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BY CHARLES CLEVELAND NUTTING, PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1915 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Issuep Aprit 10, 1915. iI JUNE OID DO WO IN OMM a During the 10 years which have elapsed since the publication of Part II of this work, in 1904, a number of new workers have arisen in the field of marine zoology and not a few of these have produced valuable works on the Hydroida and described many new species of Cam- panularide. It remains true, however, that no one has attempted to give a comprehensive account of American forms, although the west coast of North America has been the recipient of special attention by several able writers, such as Harry Beal Torrey and Charles Mclean Fraser. The east coast of North America has received but scant attention, and the South American hydroid fauna has been exploited almost exclusively by European writers, particularly Dr. Clemens Hartlaub and Dr. Elof Jiiderholm. To both of these writers the author is indebted for specimens and literature. Here, as in the case of Part II, comparatively few new species have been described, and the rather imposing array of 82 species of Campanularide is more the result of carefully con- sulting the literature of the subject both in America and abroad, and in obtaining material illustrating the forms therein described, than of the discovery of new species. , In the extensive bibliographic work involved, the author gratefully acknowledges courte- sies by many private correspondents, and by the Librarians of the Congressional Library; the John Crerar Library in Chicago; the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; the Harper Memorial Library, Chicago; and the Chicago Public Library. In addition to the help rendered by the above-mentioned friends and institutions, I take pleasure in acknowledging the assistance of the following: The directors of the British Museum (Natural History) for portions of some of the type specimens of Campanularidx collected by the Challenger; the United States Bureau of Fish and Fisheries, for permission to include descriptions of new Campanularide found in their collections; Prof. Maurice Bedot, of Geneva; Mr. W.M. Bale, of Kew, Victoria; Dr. Armand Billard, Paris; Dr. Hjalmar Broch, Trondhjem, Norway; Mr. E. T. Browne, University Col- lege, London; Prof. Sydney J. Hickson, Manchester, England; Mr. Paul E. Kramp, Copenhagen; Mr. A. Kithn, Freiburg; Prof. G. M. R. Levinsen, Copenhagen; Mr. James Ritchie, Edinburgh; Mr. B. Saemundsson, Reykjavik, Iceland; Dr. E. Stechow, Munich. I take pleasure also in expressing my obligation to the following American colleagues, who have generously aided me in the matter of literature or specimens, often both: Prof. Gary N. Calkins, Dr. C. M. Fraser, Dr. Charles W. Hargitt, Dr. A. G. Mayer, Dr. Harry Beal Torrey, and Prof. A. EK. Verrill. III AMERICAN HYDROIDS. SECTION I1I.—-THE CAMPANULARIDA AND BONNEVIELLID 44. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CAMPANULARID 4. This family seems to be more unspecialized, on the whole, than either of the other families, Plumularide and Sertularid, thus far treated in this work, having neither the highly special- ized phylactogonia and other gonosomal structures of the former nor,in many cases, the fixed sporosacs of the latter. If these sporosacs are really degraded medusz, as claimed by Weis- mann,! they are more specialized than the meduse that characterize many of the Campanu- laride and are hence evidence of the higher zoological rank of the Sertularide. The members of the family Campanularide have engaged the attention and elicited the admiration of lovers of nature ever since the microscope revealed the elegant hydrothece, like fairy goblets, that characterize the group. John Ellis, in his “‘Essay towards a Natural History of Corallines”’ (1745), describes several species and his drawings show their char- acteristic features with rare fidelity. If we imagine minute crystalline chalices, crenated or plain round the margin and mounted on slender pedicels, twisted spirally or delicately ringed, which are all united and bound to the body on which they grow by the finest network of tubes, we have the form which the polypary assumes in one section of this exquisite group. In another the species are arborescent and sometimes of considerable size, their tree-like tufts presenting the most lovely shapes, the branches laden with the hyaline calycles (variously formed and adorned) and with the vase-like capsules, and the whole structure exhibiting an indescribable delicacy of texture and gracefulness of habit.? McCrady* mentions but three colonial forms that belong to the family Campanularide as here used, but describes five meduse belonging to his ‘‘group’’ Campanulariide. One of these, Epenthesis folleata, is probably the medusa of his hydroid Clytia noliformis. Mayer‘ says that the hydroid of another, Hucheilota ventricularis, is a Campanularia. The hydroid of the two species of Hutuma is a Campanopsis, and Phortis gibbosa has a hydroid form that can not be regarded as belonging to the Campanularide as used in this work. Louis Agassiz® was the first American naturalist to give extended description and illustra- tion to the colonial forms of the Campanularide. No more careful and accurate descriptions have ever been made of these forms than are found in this work, where the following species are described with the attention to detail so characteristic of the older Agassiz: Clytia poterium (=Orthopyzis caliculata of the present work), Clytia bicophora, Clytia cylindrica, Laomedea amphora (=Campanularia amphora), Obelia commissuralis, and Eucope diaphana (=Obelia geniculata). The figures illustrating these species in detail are by H. J. Clark and Sonrel, and these figures have not, in the opinion of the writer, been surpassed in beauty and fidelity to nature by any of the very numerous illustrations that have appeared during the half century 1 Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883, p. 185. ? Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 137. 3 Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1858, pp. 92-95. + Medusee of the World, vol. 2, 1910, p. 282. 5 Cont. Nat. Hist.U. S., vol. 4, 1862, pp. 297-325. pls. 28, 31, and 33. 2 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. that has elapsed since the publication of Agassiz’s monumental work. Nothing at all com- parable with this work has been produced by any subsequent American writer on the Campan- ularide, considered from the standpoint of the colonial fixed forms rather than from that of the meduse. Alexander Agassiz, in his “‘North American Acalephe,” adds but little to our knowledge of the morphology of this group, and most of the work done by subsequent writers in this country has been in the way of faunal lists and systematic discussions. An exception to this statement should, however, be made in the case of Dr. A. G. Mayer’s beautiful monograph of the Medusze of the World,” in which are a number of excellent descriptions and figures of medusz of Ameri- can hydroids belonging to the Campanularide, although that author places them in the family “‘Eucopiide,” which contains several meduse whose hydroid) forms would not go into the Campanularidz as used in this work. A number of beautifully colored figures, both of medusz and hydroid forms, are found in this work. Many important treatises on the morphology of the Hydroida, including descriptions of species now known to occur in American waters, have been produced by European naturalists. Among the earlier writers to discuss morphological details was P. J. van Beneden,* who pub- lished some excellent descriptions and drawings giving details of structure of both trophosome and gonosome, including free medusze, of several well known campanularians. He seems to have been among the first to clearly demonstrate the connection between the meduse and hydroid colonies of this group. The earliest recognition of this connection that I have found, however, is given by Johnston,! who describes how Mr. Peach, in 1842, demonstrated the connection between the meduse and colonial forms of Obelia dichotoma and of a Campanularia which appears to have been Clytia johnston. While Hincks® gives an excellent general account of the gross morphology of the Campanu- laride, the first comprehensive and detailed description must be accredited to Allman,* who discusses many points of interest concerning the Campanularide, including the true nature of the sex buds of the medusz of Olytia johnstoni, the homology of the medusa and hydranth, details of the gonangia and gonophores of several species of Campanularia, Obelia, and Gono- thyrea, the development of ova and spermatozoa in Campanularia flexuosa, the development of the hydranth and blastostyle in the same species, a masterly description of alternation of generation, and a study of the lithocysts of Clytia johnstoni and Obelia geniculata. Haeckel’s splendid monograph ‘‘Des Systemes der Medusen,” 1880, contains brief descrip- tions of a few meduse belonging to the genus Obelia, and descriptions and figures of Hucope campanulata and Clytia johnstoni. Thallwitz’ worked out with great care the origin of the spermatozoa in Campanularia flecuosa, and Weismann ® describes and figures the origin of the ova in Gonothyrea loveni. d TROPHOSOME. The colonies of the Campanularide are, in general, more simple than in the families pre- viously described. While occasional specimens are found attaining a height of a foot or more,® the colonies are usually small and inconspicuous. * Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, No. 2, 1865. 2 Volumes 1 and 2, 1910. ’ Mémoire sur les Campanulaires de la Cote d’Ostend, 1845. 4 Hist. Brit. Hydroid Zooph., ed. 2, vol. 1, 1847, p. 119. ®° British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868. ® Gymnoblastic Hydroids, part 1, 1871. 7 Ueber die Entstehung der minnlichen Keimzellen bei den Hydroiden, Jenaische Zeitschrift, vol. 18, 1885, p. 390, pl. 12. * Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883, pl. 10, and explanation. * Agassiz describes colonies of Laomedea (=Obelia gelatinosa) that were found growing to a height of 15 to 20 inches in the brackish waters of the Charles River near Boston, THE CAMPANULARIDZE AND THE BONNEVIELLID. 3 Many species present the character of a simple rootstock from which spring undivided pedicels each bearing its goblet-shaped hydrotheca. The rootstocks themselves twine irregu- larly around the branches of other hydroids, alge, and whatever other support may be available. In the genera Campanularia, Clytia (fig. 1), and Obelia these climbing rootstocks are usually quite irregular in their course. In Orthopyzis and Silicularia the algze form the favorite means of support, and sometimes the rootstocks cover the surface of the broad leaves of Laminaria, for instance, with a reticulate pattern which is at times fairly regular (Orthopyzis clytioides CREEPING ROOTSTOCK OF THE CAMPANULARIDA. Fig. 1.— Clytia sargassicola. Fig. 2.—Orthopyzis clytioides. (After Hartlaub.) Fig. 3.—Campanularia urceolata. (fig. 2) or Silicularia reticularia). At other times the leaves of Laminaria are traversed by bands of parallel rootstocks closely appressed together as in Silicularia rosea. Again there are rootstocks that are closely and regularly annulated throughout and others that are smooth throughout; while still others combine these conditions, as in the case of Or- thopyzxis caliculata, where both the annulated and the smooth rootstocks are found in the same specimen. Torrey has noticed this in Campanularia urceolata (fig. 3)— A fact of some interest is the beautiful spiral annulation which appears on the hydrorhiza whenever it happens to grow for a space without touching the substratum. It seems clear that this striking heteromorphosis, and the change of form of the perisare of the stolon are casually related to the presence or absence of a contact stimulus." I have noticed the same thing in the case of Campanularia speciosa Clark. These creeping stolons appear to adhere to the substratum over which they grow by means of the adhesive quality of the perisarc rather than by sending out rootlets, as in many climbing The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 54. 4 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. vines. In some eases, ec. g., Campanularia speciosa, they appear as if flattened out on the ob- ject over which they grow, thus increasing their adhesive surface and securing a correspondingly firm anchorage. Some writers haye contended that the stolon or rootstock is really a recumbent stem from which the pedicels arise, being confined to the uppermost side by the necessities of the case. In regard to such suggestions it seems to me that it is unnecessary to discuss these homologies from the fact that the various parts of the hydroid colony, branches, stem, stolon, hydrorhiza, etc., arereally convertible terms. As I have said before: Asa matter of fact, the subject of homology among Hydroida has been unnecessarily obscure because the whole group is so primitive that any one part is homologous with several others, or rather that the parts are not greatly or fundamentally differentiated. [or instance, the creeping rootstock may properly be regarded as a portion of the hydrorhiza in many species; in many others it is considered a true stem, or hydrocaulus, which has adopted a pro- cumbent habit; again, as we have just seen, it takes the guise of an accessory tube in a fascicled stem, which may in its distal portion adopt the further disguise of a branch or even a hydrocladium.! The stem.—As already stated, the stem in most campanularians is monosiphonic. This is the situation in the numerous forms in which the creeping rootstock is regarded as a pro- ecumbent stem as well as in all cases where the stem is erect, with the exception of a few species discussed below. When erect and simple the stem is ordinarily divided into regular internodes with a group of annulations just above the origin of each branch or pedicel. In Campanularia flexuosa (fig. 5) the pedicel itself appears to be a curved upward extension of the internode be- low, producing an effect as if the stem itself were made up of a series of long pedicels curved alternately to the right and left. In Obelia geniculata (fig. 4) the internodes are remarkably short and stout and much broad- ened at their distal ends so as to form a conspicuous shoulder upon which the pedicel appears to be emplanted; the perisare being greatly thickened on the outer side of the stem below the insertion of the pedicel. : The stem is fascicled in but a few Campanularide. Campanularia verticillata (fig. 7) shows a unique condition in that the compound stem is made up of a bundle of closely adher- ent and almost exactly parallel tubes, each of which gives off a series of pedicels, these being so spaced that verticils of pedicels are produced at fairly regular intervals. Hargitt? says that he had found ceenosareal connections between the tubes. I have been unable to satisfy myself of such connections; but, as I did not have fresh material to study, and as I well know Doctor Hargitt’s scrupulous care in making and recording his observations, the facts are doubt- less as stated by him. : The compound stems of the Campanularide differ from those of the Plumularide and Sertularidz in being destitute of the ‘‘axial tube” always found in polysiphonic stems im these families.