////'A, MARTIN A. BUZAS 11"*/ 1 f and THOMAS G. GIBSON Spatial Distribution of Miocene Foraminifera at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland NUMBER 68 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these senes, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 68 Spatial Distribution of Miocene Foraminifera at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland Martin A. Buzas and Thomas G. Gibson SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1990 ABSTRACT Buzas, Martin A., and Thomas G. Gibson. Spatial Distribution of Miocene Foraminifera at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 68, 35 pages, frontispiece, 4 figures, 14 tables, 1990.—Excavations made in middle Miocene strata in the Calvert Cliffs of Maryland during construction of a nuclear power plant were used for a spatial distribution study of fossil benthic foraminifera over large bedding surfaces. Two bedding surfaces were sampled, a larger and older one involving a 400 m 2 surface in the Calvert Formation, and a slightly younger one involving a 50 m 2 surface in the Choptank Formation. The sampling procedure for both surfaces consisted of a 3- x 3-station grid, with 5 replicates taken at each of 9 stations. The larger surface had stations at 9.5 m centers, and the smaller surface had stations at 3.6 m centers. The amount of variation in species proportions and densities from each bedding surface were used to determine how much confidence can be placed in the results from the usual paleontologic sampling procedure of a single sample. Unispecies and multispecies analyses were done on the 45 samples from each of the surfaces. The study of the older surface involved 36 species, and the younger 33. Analyses indicate a remarkable degree of homogeneity of species densities and proportions in both of these beds. Species usually remain in the same rank order at all stations within each surface, indicating that any of the 45 samples gives a reasonable species composition for the surface. Species densities exhibit greater variability; the determination of confidence limits for species densities requires multiple samples to reach limits of ±50 percent accuracy. Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The trilobite Phacops rana Green. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Buzas, Martin A. Spatial distribution of Miocene Foraminifera at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland / Martin A. Buzas and Thomas G. Gibson, p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 68) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Foraminifera, Fossil—Maryland—Calvert Cliffs. 2. Paleontology—Miocene. 3. Paleontology—Maryland— Calvert Cliffs. I. Gibson, Thomas G. II. Title. III. Series. QE701.S56 no.68 [QE772J 560 s—dc20 [563'.12'0975244] 89-600314 Contents Page Introduction.1 Acknowledgments.1 Methods.1 Field .1 Laboratory.2 Stratigraphic Setting.3 Paleoenvironmental Setting.3 Statistical Analyses of Bed 16.4 Unispecies Analyses.4 Multispecies Analyses.4 Statistical Analyses of Bed 18.8 Unispecies Analyses.8 Multispecies Analyses.8 Summary of Statistical Analyses.11 Unispecies Analyses.11 Multispecies Analyses.11 Sample Confidence.12 Species Proportions.12 Discussion.13 Appendix 1: Bed 16, Calvert Cliffs, Maryland.15 Appendix 2: Bed 18, Calvert Cliffs, Maryland.25 Literature Cited.35 iii FRONTISPIECE. — a, Sampling grid used for taking random samples in bed 18 (B run ton compass case for scale); b, excavation surface being sampled in bed 18. Spatial Distribution of Miocene Foraminifera at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland Martin A. Buzas and Thomas G. Gibson Introduction Theoretical, experimental, and field studies have demon¬ strated that within-habitat spatial patterns are important aspects of the adaptive strategies, survival, and evolution of organisms. In addition, knowledge of spatial distribution is essential for quantitative sampling. A basic question is whether organisms have different spatial distribution patterns in different environ¬ ments or at different abundances. Among terrestrial ecologists, spatial patterns have long been the subject of inquiry (Greig-Smith, 1964). In the marine realm, relatively few studies of within-habitat spatial patterns exist During the past several decades researchers have taken an increasing interest in the spatial distribution of recent for- aminiferal populations (Boltovskoy and Lena, 1969; Buzas, 1965, 1968, 1970; Lutze, 1968; Lynts, 1966; Olsson and Eriksson, 1974; Schafer, 1968, 1971; Shifflett, 1961). To our knowledge, however, only a few studies of spatial distribution on fossil foraminiferal populations exist (Scott, 1958; Schafer and Mudie, 1980; Smith and Buzas, 1986). In part, this is because neither outcrops nor coreholes provide the necessary large horizontal sampling surfaces for two-dimensional studies. To adequately sample for patchiness in the fossil record, a relatively large surface area representing a bedding plane or single time of accumulation is needed. An artifical exposure in the Miocene Calvert and Choptank Formations in the Calvert Cliffs area on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland (Frontispiece) made during the construction of a nuclear power plant presented us with an unusual opportunity to sample the horizontal dimensions of fossil foraminiferal populations. Excavations for the power plant provided exten¬ sive horizontal surfaces at two stratigraphic levels in this classic area for middle Miocene strata. The larger horizontal Martin A. Buzas, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Thomas G. Gibson, US. Geological Survey, "970 National Center, n Reston, Virginia 22092. surface is the lower stratigraphically, and allowed spatial sampling over a 400 m 2 area. The slightly younger surface allowed sampling over a 50 m 2 area. This paper presents the results of our analyses of the distribution of unispecies and multispecies populations in the two horizons at this site, and gives some insight into sampling reliability for studies in similar marine environments. Acknowledgments. —The opportunity for sampling was provided by the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Funding for part of the project was provided by the Maryland Academy of Science. Laboratory assistance was given by Joyce Wilson, William Walker, and Kenneth Beem. Field assistance was provided by Thor Hansen and Lauck Ward. Constructive comments on the manuscript were provided by L. Collins, H. Dowsett, and R. Smith. Methods FTeld. —The large horizontal exposure (>400 m 2 ) of the Calvert Formation utilized for the study of the lower horizon (in bed 16, following Shattuck (1904:lxxxi)) was located near the northern end of the construction area in a large excavation for the main water discharge channel for the power plant As the dip of the strata is approximately 3 m per 1.6 km (10 ft per mi) to the southeast here, a plane table and alidade were used to determine a horizontal plane over the sampling area. Nine stations were marked in a 3- x 3-station grid with a center to center spacing of 9.5 m (31.2 ft) between stations. Thus the grid had a total length of 19 m (62.3 ft) along each side. Although the desired center to center station spacing was 10 m (32.8 ft), the horizontal excavation would not accomodate so large a spacing. For the stations located in an updip-downdip orientation, a correction was made for the vertical difference of the bedding surface between stations because of the dip of the strata. As the dip is so low here, the necessary small vertical adjustment to uncover the same bedding surface at all stations 1 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY was done by hand shovel. Five samples were selected at random within aim 2 area centered around each station, resulting in a total of 45 samples from the 9 stations. The samples were 1cm thick wafers and were taken with a plastic coring tube with an inner diameter of 3.5 cm that produced samples of 10 ml in volume. The second sampling surface was in bed 18, as defined by Shattuck (1904:lxxxii) of the overlying Choptank Formation. It is approximately 9.1 m (30 ft) higher stratigraphically than bed 16. The surface was in one of a series of step-like exposures just to the north of the discharge channel. The smaller size of the excavation here limited the 9 stations in the 3- x 3-station grid to a center to center spacing of 3.56 m (11.7 ft). The length of each side of the station grid was 7.1 m (23.3 ft). As for the first surface, a horizontal plane was established by the use of a plane table and alidade. Hand shovels were used to excavate all stations to the same bedding level, taking into account the dip of the strata. Each station was excavated approximately 15 to 22 cm (6 to 9 in) below the possibly contaminated exposed surface to reach the same bedding level. Because the stations were relatively closely spaced in bed 18, it was possible to follow the sampling FIGURE 2.— Configuration of stations at the sampling sites in beds 16 and 18. level within approximately 1 cm among the stations. A moderately rapid accumulation rate for bed 18 is suggested by the following: a sedimentological homogeneity throughout the thickness of the bed; absence in the bed of shell concentrations and disconformities so common to the area (Kidwell, 1984); and the overall short time periods that the depositional sequences represent (Kidwell, 1984). The samples were taken at random with the aid of a 100-square grid centered on the station. The grid was constructed of a wooden frame 0.75 m square, which contained 9 horizontal and 9 vertical strings (Frontispiece, a). The 5 samples taken at each station were selected using random number tables. The 45 samples from the 9 stations also were 1 cm thick wafers taken with a 3.5 cm inner diameter plastic coring tube. Laboratory.