of the soil
through the agency of micro organisms or bacteria.
The greater the amount of organic matter or humus
in the soil, the greater the number of bacteria ; and
the greater the number of bacteria, the greater the
available supph of plant food. These bacteria, how-
ever, cannot increase and fulfil their office of supply-
ing nitrates to the crop unless the humus is alkaline
in its character. Wherever and whenever a soil be-
comes acid or sour, then the bacteria cease to multiply,
and perform their function of nitrate producers. They
also cease to work: wh n the soil becomes water-logged
and imperviable to the air. These three conditions,
then, are essential to successful crop production : An
abundance of humus in the soil, the soil well drained
and sweet, and the land so loosened by cultivation as
to be freely permeable by the air. To secure these
conditions there must be added to the soil, 1st. matter
out of which humus can be created. This may be
either farm-yard manure, straw, or vegetable matter
produced from growing crops turned into the soil : '2nd.
such a system of drainage, either natural or artificial,
as will prevent stagnant water saturating the land.
Moisture is necessary for the growth of the bacteria,
but not such a degree of moisture as will make the
land water-sodden ; 3rd, a correction of any acidity iu
the soil by the addition of lime to make it sweet ; and,
4th, such constant cultivation as will permit of the air
freely circulating in it. It has been said that every
cultivation of a corn or potato crop is equivalent to a
dressing of nitrate of soda in its cheapest form. As a
means for the production of humus, it is well to use
largely the leguminous crops, such as Cow peas, clover.
and Soja beaus, because these crops have the power, in
addition to forming humus, of taking from the atmos-
phere the nitrogen there freely present, which becomes
fixed on their roots in nodules through the action of
bacteria. It may be taken as a clearly ascertained
fact, i hat all soils can be kept sufficiently rich in
available nitrogen by the judicious use of leguminous
crops in a proper system of rotation, or by the use of
grass and clover as a part of the rotation, tor the sue
cessful production of all crops. They may need the
application of phosphoric acid and potash to provide

the ash elements of the crop, bnt even the need of
these, supplied in the form of purchased fertilizers,
may be largely reduced by the abundance of humus in
the soil, as the acid created by the actiou of the bac-
teria in converting the nitrogen into nitrates is power-
fully solvent on the phosphoric acid and potash natu-
rally stored in all lands, and thus renders available
that which nature has provided for the coutinued fer-
tility of the* laud. The use of lime also is conducive
to the same end, as well as beneficial in rendering
possible the work of the bacteria in nitrate production.
Humus is the sheet anchor of successful agriculture:
without it, commercial fertilizers applied are simply
wasted.

FARfl-YARD HANURE.

Much discussion has taken place as to the relative
advantages of applying farm yard manure directly
from the stable, or after allowing the same to lie in
the yard in a heap for some time and thus become
partially decomposed. Of course, in deciding upon
the system to be adopted much will depend upon the
purpose for which the land to which the manure is
applied is to be used. If the object is the production
of quick growing truck crops or for garden purposes,
then the manure must be rotted so as that its plant
food shall be in a readily available form, or it will
largely fail of the desired effect. If, however, the
ohjeet is the production of staple farm crops, which
have a long season of growth, then an experiment
conducted at the Ohio Station would seem to show
conclusively that the most desirable system is to apply
the manure directly from the stable to the land.

The plan of the experiment was to apply both kinds
of manure to land intended for corn, plow under at a
shallow depth, and follow the corn with wheat and
clover, without any further manuring. The result
thus far is that the corn of 1897 gave an increase of
thirteen bushels per acre from the yard manure against
sixteen bushels from the stall manure, and the wheat
crop following has given an iucrease of ten bushels per
acre for the yard manure agaiust eleven bushels from
the stall manure. Valuing the corn at thirty-three
ceuts and the wheat at eighty cents per biishel, aud the
straw and stover at £3 per ton, the increase from the
yard manure in the two crops has amouuted to -*15 per
acre, and that from the stall manure to $17.

COCKE'S PROLIFIC CORN.

Mr. T. O. Sandy, of Bnrkeville. Va.. planted Cocke's
Prolific corn this year. He reports that it has made a
wonderful growth, and that he has stales with from 2
to 10 ears upon them. This proves that this corn re-
tain its prolificacy even in sectious considerably dis-
tant from that in which it was first produced, and to
which it is specially adapted.

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEBN PLANTER.

455

A NEW AND VALUABLE VIRGINIA GRASS.

Mr. C. E. Jones, of Fluvanna county, Va., writes us
that he has discovered in that county the large blue
stem grass of Texas, the favorite forage crop of that
State. Iu giving us this information be encloses the
following notice of this grass taken from the Country
Gentleman :

I was much pleased to meet at the National Hay
Convention in Buffalo, President F. W. Meyer, of the
South-Texas Hay Association, who had come all the
way from Bonney in the Houston district on an errand
that may with propriety be called a mission. Being
deeply impressed with the belief that the national
body were laboring on lines that were inadequate to
accomplish the work that all present saw was neces-
sary, he undertook to outline the methods adopted by
the grain trade as worthy of close observation by the
hay trade.

But Mr. Meyer had arrived late at the convention,
and was not able to obtain its attention, especially
after the battle of the grades had been waged. He
brought with him a small bundle of the favorite forage
crop of Texas, the famous blue stem (which I take to
be the Andropogon furcatus of the botanists), and with
more opportunity would have brought its claim to
superiority before the convention. Speaking of this
grass to me, Mr. Meyer gave it a character that alone
ought to recommend any district that would produce
it. He is preparing to pave the way of this grass into
the general market, and says that he would give $20 a
bushel for seed of it.

Blue-stem, or bluejoint grass, seldom produces
much seed, and is on that account not easily moved
from place to place, but it takes entire possession of a
field when once introduced there. Mr. Meyer de-
clares that it produces two big crops a year with him,
and improves with mowing. Unless turned out for
pasturage, a field of it contains absolutely no weeds ;
and as for its value for feeding, sample bales of it sent
to New York attracted much attention, and the sender
was assured that it would compete successfully with
timothy.

"All we need to do with it is to cut it," said Mr.
Meyer with enthusiasm. " It grows better every year.
As yet we are without a market for it, but that must
come. The Galveston outlet of Texas is the small end
of a funnel that opens out far to the Northwest, taking
in even California. We are going to take possession
of this natural tendency of commerce for our own
benefit, and let the North and East look out for them-
selves. We are not going to look to them for a market,
for we do not belong to that section."

In taking up this new development scheme, Mr.
Meyer will make the most of the blue-stem grass, as
he regards it as the best element in the calculation by
far. ''It brings in $2 an acre more than our leading
cultivated crops," he said, " and all we have to do is
to mow it. Still, our market for it is so imperfect that
we waste it wholesale," and he mentioned many thou-
sand tons of it left uncut this season.

In reality, should a steady market be established for
this grass, one that would take care of all that is
offered, the raisers of "tame" grasses might have to

look to their laurels, for the Texas plan of handling
the blue stem is to begin mowing in April and con-
tinue to the end of the warm season. The seeond
crop is no mere rowen, but grows full length like the
first.

Mr. Meyer was not discouraged by his ill-snccess at
the convention. He made arrangements to return
home via New York, where he would present the case
of Texas and her great crop to the hay trade. It is
quite possible that developments along that line will
be made in the near future.

Brie county, N. Y. John Chamberlin.

Commenting on this report on the grass, Mr. Jones
says : "AH that is said about it in the article is true,
and I can say more than is said there. It grows luxu-
riantly on poor land, and drouth has but little effect
on it. The analysis given by the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington makes it the equal of timothy
hay. The difficulty is securing seed that will germi-
nate. If that difficulty is overcome, the poor uplands
of the South will be doubled in value when seeded to
this grass. No land will ever wash where it sods, yet
one cultivation of a hoed crop rids the land of it never
to return until again seeded. I secured a stand in an
experimental way last April by securing a piece of
sod and dividing it into small pieces, and planting
and cultivating it. I also have a stand from seed sown
in April and cultivated. This seed I got from Wash-
ington. These plants are now ripening a few good
seeds." Mr. Jones adds : "The second crop is rowen,
but of good height."

This is good news for Virginia farmers and stock-
keepers, as it is to be hoped that it will soon be possi-
ble, now that attention is called to the fact, that the
grass will grow here to secure good seed from the en-
terprise of seedsmen.

Professor Lamson Scribner, the grass expert of the
Department of Agriculture, says that it is usually
stated that it matures seed rarely, and that it needs a
very favorable season of moisture to seed abundantly ;
but he appears doubtful as to the truth of this lack
of seeding. Even if this should prove true, it will
apparently, from Mr. Jones' experiment, be possible
to secure the grass by planting root cuttings, as is done
with Bermuda, which has the same defect of not ma-
turing seed readily.

When our hillsides are covered with this grass, in
stead of broomsedge, then we shall have here the
paradise of the stockman — a mild climate, neither too
bet in summer nor too cold in winter for the cattle and
sheep to stay on the range all the time, and immediate
proximity to the best markets of the country.

Always mention the Planter when you write to
advertisers.

456

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

ROTATION ON A RIVER FARM.

A subscriber writes us as follows :

"I have 1,100 acres of land on the Dan river. Va ,
400 of which are bottom lands, 400 cultivated uplands,
and 300 forest land. These lauds are similar to James
river lands, both in lay and nature. I have made two
high land fields for wheat, of 200 acres each, each
separately fenced ; also made two low ground fields
for corn, of 200 acres each, each fenced separately.
The forest land is fenced in with the two high land
fields, making pasture larger and more valuable. On
one high land field I sow peas iu June cut off rankest-
vines in August, and then fallow and sow iu wheat in
October. The other high laud field lays in rest until
Juue, when it is treated in the same way ; so this gives
fifteen mouths rest from the time wheu the wheat is
cut off to seeding time again. Do you think, by the
use of farm pen manure, peas, and some commercial
fertilizer and the rest, this land will improve every
year, and can you suggest any improvement! The
two low ground fields are put in corn alternately, each
resting a year in turn, except that on a part subject to
overflow I sow rust proof oats in spring. I sow peas
at "laying by " of the corn on the oat laud. I believe
in stock, and raise Shorthorn cattle and Poland China
hogs, and make plenty of farm-pen manure. I only
pasture the high land fields a few weeks after harvest,
but keep the stock on the low ground fields from oat
harvest in June and corn harvest until corn planting
again, say. ten months iu the year. My low grounds
make more corn every year."

Our first comment on the system pursued by our
correspondent is that it is not intensive enough to
satisfy the requirements of modern agriculture in the
matter of profit on the investment in the land aud in
the labor required to produce the crops, when the
present average low price of staple crops is taken into
consideration.

Our nest comment is that it is not intensive enough
to secure the maintenance and enhancement iu fertility
of the laud itself.

No system of farming which does not aim to
secure both these ends can i>e sai<l to be success-
ful ; and a system which, especially in the South,
fails to secure at least one crop from every acre
of land on the farm every year is a system which re
quires to be changed in order to be successful. The
day of "resting land" in order to recuperate it is
gone by never to return with profit either to the laud
or the owner of it. Bare laud, in the South most cer-
tainly, and everywhere most probably, is wasting land.
To be continuously improving iu texture and fertility,
land should, iu the South especially, be covered with
some crop both winter and summer. In the absence
of a crop capable of taking up aud utilizing the plant
food constantly being rendered available by the silent
forces of nature iu the soil, this food is here largely
lost through the action of the heavy rains of the sea
sons. The nitrates are highly soluble, and if not

utilized in plant growth are, as elaborated, washed
through the soil and pass away with the drainage
water.

In an experiment conducted by Sir J. B. Lawes at
Rothampstead, in England, it was shown that the
amount of nitrates lost from an unmanured field kept
fallow aud free from weeds was. on au average of three
successive years, 38.2 lbs. per acre per annum; the
corresponding loss from laud growing wheat every
year, on an average of nineteen years, was only 10.5
lbs. per acre per annum, or less than one third the loss
ore hit in;/ on the fallow land. The Rothampstead expe-
riments also demonstrated that a grass sod was still
more valuable than wheat as a means of preventing
the loss of nitrates from the land. Experiments made
iu various places have also abundantly proved that
the losses of nitrates from soils are greatest from wheat
harvest to spring sowing and least during the summer
months.

These nitrates are the most costly and most essential
elements of soil fertility, and every effort should be
made to utilize them continuously. A system which
only utilizes them practically every other year is a
faulty one. As showing the value aud importance of
economizing, utilizing and fixing nitrates iu the soil,
one of the most eminent scientific authorities in the
world, Sir Win. Crookes, stated recently at a meeting
in England that, unless means were devised to manu-
facture nitrates to be applied to the laud for the in-
crease of the production of wheat, by the year 1931,
the world would be unable to supply its people with
wheat enough to feed them.

Bearing in mind these factors in the preservation
aud enhancement of soil fei'tility, we pass now to a
consideration of our correspondent's system of rota-
tion on the high land. It simply amounts to a two-
course system — peas aud wheat, with a year of bare
fallow. We doubt much whether, under such a sys-
tem, the laud cau improve in fertility. It may barely
hold its own. Whilst it has been demonstrated that a
crop of peas cau secure from the atmosphere aud fix
iu the soil sufficient nitrogen to produce a thirty bushel
crop of wheat, if the wheat could secure the benefit
of the whole of the nitrogen gathered by the peas, yet
it is known that without the assistauce of other ele-
ments of plant food in abundance in the soil this is
practically an impossibility for the crop to do. A
hare fallow following the wheat crop means the loss of
whatever nitrogen the peas may have gathered and
which the wheat may not have utilized, and as we
showed in our last month's issue, iu an article on
"Humus as a Factor iu Soil Fertility," the loss of
much more nitrogen than even the wheat crop used if
the soil is not well supplied with humus to hold aud
create or fix in the soil the products of nitrification.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

457

A great improvement in the system of rotation would
be the following of the wheat crop by a clover crop,
to be mowed once and then pastured for a year. This,
however, would necessitate the division of the high
land into three fields instead of two. If the cost of
this division stands in the way of the adoption of this
rotation, then we would suggest the sowing of crimson
clover on the wheat stubble immediately after harvest,
say, July, and the mixing with the crimson clover of
a half seeding of red clover to cover the land after the
crimson clover had been cut or grazed off. This
would give a crop of crimson clover to cut for green
feed or hay in May and grazing on a clover sod until
time to plow for peas again. Under such a rotation
as this, the land would increase in fertility and give
much feed for live stock, in addition to the wheat
crop ; and, with the application of the manure made
by the stock on the clover sod, commercial fertilizers
could be dispensed with, especially if lime was applied
on the wheat fallow every third year.

As to the low ground fields, we do not know that we
can do better thau give the views of one of the most
intelligent and prosperous James river farmers (Mr.
Bell wood), a Canadian gentleman, who came, here
some ten years ago and has made a wonderful success
in the management of his farm, both lowland and up-
land. His crops, both upland and lowland, this year
are so great that the difficulty is to know how to house
and save them, notwithstanding the fact that he has
built barn after barn and has very large silos. Writ-
ing on this question of crop rotation on a river farm
in the September issue of 1S97, Mr. Bell wood said :

The inundations to which the bottom lands are sub-
ject interfere greatly with a regular rotation, and they
are usually so fertile ihat a system of rotation requir-
ing a frequent change of crops is not always advisable,
when the farmer prefers selling his crops to feeding
them. If, for instance, corn is fetching a good price,
it will pay to follow a rotation that brings corn in often,
even to growing it two or more years successively on
the same land. The same with hay, wheat, etc. If
deep plowing and good tillage are given, these bottom
lands will stand such repeated cropping without ap
parent diminution of fertility for several years, though
a change of crops, with different habits, is always
beneficial both to laud and crops.

A greater use can be made of the abundant plant
food of the bottom lands if intensive cropping is
practiced, but to receive the full benefit from it, the
products must be fed to stock on the farm. If home
feeding is not the custom, there could not be any use
in growing some of the inter crops, as they are not
readily salable, neither are all parts of the main crops,
so the farmer loses just about one-half of what he
should make.

Whilst the alluvial lands often contain a great excess
of fertility, the uplands are always benefited by the
addition of more ; and what better way is there of
getting it there than by transferring it through stock ?

In selling the animals we have fattened, we get the
price of our products manufactured, and the work of
manufacturing is not much greater than that of mar-
keting the crude article.

Corn is a fine crop on river bottoms, but it should
not hold the land to the exclusion of everything else
for a whole year. If planted early and properly tilled,
it can be gotten off in time to seed to hay. Plow, work
fine, and sow timothy and clover seed. On bottom
lands clover keeps green till timothy is ready. If cut
early, a second crop is often secured in this latitude.
It is best to let the hay crop stand two years. As soon
as the first crop of hay is cut the second year, which
should be before the middle of June, plow and plant
to corn, but not very thick. At last working sow
crimson clover and rape for early spring grazing, then
plant with corn again. By this time the timothy and
clover roots will have fully rotted, with the result that
this crop will often be increased by as much as twenty-
five bushels, or one-half more than could have been
expected if the timothy and clover had not intervened.

But, for variety of feed, and also to get a large
amount of provender without a great rush of work at
one season of the year, and comparative idleness at
another, which disorganizes the farm force very much,
it is a good plan to have a field or two of cow peas
and of soja beans.

These crops make an immense quantity of feed, and
come to be harvested in August and September. Be-
ing rich in protein, these crops combine well with the
corn as ensilage, or in the form of dry fodder and
ground grain. Plow the pea stubble and sow with
crimson clover for hay, or with crimson clover and
rape for grazing, 01 with timothy and clover. The
soja bean land can hardly be prepared in time^for
clover, but can be plowed during the winter, that
better headway may be made the next spring.

A plan of cropping that gives a large amount of fine
feed is as follows : Sow crimson clover in the late
summer; cut for hay iu May. Sow with millet in June;
cut for hay in August. Sow timothy and red clover
in September, and cut for hay in June.

If turnips or ruta bagas are desired, they will do
well on the sod land after the hay has been taken off.
Plow with jointer on, make the surface fine, and sow
in rows on the level.

If the methods given above for bottom lands are
followed, and the products fed, there will be little
trouble in bringing an equal area of upland unto such
a condition that it will grow almost any crop suited to
the climate. Of course, if it is cold aud hard for want
of draining, that should be attended to first.

After au application of stable manure, plant corn.
At last cultivation, and just ahead of the cultivator,
sow crimson clover. Next spring graze off and sow
cow peas ; cut for hay, and sow wheat, rye or oats.
When harvested, plow, aud make the land very fine
for seeding ot red clover and tall meadow oat grass
or orchard grass. Sometimes, from drought or other
contingency, a crop fails, in which eveut the farmer
must use forethought aud judgment to work out his
own peculiar case.

When corresponding with advertisers, say that you
saw their "ad" iu the Southern Planter.

458

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

COW PEAS RETAINING VITALITY IN THE
GROUND.

Cow peas, when sown too early in the spring in cold
land, rarely make a good stand — indeed, very often
they never grow at all — and yet an experiment made
at the Bloomingdale Stock Farm, in Henrico county,
Va., has proved that when buried deeply in the fall
they will retain their vitality all through the winter,
aud when brought near the surface in spring after the
weather has become warm will sprout and grow vigor-
ously. A crop of Black cow peas was plowed down in
the early fall or late summer, and the land seeded to
Crimson clover. At the time when plowed down many
of the peas were ripe. In May, the clover was plowed
dowu, and the land planted in corn. The peas, which
had been buried all winter, immediately began to
sprout, and made a good growth.

VELVET BEAN.

It is yet too early to say what will be the result
of our experiment with the Velvet bean. We
planted two plots. On one the beans were planted in
rows four feet apart, and dropped about six inches in
the row. They made an enormous growth, completely
covering the ground waist high. The wet weather
affected these badly, and caused all the lower leaves to
decay. A few days ago the mass was cut, no bloom
having appeared. In another place we planted a row
where they could climb on a wire fence. These are
now a sight to behold. They have been up and down
the fence till now they hang in a wonderful mass of
foliage, and are blooming and making pods with great
rapidity. In a late fall they will probably mature
the seeds, and as we yet have in all probability at
least a month free from frost we hope that they will
ripen. We fear that in a season of constant showers,
like this has been, the vines allowed to trail on the
ground will not ripen seed. But they certainly make
a wonderful mass of forage, aud may be valuable.
Our seed was planted in April, and the beans started
off rapidly at once. This would indicate that the
Velvet bean may do better with early planting than
the Cow pea. If our beans mature we will give the
result in full. But for the fact that we needed the
land on which they were growing, we would have
allowed those ou the ground to remain till frost. With
room enough to climb, we believe the vines will run
forty feet high. From what we have thus far seen, we
believe that the Velvet beau is worthy of further
trial, and that in a dry season they may be more
valuable. W. F. Massey.

[We have vines twenty-five feet long of this bean
now growing and still vigorous, but as yet we have no
bloom, and do not, therefore, expect to secure seed

this year. Dr. Stubbs tells us that he thinks he will
mature seed in Gloucester county, Va., this year.
He says the growth of vine is a wonderfully heavy
one. He has a very high opinion of the value of this
bean as an improver of land. He has seen the nitro-
gen-gathering nodules on the roots as large as a pigeon
egg.— Ed.]

USE AND ABUSE. OF LIME.

Nature never designed two substances or forces
limited by precisely the same uses and functions.
Lime in agriculture has its particular functions. In-
directly, certain of its functions may be approached
by other materials, but lime itself does well what a
combination of other materials does irregularly and
inefficiently.

When farmers were guided solely by experience,
lime was used freely for a certain length of time, after
which the soil became practically sterile. This gave
rise to an old adage, "Lime enriches the father at the
expense of the son." The reason for this action of
lime is now well understood.

Lime has the property of unlocking the natural
supplies of fertility in the soil. Plants must have
their food in soluble forms, but nature to prevent this
plant food from being washed out of the soil by rains,
etc., holds its natural stores in an insoluble form.
Lime was provided in this case as a key to these stores.
An application of lime breaks up the soil, and liberates
nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid in forms suita-
ble for food for plants, It is needless to state here
how this is done ; every farmer knows well its truth.
This may be called the proper use of lime.

Lime itself is not properly plant food. Its beneficial
action largely lies in making other materials useful.
When a soil is continuously limed, the time must come,
sooner or later, when there is left in the soil no more
plant food for the lime to act upon. In this case, lime
is no longer beneficial ; it is the abuse of lime which
brings this result.

It is not necessary that all the plaut food in the soil
should l>e exhausted. A very heavy application of
lime works an injury by making the soil so alkaline
that nitrogen cannot be converted into forms suitable
for plant food. As the stores of natural fertility in the
soil become reduced, the effect of a normal application
of lime becomes less. It might be possible to liberate
more fertilizer by greatly increasing the lime applica-
tion, but lime would then become injurious itself.

Lime prepares food for plants, but cannot give a full
ratiou when the food becomes scanty. The prudent
farmer will keep his soil in good condition by apply-
ing potash aud phosphoric acid to replace that removed
by crops. Even with the application of chemical
manures lime is beneficial and must not be neglected.
It is absolutely certain that a soil limed and not fed

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

459

with mineral manures will become practically sterile.
It is only a matter of time.

Preparing plant food is not the only function of lime.
It has other important uses, all more or less connected
with its action on true plant food. In fact, it is a most
effectual cure for clover sickness, if the soil contains
ample supplies of mineral fertilizaters. A soil fairly
rich in potash will never show clover sickness, so long
as the supply of mineral fertilizer is kept up. If the
crops are allowed to exhaust the laud and no restitution
made, lime is no longer an aid.

Tillage is very important, yet it cannot replace lime,
nor can it accomplish any useful effect without lime.
Tillage prevents loss of water, keeps dowu weed
growth, and opens the soil to air and water ; lime
enables the soil to draw water from great depths by
improving its mechanical character. It compacts
sand> soils so that it can hold water, and it breaks
up a heavy clay soil so that water may freely circulate.
A soil sour from too much decaying vegetable matter
is made sweet and wholesome. Tillage, while very
important, is but a clumsy aid to agriculture as com
pared to lime.

The value of lime as a mechanical agent is, however,
always subordinate to its value as a solvent of natural
fertility. However thoroughly it may perform its
functions as an improver of the mechanical condition
of soils, it will be quite useless unless the soil contains
ample supplies of the true plant food — nitrogen, pot-
ash, and phosphoric acid.

E. Garwood.

SOME THOUGHTS SUGGESTED BY THE
SEPTEMBER NUMBER.

HUMTJS AS A FACTOR.

I am glad to note this article. It has of late been
the fashion, at least with one publication, which is in
the interest, or supposes it is in the interest of fertili-
zer manufacturers, to u?ge that humus is a useless
article, and that all the soil needs is a plentiful appli
cation of commercial fertilizers to make good crops.
This editor urges farmers to give humus a rest, but- as
no farmer we ever heard of reads his paper there is
little danger that any of them will take his advice.
Farmers of experience know full well the value of de-
cayed organic matter in the soil, and know too, as the
Minnesota Station has so well shown, that in a soil
abounding with humus the commercial fertilizers have
the best and most certain effect.

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

We are glad to note the commendatory tone of the
articles by Mr. Turner and Mr. White iu regard to our
work at Southern Pines. Certainly the greatest care
2

has been taken there to make the results as accurate
as possible, and to do away with all sources of error as
far as possible. The work has attracted great atten-
tion in all parts of the country, and the exhibit we
have made at Omaha has been highly spoken of.

FARMING IN THE SOUTH.

Mr. Sims makes the same error that thousands of
others have been making in regard to tobacco. The
quality of tobacco depends very largely on the natural
quality of the laud. If this is adapted to the growth
of a certain kind of tobacco, that kind will be pro-
duced even with high farming and heavy manuring.
In Granville county, in this State, the man who made
the highest average price on his bright tobacco last
year, getting an average of $35.44 per 100 for all grades
even to the lugs, is farming on the intensive plan, and
using peas aud clover to improve his soil, and applies
a ton per acre of commercial fertilizer of his own mix-
ing. He got $600 from one and three-quarters acres
in tobacco. That surely indicated a rich soil. The
fact that we have been for years trying to get into the
heads of our tobacco farmers is, that tobacco can
be grown in an improving rotation with clover and
peas to greater perfection than by the absolute depend-
ence on commercial fertilizers on a poverty stricken
soil, and that high farming aud profitable farming can
be as well done with tobacco as the money crop as with
any others. Hog and hominy and all the adjuncts to
good farming can be had while increasing the produc-
tion of the tobacco crop.

LIME FOR CLOVER.

The extract you make from the Rhode Island bulle-
tin reminds me of au experiment I once made in top-
dressing a clover field in spring with lime. It was
young clover in its second spring or the spring follow-
ing the sowing. I applied about a ton of lime per
acre. The effect was marvelous, aud the old rocky
field made as heavy a growth of clover as I had on my
most fertile bottom land. I believe that one of the
best, if not the best, place in the rotation to apply
lime is on the clover the second spring ; but in a short
three year rotation, I believe that it would be better to
apply a smaller quantity per acre and repeat it every
time the field came round in clover.

W. F. Masset.

Messrs. H. E. Graves & Co., Nelsou Co., Va., write,
October 16, 1897: "We cannot afford to be without
ihe jSom hetn Planter.1''

Benj. J. Bailey, Brunswick Co., Va., writes,
;r 19, 1S97 : " I regard the Southern Planter as

Mr.
October 19, 1S97 : " I regard
one of the best agricultural papers published."

Mention the Planter to your friends.

460

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

HOHE MIXED vs. FACTORY MIXED
FERTILIZERS.

In the spring of 1S97 the Ohio Experiment Station
began an experiment in which several brands of
factory- mixed commercial fertilizers are being com-
pared with home mixtures of tankage, acid phosphate
and muriate of potash, calculated to contain the same
quantities of ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash,
as are claimed by the manufacturers for the respective
brands of factory mixtures used in the test.

The experiment was begun on a tract of heavy clay
land, and the plan is to continue it several years in
a rotation of wheat, corn and clover, applying the
fertilizers to the corn and wheat. The plan of the test
and the results on the corn crop of 1897 are fully re
ported in Bulletin 93, which shows that in the first
crop of the test the home made fertilizers produced re-
sults quite equal to those yielded by the factory mix-
tures, although the cost of the home mixtures was six
to twelve dollars per ton less than that of the factory
mixtures.

Following out the plan of the test, one of the sections
of laud set apart for it was sown to wheat last fall,
the fertilizers being repeated on the same plots and in
the same order iu which they had been used on the
corn. The wheat was sown late and suffered severely
from the winter, the yield on the unfertilized plots
being reduced to less than two bushels per acre. The
increase on this unfertilized yield given by the several
fertilizers is shown below.

The factory mixtures were used at the uniform rate

of 200 pounds per acre, but it was possible to du

plicate their composition in essential constituents with

considerable less than 200 pounds in most of the home

mixtures.

„ .... Cost Increase

FerO^ers. ^ ^ ^ ^

Factory Mixture A $30 00 8.3 bus.

Home Mixture A 17 85 12.8 bus.

Factory Mixture B 25 00 11.8 bus.

Home Mixture B 17 60 13.0 bus.

Factory Mixture C 20 00 7.9 bus.

Home Mixture C 13 55 10.6 bus.

Factory Mixture D 17 50 5.2 bus.

Home Mixture C 9 40 6.8 bus.

It will be observed that in every case the increase
from the home mixture is decidedly greater than from
the factory mixture, which it was intended to dupli-
cate ; the difference being greatest in the case of the
most expensive factory mixture.

The prices given above for the factory mixtures are
what the Station paid for them in small lots at the re
spective factories ; the prices quoted for the home
mixtures represent the cost of these mixtures at the
Station, the materials being bought in single sack lots
at the regular publicly quoted retail prices for the
materials, with freight to Wooster added. Nothing
is added for mixing, as the freight on the factory
mixtures would several times over pay the cost of
mixing.

ENQUIRER'S COLUMN.

Prof. \V. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the loth of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Sugar Maple and Nut Treee.

I wish to raise a quantity of sugar maple trees on
a piece of unprofitable land. Will you please answer,
through the Southern Planter, where I can get the seed,
and how to plant them ? I find it too expensive to
buy the young trees.

Also, please answer how to propagate from the nuts
chestnut, hickory, and oak trees from the acorn.

James J. Koch.

Goochland Co., Va.

You can grow the maple trees from the seed, but
they must be sown as soon as ripe, for if they get dry
they at once lose their germinating power. The un-
profitable land you mention could be better utilized
by planting it with the seed of the common yellow
locust. They grow rapidly from seed, and the timber
is valuable as soon as large enough to make insulating
pins for telegraph posts. I have the trees now large
enough for heavy fence posts just in the seventh year
from the seed. Chestnut seed must also not be allowed
to dry, for once dry they will not grow. If you can
keep them free from mice and other " varmints," it is
best to plaut them at once where you want them, as
soon as ripe. Or you 'can bury them in damp sand
during the winter and plaut in the spring. Hickory-
nuts aud acorns should also be treated in the same way.
It is best to plant them in nursery rows and cultivate
the first year. Then transplant to the place you want
them. W. F. Massey.

Always mention the Planter when you write to
any of our advertisers

Second Crop Sorghum — Mustard.

Why does the second crop of sorghum kill stock
that eat' it f Why does mustard kill cattle when
eaten? G. W. Harris.

Hickory Valley, Tenn.

Second growth of sorghum and mustard will kill
stock only when they are allowed to gorge themselves
with the green food. Green clover will do it just as
effectually. Cattle turned suddenly on a patch of
sorghum suckers will eat too much at once and get
bleated. That is all there is in it. The second growth
of sorghum is just as harmless as the first if fed right.
Somebody gets a cow bloated on green sorghum and at
once the news goes out the second growth of sorghum
kills cows, and every one accepts it as a fact, and wants
to know why. It never killed any cattle for me, and
they have eaten it too. But my cows were not half
starved, and did not gorge themselves. A half-starved

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

461

animal turned suddenly into a mass of succulent food
of any kind will kill herself if care is not taken.

W. F. M ASSET.

A Troublesome Weed.

I have a ten acre lot, the most of which is and has
been heavily set in a kind of mustard or cress forsev
eral years. It has a very rough leaf, grows to height
of two feet, and is very injurious to growing crops, and
gives me more trouble in the cultivation of a crop than
any weed or grass with which I have ever had to con-
tend.

If you will tell me what it is and how to get rid of
it, you will very much oblige a would-be farmer.

Isle of Wight Co., Va. J. O. Branch.

It is impossible for me to identify the plant without
specimens in bloom. I think that it is probable the
plant is what is called Winter Cress ( Barbarea prcecox).
This is used very commonly as a salad plant in early
spring, and has the pungent taste of water cress. Tt
has been sold by seedsmen under the name of Upland
Cress. In some places it has become a troublesome
weed, especially in wheat fields, and on land that is
inclined to be wet. The only way I can suggest is to
pull it out and never allow a plant to go to seed on
the land. This species is a perennial and must be
rooted out, as well as the seeding stopped. There is
another species of the same genus, Barbarea vulgaris,
which is a biennial, and this, if not allowed to seed,
will soon disappear. Both of these have yellow flow-
ers, and the leaf of Barbarea vulgaris is bitter, and not
so pleasant as that of Barbarea prwcox. But, of course,
this is all guesswork, as I have not seen nor had a full
description of the plant that bothers you.

W. F. Massey.

Crop Rotation on a Stock Farm.

Editor Southern Planter :

I want to ask your advice about a certain plan
which I want to carry out. It is simply this : I have
five fields of five acres each, all bordering ou my per-
manent pasture, which has abundance of water in it,
and I want to keep sheep, so I have the five fields all
fenced in with woven wire fence. Now, I want to
keep my sheep in one of these field* every night for
.safety; my plan is this —

Field No. 1, in tobacco, followed by wheat.

Field No. 2, in wheat, followed by clover.

Field No. 3, in hay, followed by pasture.'

Field No. t, in pasture, followed by corn.

Field No. 5, in corn, followed by tobacco.

My corn field is sowed to crimson clover or cow peas
and pastured by ho^s or s eep during the winter on
the clover, and manured during the winter time ;
which manure is plowed under for tobacco. My
plan, if followed, must, it seems to me, grow good
crops and the land increase in fertility, aud raise on
the twenty-five acres so enclosed enough feed for ihe
thirty sheep and their offspring. I cut the clover for
hay one year, pasture it the next, ami plow for corn

the next ; follow with a good dressing of dissolved
rock phosphate containing phosphoric acid and pot-
ash— surely the clover, peas and crimson clover will
provide the nitrogen needed. I do not raise wheat to
sell ; only to bread my family and help and seed me
another year ; balance to be ground for feed for sheep/
with corn. The tobacco crop I raise as an exlia crop,
as I need the help by the ye ir and desire to make a
crop which finds me the money to pay them. Besides,
the tobacco houses are so situated as to provide shelter
for sheep by adding sheds around them.

Another question or two aud I am done. My cattle
are grade Jersey stock, but I want larger calves to
raise for beef. I know the rule is never to use a large
bull on a small cow, but cannot I do this without a
great deal of danger to the cow ? I want half-bred
Jerseys at least for butter, but want a Shorthorn cross
at least for beef.

Again, I keep about thirty head of hogs a year, and
I want a plan to fatten them, at least in part, in the
field ; cannot I sow two or three acres in cow peas,
soja beans, or peauuts, sweet potatoes, or soinethiijg
to let them harvest them themselves, and top off on
corn or meal if needed \ I have four lots of two and
a half acres each, now all in grass (clover) to start on.
Will you advise a rotation for me on these four lots?
I keep enough brood sows to raise sixty hogs a year if
needed to supply stock to eat up all this ten acres will
raise. I have besides these lots a large farm, but not
subdivided into fenced fields, excepting my three large
fenced pastures — one for sheep and two for cattle — and
want to plan so that I can feed all I raise on my 300
acres, for I am now selling off forty tons of hay, be-
side some stock aud oats. I am a Marylander, and
am not exactly used to pea, soja bean and crimson
clover farming. W. E. H.

Goochland county, Va.

The rotation you propose to follow is an excellent
one, and cannot be improved upon. Under it. with
the use of the fertilizer named — acid phosphate and
potash, and the consumption of the crops on the farm
and the application of the resulting manure — you can-
not fail to improve your land, and should have no
difficulty in carrying the stock you name, and more.
The crimsou clover aud peas will supply all the nitro-
gen needed.

As to crossing the Jerseys with Shorthorn blood, we
would say that we have tried this cross and found it
to succeed. We, however, would not use a Shorthorn
bull on the Jersey heifers, but only on cows that have
had one or two calves. There is then no difficulty in
calving them.

As to the hog lots : On these we would raise cow
peas, soja beans, ruta bagas and turnips. If the land
is adapted to sweet potatoes, these also may be grown.
We donbt, however, whether in Goochland county
you could succeed in growing peanuts. If any part
of the land is very light, you might, by liming the
land, succeed in raising the crop. It is a valuable one
for hog feeding where it can be grown. One field, or
a part of one, might be planted in artichokes. This

4P.2

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

crop is valuable for hog feeding, and succeeds well in
most sections. We had a gentleman in the office a few-
days ago who has tried them in Southside Virginia for
two or three years, and is well pleased with them. He
says that he can grow several hundred bushels to the
acre, and that both hogs and cows do well on them.
Sorghum also should he grown, as it comes in to feed
at a time wheu it is most convenient, namely, in the
hottest months of the summer. We would break one
field and sow in crimson clover and winter oats at once.
Another field we would break and plant in sorghum
in May. Another field might be broken and planted
in artichokes in part and in part in sweet potatoes.
One. field we would always keep in grass and clover
for use when the cultivated fields were too wet for the
hogs to run in. The crimson clover and oats should
be used as pasture in the early spring and be got off
by May, and the land be then planted in cow peas, or
part in cow peas and part in soja beans. The sorghum
should be followed by rata bagas and turnips. Crim-
son clover and winter oats or rye should be seeded on
the fields as the crops are removed, for winter and
early spring grazing. The artichokes would stand for
several years without replanting, as there are always
sufficient small tubers left in the field to produce a
crop after the hogs have gathered the main crop. — Ed.

Cow Peas as a Preparation for Wheat.

I have a ten acre field of stiff subsoil, upon which I
sowed peas alter cutting wheat. The peas are very
rank and high now. I want to put the land in wheat
again, which will be the third year in wheat. I sowed
it in peas last year after cutting the wheat, but they
did not amount to much. I am thinking about turn-
ing the peas note and putting about twenty fiv bushels
of wood ashes per acre on the land before seeding the
wheat. Do you think this plan won Id do? I do not
use any fertilizer except stable manure, etc. The pea
vine seems to be too green for feed, having been sown
only sixty days. T am anxious to plow my land early
in order to thoroughly prepare the seed bed. I would
be glad if you would give me your opinion as to how
to use the pea crop to the best advantage for the wheat
crop and permanent good to the land, as I wish to sow
the land in grass.

Worth Carolina. ARTHUR A. FlNLEY.

It is not good husbandry to plow down so fine a crop
of peas, nor do we think that, apart from this reasou,
it is judicious to do so at this season of the year. So
great a mass of sappy, green matter has a tendency to
sour the land, and would largely prevent the obtain-
ing of that firm condition of the soil which is so essen
tia] to the production of a good crop of wheat. We
would cut the peas and cure for hay, leaving a high
Btubble, plow dowu the stubble and then apply the
wood ashes, and work the surface into a fine seed bed
and sow the wheat and grass seeds. We would remark
that the growing of three crops of wheat in succession

is not a practice to be commended nor one likely to be
profitable. — Ed.

Weevil.

I, like many others, am much worried with many
in both corn aud wheat. Wheat has weevil,
web worm, and a very small brown insect. The
Planter of September. 1897, advises the use of "bisul-
phide of carbon." Now, I write to ask you to do me
the favor to tell me how to use it. I have heard of
one man who sprinkled it over his bulk of grain.
Would this do, and how much should be applied?
Have no "bins" in my barn, so have no close place
to confine the vapor.

Louisa county, Va. Henry Taylor.

Bisulphide of carbon will kill insects of every kind
in grain. It is also fatal to all animal life if inhaled
in quantity sufficient. It is best used by being put
into flat dishes or saucers aud these placed on the top
of the heaps of grain, which should not be too deep,
say, not more than two or three feet. Over these
heaps and the dishes, sacks, sheets, or bagging should
be spread to confine the vapor, which, being heavier
than the air, will descend through the grain. Use
from one and a half to two lbs. to 2,000 lbs. of grain.
Have no lights about, and veutilate the building well
after it has been closed up forty eight hours before
going in or taking in a light. —Ed.

Cow Peas as a Preparation for Tobacco.

I am a close reader of your Planter, and appreciate
the valuable information received from it so much that
I write for more. I have six acres in cow peas (in
stumps, so can't cut them, and do not want to if the
land will receive any more benefit from them by leav-
ing them on the land. I want to put the land in to-
bacco next year. They are fine, nearly waist high.
I am now gathering my seed from them aud have my
hogs on them. Will you please tell me in your next
issue if I must plow them uuder this fall, or leave
them until next spring? I had thought of turning
them under as soon as the hogs bad gathered all they
could get, and applying 1,000 lbs. of lime per acre
(after plowing) aud harrowing it in. Am I righi, or
must I use the lime before plowing, or shall I use the
lime at all for the coining crop ? Will I need any am-
monia on this for tobacco next year .' Will not phos-
phoric acid and potash be the fertilizer for this? You
will greatly oblige me by answering this in your own
way. With much success to you and your readers,

Charlotte county, Va. A Subscriber.

We would let the peas alone until the hogs have got
all the good out of them possible and then plow down;
and after plowing, apply the lime and harrow iu. We
think the lime will be found beneficial to the tobacco
crop. There should be a good supply of ammonia in
the soil available for the tobacco crop derived from
the growth of the pea crop, and the fertilizer needed
will be phosphoric acid aud potash. It may, however,
be advisable to use some little quickly available am-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

463

monia in the fertilizer in order to give the tobacco
plants a start. This may be had either by the use of
nitrate of soda or dried blood applied at planting.
Thanks for complimentary remarks. — Ed

Ft^;,, .

Grass Seeds for Upland Pasture^"

^

Will you kindly advise we what grass seeds I should
sow with wheat this fall on good upland which I de-
sire to pasture. A part of the laud is a heavy pea fal-
low, and I will use S. C. phosphate in putting in the
wheat and grass seed. I desire to run the land for
several years for grazing purposes. Most of the land
is a light red soil. A part of the land is at present in
corn, and another part was in wheat last year. All of
the land is in very good order ?

A. H. B.

Tall Meadow oat grass i bushel.

Orchard grass i "

Perennial ryegrass i "

Herds grass h "

English blue grass * "

Red clover 5 pounds.

—Ed.

Bugs and Worms Injuring Cabbages.

I have sent you under separate cover in a little box
some bugs and worms that have been infestiug my
cabbage patch for the last six or eight weeks.

The worms are hatched from eggs deposited on the
cabbage by a butter-fly of a pale yellow color, and in
every other way resembling the yellow butter- fly usu-
ally seen along wagon- roads in the country. This
worm has been exceedingly destructive, cutting the
cabbage all to pieces.

The bug enclosed is one that I have never seen be-
fore this year. Apparently it stings or sucks from
the leaf the juice contained therein, as only a few
days elapse from the time it is found on the cabbage
until the leaves begin to wither, die and dry up in the
same manner as though they were killed by frost or
scalded by hot water.

If you know what remedy is necessary to apply in
order to rid the crops of these pests, I would be glad
for you to advise me. D. W. B.

Roanoke County, Va.

The bugs sent are Harlequin bugs The worms are
the Cabbage worm. Harlequin bugs are most diffi
cult to destroy in any other way than by picking them
by hand. They are proof against poison or any of
the sprays used to destroy other kinds of bugs. Care
should be taken to search for them under trash of all
kinds in the field-corners aud fence rows, and under
clods and leaves on the ground, and destroy them
wherever found. It is advised to sow patches of
mustard in the cabbage fields. The bugs prefer this
feed to cabbages, and when they have gathered on the
mustard pour kerosene oil over it and set the patch
on fire and thus destroy them.

The worms can be destroyed in various ways. Dust-

ing the plants with fresh Buhach powder when damp
with dew or rain, or with a mixture of air slacked
lime aud salt, will kill them. Watering the plants
with water nearly at the boiling point will kill them
and not injure the plants. Paris green will kill them,
but we always hesitate to advise its use on cabbages,
fearing lest some of the powder may lodge in the heart
of the plant and thus become dangerous to consumers
of the cabbages. There is another worm called the
Cabbage looper, very much like the Cabbage worm,
which is very destructive to cabbages. For this worm
(and no doubt the remedy will be also efficacious for
the cabbage worm), the New York Experiment Sta-
tion has just announced a remedy which it has found
thoioughly effectual.
This remedy is made of the following constituents :

Pulverized resin 5 pounds.

Concentrated lye 1 pound.

Fish oil or any cheap animal oil except tal-
low 1 pint.

Water : 5 gallons.

Place oil resin and a gallon of water in an iron ket-
tle and heat until resin is softened. Add remainder
of water and boil about two hours, or until the mix-
ture will unite with cold water, making a clear amber-
colored liquid. If the mixture has boiled away too
much, add sufficient boiling water to make five gallons.

For use, one gallon of this stock solution is to be
diluted with sixteen gallons of water, and afterwards
three gallons of milk of lime or whitewash added.
The resin mixture is, in reality, a liquid soap, which
remains suspended in the water in minute particles.
The poison, one quarter of a pouud of Paris green, or
other arsenite, is then added, and the particles of
poison adhere to the finely divided soap particles, and
is thus distributed throughout the mixture in minute
and uniform quantities. This mixture must be ap-
plied to the cabbages by a hand power sprayer very
thoroughly and carefully, so as to cover all the leaves.
In an experiment made at the Station, not a living
worm could be found on the plants sprayed in three
days after spraying, and the protection was excellent
to the end of the season, notwithstanding heavy rains.
The application should be made when the plants are
one-third grown aud before the heads are lormed, and
then there need be no fear of danger to the consumer
of the cabbages, as the outer leaves are the only ones
on which the spray has been applied, and these are
never eaten. — Ed.

Onion-Growing — Sawdust as a Fertilizer.

I prepared several acres of land for fall or second
crop of Irish potatoes, but did not have euough pota-
toes to plant it ; I lacked nl>out one acre, and thought
I would plant that in onions. Would you advice
planting onion seed or t-njall tets? Sctd would be a

464

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

great deal cheaper than sets, and if the plants will
stand the winter I think they would make fine onions.
Would like to trouble you with another question. I
have on my farm any quantity of sawdust, accumula
ted from a large sawmill and barrel factory; about
one-half is pine and the other swamp gum sawdust.
Would like to know the best way to dispose of it!
I have an apple orchard of about four or five acres
of tiees about fifteen years old, and have a heavy crop
of cow peas growing on it. I want to turn the peas
under and sow in clover and orchard grass this fall.
Would it pay to throw under each tree about ten
bushels of sawdust after the land is ploughed or before !
Norfolk Co., Va. W. H. Wilson.

Potato onion sets would no doubt succeed on this
land, but the difficulty with this crop is, that if not
sold as green onions in the spring, they do not make
bulbs that keep well, and consequently are difficult to
sell in competition with Northern-grown onions. If
seed is sown in the fall, it should be sown in a cold
frame or where the plants can be protected in the
event of a severe spell of cold weather during the win-
ter, and the plants should then be set out in the field
in the early spring. The work of setting out the small
plants is a tedious one and increases much the cost of
the crop. The advantage is in securing an earlier ma
turity of the bulbs. The sowing of seed in the early
spring is the cheapest way of raising onions, and we
have known most excellent crops to be raised in Vir-
giuia. We doubt not that in your section you could
succeed well in this way and have onions ready for
market long before Northern onions were in competi-
tion with them.

As to the sawdust, we would say let it alone. It is
not worth the cost of moving it as a fertilizer. The
best way to dispose of it is to set' fire to the heap in
the hot, dry weather and buru it up. — Ed

FALL OATS AT THE SOUTH, FOLLOWED BY
COW PEAS OR GRASS.

There is a saying here in Georgia that farmers spend
the first six mouths of the year killing grass and the
other six in buying Northern baled hay. There is no
doubt but that this is to a certain extent true. I have
seen many a crop where the grass was worth more
than the crop planted, if it could have been gathered
at the right time and properly cured. The South is
naturally a grass country, and there would be no need
to import a pound of forage into the State of Georgia,
or into any other Southern State for that matter, if
the fanners would turn their attention to the natural
advantages they have over "the North in making hay
out of our natural grasses, such as crab grass and crow
foot. Pea vines, properly cured and housed, are far
more nutritious than any hay that we get from the
North. But the farmer's time is so absorbed over that
moneyless ootton crop that they don't have time to at-
tend to duj thin}; else.

Oats are one of the surest grain and forage crops
that we can raise, if planted early enough to get well
rooted before freezing weather sets in. From my own
experience, I prefer sowing in the first days of Octo-
ber. Land for all small grain should be plowed deep
and thoroughly fined ; the general plan here is to plow
in the seed, but I think the best way is to plow your
land first and then work your seed in with an Acme
harrow, rolling the soil afterwards to firm it, as well
as to leave the land smooth for cutting. Oats will
grow on nlmost any kind of land that is not too wet.
A well drained lowland that is rich in all of the dif-
ferent plant foods is the proper land for this section,
on account of the spring drouths with which we are
sometimes afflicted. Oats require considerable nitro-
gen, but not an excess.

It is necessary for farmers to know what each crop
requires, and also the needs of his soil. If oat lands
are poor in nitrogen, an application of 200 lbs. to the
acre of cotton seed meal at time of sowing will be
sufficient to start the crop off. Oats have the reputa-
tion of being exhausting to the soil. An analysis of
the plant shows that it does not require so much pot-
ash and phosphoric acid as some other plants. A
proper fertilizer for oats should contain, besides the
nitrogen, from 10 to 12 per cent, of phosphoric acid
and from 5 to 6 per cent, of potash, the amount to be
regulated by the needs of the soil. An applicatiou of
50 lbs. of nitrate of soda to the acre in the spring
would be very beneficial, as it is the most soluble of
all kinds of nitrogenous fertilizers and the most easily
taken up and assimilated by plants. There are times
when plants require some special element to force more
vigorous growth, aud thus the solubility of fertilizers
becomes a matter for consideration in their use.

The soil is generally deficient in some one or more
special requisites for the largest yield of any crop.
There is what is known as dominant plant food — that
is, one in particular that appears to be most useful to
some special crop. Thus, oats and the other small
grains seem to desire aud need nitrogen mostly. But
nitrogen is the least available of all kinds of plant
foods that exist naturally in the soil, and, at the same
time, is the most easily lost from the soil by drainage.
Thus is explained why, in the spring, an application
of nitrate of soda would be a benefit, and how, if we
would use cow peas in our rotation of farm crops (or,
in other words, precede the oat crop with cow peas
in order to furnish the nitrogen) and buy only the
cheaper chemical manures, we could by that means
save the most expensive part of the fertilizer bill. If
we have fertilized our land as we should do for the oat
crop, we should have left in the soil sufficient plant
food to prdduce a heavy crop of peas or grass.

I have a field that has been alternated in oats and

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

465

peas for five years, and it now has a crop of peas
about ready to cut for forage. The oats were cut the
last of May and made a heavy crop, and, owing to a
severe drouth, the peas were not planted until the
first week in July. The oat ground was plowed and
harrowed down smooth, an 1 rows marked out three
feet apart and planted every eighteen inches, using
about a dozen peas to the hill of the Unknown variety.
The crop received only one cultivation. They now
stand at least from three to four feet high and cover
the entire ground, and are loaded with pods ; a fair
estimate of the crop is from 3* to 4 tons to the acre.
Ten years ago this field was so poor in fertility that
the common speckled cow pea would not grow without
fertilizers. The change has been made by using the
cow pea as a base for humus and nitrogen, and using
phosphoric acid and potash. The field has had no
other manure for ten years ; part of the time I have
cut the peas for forage, and some years have plowed
in the entire crop — after it had been picked of the
pods and the foliage dried down. This field will now
produce any kind of a crop.

The low price of cotton must eventually lead South-
ern farmers to adopt some other crop besides cotton to
furnish the necessary money to pay farm expenses
and I see no reason why hay should not he one crop
in the rotation, at least to produce enough to supply
our own markets. That the growing of grass and cow
peas for forage and as a money crop is on the increase
there can be no doubt. Every progressive farmer
must see the need of studying the fertilizer question,
so as to save buying the expensive part of that which
these crops require.

C. W. Morrill.

EXPER1HENTS WITH OATS AT THE ALABAflA
EXPERIMENT STATION.

Among a number of varieties of oats tested none was
found superior in yield to the common Red Rust Proof
oat.

Varieties which produced moderate yields of grains
and relatively large amounts of tall fine straw were
Myer's Turf and Hatchett's Black. These and related
varieties are hardy, and are valuable for grazing and
for forage.

In three different experiments Red Rust Proof oats
sown in November yielded 7.9, 11.8, and 9.7 bushels
per acre more than the same kind of seed sown from
February 9 to March 1. The average increase in these
three experiments due to fall sowing was 9.8 bushels.

The period between October 1 and November 15 is
suggested as the best time for sowing the bulk of the
crop of Red Rust Proof oats in central Alabama.

A comparison of cotton seed and cotton seed meal,

applied both in fall and spring, was rendered inconclu-
sive by reason of unfavorable weather.

Cow-pea vines, plowed under, increased the yield of
oats sown in February to the extent of 10.4 bushels
per acre. The yield of fall sown oats on land where
cow-pea vines had been plowed under Rafter 11 bush-
els of peas per acre had been picked) was 2S.6 bushels
per acre against 7.1 bushels on a plot previously aban
doned to weeds aud crab grass — a gain of 21.5 bushels
of oats.

The plot on which only the roots and stubble of cow-
pea vines were plowed under yielded 34 4 bushels of
oats per acre against 9.7 bushels where German millet
stubble had been plowed uuder— an increase of 24.7
bushels of oats per acre. Considering yield of peas
and of hay and yield of the succeeding oat crop, it was
more profitable to cut cow-peas for hay than to pick
the peas and plow under the vines

Nitrate of soda, applied as a top dressing on both
fall sown and spring sown oats, was most profitable
when applied not later than the last of March, or at
least 55 days before the grain was mature.

Eighty pounds of nitrate of soda per acre afforded a
profit when applied in March. In one experiment
this amount of nitrate of soda afforded a yield of 29.3
bushels of oats per aere, while 160 pounds of nitrate
of soda per acre resulted in a yield of 34.1 bushels.
This was an increaseover the plot receiving no nitrate
of soda of 12.9 bushels with the smaller quantity of
fertilizer and 17.7 bushels with the larger amount ;
there was a greater profit on the investment when SO
pounds was employed.

On soil well supplied with vegetable matter, plots
receiving 660 pounds of slaked lime per acre at time
of planting yielded more than plots not limed. But
slaked lime applied as a top dressing in March on oats
growing on sandy land deficient in vegetable matter
failed to increase the yield.

In a co-operative fertilizer experiment conducted
near Auburn with oats sown in February, drought
caused the crop to fail on all plots. The greatest re-
sistance to drought and the largest yields were ob-
tained on the plots receiving kainit.

Scalding seed oats for 10 to 15 minutes in water kept
at a temperature of 130 to 135 degrees Fahrenheit
effectually prevented smut here. This is a standard,
cheap, aud effective method of preventing smut, and
the saving resulting from this treatment of seed oats
is usually 5 to 20 per cent, of the crop, and sometimes
more.

J. F. Duggar.

When you write to advertisers, always mention the
Southern Flanter.

'466

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE HONTH.

The harvesting and storing of the crops as they ma-
ture will be the principal work requiring attentiou
this month. In our article on " Work for the Month,"
under the head of Farm Management, will be found
instructions and advice as to harvesting and storing
sweet and Irish potatoes and beets, and to this we re-
fer our readers. Carrots and parsnips may be stored
like beets. It is too early yet to pull ruta bagaa and
turnips for storing. They will increase more in weight
during this mouth and November than at any other
time. A little frost will not hurt them.

In the orchard the gathering of the apple crop will
require attention. There is every indication that ap
pies are going to be scarce and correspondingly high
in price. Care should therefore be taken to gather
them carefully and grade them well. A much inferior
sized apple will this year hud buyers at a good price,
if only sound. It will therefore pay to make a grade
of these smaller sound apples. The largest-sized fruit
should be carefully stored away for later sale, when
prices will, in our opinion, be much higher.

Cleau up and burn all trash, leaves and rubbish of
all kinds, and thus get rid of large quantities of in-
sects, larva, eggs, and fungous spores.

Land not intended to be put into crop until spring
should be plowed, snbsoiled and seeded with crimson
clover and oats, or with vetches and oats or rye. This
will make a protection for the land from washiug, and
will conserve and add to the fertility of the land be
sides giving feed if needed.

Land should be prepared for settiug out apple and
other fruit trees. Let it be well plowed and subsoiled.
Whilst it is yet too early to plant trees it is not too
early to get the land ready. We are strongly of opin-
ion that the fall is the best time at which to set out
orchards and make fruit plantations in the South.
Trees set out in the fall arc put into warm land aud
the roots soon begin to search out food and make
growth. They thus get a good hold upon the land
before the hot weather dries out the moisture, and
may really be said to get a year's start of those set out
in the spriug.

Onion sets may still be planted out, though it is get-
ting late for this work.

Celery should be earthed up when the ground and
plants are dry. See that the soil is kept out of the
hearts of the plants.

Cabbage, cauliflower, and lettuce seed should be
sown.

The pruning of fruit-trees and vines may commence
at atij time, and be continued as opportunity affords,
during the fall and early winter mouths.

DIVERSIFICATION IN TRUCK FARMING.

The truck farmer or market gardener needs to diver-
sify his crops just as much as the' geneial farmer.
Going through the wholesale market in this city dur-
ing June, July, August, and September, one cannot
fail to be struck with the fact of the over supply of one
or two crops. Hundreds of market carts are to be
seen on the streets, each loaded with exactly the same
products. First comes cabbage, then canteloupes, and
lastly, watermelons and sweet potatoes. English peas,
snaps, and black-eye peas come in smaller quantities.
As a consequence of this system, there is constant com-
plaint of the unprofitable prices realized. With a
climate like ours, and a season so long — a season, in
fact, extending nearly all the year round — there seems
to us no reason why truckers should not much more
widely diversify their crops, not merely as to variety
but as to season, when these varieties should come on
the market. If instead of confining their attention so
largely to the production in excessive quantities of one,
two or three crops, a larger number of the growers
would limit their area of these crops and go to the
raising during all the year of some specialties, each
coming in at different times, we feel satisfied that more
clear profit could be made. During the winter and
spring months, the truckers bring nothing on the mar-
ket but sweet potatoes and a few turnips. All the
more dainty vegetables — such as lettuce, radishes,
cucumbers, and early tomatoes, and snaps aud English
peas — are supplied to the retail market, if supplied at
all. by Florida and South Carolina, and have to be
bought at high prices, and yet there is no reason what-
ever why these crops could not be raised here at home
if only attention was given them. Our winters are so
mild usually that many of these crops cau be grown
out-of-doors all the year round if only care is§ taken
to so plant them as to have them capable of being pro-
tected in the event of a sudden short suap of cold
weather. Other of these crops could be very profita-
bly raised in cold frames, whilst the more delicate ones,
such as tomatoes and cucumbers, could be grown in

1898.]

THE SOUTHERX PLANTER.

in;

frames or houses heated with a tine. The cost of these
adjuncts to successful winter and early spring crop
growing are only small, aud the period during which
they are required to be used is so short that the cost of
firing would be very little. For these crops, put on
the market during the winter aud early spring, high
prices could be readily gotten. During winter this
city aud all cities are full of the people who buy these
daiuties. Why not cater to their wants .' If they
cannot get them here they send Xorth for them, aud
get them from a section where the cost of production
is much greater. Then, again, these due heated houses
and cold frames could be utilized for bringing on crops
to be planted iu the open ground in the spring long
before they can be raised there from seed. The advan
tage to be gained iu price by being able to put lettuce,
radishes, tomatoes, cucumbers, egg fruit, cauteloupes,
aud squashes on the market a week or two ahead of the
great bulk of the crops of these vegetables would very
quicklv repay any outlay made. Again, English peas
aud snaps might be greatly advanced iu growth by
planting them in sheltered spots and protecting them
with screens or cedar brush. There are also other
crops which we never see on our markets to which we
are satisfied atteutiou might be given with profit. For
instance, we never see rhubarb, or, as it is called here,
pie plant, forced and put on the market.in December,
January, and February. In England thousands of
roots of this plant are taken up out of the open ground
in the early fall and packed away under the benches
of flue or steam heated houses in the dark or iu frames
banked round with fresh horse litter and kept dark.
These roots, with very little soil around them, throw
up stalks from two to three feet long of dainty ten-
der rhubarb, which sells on the market at a high price,
there being uo other fruit in competition with it for
pies except apples. Sea kale is also raised in this way
and finds a ready market. This is a delicate vegetable,
much appreciated in Europe, and which would grow
here aud soou find demand. Mushrooms also are
largely grown in dark frames on beds made up of
horse litter. Iu the Xorth there is a large demand for
this dainty, and it only requires to be known here to
be appreciated. We inviie the attention of truckers
aud gardeners to these remarks. We are satisfied
there is money in them for the mau who strikes out iu
these Hues.

that this meeting shall be made a success by a large
attendance. That undoubted advantages are to be
gained by co-operation aud union, we believe no one
will deoy. but the difficulty in this State is to get
farmers, truckers and fruit growers to confer together
and to stand by each other. The State Agricultural
Society has ceased to exist from this lamentable apathy
of our people. They can unite together to growl and
grumble, and pass resolutions at about one meeting,
but immediately that meeting is dissolved they go each
to his own home, aud never think more of the work
to be done to make effective the resolutions they have
passed. In union there is strength. A powerful ag-
ricultural or horticultural society could do an immeuse
work for the advantage .of all interested in the ad-
vancement of our agricultural and horticultural iudus
tt ies by bringing effective pressure to bear on the Leg-
islature, the State Department of Agriculture, and the
transportation agencies. Individual effort can do lit-
tle to secure better freight rates and facilities or better
legislation or administration of existing laws ; a strong
society could do much. Geutlemen, come together
aud make your blows tell.

VIRGINIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
In these columns will be found a notice from Mr.
8. B. Woods, the President of the State Horticultural

Society, inviting the attendance of all interested in the
horticultural and fruit industries of the State at the
annual meeting to be held at Charlottesville. We de
sire to add our earnest request to that of Mr. Woods,
3

CAULIFLOWER GROWING.

We would like to see our truckers and farmers give
attention to the growing of cauliflower for the market
and for home use. As a vegetable it is far ahead of
the cabbage, and if the people once become accus-
tomed to eating it, we are certain there will be always
a market demand for it. The following remarks by
Prof. Massey, on the proper means to be taken for
successfully growing the crop, will be found useful.
We quote from an article in Home and Farm :

In the South, cauliflower must be grown during the
cooler part of the year. We cannot, with any sort of
certainty, make the fall crop from plants carried
through the summer as is done so successfully in the
Xorth. The only cauliflower crop really available to
us is the early spring crop, headed before hot weather
sets iu. Ordinarily this crop is best grown in frames,
where it can have the occasional protection of the
sashes, and thus be brought ou more rapidly. But iu
a very mild winter like the last oue, I find here very
little advantage from the glass, for plants set in the
open ground in Xovember were but little behind those
set in the frames. The case would be very different in
a colder climate, and a colder winter in this climate.
In the elevated country where Colima, Ga., is situated,
the winters are far more severe than here, and the
frame culture will be the best, even if the plants are
to be transplanted iu the early spring. Our plan here
is to sow the seeds of the snowball cauliflower about
the middle of September. Later on we set six plants
to each of the 3 x 6 feet sashes of our frames, and fill in
between them with tennis ball lettuce, so as to hav^
about forty lettuce plants to the sash. We try to ha u
twice as many frames as we have sashes to cover,

168

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

The lettuce is headed and cut in the early part of
January, the sashes being put on only after the
nights have gotten frosty, and they are kept off on all
sunny days, and even when the mercury is as low as
25 we give a little air. It is only at rare intervals that
we have a freezing temperature here when the sun is
shining, and hence the sashes are kept off generally
every sunny day, and only put over the plants at night.
We are particular on this point, for any close coddling
will make the plants grow weak and will cause them
to make buttons instead of good heads. After the
lettuce is cut out, the same practice is kept up with
the cauliflowers till they begin to crowd against the
glass. By this time the plants of tomatoes are ready
to move from the greenhouse to harden off in frames,
here about the last of February. The cauliflower, if
it has been kept exposed as much as possible, will need
no further protection, and the sashes are removed to
the extra frames to protect and harden off the tomato
plants. The cauliflower will begin to head here late in
March, and will be over before the hot weather of May
comes.

The idea is to keep the plants steadily but heathily
growing, and to allow no sudden check that will force
them to head prematurely and to make little buttons
instead of good heads. In an elevated section we
believe the best plan will be to sow the seed at the time
we do here, and then to winter them in frames, setting
them thickly, or about 600 to a sash, and deep enough
to protect the stems from frost. But keep them in as
hardy a condition as possible, and do not encourage a
strong growth in the winter. Then prepare the land
for them, and set as early as you can get the land into
good order in the spring. You should then be able to
get good heads during May and even June in a
cooler section. But above all, remember that you
must fill the land with manure if you want to grow
good cauliflower. A good place for them will be a
clover sod turned over just before planting and put in
good order, and if stable manure cannot be had, use a
ton per acre of the following mixture spread broad-
cast some time before setting the plants. Acid phos
phate, 1,200 pounds ; cotton seed meal, 600 pounds,
and muriate of potash, 200 pounds. The leading
factor in the feeding of cabbages and cauliflower is
phosphoric acid, and you must have a good percentage
of this and of nitrogen. A strong clayey soil will grow
better cauliflowers than sandy soil, and a locality near
the sea coast is generally better than an interior one.

NOTICE OF HEETING OF THE VIRGINIA STATE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Editor Southern Planter:

The Virginia State Horticultural Society will hold
its third animal meeting in Charlottesville on the loth
of November. 1898. The place was selected as being
most central, and the time as one when all would have
Leisure to attend. Every fruitgrower, trucker, and
nurseryman, it is hoped, will attend. There will be
speakers from the Department at Washington, and
from other States — men who have made a success of
some specialty, men who not only "know how," but

who "have done it." There will also be an exhibit
of fruit. The two days' session will be made pleasant
and profitable. The railroads have promised excur-
sion rates.

Now one word, Mr. Editor, as to the importance of
this meeting. The interests represented by this Soci-
ety are vast, though comparatively in their infancy.
In agricultural advantages many other States equal,
and some surpass us, except only in the department of
horticulture. In this, Virginia leads. Yet we are
only beginning to learn how to use our natural advan-
tages ; we are still far behind many States which, in
no way, compare with our own. It is of the first im-
portance that we proceed intelligently and wisely to
develop our resources. This is the practical aim of
our Society, and it will succeed if all will unite. We
will know, and be able to apply our knowledge.

Some say this can all be done by local organizations.
In a measure this is true, but a properly organized
State Association will be vastly more beneficial and
powerful. As an illustration : a local organization
had for several years been importuning and threaten
ing the Express Companies to get a reduction of the
exorbitant express rates which were killing the busi
ness of the community. Their petitions were pigeon
holed, and nothing came of their efforts. The Chair
man of the Committee on Rates and the President of
the State organization took the matter up in the name
of the State organization. A courteous reply was re-
ceived from the Express Companies, followed imme-
diately by a material reduction in rates.

Let us come together, confer together, and act to-
gether. Sam'l B. Woods,

Pres't Va. State Horticultural Society.

THE SAND PLUM.

Among the native fruits of Kansas there is none
more interesting or valuable than the Sand plum
(Prunus watsoni). Distributed abundantly over the
western half of the State, it borders the streams and
coves the adjacent sand hills, sometimes extending
into the clay uplands, but always at a loss of vigor in
growth and quality in fruit.

In its natural habit, it attains a height of from two
to eight feet, having usually a tree like form, though
often branching and bearing fruit from ground to top.
Branches horizontal, with a tendency to zigzag and
tangled growth, and often terminating in sharp, spiny
points. Twigs slender, of cherry red color and abun-
dantly supplied with leuticels. Leaves thick, glabrous,
very finely serrate, serrations sometimes so pointed as
to be spiny. In shape, leaves are usually acutely
lanceolate ; in length, varying from one half to two
and one half inches ; and in habit, couduplicate or
trough-like when exposed to brilliant sunlight, but
almost flat in dim light. Blossoms small, occurring
in dense clusters in early spring. Fruit oblong to
round, yellowish pink to dark red, one-half to one

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

±69

aud one fourth inches in diameter, ripening from" July
1st to September 15th. Stem one fourth to three-
fourths inch long, slender. Pit small, roundish to
long, slender and pointed. The plant propagates
most rapidly by sprouts from the roots. If a speci-
men is dug from a thicket, it will generally be ob-
served to have but a single large root, eight or ten
inches below the surface, which extends to it and
passes on, supporting perhaps half a dozen other
bushes.

The Sand plum has varied into many types. But
it has not produced, as we might suppose, different
types for different localities ; it has crowded them
close together, often in the same or adjacent thickets.
Near the Arkansas river were found as many as six
perfectly distinct types on a ten acre lot. Profusion
of varieties is to be noted in every favored location.

It has been thought that the roots of this hardy
plum might make valuable stocks for the grafting of
domesticated varieties, but experiments at the Station
tend to prove the reverse. Numerous varieties were
grafted, using Prunus ivatsoni as the stock. Fail-
ure in almost every instance was the result. The ten-
der, succulent roots do not unite readily with a foreign
scion. Even if a union were secured, the propensity
of the stock to sprout would at once exert itself, re-
sulting soon in a dense thicket. The propagation of
the species is easily accomplished by means of root
cuttings or seeds, preferably the latter.

The following forms are the most valuable we have
been able to find :

1. A common type growing in almost pure sand,
four to ten feet above the water level. Bushes in
scattering thickets, two to four feet high, branching
and bearing fruit from the ground up. Leaves small
— one to two inches long — never open to a plane sur-
face, thick, shining, finely serrate. Fruit three fourths
to one and one eighth inch in diameter, globose.
Color, bright red clouded over lemon yellow ground.
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, somewhat
fibrous, and adhering firmly to stone. Ripe in south-
ern Kansas the first week in July.

2. A small group of bushes growing in a very large
thicket, on the Arkansas river. Bushes extremely
dwarfish, but tree-like, three to four feet high.
Branches unusually stout, growing laterally more
than upright. Leaves larger than on common types,
dark, shining green. Fruit large — one inch to one
and one fourth inch in diameter — rounded or flat-
tened. Color, dull red, but somewhat hidden by the
heavy bloom. Flavor excellent. Ripe in latter part
of July. A variety surpassing many cultivated sorts.

3. A small clump of bushes found near the variety
last described. Bushes small — two to three feet high.
Foliage scant, leaves small. Fruit fine in appearance,
one inch to one and one-fourth inch in diameter,
roundish, bluish pink color with delicate bloom. Skin
thin. Flesh juicy, melting, rich. Flavor sweet and
good. The most delicious Sand plum that has yet
come under our observation, and worthy of place in
any orchard.

The hardiness of the Sand plum in its native state,
its productiveness, and the excellent quality of its
fruit are among its most promising characteristics.
By cultivation aud proper breeding, the size, keeping
and shipping qualities of this plum will, it is thought,
be strengthened. The Experiment Station has now

in operation extensive experiments along these lines.
During the past season a large collection of data and
of pits for planting has been made from the Sand
plum districts of the State.

Kansas Experiment Station.

Might not these plums be introduced into this State
with advantage 1 — Ed.

SOIL FOR BULBS.

Dutch bulbs are the easiest of flowers to grow.
Those who have failed with almost every other kind
may count on success with these. But even bulbs
like certain things better than certain other things.
For instance, in fertilizers, the Dutch gardeners long
ago showed us that rotted cow manure is preferable
to any other. Where this is used, some sand should
be mixed with it to lighten the soil. Bulbs do not
like a soil that is either extremely wet or dry. Any
soil that is well suited to vegetable culture will, if it
be rich, answer for growing the Dutch bulbs to per-
fection.— VicVs Magazine.

HOW A FAHOUS GROWER FORCES PEACHES.

J. H. Hale, the greatest peach grower on earth,
gets ripe peaches two weeks early by the following
method : In the middle of the growing season, put a
strong wire around a large arm of a tree and twist it
fairly tight. This checks the flow of sap, and causes
fruit buds to form early and in great, number. The
fruit on the branches of this arm will ripen two weeks
earlier than that on the untreated branches, and will
be much more highly colored. But this part of the
tree will be so weakened by the treatment that it
should be cut away after fruiting, that new shoots may
come and take its place. Thus one large arm or limb
of a tree may be forced each year. — Farm Journal.

The Lucretia dewberry is a strong grower and good
bearer of large berries. It is, however, generally con-
sidered variable in itstruenessto type, and often forms
a large proportion of nubbins. It is liable to anthrac-
nose and rust, which may be checked by removing the
old canes and leaves ( which should be burned' any
time after the fruit is off, and applying fungicide, in
the spring. The Lucretia canes being thorny, training
to a trellis is advisable as making the job of picking
the fruit less unpleasant. A single trellis may be
made by driving in stakes and stringing thereon three
wires 15 inches apart, to which the canes should be
tied in the spring.

The strawberry patch is likely to get neglected late
in the season. If the weeds aud grass get a foothold,
the crop will be greatly lessened. Put on a heavy
dressing of coarse stable manure before winter.

Mention the Planter to your friends.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

Live Stock and Dairy.

TEXAS FEVER IN HENRICO COUNTY, VA.

We regret to learn that there has recently been au
outbreak of Texas fever in Heniico county. Va. — that
is to say, north of the quarantine line of the State —
and that, as a result, a tine dairy herd has been deci-
• mated, and the owner compelled to go out of a bnsi
ness which he had built up at great cost of money and
labor. Whilst it is Impossible for us to say that this
outbreak has been positively caused by breaches of
the quarantine laws, yet we eaunot help feeling that
the probabilities aie strongly in favor of this conten-
tion. The herd affected was kept on laud not far
away from the location of the quarantine pens in
which all cattle brought to the city of Richmond
from south of the quarantine line are kept for sale.
These cattle, when sold to the butchers, are, after be
ing, so far as possible, cleared from ticks, allowed to
be taken from the pens to the butchers' slaughtei •
houses. In this way, they pass over the public high
ways. May it not be possible that, on such passage.
ticks which have escaped detection have dropped
from the cattle, aud afterwards have been picked up
by cows which subsequently came in contact with the
herd which was attacked! There is no safe course for
handling tick-infected cattle in our uninfected districts
except that of slaughter at the pens. At least this is
so until it has been conclusively demonstrated that all
ticks can be destroyed by dipping the infected cattle.
When that problem has been solved, then, if clearly
demonstrated to be effective, dipping tanks should be
located at the pens, and no cattle be allowed to be re-
moved for any purpose until dipped. Until that time|
provision should be made for slaughtering all infected
cattle at the pens. We trust the Federal authorities
will insist upon pn vision being made at the new stock
yards and pens for slaughtering all cattle there. Not
until this is done will it he possible for the authorities,
however alert, to absolutely prevent the dissemination
of Texas fever north of the line. Auother good result
of such a provision would be that the city authorities
could then exercise that supervision over the meat of
fered for sale in the city which the best interests of the
public health require. At present, practically no su
pervision is exercised, and the result is the offering of
meat for sale which ought never to be seen in a mar-
ket. We invite the attention of the Federal authori-
ties, aud also of the State aud city authorities, to this
subject. It is one of vital importance to the dairy-
interests of the north side of the quarantine line, and
also to the public health of the city .

Meutiou The Planter to your friends.

CATTLE-FEEDING IN EUROPE.

During the financial year last past, the export of
corn to Europe has been greater than at any previous
period in the history of the country This coru has
all, or nearly all, gone to be fed to cattle People in
Europe do uot eat corn iu any form. They have
taken this great quantity of corn because the price
was low. When corn can be bought iu England and
on the Continent of Europe, at such a price as has
been current since the harvesting of the last two great
crops, it is substituted for oats and other grain as a
feeding ration for stock. Notwithstanding the low
price of corn, it is common to hear farmers here say
they cannot afford to feed beef, mutton, and pork,
upon it. If this be so. how conies it that the English
aDd European farmer can afford to do so and also pay
the freight aud a profit to the grain merchant on the
corn as well. Is the difference in the stock, or the
feeder, or both ! We believe that both the stock and
the feeder aie (actors in making this feeding of corn
profitable in Europe. The English aud the German
farmer does not attempt to feed miserable scrub stock
ranging from four to eight or more years old. He in-
sists upon having young well bred stock, which will
make heavy weights. His cattle he expects to sell fat
and ready for slaughter at two years old. weighing
from 1,000 to L.500 pounds. His hogs he exp>
sell at less than a year old. weighing not less than 200
pounds. To secure these euds, he breeds or bu\s only
high grade or pure bred stock. He then feeds scien-
tifically. He does not throw down on to the open
field a basketful of cobs of corn unshelled. aud leave
k to make the best or the worst of it. On the
contrary, he carefully houses his cattle aud ho^
feeds them ground grain in clean troughs. He sees
that the graiu fed is fed in a ration" so compounded of
different feeds as to meet the ueeds of quick maturity.
Iu a word, he is a scientific feeder. He does not
sneer at "book farming" and scientific teachiug. He
reaches out after the truth taught by the highest au
thorities. and applies the theories of these authorities
iu practice. Governor Hoard, of Wisconsin, one of
the greatest dairy authorities and most successful dai-
rymen iu this country, says: "When our American
farmers squeeze some of the conceit out of them, and
put in its place a disposition to respect what science
is patiently doing for them, and the farmers ecome
more studious and intelligent, they will make more
money with their farm animals:" and we will add
that they will then learn how to feetl profitably the
corn now sent to Europe, and instead ship to that con-
tinent the finished article, and not the raw product.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

In this way, they will keep the profit iu feeding at
home, and have the manure made by the stock to
maintaiu the fertility of their farms.

A NEW HOG FEED.

The following comes to oa from Harodsburg, Ky. :

People here have experimented and discovered a
method of securing the best pork iu the world.

Several weeks ago a drove of fifty hogs was turned
in on a trough of fermeuted beer, which is bourbon

whiskey in its first Btagft The poi kers took to this Shropshire "sire on the "progeny "of "the South
new diet greedily, and the entire lot of ho s were ab , In this way I have built up one' of the finest flocka of
solutely intoxicated tor about three weeks until the gh for" the purpose of making mutton that this

CROSS-BREEDING SHEEP.

We have frequently advised Shropshires as being the
best breed of sheep to cross upon the native Merinos.
We are glad to see from the following extract from an
address recently made by the veteran sheep breeder,
Mr. Todd, that he agrees with our views. He said :

"I myself have used the Shropshire cross fir-f and
then on the progeny of the Shropshire cross, on the
ewes that I saved I used the Southdown ; then the

swill gave out. They would gulp dowu the beer until
they could hold no more, stagger off, drop down any-
where in a stupor, sleep it off, and theu go and repeat
the dose.

The sight of from thirty to fifty intoxicated hogs,
some fighting, some too stupid to fight, aud some roll
ing dowu the hill into the distillery branch, from
which they had to be rescued to prevent drowning,
was a novel one, and attracted the atteutiou of many

country or England, I believe, ever produced.

" Now we are forced to day. if we bring sheep to
our farms at all, to take anything and everything that
bears the name of sheep, and thus it is that in order
to supply this demand we are receiving sheep from
Virginia, sheep trom the mountainous regions of
Maryland, sheep from Missouri, and sheep from any-
where and everywhere ; common sheep, the old native
heep, as we call them, and we ought to understand.

neighbors. When the beer gave out they would neither aDd "understaufi vei v well, how to use these sheep, or
eat anything else nor be comforted, and it was abso el?p we are g0jng t0 procure them at a loss, and
lutely pitiful to see and hear them squealing around through that foss we may lose confidence and faith in
the troughs. the sheep busiuess. These sheep are not calculated

These tat shoats were killed yesterday aud butch- 1 10 make sheep husbandrv a profitable business ou any
ered. and their meat unanimously pronounced to be;of 0U1. mnus Thev have not been trained ou that
the best flavored, tenderest, and most savory pork ever line but by using ewea as T bave said in a c.ross with
tasted. the Shropshire sire— and I say Shropshire because I

Evidently, our Kentucky friends must have rea believe to day that the Shropshire sheep makes the
soned that the beverage for which the State is famous, best cross of any other mutton sheep we have— we
and which every Keutuckiau believes to be so good '' ™ay obtain good results Nevertheless, there are
e », . . ■/■. j • j • * good mutton sheep in this country outside of the

for mau, could not be amiss for hogs, and judging from : SilrOT),n jrps »>

the report, the hogs evidently agreed with them. We

do not know what our temperance friends will have

to say on this evidently successful attempt to corrupt

the good manners of the hog, but seeing that they so

stronglv object to the use of wine in christening war, _
,. ■ ., ... ■„ . u ... t . Columbus, O.. August 31. 1898. W as calk d to order

ships, we opine that they will not hesitate to denounce] ~/ ' °

DELAINE MERINO SHEEP.

The Standard Delaine Merino Association met at

the Kentuckiansand apologize for the fall of the hogs.

by the President, John Pow. of Salem O. The at-
tendance was small, ou account of mauy breeders

being on the move with their flocks attending the lead-
THE CASTALIA HEREFORDS. - „ 1-

lug lairs.

Mr. Boocock, the owner of this herd, wntes us that The Secretary's report showed that eleven good

he had great success at the fans. The herd has won j flocks had been a(kled t0 the list duriug the year, with

twenty th.ee premiums aud the sweepstakes at three a nUmber awaiting ad mission. The first volume of the

fairs, rwo being State and one a county fair, viz.: flock book has just left the book binder's office, aud

Columbus. O. Wheeling. W. Va., and Timonirim, ta DOW ready'for distribution, free to all memb

Md. At the last-uamed fair there waa strong compe good standing. The transfer list shows that hundreds
tition. Salisbury aud Curly Lady have also won the of sheep are changing hands at fair prices, where

Hereford Association special premiums. Wi.en it is
realized that Salisbury has this year traveled from
Englaud to Kansas, then to 'Virginia, aud since to the
fairs, a total of something like 10,000 miles, such sue
cess speaks well for the hardiness of the breed. .Mr.

dozens changed during the destructive record made by
fifteen cent wool. The sheepman will quickly fall in
line to breed up aud replace the many hundred thou-
sands killed, that were made unprofitable by the hand
of Congress. After all business was attended to the

Boocock tells us that he has sold all his grade Hereford ; Iueeting adjourned to meet again at Columbus during
heifers at prices far above the usual figure for two-year { tbe state fair of 1899
olds — thus showing the appreciation of stockmen of a
cross of Hereford blood. I

East Bethlehem, Pa.

S. M. Cleaver.

4 71'

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

FEEDING LAHBS AND SHEEP.

The following remarks, made by the veteran and
successful sheep-breeder and feeder, Mr. S. H. Todd,
are so full of truth and wisdom that we gladly give
them to our readers, and urge their careful study.
We quote them from the ' ational Stockman :

FEEDING LAMBS.

Then when it comes to feeding sheep for winter pur
poses, especially lambs, although corn is cheap, and
we may say that the expense would be much less in
feeding corn than other grain, yet corn may prove to
be the most expensive food we can give the sheep.
We have had various experiments — hard fought bat-
tles—on this matter of food. We have had tests on
the fair grounds and in other places, which have
brought out the difference obtained by careful feeding.
I remember, a few years ago, when I was undertaking
to show sheep at a fat stock show in Chicago, I was
feeding them as best I knew how, but I came home
every year with a sore head. You know what that
meaut. There were seven in our family, and there
were seven sore heads, which made a pretty sore-
headed crowd. I continued my efforts, undertaking,
if possible, to try and find out how to feed, so as to get
my foot on the first round of the ladder. That is what I
wanted to do. I knew if I could get one foot upon the
first round of the ladder I could climb it. Now, how
was I going to find this out ? The English were there
making an exhibition of their sheep. The Canadians
were there exhibiting their sheep, but they did not want
me to know the secret of their success ; they had com-
petition enough. I found it out by observation. That
means, my farmer friends, when we are going through
this world, if w expect to succeed, we have to keep our
eyes open. I discovered that the animals that were
taking prizes at those shows were fed a half ration
of bran. That is the first time I ever knew that bran
was worth anythiug as a food for sheep. I had been
taught from my boyhood that its only use was as fill
ing for another purpose. I went back to the farm and
commenced using the bran, making rations part bran,
and the result was that at the next show I met exactly
the same kind of sheep I had been meeting, but I got
one first prize. Then I had my foot ou the first round
of the ladder ; I had been struggling all these years at
the bottom of it; I had never been able to elevate myself
from my past experience sufficiently to compete with
the English and Canadian breeders ; now I had made
a step forward. I went ou the next year and got my
share of the prizes. The next year the Shropshire
Record Company offered great inducements to bring
out Shropshires, so as to advertise them, and thus the
temptation was great for every breeder of Shropshires
to be present. I was there with my sheep competing,
I want to say to you, my friends, not against the in-
telligence of America, but competing against the in-
telligence of England. England had twelve represen-
tatives in that show, and prizes to the amount of five
hundred and forty dollars were offered After the
show was through, the experience I got in feeding
sheep so as to secure the best results, four hundred
and thirty dollars of it went to the old Buckeye State.