* Any of the component tubes may bear branches or pedicels in the Campanularide while only the axial tube bears these in the other families mentioned. In examining a portion of the stem of C. verticillata in which the component tubes have been separated by boiling in a potash solution it is seen that a new tube may arise at almost any point by budding from an old tube. It seems as if in such cases the origin of a new tube were homologous with the origin of a pedicel; in the former case the new process becoming another tube adhering to the stem, and in the latter it remains free and terminated in a hydrotheca. In Clytia universitatis is found another stem fascicled in the manner just described, and in this the writer was able to demonstrate ccenosarcal connections between the component tubes greatly resembling those described by Hargitt. Hartlaub* has made a very careful study of the compound stem of Obelaria gelatinosa (fig. 6) and has illustrated his work with admirable drawings. He finds that this stem is made compound by the aggregation of a number of sto- 1 Part I, p. 7. * A few Coclenterates of Woods Hole, Biological Bulletin, vol. 14, No. 2, p. 113, and fig. 17. * See Part I, pp. 4-8, and Part II, pp. 5-7. * Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, pp. 488-495, pl. 17. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLID/. STEMS OF THE CAMPANULARIDE. Fig. 4.—Obelia geniculata. Fig. 6.—Fascicled stem of Obclaria gelatinosa. Fig. 5.— Companularia ficxuosa. Fig. 7.—Fascicled stem of Campanularia verticillata. 6 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. lons which arise from the stem tubes and are directed downward ‘“‘basalwarts.” Tn many cases these stolons arise at or immediately below the pedicel origins, reminding one of the con- dition that I have described as found in the polysiphonic stem of Sertularella gayi,! where the peripheral tubes were seen to have their origin as stolon-like offshoots from just below the bases of hydrothece. An examination of a specimen of Obelaria gelatinosa from Plymouth, England, shows that the hydrorhiza or root of the colony is composed largely of these down- ward growing stolons, as in the case of Sertularella gayi. Occasional cross connections of . coenosare are also seen and these were most evident in connections with the branching of the stem or at the origin of the stolons. These however, were not truly cross connections, but merely the extensions of the ccenosare of the stem into the branch or stolon. True ccenosarcal cross connections were also seen, however, by which one tube in the stem had direct commu- nication with another. : In some cases one of these stolons will bear a pedicel with its hydrotheca at one end while the other end is growing downward on the surface of the compound stem, giving a curious appearance of being “‘stuck on”’. In Obelia plicata the compound stem is composed of much stiffer, more rigid tubes, the perisare being thick and of a dark color, reminding one of the stem of Hudendrium. The branches.—Although containing a number of the simplest forms the family Campan- ularidz includes many of the most intricately branching species found in the Hydroida. They differ from many of the Sertularidz, however, in never showing the anastomoses of the branches which at times form the curious reticulate patterns found in the genus Dictyocladium and in the remarkable form described by Jiderholm under the name of Sertularella mirabilis. In many species the main stem is often unbranched and bears a pedicel on each internode, the pedicels usually being alternate in position. Among the more profusely branching forms the genus Obelia shows the most striking examples. In OQ. flabellata, for instance, the branches are divided and subdivided dichotomously until the final ramifications are reduced to the most delicate tracery, each branch being like the palmate frond of a finely divided fern. 0. longissima is even more slender and delicately branched, the branches having an approximation to a verti- cillate arrangement. In our Obelia commissuralis the branches are arranged in an ascending spiral and the branches themselves are geniculate, giving off ultimate branches of extreme delicacy. The pedicels may be regarded as the ultimate branchings of the hydrocaulus. They vary in length from 11mm. in Campanularia spiralis to practically nothing where the hydrothece are sessile, as in Obelia marginata. The chitinous perisarc of the pedicel is very greatly thickened in some species, particularly in Orthopyxis (fig. 13) and Silicularia (fig. 8). The surface may be perfectly smooth, as in Campanularia ritterr (fig. 10), or closely annulated throughout, as in C. speciosa (fig. 9). The most common arrangement is to have one or two annulations just below the hydrotheca and also at the base of the pedicel, leaving the median portion smooth; and there is very commonly a globular annulation just below the hydrotheca. In the branching forms the pedicels are usually shorter than in the simple campanularians, and they never show the remarkable thickening of the perisarc mentioned above. The hydrothece.—There is much greater uniformity in the shape and size of these structures in the Campanularidz than in either of the other families thus far considered in this work, and they differ from these latter also in the fact that with a few exceptions, notably in the genus Silicularia (fig. 8) they are radially symmetrical. Their typical form is campanulate, which gives the name to the family, and the variations in form are usually in lengthening or shortening the bell. In most cases they are longer than wide with the greatest diameter at the margin, although in exceptional cases, e. g., Campanularia speciosa Clark (fig. 9) the greatest width may be near the proximal end. The lengthening of the bell may result in a more or less tubular structure, as in Campanularia rittero Nuttmg (fig. 10), where the sides are approximately par- allel; or in an urceolate form, as in C. speciosa. Sometimes the outline in lateral view is sub- triangular, as in Obelia flabellata (fig. 15), in which the hydrothece are often as wide as long. 1 See Part II, p. 6. THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. Fig. 8.—Silicularia rosea. (After Allman.) Fig. 9—Campanularia speciosa. Fig. 10.—Campanularia ritteri. Fig. 11.—Campanularia hincksii, margin. Fig. 12.—Orthopyzis compressa. Fig. 13.—Orthopyzis compressa. Fig. 14.—Obelia austrogorgia. Fig. 15.—Obelia flabellata. HYDROTHECEH OF THE CAMPANULARIDE. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 16.—Campanularia retrofleca. (After Allman.) 17.—Silicularia hemispherica. 18.—Campanularia grenlandica. 19.—Obelia dubia. 20.—Campanularia brevicaulis. 21.—Campanularia magnifica. 22.—Campanularia ptychocyathus. 23.—Obelia marginata. (After Allman.) 8 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. The hydrothecal walls are usually quite thin and hyaline and often easily collapsible; but in Orthopyxis (fig. 12) and Siliculana (fig. 8) they are often enormously thickened, so much so that in the latter genus the hydranth is incapable of retracting within the lumen of the hydro- theca. In this latter genus also we meet with the peculiar bilaterally symmetrical hydrothece referred to above, in which the upper part is cut away in such a manner that the long axis of the margin is inclined at an oblique angle with the axis of the hydrotheca, the wall being much lower on one side than on the other. The excessive thickening of the hydrotheca in Orthopyzxis caused a curious but natural misconception on the part of some of the earlier writers, partic- ularly Hincks,! who believed that these hydrothecz were double, one cup being set within the other, an optical effect due to the almost complete transparency of these structures. There is often a great degree of variation in the amount of thickening of the hydrothecal walls in the same species and even in the same colony, as in Orthopyxis compressa (figs. 12, 13), in which some of the hydrothece are little thicker than in ordinary campanularians, while others are so thick as to be almost orbicular in outline. In Stlicularia hemispherica (Allman) (fig. 17), the hydrotheca is shortened so that the lumen is hemispherical or bowl-shaped. In a number of species the distal portion of the hydrothecal wall is longitudinally pleated, each pleat corresponding to one of the hydrothecal teeth. This is well shown in Campanularia magnifica (fig. 21), where the longitudinal folds may reach nearly to the hydrothecal base. The margin of the hydrotheca is perfectly even in many species of Obelia and less com- monly so in Campanularia, this condition being found occasionally in practically all genera. The toothed margin is also common throughout the family, the teeth varying from hardly evident marginal undulations (Obelia dubia) (fig. 19) to slender thornlike points, as in Cam- panularia ptychocyathus (fig. 22) or Gonothyrea gracilis. In some cases the teeth are bimucro- nate, as in Obelia austrogorgia (fig. 14) or O. bicuspidata, while in others they have squared-off or truncated ends, as in Campanularia hincksia (fig. 11). One of the most remarkable modifications of the margin is found in Campanularia retro- flexa Allman (fig. 16), in which ‘the margin is everted in a plane at right angles to the axis of the hydrotheca, and the teeth into which the rim is divided stand up from it parallel to the axis, thus suggesting the form of the escapement-wheel of a watch.”’* Tn some of the more delicate species the upper part of the hydrotheca is so thin-walled as to be collapsible, the teeth bending inward and forming a sort of pseudo-operculum, as in Campanularia ptychocyathus Allman (fig. 22), while in others the rim is reinforced by a cir- cular band of chitin, as in Obelia marginata (fig. 23). In Obelia striata Clarke the distal part of the hydrotheca is deeply fluted, the margin being broken up into a series of horizontal semi- circular folds between which are inward-projecting teeth or vertical crests,’ and in Campanu- laria (2) obliqua Clarke the marginal teeth are regularly pointed obliquely like the teeth of a saw.* The diaphragm.—This structure has given rise to much discussion of late, mainly because of Levinsen’s attempt to base a generic classification of the family Campanularide upon the characters of the diaphragm. He says:* In the species that have a creeping stolon, or whose stem is composed of a fascicle of parallel branching tubes, the diaphragm is composed of two different parts, namely, partly of a strong and ring-lke process from the hydrotheca and partly of a thin chitinous membrane springing from the upper edge of this ring and which is secreted by the lower surface of the basal part of the hydranth and is plainly visible in an entirely empty hydrotheca. In all’such speci- mens as are provided with a free branched stem the diaphragm never presents such a difference between an outer and an inner portion. This consists of a fairly solid horizontal chitinous plate which, as a rule, has the same thickness throughout. The above translation is by Mr. J. H. Paarmann, to whom the writer is under obligation for his painstaking sectioning of many species of Campanularide for the purpose of studying British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 165. 2 Challenger Reports, Hydroida, part 2, 1888, p. 21, pl. 11, fig. la. 3 Memoirs Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 35, No. 1, 1907, p. 9, pl. 7, fig. 4. *Tdem, pl. 3, figs. 2, 3, and 4. 5 Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 160. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 9 the diaphragm and for the drawings which he has permitted me to use in this work. Mr. Paar- mann undertook the investigation of the diaphragm as a part of his dissertation for the degree of master of science from the State University of Iowa, and the sections made by him are now deposited in the Museum of Natural History of the university and form the basis for the dis- cussion of the diaphragm in the present work. Levinsen says that all campanularians with a creeping rootstock or fascicled stem have a diaphragm which is composed of the two distinct parts spoken of above, and places all such species in the genus Campanularia. All species which have a diaphragm simple, i. e., not composed of two parts, he places in the genus Laomedea, regarding Obelia, Gonothyrea, etc., as subgenera of Laomedea. This attempt to settle the much-involved classification of the Campanularide, like the similar attempt to settle the classification of the Sertularide by the use of the operculum,' ILLUSTRATIONS OF SIMPLE DIAPHRAGMS OF THE CAMPANULARID2E. .(All after Paarmann, MS.) Fig. 24.—Clytia bicophora. Fig. 28.—Campanularia neglecta. Fig. 31.—Obelia dichotoma. Fig. 34.—Obella longissima. Fig. 25.—Campanularia calceolifera. Fig. 29.—Campanularia amphora. Fig. 32.—Gonothyrza loveni. Fig. 35.—Obelaria gelatinosa. Fig. 26—Campanularia fieruosa. Fig. 30.—Obelia commissuralis. Fig. 33.—Obelia hyalina. Fig. 36.—?Obelia longicyatha. Fig. 27 —Campanularia angulata. d, Diaphragm. has given rise to much protest on the part of subsequent writers. Schneider,? after a somewhat full discussion, concludes as follows: Die diaphragmabeschaffenheit hat fiir die Systematik der Genera gar keine bedeutung. Later, Calkins* discusses the matter with care and, in reference to Levinsen’s statement that in free branching forms the diaphragm shows no such distinction of outer and inner parts, Says: The application of this latter differential in placing species leads only to confusion worse confounded. 1 See Part II, p. 20, of this work. 3 Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 346. 2 Hydroidpolypen von Rovigno, 1897, p. 512. 