— The 1cm wafers of sediment were washed on a 63 p. screen. Samples containing fewer than 300 specimens NUMBER 68 3 were picked completely; some samples containing more than 300 also were picked completely because of misjudgement of the number of specimens. Most samples containing more than 300-400 benthic specimens were split into an aliquot containing that number using a microsplitter. The specimens were then picked, placed onto faunal slides, and identified. Stratigraphic Setting The Miocene strata exposed in the Baltimore Gas and Electric nuclear power plant site include, in ascending order, the upper part of the Calvert Formation, the Choptank Formation, and the lower part of the St. Marys Formation. Exposures of these Miocene formations along the Calvert Cliffs were studied in detail by Shattuck (1904). He set up a series of beds, or zones as he called them, on the basis of vertical changes in lithologic characteristics or relative quantity of fossil shells. Most of these beds can still be recognized in the Calvert Cliffs area, particularly in the vicinity of their designation; it becomes more difficult to recognize them in more updip outcrops along the Calvert Cliffs and in outcrops and coreholes away from this area because of facies changes. The lower, larger bedding surface sampled was located approximately 0.76 m (2.5 ft) above the base of Shattuck’s (1904) bed 16, which has since been placed within two formations by Kidwell (1984:40). The sample interval is a medium gray-green, slightly clayey, fine sand containing a few scattered shells, mainly Isognomon. In the area around the power plant site, Shattuck (1904:xi) stated a thickness for this bed of about 3.05 m (10 ft); the upper 2.6 m (8.5 ft) was exposed in the excavation. Shattuck (1904:lxxxi) considered bed 16 to be the basal bed of the Choptank Formation, with beds 17 through 20 comprising the remainder of the formation. Gernant (1970:10) named bed 16 the Calvert Beach Member on lithologic criteria and retained it as the basal part of the Choptank Formation. Kidwell (1984:40) placed bed 16 within a depositional sequence she termed PP-3. This prograding and shallowing-upward sequence starts with bed 14 of Shattuck (which Shattuck placed in the Calvert Formation) and continues upward through beds 15 and 16 to the base of bed 17, which all workers place in the Choptank Formation. Kidwell (1984:40) considered the boundary between beds 16 and 17 to be an unconformity between two depositional sequences and thus placed bed 16 in the uppermost part of the Calvert Formation. The upper, smaller bedding surface sampled was located 1.2 m (4 ft) below the top of bed 18 of Shattuck (1904) within the Choptank Formation. This interval is a gray-blue, slightly clayey, fine sand, heavily mottled because of bioturbation, and contains some scattered shells. Shattuck (1904:xi) gave a thickness of 5.49 to 6.70 m (18 to 22 ft) for the bed in this area, and Gernant (1970:68) gave a thickness of 5.86 m (19 ft, 3 in) for a nearby section. Gernant (1970:17) named bed 18 the St. Leonard Member of the Choptank Formation on lithologic criteria. Kidwell (1984:40) also retained this bed in the Choptank Formation as part of her depositional sequence CT-0. The general sparseness of pelagic microfossils in many intervals of the Miocene formations along the Calvert Cliffs has made it difficult to determine the exact age of many of the beds. However, the two beds in which we made the spatial distribution studies have recently been correlated with inter¬ continental zonations on the basis of their diatoms (Andrews, 1988). Both of the beds sampled are placed by Andrews (1988:4) in his East Coast Diatom Zone 6, the Rhaphoneis gemmifera zone. The lower sampled bed, bed 16 of Shattuck (1904), is placed in the lower part of this zone and is correlated with the lower part of planktonic foraminiferal zone Nil of Blow (1969:236) (middle middle Miocene, 13.5 mya,Berggren et al., 1985). The upper sampled bed, bed 18 of Shattuck (1904), is placed by Andrews (1988) in the upper part of the R. gemmifera zone, and is correlated with the upper part of planktic foraminiferal zone Nil of Blow (1969), also of middle middle Miocene age (13.0 mya). Paleoenvironmental Setting In addition to paleoenvironmental interpretations that can be drawn from the foraminifera and sedimentary characteristics observed in the present study, previous studies have been conducted on these beds. Studies were made by Gibson (1962) on foraminifera, Gernant (1970) on lithologic, microfaunal, and macrofaunal characteristics, Andrews (1976) on diatoms, Gibson (1983) on lithologic, foraminiferal, and regional characteristics, and Kidwell (1984) on lithologic characteristics and depositional sequences. The most extensive paleoenvironmental study of the Choptank Formation is that of Gernant (1970). However, all of the above mentioned studies agree on the general environ¬ mental setting. The Choptank Formation, including the former usage of bed 16 as belonging there, is considered to represent deposition in well agitated, shallow marine environments, probably less than 60 m (197 ft) in depth. Some parts of the Choptank Formation, particularly the lower part of bed 16, are considered by Gernant (1970:46) to have formed in waters as deep as 45 to 60 m (148 to 197 ft). The upper beds of the Choptank Formation, including bed 18 in this area, are thought by Gernant (1970) to be depositions of even shallower environments, probably less than 30 m (98 ft) water depth. The samples from the two horizons used in this study support these interpretations, as they consist of fairly well sorted, highly bioturbated sandy sediments containing a fairly low diversity benthic foraminiferal fauna (averaging 15 and 17 species per sample from beds 16 and 18, respectively) and having zero to two percent planktonic specimens. The average diversity values for the information function, H(S), are 1.76 for the 45 samples from bed 16 and 1.68 for the 45 samples from bed 18; these values are typical of modern inner neritic assemblages in temperate environments (Gibson and Buzas, 4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 1973). The dominant modern species found in the bed 16 assemblages include Cibicides lobatulus, Bolivina paula, and Buliminella elegantissima. In bed 18, the dominant species are Bolivina paula and Buliminella elegantissima with a consider¬ ably smaller percentage of Cibicides lobatulus. These assem¬ blages indicate inner neritic environments with an abundance of organic carbon. The highly bioturbated sediment at both levels suggests that abundant organic carbon and moderate oxygen levels were present. The paleoclimatic setting for these beds is postulated by Gibson (1962:72) and Gernant (1970:47), on the basis of foraminiferal and ostracode assemblages, as being of temperate nature, probably similar to that presently found off the Maryland coast. Statistical Analyses of Bed 16 Unispecies Analyses. —The number of individuals, x ij , for the stations i = 1,2,... ,9 and replicates j = 1,2,... ,5 for each of 36 species were enumerated. In all there are N = 45 observational samples of p = 36 species from h = 9 stations. Table 1 lists the 36 observed species and assigns each a number. To normalize the data and equalize the variance, the original variables were transformed to In (x^ + 1). The original data are given in Appendix 1 (9 rarely occurring species were not used in the analysis). To gain some familiarity with the data being analyzed, the mean of In (x^ + 1) for each of the 9 stations and 36 species is listed in Table 2. To give the reader an idea of the number of individuals involved. In 2 = 8, In 3 = 20, In 4 = 55, and In 5 = 150. In the present study, homogeneity within a bedding surface is defined as a lack of significant difference between the mean number of individuals at each station. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to test for the homogeneity of each species. The results of these 36 analyses are shown in Table 3. At the p<.05 level, for F (g 36) a value greater than 2.2 is considered significant. Species 1, 5, 7, and 8 have significant values. Species 1 occurs in only 2 of our observations (both at the same station) and little importance can be attached to its large F value. Table 2 indicates that species 5, 7, and 8 are all relatively abundant species. With the exception of species 1, which can be regarded as an anomaly, none of the rarer species is inhomogeneous. At the same time, a number of the more abundant species, 2, 3, 6, and 12, for example, are homogene¬ ous. In general, on a species by species basis, we conclude that bed 16 is highly homogeneous. Multispecies Analyses. —In the unispecies analyses we defined homogeneity as being the lack of a significant difference between the mean number of individuals at each station. Similarly, homogeneity for the multispecies case is defined as a lack of significant difference between the mean vectors of species abundances at the 9 stations. In the Table 1.—List of species from bed 16 used in statistical analysis. Species no. Species 1 Ammonia beccarii 2 Textularia sp. 3 Elphidium marylandicum 4 Nonionella sp. 5 Epislominella ponloni 6 Valvulinaria floridana 7 Rosalina cf. R. globularis 8 Cibicides lobatulus 9 Mass Hina glutinosa 10 Spiroplectammina exilis 11 Buliminella cf. B. brevior 12 Florilus pizarrense 13 Cassidulina sp. 14 Bolivina plicatella 15 Fursenkoina sp. 16 Uvigerina sp. 17 Florilus chesapeakensis 18 Anomalinoides ? sp. 19 Nonion cf. N. cassidulinoides 20 Bolivina paula 21 Buliminella elegantissima 22 Caucasina sp. 23 Lagena substriata 24 Quinqueloculina sp. 25 Fissurina lucida 26 Lenticulina sp. and Marginulinopsis sp. 27 Trifarina sp. 28 Fissurina bidens 29 Florilus cf. F. grateloupi 30 Discorbis sp. 31 Bolivina cf. B. marginata 32 Lagena cf. L. laevis 33 Aslerigerinata sp. 34 Bolivina sp. 35 Fissurina cf. F. marginata 36 Pseudopolymorphina sp. unispecies case we tested for homogeneity by ANOVA; a suitable extension to test for differences between the mean vectors is the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). If differences do exist (multispecies population is heterogene¬ ous), then a canonical variate analysis (CVA) can be utilized to discover which stations are similar and which are different (Seal, 1964; Buzas, 1966, 1967; Reyment et al., 1984). We have compressed the procedure somewhat and gone directly to a CVA because the test for the significance of the eigenvalues computes a U variate, which is also an approximate test of the significance of a MANOVA (Seal, 1964). In other words, in evaluating the significance of the first eigenvalue in a CVA, we obtain the same U variate as would be computed from the ratio of determinants in a MANOVA. Consequently, if the first eigenvalue of a CVA proves significant, we can be confident that there is a significant difference between the mean vector of species abundances. NUMBER 68 5 TABLE 2.