Now, my friends, this was not that I had changed
sheep, but I at last knew how to feed them. I took
exactly the same sheep, but the process of feeding is

what made the difference. Hence, we must not con-
tent ourselves in putting before our sheep anythiug
that is cheap and expect to get the best results by so
doing. I can bring up many other illustrations, but
this is sufficient.

Caring for our sheep in the summer season so as to
avoid disease is another point I wish to bring out.
You know that the disease called the lung worm, or
stomach worm, has caused great destruction to our
lambs the past few years What is the reason of that !
The parasite that does that work has become numer-
ous, and I think we have learned, with others, this is
largely due to keeping our lambs on old pasture, pas-
ture that has been used for sheep for a number of
years. The old sheep germinate this parasite and de
posit itaud it remains in the pasture — we do not know
how, but it remains there — and then when the lambs
feed on this old pasture they are infected with this
parasite, which multiplies rapidly and soou destroys
the life of the lamb. Hence, we have "paper skin,"
as it is often called.

CHANGING THE PASTURES.

I have found by experimenting two years that by
keeping my lambs on new seeding, where there had
been no sheep the year before, or furnishing them pas-
ture by raising it, plowing the grouud aud sowing oats
or peas, or sowing rye in the fall, that I have obviated
this difficulty entirely. Last year I did not lose a
lamb. The year before I did not lose a lamb, except
those which I subjected to old pasture.

If we have these pastures that have been infected
possibly it might be best for us to have our lambs
come as early as the last of February or the first of
March, and turn them out only as we can turn them
out on new pasture or new seeding, or on pasture that
we have specially prepared. This, I think, is one of
the ways in which we can lessen the expeuse very much
of raising sheep, and that is to raise our pastures the
same as we raise our corn. In that way we will be
able to keep three sheep where we are now keeping
one, and keep them in much better health, and they
of course will be much more useful ou our farms. I
have only commenced this experiment of raising pas-
ture, but I believe it to be one of the most paying
things that I have ever undertaken on my farms.
Now, the lambs coming, as they do early, atter they
get to be four months of age, or three months and a
half of age, then if there is only old pasture for them,
I would say weau them and shut them up for a little
time, feeding them grain and good clover hay, and
thus avoid that disease which cost the State of Ohio
year before last a million of dollars or more. I have
found that by treating my lambs in this way I have,
thus far, insured them against that troublesome dis-
ease.

As to the keeping of sheep through the winter, I do
not like to keep my ewes, that are going to raise lambs,
chiefly on corn. I feed one part corn, two parts oats
and two parts bran, with all the clover hay they can
eat. If you have not clover hay to feed your sheep
this coming winter, and are going to compel them to
eat timothy hay, you would better have shot them
when the winter commenced rather than see them die
after you have brought them through to the spring.
You must be careful on this line. Of course, cornfod
der is good for sheep, next to clover hay.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

473

FATTENING RANGE LAMBS IN WINTER.

This paper is a summary of the facts presented in
Bulletin No. 57, Section 3, issued recently by the
Minnesota University Experiment Station. It has
been prepared with a view to meet the needs of the
agricultural pi ess.

The experiment began on November 1st, 1897, and
ended February 28th, 1898. The lambs were sent to
the block on March 11th. The preparatory feeding
continued seven days. The experiment proper lasted
112 days, and the whole period of feeding covered
1311 days.

The objects of this experiment were much the same
as those of the one conducted the preceding winter.
The chief of these were (1) to ascertain the suitability
of range lambs for being fed under what may be
termed ordinary farm conditions ; (2) to ascertain the
relative adaptation of certain food combinations for
feeding lambs, of a character entirely accessible to the
ordiu ry farmer, and (3) to ascertain the profit, if any,
from feeding range lambs under what may be termed
ordinary farm conditions. Along with these primary
objects were certain secondary ones that will appear
with the presentation of the facts of the bulletin.

Four lots of lambs were fed, of 30 each. They were
purchased by Col. W. M. Liggett, the Director, and
the writer out on the Montana ranges. They came
from Prospect ranch, near Culberton, Montana, and
700 miles west from St. Paul. This ranch is managed
by Win. B. Shaw. They were part of a car load
made up of 300 lambs and 25 wethers. From these
they were selected on the basis of evenness of size,
rather than on that of absolute size. They were what
may be termed a good class of lambs, such as are
dropped iu May and reared upon the open range.
They were from Oxford Down sires, but along with
the dark faces which characterized many of them were
some indications of Merino ancestry. These showed
themselves iu the flattish side, the occasional scur,
and the trace of wrinkles on the necks of not a few of
them.

While under experiment, they were fed in compart
ments of the shed, and had access at will to small
yards in front of these, except during stormy weather.
They were fed twice a day, and had access to water
aud salt at will. The hay was fed uncut and the grain
unground. They were given all the food they would
eat up clean, and no more. If any indication was no-
ticed of a failing appetite, the food was reduced.

The lambs of lot 1 were given oil cake, wheat bran
and oats, in the proportions of 1, 2, 3 and 4 parts re-
spectively by weight. Those in lot 2, oil cake, bran,
barley and oats iu similar proportions. Iu lot 3, they
were given bran, oats and barley in the proportions

3, 3 and 4 parts, aud in lot 4, oil cake, bran and oats
in the proportions of 1, 2 and 7 parts. The experi-
ment, therefore, was practically a test between the
merits of corn, barley and oats as grain factors iu
feeding lambs, and, in one instauce, of barley without
oil cake, as that was fed in limited quantity in each of
the other instances. The food was charged at average
market values iu the State. These were as follows :
Oil cake, $22 per ton ; wheat bran, $7.50 per ton ;
corn, 22c. per bushel; barley, 20c; oats, 17c; hay,
$4 per ton, and sorghum ensilage, $1.20 per ton.

The amounts of food consumed by the lambs in each
lot were fairly uniform, except with those in lot 3,
which were not given oil cake. They ate considerably
less grain, and as the experiment advanced, they
showed less eagerness for food than the lambs in the
other lot. On an average, each lamb under experiment
consumed of grain, 1.85 lbs. per day ; of hay, .81 lbs.,
and of ensilage, .45 lbs. — in all, 3.11 lbs. It is thus
apparent that the chief reliance of range lambs while
being fattened is on grain rather than on coarse foods ;
hence the great importance of being able to secure the
grain cheaply.

The cost of the food consumed by the lambs in lot 4
was considerably in excess of that consumed by the
lambs in the other lots. This arose from the high
prices relatively of the grain foods fed ; that is to say,
of the oats and the oil cake, of which the grain por-
tion given to them was chiefly composed. The cost of
the food fed to the lambs of the different lots during
the experiment proper was as follows : Lot 1, $38.77 ;
lot 2, $38.85; lot 3, $32.93; and lot 4, $43.13. The
lambs in lot 4 made rather the best gaius, thus demon
strating the suitability of oil cake, bran and oats for
fattening lambs when the prices are right. But the
financial outcome also demonstrates the sjreat impor-
tance of having a keen eye to the relative prices of
foods when selecting them for feeding.

The profit made from feeding the lambs in the dif-
ferent lots during the experiment proper was, for the
lambs in lot 1, $56.20 ; in lot 2, $50.51 ; iu lot 3, $51.55 ;
and in lot 4, $51.70. These profits are calculated on
the basis of the price obtained for the lambs twelve
days subsequent to the close of the experiment proper.
But it does not include any shrinkage, as does the
financial statement given later. The statement as it
reads gives the highest profit to the lambs in lot 1 ;
that is to say, to those in which corn was a promiuent
factor in the grain ration. Iu lot 2, however, one
lamb became "cast" and died. This was the only
loss during the experiment. Had this not occurred,
the highest prafit would have been obtained from the
lambs in lot 2 ; that is to say, from lambs in which
barley formed au important factor iu the grain ration.

The average weights of the lambs at the beginning

t:t

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

of the experiment were 60. S lbs., 5!).,S lbs., 61. 2 lbs..
and 59.8 lbs. respectively. The average gains made,
35.1 lbs.. 3L8 lbs., 29.1 lbs., and 35.7 lbs. The high-
est gains were made, therefore, by the lambs in lot 4.
Accounting for the dead lamb, those in lot •_' would be
a close second, and those in lot 1 a close third. The
lambs in lot B, to which the oil cake was not fed. were
Considerably behind. The gains made per month, the
dead lamb accounted for. were as follows : Lot 1, !».4
lbs ; lot 2, 9.5 lbs ; lot 3, 7 8 lbs j and lot 4. 9.6 lbs.
It is also worthy of note that during the first half of
the experiment the lambs made an aggregate gain of
2,433 lbs . and. during the last half of the same, a
gaiu of but 1,724 lbs. This fact would emphasize the
importance of not feeding lambs for too long a period
Including the dead lamb in the computation, the
profit on the iuerease of weight made by the lambs
was 119.20, $19.45, 116.78, and $15.72. This is not a
little remarkable. When so large a profit can be
made on increase in weight during an experiment,
happy are the feeders who dwell in such a state. In
Eastern States, feeders are happy when they can make
any profit ou iuerease in weight. The average cost of
making one hundred pounds of gain with the lambs
in the different lots was $3.63, $3.67, and $4.03 respec-
tively.

The financial summary shows a uet profit on the
Whole transaction of $178.47, and on each lamb of
$1.4 '. In obtaining this profit, the entire cash outlay
is deducted from the entire cash return. The lambs
cost in Montana $3 per hundred. The cost of profit
on the basis of weights was 25J cents per lamb. The
cost per hundred when the lambs were put under ex
periment was $3 41. and the lambs were sold to P. Van
Hoven. a Minneapolis dealer, for $5.50 per hundred.
The value of the manure made is allowed to offset I lie
cost of bedding, labor and iuterest on the investment.
The following are chief among the lessons to be
learned from the experiment.

1. It demonstrates the marked suitability of corn,
barley and oar-, our three leading coarse grains, for
fattening lambs, along with suitable adjuncts.

•_'. It demonstrates the wisdom of feeding a small
proportion of oil ctke along with barley, even though
the price is dear.

3. It demonstrates the suitability of range lambs for
feeding purposes.

1 [| demonstrates the substantial profit that may
result from s ich feeding when conducted in a careful
manner.

University of Minnesota. Titos. Shaw.

Always mention the Planter when you write to
advertisers,

WINTER RATIONS FOR CALVES.

R. B. W., Leesburg, Va.. writes to the Gazette:

"I want to winter about twenty five calves, and
would like to know : (1) Is not shelled corn the best
grain food for them! (2) About what is the proper
amount to carry them through the winter in good con-
dition?"

In general our correspondent is wrong in bis snppo
sition that Indian corn is the best grain for calves.
The kind of grain which stock should have is depend-
ent in part upon the character of the ronghage allowed
them. If he has plenty of good clover hay more corn
can be used successfully with the calves than if they
are to receive timothy hay, corn stover or straw.
Granting that the roughage is a mixture of these forms
of forage, if the calves arc for beef purposes I should
have the concentrates of the ration consist of two fifths
coin, two filths bran aud one fifth oats, middlings or
oil-meal, all by weight. If the calves are heifers de-
signed for milk production when they have grown into
cows. I should feed still less corn, increasing the pro-
portion of bran, oats or middlings fed, not giving over
one-fifth of the ration of corn.

Corn is pre-eminently a fattening grain, and stock-
men should utilize it mainly for feeding animals during
the fattening stage, aud feed muscle and bone build-
ing foods during the period of growth. The concen-
trates for animals designed for the block can always
consist partly of corn with profit in this country, but
if too much is used normal growth cannot be seenred.
Dairy animals should be maintained iu a growing,
thrifty condition, but never allowed to lay on fat in
any considerable quantity. In this particular they
should be managed quite differently from animals de-
signed for meat promotion.

In regard to the quantity of grain which these ani-
mals should receive, a fair allowance will be about one
and one half pounds of grain daily per each one hun-
dred pounds of calves. — W. A. Henry, in Breeders1

Quality, style aud finish count for so much iu the
sale of farm stock, that there is absolutely no excuse
for the breeding of animals deficient in these essential
characteristics. Sires of good breeding can be easily
secured at fair prices, and the farmer who continues to
patronize the "scrnb," is neglecting one of the first
essentials of success iu his business. Many are not so
situated as to be able to make a specialty of pure bred
stock, but good grades properly managed can be main-
tained with profit ou every farm.

POLLED ANGUS CATTLE.
As showing the popularity of this breed of beef cat-
tle, we observe that at the Xew York State Fair the
exhibit of them was larger than of any other beef
breed. The numbers exhibited were as follows : Short-
horns. 10; Devone, ->5 : Herefords. L8 ; Polled Angus,
40.

STOCK EWES.
We, have enquiries for stock ewes for breeding,
Who has got them? Please advertise them in oar
columns?

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

475

The Poultry Yard.

WINTER CARE OF POULTRY.

Whether the keeping of poultry is to be profitable
or not will largely depend upon how the fowls are
cared for during the fall and winter months. It is
then that eggs are scarce and valuable. During the
spring and summer months almost any kind of hens
will lay, and with almost any kind of feed and care.
It is their natural habit to do so at that season of the
year. It is rot their natural habit to lay in winter,
but this habit can be induced by environment, and by
breeding and care with this end in view. Under nor-
mal conditions, eggs are laid in spring and chickens
are hatched during the summer months. These ma-
ture slowly during the fall and winter, and do not de-
velop the laying habit until spring. Under the artifi-
cial conditions necessary to successful poultry keeping,
eggs are laid during the winter and very early spring
months ; chickens are hatched in spring, mature
quickly during the summer, and are layers during the
fall and winter. To maintain this departure from
normal conditions requires a proper system of breed-
ing, feeding an'i care, and upon the success of this
depends largely the profit to result.

Whilst no one breed is the best breed under all con-
ditions, yet there is much in breed. Probably, to se-
cure the best results all the year round, more than one
breed should be kept. The heavy Asiatic breeds,
such as Cochins, Langshans and Wyandottes, if warmly
housed, may usually be counted upon to lay during
winter, but they will not begin to compare with the
Plymouth Rocks and Hamburgs as spring, summer
and fall layers. In the warm weather they are lethar-
gic, and become too fat to lay well even upon short
rations. On the other hand, the Plymouth Rocks and
Hamburgs, in the fall and again in the early spring
and early summer months, are most active foragers,
and secure such a variety of feed that laying becomes
natural to them during those mouths.

To induce a continuance of this laying habit during
the winter months, early moulting is essential, and
this should be induced by feeding warm feed during
August and mixing with it a little flaxseed meal two
or three times a week. Cut bone or meat scraps
should also be fed freely. When through the moult,
feed wheat, or wheat and oats, once a day, with meat
scraps or cut bone twice a week. If the fowls have
not a good grass range, they should be fed cut clover,
cabbages, or other green food every day. Later in the
year, when green clover or grass is scarce, feed turnips
or ruta bagas. A patch of crimson clover is one of
the best pastures for fowls during the winter, and will
materially hel[> to induce Luiug. A wai in, dry hen
4

house is a great factor in inducing a continuance of
laying during winter. Whilst ventilation is most es
seutial during the hot summer months, in winter it is
very easy to have too much of this. Close up nearly
all the ventilators and secure as much sunlight in the
house as possible.

A warm breakfast during the cold winter months
we have always found most conducive to egg produc-
tion. We prefer to make this breakfast of mixed
grain meal, say, wheat bran, ground oats and corn
meal in equal parts. Do not make it sloppy. Only
add sufficient hot water to make it all moist. Irish
potatoes boiled and mixed in this mash will be found
good. Feed cut bone or meat scraps two or thive
times per week. Grain fed should be scattered in
straw or leaves under a shed, so as to induce activity.
A lazy hen will not be a laying hen. Keep the house
clean. Cull out and sell off all old hens and surplus
male birds. These are useless consumers of food dur-
ing the winter, and when fat usually sell well during
that season. See that there is an abundance of grit
in the shape of lime scraps or oyster shells about the
house and scratching shed. Give fresh water twice a
day, and in frosty weather give it just warmed.

FEEDING IN A NUTSHELL.

1. The hen, like the cow, must be given bulky food.
Give her all the chopped clover, scalded, that she can
eat. If she is fat, the clover, with one ounce of lean
meat per day, will soon compel her to lay.

2. Separate the layers from the others. You cannot
keep old hens, pullets, fat hens and lean hens together
any more than you can keep dry cows, heifers not yet
in milk, and fresh cows together, for they do not re-
quire the same food.

3. Grain is deficient in lime and mineral matter, but
bran isiich in nitrogen, carbon and mineral matter.

4. Beans and peas, cooked, and thickened with bran,
and fed twice a week, are an excellent food for laying
hens.

5. Linseed and cotton-seed (cake or meal) is excel-
lent, but all oily foods are liable to cause moulting.
Use linseed meal in preference. Begin with a spoonful
per day to each fowl, and gradually increase to a gill.
It is cathartic, and may cause looseness of bowels if
given too freely. Cotton-seed meal is rather consti-
pating, but is a good food.

6. The best food for laying hens is clover, finely
chopped and scalded. A bucket of chopped clover,
seasoned with bran, middlings, linseed meal or oatmeal
(changing the substances so as to afford variety), with
beans twice a week, and meat or ground fish, will fur-
nish more nitrogen for eggs than the hen can utilize.

7. The secret of feeding is to avoid getting your lay-
ing hens fat.

8 Always keep your hens at tcork. An idle hen is
never a good layer.

476

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

9. Breed is everything. The machine for convert
ing food into eggs must be of the best to be had. Any
thing and everything will not do.

10. Good warm shelter saves food, and the better it
is the cheaper, and the lower its cost.

11. Do not compel a few good hens to support the
others. Kill the drones.

12. Do not waste time trying to cure egg bound
liens, or persistent cases of roup. The labor will be
worth more than the hen. A fifty cent hen is not worth
a dollar's worth of work.

13. You cannot go into the poultry business and
trust to 'a man" at $15 a month. You must do the
work yourself. The man may upset your boat. "Farm
hands" know nothing about chickens.

14. You can't produce eggs and lice at the same
time — one business is entirely separate from the other.

15. How much to feed a dozen hens per day de-
pends on how much the boss hen grabs from the
timid ones.

16. Leghorns and Brahmas cannot thrive together
Have your flocks uniform. When you send to a
breeder for eggs of pure breeds, remember that in that
case "'eggs are not eggs." It is the stock you seek, not
eggs particularly. You can get eggs at home, but not
stock of the kind you wish.

17. One half of the people throw down grain or fill
feed hoppers, because it is an easy way to feed, but
they do not get any eggs.

18. Kick away the feed hopper. Never keep food
before the hens continually.

10. Condition powders cannot assist a hen to get
something out of nothing. If the albumen is not in a
large amount of food, it will not be found in a tea
spoonful of condition powders, but condition powders
may be excellent for invigorating debilitated hens, but
some condition powders may contain antimony or sul-
phur, and do more harm than good.

20. When your birds have bowel disease, change the
food for a day or two, and change the grit. One half
the troubles are from lack of shaip, hard grit.

21. If your hens ''pip," or have swelled heads or
eyes, there is a crack or hole in the wall, generally
from the top. Usually, the draughts from some ven-
tilator are the cause, and the surest remedy is to keep
the house close at night, but it must be kept clean
and neat.

22. A farmer will get up at four o'clock, clean out
the stalls, feed, milk, ship his milk daily (and Sunday,
too), make up the beds, and milk and feed again, with
a bare profit, if he has a dairy herd, but it is hard
work to even clean out a poultry house once a week.

23. Give warm water three times a day in winter.
It is invigorating and is superior to tonics.

24. There are no non sitters. A hen can be made
to lay only a few eggs before beginning to incubate, or
she can be made to lay right on until her moulting
period. This has been demonstrated by experiments
with Leghorns and Brahmas by regulating the food.
A fat hen will sit, whether Leghorn or auy other kind.
— Poultry Keeper.

NOTES.

Eggs are the all-year around crop. Other crops
have their harvest, when they must be sold at once or
stored at an expense. With proper care, hens are like
money on interest — work Sundays, holidays and rainy
days. A basket of eggs carried iu one hand will often
bring as much money as a load of straw. A neighbor
hauled a cord of wood to market for $2 ; his wife car-
ried ten dozen eggs the same day, which brought $2.50.
A crate of eggs, which can be taken to market in a
light vehicle, will fetch as much as a load of produce.
The cost of producing eggs is nothing compared to the
hard work and expense of producing the other. — Phil-
adelphia Record.

To rid the poultry house of rats, mink or weasels,
use coal tar. Place it in their holes, runs, etc., and
they will leave the premises and stay away while the
tar lasts. I can drive the rats from a large warehouse
with a quart of coil tar. It is equally as effective for
vermin (lice i in the roost. For the latter, it may be
thinned with gasoline if desired and applied to perch
and walls of the poultry house with a whisk broom
once each year, after which the building will be clear
of the pest. — C. E. Hotchki s, in Green's Fruit Grower.

Mr. J. O. Otey, Charles City Co., Va., writes, Jan-
uary 15, 1898: ''As the Southern Planter gets older, it
gets better and better."

If you increase the number of fowls, do not forget
that increased numbers require increased or additional
room and accommodations. Many a man has made a
failure in poultry-keeping who unduly increased his
flock without taking into consideration the necessity
of proportionately adding to their accommodations.
Where a flock of fifty hens will do well, even the ad-
dition of twenty five more will endanger the profit
unless additional comforts are provided.

The larger the flocks the greater the risks and neces-
sity for close and careful business attention. It is on
this acco'nt that the colony method is best where
large numbers are to be kept.

If possible, keep the pullets by themselves. If they
are allowed to run with old hens now, and you feed
them as liberally as they should be, the old hens will
get too much food and become too fat. This will re-
sult in cases of indigestion, and also a check in egg-
laying by the hens. A matured hen does not need as
much nor the same kind of food as a growing pullet.
The feeding problem is one that does not receive the
proper consideration that it should.

Don't worry so much about ventilation, but pay
more attention to cleanliness. A clean hen house in
winter does not need ventilation of auy account. Ac-
cumulated filth in a hen house cannot remove the
danger that constantly threatens, no matter if there is
ventilation enough to endanger giving roup to all the
fowls.

Get rid of all the surplus cockerels before cold
weather sets in. Every day they are kept after the
1st of November they add needless expense. Most of
them will sell now for as much as they will a month
later.

Mention the Planter when you write to advertisers.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

477

The Horse.

NOTES.

At Woodlawn Farm, near the city of Richmond,
Messrs. H. C. Beattie and R. M. Beattie have at the
head of their stud of thoroughbreds, Blitzen, son of
Blazes and Germauia, by imported Gleugary, and the
brown stallion who, during his turf career, earned the
soubriquet of the "Iron Horse," from the fact that be
stood up and won races seasou after season when a
horse of less vitality would have succumbed to such
an ordeal, is stout and lusty, and the picture of health.
He is ten years old, and his first crop of foals, proba-
bly not over half a dozen all told, are now but two-
year-olds. He was owned and raced by Robert Brad-
ley, who has a couple of two-year-olds by him in
training, both of whom have earned winning brackets,
one of them, the chestnut gelding Boney Boy, recently
won a thousand dollar stake at Chicago.

Kasson, a twelve-year-old son of Springbok and
Edith, by imported Saxon, is the second stallion at
Woodlawn. He has sired but few foals, and only one
of them, Koss, has been trained, and he has won in
good company. Kasson is quite a handsome chestnut
horse, with plenty of substance, and was a good race
horse. His sire, Springbok, was one of the best race
horses of his day, while Edith, the dam, produced the
great mare Huntress, and fine race horse and success-
ful sire, Eberlee.

The brood mare band at Woodlawn includes Florrie
II, a bay, five years old, by Hanover, dam Marguerite,
by imported Eclipse. She dropped a bay colt by
Blitzen in the spring and was bred back ; Gloriauna,
» brown, seven years old, by Ben D'Or, dam Sadie
Somers, by Alroy. She dropped a chestnut filly in
the spring by Blitzen and was bred back ; Lady F., a
chestnut, nine years old, by imported Kyrle Daly,
dam Assuria, by Lever. She dropped a chestnut colt
in the spring and was bred to Blitzen, as were Miss
Lou, a chestnut, by Onondaga, dam Bandalusia, by
Ben D'Or, and Blanche, by Alarm, dam Fanny Hall,
b\ Norfolk. The chestnut mares Virago, dam Virgo,
by Abd-El-Kader and Natallie B., by Willful, dam
Lucy Hunter, by Abd-El-Kader, were not bied this
season, but will be used uuder the saddle aud for cross
country work. Among the two year-olds at the farm
are a couple of chestnut geldings by Eleve. the dead
son of Eolus and Ninon, the former head of the Wood-
lawn stud, but who succumbed to the effects of rheu-
matic troubles during the early part of 1897. Both of
the Messrs. Beattie are all round sportsmen aud expert
cross country riders. Mr. H. C. Beattie occupies the
position of M. F. H. of the Deep Run Hunt Club,
and is manager of the Bloomiugdale Stock Farm,
which was founded by the late Major Lewis Giuter,
and with him were associated such men as the late
John Pope and Milton Cayce. The latter is President
of the Bloomiugdale Stock Farm Company. Mr.
Beattie resides on the farm, and is a stockholder in
the company. The herd of Jersey cattle at Bloom-
ingdale numbers over one hundred and fifty, and is
headed by the fiue bull Exile Leuoir I. There are also
about tweuty pure bred Holsteins and a flock of
Hampshire sheep.

Mr. Frederick Downing, the well-known planter and
shipper of fine oysters. Sharp's Wharf, Richmond
county, Va., and who is also a breeder of trotters,
road and driving horses, has a couple of royally bred
three-year-old colts in Virginia Monarch aud Sable
Rock.

They were bred by William Corbitt, of San Mateo
Farm, Burliugame, California, from whence came
Hulda, 2:08i, and a host of other great campaigners
and money winners. Both colts are standard and
registered. Virginia Mouarch was gotten by the
famous sire Guy Wilkes, 2:151, from Vixen, dam of
Vida Wilkes, 3, 2:1S1 ; Sabledale, 4, 2:18J ; Sheney,
2:291, etc , while Sable Rock is by Sable Wilkes, 2:18,
son of Guy Wilkes, and the champion three year old
of his day, and who has already gained prominence
through his get. Sable Rock's dam is Eva, dam of
Ravens>roft, 4, 2:19, and Sabina, 4, 2:181, by LeGrand.
With limited handliug this season, in the hands of
Allen Merrifield at the Gentlemen's Driving Park,
Baltimore, these colts have shown up well. On the
score of rich breeding and individuality, they should
make race horses aud money winners, and when re-
tired to the stud gain distinction as sires.

Mr. Downing foi merly owned and campaigned for
several seasons the chestnut stallion Bedworth, 2:22*,
by Wildnut, dam Julia Benton, by General Benton,
but disposed of him a few months since to Ohio par-
ties. To take the place of Bedworth in the stud, Mr.
Downing has recently purchased of E. F. Burgau
Findlay, Ohio, the handsome black stallion Prince
Hogarth, 6402, trotting record 2:26s, by Kentucky
Prince, sire of Guy, 2:09}, dam Hattie Hogarth, dam
of Hogarth, 2:26i, by Harry Clay, 2:29, second dam
Nelly Sayre, by American Star, 14.

Prince Hogarth is much faster than his record indi-
cates, and, bred as he is, should not only sire speed
and race horse quality of a high order, but do much
toward improving the stock of road and driving horses
to which he has been taken. Among the brood mares
owned by Mr. Downing are : Miss Happy, by Happy
Russell, dam Alice D., and Ettina, by Constantine,
2:12*, dam Etta B., by Young Jim, both of which were
bred this seasou to Bedworth.

Under the supervision of Secretary John Nichols,
the forthcoming fair and race meetiug of the North
Carolina State Agricultural Society, to be held at Ra-
leigh, October 25th to 28th inclusive, promises to be
among the best in its history.

The display of agricultural and mechanical exhibits
which has been of such high class and so attractive
for years past, promises to be even more so this fall.

The speed programme, as prepared under the direc-
tion of Mr. W. P. Batchelor, chairman of the race
committee, is very liberal in its conditions, and horse-
men will most likely respond with a good entry list.
The Society offers over $2,000 for trotters, pacers and
runners, in purses ranging from $100 to $300 each.

The free for all class, trotters and pacers mixed, will
be decided on Thursday, the big day of the fair, and
should furnish a contest well worth seeing ; while the
running races on each day will furnish sport and en-

478

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

tertainment to thousands whose preference is for the
thoroughbred.

The entrance fee to these races has been fixed at five
per cent., with an additional five per cent to winners.
Entries close October 22d at 11 P M. Records made
after October 1st no bar.

The events listed for Tuesday, October 25th, are the
2:29 class, trotting and a running race, five-eighth mile
heats; for Wednesday, October 26th, the 3:00 class,
trotting, 2:25 class, trotting and pacing, a runniug
race, mile heats ; for Thursday, October 27th, the 2:40
class, trotting, the free-for-all trot and pace, a running
race, mile heats, and the trotting and pacing class free
for all North Carolina bred horses whose records are
not under 2:35 ; while on Friday, the closing day, the
card calls for the 2:25 class, trotting and pacing, a
running race, five eighth mile heatf.

Messrs. Marshall and Thompson, the well known
newspapermen, proprietors of the Warrenton Virginian
at Warrenton, and breeders and owners of thorough-
breds, have sold to Mr. W. A. Rucker, Waterford,
Va., the chestnut mare Kate Milner, thoroughbred
daughter of Milner from Little Kate, by Milner, and
she out of Kate Coudell, oy Marion. Kate Milner
was bred in the spring to His Grace, son of Eolus, and
next S* ason Mr. Rucker expects to breed the daughter
of Milner to his good stallion Guardsman.

The Virginia State Fair will open at Norfolk on the
4th of October and continue four days. All the latest
attractions, up-to date in all departments and parti-
culars. A bi" show will give a free exhibition daily
in front of the grandstand. The five great guideless
wonders perform daily on the track. These famous
horses race daily without any harness, rider, or driver,
and are alone worth the price of admission. A fine
dog show is added to the already big display.

The display of cattle, sheep and swine will be one of
the finest ever held in the South.

The racing will probably be the best held in the
South, with three full races daily. The Virginia
Derby will be run on October 6th.

The gray stallion Iron Bar, owned by Mrs. John L.
Lindsay, of Richmond, Va., is in grand form this season
— probably better than at any time during his turf ca-
reer, which he began in 1892, when two years old. In
the hands of John W. Sale, Mrs. Lindsay's brother,
who has trained and driven the horse in all of his con-
tests, he has started in six races, winning each and
reducing his record to 2:111. This small, but hand-
some and well finished, son of Temple Bar and Came-
lia, by Mambrino Bob, was quite a factor in Grand
Circuit battles during the season of 1S95, but was
troubled with lameness in a forward leg in 1896 and
1897, which prevented him from showing his true form.
When right and fit, Iron Bar can beat 2:10, and do it
quite handily. Mrs. Lindsay refused a cash offer of
$5,000 for the gray stallion in 1895.

Among the mares owned by Mr. A. K. Ware at
Snowden Farm, Fredericksburg, Va., and which were
bred to Alcautara before that great son of George
Wilkes and Alma Mater was taken from Snowden and
shipped West last spring, were Allie Medium, 2:17 J,
by Country Medium, dam by Alroy ; Beauty, full

sister to Miss Pratt, 2:281, by Oneida, dam by Per-
duro; Lady Kirkland, by Director, 2:171. dam by
Guy Wilkes, 2:151, and Ardinella, by Frank Noble,
dam by Milton Noble. Alcantara was shipped to
Peoria, 111., on May 1, and at that place, iu charge of
A. P. Hanes. the brown stallion was well patronized,
and some of the best mares iu that section were bred
to him. Among the speediest horses at Snowden are
a pair of four year old pacers — Emo, a bay mare by
Idolater, dam Ardinella, and Bonnie Kirkland, a
brown horse, by Allerton, 2:091, dam the great brood
mare Gallita, by Adirondack.

There is no getting around the fact that at the pres-
ent time the demand in light harness horses calls for a
little more size and finish than have characterized
light harness horses in the past, aud hence it is folly
for breeders to overlook this fact. The profit in har-
ness horse breeding seems to be clearly in producing
a light harness horse that will have size, finish and
good action, for it in that case they lack speed, they
will yet bring a handsome profit on the cost of produc-
tion, and small horses, even if they possess extreme
speed, are discriminated against. It is better, there-
fore, in every instance, to have size and finish.

Mr. J. W. Bethell, Meadow View Farm, Sharp,
N. C, has sold to A. E. Woodell, Danville, Va., the
handsome four year old brown stallion Free Silver, by
Wilkes Boy, 2:241, dam Lena Wilkes, by Jay Bird ;
second dam by Mambrino Patchen. Iu addition to
Free Silver, Mr. Woodell owns the well known bay
st illion. Jolly Friar, sire of Lucy Ashby, 2:21}, and
the brown pacing mare Minnie Tucker, by Norval,
2:14f, dam Gladys, dam of Kitty Hawk, 2:27}, and
Eufaula C, 2:271, by Alcautara.

A good way to improve country roads would be to
exempt from taxation all wagons using wide tires.
The wide tire has come to stay, aud the more of them
in use the better for all concerned. To build a good
road is one thing, but to keep it in first class shape is
quite another item. Broad Rock.

Star Pointer, pacer, 1:591, paced a half mile at
Philadelphia, last Saturday, in :571, the fastest half
mile ever paced. If he had kept up his gait, he
would have cut several seconds from his present
world's record. As it was, he finished the mile in
1:591, just a half second behind his record.

Mr. F. E. Menzies, Newbern, Tenu., writes, Jan-
nary 15, 189S : "Your journal is a good one. In fact,
it is as good a one for the farmer as I have ever seen."

Mr. J. D. Owen, Surry Co., Va., writes: "I look
forward to the monthly visits of the Southern Planter
with much pleasure. Like wine, it improves with
age."

When corresponding with advertisers, say that you
saw their "ad" in the Southern Planter.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

479

riiscellaneous.

THE PROSPECTS OF THE WHEAT MARKET.

We see no reason to change our opinion as to the
ultimate prospect of better prices for wheat than at
present rule iu market. The crop is not, in our opin-
ion, likely to exceed the figure we placed upon it
shortly after harvest, viz : 625,000,000 bushels — indeed
we have seen reports that it will not come up even to
this figure by several million bushels. The present
price has been reached on the assumption that there
was a crop of 700,000,000 bushels in this country and
a large surplus crop in Europe. Whilst it is true that
the French and English crops are good ones— above
the average — yet the Russian crop is undoubtedly now
found to be a deficient one. Over a large area of that
country the crop is a complete failure, and the gov
ernment is compelled to buy seed wheat for the grow-
ers. As an exporting nation in competition with this
country, Eussia will this year be a small factor. Beer-
bohm, the European authority on the wheat crops of
the world, says that the d 'mand of wheat importing
countries will exceed the supply of the wheat export-
ing countries, and that the reserves, reduced lower
than before known for many years, are not likely to
be brought up this year to the average.

In the face of these facts, we cannot see how the
present low price can be maintained. There is no
doubt whatever in our mind that had not the price of
wheat been forced last spring to an abnormally high
figure — a figure at least 25 cents higher than was jus
tified by conditions of supply — that the price this fall
would not have touched so low a figure by at least 10
cents a bushels. The "bears" got control of the mar-
ket and have retained it from the absence of support
by buyers, who were so heavily hit in the spring.
These conditions, however, are now passing away.
On every slight fall, buyers come in and carry the
price up again, and slight advances are maintained.
When the pressure of the spring wheat crop of the
Northwest ceases to be felt, which will now soon be
the case, the inherent strength of the market will as-
sert iself and better prices will rule. In our opinion,
whilst we have a great crop of wheat, we have not a
greater one than the markets of the world will take at
advancing prices over the present ones.

THE FENCE LAW CASE.

The case which has been made to test the constitu-
tionality of fence laws was argued at the Louisa Cir-
cuit Court on Tuesday, the 20th September, before his
Honor, Judge Mason. Judge Leake and Mr. J. G.
May made strong arguments against the existing sys-

tem requiring each owner to fence his land and in
favor of every man's line being a lawful fence. They
contended for the proposition we have always main-
tained— that no man has any right to permit his stock
to trespass on any other man's land, whether fenced
or not, without being liable to pay full damages for all
injury done. Judge Mason will shortly give a decision
in vacation, from which it has been arranged that an
appeal shall be taken to the Court of Appeals, so as
to obtain a decision binding over the whole State. We
cannot doubt but that the ultimate decision will be a
condemnation of the present abominable and unjust
law.

THE CORN CROP PROSPECT.

We look to see the price of corn remain firm and
advancing. The crop is going to be a much less one
than that of the two last years, and whilst the surplus
of those years will prevent high prices, they will not,
in our opinion, be sufficient to prevent an advance.
There was a marked decline in the condition of the
crop in several of the largest corn-producing States
during August, and we look to see this repeated dur-
ing September.

THE TOBACCO MARKET.

Already a good deal of new tobacco has come upon
the markets of the State, especially "lugs." For a
good quality, the price is firm and the demand brisk.
Indications seem to point to a continuation of the high
prices of the last year's markets. Writing on the
English leaf market, the Southern Tobacco Journal
says : "The desire to buy is as strong as at the begin-
ning of the boom."

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Editor Southern Planter :

In Georgia, public interest is being aroused on the
subject of agricultural education, and just now there
is with us more or less discussion as to the need for it,
and also as to the methods and the avenues through
which it may be gained. This is a matter of graver
import than at first appears, for when we remember
that nearly 80 per cent, of our populatiou are either
farmers, or directly dependent on farms, it assumes a
vast importance. The plan of introducing into our
school system studies that would be of particular ad-
vantage to those who intend to engage in farming, is
only reasonable, when we remember that fully three-
fourths of our school population came from our farms

480

THE SOUTHERN PLANIER.

[October

and villages,and that there is a yearly increasing ten-
dency in our young people to leave the farm and en-
gage in other pursuits. Statistics show that this loss
to the rural districts is not confined to Georgia, but is
a marked feature of other sections. It is as true now,
as in all past ages, that " the farmer feeds the world,"
therefore, to enquire into the causes of discontent, and
to seek a remedy, is a subject worthy of the earnest
consideration of every thoughtful citizen.

The farmer is surrounded on all sides by the evi-
dences of progress and improvement in other avoca
tious. The results of educated skill are multiplied.
The power of trained thought is shown in the various
improved implements, which have taken the place of
the clumsy, and often wasteful, methods of the past.
On the up-to-date farm, improved plows and harrows,
grain-drills, manure-distributers, cultivators, reaping
machines, threshing machines, steam gins, have taken
the place of the old laborious hand and muscle power.
But what of the great body of farmers who enjoy these
results of other men's stud\ ? They see this progress
all around them, which has enabled them to secure
greater profit with less labor, but have they made
equal advances in the intelligent application of the
forces by which God has surrounded them in order to
prosper them in their business? How many farmers
are there who understand the nature of the soils which
they cultivate, the elements of the various fertilizers
which they use, the exact fertilizer required to restore
to the soil elements which have been exhausted — the
chemical, as well as the mechanical, needs of their
various crops? How broad, how comprehensive, is
the science of agriculture, and yet I hazard no contra-
diction when I state that in all our broad laud there
is no business whose common sense principles are so
little studied.

This is not written in a spirit of criticism, but is
simply the statement of a plain fact in order to em-
phasize the urgent necessity for an advance on lines of
agricultural education. Conditions are such that the
farmer of the future, if he would prosper, must obtain
a thorough, practical understanding of his soils, his
crops, his manures and fertilizers, the very air that he
breathes, and the water that he drinks — these various
agencies of earth and air and sky, by which he is sur-
rounded, and whose intelligent management mean so
much to the success of his crops. The work of spoli-
ation has been going on steadily since our forefathers
put the first plowshares into the virgin soil, and farm-
ers of to-day plow and sow and reap very much as they
did a century ago — not realizing that theirs should be
the era of building up rather than of pulling down.
It is so importaut that they should understand this
fact that no effort should be spared to train our chil-
dren into an intelligent apprehension of its full mean-

ing. And how can this better be done than in our
schools — by creating a sentiment in favor of agricul-
tural work, by showing that each farm contains a
world full of interest, of beauty, of study, of thought,
of honorable work — and that a lifetime of careful in-
vestigation will reveal but a small part of the most
comprehensive science known to man — the science of
agriculture?

The work must necessarily be gradual, and should
be rather on the lines of why we plow, and hoe, pre-
pare and cultivate, than how we do it.

In 1879, a law was passed in Frauce compelling
every normal school to provide agricultural instruc-
tion for teachers in training, and requiring the pri-
maiy schools, within three years, to make agriculture
a compulsory subject of study. The instruction is
given by professors of agriculture, whose duties are
three-fold : to instruct teachers, to hold conferences
with farmers, and to carry out investigations suggested
by the government. France is conceded to be the
most progressive and advanced of all civilized nations
in this matter of agricultural education, and as a result
her farms are the best cultivated in Europe, and her
produce per head has increased by one-half in the last
quarter of a century — a significant fact, when we re-
member that it is within that period that the study of
agriculture has been made a part of her school sys-
tem. In each of the eighty six departments of Frauce
there are, besides the public schools, many separate
schools devoted to agriculture alone, as farm schools,
apprentice schools, aud agricultural orphauages. The
Agricultural University at Paris has a fame which is
world-wide, and its investigations have been of incal-
culable benefit to science. There are also three na-
tional schools of agriculture, one of horticulture, one
of dairying, three of veterinary science, two of fores-
try, and two shepherds' schools, all supported by the
government. The work is just in the first stages of
development, and the ends aimed at are not yet fully
reached, but the following figures will show that the
success has been very encouraging, and that we would
do well to study these methods, aud imkate them as
far as possible.

In the United States, most of our schools for train-
ing in other professions have been crowded. The Ag-
ricultural Colleges are the single exception. Might
not the infusing of a small amount of agricultural in-
formation into our public schools awaken a greater
interest in this subject, and eventually increase the
attendance on the Agricultural Colleges proper ? Mr.
Tuckwell, an Englishman, in a very interesting article
on •• Village Life in France and England," states that
to the government agricultural school system was due
the general prosperity characterizing the farms of
France. He mentions that everywhere he was at-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

481

tracted by the evidences of thrift and skill — by the
dextrous economy of material and land, the cleanli-
ness, the rotations, and the intelligent application of
chemical manures. These were due, he was told, to
the government agricultural colleges. As showing
some of the tangible results of the system, he makes
the following statement and comparison :

" In England, the owners of estates above one acre
are about 300,000. In France, they are 7,000,000. In
England, the average extent of a single farm is 390
acres. In Prance, 10 acres — 1,000,000 owners holding
properties of 21 acres, while farms of 200 acres are
so few that they can be counted on the fingers. * * *
In 1890, France exported about $120,000,000 worth of
food. England imported about $360,000,000. In 60
years, 8,500,000 emigrants have left England, less than
500,000 have left France."

France has a Postoffice Savings Bank, in which
there are $600,000,000 in 6,500,000 deposits, an aver-
age of less than $100 for each depositor.

These facts speak in unmistakable terms of the
prosperity of the nation, and furnish an object lesson,
which it is well worth our while to study.

R. T. Nesbitt.

DOGS AND SHEEP.

Editor Southern Planter:

When I settled upon this place, ten years ago, dogs
were prowling too numerously for me to attempt sheep
raising, and the wisdom of that decision is seen in the
steady decline of sheep kept by my neighbors, many
of whom have entirely ceased trying to own sheep.
What with steel traps, buckshot and strychnine, I have
disposed of something like a hundred worthless dogs,
but so long as the craze for owning dogs is so over-
mastering as that white and black people, who have
half a dozen children suffering daily for proper food,
attempt to keep from one to four worthless dogs, the
efforts of one person to reduce the number of dogs,
counts as nothing.

What I have said is merely telling an old tale over
again, but can't the newspapers shame our people into
stiffening the backbones of our law-makers a little?

Subscriber.
Appomattox Co., Va.

[We are trying to do so, but it is an arduous task.
The dog is such an established institution in the South,
that to get. rid of him is almost like pulling out one of
the pillars of the Constitution. He must be got rid of
if we are to prosper, and the sooner legislators realize
this the sooner we will make progress. — Ed.]

When you write to advertisers, always mention the
Southern Planter.

NOTES.

There is no better time to do a thing than now Pro-
crastination is the thief of time, and to-morrow or
next day may be too late.

This month should be devoted largely to preparing
for winter. It is better to do the work for winter now
while the weather is warm and open than to be forced
to attend to it in the rigor of winter. See that your
out-houses are put in order, and try to lay in your
stock of fuel.

Farmers and their families should read during the
winter, as they have more leisure then than at other
seasons, and now is a good time to make selections of
books, papers, and a supply of literature in whatever
form they desire it. At this time they can begin to
realize some money from their crops, and are better
enabled to make their purchase. Literature is cheap,
and they can afford to buy. Let the selections be
wholesome, chaste and instructive.

Frank Monroe Beverly.

Dickenson Co., Va.

THE ADVANTAGES OF A " NO-FENCE " LAW.

Editor Southern Planter :

Referring to the article in the September issue of the
Planter on the subject of the "Fence law," my obser-
vation is that our people now have better horses, cat-
tle and hogs than I have known them to possess at any
time since the War between the States, and I attribute
most of the improvement on this line to the operation
of the "no-fence law." While there were commons
to graze, all people kept too many live stock. Now
that men must pay damages for the depredations of
their live stock, the same care which forces them to
avoid doing this also leads them to give other needful
attention to their animals, and hence the improvement.

Subscriber.

Appomattox Co , Va.

[This has been found true wherever a " no fence
law" is in force. — Ed.]

GATHERING AND MARKETING APPLES.

There is no one point in apple orcharding in which
there is so general a need for information as in the
gathering and handling of the apple crop. The prac-
tice of the growers in the best apple sections of the
State in handling their apples is simply ruinous to
their profitable sale. Shaking the apples from the
trees and gathering them from the ground, and then
dumping them in bulk into the body of a springless
wagon to sell to dealers in the mountain towns is a
common practice. And when the dealers get hold of
them they dump them loosely into large crates, and

482

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

ship them to the towns of the eastern part of the State,
where they usually arrive bruised and worthless, and
the shippers wonder why North Carolina apples do
not sell in competition with the Northern fruit. Apples
of all sizes and colors, good and bad, knotty and per-
fect, are dumped into the same receptacle, a crate not
fit to ship apples in at all, and the only wonder is that
they bring anything at all. And the.\ do bring very
little when good fruit is abundant. Go to a grocery-
man in Raleigh and price apples, and he will say :
"Here are some good Northern apples for so much,
and here are some stuff from the mountains of North
Caroliua which you can have for half price or less."
And the difference in the price is not because the
apples from the mountains are inferior sorts to the
others, though there are usually too many poor Lim
bertwigs among them — but because of the condition
of the fruit. The Northern apples are handled and
shipped by men who know how to pack and handle
apples, aud they come to hand in good condition.
They are properly culled and the barrel has in it but
one variety of apple, and the name is branded on the
barrel, for they are not shipped in crates, to be cut
and bruised for lack of tight packing.

How to Gather Apples.
Never shake the fruit from the tree and never pack
for market any apples that have fallen from the tree.
Gather every apple by hand and place it carefully in
a basket. The apple growers North use ladders, made
on the place, of a light pine pole split some distance
from the butt end, and ruugs stuck in to keep the
lower eud apart, while the entire upper part is but a
pole with rungs stuck through. This kind of a lad-
der can be stuck in anywhere on the tree and makes
it possible to reach all the apples. Tt is simply like a
long wagon pole with rungs stuck through. The
gatherer takes a light basket and lets it down by a
rope when full. The barrels are taken into the orchard
and packed right there. The name of the apple is
marked on the bottom of the barrel, which is to be the
top when opened. A layer of apples is then placed,
stem down, on the bottom, all over so as to make
a good appearance when opened, hut the same quality
must run all through the barrel. The apples are then
poured carefully into the barrel, which is shaken gently
to settle them aud the barrel is filled a little above
the top. The head is now laid on and with a screw
press it is forced in, and the apples are then perfectly
tight. The hoops are driven down tight and head lin-
ings nailed in place, and when that barrel is opened,
after long jourueyiugs, it will be found with the im-
print of the head on the upper layer of fruit, showing
that no apple has moved. This tight packing is not
possible in a slatted crate made of laths, such as are
sent to Ralugh from the western part of the State.

Keeping Winter Apples.

The process just described for packing for market is
the best that can be devised for keeping the apples.
Apples that are to be kept for home use will keep
better tightly packed in the barrels in the orchard as
fast as gathered. If not sold at once, pile the barrels
on their sides in a cool, airy place under shelter, and,
as the weather gets colder, put them in a tight house,
on their sides, with a thick layer of straw under them,
and, in very cold snaps, a thick layer over them. This
will keep them in any weather we have if in a close
building, for it takes a very low temperature to freeze
an apple packed in a close barrel and sheltered. There
is more danger of keeping them too warm than too
cold. Just at or a little above the freezing point of
water will keep them all right.

Tight barrels, tightly packed, are the only packages
fit for winter apples, and any attempt to ventilate the
barrels is worse than useless. Never ship them in
lath crates if the fruit is expected to sell well.

W. F. Massey.

In a recent review of the grain trade and crops the
Cincinnati Price Current says :

"The large production of wheat in this country, and
rather full promise for other portions of the world's
crop, continue to dominate trading and to practically
cut off consideration of the low position of reserves
upon which the new crop begins to move. Briefly
stated, the position is one in which the world's crop
promises to equal, and probably exceed, the largest
previous production, while the aggregate of produc-
tion and reserves falls decidedly below a similar reck-
oning of previous conditions. As a London authority
well remarks, the exciting situation, properly under-
stood, furnishes a tangible reason why a return to the
low prices of 1894-'95 ought not to be feared."

From one cause or another, a great many farmers
do not obtain a sufficient quantity of wood in the
winter to last a full year. As a consequence of such
failure, they have to get along for several weeks with
green wood. Those who are looking forward to such
a necessity would do well to cut a few trees at once.
It is said that if the trees are merely felled, when in
full leaf, and left for a few weeks, the leaves will use
nearly all the sap before they drop, aud that soon
after it is fitted for the stove such wood will burn al-
most as freely as though it had been seasoned. This
looks reasonable, and the plan is certainly worth try-
ing-

"Beerbohrn's London Li6t" estimates the world's
wheat crop of 1S98 at about 2.620,000,000 bushels.
The highest previous record is 2,562,000,000 bushels
in 1894, which is 58,000,000 bushels less than the esti-
mate for this year. However, the wheat reserves of
this year are considered to be 320,000,000 bushels
smaller than in 1894. The aggregate supply of wheat
this year is, therefore, with the 58.000,000 bushels
larger production, 262,000,000 less than in 1894.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

483

THE

Southern Planter

Pl'liLISHED BY

PI

RICHMOND, VA.

Issued ox 1st ok each Month.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

Tlie Southern Planter is mailed to sub-
scribers in the United States and Canada at
$1.00 per annum ; all foreign countries, $1.25.

Remittances should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order, which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we cauuot be responsible.

*lwavs grive the Name of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be found on our books unless this is done.

Tbe Date on your Label shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper
promptly and regularly, will confer a favor
by reporting the fact at once.

We invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism of Arti-
cles, Suggestions How to Improve The
Planter. Descriptions of New Grains, Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known. Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of Cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until after they have ap-
E eared in our columns. Rejected matter will
e returned on receipt of postage.

Sfo anouTinous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

RICHMOND. VA.

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

Notice to Farmers.

This month commences the sea-
son of the year when farmers have
leisure to read, and especially the
opportunity to do so during the long
evenings. One of the great draw-
backs to successful farming in the
South is the lamentable fact that
so many farmers do not avail them
selves of the facilities placed in
their way for keeping themselves
abreast of what science is doing for
them. They cannot do this without
reading, and unless they do so they
cannot hope to be as successful in
their calling as they might be. We
would appeal to our friends who
are readers of The Planter to bring

I R! & C^ ^S O P**lSl lowland™ Rich', mt\-
^"F ■ «. Bra ^^ ■ m. ^^ B ^"F low land depends on
proper drainage. Proper drainage depends on the use of drain tile. We would
like to tell you how to install an effective system of drainage, and quote prices on

Farm Drain Tile

Fire Bricks, fjtf^ Qjjjy ^ (^ R | Q Bl IH 0 II Cl , ^3. A**

Drain Tile.

Front Bricks.

WOOD'S GRAIN
PASTURAGE HIXTURE

Is composed of the best grazing varieties of Winter Oats,
Rye, Barley and Wheat, combined in proper proportions
to give large and continuous yields of winter, spring and
early summer pasturage.

Price quoted on application. Descriptive Fall Cata-
logue, giving full information regarding this and all Seeds
and Grain for fall sowing, mailed free upon request.
Write for it, and prices of any seeds required.

T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen,

BETTER

RICHMOND, VA.

FENCE.

3

BECAUSE
IT'S
THE
BEST.

(Showing locking of
stays Kith mail
strands. )

ELASTICITY

what our coil is for. W.-.mi i
PHiK IVOVKS "Mil I l-\! I

FEATURES; No small wire, strength durability,
ijustability, cheapness. Ask yourdealer forCatalogue
and prices. Manufactured by American Steel & Wire Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.

the journal to the notice of those
who do not take it, and to help us
to widen its circulation. The Planter
is the Southern farmers' own jour-
nal. It devotes itself solely to their
interests and should have their un-
divided support. For 60 years it
has done everything within its
power to aid them, and is to day
more powerful to help them than
ever before. We ask in return
that they should help The Planter.
The greater the support of the
farmers the more The Planter can
do for them. We will send it from
now to 1900 for $1.00 to any one
not already a subscriber. Let this
fact be known.

flOULTRYaREAO THESE PRICES

£■'"' •""* '. M36 in. wide, 150 ft. long, roll, $2.25*
•8" " 150" " " 3.00

B0" " 1.50 3 75

Other widths in proportion.

NETTING«S Dow Wire WorksCo., Louisville, Ky.

The "JUST RIGHT^Earjflai^J

For STOCK. Just large enough,

light and Blmple; it don't pull
orcomeout. lOOEarMarks.with
tools and Register Book, only
S3; wilh numbers. $3.50. .Sou! for
Samples and be satisfied. Ada fens
H. C. ST0LL. Beatrice. Nebraska.

4S4

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

There is more catarrh in this section of
the country than all other diseases put
together, and until the last few years was
supposed to be incurable. For a great
many years doctors pronounced it a local
dieeaue, and prescribed local remedies,
and by constantly failing to cure with
local treatment, pronounced it incurable.
Science has proven catarrh to be a con-
stitutional disease, and therefore requires
constitutional treatment. Hall's Catarrh
Cure, manufactured by F. J. Cheney &
Co., Toledo, Ohio, is the only constitu-
tional cure on the market. It is taken
internally in doses from 10 drops to a
teaspoonful. It acts directly on the blood
and mucous surfaces of the system. They
offer one hundred dollars for any case it
fails to cure. Send for circulars and tes-
timonials. Address.

F. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, O.

BST'Sold by Druggists, 75c.

MAGAZINES.

The leading features of the October
Harpers' are " The Santiago Campaign,"
by Caspar Whitney, illustrated from pho-
tographs by the author, James Burton
William Dinwiddie. and others ; "On the
Roof of the World," bv Sven Hedin, illus-
trated after sketches and photographs
made by the author; "Social Life in the
British Army." Second Paper, by A Brit-
ish Officer, illustrated bv R. Caton Wood-
ville ; "Our Future Policy," by the Hon.
J. G. Carlisle: "Our Xavv in Asiatic
Waters." In- William Elliott Griffis. illus-
trated by C. D. Weldon, Guv Rose, Harrv
Fenn, T. K. Hanna, Jr., Wiiliam Thome
Henry McCarter, and Otto H. Bacher,
and from photographs and prints ; " Mr.'
Gladstone. Reminiscences, Anecdotes
and an Estimate," Third Paper, bv Geo!
W. Smalley.

Harpers' Illustrated Weeklv is as usual
hnely illustrated with views of scenes of
present interest, and the reading matter
is always of the best. The editorials es-
pecially are conservative in tone and rich
in suggestiveness of better things.

Harpers' Bazaar is the lady's paper of
the land, beautifully illustrated and full
of matter of interest to the fair sex.

In the October number of the Cen tun-
Prof. William M. Sloane gives " Personal
and Collected Impressions of Bismarck."
Prof. Sloane saw more or less of Bismarck
while a student of history with Bancroft,
when the latter was United States Min-
ister at Berlin. Prof. Dean C. Worcester,
of the University of Michigan, who wrote
in the September Centurv of "Tho Ma-
lay Pirates of the Philippines." from per-
sonal experiences among them, in this
number discusses " Knotty Problems of
the Philippines" Prof. Worcester be-
lieves that the United States should re-
tain the Hands, but he tells what, in bis
opinion, are the reforms that will have
to be instituted. Horatio L. Wait, for-
merly paymaster in the United States
Navy, writes of "The Blockade of the
Confederacy," giving many stirring sto-
ries of adventures off the heleagured
ports. A second paper is printed pre-
senting impressions of " Life and Society
in Old Cuba." These papers are from

the diaries of Jonathan S. Jenkins, an
American miniature painter who spent
some time in Havana during the middle
of the century. Albert Shaw contributes
an article on " The Trans-Mississippians
and Their Fair at Omaha," illustrated
from photographs. Arthur L. Frothing-
ham. Jr., furnishes an illustrated article
on "The Roman Emperor and His Arch
ofTriumph." George H. Darwin writes
about the little known " Bores"— tidal-
walls of water that rush up the estuaries
of some rivers. In the series of articles
on " London at Play." Mrs. Elizabeth
Robins Pennell gives her impressions of
"The Oxford and Cambridge Race." and
her husband, Joseph Pennell, furnishes
characteristic drawings. In addition to
Mr. Fernald's short story, there are three
others: "The Werwolves." a tale of old
Canada, by H. Beaugrand ; "A Gentle-
man of Japan and a Lady." by John Lu-
ther Long, and " Uncle Adam." a char-
acter-sketch by M. E. M. Davis.

St. Nicholas is full of matter interest-
ing to the little ones. It opens with two
articles on Queen Wilhelmina. of Hol-
land, both of them illustrated, and con-
taining a number of interesting stories of
the girl queen.

The American Monthly Review of Re-
views for October gives special attention
to the developments of the past month in
international politics and to the lessons
of the Spanish-American War. The ed-
itor, in the department of " The Progress
of the World." discusses the attitude of
the Spanish people toward peace condi-
tions, the new relations between Ger-
many and England, the Czar's proposi-
tion for disarmament, the Dreyfus case in
France, England's reopening of the Sou-
dan, and other serious problems confront-
ing the European powers. Important
contributed articles review President Mb-
Kinley's course in the conduct of the war
to a successful close, and the deficiencies
in our administrative machinery revealed
by the fatal delays and break-downs in
the medical and subsistence departments
of army management.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly
has an article bv Edward Atkinson, enti-
tled "The Evolution of High Wages from
low cost of Labor." " Russia and the
Slavs" is the title of an instructive arti-
cle by Prof. Ripley. Plant-Life in the
Canaries," by Alice Carter Cook, is an in-
teresting and beautifully-illustrated ar-
ticle.

Linpincott's complete novel is "The
Confessions of an Aide-de Camp." by
Capt. F. A. Mitchell. It is a rattling tale
of the Civil War. Other stories are
" Tish's Triumph" and "Grandma's Dia-
monds." Fred Perrv Powers writes of
" War and Trade."

The Ladies' Home Journal has an ar-
ticle by General Greelev on the fearful
experiences of himself and his compan-
ions for 2rt4 days in the Arcti
" The Anecdotal side of Mark Twain" is
most amusing. -'The most interesting
Sunday-School in America" is the un-
equalled story of John Wanamaker's
school in Philadelphia. I

America's Greatest
Medicine is

Hood's Sarsaparilla,
Which absolutely
Cures every form of
Impure blood, from
The pimple on your
Face to the great
Scrofula sore which
Drains your system
Thousands of people
Testify that Hood's
Sarsaparilla cures

Scrofula, Salt Rheum,
Dyspepsia, Malari;
Catarrh, Rheumatism
And That Th\d

Feeling. Remember this
And get Hood's

And only Hood's.

VIRGINIA -FARMS

For $3.00 an ACRE

and upward, in yearly payments. Interest
6 per cent. Some to exchange, Northern
settlement. List free.

GEO E. CRAWFORD & CO , Richmondja

...CHEAP FARM

Of 105 acres, all open. One mile from Peters-
burg. Va.. Chesterfield county. Good build-
ings, brick ; fine orchard : vinevard : good
dairy and stock farm. C.SOO; cost $1,300

Address L. H. C.. Southern Planter.

A FARMER

With good recommendations desires a
permanent position on farm. Married,
and wife will make herself useful if de-
sired. R. A ADAMS. SOlj Reservoir
Street, Richmond. Va

WANTED

Position on a farm or plantation bv an En-
glishman, aged ST, stnsle. as foreman. Thor-
oughly understands all branches of farming
stock raising and trucking. Highest refer-
ences. Sixteen years last place. W. A. Pease.
24 State street. Schenectady. X. Y

TENANT WANTED

For large desirable farm on lower James.
Four hundred acres arable land in good condi-
tion—fenced. Soil, medium loam and clay
loam. Eighty acres in clover and 130 seeded
to wheat. Comfortable dwelling and large
barns. Apply to—

RICHARb EFPF.S Agt.. City Point, Va.

VIRGINIA

WM.'B. PIZZIM CO.

FARMS!

All prices and sizes.
Free list on application.

Richmond. Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

485

It Cuts All Around the Horn

S^Dehorning
^Clipper

LEAVITT AIF6. CO.,
«. Hammond, III., U.S. A

HOOK ON-GUT OFF

„ IMPROVED
CONVEX^ DEHORNER

KEYSTONE DEHORNING CLIPPERS

Quiet, Orderly, Gentle and Safe

mal is the one that has been dehor
It means anlm.il ruin fort and that m
animal profit. This knife <-(:t- clean,
crushing or bruUlng. It i-s quirk, ca
least pain. Strong and lastinp. Fully

ranted. Highest

for free circulai
A. C. BR

FARMERS' STOVE.

Buy a wood-burning stove
that will heat 6,000 cubic
feet of space and hold Are
the year around if you put
in a stick of wood every
ten hours. Air tight, no
dust, no dirt, perfectly safe.
Write for circular, also seed
price-list.

a,_ THE HENRY PHILIPPS.
Sectional View. SEED and IMPLEMENT CO..
115 and 117 St. Clair St., Toledo, O.

E WASTE

are the best for Farm — _^r^i \\X *>

L.-i-. Grind ear corn^f^^

and any grain mixed or

separate for feed. Table

corn meal, buckwheat,

rye and graham flour for fai

kept in order, large ca]

Send for new book on

meal.

NORDYKE &MARM0N, Flour Mill Builders,

mily use. Easiest A
ici( y, less power. 4
Jills and sample X

305 DAY ST..

INDIANAPOLIS, IND.

The Test of Time

Catalan
PERKINS WIND MILL CO.
Race St., MISH.UViKa, IM>.

WHOSE MONEY?
On July 1st, 1898, we received a remit-
tance of $1.00 without any name or ad-
dress accompanying it. It was post-
marked Washington, D. C. As we have
a Iarge;numb2r of subscribers at this of-
fice, we do not know whom to credit.

CATALOGUES.

Spring Hill Nursery Company, Pros-
pect. Va. Fruit and Shade Trees.

Edward W. Walker Carriage Co.,
Goshen, Indiana. Manufacturers of fine
carriages and bicycles. Sell direct from
maker to user. Write for this catalogue
before buying elsewhere.

The Southern Field, published at Wash-
ington, D. C, by the Southern Railway
Company, comes to us regularly. This
paper should be the means of making
known to thousands the advantages of
the South. It is well written and illus-
trated, and may be relied on to tell the
truth as far as known.

PREMIUM LISTS.

South Carolina State Agricultural and
Mechanical Society. 30th Annual Fair
at Columbia, S. C. November 14th to 18th,
1898.

North Carolina State Fair, Raleigh,
N. C, October 24th to 29th, 1898.

Washington and Lee University, Lex-
ington, Va. Annual Report for 1S97 '98.

The New York College of Veterinary
Surgeons, 154 E. 57th street, New York.
Circular of Information.

REPORTS.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Bureau of Animal In-
dustry. Bulletin 21. Sheep Scab —
Its Nature and Treatment.

Division of Biological Survey. Bulle-
tin 10. Life Zones and Crop Zones.

Division of Biological Survey. Bulle-
tin 11. The Geographic Distribution
of Cereals in North America.

Division of Chemistry. Bulletin 55.
The Fertilizing Value of Street
Sweepings.

Office of Fibre Investigation. Bulletin
11. A Report on the Culture of
Hemp in Europe.

Cultivation of Tobacco in Sumatra.

Farmers' Bulletin 22. The Feeding of
Farm Animals.

Farmers' Bulletin 81. Corn Culture in
the South.

Farmers' Bulletin 83. Tobacco Soils.

Office of Road Inquiry. Circular 31.
State Aid to Road Building in Minne-
sota.

Division of Statistics. Crop Circular,
September, 1898.
Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 95. Experiments with
Oats.

Bulletin 96. Experiments with Crim-
son Clover and Hairy Vetch.
California Experiment Station, Berkeley,
Cal. Bulletin 121. The Conserva-
tion of Soil Moisture.

Wood Oval Air-Tight Heating Stove

for burning wood, corn
s, cobs, chips, shavings,
o etc.- The most perfect
.5- stove of its class, ab-
0 solutely air-tight; Are
Ni can be maintained for
c^ many hours. Every
■ fa r m e r has enough
!* fuel going to waste
•a to supply one or more
S. of these stoves an en-
' tire season. Rods pro-
j« teeted, they cannot
re burn out; joints con-
structed so as to avoid
creosote deposits. Stove
very handsomely nick-
eled—suited for use in sitting rooms, parlors.
and libraries. Ask your nearest dealer for
this stove. If he does not have it, write us
for circulars.

THE MARCH-BROWNBACK 5T07E CO., PonstOWfl, Pa.

Nickel Swing Top.

FSNE MANURE

Only, is available as Plant Food,

Muc^i depends therefore upon the mechanical condition
of manure. It should be thoroughly fined and evenly
spread to produce the best results.

...KEMP'S,..
Manure Spreader

is the only machine known to man that will do both and
do it better and cheaper than it can be done by hand,

_, Has Stood the Tost of 18 Years

and daily grows in papular fiwor. Bend for catalog™
and "Treatise on Manure." FREE to innuirlrs.

_ KEMP & BURPEE MFG. CO.,
B*x 21 Syracuse, H. Y.

BOWSHER

FEED
MILLS.

(Sold with or without Elevator.) 1
Will Crush ear corn (with or
without shuck* > and grind
any kind of small tf rain at thi-us.
same time; mliintr in unv pn.-*»j«A-
portion. Have conical -haped *■-
irrlndere. Different from all

Lightest Runnini

and Handiest to Operate.

SIX SIZES — 2 to 25 horse power. One style

fur windwheel use. One style for cotton seed.
(Also make Sweep Feed Grinders.)

R. N. P. BOWSHER CO.

South Bend, Ind.

Elegant Sewing

MachinesBuld"u"

i.ij.-

work. No
FREE 80 da

Irahs. $19.50 tc

11(10. The Handsome. Durable
j*ryy/«», $16.50 to $19.50; regular price,

r trial. The Elegant

e money. Address

S. A. ELY MFG CO.. 391 State SI . Chicago, III.

4S6

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

ON'T SWEAR--

-a Incubator and thl I

Nothing like slartSnt richt.
If «b wma to »tart riphl
and eta? richt but lb*

Reliable Incubator.

. let ca'l fa.il
the l»mp. tke Rtliiblr

■til tells Si
Reli.M. •

RELIABLE INCB. & BROODER CO. Box B 111. Quincy. 111.

We are the largest C-f-rtfif
manufacturers of.. «3lCtl

Truck Wheels

for farm wagons in America

Send for Catalogue

Havana Metal Wheel Co , Havana, III.

IRON ROOFING.

—BRAND NEW, $1.75 PER SQUARE—

Just purchased entire product of a mill and win
clo^e out at above price until sold. Place your
orders now. CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.,

Purchasers of West 35tb & Iron Sts.

World's Fair Buildings; Chicago Post Office Building.
Send for our General Catalogue of Merchandise for
flume.Farra and Field. Our Prices are % of Others.

THE CHAIN HANGING

CATTLE STANCHION.

The most practical and humane Fastener ever in-
vented. Gives perfect freedom of the head, Illus-
trated Circular and price free ou application.

Manufactured by O. H. ROBERTSON,

Forestville. Conn.

bCCTT'3

Each cow shuts

herself in place.
Circulars free.
B. C. SCOTT,

83 Beach Street.

Bridgeport. Conn,
i Planter.

LIGHTNING ML MACHY*

IS THE STAND AR D>
ST£AM PUMPS. AIR LIFTS, ,1
GASOLINE ENGINES ^3;^

WRITE FOR CmtULAtlin&mi\^-

THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS — :"-

AURORA. ILL.- CHICAGO.- DALLAS.TEX

ENSILAGE GUTTERS, GQRN CRUSHERS.

%i?"

FEED CUTTERS, CORN THRESHERS.

Best Work , Greatest Ca pa c i 1 v .

Cheapest to Operate.

E. A. PORTER & BRO., Bowling Green, Ky.

VIRGINIA

Cornell Experiment Station. Ithaca, N. Y.
Bulletin 150. Tuberculosis in Cattle
and its Control.
Bulletin 151. Gravity or Dilution Sep-
arators.

Georgia Department of Agriculture, At-
lanta. Ga. Publications of the De-
partment for the Year 1S9S.

Louisiana Experiment Station, Baton

Rouge, La. Bulletin 53, 2d Series.

Grasses, Clovers and Economic Crops.

Act and Rules Regulating the Sale and

Purity of Commercial Fertilise rs.

Maryland Agricultural College Quarterly,
"College Park. M«l. Xo. 1, August,
1S9S.

Mississippi Experiment Station, Agricul-
tural College, Mies. Bulletin 50.
Winter and Summer Pasture in Mis-
sissippi.

New "iork Experiment Station, Geneva,
N. Y. Bulletin 143. Popular Edi-
tion. A Destructive Beetle and a
Remedy.
Bulletin 144. Popular Edition. Com-
batting Cabbage Pests.

Xorth Carolina Experiment Station, Ra-
leigh, N. C. Bulletin 149. The Ap-
ple in North Carolina.
Bulletin 150. Medicinal Plants.

Virginia Weather Bureau, Richmond, Va.
Report for August, 1898.

Wisconsin University, Madison, Wis.
Bulletin 24. A Circular of Informa-
tion on the Courses in Dairving.

Tue Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
♦est belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va.

MILLS FOR FARM USE.
Our readers will notice the advertise-
ment of Nordyke AV Marmon Co , which
appears in th s paper, of Portable French
Buhr Mills. It must be encouraging to
this firm, and is an evidence of the qual-
ity of the mills which they produce,
when it is stated that, so far this year,
their sales of these mills to farmers have
nearly doubled over the sales in the same
period in any previous year, and it is
e\ idence that farmers in general are real-
izing that for durability, good work and
economy, the French Buhr Mill is the
mill to use This company, who are
.■lily reliable in every respect, issue
a very tine hook on mills which they
gladly mail to any inquirer, and which
treats of the subject very thoroughly. It
has been demonstrated that a good sub-
stantial mill on a farm, which will do
family work, as well as grind feed for the
stock, is a paying investment to even-
progressive farmer.

ST. OMER HERD.

The advertisement of this celebrated

herd of Jerseys will be found in another

column. We invite the attention of our

readers to it.

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter.

H

Mm
^ If '

Low-Down Grain and Fertilizer

Force feed throughout. Best working and
handiest on the market. Sows all kinds of
grain. Write for full particulars and prices to

A. B. FARQUHAI: CO.. Ltd..
Manufacturers, Yokk, Pa.

T-E IMPROVED

Chauiberlin Mfc. Co.. Mean. \. Y„ D. S. A.

HORSE POWERS ixmnz*

And One and Two-horse Threshing outfits.
Level Tread Pat. Governor. Fred and Ensilage
CUTTEi-l.S. Circular Free.

PEA-NUT THRESHER AND CLEANER

THREE SIZES.

The Keystone Pea-Nut Thresher and Cleaner
made a lasting impression on all who saw it
work last season by the superior manner in
which it removed "the nuts from the vine,
separated the broken nuts from the whole
ones and deposited each Id separate vessels.
No grower of pea-nuts can afford to be with-
out one. Apply to Ashton starke. Richmond,
A a.: Geo. C B Harris-

Dillard Hardware Co.. Elackstone, Va

ELLIS KEYSTONE AGR'L WORKS,
" n. 1'a.

After Being on the Market TEN YEARS,

The ACME Engine Still Leads

F o r Churning,
Cutting AGrind-
. Filling
Siloes. Sawing
Wood, Elevating
Water, and all
Farm and (Jene-
ral I'ses where

Small Power is
Required.

No Skilled Engi-
neer required.

ROCHESTER MACHINE TOOL WCRKS.
No. 17 F.ank St.. Rochester. N. Y.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

487

Cas and Gasoline Engines

The "LAMBERT"

ONE-HORSE POWER
ONE HOUR for
ONE CENT.

Stationary Engines, 1 to 100 H. P.

Portable Engines, 2 to 15 H. P.

The modern farmer needsone for driving his

11, ensilage

or foddefcutter, cotton gin, electrical dynamo.
The ••LAMBERT" is honest, reliable, simple,
safe. A boy can start and operate it. Send for
our latest catalogues and circulars.

LAMBERT GAS a GASOLINE ENGINE CO.
780 W. 3d St., Anderson, Indiana.

BLACK KAWK Corn Shelter.

Simple,

Durable.

Never wears
out, and sel-
dom gets
broken. All
Repairs free.

fl*-Write

A. H. PATCH, Clark esvl lie, Tenn.
.Sole Maker and Patentee.

CABOT'S CREOSOTE
FENCE PAINT ^ ^

A handsome, durable paint that costs
only 50c. per gallon ; that holds its
color, and contains a large percentage
of Creosote. " the best wood preserva-
tive known." Costs much less than
common paints, and preserves the
wood better. For fences, sheds, barns,
and all rough out-buildings. Decay
and insect proof.

SEND KOR A COLOR CARD.

SAMUEL CABOTt

66 Kilby St., Boston, flass.

For POULTRYMEN ^

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.
"Gem" Ciover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Com Mill, Farm Feed

Mills, Powder Mills.
Send for Circular and Testimonials.

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

Established 1871.

ss^rseoN MEASURES,

rneqnaled for X*atness„ Con-
venience and Onrability.
Warranted Correct.
For sale by Sard ware Dealers

Stites & Co., M'f s

A Neat BINDER for your ba k num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
our Business Office.

INTERSTATE POULTRY, PIGEON
AND PET STOCK ASSOCIATION.
The Interstate Poultry, Pigeon and Pet
Stock Association of Asheville. N. C,
have claimed the date of December 18th
to 10th, inclusive, for their Second An-
nual Show to be held at Asheville. Will
you kindly include this date among your
others? We had our first show last year.
There were nearly two thousand entries
from Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, North
and South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama
and Louisiana, and breeders state that
the reputation which they have gained
by winning at this show has done them
more good than any other in the way of
increased sales of stock.
Yours truly,

Geo. F. Weston, President.

For Poultry, half cost of
Netting. Also best Farm
Yard, Cemetery Fences,
Iron Posts, Gates, etc. I
can save you money. Freight paid. Catalogue free
K. L. SHELLABARGER, 37 F. St., Atlanta, Oa.

Elsewhere in this paper will be found
the advertisement of the American Steel
and Wire Co. of Pittsburg, Pa.

These people are manufacturing a woven
wire fence (American Woven Wire Fence),
made of all large gauge steel wires heav-
ily galvanized, claiming that fences that
have small wires in their construction
are not as durable as a fence with nil
large wires. This claim is undeniable.

Their fence is very simple in construc-
tion, and is the result of three years ex-
perimenting by expert mechanics, and is
really a substantial and effective fence.
It is sold in rolls of 20 and 40 rods each,
ready to set up, and is easily erected over
uneven ground, while the price is such
that it is within the reach of all. The
tension curve assures ample provision for
expansion and contraction without the
use of ratchets, while the locking of stays
to main strands guarantee perfect ad-
justability.

The American Steel and Wire Co., of
Pittsburg, Pa., invite your attention to
this fence. Ask your dealer for it, and if
he does not sell it, write them direct for
catalogue and prices, which will be cheer-
fully furnished.

Our readers will notice by the adver-
tisement on another page, that the Star
Manufacturing Co. of New Lexington,
Ohio, are with us again this season.
These people report a very satisfactory
trade during the past season, which is, in
itself, a first-class indorsement of the
high quality of their sweep and power
grinding mills. They have improved
their machines for this season's trade so
as to materially increase the capacity
and general efficiency. They have been
in business a long time, and have the
reputation of supplying high quality of
crouds and dealing honestly and fairly
with the public. Write them for circu-
lars and prices before buying a feed
grinder of any kind.

POLAND-CHINAS.
The Oak Grove Stock Farm, Fredericks-
burg, Va., Mr. S. Sydney Bradford, Presi-
dent, is offering some exceptionally fine
Poland-China hogs and pigs at very low
prices. Write to him for particulars.

POTASH.

To underfeed and overwork
an animal is not economy. It
is equally unwise to treat your
soil in like manner. In these
days of small profits it is neces-
sary to get the largest crops
from the least number of acres.
This can be accomplished by
thorough cultivation, suitable
rotation and proper use of fer-
tilizers. Failures occur when-
ever fertilizers are deficient in
Potash.

If yoi

) leara .1] about fertilizers, their com-
d effect, send for our free illustrated

np.1,1

GERMAN KALI WORKS, 93 Nassau St., N.Y.

WOOD'S
SEEDS.

Tulips, Lilies,

and Other Flowering Bulbs,

must be planted in the fall,
either in pots or the open
garden, to give the best re-
sults. They are easy to
grow, and make beautiful
flowers during the winter and
early spring. Our Bulbs are
imported direct, and the very
best — same as we have sup-
pi ied to ourflorists and largest
gardeners here for years.

" WOODS DESCRIPTIVE FALL CATALOGUE

tells all about them; descriptions,
prices, and how to plant and care for.
Send fnr it. Mailed free.

WOOD'S EVERGREEN LAWN GRASS SEED
i< unequalled for making a bt-autif
green lawn.

T. W. WOOD & SOWS,^

Seedsmen, RICHMOND, VA
1323 Main St.,
1707 E. Franklin SL
6th & Marshall.

P

OTATOES. Second Crop Pedigree Stock.
Strawberry, Blackberry, Rasp-
berry Plants, &c. No. 1 Slock. Catalogue
free. J. W. HALL. Marion Sta., Md

4SS

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

Mica

'Axle

Crease

lighte

road.

Makes the wagon pull easier^

helps the team. Saves wear

and expense. Sold

everywhere.

FRAZER

1 Axle Grease uS'SoSd. ;

m Its wearing qualitiesare unsurpassed, ae- S
\ tually outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand. ^
P Not affected by heat. «S-Uet the Genuine. W
4^%, FOB SALE BY ALL DEALER.-. ■%^

WHALE-OIL SOAP

One to two ounces to a gallon of water will
be found sufficient for .Summer Spraying.
Endorsed by Experiment Stations. The Soap
contains Organic Potash, and has a distinct
value as a Fertilizer as well as an Insecticide.
Destrovs raanv forms of insects. BO-lb Keg.
f.o. b. care at Philadelphia, for $2.50. Send
for information. JAMES GOOD. 514—518 Ran-
dolph Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

PIEDMONT

Hog Cholera Preventive and Cure

A sure Preventive and Cure for Hog and
Chicken Cholera. (J. J. Reid, Woodville,
Va.. Inventor, I Manufactured and sold bv
C. H. WINE, Brandy Station, Va.

SEED WHEAT.

For Southern Farmers.

All the best and most improved varieties.
specially selected and trrown for our Southern
soil and climate. Special Seed Wheat circular
mailed free on application. Write for circular
and piioee of any seeds required.

T. W. WOOD & SONS,

SEEDSMEN, -*- RICHMOND. VA.

SEED FOR SALE...

TALL MEADOW OAT GRASS.
ORCHARD GRASS.
VA. GRET WINTER OATS.
Price very low. Will furnish directions how
re a stand of each. Refer to Editor of
Southern Planter.

C. E. JONES, Oaryabrook, Va.

nrujo in every county t « . sell oar
I lit" lo lubricating oils to the farmers
planters, mills, etc rbose having a little
spare time occasionally could not put it in to

better advantage. Also makes an excellent
side line lor traveling men. We pay a liberal
commission and furnish sample case free.
For particulars, address THE VICTnl: OIL
CU.. Cleveland, Ohio.

PAINT TALKS— IX.
A Practical Demonstration.

In the preceding papers of this series,
I have given various reasons for prefer-
ring the better class of combination
paints. I now propose that the property
owner shall put this teaching to a practi-
cal proof, which is within the reach of
anvone that has a house to be painted
this fall.

I propose that he shall paint one-half
of each side of the house with pure white
lead and oil (being careful to purchase
lead bearing the brand of an actual cor-
roden, and the other half with some
good combination paint. I am particular
about the brand of lead, because a com-
bination paint might easily be purchased
by mistake, and the test would then be
between two combination paints, and
would prove nothing as to the qualities
of lead. Let him note, first, the actual
cost of painting equally well each of the
two halves: then let him observe the
comparative appearance of each ; and, as
time passes, let him watch the deteriora-
tion of each.

Within a year or two, the superiority
of the combination paint will be demon-
strated ; and if the experimenter, when
repainting becomes necessary, would re-
paint only the portion requiring it with
the original material, adding the cost to
the original item, under its proper head,
he could eventually settle this question
so effectually in his own neighborhood
that there would be no longer room for
any argument about it.

it would not be proper for me to adver-
tise here any of the many combination
paints suitable for this test: but if any
one desiring to make the experiment will
address me in care of this paper, I will
furnish a list of approved makes, obtain-
able in hi6 neighborhood.

To make this experiment fair, each ex-
posure of the house should be divided
(roughly) into two halves, of which one
should be painted with pure white lead,
the other with the combination paint.
Every exposure will thus have an equal
chance, which is necessary to a fair test,
a? the southern exposure is much more
severe on paints than the other exposures.
The brands should also be removed from
the packages and private marks substi-
tuted, so that the painter may not be
tempted to treat the two kinds of paint
differently. It might also be instructive
to inquire which paint the painter re-
gards, from its appearance and working
qualities, as the better.

Here is a practical suggestion which, if
carried out by a sufficient number of
properly owners throughout the country,
will settle the paint question definitely,
and will eventually save a great deal of
money and annoyance to the paint con-
sum in j public.

I have asserted that a properly pre-
pared combination paint containing a
large proportion of zinc white, is cheaper,
covers more surface, holds its color longer
and is more durable than any other form
of house paint, and if paint authorities
know anything about the subject, the
paint user will save himself money and
trouble by following my suggestion.

Stanton Dcdi.ev.

oPeANIZED,fi3^

fiRE & MARINE))
JilMIlT

RICHMOND. VA

ASSETS.

SF50.000.

DIRECTORS :
Wm. H Palmer. D. O. Davis,

E. B. Addison. E J. Willis.

Thomas Potts. Wm. Josiah Leake,

W. Otto Nolting.

WM. H. PALMER.
W. H. MCCARTHY,

President.
Secretary.

State A. and M. Co g
At BLACXSBURS, VIRGINIA

400 acres. Steam-beating and Electric Lights
in Dormitories. Degree Courses in Agricul-
ture: Horticulture: Civil, Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering: Applied Chemistry
and General Science. Shorter Courses in Prac-
tical Agriculture and Practical Mechanics.

Total cost of session of nine months, in-
cluding tuition and other fees, clothing, board,
washing, text-boots, medical attendance, etc,
about $195.00. Cost to Slate stu.ients. $16.5.00.
Next session begins Sept. 21. 1S9S. For cata-
logue, applv to

J. M. McBRYDE. Ph. P.. LL. P.. Pres't.

FARMERS' CAIi'iiAS CS VERS

OF WATERPROOF OR PLAIN DUCK.
Stack. Wagon. Agricultural Implement. A-c.
Covers for all purposes. HORSE COVERS,
Waterproof or Plain Duck. TENTS for Fairs.
Shows, Ac. Sportsmen's Canvas Goods. Cir-
culars. Samples, Ac. HENRY DERBY.

124 Chambers St.. New York.

Breeding Ducks

WekeepoDly the best blood in our yards.
Write for priw* and circulars of the

MAMMOTH IMPERIAL PZKIS DUCKS

MORGANS DUCK RANCH.
J. W. Morgan, Prop. Riverton, Va.