10 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. and cites the branching forms Campanularia gracilis and Obelia dichotoma, in both of which he finds the diaphragm distinctly of two parts. Mr. Paarmann’s manuscript has never been published, and he has placed it in my hands to quote or use as I see fit. From it I quote the following: Ata little distance from the base of the hydrotheca is a chitinous shelf upon which the hydranth rests. This is the diaphragm. It may be either a disk-shaped or funnel-shaped membrane of extreme tenuity, or a complex structure composed of a ring-like portion adjoining the hydrothecal wall and a funnel-shaped structure attached to the edge of this ‘‘ring.’’ The first I propose to call a simple diaphragm and the second a complex diaphragm. The simple diaphragm can with difficulty be seen in optical section of the hydrotheca, while the complex diaphragm is plainly distinguishable without sectioning (figs. 24-44). Of 12 species of Campanularidx sectioned and found to have a simple diaphragm, 10 were branched’ and 2 (Clytia bicophora and Obelia longissima) were simple or fascicled. Of 7 species showing a complex diaphragm, 2 (Obelia geniculata and O. flabellata) were branched and 5 were simple or fascicled.* We find, then, so far as these species are concerned, that Leyvinsen’s rule does not work in 4 out of 19 cases. In other words it fails in about one-fifth of the cases investigated. This criterion can, therefore, not be regarded as a satisfactory one for dividing the Campanularidz into generic groups. ILLUSTRATIONS OF COMPLEX DIAPHRAGMS OF THE CAMPANULARIDE. (After Paarmann, MS.) Fig. 37.—Clytia johnstoni. Fig. 39 —Campanularia hincksii. Fig. 41.—Obelia flabellata. Fig. 43.—Campanularia verticillata. Fig. 38.—Campanularia verticillata. Fig. 40.—Obelia genicuiata. Fig. 42.—Clytia noliformis. Fig. 44.—Clytia sargassicola. r, ‘‘ring’’; m, ‘‘membrane”’. One very striking failure of this criterion was found by the present writer in trying to differentiate the species Clytia bicophora Agassiz (fig. 24) and C. johnston (fig. 37). No one, I think, would consider these two species as generically distinct. Indeed most recent writers and earlier, Hincks, consider them identical. They certainly agree in many details of both trophosome and gonosome. But in sectioning the hydrothece it was found that C. bicophora has a simple diaphragm, while C. johnstoni has a diaphragm that is distinctly complex. A structure that varies in species so nearly identical in nearly every other character seems to the writer to be an entirely insufficient character upon which to base generic distinctions. The hydranth.—The hydranth shows great uniformity of structure throughout the Cam- panularide. It alone of all the calypteroblastic forms shows the so-called ‘‘trumpet-shaped” proboscis formed by an apparent deep constriction of the hydranth wall above the insertion of the ‘Campanularia calceolifera, C. angulata, C. flecuosa, C. neglecta, Obelia amphora, O. commissuralis, O. dichotoma, LE 0 ? g ? ? g ? 12 ? ? O. hyalina, Gonothyrea loveni, and gelatinosa obelaria. * Campanularia verticillata, C. hincksii, Clytia johnstoni, C. noliformis, and C. sargassicola. THE CAMPANULARIDE AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. - 11 tentacles and dividing the cavity into two well-defined chambers, the proboscidial and gastric chambers which may have distinct functions, as the histological character of their endoderm would seem to indicate, those of the gastric cavity proper bemg much larger and with distinctly larger nuclei than those lining the proboscidial cavity, as shown in fig. 47, taken from Kiihn’s excellent paper.? In the retracted hydranth the proboscidial cavity is reduced to almost nothing, but in full expansion it is a cavity of considerable size. This same figure shows how the hydranth is anchored to the diaphragm on which it rests by extensions of the stutzlamelle. The only other hydroid family whose hydranths have a trumpet-shaped proboscis is the Eudendride, a gymnoblastic group. It is the opinion of the writer that the characters of the Oe 5 n O12=- SONS AUS bows ssl, & gE KS Loe OY sf ee Sy 2 D io Q) ©) EeSIg HYDRANTHS OF THE CAMPANULARIDE. Fig. 45.— Campanularia amphora. Hydranth partly expanded. Fig. 46.—Campanularia fletuosa. (From living specimen.) Fig. 47.— Campanularia fleruosa. (After Kiihn) showing histological details of a young hydranth. 5, gastric cavity. mk, Lining of the proboscidial cavity. v, Chitinous connection between the “‘ Stutzlamelle ” and the diaphragm. hydranth are of prime importance in the classification of this order, and that there is doubtless a relationship, either of community of descent or of direct descent the one from the other, between the Eudendride and the Campanularide. In such a form as Hudendriwm vaginatum Allman, in which the perisarc of the stem is extended upward over the proximal part of the hydranth body, we see what might possibly be an incipient hydrotheca of the Campanularian type. , GONOSOME. The gonangia bear a general resemblance to those of the Sertularide, although they are not so varied in form as in the latter family. None of them are ornamented with longitudinal ribs, as in Thwaria costata Nutting, and none of them are armed with spine-like processes, as in Diphasia tamariska Linneus. Nor are there any species exhibiting the complicated ‘marsupial chamber,” as found in Diphasia rosacea. 1 Sprosswachstum und Polypenknospung bei den Thecophoren, 1909, pl. 17, fig. 7. 12 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. In regularly branching species of campanularians the gonangia are usually born on the stem and larger branches, often being placed in the axils of hramenlets or pedicels. In forms growing from a creeping rootstock the gonangia often spring from the rootstock itself, without reference to the position of the pedicels. Perhaps the simplest form of gonangium is the oblong-oval without distinct collar or neck, such as Campanularia verticillata (fig. 55) or C. inconspicua, or C. flexuosa (fig. 61). The first departure from this primitive form is in the production of a collar at the distal end, which is low and inconspicuous in Obelia commissuralis (fig. 48) and several other species of fhe same genus, and forms a rather conspicuous everted collar in Clytia noliformis (fig. 49). The asinine of a tubular ‘‘neck” is found in Campanularia urceolata, and this neck becomes long, tubular, and somewhat curved in such species as Campanularia fusiformis (fig. 57) and C. magnifica (fig. 54). In the Campanularide, as in many Sertularidze, we find numerous instances of more or less conspicuously annulated gonangia. These annulations may appear simply as large, irregular rugosities, as in Clytia noliformis and C. unwwersitatis, or as numerous and beautifully sym- metrical annulations, as in Clytia johnstom (fig. 56). These annulations are sometimes spirally arranged as in Campanularia spiralis (fig. 59). Some of these annulated gonangia remind one quite forcibly of Chinese lanterns in their general form. Extracapsular sporosacs are found in a few forms of Campanularidx, as in Orthopyzis everta (fig. 50). In this case the medusa ripens within the gonangium and discharges its contents into a globular or bladder-lke structure surmounting the oral or mouth end of the gonangium. Certain species of Silicularia have greatly elongated gonangia, e. g., S. rosea and S. divergens (fig. 60), and in this genus the gonangial scl are oiion greatly Gineiened to correspond to the remarkably kone walls of the hydrotheca. There are a few strangely modified gonangia in this family, although they are not so highly specialized as in certain Sertularide, as in the genus Diphasia. One of the longest known and most remarkable of the strongly modified gonangia is found in the genus Gonothyrea (fig. 58), where it is a characteristic feature. We find here the unique extracapsular meduse to which Allman has given the name ‘‘Meconidia.’’! These appear as sessile medusz resting on the top of the gonangium, there being usually two or three such structures on the top of each gonangium. These meconidia are formed very much as ordinary gonophores on the blastostyle within the gonangium, appearing at first as mere hernia-like protrusions of the latter and several appearing in different stages of development on the same blastostyle. The oldest medusa is at the distal end of the blastostyle and is carried out through the end of the gonangium while still resting on the plug-like end of the blastostyle. The meconidia, particularly in female colonies, bear the characteristic structures of medusze, showing radial canals, proboscis, circular canal, and marginal tentacles. The ova are developed into planulee within the meconidia and later escape through the oral end of the latter. Inthe male colony the medusa characters are more obscure, and large ovoid spermaries are developed, from which escape the spermatozoa in incredible numbers. During the extracapsular existence of the meconidia their connection with the blastostyle is evident, the tubular cavity of the latter bemg im direct communication with canal systems of the former. This is the only instance known to the writer in which a sessile medusa is produced by a calypteroblastic hydroid, although such instances are not uncommon among the gymno- blastic forms. Weismann? has carefully worked out the structural and histological details of these remarkable structures, and has graphically represented them in plate 10 of his monumental work. A rather unusual form of gonangium is presented by Orthopyzxis compressa (fig. 52), in which the very stout gonangium is laterally compressed so as to have the form of an elongated ellipse in cross sect ion. Another very peculiar form is found in Campanularia calceolifera (fig. 51), 'Gymnob ieee Hydroids, 1871, p. 58. ? Die Entstehung der Sexus alzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883, p. 131. THE CAMPANULARIDEZ AND THE BONNEVIELLID. LS} i } d ti 2 GONANGIA OF THE CAMPANULARIDE. Fig. 48.—Obelia commissuralis. Fig. 56.—Clytia johnston. Fig. 49.— Clytia noliformis. Fig. 57.— Campanularia fusiformis. Fig. 50.— Orthopyzis everta (Showing acrocyst.) Fig. 58.—Gonothyrza loveni (after Allman): bist, blastostyle; m, me- Fig..51.— Campanularia calceolifera. conidium or sessile medusa; ov, ovum; sp, spadix. Fig. 52.—Orthopyzis compressa. Fig. 59.—Campanularia spiralis. (Much less magnified than other Fig. 53.—Obelia dubia. figures on this plate.) Fig. 54.—Campanularia magnifica. Fig. 60.—Silicularia divergens. Fig. 55.—Campanularia verticillata. Fig. 61.—Campanularia flexuosa. 55968°—15 2 14 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. which presents a bilateral symmetry more pronounced than any other that I have seen among the campanularian hydroids. The species. was first described by Hincks,! and his excellent description has not been improved upon by subsequent writers. It is here quoted: They [the gonangia] are perfectly hyaline and of a unique and singularly graceful form. They are best described as slipper-shaped; but the upper extremity is curved into the most exquisite spiral, while the lower portion tapers rapidly toward the point of junction with the ringed stem. Immediately below the spiral a wide opening leads into the tubular passage by which the embryos make their escape, which bends upward within the capsule and terminates in a circular orifice near the top. The gonophores, which are numerous, form an elongated mass nearly filling the cavity of the gonotheca. The curious introverted neck of these gonangia is a feature that is unique, so far as the writer knows, among the hydroida. The gonophores.—These are entirely homologous with those commonly found among the Sertularide. The blastostyle usually occupies a central or axial position in the gonangium, and the gonophores arise as hernia-like protrusions from the blastostyle. As in the Sertularide, the end of the blastostyle is commonly expanded into a ‘‘plug’”’ which fills the distal end of the gonangium. In Campanularia the ova or sporosacs are borne by gonophores which are budded directly from the blastostyle, and the ova develop directly into planule which later escape from the gonangium by rupturing the lid of the latter, or the lid is ruptured by some other means. In other genera in which there are no free medusz the same general morphology of the gonophores prevails, the difference being largely in the number of gonophores which are produced as buds from the blastostyle. In Campanularia (fig. 61) these are numerous and usually borne on all sides of the blastostyle, while in Gonothyrea they are few and are borne on one side of the blastostyle (fig. 58). In all cases the distal gonophores are the older, and there- fore discharge their sexual products in regular succession from above downward; or, rather, the growth of the blastostyle itself carries the gonophores from below upward as they mature. In the genus Obelaria we find an exceptional state of affairs, in that the gonophores produce sexual products as usual, but the ova develop into planulez outside of the gonangium, instead of inside as in Campanularia, the most nearly related group:? The single species of Obelaria, O. gelatinosa, was, until Hartlaub’s work appeared, regarded as an Obelia, and its meduse were described by numerous writers as having 16 tentacles at the time of liberation. This probably arose from the fact that this species was early confounded with Obelia longissima. In the genus Obelia the gonophores are produced on all sides of the axial blastostyle and occur in great numbers, being very small in size, and often completely cover the blastostyle (fig. 48). The medusz are discoid in shape, with four radial canals and eight lithocysts borne on the inner sides of the tentacle bases. The amazing number of meduse given off from a single colony when there are hundreds of gonangia each liberating scores of these minute medusze may account in part for the great abundance and extensive geographical distribution of many species of this genus. In Clytia (fig. 49) the gonophores are not so numerous, as a rule, as in Obelia, but they are arranged around a central or axial blastostyle, as in that genus. The meduse are usually larger than in Obelia and are at first almost globular in shape, with four radial canals and eight litho- cysts placed between the tentacle bases. After liberation their form is more nearly hemi- spherical. In Orthopyxis the blastostyle is branched and bears but one mature medusa at a time, and this one is relatively very large and more or less globular or campanulate or hemispherical in shape. The meduse are so large as to crowd the blastostyle to one side, and are remarkable from the fact that they have neither manubrium nor tentacles, but agree with the meduse of Obelia and Clytia in having eight lithocysts. The meduse.