—Mean vectors of species at nine stations in bed 16. Species no. 1 2 3 4 Station 5 6 7 8 9 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 4.12 4.32 4.43 5.04 3.77 3.63 4.46 4.88 4.13 3 3.26 2.44 2.49 3.04 2.68 2.38 3.10 2.88 3.20 4 0.14 0.00 1.02 0.44 1.21 0.00 1.01 0.88 0.64 5 4.42 5.10 4.95 5.54 5.03 5.05 5.49 5.63 5.57 6 5.41 5.59 5.33 5.59 4.88 5.25 5.77 5.71 5.36 7 3.15 3.09 2.75 3.19 2.33 2.79 2.90 3.76 1.02 8 6.50 6.87 6.55 7.44 6.90 6.71 7.17 7.74 6.96 9 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.44 0.44 1.70 0.57 10 1.79 0.88 1.65 2.01 2.02 0.95 1.31 1.08 1.88 11 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 12 3.72 3.43 4.09 3.82 2.95 3.50 3.29 3.23 2.68 13 1.18 1.57 0.32 1.58 2.00 1.20 1.44 2.66 0.96 14 2.06 2.20 2.34 1.96 1.40 2.07 2.66 2.36 1.40 15 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 16 1.69 2.14 1.78 2.27 0.36 0.70 2.01 1.86 1.40 17 1.80 1.72 1.20 1.01 1.78 1.40 2.34 2.09 1.40 18 1.44 1.01 1.21 1.52 1.77 1.64 1.58 2.14 1.33 19 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.44 20 5.58 6.02 6.10 6.64 5.75 5.80 6.38 6.75 6.49 21 5.02 5.36 5.49 5.52 5.16 4.91 5.36 5.68 5.89 22 3.60 3.45 4.01 4.02 3.54 3.75 4.10 3.94 3.32 23 0.22 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24 0.54 0.00 0.64 2.01 1.16 0.32 0.44 1.65 1.02 25 2.06 0.89 2.23 1.32 0.72 0.32 1.44 0.88 0.76 26 1.40 1.39 1.77 1.76 1.08 0.76 0.64 1.57 2.54 27 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 28 0.32 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.14 0.64 0.88 0.00 0.00 29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 0.64 1.21 1.16 0.44 0.14 0.76 0.44 0.64 1.25 31 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.44 0.57 0.00 32 0.00 0.44 0.96 0.44 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 33 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.44 34 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.44 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 35 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.00 0.00 36 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 To test whether all eigenvalues, 0-, after the k* can be given 0 values, we evaluate [ (N-l) - >/ 2 (p + h) ] In [ n (l + ^ is -287 and % 2 95 210 is -244. With all p = 33 species the first two variates accounted for 84% of the total variability; with p = 31 only 75% of the variability. We conclude that the heterogeneous species helped discriminate, but the overall similarities and differences are not oblitered by their deletion and, of course, unlike bed 16, the multispecies population remains heterogeneous. The analyses with rare species deleted produced a value of equation (1) for the first eigenvalue of 96.31 with 104 degrees of freedom while % 2 95 104 = 128.80. Therefore, the multispe¬ cies population consisting of only the abundant species, including the heterogeneous species 3 and 12, is homogeneous. The analysis with the abundant species (as in bed 16, 92% ...) deleted gave a value of equation (1) for the first eigenvalue of 188.54 with 160 degrees of freedom, while x 2 95 160 is -185.84. Thus, the CVA of the rare species indicates they are heterogeneous. Looking at Table 14 and keeping in mind that each canonical variate has a 95% confidence interval of about ±0.9, we see that much of the discrimination afforded in the first two CVA’s is missing. A plot of the first two canonical 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Table 10.—Analysis of variance for 33 species in bed 18. Hypothesis Sum of squares Mean square F r (836) Hypothesis Sum of squares Mean square F r <8.36) Sp. 1 Sp. 18 u,=u 2 = . •• = u 9 2.04 0.26 0.84 u, = u 2 =. .. = u, 0.77 0.10 1.17 residual 10.91 0.30 residual 2.98 0.08 Sp. 2 Sp. 19 c. II c to II .. = 11, 4.81 0.60 2.04 u, = u 2 = . .. = u 9 0.15 0.02 0.88 residual 10.58 0.29 residual 0.77 0.02 Sp. 3 Sp. 20 u,=u 2 = . .. = u, 3.63 0.45 2.39 u, = u 2 = . .. = u 9 3.39 0.42 2.05 residual 6.83 0.19 residual 7.44 0.21 Sp. 4 Sp. 21 u i = u 2 = . .. = u. 0.89 0.11 0.84 Uj = u 2 = . .. = u 9 0.27 0.03 0.89 residual 4.75 0.13 residual 1.35 0.04 Sp. 5 Sp. 22 u i = u 2 = • •• = U 9 2.37 0.30 1.42 U, = Uj = . • = u 9 0.48 0.06 0.75 residual 7.52 0.21 residual 2.90 0.08 Sp. 6 Sp. 23 u i = u 2 = . .. = U, 5.19 0.65 1.18 u i = u 2 = . • = u 9 1.81 0.23 1.46 residual 19.85 0.55 residual 5.60 0.16 Sp. 7 Sp. 24 u, = u 2 = . • = u 9 14.47 1.81 1.72 u, =u 2 =. • = u 9 3.71 0.46 1.28 residual 37.82 1.05 residual 13.01 0.36 Sp. 8 Sp. 25 u i = u 2 = . . = 11, 6.32 0.79 1.79 u 1 =u 2 =. • = u 9 0.27 0.03 0.89 residual 15.89 0.44 residual 1.35 0.04 Sp. 9 Sp. 26 u i = u 2 = • • = u 9 9.06 1.13 1.88 u, = u 2 =. • = u 9 0.54 0.07 0.37 residual 21.65 0.60 residual 6.65 0.18 Sp. 10 Sp. 27 U 1 = Ua = • • = U 9 4.34 0.54 1.44 u, = u 2 =. • = u 9 1.16 0.14 1.48 residual 13.54 0.38 residual 3.52 0.10 Sp. 11 Sp. 28 u,=u 2 = . • = U 9 5.25 0.66 1.81 u, = u 2 =. • = u 9 0.48 0.06 0.75 residual 13.02 0.36 residual 2.90 0.08 Sp. 12 Sp. 29 u , = u 2 = • • • = U 9 7.65 0.96 2.30 u,=u 2 = . . = u, 1.17 0.15 1.09 residual 14.98 0.42 residual 4.80 0.13 Sp. 13 Sp. 30 u, = u 2 = .. • = U 9 0.91 0.11 0.67 u,=u 2 =.. • = U 9 0.38 0.05 0.86 residual 6.14 0.17 residual 1.93 0.05 Sp. 14 Sp. 31 u, = u 2 = .. • = U 9 4.38 0.55 1.22 u,=u 2 = .. . = u, 0.08 0.01 1.00 residual 16.16 0.45 residual 0.38 0.01 Sp. 15 Sp. 32 U 1 = u 2 = • • ■ = “9 5.04 0.63 1.47 u i = u 2 = .. • = u 9 0.27 0.03 0.89 residual 15.47 0.43 residual 1.35 0.04 Sp.16 Sp. 33 u, = u 2 = .. • = U 9 1.66 0.21 1.12 u i=u 2 = .. • = u, 0.39 0.05 0.76 residual 6.68 0.18 residual 2.32 0.06 Sp. 17 u, = u 2 = .. • = U 9 1.40 0.18 0.84 residual 7.52 0.21 NUMBER 68 11 Table 11.—Eigenvalues and percentage of total variability for canonical variate analysis of 33 species in bed 18. Order Eigenvalue Percent of variability 1 91.98 62.20 2 32.89 22.24 3 8.70 5.88 4 6.04 4.08 5 3.06 2.07 6 2.40 1.62 7 2.03 1.37 8 0.73 0.49 TABLE 12.—Mean canonical variates for bed 18. Station Variate 1 Variate 2 1 —44.27 3.24 2 -19.96 16.54 3 -39.62 18.36 4 -17.34 2.96 5 -40.23 7.37 6 -35.38 8.67 7 -35.83 13.93 8 -35.35 11.56 9 -36.20 12.27 TABLE 13.—Eigenvalues and percentage of total variability for canonical variate analyses with deleted species, bed 18. Order Delete species 3 and 12 p = 31 Delete rare species p=13 Delete abundant species p = 20 Eigen¬ value % Eigen¬ value % Eigen¬ value % 1 40.30 48.69 1.96 33.28 4.36 38.70 2 22.47 27.14 1.38 23.30 2.31 20.47 3 8.28 10.01 1.22 20.59 2.21 19.60 4 5.14 6.21 0.62 10.46 0.98 8.69 5 3.04 3.68 0.39 6.59 0.46 4.08 6 1.91 2.31 0.19 3.16 0.44 3.94 7 1.03 1.24 0.11 1.90 0.30 2.63 8 0.59 0.72 0.04 0.72 0.21 1.88 variates indicates that stations 2 and 4-9 form a duster while 1 and 3 remain distinct We conclude that although the abundant species are homogeneous when considered alone, they contribute significantly to the discrimination observed. Summary of Statistical Analyses Unispecies Analyses.— 1. Four of the 36 species observed in bed 16 are heterogeneous. Two of the 33 species observed in bed 18 are heterogeneous. 2. With one exception, all of the heterogeneous species are abundant However, most of the abundant species are homoge¬ neous. 3. We conclude both beds 16 and 18 are very homogeneous with respect to unispecies populations. Multispecies Analyses.— 1. When all species are consid¬ ered, the multispecies populations in bed 16 and bed 18 are heterogeneous. Canonical variate analysis indicates in bed 16 stations 6,7, and 8 are similar, while in bed 18 stations 5-9 are similar. 2. When the four heterogeneous species of the unispecies analyses are deleted, the multispecies population of bed 16 is homogeneous. When the two heterogeneous species of the unispecies analyses are deleted, the multispecies population of bed 18 is heterogeneous. Moreover, canonical variate analysis indicates the pattern observed for bed 18 with all species included is preserved. 3. Deletion of 18 rare species from the bed 16 multispecies population indicates the abundant species are heterogeneous (barely significant). Canonical variate analysis indicates the pattern observed when all species were included is not preserved. Deletion of 20 rare species in bed 18 produced a multispecies population of homogeneous abundant species. 4. Deletion of 18 abundant species from the multispecies population of bed 16 indicates the rare species population is TABLE 14.—Canonical variates for analyses with deleted species, bed 18. Delete species Delete rare Delete abundant 3 and 12 species species Station II U> p=13 p = 20 Variate Variate Variate 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 -26.84 -18.78 3.71 0.55 2.99 3.41 2 -26.06 -2.98 4.40 -1.64 -0.70 0.64 3 -36.38 -8.60 6.78 -0.09 4.63 1.52 4 -13.83 -9.70 2.99 0.46 0.81 -1.52 5 -28.84 -15.49 2.05 -1.10 -0.81 -0.16 6 -26.12 -11.17 4.17 0.18 -1.36 -1.46 7 -31.10 -9.35 4.61 0.47 0.56 -0.73 8 -29.34 -11.47 4.81 0.21 -0.78 0.70 9 -28.79 -8.23 3.39 2.28 0.60 0.03 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY homogeneous. Deletion of 13 abundant species from the multispecies population of bed 18 indicates the rare species population is heterogeneous (barely significant). Canonical variate analysis indicates the pattern observed when all species were included is not preserved. Sample Confidence To estimate the confidence we can place in the estimated means of our samples, we calculated the mean, standard deviation, and standard error for 8 species in bed 16. These parameters allow us to calculate the confidence intervals for the mean by At the 95% level for the entire suite of samples, the estimate for the mean is accurate by about ±17%. If we were to take only one sample, as most paleontologists do, we would have a confidence for the mean of about ±100%. If we were to take four samples, we would have confidence for the mean of about ±50%. These results may appear surprising, but they are in agreement with those found by Smith and Buzas (1986) for the Monterey Formation, and agree with calculations (Buzas, unpublished) made on data from modern faunas. Even though the foraminiferal assemblages in these beds are homogeneous, in that there is no significant difference in the means between stations, the variances are still large. As pointed out in the previous paragraph, however, this is a normal situation in nature. Species Proportions The species proportions (expressed here in percent) are relatively homogeneous among the 45 samples in each horizon. Many of the species are found homogeneously distributed in both horizons, although they may be at greater or lesser proportions at the two levels. The following generalities are derived from the data in the appendices. 