To Reduce My Stock of Fowls

I will for a short time sell for 75e. each — old
or voung— Pure-!. red LIGHT HRAHMAS,
WHITE and BARRED PLY'MOCTH ROCKS,
and PEKIX DDCKS. INDIAN GAMES—
each— $1.50.

W. C. 1 OBSET, Pilkinton. Va.

Cockerels. $1.
Write M. A. OLhEY. Coleman's Falls. Va.

189S.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

489

White Wyandottes.
6. P. Rocks.

Stock Bred for Utility Purposes.

Have a few vigorous farm raised

.. COCKERELS ..

left. Also a few

BUFF WYANDOTTES.

WALTER WATSON, Salem, Va.

ISO

Young Thoroughbred

JERSEY HEIFERS «^ BULLS

FOR SALE AT HARD PAN PRICES.

Blood of the famous Stoke Pogis, St.
Lambert and Coomassle blended. Paying
special attention to breeding my cattle, I have
reached a degree of excellence not surpassed
by any herd in the State. POLAND-CHINA
Pigs always on hand. Write for what you want
Swift Creek Stock and Dairy Farm,
T. P. BRASWELL, Prop., Battleboro, N. C.

ELLERSLIE FARM^r
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J. HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co., Va.

St. Omer Herd..

Large strong cows. Perfect udders,
good teats. Four-gallon cows the
rule, not the exception. Choice lot
of Exileand Signal bulls now ready
for service.
All Stock Tuberculin Tested.

JOS. T. HOOPES. BYNUM, Md.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H. WHITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

FINELY BRED

Jacks and Jennets

W. E. KNIGHT 4. CO.
Na.hville, Tck

THE PROBLEM OF FERTILITY.

It is hardly necessary in this age of
advanced agricultural knowledge to urge
upon the farmers of the country the use
of barnyard and stable manures as a
means of increasing fertility. But it is
advisable, and almost necessary, to point
out, when opportunity offers, better meth-
ods of preparing and distributing ma-
nures. Several prominent principles and
facts should be held constantly in mind
in the handling and application of farm

manures. Next to quality and richness
of fertilizing material, the most impor-
tant point is the mechanical condition of
manure. It transpires from both experi-
ment and experience that a medium of
even inferior quality of manure will pro-
duce better results, when properly pre-
pared and properly applied, than a much
better manure can possibly produce when
applied by the old fashioned hand
method. It is well to remember always
that all plants take their nourishment
only in the liquid form. It follows, then,
that the finer the manure when it is ap-
plied to crops, the more readily will it be
reduced to a liquid and made available
as food for plants. The complete fining
and the even distribution of manure is
only possible by the use of a machine
specially constructed for such work. Such
a machine is the Kemp Manure Spreader,
manufactured by the Kemp & Burpee
Mfg. Co., of Syracuse, N. Y. Write them
for their valuable and instructive free
book, "The Problem of Fertility."

THE GREAT VIRGINIA STATE FAIR,
OCTOBER 4-5-6-7, 1898.

To be Held at Norfolk, Va.

All of the latest attractions, up-to-date
in all departments and particulars. A
big show will give a free exhibition daily
in front of grand stand. The five great
guideless wonders perform daily on the
track. These famous horses race daily
without any harness, rider or driver, and
are alone worth the price of admission.
A fine dog show is added to the already
big display. The manufactured display
will be the largest ever given at a State
Fair. The display of cattle, sheep and
swine will be the finest ever held in the
South, as all of the winning prize herds
of cattle, comprising Shorthorns, Here-
fords, Devons, Polled Angus, Ayshires,
Jerseys, and grades; sheep of all kinds
and breeds ; pigs of high and low pedi-
gree, and of all sizes. Poultry in large
numbers of choice varieties will also be
on hand to help swell the mammoth dis-
play. The racing will be the finest ever
held in the South, with three full races
daily. Don't forget the Virginia Derby,
which will be run on Thursday, October
6th, 1898.

COTTAGE VALLEY STOCK FARrt.

Thoroughbred ESSEX HOGS.

Pigs, 8 to 10 weeks old, $10 each, or 818 a pair.

Also a first-class Steel Full Circle Baling

Press, good as new, for sale.

W. M. Watkiss, Proprietor, Randolph, Va.

STORY COUNTY HERD OF

DUROC JERSEY SWINE

Bred from the very best stock. All
registered. For prices, etc;, address

N. L. NILES, Ames, Iowa.

SHROPSHIRES.

Flock headed by 325 lb.
ram. Rams, lambs, year-
lings and two-year-^lds.
CHESTER WHITES Show
pigs All stock eligible
to record. Write for cir-
cular and save money.

S. SPRAGTJE, Falconer, N. Y.

STOCK FARM.

HOME OFTHE
.GOLDEN FLEECE

SHROPSHIRES;

idsome Lqtolojiue tree
AHfoSTER.PropV.,

AlleoVui, Mich.

EACLE POINT FARM.

BERKSHIRE PIGS

ELIGIBLE TO REGISTRY.

Bred from the Choicest Boars and Sows.

Three Months Old, $7: Pair. $12.

War. B. Withers, Roane's, Gloucester, Co.,Va.

FOR SALE!

A Fine Lot of PIGS sired by a son of J. H.
Sanders, also by a son of " LOOK ME OVER."
Pigs not akin can be furnished. A splendid
lot of Sows, elegantly bred, daughters of
Klever's Model, Chief Tecumseh 2d. and
Zenith Chief. Every breeder of Poland-Chinas
knows that the five hogs named have sold for
thousands of dollars. You can buy now for
one-third of western prices. Also a few regis-
tered Shropshire Bucks.
ARROWHEAD. STOCK FARM, Charlottesville. Va.
Sam'l B. Woods, Proprietor.

THE FILSTON FARM

^JERSEY HERD ^

(Ovsr 300 in Number)

Will Sell the Following Ball Calves
AT REASONABLE PRICES :

(\np • Dropped Aug 26. 1817. By inbred

Ullw . Combination bull Tonnage, out of

^^^~ Pogis Dingy, that promises to exceed

8,000 lbs. for first year in milk Has

25 per cent, of the blood of the great

Matilda 4th.

A'Jrl . Dropped March t8. 1898. By Ton-
^U . nage, out of saucy Sally, a daughter
~ ™ "" — of Matilda's Stoke Posis and grand-
dam of Rex ; 40 lbs. of milk and 16
lbs. of butter.

A -J A . Dropped April 14 1891. By Gold Pe-
JU . dro, a son of Pedro, out of Perli-
— ™ ^~ vanta;511bs. milk one day. 1.3S4 lbs.
31 days, and 16 lbs. 5 oz. butter.

These Cows are Prize Winners in the
Dairy and Show-Ring.

For Pedigrees and Prices, address

ASA B. GARDINER, Jr., Treas. and Mgr,

CJLENCOE, BALT. CO., MD.

400

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

SOME N'ICE TOMATO RECEIPTS.

M. W. EARLY, WINGINA, VA.

Sometimes a housekeeper is debarred
from making soup because she has no
Boup meat to serve as a basis for it ; but a
very nice tomato soup may be made with-
out it.

Take a quart of fresh milk and put it
on the stove to boil, in a graniteware
saucepan, or porcelain-lined kettle. Peel
and cut up a pint of tomatoes and put
them on in a nice saucepan. It is better
to have mostly juice. Rub a tablespoon-
ful of butter, and the same of corn starch,
into a smooth paste, and put it into the i
milk when the latter boils, stirring it till
it thickens. Pour the tomatoes into the
milk, when both are boiling, stir briskly
a few minutes, season with celery salt, or
plain salt, and serve.

Ripe Tomato Pickle.

Use tomatoes not overripe. Puncture
them slightly, and put them in a jar, with
layers of sliced onion between them and
salt sprinkled over them. Take them out,
in a few days, giving them a slight
squeeze to extract the salty juice. Put
them in a jar and cover them with strong
vinegar, boiling half of it, and seasoning
it with horse radish and any other spices
preferred. A little mustard is an im-
provement.

Sweet Tomato Pickle.

Seven pounds of tomatoes (small ones
preferable), pulled whole. Make a syrup
of a quart of strong vinegar, three pounds
nf white sugar, a half ounce each of cin-
namon, mace and cloves. Drop the toma-
toes in and let them cook about fifteen
minutes.

Tomato and Horse-Radish Sauce.

Take ripe tomatoes, put them in a brass
kettle or large dinner pot, and cover them
with water When they come to a boil,
take them off and press them through a
colander, with a stout kitchen spoon. To
a gallon of the pulp thus obtained, add a
quart of strong cider vinegar, three
pounds nf white sugar, a quart of horse-
radish, grated (or ground in a sausage mill,
which is much more convenient). Add
salt to the taste, and pepper, if desired.
Cook the mixture about an hour. The
above sauce makes a delicious condi-
ment, to be used with any kind of meat.

NO CAUSE OF COMPLAINT.
Two Irish laborers, old-time friends,
met on the street in San Francisco re-
cently, and, af er a cordial handshake,
one of them inquired : " An' where have
yees b'en, Moike?" " Workin' on the
fan-urns in Southern California," was the
reply, "and O'iui moighty glad ter git
hark." " What happened yees there?"
\va> the next inquiry. "Th' weather. It
was too doombed hot. Why, whin Oi
was a workin' near Frisco th' t'ermom'ter
marked wan hundred and sixteen da^rais
in th' shade." " Is that so? Will, be
hivens, they didn't make yees worruk in
th' shade, did they?" — Argonaut.

Scrofula, hip disease, salt rheum, dys-

Eepsia, and other diseases due to impure
lood, are cured by Hood's Sarsaparilla.

iBiltmore Farms

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN!

you KNOW • . .

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual.

WE SAY . • •

That we can supply you with the very best
A. J. 0. C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.

Berkshires, Southdowns and Standard Poultry.

Apply to Q. F. WESTON, Superintendent,

BlLTMORE, N. C.

HIGH-BRED

ENGLISH

Pigs

™ BERKSHIRE

These pigs are sired by Sir John Bull, of X. Benjafield's
herd, of Motcombe, England, who is patronized by—

Her Majesty the Queen :

His Roval Highness Duke of Conuaught;

His Roval Highness Duke of York ;

His Royal Highness Prince Christian, etc.

Imported by me last November. Dams of the purest
and most aristocratic families of English blood. Pedi-
grees furnished with every pig. A rare chance for
entirely foreign and new blood for your herds.
41 Pigs now on hand at one-third

Western Prices

Address THOS S. "WHITE, Lexington, Va.

'

to Cet My Prices Before
You Purchase,

It Will Pay You

POLAND-CHINAS

My herd contains the blood of the best strains and
prize winners. My herd is a healthy one. Young pigs
and older ones are as fine specimens as the breed produces.
Order at once. Satisfaction guaranteed.

S. SYDNEY BRADFORD,
Oak Grove Stock Farm. Fredericksburs, Va.

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTER.

491

WOOD STOVES.
We invite the attention of our readers
to the advertisement of the March-
Brownback Stove Co , of Pottstown, Pa.
They offer one of the handiest as well as
cheapest stoves on the market. It burns
chips, cobs, shavings, wood, etc., and is
perfectly airtight and will preserve the
fire indefinitely. Write for circulars, etc.

FOOD FOR PLANTS.
This valuable treatise by Harris can be
had for 10 cents at our office, or will be
given free to any new subscriber who
asks for it.

"A little farm well tilled" is what
every young man who aspires to be a
farmer should strive for. How much
more independent is the man who actu-
ally owns ten, twenty, forty or eighty
acres than he who holds hundreds, and
pays a high rent on them in the form of
interest on a mortgage.

" Better be the owner of five acres than
the renter of a thousand," said an old
farmer who began with nothing, and now
owns three hundred and twenty acres of
as fine land as the sun shines on. " Buy
ten acres as a nucleus, and add to it as
you can, always paying cash for what
you buy," he continued. " Don't spend
your money for tools and implements
you don't need. Buy good ones when
you buy, and take the right sort of care
of them, and they will last as long as
you do. I have a wagon I bought thirty
years ago, and it will carry a ton of coal
from town now. I have several tools
and implements I bought fifteen and
twenty years ago that are almost as good
now as when new. Many a farmer has
bankrupted himself buying implements
to replace those gone to rack and ruin
through simple lack of care.'

MARK TWAIN AS A STUMP-
SPEAKER.
Once in a while Mark has taken a hand
in politics. On one occasion, being in-
vited to speak in the interest of his fel-
low-townsman, General Joseph Hawley,
who was a candidate for re-election to the
United States Senate, he said, in the
course of a droll address : " General
Hawley deserves your support, although
he has about as much influence in puri-
fying the Senate as a bunch of flowers
would have in sweetening a glue factory.
But he's all right; he never would turn
any poor beggar away from his door
empty-handed. He always gives them
something— almost without exception a
letter of introduction to me, urging me
to help them."— October Ladies' Home
Journal.

Perry — I wish'd I'd of paid moreatten-
to this here war.

Wayworn — What good would it do you?

"Just this: I'd be goin' around right
now as a wounded soldier from Cuby,
only I dunno which regiment to belong
to. It would be jist my luck to name one
of them outfits that never got away from
home." — Cincinnati Enquirer.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

Bargains in Berkstiires

As I contemplate a change in business, I will
offer CHEAP, for the next 30 days, about ....

50 Head

of the best bred Berkshire
Hogs in the United States

Including ten Registered Brood Sows, the balance being
spring pigs, both sexes, and entitled to registry.

Considering the quality of this stock and their heading,
no such bargains were ever offered by a first-class breeder.

Write, or come and get my prices.

LYNNWOOD STOCK FARM,

J. F. LEWIS, Proprietor. LYSiS WOOD, VA.

Are Yon a Hog

RAISER? If you appre-
ciate the value of good
blood, try one of my

Extra High bred
Berkshire Pigs

to improve what you have.
There are no better pigs In
the world than mine. All
sired by Biltmore's Long-
fellow 4-1(175, and dams of
the best English blood.

Price, $5.00— no more —
no less. Ready for delivery
Sept. 15th. Get your order
booked, as these pigs will
go at these prices.
Address J. SCOTT MOOSE, "County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.— T/iix is to Certify, That we are personally acquainted with Mr.
J. Scott Moore, breeder of Berkshire hogs. Know him to be a reliable and responsible gentle-
man, and persons will find it a pleasure to do business with him: A. T. Shields, Clerk Rock-
bridge County Court; R. R. Witt, Clerk Rockbridge Circuit Court; Thos. A. Sterrett, sheriff of
Rockbridge Co. ; s. R. Moore, Treasurer Rockbridge Co. ; Robert Catlett, Commonwealth's At-
torney Rockbridge Co. ; J. S. Saville, Supt. of Schools Rockbridge Co. ; T. E. McCorkle, Mayor
of Lexington.

AND ALSO REMEMBER

I have sold about all the Sheep I can spare
this season but two. Have now to offer over
one hundred head of choice

Poland-China, English Berkshire, and
Todd's Improved Chester White Pigs

As good as the best (hogs raised on separate
farms). Two Choice Purebred Durham Bull
Calves Barred Plymouth Rock and Silver
Wyandotte Chickens, White Holland Turkeys
and Pekin Ducks. Get my prices, as I can
save you money.

HIGHLANDS STOCK AND POULTRY FARM,

B. WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. FANCY HILL, VA.

492

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[October

THE WATERMELON".

You Wi'yam, come 'ere, suh, dis instance.

Wu' dat you got under dat box ?

I do' want no foolin' — you bear me? Wnt

you say ? Ain't nu'h'n' but rocks '.'
'Peats ter me you's awdashoa p'ticler.

S'posin dev's of a new kine.
I'll des take a look at dem rocks. Hi yi !

der ycu tbink dat l's bline ?

I calls dat a plain watermillion, you

scamp, en I knows whab it growed ;
It come fum de Jimmerson cawn-fiel', dah

on ter side er de road.
You stole it, you rascal — you stole it ! I

watched you fum down in de lot.
En time I gits tb'ough wid you, nigger,

you won't eb'n be a grease spot !

I'll fix you. Mirandy ! Mirandy ! go cut

me a hick'ry — make ase !
En cut me de tougbes' en keenes' you c'n

fine any whah on de place.
I'll lam you, Mr. Wi'yam Joe Yetters, ter

steal en ter lie, you young sinner,
Disgracin' yo' ole Christian mammy, en

makin' her leave cookin' dinner !

Now ain't you 'sbamed er yo'se'f, suh ? I

is. Is 'shamed you's my son !
En de boh' accorjan angel he's 'shamed

er wut you has done ;
En he's tuck it down up yander in coal

black, blood-red letters —
" One watermillion stolen by Wi'yam

Josepbus Yetters."

En wut you s'posen Brer Bacom, yo'

teacher at Sunday-school,
U'd say ef he knowed how you's broke

de good Lawd's Gold'n Rule?
Bov, wnah's de raisin' I give you? Is

you boun' fer ter be a black villian?
I's s'prised dat a chile er you' mammy 'd

steal any man's watermillion.

En I's now gwiner cut it right open, en

you shain't have nary bite,
Fuh a boy who'll steal watermillions — en

dat in de day's broad light —
Ain't — Lawdy! it's green! Mirandy!

Mirandy ! come on wi' dat swich !
Well, stealin' a g-r-e-e-n watermillion!

who ever veered tell er des sich ?

Cain't tell w'en dey's ripe? W'y you thump

um en w'en dey go pank dey is green ;
But w'en dey go punk, now you mine me,

dey's ripe— en dat's des wut I mean.
En nex' time yu hook watermillions — yu

heered me, you ign'ant, you hunk —
Ef you do' wani a lickin' all over, be sbo

dat dey allers go " punk ! "

— Harrison Robertson.

AN ACCIDENT.
A man was asked the cause of his
father's death, and replied that " while
addressing a large outdoor assemblage of
people, who were listening to his remarks
with the greatest interest, a portion of
the platform upon which he was standing
gave way beneath him, whereby he was
precipitated several feet with such vio-
lence as to break his neck." The man's
father was banged. — Chamber's Journal.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

15

SHORT-HORNS

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE!

9

Champion Cup, 121743, the great son of the famous Cup Bearer, 52692,
and Warrior Brave, 121517, by Knight of the Thistle, 108656, at the head of
our herds.

Our cattle are of the purest strains; including Pure Scotch and Scotch
Topped Bates, representing such noted families as the famous Duchess, Rose
of Sharon, Young Mary, Josephine, Illustrious, Moss Rose, and the great
Cruick8hank Gwendolines and Secrets.

15 TO 30 BTLL CALVES - — — — >

from 3 to 6 months, sired by the above named sires. Also 3 yearling
Bulls. Parties wanting heifers will address W. W. Bentley, who will
spare four, by Knight of Weldon in calf to Champion Cup.

Correspondence solicited. Satisfaction guaranteed.
For further particulars and prices, call on or address —

W. W. BENTLEY, JNO. T. COWAN,

Pulaski City, Va. Cowan's Mills, Va.

/"* ATT I p Jerseys & Guern-

W/\ I I L«l-i» seys— all ages. Seven
head of two-year Devon heifers in calf.

lj f\f\ C Berkshires of the highest ]M

* IvyV_l4k?« tpye. Sows in pig. voung #>

boars and young sows

POWI S ligl1' Brall,

in a. Plymouth Book and Brown
Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Dncks.

pifif~|C English Mastiff, Shepherd and Fox Terriers. A fine
L/"VJ<J. lot of puppies from the latter ready soon.

(©"Write for what you trant.^i

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

QNLY \ BACON HALL FARM.

ATTRArTIVE ' Hereford Bulls, at present.
A l l n Au 1 1 v t Berkshires, all ages.

STOCK v Dorset Rams, Yearling Lambs.

en in I Satisfaction or no money.

E. M. t. II. I. IT. Verona. Baltimore Co.. Md.

THORN HILL STOCK FARM, Lexington, va

r ^ ^^^^s^-^^-»^^»^^^^^^N^-^^'^rN^^s^-^N^~ F D CoE pBopR,ETOB

SPECIALTIES 1117111

Begistered Poland-China Hogs, Imported and Home-bred
Shropshire Sheep, Jersey Cattle and Pure-bred Poultry.

Choice Poland-China Pigs of Free Trade and Black U. S. blood at hard-time prices.

Orders booked now for choice buck and ewe lambs from my flock of Shropshires, at prices in
reach of all. EGGS from Mammoth Pekin Ducks and W. P. Plymouth Rocks, at SI per setting.
Satisfaction guaranteed every purchaser.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

493

DELICIOUS APPLE JELLY.

DOLLIE MERRILL.

" Live and learn." "We are never too
old to learn." These were the remarks
made to me a few days ago, when I was
telling how I had seen some one make
apple jelly. And so I will pass it along,
hoping it may henefit some one. The
n'cest jelly, and the finest tasting, is
made from apples that have been pared
and cored, but if made from unpared ap-
ples, choose a yellow or green colored ap-
ple. The Grimes Golden is the best
variety. Stew a granite kettlefnl of pre-
pared apples over a rather slow fire in
water enough to cover, so they will not
burn, and stew a long time, three- fourths
of an hour at least, so the apples will go
to pieces, and the juice gains a milky
color. Then drain off the juice into a
new tin pail, and put enough water over
to make the pulp rather thin, place over
a low fire, and mash and stir until it
comes to a boil for a few minutes, then
pour all into a jelly bag and hang up to
drain over the pail. When cool enough
to handle, squeeze with the hands until
dry, and the good is all out of the pulp.
It- is best to have several keUles cooking
at one time, filling the pail with the juice
as fast as obtained. When full, set away
in a cool place until the following day.

Now, here is where you will think I
am wrong, but I am not. In the morning
this juice will have settled. Pour off the
clear juice, measure in a pint cup, put in
granite iron kettle, and place on a stove.
While it is heating, measure and add the
sugar, allowing three-fourths of a pint of
sugar for every pint of juice, boil until it
jells, which will not take over fifteen or
twenty minutes ; only boil about three
pints down at a time, or in one kettle,
and boil brisklv. Skim if needed, while
boiling. The settling will make good
jelly, but is not so clear to look at. If
handled right, your jell will be almost as
clear as water. Be careful not to cook
too much, as the jell would then be hard,
but take off as soon as it jells the least
bit in the saucer where you have dropped
a bit to test it and dip into the molds im-
mediately. Use only granulated sugar
for jelly.

INDOORS AND OUT.

" My health was very poor, and I suf-
fered from dizzy spells, rheumatism, and
weak nerves. I did not care to live in
such a condition. Hood's Sarsaparilla
has changed all this. It has completely
cured me, and I am now able to work
hard indoors and out." — Mrs. John A.
Lively, Dallas, West Virginia.

Hood's Pills are the favorite family
cathartic. Easy to take, easy to operate.
25 cents.

HIS GOOD TASTE.

"What did Colonel Stilwell say about
the branded peaches we sent to cheer his
convalescence ? "

" He said he was afraid he was not
strong enough to eat the fruit," replied
the little girl, " but that he appreciated
the spirit in which it was sent." — Wash-
ington Star.

FOR SALE : Five or Six thoroughbred mares

^ • of the Purest and Best Blood.

Sound and all right. Believed to be in foal to Imported Charaxus and
Eon. Sold for no fault. I have more than I want to keep.
Also a few SHORTHORNS and SOUTHDOWNS.

R. J. HAXCOCK,
Overton, Albemarle Co., Ta.

HOLSTE I N-FRIESI ANS

Of the bluest blood-(N E T H E R L A N DS ,
PIETERTJES, CLOTHILDES). Rich, heavy
milkers; magnificent animals.

BERKSHIRE HOGS (Registered)

" Mayor of Biltmore " at head of my herd

English Beagle Dogs, Brown Leghorn
and Plymouth Rock Chickens.

Choice stock of all above for sale at right prices
Address—

T. O. SANDY, Burkeville, Va.

GHSTON STOCK F7SR7UT.

Holstein-Friesian I Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals'of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JNO. U. DETRICE, Somerset, Ta.

«NOM OFFERS FOR SHLE«

Pure-bred Hoist ein Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire
Liambs— delivered by July 1st, Bucks for $7. 00; Ewes, $5.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, 812.00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, $5.00;
three months old, $7.00, and five months old, £10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Tnrkeys now taken— $7.00 per pair ; $10.00 per trio.

494

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

"'SPLODIN' MATCHES AND
SWINGIN' HA'R."

Negroes in the South have a habit of
sticking matches, toothpicks and ciga-
rettes behind their ears, and it is a com-
mon thing to see one of them, when
asked for a match, pull one out of the
closely kinked wool just over hie ear.
Frequently they have a dozen or more
stored away there. Not long ago, an At-
lanta policeman (says the Journal), whose
beat includes " Rusty Row," a favorite
resort for idle negroes, had occasion to
arrest a notorious vagrant, whose main
occupation was fighting and draining the
beer kegs left in front of bar-rooms.

This man, as usual, resisted arrest and
attacked the officer fiercely. The officer
saw that extreme measures were neces-
sary, and, drawing his club, aimed a blow
at the negro's head. The result was as
alarming as it was unexpected. As the
club came in contact with the man's head,
just over the left ear, there was a cracking
sound, and from the hair tongues of blue,
sulphurous flame shot out. The negro
dropped to the ground and the club fell
from the officer's nerveless hand, while a
look of wild-eyed amazement appeared
on his countenance. He had hit people
with the same club before — in fact, rather
frequently, and blood had sometimes fol-
lowed the blows; but never before had
they drawn flame and smoke. He was
about to leave the place hurriedly, not
knowing what he had done, when his
victim sat up and said reproachfully:
" <_to 'way, man, you done 'splode all my
matches and swinge my h'ar often my
baid." The officer was so much relieved
that he broke his record by letting the
man go his way in peace.

DEVELOP OUR OWN COUNTRY.

Kindly permit me to congratulate you
upon your success in "hitting the nail on
the head," when giving your reasons in
the issues of August 27th and September
10th for opposing territorial expansion.
I am persuaded that you express the
views of an immense majority of the
wealth producers of the country. Uncle
Sam owns millions of acres of unoccupied
lands which he offers almost for the ask-
ing. These lands would make twenty
States as large as Kentucky, and the cost
of the proposed imperial policy for the
next ten years would build a town upon
every quarter section of this vast empire
of rich and productive land in our own
" land of the free and the home of the
brave," which is far more healthful and
desirable than tropical countries with
their hordes of savages. — S. E. Hampton,
Milton, Ky.

How true the above is. No section
will suffer so much from imperialism as
the West and South, no class so much as
the farmer To what Dr. Hampton writes
might be more forcibly added the enor
mous increase in population and prosper-
ity that would follow concentrating upon
the development of our own Southern
States the forces that now " seek an out
let" in the tropics. " Distance lends en-
chantment to the view," but if our peo-
ple will fully develop the resources of
the American continent the job will re-
quire all their powers for the next 250
years. — American Agriculturist.

ADMIRAL, VOL. XX.

POLAND-
CHINAS...

A superior lot of pigs by my fine young Boars, "Admiral" and "Commodore.'
'Admiral" was bred by Ed. Clover, and "Commodore" is of my own breeding. The
two best strains of living Hogs represented in this herd Sows in pig. and Young
Boars and Sows of all ages. Send to headquarters and get the best from the oldest
and largest herd of Poland- Chinas in the State, at hard time prices.

Address, J. B. GRAY, Fredericksburg, Va.

Barred, White and Buff Plymouth Rocks
...EGGS FOR HATCHING

■mm. Si. 00 per Setting of Fifteen Eggs for rest of the season.

My birds are carefully mated for best results, and will not only hold their
own in the show room with any other breeder — North or South— but are also
extremely.vigorous and healthy and are prolific layers.

rock Box 42. J. H. GARST, Salem, Ta.

HENS bfroekd LAYING

Instead of introducing other breeds, we have for several years bred a great strain of
winter-laying BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS, in addition to our noted show birds of this
breed. Best of references. Eggs and stock for sale. Fifty Cockerels at half price for a short
time. Improve your stock aud make it pay.

GEO. HARRISON MORRIS, Ashland, Va.

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &c.
Grape Vines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. 'Write ufc
If you contemplate planting1. Catalogues free.

AGENTS "WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. T. HOOD <Sc CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

When you write to an advertiser, always say you saw the adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

495

THE SOUTHERN PUNTER'S

(111 Offers 1 1891.

READ-

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals :

DAILIES. ">'« «"™

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 86 00 $(> 25

The Times, •• " 500 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. 0 6 00 6 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times, " " 1 00 1 50

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

" Round Table 100 175

Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00 1 60

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00 2 75

Christian Advocate, " "... 2 00 2 50

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 150 2 00

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Horseman 3 00 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St. Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Lippincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' " 4 00 4 00

Forum " 3 00 3 25

Scribner's " 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey's " 1 00 1 60

Strand " 1 25 2 00

McClure's " 1 00 1 60

Peterson's " 1 00 1 50

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from "our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage 01
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired; we will oheerfully answer any
correspondence.

We furnish no sample copies of other periodi-
cals.

Seed House of the South.

WHITE

(I.OVF.R,

I1HKII VKA

CLOVER,

JAPAN

CLOVER,

TIMOTHY

BUCKWHEAT.
OATS and
CANE SEED.

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIEI.O AND GARDEN SEEDS oi

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGLASfD'S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

-WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pare Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired.

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

IOI6 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

LEE'S PREPARED AGRICULTURAL LIME....

As we have had so seasonable a summer, there is a heavy growth of
VEGETATION. Now is your tinie to use our Prepared Lime.

On account of the war acid phosphate has materially advanced in price,
while we are selling at the same as last season.
We made a small quantity of

SPECIAL WHEAT FERTILIZER

Last fall as a trial on corn land. All who tried it say they had better wheat on
their corn land than they had on tobacco land, on which they used 7 0 or SOU lbs
of standard fertilizers to the acre. Write for circulars to —

A. S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

Pomona Hill Nurseries, pomgna, n. c.

Large stock of the following varieties of
apple trees, and many other market va-
rieties for Fall 1898, and Spring 1899 sales.

YORK IMPERIAL (Johnson's Fine Winter), ALBEMARLE PIPPIN, BEN

DAVIS, WINE SAP, ARK, MAMMOIH BLACK.

500,000 Peach Trees, leading varieties. Also a complete line of general nursery stock. All trees

guaranteed absolutely true to name and free of all diseases
Take time to write for catalogue, and give us an estimate ol your wants.

J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor, PoMOK

49G

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

Murray Boocock's Castalia Herd

... SUPPLIES ...

PURE-BRED PEDIGREE HEREFORDS

QUALITY and

QUANTITY

COMBINED

ORDER BULL
CALVES EARLY

OF UNEQUALLED QUALITY.

&w^ww*fw*f*fw*$ P- O. Keswick, Va

All fashionable strains. Cows by Beau Real, Wild
Tom, Earl of Shadeland 22d ; in calf to Salisbury,
Gold Dollar, Dale, Actor and Lamplighter, Jr.

All orders and inquiries promptly attended to by

FRANK C. CROSS, Manager.

The Hancock Rotary Disc Plow...

IS THE GREATEST PLOW OH EARTH

For broadcasting, breaking black prairie or red clay lands; for turning under corn or cotton stalks, oat or wheat stubble, Ber-
muda sod or Johnson grass, there is no implement manufactured which will equal it. It cuts from 12 to 14 inches wide and
from 6 to 10 inches deep at the will of the user. It will break up two to three acres a day, and will do it with lighter draft
and pulverize the ground better than any other plow manufactured.

WE GUARANTEE EVERY HANCOCK ROTARY DISC PLOW to give entire satisfaction in any kind of soil or
under any conditions, and will replace absolutely free of charge any part or parts which may
break within twelve months from the date of purchase.

2,000 Sold Since February, 1898.

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

THE COMBINED EEED MILL AND HORSE POWER

Every farmer needs it. None can afford to be without it. As a Mill it grinds table
meal, ear corn, shelled corn or wheat for feed. As a Power it will run a Corn Sheller,
Feed Cutter, Wood Saw or Threshing Machine.

Are in every respect the best in the world. Made in five
sizes, and range in capacity to meet the wants of every-
one. All have the upward cut, patent Rocking Feed
Rollers, and on power machines Safety Balance Wheels.

THE BOWSHER COMBINATION MILL for corn and cob,
all kinds of small grain, cotton seed Crushes corn with
shucks. Sizes, 2 to 12 horse power.

Baling Presses Tor Hand. Steam and Horse Power. Engines, Saw Mil!*. Grist Mills, Grain

Drills. Plows and Castings of all kinds. Harrows. Corn Shelters, Road Carts. Buggies,

Surreys, Farm Wagons, Log Trucks. Implements. Machinery and Vehieles

of every description.

WATT PLOW CO.

1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

497

The Attractions are going to be Superior to any ever before shown at a State Fair.

Hot* Car0ll"a.. State fair

RALEIGH, OCTOBER 25, 26, 27, 28, 1898.

Products of the Finest Farms in the State!

The celebrated farms of Biltmore, owned by G. W.
Vanderbtlt, and Oak Grove Stock Farm at Burling-
ton, owned by Holt & Homewood, will have their
finest products on exhibition. These two exhibits
are alone worth a visit to the Fair.

AW»wvyvywv

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

THAT CANNOT BE EXCELLED ANYWHERE.

HORSES, Tne Finest In the Country.

CATTLE.

The cattle show will be something grand. Large
herds of not less than a dozen of the finest breeds in
the world.

POULTRY.

If you want to see the very finest in the United
States, come to the Fair.

The SHEEP and SWINE EXHIBIT will surpass anything ever before shown in the State.

Then there will be the finest samples of the HAND-WORK of the fair women of the State. PAINTINGS, DRAWINGS, etc., from the
most celebrated artists in the country. The exhibits from the Female Schools of the State will be the handsomest and most attractive ever
shown in North Carolina. There will be the finest displays of FURNITURE. MACHINERY, etc., ever before shown in the State.

This year the Races are going to be the most interesting
ever before had. Some of the fastest horses in the United
States will be at the Fair.

THE RACES.

Over $2,000 in Purses
are Offered

WRITE FOR PREMIUM LIST. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, ADDRESS

JNO. S. CUNNINGHAM, President. JOHN NICHOLS, Sec'y. Raleigh, N. C.

CHAS E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMES G. HENING, of Powhatan Co., Va., Gen'l Manager.

HOWARD J. NUCKOLS, of Henr

Superior Grain and Fertilizer Drills.

Write for prices on all sizes.

CHAMPION and JOHNSTON Steel Mowers,
Reapers and Binders.

The Ail-Metal TIGER SELF-DUMP and
GRANGER HAND-DUMP HAY RAKE for One
or Two Horses.

The TIGER and JOHNSTON All-Metal
Disc Harrow— Automatic Lever.

STDDEBAKER and BROWN Farm Wagons,
Carts and Buggies.

i Co., Va., Salesman.

8L ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

Kfel llAOfl F01)DER & ENSILAGE
Iffjjg H \\ CUTTERS, SHREDDERs
Ppr llUOO & SWIVEL CARRIERS
m^r OHATTAKOOGA

m>- Improved Cane Mills.

GRIND YOUR OWN CANE.
The Best Constructed, Finest
Finished and Lightest Running
Cane Mill in the World. "Take
Time by the Forelock," and writ*
for Discounts and Terms on

Chattanooga Steel Constructed

Cane Mills,

Self-Skimming Steel and Copper

Evaporators, and Portable

Steel Furnaces.

Latest Improved Buckeye and

Hutchinson Cider Mills and

Presses.

DON 'l FORGtZ I -~^~ Write for prices.

All the merchants in town who claim to sell OLIVER PLOWS
and REPAIRS only sell the IMITATION, BOGUS, CHEAP
GOODS. The only place in Richmond, Va., to buy GENUINE
OLIVER PLOWS and REPAIRS is at 1528 East Main Street,
of CHAS. E. HUNTER.

498

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

fOctober

W #

The Richmond City Mills Co.

RICHriOND,VA.

GEO. T. KING, President.

Manufacturers of all kinds of . . .

Flour, Corn Meal, Crushed
Grain and Mill-Feed^

AND DEALERS IN

GRAIN, HAY and STRAW.

Highest Market Price in Cash Paid for Sumac

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS.

The FARMERS' SUPPLY CO., Richmond, Va.

Has just received a large consignment of ... .

»4FflRM WAG0N3D-

The MILBURN Hollow Axle and the MITCHELL
Thimble- Skein Solid Steel Axle are the leaders on the
market. Everything guaranteed. Write for prices.

STEEL ROLLERS

Are indispensable on a farm.
We offer them at a low figure.
Send for our Catalogue.

EVERY IMPLEMENT FOR THE FARM

Guaranteed VEHICLES and IMPLEMENTS.

Buggies and Carriages. Stylish and
■Durable, al Low Prices.

Bought for Cash two car loads
of Stylish Buggies and Car-
riages, which we are offering at
low prices. The workmanship
and material are guaranteed.

IN OUR SHOWROOMS,

Which are the Largest in the
State, WE EXHIBIT . . .

iriPROVED

AGRICULTURAL

IMPLEHENT5

The CAPITAL Wagon is the Best in the
World. Has 33 Improvements.

The CKOWN Drill Has No Equal.

We are agents for the CELEBRATED OHIO FEED CUTTERS,

for Power or hand, with or without Carriers. These have proved themselves
superior to all others in strength and work accomplished. Testimonials furnished.

CANE MILLS AND EVAPORATORS.

WOOD'S PATEXT SWIXCi (HIRX is not a step,, but a leap in

advance of all others _

Horse Powers. Corn Shelters, Corn Mills, Fanning Mills.
Well Fixtures, Harness all kinds.

aSf-Catalogue and Illustrated Circulars sent on application. Correspondence
cheerfully answered.

THE IMPLEMENT CO.

Office and Store, 1526 E. Main St.,

Warehouse and Factory, 1525-1533 E. Franklin St.,

H. M. SMITH & CO.'S Old Factory. RICHMOND, VA.

JL FETOT P>OIlSrTERS.

fl®*The Northwestern Mutual Life, of Milwaukee, is
the largest purely American Company;

B®"Its ratio of assets to liabilities is larger than that
of any other leading company ;

SS^-Its permits no discrimination between members ;

Sgylts dividends to policy-holders are unequaled, and
at the same time its surplus increase is relatively larger
than that of any other Company ;

I* 8ST°lt has' for more than twenty-five consecutive years
printed tables of current cash dividends for the informa-
tion of the public;

Jgylt keeps a memorandum account with each Tontine
and Semi-Tontine policy, and furnishes a statement of
the same on request after three years from date of issue ;

|®*It makes liberal loans to. policy holders on the
security of their policies ;

It issues Guaranteed Cash, Loan and Extended
Insurance Value policies — as well as other approved
forms of policy contracts, including installments, annui-
ties, etc. ;

JgyThe Northwestern imposes no restrictions what-
ever as to residence, travel or occupation after two years.

T. ARCHIBALD CARY, E

1201 Main Street. RICHMOND, VA.

Virginia State Fair and Agricultural Association

To be Held at NORFOLK, VA., October 4-7, 1898, inclusive.

Splendid Agricultural and Mechanical Exhibits. Attractions varied and interest-
ing. The Main Exhibition Building built entirely of steel and glass, 400 feet long,
and nearly 200 feet wide. A prime attraction will be the

f^S? A NT) QPrm ft ll DNIIF H ¥ °v,r 86 000 H»"S "I> in Purses of 8500 Fath,

UWflWU °rat'IJ UWBniWHL. for TROT ERS, PACERS AND RFNNERS.

FINEST HALF-MILE TRACK and Best Stabling in the South. For furthe i) <brination, address—

JOHN MARINER, Treas. and Gen. Mangr. W. E. DILLION, Sec'y, Norfolk, Va.

Farmers Must use Fertilizers to Succeed.

We offer them the following Brands, with full confidence in their merits :

"TRAVERS' WHEAT and GRASS FERTILIZER,"
"CAPITAL" BONE-POTASH FERTILIZER,

"TRAVERS' DISSOLVED BONE PHOSPHATE,"
"BEEF, BLOOD and BONE FERTILIZER,"
"STANDARD" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE,
"CAPITAL" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE.

8®»We especia'-y recommend ORCHILLA GUANO for GRASS
CLOVER. It makes it grow where all other fertilizers fail. It equals
Raw Bone, at a much less price, and makes poor land rich.

WRITE FOR PRICES. OTHER BRANDS FOR OTHER CROPS.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO., Manufact'rs, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when you" write.

— . . .. ■ -

Established 1840.

THE

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE : 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. P. JACKSON, Editor and General Manager.

Vol. 59.

NOVEMBER, 1898.

Proprietors.

No. 11

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT

Editorial— Work for the Month ....... 499

H " Remedy for Smut of Wheat, Barley

and Oats, 502

Alfalfa Growing 602

" Velvet Beans 502

Growing Leguminous Crops 502

Proposed Experiment in Tobacco Growing 504

Cow Peas 506

Cow Peas and Velvet Beans as Fertilizers for Oats, 506
Test of Fertilizers on Wheat in Southwest Virginia, 507

What is the Best Variety of Oats? 509

Lime as an Adjunct to Successful Clover Growing, 509

Enquirer's Column 510

Subsoiling and Subsoil Plows 513

Editorial— The Tobacco Market 515

The Decline in the Price of Cotton 516

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial— Work for the Month 516

" Lima Beans 516

Meeting of the Virginia State Horti-
cultural Society 616

Best Varieties of Apples for Planting

in Virginia and North Carolina 516

The Codling Moth 517

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial — Hog Breeding 518

" The Geneial Purpose Cow..'. 518

" Fattening Hogs 518

" Shropshire Bucks 519

" Hog Feeding 519

Texas Fever Ticks 520

"Baby "and Heifer Beef 520

Advantages to be Derived From Feeding a Variety

of Crops 520

Average Results From Feeding Lambs for Three

Years 521

Remedy for Worms in Lambs 523

THE POULTRY YARD :

Poultry Crop of 1898 524

Hardy Chicks 524

About the Pullets 525

A Principle in Breeding 525

Buy Your Stock Now 525

Chicken Cholera 626

THE HORSE :
Notes 626

MISCELLANEOUS :

Editorial— The Late Capt. O. A. Browne 528

The Phosphate Mines — Cheaper Fertilizers 528

Letting the Farm 529

Poblisher's Notes 531

Advertisements _..-... 631

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE.

FERGTJSSON PRINT, Richmond

Go South,

YOUNG

MEN!

eld for the Agriculturist,
Horticulturist and Manufacturer, un
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The James River Valley Colonization .

ajtd Improvemext Co. offers superior ad- \

vantagestointendingsettlers. Sendstamp

for Hand Book and list of lands. Address '

W. A. PABSONS, Vinita, Va.

"NORFOLK, VA."-Mr tie Sea.

There are cheap and beautiful homes in
the " Sunny South,-' near the sea, and
near that thriving seaport city, Norfolk.
Va., for thousands of people who want
happy homes in a mild, healthful, and de-
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The "CoRKTCOPU " tells you all about
the beautiful section of country around
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Address "Cornucopia,7' 212 Main St,
Norfolk, Va.

For Sale!

My Farm, "OW Hall." *>n the Mattaponi
River, about 30 ruiles from Richmond, Va.,
containing ">l;>a<-re*. About 300 acres cleared
and arable ; about SOaores in £ras* and clover.
Well timbered with pj .t. gum,

poplar, cedar. Ac. Watered by good springs,
and living streams, suited for st<x"k farm,
trucking, or general farming purpov
Sandy loam, cbooolau- erray, and black river
bottom, easily worked and productive. May
be easily sub-divided into several farm>, each
one fronting on the public road and running
back to the river. Tne river abounds in fish,
and is navigable for steanitn
Landing*JOOyardsfrom t/mi. Dwelling house
contains five rooms. Lrtrge barn and usual
outbuildings. Directly on the route surveyed
for the Richmond and Chesapeake Railroad.
Convenient to churches, postorBce. stores,
telephone and public schools. Location
healthy. Title sruarauteed. Price. Ten Tuor-
sa.vd Dollars <$10,000\ in payments to suit
purchaser. Possession given when sale is
made. Address. .1. \Y. FLEET, P. O. Biscoe,
King am> Qieen Co.. Va. Stock, crops, and
arming implements.

S. B. Adkins & Co.

BOOK BINDERS,

AND

Blank. Book Manufacturers,
Paper Rulers, &c.

Nos. 4 and 6 Governor St.
RICHMOND, VA.

MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED.
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Southern Planter
™!!^$1,00

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM, &c.
Grapevines, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses. &c.

ALL THE DESIRABLE STANDARD AND NEW VARIETIES.

Headquarters for Tennessee Prolific Strawberry.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three hundred and fifty acres under cultivation. 'Write us
if you contemplate planting-. Catalogues tree.

AGENTS WANTED. WRITE FOR TERMS.

W. T. HOOD <5c CO.

OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

LEE'S PREPARED AGRICDLTDRAL LIME....

As we have had so seasonable a summer, there is a heavy growth of
VEGETATION >ow is your time to use onr Prepared I.iiue.

On account of the war acid phosphate has materially advanced in price,
while we are selling at the same as last season.
We made a small quantity of

SPECIAL WHEAT FERTILIZER

Last fall as a trial on corn land. All who tried it say they had better wheat on
their corn land than they had on tobacco land, on which they used 7C0 er S00 lbs.
of standard fertilizers to the acre. Write for circulars to —

A. S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

Pomona Hill Nurseries, pomona, N.&

Large stock of the following varieUes of
apple trees, and many other market Ta-
rieiies for Fall 1SK, and Spring 1S99 sales.

YORK IMPERIAL Johnson's Fine Winter), ALBEMARLE PIPPIN, BEN
DAVIS. WINE SAP, ARK, MAMMOTH BLACK.

500.000 Peach Trees, leading varieties. Also a complete line of general nursery stock. All trees
guaranteed absolutely true to name and free of all diseases.
Take time to write for catalogue, and give ns an estimate ol your wants. .

J. VA>" LINDLEY, Proprietor, Pomosa. N. C.

CHARTERED 1870.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

JNO. P. BRANCH,

President.

JNO. K. BRANCH.

Vice-President.

Capital Stock, $200,00*

Surplus and Profits, $300,000

JOHN F. GLENN.

Cashier.

Directors.— John P. Branch, Thos. Potts, Chas. S. Stringfellow, B. W. Branch, Fred. W. Scott,
r»ooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford. R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzlni. Jr.

When you write to an Advertiser, always say you saw the Adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHEBN PLA.NTEB.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.-=XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, November, 1898.

No. 11.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

The long, fine summer is being lengthened out by a
beautiful, genial fall season. Though now the 20th
October, we have not yet had a killing frost, and the
leaves still hang green on the trees and pastures are
as verdant as in the early spring time. Neither have
we been visited by heavy rains or disastrous floods.
We have had just rain sufficient to soften the land and
make plowing a pleasant occupation, and seeding of
wheat and oats most satisfactory. Already the green
"braird " of these crops is seen on the land, and grass
seeds are coming beautifully. Much seeding is yet to
be done, however, owing to the dry spell in September.
We would urge our readers, however, not to delay a
day in the work, as it is already late, and we may
have winter upon us without much warning. The
snows and blizzards in the West warn us that only our
sheltered position, under the lee of the Alleghanies
and within the influence of the Gulf stream, prevents
our having a foretaste of winter. Later, even these
will not avail us, and after having had two or three
mild winters, the probabilities are in favor of severe
weather when once the spell is broken. Crops seeded
and caught in winter's icy grasp before well rooted are
likely to suffer from winter killing. We can under
stand aud sympathize with a desire to get in at least
the average acreage of wheat, as there is a probability
of a shortage in the area to be seedel in England aud
Europe generally. A severe drouth has prevailed all
through August, September and October in England

and eastern Europe, and this has prevented fallowing,
and will no doubt materially affect the acreage of
wheat for next year. This fact is already affecting the
wheat market and causing large purchases of our
crop for European markets, with a consequent harden-
ing in price. The shipments of wheat from New York
and eastern ports is almost as heavy now as it was a
year ago, and the price hardens steadily, being now in
New York 78 cents per bushel for immediate delivery.
We would repeat what we have so often said before :
Do not seed land which is not in a proper condition of
fertility to make a good yield, even though this should
necessitate the curtailment of the area to be sown. It
will be much more satisfactory to secure a good yield
on a small area than a poor yield on a large area.
There is no profit on a ten bushel crop, however large
the area ; whilst a twenty-five bushel crop on a small
area will leave something beyond cost of production
and interest on the price of the land. This better
yield may be easily secured on most farms by a better
preparation of the laud before seeding. Instead of
plowing more land, work that already plowed into a
fine, compact seed bed aud give it the extra fertilizer
whieh was intended for the larger area, and a better
net return may be confidently counted on. "The lit-
tle farm well tilled" is yet the one which generally
makes the greatest return on the outlay, unless the
owner of the big farm is able to do what few are able
to do — give the big area the same attention and fertili-
zer per acre as the smaller area, when probably even

500

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

better results can be attained from the possibility of
economy in the utilization of machinery and labor.

The immense amouut of loss sustained by farmers in
this country from the careless harvesting of the corn
and small grain crops is one of those things which the
European farmer can uever cease to wonder at. There
everything which the farmer produces is carefully
harvested and saved, either for feed or manure. No
corn fields with the stalks left stauding in them, or the
shocks left unhauled and stacked, or grain fields in
which the straw is left in a carelessly made heap are
ever seen there. All is carefully saved and carried to
the barn, or made into stacks near to the sheds and
buildings, ready for use during the winter. The result
is seen in the great piles of manure which are to be
found in the yards and rields and the continued fertil-
ity of lands which have been under cultivation huu
dreds of years. Prof. Roberts has calculated that the
farmers of New York State alone lose $50,000,000
every year by neglect of their manure heaps and the
means of making farmyard manure. If this be so,
and we have no reason to doubt the statement, then
the farmers of the South must lose vastly more in pro-
portion to the land cultivated, for here there is much
more waste than in the; North. It is time this waste
was stopped. The one element lacking in our soils to
make them abundantly productive is humus. This
cannot be bought from the fertilizer dealer, but must
be made at home. We have the material at hand to
make it, but leave it wasting in the fields, and then
lament at the unprofitable yields from the crops. Un
til this is remedied, no amount of skill in fitting the
land or bought fertilizer can secure a profitable return
on the labor and capital invested in the farm. Quick
and cheap transportation between all parts of the
world and world-wide competition has reduced the
margin between selling price and cost of production
to so small a sum that only he who utilizes every
means at his command can expect to come out
a gainer. Until every farmer carefully saves and
utilizes all he produces, he has no right to com-
plain that his calling is an unprofitable one. The
merchant who neglects to observe a like rule soon
finds himself in the hands of the sheriff. Whilst, the
weather is fine see to it that all corn fodder and late
forage crops are hauled up out of the fields and stored
conveniently for winter feeding and bedding for stock.
If possible, have the corn fodder cut up by a feed cut-
ter, and pack away in the barn or silo or in a weather
tight shed. In this way the crop from a large area
can be stored in a small space. See to it that before
cutting the fodder it is perfectly free from water or
dew, and that the natural moisture in the stalks is not
excessive. If free from water or dew, (he fodder, when

cut and packed away tightly and left undisturbed, will
cure into fine feed, even though it has considerable
natural moisture in it. It will heat in the mow, but
if left alone will not mould but cook into a highly pal-
atable feed, worth for its nutritive contents about one-
third as much per ton as good clover hay. If dis-
turbed when hot it will certainly mould and be un-
fit for anything but bedding. If not convenient to
have the fodder cut up, make it into stacks and cover
with straw to keep out the rain and preserve its nutri-
tive value. Fodder left in the field or in unprotected
heaps outside the buildiugs soon loses a large part of
its nutritive value, and is worth little beyond its value
as bedding.

All root crops should be dug or pulled during
this mouth, though ruta bagas may well be left
growing until the end of the month, as they will
increase in weight and size faster during this month
than at any time during their period of growth. A
light frost will do no injury to ruta bagas, but beets of
all kinds are quickly injured by frost, and should
therefore be got into the house or into pies or pits be-
fore injury is done. Once frosted they will never
keep long. If frost is allowed to get off ruta bagas
before they are stored away, and they are dry when
stored, they will keep almost as well as though never
frosted. If not stored in a house, cover with straw
and allow to sweat before covering the straw with soil.
The straw and roots should be dry before the soil is
put over it. Three or four inches of soil is sufficient
to keep out the average frost of the South. If, how-
ever, very severe weather should come on more soil
should be added.

Let the teams, after securing the housing of all crops
and the seeding of wheat, be kept at work plowing
and subsoiling the land intended to be cropped next
year. A good day's work can be done now without
punishing either team or man, aud it cau be done with
great advantage to the land. We say this advisedly,
notwithstanding the fact that many farmers in the
South deny it aud maintain that time speut plowing
in the fall is time largely wasted. These men contend
that the heavy winter rains beat the land as compact
again as before plowiug, and that the work is to do
overagain in the spring before the crop can be planted,
and that the absence of hard frost during our winters
does not enable us to secure the benefit of that disin-
tegration of the soil which is so beneficial further
North. Even granting the truth of these contentions
i which we do not admit to the full), we yet would say
plow and subsoil in the fall and winter. One of the
greatest needs tf our lands is more complete tillage.
Soil caunot become fertile which is impermeable to the

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

501

air and rain. In the fall nearly all laud in the South
is covered with a hard crust from which the rain passes
off instead of permeating it. The absence of severe
frost allows the continuance of this crust through
great part if not the whole of winter, and the result is
that in the spring the soil aud subsoil are dry instead
of being full of moisture. At the best only the surface
soil is moist, and the subsoil, instead of being a reserve
of moisture to supply the needs of the crop through
the hot weather, is actually needing water to make it
a fit medium for plant growth. The water required by
crops for their perfect growth is much greater than is
frequently supposed. A crop of dent corn producing
19,515 lbs. of dry matter to the acre requires for each
pound of dry matter 309 lbs. of water or 2} inches
of water per acre for every ton of dry matter. That
is to say, such a crop would require 25 inches of water
per acre to enable it to mature fully. Such a quantity
as this is much more than ever falls here during the
period of growth of the crop, and, therefore, illus-
trates the need for a reserve of moisture in the sub-
soil to meet the deficit. Only by making the subsoil
capable of holding the rainfall of the year can this
reserve be met. A crop of red clover of 9,619 lbs.
of dry matter requires 4 inches of water per acre
for each ton of dry matter produced. This can
never be met here unless the subsoil is capable of
holding a great reserve. Laud plowed aud subsoiled
in the fall and winter becomes permeable by the air
aud raiu, and stores up fertility and moisture for
the future crop needs. Much also of the mineral plant
food naturally present in the soil, but uavailable for
the needs of the plant, is made available by the action
of the air and water. Even should the surface be
again beaten compactly by the winter rains, this may
be much more easily worked loose again in the spring
by the spading or disc harrow, or eren with the plow,
than if never broken in the fall. The advantages of
subsoiliug are, in our opinion, great. This opinion is
not merel}' a theoretical one but founded on practical
experience. We have subsoiled large areas and never
failed to derive benefit from the work. We never saw
a piece of subsoiled laud wash. All our gullied hill-
sides could be prevented by fall plowing and subsoiliug.
The water, as it fell, would be absorbed into the
ground, and thus benefit instead of injuring the land.
Subsoiliug in the West is being largely practiced, and
with great advantage. Messrs. Youngers & Co., of
Geueva, Neb., who have been subsoiliug their bind
since 1887, say : " Land subsoiled in the fall of 1892,
and planted to corn in the spring of 1S93, yielded 75
bushels per acre, while coru on laud not subsoiled, but
otherwise treated in identically the same manner,
yielded but 36 bushels to the acre. Oa s sown on
land which had raised one crop of corn since subsoil-

iug yielded 44} bushels per acre ; on land which had
raised two crops of corn since subsoiling, 39} bushels
per acre ; on land not subsoiled, 17 bushels per acre."
lu Kausas, the same good results are apparent. We
also kuow of excellent results secured in this State.
If you have not got a subsoil plow, and do not care to
go to the cost of buying oue, though they do not cost
much money, a very good substitute may be made by
getting your blacksmith to put a foot onto a sword
coulter. This foot should be about 6 inches long and
3 inches wide, and the coulter should go through it
about the middle and be riveted on. The front edge
of this foot should be sharpened aud turned down
slightly. Take all the fittings off a plow-beam, and
fasten this coulter thus shod on to the beam or pass it
through the beam where the plow-stock was fixed and
make fast. With this tool run in every furrow after
the plow three or four inches of the subsoil can be
easily broken. Such a coulter so shod may be fastened
to the plow-beam behind the plow-stock and the plow
be thus made into both a plow and a subsoiler, but
such an arrangement requires a strong team to pull it.

We have had several enquiries as to renovating old
pastures where it is not desired to plow them. This
is a work which can be frequently done with great
success. We have practically lengthened the life of a
pasture several years by renovating it in the follow-
ing manner : Tike a heavy drag harrow and run it
over the field in both directions. This will tear out
much of the old coarse growth. Let this rubbish so
torn out be then raked off with the horse rake, and a
dressing of 25 to 50 bushels of lime to the acre be ap-
plied. Then sow 2 bushels to the acre of mixed grass
seeds (in this issue will be found particulars of the
best varieties to mix), aud let the field be then run
over with a bush harrow. In the spring, as soon as
the land is dry enough, roll with a heavy roller. It
is too late now to sow the grass seed this fall, but the
other work may be now done and the seed be sown
early in the spring. In any event, the lime should be
applied now.

Let your plans for next year's crops be now settled,
in order that proper preparation be made for them
each iu due order. Do not overlook the fact that a
prime factor in successful farming is the practice of a
good system of rotation of crops. Grain crops should
*iot follow grain crops without the intervention of
clover or pea, bean, root or grass crops. By the adop-
tion of this system, fertility may be maintained and
advanced, aud the fertilizer bill be cut down. The
great weakness of Southern agriculture has been, and
still is, that each crop has had tagged on to it a fertil-
izer bill. This ought not to be. By a proper system

502

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

of rotation, this ruinous tax can be cut off two crops
out of every three at the least.

See to it that all barns, stables and cattle sheds are
cleaned out and given a coat of limewash and thor-
oughly repaired.

Make provision for storing the manure from the
barns and sheds, where it will not receive the drip-
pings from the roofs nor the water from adjoining
land. Let the centre of the site selected for the ma-
nure heap be lower than the sides, so that all drainage
from the manure will be retained in the heap. This
is the most valuable part, and not a drop should be
lost. Provision should 'also be made to collect the
liquid manure from the stables and sheds, where it can
be thrown or pumped on the manure heap. Used in
this way, and the manure from the different kinds of
stock mixed in the heap as made, will prevent fire
fangiug. Get the manure on the land at frequent in-
tervals, so that no great accumulation shall at any time
be made. This prevents waste of the manure and
much facilitates work when the time comes to put in
crops again.

See that good, dry paths are made from the house to
the barn and buildings Elevate these above the level
of the land, so that in time of long continued rain, it
may not be necessary to wade through water to the
buildings.

Let the wood shed be filled with dry, seasoned wood,
and make a dry path to it from the house. A slatted
path, made by nailing two or three- inch strips across
two bearers, is the best. Such a path is always clean
and drv, and will save much dirt in the house.

Gather up and place under cover all tools and imple
ments not in use. Clean them and grease the bright
parts.

REMEDY FOR SMUT OF WHEAT, BARLEY,
AND OATS.

In our last issue, we stated that hot water, at a tem-
perature of from 135 to 145 degrees, was a certain
remedy for smut. The Division of Vegetable Physi-
ology and Pathology of the Department of Agricul-
ture has called our attention to the fact that recent
experiments have demonstrated that 135 degrees is the
highest limit of heat that can safely be used without
danger of injury to the vitality of the seed grain.
Earlier experiments, which we had in mind when we
wrote the paragraph referred to, gave the degree of
heat as from 140 to 145, as we stated. To prevent
the loose smut of wheat or barley, the seed grain should
be first soaked in cold water for several hours, and
then be dipped for five minutes in water, at 132 degrees
for wheat, and for barley in water at 130 degrees.

ALFALFA GROWING.

The wonderfully successful results attained in Kan-
sas and the Western States in the growing of alfalfa
(here often and more properly called lucerne), induces
us again to urge attention to the crop in the South.
We can grow it, and grow it as successfully as iu the
West, if only proper attention is given it. There
from three to five crops are cut from it every year.
and the yield of green forage and hay is enormous,
and this forage and hay is of a highly nutritious nature
and suitable to be fed to stock of all kinds. In addi-
tion to these recommendations, the crop is a great im-
proving crop for the land. It belongs to the family of
the legumes, and gathers nitrogen from the air. The
fall is the proper time to commence the preparation of
the land for this crop.

Alfalfa needs a fine seed-bed in ground free from
weeds. Seeding should be done early in April, and
the ground handled so that at seeding time it will he
moist for at least fifteen to twenty inches. This con-
dition can be secured on many soils by fall plowing,
pulverizing the soil to a depth of five or six inches
with a disc harrow before plowing, making the whole
depth plowed mellow. Soil inclined to blow can be
lightly ridged or sub surface packed after plowing.
In Western Kansas, a successful alfalfa grower runs
furrows through the prairie surrounding his alfalfa to
conduct the surplus water from each rain to the field.
This may be done to get moisture into the soil during
the winter before seeding.

Alfalfa roots deeply, and must have a subsoil which
it can penetrate. Where the subsoil is impervious, a
subsoiler can be used.

VELVET BEANS.

Dr. Stone, of Stonehurst Stock Farm, Fluvanna
county, Va., has brought us some fioe clusters of vel-
vet bean pods, almost fully matured. He says the
growth of the vines has been great, and that they
promise to mature considerable seed. The county of
Fluvanna is north of the James river and bordering
on Piedmont Virginia, and it may therefore be ac
cepted that this new legume will successfully grow and
mature seed over a large part of this State.

GROWING LEGUMINOUS CROPS.

For several years past we have been almost con-
stantly exhorting our readers to grow the leguminous
crops, especially cow peas, soja beans, vetches and
clover, and thus to secure from the atmosphere the
most costly fertilizer necessary for the successful
growth of plants of all kinds, and the permauent en-
hancement of the fertility of their lands. These crops
not only certainly subserve this purpose, but they are
at the same time the most valuable feed crops that can

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

505

acre of the wheat land left out for this purpose. The
tobacco will be sold ou the Danville market.

A. V. Sims.

Our corresponded, noting that Professor Massey
commented in the October is-ue on our editorial note
on his communication, published in our September
issue, sent the above communication to us through the
medium of Professor Massey. In forwarding same to
us, Professor Massey says :

"In regard to the proposed test that Professor Sims
wishes to try, there cau be no objection to his trying
it if he wishes. But that sort of an experiment can-
not be conclusive at all. There is an old proverb
which I have quoted more than once to inquirers
about improving land. ' ' emo repente turpissime fait.''
That is to say, no man ever becomes suddenly vile ;
and carrying the idea into practice in the soil, we can
say that no land, originally fertile, ever became sud-
denly poor; and while a vile man may become sud-
denly converted, no poor laud was ever made suddenly
fertile by piling fertilizer on it. There are certain
conditions in a fertile soil that cannot at once be imi-
tated by manuring. We may put a big lot of plant
food there, but it is not in that homogeneous shape
that it is in what is called a fertile soil. It takes
years of good farming to restore the humus and other
matters that rendered the soil fertile at first, and to
get it into that mechanical condition and that thor-
ough diffusion of the plant food, through the agency
of the soil microbes, that gives it the condition neces-
sary for the successful growth of crops. Hence, the
piling of a lot of raw manure on the land will, for the
time being, change its nature to a certain extent, and
make the crop different in quality from what it would
be had the improvement been brought about through
the agency of a good farm rotation and a gradual
building up in fertility. This and this alone will re
store the land to the natural condition it possessed
when first cleared from the forest, and such treatment
will not change the natural adaptability of the soil for
any particular crop, as the piling of crude manure on
it would. I understand that Professor Sims' farm is
in the southern upland section of Virginia, rather on
the border line between the real bright tobacco sec
tion and the dark shipping section, and it may not be
fitted at all naturally for the growth of the Yellow
Orinoco tobacco. He had better fiud out first what
kind of tobacco his land really is adapted to, for there
is no crop grown that varies so much with the nature
of the soil as tobacco. On our sandy soil at Southern
Pines, while we can grow a fine yellow leaf, I do not
believe that any method of culture will make the soil
produce a fine-bodied bright wrapper, such as is
grown in Granville and Person counties. But on the
heavily fertilized plots we get a much larger crop of
the same quality as on that where no fertilizer is used,
variation only being found on plots where incomplete
fertilization is practiced and there is a deficiency of
necessary elements. We could not grow the heavy
dark shipping tobacco on that land, no matter how
heavily we fertilized it, and when you get into the
lands in Virginia where the fine black wrappers of
Nelson are grown, no sort of fertilization nor the lack
of fertilization will ever make that land grow gold
leaf tobacco. Find out what kind your hind is

adapted to, and then grow that, and farm your land
to the highest notch, and you will only improve the
quality of the kind that suits your land."

We have only to add to Professor Massey's iemarks
that we cordially agree with his views as to the pro-
posed experiment. We shall be delighted to see it
made ou the proposed land, and will do anything we
can to assist in the work. We have seen so many
evidences of the truth of our contention, that good
tobacco raising is compatible also with good crops of
other staples adapted to the like section, that we can-
not doubt the sonndness of the principle enunciated.
At the same time, we cannot, for the reasons stated
by Prof. Massey, certainly affirm that the result in the
experiment proposed to be made will be satisfactory.
No crop is so easily affected in its ultimate condition
by conditions of soil fertility and climatic changes
during growth, as tobacco. A crop that, in the hill,
looks a fine one, may even, under the most careful
management in curing, be so cured as to be practi-
cally unsalable, and that from no fault of the curer,
but simply from the fact that it had acquired condi-
tions during its growth, from the soil or the weather,
which resulted in a cure altogether different from that
worked for or anticipated. Then, again, market re-
quirements are so variable, and market demands so
changeable, that the value of a crop can never be
predicated with any certainty. We saw crops last
year which, to the uninitiated, seemed equally good,
sell at prices varying nearly 100 per cent., simply be-
cause of a little change in color, or because of a small
attendance at the sales. We have friends who make
tobacco- raising a specialty, in various sections, pro-
ducing all the different types called for by the mar-
ket, but we do not know of one of these who hesitates
to use his best land for tobacco. One of these gentle-
men, a few years ago, made 2,000 pounds of dark
heavy shipping tobacco of fine quality on one acre of
land, and a year or two afterwards, made, on the
same piece of land, the heaviest corn crop made that
year in the State — 136 bushels to the acre. Another
grower we have in miud, who makes some of the
finest dark wrappers put on the market, makes also
from 25 to 30 bushels of wheat to the acre on the ave-
rage. These instances, and those quoted by Professor
Massey in our October issue, would seem strongly to
support our views. — Ed.

Mr. L. B. Holt, one of the largest mill owners in
Alamance, N. C, published some time siDce in our
papers the fact that his fine farm, carried on in the
most advanced modern methods, and by the aid of a
hired manager, pays him betler for the capital in-
vested than his cotton null does. While growing this
year 5 000 bushels of wheat and oats, and an immense
area in corn and cotton, lie says that no mean place
in his farming must bp given to his chickens, of which
he raised 2,000 this season.

506

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

COW PEAS.

Editor Southern Planter :

From the many inquiries about cow pea hay, it
looks as though this valuable crop may soon take a
more prominent place than it does at present. Con-
sidering the suitability of the row pea to the lands
and climate of this State, and that the conditions and
methods of farming here admit of its introduction on
nearly every farm without requiring any curtailment
in the area of the crops now grown, it is a wonder
that the cow pea is not to be found everywhere before
this Yet one cau travel for hours in almost any
direction without passing a field of peas. Their rich
foliage ought to be seen in place of last season's corn-
stalks, and it would be far more profitable in more
ways than one to have peas covering the land instead
of stick weed or other rubbish. As a general thing,
the farmer is very slow to take hold of any new or
untried crop. It is wise to be careful, but it is possi-
ble to carry our conservatism too far. Whilst we ean-
not be expected to adopt every new crop or method
recommended, by an absolute rejection of all, we
lose some good things that we might just as well
have. In I he matter of growing hay, no one ever felt
more satisfied that he was making the best use of his
opportunities than I did. Timothy, clover, oat grass,
orchard grass, oats, and Canada peas and millet, with
corn stover unlimited, I thought ought to fill the bill
in the way of coarse feed for any stock. But the
Planter was constantly preaching cow pea bay. So,
to see what it was like, 1 sowed some peas (black) for
this use. That was three years ago. 1 was convinced.
To show which way. I need only mention that I have
harvested 70 acres of this hay this season.

Doubtless, many other Virgiuia farmers think that,
with a good supply of Ihe perennial varieties of hay,
and an abundance of corn stover, there is not much
mom for pea vine hay. Snch au idea cannot be cor-
rected too soon. No one knows the capacity of his
(arm for keeping stock uutil he has grown peas for
hay. The larger the production of grass hay or corn
Stover, the greater is the necessity for peas. The
grasses and com stover furnish fat and heat making
materials, but are very deficient in the eleiueut that
is needed to build up the muscle or lean meat. This
pea vines contain in larger proportion than any other
easily obtained coarse teed. By feeding liberally of
pea hay, I have been able to very much reduce the
quantity of bran and oil meal formerly fed to cattle,
and have actually found it possible to dispense with
them altogether in feeding sheep. Sheep will fatten
quickly on corn stover, corn and pea hay, and, while
sheep contrive to waste a goodly portion of any other
kind of coarse feed I know of, they will eat every
particle of pea hay. Cattle and horses will also do this

It would seem as though a great many people are
opposed to the plan of fanning that makes Btock the
medium through which they shall receive their cash.
They prefer the system that sends all the grain, hay.
straw, etc., to the market, and with the returns bring
back commercial fertilizers. There is not often much
profit let', where the fertility has to be maintained in
this way.

With the majority, there would be more money
saved by crowding the farm with stock. Grow peas

on every piece of land that has no other useful crop
on it during the summer, and if you must spend some
of your surplus cash in fertilizers, buy phosphoric acid
and potash in some form and so^v wiih the peas.

The hay produced from a crop of peas would make
the crop satisfactory if no other advantage was secured.
but an almost invariable result is a very loose and
mellow soil. In our practice, the stubble is usually
plowed ami sown with wheat. Then, daring the win-
ter or early spring, the crop that was taken off is re-
turned to the land as a top dressing over the wheat
after the machines iu the stable have taken out all the
muscle, milk. wool, etc., it contained. We consider
it more profitable to do this than to plow the whole
crop under. Albert R. Bell-wood.

Chesterju Id county, T"«.

COW-PEAS AND VELVET BEANS AS
FERTILIZERS FOR OATS.

On sandy soil in 1S96 several plots were sown broad-
cast with the Wonderful variety of cow peas, ami au
adjacent plot was sown broadcast with German millet.
The German millet was plowed uuder, as was also the
pea-vines, the peas having been previously picked.

February IS, 1S!>7. Red Rust Proof oats were sown
after the above mentioned crops, usiug in both cases
100 pounds of acid phosphate and SO pounds of nitrate
of soda per acre.

After cow peas the oat straw grew to be three to four
inches taller than on the plot preceded by German
millet. The yields were as follows :

Oats following eoic peas and German millet, 1897.

Oats afler oow peas, vines plowed under..
Oats after German millet, plowed under..

Difference i>iT aire 10.4

YIELD I'ER ACBE.

Grain. .Straw.

12.4

Lb*.

788

55y

229

Iu this case cow peas were more valuable than Ger-
mau millet as fertilizer for the following oat crop, the
difference in favor of cow peas being 10.4 bushels of
oats pei- acre and 229 pounds of straw.

An experiment to ascertain the mauurial values of
cow- peas and velvet beans, and to compare the relative
fertilizer value of the entire vines with that of the
roots and stubble of both plants, was beguu iu 1S97.
May 14. 1897, on poor sandy soil Wonderful cow peas
were sown on two plots, velvet beans (a leguminous
plant closely related to cow-peas , on two plots, and
German millet mi a tilth plot. A sixth plot was pre-
pared and fertilised but left without seed, to grow up
in crab grass, poverty weed, etc. Cow-peas and vel-
vet beans were sown iu drills two feet apart, German
millet broadcast. The millet was cut for hay July 16,
yielding 994 pounds per acre. The cow-peas on oue
plot were picked September 10. yielding 11 bushels
per acre.

Th" velvet beans did not mature seed.

In September, L897, cow peas on one plot and velvet
beans nn one pint were cut fur hay and the stubble
plowed under. The vines of COW peas on one plot and
of velvet beans on another were also plowed under on
the above mentioned date. Then oats were sown at a

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

507

uniform rate on all four plots, also on the plot where
German millet stubble had been plowed under, and on
the one where ciab grass and various weeds had just
been buried by the plow.

On all plots oats were fertilized with 220 pounds per
acre of acid phosphate and 44 pounds of muriate ol
potash, no nitrogen being supplied except that con
taiued in the remains of preceding crop of cow-peas,
velvet beans, etc.

Yield per acre of oats grown after stubble or vines of
cow peas, velvet beans,' etc.

YIELD PER ACRE.

Grain. Straw-

Oats after velvet bean vines

Oats after velvet bean stul>ble

Average after velvet bean vines and

stubble

Oats after cow pea vines

Oats after cow-pea stubble

A verage after cow-) ea vines and stubble.

Oats after crab grass and weeds

Oats after German millet

Average after non-leguminous plants

Bus.
28.6
38.7

33 6

28 8

34.4

316

7.1

9.7

8.4

Lbs.
1206
1672

1439
U63
2013
173S
231
361
296

From early spring there was a marked difference in
the appearance of the several plots, the plants being
much greener and taller where either the stubble or
vines of cow-peas had been plowed under.

Wh»n the oats began to tiller, or branch, the differ-
ence increased, the plants supplied with nitrogen,
through the decay of the stub le or vines of cow peas
and velvet beaus, tillering free y and growing much
taller than the plants following German millet or crab
grass.

May 18, 1898, oats on all plots were cut.

In this experiment the average yield of oats was 33.6
bushels after velvet beans. 31.6 bushels after eow peas,
and ouly 8.4 bushels after non-leguminous plants
(crab grass, weeds and German millet).

Here is a gain of 24.2 bushels of oats and nearly three-
fourths of a ton of straw as a result of growing legumi-
nous or soil improving plants, instead of non-legumi-
nous plants, during the preceding season.

Undoubtedly this is an extreme, and not an average,
ca<-e. If cotton-seed meal, or other nitrogenous ferti-
lizer, had been used on all the plots of oats, the plants
on plots 2 and 5 would have made much better growth,
and the difference in favor of the leguminous plants
would have been reduced.

A gain of five to fifteen bushels of oats per acre as
a result of plowing under cow pea stubble or vines
would make the growing of cow peas for fertilizer a
profitable operation, and it is far safer to couut on
such an increase as that obtained in our first experi-
ment <10.4 bushels \ rather than to expect snch an
exceptional increase as that obtained in this last
experiment.

An unexpe'ted result of this experiment is the
larger crop on the plots where only the stubble was
left than on those where the viues of cow-peas and
velvet beans were plowed under. The plots were of
nearly uniform fertility, as judged by the location and
by the uniform growth of cotton on all plots in 1S96.

2

While admitting the possibility that the two west plots
(plots 3 and 6) were slightly richer than the two on
the east (plots 1 and 4), the writer thinks that the
difference in yield was almost wholly dne (1) to the
fact that the vines (especially those of the velvet
beans) were not properly buried by the small plow
employed, and (2) that the seed- bed for oats was more
compact where only stubble was plowed under, a point
of advantage, doubtless, in such a dry winter as that
of 1S97-98. It does not follow that the land will be
permanently benefited by a cow pea stubhle to greater
extent than by cow-pea vines. The reverse is proba-
bly true. The effect of both stubble and vines on late
corn, following oats is now being determined. It is
usually more profitable, where many head of live
stock are kept, to save the cow pea hay and plow
under only the stubble than to pick the peas and plow
under the vines.

J. F. DUGGAR.

Alabama Experiment Station.

TESTS OF FERTILIZERS ON WHEAT IN
SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

Editor Southern Planter:

The series of fertilized wheat plots at the Virginia
Experiment Station, commented upon in former bulle-
tins have again furnished results that may be of gen-
eral interest — this time showing remarkable uniformity
with results published last year. This is encouraging,
as indicating correctness in manipulation ; for, when
one can begin to foretell results, it must mean accu-
racy. To quote from our bulletin, No. 21, "From
field tests of the Director, carried on for several years
in another State, it appeared that somewhere about
the full amount of phosphoric acid and half the
amount of potash and nitr gen found by analysis in a
given crop of wheat were about the quantity of each
necessary to be supplied to the soil in order to produce
that crop." In the following tests, therefore, the
amount of phosphoric acid contained in a crop of
wheat, giving 25 bushels of grain per acre, was as-
sumed as the full dose. It was furnished by 142 _V lbs.
of dissolved bone black.

This full dose or ration of phosphoric acid is repre-
sented in the following tables by " 1 phosphoric acid ";
where only half the phosphoric acid was used, it is
represented by " J phosphoric acid," etc.

Half the amount of potash contained in the same
crop was taken as the full dose or ration of potash. It
was supplied by 50 lbs. of muriate of potash.

This dose or amount is represented by "1 potash";
where the potash was increased or diminished by 50
per cent., it is conveniently expressed by li potash or
I potash. So with the nitrogen. Half the amount
contained in a wheat crop, giving 25 bushels of grain
per acre, was taken as the correct amount or ration,
and was supplied by 240 lbs. of nitrate eoda. It is

508

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

represented in the following table by "1 nitrogen."
As in years before, the plots were duplicated, and the
tables following show average yields ; and the element
of probable error (mentioned in former publications)
has been reduced this year to 32 lbs. per acre, indi-
cating greater uniformity in unfertilized plots from
being sown under exactly similar conditions year after
year. Table 1 shows that the potash sown alone had
evidently some effect in increasing the yield, and
nitrogen still more ; and that the phosphoric acid
more than doubled the yield of the average of the un-
manured plots. As might have been expected, the
nitrogen increased the growth of straw to a marked
degree — more so in proportion than it did grain. This,
however, does not hold true in table 2, where the
nitrogen is applied with potash.

TABLE 1.

Manure Applied.

Unfertilized

1 potash

1 phosphoric acid
1 nitrogen

Yield of grain

per acre.

Bus.

Lbs.

7

43*

9

25

17

37*

10

10

Yield of

straw
per acre.

Lbs.

1.041
1,295
.1,768
1,530

In the second table, the increase over unfertilized
plots is, for potash and phosphoric acid, about eleven
and three quarter bushels; for potash and nitrogen,
about three and three fourths bushels, and for phos
phoric acid and nitrogen, about fifteeu and three
fourths bushels — indicating the usual marked increase
with applications of phosphoric acid.

TABLE 2.

Manure Applied.

Unfertilized

1 potash, 1 phosphoric acid..

1 potash, 1 nitrogen

1 phosphoric acid, 1 nitrogen

Yield of grain

per acre.

Bus.

Lbs.

7

m

19

30

11

22J

23

27*

Yield of

straw
per acre.

Lbs.

1,011
1,780
1,178

2,153

In table three, the largest yield of all is the one
with 1 potash, 1 phosphoric acid and 1 nitrogen ; al-
though this is followed so nearly in two instances as
to make them practically the same; but again this
year, as was true last, it indicated that the limit to
profitable application of phosphoric acid is reached
with the 1425 lbs. of dissolved bone black, aud of the
other articles, probably less than the full rations
would be most economical.

TABLE 3.

Manure Applied.

Unfertilized

1 potash, 1 phosphoric acid, 1 nit-
rogen

1* potash, 1 phosphoric acid, 1

nitrogen

1 potash, * phosphoric acid, 1

n i t rogen

1 potash, 1 phosphoric acid, *

nitrogen

1* potash, 1 phosphoric acid, 1

nitrogen

1 potash, 1* phosphoric acid, 1

nitrogen ,

1 potash, 1 phosphoric acid, 1*

nitrogen

Yield of grain
per acre.

Lbs.

43*

52*

7*
27*

7*
57*
17*

Lbs.

1,041
2,680
2,428
2,363
2,083
2,703
2,548
2,230

The many letters received from various parts of the
State, asking for fertilizer formulas for different crops,
indicates a growing demand for the chemicals used
rather than for mixed fertilizers. That the manufac-
turer prefers to sell mixed goods is not at all strange,
as he charges for the mixing and sacking, and also
adds a per cent, profit on same. That the mixing may
be very well done by the farmer is true, provided he
knows what proportions to use and that he mixes
only as needed ; but the questions we get are. " What
shall we buy, and what proportions use?" From the
experiments cited above, we can see it would be un-
wise to use a large amount of nitrogen. Nitrogen in
the form of nitrate of soda would cost perhaps $50
per ton, and yet the nitrate contains only about 16 per
cent, of nitrogen — a costly and yet, in small quantities,
a necessary article. If the nitrogen is supplied lrom
dried blood, while the cost per ton is less, yet it would
contain less nitrogen, making it necessary to use about
four pounds of this to equal three of the nitrate of
soda, while the freight on a ton of this cheaper article
is the same as on the more valuable article, so that
often the high priced articles are really cheapest.
This, however, is not always true ; dissolved bone
black contains more phosphoric acid than the acid
phosphate, yet the latter is usually so much cheaper
that, after freights are paid, it would be good economy
to use it. Kainit is a cheap form of potash, sulplmte
and muriate more expensive forms, aud if transported
by rail to any considerable distance, the last mentioned
are cheapest. From this we should conclude that the
best articles to use in Virginia would be nitrate of
soda (or, in some cases possibly, dried blood), acid
phosphate and muriate of potash, while near the coast
kainit might be better. In order to get the 1 potash,
1 phosphoric acid aud 1 nitrogen mentioned, there
should be used —

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

509

50 lbs. muriate of potash,
175 lbs. acid phosphate,
240 lbs. nitrate of soda.

This would give a large dressing of fertilizer per
acre — larger than would probably be profitable, par-
ticularly of the last mentioned article.

The acid phosphate is comparatively inexpensive,
and the 175 lbs. might not be too much to apply. If
several plots were carefully measured and the above
amount used on one, a small amount of muriate of
potash with it on a second, nitrate of soda in small
quantities with the acid phosphate on a third, and all
three on a fourth, the farmer could soon, in a general
way, learn what amounts of each he had best supply.
Tests made here may not answer ten miles from us,
and farmers cannot expect definite answers to ques-
tions that will not admit of such. Parties making
any tests as indicated above would confer a favor by
reporting the same briefly and as accurately as possi
ble, but only on such laud as had been measured and
where the crops are weighed. Estimated yields and
results are worthless.

D. O. Nouese, Agriculturist.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va.

WHAT IS THE BEST VARIETY OF OATS?

It seems that there is no one variety best for all con-
ditions. The Red Rust Proof is the only one in the
list tested by us which is worthy of the name of a
"general purpose" oat in this locality. It can be
sown both in tail and in late winter in this latitude.
It is generally not greatly injured by rust, but is rust
resistant rather than rust proof. The straw is short,
an objection on very poor or stony land, since short
straw means loss in harvesting. The height of straw
can be increased by the liberal use of nitrogenous
fertilizers, such as cotton seed, cotton-seed meal, and
nitrate of soda.

In hardiness or resistance to winter killing, Red
Rust Proof is surpassed by the group of varieties em-
bracing Myer's Turf, Virginia Gray, Delaware Winter,
and Gray Winter. All these "grazing oats" are
nearly or quite identical in most qualities, though
apparently differing among themselves in productive-
ness. All are hardy, have tall fiue straw, a low per-
centage of grain, and a long season of growth. Two
varieties of this group have proved totally unfit for
sowing in February. Varieties of this type are pre-
ferred for graziug or forage.

For sowing after Christmas the choice is between Red
Rust Proof and Burt or May, the last two as grown
here appeariug to be identical.

The Red Rust Proof is in most general repute, but
some farmers prefer the Burt.

As to the relative productiveness of Red Rust Proof
and Burt, the latter stood first in the experiment noted
above, and in a test of the two varieties made in the
spring of 1896 ; in that test unfavorable weather and
late sowing caused both varieties to fail, Burt yielding
9.1 bushels per acre, and Red Rust Proof only 7.S

bushels. Additional evidence is needed before we can
be sure that there is any material difference in the
productiveness of these two varieties sown after
Christmas.

In time of ripening, Burt and its equivalent (May)
are earlier than the Red Rust Proof. Here Burt
matured one to two weeks before Red Rust Proof sown
at the same date in spring and only one to three days
later thau fall sown Red Rust Proof oats. The latter
variety matured 12 to 19 days earlier when sown in
November thau when sown in February. Myer's
Turf, Virginia Gray, and Gray Winter were ten to
twelve days later in maturing thau Red Rust Proof
sown at the same date in the fall. Hatchett's Black,
a hardy and moderately productive variety, matures
between Red Rust Proof and Myer's Turf.

Where a large oat crop is grown it is advantageous
to avoid having the entire crop ripen at once. This
is an argument in favor of sowing several varieties.

Alabama Experiment Station. J. F. DtJGGAB.

[Red Rust Proof is the best variety for seeding in
spring in this State. — Ed.]