—Many campaniularians differ from the Plumularide and Sertularide in the fact that they produce free-swimming meduse which are very generally regarded as motile ‘ Zooph. of South Devon and Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 8, 1871, p. 78. * Hartlaub has discussed this point at length in his Hydromedusze Helgolands, 1897, p. 489. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA, 15 gonophores, or, as Allman calls them, “‘phanerocodonic gonophores.”’ The sessile gonophore or sporosac is homologically a degraded medusa and, in some cases at least, it is possible to trace in such a gonophore the various layers of the medusa in their proper sequence and relation!. While the medusa is structurally a sexual person of the colony, it has an additional func- tion not subserved by the fixed gonophore—1. e., that of a ‘‘seed carrier” or distributer of the sexual elements. On this account Allman has given the name ‘‘planoblast”’ or ‘‘wandering bud” to the medusa.? This author has done more, perhaps, than any other to elucidate the morphology and homological significance of the various structures found in the Hydroids. The typical medusa is composed of a gelatinous bell which may vary in shape from a nearly flat disk (fig. 62) to an almost complete sphere (fig. 64). From the center of the subumbrellar 7) nN MEDUS# OF THE CAMPANULARIDE. Fig. 62.—Obelia flabellata. Fig. 63.—Otocyst of Orthopyzxis cumpanularia. (After von Lendenfeld.) h, velum; 0, otolith. Fig. 64.—A gastra mira (= Orthopyzis caliculata). (After Mayer.) surface there usually hangs the manubrium which, in the Campanularide, is very simple in form, often being a knob-like body with the opening or mouth at its distal end. This mouth communicates with the gastric cavity centrally located in the bell. The four corners of the gastric cavity are drawn out into the four equidistant radial canals which pass down immedi- ately above the subumbrellar surface to the rmg canal which encircles the edge of the bell. The marginal tentacles are found in the meduse of all campanularians except in the genus Orthopyais. All of the medusz of the Campanularidx belong to the order Leptomeduszx of Haeckel, - defined as follows by Mayer: 3 Hydromedusze which arise by alternation of generation from campanularian hydroids. The gonads are developed upon the radial canals. When present, the lithocysts are of ectodermal origin. ia This author, however, uses the term ‘‘campanularian hydroid”’ so as to include a number of forms, e. g., CAMPANULINIDH, which do not come under the definition of Campanularide as used in the present work. All of the medusxe produced by the Campanularide as here understood would come under the family Eucopidz as used by Mayer, who defines this family as ‘‘Leptomedusz with lithocysts and with less than eight radial canals upon which the gonads are developed.”’ 4 1 See page 30 of the first part of this work for a discussion of the homology of the corresponding layers of a gono- phore and medusa. 2 Challenger Reports, Hydroida, part 2, 1888, p. xxvi. 3 Meduse of the World, vol. 1, the Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 196. 4Tdem, vol. 2, the Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 231. 16 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Most of the meduszx of the Campanularide belong to the subfamily of the Eucopide, the Obelinz, characterized by the possession of eight adradial lithocysts and a manubrium without a peduncle. Meduse of but three genera of this subfamily have been definitely identified with hydroid colonies. These are Orthopyxis Agassiz, Agastra Hartlaub, and Obelia Péron and Lesueur. In the present work Agastra is regarded as generically identical with Orthopyxis on account of the very great similarity of the hydroid stocks, and Obelia is retained. One genus of Campanularide produces medusz belonging to Mayer’s second subfamily, the Phialine, characterized by having more or less than eight lithocysts and a manubrium with a well-developed peduncle. The well-known genus Clytia belongs to this group, its medusee conforming to the diagnosis given above. The homology existing between the medusa and the ordinary gonophore has already been referred to. The gonophore itself is generally regarded as a sexual offshoot from the blasto- style and the latter is generally looked upon as homologous with a hydranth without tentacles and ordinarily without a mouth. Various authors have also drawn attention to the homologies which can be shown to exist between the medusa and the hydranth. If a medusa of simple form be inverted and compared with a hydranth it is quite evident that most of the parts of the one are strictly comparable with similar parts of the other. For mstance: The manubrium of the medusa is equivalent to the proboscis of the hydranth. The gastric cavity of the medusa is homologous with the body cavity of the hydranth. The bell of the medusa is comparable to the body of the hydranth in which the stutzla- mella is immensely thickened to form the ‘‘jelly”’ of the medusa. The tentacles (marginal) of the medusa are homologous with the tentacles of the hydranth. There are two structures in the campanularian meduse that have no homologues in the hydranth—i. e., the velum and the lithocysts. The former is an organ of locomotion that is not called for in the sessile hydranth, and the latter is a sense organ concerned primarily with * orientation, a function not of great value in a fixed form. The lithocysts (fig. 63) are found in all meduse produced by the Campanularide, and constitute the first specialized sense organs that we have thus far encountered in our study of the Hydroida. They thus deserve more than a passing mention here. These structures are ectodermal in origin and eight in number in all Campanularide with known hydroid stocks, except in the genus Clytia where there are 16 lithocysts in the adult medusa. In all Leptomeduse they arise as folds of the velum near the margin of the bell and are therefore ectodermal. In Obelia they lie under the bases of the tentacles where the latter jom the margin. In Clytia they are placed on the margin between the tentacle bases. In Orthopyxis they are eight in number equally spaced around the margin or, in O. caliculata, they are on the margin near the radial canals. Within the globular lithocysts the otoliths (fig. 63, 0) appear as calcareous concretions looking like glassy bodies, in many cases single, as in several species of Obelia; while in other cases, e. g., Tiaropsis, there are several of these bodies, in some cases arranged in a crescent, as represented by Mayer.! - The ectodermal cells forming the inner wall of the lithocyst are supposed to be sensory. Von Lendenfeld found a number of columnar epithelial sense cells lining the otocyst on the side nearest the velum in Orthopyxis campanularia (fig. 63, h) and a lenticular otolith with a diameter of about half that of the cavity of the otocyst.2 The otoliths are said to be suspended in a fluid and the movements or alterations in position of the medusa cause a corresponding movement of the suspended otoliths, bringing them in contact with the sense cells and thus serving a function in the orientation of the organism. The radial canals are normally four in number in all meduse that are known to be pro- duced by campanularian colonies, and the gonads or ovaries are always found (when developed 1 Medusze of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromedusz, 1910, pl. 32, fig. 9. 2 Uber Coelenteraten der Siidsee, part 4, plate 32, fig. 35. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 17 at all) suspended beneath the radial canals of which they appear to be outgrowths or diverticula. They are therefore endodermal in origin. All medusz produced by hydroid colonies have a double nerve ring, one above and one below the velum, and are thus in close connection with the otocysts and sense cells. The velum being the principal organ of locomotion, these nerve rings have doubtless been developed largely in connection with this function, and we therefore find a much more highly developed nervous system in the meduse than has thus far been found in the colonial forms of hydroida. In com- parison with the higher metazoa, however, the nervous equipment of the meduse is exceedingly primitive. The tentacles are confined to the margin, never being found in connection with the manu- brium, as in many medusz produced by the gymnoblastic colonies. They are all of much the same structure, being solid, with a core of endoderm enveloped by a structureless stutzlamella, and this latter, in turn, being inclosed in a cylinder of ectodermal cells, among which are em- bedded many cnidoblasts containing nematocysts. Muscle cells lie just outside of the stutzlamella or supporting layer. The tentacles vary in number from 4 to 24, the former number being found in Clytia and the latter in several full- grown meduse of the genus Obclia. Torrey has described a species, Obelia purpurea, which has from 110 to 160 tentacles. As has been said before, the genus Orthopyzis is without tentacles. Sense bulbs appear as swellings on the tentacle bases in the genus Clytia. None of these contain definite eye spots, so far as I know, although they sometimes do contain a rather definite aggregation of pigment granules, the color being brown in C. johnstoni and green in C. noliformis, according to Brooks. These pigment spots have usually been associated with a -rudimentary sense of sight, or rather of light detection. Nematocysts are found rather abundantly scattered over the surface of the bell of Clytia johnstont. The alternation of generation among the hydroid meduse has been discussed at length by several writers, perhaps the most extended treatment of the subject being that of Allman. The whole subject, however, needs a careful reexamination, and the writer hopes to discuss the mat- ter in connection with a future part of this work. It will suffice for the present to indicate the belief that the fixed hydranth form antedated the medusa form in the phylogeny of the group. The radial symmetry of the medusz indicates a fixed origin, and, while there are cases in which actinules or hydranthlike forms develop into meduse (Cunoctantha octonaria), there seems to be no well demonstrated case in which the medusa develops into a hydranth. So far as the Campanularide are concerned, it seems evident that the meduse are function- ally but motile gonophores or mechanical distributors of the sexual elements, and that their use in the economy of the species is thus explained. How it comes, however, that such hydroid colonies as Obelia and Campanularia, practically identical as to their trophosomes, should differ so remarkably in their gonosomes—the one producing typically free meduse and the other producing gonophores which produce planule direct—is more than our present knowledge enables us to explain. If the gonophore is but a degraded medusa, as is claimed by many writers (and so ex- plained in the present work), why is it that two genera living under practically identical condi- tions and having practically identical trophosomes in some cases should present in the one case typical functional meduse and in the other the functionless degraded meduse known as gono- phores ? We become still more bewildered when we find it reported that a single species (Orthopyzis caliculata) has been found under certain conditions to produce free medusx (Agastra) while under other conditions it produces sessile gonophores.? Is it possible that genera arise in such a way ? 1 Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, pp. 101-110. 2 Giard, Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1898, p. 17. 18 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Again, how does it come about that two species (Obelia longissima and Obelaria gelatinosa), so nearly alike that they have repeatedly been mistaken for each other by experienced writers, differ so in their gonosomes that the former produces free meduse with 16 marginal tentacles and the other produces sessile gonophores from which planule are produced which develop outside of the gonangium?! DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAMPANULARIDA. The origin of the sex cells is much like that described in the first part of this work in con- nection with the Plumularide. Weismann? has discussed this process in Campanularia flexuosa and in Gonothyrea loveni with his usual thoroughness. He finds that the ova originate in the endoderm of the stem in both of these species, later migrating into the blastostyle and finally into the gonophore. The spermatozoa, however, seem to have a different origin in the two spe- cies, arising, in Campanularia flexuosa, in the ectoderm of the blastostyle and of the ultimate twigs on which the gonangia appear. In Gonothyrea loveni the male sex cells arise in the endo- derm of the branches. In this species Weismann found sterile gonophores even where the meconidia had been developed. In some cases male colonies bore gonangia with four to seven gonophores, all entirely destitute of spermaries. The origin and maturing of the male sex cells in Campanularia flecuosa has been worked out in great detail by Thallwitz.* He confirms Weismann’s description as to the origin of the spermatoblasts in the ectoderm ‘of the ultimate twigs which bear the gonangia and described their development with great minuteness. Hartlaub* has made a careful investigation of the origin of the sex cells in Obelia. He studied more particularly O. adelungi, a species found in Helgoland, and ascertained that sex cells are found in the ectoderm of the manubrium of the medusa, but that they really originate in the endoderm, passing into the ectoderm when approaching maturity. In the later stages of their development the ova move from the manubrium and take their final position under the radial canal. He finds that the sperm cells originate as indifferent sex cells seen at the first day of the free life of the medusa, and are located at the base of the manubrium, and, extending for one-third of the length of the radial canals, finally take their place in the spermaries, where they mature as sperm cells in the ectoderm. There thus appears to be fundamental agreement in the origin and growth of the ova and spermatozoa in this species of Obelia. The Campanularide do not differ materially from the other families thus far discussed in the growth of the ovum into the free-swimming planula. The formation of the colony after the fixation of the planula has been investigated with great care by Alfred Kiithn,° who has worked with the following species of Campanularidx: Obelia geniculata, O. dichotoma, Goren yrea lovent, Campanularia flexuosa, and Clytia eS The following account is condoned from that given by Kihn: Al ie planula after settling to the Tota becomes transformed into the primary hydranth with a chitinous perisare covering the pedicel and the hydrotheca covering the hydranth. Below the latter are the usual annulations of the perisare. Below these annulations the ccenosarc is pressed outward against the perisare, producing a bulging appearance at this point and indicating the location of the first budding (‘‘spooss spitz’’) of another hydranth. By a repetition of this process the entire colony is built up.