1. The most dominant species (usually two to four) are always dominant at a particular sample level, although not always in the same rank order. For example, Cibicides lobatulus is the most dominant species in all samples from bed 16. The range in all 45 samples is from 27% to 68% (mean of 43%). Bolivina paula varies from 8% to 29% (mean of 19%), and is the second most dominant species in 44 of the 45 samples. The third ranked species is Valvulinaria floridana, with a range of 4% to 21% (mean of 10%). Buliminella elegantissima usually is fourth ranked with a range of 2% to 20% (mean of 9%). More variability appears in the rank order of the third and fourth species because their proportions are very similar; V floridana is more dominant than B. elegantis¬ sima in 27 of the 45 samples. This consistency in species proportions of the dominant species is also found in bed 18. Here only two species have dominant proportions, and the range of values of these are more similar than for the two most dominant species in bed 16. Buliminella elegantissima has a range of 30% to 52% (mean of 42%), and is the first ranked species in 39 of the samples and the second ranked in the other 6 samples. Bolivina paula has a range of 20% to 47% (mean of 33%) and is first ranked in 6 samples and second in 39 samples. Even though the percentages of a species remain similar within each horizon, they change considerably between the two levels. Buliminella elegantissima and Bolivina paula are dominant species at both levels, but they have considerably higher proportions in bed 18. The other two dominant species in bed 16, C. lobatulus and V. floridana, have only moderate proportions in bed 18, with a particularly large change in C. lobatulus between the two levels. 2. The moderately frequent species, those from about 3% to 10% of the assemblage, remain in this category in most samples from one horizon. This pattern is exhibited in bed 16 by Epistominella pontoni, which has a range from 3% to 12% (mean of 7%). In bed 18, E. pontoni has consistently rare occurrences. Two species from bed 18 illustrate the homogene¬ ity of moderately occurring species. One is Cibicides lobatulus, which has a range of 1% to 8% (mean of 4%). The other is Valvulinaria floridana ; in bed 18, it has a range of 2% to 8% (mean of 4%). 3. The rare species, those composing less than 3% of the assemblage, may occur in many or most of the samples, but remain rare. Some species, like Bolivina plicatella, Elphidium marylandicum, and Cassidulina sp., are found in most samples in both levels in consistently low proportions. Bolivina plicatella is found in 38 of the 45 samples from bed 16 and in 36 of the 45 samples from bed 18. Other species have consistendy low proportions in all samples, but occur in considerably more samples in one horizon than in the other. These include Florilus chesapeakensis and Fissurina lucida. Still another situation is a species which is consistendy of moderate proportions in one horizon and rare in the other. An example is Epistominella pontoni-, it occurs in all 45 samples from bed 16 with a range of 3.3% to 12.4%, and occurs in 42 samples from bed 18 with a range of 0.2% to 2.2%. 4. The plankdc percentage of the total assemblage in the samples remains consistently low. Planktic specimens are found in 24 of the 45 samples in bed 16 and in 26 of the 45 samples in bed 18. In 49 of these 50 samples they compose between 0.1% to 1.0% of the assemblages, with the one other sample containing 2%. 5. The number of species per sample ranges from 13 to 25 in bed 16 and from 12 to 21 in bed 18. Some of this variation can be explained by the considerable difference in the number of specimens picked. The number of picked specimens usually is between 300 to 500, but some higher numbers are present with NUMBER 68 13 three samples having over 1,000 specimens. The larger size samples tend to have the larger species counts (Buzas, et al., 1977:55, 58). However, even within the samples with nearly equal numbers of specimens there is a variation in the number of species of -50% because of the random addition of rare species. Discussion The work of researchers over the last two decades indicates that the distribution of living foraminiferal populations is often heterogeneous (Boltovskoy and Lena, 1969; Buzas, 1965, 1968, 1970; Lutze, 1968; Lynts, 1966; Olsson and Eriksson, 1974; Schafer, 1968; Shifflett, 1961). In the tradition of other ecologists, workers have attempted to define spatial patterns in terms of patches or clumps. Foraminiferal patches have been estimated in sizes ranging from less than 1 m 2 to over 2,900 m 2 . Unfortunately, quantitative comparisons between studies are impossible because of lack of standardization of what is measured, distance between stations, sediment volume, analyti¬ cal methods, and replication. To overcome this problem the present study was patterned after a study made by Buzas (1970) on living populations in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. Buzas (1970) located stations 10 m apart in a 4- x 4-station grid; each was sampled with five replicates. Homogeneity was defined as a lack of significant difference between the densities at the 16 stations. Three of four species studied were heterogeneous. Contrasts between pairs and groups of stations were made in an attempt to map the area into patches. Although many contrasts were made, only one was statistically significant, indicating a higher density for one species at one station. The heterogeneity could not be expressed by mapping the area into subareas of high and low densities (patches). At first, this seems puzzling, but consideration of an earlier study indicates why this is so. Buzas (1968) sampled modern foraminiferal assemblages in Rehoboth Bay with three sets of contiguous cells. Each set contains 36 cells with a total area of 58 cm 2 . An individual cell has an area of 1.6 cm 2 and the volume of sediment sampled from each is -2 ml. In the living population, a random distribution was found in 6 of 12 possible cases. Those species that were not random were aggregated (variance larger than the mean) and were successfully fitted by the negative binomial distribution. Figure 4 shows the distribution observed for two species in Rehoboth Bay. The number of individuals (dots) plotted in each of the 34 cells (2 cells could not be sampled) was observed, but because the actual position of individuals in the 2 ml sample could not be determined, the individuals within each cell are plotted at random. The bottom set in Figure 4 is aggregated according to the statistical definition; the top random. However, patches or clumps are not discrete and can only be defined arbitrarily. Indeed, if an investigator wished, one could draw patches or clumps in the uppermost example even though the arrangement is statistically random. The difficulty lies in the fact that the distribution of foraminifera is FIGURE 4. —Spatial distribution for two extant species in a 58 cm 2 area in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY in a continuum. When a sample is random it fits the Poisson distribution. When too many cells have too few individuals or when too many cells have too many individuals, the distribu¬ tion does not fit the Poisson and is called aggregated or clumped. However, this does not mean that the individuals form neat aggregates (Figure 4). Rather, the distribution is in a continuum, with varying degrees of aggregation. If the distribution of individuals in a sampling area is random (Poisson) or homogeneous (no significant difference between means), the area can be designated as a homogeneous patch. Yet, if the distribution is non-random or heterogeneous, no clear cut patches can be designated. The heterogeneity exists on a very small scale (cm) and, even on this scale, discrete patches do not necessarily exist. Thus, contours on the number of individuals counted in single samples taken 1 m apart, and subsequent definition of high- and low-density patches (Boltovskoy and Lena, 1969; Lutze, 1968) are meaningless. When heterogeneity exists, the best one can hope for is to get some measure of the amount of heterogeneity. For organisms distributed heterogeneously within a habitat, the concept of a mosaic of discrete patches is not supported by observation. Rather, the organisms are distributed in a heterogeneous continuum. The spatial distributions of total populations (living + dead) have not been studied as thoroughly as that of living populations. Available information indicates that like living populations, sometimes they are homogeneous and sometimes heterogeneous. Shifflett (1961) gives data for the total specimen count of all species at 4 stations, each sampled with 3 replicates, from Heald Bank in the Gulf of Mexico. We calculated the coefficients of variation for the living population and total population at each of Shifflett’s stations. In 3 of 4 cases the living population proved to be much more variable than the total population. In Long Island Sound, Buzas (1965, table 1) sampled 12 stations in duplicate. The total number of living specimens and the total number of specimens were tested for homogeneity. In the living population, 7 of 12 pairs were homogeneous while in the total, 5 of 12 were homogeneous, suggesting more homogeneity in the living population. The existing data are inadequate to draw any firm conclusions as to whether or not total populations are more homogeneous than living ones or whether different environments differ in their homogeneity. Data on spatial distribution of fossil populations are also scant Scott (1958) analyzed 25 samples located in a 5- x 5-station grid, each sample was about 20 cm apart horizontally and 10 cm vertically in Oligocene strata