LIME AS AN ADJUNCT TO SUCCESSFUL
CLOVER QROWINQ,

The well known agricultural authority, Mr. Hy.
Stewart, says :

All the clover family of plants have as much lime
as potash in them — some more. Alfalfa has about
twice as much of lime as of potash ; but it is a com-
mon experience that one must apply lime if he wishes
for the best results of his clover seeding. Any farmer
may make experiments in this way by liming half a
field and leaving unlimed the other half. The result
has been shown so often that, unless as a test of the
truth of the matter for experiment, it is scarcely worth
while to do this. Nor is there any kind of soil that is
not improved in this way. Some are especially so.
In seeding peaty or swampy lands, newly drained, the
use of lime is absolutely indispensable to the success
of the grass and clover seeding, and old worn out
grass lands it is not desired to turn may be surpris-
ingly improved by liming, harrowing with a sharp
harrow, and reseeding. Indeed, such is the good
effect of lime in the preparation of the land for the
wheat at this time of year, that no farmer, although
not seeding to clover in the spring, could afford to
neglect the use of it.

Both wheat and oat straw compare very favorably
with clover and timothy hay in proportions of carbo-
hydrates and fat. They are mainly deficient in protein.
This deficiency may readily be overcome by feeding
bran, oil or cottonseed meal.

Carbo-
Protein. hydrates. F.it.

Wheat Straw 3.4 43.4 1.3

Oat Straw 4.0 420 2 3

Clover'Hav 12.3 3S.1 3.3

Timothy 5.9 45.0 2.5

Aside from the high value of straw as feed, it also
has g<-eat manurial value, and none should be wasted.
It is the natural base or foundation for all stable
manure.

510

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[November

ENQUIRERS COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture,
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the loth of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Rag Weed.

I hand yon a short article and an editorial on "rag
weed." Please tell me, through the Southern Planter,
what you think of "rag weed" hay.

H. E. Anderson.

Pittsylvania County, Va.

The following is the article and editorial referred to:
"Rag Weed" foe Hay.
Editor Danville Register :

Haviog recently visited in the neighborhood of Mt.
Airy, in this couuty, I had the pleasure of exchanging
ideas with Mr. G. A. Creasy, who is, perhaps, the
most successful farmer in that section of Pittsylvania.
Mr. Creasy is a wide awake man, and practical in
every sense.

I found hira running two mowers, cutting and stack-
ing "rag weed." He assured me that its feeding
value for cattle in winter was almost equal to sheaf-
oats. He wintered last season over fifty head of beef
cattle on rag weed alone, and sold them last spring in
fat condition.

As every farmer knows, our wheat and oat fields,
after harvest, grow thickly in this weed It will save
many a farmer a considerable expense to cut and save
a sufficiency of this weed to winter their cattle. The
weed is cut while tender and succulent. If cut too
late, the seed will shatter from the stalk and the value
is greatly diminished. Cut at the right time, and
saved in good coudition, the seed nearly equals cleaned
oats, while the stalk far surpasses oat straw for forage

Let the farmers quit buying Western hay. Let us
save abundance of "ragweed" to winter our cattle,
and several dollars of profit will be added to our
empty treasuries. Tunstall.

As to the "Rag Weed."

In another column will be found a communication
that is of utmost importance to farmers. We know
nothing of the merits of the "rag weed," as such, for
it is somethiug new to us that it is good provender,
but we do know that Mr. Creasy is one of the best
farmers and business men in Pittsylvania, and we
know that the writer of the communication referred
to is a man who has the best interests of his brother
farmers at heart. If it be true, as these gentlemen
assert, and we know they believe it true, that the
"rag weed," which grows without cultivation and
without expense, is valuable, surely it is a great dis
covery for the farmers of this section. We hope a
number of farmers will save the "rag weed" now
growing in their wheat fields, aud try and report to
the Register the results they obtain.

Yes, we have made rag weed hay, and know that it
has a considerable feeding value for dry cattle. But

do not attempt to feed it to a milch cow, for it will
certainly make the milk bitter and unpalatable. Rag
weeds, cut when in bloom and properly cured, are far
better than the broomsedge hay some of our friends
recommended so strongly a few years ago. But we
are opposed to all such experiments, because the
growth of a heavy crop of rag weed is not only a
heavy draft on the fertility of the soil, but it is death
and destruction to the elover that should always be on
the wheat stubble in Virginia. The best way to deal
with rag weed is to mow the wheat stubble closely as
soon as the rag weed is fairly started, aud leave it to
die on the land. This will favor the clover and make
it more certain of success. We have plenty of better
plants than rag weed or broomsedge for forage pur-
poses, and I would do nothing to encourage the growth
of a noxious weed where we ought to have a fine stand
of clover. Dry stock can live on rag weed hay, but
rhey will do far better on clover hay, and every heavy
crop of rag weed is gotten at the expense of a smaller
crop of clover. W. F. Masset.

Planting an Orchard.

I am going to set out a large orchard, and would
like to ask Prof. Massey if it is best on hillsides and
ridges to run the rows on a level or to give them a
slight fall. What is the best low priced level for use
in a case of this kind?

Pome, Ga. S. R. Cockeell.

I would certainly run the rows on the level contour
of the hillside. In this way they will, through the
cultivation, gradually form terraces and prevent de-
structive washing. For the purpose of running the
level, we find that a cheap homemade implement is
as good as any. We make this out of two pieces of
wood like an immense pair of open dividers or com-
passes stretching ten feet from point to point, fastened
firmly at the top, and with a cross bar to keep the
arms extended at the right point. From the top angle
a plum bob is suspended, and the perpendicular accu-
rately marked on the cross bar ; or a spirit level may
be attached to the cross-bar. With this implement, it
is easy to rapidly step off the contour line ten feet at
a time. There are cheap levels made to use off a
tripod, but I cannot give the name of the makers now.
For all practical purposes for such work, the imple-
ment described is good enough.

W. F. Massey.

Preparation of Tobacco Land.

Please do me the favor to advise me as to the best
time to plow and apply farm manure to a tobacco lot
of 15 acres from which a good crop of clover was cut
this year, and which I expect to cultivate in tobacco
next year.

Pittsylvania Co., Va. J. B. Stone.

Get the manure out as fast as made all winter, but

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

511

do uot plow it till you are ready to get the land ready
for the tobacco. It will lose less in this way than by
being kept in the barnyard.

W. F. Massey.

Uric Acid.

Medical authorities have agreed that uric acid in
the blood is, permanently or transiently, the cause of
rheumatism — one of the trying afflictions of the hu-
man race. If this be so, is it wise to resort to such
elaborate measures as are insisted on by agricultural
authorities to secure the chief supply and source of
this deleterious substance — animal urine — and use it
as manure, stimulant, and nourishment, in producing
the food supply of our race ?

Perhaps some of our agricultural chemists will
throw some light on the considerations involved in
the foregoing enquiry. J. W. C.

In answering the foregoing query, it may be ob-
served that uric acid belongs to a class of substances
termed "mixed compounds containing nitrogen." It
exists in the urine of man and in the carnivora, and,
under some conditions, in that of the herbivora.
When such animal substances are placed on the soil,
and exposed to the air, they undergo decomposition,
giving rise to simpler combinations, such as nitric acid
which, in turn, in presence of soluble mineral sub-
stances in the soil, forms nitrates — for example, the
nitrate of potash and soda.

These nitrates, being soluble in water, are taken up
by the plants and utilized.

The natural decomposition of animal and vegetable
substances containing nitrogen, and the change of
these into nitrates, is effected by minute living organ
isms, which are found everywhere. Since the waste
animal and vegetable nitrogenous substances undergo
decomposition, it is evident that — on the grounds
stated in the query — there can be no objection to the
practice indicated in the above question.

As far as natural processes are concerned, uric acid
is a substance built up in the animal body only — it
cannot enter as such into the composition of vegetable
substances.

Va. Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. B.

Grape Culture.

Will you kindly advise what kind of grape vines are
the best and most profitable in Virginia, and describe
the culture in detail, and state how to prevent the dis
eases of grapes.

Dinwiddie Co., Va. Paul Sedivy.

In the April issueof The Planter, 1894, we published
an article on this subject giving the information. This
article was illustrated. We would republish the same
but have not the cuts from which the illustrations were
made. If our subscriber will write the director of the
Virginia Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va., and

ask him to forward the several Bulletins which the
Station has published on the subject of grapes and
grape culture, they will be forwarded to him, if still
on hand, and will give the information sought more
fully than we could find space to do. — Ed.

Weevil in Peas.

A subscriber asks how he can prevent weevil in-
juring cow-peas which he desires to save for seed. Re-
plying, we refer him to our reply to Mr. Hy. Taylor,
on page 462, in the October issue. Put the peas in a
box or barrel with a tight fitting lid or cover, and
place the bisulphide of carbon on the top of the peas
in a saucer or shallow tin vessel, and close up ti^ht.
Leave for 24 hours, and then air the peas by turning
them out on the barn floor and replace in the box or
barrel. This process should be repeated once or twice
during the winter in order to kill out worms which
may have hatched after the first treatment. — Ed.

Blue-Stem Grass.

Is the inclosed specimen the blue-stem grass men-
tioned on page 455 of the October issueof The Planter 1
If not, what is it? Stock are fond of the abundant
tussocks of blades growing on it.

Montgomery Co., Va. D D. Lester.

Professor Scribner, of the U. S. Department of Ag-
riculture, thus replies to this query: "The grass in
question is Big Blue-Stem — (Audropogon provincialis).
This grass presents a variety of forms, differing chiefly
in size, some having a more robust habit than others.
This blue-stem grass is very widely distributed, and
in some parts of the West goes to make up a very con-
siderable portion of the so called prairie hay. It seems
to be very well adapted to the lighter and poorer soils
of this region, upon which it often makes an excellent
growth, and it is very likely that it would prove to be
a valuable grass for such soils if propagated." — Ed.

Rotation on a High Land Farm.

Editor Southern Planter :

I have just bought a small farm, nicely situated and
pleasantly improved as to buildings and location, for
living. The place has been in tenant hands for several
years. Last year all that could be was put in corn —
part has been in corn two years. The soil is good.
The bottom land especially so. The hill land is begin-
ning to wash, aud is in places badly grown up to sas-
safras. The tenant allowed his horses full liberty of
the pastures and meadows all the wet weather, aud the
grass is pretty well tramped out. Corn is yet in the
field ; the stalks will be left as the blade and tops have
been stripped for fodder. Will you kindly suggest a
plan of work that will bring me into a proper rotation,
aud oblige

Albemarle Co., Va. Feed. F. Rockwell.

We assume from the location of this farm that the
intention and desire is to run it as a general stock-

512

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER

[November

farm, practising a diversified system of agriculture,
and without tobacco as an adjunct The first step to
be taken should be the division of the farm iuto a
proper number of fields. We would suggest that the
laud least adapted to convenient and easy culture with
the plow and most liable to washing should be fenced
in to itself to become a permanent pasture. The bot-
tom laud should theu be fenced in to itself to be worked
in a short rotation of grain and fodder crops. The resi-
due of the farm should be divided iuto five fields, and,
if possible, it would be well for these to be so fenced in
as to be all easily accessible from the permanent pas
ture laud without it being necessary to cross over other
laud. On these five fields we would follow this rota-
tion : 1st year, corn ; 2d year, wheat or oats ; 3d year,
clover and grass for hay ; 4th year, clover and grass
cut for hay : 5th year, clover and grass pastured ; then
follow with corn again. Cow-peas should be sown in
the corn at last working. Until we could get these
five fields into this rotation, we would grow on them
cow peas aad German clover and rye or oats, to be
cut for hay, or, if the land seems to need humus badly,
to be allowed to die down and then be plowed under.
Probably a crop of oats could be got on some of the
fields before couiiug iuto the regular rotation after the
cow-peas or German clover. For rotations for the bot
torn land, which is said to b- good, we would refer our
correspondent to page 457 of the October issue of The
Planter, where he will find several suggested by an
adept in working lands of this character most Mieeess-
fully. The land intended for permanent pasture should
be deeply plowed at once to stop the washing, and be
seeded in rye. This will form a cover and supply
some vegetable matter to be plowed down in the
spring. Grub out all the sassafras bushes as cleanly
as possible during the winter. In spring plow down
the rye and seed to cow peas, applying, if the land is
poor, 300 pounds of acid phosphate and 50 pounds of
muriate of potash to the acre. Plow this crop down
in August and prepare finely with the harrow and
roller, and seed to grass in September or October.
This grass should be top dressed with farm yard ma-
nure duriug the winter, and be lightly grazed the first
year. — Ed.

Pastu re-Q rasses.

We have a number of enquiries as to the best grasses
to be sown to secure good pasturage. Although it is
too late now to seed grass this fall, yet it may be well
to answer these enquirers generally.

For dry, gravelly or sandy soils, a mixture of the
following grasses should be sown at the rate of two to
three bushels of the mixture to the acre : Tall M< adow
Oat grass, Orchard grass, Eed Top, Perennial Eye
grass, and Meadow Fescue.

For good loamy land, sow from two to three bushels
to the acre of a mixture of the following grasses : Tall
Meadow oat grass. Orchard grass. Perennial Eye grass,
Eed Top and Virginia or Kentucky Blue grass.

For clay soils, sow from two to three bushels to the
acre of a mixture of the following grasses : Orchard
grass, Tall Meadow Oat grass, Italian Eye grass, Eed
Top, aud Perennial Eye grasa

For wet bottom land, sow from two to three bushels
I to the acre of a mixture of the following grasses : Bed
' Top, Italian Eye grass, Meadow Fescue, and Peren-
nial Eye grass.

With al these niixmres we would sow from five to
six pounds of Eed Clover to the acre. It will make a
crop the first year aud then die out, aud its roots will
feed the grasses. — Ed.

Liming Land.

1. We want to use lime on land intended for corn
next spring, to be followed by wheat in the fall. How
and when sh ill we apply it! We want to use stable
manure on the corn. Can that aud lime be used on
the same crop?

2. Will ir pay us to spread lime on clover! We
have two fields — one seeded in 1897 and the other in
1S98 — and waut to apply lime to both, either now or
when they are again in cubivatiou. Which do you
advise T

Maryland. H.

1. It is never advisable to use lime and farm yard
manure together on the same crop. The action of the
lime sets free the ammonia in the manure, and thus
causes it to be lost. We would reserve the lime until
after the corn crop is harvested, theu plow the laud,
apply the lime, harrow in, aud seed to wheat and
clover.

2. We would not apply the lime on the clover sod
until the land is coming iuto cultivation again. To
be most effective in its action, lime should be worked
into the soil, aud this canuot be done on a clover sod.
In this issue will be found a suggestion as to improv-
ing an old pasture by the use of lime, but iu that case
the pasture is advised to be harrowed well before the
application of the lime, aud thus permit of it becom-
ing mixed with the soil. This could not be done with
the clover sod. We have known a light dressing of
lime applied to a clover sod with apparent advantage,
but do not think it the most advisable coui-se to fol-
low to get the greatest good from the application. — Ed.

Mr. S. S. McCraw, Halifax Co. Va.. wiites: " I
get a great deal of valuable information from the
Southern Planter, aud would not be without it for sev-
eral times its cost."

Mr. J. W. Hall, Marion Station, Md., writes :
like the Southern Planter very much."

•I

1S9S.]

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTEE.

513

SUBSOILING AND SUBSOIL PLOWS.

Editor Southern Planter:

In the effort to eomply with your request, Mr. Ed-
itor, to give you something for print on the subject of
"subsoiling," I had better start out by saying this is
what others say about this feature in farm work, so
largely am I compelled to quote the results of the
thoughts and experiments of others. Indeed, this is
true to such an extent that I will not be able to give
credit where it is due, my sole purpose being to trj
and lay the subject before your readers in the most
unpretentious style, if perchance some may be moved
to consider the matter who have not heretofore done
so, and those who have may lose nothing by the time
spent in the reading.

The theory at oue time became very prevalent that
if it was ascertained of what the plant was composed
the next thing to do was to determine how many and
how much of these substances were in the soil and
then to supply the deficiency by the introduction of
fertilizers. This idea has been largely abandoned.
Often it has been found that very barren soils may
contain just a< much of what we call " plant food" as
other soils that are very fertile.

"Of the mineral substances which enter into the
composition of plants, all save a very few are present
in great abundance in an available form iu all soils.
The exceptions are phosphoric acid, potash, lime and
possibly magnesia, sulphuric acid and nitrogen. But
soils rarely contain less than one ton per acre oue foot
deep of phosphoric acid, potash and lime, and crops
remove auuually so very small a part of these sub-
stances that the loss cannot be detected by the most
refined chemical means. And yet, with this vast store
of plant food, soils become exhausted in a very few
years."

It is well known that the "addition of twenty
pounds per acre of any of these plant foods to a soil
that contains at least oue ton of the same ingredients
means the difference between a good crop and a total
failure, and the increase in crops annually contains
more plant foods than the entire amount added iu the
fertilizer.

'' Xumberless experiments with fertilizers have
been carried out to determine what the soils need for
a maximum crop production, and what the feeding
capacities of plants are and what plant foods they
need for their normal development. These problems
are apparently simple, and yet results have proved
exceedingly unsatislactory. It is a significant fact that
the effect of the same fertilizers may be quite reversed
in different seasons. If the chief office of fertilizers is
to supply food to the crops, and if this is a controlling
factor in crop production, the relative effect of fertil
izers should be independent of the season ; otherwise
the season itself —that is, the changing conditions of
h^at and moisture — must be recognized as the control
ling factor in the development of plants, and the physi
cal effect of fertilizers iu changing the relation of the
soil to moisture and heat may be of greater importance
than the amount of plant food they furnish. Our im-
mense fertilizer trade has been built upon the theory
that the 'chief office of fertilizers is to supply the
plant food which crops need and soils fail to furnish' ;
secondly, to act upou the mineral matters of the soil
and set them free for plant use, and to maintain the

store of plant food in the soil. It is an interesting
fact in this connection that, with the use of certain fer-
tilizers, soils have become so exhausted that they can
no longer respond to the action of the special ma-
nures."

" Prof. Whitney is authority for saying that climatic
conditions have a very important part to play in the
general distribution of crops, and that deserts are bar-
ren, as a rule, because of the lack of a proper water
supply, and that where moisture is supplied, either in
the oasis or artificially by irrigation, even the most ex
tensive deserts may produce abundant crops. Chang-
ing seasons have notoriously more effect upon the crop
than is ordinarily obtained through artificial fertiliza-
tion. It is not at all rare to have the crop over a wide
area fall to a half or even a third of the normal crop
by reason of unfavorable climatic conditions.

" It therefore appears that the ' season' or the physi-
cal condition of moisture and heat very largely deter-
mines the development and yield of crops, and that
the fertilizers are beneficial or not, as they con'rol in
a measure these conditions of moisture and heat ; and
it is to this rather than to the small amount of plant
food added to the soil that the effect of fertilizers is
especially due. With this view of the matter it is
easy to see that the results would vary with the sea-
sons."

The value of commercial fertilizers is not at all
questioned in this, for "we have iu our commercial
fertilizers very powerful and potent means of main-
taining or changing the texture and condition of the
soil to secure desired yield or development of the
plant, and it is through this, rather than iu the small
amount of plant food supplied, that the most impor-
tant effect of fertilizers is felt. It is simply a fact,
however, that heat and moisture have more to do in
the production of crops than the application of artifi-
cial fertilizers.

Water is a fertilizer, am-1 as we can have but little
control of the matter of heat, and as fertilizers are an
expensive agent", the great desideratum is for the
farmer to control moisture in the soil.

But not only so. Prof. Shaler estimates the erosion
of the top soil on rolling lands at 250 square miles
each year. That is to say, 250 square miles, or about
160,000 acres of good soii, rendered barren each year
from this cause. What cause? "The effect of the
continued use, year after year, of the ordinary plow,
turning the top soil over to a depth of six or seven
inches, is to keep the top soil loose while the subsoil
is being constantly packed closer and harder, both by
the tramping of the horses in the furrow and by the
pressure of the share on the bottom of the furrow.
The result on rolling land is the erosion of the top soil
and the further effect of forming a hard surface to
carry away the water after a rainfall, leaving the soil
with little moisture for the use of the growing plant.

" About 50 per cent, of the soil contaius no solid mat-
ter, but only air and water. This empty space is
divided up by an infinite number of soil grains, so
that the spaces between the grains are very small.
When the soil is but slightly moist the water clings to
the soil grains in a thin film. As more water enters
the soil this film thickens and the exposed water sur-
face is lessened. When the soil is completely filled
with water, there is no exposed water Burface and no
surface tensiou. Gravity alone then acts with its

514

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

greatest force. In a Dearly dry
soil, there is a great deal of sur-
face tension, and then gravity
has its least effect. For example,
if a cubic foot of soil slightly
moistened is brought in contact
with a cubic foot of soil that is
thoroughly saturated with water,
the water surface in the dryer
soil will contract, the water will
be drawn from the wet soil into
the dry regardless of gravity, un-
til there is the same amount of
water in one as in the other, and
an equilibrium is established.
When water is removed fiom the
soil by evaporation or by plant
growth, the area of exposed sur-
face is increased, the tension
tends to contract the surface, and more water is drawn
to the spot.

" When rain falls on a dry soil, the exposed surface
area of the soil is diminished and the greater extent of
water surface below contracts and acts with gravity to
pull the water down.

" When a soil is only slightly moistened, there will
be a larger amount of exposed surface, the surface
tension will be very great, and it is this which enables
the soil to draw up the large amount of water needed
by the crop.

"In light, sandy soils, there is less air space than in
heavy, clay soils, therefore less exposed water surface,
and consequently less surface tension, so that while
light soils admit of a freer circulation of water, they
have less power to draw water up against the force of
gravity thau heavy, clay soils, and, as a consequence,
a crop requiring a good deal of moisture would suffer
more in a light soil in a dry spell than in a heavier
soil. For example : A sod on clay soil will stand a
drouth better than on a light, loamy soil, because,
being closer and finer, it possesses more surface area,
greater surface teusion, and greater power to draw the
moisture from the subsoil.

"Conversely, when heavier soils become saturated
by a rainfall, the water is more readily removed by
natural or surface drainage. In the former case, crops
may be injured by an excessive rainfall, by reason of
the ground remaining saturated with moisture for too
long a period. In the latter case, the full value of the
rainfull is lost by reason of the too rapid leaching of
the soil and its inability to retain the moisture for
further use of the crops.

"When we consider that deserts are barren only

from lack of water, and that where water is supplied
they become fertile and productive as other lands ; and
when we consider the immense crops raised in dry and
arid countries by irrigation, as well as the difference
of crops in other localities, in wet and dry seasons, we
are force! to the conclusion that vegetation is very
largely depeudent for its development and growth
upon a proper water supply, and that the whole art of
cultivation and manuring is based upou the possible
control of the water supply within the soil. It is im-
portant, then, not only to study the climatic conditions
of a locality, but to extend this study to conditions in
the soil and to find out what becomes of the rain after
it falls to the ground, for it does the crop no good till
it enters the soil, so that the immediate water supply
is dependent upon the power of the soil to conserve this
water and to supply it to plants as required."

" Subsoiling is not a turning of the under soil to the
surface — this would be only deep plowing — but it is
simply a loosening of the subsoil and allowing it to
fall back without briuging it to the surface at all. This
operation permits the under soil to receive a greater
amount of moisture and to retain it, because, being
loose and loamy from the operation of subsoiling, it
becomes more like the sandy soil above referred to,
more retentive of moisture. The benefit, therefore, of
subsoiling in a sandy soil is that the water is more
readily removed from the top soil, while it is, at the
same time, retained for the future use of the crop.
The advantage of subsoiling a heavy soil, on the other
hand, is that the water, instead of being removed by
surface drainage or evaporation, is allowed to sink into
the soil where it is retained, and when the closer top
soil would otherwise become hard and unfit for the
growth of the crop, especially if the rains be fol
lowed by a long drouth, there is a large amount
of water stored away in the subsoil to be drawn
upon as needed by the growing vegetation. Sub-
soiling eventually does away with the hard packing
of the bottom of the furrow as left by the ordinary
plow."

"To repeat, then, subsoiling saves the surplus
water and keeps it for the use of the crop. It is
beneficial in a sandy soil because it prevents the
top soil from becoming too saturated in wet seasons
while at the same time saviug the water for future
use in dry seasons. It is tieneficial in clay soils
because it takes care of the surplus water instead

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE.

B15

of allowing it to drain off, prevents erosion of the
soil, and stores the water for future use of the crop."

Not as much attention has been given the construe
tion of the subsoil plow at the hands of manufacturers
as perhaps might have been given, but the two styles
of plows shown represent those most popular to day.
Oue thing may be said right here, and that is that,
like all other work, it is not fair to judge results by
that half done, aud having thus far given the ends
aimed at by suhsoiliug, any one should be able to
determiue when it is well done.

The first plow illustrated above is, by all odds, the
strongest and most efficient plow in every way on the
market. It is capable of withstanding the pull of six
horses if necessary, and is what may be, ordiuarily,
called a three-horse plow. Of course it can be drawn
by two horses on some lands, depending upon the
depth taken. A straight line from the point up to
the bottom of the beam measures 21 inches. From
the point to the rear end of the shoe, measured along
its ba^e, is 29 inches. From the clevis to back of the
curve of beam is 51 inches. From base to under side
of beam, at the highest point of curve, is 2t inches
The beam is made of I bar steel, and the handles made
of steel. The face or front of the plow, that part
which breaks through the soil, is 2 inches.

The second plow is made with a steel standard, a
curved back, aud has a beam of wood. It has not the
capacity to go to the depth of the first plow, nor has
it anything like the strength. There are lands, how-
ever, iu which it has been used with good results.

Now, I have written a good deal, and yet it seems
that I have scarcely begun on a subject as interesting
as this. If it may be said that I have opened this
subject afresh, let our farmers take it up and discuss
it. They may be able to show that I am all wrong.
Surely no one is more anxious to know it if such is
the case than I am — because I am so repeatedly called
upon in correspondence to express myself along this
and kindred lines.

To the " Western Plowman,1'1 I am largely indebted
for what T have written, for I have not hesitated to
use the scissors freely.

Ashton Starke.

Henrico Co., Va.

THE TOBACCO MARKET.

The opening sales of the new season indicate a good
demand for a good article. We are of opinion that
this is likly to continue to he the tone of the market
both for bright and dark tobacco. The following ex-
tract from a foreign tobacco Exchange is calculated
to afford comfort to bright growers and dealers:

The rage for cigarettes made of Virginia tobacco
still continues unabated, and there is no doubt, that
the cigarette smoking public prefers a Virginia cigar
ette at 9d. per oz. to a Turkish at the same price.
This demand has caused cigarette manufacturers to
make up Virginia in all kinds of papers, such as cork-
tipped, silver aud gold tipped. Formerly our manu-
facturers were chary of rolling Virginia tobacco in
22 carat gold-tipped paper, bf-ing of the opinion that
nobody would care to pay lOd. or Is. per ounce for
3

Virginia cigarettes, even if they were gold tipped.
Iu fact, they thought the genuine gold tipped paper
should only be used for high class Tuikish cigarettes,
and that for Virginia tobacco, the imitation or bronze
tipped paper was good enough. Now all this is altei ed.

The following quotation refers to dark sales in
England :

The tobacco that is now being sold is actually
needed, in many cases, for immediate requirements,
as those who are now purchasing have deferred buy-
ing as long as was possible, and it is not unlikely that
their present activity may lead to a further advance
in value for some of the dark grades, the extremely
short import of same this year being now realized by
manufacturers

THE DECLINE IN THE PRICE OF COTTON.

American farmers who raise wheat, and who erst-
while were so vociferous in their lamentations but now
f el better, may be thankful that their reliance is on
wheat and not on cotton. Very dismal reports pre
vail about the prospects of cotton. 'I be United states
has quadrupled her productions of cotton since 1872,
and the price has fallen to little more than a quarter
of what it was tweuty six years ago. The price of cotton
cloth has fallen proportionately. In 1872, cotton
"printing cloths" brought 7.88 cents a yard, and this
year they bring 2.17. That is too little, and one reads
in the newspapers that planters in Arkansas are
threatening not to gather their crops, on the ground
that at present rates cotton, or at least mortgaged cot-
ton, is not worth gathering. The whole trouble is
with over pr duction in this country. Elsewhere in
the world the production is very little greater than it
was twenty years ago. — Harper s Weekly.

Notwithstanding that this great fall in price is true,
yet the reports from Southern merchants and bankers
do not indicate a like fall in the prosperity of the cot-
ton sections. On the contrary, they point to growing
prosperity on the part of both farmers, planters and
merchants. The fall in price has induced attention to
other crops than cotton, aud now these sections largely
grow their own supplies and keep at home the money
formerly sent West. Much heavier crops of cotton
are also produced at no greater cost than the former
light ones. Adversity has not been without its uses.
It has made our farmers into better business men.

Mr. W. F. Dudley, Augusta Co., Va., writes : "Can-
not possibly do without the Southern Planter."

Mr. Augustus Shoolbred, Richland Co., S. O, writes:
"The South/ rn Planter is a valuable and instructive
help to the farmers, and is worth many times its sub-
scription price."

Mr. S. M. Cathcart, Rehoboth, Ala., writes: "I am
well pleased with the Southern Planter."

516

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE HONTH.

At this season of the year, little ought to remain
to be done in the garden and truck ground. All crops,
except turnips, rutabagas, salsafy and celery, should
now have been harvested and carefully stored away
for winter use, or hive been shipped to the market.
These latter crops can continue to be gathered as
needed during the winter, as they none of them suffer
from the frost, unless very severe. Here in the South
they may usually stand out all winter without pro-
tection.

The only crops that can be planted out are cabbages
and lettuce, and these can only be set out in the
mildest section, unless means of protection are avail
able in case of severe weather. Lettuce may be set
out in cold frames for winter and early sprin" crop.
Keep the lights off as long as possible so as to ensure
hardy, stocky plants, and even in the cold weather give
air freely, when the sun is br'ght. Asparagus beds
should be covered with farmyard manure.

Let all lands not in crops be plowed deeply and be
seeded with rye. It is too late to sow any other crops.
A dressing of lime will be found of great benefit to
most garden and truck land applied at this season of
the year. Apply at the rate of 50 bushels to the acre.

Pruning may commence in the orchard and vine
yard at any time, as the frost is here rarely severe
enough to injure the trees. The main object in prun
ing is to cut away all interlacing branches, and to
admit air and sunlight into the body of the trees and to
head back the too vigorous growths, and to leave only
fully ripened wood, for on this wood only will fruit
be borne.

are to be planted with the mattock. Do not put
manure into the holes before setting out the trees.
Fill in the best soil arouud the roots and place the
bottom soil on to this and any manure used should
be applied as a mulch over this. In this issue will
be found a list of the best varieties of apples to plant
in the various sections of this State and North Carolina.

LIME BEANS.

We are indebted to Mr. John Thompson, of Hamp
ton, Va., for two crates of his celebrated Lima be ins.
These certainly reflect credit on their producer. They
are the finest beans in size and the most delicate in
flavor we have ever eaten. He uses his patent frames
upon which to grow them, thus keeping them off the
ground and fully exposed to the influence of the sun
and air. For shipment the beans are put up in coarse
muslin bags in quantities of half a peck each, aud
these bags are packed in slatted crates. In this way
they reach the consumer in as fine condition almost as
though just picked. There should be a good shipping
business easily developed with such methods and with
such beans.

Those growing peaches will do well to bear in mind
the experiment we reported last fall as to the effect of
lime washing the trees in keeping back the fruit beds.
Our peach crop is often lost by the mild weather in
February and March forcing the buds into bloom, and
then a late frost coming and destroying the fruit.
This the experiment showed could be largely pre-
vented by lime-washing the trees. The white coat
kept the buds dormant by reflecting the sun's rays
instead of allowing them to be absorbed by the dark
bark.

The planting of orchards may proceed at any time
when the ground is dry. Let the laud be deeply
plowed, and then break the subsoil where the trees

MEETING OF THE VIRGINIA STATE HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

We are informed by the President of the Society
that the annual meeting, which was proposed to be
held on the 15th November, has, at the request of a
number of the members, been postponed until the 6th
day of December next, at which time it will be held
at Charlottesville. The railroads have agreed to give
special rates for the meeting, and we hope to see a
large attendance.

BEST VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR PLANTING
IN VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

FOE THE VALLEY OF VIRGINIA AND SOUTHWEST
VIRGINIA.

Summer Varieties — Astrachan Red, Carolina Red
June, Eirly Harvest, Yellow Transparent.

Late Summer and Autumn — Bonnm, Fallawater, Fall
Cheese, Maiden's Blush, Smokehouse, Smith's Cider.

Winter — Albemarle Pippin, Baldwin, Ben. Davis,
Johnson's Fine Winter, Pilot, Roberson, Rome Beauty,
Winesap.

PIEDMONT VIRGINIA.

Summer Varieties — Same as above.

Late Summer and Autumn — Same as above.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

517

Winter — Albemarle Pippin, Ben. Davis, Bonum,
Grimes' Golden, Johnson's Fine Winter, Nansemond
Beauty, Pilot, Roberson, Rome Beauty, Royal Lim-
bertwig, Winesap.

SOUTHEEN VIEGINIA.

Summer — American Summer Pearmain, Astrachan
Red, Carolina Red June, Early Harvest, Early Ripe,
Yellow Transparent.

Late Summer and Autumn — Baldwin, Ben. Davis,
Bonum, Fall Cheese, Fallawater, Grimes' Golden,
Kentucky Red, Northern Spy, Rome Beauty, Smoke-
house.

Winter — Johnson's Red Winter, Nickajack, Ro-
manite, Royal Limbertwig, Shockley, Winesap.

FOE EASTEEN NOETH CAEOLINA.

Summer — Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Hunge,
Horse, Yellow Transparent, Summer Pearmain.

Late Summer and Autumn — Bonum, Carolina Beauty,
Rome Beauty.

Winter — Ben. Davis, Edwards, Mattamuskeet, Pine
Stump, Yates.

FOE MIDLAND NOETH CAEOLINA.

Summer — Same as above.

Late Summer and Early Winter — Same as above.

Winter — Arkansas Mammoth Black, Ben. Davis,
Royal Limbertwig, Edwards, Winesap, Nansemond
Beauty, Pine Stump, York Imperial, Van Hoy.

FOE WESTEEN NOETH CAEOLINA.

Summer and Early Winter — Same as above.
Winter — Same as for Midland North Carolina, ex-
cept the Mattamuskeet.

THE CODLING MOTH.

Editor Southern Planter:

Every apple-grower is familiar with the wormy ap
pies which sometimes amount to as much as three-
fourths of his entire crop, but most of them do not
know the origin of the worm causing this, and many
know of no means whereby to prevent its ravages.

This worm is, in reality, only the immature form of
a little brown moth, which, with wings expanded,
would not measure more than about half an inch in
length. The moth appears in the spring, and lays her
eggs on the young leaves or on newly formed apples.
These hatch in a few days, and the little caterpillars
or worms crawl to the bloom end of the fruits and eat
their way into the interior. The worm then lives
within the fruit until grown, when it emerges through
a small hole, and crawls to some crack or crevice in
the bark, where it spins a small cocoon, within which
it changes to a dark-colored, cylindrically-shaped ob-
ject, known as the pupa, from which the adult moth
shortly emerges.

In entomological classification this insect is known
as Carpocapsa pomonella, and belongs to the order of
insects known as the lepidoptera. All butterflies, as
well as moths, belong to this order, and all pass
through similar changes, so that when we see a cater-
pillar we may always know that it is but the immature
form of a moth or butterfly.

The codling moth worm eats in and around the core
of the apple, and, by thus weakening it, causes it to
fall early from the tree, and this falling is known as
the "June drop," and is often a serious matter to the
grower. The same insect is also known to attack
pears.

There are at least two measures to be advised for
combatting this pest — (1) the destruction of infested
fruit, and (2) the application of poison sprays at the
proper times.

When the wormy apples begin to fall, it is a good
plan to turn into the orchard hogs to eat them, or fail-
ing in this, to gather and feed or destroy the wormy
apples, for they contain the worms (larvae), which,
when mature insects, will produce more like them
selves. This will be an excellent precaution to tase
in contending with the early brood.

It has been pointed out that the worm enters the
apple at the bloom end, and this is important when we
consider spraying. When the petals fall from the
flowers in the spring, the bloom eud is tilted upward,
and the calyx is open, whereas a little later the bloom
end turns downward, and the calyx closes. While it
is open is the time to spray with Paris green solution,
but care must be taken to spray thoroughly, so that
each apple shall have its quota of the poison. It will
be useless to spray after the calyx closes, for the place
where the worm enters will then be protected.

There should be two sprayings— one as soon as the
petals fall, and the other about ten days later.

If our apple growers throughout the State would
pay more attention to the insect enemies and fungous
diseases which attack their favorite crop, a much bet-
ter brand of stock would be put upon the market, and
one which could more successfully compete with
Northern grown fruits.

Feanklin Sheeman, Je.

Expt. Station, College Park, Md.

The apple crop of the United States is smaller than
it has been since reliable statistics of this crop have
been collected. In none of the States does the output
of fruit approach an average, and in only a very few
does the yield exceed 50 per cent, of the crop of 1S96,
which may be considered a full one, amounting to a total
of 70,000,000 barrels of commercial quality, exclusive
of cider stock. The total supply from the 1898 crop
of the Uuited States will not reach 30.000,000 barrels,
compared to something over 40,000,000 barrels last
year. — American Agriculturist.

518

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[November

Live Stock and Dairy.

HOG BREEDING.

Many farmers still persist in overlooking the fact
tbat the male is one half the herd, and especially do
they do this in the case of the hog. In order to save
a few dollars in the price, they will take a runt pig,
when buying a boar from some breeder, paying per
haps $10 for him, when a really first-class, well grown
pig of the same age and breed would cost them per-
haps $50. They argue that they have got the blood,
and care of the sows and young pigs will soon cure the
defects of the runt. This is a false position to take.
A sire wanting iu the best poiuts of the breed, and
defective in stamina and prepotency, which is always
the case with a runt, is very apt to reproduce his own
delects, especially when uot mated to sows of fine
breeding. We kuow of no animals more apt to revert
to original types than the hog. All the fine breeds
are s.inply the product of careful selection for a par-
ticular type from original stock of a very low type,
and neglect of this careful selection and breeding from
a degenerated auiinal is more than likely to result in
a closer approach to the original type than to the im
proved animal. Al way s select the boar so that he shall
be as near the perfect animal of the breed chosen as
possible. He will cost more no doubt, but this extra
cost will be but a small item when divided amongst
the progeny of 20 or 30 sows in a year's time — a mere
matter of a few cents on each pig, whilst the difference
in value of these pigs when twelve months old, as
against those produced from the cheaper boar, will
overcome this increased cost by many dollars. Always
breed to the best.

THE GENERAL PURPOSE COW.

We have been greatly interested in following a
Beries of articles writ en in the Breeders' Gazette by
Prof. Thos. Shaw, in defence of the general-purpose
cow, or, as he prefers, and we think rightly, to call
her, the dual-purpose cow. As our readers kuow, we
have always, whilst conceding the point that the spe
cial purpose cow has a special value and a place on
many farms — the Jersey, for iustance, as a butter pro
ducer on a butter farm, and the Holstein or Ayrshire,
as milk producers on a milk farm, or the Shorthorn
or Aberdeen Aug us on a beef farm — maintained that
there was a place for the general purpose or dual
purpose cow on nearly every farm. As a type of this
animal, we have always selected the Shorthorn grade.
We think that Prof. Shaw has successfully established
his contention that the dual-purpose cow has a great
place to fill in the farming economy of this country.

Not every man is so placed that he can successfully
run a butter or a milk farm, or a purely beef making
farm. Wheu he cannot do either of these, his only
alternative is to run a stock breeding farm, and at the
price at which he can sell one-year-old calves to the
feeder, he cannot do this successfully unless he can
make more from his cows every year than the mere
price of the calf. As Prof. Linfield well says in com-
menting on this subject :

"Very many farmers desire to produce beefing
steers upon their farms, but if each of the cows raised
a calf every year (and they will be better bleeders
than the average dairy herd if they do it), and the
calf is allowed to run with the cow, at the end of six
months the farmers find that they have a calf worth
about $15 and a dry cow. Thus $15 is all that is ob-
tained for keeping the cow for a year. It is right
here that the dual purpose cow comes to the rescue.
She is capable of producing 200 pounds of butter fat
in a year, worth, at 15 cents per pound, $.'50. The
skim-milk, properly handled and fed, will give a calf
practically as good as the whole milk-fed calf, if the
work of our experiment stations counts for aught. It
is thus that the small farmer may pursue with profit
that line of work to which, by his tastes or his condi-
tions, he is best suited.

I, therefore, cannot understand that perverseness
that would condemn a man for keeping such cows and
handling them in such a way — cows which, while
raising for their owuer valuable beef calves, will, due
to their milk yield, prove a source of profit and not
of loss. On the farm of such a husbandman a large
number of cows are not kept. All the calves are
raised, and through them he markets the major por-
tion of the crops grown upon the farm. To bim the
cows are but a means to an end, yet I cannot under-
stand why he should not milk them, even though they
are not the best dairy cows, aud so increase his returns
from $15 or $20 per year per cow (which means a
loss) to $40 or $50, which would mean a haudsome
profit on their keep."

FATTENING HOGS.

Numerous experiments conducted at different ex-
periment stations have demonstrated beyond question
that a variety of food is profitable in feeding hogs.
Prof. Henry says " we may always rely upou two feed-
ing stuffs giving better results than one. If corn is
relied on as the main feed, this element so rich in car-
bonaceous matter should be supplemented with one
rich in protein aud ash. Milk, middlings, oatmeal,
and pea meal naturally supplement corn, aud if quan-
tity is desired brau will prove helpful." Iu experi-
ments made at the Wisconsin Station aud at the Mis-
souri Station, middlings (shipstuff) proved superior
to corn as a sole feed, aud at the Wisconsin Statiou
equal parts of middlings aud corn were superior to

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

519

either alone — 439 pounds of middlings and corn mixed
proving as valuable as 522 pounds of middlings alone
or 537 pounds of corn alone. In an experiment made
at the Wisconsin Station in feeding oats and corn
whole and ground, the best returns were secured when
feeding a ration consisting of one third ground oats
and two-thirds corn meal. The feed requirements for
100 pounds of gain in both trials where ground oats
were used were very low, and show the high value of
this grain for hog feeding. In exerimeuts made with
peas and corn, peas proved superior to corn. In an
experiment made at the Kansas Station with corn meal
alone and corn meal and Soja bean meal mixed, the
mixed food proved much the most profitable. When
fed corn meal alone it took 439 pounds of corn meal to
make 100 pounds of gain, whilst when the hogs were
fed two-thirds corn meal and one third Soja beau meal
it only took 309 pounds of the mixture to make a gain
in weight of 100 pounds. Those who have grown Soja
beans cannot find a much better use to put them to
than to feed them to their hogs with corn in the pro-
portion of one-third beans to two thirds corn. They
are too rich in protein to feed alone. Remember also
that ashes either from wood or coal will always be use-
ful in the feed lot or pen. They act as correctives of
stomach troubles, and tend to strengthen the bones.
Let the hogs also have a constant supply of fresh water,
and that no risk may be ruu of conveying the infection
of hog cholera or swine plague, let this water be
drawn from a well or spring at its source, and not
from running streams, which are always liable to be
infected passing through other farms.

SHROPSHIRE BUCKS.

Mr. S. B. Woods, of Charlottesville, whose adver-
tisement will be found in our columns, writes us that
he has still a few Buck Lambs for sale. These lambs
are by Newton Lord II, a son of Newton Loid, the
World's Fair champion Shropshire buck.

HOQ FEEDING.

The time for pushing on the hogs is now at haud.
We want to urge that this shall be done with more care
for the comfort of the animals than is usually bestowed.
Keep them in a dry, warm pen with plenty of shelter
from storms and cold winds, and feed a mixed grain
ration. Corn and peas or beans will make more and
better meat than corn alone. The first use made of
feed is to supply the maintenance ration and that ne-
cessary to keep up the animal heat. Only what is left
over after these wants are met goes to make fat and
meat. Grain is too costly to warm pig pens with,
therefore make them weather-proof. Read what the

Utah Experiment Station says on economical hog-
feeding :

The results of extended experiments in feeding skim-
milk to pigs at the Utah Station may be summarized
as below :

1. Skim milk, when fed in combination with grain,
makes a very valuable food for hogs at all periods of
their growth, but particularly so during the early pe-
riods.

2. Skim-milk and grain in combination make a
much more economic ration for hogs than either milk
alone or grain alone. The milk and grain fed lots re-
quired 2.58 lb. of digestible matter, the milk fed lots
2.85 lb. and the grain fed lots 3.19 lb. to make one
pound of gain in live weight.

3. When fed in combination with grain, skim milk
has 63 per cent, greater feeding value than when fed
alone, 100 lb. of skim milk taking the place of 23.2 lb.
of grain in the former case and 14.2 11). iu the latter.

4. The hogs fed on the milk aud grain ration made
much more rapid gains than either those fed on milk
alone or grain alone. The time required to make 100
lb. of gain was 79 days for the hogs fed on milk aud
grain, 116 days for those fed on grain alone, and 147
days when the food was milk alone.

5. When the skim-milk aud grain were fed in the
proportion of 3 lb. or less of skim milk to 1 lb. of
grain, the return for the skim- milk was greater than
when a larger proportion was fed. When fed in the
proportion of 2 lb. of skim-milk to 1 lb. of grain, 100
lb. of milk took the place of 31 lb. of grain, but when
fed in the proportion of 4 lb. of skim milk to 1 lb. of
grain, only 24 lb. were displaced.

6. Hogs fed on milk alone gained very slowly, and
did not keep in good health ; iu some cases they were
off their feed so frequently that a change of feed had
to be made. The milk aud grain fed hogs, however
without exception, kept iu good health.

7. Young hogs fed on grain alone did not do well,
and appeared to make poor use of the food they ate.
The hogs on this ration required 2.92 lb. of digestible
matter to make 1 lb. of gain at an average weight of
73 lb., aud only 2.83 lb. when they weighed 127 lb.
When the food was changed to milk aud grain, a
marked improvement was effected in their growth and
thriftiness.

8. Those hogs fed on milk alone or grain alone when
on pasture did much better than hogs similarly fed in
small pens. The milk- fed lot, on pasture, gained 0 05
lb. more per day and required 0.54 lb. less dry matter
to 1 lb. of gain than did the lot fed iu pens, and the
grain-fed lot, on pasture, gained 0.3 lb. more per day
and required 0.88 lb. less of dry matter to each pound
of gain. On the other hand, however, the hogs fed
on milk and grain iu combination did better in the
pens, gaining 0 05 lb. more per day than did those on
pasture, and required practically the same amount of
food to make a pound of gain.

9. The appetite of the hogs and the palafability of
the food seemed to have a very beneficial effect upon
the rapidity and economy of the gain. The milk and
grain fed hogs ate 0.37 lb. more digestible matter per
day than those fed on grain alone, and 1.46 lb. more
than those fed on milk alone. They gained 0.41 lb.
per day more than the hogs fed grain alone, and 0.59
lb. more than those fed milk alone. They also required

520

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[November

0.51 lb. less digestible matter for each pound of gain
than did the hogs fed grain alone, and 0.27 lb. less
than the hogs fed milk alone.

10. Young hogs are in every way the more economic
producers of pork. The hogs fed milk and grain re
quired 62 per cent, more to grow a pound of live weight
wheu they weighed from 200 to 255 lb. than they did
when they weighed from 38 to 100 lb., and for those
hogs fed on grain alone the difference in favor of the
smaller weight was 56 per cent.

TEXAS FEVER TICKS.

Editor Southern Planter :

Grease and flowers of sulphur, mixed with kerosine
oil, is death to the cattle tick. Stamp it out. Not by
drawing an imaginary ineffective trocha, but by anni-
hilating the enemy destroy its raids. The parasite
called "scab'' in sheep is far more insidious than the
tick, and it is kept down by fine in the Australian
colonies. First a warning, then a nominal, and fiually
an onerous fine. Why not try this before worse comes
upon us?

Inspectors might be drawn from residents of the
District of Columbia, as, being voteless, they would
not be under or over any political pull.

Agricola.

No doubt the remedy suggested will kill the ticks,
but the difficulty is that the mischief is done when the
ticks are discovered. The cattle are then already in-
oculated with the fever virus and a new crop of ticks
already sown on the pastures to infect cattle, which
may come on them later. Tae only safe course is to
keep all strange cattle off the farm. The "no fence
law" will secure this. Cattle purchased from an in-
fected district can never safely be brought into a dis-
trict north of the line until it is clearly demonstrated
that the dipping process now under trial under gov-
ernment supervision is found to be effective. — Ed.

"BABY" AND HEIFER BEEF.

A 1,400 pound steer is heavy enough for any pur
pose. We have passed the day of the heavy beefs
uselulness, the popularity of " baby beef" being never
stronger than at present. It has been a very notable
fact that well fiuished yearling cattle have sold equally
as well as two, three, and four- year olds, and, from the
producer's point of view, have doubtless sold relatively
higher, wheu their cost of maintenance is considered.
Another important feature of the year's transactions
has been the improved market for heifer beef. Little
of this is produced in this country, but its worth is
being recognized and its market value is steadily ap
proaching equality with steer prices. In other words,
we are comiug toward a condition that has obtained
in Great Britain for years. A striking exemphfica
tion of this point was the sale by our house on Decem-
ber 14 of a load of Polled Angus yearling; heifers to
Armour & Co. at $5.40 per 100 pounds, yielding in
the beef a greater protit to their producer than could
have been realized through their disposal for breed-
ing.— Live Stock Report.

ADVANTAGES TO BE DERIVED FROM FEED-
ING A VARIETY OF CROPS.

Editor Southern Planter :

One of the disadvantages of our present system of
farming with a few staple crops is not only ovei -pro-
duction, as soon as competing countries are favored
with the same crops, but also that, with these few
crops fed to live stock, animal products are produced
which, however wholesome they may be, and however
they may suit the taste of our people, do not always
suit the taste of consumers of our products in foreign
countries.

Studying the manner of living of people in foreign
countries, we find that the crops which are favored by
the climatic conditions are not only the most whole-
some, nutritious and cheapest food they can obtain,
but that these crops, fed to stock, also produce pro-
ducts which agree with and suit the taste of the peo-
ple living under those climatic conditions.

Of the digestible food ingredients of feeding stuffs,
the proportions in which the protein, carbohydrates
and fats are mixed have a great influence over the
quality of the products. Experience has shown that
feedings stuffs (or a mixture of these as fed to live
stock in the daily rations), rich in carbohydrates and
fat, will produce fat of an oily consistence and poor
keeping quality ; feeding stuffs rich in protein pro-
duce butter of a rich but not the finest taste and of
rather poor keeping qualities ; feeding stuffs rich in
carbohydrates, well balanced with proteiu and a little
fat, will, however, produce the finest butter that will
keep well. It is a well known fact that butter from
cows pastured on light soils is dry and meager, while
butter from cows pastured on the rich diked marshes
bordering on the North Sea has a rich but not a fine
taste. It is only good when absolutely fresh, and pos-
sesses poor keeping qualities. The cheese, however,
made from such milk (the Holland and Wilster Marsh
cheese) is always in good demand.

How the feeding stuffs influence the firmness and
keeping qualities of the products is not yet fully
known. What is commonly called fat is, &s is well
known, not a single fat, but a mixture of fats, of which
olein, palmiten and stearine are the most prominent,
the olein being liquid and the other two solid, and the
proportion in which these are mixed determines the
firmness or softness of the fats. The probability is
that the proportions in which these fats are produced
in the animal body depends mainly upon the protein,
the carbohydrates and the fat in the feeding stuffs.
Experienced feeders have no difficulty in obtaining
fats of a certain firmness by selecting feeding stuffs
which will produce the desired result.

In Germany, Denmark, Eugland, etc., where large
quantities of hay and straw are fed, with grain rations

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

521

made up of barley, oats, rye, and small quantities of
beans, peas, vetches, corn, as well as oil cakes, beets,
etc., according to localities, the mixtures are rich in
carbohydrates, generally well balauced with protein,
but contain little fat, and the animal products are firm
and possess good keeping qualities. In our country,
however, where hay, corn stover, ensilage and large
quantities of corn, oats and wheat bran are fed, the
products are less firm and do not possess the good
keeping qualities of the former.

If the consumers in foreign countries, used to their
own products, taste ours, and compare them with their
own, they imagine that our products are of an inferior
quality, whereas they are only of a different quality,
suited to our taste and in conformity with our climatic
conditions.

The attention of our farmers has often been called
by the present Secretary of Agriculture to the excel-
lence of the Danish butter and hams, and the h'gh
prices obtained for them in the English markets. The
finest hams abroad are produced in Denmark, Schles-
wig-Holstein and "Westphalia, and come from the
dairy and not from the grain districts. The hogs are
fattened with buttermilk, skim milk and barley, and
in some localities also receive small quantities of boiled
potatoes, peas, beans and corn. The hams produced
from these feeding stuffs are lean, tender and juicy
and of a fine flavor ; whereas hams produced by feed-
ing too much corn are not only too fat but the fat is
of a very soft texture, not always pure white, and
though in accordance with the demands of our climate,
will not suit the taste of the foreign consumer. As
the proportion of meat and fat is more due to the
breed and the quality to the feed, farmers, who look
for a 3ale of their products in foreign countries, should
not only change the breed kept by them, if it is found
necessary, as has been suggested by the Secretary of
Agriculture, but should also give, besides corn, a va-
riety of feed, such as small quantities of barley, rye,
peas or beans, to produce less and a firmer fat, better
suited to the taste of the foreign consumers.

A similar complaint is made against our butter.
Foreigners say that it is not firm enough, that it will
not keep well, and that it contains too much water and
entirely too much salt to be really fine, and in the ma
jority of cases this is true.

We make butter that is equal if not superior to the
best Danish butter, but we do not make enough of it.
As the quantity is very small and the demand for it is
large, the high price, from 40 to 50 cents per pound,
obtained for it makes its exportation impossible. The
great bulk of our butter, however, especially the win-
ter and early spring butter, from stall fed cows, is only
of medium or poor quality. It turns rancid in a week
after being bought from the retailer, is oily, and often

contains so much salt that the latter spoils the taste of
the butter completely.

Although the softness and rather poor keeping quali-
ties of the great bulk of our butter are more or less
due to feeding too much corn, there are still other
causes which make it exceedingly difficult for us to
compete with the great bulk of the Danish butter.
The fine qualities of the latter are due :

1. To herds of from 100-400 cows of the same
breed kept on large farms.

2. To the uniformity of the period of lactation.

3. To fine, well kept pastures.

4. To the uniformity of a carefully-selected winter
feed.

5. To unexcelled climatic conditions.

Although our pastures, with the exception of those
of the blue-grass regions and a few others, will hardly
ever be as good as those in Denmark and Scbleswig-
Holstein, due to our climatic conditions, we can deci-
dedly improve our winter feed by growing a greater
variety of crops, such as rye, barley, oats, peas, beans,
vetches, beets and others. A variety of feed is not
only better liked by all stock, but enables us to give
better balanced rations and to produce a firmer butter
with better keeping qualities, for which our farmers
will obtain better prices.

H. WlNKELMAN.

AVERAGE RESULTS FROH FEEDING LAHBS
FOR THREE YEARS.

The following summary gives some of the more im-
portant average results obtained from fee ling lambs
for three successive winters at our University Experi-
ment Farm :

1. Average time covered by the preparatory feed-
ing, 7 days.

2. Average time covered by the experiment proper,
vd days.

3. Average duration of the feeding period, 9S days.

Values :

1. Average value per 100 lbs. on the basis of

cost wheu the feeding began $3 45

2. Average value per 100 lbs. shrunk weight

when the lambs were sold.. 4 88

3. Difference per 100 lbs. between cost price

and selling price 1 43

Increase in Value :

1. Average value of each lamb when the feed-

ing period began $2 65

2. Average value of each lamb at the close of

the feeding period 5 03

3. Average value of each lamb at the close of

the feeding period with shrink 4 87

4. Average increase in the value of each lamb

during the feeding period 2 38

522

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

Wrights: Lbs.

1. Average weight of one Jamb when the expe-

riment began 72.2

2. Average weight of one lamb when the expe-

riment proper closed, that is to say, from
feeding for 91 days 105.S

Increase in Weight :

1. Average in weight of one lamb from feeding

for HI dayB 33.6

2. Average increase in weight per mouth of 30

days 9.4

3. Highest average iucrease in weight per month

from all the lambs in one experiment — 12.0

4. Lowest average iucrease per month from all

the lambs in a single experiment 7.1

Food Consumed :

1. Average of grain consumed per day by one

lamb 2.07

2. Average of hay consumed per day by one

lamb S5

3. Average of food consumed per day by one

lamb 2.92

Cost of Increase :

1. Average cost of making 100 lbs. of iucrease

in weight dining the experiment proper... $3 59

2. The lowest cost of making 100 lbs. of increase

by the lambs of any one lot 2 92

3. Average iucrease in value per 100 lbs. of the

added weight, over the cost of producing

it, by feeding for 91 days 1 29

Profit :

1. Average profit on one lamb during the ex

peri men t proper (91 days), shrink weight

not included $1 08

2. Average profit on one land) during the ex-

periment proper (91 days), shrink weight
considered 96

3. Average net profit per lamb during the eutire

period of feeding S6

CONCLI'SIOXS.

The following are some of the more important con-
clusions that may be drawn from the three years' ex-
periments :

1. That both range lambs and home grown lambs
are well adapted for feeding.

2. That the value, of the increase made from feed-
ing lambs in our State is more than the cost of food
used in making it

3. That the coarse cereals which Minnesota produces
are well adapted to the fattening of lambs when suita-
bly blended.

4. That when lambs are being fattened, considerably
superior gains will be obtained when the grain food
contain^ at least 10 per cent, of oil cake.

5. That oil cake, bailey, and oats, suitably blended
with or without bran, make an excellent food for fat-
tening lambs.

6. That while good gains may be secured by feeding
oats and oil e.ike suitably blended, the dearness of the
mixture makes it too costly to furnish the highest
profit.

7. That excellent gains can be secured when fatten

ing lambs in our climate in the absence of field roots
or ensilage.

8. That under the conditions which have prevailed
during the past three years, an average of about $1
per head could he secured from feeding lambs judi-
ciously for about 100 da\ 8.

Observations.

1. From the behavior of the lambs that were kept
longer than 100 days, the conclusion is fair that the
feeding period should not ordinatily be extended be-
yond 120 days. After 90 or 100 days' feeding, the
gains are not so good, and there is more trouble in
keeping the system in tone. Better average results
will probably be obtained from feeding lambs for less
than 100 days than for a longer period.

2. From these experiments the conclusion is legiti-
mate, that in order to insure a good profit from feed-
ing lambs, the aim should be to secure a difference of
at least one cent per pound between the buying and
the selling price, aud if the difference reaches H cents
per pound, au excellent profit will be insured. The
lighter the lambs when bought, the larger the margin
of difference should be between the buying and the
selling price. And, of course, the more costly the
price of the foods used, the greater the necessity that
exists for having a good margin between the buying
and the selling price per pound.

3. Under average conditions, the advance in value
from feeding a lamb for 100 days should be about
equal to the price paid for it when ready for feeding.
In these experi merits the increase was a little less than
that, but the lambs fed in 1S95-96 were bought at a
price unusually high, and sold at a price unusually
low.

4. In rearing or in choosing lambs for feeding, the
aim should be to secure them of such weights that
they will not exceed 100 lbs. when finished. The
markets show a decided preference for a well finished
lamb rather under than over 100 lbs. Because of this,
the lambs grown on the range are of very suitable
weights for being fattened.

5. That gains so good as were secured in these experi-
ments can be obtained in the absence of field roots is
greatly encouraging to the industry. It may be that
still better gains can be secured by feeding roots also,
but in our cold winter climate it is comforting to know
that feeding can be prosecuted successfully in their
absence.

6. The gains made in proportion to the food con-
sumed speak well of the suitability of Minnesota con-
ditions in fattening lambs. When an average of 9.4
lbs. per month of increase can be made from feeding
2 02 lbs. of food per day, the feeder thus employed is
assuredly engaged in a profitable business. The
brightness, the purity, and the steady character of
our winter climate, is doubtless measurably responsi-
ble for such excellent results.

7. No feature of the results obtained arrested the
attention of the writer so forcibly as the possibility of
making a profit on the iucrease in weight made dur-
ing the feeding period. It is so different from the
previous experience wheu feeding in Ontario. Where
foods are relatively dear, such profit cannot be real-
ized from ordinary feeding. It cannot be so realized
in Britain, nor in Ontario, nor yet in New England or
the Eastern States. In these experiments, each 100

1898.]

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTER

523

lbs. of increase made was worth SI. 29 more than it
cost. It was made possible by the cheapness of the
food fed. I would that farmers fully realized the ad-
vantage which cheap food gives them in feeding over
the Eastern farmer.

8. The average profit was nearly but not quite $1
per lamb in these experiments The profit is much
lowered by the experiment of 1S95-96. In that ex-
periment, the selling price was hut 18 cents per hun-
dred over the cost price of the lambs. Such a result
will follow but seldom. It is fair, therefore, to claim
that, as things have been iu receut jears, one dollar
per head of profit might be looked for. It should be
remembered, however, that the protit made is not the
most valuable feature of an experiment. The profit
is greatly affected by the nature of the buyiug aud
selling. The fact may not be generally known that it
it is more difficult for a State to buy cheaply than for
an individual to do so. In these experiments, the
most valuable lessons taught are such as relate to the
suitability of foods for feeding, the cost of production,
the relative gains made, aud the profit, if any, on such
gains.

9. In view of all the facts brought out in these ex-
periments, and of the further fact that lambs abouud
on the Western ranges, the conclusion is certainly le-
gitimate that a magnificent opportunity has come to
our farmers to eng ge in the fattening of winter lambs.

University of Minnesota.

Thos. Shaw.

REMEDY FOR WORMS IN LAMBS.

It has been a long while since you have had any-
thing in the columns of The Gazette from my pen.
Eor some fifteen years my work has been for and
arnoDg railroad men, but all the while, however, my
home has been on Willowedge Farm, which has uever
been better stocked with Shorthorns, Oxford Downs,
aud Poland China Logs than now. My son-in-law
looks after the farm and stock. He brought me iu the
other day some late issues of The Gazette, and I have
been much interested in reading what some of your
correspondents have written iu regard to this worm
trouble with our lambs. For four years past we have
lost a large per cent, of our lambs by this trouble. I
will not say I have found a perfect remedy, yet I want
to let my brother farmers who have been suffering with
this worm pest know what I have found.

Last fall a friend of mine sent me a gallon of what
is called " germol" to use as a disinfectant about our
hog pens aud yards as a sort of preventive of hog
cholera. We used it in our heu house and on colts
that were infested with lice, and also as a sheep dip
for ticks, aud found it so effective that it occurred to
me it might be death also to those stomach-worms in
our lambs, aud we ventured to try it. I took out and
opened the stomach of a lamb just dead aud found the
coats of the stomach literally covered with these hair-
like worms. I made a little dish like of a part of this
stomach aud turued on some turpentine. I could not
see that it affected the worms any more thau so much
water. I then made another dish with another part of
the same stomach aud turued on a little of the germol,
aud I do not thiuk there was a live worm to be found at
the end of tweuty seconds. It is a deadly poison to in-
sects aud worms, but does not affect animal life. It is

a powerful disinfectant and one part of germol to one
huudred parts of water destroys all insect life aud
germs most effectually. We have been giving it to our
lambs, aud except in one or two cases where the lambs
where very weak we have lost none siuce usiug it.
The lambs are doiug nicely now. We are also putting
a small quantity into the swill fed the pigs. We have
no sign of disease among them. I am satisfied if we
had given our lambs a dose of this when we first
noticed any trouble we should have saved all of them.
In giviug it to the lambs we diluted it with water in
the proportion of one hundred of water to one of the
germol. Where we have been accustomed to use car-
bolic acid ou sores aud wounds like barbed-wire cuts
we tiud this is far better, and we use it altogether. It
cleanses and heals without the severe pain caused by
the acid. I look upon this as an invaluable remedy
for us farmers to have ou baud.

Webster Co., la. L. S. Coffin.

Remarks. — Germol is one of the now popular tar pro-
duct disinfectants of the same character as zeuoleum,
chloro-naptholeum and others, all of which emulsify
well with water and are effective as disinfectants and
sheep dips. Our preference has been for zeuoleum as
a substitute for the more expensive creolin Pearson,
but we have no doubt that germol does what Mr. Coffin
claims, which by the way is uot a new purpose for
germol, zeuoleum, creolin, etc., each of these having
been successfully used as a vermifuge for some years
past. Germol, zeuoleum, etc., may also be used safely
aud w th benefit in one- to two-drachm doses in water
for stomach flatulence in horses, and both are of great
use for wounds on all animals. — Veterinary Editor
Gazette. — Breeders'1 Gazette.

Another Remedy.

There is no need to lose lambs affected with stomach
worms, if taken iu time. That means before ex-
treme emaciation sets in. Thauks to the French sci-
entists and the kindness of Prof. Thorue, we have
knowledge of the benzine treatment. I have tested
this well. It is certainly harmless. It seems also
most effective. I use either " benzine" or " gasoline,"
believing that there is no practical difference iu the
substauces as fouud ou our markets. I give a dessert
spoouful to a sixty pound lamb, making an emulsion
with about four ounces of water in which flaxseed has
been steeped. The object of the flaxseed is to make
the water mucilagiuous enough to cause the oil to be
held in suspension.

I give this dose three successive mornings. To old
ewes that seemed run down and that were probably
affected I have given a tablespoonful of benzine. It
has not harmed any sheep to which it has been given.
To all it has seemed a direct aud some a wonderful
benefit. The skius grow pink, the forms rouud out,
the appetite comes back. — Breeders' Gazette.

Mr. J. D. Keeler, Bedford Co., Va., writes: 'We
cannot get along without the Southern Planter. It gets
better and better every year."

When corresponding with advertisers, say that you
saw their "ad" iu the Southern Planter.

524

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

The Poultry Yard.

POULTRY CROP OF 1898.
The Sprague Commission Co., 218 South "Water St.,
Chicago, well known and reliable poultry commission
men, make the following report :

Notwithstanding that in nearly all instances the ad-
vices received touch npon the wet and cold spring as
having been unfavorable for the hatching of the eggs
the crops of the different kinds will compare well with
that of the year 1897. Cholera killed off a great deal
of the young stock, as did also rats — had it not been
so, the crop would have been unusually large, and
lower prices would have been the result. As it is,
indications are that- fairly remunerative prices will be
obtained.

Turkeys. — From the numerous reports received, we
learn that the crop of turkeys for the year 18H8 will
not vary much from that of last year — possibly 5 to 10
per cent, larger, or about 65 to 70 per cent, of a full
crop. For the year 1897, the crop was about 75 per
cent, of the crop of 1896, and was 60 per cent, of a full
crop. The increase this year, if any, was due to the
high prices which ruled last year, in consequence of a
short crop, and influenced farmers to increase their
supply of turkeys. But the wet and cold spring had
a tendency to kill off an unusual number of young
turkeys. Besides, there was only a comparatively
small number of turkeys carried over fi om last year,
and there was not the stock on hand with which to
build up a new crop very fast. Hence, the crop is not
likely to be much larger than last year, and the gene
ral impression is that good paying prices to farmers
will again prevail. One thing noticed in our replies
was that many reports indicated a later crop — any-
where from two to four weeks late.

Chickens. — The crop will again be a large one — fully
as large as 1897, possibly 10 per cent, larger — and as
the crop of 18h7 was 10 per cent, larger than 1896, it
is generally conceded that the erop will be above au
average. In nearly every instance the crop was re-
ported same as last year or larger. In some instances
the reports note a smaller crop than 1897, but there
are not enough of these to cut any figure in the gene-
ral crop. In some sections rats, which have again
been abundant, particularly at points where corn has
been cribbed, killed off a good many chickens. The
wet weather and cold spring also had the effect of les
sening the crop of chickens. But notwithstanding the
misfortune which visited some sections, other points
made up for this loss, and the crop will be a large one
and chickens will be plentiful.

Ducks. — The reports again indicate a large crop for
this year, aud it is fair to estimate that the supply of
ducks will be as large for the year 1898 as it was in
1897, which was 15 per cent, larger than for the year
1896. The season has been quite favorable for the
raising of ducks. Rains have been sufficient to keep
the streams and creeks full of water. Besides, a great
many ducks were left over from the year 1897, which
laid the foundation for a good crop in 1898. The low
piices which prevailed during 1897 naturally discour
aged the raising of ducks iu many sections, and some
points report a material reduction. There were also

losses from other causes, some correspondents mention-
ing the fact that snapping turtles ate and killed off
many young ducks. But notwithstanding the short-
age in some sections, others make up the deficiency,
aud the crop will compare favorably with that of last
year.

Geese. — The crop of geese, while not a full crop, will
be quite large and estimated at about 85 per cent., or
about the same as last year to possibly a little larger.
The cold and wet spring may have had some effect
upon the hatching, but fairly good prices realized for
the crop of 1897 induced parties to increase the pro-
duction, and the increase in some sections will make
up for the losses in others. Prospects are that the
quality of the geese will be better than last year, as
grain is cheaper and farmers will be more inclined to
teed than they were during the year 1897.

HARDY CHICKS.

A hen can be kept in service for three or more
years ; she will only have to be raised once, and loses
no time after the first year. However, leaving that
view of the matter for future consideration, it may be
well affirmed that the continued sacrifice of hens and
replacing them with pullets is doing much harm to all
flocks which are composed of pullets, as the use of
pullets for breeding purposes is to use immature
mothers. It is well known that vigorous chicks are
secured from hens that are two years old and over more
generally than from pullets, especially when the hens
are mated with cockerels not under eighteen months
old. When eggs are used from pullets year after year
it can only result in deterioration of the flock, not be-
cause of lack of new blood, but of vigor in the parent
stock. This has been demonstrated by using eggs
from old hens and pullets in an incubator. The eggs
from pullets produced as many chicks as the eggs from
the hens, but in the brooder the loss from the lot of
chicks hatched from eggs laid by pullets were three
times as large as in the next lot, which was composed
of chicks hatched from eggs laid by hens. All the
chicks had the same sire, were fed alike and cared for
alike in every respect, but the chicks from the matured
hens were not only stronger and more vigorous, but
they grew faster and gave more satisfaction in every
way. The reason why some prefer to keep pullets is
because they labor under the mistaken supposition
that it is cheaper to raise pullets than to feed moulting
hens. Now, it costs something to feed the pullet from
the egg to maturity, while only three months (or less)
is required for the hens to moult. The majority of
pullets do not lay until seven mouths old, and this
period of time is a total loss. A hen should be in her
prime at three years old. A breeder had a hen six
years old that laid more eggs than any hen or pullet
in his yard. In the comparison of chicks from eggs
laid by pullets aud hens, the chicks from the hens are
much easier to raise, though the eggs from the pullets
hatch equally as well. For breeding purposes use the
hens. While the pullet may at first lay more than the
hens, yet she is also more costly, considering that she
must be raised. P. H. Jacobs.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

525

ABOUT THE PULLETS.

As there are ou many farms a large number of
young pullets that were hatched too late for winter
laying they will consequently be of little service until
spring. There are also numbers of pullets that were
hatched in April, but which up to this time have
shown no disposition to get beyond the stage of chicken
hood, aud as the season is now getting late something
must be doue with them in order to push them forward.
Cold weather has a peculiar effect on young chicks.
It seems to check them as suddenly as though they
were vegetables. Often it may be noticed that chicks
grow fat and thrive splendidly, with every prospect of
coming in early for winter laying, when the approach
of frost ends all progress. If the hatching of the
chicks was not done until the summer opened, say
June, the result is invariably dwarfs. Farmers will
not be satisfied to feed pullets from April to March
without receiving eggs from them, and consequently
now is the proper period to attend to them. As soon
as the cold weather sets in the first important point is
to make the quarters warm and dry. They should be
faced to the south, in order to give all the sunshine
possible, and must be kept clean and light. A coating
of whitewash occasionally will be an inducement to
the fowls to remain indoors in stormy weather, as they
always prefer plenty of light. In regard to the food,
the question is one of quality rather than quantity.
The pullets must be pushed, and meat and green food
are most desirable. Meat is now sold in the ground
condition, especially for the purpose, at about five
cents per pouud, and the quantity required for a single
fowl is not large. Green food may consist of vege
tables of any kind convenient, and may be fed both
cooked and raw. Avoid feeding corn exclusively.
Fowls should have some grain, but it must consist of
corn, wheat, and soaked oats. By thus providing
the pullets with the proper food, they will not be
checked, and will begin to lay in November, unless of
breeds that require a long period in which to mature.
Should the pullets begin to lay before winter, they
will continue at it if well cared for ; but should they
pass into the winter without giving indications of lay-
ing, the prospect is that they will not begin before
March. Keep all pullets that are enlarging the combs,
especially if the combs are showing the scarlet color.
If such pullets are not laying now, they will begin to
do so very soon. — Poultry Keeper.

A PRINCIPLE IN BREEDING.

In Japan and also in Corea there is a peculiar breed
of gallinaceous fowl, the males of which have tail
feathers of abuormal length, the best specimens hav-
ing tails six feet long and over. These cocks are prized
solely for their length of tail. The least gain is closely
noticed, and adds greatly to the bird's value; and as
large prices are paid by the fanciers, there is great ri
valry amongst breeders. How did this peculiar breed
originate? Was there, at souie remote time, produced
by some freak of nature a rooster with tail feathers six
feet long, and is it now an occasional deeply inbred
descendant of his that happens to inherit the peculi-
aritv of his prepotent ancestor, modified or intensified
as the case may be, according to the more or less sue

cessful blending of the various lines of descent? We
are assured that no such ancestor ever existed. Prof.
Ischikawa, of Tokio, is authority for the statement
that this abnormal variety, which now breeds true to
type, was produced originally from the common do-
mestic barnyard fowl, by simply breeding continu-
ously for many generations to the cock with the long-
est tail. Little by little the length of these tail feath-
ers was gradually augmented, until in time all the
cocks had tails much longer than any of their ances-
tors.. In other words, the Japanese breeder selected
invariably the subject that varied the most in the de-
sired direction— in his case that of long tails. The
same course has been followed by all nations and with
many beef breeds — the Shorthorn and Polled Angus
— the milk breeds — Jerseys, Alderneys, etc. — the spe-
cial breeds of sheep, pigs, and pigeons — all have been
brought to the highest state of perfection by patient,
persistent, skillful selection of breeding animals that
varied most in the requisite direction. — Coleman's Ru-
ral World.

BUY YOUR STOCK NOW.

Don't wait if you want to buy good stock at cheap
prices, readers. We give below some of the advantages
of buying birds in the fall. Here they are :

1. The breeder has a larger stock on hand from
which to select.

2. He has more birds than he can accommodate, and
will "thin out" at a sacrifice.

3. As business is dull at this season, he can do a
better part for you.

4. If he is compelled to keep his stock over until
spring, he will add the extra expense, and if eggs are
in demand, he will not sell at all.

5. In the spring, the yards are made up, and the
breeder will not break his matiugs.

6. Hens and pullets, of any breed, are seldom to be
had in the spring.

7. By buying young birds now you may get the best,
as the best birds cannot be well selected until they are
matured.

8. Cockerels are in excess now. You cannot ap-
point a better time than the present to secure one. —
Poultry Keeper.

CHICKEN CHOLERA.

One of the latest cures for chicken cholera is hypo-
sulphite of soda, given in doses of half a level tea-
spoonful of the crystals in as much water as will dis-
solve it. Hyposulphite of soda should not be con-
founded with sulphite of soda. Sulphite of soda is the
union of sulphurous acid and soda, or sulphur fumes,
water aud soda. Sulphuric acid is oil of vitriol, and is
distinct from sulphurous acid, which contains less ox-
ygen. Hyposnlphurous acid is made by dissolving
pure sulphur in a solution of sulphite of soda, the first
containing twice as much sulphur as the latter. Pure
sulphur will not dissolve in water, but dissolves in the
solution of sulphite of soda or carbon disulphide. Sul-
phur fumes will instantly destroy the germs of all con-
tagious diseases, and probably it is by the breaking up
of the hyposulphite of soda in the system that the sul-
phurous acid, sulphur and soda kill the disease. —
Poultry Keeper.

526

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

The Horse.

NOTES.

At Gould Hill Farm, in Hanover Co., Va.. which is
about sixteen miles from Richmond and probably one
third of that distance from Hanover Courthouse, the
county seat, which is also the post-office and railway
station of the farm, there is quite a collection of well-
bred trotting stock, owned by Mr. James A. Graham,
who purchased the place and removed there from
Bigg^ville. Illinois, in the spring of 1895. There are
over 800 acres .n Gould Hill, and the place is one of
the best known iu that section of Virginia, and has
retained its original name for generations.

Iu the lifetime of the late John B. Davis. Gould Hill
was the pride of that able financiers heart, and money
was expended with a lavish hand in making improve-
ments. Later the farm passed to the late Charles P.
Stokes, and from him through several hands to its
present owner. During former years, when trotters
were iu greater demand than now, Mr. Graham ranked
among the best known horsemen iu the middle West,
as an owner and breeder, and as secretary of the Mon-
mouth Driving Park. Monmouth. Illinois. Then the
Graham Farm catalogues, issued annually and com
piled by Mr. Graham, were models of neatness and
taste.

The stallion roster included the names of such
as Mambrino Boy. the most famous son of
Mambrino Patchen and sire of Allerton. 2:09t. and
Axtell. 2:12: Spectator, 2:17 :. son of Dictator: Earl
McGregor. 2:21:. s m of Robert McGregor : Tribune.
son of Knickerbocker : Alcautra. son of Alcan-
tara, and others: arid these, added to the brood-mares
and young things, often ran the number of hi
the farm to 150 bead or more. When Mr. Graham
decided to remove E t^t to escape the rigor of the win
ters in the West, more than 100 head of stock passed
under the hammer at Graham Farm, and the remain
der were brought to Gould Hill, among them the
che>tunt stallion Leewood, by Dexter Prince, out" of
Jollyetta. bv Nutwood. Leewood was foaled i
and is a well made, handsome horse, of fine size,

ae to sixteen hands high, and weighing 1100
pounds. Asa three year old. tl.is sou of Dexter Prince
trotted a trial in 2:1<;';. and was looked upon as the
making of a sensational performer, but weut wrong in
the near forward ankle, and was retired to the stud.
■ ' 1 is the sire of a couple of fast pacers iu the list
of standard speed, oue of them being the bay gelding.
Alee, 2:19*.

The brood-mare baud at Gould Hill includes R
membranes, a well finished, handsome bay, by I
Wilkes, out of Ella Dean, by Corbeau. S:ie is twenty,
but does unt look her years, and is well preserved and
in vigorous health. Iu the boom lays of the trotter
Mr. Graham went to Highlawn Farm. Lee, Mass . and
paid -*2 imo for Remembrance, in foal to Alcyone, and
the produce was the pacer El Benicia, 2:20;. which he
sold for (1,500. Serpentine, a bay. six years old. hv
Mambrino Boy. out of Remembrance, and one of the
finest individuals on the farm : Memoir, a bay. five
ild, foil sister ro Serpentine: Racket, dim of
Red Boy, 2:27. a bay. eleven years old, by Red Wilkes,

dam Racqnette. by Enfield, second dam Heel and Toe,
: Fannie, dam of the oue time noted campaigner, Jewett.
2:14 pacing. 2:20. trotting : India Rubber, a brown
ten-year-old. by Indianapolis, 2:21. dam Arrl
Administrator: Blanche Archer, a brown five-year-
old, by Mambrino Boy. dam Tributary, by Tribune,
2:2V : Leewood Lassie, a bay. four years old, by Lee-
wood. dam Lady Lisle, dam of Agatha. 2:17,. by Eu-
sigu : au unnamed black, six yeais old full sister to
,2:18 by Mambrino Boy. dam Artful, by Tri-
bune : au uuuamed bay. five years old. by Mambriuo
Boy. dam Leouora. dam of Sherwiu. 2:2 U, by Belvi-

Secretary, dam of Seamstress
and Lucy Waltei- IS, a bay. fourteen years

old. by Alroy. dam Nelly M.. dam of Atlas. 2:23 . and
Alcaid. 2:28] by Joe Hooker: Spectacular, a black,
eight years old, by Spectator. 2:17,. daui Lady Vol-
unteer, by Volunteer : Lady Lisle, dam of .'.
2:17 . a bay, b\ Eusign, dam Lady Prophet, by Drury's
E'hau Alien; au uuuamed bay. four yeirs old. by
Leewood. dam Belle Patchen. by Sprague Pilot. 2:24 :
and au unnamed bay, fonr years old. by Simmons,
dam Salee, by Mambrino Boy. The younger division
at the farm includes a number of choice specimeus, but
one of the most highly formed and handsomest of the
lot is a bay filly, oue year old, by Leewood, out of
Remembrance, the dam of El Benicia.

With Alcantara, son of George Wilkes and famous
old Alma Mater, at its head. Mr. A. K. Ware's Suow-
deu Farm, near Fredericksburg, is one of the best
kuowu breeding establishments in Virginia. Alcan-
tara's stud companious at Suowden are Wilkesoneer,
son of Norval. 2:14 j. and Millie, by Onward. 22 V.
second dam. D icia Payne, sifter to Hamlin's Almont,
86, and Bonnie Kirkland four years old. by Al-
lerton. 2:09}, out of the great brood mare. Gallita. by
Adirondack. As Al Faro. Bounie Kirklaud earned a
pacing record of 2:29j at two yeais old. but his name
was changed for ieiristration purposes. All
ranks as one of th»- trotting sires, and at 22

is well preserved and vigorous for a horse of his age,
and does not look his years. The report circu
the Fasig sale at New York in March last, when Mr.
Ware purchased him. that he was an unsure foal get-
ter, had no foundation. .All of the mares bred to
him at S owden iu April caught while of the thirty
or more bred to him at Peoria, Illinois, where he was
sent on May 1st and placed iu the hands of A. P.
- nearly all appear to be iu foal. Alcantara is
now at the Monmouth Driving Park. Monmouth, Illi-
nois, making a fall season, and -ome of the best mares
in that section are being hied to him. The brood-
mare band at Snowden includes Aliie Medium, 2:17:,
a wrand looking bay, one of the grandest of roadsters,
and much f.ster than her record indicates, by Country
Medium, dam by Alroy: Fannie Salisbury, a chest-
nut, by Judge Salisbury, dam San Waw. dam of Dic-
tionary. 2:30, by Administrator; Ltdy Kirkland. a
Mick, by Director, 2:17 1, dam Lady Arundel, by Guy
Wilkes. 2:15}. second dam Maid Marion, by L-Graude,
third dam Rosalind, dam of Wilkes Moor. 2:27. ami
Albina Camiuo, 2:i'7.. bv Del Bur, 2:24. Allie Me-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

527

diuin, Fannie Salisbury and Lady Kirkland are in
foal to Alcantara ; while Lona Wilton, 2:23, the
speedy brown daughter of Wilton, 2:19}, and old
Lona Guffin, 2:23, by Blue Bull, who was
also bred to him and then placed in training
and raced, died at Springfield, 111., on September 28th,
her death resulting from an attack of acute indigestion.
She had shown a mile in 2:14} this season, and Mr.
Ware looked for her to make a noted producer of
speed. Red Beauty, a brown, sixteen hands high,
that was fast as a yearling and quite speedy now, by
Red Wilkes, dam Maxim Beauty, by Maxim, was bred
in the spring to Red Leo, 2:26^. Ardanella, a bay, by
Melton, 2:30, dam Mendota, by Frank Noble ; Viola
M., a bay, by Monocacy, dam by Bashaw, Jr.; Lady
Watling, a chestnut, by Watling, dam by Elwood ;
Flygold, a chestnut, by Nutgold, dam by Nutwood
Chief, were bred in the spring to Wilkesoneer, while
Kitty Mac, a chestnut of elegant finish and grand style
in harness, by Robert McGregor, 2:171, and Blanche,
a black, by Durango, were mated with Bonnie Kirk-
land. Emo, a bay mare, four years old, by Idolater,
dam Ardanella. is a very speedy pacer, and, hooked
to pole with Kitty Mac, the pair make a fast team.
One of the cleverest yearlings on the farm is a chest-
nut filly by Brown Allerton, son of Allerton, dam
Ardanella.

Robert Bradley, of Greenway Farm, Wilcox Wharf,
Va., has sustained quite a loss in the death of the
three year-old chestnut colt Traverser, by imported
Rossington, out of Betsey Broeck, by Ten Broeck.
which occurred at Hawthorne track, Chicago, October
14th, and was due to the bursting of an artery in the
lungs.