* In the development of the hydranth from one of these buds, the bud is prolonged until it forms a tubular process of ccenosare covered with perisare and usually annulated proximally (fig. 65). Later, the distal end of the tube is enlarged so as to form a cup-like expansion (fig. 66). The top as well as the sides of this cup, or hydrotheca, ' Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 489. * Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883. * Ueber die Entwickhing der minnlichen Keimzellen bei den Hydroiden, Jenaische Zeitschrift, vol. 18,1885, p. 390. * Beobachtungen iiber die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei Obelia, 1884. > Sprosswachsthum und Polypenknospung bei den Thecophoren, 1909. * Die ganze Kolonie besteht also aus einer Anzahl von aufeinanderfolgenden Polypen, von denen jeder durch Knospung vom vorhergehenden aus entstanden ist. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA., 19 is covered with an investment of chitin, and the interior of the cup is in close contact with the ectoderm of the developing hydranth throughout, and the endoderm lines the cavity of the latter. Later the lower portion of the hydranth body becomes separated from the hydro- thecal wall by a sort of shrinking (fig. 67), and this part of the hydranth has an outer layer of ectoderm much thinner than that which invests the upper or distal part, which shows an ectoderm composed of columnar cells in close contact with the upper part of the hydrothecal wall and with the thin periderm cap. At about this time the specific ornamentation of the hydrothecal margin is formed and, in the lower part of the hydrotheca, the diaphragm becomes differentiated. Around. the distal end of the developing hydranth the rudiments of the tentacles are formed, the first indication being the appearance of a ring of endoderm cells around the inner qx MSS UN SED nS sti Peau i 5) i i Le fe rn) Es = eet " Ni re 1 ANY SS +S \y IS 6 Foe) At SES DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAMPANULARIAN HYDRANTH. (After Kiihn.) Fig. 65. Gonothyrxa loveni. Longitudinal section of a hydranth bud. Fig. 66. Obelia dichotoma. Longitudinal section of an older bud. Fig. 67. Gonothyrza loveni. Longitudinal section of a hydranth as it is beginning to separate from its hydrotheca. Fig. 68. Gonothyrza loveni. Longitudinal section of a hydranth after the budding of the ten tacles and before the formation of the mouth. wall of the end of the developing hydranth, the cells being derived from the original endodermal lining of the gastric cavity. In places these endodermal cells ‘‘pile up”’ as it were into little cones representing the tentacle buds and pushing out the overlying ectoderm cells, the whole appearance being, as the author says, much like the vegetation point in plants. The tentacles then appear as widely separated swellings placed in a circle around the broad flattened end of the hydranth, and at the same time the end itself becomes dome-shaped and the tentacles become separated from the endoderm of the gastric cavity by a thin layer of stutzlamella (fig. 68). Later the dome-shaped proboscis becomes sharply constricted off at the bottom and the characteristic ‘‘trumpet-shaped” proboscis of the Campanularidz is formed. Meanwhile the tentacles themselves assume their final histological arrangement of a central core or a single row of endodermal cells enveloped by a stutzlamella and ectoderm. Before this occurs, however, the thin layer of chitin which has covered the distal end of the hydrotheca has been separated from the hydranth, so that the latter is now entirely free except from the diaphragm at its base. As the hydranth approaches maturity, after the budding of the tentacles (fig. 47), a great differentiation appears in the endoderm cells. Those in the hypostome become very small and 20 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. cylindrical, forming a smooth surface; while those of the gastric cavity are broader and protrude into the cavity. In the oral end of the proboscis both cells layers are thinner, and here the mouth breaks through both layers and establishes communication with the interior. This occurs before the development of the trumpet-shaped proboscis. This same writer treats of the phylogeny of the Thecophora and represents the Sertularidz as having been derived from the Campanularidz,' basing his conclusions exclusively on the method of budding and growth of the colony. With this conclusion the present writer is unable to agree, as it runs counter to that which, to his mind, is much more weighty evidence tending to show that the Sertularidz can not have been derived from the Campanularide. A more logical argument, as it seems to the writer, can be based on the characters of the hydranth itself. As a general thing the nutritive persons seem much less easily modified than is the general form of the colony or what might be called the skeletal characters—i. e., the perisarc. The Scandi- navian writer, Broch,? has separated the forms which come under the family Campanularide, as here used, from all other Calypteroblastea and placed them under a suborder which he calls ‘‘Thecophora Proboscoidea”’ on account of their trumpet-shaped proboscis. That the Campanularide differ from all the other families of Calypteroblastea more than these latter do from each other seems evident. The constant and striking character of the hypostome is con- fined to this group and the gymnoblastic family Eudendride. That the trumpet-shaped proboscis is a specialization and therefore a departure from the original type is shown in sequence of events in the growth of the hydranth as described by Kiihn in the work referred to,? and sketched on a previous page of the present work. In the course of this development the hydranth assumes first the form of hypostome characteristic of the Sertularidz and afterwards takes on the characteristic trumpet shape of the Campanu- laride. This seems to be a very strong proof that the former can not be derived from the latter, as claimed by Kiihn. If such a derivation were a fact, we would have a reversal of the ordinary procedure in embryological development that would be unexpected, to say the least. Referring again to the similarity of the hydranth of the Campanularide to that of the Eudendride it may be worth while to call attention to the fact that in this latter family we have the nearest approach to the production of the hydrotheca that I have seen in the gymnoblastic hydroids. In Eudendrium vaginatum Allman the perisare of the pedicel is produced upward and expanded into a cup-like form which covers the hydranth body up to a short distance below the tentacle bases. The proximal part of the female gonophore is protected in the same way by an expansion of the distal end of the perisare covering the pedicel.* In this species the hydranth with its trumpet-shaped proboscis and its striking pseudo-hydrotheca reminds: one very strikingly of acampanularian form. The pseudo-hydrotheca, however, seems to be attached to the hydranth throughout the extent of the former, not free as in the Campanularide. In Garveia annulata Nutting we have a similar instance of a pseudo-hydrotheca in con- nection with a hydranth having a dome-shaped proboscis very similar to that found m the Sertularide. In discussing this species the describer says: ® The structure that I have designated above as a ‘‘ pseudo-hydrotheca’’ is of considerable morphological interest, for it may throw light on the origin of the hydrotheca. The extension of the chitinous perisarc of the stem over the body of the hydranth appears to be attached to the latter. A true hydrotheca would be formed if the perisare around the hydranth body should become thicker and detached. In the development of the hydranth as worked out by Kiihn and described on a previous page it is seen that the hydrotheca is at first attached to the hydranth body throughout, and later becomes free. If ontogeny here follows the path of phylogeny it seems evident that such species as Eudendrium vaginatum and Garveia annulata represent the primitive condi- tion of the hydrotheca. ‘Alfred Kiihn, Sprosswachstum und Polypenknospung bei den Thecophoren, 1909, p. 465. 2 Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 183. 3 Sprosswachstum und Polypenknospung bei den Thecophoren, 1909. 4See Nutting, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1901, pl. 15, figs. 3-6. 5 Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1901, p. 167. THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 21 It is, moreover, interesting to note that all of the calypteroblastic forms have hydranths that conform either to the Garveia or to the Hudendrium type;' that is, they have either dome- shaped or trumpet-shaped hypostomes and a single whorl! of filiform tentacles. A further differentiation of the hydrotheca in Hudendrwum vaginatum, in which the chiti- nous investment would become free, would result m a colony very closely resembling the Cam- panularide, so far as the trophosome is concerned. It should also be noted in this connection that Kihn? has called attention to the resemblance existing between the Campanularide and Eudendride in the mode of growth of the colony, both bemg by means of the production of lateral buds from the stem or branch. Indeed, there seems to be nothing in that writer’s investigations that would militate against the view that the Campanularidz may be derived from the Eudendride, or else that the two may have community of descent from some other form.® SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION OF THE CAMPANULARID. Trophosome.—Calyces pediculate, campanulate or tubular, radially symmetrical, without operculum; but usually having the cavity separated from that of the pedicel by a diaphragm. Hydranth with a trumpet-shaped proboscis. Stem without distinct axial and peripheral tubes. Gonosome.—Gonangia containing blastostyles from which either planule or meduse may develop. In the latter case the medusz are leptomeduse. The first mention I can find of this family name is by Johnston, who uses and defines the word ‘“‘Campanulariade”’ in his British Zoophytes,* and indicates that he had previously used the same family designation in Transactions of -the Berkshire Club, p. 107. He includes not only the Campanularians proper, but also “‘Lafea dumosa’’ which would now go into the Lafoeide, and his definition ‘‘Embryos medusiform’’ would exclude all members of the genus Campanularia, which do not have medusiform embryos. Louis Agassiz, 1862,° in discussing genera of the campanularian hydroids, recognizes the genera Clytia, Orthopyxis, Campanularia, Tiaropsis, Laomedea, Obelia and Eucope. But this author does not discuss the genera. In his Tabular View (p. 351), he does not present any designation which would be equivalent to the Campanularide of the present time, but men- tions a number of families of meduse among which are Eucopide, including Hucopea and Lao- medea, and Oceanide, contaiming a number of campanularian forms, such as Clytia, Platypyzis, Wrightia (= Calycella), Orthopyxis, and Hincksia (= Campanularia). Hincks in his classic work® gives the following: ‘‘Campanularude. Hydrothece terminal, pedicellate, campanulate; polypites with a large, trumpet-shaped proboscis.” He is not con- sistent in admitting under this definition the genera Campanulina and Opercularella which have hydranths with a typically conical proboscis. He admits the genera Clytia, Obelia, Campanu- laria, Lovenella, Thaumantias, Gonothyrea, Campanulina, and Opercularella. Allman (1864)7 gives a scholarly discussion of the classification of the hydroids in which he uses the word ‘“‘Campanularidz” in its present form. He recognizes the genera Campanu- laria, Obelia, Laomedea, Hincksia, Gonothyrea, Trichydra, Calycella and Campanulina. Allman, in his Report on the Hydroida of the Challenger Expedition,’ uses the spelling “Campanularide” and defines the family as follows: ‘‘Trophosome.—Hydrothece borne by peduncles, campanulate or tubular; hydrocaulus not enveloped by peripheral tubes. 1 An exception to this statement must be made in connection with members of the family Bonneviellidz to be described beyond. 2 Sprosswachstum und Polypenknospung bei den Thecophoren, 1909, p. 391. 3 Since writing the above the author has received the excellent monograph of Dr. E. Stechow Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostktiste, Miinchen, 1913, in which the possibility of community of descent of the Campanularidze and Eudendridz is indicated in the table under the heading Systematische Betrachtung, p. 16. 4 Second edition, vol. 1, 1847, p. 101. 5 Cont. Nat. Hist. U. 8., vol. 4, 1862, p. 297, et seq. § British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 137. 7 Construction and Limitation of Genera among the Hydroids, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 371. 5 Part 2, 1888, p. 18. 22 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. ““Gonosome.—Gonophores planoblasts or hedrioblasts.” THe uses the additional genera Hypanthea, Calamphora, Hebella, and Halisiphonia. Marktanner-Turneretscher (1890)' gives the following definition of the family ‘‘Campanu- lariidee.”’ Hydrotheken meist aut deutlichen, wenn auch kurzen Stielchen aufsitzend, von glocken- oder réhren{érmiger Gestalt. Hydrocaulus mono- oder polysiphon, im letzteren Falle aber keine axials Réhre vorhanden, von welcher die Stielchen simmtlicher vorhandenen Hydrotheken entspringen, sondern mehrere Réhren gleichmiissig an. der Bil- dung von hydrothekentragenden Stielchen betheiligt. This definition is practically the one adopted for the present work. THe recognizes the genera Campanularia, Obelia, Thyrocyphus, Eucopella, Hypanthia, Halisiphonia, Lafoeina, Calycella, Hebella, Opercularella, and Clytia. Levinsen, 1893,? removes the genera Calycella, Campanulina, Lafoeina and Ouspedella from the Campanularide and places them in the Campanulinide, and combines the genera Obelia and Gonothyrea in the old genus Laomedea. Schneider, 1897,* uses the spelling ‘‘Campanularidze”’ and combines Hincks’s four families Campanularide, Campanulinide, Leptocyphide, and Lafoéide in one, and includes practi- cally all of the Campanularid as usually understood im the one genus Campanularia; a scheme which would lead to confusion worse confounded and render the work of the systematists in this group hopeless, except when he deals with a very limited number of forms. Even here his success would be due to ignorance rather than to scientific acumen. No systematic treatise of serious import for our discussion appeared between 1897 and 1909, when two works of monographic form appeared from Scandinavian writers. One of these, Jiiderholm’s,* is notable for its exceptionally fine plates, which, in the opinion of the writer, have never been surpassed in clearness and fidelity to the original, in works on the Hydroida. This author (p. 13) defines the family at some length and makes the pos- session of a well-defined diaphragm a family character. He recognizes and defines the follow- ing genera (pp. 16-20): Clytia, Hebella, Thaumantias, Obelia, Gonothyrea, Campanularia, Galanthula and gives well defined keys to the genera and to the species under each genus. In the same year (1909) Broch® published another valuable contribution to our knowl- edge of this group. He defines the family Campanulariide at considerable length under the “Unterordnung Thecophora proboscoidea” and gives the historical review of the discussion of the systematic position and limitation of the family. THe recognizes and defines the genera Campanularia and Laomedea (including the genera Laomedea, Gonothyrea, and Obelia of other authors). He thus goes to an extreme not found in the works of other writers in throwing together genera which are much more conveniently kept separate, in the opinion of the present writer. While there may be considerable argument on theoretical grounds for such a course it undoubtedly leads to unnecessary and practically unsurmountable difficulties when large numbers of species are to be handled and deseribed. Mayer, in his Meduszx of the World, vols. 1 and 2, the Hydromeduse, 1910, has the last word thus far appearing on the systematic treatment of this group, considering the subject however from the medusz standpoint. It is impracticable to homologize his system with that of writers on the Hydroida. The present writer after conference with Doctor Mayer ° was com- pelled reluctantly to agree with him that the difficulties in the way of arriving at a satisfactory classification that would be available for systematists working both in the Hydroida and Hydromedusze were such as to make the task impracticable in the present state of our knowledge. ' Hydroiden des k.k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, p. 203. 2 Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, p. 35. 3 Hydropolypen yon Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht titber das System der Hydropolypen im Allgemeinen, Zoologische Jahrbiicher, vol. 10, 1897, p. 505. * Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909. > Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, p. 183. See Medusz of the World, vol. 1, p. 3. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 93 For instance, Mayer includes under his family ‘“‘Eucopide” the genera Hucopella, Cam- panulina, Obelia, Clytia, and Phortis. Some of these (e. g., Obelia and Clytia) would come under Campanularidee as used in the present work, and others such as Campanulina would find a place under Campanulinide. Again the medusz which have the trophosome of Campanu- laria are placed by him in four separate genera—Hucope, Mitrocoma, Hirene, and Tima; and still another Campanulina trophosome produces medusz which he puts in an entirely different family, the Aiquoride (4quorea). The following generic names have become more or less intrenched in the literature of the Campanularide through the writings of recent authorities:! Hucope, Galanthula, Campalaria, Thyroscyphus, Oalamphora, Hypanthea, Eucopella, Halisiphonia, Laomedea, Hebella, Clytia, Cam- panularia, Obelia, Obelaria, Thaumantias, Gonothyrxa, Silicularia, and Orthopyxis (= Hypanthea). From the above list the following genera should, in the opinion of the writer, be dropped or referred to other families: Eucope——According to Mayer,? this genus of meduse, dating from 1856, is produced from a Campanularia trophosome. The hydroid species by A. Agassiz should go into the genus Obelia. Galanthula.—The diagnosis of the genus Galanthula of Hartlaub is as follows: Hydrorhiza kletternd, Hydranthen unverzweigt mit linglich eiférmigen, scharf abgesetzen Hydrotheken, Hydro- theken ohne Basalraum und ohne Rundversetzung am Diaphragma. The character of the manubrium is not indicated in the drawings and the absence of the diaphragm is sufficient to exclude this genus from the family Campanularide as here used. This character is usually correlated with a conical hypostome and thus it is likely that we will find a further reason for excluding Galanthula from the Campanularide. Campalaria.—This genus was established by Hartlaub* to accommodate a species which differs from Campanularia in having but one gonophore in a gonangium (instead of several) and in having the ova pass through their development outside of the gonangium. This genus is not found in American waters and need not be discussed here. The writer considers it of doubtful validity. Thyroscyphus.—Vhis genus has been referred to the Campanulinide by Levinsen® and Hartlaub.° Two species collected by the Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the North Pacific which have been examined by me, serve to convince me that Thyroscyphus is closely allied to Sertularella. Y would therefore refer the genus Thyroscyphus to the Sertularide. Calamphora.—This genus, established by Milena im 1888,” undoubtedly has its closest affinities with Sertularella and should certainly be included in the Sertularide. The writer has a sketch of a specimen from the North Pacific, the basal part of which agrees with Allman’s description of Calamphora, and the distal part is a true Sertularella. Hypanthea.—Another genus described by Allman is characterized as follows: Trophosome.—Hydrothecze borne each on the summit of a cylindrical peduncle, which springs from a creeping stolon, inoperculate, with the cavity so reduced by the great thickness of its chitinous walls as to. be incapable of receiving the hydranth in retraction. Gonosome.—Gonophores in the form of simple sporosacs developed within chitinous gonangia, which spring, aggregated or scattered, from the creeping stolon. Hartlaub® claims that Hypanthea is practically a synonym for Silicularia, Mayer, 1834, at least in part, and the present writer accepts his conclusion as apparently well grounded. 1 Species formerly placed in the Campanularide, but now relegated to other families, e. g., Campanulinide and Lafoéide, are not included in this list. 2 Meduse of the World, vol. 1, 1910, p. 10. 3 Beitrage zur Fauna der stidéstlichen und éstlichen Nordsee, vol. 3, pt. 6, Hydroiden, 1898, p. 110, Wissenschaft- liche Meeresuntersuchungen, new ser., vol. 3, 1898. 4 Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 495. > Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 34. ® Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen iets 1895, p. 588. 7 Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 28, and pl. 10. ® Idem, p. 25. ® Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1895, p. 553. 94 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Eucopella.—This genus, although very generally recognized at the present time, will have to be dropped in favor of the genus Orthopyxis. Hucopella was proposed in 1885, the type-species being 2. campanularia, nearly allied to the familiar Clytia caliculata of authors. Agassiz in 1862 based his genus Orthopyxis on his O. poteriwm, which is now considered as Clytia caliculata. A further discussion of this matter will be found in connection with the formal discussion of the genus Orthopyzis on page 63. Halisiphonia.—Another of Allman’s genera based on the Challenger collections.1_ This does not come within the definition of the Campanularide as used in this work. The original definition is as follows: Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus a monosiphonic stolon. Hydrothece tubiform, with entire margin, destitute of operculum, with the cavity directly continuous with that of the peduncle or stolon, and with the hydrothecal walls never adnate to the hydrocaulus. Hydranth with conical hypostome. Gonosome.—Gonangial capsules borne by the hydrocaulus. The combination of absence of diaphragm and a conical hypostome would exclude the genus from the Campanularide. Laomedea.—Broch (1909)? attempts to make a distinction between Campanularia and Laomedea on the basis of the hydrothecal diaphragm. He shows that in Campanularia integra there is a thickening of the hydrothecal walls below the hydranth, and that the apparent dia- phragm is merely the basal portion of the stutzlamelle of the hydranth, while in Laomedea geni- culata (Linnseus) there is a true diaphragm. It seems to me, however, that we have here a difference in degree and not in kind. The thickening of the walls m Campanularia integra, by being accentuated and more sharply localized would produce such a diaphragm as is shown in Broch’s figure of Laomedea geniculata, and is not sufficient, in my opinion, to constitute a good generic character. I would therefore discard the highly unnatural genus Laomedea (as used by Broch), in which species of such very different gonosomes are included, and place the species in Campanularia, Gonothyrea, and Obelia. Hebella.—This genus contains species with a well-defined diaphragm and a conical hypo- stome. This latter character is sufficient to take the genus out of the family Campanularide. After eliminating these genera, the following remain to be considered: Campanularia, Clytia, Obelia, Obelaria, Thaumantias, Gonothyrea, Silicularia, and Orthopyzis. It should be understood at the outset that it is clearly impossible to define the genera of hydroids on the basis of the trophosome alone, and this is particularly true of the Campanularide. Indeed, the gonosome is more useful than the trophosome in affording generic distinctions in this family. A combination of the two will in most cases yield a practicable generic distinction. KEY TO THE GENERA OF CAMPANULARIDZ. Colonies always regularly branched. Gonangia with medusiform acrocysts which do not become free. ....-.....---------+++++--2-22-22222- 22+ Gonothyrxa. Gonangrayprodiicine tinee me ditsce seeee stems ene nse eee eee ent eee ee eee eee eee ees eee Eee eee ree Eee seer Obelia. Gonanpia)producineioval whichidevelopioutsid ef me nme asses meee ea eee eee eee ee eee eee eee Obelaria. Colonies unbranched, or if branched, with an upright stem which does not spring from a creeping rootstock. Gonanpiaicontainine tied! spOnOsaCSa: passe mer =e asst eee ee So eee eee eee oes ee Campanularia. Colonies unbranched and pedicels springing from a creeping rootstock. Gonangia producing free, hemispherical medusce with eight lithocysts at birth..............-.-.----:----- Clytia. Gonangia producing medusve without lithocysts......../.-.--.-----.-----------------------+----- Thaumantias. Hydrothecal walls greatly thickened. Hydrothece unsymmetrical, not capable of containing the retracted hydranth...........--.----.-- Silicularia. Hydrothece usually symmetrical, capable of containing retracted hydranth.............-...----- Orthopyxis. It must be remembered that such keys as the above are merely conveniences and are not intended to point out the really important generic characters. These latter will be found in the definitions of the several genera. 1 Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 30. 2 Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, p. 183. THE CAMPANULARIDEH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. Distribution of American Campanularide. 25 Geographical. American. AI European. = Atlantic. Pacific. eee s its) . ea D . 4 qd |. = Sold le 2/5 3 \¢ ig Sea c4 ee se Ys Bathymetric (in we Pee Sa dulesis a || 3 g fathoms). gles 2] see |e BalesleslalPlalel2| la Sleal ole iP8 | Sleesags e/E| 818i g Eles| 8) eles S| 2eceses)2/slelelele|# gee] S| 2 ioe] 2a eeeses| = |elelalsl4 |e 2 tee ISaLe ne asl Sigs) a /S15/8 /S la] 8 Sig |S] ls) S/H isssss | 42/38 )e a | |e) WSiiiz na S\s a) a i= 3/6 4/4 Sle = 5 o|/+] 2 (Bie |S/E ls |e |S las BOIS JH) IS) 8)3)/38/8 |ol4 |Elais |4/4 loa SB |alelSialsi4/a Campanularia amphora.....-..------------| + | + angulata.. ea|| ar i Tate brevicaulis Bee a calceolifera.. + = coronata... 2oso yor denticulata. . ae exigua... ee flexuosa. S10? fragilis. - et fusiformis . noe gigantea .- ei? grenlandica oa hesperia. rane hincksi revi integra wet00 kincaidi. To levis ...- Hit lennozensis... : macroscyphi. . e373 magnifica..... ee marginata.. SoG neglecta....- aren obtusidens. . ois ptychocyathus. ae raridentata.. ‘ rigida..... mae rilteri.. = speciosa. a0 spiralis... ae subrufa... 3 tincta....- a tulipifera. ai urceolata. . - pieree verticillata ae volubilis Cho Clytia attenuata. . ae akeri....-- Ten bicophora. - mens cylindrica... any edwardsi Te fragilis. 1-10? hendersoni. ys johnstoni... * longicyatha at minuta .- a0 noliformis. Sap sargassicola nye universitatis . . Tae Orthopyzis caliculata. Hae clytioides. . Hae compressa un crenata - nes everta. a Gonothyrxa clarki aoe gracilis. ao imornata Bes loveni ‘ie Obelaria gelatinosa... ee Obelia austrogorgia. ee bicuspidata.- ee borealis... ie braziliensis . . ee commissuralis ine . corona.....- fee dichotoma. eee dubia... at flabella aioe fragilis... Bee geniculata. gracilis. . ie orafini 1-10? hyalina... Ha longissima. a plicata. . Hon surcularis.. at Silicularia atlantica_....- ie hemispherica. : pedunculata. - ate i as 1-10? reticulata. tags TOSCne een ea Thaumantias inconspicua.......-----------|--- age 1-10? 