of New Zealand. Fifteen species were enumerated, and an analysis of variance indicated that in the horizontal dimension 10 of 14 benthonic species were homogeneous. Our results are in agreement with those of Scott (1958). In bed 16, 32 of the 36 species observed were homogeneous, while in bed 18, 31 of 33 were homogeneous. This is a far greater degree of homogeneity than suggested by studies of living populations. In the only study that is statistically directly comparable, Buzas (1970) found 3 of the 4 species studied were heterogeneous in the living population. While not directly comparable because of differences in methodology and environment, other studies cited at the begining of “Discus¬ sion” also suggest more heterogeneity in living and total populations than observed in the fossil populations studied here. However, we must keep in mind that no suitable study on living and total populations in more equitable environments (such as the shallow marine environments of less than 60 or 30 m postulated for the fossil populations studied here) exists. Another study of the spatial distribution of foraminiferal fossils was done on the Miocene Monterey Formation in California by Smith and Buzas (1986). Here 24 samples were taken 10 cm apart along the outcrop exposure of a single bed. The first 19 samples were judged to be similar using cluster analysis as criterion. Abruptly, at sample 20 (within 10 cm) the densities (by an order of magnitude) and the species propor¬ tions changed (Smith and Buzas, 1986:11, fig. 2). Smith and Buzas (1986) could offer no suitable explanation for this phenomenon. It may be that this represents an unusual, low-oxygen environment, or one perhaps with winnowing. Our analyses of the multispecies populations were surpris¬ ingly complex. The only study of living populations using a similar methodology is that of Buzas (1970). That study, however, had only 4 species (3 of which were heterogeneous) and was carried out in a marginal marine bay environment The present study indicates that although the majority of the species studied are homogeneous on a unispecies basis, the multispe¬ cies populations are heterogeneous. Moreover, the removal of species judged heterogeneous on a unispecies basis does not insure multispecies homogeneity. Further, deletion of either abundant or rare species alters the patterns of similarities and differences between the mean vectors of species abundances, indicating discrimination is not on the basis of only a few species. Consequently, use of only a few “important” species in studying spatial patterns of multispecies populations must be viewed with caution. Because we have no data on living and total populations in similar shallow open-ocean environments containing many species, the ecological and paleoecological significance of our analyses is unclear. While quantitative transformation from living to total to fossil populations is theoretically possible, no suitable data exist. We find ourselves in the paleontologically curious situation wherein studies of fossil populations are more comprehensive than any study of extant populations. Appendix 1 Bed 16, Calvert Cliffs, Maryland Sample Textular ia E1ph1dlum ValvulInaria CIb1c1des Rosa 1ina sp mary1 and 1 cum floridana lobatulus cf. R.globularls % no. % no. % no. % no. % no. 1-1 3.5 41 1 .2 14 12.2 144 37.0 437 0.9 11 1-2 2.7 88 1 .2 40 12.6 408 37.8 1224 1 .7 56 1-3 4.4 68 1.3 20 11 .9 184 43.1 672 2.3 36 1-4 5.7 84 2.5 36 21 .0 188 43.3 636 0.8 12 1-5 2.6 80 1.5 48 17.3 536 35.7 1112 1 .3 40 2-1 2.7 72 1 .5 40 12.7 336 37.2 984 0.6 16 2-2 2.0 36 0.9 16 14.1 248 37.4 656 0.5 8 2-3 6.5 152 0.7 16 11.3 264 45.5 1072 1 .3 32 2-4 2.6 64 0.0 0 13.1 320 41.3 1008 1 .6 40 2-5 3.7 88 0.7 16 8.0 192 49.8 1192 1 .0 24 3-1 3.1 56 1 .8 28 11 .0 172 34.8 540 0.8 12 3-2 3.4 44 1 .5 20 9.9 128 40.1 520 1 .2 16 3-3 2.8 112 0.0 0 10.4 416 27.1 1088 1 .2 48 3-4 5.3 160 0.8 24 11 .7 352 34.4 1032 0.8 24 3-5 5.4 88 1 .0 16 7.2 116 32.7 528 1 .2 20 4-1 4.5 176 0.6 24 5.7 224 37.8 1480 1.0 40 4-2 3.2 104 0.7 24 7.9 256 50.0 1600 0.2 8 4-3 5.1 184 0.2 8 6.5 232 49.4 1768 0.4 16 4-4 6.1 224 1 . 1 40 13.7 504 43.9 1616 1 .1 40 4-5 2.7 112 0.6 24 4.9 200 50.7 2080 0.8 32 5-1 2.2 61 0.5 14 6.9 191 61 .4 1705 0.5 15 5-2 3.6 136 1 .1 40 5.8 216 54.9 2048 0.4 16 5-3 0.0 0 1 .1 2 9.0 16 53.9 96 0.0 0 5-4 2.8 104 1 .1 40 4.6 168 50.1 1840 0.4 16 5-5 3.7 168 0.2 8 7.2 336 34.5 1584 0.5 24 6-1 1 .5 24 1 .5 24 7.3 116 68.3 1088 0.2 4 6-2 4.4 152 0.0 0 11.1 384 31 .6 1096 1 .2 40 6-3 1 .7 28 1 .0 16 11 .9 200 50.1 844 1 .0 16 6-4 1 .6 20 1 .6 20 12.0 152 37.5 476 1 .9 24 6-5 1 .4 32 0.7 16 8.0 180 34.3 772 0.5 12 7-1 1 .4 40 0.9 24 9.3 256 53.8 1480 1 .7 48 7-2 5.1 144 0.3 8 10.9 312 43.2 1232 1 .7 48 7-3 1 . 1 40 0.4 16 10.6 384 38.6 1368 1 .3 48 7-4 4.4 104 2.3 56 12.1 288 39.9 952 0.0 0 7-5 4.7 192 0.6 24 9.4 384 39.0 1584 0.4 16 8-1 3.1 112 1 .3 48 7.5 272 53.6 1928 1 .1 40 8-2 2.9 96 0.5 16 6.4 208 44.0 1432 0.5 16 8-3 1 .9 96 0.0 0 8.5 432 46.2 2344 0.0 0 8-4 2.5 104 0.8 32 5.7 232 59.8 2448 1 .4 72 8-5 4.6 352 0.8 64 5.7 432 52.3 3968 1 .5 112 9-1 1 .7 64 0.8 32 7.2 272 36.7 1376 0.0 0 9-2 2.5 44 0.9 16 8.6 148 30.6 532 0.8 12 9-3 1.3 32 2.1 52 8.2 208 40.3 976 0.5 12 9-4 5.6 336 0.6 32 5.8 352 39.0 2352 0.8 48 9-5 1 .5 28 0.4 8 7.6 144 41 .7 788 0.0 0 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 1.—Continued. Samp 1e Epistomine1 la BolIvina BuiImlnella Caucas1na Non lone 11 a ponton 1 pau 1 a elegantIssIma sp sp % no. % no. % no. % no. % no 1-1 6.7 79 18.1 214 12.8 151 1 .8 20 0.1 1 1-2 6.9 224 17.0 544 12.1 392 2.0 64 0.0 0 1-3 3.9 60 17.8 272 5.9 92 2.3 36 0.0 0 1-4 3.3 48 10.6 156 6.8 100 1 .9 28 0.0 0 1-5 4.6 144 17.0 528 9.0 280 2.8 88 0.0 0 2-1 7.6 200 20.0 528 10.9 288 3.0 80 0.0 0 cvj 1 CM 8.2 144 18.7 328 9.1 160 2.3 40 0.0 0 2-3 6.1 144 15.6 368 7.1 168 1 .7 40 0.0 0 2-4 6.5 160 18.7 456 9.8 240 0.6 16 0.0 0 2-5 7.3 176 16.7 400 9.4 224 1 .0 24 0.0 0 3-1 5.9 92 19.4 300 13.9 216 2.1 32 0.0 0 3-2 6.8 88 20.6 268 6.2 80 3.4 44 0.3 4 3-3 6.0 240 29.1 1168 16.3 656 1.2 48 0.8 32 3-4 6.1 184 18.4 552 10.4 312 5.1 152 0.0 0 3-5 9.4 152 21.3 344 14.1 228 2.8 44 0.0 0 4-1 8.0 312 26.5 1040 8.2 320 2.2 88 0.0 0 4-2 7.9 256 20.1 648 6.7 216 1 .2 40 0.0 0 4-3 6.3 224 20.1 720 6.0 216 0.7 24 0.0 0 4-4 5.6 208 16.5 608 5.4 200 2.4 88 0.0 0 4-5 7.0 288 21 .2 872 7.8 320 1 .6 64 0.2 8 5-1 5.2 145 14.1 393 5.6 156 1 .7 47 0.0 0 5-2 5.4 200 14.2 528 8.1 304 2.4 80 0.0 0 5-3 12.4 22 14.0 25 4.5 8 2.8 5 0.0 0 5-4 6.1 224 18.5 680 10.7 392 1 .7 64 0.6 24 5-5 11 .9 544 17.4 800 20.2 928 0.7 32 0.3 16 6-1 4.0 64 7.8 124 2.0 32 3.5 56 0.0 0 6-2 10.8 376 25.6 888 9.2 320 1 .4 48 0.0 0 6-3 7.1 120 14.2 240 4.7 80 3.1 52 0.0 0 6-4 9.8 124 18.6 236 9.5 120 1 .9 24 0.0 0 6-5 11 .0 248 28.1 632 11 .0 248 1 .6 36 0.0 0 7-1 9.6 264 14.2 392 4.6 128 0.9 24 0.0 0 7-2 5.9 168 15.7 448 8.4 240 2.2 64 0.0 0 7-3 7.2 256 25.3 896 9.5 336 2.5 88 0.0 0 7-4 8.4 200 19.5 464 8.4 200 2.0 48 0.3 8 7-5 8.9 360 24.0 976 5.1 208 2.8 112 0.4 16 8-1 7.5 272 14.0 504 7.1 256 0.4 16 0.0 0 8-2 6.9 224 24.6 800 9.6 312 2.0 64 0.0 0 8-3 8.0 408 23.8 1208 6.9 352 1 .0 56 0.2 8 8-4 4.3 176 15.4 632 3.9 160 2.1 88 0.2 8 8-5 5.1 384 19.4 1472 6.3 480 0.8 64 0.0 0 9-1 9.1 344 24.6 928 11 .9 448 2.1 80 0.6 24 9-2 10.7 184 29.2 504 12.1 208 2.1 36 0.0 0 9-3 8.4 212 18.3 444 13.9 336 2.3 56 0.0 0 9-4 8.7 528 21 .0 1264 13.5 816 1 .6 96 0.0 0 9-5 9.3 176 25.0 472 12.7 240 0.0 0 0.0 0 NUMBER 68 17 Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample Mass!1ina Splroplectammina Flor 1lus Bo 1 Ivina Cass 1du1Ina glutInosa ex 1 1 I s p 1 zarrense p11 cate 11 a sp. % no. % no. % no. % no. % no. 1-1 0.1 1 0.5 6 1 .7 20 0.2 2 0.6 7 1-2 0.3 8 0.7 24 2.2 72 0.3 8 0.3 8 1-3 0.0 0 0.5 8 2.8 44 0.8 16 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.3 4 1 .9 28 0.3 4 0.3 4 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 3.9 120 0.8 24 0.0 0 2-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.1 56 0.3 8 0.6 16 2-2 0.0 0 0.5 8 3.0 52 0.5 8 0.0 0 2-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 1 .0 24 0.3 8 0.3 8 2-4 0.0 0 0.3 8 1 .6 40 0.3 8 0.0 0 2-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.3 8 0.7 16 3-1 0.3 4 3.9 60 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-2 0.0 0 0.3 4 2.2 28 1 .2 16 0.0 0 3-3 0.0 0 0.4 16 2.4 96 0.4 16 0.0 0 3-4 0.0 0 0.3 8 3.2 96 0.5 16 0.0 0 3-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.8 44 0.2 4 0.2 4 4-1 0.0 0 0.2 8 1 .8 72 0.2 8 0.8 32 4-2 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.5 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-3 0.0 0 0.4 16 2.7 96 0.7 24 0.2 8 4-4 0.0 0 0.4 16 1 .1 40 0.2 8 0.2 8 4-5 0.4 16 0.0 0 1 .0 40 0.2 8 0.0 0 5-1 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.6 16 0.2 6 0.4 10 5-2 0.0 0 0.2 8 1 .9 72 0.0 0 0.6 24 5-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 1 .1 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-4 0.0 0 0.9 32 0.4 16 0.4 16 0.2 8 5-5 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.9 40 0.2 8 0.2 8 6-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 1 .8 28 0.8 12 0.0 0 6-2 0.2 8 0.0 0 1 .8 64 0.0 0 0.2 8 6-3 0.0 0 0.7 12 2.8 48 0.7 12 0.0 0 6-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.9 12 1 .6 20 0.6 8 6-5 0.0 0 0.4 8 1 .4 32 0.4 8 0.2 4 7-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.6 56 0.3 8 0.0 0 7-2 0.2 8 0.6 16 2.2 64 0.3 8 0.0 0 7-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 24 0.7 24 0.2 8 7-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 16 0.3 8 0.3 8 7-5 0.0 0 1 .0 40 0.2 8 0.8 32 0.4 16 8-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 1 .3 48 0.7 24 0.2 8 8-2 0.2 8 0.0 0 1 .2 40 0.0 0 0.2 8 8-3 0.0 0 0.5 24 0.6 32 0.2 8 0.2 8 8-4 0.4 16 0.2 8 0.2 8 0.2 8 0.6 24 8-5 0.4 32 0.0 0 0.2 16 0.8 64 0.4 32 9-1 0.0 0 1 .1 40 1 .1 40 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.8 12 0.0 0 0.2 4 9-3 0.0 0 0.3 8 1.0 24 0.5 12 0.2 4 9-4 0.3 16 0.6 32 0.8 48 0.3 16 0.0 0 9-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.2 4 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample UvIgerIna Flor I I us sp. medlo-costatus FIssurIna luclda LentIculIna sp + MargI nil I InopsIs AnomaI I noides ? sp. % no. % no. % no. % no. % no. 1-1 0.5 5 0.3 3 0.6 7 0.3 4 0.5 5 1-2 0.5 16 0.3 8 0.3 8 0.3 8 0.5 16 1-3 0.0 0 1 .0 16 0.5 8 0.3 