Traverser was one of the best winners out, a stake
winner as a two-year-old, and a fine three-year old,
albeit his career was a checkered oue and he had been
asked to do three times as much as any horse on the
American turf, which was probably the direct cause
of the colt's death. He was sold in New York as a
yearling, and purchased and sent to Bermuda by a
Mr. Skinner. To obtain a loan of seventy five dollars,
the colt was given as collateral to W. Fields, whose
property he became in lieu of the cash which was to
have been forthcoming. Later the colt was shipped
from Bermuda to Gravesend track, New York, where
he was allowed to rest up a few days, and then sent
direct to Mr. Bradley, at Fort Erie, arriving there
about the first of June, 1897. The youngster stood
the long journey well, and was immediately placed in
training. Carrying the Bradley colors, he ranked
with Malvolioaud other crack Western two-year olds.
At the close of the season, Traverser was leased to the
big racing firm of Burns & Waterhous>\ and ran under
their colors last winter in California, where he proved
himself quit a high class performer, placing to his
credit some important events and close to ten thousand
dollars.

Messrs. Julian Morris and L. A. Larkin, Jr., the
latter secretary of the Manassas Horse Show Associa-
tion, which has proven such a success under his man-
agement, promoters of the Ric. mond Horse Show, to
beheld here on December 6th. 7th and 8th, feel highly
encouraged over the outlook. A meeting was held at

the Jefferson Hotel on October 17th and plans formu-
lated, and a committee composed of Thomas N. Carter,
L. M. Williams and Col. John Murphy appointed to
confer with the Chamber of Commerce and Young
Men's Business Association, both of which bodies ex-
pressed themselves as heartily in favor of the scheme.
Much interest is manifested in the movement, which
has the support of men prominent in business arid
social circles, and Richmond is to be congratulated on
the bright prospect ahead for a first class Horse Show,
one both instructive and interesting to the masses in
general. The Horse Show will be held in the Audi-
torium Building at the Exposition Grounds, which is
easy of access and well fitted for the purpose.

Mr. Edward S. Craven, of the Ravenwood Farm,
near this city, has returned from Boston, Mass., where
he disposed of eight head of fine hunters and jumpers
at an average of over $500 each.

These horses had been selected with great care and
were all of fine size, averaging at least sixteen hands
each in height, nicely broken to harness and saddle,
and trained for both jumping and cross country work.
As to breeding, they were sired mostly by thorough-
bred stallions from general purpose mares, which
seems to produce with quite a degree of uniformity
the class of horse indicated. Virginia bred hunters
are in demand for cross country work in the North,
and should prove a profitable source of revenue for
breeders who will cater to the demand.

The annual fair and race meeting to be held at
Rocky Mount, N. C, November 2d to 4th, inclusive,
should furnish sport and pleasure galore to those who
attend, as most of the horses taking part in the races
of the North Carolina State Fair, at Raleigh, the week
previous are likely to start. Following the Rocky
Mount Fair comes the Greenville Tobacco and Fair
Association's meeting, the dates of which are Novem-
ber 9th, 10th and 11th. Over (2,400 will be offered in
purses, ranging from $150 to $300 each, for trotters,
pacers and runners, and the contest should furnish in-
teresting sport.

Mr. Joseph Lasitter, of the Richmond Horse Bazaar,
has quite a trotter in the five-year-old bay gelding
Firewood, 2:22£, by King Nutwood, dam Medina, sis
ter to Mogul, 2:19, by Middletown. Firewood has
won some good races this season, reducing his record
from 2:291 to its present notch, and is much faster
than his mark indicates. If this gelded son of King
Nutwood keeps right, he should trot handily in 2:15
next season, and later lie good enough to go dowu the
line of the Grand Circuit.

Broad Rone.

The highest price paid at auction in America for a
horse foi a number of years was obtained at William
Easton's sale of thoroughbreds, at the Morris Park
race track, New York, October 17th, when S.\dney
Paget, bidding for Hon. W. C. Whitney, secured the
imported stallion Meddler, by St. Gatien— Buayhody,
for |49,000. Meddler was imported by the late W. H.
Forbes, of Boston, in 1893, when he paid $75,000 lor
him at auction at New Market. England.

628

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

niscellaneous.

THE LATE CAPT. O. A. BROWNE.

We regret to have to record the death of this gentle-
man, which took place on the 30th September last, at
Johns Hopkins Hospital. Baltimore, after the perform-
ance of an operation. Captain Browne was a member
of the State Board of Agriculture for a number of
years. haviDg been appointed on the creation of the
Board, and continuing to represent his district until
1894. He was a most valuable and active member,
rarely missing a meeting, and always taking a full
share of the work done. His great experience, ac-
quired in the management of the Holywood Truck
farm, the largest truck farm in the country, made his
advice on all questions of truck farming most valuable
and useful to the Board. He was what is so rarely
found amongst farmers— a thorough business man —
and his successful management of Holywood bore tes-
timony to this trait in his character. He had an accu
rate knowledge of other branches of agriculture in
addition to truck farming, and was an excellent judge
of live stock, especially of horses, of which many were
bred and traiued at Holywood. He was an active
and public spirited man, always ready to take part in
any work calculated to benefit his section, and the
Eisteru Shore of Virginia will greatly miss his pres
ence. We tender our sympathy to his widow and
relatives.

THE PHOSPHATE fUNES-CHEAPER
FERTILIZERS.

Editor Southern Planter:

The large aunual increase in the amount of artificial
fertilizers which are used — especially in the Eastern
and Southern States — makes everything pertaining to
the subject a matter of interest and importance to all
elas>es of our agriculturists ; and any discovery which
has a tendency to cheapen their cost must, of neces
sity, prove a boon to those who are compelled to buy
and use them.

This fact has induced me to prepare this article
with a view of presenting to your readers, in a con-
densed form, some items of great importance in rela-
tion thereto. It is well known to many that until
the discovery of the guano beds, off the coast of
Peru, in 1S40, fine ground raw bone was the only
"portable fertilizer" used, and this only to a very
limited extent, even in the best farming districts of
Europe. But the fortunate discovery of these guano
beds, and the remarkable results following their use.
created a demand that grew so rapidh that the origi
nal sources of supply soon became well nigh ex

hausted, and then came the "superphosphates of
lime" to supply their place.

For many years, the chief reliance of American
farmers, for the production of their prepared fertiliz-
ers, was the beds of phosphate pebble in South Caro-
lina and Florida. These sources of supply, whilst of
great extent and fairly good quality, were yet so ex-
pensive to mine and prepare, that, for many years
after their discovery, the crude rock sold at $5.00 and
$6.00 per ton, in cargo lots.

With increasing discoveries aud active competition
amongst the various companies, engaged in mining
it, a* well as in the use of improved methods of ob-
taining and preparing the same, the cost was finally
reduced to about one-half of the above figures, and
there it remained, substantially stationary, until the
welcome announcement was made, in the winter of
'93-94, of the existence of enormous bodies of strati-
fied rock, rich in phosphate of lime, in several of the
western and southern counties of Middle Tennessee.
This information was at first received with great in-
credulity by many of the leading geologists of the
day, for the simple reason that no other st ratification
of this material had ever been found in any other
quarter of the globe ; but, despite this fact, the search
was vigorously continued until even the doubting sci-
entists were compelled to admit that, in extent and
value, as well as in many other respects, the discov-
ery was not only one of the most remarkable, in a
scientific sense, but was, at the same time, on- of per-
manent importance, practically considered.

Explorations soon demonstrated that large areas, in
several counties of that section, were underlaid with
seams of rich phosphate rock, running from 2 to 10
feet in thickness, and lying horizontally, so near the
surface as to permit of its mining in wide open cuts,
and requiring no particular skill or expensive plant in
its extraction.

Thus situated, it is no wonder that great quantities
were mined, sold, and delivered on the cars at Si 25 a
ton. A,.d this for rock guaranteed to run from 70 to
75 per cent, in bone phosphate of lime — which is the
equivalent of from 32 to 34 per cent, of phosphoric
acid.

The quality of this rock was not only exceptionally
pure and high, but its extent was so marvelous as to
tax the mind in an effort to comprehend the vastness
of the figures.

Some idea of the magnitude of these beds may be
formed when we find it stated by competent mining en-
gineers that the famous "Swan Creek district" alone,
extending some twenty miles in length, and varying

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

529

from three to five miles in width, contains not less than
100 millions of tons of superior phosphate rock. And
yet this is only one of a number of the places where
this rock has been found, and is even now being ac-
tively mined.

It is fortunate truly that this illimitable and ex-
haustless field has been uuearthed, for it is now esti-
mated that our farmers are annually consuming over
two millions of tons of prepared fertilizers ; and if the
price should be reduced, as it must be, the increased
consumption, in a few years more, will probably reach
5,000,000 tons per annum.

It is in regard to this decrease in price that I want
to call the attention of our farmers and planters,
and to lay before them certain f.icts for their infor-
mation and guidance that I have gleaned from entirely
reliable sources.

Iu preparing marketable fertilizers, the general plan
of treatment is to grind down the raw phosphate rock
to as fine a powder as practicable, and then to mix
this powdered material with sulphuric acid. This
makes the valuable constituents of the rock (phospho-
ric acid) at once available ior plant food, and, as
such, forms the basis of all our artificial fertilizers.

It is thus seen that the important agent in convert-
ing the raw rock into "acid phosphate" is sulphuric
acid, and a few brief items concerning this may prove
useful.

It is made directly from sulphur itself, imported
from Sicily and other sources, for the purpose, or from
ordinary '"iron pyrites" (' fool's gold "). When this
latter is of good quality it yields about one-half of its
weight in sulphur — obtained by roasting the pyrites.

Fortunately, again, the South has a great quantity
of such pyrites. The great mines in Louisa Co., Va.;
the Jackson Co., N. C, veins; the Carter Co., Tenn.,
deposits ; beside many other sources in various locali-
ties— to say nothing of the imported Spanish ones —
furnish it in large quantities and at low prices.

As a rule, one ton of such pyrite will produce about
24 tons of sulphuric acid ; and these 2 J tons of acid,
when mixed with 3 tons of the phosphate rock, will
completely dissolve it, and leave, as a resultant pro-
duct, 5 tons acid phosphate.

This acid phosphate usually retails at $14.00 per ton,
and hence the 5 tons secured as above are worth $70.00.

Now, let us analyze the prime cost of the raw mate-
rials entering into the production of these 5 tons of
acid phosphate, delivered say at Richmond, Va., or
Knoxville, Tenn.

With anything approaching even a reasonable
freight rate, the 3 tons of Tennessee phosphate rock
should not cost over $4.00 per ton delivered at your
city, or $12.00 for the 3 tons.

One ton of Louisa county iron pyrites would cost
about $4.00 per ton delivered at the same place.

Hence, we find the raw materials, when assembled
together in Richmond, to make 5 tons of acid phos-
phate, cost in round numbers $10.00— or $56.00 less
than the market juice of the acid phosphate.

The difference must be divided between the ore
burners or makers of sulphuric acid and the factories
that combine the materials into commercial fertilizers.
Verily, the margin is a wide one ! Esp daily is this
so when we remember that but few brands of fertili-
zers contain over 15 per cent, phosphoric acid, whilst
the original phosphate rock contained from 32 to 35
per cent, of same, as before stated.

With these tacts before them, we think our farmers
may reasonably expect a considerable reduction before
long in the prices paid for their fertilizers.

It is not within the province of this communication
to deal with the results that should follow a large re-
duction in prices of such goods. Judiciously used
they would result in better and more skillful methods
of farming ; in large increase, per acre, of all pro-
ducts; in restoration to fertility of exhausted Jauds ;
in more clover and grass ; iu more and better livestock
of all kinds ; to be followed soon with an enhance-
ment of values in real estate ; with comfortable homes
and contented occupants. How to proceed so as to
realize these beneficent results, and to secure a reason-
able reduction in the present prices of their "portable
manures," is a subject fraught with vital interest
to our husbandmen, and should engage their earnest
attention and united action.

In concluding, I desire to acknowledge my indebted-
ness for many of the foregoing facts to Prof. Killebrew,
Lucius P. Browu, and other geutlemen of wide repu-
tation and unquestioned ability.

Jno. T. Hamlett.
Wythe Co., Va.

In our last issue we made note of a sale of a 15 per
cent, acid phosphate at $8.50 per ton. We know of
large purchases at $L0 per ton. This is a considerable
reduction from $14, the price mentioned above, but
even at these lower rates there seems a good margin
between cost of raw material and the finished pro-
duct.— Ed.

LETTING THE FARM.

Editor Southern Planter :

The custom of letting a farm for one year only at a
time and on shares, which prevails in most of our
States, is an extremely bad one, and will only tend to
further deprive the soil of its fertility, because the
lessee is in no way interested in keeping up that fer-
tility as well as the good physical conditions of the
soil. The question, " What can a man do with a farm
in one year?" may be rightfully asked. As long as
the soil is comparatively new, rich and free from
weeds, the lessee can pluw, sow, and dispose of his
share of the crop to the best advantage. Sooner or

530

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

later, however, this happy state of affairs will cease,
the soil becomes exhausted aud weed}', and a one year's
lease will only help to further decrease the fertility of
the land, until it has reached a point where its profita-
bleness ceases.

W< must not forget to take into consideration that,
as a general rule, men who want to let their farms are
either farmers who, for some reason or other, are tired
of farming, or want to retire on account of old age, or
wealthy inhabitants of cities, who invest their money
in farms, not so much for the profit derive d from such
au investment, but as one which offers the best security
against losses. The soil on such firms is seldom in a
good condition, and it generally requires thorough
tilling, manuring or fertilizing, to produce good crops.
The man who rents such a farm for one year only
will not feel inclined to make these improvements on
account of the uncertainty of such au investment. He
will therefore confine h's labor to the most necessary
work, which promises immediate returns without re-
gard to the future. Such conditions are detrimental
to both parties. The lessee has no inducement to
undertake any improvements which do not bring im
mediate returns, aud therefore the owner will lose by
the steady decreasing value of the farm.

If a man wants to let his farm, the conditions should
be such as to induce the lessee to take proper care of
it. This can only be done by giving a lease long
enough to give the tenant an opportunity to reap the
beuefits of his labor and of the invested capital. To
accomplish this, the tenant should lease the farm for
at least two entire crop rotations. If the land has
been divided into six fields, the term of the lease
should be twelve years, and if it is divided iuto seven
fields it should be fourteen years, aud so on, for a full
crop rotation is necessary to get the fields in good
order, and another rotation is required to derive any
profits from the labor and capital invested. At any
rate, such a long lease will make the lessee feel more
at home and take an interest in the farm. He can in-
troduce a good crop rotation, make use of the advan-
tages of green manuring, of marl, lime and fertilizers,
breed fine horses, cattle, sheep or swine ; he may grow
sugar-beets, and undertake a good many improve
ments, which may not pay in one or two years, but
which will pay in three or four years, and will contri-
bute to the advancement of farming and the prosper-
ity of the country.

Another drawback besides the one year's lease is
the custom of letting a farm on shares, because more
grain and more hay and straw is removed from the
farm than the preserving of the physical conditions as
well as the fertility of the soil will permit. The pro-
per way to let a farm is for a cash rent.

In most States where the soil is assessed, its value, as
well as the average net profit which can be derived

from it, is well known or can be obtained by expert
farmers. All the owner of the farm is entitled to, aud
can expect, is the net profit from the soil in dollars
and cents, and that the soil, the buildings, feuces, etc.,
are returned to him in the same condition as they were
received by the lessee when he took possession of the
farm, the owner has to furnish all the necessary mate-
rial for the preservation of the same, provided other
special agreements have not been made. The owner
is also entitled to be protected against any unfair deal-
ings of the tenant. He has a right to demand se-
curity for one year's rent ; that the lessee brings proof
of his ability to manage the farm, especially when it
is a large one and that he proves that he has the
necessary working capital, without which even the
best intentions of the lessee cannot be carried out suc-
cessfully. But the owner has no right to a share of
the profits derived from the superior knowledge of the
lessee iu farming, of his labor, of his invested capital,
and his successful management, and should it become
necessary for the lessee to make some improvements
to keep pace with the times, he should be compensated
for the same at the end of his lease.

I would like to call the attention of the reader to a
custom in letting farms prevailing in the old countries,
where the lessee, as a general rule, takes possession of
all the live and dead stock, which has given general
satisfaction.

It happens frequently that a farmer who wants to
rent a farm from a mau who is not a farmer, encoun-
ters great difficulties, as most of such men make un-
reasonable demands. A good many capitalists who
invest money in farms are often taken in by pleasant
environments, fine buildings, water and woods, which
promise good fishing and hunting, nice gardens aud
parks, and other pleasant attractions connected with
farm life, which, however, add nothing to the value of
the soil. Such owners, who in many cases paid big
prices for their farms, expect fair leturns for the
invested capital, and more than can be realized from
the quality of the soil and the lessee is able to pay.
In order to arrive at a correct understanding, and to
avoid any disputes, the assistance of expert farmers,
who enjoy the reputation of being well-informed in
their respective localities, and who are not personally
interested in the letting of the farm, is called in, and
this has proved to be of the greatest advantage to both
parties. Each party to the intended lease selects a
farmer to look after his respective interest, aud these
two select an umpire between them. The assistance of
these experts, whose ruling is accepted by both parties,
will, to some extent, prevent the owner, especially if
he is not a farmer, from making unreasonable demands ;
and on the other hand, they will protect him against
any unfair dealing on the part of the tenant. As these
experts make a written statement of the condition of
the farm, the tenant will not only keep everything in
good order, but will also do his best to improve the
farm in all respects, because he knows he will be com-
pensated for his labor aud outlay. It is sometimes the
case that the owner is unwilling to admit, at the end of
the lease that any improvements have been made by
the tenant, or that he is in doubt as to their utility,
and therefore refuses to pay for them. In such cases
the • ood offices of the experts will prove to be of great
value in iu settling the difficulty.

H. WlNKELMAN.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN" PLANTER.

631

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

PI

RICHMOND, VA.

Issued on 1st of each Month.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

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PlanteRj Descriptions of New Grains. Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known, Particu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
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be returned on receipt of postage.

So anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address—

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND. VA.

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

WHOSE MONEY?
On July 1st, 1898, we received a remit-
tance of $1.00 without any name or ad-
dress accompanying it. It was post-
marked Washington, D. C. As we have
a large numbar of subscribers at this of-
fice, we do not know whom to credit.

To Subscribers.

The time of the year is now fast
approaching when selections are
made of the papers to be taken for
the next year's reading. We want
to ask our subscribers to bring The
Planter to the attention of their
neighbors, and to aid us in secur-
ing a substantial addition to the
list of our readers. We are just
entering on the sixtieth year of

QIJRP HROPQ Sirs;;:':

W \J I %. El \kW I % %mW I W low land depends on
proper drainage. Proper drainage depends on the use of drain tile. We would
like to tell you how to install an effective system of drainage, and quote prices on

Farm Drain Tile

Fire Bricks,
Drain Tile

: Powhatan Clay Mfg. Co., Richmond, Va.

Artistr-;
Front Bricks.

THE KEMP....

Manure Spreader \

Converts the manure pile into a pile of gold. When - ^'^''■"^>^a^i*P;5^St=^^^SiH

you double your money you think you have mado ;i : 3 ■{ '-l^-T ^

Good Investment* This machine will double

(he value of your manure. Tfc spreads all kinds <<\ ' '■ '

manure better than it can bedonebyhandand so 'lis- '■. V*,1

Integrates and fines it that it is more readily avail- fr'gftfrA\

GREATLY IMPROVED I «b»e for plant food. t^J^S^^^^^'

FOR 1898m Backed by 13 years of successful ■MlWnRlHBillki'Jr'" u : ..■..■ >■ , ,HW

manufacture. Send for our catalogue and a book iCEMP & BURPEE MFGm COm

Mew Treatise on Manure, FREI3 to all inquirers. Box 21 SYRACUSE, N* Y*

QUIT PAYING TOLL

. _ B a and get a French Ruhr Stone Mill. Grinds any

kind of grain for stock feed, table meal, buckwheat, rye and graham flour for family

use. Thousands of our mills are in use giving tin* Ih-I satisfaction. L'asiest to
handle. Largest capacity. Loss power. It will pay you to get one.
Send for new book on Mills and samvle meal.
NORDYKE & MARMON CO., Flour Mill Builders, 305 Day St., Indianapolis, Ind.

tfTHE WHOLE STORY

•log"'. I

of snpppssful fncnoatinsanri Itrood-'

In? Is told [nonrnow 228.pa?e c
forthe purpose. Cut9 and instruct]
uses: poultry snppllfs and cuts and price!
on eras for natrliiiiir. etc. Full of vr !u:il. le -*=...' [ '-
ps hens "' - -...I iMoanvad.ire'Sonr i].i 3^+ *' . i 'J tf.)

RCLIABI.E INCUBATOR AND RltnODERCO. Box B III Ouiacy, Hfi**«

publication of The Southern Planter.
That year we desire, if possible, to
signalize by doubling our subscrip-
tion list. We can easily do this if
only every subscriber will give us
his help. There is not a man on
the list who could not get us at
least one new subscriber, if he
would exert himself only a little.
Surely, what The Planter has done
for Southern farmers in the past
fifty-nine years, and is now doing,
justifies us in asking for this help.
In helping us you are helping your-
selves. The more subscribers we
have, the better the journal we can
give you. We are prepared to help
our subscribers in obtaining new
subscribers if they will only com-
municate with us. The concessions
which we are prepared to make
them will make it largely to their
interest to help us. Whilst we do
not believe in the premium busi-
ness, we recognize that those who,
at some sacrifice of time, help us,
are entitled to consideration at our

ROT=PROOF
CREOSOTE PAINT

For Fences, Sheds, Barns and all
rough buildings. Preserves the
wood, looks well, wears well, and
cost only 50c per gallon. Especially
valuable in the South, as it is made
largely of Creosote, and ''wood
treated with Creosote is not subject
to dry-rot or other decay. " — Century
Dictionary :

Send for Color Card.

SAMUEL CABOT,

66 Kilby St., Boston, Hass.

TO AMERICAN
... DAIRYMEN

the albumen, albuminoids, lactopep-
^^^^ tine and milk sugar of the milk you
are doing all your fine breeding and careful
feeding to produce? While you are making
every outward effort to raise the quality, you
should read V. s. Ag'l Bulletin No. 63, and
learn what is inwardly and unseenly getting
the ftret and best benefits of your efforts and
expenditures, and therefore cheat you as well
as your patrons. Write for our circulars and
see how we expel bacteria and all micro-orga-
nisms from cow's milk at a nominal cost. We
sell or lease territory to men of energy, a dis-
position to study, and a little capital. Our
dairy interests are below all other interests to-
day. Will you not help to raise them?

THE PERFECT MILK AERATOR AND COOLER CO.
393 Bond Street. Cleveland, 0.

532

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

[November

$100 REWARD, $100.

The readers of this paper will be pleased
to learn that there is at least one dreaded
disease that science has been able to cure
in all its stages, and that is Catarrh.
Hall's Catarrh Cure is the only positive
cure now known to the medical fratern-
ity. Catarrh being a constitutional dis-
ease, requires a constitutional treatment.
Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally,
acting directly upon the blood and mu-
cous surfaces of the system, thereby de-
stroying the foundation of the disease,
and"giving the patient strength by build-
ing up the constitution and assisting na-
ture in doing its work. The proprietors
have so much faith in its curative pow-
ers, that they ofier One Hundred Dollars
for any case that it fails to cure.' Send
for list of Testimonials.

Address, F. J. CHENEY & CO.,
Toledo, O.

gST Sold by Druggists, 75c.

hands, and this we are ready to ex-
tend to them, though not in the
form of a premium, yet in such a
form as we are sure will be appre-
ciated. We will send sample copies
to any who ask for them, or to any
lists of names sent us by our
readers.

MAGAZINES.

The leading features of Harper's Maga-
zine for November are "Torpedo-boat
Service," by Lieutenant J. C. Fremont,
commanding the Porter, illustrated by
H. Reuterdahl ; " Bismarck," by Sidney
Whitman, with an engraving by E. Sehla-
ditz, of a hitherto unpublished portrait;
" With the Fifth Corps," by Frederic
Remington, illustrated by the author;
"Our Seaboard Islands on the Pacific,"
by John E. Bennett, richly illustrated by
drawings by Orson Lowell, Henry Mc-
Carter, and Harry Fenn ; " Social Life in
the British Army," Third Paper, by A
British Officer, illustrated by R. Caton
Woodville ; " Eastward Expansion of the
United States," by Archibald R. Colqu-
houn; and ■' Some Recent Explorations,"
by J. Scott Keilie, LL. D., Sec. R. G. S.

Harpers' Illustrated Weekly is always
full of matter of the highest .interest to
all who desire to keep posted on the af-
fairs of the day, and deals with the sub-
jects treated on a high moral plane. The
illustrations are the best published in
any illustrated paper issued in this coun-
try.

Harpers' Bazaar never fails to please
the ladies. It is beautifully illustrated
with the latest fashions in dress and mil-
linery.

The Century begins its new year with
a brilliant cover in color by the well-
known Parisian poster-artist, Grasset.
This time he pictures Alexander the
Great on the famous Bucephalus. This
is in connection with the magazine's new
historical serial on Alexander, written by

Prof. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, which will
be one of the leading features for the
coming year. Captain Charles D. Sigsbee
begins his " Personal Narrative of the
Maine." This is the contribution of the
commander of the battle-ship to the Cen-
tury's New VVar Series, which will in-
clude articles by most of the leading offi-
cers in the land and naval operations in
the recent war. The article is fully illus-
trated from photographs that have not
appeared elsewhere. Paul Leicester Ford,
author of "The True George Washing-
ton." begins a series of profusely illus-
trated papers on " The Many-Sided
Franklin," the opening article dealing
with Franklin's Family Relations. A
new romance by Marion Crawford, his
most important historical novel, is begun.
It is the story of a young English knight
in the Second Crusade, and is entitled
" Via Crucis." A characteristic story by
Mark Twain is called " From the London
Times of 1904," and is founded upon a
recent invention, in which the author is
deeply interested A two-part story by
Frank Stockton, " The Vizier of the Two-
Horned Alexander," one of his most cu-
rious conceits, is begun. The prize in fic-
tion in The Century's first competition
for college graduates has been awarded
to Miss Grace M. Gallaher, and her story,
"A Question of Happiness," is given.
Lowell's "Impressions'of Spain" are con-
tained in some of hisihitherto unprinted
official dispatches, written while Minister
at Madrid, with a prefatory note on Span-
ish politics by Hon. A. A. Adee. Baron
Conbertin writes on " Building up a
World's Fair in Paris," and there are
illustrations by Castaigne.

St. Nicholas begins a new volume and
celebrates its twenty-fifth birthday. In
honor of this anniversary the magazine
dons a special cover, bearing a birthday
cake decorated with twenty-five candles.
Notwithstanding its quarter of a century
of existence, St. Nicholas is just as young
as ever in spirit. A new Henty serial is
begun, a tale of American history, that
will be one of the features of the coming
year. It is called " The Sole Survivors,"
and it deals with the struggles of an early
Virginia colony with the Indians.

The leading features of the American
Monthly Review of Reviews for Novem-
ber are: the editorial comment on the
State and Congressional campaigns (illus-
trated); an illustrated account of the
work of the " Y. M. C. A." in connection
with the army and navy during the war
with Spain, by Albeit Shaw; an article
on "The Newspaper Correspondents in
the War," with numerous portraits. Mr.
Creelman's own story of his Santiago ad-
ventures ; "Ouidi's" "Impeachment of
Modern Italy," with Signor Veechia's
reply; "The Nicaragua Canal in the
Light of Present Politics." bv Prof. L. M.
Keasbey ; and " The Nicaragua Canal
and Our Commercial Interests," by Dr.
Emory R. Johnson.

The complete novel in the November
issue of Lippincott's, "A Triple Entangle-
ment," by Mrs. Burton Harrison, has its
scenes mainly in Spain and England,
The hero is an American, whose course
of true love does not by any means run

Virginia Family

Afflicted in Various Ways, But
All Find Help

Hood's Sarsaparilla Cures Dyspep-
sia and Other Troubles.

"I have taken Hood's Sarsaparilla as ■
blood purifier with good results. I also
took it while going through the critical
period of my life which I have always
dreaded. My age is 44 years and I never
felt better in my lite. About two months
ago my arm was covered with carbuncles,
but these have all healed since taking
Hood's Sarsaparilla. My little daughter
had dyspepsia for two years and medicines
did not give her permanent relief. She
was obliged to stay out of school and I
became discouraged. 1 began giving her
Hood's Sarsaparilla and now she is going
to school every day, has a good appetite
and sleeps well. Hood's Sarsaparilla has
cured my son of catarrh." Mrs. Harry
Groves, 1003 Fifth Avenue, North West,
Roanoke, Virginia. Bemember

Hood's Sarsaparilla

Is the best — the One True Blood Purifier.
Sold by all druggists. $1; six for $5.

I_l ,, D*ll cure nausea, Indigestion.
nOOQ S rMllS biliousness, constipation.

A FARMER

With good recommendations desires a
permanent position on farm. Married,
and wife will make herself useful if de-
sired. R. A. ADAMS, 301* Reservoir
Street, Richmond, Va.

VIRGINIA -FARMS

For S3. CO an ACRE

and upward, in yearly payments. Interest
6 per cent. Some to exchange, Northern
settlement. List free.

GEO E. CRAWFORD & CO , Richmond, Ya

< FOR SALE >•

A Nice Little Farm of 75 Acres.

Eighteen miles south of Norfolk, Va.,
on'thc Norfolk and Southern Railroad,
about 200 yards from station, mill, post-
office, school, and three stores. About
ten acres in woods, and sixty-five in
cultivation. Will sell for SS00.
Apply to \V. H. \V\, care Southern Planter.

...CHEAP FARM

Of 106 acres, all open. One mile from Peters-
burg Va., Chesterfield county. Good build-
ings7, brick; line orchard; vineyard; good
dairy and stock larni. S'-'.SOO; cO8tS4,S00.

Address L. H. C, Southern Planter.

VIRGINIA

\VM. B. PIZZ1N1 CO.,

FARMS!

Richmond, Va.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 Vvnts. Address
the Business Office.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

333

the: GOOD POINTS

of EVERY FENCE

are all built into the "AMERICAN
FENCE " — sturdy, strong, durable
— all that a good fence can be.

A pamphlet tells more of its good points.
Free if asked for.

Showing locking of
stays with n
.J 1

TENSION CURVE.

main strands
AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE CO., PITTSBURGH. PA.

Dcn'f Shove! Snow

all winter from the lane, hut buy PaL'e Fence and
have a clear track. No drifts behind our Winter
styles. Ask for prices.
PsiEe Woven WirtFmceCo., Adrian. Mich.

flOULTRYeaREAD THESE PRICES

f "^_Hi^=iSs« i"- wide, 150 ft. long, roll, $2.25
<8§|48" " 150" " " 3 00
ggjBfJO" " 150" " " 3 75
■-'W Other widths in proportion.
-ING^H Dow Wire WorksCo., Louisville, k>

THE CHAIN HANGING

CATTLE STANCHION.

The most practical and humane Fastener ever in-
vented. Gives perfect freedom of the head, Illus-
trated Circular and price free on application.

Manufactured bv O. H. ROBERTSON,

Forestville, Conn.

Each cow shuts
herself in place.
Circulars free.
B. C. SCOTT,
S3 Beach Street.
Bridgeport, Conn

Mention Southern Planter.

WILDER'S SWING STANCHION.

Steel latch: Auto-
matic lock. A cl j usts i t-
self when open, so ani-
mal cannot turn it in
backing out. Safest
and Quickest Fasten-
ing made. Send for tes-
timonials & catalogue
of Feed Mills, Feed Cut-
ters, Feed Shredders,
Horse Powers, Steel
Land Rollers, &c.
Agents wanted.

J. K. WILDER & SONS, Monroe, Mich.

smooth, but leads him into safe harbor
at last. The tale is one of this favorite
author's best, and perhaps the longest
which has ever appeared in Lippincott's.

Appleton's Popular Science Monthly
has an article by Prof. E. S. Morse on the
origin of the peoples who originally set-
tled Middle America. Prof. Dodge writes
on "The Possible Fibre Industries of the
United States." The Torrents of Switzer-
land is the title of an interesting paper
by Edgar R. Dawson. It is an account of
engineering problems and the way they
have been solved in that mountainous
country.

The Thanksgiving number of the La-
dies' Home Journal marks the 15th anni-
versary of that widely read magazine. It
is an excellent number, beautifully illus-
trated. A feature of interest to all house-
keepers is a series of prize dollar menus,
accompanied by figures which show that
such dinners for four persons can be ob-
tained and prepared at a cost of one dol-
lar. Miss Wilkins begins a new story —
" The Jamesons in the Country," in
which she shows up the mistakes of a
city family in the country, and extracts
much humor out of them.

The Century Magazine makes the most
important announcement for the coming
year that it has put forth for fifteen years.
It is that length of time ago that the
magazine announced its " War Series,"
which grew into the most notable history
of the Civil War that has appeared. A
New War Series is now promised, dealing
with the recent war in the same remark-
able way that gave distinction to the for-
mer series,

)'S SHELLABERGER?

He's the Wire Fence Man, of Atlanta, Ga., and
sells thebestand cheapest fencing in existence
for all purposes. Freight paid. Catalogue free.
Write for it.
K. L. SHELLABERGER, 37 F St., Atlanta, Cia.

REPORTS.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C Office of Experiment
Stations. Experiment Station Record.
Vol. IX. No. 12.

Experiment Station Record. Vol. X.
No. 2.

Division of Agrostology. Bulletin 14.
Economic Grasses.

Division of Forestry. Bulletin 19.
Osier Culture.

Division of Pomology. Bulletin 7. The
Fruit Industry.

Division of Forestry. Circular 21.
Practical Assistance to Farmers, Lum-
bermen, and others in handling forest
lands.
Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 95. Experiments with
Oats.

Bulletin 96. Experiments with Crim-
son Clover and Hairy Vetch.
Arizona Experiment Station, Tuczon, Ari-
zona. Bulletin 29. The Date Palm.
Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayette-
ville, Ark. Bulletin 53. A Report
of Investigations on the Chemistry
of Wheat.

BOWSHER

FEED
MILLS.

(Sold with or without Elevator.)
Will Crush ear com (with a.
without shucks) and grind
any kind of small i_Taiii at the
same time: mixing in any pro-
portion. Have conicnl*)inpcd
crlndei'ft. Dilierent from all „,J
others. -^

Lightest Running

and Handiest to Operate.

SIX SIZES— 2 to 25 horse power. One style

for windwheel use. One style for cotton seed.

(Also moke Sweep Feed Grinders.)

N. P. BOWSHER CO.

South Bend, Ind.

LR

BLACK HAWK Corn Sheiler.
Original

t^> in every
MBS Feature.

dry, damp, frozen.
:ufars of Sweep &
Write for them b

MAKE 'EM LAY

double the egca in the middle ot
the winter, when efjpr9 are worth
the most money.

Strattoo & Osborne, Box ££Erie,Pa

THE irtlFKOVED

VICTOR Incubator

&i

534

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[November

HORSE POWERS ZIUXKS9

And One and Two-horse Threshing outfits.
Level Tread Pal. Governor. Feed and Ensilage
CTJTTJSHS. Circular Free.

PEA-NUT THRESHER AND CLEANER

THREE SIZES-

The Keystone Pea-Nut Thresher and Cleaner
made a lasting impression on all who saw it
work last season hv the superior manner in
which it removed the nuts from the vine,
separated the broken nuts from the whole
ones and deposited each in separate vessels.
No grower of pea-nuts can afford to be with-
out one. Apply to Ashton Starke, Richmond,
Va. ; Geo. c. Burgess, Burgess, Va. ; Harris-
Dillard Hardware Co., Blackstoue, Va.--Agts.
ELLIS KEYSTONE AGR'L WORKS,
Pottstown, Pa.

Corn Splitting Machines.

nn|ii nnrn The best feed on earth to fatten cattle,
0 M 1 1 1 Willi oldoryouug. Write for freecircular.

POINOEXTER MANUF. CO., Indiarapoli*. Ind.
Please mention this paper when writing.

After Being on the Market TEN YEARS,

The ACME Engine Still Leads

For Churning,
Cutting & Grind-
ing Feed, Filling
Siloes. Sawing
Wood, Elevating
Water, and all
Farm and Gene-
ral Uses where

Small Power is
Required.

No Skilled Engi-
neer required.

LIGHTNINOWELLMACHTf

IS THE STANDARD!

SUAM PUMPS AIR LIFTS, i.I /
GASOLINE ENGINES r#*S*

WRITE FOR C/RCUlARfEEiJmir^,

THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS (&1~^~

AURORA. ILL.-CH1CAG0- DAL LAS, TEX

The Purchase of our

FEED COOKER

will pay theFarmer, Stock Raiser
Bind Dairyman more prolit on
1 he invest merit t nan any article
on the farm. Send for circu-
lar and prices of the best.
HENION & HUBBELL,

61-69 N. J.tTertonSt., (Mfftfo, III.

Illinois Experiment Station, Urbana, 111.
Bulletin 51. Variations in Milk and
Milk Production.
Bulletin 52. Orchard Cultivation.
Bulletin 53. The Chemistry of the
Corn Kernel.

Kansas State Board of Agriculture, To-
peka, Kas. Report for the Quarter
ending September, 189S. Pork Pro-
duction. [This is. as is usual with
the publications of this Board, a
most interesting and valuable pro-
duction.]

Kansas Experiment Station, Manhattan,
Kas. Bulletin 81. Feed and Care of
the Dairy Cow.

Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan,
Kas. "Dairy School Commencement.

Kentucky Experiment Station, Lexing-
ton, Ky. Bulletin 76. Commercial
Fertilizers.
Bulletin 77. Wheat.

Louisiana State Board of Agriculture.
Baton Rouge, La. Crop Report for
June, July and August, 1888. _

North Carolina Experiment Station, Ra-
leigh, >".C. Bulletin 149. The Apple
in North Carolina.

Ohio State University, Columbus, O. An
nouncement of the Ohio Dairy School
of Winter Course.

Rhode Island Experiment Station, Kings-
ton, R. I. Tenth Annual Report of
the Rhode Island Experiment Sta-
tion.

Virginia State Weather Service, Rich-
mond, Va. Report for September,
1898.

Wisconsin Experiment Station, Madison,
Wis. Bulletin 69. Pasteurization as
Applied to Butter Making.

Wyoming Experiment Station, Laramie,
Wvo. Bulletin 37. The Stooling of
Grains.

CATALOGUES.

Peter Henderson & Co., Cortlandt St.,
New York.. Seedsmen. Catalogue of
Bulbs, etc.

B. W. Stone & Co., Thomasville, Ga.
Fruit Guide and Culture.

Chicago House Wrecking Co., West 35th
St., Chicago, 111. This is a voluminous
catalogue, comprising almost everything
needed on the farm or in the house or
factory in the way of machinery or iron
or steel ware. Send fur it and learn the
prices at which things can be bought.
They will astonish you. Iron Rooting
can be bought for less money than ever
before. Mention The Southern Planter
and the catalogue will be sent free.

Tne Piedmont Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Government statistics, in the
best belt in the L'niled States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'i. B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va.

A NEW MACHINE.
We invite the attention of our readers
to the advertisement of the Poindexter
Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind., in which
they od'er their Corn Splitter. Send for
circulars descriptive of it.

Wood Oval Air-Tight Heating Stove

Spun Brass Crn.

for burning wood, corn
cobs, chips, shavings,
? etc. The most perfect
5- stove of its e
"; solutely air-tight: fire
s, can be maintained for
-. many hours. Every
■"* fa riiier has enough
S* fuel going to waste
■^ to supply one or more
■£ of these stoves an en-
' tire season. Rods pro-
's tected, they cannot
^ burn out ; joints con-
structed so as to avoid
creosote deposits. Stove
very handsomely nick-
eled—suited for use in sitting rooms, parlors,
and libraries. Ask your nearest dealer for
this stove. If he does not have it, write us
for circulars.

THE IARSH-BROWIBACK STOVE CO., PottSlOWI, Pa.

tme Top.

IN A LIFE TIME

An f-;^-i »* *-j

ELECTRIC hwacon

BteeJ Wheels,

Wheels *nv height

, hobs (

■ stagjrer spokes aad wide t

D bati '* r-r* use tires c

felloes c&o't rot, swell or drr out. Anple steel hounds.

THOUSANDS NOW IN DAILY USE.

Don't buy ft wft^n utul tcu p. I oar frte btxk. •■Ii.rm Sfttlng*.*'
ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., Box I to ttulncj, 111*.

THE IMPROVED

Chamherlin Ml>. Co.. nlean. N. I., I . S. A.

IRON ROOFING.

BRAND NEW, SI. 50 PER SQUARE.

Just purchased entire product of a mill and will
close out at above price until sold. Place your
orders now. CHICAGO HOI SE WRECKING CO.,

Purchase rs of West 35tb & Iron Sts.

WarbTt Fair Buildings; Chicago Post Office Budding.
Send for our General Catalogued Merchandise for
HomcFann and Field. Our Prices are ;.~ of Others.

Elegant Sewing
-Machines*

rlstl. The Cec.nt

[i ,i. iMMj P

.4rj7v(>*.|16.M>U.|19.50; regular Pn

' i The Simper ModeU. %&

Ufa eaulopoe before >

boy. ted ssTe Bjoiiej. Address

. ELY MFG. CO., 391 State St.. Chicago,

1898.]

K^v

[Sh^l

'Lf^ \l It's easy to ^H

■l"%=E==j haul a big ^H

jy>t,

"^y // load up '• jPK

•$£*// 'jig lull it flS
V^>y vou grease BE

^^^ the wagon 1

■wheels with

' MICA Axle Grease

■ Get

a box and learn whv VEfij

J0 it's

the best grease ever 1

^B put on an axle. Sold everywhere. Hfl

FARMERS' STOVE.

Buy a wood-burning stove
that will heat 6,000 cubic
feet of space and hold fire
the year around if you put
in a stick of wood every
ten hours. Air tisht. no
dust, no dirt, perfectly safe.
Write for circular, also seed
price-list.

^=SS?\,_ THE HENRY PHILIPPS,
I View." SEED and IMPLEMENT CO.,
115 and 117 St. Clair St., Toledo, O.

WOOD'S
SEEDS.

Hyacinths,
Tulips, Lilies,

and Other Flowering Bulbs,

must be planted in the fall,
either in pots or the open
garden, to give the best re-
sults. They are easy to
grow, and make beautiful
flowers during the winter and
early spring. Our Bulbs are
imported direct, and the very
best — same as we have sup-
plied to ourfloriets and largest
gardeners here for years.

WOOD'S DESCRIPTIVE FALL CATALOGUE

tells all about them; descriptions,
prices, and how to plant and care for.
Send for it. Mailed free.

WOODS EVERGREEN LAWN GRASS SEED
is unequalled for making a beautiful
green lawn.

T. W. WOOD & SONS,^

Seedsmen, RICHMOND, VA.
1323 Main St..
1707 E. FranklinS
6th & Marshall.

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter.

THE SOUTHEKN PLAOTER.

CARE OF CORN FODDER.

Every man of experience knows that
the value of corn fodder as a stock food
depends very largely upon storing it away
in good condition. There is no other pro
duet of the farm that sutlers more or de-
teriorates more rapidly from being wet —
rained upon — than corn fodder. It there-
fore becomes a necessity to handle fodder
with great speed and promptness when it
is in condition to stack or mow away.

The wise farmer will leave the shucked
corn lie upon the ground for days at a
time, knowing that ripened grain will
sutfer but little, if indeed at all, while he
immediately hauls in the fodder and
stores it away when it is in good condi-
tion, thus avoiding the time and expense
of reshocking it, to say nothing of the
probable later loss in food value. Any-
thing that will facilitate in this labor is
of positive advantage to the farmer. The
Electric Handy Wagon, manufactured bv
the Electric Wheel Co., of Quincy, 111".,
would help out amazingly. It is so low
and so easy to load that a* load of fodder
may be placed upon it from the ground ;
the whole operation may be performed
by one man, thus saving the expense of
another hand. Their book, "Farm Sav-
ings," illustrates how it may be done, and
tells all about this and other things you
should know. Send for a copy before
you begin to haul in your corn fodder.

With this issue of the Southern Planter
we are starting the season's advertising of
the Dandy Green Bone Cutters, which
are manufactured by Stratton & Osborne,
of Erie, Pa. These people have been
known to the public so long and favora
bly as to need no introduction from us.
Suffice it to say, that they manufacture
the most extended line of bone cutters
now offered to the trade and public.
Their machine runs through a long list
of sizes, being made with and without
gear, and both hand and power, and hand
and power combined. They range in ca-
pacity from a few pounds to 200 pounds
per hour. Write for just what you want.
We think they can supply your needs.
Ask for their new illustrated catalogue,
which contains prices, cuts, etc., and men-
tion the Southern Planter when writing.

CUT OFF THE HORNS.

What is the best dehorner to use ? This
question has been definitely answered to
the satisfaction of every one who has
given the Improved Convex Dehorner a
trial. This instrument is a radical de-
parture, boih in shape and working prin-
ciple, from all other makes of dehorners.
It consists of only two castings and one
knife. The larger casting forms an open
hook that holds the horn. The peculiar
shape of the knife gives it a drawing or
shearing cut, from one side only, allowing
the horn to ease off; this effectually pre-
vents crushing the born or pulling it
apart.

The Improved Convex Dehorner is
the simplest, strongest, easiest-operated,
smoothest-cutting and cheapest horn cut
ter yet invented. The manufacturers,
Webster & Dickinson, Christiana, Pa.,
will send free upon request a book upon
the best method of dehorning.

535

FRAZER

; Axle Grease

*5

Best in
the world. A

m Its wearing qualities are unsurpassed, ac- £
\ tually outlasting 3 bxs.anv other brand. ^
P Not affected by heat. *»-Get the Genuine. W
4/%. FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS. -%s4

trolled by my

...WHALE-OIL SOAP...

One to two ounces to a gallon of water will
be found sufficient for Summer Spraying.
Endorsed by Experiment Stations. The Soap
contains Organic Potash, and has a distinct
value as a Fertilizer as well as an Insecticide.
Destroys many forms of insects. 50-lb Keg.
f.o. b. cars at Philadelphia, for $2 50. Send
for information. JAMES GOOD, 514-518 Ran-
dolph Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

PIEDMONT

Hog Cholera Preventive and Cure

A sure Preventive and Care for Hog and
Chicken Cholera. (J. J. Reid, Woodville.
Va.. Inventor.) Manufactured and sold by
O. H. WINE. Brandy Station, Va.

in every county to sell our
_ lubricating oilstothe farmers
planters, mills, etc. Those having a Utile
spare time occasionally could not put it in to
better an vantage. Also makes an excellent
side line tor traveling men. We pay a liberal
commission and furnish sample case free.
For particulars, address THE VICTOR OIL
CO., Cleveland, Ohio.

T^FARQUHAR

""^PATENT VARIABLE
FBlCTIO.Vi FEED

Medal and Highest Award

SAW MILL S ENGINE

BEST SET WORKS IN THE WORLD. Warranted the beat
Implements or t!cst Quality at l'onest pricei. lllns. Catalog.

A. B. FARQl'HAE CO., Ltd., YORK, PA.

HOOK ON-GUT OFF

~ IMPROVED

coimvejTdehorner

LEAVITT MFG fO.,
©St., Hammond, III., U.S. A

536

THE SOUTHERN PLAOTEB.

[November

You Send No Money

Until Goods Arrive.
All Steel and Iron but the
l>ole. Easily handled by-
two horses. Send for de-
livery prices on all sizes.
Disc Harrows. Lever
Harrow?. 11-foot Senders.
EMPIRE MFG CO . 10 River Street. Sterling III.

For POULTRYMEN <*%

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.
"Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Corn Mill. Farm Feed

Mills. Powder Mills.
Send for Circular and Testimonial*.

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

¥

K. Just large enough,
light and simple; it don't pull
orcomeout. 100 Ear Marks. with
tools and Register Book, only
$3: with numbers.?;.*. Send/or
Samples and be satisfied. Address
H. C. STOLL, Beatrice. Nebraska.

FARM2RS' CANVAS CCVBRS

OF WATERPROOF OR PLAIN DUCK.
Stack. Wagon. Agricultural Implement. Ac.
Covers for all purposes. HOUSE COVERS,
Waterproof or Plain Duck. TENTS for Fairs,
Shows, ic. Sportsmen's Canvas Goods. Cir-
culars, Samples. Ac. HENRY DERBY.

1-4 Chambers St.. New Y'ork.

ELLIOT'S

Parchment

BUTTER

PIPER

To Dairvmen HALF A

or others we "
will send half
a ream. Sxll.
free, if they will
forward 30c. to
par postage.

TrvtheBEST ^— ^^—
Butter Wrapper and avoid
imitations.

A. G. ELLIOT*. CO.
Manufacturers. Philadelphia Pa.

REAM

FREE

0r,GANIZED,,635

RICHMOND, VA

ASSETS,

S750.000.

DIRECTORS :
Wm. H Palmer. D. O. Davis,

E. B. Addison, E J. Willis.

Thomas Potts. Win. Josiah Leake,

W. Otto Nolting.

WM. H. PALMER,

w. h. McCarthy,

President.
Secretary.

A PATENT INFRINGED.

Of recent years the custom of dehorn-
ing cattle has been a general practice, and
numerous devices have been presented
and claimed the recognition of cattle men
for that purpose. Among the original in-
ventions of a practical nature is that of
the Keystone Dehorning Clipper, patent-
ed and manufactured by A. C. Brosius, of
Cochranville, Pa.

Mr. Brosius already has been compelled
to proceed against and close up four dif-
ferent establishments that were infring-
ing on his patent. He now has a clear
case pending in the Federal court of Mich-
igan, and we have evidence that he is
bringing suit against parties in the State
of Illinois that seem to be overreaching.
He is the originator and patentee of the
" V "-shaped blade used in the Keystone.
The objection has been to the ordinary
clipper that it would crush the horns
rather than cut them smoothly, as does
the Keystone " V "-shaped blades from
four sides, with equal pressure on each.
Our object in illustrating this article is to
show the design of the Keystone and to
caution our readers against purchasing a
dehorner that infringes upon this ma-
chine. Mr. Brosius' patent is very firmly
protected. particularly on this "Y"- shaped,
blade, and he intends to prosecute any
who use infringement. If you lack fur-
ther evidence along this line, write to Mr.
Brosius at his address as given above.

MAKES THE WHEELS GO
SMOOTHLY.

Snow will soon be flying and runners
will take the placeof wheels on the roads.
This will suggest that in this issue will
be found the last advertisement for the
season of the famous Mica Axle Grease.
Later on either this advertisement or an-
other one will appear, but for several
months owners of vehicles will not invest
much money in axle grease Those who
have used Mica Axle Grease during the
past months will be sure to buy it again
in the spring, and those who have never
bought it would do well to cut the adver-
tisement out of this issue and paste it up
as a reminder.

"Be sparin' ob advice," said Uncle
Eben. "Ef a man takes it an' goes
wrong, he blames yer. An' ef he takes
it an' goes right, he thinks he knowed it
all de time," — Washington Star.

W A N T E n Byjanuaryi.i 899

A WHITE FAMILY, to work at my country
home, where we have city conveniences, as
gas, water in house and laundry, etc. The
lamily to include a man and three women, or
large girls. The man to attend to my driving
horses, my garden and furnace, and make
himself generally useful about the house and
grounds. One woman to cook and attend to
the fowls ; the other two to wash and Iron, do
the house-work and wait at table, attend to
the milk and make the butter, but not do the
milking. Address at once, giving reference
and wages wanted.

WALTER RANDOLPH CRABBE,

Hague, Westmoreland Co., Va.

jJLmmJw

THOROUGHBRED

JERSEY HEIFERS

and BULLS.

FOR SALE AT HARD PAN PRICES.

Blood of the famous Stoke Pogis, St.

Lambert and Coomassie blended. Paying

special attention to breeding my cattle, I have

reached a degree of excellence not surpassed

by any herd in the State. POLAND-CHINA

Pigs always on hand. Write for what you want

SWIFT CREEK STOCK AND DAIRY FARM,

T. P. BRASWELL, Prop., Battleboro, N. C.

OAK GROVE HERD OF BERKSHiRES

Headed by Barker's Choice 1301— the greatest
show and breeding boar south of the Ohio
river. Ably assisted by Imported Patriot 3653.
Our sows are prize winners, and of the best
blood and individuality. We have no S.i.OO
pigs, but our prices are the cheapest, consider-
ing qnalitv of slock. We also breed best strain
of SHORTHORN CATTLE. Prize Winning
WHITE and BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK,
MAMMOTH BRONZE TUB KEYS A PEKIN
DUCKS. We record all hogs and cattle free,
and guarantee everything to be as repre-
sented Write us for catalogue aud prices.

L. N. JORDAN A SONS,
p. o. box 7. Oakland, Kr.

Mention Southern Planter.

St. Omer Herd..

JERSEYS...

Large strong cows. Perfect udders,
good teats. Four-gallon cows the
rule, not the exception. Choice lot
of Exileand Signal bulls now ready
for service.
All Stock Tuberculin Tested.

JOS. T. HOOPES, BYNUM. M D.

... EAGLE POIXT FARM ...

JGKSeY BULL

St. Lambert Strain.

Three years old next July. For Sale or Exchange.
WM. B WITHERS, Roane s, V>.

FOR SALE!

• • A JACK • •

Four years' old, 13
hands high, line
size, aud 3 Jennets
They are offered at
a bargain.

W. B. STOKES.

Stokes, Goochland,

County, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

537

THE FILSTON FARM

^JERSEY HERD £

(Over 300 In Number)

Will Sell the Following Ball Calves
AT REASONABLE PRICES:

Anp, Dropped Aug. 26. 1897. By Inbred

Uilv « Combination bull Tonnage, out of

""■""" Pogis Dingv, that promises to exceed

8.000 lbs. lor first year in milk Has

25 per cent, of the blood of the great

Matilda 4th.

A'iA . Dropped March 18. 1898. By Ton-
■^U » nage, out of Saucy Sally, a daughter
^^^— of Matilda's Stoke Pogis and grand-
dam of Rex ; 40 lbs. of milk and lb'
lbs. of butter.

A -J A . Dropped April 14. 1898. By Gold Pe-
JU . dro, a son of Pedro, out of Perli-
~'^^~— vauta; 51 lbs. milk one day, 1,384 lbs.
31 days, and 16 lbs. 5 oz. butter.

These Cows are Prize Winners In the
Dairy and Show-Ring:.

For Pedigrees and Prices, address

ASA B. GARDINER, Jr., Treas.andMgr,

GLENCOE, BALT. CO.. MD.

ELLERSLIE FARM^-r
Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale.

R. J. HANCOCK,
Overton, Albemarle Co., Va.

FOR SALE!

A Fine Lot of PIGS sired by a son of J. H.
Sanders, also by a son of " LOOK ME OVER."
Pigs not akin can be furnished. A splendid
lot of Sows, elegantly bred, daughters of
Klever's Model, Chief Tecumseh 2d, and
Zenith Chief. Every breeder of Poland-Chinas
knows that the five hogs named have sold for
thousands of dollars. You can buy now for
one-third of western prices. Also a few regis-
tered Shropshire Bucks.
ARROWHEAD STOCK FARM. Charlottesville. Va.
Sam'l B. Woods, Proprietor.

EACLE POINT FARM.

BERKSHIRE PIGS

ELIGIBLE TO REGISTRY.

Bred from the Choicest Boars and Sows.

Three Months Old. $7; Pair. $12.

Wm. B.Withers, Roane's, Gloucester, Co.,Va.

SHROPSHIRES.

Flock headed by 325 lb.
ram. Rams, lambs, year-
lings and two-year- 'Ids.
CHESTER WHITES. Show
pigs. All stock eligible
to record. Write for cir-
cular and save money.

S. SPRAGTJE, Falconer, N. Y.

FINELY-BRED

ACKS and
ENNETS

FOR SALE BY

E. KNIGHT&CO.,

JMVILLE. TCNN.

IN APPALACHIAN FOLDS.

While much merited panegyric has
been expended on the marvelous transits
of the Rocky Mountain range, via the
Canadian Pacific, Great Northern, North-
ern Pacific and the rest, this stupendous
passaged the Appalachian chain by way
of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
seems to have been but gingerly regarded
bv correspondents ; when as a matter of
fact it affords the longest continuous
stretch of changeful mountain landscape
in America, the distance across the divide
from Gordonsville to Kenova being at
least fifty miles greater than from Mid-
vale to Spokane on the Great Northern.
It is true there are no snow-capped peaks
in Virginia, but there are ice mountains,
vast caves, natural bridges, mysterious hot
springs, iron and sulphur, and the route
pierces no less than twenty-two tunnels,
of which several exceed or approximate
a mile in length. As a whole, the con-
struction is an engineering marvel. The
expense has been enormous, and more
than a quarter of a century has been em-
ployed in perfecting it. — Charles Hallock,
in Forest Stream.

WARNING TO FARMERS.
We frequently hear of instances where
farmers are made the victims of bogus
insurance agents and companies. This
ought not to be so, especially as every
one can readily learn of the standing of
any company or agent simply by inquir-
ing. Legitimate agents, of course, suffer
more or less from the effects of these
rascals, as when a person gets swindled
once, or hears of a neighbor being swin-
dled, he naturally looks askance at any
insurance proposition. But every one
ought to carry Life Insurance, and in a
good company— one that issues a policy
for the policy holder. Such a company
we believe the Northivestern Mutual of
Milwaukee to be. Mr. T. A. Cary, Rich-
mond, Va , is the general agent for this
company for Virginia and North Caro-
lina. Read his advertisement on back
cover page and write him for particulars
about the "Northwestern Mutual."

HOW IT HURTS!

Rheumatism with its sharp twinges,
aches and pains. Do you know the
cause? Acid in the blood has accumu-
lated in your joints. The cure is found
in Hood's Sarsaparilla, which neutralizes
this acid. Thousands write that they
have been completely cured of rheuma-
tism by Hood's Sarsaparilla.

Hood's Pills cure nausea, sick headache,
biliousness, indigestion. Price, 25 cents.

FEED MILLS.
The Whitman Agricultural Co., St.
Louis, Mo., invite the attention of all
farmers and stockmen to their Monarch
Feed Mill, which they claim to be far
superior to any of the geared mills, in
that they grind faster and better with the
same power and are more durable. Write
for circulars and prices.

FOR BUTTER MAKERS.
The A. G. Elliott Co , Philadelphia, Pa.,
make an interesting announcement in
another column, which you should read.

500 PLYMOUTH ROCK

Chickens, both sexes, wanted at once.

Don't want show birds, but want pure bred.

GLENOE STOCK FARM. Verona, N C.

UBUHR

...EXCLUSIVELY

Cockerels. $1.

Write M. A. 0LNEY. Cole

man's Falls. Va

FOR SALE!

BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS, Thompson
and Hawkins strain. SI ml for cockerels ; S'2.50
for trio. Address J. L. HUMBERT, Box 139,
University of Virginia.

COTTAGE VALLEY STOCK FAR/1.

Thoroughbred ESSEX HOGS.

Pigs, 8 to 10 weeks old, S10 each, or SIS a pair.

Also a first-class Steel Full Circle Baling

Press, good as new, for sale.

W. M. \V atkins, Proprietor, Randolph, Va.

STORY COUNTY HERD OF

DUROC JER5EY SWINE

Bred from the very best stock. All
registered. For prices, etc., address

N. L. NILES, Ames, Iowa.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs, Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H- WRITE, Breeder, Rock Hill, S. C.

White Wyandottes.
B. P. Rocks.

Stock Bred for Utility Purposes.

Have a few vigorous farm raised

..COCKERELS..

left. Also a few

BUFF WYANDOTTES.

WALTER WATSON, Salem, Va.

FILE.

Your SOUTHERN
PLANTERS

WE HAVE A FEW MORE
BINDERS LEFT.

^ Price, 25 Cents.

SOUTHERN PLANTER.
Richmond, Va.

538

THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTER.

[November

PAIXT TALKS— X.

THE MIXED PAINT DILEMMA.

There can be no dispute over the asser-
tion that paints ready mixed for use are
a natural and logical development from
t lie needs of paint consumers. The raw
materials that enter into paint are bought
more advantageously and with better as-
surance of quality and purity by the large
manufacturer than by the painter or the
consumer; and the "mechanical advan-
tages for grinding and incorporating these
materials, afforded by the well-equipped
paint factory, ensure a uniformity and an
excellence which are impossible else-
where. Mechanical devices are always
more accurate and more economical than
hand labor, and given two paints made
of the same materials by hand and by
machine, the latter will always be the
cheaper and the more thoroughly incor-
porated.

When the painter takes his keg of lead
or other paste paint and mixes it with
linseed oil, turpentine, japan, etc., he is
simply manufacturing by hand a '"ready-
mixed paint," which could be made bet-
ter and cheaper by machinery; and if all
ready-mixed paints were made by com-
bining the pigments with pure linseed
oil, turpentine and japan driers, they
would probably long since have displaced
all other forms of paint.

Unfortunately, however, the desire for
cheapness has led to the discovery of the
fact that, by the addition of alkalies, the
oilcan be made to mix with water, and
benzine has been found to be a passable
substitute for turpentine. Adverse expe-
rience with such compounds is the secret
of the popular prejudice against readv-
mixed paints.

Good ready mixed paints cannot be
made without Zinc White. One of the
chief points of superiority of a zinc-
paint, however, is its oil-carrying capa-
city, and when for this oil a mixture of
soap and water is substituted, the supe-
rior qualities of the zinc are largely
counteracted. While these cheap mixed
paints serve their purpose to a certain
extent, and have, by their cheapness,
made painting very general and popular,
they are in the end less economical than
the finer grades which are compounded
with pure linseed oil, since thev require
as frequent renewal as " straight " lead
paint.

There are in the market certain lines
of ready mixed paint compounded with
strictly pure linseed oil. They are almost
universally based on zinc white, in com-
bination with colors and inert pigments,
gome with and some without a percentage
of white lead, for opacity. Sneh paints
are the most economical and the moat
satisfactory it is possible to find. Unfor-
tunately, the consumer has no means of
identifying them: but when a brand of
ready-mixed paint hears the name of a
reputable manufacturer, coupled with his
guarantee that the paint is free from al-
kali, water and petroleum products, it
may be taken for granted that the paint
i8 safe to use. If a further guarantee can
be had that it is based on zinc white, the
consumer may feel assured that he has
the most durable and the most economi-
cal form of paint in the market.

Staktom Dudley.

QUALITY AND QUANTITY COMBINED. ORDER BULL CALVES EARLY.

Murray Boocock's Castalia Herd

SUPPLIES

Pure-bred Pedigree Herefords

Of Unequalled Quality.

All fashionable strains. Cows by Beau Real, Wild Tom, Earl of Shadeland
22d ; in calf to Salisbury, Gold Dollar, Dale, Actor and Lamplighter, Jr.

All orders and inquiries promptly attended to by
P. O.Keswick. Va. FRANK C. CROSS. Manager.

/-♦*TT| C Jerseys A Guern-

W/A I I L»t-i» seys— all ages. Seven
head of two-year Devon heifers in calf.

i_i nrjr Rerkshires of the highest
■ IVyvJ^. tpye. Sows in pig. young
boars and young sows

PHWI ^ I'igh* Rrabuia. Plymouth Rook and Brown
r^ VV L3. Leghorn. Eggs from above at $1.00 per dozen. Also
Bronze Turkeys and Pekin Ducks.

pvf'lfj^ English Mastiff, Shepherd and Fox Terriers. A fine
LJKJVj^t i0t 0f puppies from the latter ready soon.

t@°-Write for what you nant.^o

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

A-DMIRAL, VOL. XX.

POLAND-
CHINAS...

A superior lot of pigs by my fine young Boars, "Admiral" and "Commodore-'
•'Admiral'" was bred by Ed. Klever. and "Commodore" is of my own breeding. The
two best strains of living Hogs represented in this herd Sows in pig and Young
Boars and Sows of all ages. Send to neadquarters and get the best from the oldest
and largest herd of Poland-Chinas in the State, at hard time prices.

Address, J. B. GRAY, Fredericksburg, Va.

Registered Berkshires

MAYOR OF "BILTMORE" at Head of Hy Herd.

Write for my prices on pigs before purchasing elsewhere. I can furnish you the
finest stock at reasonable prices

I a'so offer IIolstein-Friesians (Netherlands, Pietertjes and Clotbilde), all
rich, heavy milkers All of my cattle are magnificent specimens of the breed.
English Beagle Dogs, Brown Leghorns and Plymouth Rock Chickens.
Correspondence solicited.
Southern and N. and W. B. H. T. O. SA\DY. Burkcville. Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

539

ADVERTISING DOES PAY.

There is probably no one todispite the
fact, Bays Agricultural Advertising, that
good advertising pays, and it is also the
case that the effect of advertising grows
from year to year. For instance, if a man
spends $1,000 per year in advertising, he
will get more and more benefit from it as
the years go by.

An excellent example of the benefits
of continuous advertising is the Reliable
Incubator of Quincy. 111. This establish-
ment has been in busines for ten years.
It started with comparatively nothing
but. the plans of a first-class incubator
and brooder.

The wooden lien has become as much
of an institution on the farm as the milk
pail or churn. The farmers all have in-
cubators and brooders, and find them to
be money-making concerns. Recently,
Ex President Grover Cleveland, who lives
at Princeton, N. ,1., sent an order to the
Reliable Incubator and Brooder Co. for a
200 egg machine. The order was prompt-
ly filled. Some of the daily newspaper
reporters heard of it, and immediately
they began to make all manner of good-
natured sport of the distinguished private
citizen.

It is indisputably the case that the suc-
cess of the Reliable Incubator A Brooder
Co. is based largely on good advertising
persistently done. They have a good
machine for which there is a general de-
mand.

OX CURING HAM.

If you wish to secure hams of a fine,
delicate flavor, do not let your hogs get
too old or become overgrown with fat.
Let them be a year old, and weigh about
150 pounds. Let them run in the pas-
ture, or in the woods, feeding on grass,
clover, and mast till about six weeks be-
fore killing them. Put them up then,
and feed them on corn, kitchen slops,
and buttermilk.

After killing, the meat should be cut
out the next day. A teaspoonful of salt-
petre should be rubbed into each ham
and shoulder, to give them a pretty red
color. Then they should be rubbed
thoroughly and plentifully with salt,
and lastly, with a mixture of molasses,
brown sugar, and black pepper. Then
pack them away, skin side down, and
let them remain undisturbed a month or
six weeks. In mild weather, a month
will suffice, but in very cold weather it
takes longer for the salt to penetrate into
the pores of the meat.

Wingina, TV M. W. Early.

Life insurance is a good thing, but
health insurance, by keeping the blood
pure with Hood'e S;ir<a|>arilla. is stjll
better.

to Get. My Prices Before
You Purchase.

It Will Pay Tou

POLAND-CHINAS

My herd contains the blood of the best strains and
prize winners. My herd is a healthy one. Young pigs
and older ones are as fine specimens as the breed produces.
Order at once. Satisfaction guaranteed.

S. SYDNEY BRADFORD,

Oak Crove Stock Farm.

Fredericksburg, Va.

Are You a Hog

RAISER? If you appre-
ciate the value of good
blood, try one of my

Extra High bred
Berkshire Pigs

to improve what you have.
There are no better pigs In
the world than mine. All
sired by Biltmore's Long-
fellow -1-1S75, and dams of
the best English blood.
I Price, $5 o© — no more —
no less. Ready for delivery
Sept. loth. Get your order
booked, as these pigs will
go at these prices.
Address J. SCOTT MOOKE, "County News" Office, Lexington, "Va.

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. — 77m it to Certify, That we are personally acquainted with Mr.
J. Scott Moore, breeder of Berkshire hogs. Know him to be a reliable and responsible gentle-
man, and persons will rind it a pleasure to do business with him: A. T. Shields, Clerk Rock-
bridge County Court; R. R. Witt, Clerk Rockbridge Circuit. Court ; Thos. A. Sterrett, Sheriff of
Rockbridge Co. ; 8. R. Moore. Treasurer Rockbridge Co. ; Robert Catlett, Commonwealth's At-
torney Rockbridge Co. ; J. S. Saville, Supt. of Schools Rockbridge ' 'o. ; T. E. McCorkle, Mayor
of Lexington.

Biltmore Farms

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN!

you KNOW . . .

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual.

WE SAY • ■ ■

That we can supply you with the very best
A. J. C. C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.

ALSO 1

Berkshires, Southdowns and Standard Poultry.

Apply to Q. F. WESTON, Superintendent,

BlLTMQRE, N. C.

540

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

BORAX OX MEAT.

After trying various plan* to keep in-
from hams, I have come to trie con
elusion that the best way is to rub the
ham well with powdered borax, bag it
and hang it tip in a dark smokehouse
I have tried this plan for several years
ami have found it a perfect preservative
to the meat. You must hi- careful, how-
over, to take your measures in time, before
the insects begin to stir ami deposit their
riic-y usually do this in mild spells
in February. Some housekeepers hang
up their hams to dry, then take them
down for bagging, and bang them up a
second time, but this is very cnmber-
-.11111- and Udious.and my advice is to let
one hanging answer; but, as hams ought
to dry out. at least partially, before being
1. it is a good plan to take them
out of the bulk a week or two before
ig, lay them out singly on a large
rough table, or upon shelves in your
smokehouse, and let them dry. By the
way. it is well to have a strong, rough
permanent table built against at least two
sides of your smokehouse, both for the
convenience of cutting up and salting
meat and of laying it out to dry before
bugging. A smokehouse ought not to be
too airtight ; a few chinks and crevices
through which the air can circulate are
it help in drving meat.

Some time in February provide your-
self with a good supply of borax. As it
is quite expensive when powdered, it is
better to get it in the lump and powder
it yourself. In this form, the general
price is 12J cents a pound, and this
amount is amply sufficient for 20 hams.
Beat it up in a mortar, with a pestle, if
you have these articles : if not, a hammer
will answer, and then grind it fine in a
coffee-mill Two teaspoonfuls (thoroughly
rubbed in) is a sufficient allowance to a
medium-sized ham.

When you get readv to apply it, bring
your hams into the kitchen ; have ready
a large boiler on the stove, full of boiling
water: drop each ham into it by turns:
let it remain two or three minutes, take
it out, lay it on a large dish, rub in the
borax while the ham is still moist, bag it,
and hang it up. Of course, you iru-t
previously have had holes made in the
hams, and strings inserted, ready for
hanging up. In mv part of the country,
the people use white oak withes to hang
up hams by, as these are stronger and
more durable than an ordinary string.
Dipping the ham in boiling water not
only makes it moist, and hence more re-
ceptive of the powdered borax, but if
any insect should have laid it> eegS Oil
the meat, the scalding water will destroy
them The bags should be made of stout
unbleached cotton, and thev should be
very carefully tied It is best to keep
the smokehouse rather dark, as lighl and
warmth are Favorable to the propagation
of insects. An abundance of black pep-
per rubbed on the meat, soon after hog-
killing, not only improves the flavor, hut
helps to keep off insects. Mix molasses
with the pepper in order to give a mild,
ti ii" flavor. As far as the flavor is con-
cerned, smoking meat is an unnecessary
trouble. It does not enhance the fineness
of the flavor at all. so no young house-
keep r who i-- unprovided withjfacilities

GHSTON STOCK I=HR7UT.

Holstein-Friesian £ Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals of
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex

JXO. I . DETRICK, Somerset, Va.

HIQH-BRED ENGLISH

Pigs

™?E BERKSHIRE

These pigs are sired by Sir John Bull, of X. Benjafield's
herd, of Motcombe, England, who is patronized by—

Her Majesty the Queen :

His Royal Highness Duke of Connaught;

His Royal Highness Puke of York ;

His Royal Highness Prince Christian, etc.

Imported by me last November. Dams of the purest
and most aristocratic families of English blood. Pedi-
grees furnished with every pig. A rare chance for
entirely foreign and new blood for your herds.
41 Pigs now on hand at one-third

Western Prices

Address THOS S. WHITE. Lexington, Va.

LYNNWQOO STOCK FARM

Horses

HEADQUARTERS FOR

Pure-bred and Grade Percheron. Grade Hackneys and '
Saddle Horses. Both Imported and Home-bred Mares. J
Stud headed by two Imported Stallions, combining I
size, action and style.

As 1 cannot use one of my Imported Percheron stallions
longer to advantage, I will dispose of him at a low figure.

He is very large and handsome and a first-class breeder.

Mv registered herd consists of the be;< strains that I

/ money can buy. Headed by two aged boars, very i

| large and as near perfect as possible. Blood of the

great Longfellow and noted Columbus ; also of the j

following champions in their classes at the I

Columbian Exposition:

I'.i.i. I, Knight, Royal Lee 2d. B:u\.n Duke 2d, Baron [
Lee 3d, and the greatest of all boars, King Lee.

My sows were selected from the beat— regardless
of cost — and are from such blood as :

Kingscote Belle L'd, Artful Belle :iSth. Lily Clay,
Pansy, Infanta, and other prize winners.

Young gilts bred and pigs ready for shipment, of either sex, at less than
half the cost of the original stock. r

Serkshires

N. & W. R. R.

JXO. F. LEWIS. Lynnwood, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

541

for smoking her meat, need feel disturbed;
neither need she fear the depredations of
insects, if she will give a careful trial. to
the plan of applying borax, as above
suggested.

Wingina, Va. Mary W. Early.

FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS.
The 18th annual meeting of the Farm-
ers' National Congress will be held at
Fort Worth, Texas, December 0-14. 1S9S
The President for the year is tin- Hon.
W. D. Hoard, ex-Governor of Wisconsin.
John M. Stahl, of Chicago, is the perma-
nent secretary. A fine array of speakers
has been secured, and the meeting should
he a great success.

THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY.
This corporation has just issue! a beau-
tiful book, "The Empire of the South,"
giving a complete description of the scene
ry and resources of the Southern States,
and especially of that portion served by
the Southern* Railway. The book is one
comparing most favorably with those is
sued by the Great Railroads of the West,
which have done so much towards filling
up that country with settlers and making
it the great rich country we now see.
We doubt not but that this new venture
of the Southern Road will have a like-
good effect in the Southern States. The
riches and capabilities of the South only
require to be known to become appre-
ciated. Hitherto we have only told of
th^se to our own peop'e. They need to
be told to the world, and this book will
do much towards this. The public spir
iteil management of the Southern Rail
way since its reorganization is to be high
lv commended. It cannot fail to result
in the advancement of the material in-
terests of every Southern State and the
prosperity of the road. As an evidence
of this, last year, from July 1, 1897. to
June 30, 1S98, there were established
along tbe line of the Southern Road 250
new manufacturing plants, involving an
investment of 80,000,000, and settlers
from the North purchased 350,000 acres
of land. A few years of such work as
this will give us an impetus which can-
not be withstood. The South will be
compelled to progress. It has the neces-
sary natural advantages. All it requires
is capital and people.

WHAT PAUL SAID.
Guests had arrived unexpectedly at tbe
country parsonage on Sunday morning.
The w'eekly supply of butter had run
short, so the hospitable host dit- patched
old Joe, the colored man, to his neighbor,
Mr. Paul, whose dairy always boasted a
surplus. The parson proceeded to church
with his well-prepared sermon on some
of the best sayings of the great apostle,
and was well under way with it when old
Joe, returning empty-handed, concluded
he would quietly slip in and hear his
master preach. Just as he entered, the
preacher stretched forth his hand in a
most impressive interrogation of voice
and manner, and called out, "And what
did Paul say?" Distinctly sounded
through the church old Joe's replv, " He
Bay, niarster, he ain't goin' to let you
have no more butter till you pay for dat
last you got." — Short Slorie$.

HENS BFEoERD LAYING

Instead of introducing; other breeds, we have for several years bred a great strain of
winter-laying BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS, in addition to our noted show birds of this
breed. Best of references. Eggs and stock for sale. Fifty Cockerels at half price for a short
time. Improve your stock and make it pay.

GEO. HARRISON MORRIS, Ashland, Va.

Barred

White and B

uff PLYMOUTH ROCKS

OLD AND YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE

AT REASONABLE PRICES.

My stock is exceptionally fine this season. Write for what you want.

Lock Box 42. J. H. GARST, Salem, Va.

AND ALSO REMEMBER

I have sold about all the Sheep I can spare
this season hut two. Have now to offer over
one hundred head of choice

Poland-China, English Berkshire, ami
Todd's Improved Chester White Pigs

As good as the best (hogs raised on separate-
farms). Two Choice Purebred Durham Bull
Calves, Barred Plymouth Rock and Silver
Wyandotte Chickens, White Holland Turkeys
and Pekin Ducks. Get my prices, as I can
save you money.

HIGHLANDS STOCK AND POULTRY FARM,

E. B.WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. FANCY HILL, VA.

SHORT-HORNS

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE!

Champion Cup, V21743, the great son of the famous Cup Bearer, 52692.
anil Warrior Brave. 121617, by Knight of the Thistle, 108656, at the head of
our herds.

Our cattle are of the purest strains; including Pure Scotch and Scotch
Topped Bates, representing such noted families as the famous Duchess, Rose
of Sharon, Young Mary, Josephine. Illustrious, Moss Rose, and the great
Cruickshank Gwendolines and Secrets.

15 TO 20 BULL CAL.VES — — . ~

from 3 to t> months, sired by the above named sires Also 3 yearling
Balls. Parties wanting heifers will address W. W. Bentley, who will
spare four, by Kniyht nf Wddon in calf to Champion Cap.
Correspondence solicited. Satisfaction guaranteed.
For further particulars and prices, call on or address —

W. W BENTLEY, JNO. T. COWAN,

Pulaski City. Va Cowan's Mills, Va.

542

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

CARDINAL RULES FOR BUSINESS
SUCCESS.

The following rules for a successful
life could well be carried in the pocket
I every young man and woman in
America:

Always speak the truth.

Keep good company or none.

Never play at a game of chance.

Earn money before you spend it

Drink no kind of intoxicating liquors.

Keei> your own secrets, if you have
any.

Never borrow if you can possibly avoid

\V hen you speak to a perron, look him
in the face.

Read over these maxims at least once
a week.

Make few promises. Live up to your
engagements.

Do not marry until you are able, to sup-
port a wife.

Keep yourself innocent if you would be
happv.

Ever live (misfortune excepted) within
vour income.

Save when you are young to spend
when you are old.

Never run into debt unless you see a
way out of it again.

Never speak evil of any one. Be just
before vou are generous.

Avoid temptation, through fear that
vou may not withstand it.

Good company and good conversation
are the very sinews of virtue.

When you retire, think of what you
have been doing during the day.

Never be idle. If your hands cannot
be fullv employe I, attend to the cultiva-
tion of your mind.— Success.

"Yes," said Mr. Jones, when a certain
girl's name had been mentioned, "I know
her to speak to, but not by sight."

"You mean," cut in the prompt cor-
recter— "you mean that you know her by
siybt, but not to speak to."

"Do I '.'" asked Mr. Jones, anxiously.

"Of course you do. You have seen her
so often that you know who she is, but
have never been introduced to her. Isn't
that it?"

"No, that isn't it. I never saw her at
all to know her, but I speak to her nearly
every day."

"How can that be?"

"She is the telephone girl at Central."
— Harpers' Bazar.

"Waiter," said the bicyclist, at the lit-
tle country inn, "bring me three eggs,
and boil them four minutes."

Fifteen minutes elapse, and the waiter
returns with one egg.

"Very sorry, sir, our eggs is out. This
is the only one we had left— but we
boiled it twelve minutes, sir— Harpers'
Bazar.

" What is your idea of a political econ-
omist?"

"Well," replied Senator Borghum, re-
flectively, " there's lots o' different kinds.
But my idea of the genuine article is the
man who manages to put by enough
while he has an office to pay the ex-
penses of gettin' it for another term —
Washington Star.

0N|_Y \ BACON HALL FARM.

attractive ' Hereford Bulls, at present.
A I I H A u 1 1 V fc Berkshires, all ages.

STOCK v Dorset Rams, Yearling Lambs.

«qi n I Satisfaction or no money.

E. M. GILXET, Verona, Baltimore Co.. Md.

«NOini OFFERS F0RSHLEK

Pure-bred Holstein Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire
Lambs— delivered by July 1st, Bucks for $7. 00; Ewes. $6.00. Also Shropshire
Bneks, one year old, 812 00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, *5.00;
three months old $7.00, and five months old, £10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L , Jr., 21068, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Orders for Bronze Turkeys now taken — $7.00 per pair ; $10 00 per trio.

yy^iHMachinery

SAW MILLS,
SHINGLE MILLS,
PLANING MILLS,
GRINDING MILLS,
TURBINE WHEELS,
BALING PRESSES,
STEAM ENGINES.

DeLoach Mill Mfg. Co.

Atlanta, Ga. Box 601.

All kinds of Mill Machinery
Send for large catalogue

WHITMAN'S MONARCH FEED MILL

wiili steel Grindera and Force Peed, the most rapid
and durable Mill in America. We also manufacture
Young America Mill. The above are guaranteed to
grind faster than GEARED MILLS, run with same
power, and tar more durable.
Full line of BALING PRESSES, HORSE POWERS. GRAIN DRILLS. CORN
SHELLERS, CIDER MILLS. SEED SOWERS, Etc.

ganutaeiuradby WHITMAN AGRICULTURAL CO., St. Louis, Mo,

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

543

THE SOUTHERN PUNTER'S

s tr 1198.

READ ™

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals:

DAILIES. ">'« -""

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 8<i 00 86 25

The Times, " " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 50

The Times. " •' 100 150

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y 1 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

Round Table 100 175

" Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 100 160

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00 2 75

Christian Advocate, " "... 2 00 2 50

Christian Herald and Signs of Our

Times 150 2 00

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Horseman 3 00 3 00

Illustrated London News 6 00 6 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St. Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Lippincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' " 4 00 4 00

Forum " 3 00 3 25

Scribner's " 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey's " 1 00 1 60

Stiand " 125 2 00

MeClure's " 1 00 1 60

Peterson's " 1 00 1 50

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

The Nation 3 00 3 50

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from "our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage ol
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any
correspon dence.

We furnish no sample copies of other periodi-
cals.

Seed House of the South.

BHKWHIAT.
OATS and
CANE SEK».

"Whatsoever One Sowelh, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIEL.D AND GARD£\ SEEDS ol

every variety at Lowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGEAND'S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

—WE ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods
Samples sent by mail when desired

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

1016 Main Street
LYNCHBURG, VA.

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway

EXTENDING FROM CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE, AND

THROUGH ITS CONNECTIONS^—

THE BIG FOUR SYSTEM, from Chicago, St. Louis, Peoria, Indianapolis,
Sandusky and Cleveland ;

THE OHIO CENTRAL LINES, from Toledo and Columbus ;
THE CINCINNATI, HAMILTON & DAYTON, from Detroit, Toledo, Lima,
and Dayton —

FORMS THE MOST DIRECT ^ZTtZiX^Vr ROUTE

To STAUNTON. LYNCHBURG, CHARLOTTESVILLE.
BICHMOND, PETERSBURG, NORFOLK.
And Principal Virginia Points

Catalogue, with list of farms for sale, may be secured by applying to the following agents :

C. B. RYAN, A. G. P. A., C. * O. By., Cincinnati. O. ; E. B. POPE, Western P. A. C AO In-
comer Broad and Chestnut stv, St. Louis; K. E. PARSONS, Ticket Agent S,:i Fourth \\V
Louisville. Ky. ; J. C. TUCKER, General Northern P. A., Big Four Rout.- ":.i ciark street"
Chicago, III,; H. M. BRONSc in. Asst. General Passenger Agent. Big Four Route Imli m-
apolls.Ind.; E. O. MCCORMICK, Passenger Traffic Manager, Big Four Koine Cincinnati
Ohio; D. G. EDWARDS, General Passenger Agent, C. H. A I). Rv.. Cincinnati Ohlo:
MOULTON HOUK, General Passenger Agent Ohio Central Lines, Toledo. Ohio; or to

H. W. FULLER, Gen. Pass. Agt. C. & 0. Ry., Washington, D. C.

.-44

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[November

CHAS E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMEs G. HKNING, of Powhatan Co., Va., Qenl Manager.

[LI HORSE AND STEAM POWER PRESSES. Write I0T Prices.

HOWARD T. NVCKOLS, of Henrico Co.. Va.. Baleen

ALL GOODS GUARANTEED.

FODDER & ENSILAGE
CITTEUS.SHKEDDERS
A SWIVEL CARRIERS

:-iS>

Saperior Grain, and I

Write fi

CHAMPION and JOHNSTON Steel Mowers,
Reapers and Biaden.

The All-Metal TIGER SELF-DUMP an.l
GRANGER HAND-DOMF HAV RAKE for One
or rwo Horses,

The TIGER and JOHNSTON All Metal

Disc Harrow— Automatic Lever.

CHATTANOOGA

Improved Cane Mills.

Milwaukee
Corn Husker,
Fodder Cutter
° Shredders.

STl DEBAKER and BROWN Farm Wagons
Carta and Buggies.

DON'T FORGETS

All the merchants iu town who claim to sell OLIVER PLOWS
and REPAIRS only sell the IMITATION. BOGUS, CHEAP
GOODS. The only place in Richmond. Va.. to buy GENUINE
OLIVER PLOWS and REPAIRS is at 1528 East Main Street,
of CHAS E. HUNTER.

Pedigrees
Traced and
Tabulated

Catalogues
Compiled and
Circulars
Prepared

ROAD,
TROTTING and

SADDLE

Horses

FOR SALE BY.. ..