26 AMERICAN EHYDROIDS. These regions are defined under the discussion of the distribution of the Sertularide on page 47 of part 2 of this work. The regions adopted for the Campanularidx are practically the same as for the Sertularidx, with the following exceptions: The CaLiroRNIAN region is extended to include the Pacific Coasts of tropical South America. The SCANDINAVIAN region is extended to include the Arctic regions immediately north of Europe. An “Inpo—Pacrero”’ and an ‘“‘Arrican’’ region are added. The North Atlantic coast of the United States appears from this showing to be richer in campanularian life than any other region, there being 30 species out of the 81 included in the American hydroid fauna, or 37 per cent. It is altogether probable, however, that if an equal amount of collecting had been done on the North Pacific coast there would be found to be as many or more species of hydroids from that region, including the Californian and Alaskan, as are known from the Atlantic coast. The Californian region is extended southward to include the Pacific shores of tropical America, but this extension does not result in the addition of any hydroid species. Twenty- eight species have been found in this region, or about 34 per cent of the total American species. This showing is due to the extension of the known range of many Alaskan species southward, rather than the discovery of additional species on the Californian coasts. Next in importance, so far as North American waters are concerned, comes the Alaskan region with 18 species, the Arctic with 12 species, and the West Indian and Canadian with 10 species each. In South American waters the Patagonian and Antarctic region leads with 21 species, or about 27 per cent of the total of American Campanularide, while the South Pacific region, including Chile, has yielded but 8 species, or 10 per cent of the total. It must be remembered, however, that South American waters have been relatively but little explored and that the ultimate showing may be quite different. In European waters the British region leads with 21 species, or 27 per cent of the entire number of known American Campanularide. It is of mterest to note in this connection that 9 species, or 41 per cent, of the Californian forms are familiar British species. This seems to be further evidence of the meridianal distribution of the Hydroida from Polar regions to which the present writer has called attention in previous communications.! The Patagonian (including the Antarctic) region proves to be almost as prolific in campanu- larian forms as the British region, yielding 21 species, or 27 per cent, of the entire list of American Campanularide, showing that this family has about twice as many representatives in the Patagonian region as has the Sertularide. Two genera have their center of distribution in this region, i. e., the genera Orthopyzxis and Silicularia, with an aggregate of 11 species. Of the remaining 10 species found in this region 5, Campanularia integra, C. verticillata, Obelaria gelatinosa, Obelia geniculata and O. longissima, are species of very wide distribution belonging to genera which are almost cosmopolitan. The West Indian region is the home of 10 species, or 12 per cent, showing that the cam- panularians have a relatively poor proportion of species in our southern waters. The Brazilian and African regions are apparently the poorest of all in representatives of this group. While this is doubtless largely due to lack of extensive exploration in these regions, it is nevertheless probably a fact that they are poor in campanularian life. We must, moreover, bear in mind the fact that this table includes only those Campanularidz that are known to occur in American waters, and that a similar table prepared to illustrate the distribution of European forms would probably include a larger number of forms from the African region. The remarkably wide distribution of individual species of hydroids is indicated in this table which shows no less than 30 species that are common to Europe and America. That is, nearly 38 per cent of American Campanularidx are found also on the other side of the Atlantic. *) 1 Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition, vol. 21, the Hydroids, 1901, p. 162. American Hydroids, pt. 2, 1904. p. 48. THE CAMPANULARIDA AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 2 D7 Campanularia integra and Orthopyxis caliculata haye the most extensive geographical dis- tribution of all the American Campanularide, each being found in 14 of the 17 regions embraced in the table. It may be of interest to note that both of these have remarkably thickened hydrothecx and both are comparatively shallow-water forms. Doubtless the habit of growing on floating timbers, seaweed, etc., which characterizes so many campanularians will account, in some measure at least, for the wide distribution of many species, and the profusion of free-swimming medusz produced by Obelia and some other genera is another factor leading to the same result. Bathymetric distribution.—In comparing this table with the corresponding ones for the Plumularidz (part 1, p. 501) and the Sertularide (part 2, p. 45), it at once appears that there are relatively many more shallow-water species in the Campanularide than in either of the other families thus far treated in this work. - It should be explained that in the table giving the bathymetric distribution of the Cam- panularide there are very many between-tide and shallow-water forms for which no data regarding depth can be found. In such eases the depth is given arbitrarily as ‘‘1-10 fath.,” and in none of these cases has a depth greater than 10 fathoms been recorded, the context indicating that the species are found on seaweed or along the shores and have not been secured by dredging. Thirty-eight species (or 49 per cent) of all American Campanularide are reported from depths not greater than 10 fathoms, while 57 (or 72 per cent) have not been reported from depths greater than 50 fathoms. Seventy-four of the 81 species have been found at a depth of less than 50 fathoms. Adding to the table on page 49, part 2 of this work, the corresponding data concerning the Campanularide, we have the following comparison of the bathymetric distribution of the Plumularide, Sertularide, and Campanularide: Comparative distribution at increasing depths. i | Family | Less than | Over 50 Over 100 | Over 150 | Over 200 | Over 500 | Over 1,000 50fathoms.| fathoms. fathoms. fathoms. fathoms. fathoms. fathoms. | Per cent. Per cent. | Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Plumularide.-- 50 63 49 40 28 5 3 Sertularidse --... 75 40 | 30 26 16 6 3 Campanularide 19 9 6 0 0 | 94 | 23 This table shows at a glance that the Campanularide are relatively shallow-water forms as compared with the Plumularidz and Sertularidx. The deepest haul which has yielded an American campanularian was at Albatross station 2415, lat. 30° 44’ N.; long. 79° 26’ W., where Campanularia marginata was found and a depth of 440 fathoms was reported. Campanularia macroscypha was found by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2664, lat. 29° 41’ N.; long. 79° 55’ W. at a depth of 373 fathoms, and Campanularia verticillata has been reported by Bonnevie from off the Norwegian coast at a depth of 328 fathoms. Outside of the genus Campanularia, none of the Campanularide has been reported from a greater depth than 110 fathoms (Gonothyrza gracilis). Clytia johnstoni and Eucopella cali- culata have been reported from 100 fathoms. The deepest known habitat for an Obelia is 80 fathoms, where O. longissima has been found, while no member of the genus Silieularia has been reported from a greater depth than 10 fathoms. Genus CAMPANULARIA Lamarck (modified by Hinecks). Trophosome.—Colony branched or unbranched. Hydrothece usually strictly campanulate. Gonosome.—Gonangia containing fixed sporosacs from which planule are directly developed. Lamarck gives the following definition :* Polypier phytoide filiforme, sarmenteux, corné; a tiges fistuleuses, simples ou rameuses. Calyces campanulés, dentés sur les bords, soutenus par des pédoncules longs et tortillés. ' Histoire Nat. Anim, sans Vert., vol. 2, 1836, p. 129. v8 - AMERICAN HYDROIDS. The genus as thus described would include all of the Campanularide of later writers and is the type-genus of that family. Hincks, as was so often the case, saw the availability of the gonosome as a means of separating genera, and adds to his description of the trophosome the fact that the gonophores contain fixed sporosacs which mature their products within the capsule. The type of this genus is Campanularia verticillata. KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF CAMPANULARIA. Colonies regularly branched. Stem compound. Pedicels arranged!in verti cils ie: ESbG5 1 Sia. SO: Ass Pee TRA e Tae Pee NEED einen 9 verticillata. Hy drothecee (sessile ery 5.26 =i oie acre o sins sige ie iarene te etc Eat fee Pe) veto ee pe eg ee subrufa. Stem monosiphonic. Marcinicrenulated’ i sj0 LS es pas CRS ete ei yw pam rete eae ae a ee tog eee ere eres tulipifera. IN ewgeatiay [babe (EMO NENK) His oe keen cosnoneouo se cOesee sseaascacuses fo oesedepeoctedacouste st eset de> loess neglecta. Marpin regularly toothed. “Deeth about 7, acute -..-92-.- 29292292 52- 222s e ess iON obtusidens. Margin smooth. Pedicels decidedly shorter than hydrothece. Stemmstran otateshy drotheceetal lm os tse Selle sees are a 8 tee ae ae ness nen rigida. Stem undulating, margin with thickened band. Hydrothece sessile................-.--- marginata. Stem flexuose. Eby drothecseream~pamil ate cere oleae ere ge hes ee eh eee ts een ae calceolifera. Ey doth ecreyl om evan stub arse se see ee te ee ee eee ers fragilis. Branchesiromi\allisidesofithe)ste mye seeps seas se ee amphora. Pedicels as long as hydrothecz, or longer. Stem geniculate............-. BUSS SRST Ua: Seyi Date Nh an en pe oe At REST HNE phne See oS angulata. Pedicelsiordinarilyabowtas longtasihiy. dno tie ces esse ea eee easiness flexuosa. Pedicels ordinarily about twice as long as hydrothece..-.....-..-...-...-.2.2-222-22-.222:- exignua. Colonies not regularly branched. Margin smooth. ay drothecalawallsyonearulytinickemedi bel ovis) eee es ete tere integra. Walls not noticeably thickened, hydrothecze very large.-....-....-.--..-.--.--4--....--..-...--spiralis. Wallsinotithickened phy drothecsemotisoy) ange eee ns seers ee eee re ene rittert. Mareimucrenulated yeonameianb owl-she pedestal ee ee ee ee eee eee speciosa. Margin) crenulated,) gonangia jwithhtuloular mec ke. ne ote ery fe me eet eee magnifica. Margin toothed. Hydrothecal walls with vertical lines or plications. Hydrothecal teeth truncated at top, pedicels smooth.......-.-.......--.---------.------------ hincksit. Hydrothecal teeth rounded, pedicels annulated--............-.-..-.-.--.-----------.----- grenlandica. Hydrothecal teeth acuminate. Walllsithiveks am dir ovd erect cell ay sla xterra ee cess tincta. Walls thin, pedicels long -........-...---- ei eS EEA aa Sa she tercie 2 hae aa ee kincaidi. Hydrothecal walls neither lined nor plicated. Pedicels not regularly annulated, smooth. Hydrothece very, large (2)mim. high); tubular--------22-- 222-2 -222--- 5-29-43 macroscy pha. Hiydrothecackyeryplanp es carnal amit ate meee ae ee eet gigantea. Hydrothecze medium or small. Teethesharply spounte dese es eae ee eee ee ee ee eee raridentata, Teeth truncated above, or even emarginate. ARS Wines es once DBASE et ener ash ooo noe ome enor ao GeuoticaprchocpaSysscse levis Usrayilay rey, lOvbINULO RV o saa sagcsscuomesagacone sskeseeesssaasenese eR eG Wie as brevicaulis. Pedicels annulated. Hydrothece obconical, upper walls collapsible -..........-.-.--..------------+:----: plychocyathus. Hydrothece typically urceolate, margins often reduplicated ...-........----------------- urceolata. Hydrothecze large, campanulatte) thm =: ree eerie sale 2a) te a ee eaaeeeee denticulata, Hydrothec deeply campanulate or tubular. Gonangia flask-shaped. Neck-shorttulbulanto loose so ae ee ea ete ee ect ieee net volubilis. IN @e kcal Orn opt bo ual aa te fusiformis. Gonanpia) cylindrical yanmar cl ave Cee ase eset eat ee coronata. Twelve sharply pointed hydrothecal teeth -...-..--....-.--..-----5--+-2-:--------- hesperia. THE CAMPANULARIDEZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 29 CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA (Linneus). Plate 1, figs. 1-3. Sertularia verticillata Linnzus, Systema Nature, ed. 10, 1758, p. 811. Sertularia verticillata Hourruyn, Natuurlijke Historie, vol. 17, 1761-73, p. 555. Sertularia verticillata Patuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 115. Sertularia verticillata LiInNz&us, Systema Nature, ed. 12, 1767, p. 1810. Sertularia verticillata BoppaERT, Lyst der Plant dieren, 1768, p. 144. Sertularia verticillata Exvxis and SoLanpER, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 50. Sertularia verticillata GMELIN in Linnzeus, Systema Nature, ed. 18, 1790, p. 3851. Sertularia verticillata Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 1802, p. 95. Sertularia verticillata TurToN, British Fauna, 1807, p. 214. : Clytia (Sertularia) verticillata Lamovroux, Extrait d’un Mémoire sur 1a Classification des Polypiers Coralligénes non- entiérement pierreux, 1812, p. 184. Halecium (Sertularia) verticillata OxeN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, vol. 3, zool., pt. 1, 1815, p. 92. Campanularia verticillata LAMARcK, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 2, 1816, p. 113. Clytia verticillata LAMouROUX, Histoire des Polypiers Coralligénes Flexibles, 1816, p. 202. Sertularia verticillata Stewart, Elements of the Nat. Hist. of the Animal Kingdom, 1817, p. 244. Clytia olivacea Lamovrovux, Exposition méthodique, 1821, p. 13. Clytia olivacea LamMouRoUx, Encyclopédie méthodique, vol. 2, 1824, p. 210. Clytia olivacea Hoae, Nat. Hist. of the Vicinity of Stockton-on-Tees, 1827, p. 34. Campanularia verticillata FLemine, Hist. of Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 550. Campanularia verticillata StarK, Elements of Nat. Hist., 1828, p. 441. Laomedea verticillata DE Buainvitte, Zoophytes, Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 60, 1830, p. 439. Sertularia verticillata CuviER, Le Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 3, 1830, p. 300. Laomedia verticillata DE BLAINVILLE, Manuel d’Actinologie, 1834, p. 475. Campanularia verticillata Minne Epwarps, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 131. Campanularia verticillata TempLeton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1836, p. 466. Campanularia verticillata JOHNSTON, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1838, p. 156. Campanularia verticillata Coucn, Essay on Zooph. of Cornwall, 1841, p. 49. Campanularia verticillata Hassaun, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1841, p. 169. Campanularia verticillata Coucu, Cornish Fauna, 1844, p. 42. Campanularia verticillata