4 0.0 0 1-4 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.3 4 0.0 0 1-5 0.5 16 0.8 24 0.5 16 0.5 16 0.8 24 2-1 0.0 0 0.6 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 CM 1 CM 0.9 16 0.7 12 0.3 4 0.7 12 0.0 0 2-3 0.3 8 1 .0 24 0.7 16 0.0 0 0.3 8 2-4 0.6 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.6 16 2-5 0.7 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.0 0 3-1 0.0 0 0.5 8 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.3 4 3-2 0.3 4 0.3 4 0.3 4 0.3 4 0.3 4 3-3 0.4 16 0.0 0 0.4 16 0.4 16 0.0 0 3-4 0.5 16 0.3 8 1.3 40 0.3 8 0.5 16 3-5 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.4 8 0.0 0 4-1 0.8 32 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.6 24 4-2 0.5 16 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.2 8 0.0 0 4-3 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-4 0.4 16 0.4 16 0.2 8 0.2 8 0.2 8 4-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.2 8 5-1 0.2 5 0.0 0 0.1 3 0.1 2 0.1 4 5-2 0.0 0 0.4 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 5-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-4 0.0 0 0.6 24 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.2 8 5-5 0.0 0 0.3 16 0.2 8 0.5 24 0.3 16 6-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 8 0.5 8 6-2 0.9 32 0.4 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 6-3 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-4 0.0 0 0.9 12 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 8 6-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.2 4 0.2 4 7-1 0.6 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-2 0.6 16 0.6 16 0.3 8 8.4 24 0.3 8 7-3 0.4 16 0.7 24 0.4 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-4 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.3 8 7-5 0.2 8 0.4 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.8 32 8-1 0.0 0 0.7 24 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.2 8 8-2 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.2 8 8-3 0.5 24 0.3 16 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 8-4 0.2 8 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.4 16 0.4 16 8-5 0.6 48 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 16 0.4 32 9-1 0.2 8 0.6 24 0.2 8 0.6 24 0.2 8 9-2 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.5 8 0.2 4 9-3 0.2 4 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.0 0 9-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 32 0.3 16 9-5 0.2 4 0.4 8 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 NUMBER 68 19 Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample Non Ion cf. Fursenko Ina N.CassIdulI no Ides sp. Lagena substr I ata QuInquelocuI Ina sp. % no. % no. % no 1-1 0.2 2 0.1 1 0.2 2 1-2 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 CM 1 CM 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 4 2-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-4 0.0 0 0.4 16 0.0 0 4-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-1 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-5 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 8-1 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-1 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-2 0.0 0 o-.o 0 0.0 0 9-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 % 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 no. 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 16 16 8 0 8 3 8 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 24 16 0 0 0 32 4 BuIImIne I la cf. B. Brevolr % no, 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample Trlfarina FIssurIna Dlscorbis Lagena BolIvina cf. sp. bIdens sp. paImerae B. marglnata % no. % no. % no. % no. % no 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-2 0.5 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.3 4 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.3 4 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.3 8 2-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 1 .0 24 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-5 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-1 0.1 4 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-2 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 5-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-2 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-4 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-5 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-1 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-4 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.2 8 8-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 24 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 24 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 16 9-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.8 20 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 NUMBER 68 21 Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample Denta1ina ? Lagena cf. Asterigerinata Elphidlum ? Bo 1ivina sp. L. laevls sp. sp. sp. % no. % no. % no. % no. % no 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-2 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-4 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-1 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-2 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.3 4 3-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-5 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 4-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-3 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 5-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-5 0.0 0 0.2 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 16 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 8-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample FIssurIna cf. F.margInata PseudopolymorphIna BucceI I a Flor Ilus cf. PIanuIaria sp. mansfleldl F.grateloupI sp. % no. % no. % no. % no. % no. 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-3 0.4 16 0.0 0 3-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-5 0.0 0 0.2 4 4-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-5 0.2 8 0.0 0 6-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-2 0.2 8 0.0 0 6-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-4 0.0 0 0.3 4 6-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-1 0.3 8 0.0 0 7-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 NUMBER 68 23 Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample Ammonia Sp1rop1ectamm1na BuiImlne1 la cf . Neoconorb1na Qu1nqueloc beccar11 sp. B.subfuslformls terquemi ulina cf.Q. agglutinans % no. % no. % no. % no. % no. 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.4 16 3-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-1 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-3 1.1 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 5-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 6-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7-5 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 8-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 8 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 9-4 0.0 0 0.3 16 0.0 0 0.3 16 0.0 0 9-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample Total # specimens Split size # species H ( s ) E P 1 anktonIcs % no . 1-1 1180 al 1 25 1 .97 .28 0.3 4 1-2 3248 1/8 20 1 .96 .37 0.0 0 1-3 1548 1/4 18 1 .90 .35 0.0 0 1-4 1348 1/4 18 1 .80 .34 0.0 0 1-5 3112 1/8 18 2.00 .41 0.0 0 2-1 2656 1/8 14 1 .86 .46 0.3 1 2-2 1756 1/4 18 1 .92 .38 0.2 1 2-3 2352 1/8 16 1 .80 .38 0.0 0 2-4 2440 1/8 17 1 .81 .36 0.0 0 2-5 2392 1/8 14 1 .63 .37 0.3 1 3-1 1548 1/4 18 1 .95 .39 0.5 2 3-2 1300 1/4 23 1 .95 .30 0.3 1 3-3 4016 1/16 17 1 .90 .39 0.0 0 3-4 3000 1/8 17 2.03 .45 0.0 0 3-5 1616 1/4 18 1 .96 .40 0.5 2 4-1 3920 1/8 19 1 .86 .34 0.6 3 4-2 3232 1/8 15 1 .60 .33 0.0 0 4-3 3576 1/8 19 1 .66 .28 0.7 3 4-4 3680 1/8 20 1 .84 .31 0.4 2 4-5 4104 1/8 18 1.58 .27 0.2 1 5-1 2793 al 1 24 1 .40 .17 0.2 5 5-2 3728 1/8 17 1 .61 .29 0.4 2 5-3 178 al 1 9 1 .48 .49 0.6 1 5-4 3672 1/8 18 1 .65 .29 0.0 0 5-5 4584 1/8 20 1 .82 .31 0.2 1 6-1 1592 1/4 14 1.29 .26 0.0 0 6-2 3464 1/8 18 1 .90 .37 0.2 1 6-3 1684 1/4 15 1 .69 .36 0.2 1 6-4 1264 1/4 16 1 .91 .42 0.0 0 6-5 2252 1/4 19 1 .78 .31 0.0 0 7-1 2752 1/8 14 1.57 .34 0.0 0 7-2 2848 1/8 19 1 .89 .35 0.0 0 7-3 3544 1/8 15 1 .75 .38 0.0 0 7-4 2384 1/8 16 1 .83 .39 0.0 0 7-5 4064 1/8 21 1 .86 .31 0.0 0 8-1 3600 1/8 17 1 .64 .30 0.0 0 8-2 3256 1/8 16 1 .67 .33 0.0 0 8-3 5072 1/8 18 1 .61 .28 0.5 3 8-4 4088 1/8 20 1 .49 .22 0.2 1 8-5 7600 1/16 18 1 .62 .28 0.2 1 9-1 3736 1/8 18 1 .85 .35 0.6 3 9-2 1724 1/4 16 1 .82 .38 0.2 1 9-3 2420 1/4 16 1 .81 .38 0.3 2 9-4 6032 1/16 17 1 .82 .36 0.5 2 9-5 1888 1/4 14 1 .58 .35 0.0 0 Appendix 2 Bed 18, Calvert Cliffs, Maryland Sample Textular la EIphIdlum Va 1 vu 11 nar 1 a Bucce 1 la C 1 b 1 c 1 des sp . maryland 1 cum florIdana mansf 1 e 1 dI lobatulus % no . % no . % no . % no . % no . A -1 2.5 16 0.6 4 3.8 24 6.9 44 4.1 26 A -2 3.4 21 1 .6 10 5.7 35 2.6 16 4.6 28 A -3 2.0 26 0.3 4 2.6 34 2.6 34 2.7 36 A -4 1 .0 8 0.0 0 3.2 26 2.0 16 6.0 48 A -5 4.8 48 0.6 6 5.8 58 3.2 32 4.4 44 B -1 0.9 12 0.6 6 3.3 36 2.5 28 3.1 34 B -2 5.0 21 1 .9 8 2.4 10 6.6 28 4.0 17 B -3 4.4 14 2.2 7 3.8 12 7.6 24 3.5 11 B -4 5.2 34 0.6 4 4.3 28 4.0 26 7.7 50 B -5 2.4 18 1.3 10 3.7 28 4.5 34 3.4 26 C -1 2.4 32 0.7 10 1 .9 26 2.4 32 3.7 50 C -2 2.5 28 0.8 9 3.2 36 2.4 27 3.6 40 C -3 3.7 24 1 .6 10 3.1 20 3.7 24 5.6 36 C -4 3.3 28 1 .4 12 1 .9 16 2.6 22 2.4 20 C -5 5.9 32 1 .8 10 3.7 20 4.2 23 4.8 26 D -1 4.3 6 2.9 4 2.9 4 15.2 21 4.3 6 D -2 3.9 14 0.8 3 6.5 23 7.9 28 5.1 18 D -3 0.9 3 0.0 0 4.0 14 2.6 9 3.2 11 D -4 7.8 46 0.7 4 4.1 24 5.1 30 8.1 48 D -5 4.2 36 0.7 6 4.2 36 3.5 30 4.0 34 E -1 4.7 21 2.6 12 6.8 31 2.6 12 6.2 28 E -2 4.5 21 1 .4 7 5.1 24 5.9 28 3.9 19 E -3 2.1 26 0.8 10 5.6 70 3.7 46 1 .7 22 E -4 5.3 50 0.4 4 3.6 34 4.0 38 2.8 26 E -5 2.2 22 0.6 6 4.8 48 4.6 46 5.0 50 F -1 2.5 38 0.4 6 3.0 46 1 .9 30 3.6 56 F -2 4.8 54 0.4 4 4.6 52 2.5 28 4.1 46 F -3 4.3 40 1 .1 10 4.3 40 2.1 20 2.8 26 F -4 0.7 10 1 .6 22 3.8 52 3.4 46 4.9 66 F -5 4.1 27 0.6 4 4.3 28 5.1 33 3.0 20 G -1 5.5 33 1 .8 11 3.8 23 3.3 20 5.3 32 G -2 8.5 27 2.5 8 6.6 21 4.4 14 6.9 22 G -3 5.1 12 2.1 5 7.2 17 5.5 13 5.9 14 G -4 2.2 18 0.5 4 3.2 26 4.1 34 3.2 26 G -5 4.9 44 0.9 8 4.2 38 3.3 30 2.7 24 H -1 6.7 21 2.6 8 8.0 25 6.1 19 8.3 26 H -2 2.0 26 0.3 4 2.4 32 3.0 40 3.8 50 H -3 3.3 36 1 . 