W. J. CARTER, General Turf Correspondent,

p o. box 939. RICHMOND, VA.

broad rock

REFERENCES— L. HANKS HOLT (former owner John R. Gentry. 2.-00%t, Graham.
X. 1 . : 1 01.. .1. S. CAKR. Durham, N. C; MAI. P.P. JOHNSTON President National
Trotting Association'. Lexington, Ky: Col. B.CAMERON. Fairntosh Stud, Stagville.
N. C: JOS. BRYAN and H.C. CH AM BLIN. Richmond, Va. ; A. B. GWATHMKY N. V.
Cotton Exchange. New York. : Oapt. B. P. WILLIAMSON. Raleigh. N. C. : J. F. JACK-
SON Editor Southern Planter), Richmond, Va. : H. A. Buck (Editor Spirit of iff 1
New York.

5DC5Su

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 545

■;ri"':I

The Richmond City Mills Co.

RICHr\OND,VA.

i

GEO. T. KING, President.
Manufacturers of all kinds of . . .

Flour, Corn Meal, Crushed
Grain and Mill-Feed ^

AND DEALERS IN

GRAIN, HAY and STRAW.

Ground Bone and Oyster Shells for Poultry.

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS.

TSMLiEjEjEmE: •

646 THE SOUTHEBN PLANTER [November

The Hancock Rotary Disc Plow...

IS THE GREATEST PLOW OH EARTH

For broadcasting, breaking black prairie or red clay lands; for turning under corn or cotton stalks, oat or wheat stubble, Ber-
muda sod or Johnson grass, there is no implement manufactured which will equal it. It cuts from 12 to 14 inches wide and
from 6 to 10 inches deep at the will of the user. It will break up two to three acres a day, and will do it with lighter draft
and pulverize the ground better than any other plow manufactured.

WE GUARANTEE EVERY HANCOCK ROTARY DISC PLOW to give entire satisfaction in any kind of soil or
wwnnriii ■ bw llnf)er ar)y conditions, and will replace absolutely free of charge any part or parts which may
break within twelve months from the date of purchase.

2,000 Sold Since February, 1898. SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

THE COMBINED FEED MILL AND HORSE POWER

Even* farmer needs it. None can afford to be without it As a Mill it grinds table
meal, ear corn, shelled corn or wheat for feed As a Power it will run a Corn Sheller,
Feed ('utter, Wood Saw or Threshing Machine.

Are in every respect the best in the world. Made in five
fixes, and range in capacity to meet the wants of every
one. All have the upward cut, patent Rocking Feed
Rolleis, ami on power machines Safety Balance Wheels

THE BOWSHER COMBINATION MILL for corn and cob,
all kin. Is of email grain, cotton seed Crushes corn with
shucks. Sizes, 2 to 12 hoise power.

Baling Presses fur Hand. Steam and Horse Power, Engines, Saw Mills, Grist Mills. Grain

Drills. Plows and Castings of all kinds. Harrows, Corn Shelters, Road Carts, Buggies,

Surreys. Farm Wagons, Log Truck*. Implements. Machinery and Vehicles

of every description.

WAI 1 lLUW UU. 1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, V A.
£\ f~^ 1 1 f o 1 Vegetable Growing in the South for Northern Markets. f,

^j, \_J • • • • • Bv Prof Rolp^ 255 pp. Illustrated. Paper, $1.00; cloth, $1.25. ^r

0- M^^ ^. ROOkS FERTILITY OF THE LAND. ^

^ ^^-^t-JWrv^ By Prof. Roberts. 415 pp. Cloth, 11.25. \£

^ FEEDS AND FEEDING. THE TOBACCO LEAF. v^

^ By Prof. Henry. 657 pp. Cloth, $2.00. ' By Killebrew & Myrick. 506 pp. Cloth, $2.00. )^.

~% THE DOMESTIC SHEEP. Bv Stewart. 371 pp. Cloth, $1.50. X

s^ The above books are among the best written dealing with their respective subjects. Every farmer in the \%?

■£f$ South should read them. Address — ^>

'j THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, Richmond, Va. ^

THE FARMERS' SUPPLY CO.

New Store, No. 1433 E. Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

Is now open and stocked with full line of
FARM IMPLEMENTS at right prices.

A CAR-LOAD OF ,

Tornado Ensilage Cutters,

The best feed cutter in the world,

JUST RECEIVED.

REMEMBER

Write for prices and testimonials.
Correspondence solicited.

We Sell Every Implement Used on a Farm.

Our New Number, One Square West of Old Stand.

Guaranteed VEHICLES and IMPLEMENTS.

IN OUR SHOWROOMS,

Which are the Largest in the
State, WE EXHIBIT . . .

THESE ARE THE BEST ON EARTH.

' The new Feed Table which extends eight
feet is a splendid improvement. The Feed
Table is supplied with a continuous traveling
chain belt or apron, which converts the ma-
chine into a self-feeder.

and is exchangeable with the cutter head.

Special catalogues on application.

SMITH HAND FEED CUTTERS,
BLADES AND BOLTS.

IHPROVED

AGRICULTURAL

IMPLEnENTS

The CAPITAL Wagon is the Best in the
World. Has 33 Improvements.

We are agents for the CELEBRATED OHIO FEED CUTTERS,

for Power or hand, with- or without Carriers. These have proved themselves su-
perior to all others in strength and work accomplished. Testimonials furnished

CANE MILLS AND EVAPORATORS.

WOODS PATEXT

advance of all others
Horse Powers,

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BSfCatalogue and Illustrated Circulars sent on application. Correspondence
cheerfully answered.

THE IMPLEMENT CO.

Office and Store, 1526 E. Main St.,

Warehouse and Factory, 1525-1533 E. Franklin St.,

H. M. SMITH A CO.'S Old Factory. RICHMOND, VA.

The it EST Company is that which does (he heat Tor Policy-Holders.

jJorthWe^tBi'n Mutual

Life Ingncance Compaqg

#' Was incorporated in 1S57, and commenced busi-
ness Nov. 25, 1858, on a purely mutual basis, and
has always been conducted on that plan.
Before insuring elsewhere, drop a postal, giving your
date of birth, to

THE FOLLOWING SUMMARY of the progress of the
Company by ten year periods will be interesting :

Assets.

Income.

January I, 1868 - 3,128,197 j 8 U6H3.785

January 1, 1878 6M1B.8I7 I lx.ra.i".; 3.711. 087

January 1, lv<s 147.615,823 28,858.019 6.880,119

January 1, l.vs 4IM.n.sl.:;:o ! 1ii:;.:;t.,,:,:;i; 20,020, 1«2_

IT MUST BE REMEMBERED that the business of this
Company is strictly Uuiled Stales business, thai, a strietlv
United slates business is most desirable for a United states
company to have, and that the North western's new business has
for years been largely in eveess of that written by any other
company working exclusively in the United States.

T. ARCHIBALD CARY. s

General Agent for Virginia and North Carolina.

1201 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

DS and FEEDING

®>^&

A Hand-book for the Stockman and Farmer.

By Prof. W. A. HENRY, Wisconsin Experiment Station.
657 pages in 35 chapters. Substantially bound. Price, $2.00, express paid.

A valuable reference on Plant Growth and Animal Nutrition ; Feeding- Stuffs ;
Feeding Farm Animals.

Note. — We will send this book and the Southern Planter for $2.50 to any
address, all charges paid.

Farmers Must use Fertilizers to Succeed.

We offer them the following Brands, with full confidence in their merits :

"TRAVERS' WHEAT and GRASS FERTILIZER,"
"CAPITAL" BONE-rOTASH FERTILIZER,

"TRAVERS' DISSOLVED BONE PHOSPHATE,"
"BEEF, BLOOD and BONE FERTILIZER,"
"STANDARD" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE,
"CAPITAL" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE.

especiay recommend ORCHILLA GUANO for GRASS

CLOVER. It makes it grow where all other fertilizers fail. It equals
Raw Bone, at a much less price, and makes poor land rich.

WRITE FCR PRICES. OTHER BRANDS FOR OTHER CROPS.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO., Manufact'rs, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

Established 1840.

THE

Fifty-Ninth Year.

Southern Planter

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO

Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture,
Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside.

OFFICE : 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY,

J. F. JACKSON. Editor and General Manager.

Proprietors.

Vol. 59.

DECEMBER, 1898.

No. 12.

CONTENTS.

FARM MANAGEMENT :

Editorial— Work for the Month 547

" Artichokes 549

Oats and Cow Peas 549

Editorial-The English Wheat Crop 550

Cropping an Orchard 552

Editorial— Sugar Beets 552

Cow Peas and Commercial Fertilizers 553

Wheat Tests 554

How Crops Grow 556

Liming Land 557

A New Method of Fertilization — Applying Fertili-
zers in the Fall 558

Enquirer's Column 559

Editorial— The Corn Crop of the South.... 560

TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD:

Editorial — Work for the Month.- 561

" Augusta County, Va., Fruit Growers 561

Peaches, Pears, Plums and Cherries for

North Carolina 561

" State Horticultural Society 561

Peaches, Pears and Cherries for North Carolina.... 561

Orchard Management 562

Some Reasons Why Fruit Does Not Set 563

Peach Yellows 563

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY :

Editorial — Better Feeding Stock Required

The Breeds of Swine

The Filston Dairy Farm

Editorial — Dipping Cattle for Prevention of Texas

Fever

The Dual Purpose Cow

Fattening Steers in Winter

Possibilities of Stock Raising in the South

Fattening Home-Grown and Range Lambs

The Inoculation Remedy for Hog Cholera

Editorial — North Carolina State Fair

" Short-Horn Breeders Please Note

r,(14
51 14
565

566
666
567
568
569
570
570
570

THE POULTRY YARD :

Editorial — Roup 571

When to Begin with Incubators 571

Feeding and Management of Brooder Chickens 571

Feeding Poultry for Christmas 572

Rape for Poultry 572

THE HORSE :
Notes 573

MISCELLANEOUS:

Large and Small Farms 575

Honor To, and Help From Southern Farmers 576

Tidewater (Va.) Sweet Potatoes 577

The Labor Problem in the South 578

A New Use for Cornstalks 578

A Pumpkin Story 578

Publisher's Notes 579

Advertisements 579

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guaranteed absolutely true t" name and free of all diseases.
Take time to write for catalogue, and give us an estimate of your wants.

J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor, Pomona, N.

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There are cheap aud beautiful homes in
the "Sunny South," near the sea, and
near that thriving seaport city, Norfolk,
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OLD DOMINION NURSERY, RICHMOND, VA

ARM EPS' 1
LIBRARY ■

LEE'S PREPARED AGRICULTURAL LIME....

As we have had so seasonable a summer, there is a heavy growth of
VEGETATION. Now is your time to use our Prepared Lime.

On account of the war acid phosphate has materially advanced in price,
while we are selling at the same as last season.
We made a small quantity of

SPECIAL WHEAT FERTILIZER

Last fall as a trial on corn land. All who tried it say they had better wheat on
their corn land than they had on tobacco land, on which they used 7(0 or 800 lbs.
of standard fertilizers to the acre. Write for circulars to —

A. S. LEE & SON, Richmond, Va.

SOUTHERN PLANTER, -
VEGETABLE GROWING

IN THE SOUTH,
FERTILITY OF THE LAND,
FEEDS AND FEEDING, -
TOBACCO:

How to Raise it, etc.,
FOOD FOR PLANTS, - -

111 for a $5.00 bill.

$1.00

$1.25
$1.25
$2.00

25
10

CHARTERED 1870.

$5.85

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND. VA,

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

I
Designated Depository of the United States, City of
Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia.
Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore
and New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for
direct and quick collections.

Capital Stock, $200,000

Surplus and Profits, $300,000

JNO. P. BRANCH,

President.

JNO. K. BRANCH,

Vice-President.

JOHN F. GLENN,

Cashier.

Directors.— John P. Branch, Thos. Potts, ('has. s. si ringfellow, B. W. Branch, Fred. W. Scott,
Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Buford, R. C. Morton. Andrew Pizzini. Jr.

When you write to an Advertiser, always say you saw the Adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

The Southern Planter.

DEVOTED TO

PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE.

Agriculture Is the nursing mother of the Arts.--XENOPHON.
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY.

59th Year.

Richmond, December, 1898.

No. 12.

Farm Management.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

Another year has rolled round to the last month,
and the question of its profitable employment is up
for discussion. Whilst it is certain that nothing which
can be done in it will mate the year a profitable one,
if the work suggested to be done in former months has
been neglected, yet is equally certain that on almost
every farm something may be done to render more
profitable the work suggested to have been done in the
earlier months of the year. In the South even the
most severe of the winter mouths are rarely so cold
or so ungenial as to prevent the doing of much out-
door work, which, in more northern locations, has to
be done during the busy months of spring or the later
months of the fall. In this respect the Southern farmer
is placed at a great advantage over the Northern
farmer. Only twice during the past ten years has
ever December and January been so severe as to en-
tirely prevent out door work. The full utilization of
the opportunities thus generally afforded will do much
to help forward the work of the spring. It is not
wise, however, for any farmer to enter upon any work
requiring the constant employment of his hired hands
for this mouth, as their labor is not to be depended on.
They become demoralized at the prospect of Christ-
mas early in the month, and are just as likely as not
to be found missing without any notice of their inten-
tion to leave off work as to be found attending to 01-
ders. The wise course is to push to completion all
work in hand and to devote auy spare lime to filling

up the barns and sheds with feed for the stock and
bedding for the pens and the provision of wood for
the house fires, so that, if left without help unexpect-
edly, stock will not suffer and home may be comfort-
able.

It is too late now to seed crops of any kind, but plow-
ing and subsoiliug of land may continue to be done with
advantage whenever the land is dry enough to work
freely. In our ast issue we endeavored to show how
important is the water supply for the production of
profitable crops, and in the same issue our correspond-
ent, Mr. Ashton Starke, enlarged most forcibly on the
same subject. If for no other reason than this, fall
plowiug and subsoiling should have all the attention
possible to be given it. We have frequently adduced
instances which have come under our observation of
the great success which has followed fall plowing and
deep and careful preparation of the soil, especially
with the corn crop. A day or two ago, we had another
illustration of this : A gentleman, one of the largest
farmers in the Piedmont section of Virginia, called
here, and, iu the course of conversation, told us that,
on a field ou his farm, he had this year made 60 bush-
els of corn to the acre without any manure or fertilizer.
The land on which this crop was raised was plowed
and broken in the fall to the depth of sixteen inches,
and worked as frequently during the spring as possi-
ble with the harrow and cultivator until at planting
time the seed bed was as fine and mellow as possible.

548

THE SOUTHERN PLA.NTER,

[December

The crop grown on it suffered neither from wet nor
dronth, and made the yield mentioned. A neighbor
of his grew corn on the adjoining field. The soil of
this field was equally as good, if not better, than that of
his own, but the land was not plowed until spring, and
then only to the depth of five or six inches, and the
corn was planted in a cloddy seed bed. At harvest the
yield on this field was 25 bushels to the acre. The ex-
cess in yield of 35 bushels of corn per acre on his own
land was attributable solely, he believed, to properly
utilizing the fall and winter months and breaking the
land as deeply as possible. There is no danger in bring-
ing to the surface some of the subsoil at this season of
the year. It will have plenty of time to become thor
oughly aerated and mixed with the surface soil before
planting time, and the unavailable plant-food in it
will by that time have become largely available for
the needs of the crop. We have millions of tons of
phosphoric acid and potash lung unavailable in the
subsoils of our farms which only requires to be brought
within the reach of the action of the sun and air, and
possibly the application of some lime to become imme
diately available as plant- food. It is cheaper and usu-
ally much more convenient to the average farmer to
thus enrich his land than to buy these necessary ele-
ments of fertility from the fertilizer merchant. Try
this way of enrichment. It will not hurt the teams or
the hands to thus employ their time at this season of
the year. Other work does not usually press for atten-
tion immediately.

This month is a convenient time for cleaning upland
intended to be cropped next year and for draining and
fencing the same. When cleaning upland make it a
point to do the work thoroughly as far as possible.
Do not leave stumps and stones on the land to be
plowed round and to form hiding places for insect and
fungous pests. If you have not a stump-puller, and for
stumps too large for a machine of that kind, some dyn-
amite will be found a most convenient thing. A small
charge of this put under a large stump or stone will
blow it into pieces easily capable of being carried away,
and thus remove a hindrance to good work. Do not
throw into piles on the land the rocks and stones which
are scattered over the surface. Lt these be thrown
into a cart or wagon as gathered, and be hauled away
to repair the roads on the farm or the adjacent high-
way. In this way they will become of permanent
benefit to the farm instead of an injury. When re-
pairing a road with stones, which should always be
done during the winter or early spring mouths, when
the rains will consolidate the work, let the soil of the
road-bed be thrown out to the depth of from six to
twelve inches, according to the weight of traffic to be
carried over it, and then let the largest stones, which

should not exceed in size a diameter of four inches, be
put into the bottom. Upon these place a coating of
stones not larger than will pass through a two inch
ring, and on the top of this place a thin coating of
gravel or failing gravel of the soil thrown out of the
roadbed, and then roll the surface and repeat
this rolling after a fall of raiu. Let the cen-
tre of the road be four inches higher than the
sides, so as to shed the water. When the work of
making the road is completed, then plow out a good
deep ditch on either side, to take the water from the
road, and provide means to allow this water to drain
out of the ditches. A road made in this way will last
for a lifetime, with nothing but the ordinary farm
traffic passing over it. Every farm should have such
a road from the house and barn to the highway, and
the highways themselves should be made in the same
way. Such roads would save farmers millions of
dollars in a few years' time, and would make life in
the country a pleasant experience where it is often a
trial of patience and endurance. There are thousauds
of farms where there are stones sufficient lying on the
surface, hindrances to good cultivation, to make all
the roads on and adjoining the farm, and where these
roads could be made at the cost only of labor.

At this season of the year, it is easy to see where
drains are needed. Let these places have attention.
When putting in drains, do not fail to put them down
at least three feet. It is the underlying water which
quires to be taken off, not that which falls on the sur-
face. If the subsoil is dry, the surface water will soon
get away, but with a saturated subsoil the surface wa-
ter cannot drain off. See that plenty of fall is given
to any drains which may be put down. It is alwajs
well when undertaking a work of drainage to havt: the
levels taken by a surveyor, as it is very easy to throw
away the whole cost of draining by a mistake in level.
In putting in a main drain, let it be well below the
level of the lateral drains, so that these niay not be
choked up by the backing up of the water in the
main.

See that the ice-pond is cleaned out before com-
mencing to store water for ice making, and that the
streams supplying the water to the pond are free from
the contamination of drainage or other iufected water.
Freezing water does not purify it. Water not fit to
drink is not fit to make into ice. Let the ice-house
be thoroughly cleaned out, and see that the drainage
is good and the walls and roofs are in good repair. If
you have no ice house, one can be put up above ground
at less cost than excavating a pit. A good ice house
is simply a house withiu a house. There should be a
dead air space between the inner and outer walls of at

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

040

least 12 inches, and the ice within the house should
have six inches of saw-dust packed around it. If a
less airspace than 12 inches is allowed between !he
inner and outer walls, this should be packed with saw
dust. Provide good drainage, but let the outlet to the
drain be so protected as to prevent the inflow of air.
The roof should be double like the sides, and be ven-
tilated so as to keep the air over the ice cool. The con-
venience and economy of an ice-house is so great, es-
pecially on a dairy farm, that it is worth while to give
the matter careful attention. Do not fail to secure
the ice crop at the first oportunity. One opportunity
missed in the South often means the loss of a supply.

Let all implements and tools not in use be carefully
cleaned and stored away under cover. Time may very
well be employed in wet weather, in painting, greasing
and cleaning implements and tools. The amount of
money lost by farmers through careless inattention to
their implements and tools is beyond calculation. If
manufacturers were as careless of their machinery as
farmers are, most ot them would become bankrupt
very quickly.

that the land on which the artichokes grew would not
have made more than 60 bushels to the acre of corn.
This shows, therefore, a great advantage in favor of the
artichokes as a food crop. The artichokes were made
at less cost per acre than it would have cost to make
the 60 bushels of corn, and the cost of harvesting the
crop could have been altogether saved by allowing
hogs to have gathered them for themselves. Arti-
chokes will keep well in the ground all winter, and
hogs will harvest them very thoroughly. Hog-keep-
ers should make a note of this. The crop is one
worthy of their attention. Cows also are fond of them,
and do well ou them.

See that yon make preparation to enjoy Christmas.
Do not sell the best of everything, and then expect
the young people to be happy and content with that
which no one else will buy. This is not the way to
keep the young men on the farm or make them proud
of the home place. No one has a better right to en-
joy life than the farmer, and no one has a better op
portunity to do so if only an effort is made to that end.

ARTICHOKES.

A subscriber residing in Middle Virginia writes us
that he has this year made an experiment in growing
artichokes. He planted a rich piece of land, one six
teenth of an acre in extent, which ordinarily is very
dry land, with White Bunch artichokes. The season,
having been a wet one, has suited the crop on this par-
ticular land, and the yield made is 43 bushels, or at
the rate of about 700 bushels to the acre. Freshly
dug, and with some little dirt on them, the tubers
weighed 49 pouuds to the bushel, giving a total weight
per acre of 34,300 pounds, or over 17 tons. Experi-
ments made at various places in feeding artichokes
show their value as food to be greater than turnips —
100 pounds of artichokes being worth 24 cents as com-
pared with 11 cents for a like weight of turnips. As
compared with corn, 450 pounds of artichokes are the
equivalent of 100 pouuds of the grain feed. The rate
of yield made per acre in this experiment would, on
this basis of valuation, be equivalent as feed to 136
bushels of corn to the acre. Our correspondent says

OATS AND COW-PEAS.

Editor Southern Planter :

I was struck with the result of the experiments made
by Prof. Dugger, of Alabama Experiment Station, re-
ported in your last issue. It seems that the yield of
oats, after plowing under crops of cow-peas and velvet
beans, was not as great as after plowing under the
stubble only of either. I don't understand this. Are
we to infer that the stubble of pea- vines will produce
better crops than the vines and stubble combined, or
that the stubble will add more fertility to the land
than both combined ? It does not seem reasonable to
me. The yield in the experiments all seem compara-
tively small anyhow. I have made from fifty to sev-
enty-bushels of rust- proof oats per acre, sown in Feb-
ruary and March here in Virginia on good land, sow-
ing from two to four bushels per acre. My first ex-
periment with them yielded forty bushels per acre,
sown on manured land on the 14th of April. I sowed
the Virginia grey oat on land alongside the rust-proof
oats the same day and only made nineteen bushels per
acre.

I often wonder why our farmers do not sow more
rust-proof oats, for they will outyield any other kind
all the time; and if sown in September, will generally
stand the winter well. It is a large, heavy oat, but
uot apt to grow tall or tumble on rich laud. The
straw is greatly preferred by all stock to that of any
other oat. It is the only oat I know of that will stand
up aud make a good yield on manured land.

Henrico Co., Va. F. Gut.

[If our correspondent will refer to a communication
in this issue from Prof. Massey, he will find matter
bearing on this question. The true explanation of the
deficient yield after plowing down a whole crop of
cow peas is, in our opinion, the fact that the land can-
not become sufficiently consolidated tor the best suc-
cess with any of the cereal crops. These all require
that the soil below the first two or three inches should
be compact whilst yet sufficiently finely broken to be
permeable by the roots of the grain crop. We never
saw a good crop of wheat, oats, or barley produced on
land with a soil wanting in cohesion. — Ed.]

550

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

[December

THE ENGLISH WHEAT CROPS.

\Te have received the annual report made by Sir
J. B. Laweson his wheat experiments at Rothamstead
for the year 1S9S. This beiug the fifty-fifth year of
the continuance of these experiments, and they having
during the whole of that time been under the direct
supervision of Sir J. B. Lawes and Sir J. H. Gilbert,
men of the highest scientific attainments as agricul-
tural chemists, and of the greatest practical experi-
ence as farmers, the lessons to be learned from the an-
nual reports are always most valuable. This year
affords no exception to this rule. The following is the
report referred to :

During the first week of September (1897), there
was a heavy fall of rain over most of the wheat grow-
ing districts of Great Britaiu. after which there was
no rain sufficient to hinder operations in thefi-ld until
the second week in December. September and the first
half of October were below average as to tenipeiature,
while the latier part of October and nearly the whole
of November were unusually warm. Altogether, there
was a perfect seed time, and no farmer who wished to
sow wheat was unable to do so ; and the result is ap-
parent in the considerable increase in the acreage uu
der the crop. There was pretty generally an excess of
rain during the first half, and towards the end of De
cember, and, again, early in January, after which
there was a great deficiency until the second and last
week of April. With the deficiency of rain the tem-
perature was considerably above the average iu Jau
uary, and during the greater part of February ; whilst
the end of February was cold, as also, with some warm
intervals, were March and April. In May, there was
a considerable excess of rain, with almost throughout
lower, and, sometimes, much lower, than average tem-
peratures. In June, the weather fluctuated very
much, the first and third weeks being cold, and the
second and fourth, warm. More or less rain fell dur-
ing the earlier and later portions of the month, with
scarcely any during the middle, and at Rothamstead,
and in some other districts, the total for the month
was about three quarters of an inch below the average ;
there being not sufficient to injure the hay. In July,
there was almost throughout lower than average tern
perature, with considerably less than average rainfall,
excepting thunder storms, local y, towards the end.
The cold weather, accompanied with high winds, laid
a good deal of wheat at an important period of its de
velopment, the Rothamstead experimental crops suf-
fering very much. The rain during the first fortnight
in August was very partial, consisting chiefly of thun
der showers ; the last halt of August was very hot and
dry, and very similar weather continued up to the end
of September, the rainfall for that month being very
unusually low.

So great has been the deficiency of rain from the
beginuiug of the year up to the present time, that.
in our wheat-field, which is pipe drained, by which
we are euabled to drtertuiue the loss of nitrate in
the drainage, no water has passed since early in
January ; aud, for only the secoud time during a pe
riod of more than forty years, the wheat plant was
much injured where we have used the heaviest dress-

ing of nitrate of soda, for want of enough rain to form
and distribute a sufficiently dilute solution of it ; and a
similar result occurred in the year of drought of 1893 ;
whilst, in this year, 1S9S, the barley-plant was much
injured with only half the amount of nitrate applied.
The immense ha> crop grown all over the country was
probably due, not only to the abuudance of rain in
May, but also to an unusual accumulation of nitrate
within the soil during the previous autumn and early
months of the year, with much less than the usual
amount of rain to wash it out.

After such a very favorable seed time, sufficient rain
in December and the beginning of January, but after-
wards very little, and generally over average tempera-
tures during the winter months, the experimental plots
showed uuusual luxuriance early in the year ; and,
indeed, up to June, the field showed much more
growth than usual, illustrating the effects of the dif-
ferent manures in a very striking manner. In fact
there was, as the results showed, too much above-
jjround growth, with deficient rooting. Under such
conditions of early growth, the following results were
finally obtained on the selected plots :

RESULTS OF SELECTED PLOTS.

— _ -

gad r.Z.

= - z = Plot

= as 7.

Artificial Manures. ^ . -

Plot Plot

8. 9

iorlSi

— ca

~= i ■-

1 o

Mean 5 ■' ~~

r — - -

BusnELS of Dressed Grain', per Acre.

Present year, 1898..
Averages : —

10 years, 1888-97

16 years. 1852 87... .
46 vears, 1852 97

2S| 29f 23} 27J|25f(l)

H 3^i 35|29*(2)

32 J 36 i 36 J 3"if27|(3)

33J 36} 361 :;;- _-

Weight per BrsiiEL of Dressed Grain (lbs).

Present year, 189S.
A verages : —
10 vears. 1SSS97....
36 vears, 1S52S7...
46 vears, 1S52 97...

1

611 61| 60}

60}

60|

m

60} filf 61}
5SJ 60} 5!<|
5S| 60* 60

61

5»i

!

60*
59
59|

6 %
591

69|

61|

60*
59}
59j

Total Straw, Chaff, &c , per Acre (cwts).

Present year, 189S - 12] 55} 44* 54| 33J 44 f

Averages : —

10 vears, 1888 97.. 8} 37} 31* 39} 35} 35}

its years, 185287 11 31 f 33} 40} 41} 3S|

46 vears, 1852-97 ! 10J 33 ', 32J 40} 4o| 37}

37|

27*

27

27J

(1) Equal to 26} bushels, at 60 lb. per bushel.

(2) Equal to 29* bushels, at 60 lb. per bushel.

(3) Equal to 27 bushels, at tK) lb. per bushel.

(4) Equal to 27} bushels, at 60 lb. per jushel.

It will be seen that the unmannred plot gave more,
and the farmyard manured, and the two ammonia
plots (7 aud 8), very much more straw than the aver-
age of the preceeding forty six years, whilst the ni-
trate of soda plot gave much less than its average. In
fact, the farmyard manured plot yielded more straw
than ii had ever done before, and plots 7 and 8
had only, in a few years, given more. The ni-
trate plot had, however, only in a few years, given

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

551

less straw, the lowpst amount being in the year of
drought, 1893 ; and it had generally given much more
than this year. It will be seen, that, notwithstanding
the unusual production of straw, the unmauured plot
yielded less, and each of the three artificially manured
plots especially the nitrate, much less grain than their
average; whilst the farmyard manured plot yielded
even more than its average over the forty-six years,
but less than over the last ten years. The general re-
sult is that the average yield of the selected plots
shows less than average produce of grain. In fact,
the w- 1 and cold weather of May, which contributed
so largely to the bulkiuessof the hay crop, also favored
the overproduction of straw in the wheat. Then fol-
lowed much less than the average rainfall in June, but
the temperature was very variable, and there was oc-
casionally a good deal of wind. The result was that
great injury was done, especially to the heaviest crops
at the most critical time, and they were much laid be-
fore the ear was well developed and filled.

In further explanation ol the very poor yield of grain
the following details may be given. The unmanured
crop being very thin on the ground, stood up fairly
well and the ears were comparatively large and well-
filled. The farmyard- manured crop was very heavy,
and, for the most part, laid almost level with the
ground ; and, although the parts that stood up showed
good-sized ears, well developed grain, and bright
straw, the lodged portions had mostly small ears, a
good deal of blight, and the straw was much discolored.
Of the artificially-manured crops, that of plot 7 was
much laid, much blighted, and the straw discolored.
Many ears were grainless, and the grain yielded was
generally thin and poorly developed. The crop of
plot 8 was thicker and taller than that of plot 7 ; but
about the time of blooming, and before the grain was
well formed, the crop weut down worse than plot 7,
and the straw became much discolored, and some of it
was almost rotten. Many of the ears were blighted,
some grainle s, and most of the grain produced was
thin. The nitrate plot, owing to the damage which
has been referred to, had a miserable appearance ; the
straw was short bur uneven ; as also was the matura
tion, some being green when the rest was ripe. The
crop being thin on the ground, and short, it was com
paratively little laid, and showed less blight than plots
7 and 8, but the ears were badly developed, and the
grain was thin and not well ripened.

COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIALS AND FARMYARD
MANURE.

From the facts stated, it is obvious that, although in
their early stages, the experimental plotsshowed great
luxuriance, they suffered in a very unusual degree
from inclement weather before and about the time of
blooming. The result was laid and blighted crops,
generally small and badly filled ears, and a compara-
tively small proportion of only poorly-developed
grain ; the damage being much more marked on the
artificially-manured plots than on the farmyard ma
nu red plot. It is seen, theu. that, whilst the experi
mental results indicate much more than average pro-
duce of straw, they show less than average yield of
grain, due mainly to the low yields on the artificially
manured plots. It is true hat the farmyard mauuied
plot, notwithstanding the crop was badly laid, yielded
more than its average produce of grain ; though,

taking the average of many years, the artificially-ma-
nured crops yield as much or more graiu than the
farmyard manured plot, the artificial manures gener-
ally yielding the most in normal or good years, and
the farmyard manure most in unfavorable seasons.
This year, however, owiug to the characters of the
season, the artificially-manured crops were damaged
in a very unusual degree. As the yield of the artifi-
cially manured crops, which suffered so much more
severely than the farmyard manured crop, affects the
calculated average so materially, it is considered that
the mean result cannot, this year, be taken as repre-
senting the average yield of the country, as in fairly
normal seasons it has done so remarkably for many
years past. It is, therefore, decided not to use it as
the foundation of an estimate of the crop of the coun-
try. As further illustrating the exceptional character
of the Rothamstead experimental results, it may be
stated that two fields farmed in the ordinary way
yielded respectively 41J and 32* bushels per acre ; the
crop yielding the larger produce having st >od up well,
and that giving the smaller yield having been par-
tially laid.

The prominent characteristics of the season were, in
the main, very similar throughout the chief wheat-
growing districts of the country. The reports pub-
lished from time to time of the progress of the wheat
crop almost uniformly indicated a very heavy pro-
duce of straw. But the earlier reports record many
complaints of laid crops, rust, blight, and small ears
not well filled ; and doubts are expressed whether the
yield will be equal to what might be expected from
the bulk of straw. Nevertheless, as the season ad-
vanced, and harvest progressed, the majority of the
estimates showed an expectation of over average yield
of grain per acre, if not an adequate yield in propor-
tion to the straw. Reports of actual threshings are,
however, comparatively few, but, upon the whole, the
later records are more favorable than the earlier ; and
there can be little doubt that there will be more than
an average yield of graiu per acre over the country at
large.

[Since the above was written, there has appeared a
further report in the Times, said to be founded, to
some extent, upon the yields from the threshing ma-
chine, and the general indication is stated to be that,
for the whole of Great Britain, the yield will be about
thirty-five bushels per acre. It may be of interest to
observe, that, supposing future threshings should con-
firm an estimate of about thirty five bushels per acre
for the United Kingdom, the requirement from im-
ports would be from 21,000.000 to 22,000. 000 quarters.]

Rothamstead, October, 1898. J. B. Lawes.

There are two or three features iu the report to which
the special attention of farmers in the South should be
given. The first of these is the continued yield of the
unmanured plot. Notwithstanding the fact that for
fifty-five years this plot has grown wheat continuously
year by year without the application of either ma-
nure or fertilizers it has this year produced a crop of
twelve bushels to the acre, a production almost equal
to the average production of all the wheat land in this
country. The average yield iu the United States
last year was 13.4 bushels. This year the production

562

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

is expected to work out a little higher — say four-
teen bushels to the acre. In Virginia, the average
yield for a number of years has only been nine bushels
to the acre, and last year, an especially good year,
only gave twelve bushels to the acre. The lesson to
be learnt from the production of this unmanured plot,
which for forty six years has produced an average
yearly crop of 12; bushels, is that with deep and per-
fect cultivation, and the return of the stubble and
weeds grown on the land, to the soil the limit of time
within which laud can be so exhausted, as not to be
capable of producing a wheat crop, is practically un-
limited. If fifty-five years' continuous growth will
not exhaust the land and only make it produce seven-
eighths of a bushel less than it has produced over a
period of forty six years, then it may safely be con-
cluded that it will forever continue to produce at least
twelve bushels to the acre if properly plowed and
worked. This is a great lesson on the benefit to be
derived from perfect preparation of the land for the
wheat crop which we have every year so strongly em-
phasized.

The next feature to which we invite attention is
a comparison of the results attained by the use of farm-
yard manure and commercial fertilizers. The plot to
which farmyard manure has been continuously applied
every year, for fifty five years, has this year produced
a yield of thirty-eight bushels to the acre. The aver-
age yield of the three plots to which commercial ferti-
lizers have been applied every year for fifty-five years,
is this year 27s bushels to the acre, or 10; bushels less
than the yield of the plot manured with farmyard ma-
nure.

For forty-six years the average annual yield of the
farmyard manured plot has been 35} bushels to the
acre. The yield of the plots manured with commer-
cial fertilizers for the same period has been an aver-
age of 35 i bushels to the acre. The highest average
yield for ten years of the farmyard manured plot has
been 403 bushels to the acre. The highest average
yield of the plots manured with commercial fertilizers
for ten years has been 355 bushels to the acre. This
demonstrates conclusively the superiority of farmyaid
manure as a producer of wheat. The last feature to
which we invite attention is the average yield per
acre for the whole of England for the present year.
This is estimated at thirty-five bushels to the acre, be-
ing au average yield in excess of that produced in
any State in this country in any year, and more than
2J times greater than the average yield of the crop
this year in this country as a whole. This demon-
strates the superior character of the average farming
of England over that of this country — a system which
maintains the fertility of its lands by the pre emi-
nent attention given live-stock as an indispensable ele-
ment in good husbandry.

It may serve as a source of comfort to our wheat
holders to point out that, notwithstanding the good
crop produced in England, yet that even assuming the
yield there to be thirty five bushels to the acre, Eng-
land will need to buy from other countries this year
168,000,000 bushels of wheat to meet the needs of her
population. The present indications are that the
great bulk of this requirement will have to be met by
this country, a fact which should have a material
bearing upon the price here, and certainly would lead
to the conclusion that no fall in price is probable.

CROPPING AN ORCHARD.

Editor Southern Planter :

In June, 1896, I plowed up my orchard, seven acres,
and sowed it to cow-peas and millet. In September, I
cut the crop for hay, making about one ton to the acre,
and then plowed the ground and sowed it to oats, and
in the spring seeded down to clover. At harvest, the
oats stood over an average of five feet tall all over the
field, and threshed out forty bushels to the acre. The
clover I sowed in the spring I cut in September, and
it made an average of about one ton to an acre. In
the spring of 1898, I cut one-half the crop twice, and I
got a ton of hay to the acre at each cutting, and then
I plowed the sod down and sowed it to buckwheat and
German clover. The other half I cut three times,
and it made a ton to the acre at each cutting. The
buckwheat, notwithstanding that it struck a dry season
when it was filling, yielded at the rate of ten bushels
to the acre. The German clover is looking wall. I
expect to plant corn on the ground next year.

Surry county, Va., Sam. F. Hughes.

[Our correspondent does not say how his orchard
trees are doing under this system of cropping. We
are afraid they will fare badly. — Ed.]

SUGAR BEETS.

Mr. J. G. Fitzgerald, of Henrico county, Va., has
grown a plot of half an acre of sugar beets this year as
an experiment. The land is a light sandy loam, and
in a good state of fertility, having been used for grow-
ing truck crops. From this plot he has harvested
thirteen tons of beets of an average weight of 2} lbs.
apiece, or at the rate of twenty-six tons to the acre.
Selected samples of the beets have been analyzed by
the Department of Agriculture at Washington, but
they do not show a sufficient percentage of saccharine
matter to be available for sugar-making, giving only
about nine percent, of sugar, with a low coefficient of
purity. This has probably been caused by the wet
fall season, which, whilst conducive to the growth of
the crop, was seriously detrimental to the accumula
tion of sugar in the beets. The roots will, however,
make valuable feed for cows and hogs.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

553

COW-PEAS AND COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

Editor Southern Planter :

The juxtaposition of the articles from Mr. Bellwood
and Prof. Duggar in the last Planter is most appropri-
ate. Mr. Bellwood finds the pea a wonderful forage-
plant, and Prof. Duggar finds, just as we have long
ago found, that a better crop of small grain can be
grown on a pea stubble turned in than a whole crop of
peas turned under. More than one wheat grower in
Virginia has found the same thing to occur in his
practice. The reason is obvious. Fall grain requires
a special preparation of the ground, and also that the
land be made compact and homogeneous, and this is
prevented by the plowing under of the whole crop.
Prof. Duggar remarks that it is probable that the per-
manent fertility of the soil would be enhanced to a
greater extent by the plowing under of the whole crop.
This is doubtless true. But then true farming is the
economical use of the means at hand and the grow-
ing of good crops while keeping the soil on the up-
ward movement as to fertility. The question is not
whether the plowing under of the whole growth of the
peas will add more fertility to the land than the mere
plowing of the stubble, but which method is the most
profitable and economical for the farmer, taking the
improvement of the land into the account also. Prof.
Duggar shows, and experience agrees with him, that a
better crop was grown after a pea-stubble than after a
pea crop turned under. To plow in the pea crop
involves an absolute loss from the sacrifice of a valu-
able food crop, and we lose not only the food value of
the crop, but lose in the crop we tried to benefit.
Whether the future benefit to the soil may warrant it
or not, we have certainly for the present sacrificed a
valuable food crop, and have lost in crop by doing it.

This is one of the points which I have been for
years trying to impress on the Southern farmer, that
no matter if what is called "green manuring" could
be practiced in the South without serious danger of
injury instead of benefit to the soil, it is not good farm
practice to bury for manure a crop which we could
make a valuable food of, and at the same time recover
in the manure a large percentage of its manurial value.
A crop of cow-peas on land in fair heart is well worth
$20 per acre as food alone. If we bury this $20 worth
of food, and, at the same time, find that the doing it
has decreased the crop instead of helping it, it will
require a very big amount of future improvement to
the land to make up for the temporary loss. Then,
too, we question the fact that it may be better for the
land to plow under the whole growth rather than the
stubble alone. We certainly avoid the loss of crop at
once, and by the time that the buried pea-vines would
begin to assert themselves in the soil in the shape of

plant- food, we would have the manure made from the
harvested peas in a better shape for giving out its
plant-food, and will, in the meantime, have gotten a
profit from the feeding of the forage.

Good stock is the greatest lack on Southern farms,
and in no section of the country can food of the best
kind for all kinds of stock be grown so cheaply as iu
the South. In no section are the humus-making prop-
erties of the barn-yard manure needed more than in
the Southern soil.

While it is well known that I am no enemy to the
proper use of commercial fertilizers, I cannot help
seeing that the way in which these have been used in
the South has brought ruin to the soil and to the far-
mer alike, while great fortunes have been made iu the
fertilizer trade.

Good farming, with plenty of stock and plenty of
forage to feed them, and the care of the manure re-
sulting from the feeding, if generally practiced all
over the South, would not lead to any diminution in
the aggregate in the sales of commercial fertilizers.
But they would be used more judiciously when the
farmers cease to buy them after what the Ohio Station
has called the " patent medicine plan," and go ear-
nestly to work to find just what proportions of the ele-
ments of plant food give the best results on their land,
and then go to work to mix them to suit. In our own
practice, we long ago came to the conclusion that on
a grain farm, with a decent rotation and proper farm-
ing, there will never be any need for the purchase of
a cent's worth of nitrogen in any form. The feeding
of highly nitrogenous food grown on the farm, and
getting its nitrogen from the air, and the proper sav-
ing of all the manure, will result, in connection with
that which naturally remains fixed in the soil by the
action of the root microbes of the legumes, in giving
us nitrogen in abundance for all succeeding crops of
the rotation. It then depends largely on the natural
character of the soil as to whether the mineral matters
in the shape of phosphoric acid and potash are needed
in one proportion or another. In the clays resulting
from the decomposition of the feldspathic rocks in our
Piedmont country, it is at times doubtful whether it
will pay to apply potash or not, and each farmer
should study the effects of these fertilizers on his soil,
and settle the question for himself, for it cannot be
settled at an Experiment Station on very different
soil.

We want our farmers, in the first place, to realize
that they can profitably feed stock of all kinds, and
then go to work to grow the feed, the very growing of
which is a help to the land, the wonderful cow pea,
which is the real clover for the whole Southland ; and
to do this in the sections where stock and stock food
is most needed, they will find that a judicious use of

554

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

the mineral forms of commercial fertilizers 'will help
them rapidly in the work. Use all the means at hand,
and do not condemn any that can be made to aid in
the work. But above all, let ns get our farmers away
from the old slavery to the fertilizer dealer, and put
him on the road to real farming, while increasing the
cash sales of the fertilizer dealer. Thus prosperity
will come to the farm and the farmer, and no loss to
any one doing a legitimate business.

W. F. Masset.

WHEAT TESTS.

Editor Southern Planter :

In the October number of the Planter, the results
of our tests of fertilizers on wheat for this season were
briefly set forth. In this article, the average results
of the tests for the past three years will be more fully
considered.

The continuation of the tests for three years, and
the duplication of each test for each year on the same
plats, has tended largely to eliminate errors due to
differences of soil in the several plats, and is already
giving results of marked accuracy.

This will fully appear from the subjoined tables.

Tables I and II bear upon t.'-.e question of the kind
of fertilizers required for wheat.

Fertilizers applied separately:

Table I.

KindofFer- Bus. Grain per Acre. Lbs. Straw per Acre,
tilizer.

1896 1897 1898 Aver. 1896 1897 1898 Aver.

.". vrs. 3 vr-s.

Unfertilized.... 5.22 590 7.72 628 676 5!>0 1041 769

1 Potash 558 7.58 9.41 7 52 M5 777 1295 972

1 Nitrogen..... 7 58 10.40 1016 938 -7" 1530 1124

1 Mi os. Arid . .12.08 11.66 17.62 3.78 1285 I860 176S 1471

An examination of the table will make clear the
following points :

1st. The yield of the unfertilized plats, so far frdm
diminishing, show an increase each year, as compared
with the preceding.

2d. The proportion of straw to grain was lowest in
1S97.

3d. Potash applied alone was practically, allowance
being made for probable error, without appreciable
effect upon the crop.

4th. Nitrogen gave some increase in yield each year,
but not enough to pay for the cost of the application.
Its effect upon the yield of grain was most marked in
1897, and was relatively greater upon the straw than
the grain.

oth. Phosphoric acid doubled or more than doubled
the yield of straw and grain every year, and gave
profitable letni ns.

Fertilizers applied together :

Table II.
KindofFer- Bush. Grain p?r Acre. Lb? Straw per Acre.

tilizers. 1S96 1897 1898 Aver. 1896 1S97 1898 Aver.
3 yrs. 3 yrs.

Unfertilized.. 5.22 5.90 7.72 6.28 676 590 1041 769
1 Potash, 1

Nitrogen... 5 S3 9.61 11.37 8.94 1060 873 1178 1037
1 P..tash, 1

Pho*. Acid.. 13 00 16.36 19.50 16.29 1570 1277 1780 1542
1 Phos. Acid,

1 Ni:r.>ien..l2.66 17.95 23.46 1S.02 1310 1513 2453 1769
1 Potash, 1

Phns. Acid,

1 Nitrogen..lS.04 19.43 27.00 21.49 171S 1574 26S0 1991

It appears from a study of the figures of the table
and their compaiison with those of Table I —

1st. That potash and nitrogen applied together gave,
after allowance for probable error, no better results
thau when used separately, and increased the yield of
wheat and straw very slightly. Their combination
was markedly inferior in results to the separate appli-
cation of phosphoric acid.

2d. That phosphoric acid in combination with the
others was unmistakably effective. It gave better
res.ilts with nitrogen than with potash.

3d. That the combination of all three was neces-
sary to secure the best results. In every year it in-
creased the yield of grain more than threefold. It
gave an average increase for the three years of L5.21
bushels per acre as compared with the yield of the un-
fertilized plats.

The average results of the tests included in Tables
I and II are more clearly set forth in Table III, in
which the average yield of grain for the three years
afforded by the several applications are graphically
represented by lines of propoitional length.

Table III.
Average bushels of grain for the three years:

Unfertilized.

Potash.

Potash and Nitrogen.

Xiirogen.

Phosphoric Acil.

Potash and Phos. Acid.

Nitro. and Pho?. Acid.

Pot., Phos. Acid and Nitro.

It will be noticed that the combination of potash
and nitrogen gave results intermediate between those
of these constituents applied singly: th.it the addi-
tion of potash to the phosphoric acid gave som* in-
crease of yield as comp.ired with the phosphoric acid
used separately ; that the combination of phosphoric
acid and nitrogen gave still better returns; and that
the combination of the three gave much the largest
increase.

Amounts of Fertilizers Required for Wheat.
The results of the foregoing tests go to show that
wheat responds favorably to applications of phosphoric

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

555

acid, potash and nitrogen in proper combination. The
following tests bear upon the question of the amounts
of the three fertilizers called for by this crop :

Table IV.

Kinds of Fer- Bush. Grain per Acre. Lbs. Straw per Acre,

tilizer. 1896 1897 1898 Aver. 1S96 1897 1898 Aver.
3 yrs. 3 yrs.

1 potash, 1

phos. acid,

1 nitrogen..l8.04 19.43 27.00 21.49 1718 1574 2680 1991
J potash, 1

phos. acid,

1 nitrogen..l7.91 19.61. 24.87 20.79 2065 1293 2428 1929
1 potash, 1

phos. acid,

1 nitrogen..l2.16 13.86 22.01 16.01 1410 1407 2363 1730
1 potash, 1

phos. acid,

i nitrogen..l7.41 15.50 22.46 18.45 1S75 1060 2083 1673
1J potash, 1

phos. acid,

1 nitrogen.. 15. 00 18.36 26.12 19.83 1578 1397 2703 1893
1 potash, 1J

phos. acid,

1 nitrogen.. 19.29 19.66 26.96 21.97 2043 1640 2548 1744
1 potash, 1

phos. acid,

1 * nitrogen.16.75 18.08 25.29 20.04 1565 1505 2230 1767

The table includes two series of tests — one in which
the amount of one constituent was reduced by 50 per
cent., the other two remaining the same, and one
in which it was increased by 50 per cent., the others
continuing the same. The test with full amounts
of all three is included for the purpose of comparison.
It will be noticed that decreasing the potash 50 per
cent, did not appreciably diminish the yield of grain
or straw, that decreasing the nitrogen 50 per cent,
somewhat dimiuised the yield, and that a decrease of
50 per cent, in the phosphoric acid was followed by a
very marked diminution in the yield.

It appears, on the other hand, that an increase of
50 percent, in the amount applied was in no case at-
tended by an increase in crop. These results are more
easily exhibited in the following table :

Table V.

1J potash.

1 nitrogen.

I nitrogen.

1J nitrogen.

1 phosphoric acid.

* phosphoric acid.

1} phosphoric acid. —

The lines representing the average yield of grain for
the three years are arranged in three groups of three
lines each for the purpose of easy comparison.

The first line of each group represents the a%rerage
yield of the application of the full amount of the con-
stituent along with full amounts of the other two con-
stituents, the second line, the average yield when the

same constituent is reduced one-half, the other two
remaining the same, and the third line, the average
result when this constituent is increased 50 per cent.,
the other two remaining the same.

The first or uppermost line of each group, of course,
represents the same thing — the average yield when
full amounts of all three fertilizers were applied.

In the potash group, it will be noticed that all three
applications gave very nearly the same results, and it
appears to follow that the theoretical amount of potash
could safely be reduced one-half.

In the next group, there is a noticeable reduction of
yield when the nitrogen is reduced 50 per cent., but
no increase whatever when 50 per cent, more of it was
applied. We may conclude that the proper amount
lies somewhere between the half and full theoretical
amount.

In the third group, there is no question whatever
that reducing the amount of phosphoric acid was at-
tended with serious injury to the crop. On the other
hand, an increase of 50 per cent, was without appre-
ciable effect upon the yield. We may conclude, there-
fore, that for our soil and the attendant conditions un-
der which the applications were made, the amount of
phosphoric acid applied was somewhere about the one
called for by wheat.

In the light of these results, it might be assumed
that i potash, | nitrogen and 1 phosphoric acid would
be somewhere near the best proportion for this crop.
This would mean 25 lbs. muriate of potash, ISO lbs.
nitrate of soda and 175 lbs. acid phosphate.

Financial Results of the Several Applications.

The foregoing results and conclusions must, in order
to have practical value for our farmers, be checked by
the financial returns afforded by the several applica-
tions.

Owing to our distance by rail from the nearest man-
ufacturing centres and the drayage of eight miles be-
tween the station and the depot, our fertilizers cost us
more than they would farmers more favorably sit-
uated. All charges included, the muriate of potash
averaged us for the three years about 946.66 per ton
the nitrate of soda about $50, and the acid phosphate
about $15. The cost of the applications included in
Tables I and II may be summarized as follows:

Potash |l 17 per acre

Phosphoric acid i 30 "

Potash and phosphoric acid 2 47 "

Nitrogen 6 00 "

Potash and nitrogen 7 17 <<

Phosphoric acid and nitrogen 7 30 "

Potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen... 8 47 "

Our wheat averaged us about 05 cents per bushel
for the three years. The straw may be put at $2 per

556

THE SOUTHERN PLA.NTER.

[December

ton. Valuing the increase of grain and straw afforded
by the several applications at these figures, the finan-
cial results may be set forth — the minus sign ( — ) show-
ing loss and the plus sign (+) profits— as follows:

Potash and nitrogen — $4 17 per acre

Nitrogen — 3 64

Potash — 14

Phosphoric acid and nitrogen + 1 33

Phos. acid, nitrogen and potash -+- 2 63

Phosphoric acid + 4 27

Phosphoric acid and potash -f- 4 80

It will be seen at a glance that wherever phosphoric
acid was left out there was financial loss, and that the
loss was greatest when nitrogen was used. Wherever,
on the other hand, phosphoric acid was used there was
profit, but the profit was invariably diminished by the
employment of nitrogen in the combination. The com-
bination of phosphoric acid and potash gave slightly
the best results, but the phosphoric acid used alone
gave almost as good.

In the light of these figures, it is plain that increase
of crop is by no means a safe guide in the employment
and compounding of fertilizers, and that the results
reached should always be checked by the calculation
of the cost of the several applications. For example,
while in the tests of the two tables under considera-
tion, the combination of all three fertilizers gave
much the largest increase of any application and an
increase of 5.20 bushels, as compared with the combi-
nation of phosphoric acid and potash, and one of 7.71
bushels, as compared with phosphoric acid used alone,
the phosphoric acid gave $1.64 more profit per acre
and the combination of phosphoric acid and potash
$2.17 more. It is true that the effects of the combina-
tion of the three fertilizers may be cumulative and
leave the soil in better condition for succeeding crops.
The tests have not been continued long enough as yet
conclusively to establish this point. In 1896, the in-
crease amounted to 12.82 bushels per acre, in 1897 to
13.53 bushels, and in 1898 to 19.28 bushels, but the last
was much the best season of the three for wheat.

In examining next the financial results of the tests
where the [amount of one constituent was decreased,
the other two remaining the same, we have :

1 potash, 1 nitrogen, 1 phosphoric acid -f$2 63

i potash, 1 nitrogen, 1 phosphoric acid + 2 69

1 potash, i nitrogen, 1 phosphoric acid -f- 3 34

1 potash, 1 nitrogen, i phosphoric acid — 54

Here it plainly appears that the potash and nitrogen
were profitably reduced, but that reducing the phos-
phoric acid was attended with serious loss.

It is unnecessary to call attention to the fact that it
was unprofitable to increase the amount of any con-
stituent 50 per cent.

The results of the tests, considered from all stand-
point*, strongly emphasize the danger attending the
unintelligent or lavish use of nitrogen. This con-
stituent is far the most costly of any, and the greatest
care is necessary in its use. Whenever possible, the
nitrogen required by wheat— and these tests clearly
show that on our soils at least it is needed — should be
given by plowing in green crops, especially clover
and other leguminous plants. Green or even dried
vegetable matters supply it more cheaply than it can
be bought in nitrogenous manures. The best results
of recent agricultural science teach us that the farmer
should get his nitrogen through the aid of such crops,
and supply his mineral elements, phosphoric acid and
potash, by applications of standard phosphatic and
potassic manures.

Among the best of these are muriate of potash,
kainit and acid phosphates of high grades.

The soil on which our tests were carried on is fairly
representative of large areas in the Southwestern and
Valley sections of Virginia, and the calcareous districts
of other States, and their results, therefore, admit of
wide application.

They teach that the farmer should, in these regions,
depend as far as his wheat is concerned, chiefly upon
acid phosphate — dissolved bone-black, ground bone,
phosphatic slag, etc., may be substituted for it — to
which he may add, with reasonable hope of some
slightly increased profit, potash.

For his nitrogen he should depend upon turning
under vegetable matter, or if convinced by intelligent
observation or careful tests that his soil needs nitrogen,
he should apply dried blood, tankage or nitrate of
soda, economically and cautiously.

D. O. NoURSE, Agriculturist.

Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va.

HOW CROPS GROW.

Editor Southern Planter :

The growth of crops is never an accidental circum-
stance. For every step in the development of vegeta-
ble matter nature has provided laws which may not
be broken. With care and attention to particular
wants, crops improve, both in quality and quantity.
This improvement of plants is the underlying principle
of agriculture.

Plants are improved in quality and quantity of their
products, by surrounding them with conditions most
favorable to their growth and development. This
may mean simple tillage of the soil. — liberal feeding
with fertilizers or other manures, or protection from
injurious diseases and the attacks of insects. In a
measure, all of these methods of improvements are
dependent upon one another. Liberal manuring of

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

557

itself cannot make good the damage caused by im
proper or insufficient cultivation. Plants illy culti-
vated, or scantily fed, fall an easy prey to the various
plant diseases.

Plants grow, therefore, by giviDg them soil condi-
tions favorable to their development, and by giving
them ample food of the right kind at the right time ;
in this is comprised practically the whole art of sue
cessful agriculture. The soil must be thoroughly
broken, and kept in a high state of tilth by frequent
cultivation. Heavy soils should be plowed in the fall,
or very early in the spring ; light soils are not im
proved by fall plowing. The seed bed mu3t consist of
open porous soil, and this means a deep soil in most
cases. No two soils are precisely alike, so that the
farmer must exercise judgment for his individual con-
ditions. It will never do to let well enough alone. An
effort >uould be made to make each crop an improve-
ment on its predecessor. Each year's work should be
studied closely, or nothing is gained from experience.

The feeding of plants is perhaps the most important
feature in modern farming ; because, it involves the
use of materials in a more or less blind manner. Ma-
nures or fertilizers are applied to the soil before the
crop has appeared, and once applied are no longer
under the apparent control of the farmer. As a mat-
ter of fact, the action of manures is very much under
the control of the farmer throughout the whole stage
of plant growth. If the soil is kept thoroughly tilled
and a surface layer from one to two inches in thickness
maintained constantly in a dry pulverized condition,
either fertilizers or farm manures are much more effec-
tive.

In a large measure, the profits in farming depend on
the amount of sales made off the farm ; and, conse-
quently, it is impossible to keep returning to the soil
all that is taken off. No farm can be maintained in
normal condition by the sole use of the mauures made
by feeding the roughage, as in such cases more plant
food is taken from the soil each year than is returned.
As a result, chemical fertilizers must be used sooner or
later, and it is a wise farmer who does not wait until
his soil is nearly exhausted before making use of them.

The proper use of chemical fertilizers is one of the
most important problems in agriculture, and one on
which there are many disagreements. The best prac-
tice at present seems to be in using the farm-made ma-
nures on corn, or other crops having a clean cultiva-
tion throughout the year. On all other crops the
chemical fertilizers are best used, and even on the
clean culture crops, applications of the mineral fertil
. izejs (potash and phosphoric acid), are very profitable
in most cases.

As all farmers now know, chemical fertilizers are
materials of commerce which contain the fertilizing

principles found in farm-yard manures — that is. they
contain ammonia, potash, and phosphoric acid. Some
of these chemical manures contain only one of the fer-
tilizing ingredients, others two of them, and in a few
cases all three are found. They are generally much
richer in plant-food than farm-yard manures, and are
consequently much more cheaply applied. One of the
points of disagrement is the proper quantity of fertil-
izers to use, and the pounds of potash and phosphoric,
acid which should accompany any given amount of
ammonia. There seems to be no positive agreement
as to the proportions of ammonia, potash, and phos-
phoric acid likely to prove most profitable, but it may
be taken as a fairly safe rule that the chemical analy-
sis of the crop indicates about what the crop needs.
Tables containing the analyses of all ordinary farm
crops may be obtained from any State agricultural
station, free of cost to farmers.

Besides these chemical fertilizers, indirect fertilizers,
such as lime, are a most important aid. Lime not only
improves the mechanical condition of soils, but also
tends to increase the effectiveness of chemical ma-
nures. It should be applied at least once in every rota-
tion, say every third or fourth year, and at the rate of
20 to 40 bushels per acre. In conclusion, it is well to
note that plants grow by and with the aid of the farm-
er's skill as a husbandman. He must not blindly fol-
low the track laid down by past generations, but must
study his business and take advantage of every step
forward proved by the experience of others as well as
the points gathered from his own experience.

R. Garwood.

LIMING LAND.

Editor Southern Planter:

I shall have to differ from you in the advice you
give about the use of lime. I would never under any
circumstances harrow lime in. It goes downward all
too fast at best, and the only place for lime is right on
the surf >ce, so that it can strike through and affect the
whole soil. Then, as to applying lime on clover, the
most remarkable effects I have ever had from the use
of lime have been when it was used as a topdressing
on young clover the second spring after sowing. I
have used thirty bushels per acre on clover as a top-
dressing, on a field alongside of one on which I used
plaster to the same cost as the lime. Both fidds were
similar soil. The clover on which the lime was used
far outstripped the other on which the plaster was
used, and in fact was the heaviest clover I ever saw on
a piece of steep red clay upland. I have repeated the
experiment, and believe that the most profitable place
in a rotation for the lime is on the clover of the second
spring. Lime, as I have said, needs no workiug into

558

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

the soil, for yon cannot keep it out. Where corn is
planted on a clover sod, lime will be found to have a
good effect if applied to the land after it is prepared
for planting ; and if that land is replowed in the
fall for wheat, you will rind the lime turning up
from the bottom of the furrow. Under no circuni
stances would I allow lime to be plowed or harrowed
into the soil.

W. F. Massey.

[We entirely agree with Prof. Massey as to the ten
dency of lime to sink down into the land, and there
fore in the policy of not burying it deeply when ap
plying it. On the other hand, we have found in prac-
tice that unless it is at least harrowed in lightly that
the first rain falling on the land will convert the lime
on the surface into mortar, which will set hard and
thus interfere with the growth of the crop and also
render the lime less useful by preventing its complete
assimilation with the soil. Prof. Roberts agrees with
us in this way of applying lime. He says in his work
on -'The Fertility of the Land" : "Since lime tends
to sink into the soil it is best applied on plowed and
partially fitted land and then thoroughly incorporated
by surface tillage." We know from repealed use how
valuable lime is as a help in the production of clover.
We have made clover grow luxuriantly on land that
had previously refused to erow the crop, simply by the
application of lime worked into the soil with a harrow,
and can readily believe what Prof. Massey says as to
his experience with it, even when applied on the sur-
face. What we contended for was that this was not
the best way to use it. — Ed.]

A NEW METHOD OF FERTILIZATION— APPLY-
ING FERTILIZERS IN THE FALL.
Editor Southern Planter:

We have chosen to characterize as new that which
we. as well as others, know very well is not new ; we
characterize it as new not because it is new, but be
causp it is directly contrary to popular practice.

The almost universal practice of the cotton raisers
of the South is to apply all fertilizers at or near the
time of planting; i. e., in the month of April. That
this is not the best, or even a good plan, all who pre
tend to know anything about it are agreed ; and yet
the practice goes on. Why is it?

The postponement of the application of fertilizers
until planting time has nothing in its favor, except,
possibly, the convenience of the individual ; while
on the other hand, it is an inconsiderate and wasteful
plan, and is not, and in the very nature of tilings, can
not. he productive of best results.

If ever there was a time when the cotton >aiser was
justified in studying close economy in not only the
purchase, bat also the application of fertilizers, that
time is the present.

Let cotton get ever so low in price, it would be a
false economy that would stint the crop in the way of
plant food ; on the contrary, both acres and crop need

to be better supplied with plant food than ever before,
for the simple reason that it is the maximum crop
that pays.

There is no possible profit in a minimum crop.

Bales per acre, instead of taking acres to make a
bale, must be the plan pursued by the man who would
even live, much less make a profit, by raising three,
four or five cent cotton.

This demands the bringing into operation the inten-
sive system of farming instead of the extensive sys-
tem that has hitherto prevailed ; and this intensive
system is as inexorable in its demands as was the laws
of the ancient Medes and Persians ; it demands not
only that the plant should be liberally supplied with
plant food, and it of the right kind, but also that this
plant food be applied in the best possible manner, and
at the right time, in order to secure best — i. e., most
profitable results.

At or near planting time is not the best time to ap-
ply either phosphates or potash ; in order to obtain
best — i. e., most economical and profitable results,
they should invariably be applied in the fall, or at
least several months previous to the time of planting
the crop.

On the other hand, if a complete fertilizer, or one
containing nitrogen, be applied in the fall, more or
less loss of nitrogen would inevitably result, as this
nitrogen cannot be purchased in any shape, form or
fashion in the open market for less than fourteen cents
per pound. It is easy to be seen that it does not pay
to waste it by applying a complete fertilizer in the
fall. What, then, shall we do »

We see no really economical plan by which we can
work ourselves out of this dilemma, except by omit-
ting the purchase of the so called complete fertilizer,
with its costly nitrogen ; raise our own nitrogen, right
at home, by means of the cow pea or clover, or both ;
purchasing nothing except the cheaper forms of fer-
tilizer, in the shape of phosphates and potash ; and, for
best results, purchasing aud applying these in the fall.

By practicing above method, we have increased the
yield of our best lands from 1,000 pounds seed cotton
per acre to three bales per acre ; we did this last year,
and are doing it again this year, 1898.

This is no fancy sketch, no exaggeration, no perver-
sion of facts ; the cotton is there to show for itself,
and this, not on any especially pampered patches, but
by the acre, and under ordinary field culture. And
what is especially gratifying to u«, some of our neigh-
bors, from pure force of example, the object lesson
being before them, are, this year, doing the same
thing. If cotton is to be raised aud sold for three,
four or five cents per pound ; if there is to be the very
slightest margin of profit in it for the producer, the
plan above outlined is the way in which it is to be
done. We are doing it, others are doing it, and still
others can do it if they will. G. H. Turner.

Burgess, Miss.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

559

ENQUIRERS COLUMN.

Prof. W. F. Massey will reply to questions on Agriculture
Horticulture, and Fruit-growing in this column. Enquiries
should be sent to him at the Agricultural College, Raleigh,
N. C, not later than the loth of the month, for replies to ap-
pear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Killing Tree Stumps— Reducing Bones, &c.

1. I have a ditch bank densely covered with large
gum and holly trees. I wish to destroy these trees —
root and branch. If I cut them now, the roots will
still live. What is the cheapest way of killing the
roots without expensive grubbing? A stump-puller is
out of the question.

2. If bones are reduced by the aid of quick lime,
what chemical combination results? and what is the
agricultural value of the mixture?

3. If bones are burnt, what is the availability of re-
sulting bone ash when used on cow-peas or crimson
clover? Will either method pay with bones at $5 per
ton?

4. I have a specimen of what I think is phosphate
rock, and I would like to know where I can get it an-
alyzed without expense, as I am not interested in the
matter except to discover a near-l>y source of phos
phoric acid. A bed of marl-like stuff was discovered
in digging a well, and these rocks of different sizes
were imbedded therein. This marl is said to have an
alyzed 7 per cent, of potash, with a trace of phosphoric
acid, but the boulders were not tested.

Northumberland Co., Ya A Subscriber.

1. A correspondent writes to the Country Gentleman
as follows on the subject of killing trees :

I suggest applying kerosene to tops of stumps as
trees are cut down, having it in view to get the stumps
to absorb iuto their pores and bark a sufficiency of this
stuff to kill them and the roots ; this does not require
any very large quantity either.

Some years ago, I employed a farm manager who
had for several years previous acted in the same ca-
pacity on a farm some miles distant, on which was
cleared a large piece of bottom land. It had much
undergrowth of saplings, oak, gum, etc. In that re
gion all timber land and old fields even grow up again
if let alone. All the stumps of these saplings were
kerosened, and he said it was effective in results.

On that farm, in a tenant's yard, was an ailanthus
about 18 inches in diameter, which was offensive. I
told him to get a large auger and bore down into the
tree, at an angle of 45°, to the heart, fill the hole with
coal oil, and plug it. He used an inch auger, did not
bore steep enough so the hole would contain much oil,
but the leaves wilted in a day or so. That was in July
or August. The tree was cut down in winter. No
sprouts came next year.

In a wood pasture there had come a number of
osage orange trees ; I had them cut down, and stumps
covered (on top) with salt. This clearing up was done
through the winter months. But very few sprouts
were seen next year from them in this pasture of 65
acres. In a lawn, where 30 or 40 black locusts, 4 to 6

inches, had been sawed down, an auger-hole was bored
in each stump to collect water. The owner said there
had been no sprouts to follow. I am not now sure
whether he at first put salt in or not ; but he told me
that the rain water in the auger holes would do the
work.

I saw also on a friend's farm, where there was a large
area in locusts, that he had cut them off several
acres for fencing. In each stump was a hole which he
had had bored and put in about an ounce of some sort
of acid. No sprouts grew there.

We have had no experience in this work ourselves,
and therefore cannot say how effective the remedies
suggested may be. If all sprouts and leaves are kept
cut off from trees or plants of any kind, the roots will
certainly die, but the work is tedious, and the result
slow in operation.

2. We have never heard of bones being reduced by
quick-lime, and doubt the efficacy of the process. It
would no doubt soon destroy the organic matter in
and on the bones, and thus get rid of the nitrogen.
The remainder of the bone is mainly phosphate of
lime in the tri calcic or insoluble form, and we appre-
hend would not be changed in character by admixture
with the carbonate of lime, which is mainly the com-
ponent part of quick-lime.

Unleached wood ashes are frequently used for re-
ducing bones into a convenient form for application
to land where no mill is available to grind them. The
following methods may be used with success: A trench
about 3 feet deep should be dug, and a 6 inch layer of
ashes be placed at the bottom ; follow with a layer of
bones of the same thickness ; next a layer of ashes ;
then of bones, till all the bones are covered. Each
layer should, as put down, be saturated with water.
Stakes should be set in the mass at the beginning 3
feet apart, and be withdrawn in 9 or 10 days, and wa-
ter be poured in the holes to again saturate the ashes.
In about two months, the mass should be forked over,
and be moistened again, and the bones will be found
soft. In four or five months, they will be entirely dis-
solved if kept moist.

Prof. Johnson quotes the following as a good method
of disposing of bones : "To 4,000 pounds of bone take
4,000 pounds of unleached wood ashes, 600 pounds of
fresh burned lime, and 4,500 pounds of water. First
slake the lime to a powder and mix with the ashes,
and placing a layer of bones in a suitable receptacle —
a pit in the ground lined with boards, stone slabs, or
bricks — cover them with the mixture, lay down more
bones and cover, and repeat this until half the bone,
or 2,000 pounds, are interstratified with the ashes and
lime. Then pour on 3,600 pounds of water, distribu-
ting it well, aud let it stand. From time to time add
water to keep the mass moist. So soon as the bones
have softened so that they can be crushed between the
fingers to a soft soap-like mass, take the other 2,000

560

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER.

[December

pounds of bone and stratify them in another pit with
the contents of the first. When the whole is soft,
shovel out to dry and mix with drj* muck or loam to
make it handle well. This product may be used di-
rectly on the land or, what is better, be mixed with
farmyard manure as a compost in the proportion of
600 pounds stable manure, S00 pounds decomposed
bones, and 600 pounds of rich earth. Apply 400 or
500 pounds to the acre."

This method of decomposing bones with ashes has
been the subject of investigation at the New Hamp-
shire Experiment Station with the result of showing
that "this method is not a satisfactory one, for in all
cases where ashes were used the whole of the soluble
phosphoric acid was changed into either insoluble or
reverted, while considerably over half of the reverted
or citrate soluble phosphoric acid was made insolu
ble."

The only way to deal with bones so as to obtain the
full value of their fertilizing constituents is to grind
them to powder in a mill or dissolve them with sulphuric
acid. The latter method is one attended with too much
danger to be practised on the farm without taking
great risk. There are bone mills made which can be
operated with a small power, which are very conve-
nient for dealing with the bones which ordinarily ac-
cumulate on a farm.

3. When bones are burnt, all the plant food that re-
mains is phosphate of lime, in which the phosphoric
acid is in an insoluble form. Insoluble phosphoric
acid is usually taken to be worth 2 cents per pound,
and the amount of this in a ton of burnt bone would
be about 400 pounds, of the value of $8.00.

4. Send the specimens of supposed phosphate rock
to the Director of the Experiment Station, Blacksburg,
Va., aud he will, no doubt, have analysis made if the
indications are favorable. — Ed.

Worms in Morses.

I notice on page 523 of the November number of the
Planter a number of remedies for worms in lambs and
remarks of veterinary editor of Breeders' Gazette
about the use of the different tar products — disinfect-
ants of tar. Now, I want a good remedy for worms
in horses: I have three good young horses I brought
from Indiana last June a year; they are full of worms,
and I write to ask you the best remedy to expel them,
where I can get it, and at what cost. I wish to keep
some such remedy on hand for horses, pigs, etc.

" etc Kent Co., Va. L. BoEOUGHS.

Worms are most frequently seen in young horses,
and in those that are weak and debilitated. They are
more frequent in horses pastured on low wet or marshy
ground, and where the auimals drink from stagnant
water. They are usually of one of the three follow
jug kinds : The Lumbricoid worm, which is in form

much like the common earth-worm. It is white or
reddish in color, and measures from 4 to 12 inches in
length, and varies in thickness from the size of a straw
to that of one's little finger. The Pin-worm, which
is a semi transparent thread like worm, measuring in
length from 1 to 2 inches The Tape- worm, which is
white, flat, thin, broad and pointed. These some-
times measure in length 20 or 30 feet. Among the best
remedies for worms may be mentioned santonine, tur-
pentine, tartar-emetic, aud bitter tonics. For tape-
worm, areca nut, male fern and pumpkin seed are the
best. All these worm remedies should be given after
a long fast, and be supplemented with a physic to
carry out the worms. If a horse is passing worms,
give twice daily for three or four days a drench com-
posed of turpentine 1 ounce and linseed oil 2 or 2
ounces, to be followed on the fourth day by a physic
of Barbadoes aloes 1 ounce. This should be followed
by a vegetable tonic to tone up the appetite, say one-
half ounce of Peruvian bark, gentian, ginger or quas-
sia, to be given twice a day in the feed or in a drench.
It may be mentioued that when a horse is parting
with bots in the summer or early fall many horse-
keepers are heard to say that the animal is suffering
from worms and must have some remedy given. This
is an error. All horses which are pastured oat have
bots more or less. They find their way into the stom-
ach of the animal from the eggs laid principally on
the horse's forelegs by the gad flies, which eggs are
licked by the horses and so hatched, and the bots car-
ried into the mouth by the tongue. When once in the
stomach, they attach themselves by the head to the
lining of the stomach, aud no medicine given can af-
fect them. They remain attached for several months
until fully grown, aud theu let go and are carried
through the bowels with the food aud pass away in
the dung. It is very doubtful whether these bots ever
do any injury to a horse, but even if they do, nothing in
the shape of medicine can be given to help to get rid
of them. Nature will do the work at her own time.
The way to prevent them is to brush off the forelegs
frequently, so as to remove the eggs as laid. — Ed.

THE CORN CROP OF THE SOUTH.

The corn crop of the Southern States promises this
year to be 114,000,000 bushels in excess of that of last
year. In 1897, Virginia produced 31,552,000 bushels.
This year the crop will be 38,563,000 bushels. North
Carolina in 1897 produced 31,324,000 bushels. This
year the crop will be 34,170,000 bushels. South Caro-
lina in 1897 produced 15,308,000 bushels. This year
the crop will be 17,500,000 bushels. The total crop
of the country is expected to be 1,926,000,000 bushels
this ye;ir, as against 1,902,000,000 bushels last year.
Thus far, however, there is much damaged corn, and
the merchantable crop is not expected to be as large
as that of last year by 100,000,000 bushels.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

561

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE HONTH.

It is too late now to plant any crops, except in the
far South, where English peas may be sown and cab
bages set out. In Virginia and North Carolina the
time may be best employed in cleaning up all uncrop-
ped land and orchards and burning the trash. The
land should afterwards be plowed deeply and subsoiled
and be left for the frost to disintegrate it.

Give air to all plants growing on in cold frames,
whenever there is no frost, and especially during the
middle of the day, so as to keep the plants stocky and
hardy.

Compost heaps should be made up in spare time.
Farmyard manure, leaves, sods, and other vegetable
matter, and cotton seed or cottonseed meal, should be
laid in courses in the heap, and acid phosphate and
potash, either in the form of kainit or muriate of pot-
ash, be mixed with these. Allow the mass to heat
and decompose for a week or two, and then turn over
and make up into a heap again. This turning over and
remixing should be repeated several times to thorough
ly sweeten and disintegrate the mass. Compost, thus
prepared, makes fine material in which to raise and
set out plants for growing on during the early spring
months, and will be found, with the addition of a
dressing of nitrate of soda, excellent as a fertilizer for
all vegetable crops.

Land may be prepared for planting fruit trees in the
spring. It is better to heel in trees received from the
nurseryman as late as December and to plant them
out in the spring.

AUGUSTA COUNTY, VIRGINIA, FRUITGROWERS.

We are glad to see that the fruit growers of Au-
gusta county, Va., have organized an association to
watch over and advance their interests. This is a step
in the right direction, and one which all farmers
should note. In co-operation is to be found the way
out of many of the difficulties siii rounding the con-
duct of business in these times. Those whose inter-
ests are antagonistic to the farmers in some degree,
combine together to secure success, and the farmers in
self defence must do likewise. We do not note this
system to condemn it. We believe that it has in it the
elements of true business success. It enables the
small capitalist to put himself on an equality of terms
with the large capitalist. In the adoption of this sys-
tem of co-operation by fruit-growers we look to see

better prices obtained for produce, and economy se-
cured in freight and commission charges. We shall
hope to see this Augusta Association work in harmony
and co-operate with the State Horticultural Society,
the annual meeting of which is to be held at Char-
lottesville on the 6th of December. We note that Mr.
L. P. Brock way, of Augusta, has been elected Presi-
dent of the Augusta Association, and Mr. J. A.
Brown, Secretary.

PEACHES, PEARS, PLUHS AND CHERRIES FOR
NORTH CAROLINA.

A subscriber asks for varieties of these fruits suit-
able for the central part of the State. Professor Mas-
sey gives varieties of peaches, pears and cherries suit-
able in this issue. The Japan plums, Abundance or
Botan, Bnrbank, Kelsey, Ogon and Wickson, are re-
commended as suitable plums. The only native va-
rieties to be advised are the Wild Goose and the Mari-
ana. The Shropshire damson may be planted for a
preserving or pickling plum.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We again draw the attention of fruit and truck
growers to the annual meeting of this association to be
held at Charlottesville on the 6th of December. We
hope to see a large attendance. An interesting pro-
gramme has been arranged, and reduced terms of
transport secured.

PEACHES, PEARS AND CHERRIES FOR NORTH
CAROLINA.

So far as peaches are concerned there is little choice,
for any varieties will flourish in all parts of the State
except in the black soils of the coast region, where
peaches are generally a poor fruit. Our growers in
the middle section of the State, who ship to the North-
ern market, plant none later than Elberta, for after
this the growers of Maryland are beginning to get in
fine peaches, and it will not pay to ship from here.
They begin with the Sneed, then Amsden or Alexan-
der, Early York, Reeves Favorite, Lady Ingold, Craw-
ford's Early and Elberta. For home use a few later
sorts may be grown, and at times the Salway may be
had in fine condition after the rush of peaches in
Delaware and Maryland, and they bring a good price.
If we could have a first-class peach to ripen the mid-
dle of October, it would be a prize to our growers,
and we are of the opinion that such a peach can be

562

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

produced by gradual selection from the poor October
peaches we have. In the mountain country, some of the
finer pears do well, and may be grown to profit, such as
Bartlett, Beurre Dill, Beurre d' Anjou, and some others,
but over the larger part of the State eastward it is
very little use to try to grow anything except the
Kieffer and Lecompt, until we come to the coast re
gion, and there with care in the culture of the trees,
and in cutting out the blight, we can grow as fine pears
as anywhere. Of all the favorite sorts, Seckel grows
to double its natural size in the eastern part of the
State, acd Bartlett, Giffard, Lawrence, Beurre d' Anjou
and others, including, of course, the Duchesse on the
quince, will thrive well. So far as cherries are con-
cerned, the less one has to do with them here the hap-
pier he will be. From the line of the Southern Rail-
road West the cherry can be grown to great perfec
tion, and should be a profitable fruit in all the moun-
tain country. But here we can grow a few Morellos
and May Dukes, and that about closes the possible list,
for I have j ct to see the first fine Bigarreau or Heart
cherry grown about Raleigh or anywhere southeast of
the city. We can grow the trees, but we simply cannot
get the cherries, and the only fine cherries sold in
Raleigh are California fruit. In the western part of
the State in the elevated country, where the cherry
will thrive, I would suggest that Elton, Napoleon, Gov
Wood, White Spanish, Ox Heart, and Black Tartarian
would be as good as any. Anwhere East and South
of Greensboro will have to be content with Morellos
and Dukes. W. F. Massey.

ORCHARD MANAGEMENT.

The details of the handling of the fruit plantation
are discussed in many bulletins ; but there are some
general considerations— or ways of looking at certain
questions — which it may be profitable to discuss.

Sod or Tillage. — This is an old question, this contro-
versy whether sod or tillage is better for an orchard.
Plantations will be cited to prove either case, which
really prove them both. That is, for the orchard which
does better in sod, sod is the better. But it cannot be
that both are equally good; and if not, then we should
discover which is fundamentally better, and the other
will thereby be the exception which proves the rule.
Now, there have been bulletins and expositions enough
to show that liberal tillage is the better condition for
the orchard ; and the man who cites his plantation as
an example of a contrary fact, cites only an isolated
case, and one which should be explained. He does not
cite a principle. It is desirable that horses be shod ;
yet there are circumstances in which it is better that
they be barefoot. I shall not repeat arguments for
tillage, but give a few summary conclusions of ob-
servations.

European large-area orchards are generally in sod ;
and this fact is perhaps one reason for the prevalence
of sod orchards in America, since European practice
becomes known in this country through books and

foreign born farmers. There are various reasons for
this condition which, it seems to me, will not apply
here. In the first place, the country is moist and
there is less necessity for conserving moisture than in
America. The drier the country, the better is the til-
lage, other things being the same. Compare the fre-
quency of sod orchards in New England with their in-
frequency in California. Again, the higher price of
land and the smaller farms, make it necessary to sup-
port two crops on the same laud — trees and grass. In
parts of Europe which are primarily grazing or dairy
regions, the tree fruits are in reality a secondary or
catch crop, as, for example, in the cider- producing
parts of Normandy. In other parts, cattle are kept
indoors most of the summer and are fed newly cut
grass ; this grass may be gleaned in orchards. Still
again, the large field plantations of fruit trees in Europe
are generally of secondary importance to the small
area or garden plantations. In the fruit gardens, the
trees are excellently well trained, fertilized and tilled,
and the results are usually good. Yet again, there is
less horse labor and fewer horse tools in Europe than
in this country. And finally, many of the plantations
are rented, and the lease holder has little interest in
such long-time investments as fruit trees.

It is undeniable that excellent results are often
secured in sod orchards, but the reasons for these good
results must be determined for each case. By examin-
ing such cases under a wide range of conditions, how-
ever, one may be able to formulate a few general state-
ments or principles. We may first throw out of our
inquiry those cases in which the sod is present merely
because the owner has neglected to till. He has not
had time to care for the orchard as he cares for the
other parts of the farm. In most of these cases, the
orchard is a mere incident to a general scheme of
grain farming or dairying. The land is needed for
pasturage, and if fruit is obtained it is clear gain.
This is a perfectly legitimate practice. The owner has
no taste for fruit growing and does not expect to com-
pete with fruit growers. He is in other business, and
it is doubtful if it would pay him to reduce his grazing
area and neglect other affairs by keeping the orchard
in a high state of cultivation.

There now remain those cases in which the farmer
believes that orchards do better in sod than in clean
tillage. My own opinion is, from an examination of
hundreds of these instances, that the greater part of
such orchards thrive in spite of the sod, not because
of it. It is very rare that the farmer has made com-
parisons of the two methods side by side. If he has
made any comparative observations, they have been
drawn between his plantation and his neighbor's ;
but the two are often not comparable, being on differ-
ent sites, soils, and of different varieties. Because an
orchard does well in sod, does not prove that it might
not do better in tillage.

There are many instances in which the orchardist
has tried tillage and has found it to be unsatisfactory.
In the greater number of such ease-;, the tillage was
begun too late in the life of the plantation to yield
good results ; the habit of the trees had already been
established and the shallow root systems had been
formed.

In auother class of cases, the grower is misled by an
occasional very heavy crop, into the belief that his
orchard is successful. It is the habit of sod orchards

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

563

to overbear at long intervals, or whenever all con-
genial natural conditions chance to be in unison.
Tilled orchards tend to bear more continuously, but
may not bear so heavily in occasional years. If the
" beariug year" is ever to be controlled, tillage is the
first step towards that end.

In other cases, sol orchards thrive because they
have been well manured by the droppings of animals
which are pastured in them; but the good results in
these instances are due to fertilizing, not to sod. It
does not follow, however, that this is the best way to
fertilize orchards, although it has the great merit of
expediency.

Sometimes seeding down is the only practicable
means of caring for an orchard, because the land is so
hilly or rocky that it cannot be tilled.