1 12 3.5 38 3.7 40 5.0 54 H -4 1 .8 16 CO OJ 20 4.6 40 4.6 40 5.7 50 H -5 4.8 18 1.1 4 5.0 19 6.1 23 5.6 21 1-1 1.2 10 0.7 6 5.1 42 2.6 22 4.3 36 1-2 3.2 40 0.8 10 4.3 54 1 .7 22 3.0 38 1-3 7.7 20 2.3 6 6.9 18 10.3 27 6.5 17 1-4 3.3 24 0.5 4 5.8 42 3.6 26 3.9 28 1-5 4.6 21 1 .7 8 4.6 21 4.9 23 4.6 21 25 26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 2.—Continued. Sample DIscorbIs DIscorbIs Rosa 11 na cf . EpIstomIneI la Bo I Ivina bassler 1 % no . sp . % no . R . globularls % no . ponton 1 % no . paul a % no . A -1 3.1 20 0.9 6 0.0 0 0.6 4 30.2 192 A -2 3.1 19 0.0 0 0.6 4 1 .0 6 39.1 239 A -3 1 .7 22 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.8 10 34.3 452 A -4 2.5 20 0.0 0 0.2 2 1 .5 12 39.5 318 A -5 2.6 26 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.2 2 34.4 342 B -1 2.7 30 0.4 4 0.0 0 0.5 6 32.7 358 B -2 3.3 14 3.3 14 0.2 1 0.7 3 25.4 107 B -3 0.0 0 15.2 48 0.0 0 2.2 7 20.0 63 B -4 2.5 16 1 .8 12 0.9 6 0.3 2 38.7 252 B -5 1 .6 12 0.0 0 0.5 4 0.3 2 30.6 232 C -1 2.2 30 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.7 10 35.6 478 C -2 2.4 26 0.1 1 0.4 4 0.6 7 32.1 354 C -3 2.5 12 0.3 2 0.0 0 1 .6 10 32.2 206 C -4 2.4 20 0.2 2 0.5 4 1 .4 12 30.9 260 C -5 3.7 20 1 .3 7 0.2 1 0.0 0 28.8 157 D -1 1 .4 2 0.0 0 2.2 3 0.0 0 27.5 38 D -2 1 .1 4 0.0 0 1 .1 4 0.3 1 38.0 135 D -3 2.3 8 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.3 1 39.7 138 D -4 2.7 16 0.0 0 1 .4 8 1 .4 8 27.1 160 D -5 2.8 24 0.0 0 0.7 6 1 .4 12 33.1 280 E -1 2.3 11 2.6 12 0.3 1 1 .2 5 29.7 135 E -2 0.6 3 0.0 0 1 .1 5 0.6 3 37.4 177 E -3 1 .9 24 0.3 4 0.2 2 0.8 10 38.6 484 E -4 3.2 30 0.4 4 0.2 2 1 .1 10 33.8 318 E -5 1 .6 16 0.2 2 0.4 4 1 .4 14 35.6 354 F -1 1 .2 18 0.0 0 0.1 2 1.3 20 35.7 550 CM I u . 1 .6 18 0.2 2 0.5 6 0.9 10 34.9 392 F -3 1 .7 16 0.0 0 0.6 6 1 .1 10 31.1 290 F -4 1 .0 14 0.0 0 1 .2 16 1 .5 20 38.9 528 F -5 2.1 13 0.6 4 0.2 1 1.0 7 29.5 191 G -1 1 .5 9 0.4 3 0.9 5 0.2 1 35.7 215 G -2 0.6 2 0.0 0 1 .3 4 0.6 2 29.2 93 G -3 3.4 8 2.1 5 0.4 1 0.4 1 31 .6 75 G -4 4.4 36 4.1 34 0.0 0 0.0 0 32.0 264 G -5 1 .6 14 0.2 2 0.7 6 1 .3 12 32.4 290 H -1 3.5 11 0.6 2 0.6 2 0.3 1 30.7 96 H -2 1 .0 14 0.3 4 0.3 4 1.0 14 35.3 470 H -3 2.4 26 0.0 0 0.7 8 0.7 8 33.9 366 H -4 0.5 4 0.5 4 0.2 2 0.5 4 30.8 270 H -5 2.1 8 0.8 3 0.8 3 0.3 1 29.7 112 1-1 0.5 4 0.5 4 0.5 4 0.5 4 47.0 390 1-2 1.3 16 0.0 0 0.6 8 0.9 12 42.4 534 1-3 1 . 1 3 1 .1 3 3.4 9 0.8 2 23.0 60 1-4 1 . 1 8 0.0 0 1.9 14 0.5 4 34.8 252 1-5 3.2 15 0.3 1 0.9 4 0.6 3 36.1 167 NUMBER 68 27 Appendix 2.—Continued. BuiImlnel la elegantIssIma CaucasIna UvIgerIna cf . Bo I Ivina AsterIgerInata sp . U . subperegrlna piIcatella sp . Sample % no . % no . % no . % no . % no A -1 45.6 290 0.9 6 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 2 A -2 36.2 221 0.6 4 0.2 1 0.6 2 0.0 0 A -3 51 .9 684 0.2 2 0.3 4 0.2 2 0.0 0 A -4 42.8 344 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 6 0.0 0 A -5 41 .4 412 0.8 8 0.0 0 0.6 6 0.0 0 B -1 51 .8 568 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.4 4 0.4 4 B -2 45.1 190 0.5 2 0.0 0 0.2 1 0.0 0 B -3 39.0 123 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.3 1 B -4 33.4 218 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 2 0.0 0 B -5 51.2 388 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -1 47.1 632 0.4 6 0.0 0 0.4 6 0.6 8 C -2 49.7 548 0.6 7 0.0 0 0.4 5 0.2 2 C -3 43.7 280 0.6 4 0.0 0 0.6 4 0.0 0 C -4 51 .3 432 0.5 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -5 43.8 239 1 .3 7 0.0 0 0.2 1 0.2 1 D -1 34.1 47 0.7 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 1 .4 2 D -2 33.5 119 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 D -3 45.7 159 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.3 1 D -4 39.7 234 0.7 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 2 D -5 41 .6 352 1 .4 12 0.0 0 0.5 4 0.2 2 E -1 37.3 169 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.9 4 0.3 1 E -2 38.5 183 0.6 3 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 E -3 42.7 536 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 8 0.6 8 E -4 44.3 416 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.2 2 E -5 42.0 418 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 6 F -1 48.8 752 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.4 6 0.1 2 F -2 43.9 494 0.4 4 0.0 0 0.7 8 0.2 2 F -3 48.5 452 1 . 1 10 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.2 2 F -4 41 .7 566 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.1 2 0.3 4 F -5 47.6 308 0.4 3 0.2 1 0.6 4 0.2 1 G -1 39.7 239 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.7 4 0.0 0 G -2 37.7 120 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 G -3 34.2 81 1 .7 4 0.0 0 0.4 1 0.0 0 G -4 44.2 364 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 4 0.5 4 G -5 46.0 412 0.9 8 0.0 0 0.4 4 0.0 0 H -1 30.3 95 0.6 2 0.0 0 0.9 3 0.0 0 H -2 49.6 660 0.1 2 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.1 2 H -3 44.3 478 0.6 6 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 H -4 46.8 410 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 H -5 42.2 159 0.8 3 0.0 0 0.5 2 0.0 0 1-1 34.9 290 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.2 2 1-2 40.2 506 0.6 8 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.2 2 1-3 34.5 90 1 . 1 3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 43.6 316 0.5 4 0.0 0 0.3 2 0.0 0 1-5 36.4 168 0.9 4 0.0 0 0.6 3 0.0 0 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 2.—Continued. Sp 1 roplectamm 1 na Florllus ? AnomaII no 1 des Non Ion cf . Bullmlnella cf . sp . sp . ? sp . N.cassidulInoldes B . brevlor Sample % no . % no . % no . % no . % no . A -1 0.0 0 0.3 2 A -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -2 0.5 2 0.0 0 B -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -4 0.0 0 0.3 2 B -5 0.0 0 0.3 2 C -1 0.0 0 0.3 4 C -2 0.2 2 0.2 2 C -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -4 0.5 4 0.0 0 C -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -1 1 .4 2 0.7 1 D -2 0.0 0 0.6 2 D -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -3 0.2 2 0.0 0 E -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -5 0.0 0 0.2 1 G -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -2 0.0 0 0.3 1 G -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-1 0.2 2 0.0 0 1-2 0.2 2 0.2 2 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.3 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 NUMBER 68 29 Appendix 2.—Continued. Buiimlnella cf. Bol 1 vIna cf. E Iphldium ? Tr 1 farIna ? Cass 1 du 1 Ina B.subfuslformis B . 1 Imbata sp . sp . sp . Sample % no . % no . % no . % no . % no . A -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -2 0.0 0 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.0 0 A -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 A -5 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.4 4 B -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 1 0.2 1 B -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 B -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 1 0.1 1 C -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 2 0.0 0 C -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -5 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -2 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -3 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 2 0.7 4 D -5 0.5 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 4 0.2 2 E -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.9 4 m l n> 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 E -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 E -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 E -5 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 F -1 0.1 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -2 0.4 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -3 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 4 F -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -1 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 G -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.5 4 G -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 H -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 H -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 2 H -3 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -4 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 4 H -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 1-2 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 2.—Continued. BolIvina cf . FIssurIna F 1 ssur 1 na GlobocassldulIna Fursenko 1 na B.marglnata sp . luclda sp . fus 1 form 1 s Sample % no . % no . % no . % no . % no . A -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -1 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -2 0.0 0 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 2 0.0 0 C -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 C -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 F -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.0 0 F -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 F -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -1 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -2 6.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 1-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.4 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 NUMBER 68 31 Appendix 2.