There remain other iustauces in which sod seems to
be a decided benefit to an orchard. These are cases in
which it seems to be necessary to check growth on
lauds which are over rich or which hold so much
moisture that some of it can be profitably utilized in
the growing of grass. Oa parts of the Cornell grounds,
we think it necessary to seed down about fruit trees,
because the laud has been made so rich that the trees
are overgrowing aud splitting down with the weight
of top; but the seeding down will be only a temporary
expedient. The dauger of too rapid growth is partic
ularly great in peaches and grapes ; it is very small
with apple trees.

Every one kuows that sod is not good for strawber-
ries, grapes, potatoes, corn, wheat or raspberries: the
presumption is therefore, that it is not good for apples
or quiuces. But apples, quinces and pears are tough,
and it is surprising what little harm sod can do them
when the land is good ! L. H. Bailey.

Cornell Experiment Station, N. Y.

SOME REASONS WHY FRUIT DOES NOT SET.

In order that fruit shall set it is necessary that the
flowers be fertilized. Fertilization is the union of the
pollen with the ovules, which are the sm.tll bodies that
develop into seeds. Fertilization is essentially the
same in plants and animals. A perfect flower consists
of stamens, which produce the pollen, and pistils,
which contain the ovules. In some flowers, however,
the stamens aud pistils may be produced in separate
flowers on the same plant, as the corn ; or even on dif
ferent plants, as the willows and cottonwood.

"When the pistils are fertilized by pollen from the
same flowers, the flowers are said to be self fertilized.
This can happen only in perfect flowers. Selffertil-
ilization usually takes place in wheat and other cereals
and in some other plants. However, most plants, es-
pecially those having showy flowers, are not fertilized
by the pollen from the same flower, but from a differ-
ent flower ; that is. they are cross fertilized. The rea-
son for this has been proven experimentally to be that
cross feitilizatiou usually produces hardier progeny
than self fertilization. (It should be borne in mind
that these remarks do not necessarily apply to hybrid-
ization, in which the pistil is fertilized by pollen
from a different species). In cross fertilization the
pollen may be transferred from one flower to another
by wind or by insects. Iu our common edible fruits
the pollen is carried by insects. As a rule such plants
3

have flowers which secrete nectar, and the insects visit
the flowers for the nectar, accidentally carrying the
pollen upou their bodies. Bees, especially honey-bees,
are the most important insects in this respect.

There are four important reasons why fruit may fail
to set :

1. The pollen may be insufficient in quantity. This
applies particularly to the strawberry. Many of our
cultivated varieties, the so called pistillate sorts, pro-
duce only a small amount of pollen, not enough for
complete fertilization (such as Bubach, Warfield, Cres-
cent). A failure from this cause may be easily pre-
vented by planting pollen-producing varieties (the so-
called staminate sorts) alongside the others (such as
Capt. Jack, Parker Earle, Gaudy).

2. Insects may be prevented from visiting the flow-
ers during the receptive period. If hees are kept from
fruit blossoms by netting or other artificial means, the
amount of fruit set is little or none. It not infrequently
happens that inclement weather prevents or hinders
the flying of bees during the period when the flowers
are receptive. A fruit tree, half of which was subjected
to a continuous spray of water during the flowering
period, produced no fruit upon the sprayed portion,
but an abundauce upon the other. A failure due to
the above mentioned cause cannot well be prevented,
but may be modified by having bees near at hand to
utilize the short favorable periods which do occur.

3. Iu some varieties of fruits the flowers are self-
sterile and refuse to take pollen even from auother
flower on the same plant. Fertilization can then take
place only when the pollen comes from a separate
plant ; that is, from a plant arising from a separate
seed. All our varieties of orchard and small fruits are
reproduced by cuttings, grafts, buds, layers or other
similar methods, and not from seed, hence are merely
one plant cut up into a great many parts. Therefore
in self sterile varieties (such as Bartlett pears, the
Brighton, Merriuiac and Wilder grapes) the pollen
must be obtained from auother variety. Isolated
plants or large orchards of a single variety may fail to
set fruit from this cause. To prevent such failures,
mix the varieties. The quickest way to remedy cases
which have reached maturity is to top graft auother
variety upon them in sufficient quantity. (TheSeckel
and Kieffer pears, and the Concord, Niagara, Agawam
and Green Mountain grapes are self fertile.)

4. An insufficient supply of bees will hinder the set-
ting of fruit. While other insects may take part in
the carrying of pollen, the fruit-raiser must rely chiefly
upon honey-bees. Experience shows that though hnn
gry bees may fly two or th:ee miles, hives should be
within half a mile of the orchard or small fruit patch.
— Kansas Experiment Station.

PEACH YELLOWS.

Yellows in peach trees, I believe, can often be pre-
vented if taken at an early stage, by the use of boiling
soap suds poured over the trunk and larger branches
of the trees. This should be applied just before the
buds swell. I have a number of peach trees which,
15 years ago, showed signs of yellows, but are now
perfectly healthy, which I ascribe to the annual appli-
cation of soap suds.

564

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

Live Stock and Dairy.

BETTER FEEDING STOCK REQUIRED.

With the advance in price in fat stock now general
throughout the country, and which advance seems to
us likely to be permanent for at least some years, in
consequence of the great diminution in numbers in
the feeding cattle of the country, a diminution amount
ing to many millions since 1892, at which time there
were nearly 38,000,000 head of oxen and other cattle
in the country, as against less than 30,000,000 in 1897,
there has sprung up a demand for a better class of
feeding stock. The day of the Texan steer and the
low grade "scrub" has passed away never to return.
Instead of stock which would not mature in less than
four or five years, and even at that age would only
make 1,000 lbs. steers, the demand is now for stock
that is iu prime condition for the butcher at two years
of age, and weighing from 1,200 to 1,500 lbs. This
class cannot be had except by the introduction of pure
bred blood into the herds, and for the past three years
the great breeders of the country have been buying
Shorthorn, Hereford and Polled Angus bulls by the
thousand to place on the ranges. Already the effect is
seen in the different quality of the stock produced and
the enhanced value of such stock. A reference to the
article in this issue from the pen of Mr. Boocock will
show what prices are now being given for grade Here-
ford calves, prices which are the equivalent of those
given for our 3 and 4 year old common scrub stock,
when made as fit as it is possible to make such a class
of stock. Surely here is matter for reflection for our
home breeders. Mr. Boocock, in a private letter to
us, says that he is almost daily in receipt of enquiries
for grade Hereford calves and young stock for feeders,
which he is unable to supply even at high prices.
Why will not farmers put themselves in a position to
supply this demand by breeding their best common
cows to pure bred bulls of the beef breeds? There is
money in this business for those who will go into it.
We have had feeders calling here every week for sev-
eral months past, and letters almost daily ask if we
can tell the parties where they can buy good feeding
stock, but we are unable to help them. Such breeders
as we know, who had the quality of stock wanted,
have been long sold out. Only yesterday, we had a
gentleman in wanting from 30 to 40 head, which he
could not meet with anywhere. The few to be met
with were held at prices as high as beef cattle are sell-
ing for, and there was no anxiety to sell. Farmers of
the South, there is money to be made in this business
of breeding good feeding stock on the cheap, practi-
cally waste lands of this and adjoining States. The
sine qua non, however, of success in it is that the bu Is

used should be pure bred ones, either Herefords,
Shorthorns, or Polled Angus. If you cannot afford
to buy one of these bulls for your own use solely, it
would be an easy matter for three or four men to com-
bine and buy one for the joint use of the parties inler-
ested. Do not let this matter wait. Waiting means
loss.

THE BREEDS OF SWINE

In the quarterly report of the Kansas Board of
Agriculture devoted to pork production, or the hog in
America, Secretary Coburn has given a terse history
of or comment on each of the breeds having any
prominence iu the United States. Some of his expres-
sions will not please everybody, especially those who
are inclined to believe that the use of the leggy and
lardless sorts, as represented by certain Euglish types,
is essential to the Yankee hog-growers' salvation.

His idea is that the best type of general purpose bog
that the world has yet seen, is the one evolved by the
American farmers, or, if not, the American farmers
will make it so ; and further, that the American hog-
raisers, whatever their shortcomings, know infinitely
more about pork production than any presumptuous
outsiders can tell them. He says :

"The Poland-China breed originated in the Miami
Valley, in Butler and Warren counties, Ohio, be-
tween 1838 and 1840, in the crossing of various fam-
ilies there known as Big China, Byfield, Bedford and
Irish Grazier, the offspring being a large and some-
what coarse black-and-white-spotted swine called by
various names, for which a national convention of
swine breeders, in 1872, selected that of Poland-China.
These were crossed with imported Berkshires to give
refinement and propensity to early fattening, and inci-
dentally they acquired much of the Berkshires' con-
formation, black color and white markings. The
progress made in that region and at that time was in
a measure due to the nearness to Cincinnati, which in
those days was the greatest pork-packing point in the
world. This popular breed, pre eminently an Ameri-
can product, probably now numbers as many indi-
viduals as all other breeds combined in the United
States.

"The Berkshire in its improved form originated, as
did the Essex, in England — Italian and Spanish swine
being crossed with the coarser native stock — between
1780 and 1800. Although first introduced to North
America about 1830, it did not obtain general or per-
manent favor until after 1870. The breed is widely
disseminated in America, and justly a favorite, both
to breed pure and to cross with other breeds.

" Chester Whites are the result of mating some large
white stock from Bedfordshire, England, with the
white hogs common in Chester couuty, Pennsylvania,
about 1818 to 1830 ; the descendants being swine that
were gradually improved by selection, and have main-

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

565

tained their popularity iu North America better thau
any other of their color. la latter years, hogs of a
dark color are most largely reared, because of a belief
that they are hardier and less susceptible to iu'ections
of the skiu incident to sudden changes of temperature
and the muddy quarters, severe winds and burning
suns to which they are too often continuously sub
jected.

"The Duroc Jerseys are a breed of large, sandy hogs
that are the result of a blendiug iu recent years of fam
ilies that first attracted prominent attention in New Jer
sey, where they were known as 'Jersey Reds,' with
the possibly somewhat different type common in Sara-
toga county, New York, and locally known as 'Durocs.'
The best of them are very easy feeders, full of quality.
and iu many instances carry extreme weight firmly on
bones astonishingly fine.

"The Essex are from England, an 1 entirely black
Few of them are raised in the United States, and they
are but a very limited factor in the pork production of
this country.

" The Yorkshires are entirely British, and in Eng-
land three families of them are bred, known as the
'Large White. 'Middle White,' and 'Small White.'
The Small Whites so nearly resemble what Americans
have known as Suftolks, that an expert is unable to
tell one from the other. The Large Yorkshires, or
Whites, and the Tamworths, are the breeds so much
doted on by the English and the Canadians as 'bacon'
hogs, yielding possibly not more lean meat but less of
fat than is common to the swine of the corn-growing
regions. They cut no appreciable figure whatever in
the pork production of the United States.

"Tamworths are a slab sided, long legged, big-
headed, lardless, unlovely, red, rusty or sandy, half-
civilized sort, from England. Like the Yorkshires,
their admirers in the United States are at present by
no means numerous.

"The Victorias, a modern composite sort, were
originated in Lake county, Indiana, twenty-odd years
ago, are white, of medium size, and comparatively
unhonored and unsung.

"Poland-Chinas, Chester Whites, Duroc-Jerseys,
Berkshires, Large Yorkshires or Whites, and Tam-
worths, are properly classed as large breeds ; the
Essex and Victorias and Middle Yorkshires as me-
dium-sized breeds, and the Small Yorkshires and Suf-
folks as small breeds. As a matter of fact, few Ameri-
cans are engaged in rearing any of the small breeds,
preferring those producing animals suitable for
slaughter at an early age, yet capable of further
growth to any size wished."

[We reproduce the foregoing extract because we
think the information will be useful, but must not be
taken to endorse the whole of it. We think highly of
the Essex as a breed of hogs for the South. They are
easy keepers and makers of lean meat. The York-
shires we think the finest White hog bred, but a
white hog is not a hog for a hot climate. The black
man and the black hog are there at home. — Ed.]

When you write to advertisers, always mention the
Southern Planter.

THE FILSTON DAIRY FARM.

The following remarks, communicated to us by the
owner of Filston Farm, are so interesting that we make
no apology for inserting them in this place. They
convey lessons for every farmer :

The dairy supply of Baltimore is drawn almost en
tirely from the counties that lie next the city. Of
these counties Harford and Baltimore are the most im-
portant and prosperous. From Baltimore to the north
the country grows hilly until the rocks of Deer Creek,
in Harford and the Summit, in Baltimore counties, are
reached. A rich limestone country, 900 feet above sea
level, watered by astream for every depression. Being
two hundred miles from the ocean, the climate is
colder than New York in winter, and while hot in
summer is dry and not enervating. This is pre-emi-
nently a cattle raising country, the lime and clay give
a strong blue grass all the summer and great crops.
The founder of the Filston Farm was Edward Austen,
the partner of Robert Colgate, of the Atlantic White
Lead Co. But before Edward Austen started his
herd his father before him had built model cow sta-
bles and made a success of cattle. The business is
now managed t>y the nephew of Edward Austen.

This herd has now over 300 head of Jerseys — prob-
ably the largest herd of Jerseys in this country. The
milk product is shipped to Baltimore, twenty miles
distant, and delivered there by the Farm itself. So
great has been the demand for a good article of milk
that, in addition to the great amount shipped daily
from the herd, the business takes about 400 gallons
from neighbors, who not only have the proper kind of
stock, but tend them and care for the milk as it should
be done.

The aim of the management is to increase the yield
of the herd ; this has been the target for the past eigh-
teen years, and as a herd of milkers it is uow making
a mark. At the same time there must come a limit to
what a cow will give, but that limit is still for the
future. Wonderful constitutions mark the cows, and
the coming generation promise even to exceed their
dams. Not a female is sold, except to the butcher.
Should the cow have a pedigree full of red ink records
and not give her proper quantity of milk, she takes a
trip down the pike (and don't come back). The farm is
large for Maryland, now 1,500 acres, and Mr. Gardiner
says that if he lives he will have a thousand cows
on it.

In a way, a large business like this is an experiment
station. All the data of crops, yields of cows, feeds
bought, milk sold, etc., are kept with absolute accu-
racy, and the results are interesting to those outside and
necessary to those in control. The cost of running the
farm is about $10 per acre for the total acreage, inclu-
ding woods and pastures. For the arable land, the
cost will be about $13 per acre. We can thus measure
to a certainty which crops pay and which do not. A
yield of two tons of clover per acre, at $7 per ton, is
not. a loss. Corn making twelve barrels to the acre at
$2 per barrel is profitable ; wheat yielding twenty
bushels at 71 cents is a small profit ; oats making forty
bushels to the acre at 25 cents would bankrupt a man
if continued, but oats seldom make even that yield.

The figures on the herd are quite interesting. Chees-
man, of New York State, says a cow can make milk

566

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

for six cents. The Filston Farm takes every advan-
tage of buildings, large numbers, and plenty of money
to keep down the cost, but the average for the year is
23 cents a cow a day (no charge for pasture nor
credit for manure). Of this item 12 cents is for
feed, the balance all the other expenses, such as
freights, cans, repairs, salaries, insurance, and taxes
with that expansive account called sundry expenses.
A cow giving four gallons a day for the whole year
would make her milk at 6 cents, but the heifers in
milk and the heifeis coming on, the care and feed of
the bulls, must all be figured in the total expense ol
keeping the cows, and the cows must pay for them as
well as the other expenses. The stock breeding of the
Filston Farm is quite an item. A limited number of
bull calves from the very best cows are raised for sale,
and uniformly give satisfaction. The large Berk-
shires on this farm are the ideal farmer's hog, in
growth, ease of keep and the large proportion of sweet
lean meat. This herd showed four animals in the Bal
timore County Fair, where more live stock is on exhi-
bition than in am other fair in the State, and compe-
tition is hot, and took three first prizes.

The location is at Glencoe, twenty miles north of
Baltimore, on the N. C. R., and visitors are always
welcomed and given every advantage to see the place.
As the manager is very much occupied in town, a let-
ter should be sent a day in advance that he may ar
range to meet his guests.

DIPPING CATTLE FOR PREVENTION OF TEXAS
FEVER.

The following order has just been made by the Sec-
retary of Agriculture :

It is hereby ordered, That cattle originating in the
district described in the order of December 15, 1897,
and amendments thereto, which district is known as
the quarantined district, may, after having been prop-
erly dipped, under the supervision of an inspector of
this department, in a solution of 86 lbs. flowers of sul-
phur to each 1,000 gal. of extra dynamo oil, be ship
ped without further restriction ; Provided, that appli
cation be first made to this department and permis
sion granted to establish the dipping stations, and that
after being dipped the cattle are certified by an in
spector of the U. S. bureau of animal industry, and
that the cattle, when dipped within the quarantined
district, be shipped in clean cars, without unloarjing
within that district.

This is most welcome news to Southern stock owners,
and means thousands of dollars in their pockets. Un-
der its provisions cattle can be sent out of the quaran-
tine district; that is to say, out of all the Southern
States at any season of the year without having to be
sent in quarantine cars for confinement in quarantine
pens and for immediate slaughter, provided the con-
ditions of the order as to dipping are observed. We
hope to see the quarantine commissioners of all the
Southern States at once apply to the Department of
Agriculture for permission to establish dipping sta-
tions at convenient points in all the States, so that

stock owners may be able to avail themselves of them.
The experiments in dipping cattle in the solution men-
tioned in the order have been so perfectly successful
in destroying the ticks, which are the undoubted cause
of Texas fever, that no fear of danger need be enter-
tained by Northern stock owners in buying Southern
cattle for feeders. As the The Drovers7 Telegram, of
Kansas City, well says :

''The effect will be far reaching, and can hardly be
estimated at a glance. It means, without doubt, that
the entire quarantine line from the Atlantic to the Pa-
cific oceans will be dotted with dipping vats. It also
means that there will be no open season after this year.
All the cattle originating south of or below the quar-
antine line will be thoroughly dipped before coming
north when they come for other purposes than imme-
diate slaughter. Shippers of half tat cattle that would
otherwise send their cattle for immediate slaughter
only will dip them and thus be able to enjoy theadded
competition from the feeder buyers.

"At present there are only two vats usina: the gov-
ernment formula, and only these two are officially re-
cognized. They are located at Mammoth Spring, Ark.,
and at Fort Worth, Texas. Both are operated as pri-
vate enterprises."'

The cost of the dipping preparation is not great nor
need the cost of dipping vats be large, and we look to
see the practice of dipping all Southern cattle become
as familiar and common as that of dipping sheep.
With this and a "no fence law" in operation, Texas
fever ticks are likely to have a hard struggle for ex-
istence.

THE DUAL PURPOSE COW.

Editor Southern Planter :

As to the general purpose cow, I think that Governor
Hoard has decidedly the best of the argument. Even
if a farmer is not a dairyman, there is no good reason
for the general purpose cow. I could never see the
profit of keepiug a cow for the dairy that will make
ten dollars' worth, more or less, of milk than another
cow, simply because her calves may bring a dollar or
so more, and that she, after being kept at an annual
loss for eight or ten years, will make ten dollars' worth
more beef than the other. Where a man has hut a
family cow, there is all the more reason for his having
a real dairy cow. I never could see any use for a jack -
of all trades, even in a man. I want everything and
everybody to have a hobby. I never knew a general
purpose man or woman that ever amounted to much.
Tt is the men with a definite, purpose in life that move
the world upwards. I like to see a fanner, too, with a
specialty, and every purpose of his farming tending
to develop that specialty to its highest notch. The
general purpose fellow is a man without an ideal — a
humdrum, pokey chap who never gets out of a rut.
We believe in special purpose animals of all kinds,
from a cat up to a man. W. F. MASBET.

[The dual purpose cow we believe in keeping is one
that will make either milk or butter enough to pay for

1S98.J

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

567

her keep and a profit over tbat, aud then if she fails to
breed, will make good beef. We have kept Shorthorn
grades that made from ten to twenty pounds of butter
per week at three years old, and at five years old made
1,500 pounds of beef, with a few months' good feeding
after being dried off. This sort of dual purpose cow
is always profitable, aud there is a place for her on
the great majority of farms, and she can be had by
proper breeding. — Ed.]

FATTENING STEERS IN WINTER.

Editor Southern Planter :

This paper is a condensation of the facts contained
in Bulletin No. 5S, Section 1, recently issued by the
Animal Industry Department of the Minnesota Uni-
versity State Farm. It relates to the fattening of
steers reared upon the farm, and under circumstances
most untoward so far as concerns the prices of meat,
as steers were selling high at the commencement of
the regular feeding season, but, before it was over,
prices were unprecedentedly low. That any profit was
possible under such circumstances was surprising. It
could not possibly have been secured had it not been
that the prices of feed were away down also.

The feeding period commenced January 6th, 1896,
and ended June 4th, thus covering a period of 150
days. The delay in entering upon the work was caused
by the difficulty experienced in getting steers. It was
the aim to feed three lots, consisting of Galloway,
Shorthorn, and Hereford grades. Though the first lot
was secured as early as September 1st, the last lot was
not secured till January 1st. The average cost was
¥3.70 per 100 pounds live weight unshrunk, and the
price for which they were sold when finished was $1.10
per 100 pounds shrunk weight. Those who understand
about feeding cattle will know that, under these con-
ditions, with foods dear, there would have been much
loss, but as it was, the experiment resulted in a small
profit.

. Those familiar with Western feeding know very well
that in the open feed lot in the West it is customary
to feed not less than 25 pounds or 30 pounds of corn
per day to one animal that is being fattened. But the
animal is followed by a pig which would probably con-
sume not less than 5 pounds per day. The quantity
utilized by the cattle beast, therefore, if it were all
digested, woul I be not less than 20 pounds to 25
pounds. This, to the writer, has always seemed most
wasteful feeding, and the experiment was undertaken
with the object of getting some information regarding
the amount of meal a cattle beast can utilize per day,
with suitable adjuncts. It was thought wise to use
steers of different grades in the experiment, although
breed capabilities were not considered an important
factor of the same.

The steers were placed in stalls, those of each grade
standing side by side. The animals which stood at the
right in each instance are spoken of as Lot 1. Those
standing in the centre are spoken of as Lot 2, and
those stauding at the left hand are spoken of as Lot 3.
There was, therefore, one steer of each grade in each
lot. The steers in Lot 1 were fed what is termed a
light meal portion, tho^e in Lot 2 an intermediate
quantity, and those in Lot 3 a heavier meal portion.
When put under experiment, the steers in Lot 1 were
fed 5 pounds of meal per head per day, those in Lot 2
7 pounds, and those in Lot 3 9 pounds. This was to
be increased 1 pound per animal every four weeks,
but for reasons not quite in consonance with the judg-
ment of the writer, it was increased a little faster than
that. On February 10, a pound of oil cake was added
per animal per day to the other meal, and on March
16th a second pound was added. On May 11th, the max ■
imum amouuts of meal fed had been reached. These
were 10, 12, and 14 pounds respectively per animal
per day.

The average amounts of meal fed per day per ani-
mal throughout the experiment were, for the steers in
Lot 1, 8.58 pounds ; for those in Lot 2, 10.48 pounds ;
and for those in Lot 3, 11.94 pounds. But it must be
borne in mind that some corn was fed in the ensilage
given as mentioned below, but probably not more
than 2 pounds or 3 pounds per day. The meal fed
consisted of bran, oats, barley, and corn, equal parts
by weight, until March 16th. It was then changed to
bran, barley, and corn, in the proportion of 1, 1 and
2 parts respectively. The fodder consisted of corn en-
silage of somewhat less than medium quality, aud na-
tive hay of a very inferior quality.

The food was charged at average market values in
the State, which were very low at the time. These
were as follows : Bran, $6.50 per ton; oil-cake, $14;
native hay, $3 ; corn ensilage, $1 ; oats, 14 cents per
bushel ; barley, 16 cents, and corn 18 cents. But the
charges for grinding raised the oats to 16} cents ; the
barley to 181 cents, and the corn to 20} cents per
bushel.

These prices, low as they are, are more in some in-
stances than was actually paid for the food Bran, for
instance, was bought at the Minneapolis mills for $4.50
per ton, aud in some remote parts of the State it was
being used at the same time for fuel. Market values
on the food, therefore, must have been dangerously
near the line of the cost of production.

The average weights of (he steers in the different
lots when put uuder experiment were 1,037, 1,055 and
1,047 pounds respectively. The average wei^h^s at
the close of the feeding period were 1,284, 1,314, and
1,277 pounds respectively. The maximum of gain
made by the steers in Lot 1 was 741 pounds; by the

568

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

steers in Lot 2, 776 pounds, and by the steers in Lot
3, 692 pounds. The average daily gain made by the
steers in Lot 1 was 1.65 pounds; by those in Lot 2,
1.72 pounds, and by those in Lot 3, 1.54 pounds.
These were only moderate gains, but they are as much
probably as may be looked for from feeding when the
hay is inferior and for so long a period of feeding. In
any event, the fact is significant first, that the steers
in Lot 1 made a net increase of 49 pounds more than
those of Lot 3, although the latter were fed daily 3.36
pounds more meal per animal.

The food fed to the steers in Lot 1 cost $2.49 less
than that fed to those in Lot 2, and $3.66 less than
that fed to the steers of Lot 3. Had the prices of
foods been normal, the contrast in the cost would have
been much greater. The average daily cost of the food
fed was 5.80 cents with the steers in Lot 1, 6 40 cents
with those in Lot 2, and 6.66 cents with those in Lot 3.
These figures contrast strangely with the cost of feed-
ing steers in Ontario and certain of the E tstern States,
as detailed in Bulletins in years gone by, when, in
some instances, the daily ration fed cost from 18 cents
to 21 cents. The average cost of making 1 pound of
increase w;w 3.55 cents with the steers in Lot 1, 3.72
cents with the steers in Lot 2, and 4.37 cents with the
steers in Lot 3. As the selling price was 4.10 cents
per pound, each pound of increase made by the steers
in Lots 1 and 2 was worth more than it cost to make
it, notwithstanding the abnormally low price obtained
for the meat.

The profit made on the steers of the respective lots
without shrink being deducted was $16.52, $15.68 and
$10.97 respectively. Accouuting for the shrink, it
was reduced to $10.21, $9.20 and $4.70 respectively.

The net profit per animal was $2 68. Such an out-
come, under the conditions of sale and purchase, was
almost surprising. One lot of the steers, namely,
Herefords, cost more per 100 pounds than they sold
for ; and the mean difference between the buying and
the selling price was only 40 cents per 100 pounds;
and had the steers been valued when the experiment
began on the basis of shrunk weights, it would have
been considerably less.

The profit was indeed small, but it must be remem-
bered that it was an off year in feeding. Many of
those engaged in it lost money. It is what is made in
the average of years that counts, and that forms the
basis of the profitable character or otherwise of a
business. We will reach averages in due time. In
the meantime, the great point in the experiment is not
to be lost sight of— that is to say, the fact first, that the
steers in Lot 1 made a higher average gain per day
than the steers in Lot 3, although they were fed 3.36
pounds les-i meal daily while making it ; and, second,
that, because of this, they made the said gain at a less
average cost of .82 cents per pound.

In the breed contest, the Galloways stand first. The
average weights of the Galloway, Shorthorn and Here-
ford grades, at the beginning of the experiment, was
1,012, 1,114 and 987 pounds respectively. The aver-
age increase in weight per animal was 259, 240, aud
238 pounds. The average cost of food was $9.38, $9.91
and $9.06. The average cost of making 100 pounds of
increase was $3.62, $4.1S and $3.84. Aud the average
net profit was $9.52, $6.62 and $7.J»1.

University of Minnesota, Thos. Shaw.

POSSIBILITIES OF STOCK RAISING IN THE
SOUTH.

Editor Southern Planter :

That valuable article from the facile pen of Mr.
Alvin W. Saunders, which you published on page 420,
has again been endorsed by public opinion, and again
within a year an imported Hereford has "topped" a
public sale.

[The highest price ever obtained for a Hereford at
auction in America was paid for Imported Salisbury,
now chief stock sire at Castalia, Mr. Murray Boocock's
Hereford breeding farm in Albemarle county. — Ed.]

Mr. K. B. Armour, President of the American
Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association, sold at auction
at Kansas, October 25th and 26th, a grand lot of Here-
fords from his two breeding farms. That the Armour
Herefords are held in the highest esteem, was evident
from the great crowds assembled round the sale ring,
eager to compete for the coveted " White Paces."

The result of a two days' sale showed that —

78 cows and heifers sold for. $30,045 00

An average of $385.19.

35 bulls sold for 13,445 00

An average of $3S4.14.

Total 113 animals sold for $43,490 00

An average of $3S4.86.

True Lass, calved April 14, 1895, bred by Her
Majesty The Queen of England, brought $1,025, the
highest price of the sale. Lalla Rookh and Christmas
Rose, both imported heifers, brought $1,000 each, and
Brenda, another imported heifer, $850.

The famous cow Lady Laurel, bred by Mr. C. H.
Elmendorf, of Syracuse, Nebraska, and long an object
of admiration at Mr. Armour's, also sold for $1,000.

Here is keen appreciation of the great value of the
Hereford.

Rangemen contended with one another for bulls to
turn loose on the range with native cows, sure that a
Hereford will always leave his mark ; sure that his
iron constitution and rugged character will withstand
the cold and hardship of range exposure. Mr. Armour
is to be congratulated on his achievements in promo

1S98.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

569

ting the Hereford breed, and for disseminating such
fine stock over a wide extent of country.

What a wonderful object lesson in the value of good
blood that was at Kansas City on Oct. 27, the day fol-
lowing the Armour sale, when 400 Texas grade Here-
ford heifer calves of 1898 sold for $14,S52, an average
of over 137 per head. What would J00 grade Virginia
calves sell for, got by a "scrub" bull of no breed in
particular and many breeds in general ?

Not one third of the price. Think of it; think of
feeding a lot of "scrubs" all winter for a few cents
gross profit, very little net, and the fun of seeiug a fine
crop of corn and other crops slide out of sight !

That enterprising breeder and promoter of live
stock interests, Mr. T. P. B. Sotham, of Chillicothe,
Mo., is now (November 1st to 15th) in Texas buying
on commission grade Texas calves ot this spring at
$24 per head and $1 commission. Two train loads
have already left for the feed lots of leading feeders in
the Western and Central States.

All these calves are by registered Hereford bulls and
out of grade Hereford cows, from the 3,100,000 acres
of the Capital Land and Improvement Company, who
are using 3,000 registered Hereford bulls, 1,000 regis
tered Angus bulls, and 500 Short horn bulls. Each
breed is kept separate, the land being fenced and
divided into about forty different pastures.

What better proof of the results of using pure bred
bulls could possibly be asked for ? And yet the writer
knows of "scrub" bulls in this and other States which
long ago should have gone to the steer lot instead of
propagating their worthless kind.

Virginia is by nature a stock country ; in many
parts the blue grass is indigenous ; in others, mixed
grasses can be successfully cultivated. Here at Cas-
talia now (November I5ih), the entire herd of breed-
ing cows are keeping in fine condition on the pastures
of mixed grasses, without other feed of any kind.

Few sections possess the number of never failing
springs, and the rolling meadow lands afford the best
of drainage. With a salubrious and equable climate,
good railroad facilities, nearness to the large market,
and an increasing demand for good beef, Virginia is an
ideal State for the live stock industry.

Fear not, Farmers of the South ! You do not have
to go to Kansas for Herefords ; that has been done for
you, and you can find Hereford cows and heifers,
Hereford bulls ready to head your herds to day to
cross on native Virginia cows for market "toppers,"
and yearling bulls — all pure bred registered stock,
whose ancestors are among the most famous in Amer-
ica and England — all atCastalia Breeding Farm, right
in your midst, at Keswick, Albemarle county, Va.
Murray Boocock.

FATTENING HOHE-QROWN AND RANGE LAHBS.

Editor Southern Planter :

This paper contains a summary of the facts obtained
from au experiment conducted by the writer in the
winter of 1897-8, at the Minnesota Experiment Sta-
tion. The experiment deals with the fattening of
lambs, and one of the points emphasized in it should
be of peculiar interest to feeders. It shows how easily
possible it may be to secure a greater ultimate profit
from a lot of lambs that have made less gains and at
greater cost than those obtained from another lot, and
for the sole reason that the former had a greater aver-
age weight when they entered the contest than the lat-
ter. In the experiment two lots of lambs were pitted
against each other. They were fed and cared for simi-
larly. The lambs in one lot fed more cheaply and also
made greater gains, and yet in the fiual summing up
the lot that made the lesser gains and at a greater cost,
gave the greater profit, and for the reason only that they
weighed considerably more when the fattening period
began. That is really the point brought out in the
experiment, although it was not considered when the
experiment was undertaken.

The animals selected consisted of home grown lambs
in the one instance and of Montana range lambs in the
other. The former were very ordinary lambs— that is to
say, they were the remnant of the lambs grown on the
University Farm after the choice lambs had either been
disposed of early for mutton or had been set aside for
breeding. They were from Dorset sires and common
grade dams, and were rangy, rather high up from the
ground, and were also lacking in width. The rauge
lambs bought from Wm. B. Shaw, of Culbertson, Mon-
tana, were from Oxford Down sires, and were good
specimens of range lambs.

The two lots were under experiment early in No-
vember, 1S97, and were disposed of in March. The
experiment proper lasted 112 days, and both lots were
sold by Col. W. M. Liggett, the Director, to P. Van
Hoven, of Minneapolis. The lambs were valued at
$3.41 per 100 lb. at the beginning of the experiment.
This valuation was on the basis of the actual cost of
the range lambs laid down at the station, and it was
not far different from the actual prices being paid at
the time. They brought $5.50 per 100 lb., shrunk
weight.

The food consisted of oil cake, bran, barley and
oats, iu the proportions of 1, 2, 3 and 4 parts, respec-
tively : clover and timothv hay, clover predomina-
ting, and sorghum ensilage. The food was fed iu two
feeds daily, except the ensilage, which was fed in the
evening only. The lambs were given all they would
eat clean of the various foods fed. The hay was not
cut, nor was the grain ground, and water and salt were

570

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

plentifully supplied. They had the ciioice of a shed
or of a yard, except in stormy weather.

The food fed was charged at the ordinary market
values of the same in Minuesota. This made the oil
cake. $22 00 per ton ; brau, $7.50 ; hay, $4.00; ensil-
age, $1.20 ; barley, 20 cents per busbel, and oats 17
cents. These prices are more in some instances than
was actually paid for the food in St. Paul and Minne-
apolis markets, and in other instances less, and they
will make it very appareut to the Eastern feeder, that
he has no easy task to face when, with his much higher
pri' ed foods, he undertakes to feed against Western
competition.

The range lambs consumed per day, of grain 1.68
lb., of hay .68 lb., and of ensilage .31 lb. — a total of
2.85 lb. The home grown lambs consumed per day
of grain 1.96 lb., of hay 1 09 lb., and of ensilage .60
lb.— a total of 3.65 lb. The monthly gains made by
the Montana lambs was 9.5 lbs., against 9.3 lbs., made
by the home grown lambs.

The cost of feeding each range lamb was $1.30 against
$1.42 for each home grown lamb. Of course the greater
age of the home grown lambs would call for a greater
consumption of food to make a given gain. They were
probably six weeks older than the range lambs. The
latter averaged 60.2 lb. when they entered the experi-
ment and the former 72.5 lb.

The cost of making 100 lbs. of increase in weight by
the range lambs was $.*.67 as against $4.07 per 100 lbs.
with the home growu lambs. This feature of feeding
is pecnliar to the West. Years ago it was a generally
accepted fact, that the actual increase in weight ob-
tained from fatteniug an animal cost more than could
be obtained for the same when sold. But so it does
not seem to be in the Mississippi Valley. This, of
course, is owing to the bountifulness with which land
produces there Wherever such feeding can be judi
ciously carried on, there will always be a substantial
profit. I i the present instance the profit was $1.83 on
the home-growu lambs, as against $1.71 on the range
lambs. The figures just given are, of course, averages
for each lamb.

Since the question of greater profit with the home-
grown lambs turned upon their greater weight when
the experiment began, it may be asked. Would it not
be better to secure animals as heavy as possible for
being fattened ? No, is the answer that should unhesi-
tatingly be given to this question. In the first place,
the demands of the market must be studied. If ani-
mals over large are chosen they will not bring the
price when finished. In the second place, the older
they are the more food they will require to make a
given gain. And in the third place, the gains are
slower as a rule as the birth period is receded from.
It is a fact that usually more money can be made from
feeding lambs than wethers.

University of Minnesota. Thomas Shaw.

THB INOCULATION REMEDY FOR HOG
CHOLERA.

The Bureau of Animal Industry has been diligently
working for several years the serum treatment of hog
cholera to the highest degree of efficiency. The most
important point is, of course, to secure a serum with a

high protective and curative power. This is by no
means any easy task. The products of the hog cholera
germ are very irritating, and when injected into the
tissues their tendency is to cause paralysis and death
of the part, with the formation of large abscesses. The
intense local action hinders the absorption of the cul-
tures into the general circulation, and prevents the
animal from acquiring immunity. It is doubtless fot
this reason that the inoculation of swine has generally
failed to give the necessary degree of protection, and
that inoculated swine are found to contract cholera
wheu they are afterwards exposed.

The serum produced in 1897, when used in affected
herds, saved over 80 per cent, of the animals. During
the past few months the methods have been consider-
ably improved, and it appears probable that a serum
of higher efficiency will be the result. There is no
danger connected with the use of this serum, as it is
absolutely free from the germs of the disease. It is
easily applied, and the good effects in sick hogs are
seen almost immediately. There is every reason to
believe, therefore, that we have in this serum a practi-
cable method of preventing the greater part of the
losses from hog cholera, but it must be tested upon a
larger scale before absolute assurance can be given. It
is hoped that all doubts may be cleared up by the ex-
periments planned for 1898. — Dr. D. E. Salmon, in
Fourteenth Annual Report of Bureau of Animal Industry.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE FAIR.

We are glad to note that our subscriber and adver-
tiser, Mr. T. O. Sandy, of Burkevillc, was successful
in carrying off a number of premiums at this fair. He
exhibited Holstein cattle, Berkshire hogs, and Leg-
horn and Plymouth Rock chickens. With the Hol-
steins he took first premium ou a three year old bull,
and first premium on a year old bull, first premium
on Holstein cow, and the $20 premium for the best
dairy cow with another Holstein. He also carried oil
the herd premium on Holstein cattle. With his Berk-
shire hogs he won the herd premium, and the first pre-
mium for the best six-months old sow, and three sec-
ond premiums on other hogs. Mr. Sandy is a careful
breeder, and will have nothing but the best.

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS PLEASE NOTE.

Mr. Philo L. Mills, owner of the champion Short-
horn bull of Great Britain — Marengo — in the course
of a recent letter to The Breeders1 Gazette, says :

"At the late auction sales in Scotland I saw ten suck
ing calves (bulls) sell for 1,840 gs., an average of $965
each "

"It is evident that the old time favorites arc en-
tering upon a new lease of populariiy abroad, and
it is equally apparent that a great revival of interest in
Shorthorns is at hand in America." — Breeder*' Gazette.

This is just what we have been foretelling for the
last two years, as our readers well know. The Short-
horn is bound to keep in the front. It is the. best gen
eral-purpose cow in the world. Good at meat-making,
good at milk and butter-making.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

571

The Poultry Yard.

ROUP.

As soon as the nights begin to be cold and the
weather damp we begin to receive letters from sub-
scribers asking what is the matter with their fowls,
which are dying with eyes and heads swollen and with
throats made up with ulcers. The answer to the in-
quiries is a simple one. The fowls have got roup. It
is a case of over- ventilation of the hen-house or a
damp house. People never seem to master this ques-
tion of ventilation of their poultry-houses. In summer
they let the hens die from want of ventilation, in win-
ter from too much of it. Cold drafts, especially from
the top or side of the house, are the prolific cause of
roup. Damp is also another very potent cause. The
way to cure roup is to prevent it. We have very little
faith iu doctoring poultry. Usually the remedy is
worse than the disease. The best remedy for a sick
fowl is the hatchet. Whilst endeavoring to cure one
sick fowl the disease is usually given to others by con-
tagion. All sick fowls should at once be removed
from contact with the healthy ones, and if it is decided
to endeavor to cure them, keep them isolated until
they either die or become healthy again. If they die
burn them and thus prevent the possibility of conta-
gion. See to the stopping of all drafts in the hen
house, and, if the house is damp, remedy this by put
ting iu a wood floor a foot above the present floor, and
allow a current of air to circulate under this upper
floor. See that the roof is good. Fowls in winter re-
quire little ventilation but all the sunlight you can
get into the house. Darkness in the house is very
prejudicial to the health of hens. As a remedy for
the roup, bathe the head once a day with warm water
and anoint with a few drops of glycerine ; give a pill
composed of equal parts of quinine, bromide of potash
and assafoetida, the size of a bean, three times a day.
If the throat is sore, swab with a solutiou of sulphate
of copper. Add a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to each
gallon of drinking water. Keep the fowl in a warm,
dry place. A change of food is also desirable. Feed
green or cooked food, such as corn meal mush or oat
meal porridge, and add a little cayenne pepper to each
feed.

A two-year old gobbler should be used in preference
to a .\earling, and he should not be iu the slightest de-
gree akin to the hens. One of the severest losses to
farmers is that of the young turkeys. Not one-half of
the young turkeys reach three months of age. In-
breeding and lice destroy them, and hence the first
matter early in the spring pertaining to turkeys is to
secure a strong, vigorous gobbler not related to any
member of the flock.

WHEN TO BEGIN WITH INCUBATORS.

The best prices are obtained for early broilers, and
six weeks time for their growth will answer for those
that are sold when very small. Beginning with Octo-
ber, they would be ready by December, as three weeks
must be allowed for incubation. November is a better
month. The earliest chicks will reach the market by
February, and should not exceed three quarters of a
pound in weight. In fact, half a pound during the
month of February is sometimes the preferred weight.
The chicks are sold alive, but are subjected to the in-
fluences of cold weather during shipment. It is these
drawbacks that make the prices high, and hence many
of the supposed obstacles may be considered blessings.

During March the weights vary from three-quarters
of a pound to a pound, and the prices are usually the
best in April. Do not ship before the market is ready.
There is such a thing as shipping too soon. Always
make inquiries before shipping. The prices may
range auy where from 50 cents to $1 per pound. Hens
cannot be relied upon to sit, as oue must wait until
they are inclined to do so ; but even with all the in-
fluences iu the way of incubators, they more than pay
for themselves by enabling poultrymen to hatch chicks
at auy season of the year. — Poultry Keeper.

FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF BROODER
CHICKENS.

The first essential is warmth, and the second is to
avoid lice. When h-ns brood chicks lice may be ex-
pected, but when brooders are used, provided no hens
are ever allowed near the brooders, lice seldom appear.
Dampness is always fatal to young chicks, and they
must always be so situated that they can resort to a
warmth of 90 degrees. Should the brooder become
too cool the chicks will crowd together, and if they
become chilled, the result is usually bowel disease.
Hence, be sure that the chicks are always warm and
dry. Do not let them 'go more than six inches away
from the brooder until they are at least a week or ten
days old, so that they may have an opportunity to be
come stroDg and able to eudure changes of the weather.
Fifty chicks can be raised to the age of ten weeks in a
brooder one yard square, with a shelter over it, the
yard being five feet wide and sixteen feet long, allow-
ing a house 5x5 to hold the brooder.

Give nothing to the chicks for 36 hours after they
are hatched. It is difficult to induce persons to carry
out this rule, but it is necessary, or you will derange
the digestive organs. Besides, nature provides the
chick with a full ration for twenty-four hours (by ab-
sorption of the yelk) when it comes into the world.
After the chick is twenty four hours old, chop a hard-
boiled egg fine and feed. Give ouly one meal of the
egg, or it will cause bowel disease. Feed the chicks
every four hours. After feeding the egg, give a mix-
ture composed as follows : One lb. cornmeal, one lit.
oatmeal, half lb. middlings 'shipstuff ), half lb. bran,
one ounce salt, oue ounce bread soda, one ouuee pul-
verized charcoal, two ounces fine ground bone, and
one lb. ground meat or beef scraps. Mix thoroughly,

572

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

and bake the same as bread, then crumble finely and
feed. Feed this every four hours the first week, giv-
ing a little chopped onion and cabbage once a day, and
three times a week also give chopped beef scraps.

After chicks are a month old, feed three times a day
only. Always feed early in the morning and as late
at night as possible. Be sure and kei-p plenty of
sharp, small gravel, couvenieut. and give all the water
they can drink after they are twenty-four hours old,
but be careful to use vessels in which they can only
use their bills, as they must not get the legs and bodies
wet. Milk, curds and buttermilk may always be
given, or mixed with the food if preferred. Keep
cracked corn aud clean screening's before them all the
time after they are three weeks old. After the sixth
week, feed auythiug they will eat. aud always feed in
clean troughs. Cooked potatoes aud turnips, mashed,
may be given from the start. Avoid sulphur and
drugs. — Poultry Keeper.

FEEDING POULTRY FOR CHRfSTHAS.

Fattening Geese. — To the thrifty farm wife, the goose
flock is very important. To get the birds into prime
condition, aud to scale as heavy a weight as possible
in order thai they may be disposed of to the best ad
vantage, is the object aimed at, aud to accomplish this
it is necessary to see that the food supply is ample,
nutritious, aud well-regulated, the housing warm and
comfortable, aud the birds disturbed as little as pos-
sible.

If they have had a good meal daily since coming
off the stubble, three weeks should suffice to bring
them into a fit state for the market. If, however,
they have been allowed to ruu down in condition, a
longer period will be required. As a rule, there is
plenty of room in the way of out buildings on a farm,
and a good roomy shed or bay, with a litter of rough
chaff or short straw, is an excellent place in which to
bring them on. They may be let out for a quarter of
an hour once or twice daily, but only into the yard.

Their meals should commence with a warm break-
fast—especially if the weather be very cold — barley
meal mixed with shipstuff or oatmeal, and boiled po
tatoes; the whole raided with milk, if the latter is at
hand, and it frequently is. This may be varied with
wheatmeal, corumeal (not too large a proportiou of
the latter), with chopped rough fat mixed therewith,
aud an occasional feed of corn. Plenty of the fat
should be given during the last eight or ten days — it
plumps them up wonderfully.

Give them what they will eat readily, but do not
surfeit them or allow stale and musty food to lie be-
fore them iu the troughs or pans. Fresh water for
driuking purposes, cut green food and grit, must be
supplied to them.

Fattening Turkeys. — The birds selected for fattening
should be kept aud fed apart from the stock birds, if
possible. If the turkeys are in a fine, healthy condi
tiou, with smooth, glossy plumage, they will come on
rapidly when taken iu hand to fatten. If they are
tame, so much the better, as then any necessary han-
dling for weighing, and so on, can be accomplished
without ''flustering" them. Let them have their lib-
erty ; they will not range far when well fed aud heavy.
They can then pick green food and grit for themselves I

— two important details with turkeys, as indeed with
all poultry.

Barley meal, whole ground oats, corn meal and oat
meal, mixed with milk, are excellent fattening foods.
Potatoes boiled and mashed may be added with ad-
vantage, also fiuely chopped fat. Small corn may be
thrown to them occasionally to vary the diet, and a
(ew whole oats. Let everything — the soft food espe-
cially— be fresh, sweet aud clean ; no bird in the poul-
try yard appreciates such attention more than the
turkey.

The dramming Method is now very generally em-
ployed when fattening them. In a short time they
appeal' to take to it very kindly. If a cramming ma-
chine is not readily available — and there are many
districts where such things have hardly penetrated —
cramming by hand may be adopted. The thing needs
but little practice. Give the bird all it will eat, but
when it no longer swallows readily, stop feeding for
the time. The hand method is rather slow, but by
practice one gains dexterity. I have fed a flock of
forty iu this way ; the birds, however, were very tame
and tractable, aud this facilitated matters considerably.

Many people will shortly be replenishing their stock
yards; therefore do not select all your best birds for
fattening. Keep back, either for your owu use or for
sale, auy fine, vigorous, promising birds. Tne supply
of good stock turkeys is often greatly below the de-
maud, and more especially so at this season ; there-
fore the wisdom of this advice should be at once per-
ceptible. F. W.

RAPE FOR POULTRY.

Rape is an excellent green food for chickens, and
fils a long felt waut of the poultryman. It can be
sown in the early spring or in Juue or July, and fur-
nish an abundance of green food. Last year I sowed
a small patch just to see what kind of a plant it was.
It grows from eighteen to twenty iuches in height.
The leaves in color and shape resemble a cabbage leaf
very much. It can be sown broadcast or in drills 30
inches apart, aud be cultivated. The ground should
be prepared the same as for turnips, and the seed cov-
ered about the same as turnip seed. It grows very
fast, and can be cut aud fed to the chickeus, or let
them go to the patch at will aud help themselves.
When they are to eat it iu this way I would prefer to
have it sown in drills, as they can walk between the
rows and are not so apt to trample aud break it down
as is the case when sown broadcast. But wheu it is to
be cut aud fed, it isjustasgood to sow it broadcast
as any. Last year my young chickens commenced to
eat my cabbage, but when the rape got up four or five
inches high, they left the cabbage and commenced on
the rape, and any one knows that when chickens leave
a cabbage patch to eat something else it must be some-
thing they like better than cabbage. Aud I never had
chickens do better and grow faster than they did while
they were helping themselves to rape. I think that
every oue who raises chickens should try a small
patch. It won't cost but a few ceuts to give this plant
a trial, as Ave pounds is enough to sow oue acre broad-
cast, and oue to two pounds if sown in drills. I have
no rape seed to sell. — O. R. Robekts, in American
Poultry Journal.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

573

The Horse.

NOTES.

Though handicapped by unfavorable weather, the
Thirtieth Annual Fair of the South Carolina State
Agricultural Society, which began at Columbia on
November 14th and continued through the week, was
quite a success, and the attendance was large in spite
of rain. Daily excursion trains brought in thousands
from different sections, and for that week, at least, the
stately old fashioned city of Columbia was the scene
of gayety and pleasure galore.

On Wednesday night the Assembly ball was held,
and on the night following a grand State ball, at both
of which the beauty and fashion of the State gathered.
The elements wore a threatening aspect during the
greater part of Thursday, which is always regarded
as the big day of the fair, but that seemed in no
wise to dampen the ardor of the large crowd who
gathered on the grounds to witness an especially pre
pared programme, consisting of a big game of foot ball
in the forenoon and an attractive race card for the after-
noon hours. The exhibition of agricultural and me-
chanical products was fine, while those of poultry,
cattle and horses were the average, especially the lat-
ter, which were exhibited in the large areua near the
main exhibition hall under the direction of Mr. W. G.
Hinsou, of Charleston. In some of the classes un-
wieldy fields competed, especially those for best single
harness geldings best single harness mares, and best
geldings. In the class for best thoroughbred stallion,
Niagara, a chestnut son of Lnke Blackburn and Ivy-
leaf, by imported Australian, captured the blue rib-
bon. He is owned by W. Saunders, of Hagood.

Olcott (16129', a brown horse, eight years old, of
exquisite quality and finish, by Kentucky Wilkes, out
of Octoroon, by Slander, owned by R. C. Keeuan, of
Columbia, made a cleau sweep in the three classes in
which he was entered — viz., for best stallion, for best
standard bred stallion, and for best stallion, and not
less than four of his get. In the class for best single
harness stallion, to be shown in harness. Peerless Ben,
8014, a good looking chestnut son of Ben Franklin,
753, and Dolly Spoouer, by Ethan Allen, 174. carried
off the blue ribbon, and the red went to George Al-
mont, sou of Alinont Boy.

The race programme, prepared under the supervis
ion of Capt. S. J. McCaughran, of Newberry, was the
most attractive offered by the Society for years past ;
and while the entries to the harness races were rather
light, the difference was more than made up for by the
the number of runners on hand, which are decidedly
more popular in that section, and the contest between
them, ranging from half mile dashes to mile heats,
furnished some good sport.

In the judges' stand (luring the meeting were Capt.
S. J. McCanghran, Ex-Goveruor Wade Hampton,
John W. Duuuovant, Col. H. W. Richardson, and
O. A. Bowen.

In the Valmont Stud, the property of Messrs. Pitts
and Dorrier, near Scottsville, Albemarle county, Va.,
are the stallions Norwood, a bay. ten years old. b\
Longfellow, out of May Day, by imported Buckden ;

Endurer, a chestnut, ten years old, by Enquirer, out
of Analyne, by Jack Malone, and Valmont, a chest
nut, five years old, by Prosper, out of Jeanefcte, by
Northumberland ; while the brood mare band includes
Sister Gonzaga, a bay, six years old, by Blachland,
out of Peony, by Powhatan ; Fern Leaf, a brown,
eight years old, by Tom Bowling, out of Lavinia, by
Hyder Ali ; Norma, a chestnut, nine years old, by
Heimdal, dam Avril, by Brennan ; Gemina, a bay,
eight years old, by Heimdal, out of Gem, by Duke of
Magenta; Sardis, a brown, nine years old, by Em-
peror, out of Cyrilla, by imported Mortemer; Jean-
nette, a brown, eleven years old, by Northumberland,
out of Last Hope, by Asteroid ; Petrella, a chestnut,
seventeen years old, by Jone^boro, out of Austrella, by
imported Australian, and Carrie Nugent, a chestnut,
five years old, by Chance, out of Creole Belle, by Go-
litza. With the exception of Norma, who was bred
to Endurer. all of the farm mares were bred in the
spring to Norwood. The latter is a very handsome
horse, of flue size and highly finished, and with op-
portunities, should sire winners with uniformity. But
two of his get, Sir Arlo and Dorothy W., have been
trained, and both have earned whining brackets.
Among the two-year olds at Valmont, all of whom are
by Norwood, are a chestnut filly, out of Danseuse ; a
chestnut filly, out of Petrella ; Proud, a hay filly, out
of Fern Leaf; Orina, a bay filly, out of Norma, and
Caton, a bay colt, out of Gemina. The yearlings,
eight in number, are all colts, and by Norwood, out of
Avril, Jeanette, Norma, Petrella, Sister Gonzaga and
Gemina. Of the yearlings, of which there are six,
four are by Norwood and two by Endurer. Those by
the latter include a bay colt out of Jeanette and chest-
nut colt out of Jeanette, while Norwood sired the bay
filly out of Gemina, the chestnut filly out of Carrie
Nugent, and the bay colts out of Sardis and Petrella.

The bay geldiug King Pin, four years old, by Long-
more, son of Longfellow, dam by King Bolt, distin-
guished himself at the recent New York Horse Show,
taking first prize of $150 in class 106, jumping, open
to all, performances over fences only to count, sixty-
three entries in the class. King Pin, exhibited and
ably ridden by Mr. Chas. H. Hurkamp. of Fredericks-
burg, Va., won in the final jump off, the field having
Vieen reduced to six, and defeated American Beauty,
Fellowship, Greylock, who were awarded prizes in
the order named, and Westminster Belle and Leap-
year.

King Pin, who was bred in Virginia, was purchased
last spring by Mr. Hurkamp, and this is his first sea-
son in the show ring. Sincethe commencement of the
season he has been exhibited in seven shows in Mary-
laud and Virginia, and in nineteen classes, winning
seven firsts, four seconds, three thirds and one fourth
prize, and winning in all fifteen ribbons out of nine-
teen times shown, six of which were in Park Saddle
classes and the rest over jumps. At the Fredericks-
burg Fair in October, King Pin, with Mr. Hurkamp
up. jumped a hurdle five feet ten inches high, and
the following day cleared one six feet high. This

574

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

Virginia bred gelding is quite a handsome horse, and
really a sensational jumper.

Queen Bird, record 2:24*, earned the past season, is
by Eagle Bird, out of Princess Rene, the latter is by
King Rene, out of Polly Patchen, by Mambrino
Patchen, and owned by Mr. S. Walton, is a member
of the brood mare band at Walton Farm, Falls Mills.
Va., as is her daughter, Lou Zimmerman, by Wilkes
Boy.

Among other brood mares at this farm are Perretta,
2:22*, by Juror, out of Mildree, by Mambrino Star ;
Kate Rene, by King Rene, out of Kate, dam of Wil
booka, 2:19V, and Strangler, 2:26*, by Allen Book ;
Tea Rose, by M cca. son of Nutwood, dam Moss Rose,
dam of Xutrose by Woodford Mambrino, second daiu
the famous Primrose, dam of Princeps, etc. Mr.
Walton also owns a trio of grand young mares in
Lutie Dawson, 2:30; Maggie Carrel I, ' 2:201; and Ella
Leo, 2:30, all of whom are out of Lucy S. I by Young
Jim), who, until her death recently, was also a mem
ber of the Walton Farm brood mare band.

S. B. Nelson, formerly of this city, but now at ihe
American Exchange, New York, who has handled a
lot of good horses this season, has sold to Chester W.
Chapin, for use on the famous Harlem River Speed-
way, a very haudsome and stylish pair that will take
a lot of beating in their class, and both of them are
by the famed Pamlico, 2:10; one, Josiah Quincy, is a
bay gelding six years old, daiu by Woodburn Ham
bletonian, while the other is Erna M , 2:30, a bay
mare, five years old, out of Miss Mitchell, by Bright
Chief. The pair was purchased by Mr. Nelson from
Geo. M. Harden, of Raleigh, N. C., where Pamlico
was formerly owned.

The handsome gray trotting stallion Iron B»r,
owned by Mrs. John L. Lindsay, of this city, and
trained and driven by her brother, John W. Sale, who
at one time resided here, but now of Cleveland, Ohio,
started nine times during the past season, winning
eight races and one second money, being defeated but
once, and that by the fast mare W\nema, 2:13 i, at
Sydney, Ohio, where he made her trot the half mile
track in 2:15. This small but shapely and blood like
son of Temple Bar, 2:17}, is one of the best horses in
his class in the country. His record, earned this sea-
son and reduced from 2:13}, is 2:11}.

Robert Bradley, of Greenway Farm, Wilcox Wharf,
Va., has one of the most serviceable two year olds
seen out this year in Boney Boy, a two-year old chest
nut gelding, by the 'Iron Horse" Blitzen, out of Sue B.
Boney Boy won a goodly number of races at Chicago,
and earned winning brackets quite often at the recent
Bennings meeting at Washington, D. C.

The brown colt two-years old, by John R Gentry,
2:00*, out of Winnie D., dam of Hulinan, 2:20, aiid
Ginter, 2:15], pacing, by Hannis, has been registered
as Giles Mebane. The youngster is owned by Mr. L.
Banks Holt, of the Alamance Farm, Graham, N. C,
former hom? of John R. Gentry, and is one of the

handsomest, most blood-like colts of his age to be
found in the South. Giles Mebane, like his sire, is a
pacer, and gaited right for the making of a sensa-
tional performer.

W. J. Carter, of this city, has sold to A. K. Ware,
of Snowden Farm. Fredericksburg. Va., borne ot the
famous sire Alcantara, the six year old brown mare
Red Beauty, by Red Wilkes, out of Vlaxim Beauty,
second dam by Mambrino King, and third dam Leah,
dam of Alcavala. Red Beauty was bred in the spring
to Red Leo, 2:21*, son of Red Wilkes.

The 'jay mare Miss Nelson, 2:11*, by Norfolk, dam
Miss Lassiter. breeding un traced, was Bold by Horace
White, of Syracuse, at the Fasig sale iu New York
last month to William Diston, of Philadelphia, the
former owner of Pixley, 2:08*. for 8550. Miss Nelson,
who holds the record for Virginia bred trotters, was
bred by Preston Belvin, of this city, and later passed
to A. E. Dounan, and while owned by the latter
trotted to her record.

Secretary George Green, of the East Carolina Fish,
Oyster, Game and Industrial Association, is out with
the soeed programme of the forthcoming annual fair
and race meeting, to be held at New Bern. N. C, on
February 2 1st, 22d, 23d and 24th. Over $300 will be
huug up in purses for trotters, pacers aud runners.
The purses for runners are for $100 each and those for
harness horses $200 each.

At the Richmond Horse Bazaar, Joseph Lasitter,
proprietor, East Franklin street, this city, on Tuesday,
December (5th, a large number of horses of all classes
will be offered at public auction — among them fine
road, trotting, saddle, general purpose and draft
horses; also a consignment of about twenty head,
practically a closing out sale, from Mr. Joseph R. An-
derson of Thorncliffe Farm, Lee, Va., among them
well bred brood mares in foal, young geldings, colts
and fillies, the get of such sires as Lincewood. Man-
chester, Browning, son of Mambri.io Dudley, 2:19},
etc. Broad Rock.

I believe it will pay the average farmer to breed
strictly first class draft horses that will weigh 1,S00
pounds aud upwards. It does not require as much
horse sense to raise grade or draft horses as it does the
standard-bred. While handling commou or draft
horses, a man may get mad and swear and thrash
around and show his ignorance, or even get drunk,
and succeed fairly well, but standard bred horses have
too much good sense to tolerate such conduct.

There is no danger whatever of the market ever
being glutted with strictly first class standard bred or
draft horses. — L. A. Gormley.

Always mention the Planter when you write to
any ol our advertisers

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

575

fliscellaneous.

LARGE AND SMALL FARHS.

Editor Southern Planter:

In looking over oar agricultural papers, I fre-
quently notice that farmers are in favor of the culti-
vation of small farms, claiming that farms generally
are too large, that smaller ones could lie more thor-
oughly cultivated, and, as a consequeuce, would give
better returns than could be expected from large farms.
The writers of these articles seem to think that it would
pay the owners of large farms to dispose of portions
of their land. Experience has taught me, however,
that large farms can be cultivated just as profitably as
small farms, aud that, as a rule, the former are better
tilled and yield comparatively equal if not better re-
turns than the latter. No better proof that large
farms pay well when they are properly managed can
be given than the notice given January 1st, 1898, by
the Prussian government that government farms which
will be vacated 1898 and 1899 will be for lease for an-
other term of from 14 to 18 years. From the long list
of these farms I will select a few large ones, giving
only the most interesting figures, to which I have
added the amount of rent per acre and the amount of
working capital necessary per acre, as ascertained by
the government's experience, required for the success-
ful management of the farm. The lessee must bring
good recommendations from farmers by whom he has
been employed as assistant manager or manager, that
he is able to manage such a farm, and must prove that
he has the necessary working capital :

live and dead stock needed cannot be purchased for
less than one-fifth of the value of the farm, and that
the working capital must be about one tenth. It is,
therefore, necessary that in order to put the purchase
of a farm on a sound basis, a farmer who pays for a
farm, say $30,000, should have one third, one fifth aud
one tenth, or $10,000, $6,000, $3 000, a total of $19,000,
or nearly two-thirds of its purchase price, available.
These results, however, will not hold good in all ca'-es,
as proportions of the value of the land, the buildings,
the live and dead stock, and the working capital, vary
in different localities, but there are certaiu propor-
tions everywhere, and it would be well for the pur-
chaser of a farm to study the respective proportions,
so as to be prepared against all emergencies.

The inadequate management of large farms, so often
referred to in our agricultural papers, is more due to
a lack of sufficient working capital than t.> anything
else, and the advice given to farmers to concentrate
their work on a smaller area is there well founded, al-
though the reasons stated are not always correct.

One of the causes which foster the desire of young
farmers to purchase large farms is, in my opinion, the
present method of their education. Farming is like
every other business. To make it pay, the farmer has
to ascertain whether grass, stock, dairy, truck or fruit
farmiug is best adapted to the soil, the climate, the
help he can get, and the distance of his farm from
small or large cities. A young man who desires to
become a farmer, whether brought up on a farm or in

Terra — Years

Acreage of farm-
Acres

Present rent, includ-
ing interest on in-
vested capital for
general improve-
ments of the soil
(tile^drainage, etc.)
made by the Gov-
ernment

Per acre

Necessary capital

Per acre

IS

18

IS

2,134

1,675

1,188

$9,940 00

4 66

47,619 00

23 31

$7,592 00

4 53

40,476 00

24 16

$4,793 00

4 07

42.S57 00

36 38

18
2,828

18
1,148

$17,901 00 $13,643 00

6 33 11 88

95,238 00 ; 47,619 00

33 68 ' 41 48

18
2,600

$28,7(io 00
11 06

142,857 00
54 94

Sugar Beet Farms.

536 acres 540 acres
every year every year
with beets, with beets.

The value of a farm depends upon the quality of the
soil, the climatic conditions, the help that can be se-
cured, and its situation in regard to the market facili-
ties for its products, the percentage of profit upon the
original cost, the means of the owner, and upon skill-
ful mauagement. Experience proves, and statistics
show, that even the best soil, under favorable condi-
tions, can be profitably cultivated if the owner is only
indebted to a certain extent and has sufficient work
ing capital left for the proper management of the farm.
Investigations have shown that a farmer who buys a
farm cannot well afford to pay interest on mortgages
that exceed two thirds of its purchase price ; that the

I the city, after a preliminary education on a farm to
| acquire the necessary skill in handling the imple-
ments, naturally will take a liking to a certain kind of
farming and try to obtain employment on a large farm
where the kind of farming best suited to his taste and
aptitude is carried out on a large scale. As a general
mle, such farms are in the hands of wealthy men, and
are supplied with all the latest contrivances lor quick
and good work. A young man who has been em-
ployed on such a farm for several years, who has be-
come familiar with the manner in which everything is
managed on it, and who may have finished his cduca
tion at an agricultural college, will not feel inclined to

576

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

settle on a small or moderate sized farm, where he is
compelled to perform manual labor in order to make
the farm pay. He will, naturally, try to settle on a
farm large enough to carry out the farming suited to
his ideas, and in the same manner and on the same
scale as he has s en it done on farms where he served
his apprenticeship. This is all well enough, provided
the young fanner is pecuniarily well situated ; but if
his means are limited, he may make the mistake of
spending his entire capital for making the first pay-
ment on the farm and for stock. If good results are
achieved — i. e., if the first years of his investment are
good years for the farmers, he may save some money
for a rainy day ; but if that is not the case, he will be
subject tn many inconveniences, and to so much trou
ble, and become so crippled in the proper manage-
ment of his farm that slowly but surely his expenses
will exceed his income, and in a short time he will be
obliged to dispose of his farm.

I will admit that in purchasing a farm it is a diffi-
cult matter to state its exact value, and that a young
farmer who has been employed on farms where the
climatic conditions are different from those existing
in the region where he contemplates to settle may be
deceived in his judgment of the soil, and therefore
may not achieve the desired results. He should, how-
ever, resist the temptation of buying more land than
he can properly and advantageously manage, and not
trust to good luck for exceptionally good crops, big
profits from live stock, and high prices, for these gen
erally fail to realize when most surely expected.

To show the difference in I he circulation of money
between a large farm in a settled country and a num-
ber of small farms which, combined, have the same
area, the following example will be of general in-
terest :

In Germany, near Berlin, are two estates of 1,000
acres each. Oi e estate is in the possession of one
man, a good farmer with sufficient capital ; the other
estate is divided between teu farmers, good farmers
and not without means. Both estates pay annually,
on an average, $750 community and State taxes. The
large farm pays additional taxes amounting to $750
for a license to run a potato distillery and starch fac-
torv. According to the last census, 120 cows and 50
horses are kept on the large farm against 146 cows and
51 horses on the fen farms. The ten farmers send veg
etables to Berlin, and ship a daily average of 400
quarts of milk at ten cents per gallon ; from the large
farm are shipped 1,200 quarts of milk daily at thir-
teen cents per gallon. The ten farmers employ annu-
ally twenty hands, who receive their board and $850
and pay for extra help during the harvest season from
$200 to $300, making a total of from $1.0.r.0 to $1,150.
The owner of the large farm pays to overseers, feed
masters, etc., to the hands who take care of the live
stock, and to men who work in the distillery and
starch factory, besides their board, $2 325; and to
twenty-eight families, who live in houses on his estate
and board themselves, the in n being obliged to work
six days and the women four days in the week, $7,100
annually.

Besides the grain and potatoes raised on the farm
and used in the distillery and starch factory, he pnr
chases additional quantities of these products, which
outlay, rogpfher with that for coal, amounts to $7,500,
making a total of $16,925 as against $1,150 put in cir-

culation by the ten farms. The amount expended an-
nually in the factories for oil, belts, packing, repair of
machinery, etc., and thousands of dollars paid, now
aud then, for new and improved machinery, thereby
giving employment to a number of mechanics, to
plumbers, boiler- makers, coppersmith-:, machinists,
and other artisans employed in factories, mines, etc.,
is not included in the $16,925.

The question if it is not better for a country to have
a great many medium sized farms, or to have fewer
and larger farms, in the bauds of comparatively few
and wealthy men, has also often been discussed. There
is no doubt that wealthy men, who possess well ar-
ranged, large farms, will do more towards the devel-
opment and prosperity of a country than farmers pos-
sessing a small capital aud small farms, which they
work with the assistance of their families or a few
hired hands, because the former are able to buy and
breed the best live stock and buy the latest and most
improved farm implements and large quantities of in-
dustrial by-products and fert lizers, and are willing to
experiment on a large scale with varieties of useful,
native and foreign plants. They also build large barns
and industrial establishments, thus not only employ-
ing many farm hands, hut also giving work to all
classes of mechanics, etc.

From a political point of view, and for the people
at large, it may not be advisable to have many large
farms in the hands of comparatively few wealthy men,
who naturally will become influential, and who may
use their influence to shape legislation for selfish pur-
poses, but from an agricultural point of view, the ben-
efits derived indirectly from large farms canuot be suc-
cessfully denied.

A fair proportion of large to small farms would
probably give the best results in the solution of the
above question.

Washington, D. G. H. Winkelman.

HONOR TO, AND HELP FROM SOUTHERN
FARMERS,

Editor Southern Planter :

There are a few men in North Carolina to whom the
public owe a greater debt of gratitude than they are
ready to acknowledge or even know about. Nor is the
good they have done confined to that State alone.
They have inaugurated aud are now conducting one
of the most elaborate series of agricultural and horti-
cultural experiments that has ever been undertaken in
the world. Another remarkable and highly useful
feature of their work is, that it is being done on some
of the poorest lands in America. I refer to the origi-
nators and promoters of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Experiment Station at Southern Pines.

It was early in 1S85 that the North Carolina State
Horticultural Society, the Agricultural Experiment
Station, and the German Kali works of New York be-
gan work upon two tracts of land near the town of
Southern Pines, on the Seaboard Air Line. The offi-
cials of all these organizations were in hearty sympathy

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

577

with the move, and did what they could to promote it.
Among these men were Mr. J. Van Lindley, president,
and secretary Gerald McCarthy, of the Horticultural
Society ; Dr. H. B. Battle, director, and Prof. W. F.
Massey, horticulturist, of the Experiment Station, and
Dr. B. von Herff, of the German Kali Works.

ALL THEY HAD TO WORK UPON.

If there is any poorer land than that around South-
ern Pines I have not seen it, and I have been nearly
all over this country, from ocean to ocean. It is part
of the old beach of a prehistoric ocean, where sand
th it is as poor as poverty is the principle material of
the soil, and to an unknown depth. The winds and
waves left it with an undulating contour, which is not
difficult to work upon. The long leafed pine is about
the only form of vegetation that had ever been able to
take firm foothold, except, it may be, wire grass.
There were some straggling, stunted oaks and other
brush that had come up since the terpentine gatherers
and lumbermen had robbed the land of whatever
was valuable on it. The air is good, that is a
fact; and some feeble people from the North, who
wanted to live in a mild climate, came there a few
years ago, but climate was aboat all they found worth
having. A part went away in disgust, but some who
stayed planted homelike things and found that, by
manuring they could grow grapes, peaches, plums,
and some vegetables with profit. From this has
sprung up an extended fruit industry.

WHAT THEY DID.

But it was not until the gentlemen named above
took hold of the experiment business in earnest that
the possibilities of the country were really known.
About 100 acres, in two tracts, were chosen and se-
curely fenced. They were cleared of every vegetable
substance that might add fertility to the soil, even to
the ashes of the stumps burned in the ground. Most
of the logs, brush, etc., were hauled off the premises
and burnt there. The land was divided into small
plots in the most accurate manner. Crops were se-
lected, such as would be most suitable to that climate,
and a block of the plots were planted to each. Each
plot was fertilized differently, but all were cultivated
alike. On one nitrogen alone was applied ; another
had potash alone ; a third phosphoric acid alone, and
a fourth lime. There were double, tripple and quad,
ruple combinations of these fertilizers laid on other
plots. On some, corn and peas were grown and plowed
under to add humus and Ditrogen to the soil.

THE RESULTS.

The variations and contrasts were of the most re-
markable character. One-sided fertilizing made a
poor showing ; applications of two fertilizers gave only
airly good crops, while nitrogen, potash and phos-

phoric acid together paid exceedingly well in all trials.
Great piles of first-grade potatoes and other crops,
with but few seconds and culls, accompanied every
application of what is called a complete fertilizer. No
market-made mix. d goods were used, but the chemi-
cals were procured separately and mixed at the
grounds or under the directions of the officials in
charge.

Cow-peas were found to be of the highest value
as a soil improving crop. When worked under, the
ground became darker, and so did the green color of
the crops grown afterwards. It was found that where
this crop was grown occasionally no nitrogen was ne-
cessarily applied in a commercial form.

THE CONCLUSIONS.

1. That these poor lands can be made profitably
productive.

2. That good homes may be established on them with
proper management.

3. That millions of acres of the poor pine stubble
lands in the South (and in the North, too), now con-
sidered almost worthless, may be brought under profit-
able culture.

4. That a complete fertilizer is the only profitable
kind.

5. That the air is an all-sufficient source of supply
of nitrogen, provided the cow-pea is used to secure it.

Let me say, in conclusion, that the present and fu-
ture generations will never know how much they owe
to the wise forethought and perseverance of the men
named above. If in the first four years this experi-
ment station has demonstrated the above points beyond
question, may it not do much more in the future. All
farmers, fruit-growers and gardeners in the South
should render both honor aud assistance to the effort.

Accomac Co., Va. H. E. Van Deman.

TIDEWATER (VA.) SWEET POTATOES.

Editor Southern Planter :

Just now the eastern portion of Virginia is rejoicing
in a fine crop of sweet potatoes— fully a million barrel
crop. It is a "God send" to the iwor, and not a bad
thing for the rich. The sweet potato, while within the
reach of the poorest poor, is good enough to grace the
table of the richest rich. Sweet potatoes have sold in
this city during the past thirty days for 60 cents per
barrel. There is more solid goodness, strength and
" fillin " in the sweet potato than in the Irish. There
is hardly a family in the State so poor as not to be
able to put away, for winter use, a couple of barrels of
sweet potatoes, 100 pounds of corn meal, aud fifty
pounds of bacon.

Fuel is cheap, and the mild climate does not require
expensive clothing; and the poor man in Virginia baa

57S

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

mauy advantages over the poor man in the North.
E.ist or West. Sweet potatoes, corn meal, bacon, fish
and oysters are within the easy reach of the people of
Eastern Virginia. With plenty of cheap fuel added,
wiuter has no terrois. A million barrel crop of sweet
potatoes is a good thing to have around at this time of
the year. It is a 'Tight smart heap of taters." It is
at least two good big sweet potatoes a piece for each
man, woman and child in the United States.

By the way, tbis is becoming a great "tater" sec-
tion. A portion of four counties close around Nor
folk, Va., supply about a half million barrels of first
crop Irish potatoes, dug in June and July ; about
100,000 barrels of second crop Irish potatoes, dug in
November, for winter use, and for seed the following
spring, and a good round million barrels of sweet pota-
toes come along in the fall to round up the "tater"
heap to goodly proportions. In fact, it is stated that
the two counties of Accomac and Northampton, on
the Eastern Shore of Yiruiuia, have raised and sent
North nearly 1.500,000 barrels of Irish and sweet po-
tatoes for-the year 1898. That's what we want — more
big potatoes and tewer little politicians. More "taters"'
and less talk. A. Jeffees.

Norfolk. Va.

THE LABOR PROBLEM IN THE SOUTH.

Editor Southern Planter :

Among the many serious problems presented the
farmer, none is more difficult of solution than that of
labor, whether it be hired or tenant.

The darkey of the old regime has about passed
away, and with him the labor our fathers were accus
tomed to use. The " new issue" is in most instances
thoughtless of his employer's interests and not to be
relied upon. The more thrifty of them have, if not
"forty acres and a mule," a small plot of ground of
their own, and with their disposition are content with
thescauty living they can make upon it, supplemented
by a share in the ciop on some adjoining farm. Hav-
ing become "land owners," they are loth to hire
themselves out save for a few days at a time, and
then only when it suits them.

As tenants they will not do, for the grass will be left
iu the corn and the tobacco to the horn worm for the
sake of the "big meetin' in Augus'."

No tenant system with which I am familiar solves
the problem. The one suggested by your correspon-
dent in the November issue might be tried with good
results. It is a knotty question, and will be hard to
solve to the eutire satisfaction of both tenant aud
landlord.

Where a man can be contented with a small margin
of profit and accounted perhaps by some a "one horse"
farmer, I think I can point out a natural solution of

the labor problem as presented to-day. The solution
comes in the simple words: Do your own icorl: In
tensive rather than ex-tensive farming is that which
pays, and oue man with modern methods and ma-
chinery can, if his heart aud head are in the work, do
as much as two or three used to do under the old
economy.

Try it ! The experiment will please you. Tenant
a part of your place and work an equal part yourself,
aud see if the greatest amount of profit will not accrue
from the few acres that you work yourself.

J. H. Sledd.

Powhatan County, Va.

A NEW USE FOR CORNSTALKS.

We take the following from the Breeders' Gazette :

It is now believed that the process of making wrap-
ping paper, card board and straw board out of the
woody fibre of the cornstalk has been so perfected as
to render it practicable iu a commercial way. The
Marsdeu Development Co. has beeu working on this
problem at its Rockford, 111., plant, where it is manu-
facturing cellulose out of the pith of the cornstalk,
aud now Prof. H. W. Wiley, Chief Chemist of the
Department of Agriculture, is investigating the new
process. That paper can be made from the pulp of
the hard shell of the stalk was discovered some time
ago, but the process could not compare in cheapness
with the present method of making paper from straw,
and hence effort was directed toward cheapening the
process. It is now announced that paper can be made
from stalks cheaper than from straw, and the Marsden
Company has leased an old paper mill at Rockford
aud will enter upou the manufacture of paper on an
extensive scale. The result of Prof. Wiley's investi-
gations will be awaited with much interest. It is
probable that the cellulose factories will find it more
profitable to make the shells of the stalks into paper
rather than griud them into the "new stock food,"
which has been experimented with successfully.

If this new manufacture should turn out to be a
success, it will be a great benefit to the country and
to the farmer. Timber for pulp is becoming scarce,
and cannot quickly be produced again, whilst corn-
stalks can be produced in almost unlimited quantity
and in a few months' time.

A PUHPKIN STORY.

We are told that a weed is a plaut out of place. A
single pumpkin plant came up last summer in a
neighbor's sweet potato patch, and it was left undis-
turbed. The sweet potatoes covered the ground with
vines, and the pumpkin vines from this single plant
ran over the sweet potatoes, spreading over an area
sixty six feet square. The product of this vine was
twenty one pumpkins, whose weight was 475 pounds.
I do not doubt that a bigger pumpkin story could be
told, but this one has the advantage of being true. —
National Stockman.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

579

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

RICHMOND, VA.
Issued om 1st of bach Month.

J. F. JACKSON,
Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,
Business Manager.

depend on rich, mel-
low land. Rich, mel-
low land depends on

SURE CROPS

nroner drainage. Proper drainage depends on Ihe use ot ^la„i ....... .. -_

nkJto tell yof how to install an effective system of drainage, and quote pnces on

Farm Drain Tile

gs^fe Powhatan Clay Mfg. Co., Richmonu, Va.

Artistk
Front Bricks.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.
Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Southern Planfer is mailed to sub-
scribers in Hie United States and Canada at
$1.00 per annum ; all foreign countries, U-a.

Remittances should be made direct to this
office, either by Registered Letter or Money
Order which will beat our risk. When made
otherwise we canuot be responsible.

* I «« va el ve the Kfame of the Post Office
to which your paper is sent. Your name can-
not be foiiud on our hooks unless this is done.
The Date on ynnr lahfl shows to what
time your subscription is paid.

Subscribers failing to receive their paper
promptlv and regularly, will confer a lavor
by reporting the fact at once.

We invite Farmers to write us on any
agricultural topic. We are always pleased to
receive practical articles. Criticism oi aui-
eles. Suggestions How to Improve The
Flantek, Descriptions of New (..rains Roots,
or Vegetables not generally known, lartieu-
lars of Experiments Tried, or Improved
Methods of cultivation are each and all wel-
come. Contributions sent us must not be fur-
nished other papers until alter they nave ap-
peared in our columns. Rejected matter will
be returned on receipt of postage.

Kn anonymous communications or en-
quiries will receive attention.

Address-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

RICHMOND. VA.

The Big 4

1 The Starved Rooster, who
1 couldn't fatten up, because
he followed an Aultman ec
Taylor Thrasher.

2?S^1WU CMjNTHMSHEF,

gKwo^nd verily the farmers' frlendC

3£&.?££U3 CLOVER HjjLLER

than any other ma- — — — —

chine and cleans it to perfection _ • •

4Tayiofclthrmos&t Farm and Traction

ihirr^w^d. Engine «»<»»<»»

K^of^Mng Machinery and Saw Mills

MANUFACTURED BY

The Aultman & Taylor Machinery Co.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Send for fr.e <>lu«r»t«i citalojue.

PUBLISHERS NOTES.

To Our Readers.

We invite the attention of our
readers to the advertising columns
of this and every other issue of the
journal. Almost daily we are in
receipt of letters from subscribers
asking where they can obtain all
kinds of farm supplies. In the
great majority of cases our reply is
a reference to the advertising col-
umns of the Journal. If subscrib-
ers would make a point of looking
over these columns, they would find
matter of great interest to them,
even though they should not be in
immediate want of anything. Dur
ing the whole of this year we have
carried a larger selection of adver-
tisements than ever previously in
the history of The Planter, and
these have covered almost every
want of the farm. We are exceed-
ingly careful never to allow the ap-
pearance of an advertisement of
any fake character or from any per-
son not thoroughly reliable, and
have turned down orders amount
ing to m ny hundreds of dollars
where we could not feel satisfied of
the bona fide character of the ad-
vertisements. No immoral adver-
tisements of any kind can find a
place in our columns at any price.
With such a class of advertisers as
we have in this way secured, our
subscribers may do business with
confidence. The fact that advei
tisers are constantly seudiug us un-
solicited testimonials as to the suc-
cess of their advertisements in secur-
ing good customers is evidence that
numbers of our readers do carefully
examine the advertising columns,

3tM AY be obtained of us with the same satis-
itl faction as if you were in our store In
person, even though yon may live hundreds
of miles uwav from our immen-e clotMng es-
tablishment. Drop us a card, asking for our
package of winter samples and prices and
rules forself-meisurement-which we'll cheer-
fully forward you, Fkee.

We have thousands of customers all over
the South who've never visited us in person,
whom we sell clothing to season after season,
and who are loud in the praises of our system
of fill in"- mail orders, as well as the satisfac-
tion nurVlol him; al ways assures.

Filling mail orders is an art. which we have
acquired by twenty years constant application

Men's Suits, $5.00 up.

Men's Overcoats, $5 00 up.

Boys' Short-Pant Suits, $1.75 up.

o. h berrTy & CO.

The South's Greatest Outfitter?.

KICHMOND, VA.

FARMERS' STOVE.

Buy a wood-burning stove
that will heat, 8,000 cubic
* feet of space and hold Are
He- year around if you put
In a stick of wood every
ten hours. Air tight, no
dust, no dirt, perfectly safe.
Write forcireular, also seel
price-list.
THE HENRY PHLIPPS.
Sectional View." SEED and IMPLEMENT CO..
1 15 and 117 St. Clair St., Toledo, O,

5S0

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

HOW'S THIS!
We offer One Hundred Dollars reward
for any case of Catarrh that can not be
cured "by Hall's Catarrh Cure.

F.'J. CHENEY & CO., Prop's,
Toledo, O.
We, the undersigned, have known F. J.
Cheney for the lust 15 years, and believe
him perfectly honorable in all business
transactions, and financially able to carry
out any obligation made b" their firm.
Wbbt & Tklax, Wholesale Drngg

Toledo, O.
Walihm,, Kixnwn iN: Makvin,

Wholesale Druggists, Toledo, 0.

Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally,
acting directly upon the blood and mu-
cous surfaces of the system Price 75c.
per bottle. Sold by all druggists. Testi-
monials free.

Hall's Family Pills are the best.

but the letters we receive convince
us that it would be well for more of
them to do so. We ask this not
merely for our own convenience,
but as a matter of justice to the ad-
vertisers themselves. They are
worthy of the patronage of our
readers, and we desire to secure it
for them.

Our Clubbing Offers.

Do not fail to consult our club-
bing offers, which will be found in
every issue, before ordering your
newspapers and journals for the next
year. We can save you more money
on two or three journals than will
pay for The Planter for a year. If
you do not find the papers or jour-
nals you want in our list, write us
and we will quote you rates.