—Continued. Non Ion ©1 la ? OolIna Neoconorb 1 na Bo 1 iv 1 na aff . Globocass 1 da 1 ina sp . sp . terguemi B . pacIflca cf . G.subglobosa Samp 1 e % no . % no . % no . % no . % no . A -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 A -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 A -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 A -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 A -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 B -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 B -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 B -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 B -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 B -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 C -1 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.3 C -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 C -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 C -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 C -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 D -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 D -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 D -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 D -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 D -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 E -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 E -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 E -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 E -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 E -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 F -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 F -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 F -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 F -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 F -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 G -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 G -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 G -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 G -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 G -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 H -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 H -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 H -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 H -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 H -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1-1 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 1-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4 0.4 6 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.1 2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 2.—Continued. Lagena AstrononIon Sp 1 roplectammlna Pseudopoly - Flor 1 lus laevls sp . sp . 2 morphIna ? sp . chesapeakens 1 s Sample % no . % no . % no . % no . % no . A -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -2 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -3 0.3 2 0.3 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.0 0 C -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 1 D -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -1 0.6 3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -1 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -2 0.1 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -3 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 H -4 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 4 1-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.4 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.4 1 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 NUMBER 68 33 Appendix 2.—Continued. Denta 11 na ? Lagena Flor 11 us cf . Lent 1 cu 11 na Lagena cf . sp . sp . F . p 1 zarrense sp . L.subst riata Sample % no . % no . % no . % no . % no . A -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 A -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 B -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 C -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -2 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 D -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 E -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 E -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 E -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -3 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 F -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -4 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 G -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 2 0.0 0 H -1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 1 0.0 0 H -2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 H -5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1-5 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Appendix 1.—Continued. Sample Total no . specimens Split size no . species H ( S ) E P 1 ankton 1 cs % no . A -1 636 1/2 13 1 .54 .36 0.6 4 A -2 611 ALL 18 1 .64 .29 0.2 1 A -3 1318 1/2 16 1.29 .23 0.2 2 A -4 804 1/2 12 1.36 .32 1 .0 8 A -5 994 1/2 15 1.56 .32 0.0 0 B -1 1096 1/2 15 1.31 .25 0.2 2 B -2 421 ALL 17 1 .70 .32 0.2 1 B -3 315 ALL 14 1 .82 .44 0.0 0 B -4 652 1/2 13 1 .64 .40 2.1 14 B -5 758 1/2 12 1.37 .33 0.0 0 C -1 1342 1/2 19 1 .43 .22 0.0 0 C -2 1103 ALL 21 1 .44 .20 0.4 5 C -3 640 1/2 16 1 .61 .31 0.6 4 C -4 842 1/2 16 1 .42 .26 0.5 4 C -5 545 ALL 14 1 .64 .37 0.0 0 D -1 138 ALL 14 1 .85 .45 0.7 1 D -2 355 ALL 15 1 .65 .35 0.0 0 D -3 348 ALL 13 1.29 .28 0.0 0 D -4 590 1/2 14 1 .76 .42 0.0 0 D -5 846 1/2 17 1 .65 .31 0.5 4 E -1 452 3/4 18 1 .85 .35 0.6 3 E -2 475 3/4 13 1 .56 .36 0.6 3 E -3 1254 1/2 15 1.43 .28 0.0 0 E -4 940 1/2 15 1 .50 .30 0.4 2 E -5 994 1/2 16 1 .52 .29 0.0 0 F -1 1540 1/2 17 1.33 .22 0.1 2 F -2 1124 1/2 15 1.50 .30 0.0 0 CO I Li- 932 1/2 17 1 .49 .26 0.6 6 F -4 1358 1/2 15 1 .46 .29 0.3 4 F -5 646 3/4 16 1 .53 .29 0.2 1 G -1 600 3/4 17 1 .60 .29 0.2 1 G -2 318 ALL 15 1 .73 .38 0.0 0 G -3 237 ALL 13 1 .81 .47 0.0 0 G -4 824 1/2 15 1 .57 .32 0.2 2 G -5 896 1/2 15 1 .51 .30 0.2 2 H -1 313 ALL 15 1 .88 .44 0.0 0 H -2 1330 1/2 16 1.30 .23 0.0 0 H -3 1080 1/2 15 1 .52 .30 0.4 4 H -4 876 1/2 17 1 .52 .27 0.0 0 H -5 377 ALL 14 1 .66 .38 0.0 0 1-1 830 1/2 19 1.41 .22 0.7 6 1-2 1260 1/2 16 1.42 .26 0.3 4 1-3 261 ALL 15 1 .95 .47 0.0 0 1-4 724 1/2 12 1 .47 .36 0.0 0 1-5 460 3/4 15 1 .69 .36 0.2 3 Literature Cited Andrews, G.W. 1976. Miocene Marine Diatoms from the Choptank Formation, Calvert County, Maryland. US. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 910: 26 pages. 1988. A Revised Marine Diatom Zonation for Miocene Strata of the Southeastern United States. US. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1481: 29 pages. Berggren,W.A.,D.V. Kent, and J.A. van Couvering 1985. The Neogene, Part 2: Neogene Geochronology and Chronostratigra- phy. In NJ Snelling, editor, The Chronology of the Geological Record. The Geological Society of America, Memoir, 90:211-260. Blow, W.H. 1969. Late Middle Eocene to Recent Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostrati¬ graphy. In P. Bronnimann and H.H. Renz, editors, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils, Geneva, 1967, 1:199-422. Boltovskoy, E., and H. Lena 1969. Seasonal Occurrences, Standing Crop and Production in Benthic Foraminifera of Puerto Deseado. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 20: 87-95. Buzas.M.A. 1965. The Distribution and Abundance of Foraminifera in Long Island Sound. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 149(1): 89 pages. 1966. The Discrimination of Morphological Groups of Elphidium (Fo- raminifer) in Long Island Sound through Canonical Analysis and Invarient Characters. Journal of Paleontology, 40:585-594. 1967. An Application of Canonical Analysis as a Method of Comparing Faunal Areas. Journal of Animal Ecology, 36:563-577. 1968. On the Spatial Distribution of Foraminifera. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 19:1-11. 1970. Spatial Homogeneity: Statistical Analyses of Unispecies and Multispecies Populations of Foraminifera. Ecology, 51:874-879. Buzas, M.A., R.K. Smith, and K.A. Beem 1977. Ecology and Systematics of Foraminifera in Two Thalassia Habitats, Jamaica, West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 31: 139 pages. Gemant, R.E. 1970. Paleoecology of the Choptank Formation (Miocene) erf Maryland and Virginia. Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations, 12: 90 pages. Gibson, T.G. 1962. Benthonic Foraminifera and Paleoecology of the Miocene Deposits of the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain. 198 pages. De>ctoral disserta¬ tion, Princeton University. 1983. Stratigraphy of Miocene through Lower Pleistocene Strata of the United States Central Atlantic Coastal Plain. In C.E. Ray, editor, Geology and Paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, I. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 53:35-80. Gibson, T.G., and M.A. Buzas 1973. Species Diversity: Patterns in Modem and Miocene Foraminifera of the Eastern Margin of North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84:217-238. Greig-Smith, P. 1964. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 256 pages. London: Butterworthes. Kidwell, S.M. 1984. Outcrop Features and Origin of Basin Margin Unconformities in the Lower Chesapeake Group (Miocene), Atlantic Coastal Plain. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 36:37-58. Lutze, G.F. 1968. Jahregang der Foraminiferen-Fauna in der Bottsnad-Lagune (westli- che Ostsee). Meyniana, 18:14-30. Lynts, G.W. 1966. Variation of Foraminiferal Standing Crop Over Short Lateral Distances in Buttonwood Sound, Florida. Limnology and Oceanog¬ raphy, 11:562-566. Olsson, I., and B. Eriksson 1974. Horizontal Distribution of Meiofauna within a Small Area, with Special Reference to Foraminifera. Zoon, 2:67-84. Reyment, R.A., R.E. Blackith, and N.A. Cambell 1984. Multivariate Morphometries. 233 pages. London: Academic Press. Schafer, C.T. 1968 Lateral and Temporal Variation of Foraminifera Populations Living in Nearshore Shallow Water Areas. 28 pages. Manuscript (number 68-4) on file at the Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1971. Sampling and Spatial Distribution of Benthonic Foraminifera. Limnology and Oceanography, 16:944-951. Schafer, C.T., and PJ. Mudie 1980. Spatial Variability of Foraminifera and Pollen in Two Nearshore Sediment Sites, St. Georges Bay, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17:313-324. Scott, G.H. 1958. Distribution of Populations of Fossil Foraminifera. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1:474-484. Seal, H. 1964. Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Biologists. 207 pages. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd. Shat tuck, G.B. 1904. Geological and Paleontological Relations, with a Review of Earlier Investigations. In W.B. Clark, G.B. Shattuck, and W.H. Dali, editors. The Miocene Deposits of Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey, 2:xxxiii-cxxiii. Shifflett, E. 1961. Living, Dead and Total Foraminiferal Faunas, Heald Bank, Gulf of Mexico. Micropaleontology, 7:45-54. Smith, R.K., and M.A. Buzas 1986. Microdistribution of Foraminifera in a Single Bed of the Monterey Formation, Monterey County, California. 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