MAGAZINES.
The Christmas number of Harper's
Magazine presents a holiday appearance
in its cover of green and go] 1, and the
illusion is not dispelled by an examina-
tion of the contents, beginning with a
frontispiece in color. This frontispiece is
one of eleven illustrations that Howard
Pyle has made for the opening story,
' Old Captain," by Mylea Hemenway.
Other important features are ''The Rescue

of the Winslow," by Lieutenant Ernest
E. Mead, U.S. R. C. 8., illustrated from
drawings by H. Reuterdahl and from
photographs ; " The Coming Fusion of
East and West," by Ernest F. Fenollosa •
" How the Other Half Laughs," by John
Corbin, illustrated by Lucius Hitchcock
and Henry McCartef; "The White For-
est," written and illustrated by Frederic
Remington; and "The Martyrs' Idvl." a
poem by Louise Imogen Guiney, illus-
trated by E. Grasset.

Harper' t Bazaar is the ladies' paper in

s most attractive form.

Harper's Illustrated Weekly should be
taken by all who desire to have a clean,
live, beautifully illustrated weekly paper.
It is always abreast of the times with its
illustrations, and the articles are an edu-
cation in civil and municipal government
on pure methods.

In the American Monthly Review of Re-
runs for December the editor reviews the
November elections, tbe progress of our
peace negotiations with Spain, and other
matters of national and international
moment. Some very suggestive and in-
teresting cartoons from recent issues of
tbe Spanish journals are reproduced.
Mr. William Eleroy Curtis contributes an
interesting sketch of the Dowager Em-
press of China and her activities in the
government of the Celestial empire, to-
gether with a breezy account of recent
political developments in that country.
This magazine is one of the most inter-
esting ones issued for the busy man, as, in
addition to the excellent original articles
which it publishes, it gives copious ex-
tracts from all the leading magazines
both of this and other countries, and thus
keeps one fully posted in current litera-
ture.

Lippincott's complete novel in the'De-
cember issue is " Mrs. Russell's Sister,"
by Annie Eliza Brand. It has its action
mainly in London. Philadelphia a cen-
tury ago is sketched by Kate Mason
Rowland. Babylon the Great is recon-
structed from its ruins by Austin Bier-
bower, who makes that mighty city of
the past live again before us. The other
articles in the number are interesting
ones.

The Christmas Ladies? Hum, Journal

surpasses all expectations in the variety
of its literary contents, in the interest
and excellence of its pictorial features,
and in the wide range of articles aimed to
solve the problems incidental to the holi-
days. There is a notable contribution on
" The First Christmas Present," telling of
the gift of the Magi to the Cbrist Child,
and another recalling "Washington's
Christmas at Valley Forge." Edward W.
Emerson takes oneback to "When Louisa
Alcott was a Girl," and gives some de-
lightful glimpses of her girlhood, her
home and her daily life. F. Hopkmson
Smith's new story", "A Kentucky Cin-
derella," will afford the Journal's readers
great pleasure. It is much in the same
vein as, but infinitely sweeter than, "Col-
onel Carter of Cartersville." Other fiction
features are "Old Pegs" and the continu-
ation of "The Girls of Ciinp A ready "
•' The Minister of Carthage," and " The
Jamesons in tbe Country." As usual,
Edward Bok's editorial pageis filled with
seasonable suggestions, and makes a spe-
cial plea for the remembrance of those
who are alone at Christmas

TheChristinas numberof TheCentury ap

pears m a striking cover, designed byTis-

sot. the famous French artist w ho illustra-
ted the " Life of Christ." The design rep-
resents the visitof the Magi to the Christ-
child, and was printed in colors in Paris.
Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson is
writing his personal story of "The Sink-

Completely Unnerved

A Sufferer with Sick and Nervous
Headaches and Poor Appetite
Finds Complete Relief In Hood's.

" For years I suffered severely at times
with sick and nervous headaches which
completely unnerved me for the next 24
hours. I tried many remedies, tonics and
regulators to no purpose. Seeing hun-
dreds of testimonials of cures by Hood's
Sarsaparilla, I wrote to a lady whose por-
trait and testimonial I saw. She wrote
back that her testimonial was genuine
and unsolicited and she explained the in-
trinsic worth of Hood's Sarsaparilla. I
then purchased a bottle aud began taking
it. My headaches soon began to grow less
frequent and less violent and now they
have stopped entirely. I had a very poor
appetite but since taking Hood's Sarsapa-
rilla I am ready to eat at all times." W.
A. J. Wilkerson, 1001 16th St., Lynch-
burg, Virginia. Get Hood's, because

HOOCl S parilla

Is the Best— in fact the One True Blond Purifier.
Sold by all druggists. Price, SI ; six for $5.

HrtrkH'c Dillc a<e the only pills to take
I1UUU » r I"S> with Hood's Sarsaparilla.

FREE $50 FREE

To the Person Sending us the Best
Name for Our Ueui Tooth Powder.

Each person sending a name must also send
2-5 cents for a sample box of the powder. This
offer is opeu till January 1. 1899. After the
$50.00 is awarded, each one will be notified of
the name selected and the name of the party
who gets the $50.00. Address—

THE BELLE FONTE CO,
P. O. Box No. 676. LOUISVILLE, KY

VIRGINIA -FARMS

For S3.00 an ACRE

and upward, in yearly payments. Interest
6 per cent. Some to exchange, Northern
settlement. List free

GEO E. CRAWFORD £ CO, Richmond.Ya

< FOR SALE >>

A Nice Little Farm of 75 Acres.
Eighteen miles south of Norfolk, Va.,
on Ihe Norfolk and Southern Railroad,
about 200 yards from station, mill, post-
office, school, and three stores. About
ten acres la woods, and sixty-five in
cultivation. Will sell for S8O0.
Apply to W. H. W., care Southern Planter.

VIRGINIA

FARMS!

All prices and sizes.
Free list mi appllottton.

WM. B. 1'IZZIXI CO.. Richmond, Va.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

581

ing of the Merrimac" for The Century,
and the first of his papers appears in this
number. It is illustrated with portraits,
drawings, photographs, maps, plans, etc.
This is the first complete and authorita-
tive story of the manoeuvre, and Lieuten-
ant Hobson will write for no other peri-
odical. Thesecond paper, giving Captain
Charles D. Sigsbee's "Personal Narrative
of the Maine," is devoted to '' The Explo-
sion." Captain Sigsbee describes his own
experience at the time of the wreck, and
states his conviction that the Maine was
blown up by an explosion from the out-
side Professor Wheeler's life of Alex-
ander the Great takes up the young Mac-
edonian's brilliant campaign subduing
the rebellion that followed the assassina-
tion of Philip. Paul Leicester Ford tells
of " Franklin's Physique, Illnesses, and
Medical Theories." The concluding part
of Frank R. Stockton's characteristic
story, "The Vizier of the Two-Horned
Alexander," is even more surprising than
the beginning. Mr. S. D. Colling wood, a
relative of the author of "Alice in Won-
derland," contributes a paper on "Some
of Lewis Carroll's Child Friends," con-
taining many of his inimitable letters to
little girls. Jacob A. Riis describes "The
Passing of Cat Alley," a picturesque New
York slum that has recently disappeared
with the march of improvement. There
are a number of articles appropriate to
the holidav season.

HAVE yflU TUP SWMV1P-RD0T?

This Eminent Physician's Great Discovery Promptly Cnres All
Kidney, Bladder and Uric Acid Troubles.

To Prove its Wonderful Merits Every Southern Planter Reader
May Have a Sample Bottle Sent Free By Mail.

ApplHon's Popular Science Monthly has
as excellent article by Mr. Edward At
kinson on the Possible Wheat Production
of this country. The Jews is the subject
of an interesting article by Prof. Wm. Z.
Ripley. George A. Dorsey describes a
trip up the Skeena river, in British Co-
lumbia. There is also an interesting
popular study on plant physiology, by
Prof. D. T. MacDougall.

The Christmas number of St. MeftoJas
is full of the holiday spirit. The frontis
piece is a striking drawing by Maxtield
Parrish, illustrating a tale by Evaleen
Stein, entitled "The Page of the Count
Reynaurd." This is a story of the song
contests of the troubadours, in the days
of good King RenS, of Provence. Clara
Morris, the eminent actress, contributes a
sketch, full of humor and bright charac
ter portrayal, "My Little 'Jim Crow."
It is the story of a little colored boy that
was once a member of her household,
and of his pranks, his joys, and his sor-
rows. Thomas G. Allen, Jr., who made
a tour around the world awheel several
years ago, and who is one of the authors
of "Across Asia on a Bicycle," tells about
"The Boys of Siberia." He gives a dif-
ferent impression of this land and its
inhabitants from the one usually enter-
tained. Klyda Richardson Steege de-
scribes "Football of Long Ago," pheninda,
as played in ancient Athens; harpattum,
as it was known among the Romans, and
catcio, as the game was called in Florence.
The article is illustrated from old prints
and from photographs.

Say " No " when a dealer offers you a
substitute for Hood's Sarsaparilla. There
is nothing "just as good.'
Hood's.

It is now conceded by eminent scientists
that the most important organs of the
whole body are the kidneys.

They filter your blood, and work away
night and day, whether you sleep or are
awake.

People are apt to believe that kidney
disease is a rather rare disease, but re-
cent discoveries have proven that it is a
most common trouble.

And the proof of this is that most dis-
eases, perhaps 85 per cent., are caused in
the beginning by disorders of the kidneys.
BECAUSE they fail to filter your blood.
You cannot be sick if your blood is
pure— free from kidney poison and dis-
ease-breeding germs.

The treatment of some diseases may be
delayed without danger, not so with kid-
ney disease.

When your kidneys are not doing their
work it will be manifested by pain or
dull ache in the back, rheumatic pains,
sciatica, sediment in the urine, scanty
supply, scalding irritation in passing it,
obliged to go often during the day and
to get up during the night, uric acid,
sleepnessness, nervous irritability, un-
healthy complexion, puff or dark eircles
under the eyes, loss of energy and am-
bition.

If your water, when allowed to remain
undisturbed for twenty-four hours, forms
a sediment or settling, or has a cloudy
appearance, it is evidence that your kid-
neys and bladder need immediate atten-
tion.

Swamp-Root is a vegetable remedy, the
great discoyery of Dr. Kilmer (the emi-
nent kidnev and bladder specialist), and
has truly wonderful restorative powers
over the kidneys. It will be found by
both men and women just what is needed
in all cases of kidney, liver, bladder and
uric acid troubles.

Swamp-Root will set your whole sys-
tem right. .

The best proof of this is a trial, and

nothing could be fairer than the offer to

send a sample bottle of this great remedy

,„ and a book telling all about it, both sent

Get only absolutely free bv mail to any address.

| The great discovery Swamp Root is

so remarkably successful that our readers
are advised to write for a free sample
bottle and to kindly mention the Southern
Planter -when sending their addresses to
Dr. Kilmer & Co., Binghamton, N. Y.

If you are already convinced that
Swamp-Root is what you need, you can
get the regular fifty-cent and one-dollar
bottles at the drug stores.

582

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

BOWSHER

FEED
MILLS.

(Sold*
! Will Crush ear corn <wi

without Bhucka) and
1 any kimJ of miu.11 ninin i
i same rime; mUI..K in an, ,„
i portion. Have conical nhaped
i erlndere. UilTerent from r"
I others.

Lightest Running

and Handiest to Operate.

SIX SIZES— 2 to 25 horse power. One style

lor windwheel use. One style for cotton seed.

(Also make Sweep Feed Grinders.)

R.N. P. BOWSHER CO.

South Bend, Ind.

INDIAN
CHIEF

Corn Sheller.

Made from mal-
leable iron. The
most durable.
Will shell 1 bus.
hi 4 nun. Price
reduced from S.i
to 82. Do not
class the Indian
Chiel wlth95cenl
shelters. All re-
pairs furnished '
free. Write
EXCEL MFG. '
COMr'Y,

Pottersvillc,
N.J.

THE

BOSS FEED MILL

, than any other mid

manufactured. .Snips doubled every year for
the past eight years. Catalogue five." Prices
reasonable. Every mill guaranteed.
WOODCOCK FOUNDRY & MACHINE WORKS,

CHILLICOTHE, OHIO.

to do your own L
lug if you have a mill-
that docs not take iLc
profit for repairs. A
French Itnlir mill,
is thoonlymill to useon

the farm for all kinds of grinding. Built to )
last. Do fine work. Large capacity. Less)
power. Easiest to take care of, 1 letter tret >
one. It will pay. Scud for new book on .Mills S
and sample meal.
N0BDTKI5 & D VKMON CO., Flour Mill PM

805 Way St., Inttlanapoll-. Ind

FOR SALE!

Two-Horse Sweep Power.
Ross' Triple Geared.

Good as New. Will Exchange for Live Stock.
Address M, care Southarn Plantar.

KEPORTS.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. Experiment Station
Record. Vol. X. No. 3.
Division of Agrostology. Bulletin 15.
A Report upon the" Forage Plants
and Forage Resources of the Gulf
States.
Bureau of Animal Industry. National

and State Dairy Laws.
Division of Entomology. The Chinch

Bug.
Office of Road Inquiry. Circular 31.
Must the Farmer Pay for Good
Roads?
Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn,
Ala. Bulletin 97. Dairy and Milk
Inspection.
Colorado Expei inient Station, Fort Col-
lins, Col. Bulletin 49. Meteorology
of 1897, with Illustrations.
Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.
Bulletin 152. Studies in Milk Secre-
tion.
Bulletin 153. Impressions of our Fruit
Growing Industries.
Delaware Experiment Station, Newark,
Del. Bulletin 41. Pea Curing in
Delaware.
Florida Experiment Station, Lake City,
Fla. Bulletin 4(i. The Strawberry
Thrips and the Union Thrips.
Idaho Experiment Station, Moscow,
Idaho. Bulletin 14. Twelve of Idaho's
Worst Weeds.
Bulletin 15. Report for Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1898. Miscellaneous
Information.
Illinois Experiment Station, Urbana, III.
Bulletin 53. The Chemistry of the
Corn Kernel.
Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Me.

Bulletin 45. Fertilizer Inspection.
Minnesota Experiment Station, St. An
thony Park, Minn. Bulleton 59. Fat-
tening Lambs and Wethers in Win-
ter.
Bulletin 60. Beef Cattle and Swine.
New Hampshire Experiment Station,
Durham, N. H. Bulletin 53. The
Farm Water Supply.
Bulletin 54. The Winter Food of the
Chickadee.
North Carolina Experiment Station, Ra-
leigh, N. C. Report of the Director
for 1897 and 1898.
Bulletin 151. The Fertilizer Control for
1897.
Pennsylvania Experiment Station, State
College, Pa. Bulletin 43. Applesin
Pennsylvania.
South Carolina Experiment Station,
Clemson College, S. C. Bulletin 36.
Diseases of Plants.
Bulletin 37. Wheat.
Virginia State Weather Service, Rich
rnond, Va. Report for October, 1898.

BOOKS.

" Principles of Plant Culture." An ele-
mentary treatise designed as a text-book
for beginners in agriculture and horticul-
ture, by G. S. Gotf, Professor of Horticul-
ture in the University of Wisconsin. This
is a most useful and valuable work for
the farmer, trucker and gardener, being
full of hints and advice on the propaga-
tion and growth of plants of all kinds
derived from practical experience and
sustained by scientific principles.

THIS MILL

h" wish :,*tronjr, dur

Cir.ulai
i>«. Write »t one.

STAR MFC. CO.

80Di-oot St. Mm Lexington, O.

Latest Improved Triple
Geared Cob and Grain Giinder.
A Powerful Two Horse Machine
Grinding Rings go four limes'
around to one turn of team; grinds
at a rapid rate Has been thor-
oughly tesled and proves to have
no equal in any respect.
Sold direct to farmer.

T. L Phillips, mfr.
aurora, ill.

a_cdrdanhour r° WE1

Sawyt

! NO BACK ACHE.

weight dc

tin- work. Fasti
cheapest mid best
one-man

the w.irl,]. Cuts'
a^. both ways.
Agents Wanted. Ask for Catalogue R

FAMOUS MFC. CO., CHICAGO, ILL

CHICAGO

CORN

SHELLER

SI.

Send us one dollar and we
will send you a corn .ht-lk-p
that will shell corn as well as
the more expensive machines
on the market. 'Mention thw
papor.l ll.nl. ,n .V- Ilutibrll.
68-60 Fulton St., t'lilciiEO.

The EXCEL CRINDINC MILL

For grinding corn, corn
ears. oat>, millet, and
any food substances.
Quit paying toiland buy
the best mill ninde. Try
it In competition with
any othei mill made.

Testimonials and all
about it free. Address

EXCEL MFG. CO.,
Pottersville, N.J.

0

ET MORE EGGS. How?

right in the middle of th? win".
when cpga are worth mosi m-i..-\ .

DANDY CreenBone
■£nU«l Cutters

wither without gear are Hit I.....I
machines tor preparing bone for
fowls. Cut lunt. turn easy.

C:it-ii-^u. jir,,| prWs free.

STRATT0H&. OSBORNE

Uo»j;,i.rle, l"a.

FOR SALE!

We offer at about ONE-HALF ITS COST a No. 2

KEYSTONE

Which has been used only one season
and Is in perfect order.
Can be seen atom- warehouse, 1518 and 1520
Franklin Street, Richmond.
Correspondence solicited.

THE WATT PLOW CO.,

Box 147. RICHMOND, VA.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

583

8-FOOT WIND MILLS

(Oiling Unrequired.)

With 30-foot Tower, $33.

ONE-HORSE WAGONS $2.5 00

Latest lmprovedSpringToothHarrows, 14 00

Sweep or Power FEED MILLS 15 00

CORN PLANTERS 32 00

DISC HARROWS 17 oo

TWO-HORSE FARM WAGONS 41 00

Correspondingly low figures on other ma-
chinery. Also on Alfalfa Seed, Cow Peas, and
all other seeds. Also on Drain Tile, and on
Building and Roofing Paper, Pumps, etc.

FARM SUPPLY CO.,

STAUNTON, VA.

WE

SELL

DffiECT

Special Dcicti

write
Direct To

5 2 Bond St.

CASTBEEcSHAvCgMf^hrH0

WILDER'S SWING STANCHION.

Steel latch: Auto-
matic lock. Adjusts it-
sell' when open, so ani-
mal cannot turn it in
iiarking nut. Safest
and Quickest Fasten-
ing made. Send for tes-
timonials & catalogue
if Feed Mills, Feed Cut-
lers, Feed shredders,
Horse Powers, Steel
Laud Rollers, Ac.

J. K. WILDER & SONS, Monroe. Mich.

SCOTT'S

JFECT SWINGI

Mention Suuthe

Each cow shuts

herself in place.
Circulars free.
3. C. SCOTT,

83 Beach street.

Bridgeport, Conn,
'l Planter.

THE CHAIN HANGING

CATTLE STANCHION.

ml, II'

The most practical and ha
vented. Gives perfect fi '
tratcd Circular and price

Manufactured by O. II. ROBERTSON
Forest

I Meat Brookad in a few hours hnu
I KRAUSERS- LIQUID EXTRACT OF SMOKE.
I Made from hickory wood. Cheaper, cleaner.
st, aDd surer than the old mi. s nd for
ar. E. KKAlsEKA- UJJO., Hilton, Pa,

HUNTERS and TRAPPERC
ATTENTION W

We Pay the Highest Price for Raw Furs.

Send to J. K. WEBSTEE & CO.,
Norwalk, Ohio.

The Youth's Companion is probably
the only periodical in the world seventy-
two years of age, whose first subscriber "is
still living and still a constant reader of
the paper. The subscriber who enjoys
this unique distinction is Mrs. Hannah
M. Parsons, of Brooklyn, New York, now
in her eighty-fifth year. She was the lit-
tle sister of a friend of Nathaniel Willis.
father of N. P. Willis, the poet, and
founder of The Youth's Companion. When
Mr. Willis had resolved upon publishing
a new paper for young people, his friend
had him put down his sister's name as
the first subscriber. The Companion' t
first issue was dated April 16, 1827, and
for more than seventy years this first sub-
scriber has continued to read and enjoy
it. The volume for 1S99 will be the best
The Companion has ever published. The
most popular of living writers will give
the best work of their best hours to the
entertainment of the hundreds of thou
sands of households in which The Youth's
Companion is every week a welcome
guest. New subscribers will receive all
the remaining issues of 1898 free from
the time of subscription, and the heauti-
ful Companion Calendar for 1S09— the
most beautiful one ever given to Compan-
ion readers — in addition to The Compan-
ion for fiftv-two weeks, a full year, to
January, 1900.

The YouTn's Companion,
211 Columbus Avenue. Boston, Mass.

LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE, 1899.
Thirty second Axni'al Announcement.

Lippincolt's is always distinctly popu-
lar in the character of its literature. It
is not a newspaper, a school book, nor a
pictorial. Having no illustrations, itgives
all its space to useful or entertaining
reading-matter. Admitting no serials,
each number and each article is complete
in itself. It therefore appeals especially
to the increasing number of persons who
object to stories "to be continued in our
next."

It will continue to pursue its well-
known course, retaining the feature which
made it specially attractive, a Complete
Novel in each issue.

As heretofore, more regard will be paid
to the substance and style of contributions
than to their signatures, and the work of
new writers, when marked by intrinsic
merit and practical availability, will be
presented as cheerfully as that of authors
whose reputation was long ago made.

We cannot announce the entire pro-
gramme for the year, because Lippincott's
is always open, not only to new contribu-
tors, but on occasion to the speedy use of
their compositions: whereas, a detailed
prospectus means that a magazine is com-
mitted to the stories announced far ahead.
Lippincott's Magazine, Philadelphia, Pa.

IT DID THE WORK.

" I had sore eyes and was troubled with
chills and rheumatism. I was in bed
three weeks. I bought three bottles of
Hood's Sarsaparilla and began taking the
medicine, and now I can goto work every
day. When suffering from malarial chills
I took Hood's Sarsapa'illa. and it did the
work." W. W. HEnmcK,

Silver Hill, N. C.

Hood's Pills are the only pills to take
with Hood's Sarsaparilla. 25c.

Tested
and True.

Wood's Seeds

The Best for the South.

Twenty years* experience enables
us to offer the best of everything
in seeds for the Southern Farm-
er and Gardener.

Vegetable 0 Flower Seeds,
Grass and Clover Seeds,
Seed Potatoes, Seed Grain,

And all Garden and Farm Seeds.

Wood's Seed Book, giving the
most successful ways of growing
all crops, and full information
about Seeds, mailed free upon
request. Write for it.

T.W.Wood & Sons,

SEEDSMEN, Richmond, 1

,Va.

The Largest Seed
House in the
South.

X

CABOT'S CREOSOTE
FENCE PAINT

Preserves Fences, Sheds. Coop^,
Barns and all rough wood work
Handsome, durable colors and costs
only 50c. per gallon. "Creosote is
the best wood preservative known."
This makes the paint especially
valuable in the South.

Send for a Color Card.

SAMUEL CABOT,

66 Kilby St., Boston, flass.

rolled by my

...WHALE-OIL SOAP...

gallon of water will
tier ISpraying.
The Soap

One to two ounces to a
be found sufficient for
Endorsed by Experiment stations,
contains Organic Potash, and has a distinct
value as a Fertilizer as well as an Insecticide
Destroys many forms of insects. 60-ID Keq
f.o. b. cars at Philadelphia, for $' 5n Send
for Information. JAMKs Good, 511-518 Ran-
dolph Street, Philadelphia, Pa,

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business OLtice.

584

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[December

After Being on the Market TEN YEARS,

The ACME Engine Still Leads

For Churning,
Cutting & Grind-
ing Feed, Filling
Siloes, Sawing
Wood, Elevating
Water, and all
Farm and Gene-
ral Uses where

smiill Power is
Required.

No skilled Engi-
neer required.

Corn Splitting Machines.

, The best feed on earth to fatten.
I old or young. Write for free circular.
POINDEXtER MANUF. CO.. Indianapoli*. Ind.
Please mention this paper when writing.

HORSE POWERS l\l?^gs

eL

And One and Two-horse Threshing oultils.
Level Tread I'at. Governor. Feed and Ensilage
CUTTErtS. Circular Free.

PEA-NUT THRESHER AND CLEANER

THREE SIZES.

The Keystone Pea-Nut Thresher and Cleaner
made a lasting impression on all who saw it
work last season by the superior manner in
which it removed the nuts from the vine,
separated the broken nuts from t lie whole
nnesand deposited each in separate vessels.
No grower of pea-mils can afford to he with-
out one. Apply to Ashlon Starke. Richmond,
Va. ; Geo. C. Burgess, Hurgess, Vu. ; llariis-
Dlllard Hardware Co., Blaokstone, Va.— Agta.
ELLIS KEYSTONE AGR'L WORKS,
Pottstown, Pa.

No Place Like Home

for domestic sinimalB. Horses, cattle, sheep, Iiol-h,
pniillo-ull line to num. ••Moral hiiimun" u.nri
stop Mi. -in. Tliere'sjio "pi-isiiiuler" like 1'iiice

PA(.!V:1\V('lVl>\ril!l'i'r\(E('O..ADKIA>. Midi.

OOULTRY.3l»E*D THESE PRICES

P.V.VV- " » g| ;,; ,n. wide, 150 ft. long, roll, $2.25

> >. - ';. :i;l is- •• 15 3 00

fifffegjgtlltfgifP Other widths in proportion.
NETTINGmS Dow Wire WorktCo,, Louisville, K)r.

PAINT TALKS-XI.

WHAT TAINT MANUFACTURERS KNOW.

Paint manufacturers, like everybody
else, are in business to make money.
Money is made in the paint business by
meeting the demand of the public, which
demand includes convenience, beauty,
economy and durability. The most suc-
cessful paint manufacturers are those who
have succeeded in meeting most fully all
of these requirements and in convincing
consumers that they have so met tbem.
In order to meet the puhlic demand
and to protect their trade, which is con-
tinually menaced by the enterprise of
alert competitors, paint manufacturers
must understand the properties of pig-
ments, oils and vehicles, and must know
how to meet successfully new require
ments and new conditions. Hence, every
well-conducted paint factory is a vast
chemical and physical laboratory, in
which new facts are continually seized
upon and embodied in the products of
the house, even if they are not published
to the world.

In the course of these investigations
and tests, pursued incessantly for years,
all paint manufacturers have discovered
certain fundamental facts, which are now
of common knowledge among them, and
which are embodied by all of them in
their better grades of paints. They all
know the importance of pure linseed oil
and realize that satisfactory paints cannot
be made with any substitute for it. Con-
sequently, in all the better grades of paint
onlv pure linseed oil is used, without
alkalies or adulterants. They also know
that the use of zinc white in a paint ena-
bles it to carrv a higher percentage of oil
and that its chemical stability permits it
to be combined with many brilliant
colors that are destroyed by other pig-
ments; and they know that zinc white
in a paint, besides giving brighter and
more lasting tints than can be other
wise produced, preserves the less stable
pigments from destruction, and thus adds
to the durability of any paint of which it
forms a part.

All of these facts, which are known to
every paint manufacturer, are of the
greatest value where the competition is
so great as in the paint trade, and upon
them all successful high grade paints are
based. Some manufacturers combine
their zinc white and oil with white lead,
others with barytes, others with sulphate
of lime, others' with whiting, and still
others with combinations of these mate-
rials ; but upon the pure oil and the zinc
white they rely for the prime essentials
of beauty, economy and durability, and
all first class combination paints embody
these essentials.

Combination paints differ from one an-
other in detail, and upon these differences
the claims of their manufacturers for
superiority are based ; but all agree unan
imously in the claim that any good com-
bination paint is better in all respects
than any "straight" paint that can be
made.

It is for the consumer of paints to profit
by the knowledge of these paint manu-
facturers, and when selecting paints, to
see, first that they bear the name of a
reputable house, and second, that they
contain zinc white, pure linseed oil, and
the necessary dryers. Stanton Dublky.

THIS IMPROVED

VICTOR Incubator

MiluielT

HOOK ON-CUT OFF

^■uwijSBa

c Quiet, Orderly, Gentle and Safe

ted. highest awards Wn

for free circulars and price
A. C. IS KOMI*. Co*

TheFARQUHAR

"" "^PATENT VARIABLE
i FRICTION! FEED

Medal and Highest Award at World's Columbian Eipoiitii

SAW MILL & ENGINE

BEST SET WORKS IN THE WORLD. Warranted the best

nutJp. Shinclc Mill-. Mncliinfrv, aud Sum. lard Afiricultural
Implement* nr Rest Qurtlitv at lowest price*. Illus. Cat«lO(C.

A. B. FARQUHAR CO., Ltd., YORK, PA.

AMERICAN FENCE

it

IT

n

1

n

fi

if

M

I 1

n

> <

> I

i'i

1 1

\ ■!-

Wb

Ibb

•

i—.

.:.r

=r:-

is not better than the best on
earth because- IT IS THE BEST

Showing locking of
stays with

These tension curve
are two
special
feat-
ures that make this
fence so superior to
all others — see cuts.

Made of HEAVY galvanized Bessemer
Steel wire — will turn any stock un-
harmed, while fence remains as sound
and rigid as ever.

' If voiir il.-nler AlH* not .pll II, II I- mntiiifnottiri-it liy

AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE CO.. PITTSBURGH, PA.

1898.]

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

585

FARMERS' CANVAS COVHRS

OF WATERPROOF OR PLAIN DUCK.
Stack, Wagon, Agricultural Implement. Ac.
Covers for all purposes. HOKSE COVERS,
Waterproof or Plain Duck. TENTS for Fairs,
Shows, &c. Sportsmen's Canvas Goods. Cir-
culars, Samples, Ac. HENRY HERBY.

124 Chambers St., New York.

The "JUST RIGHT" Ear Mark.

For STOCK. Just large enough,
light and simple; it don't pull
or come out. 100 Ear Marks, with
tools and Register Book, only
S3; with numbers. $3.50. Send fo
Samples and be satisfied. Address
H. C. STOLL, Beatrice. Nebraska.

You Send No Money

Until Goods Arrive.
\ll Steel and Iron but the
>ole. Easily handled by
ivvo horses. Send for de-
livery prices on all sizes.
Disc Harrows, Lever
Harrows, 11-foot Seeders.
EMPIRE MFG CO . 10 River Street, Sterling III.

For POULTRYMEN ^

The "DAISY" BONE CUTTERS

The Best in the World.
'Gem" Clover Cutter. The $5
Shell and Corn Mill, Farm Feed

Hills, Power Mills.
iend for Circular and Testimonials.

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa.

IRON ROOFING.

BRAND NEW.S1.50 PER SQUARE.

Just purchased entire product of a mill and will
close out at above price until sold. Place your
orders now. CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.,

Purchasers of West 35th & Iron Sts.

World's Fair Buildings; Chicago Post Office Building.
Send for our General Catalotrue of Merchandise for
Home, Farm and Field. Our Prices are ;2 of Otheri.

i he Purchase of our

FEED COOKER

will pay the Farmer, Stock Kaiser
.md liairyman more profit on
theinvestmeuttlianany article
on the farm. Send for circu-
lar and prices of the best.
HENION & HUBBELL,

6I-C9 N. J,.|>r.„n SI., Chicago, III.

Parchment

ELLIOT'S or^eTTTe HALF A

LLLIUI U will send half REAM

a ream, 8x 11,

free.ifthey will

forward 30c. to

pay postage.
HIITTfH Try the BEST

fJU I I Butter Wrapper and avoid

imitations.

PAPFR A. G. ELLIOTiCO.

I HI Lll Manufacturers. Philadelphia. Pa.

FREE

in every county to sell our
._ lubricating oilstothe farmers
planters, mills, etc. Those having a mile
spare time occasionally could not put it in to
better a.: vantage. Also makes an excellent
Bide line tor traveling men. We pav a liberal
commission and furnish sample case free
For particulars, address THE VICTOR OIL
Co., c kveland, Ohio.

CAPT. M. B. ROWE'S RETURN.

We are glad to learn that Capt. M. B.
Rowe, of Fredericksburg, Va. , has re-
turned from war, and is now doing busi-
ness at the old stand. His attention now,
as formerly, will be devoted to his live
stock breeding. His local paper has this
to sav of him at the outbreak of the war:

" Capt. Maurice B. Rowe, though op-
posed to the war until it was declared,
and nearly 4S years of age, is recruiting
his company to the full limit of 84, to go
to war and to wherever in or out of the
United Slates he may be required as an
officer to go. What an example to some
young men who, having advocated the
war, have not yet volunteered to follow
where Captain Rowe is willing to lead.
Capt. Rowe has many business interests
on hand, and probably no one in our
community, from a business standpoint,
will give up more than Capt Rowe by
following what seems to him the clearly
marked path of duty. In doing this, he
has not fluttered around, as some old
men, who, like chickens with their heads
off, have told what they intended and
expected to do, thus furnishing much
amusement to the boys, when, in fact,
they had about as much expectation of
flying as they had of enlisting to fight,
But chin music is cheap.

"There will not be among the Virginia
volunteers a truer heaitor a braver spirit
than that of Maurice B. Rowe, and we
predict that if the war lasts any time he
will soon rise above a Captaincy." — Free
Lance.

FEED GRINDERS.
The Star Manufacturing Company,
New Lexington, Ohio, offer in another
column a mill for which they make very
strong claims. Our readers are invited
to write for a full description, prices, and
testimonials of users.

ST. OMER JERSEYS.

Mr. J. T. Hoopes, Bynum, Md., owner
of the " St. Omer" herd, offers in another
column some choice Exile and Signal
bulls — also some fine large 4-gallon cows.
All of his stock is Tuberculin tested. We
commend our readers to Mr. Hoopes for
some choice stock.

Tne PiEDNroNT Section is
the greatest in the State
for fruit, stock and grain.
Climate, by Oovernment statistics, in the
best belt in the United States. Pure water
abundant everywhere. Near the great
markets. Educational and railroad facili-
ties unsurpassed. For further informa-
tion, address, Sam'l B. Woods,

Charlottesville, Va.

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
The forty-first annual meeting of this
Society will be held in Stone's Hall, Co-
lumbia, Mo., December 6, 7 and 8, 1S9S.
The annual gathering of this Society is
always an enjoyable and instructive one.
For information, write N. F. Murray,
President, Oregon, Mo., or L. A. Good-
man, Secretary, Westport, Mo.

The Potash
Question.

A thorough study of the sub-
ject has proven that crop fail
ures can be prevented by using
fertilizers containing a large
percentage of Potash ; no
plant can grow without Potash.

We have a little book on the subject of
Potash, written by authorities, that we
would like to send to every farmer, free of
cost, if he will only write and ask for it.

QERflAN KALI WORKS,

93 Nassau St., New Vork.

ftF I R E &MARINE tt

RICHMOND, VA.

ASSETS.

$750,000.

DIRECTORS I

Wm. H Palmer, D. O. Davis,

E. B. Addison, E J. Willis,

Thomas Potts, Wm. Josiah Leake,

W. Otto Nolting.

WM. H. PALMER,
W. H. MCCARTHY,

President.
Secretary.

Elegant Sewing

Machinesu"Z?"u,l

S. A ELY MFG CO.. 391 State St . Chicago, II

...CHEAP FARM

Of 105 acres, all open. One mile from Peters-
burg, Va.. Chesterfield county. Good build-
ings, brick; fine orchard; vineyard; good
dairy and slock farm. S2,800; cost SJ.300.

Address L. H. C, Southern Planter.

5S6

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

WANTED*

A SITUATION, bv a married man
(English). Understands the manage-
ment of all classes or stock, use of Sepa-
rator—Babcock test— etc. Good butter
maker. Address HERDSMAN, Occo-
neeenee Farm. Hillsboro. X. C.

W A N T E n By January 1,1 899

A WHITE FAMILY, to work at my country
h'mie. where we have city conveniences, as
gas. water in house and laundry, etc. The
lamilv to include a man and three women, or
large girls. The man to attend to my driving
horses, my garden and furnace, and make
himself generally useful about the house and
grounds. One woman to cook and attend to
the fowls: the other two to wash and iron, do
the house-work and wait at table, attend to
the milk and make the butter, hut not do the
milking. Address at once, giving reference
and wages wanted.

WALTER RANDOLPH CRARBE.

Hague, Westmoreland Co., Va.

=FOR SALEU

A Registered Yearling Berkshire Boar

Weighing about .rw lbs.,
kind, gentle and vigorous ?>1'>.

A Beautiful Lot of Roars ...

Ready for service, weighing 100 lbs. or

more, and young sows about same weight,

ready to breed, at S10 each.

BronzeTurkeys-single.SS; pairs, $5; trio, ST.

Pekin Ducks, !1 each. Light Brahma and

Plymouth Rock Fowls at low prices.

Bf. B ROWE A CO.,

FREDERICKSBURG, VA.

SWIFT CREEK STOCK AND DAIRY FARM.

jjLmmIX*

We call attention in this issue of the
Planter to a cut of the kind of stock Mr.
J. F. Lewis raises at Lynnwood, in the
great Shenandoah Valley. He does not
patronize any but the best sires, and the
matrons on the Lvnnwood Stock Farm are
the best of their kind. He keeps three
stallions, and breeds his beet Percheron
mares to a son of the noted Brilliant and
a son of Picador II, both imported, and
each "tips the beam" at something over
a ton.

His light-legged mares are bred to a
Kentucky saddle stallion, Gen. Miles by
Black Squirrel, and some to the purebred
Hackney, "Sir Roger," son of Cadet.

His 'Jerseys are first class, and the
Berkshire hogs on this farm are unsur-
passed in the East in point of breeding,
etc.

All stock on this farm are given first-
class attention, and a change of blood
made every two years in the "hog line."
If you need anything in this line, go to
the farm or write Mr L. describing what
you »ant, and he will be glad to give you
prices or answer any questions in regard
to stock.

SWIFT CREEK STOCK AND DAIRY
FARM.
Mr. T. P. Braswell, Battleboro, N. C.
the proprietor of this farm, offers some
bargains in his advertisement elsewhere
in this issue. One hundred and fifty
young thoroughbred Jersey bulls and
heifers, of the " bluest blood." are in his
herd, and the choice of which is for sale.
This farm also breeds Poland China
swine and now offers pigs for sale. Write
for what vou want.

THOROUGHBRED

JERSEY HEIFERS

and BULLS.

FOR SALE AT HARD PAN PRICES.
Blood of the famous Stoke Pogis, St.
Lambert and Coomassle blended. Paying
special attention to breeding my cattle, I have
reached a degree of excellence not surpassed
by any herd in the State. POLAND-CHINA
Pigs always on hand. Write for what you want
T. P. BRASWELL, Prop., Battleboro, N. C.

OiK GROVE HERD OF RERKSHIRES

Headed by Barker's Choice 1301— the greatest
show and breeding boar south of the Ohio
river. Ably assisted by Imported Patriot 3653.
Our sows are prize winners and of the best
blood and individuality. We nave no S-VOJ
ii our prices arc the cheapest, consider-
in. >f shirk. We also breed bent strain
ot SHORTHORN CATTLE. Prize Winning
WHITE and BARREL! PLYMOUTH ROCK,
MAMMOTH HKOXZK TURKEYS & PEKIN
DUCKS Wo record all hogs and cattle free.

and guarantee everything to be as repre-
sented. Write us for catalogue and prices.

L. N. JORDAN <£ SONS,
p. o. box 7. Oakland. Kr.

Mention Southern Planter.

COTTAGE VALLEY STOCK FARH.

THOKOUGHBKBD KSSEN HOfiS.

Pigs. 8 to 10 weeks old, Sin enrh. or f 18 a pair.

Also a first-class Steel Full Circle Baling

Press, good as new, for sale.

W. M. Watkins, Proprietor, Rnndolph/Va.

FENCING

For Poultry, half cost of
Netting. Also best Farm
Yard, Cemetery Fences,
Iron Posts, Gates, etc. I
eight paid. Catalogue free
K. L. SHELLABAftQER, 37 F. St., Atlanta. Oa.

The twelfth annual exhibition of the
East Carolina Fish, Oyster, Game and
Industrial Association will be held at
New Bern, X. C, February 20th to 25th,
1809.

The twentieth annual meeting of the
Ontario (Can.) Agricultural Experimental
Union will be held at the Ontario Agri-
cultural College, Guelph. Can., on Decem-
ber 7th, 8th and 9th, 189S.

The National Hay Association sends us
report of the sixth annual meeting, held
at Buffalo. New York, August 9th, 10th
and 11th, 1898.

BRONZE MEDAL.
We are much gratified to learn that the
Watt Plow Co . of this city, was awarded
a bronze medal for their celebrated 'Watt
Plow" at the South Carolina Agricultural
and Mechanical Society fair, which was
held recently at Columbia, The compe-
tition for this medal was keen, and among
those who were compelled to acknowl-
edge the superiority of the "Watt Plow"
was the Oliver Chilled. We congratu-
late our townsmen on their success.

When you write to an advertiser,
always mention the Southern Planter.

riLSTON FARM

' JERSEY HERD.

(OVER 300 IN NVIMBERi

Will sell these fine calves at low prices

They are bred and selected to head

Milking Jersey Herds.

No. 88...

Dropped Jul," 4th. Almost pure St. Lam-
bert. Darn is -'Exile's Bogota."

No. 93 . . .

Dropped August 29th. Bya son of "Pedro,
out of a daughterof Matilda's Stoke Pogls.

No. 94 . . •

Dropped Sept. 14th. By " Peter A." A St.
Lambert bull never beaten in show ring.
Thedani has twice been prizewinner, lnls
is her .second can: with first she made
812-5 lbs. Now milking over 40 lbs. dally.
Cult has some white.
We also have BERKSHIRRS . . .

Of the best type of large English hog.
For Prices and Pedigrees, address

ASA B. GARDINER, Jr., Treas. and Mgr,

OLENCOE, BALT. CO.. MP.

FOR. SALE!

A Fine Lot of PIGS sired hy a son of J. H.
Sanders, also by a son of "LO'iK ME ON ER.
Pi»s not akin can be furnished. A splendid
lofof sows, elegantly bred, daughters of
Klever's Model, Chief Teeumseh 2d. and
Zenith Chief. Every breeder of Poland-Chinas
knows that the five hogs named have sold for
thousands or dollars. You can buy now for
one-third of western prices. Also a few regis-
tered Shropshire Bucks.
ARR0WHEA0 STOCK FARM. Charlottesville. Va.
Sam'l B. Wooos, Proprietor.

BIRD'S NEST HERD

Nice lot of spring pigs of --J

both sexesandgilts. bred^^a

to a son of Chief Teeumseh 2d. Correspond-
ence and inspection invited.

G. C. BIRD, Cropfes, K.Y.

EACLE POINT FARM.

BERKSHIRE PIGS

ELIGIBLE TO REGISTRY.

Bred from the Choicest Boars and Sows.

Three Months Old. S7: Pair. $12.

■\Vm. B.NVithers, Roane's. Gloucester. Co..Va.

ELLERSLIE FARM^^
Thorouahbred Horses

AND SHORTHOEX CATTLE,
Pure Southdown Sheep
and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R- J- HANCOCK,

Overton, Albemarle Co , Va.

SHROPSHIRES.

Flock headed by 325 lb.
ram. Rams, lambs, year-
lings and two year- Ids.
C-EsTEh WfltES Show

pi^s Alt slock eligible
to record. NVrile for cir-
! cular and save money.

S. SPRAGUE, Falconer, N. Y.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

587

J3

FINELY-BRED

JACKS and
ENNETS

W. E. KNIGHT & CO.

chickens of the following breeds :

S. C. B. Leghorns, B. P. Rocks,
White Brahmas.

Also two Mammoth Bronze Gobblers.
Mrs. JNO. F. PAYXE, University of Va.

CLAIRMONT DAIKY FARM.

White Wyandottes.
B. P. Rocks.

Stock Bred for Utility Purposes.

Have a few vigorous farm-raised

.. COCKERELS ..

left. Also a few

BUFF WYANDOTTES.

WALTER WATSON, Salem, Va.

TURF, FIELD AND FARM,
"The Gentleman's Newspaper'"
The ablest conducted and most reliable
I in per devoted to Horse, Dog and Gun in
the United States; will publish the best
reports of Racing. Trotting, Kennel and
Shooting news at Richmond and in Addi-
son county and vicinity. Order from
your newsdealer, or address Turf, Field
and Farm, 42 Times Building, New York.

We are in receipt of the journal of pro-
ceedings of the National Pure Food and
Drug Congress, held in Washington, D. C,
March 2, '■), 4 and 5, 189S, and enclosing
notice of a meeting to be held in Wash-
ington, D. C, on January 18th, 19th, 20th
and 21st, 1899. Further information can
be had from A. J. Wedderburn, Cor. Sec'y,
Washington, D C.

DISC HARROWS.
The Empire Mfg. Co., of Sterling, 111.,
make a liberal offer to farmers in another
column of these harrows. Their popu-
larity is demonstrated by the increasing
demand, which is so great that the above
firm had to vacate their old factory at
Rock Falls and go into larger quarters in
Sterling. Write them before buying.

MILLS, SHELLERS, &c

We invite the attention of our readers
to the advertisements of the Excel Mfg.
Co., Pottersville, N. J. This firm offers
superior mills for grinding corn, corn
ears, millet, and other grains. Their
"Indian Chief" Corn Shelter is an excel-
lent one and cheap. Write for prices, etc.

BESKSHTOE, Chester Whit*
Jersey Red & Poland China
PIGS. Jersey, Guernsey* Hoi*
stein Cuttle. Thoroughbred
Sheep, Fancy Pool try. Hunting
„ and House Dogs. Catalogue.
ochranville- Chester Co., Pa.

Jersey Cattle, Berkshire

Hogs. Light Brahma Chickens.

STOCK FOR SALE.

A. H- WHITE, Breeder, Rock pill, S. C.

St. Omer Herd..

JERSEYS...

Large strong cows. Perfect udders,
good teats. Four-gallon cows the
rule, not the exception. Choice lot
of Exileand Signal bulls now ready
for service.
All Stock Tuberculin Tested.

JOS. T. HOOPES, BYNUM, MO.

FILE.

Your SOUTHERN
PLANTERS

WE HAVE A FEW MORE
BINDERS LEFT.

~- Price, 25 Cents.

SOUTHERN PLANTER,
Richmond, Va.

^LYNNWOOD STOCK FAKM-4

LYNNMOOD, \£TZ.

Hackney Grades, Pure-Bred and Grade Percherons, Saddle Horses

N. St ini. R. R.

Jersey Cattle and Berkshire Hogs.

JOHN F. LEWIS, Proprietor.

588

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

[December

BEST WAY TO SMOKE MEAT.

LIQUID EXTRACT OF SMOKE MAKES THE
KF, HOUSE OCT OF DATE.

Thousands of people
in all parts of the coun-
try have abandoned
smoke-houses and now
use Liquid Extract of
Smoke for smoking hams, beef,
sausages and all meats that were
formerly smoked by fire. The
Extract of Smoke is made by E.
Krauser & Brother, of Milton,
Pa. It is a pure, clean extract of
hickory wood, containing exactly
the same properties of the wood that
cure the meat by smoking, only, being in
a liquid form, it is applied in a few mo-
- instead of requiring days. Liquid
Extract of Smoke has been found to keep
meats sweeter and finer flavored than the
old way, and it also keeps them entirely
free from insects. Circulars will be sent
free.

HIGHLANDS STOCK FARM.
The attention of our readers is asked
to the offerings of the above farm in an-
other column. Mr. E. B Wilson, the
proprietor, advises us that he has a supe-
rior lot of stock now ready for delivery
and at right prices.

DORSET HORX SHEER

The next annual meeting of the Dorset
Horn Sheep Breeders' Association of
A merica will be held at the Seventh Ave.
Hotel. Pittsburg, Pa., January 10th, 1899.
The Executive Committee will meet at 9
A. M. and the regular meeting will open
at 2 P. M. The Association was organ-
ized at this hotel seven years ago on the
31st of last March. During the past seven
years the organization has introduced
Dorsets into 38 States, and to-day has 659
flocks under its care. By States, the As-
sociation is represented as follows :

Canada 18, Arkansas 1, Connecticut 31,
California 1. Delaware 4, Georgia 2, Illi-
nois 18, Indiana 22. Iowa 6, Kansas 2,
Kentuckv 7. Louisiana 2, Maine 11.
Rhode Island 3, South Dakota 2, Tennes-
see 7, Texas 1, Vermont 15, Virginia 28,
West Virginia 14. Wisconsin 23, Wyo-
ming 3. Utah 1. North Dakota 1, Man-
land 20, Massachusetts 15. Michigan 24,
Minnesota 9, Missouri 8, Montana 2, Ne-
braska 3. New Hampshire 7, New Jersey
15, New York 153. North Carolina 8, Ohio
69. Oregon 1, Pennsylvania 99.

The Association has issued 4.108 certi-
ficates and 2.421 transfers for Vol. Ill of
the flock-book. The only importation
made during the vear was by Hon. John
A. MrGillivray, President of the Asso-
ciation. Ten new members were added
and the business increased fully one-third
over the past year. The afternoon meet-
ing will be addressed by a number of
shepherds who have given the Dorset
careful study and have proved themselves
to be successful breeders of our favorites.
Hox. J. A. McGn i.ivrav,

M. A. Cooper. President.

Secretary.

A Neat BINDER for your back num
hers can be had for 25 cents. Address
the Business Office.

BOWMONT FARMS, salem. va.

Offer several choice St. Lambert Jersey Bulls and Heifers, whose
dams, g. dams, and g. g. dams have butter records of 16 to 23 lbs. in 7 days. Also
Indian Game, Barred P. Rock, White Wyandotte, and White
Leghorn Fowls. Write and state wants.

ONLY I BACON HALL. FARM.

ATTRAPTIVF ' Hereford Bulls, at present.
A I I KAU 1 1 vt Berkshires, all ages.

STOCK v Dorset Rams, Yearling Lambs.

SOLD . . j Satisfaction or no money.

E. M. GILLET, Terona, Baltimore Co.. Md.

QUALITY AND QUANTITY COMBINED. ORDER BULL CALVES EARLY.

Murray Boocock's Castalia Herd

SUPPLIES

Pure-bred Pedigree Herefords

Of Unequalled Quality.

All fashionable strains. Cows by the great sires Beau Real, Wild Tom, Earl of Shade-
land 22d, Peerless Wilton, Rudolph, etc.; In calf to the famous bulls Salisbury, Dale,
St. Louis, Lars, Gold Dollar, Actor, Lamplighter, Jr., Excellent, etc.

«-BOLLS, COWS, AND HEIFERS FOR SALE.

Of choicest individual merit and ancestry, quality not equalled.
Chief sire in service IaiPORTEn Salisbury.

All orders and inquiries promptly attended to by

P. O. Keswick, Va. FRANK C. CROSS, Manager.

wNOinZ OFFERS FOR SHLE#

Pure-bred Holslcin Calves, six months old, for $20.00. Shropshire
tambs— delivered by July 1st. Bucks for $7.00 ; Ewes. $6.00. Also Shropshire
Bucks, one year old, $12.00. Poland-China Pigs, six weeks old, $5.00;
three months old, $7.00, and five months old, $10.00.

All the above-described stock entitled to registration.

I have also Colts of William L., Jr., 21058, one and two years old, for sale at
reasonable prices.

Ordere.for Bronze Turkeys now Uken— $7.00 per pair; $10.00 per trio.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

589

SOME NICE PUDDINGS FOE XMAS.
Plum Pudding.

Six eggs, the whites and yellows beaten
light.

One quart of bread crumbs, rubbed fine.

One pint of suet, chopped fine.

One pint of sweet milk.

Two pounds of stoned raisins, rubbed
in flour.

One pound of citron, sliced fine.

A teacup of sugar.

Pour the mixture into a greased mould,
boil two hours, and eat with a rich pud-
ding sauce.

Economical Plum Pudding.

Three cupfuls of flour.

One cupful of raisins.

One cupful of brown sugar.

One cupful of butter milk.

One cupful of suet.

Half cup of molasses.

Two eggs. A teaspoonful of soda, dis-
solved in the butter milk. Boil and eat
with sauce.

Suet Pudding.

One quart of flour.

One teacupful of molasses.

One teacupful of brown sugar.

One teacupful of butter milk,

One teacupful of raisins or dried cher-
ries.

A tablespoonful of ground ginger..

One teaspoonful of soda in the flour.

Three eggs, beaten. Add the sugar,
molasses and milk to the beaten eggs,
then the sifted flour, suet and raisins.
Stir all the ingredients well together,
then boil the pudding a couple of hours
and serve with ginger sauce. This is one
of the best of puddings.

Fig Pudding.

Half pound of figs, chopped up.

Half pound of brown sugar.

Half pound of suet, chopped fine.

Six ounces of flour.

Two acid apples, chopped fine.

Half teacup of sweet milk.

A half pound of bread crumbs, chopped
fine.

Three eggs, beaten separately.

If you have not suet, you may substi-
tute creamed butter. Pour into a greased
pudding mould and boil. Serve with
sauce.

Chocolate Pudding.

One pint of milk.

One pint of bread crumbs.

Yolks of three eggs.

Five tablespoonfuls of grated chocolate.

Scald the milk, add the bread rruuibs
and chocolate, the beaten yolks and one
cup of sugar. Bake in a pudding dish,
with a meringue on top, and serve with
cream. Mary W. Early.

Wingina, Va.

THE CLASS IN CIVICS.

"INow, Tommie," said the teacher in
civics, " what are the duties of a Police
Commissioner?''

"Why," said Tommie, who has stud-
ied politics! under a Tammany adminis-
tration, " a Police Commissioner's chief
duty isjto collect commissions from the
police." — Harper's Bazar.

As our Mr. M. B. Rowe (Capt. Co. K, 3d Va. Inft.), is home again, his regiment having-

been mustered out of the service of the XT. S. on November 7th, we are prepared

to fill orders with our old-time promptness for

JERSEY ANO GUERNSEY CATTLE

Berkshire Hoes.

A fine lot of Young Boars, 100 lbs. and over, large enough for any service, $10 each. Young
Sows, same size, $10 each. Pigs, $10 per pair.

Light Brahma and Plymouth Rock Fowls at low prices, according to
Quality. Pekin Ducks, $1 each. Bronze Turkeys— single, $3 ; pair, $5 ;
trio, $7. Pox Terrier Puppies, great ratters, $5 each, either sex.

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va.

Sheep, Cuttle. Hogs rnd Poultry

• • FOR THE NEXT 30 DAYS • •

I will offer for sale 45 choice Poland-China Pigs;
28 choice English Berkshire Pigs ; 39 Todd Im-
ported Chester-White Pigs. (Hogs kept on
separate farms.)

A top lot of Jersey Heifers, all ages and
sizes; 36 Shropshire Ewes; 10 Shropshire
Rams; 20 extra-nice White Holland Turkeys;
100 Pekin Ducks ; 200 Silver Wyandotte Chick-
ens; 200 Barred Plymouth Rock Chickens
(Hawkins and Thompson strain.)

Write and describe your wants.
HIGHLANDS STOCK AND POULTRY FARM,
E. B.WILSON, Owner and Proprietor. FANCY HILL, VA.

GHSTON STOCK I=HR7VT.

Holstein-Friesian i Jersey Cattle.

Having selected my foundation stock from the best, I can offer animals>f
each breed of highest breeding and individual merit, at moderate prices,
containing the blood of the best families, and bred with great care.

I am prepared to sell HOLSTEIN BULLS, and BULL CALVES and
JERSEYS of either sex.

JJJO. V. DETRICK, Somerset, Ta.

SOf PIGS

FOR SALE.

Weigh from 100 to 125

pounds each.

Purebred and eligible to
registry. Sired by Rilt-
more's Longfellow, 41675;
dams Lady Virginia, 6.502,
and Daphne, 1176. A splen-
did opportunity to get the
best blood of the large
English Berkshire for a
small amount of money.

'County News" Office, Lexington, Va.

Address J. SCOTT MOORE,
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.— This it to Certify, That we are personally acquainted with Mr.
t nUffi -Moore breeder of Berkshire boss. Know him to be a reliable and responsible gentle,
mJ and persons wTn find ft a pleasure" to do business with him : A. T. Shields. < 1,-rk Rock-
h.i » 'Intv court- It R Witt clerk Rockbridge Circuit Court; Thos. A. Sterrett, Sheriff or
SL ° Co • s R VoVe Tre\Vurer I^ekbrldgeCo.; Robert Catlett. Commonwealth's At-
torney Rockbridge Co.fj S Savtue SupT. of Schools Rockbridge Co. ; T. E. McCorkle, Mayor
of Lexington.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
MARYLAND STATE HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.
The first annual meeting of the Mary-
land State Horticultural Society will lie
held in Baltimore. December 14 and 15,
at 2 o'clock P. M., in Pacific Hall, north-
east corner of Baltimore and Paca streets.
The programme will be announced later.
All persons interested in horticulture.
whether members or not, are invited to
attend and take part in making this an
interesting and profitable meeting. Spe-
cial rates will be secured on all railroads
and boat lines as far as possible. We
will be very glad to consider any propo-
sition any person may have to make for
the preparation of the programme or the
advancement of the interests of the So-
ciety Persons who desire to become
members should notify the Secretary.
Charles G. Biggs, President,
Sharpsburg, Washington Co., Md.
James S. Harris, Secretary,

Coleman, Kent Co., Md.

FUDGE.

This delightful confection, which is
known variously as " fudge,' " chocolate
fudge," and " Vassar fudge.'' is made in
the following simple manner: Put in a
porcelain-lined sauce-pan 2 cups of gran-
ulated sugar, 4 sections of unsweetened
chocolate (broken into bits), 2 heaping
tablespoonfuls of butter, and 1 cup of
milk. Cook all together, stirring con-
stantly to prevent burning, for twenty
minutes. At the end of that time, dip
out a little of the mixture, and try it by
putting it on a cold plate. If it is done,
it will form a soft yet friable paste. Fla-
vor the contents of the sauce-pan with
vanilla, beat hard for a few minutes, and
turn the "fudge" into greased candy-
pans. Cut into squares while warm.

Many persons eat this popular delicacy
while still hot, at which time it is par-
ticularly delicious; but before venturing
upon this daring act one must be very
certain as to the enduring powers of his
digestive apparatus. — Harper's Bazar.

Figglesty— "My wife's a good sort of
woman, but nothing great as an intellec-
tual prodigy. The children, however,
are bright enough ; I had to furnish them
with brains."

Fogg — "Too bad. You ought not to
have robbed yourself, old fellow."

I remember hearing of a law court
case, where a man had entered an action
against a railway company for an injury
to his arm in an accident. Said the op-
posing lawyer: "I understand you have
lost the use of your arm entirely, through
this accident?" "Yes," said the plaintiff.
Lawyer— "How high can you lift your
arm "now?" Plaintiff with great diffi-
culty moves it about an inch. "How far
could you lift it before the accident?"
"Right up there !" at the same time shoots
ing it right up over his head. — Philadel-
phia Saturday Evening Post.

"There's a young woman who makes
little things count." "How does she do
it?" "Teaches arithmetic in a primary
school." — Boston Globe.

ADMIRAL, VOL. XX.

POLAND-
CHINAS...

A CHOICE SELECTION OF SOWS IN PIC . . .

To my fine young Boars, "Admiral" and "Commodore."
"Admiral" was bred by Ed. Klever, and "Commodore" isiof my own breeding. The
two best strains of living Hogs represented in this herd. Sows in pig, and Young
Boars and Sows of all ages. Send to headquarters and get the best from the oldest
and largest herd of Poland- Chinas in the State, at hard time prices.

Address, J. B. GRAY, Fredericksburg, Va.

H10H°BRED ENGLISH

Pigs

F°" BERKSHIRE

These pigs are sired by Sir John Bull, of N. Benjafield's
herd, of Motcombe, England, who is patronized by —

Her Majesty the Queen :

His Royal Highness Duke of Connaught;

His Royal Highness Duke of York ;

His Royal Highness Prince Christian, etc.

Imported by me last November. Dams of the purest
and most aristocratic families of English blood. Pedi-
grees furnished with every pig. A rare chance for
entirely foreign and new blood for your herds.
41 Pigs now on hand at one-third

Western Prices

Address THOS. S. WHITE, Lexing-ton, Va.

Biltmore Farms

ATTENTION, DAIRYMEN

YOU KNOW • • -

There is no better investment than a
young bull that is choicely bred and a
good individual,

WE SAY • ••

That we can supply you with the very best
A, J, 0. C. Jerseys that you can get, and
at a reasonable price.

Berkshires, Southdowns and Standard Poultry.

Apply to Q. F. WESTON, Superintendent,

Biltmore, n. c.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

691

THE AVERAGE MAN.

When it comes to a question of trusting

Yourself to the risks of the road,
When the thing is the sharing of burdens-,

The lifting the heft of a load,
In the hour of peril or trial,

In the hour you meet as you can,
You may safely depend on the wisdom

And skill of the average man.

'Tis the average man and no other

Who does his plain duty each day,
The small thing his wage is for doing,

On the commonplace bit of the way.
'Tis the average man, may God bless him,

Who pilots us, still in the van,
Over land, over sea, as we travel,

Just the plain, hardy, average man.

So on through the days of existence,

All mingling in shadow and shine,
We may count on the every-day hero,

Whom haply the gods may divine,
But who wears the swarth grime of his
calling,

And labors and earns as he can,
And stands at the last with the noblest,

The commonplace average man.
— Margaret E. Sangster, in Harpers' Weekly.

ADVICE TO DYSPEPTICS.
(With apologies to Rudyard Kipling.)

The heathen, in his folly, eats anything
that's good,

He doesn't try to choose the food that
Science says he should.

He dies, gray-haired and weary, at four-
score years and ten ;

And what most sorely vexes him is that
he can't eat then.

So be wise and keep from pickles, from
sauces and from spice,

And keep away from cabbage, and from
beans and peas and rice.

Never eat a thine that's sweet, and al-
ways eat it cold,

And thus you'll save your intellect from
growing stale and old.

Keep away from breakfast, keep away

from tea,
Keep away from lunches wherever you

may be.
Never let your midday meal be either

large or small ;
Indeed, it's wiser very much to never eat

at all.

A quaint old gentleman of an active,
inquiring disposition, had a man at work
in his garden who was quite the reverse.
"Jones," said he, "did you ever see a
snail?" "Certainly," said Jones. "Then,"
said the old man, "you must have met
him, for you could never have overtaken
him.:'

Master — "Late again, Sandy ! Can't
you manage to get here in time ?"

Sandy (with a doleful headshake) — "I
canna sleep o' nichts, sor, an' so I'm
loath to get up in the mornin'."

Master —"Eh, man, sleeplessness. Why
don't you consult a doctor and get at the
cause ?"

Sandy — "I get at the cause weel eneuch,
but it'll no shut up. It's six weeks auld,
an' an awfu' yeller." — Glasgow Times.

to Get My Prices Before
You Purchase.

It Will Pay You

POLAND-CHINAS

My herd contains the blood of the best strains and
prize winners. My herd is a healthy one. Young pigs
and older ones are as fine specimens as the breed produces.
Order at once. Satisfaction guaranteed.

S. SYDNEY BRADFORD,

Oak Crove Stock Farm.

Fredericksburg, Va.

Registered Berkshires

^^" MAYOR OF BILTMORE" at Head of Hy Herd.

Write for my prices on pigs before purchas-
ing elsewhere. I can furnish you the finest
stock at reasonable prices.

I also i ii. i Holstei it-1 'riesia us (Nether-
lands, Pietertjes and Clothilde), all rich, heavy
milkers. All of my cattle are magnificent
specimens of the breed.

English Beagle Dogs, Brown Leghorns and Plymouth Rock Chickens.
Correspondence solicited.
iF.^wfRN}RYa- T- °- SANDY, Burkeville. Va.

15

SHORT-HORNS

YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE!

59

Champion Cup, 121743, the great son of the famous Cup Bearer, 52692,
and Warrior Brave, 121517, by Knight of the Thistle, 108656, at the head of
our herds.

Our cattle are of the purest strains; including Pure Scotch and Scotch
Topped Bates, representing such noted families as the famous Duchess, Rose
of Sharon, Young Mary, Josephine, Illustrious, Moss Rose, and the great
Cruickshank Gwendolines and Secrets.

'«.

15 TO 20 BULL CALVES

from 3 to 6 months, sired by the above named sires Also 3 yearling
Bulls. Parties wanting heifers will address W. W. Bentley, who will
spare four, by Knight of Weldon in calf to Champion Cup.

Correspondence solicited. Satisfaction guaranteed.
For further particulars and prices, call on or address —

W. W. BENTLEY,

Pulaski City, Va

JNO. T. COWAN,

Cowan's Mills, Va.

When you write to an advertiser, always say you saw the adver-
tisement in THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

592

THE"SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

A FULL SUPPLY.
An Irishman who wished to come to
America shipped on board a vessel as a
sailor. During the voyage across the At-
lantic a friend of his, who was also a
sailor, died. Pat had known him in the
old country. It is the custom when a
person dies' at ^ea to sew the body up in
a sack, hang a weight to it to make it
-ink and drop it overboard, with a prayer.
Well, "hen O'Rourke died, they had no
shot to weight it with, so had to put in
two or three big lumps of coal, instead.
Pat was thereto see the last of his friend.
When the sack was lowered into the
water, Pat said, with tears in his eyes,
"Oi always knew O'Rourke to be a bad
man, and' Oi often tould him where he
was goin' phin he doid, but I didn't tink
he'd have to take his own coal wid him."
— Short Stories.

Perhaps the most interesting single ex-
hibit at the Pittsburg Exposition this
year, is to be found in the foyer of the
main building. It occupies the entire
room, and is the result of yeare of patient
collecting. It illustrates the natural
wealth of a wonderful, and as yet but
little developed section of this great
country. The Southern Railway owns
the exhibit, and has made it much more
comprehensive this year than ever be-
fore. , , .

It is made up of commonplace things-
bits of stone, slabs of wood in natural
finish, specimens of minerals, grain,
fruits, vegetables, photographs of scenery
and buildings. All these go to give some
idea of the country which the Southern
Railway is developing.

The display catches the thinking peo-
ple; those who go to the Exposition to
learn something, as well as to be amused.
They find in the display of these co~
mon things a most wonderful encyclo
dia of nature. They see for themselve
how cotton grows, and have impressed- o
their minds that gold is found in payin0
quantities along the Southern Railway.
They begin to grasp the fact that the
ron-producing regio ns of Alabama may
some day contest with Pittsburg for su-
premacy in the industrial race. They see
what a wonderful range of agricultural
products the South has. They wonder,
sometimes, what will be the effect on the
less fertile North, when the people of
this favored region awaken to industrial
and agricultural activity, and when capi-
tal begins to develop the South on the
same scale that it has already developed
the North.

The Pittsburg News, issue of Septem-
ber 21st, contains the above interesting
mention of the Southern Railway's ex-
hibit at the Pittsburg Exposition.

EPIGRAM.

He that knows not, and knows not that
he knows not, is a fool, shun him.

He that knows not and knows that he
knows not, is simple, teach him.

He that knows, and knows not that he
knows, is asleep, wake him.

He that knows, and knows that he
knows, is a wise man, seek him.

"THEY CAN'T BE BEAT."

:orthe tilgnt-si vaiue Known w me «■»■«« »<<. <> «.»■ = » ^.v' "*gl

ita^pa. RELUBLriNcijBATOKtaad Br'mDER 2o. Box B Ml

HENS bfroebd LAYING

Instead of introducing other breeds, we have for several years bred a great strain of
winter-laying BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS, in addition to our noted show birds of this
breed. Best of references. Eggs and stock for sale. Fifty Cockerels at half price for a short
time. Improve your stock and make it pay.

GEO. HARRISON MORRIS, Ashland, Va.

Barred

White and Buff

PLYMOUTH ROCKS

OLD AND YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE

AT REASONABLE PRICES.

My stock is exceptionally fine this season. Write for what you want.

Lock Box 42. J. H. GARST, Salem, Va.

WHITMAN'S MONARCH FEED MILL

with Steel Grinders and Force Feed, the most rapid
and durable Mill in America. We also manufacture
Young America Mill. The above are guaranteed to
grind faster than GEARED MILLS, run with same
power, and far more durable.
Full line of BALING PRESSES, HORSE POWERS, GRAIN DRILLS, CORN
SHELLERS, CIDER MILLS, SEED SOWERS, Etc.

Mam^ctureib, WHITMAN AGRICULTURAL CO., St. Louis.Mo,

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

I LIGHTNING WELL MACHY

IS the standard/;

STEAM PUMPS, AIR LIFTS, fj J
GASOLINE ENGINES J, j\

THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS fc~^©

AURORA, ILL:- CHICAGO.- DALLAS.TEX

FRAZER 1

: Axle Grease cfiSSt ;

M Its wearing qualitiesare unsurpassed, ac- S
^ tualiy outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand. ^
W Not affected by heat. as-Get the Genuine. T
4/%, FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS. <%^i

is the
sum o f
al 1 ex-

THE KEYSTONE DRILLER

cellence as a well-maker ; made in all sizes. Drills water
wells any size and depth, oil or gas wells, tests wells for
lead, zinc, gold and coal; made either with or without
traction, or to run with a threshing engine. Top quality,
bottom prices. All kinds of drilling tools.
KEYSTONE DRILLER CO., Beaver Palls, Pa.

A NEW TREATISE ON MANURE

which tells all about the best and most economical ffi
waysof making, handlinKand applying farmyard

manure and incidentally about

The Kemp.....
Manure Spreader

It spreads all kinds of manure cheaper und better
than can be done by hand. Use Stood the temt
18 years. The machine is greatly Improved
tor 1B8B. we bend the book FREE on application.

KEMP & BURPEE MFG. GO.

Box 21 Syracuse, M. Y.

Mention Southern Planter when yon writ*.

1898.]

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

593

THE SOUTHERN PLINTER'S

The following and SAVE MONEY on
buying your newspapers and periodicals:

DAILIES. PRI" pw,J"

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va $5 00 $5 50

The Times, " " 5 00 5 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00 6 00

SEMI-WEEKLIES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va I 00 1 50

The Times, " " 1 00 1 50

The World (thrice-a-week), N. Y I 00 1 50

WEEKLIES.

Harpers' Weekly 4 00 4 00

" Round Table 100 175

" Bazaar 4 00 4 00

The Baltimore Sun 1 00 1 60

The Washington Post 75 1 30

Breeders' Gazette 2 00 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00 1 65

Country Gentleman 2 00 2 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va... 2 00 2 50

Southern Churchman, " "... 2 00 2 50

Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00 2 75

Christian Advocate, " "... 2 00 2 50

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00 4 00

Horseman 3 00 3 00

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00 4 25

St. Nicholas " 3 00 3 25

Lippincott's " 2 50 3 00

Harpers' " 4 00 4 00

Forum " 3 00 3 25

Scribner's " 3 00 3 25

Cosmopolitan " 1 00 1 60

Munsey " 1 00 1 60

Strand " 1 25 2 00

McClure's " 1 00 1 60

Puritan, " 1 00 1 60

Review of Reviews 2 50 3 00

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more
of the publications named, you can arrive at
the net subscription price by deducting 75
cents from " our price with the Planter." If
you desire to subscribe to any other publica-
tions not listed here, write us and we will
cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription
rates.

Those subscribers whose subscriptions do
not expire until later can take advantage ot
our clubbing offers, and have their subscrip-
tion advanced one year from date of expira-
tion of their subscription to either the Planter
or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any informa-
tion desired ; we will cheerfully answer any
correspondence.

We furnish no sample copies of other periodi-
cals.

A Neat BINDER for your back num-
bers can be had for 25 cents. Address
our Business Office.

IDibble's Seed Potatoes

Grown in the cold North, produce larger and better crops than those
from any other source. All the new and standard sorts at lowest
prices for best possible stock. Sales last season, over 118,000 bushels.
Over 1,000 acres in actual cultivation. Crops this year fine ; quality
the best.
EDWARD F. DIBBLE, Wholesale Seed Grower, Honeoye Palls, N. Y.

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

Seed House of the South.

BED

CLOVER,

MAMMOTH

CLOVER,

CRIMSON

CLOVER,

WHITE

CLOVER,

LUCERNE

CLOVER,

ALSYKK

CLOVER,

BOKHARA

CLOVER,

JAPAN

CLOVER,

BIB

CLOVER,

TIMOTHY

ORCHABI)

GRASS.

RED TOP or

HERDS GRASS

HENTrOHT

BLUE GRASS

RANDALL

GRASS,

TALL MEADOW
OAT GRASS

JOHNSON

GRASS.

GERMAN

MILLET.

BUCKWHEAT.

OATS and

CANE SEED.

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD AXD GARDEN SEEDS ot

every variety at Eowest Market Rates, included in which

are RAGEAND'S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS.

^W£ ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c.

Pure Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and
Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods.
Samples sent by mail when desired

Wm. A. Miller & Son,

1016 Main Street
LYNCHBURC, VA.

Mention the Southern Planter when you write.

TEA SE

56 PIECES.

fully decorated &

?FREE

; for family \

dozen s

Introduce our V.pf table Pill
boxes of Pills at 25 eta. a bo:_

e dozen Silver plated tea spoons together

. beauti-

hance," You can (jet

att-il tea spoons lor

beautiful tea

- . ..ith the extraordinary offer weaeud

tageof this advertisement. To quickly

for constipation, indigestion & torpid liv

r&wtllgive

send Pills by mail, when sold l

r offer of a 56 p

?chn

r. if you agree to sell only six
n the money & we send you
edayr

s received. This

594

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[December

Pedigrees
Traced and
Tabulated

Catalogues
Compiled and
Circulars
Prepared

. . . FINE . . .

ROAD,
TROTTING and
SADDLE

Horses

FOR SALE BY.. ..

W. J. CARTER, General Turf Correspondent,

p o. box 929. RICHMOND, VA.

Broad Rock)

REFERENCES— L. BANKS HOLT (former owner John R, Gentry, 2:00} £), Graham.
N. C; COL. J. S. CARR, Durham, N. C. ; Maj. P. P. JOHNSTON (President National
Trotting Association), Lexington. Ky; Col. B.CAMERON, Fairntosh Stud, Stagville,
N.C.; JOS. BRYAN and H.C. CHAMBLIN, Richmond, Va. ; A. B. GWATHMEY iX. Y.
Cotton Exchange), New York. ; Capt. B.P.WILLIAMSON, Raleigh, N. C. ; J. F. JACK-
SON (Editor Souiherji Planter), Richmond, Va. ; H. A. Buck (Editor Spirit of the Times),
New York.

The Hancock Rotary Disc Plow...

IS THE GREATEST PLOW OH EARTH

For broadcasting, breaking black prairie or red clay lands; for turning under corn or cotton stalks, oat or wheat stubble, Ber-
muda sod or Johnson grass, there is no implement manufactured which will equal it. It cuts from 12 to 14 inches wide and
from 6 to 10 inches deep at the will of the user. It will break up two lo three acres a day, and will do it with lighter draft
and pulverize the ground better than any other plow manufactured.

WE GUARANTEE EVERY HANCOCK ROTARY DISC PLOW to give entire satisfaction in any kind of soil or
under any conditions, and will replace absolutely free of charge any part or parts which may
break within twelve months from the date of purchase.

2,000 Sold Since February, 1898.

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

THE COMBINED FEED MILL AND HORSE POWER

Every farmer needs it. None can afford to he without it. As a Mill it grinds table
meal, ear corn, shelled corn or wheat for feed. As a Power it will run a Corn Sheller,
Feed Cutter, Wnnd Saw or Threshing Machine.

Are in every respect the best in the world. Made in five
sizes, and range in capacity to meet the wants of every
one. All have the upward cut, patent Rocking Feed
Hollers, and on power machines Safety Balance Wheels.

THE BOWSHER COMBINATION MILL for corn and cob,
all kinds of small grain, cotton seed Crushes corn with
shucks. Sizes, 2 to 12 horse power.

Haling Presses for Hand. Steam and Horse Power. Engines. Saw Mills. Grist Mills. Grain

Drills. Plows and Castings of all kinds, Harrows, Corn Shelters, Road Carls. Buggies.

Surreys, Farm Wagons, tog Trucks. Implements, Machinery and Vehicles

of every description.

Office and Warerooms :

1518-20 Franklin St., RICHMOND, VA

WATT PLOW GO.

1898.]

ELI HORSE AND STEAM POWER

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

598

Ross Feed Cutters, Powers and Corn and Cob —
Mills, and Combined Power and Feed Mills 5-
always on hand. Genuine Oliver Chilled
Plows and Repairs.

CUMBERLAND VALLEY

One and Two-Hole Shellers.

This Shelter is adapted for Hand or Power. Separates
the Corn from the Cob. Cleans the Corn.
Cold rolled steel shafts. Guaranteed equal if not
superior to any Hand-Feeding Two-Hole Sheller lu the
market. 12-inch loose pulley furnished unless otherwise
ordered. Feed Table, Crank, Pulley and Shaker or Fan.

I Carry a Large Stock of Shelters, and can

Supply Your Demands.

Write for Lowest Cash and Time Prices on everything

in the Agricultural Line and lean furnish it.

All Goods Guaranteed.

CHAS E. HUNTER, 1528 E. Main St., Richmond, Va.

JAMES G. HENIXG, of Powhatan Co., Va., Gen'l Manager.

HOWARD J. NUCKOLS, of Henrico Co.,

THE RICHMOND HORSE BAZAAR,

1433 E. Franklin Street, RICHMOND, VA.

JOSEPH LASITTER, Proprietor.

Semi-Weekly Auction Sale of Horses held on Tuesdays and Fridays.

HORSES OF ALL GRADES-INCLUDING FINE ROAD, TROTTING, SADDLE, GENERAL-PURPOSE
AND DRAFTERS, CONSTANTLY ON HAND AND FOR SALE.

In addition to a large number of various grades of other horses, there will be disposed
of at auction, commencing at n A. M., on TUESDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1898,3 con-
signment numbering about 20 head, from Joseph R. Anderson, Thorncliff Farm, Lee, Va.
This is practically a closing out sale by Mr Anderson, and the offerings will include well-
bred mares in foal, nice young geldings, suitable for the road or track, colts and fillies, by
such well-known sires as Lancewood. Manchester, Browning, son of Mambrino Dudley,
2:19^4, etc. Sale positive — rain or shine. Remember the date, Tuesday, December 6,
1898, commencing at 11 A. M Catalogue or further information may be had of —

JOSEPH LASITTER, of the Richmond Bazaar, or Mr. JOS. R. ANDERSON, Lee, Va.

SOT

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,

[December

FflHGY PODLTBY

Now is the time to secure your breeding stock for next spring,
and in order to dispose of my surplus, before going into winter
quarters, I will make specially low prices on what you need.
Have 500 Cockerels— all breeds— at $1.00 each. Also several
hundred cross bred Plymouth Rock Pullets, raised for layers,
at 60 cents each. A large lot of Pekin Ducks, very cheap.

I RED EXHIBITION GAMES.

These are "Dandles," long limbs, high hearts,
perfect pictures ! Breeding pen consists of 96-
polnt cock and hens scoring 95 and 96 points.

PEKIN DUCKS

Large, handsome birds, and very prolific
layers, and conceded to be the best ducks
for profit.

MAMMOTH BRONZE TURKEYS.

Immense size and great layers. Am breed-
ing from a 45-lb. torn and hena weighing from
22 to 28 lbs.

WHITE CUINEAS.

Very pretty, and lay more eggs and easier to raise than
others.

S. S. HAMBURCS.

These are perfect pictures and great egg producers.

BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS.

For a thrifty, healthy and thoroughly satisfactory fowl,
these have never had their equal, and, as layers, when eggs
are worth the most money, they are the ideal egg-producers.

BELCIAN HARES.

Young, 81.00 per pair. Try them. They are proline and
sell readily. Bucks weigh from 9 to 14 lbs. . Does, 7 to 8 lbs.

LIGHT BRAHMAS.

Are very large and have many friends. Noted as winter
layers. Chicks are ready for broilers earlier than any other
variety.

INDIAN GAMES.

Large, Handsome and Compact. Beautiful Glossy-Laced
Plumage. Cocks weigh up to 13 lbs. ; Hens up to 9 lbs.
Guaranteed as good as can be had anywhere.

B. B. R. GAME BANTAMS.

Genuine Little Beauties. Score way up In the nineties.
Nothing nicer for pets. Weigh one pound at maturity.

PIT CAMES.

This stock will stand steel. Won six out of seven battles
on Christmas, 1897, In combat with crack birds.

Black Minorcas, White Minorcas, Blue Andalusians and W. F. Black Spanish.

These fowls have all the good qualities of the Leghorns, and are larger and handsomer birds.

All correspondence cheerfully
answered. Let me know your
wants and give you prices that
will surprise you.

200 White Fantall Pigeons
at Sl.50 per pair.

MALTESE CATS,
GUINEA PIGS,
BEAGLE HOUNDS,
POLAND-CHINA PIGS.

Silver-Laced Wyandottes.

An old and popular breed, and noted as
winter layers. Good size and fine for
table purposes.

Brown and White Leghorn*.

Will lay more eggs than any other variety.

P. O. Box 1.

GEO. T. KING, Jr., Richmond, Va.

Library ^

Guaranteed VEHICLES and IMPLEMENTS.

WE EXHIBIT

In Our Showrooms, which are

the Largest in the State,

all kinds of

IHPROVED

AGRICULTURAL

IMPLEHENTS

The CAPITAL Wagon is the Best in the
World. Has 33 Improvements.

Horse Powers, Corn Shelters, Corn Mills. Fanning Mills,
Well Fixtures, Harness all kinds.

THESE ARE THE BEST ON EARTH.

The new Feed Table which extends eight
feet is a splendid improvement. The Feed
Table is supplied with a continuous traveling
chain belt or apron, which converts the ma-
chine into a self-feeder.

WOOD'S PATE1VT SWING CHBRJf is

not a step, but a leap in advance of all others.

8®~Catalogues sent on application. Correspond-
ence cheerfully answered.

THE IMPLEMENT GO.

and is exchangeable with the cutter head.

Special catalogues on application.

SMITH HAND FEED CUTTERS,

BLADES AND BOLTS.

Office and Store, 1526 E. Main St.,
Warehouse and Factory,

1525-1533 E. Franklin St.,

H. M. SMITH & CO.'S Old Factory.

The above Buggy, Price §39-

Warranted for 12 months.

RICHMOND, VA.

THE FARMERS' SUPPLY GO.'S

New Store, No. 1433 E. Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

Is now open and stocked with a full line
of FARM IMPLEMENTS at right prices.

HEADQUARTERS for the
CELEBRATED

MILBURN WAGON

The best on the market.

A CAR-LOAD OF .

Tornado Ensilage Cutters,

The best feed cutter in the world,

JTUST RECEIVED.

Write for prices and testimonials.
Correspondence solicited.

fl |— A n r~ K Jl 1"% r- r~* We Sell Every Implement Used on a Farm.
t\ C. IV I C. IVI LDlZL l\ Our New Number, One Square West of Old Stand.

The BKST Company is tbat which does the best for Policy-Holilers.

fbthwegton Mutual

Life Ingnpance GoropaqiJ

#Was incorpoi. ' . in 1857, and commenced busi
ness Nov. 25, 1858, on a purely mutual basis, and
has always been conducted on that plan.
Before insuring elsewhere, drop a postal, giving your
date of birth, to

THE FOLLOWING SUMMARY of the progress of the
CompaDy by ten year periods will be Interesting :

January 1, WIS * 36,539,333 8 3,126,197

January 1, 1S7X 64,416,817 i 18,173.257

January 1, 1SSS 147,616,328 28,858,019

January 1, 1898 413,081,370 I

I 1,693,786

3,711,087
6.860,119
20,020,162

IT MUST BE REMEMBERED that the business of this
Company is strictly United States business, that a strictly
United States business is most desirable for a United states
company to have, and that the North western's new business has
tor years been largely in excess of that written by any other
company working exclusively in the United States.

T. ARCHIBALD CARY, ~

General Agent for Virginia and North Carolina.

1301 Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

R

ural

Vegetable Growing in the South for Northern Markets.

By Prof. Rolfs. 255 pp. Illustrated. Paper, 81.00; cloth, $1.25.

ROO W ^ FERTILITY OF THE LAND.

*-*V/VJ*V£J By Prof. Roberts. 415 pp. Cloth, $1.25.

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

By Prof. Henry. 657 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

THE TOBACCO LEAF.

By Killebrew & Myrick. 506 pp. Cloth, $2.00.

PRIXCIPLES OF PLANT CULTURE. By Prop. Goff. 285 pp. Cloth, *1.6D.
THE DOMESTIC SHEEP. By Stewart. 371 pp. Cloth, $1.50.

The above books are among the best written dealing with their respective subjects. Every farmer in the
South should read them. Address —

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, Richmond, Va.

Farmers Must use Fertilizers to Succeed.

We offer them the following Brands, with full confidence in their merits :

"TRAVERS' WHEAT and GRASS FERTILIZER,"
"CAPITAL" BONE-POTASH FERTILIZER,

"TRAVERS' DISSOLVED BONE PHOSPHATE,"
"BEEF, BLOOD and BONE FERTILIZER,"
"STANDARD" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE,
"CAPITAL" DISSOLVED S. C. BONE.

especiay recommend ORCHILLA GUANO for GRASS
CLOVER. It makes it grow where all other fertilizers fail. It equals
Raw Bone, at a much less price, and makes poor land rich.

WRITE FCR PRICES. OTHER BRANDS FOR OTHER CROPS.

S. W. TRAVERS & CO., Manufact'rs, Richmond, Va.

Mention Southern Planter when you write.

W 22 "89