Taompson, Fauna of Ireland, Invertebrates, 1844, p. 283. Campanularia verticillata JOHNSTON, Hist. Brit. Zooph., ed. 2, 1847, p. 112. Sertularia (Campanularia) verticillata DatyEut, Rare and remarkable animals of Scotland, vol. 1, 1847-8, p. 218. Capsularia verticillata Gray, List Brit. Anim., 1848, p. 87. Campanularia verticillata Cocks, Contributions to the Fauna of Falmouth, 1849, p. 93. Campanularia verticillata Taompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, vol. 4, 1849, p. 283. Campanularia verticillata ForBEs, Report on Investigations of British Marine Zoology, vol. 1, 1851, p. 246. Campanularia verticillata MarruanD, Descriptio Systematica Animalium Belgii Septentrionalis, (etc.), 1851, p. 44. Campanularia verticillata Sars, Nyt Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 6, 1851, p. 126. Campanularia verticillata LANDsBoRoOUGH, A popular history of Brit. Zooph., 1852, p. 167. Campanularia verticillata IRVINE, Cat. Zooph. in Dublin Bay, 1854, p. 245. Campanularia verticillata GossE, Manual of Marine Zoology, vol. 1, 1855, p. 25. Campanularia verticillata Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 15, 1855, p. 130. D Campanularia verticillata TEMPLER, Some remarks on Marine Fauna of South Devon, 1855, p. 4576. Campanularia verticillata Taomeson, Nat. Hist. of Ireland, vol. 4, 1856, p. 459. Campanularia verticillata ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1858, p. 99. Campanularia verticillata Acassiz (L.), Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., vol. 4, 1860-62, p. 354. Campanularia verticillata Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 292. Campanularia verticillata Packarn, Canadian Naturalist, 1863, p. 4. Campanularia verticillata Attman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Campanularia olivacea Acassiz, A., Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 2, N. A. Acalephee, 1865, p. 226. Campanularia verticillata McInrosu, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh; vol. 5, 1866, p. 602. Campanularia verticillata ALDER, Report on Zooph., 1867, p. 50. Campanularia verticillata Norman, Report 36th meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1867, p. 199. Campanularia verticillata Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 167. : Campanularia verticillata Herxiors, Natuurlyke Historie van Nederland, vol. 2, 1870, p. 399. Campanularia verticillata ALLMaN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 165. Laomedea verticillata ALLMAN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 169. Campanularia verticillata MertzGER, Die wirbellosen Meeresthiere der ostiriesischen Kiiste, 1871, p. 34. Campanularia verticillata Sars, G. O., Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 34. Campanularia verticillata VerRILL, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1873, p. 353 and 364. 55968°—15——3 30 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Campanularia verticillata McInross, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 208. Campanularia verticillata ScHutzE, Nordsee Expedition, 1874, p. 129. Campanularia verticillata Verrtu, Amer, Jour. Sci., vol. 7, 1874, pp. 44, 413, 504. Campanularia verticillata Verrm1, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 10, 1875, p. 42. Campanularia circula CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 218. Campanularia verticillata Brreu, Goplepolyper fra Kara Havet, 1877, p. 333. Campanularia verticillaa MErescHowsky, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 2, 1878, pp. 323, 333. Campanularia verticillata WinTHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark og dets Nordligi Bilande funde Hydroide Zooph., 1879-80, p. 238. Campanularia verticillata BONNEViIZ, Kristine, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1889, p. 71. Campanularia verticillata DretscH, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 217. Campanularia verticillata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 208. Campanularia verticillata LEVINSEN, G. M. R., Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1892, p. 24. Campanularia verticillata LEVINSEN, G. M. R., Vid Udb. ‘‘Hauschs”’ Togter, 1893, p. 369. Campanularia verticillata Crawrorp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. Campanularia verticillata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden von Ost-Spitzbergen, 1895, p. 405. Campanularia verticillaia Hartuaus, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, pp. 451, 488. Campanularia verticillata Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1899, p. 347. Campanularia verticillata Nutrine, Hydroids of Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899, p. 171. Campanularia verticillata Harerrr, Synopsis of N. A. Invert., Amer. Nat., 1901, p. 384. Campanularia fascia Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacifie Coast, 1902, p. 52. Campanularia verticillata BrxtarD, Contribution 4 1’ étude des Hydroides, 1904, p. 173. Campanularia verticillata Brocu, Nordsee Hydroiden, 1905, p. 12. Campanularia verticillata var. grandis Hickson and GRAVELY, National Antarctic Exped., 1907, p. 23. Campanularia verticillata JApERHOLM, Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Beringsmeeres, 1907, p. 2. Campanularia verticillata Hararrr, Notes on a few Coelenterates of Woods Hole, 1908, p. 112. Campanularia verticillata JApERHOLM, Die Hydroiden des Sibirischen Eismeeres, 1908, p. 11. Campanularia verticillata BILLARD, Révision des espéces types d’ Hydroides de la Collection Lamouroux, 1909, p. 311. Campanularia verticillata JaperHoLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., IV, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 69. Campanularia verticillata Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 188. Campanularia verticillata Fraser, C. M., West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 33. Campanularia verticillata Kramp, Paun L., Report on Hydroids of Danish Exped. to Northeast Greenland, 1911, p. 393. Campanularia verticillata Kramp, Paut L., Hydroids collected by the Tjalfe Exped. to the West Coast of Greenland, 1913, p. 30. Trophosome.—Colony erect, branched; stem and main branches polysiphonic.t Colony attaining a height of 14 inches, but usually considerably less. The pedicels originate in irreg- ular whorls or verticels from the tubes of the polysiphonic stem and branches, there being usually 5 to 9 pedicels in one of these irregular whorls. Whorls about 2 mm. apart, as a rule; but they become less regular and more approximated toward distal ends of the branches, projecting at a wide angle from the stem or branch. A medium-sized branch consists of six tubes and the verticils are usually composed of six pedicels, one from each tube. The pedicels and hydrothece together measure about 2.5 mm. Pedicels often annulated throughout, but the annulations are more distant on the median portion than near the end. Just below the hydrothece are two deep annular constrictions rather near together, resulting in a globular appearance of the extreme distal end of the pedicel. The hydrothece are broadly campanulate, rather large and with rigid walls, the margin being ornamented with a regular series of usually 16 teeth which are more or less squared or truncated at the ends. There is a well-marked thickening of the hydrothecal walls near the bottom which constricts the hydrothecal cavity and forms a poorly differentiated basal chamber below the hydranth and has the effect of a diaphragm, indeed constitutes one in the opinion of the present writer. Gonosome.—The gonangia are situated on the branches between the verticils of pedicels, being thickly scattered on all sides and more numerous than the pedicels in the specimen de- scribed. They are flask-shaped with a narrowed somewnat tubular neck that is usually unsym- metrically placed and ends in a round aperture. The gonangia are supported on short ped- uncles and are, on the average, about half the length of the pedicels. They contain simple blastostyles bearing simple sporosacs. ! Hargitt (1908) has shown that there are connections of coenosarc between the tubes. ie ae ee THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 31 A specimen from off the Alaska coast (station 2850) is considerably larger than the one described, the whorls of pedicels are more distant and there are sometimes as many as nine pedicels in a whorl. This probably represents Campanularia fascia Torrey. I find no dif- ference, however, that can be regarded as specific. Another specimen (station 2858) from near Sitka, Alaska, depth 230 fathoms, is more bushy and dendritic in its habit, the branches often being more or less contorted like those of an oak tree. The gonangia are more slender, especially in the distal neck. Here again there is nothing that seems to justify a separation from 0. verticillata. It is doubtless the form described as (. circula Clark.’ Distribution—In American waters. Labrador (Packard); Nova Scotia (Nutting); New England coast (Verrill and Nutting); Bering Sea (Jiiderholm); Alaska (Clark, Nutting); Puget Sound (Nutting); Californian coast (Torrey, Nutting). Albatross station 2850, lat. 54° 52’ N.; long. 159° 46’ W., 21 fathoms. Albatross station 2858, lat. 58° 17’ N.; long. 148° 36’ W., 238 fathoms. Kodiak Harbor (Harriman Exped.). Numerous stations along the Alaskan Coast (Nutting, manuscript). General distribution.,— Sweden (Segerstedt), Norway (Bonnevie, Broch), North Sea (Broch); Iceland (Saemondsson); Greenland (Levinsen, Hartlaub); Spitzbergen (Marktanner- Turneretscher); Murman Sea (Jiderholm); White Sea (Schydlowsky); Barents Sea (Thompson) ; Polar Sea (Bergh); British Islands (Hincks and others); Helgoland (Hartlaub); Denmark (Levinsen); France (Billard); McMurdo Bay, Antarctic (Hickson and Gravely). Bathymetric distribution —Shallow water down to 600 meters off the Norwegian coast (Bonnevie), 230 fathoms off the Atlantic coast (Nutting). This species as above indicated has a very extensive distribution throughout the Northern Hemisphere except in Asiatic waters. The extension of the species into the Antarctic regions rests on the form described as C. verticillata var. grandis, Hickson and Gravely. The author has seen one specimen from Japanese waters that is apparently of this species and if this is true the distribution should be extended to Asiatic waters. CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS (Linnzus). Plate 1, figs. 4-6. Sertularia volubilis LINN&uS, Systema Nature, ed. 10, 1758, p. 811. Sertularia volubilis Houtrruyn, Natuurlijke Historie, vol. 17, 1761-1773, p. 556. Sertularia uniflora Pattas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 121. Sertularia volubilis Linn ®us, Systema Nature, ed. 12, 1767, p. 1311. Sertularia uniflora BoppAErt, Lyst der Plant dieren, 1768, p. 151. Sertularia uniflora Exuis, Philos. Trans. Royal Society, vol. 571, 1768, p. 434. Sertularia volubilis Maratti, De Plantis Zoophytis, etc., 1776, p. 32. Sertularia volubilis Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, p. 444. Sertularia uniflora Wi1KINs and Hersst, in Pallas, Characteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 160. Campanularia volubilis Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere, vol. 3, 1788-1830, p. 168. Sertularia volubilis Gurtin, in Linnzeus, Systema Nature, ed. 13, vol. 1, part 6, 1790, p. 3851. Sertularia volubilis Esper, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, vol. 2, 1794-1806, pl. 30. Sertularia volubilis BERKENHOUT, Synop. Nat. Hist. Gt. Britain, vol. 1, 1795, p. 218. . Sertularia volubilis Bosc, Histoire naturelle des Vers, vol. 3, 1802, p. 96. Sertularia volubilis JAMESON, Catalogue animals of the class Vermes, 1811, p. 564. Sertularia volubilis OkEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, pt. 3, 1815, p. 92. Sertularia volubilis Stewart, Elements of Nat. Hist. Animal Kingdom, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1817, p. 444. Campanularia volubilis Scawr1acER, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1820, p. 425. Sertularia volubilis Fuemine, Edinburgh Philos. Journ., vol. 2, 1820, p. 88. Campanularia volubilis Risso, Histoire Naturelle, vol. 5, 1826, p. 309. Sertularia volubilis Hoge, On the Nat. Hist. of the Vicinity of Stockton-on-Tees, 1827, p. 34. Campanularia volubilis Fueminc, Hist.Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 548. . Campanularia volubilis de BuarnviLLE, Manuel d’Actinologie, 1834, p. 472. Sertularia volubilis Kirpy, On the Hist., Habits, and Instincts of Anim., 1835, pp. xii, 169. 1 Hydroids of the Pacific coast, 1902, p. 52. 2 Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., 1876, p. 213. 3 The author desires here to state that he has made extensive use of the excellent monograph of Jiderholm, ‘‘North- ern and Arctic Invertebrates, Hydroiden,’’ 1909, in working out the distribution of the Campanularide. He has also availed himself largely of the data given in Broch’s fine monograph ‘‘Die Hydroiden der Arktischen Meere,’’ 1909. 39 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Campanularia volubilis Mirne Epwarps, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 132. Campanularia volubilis TempLtetToN, Catalogue species of rayed animals found in Ireland, 1836, p. 466. Campanularia volubilis Hassan, Cat. of Irish Zooph., 1841, p. 169. Campanularia volubilis HynpmMan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 10, 1842, p. 20. Campanularia volubilis Macamii1vray, Cat. of Marine Zooph. found in the neighborhood of Aberdeen, 1842, p. 465. Campanularia volubilis THomeson, Report on the Fauna of Ireland, 1844, p. 238. Campanularia volubilis Lnuckart, Verzeichniss der zur Fauna Helgolands gehérenden wirbellosen seethiere, 1847, p. 188. Campanularia volubilis LanpsBoroveH, List of Zooph. found in the west of Scotland, vol. 2, 1848, p. 233. Campanularia volubilis Forses, Report on investigation of British Marine Zoology by means of the Dredge, 1851, p. 246. Campanularia volubilis Marrtannv, Descriptio Systematica Animalium Belgii, etc., 1851, p. 43. Campanularia volubilis Sars, M., Beretning om en i Sommeren 1849, foretagen zoologisk Reise, etc., 1851, p. 138. Campanularia volubilis BusK, An account of the Polyzoa and Sertularian Zooph. collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake, 1852, p. 386. Campanularia volubilis LANDsBoRovGH, A popular history of Brit. Zooph., 1852, p. 163. Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia volubilis Sars, M. Bemeerkninger over det Adriatiske Havs Fauna, 1853, p. 387. volubilis THomeson, Notes on Brit. Zooph., 1853, p. 433. volubilis Irvine, Cat. of Zooph. in Dublin Bay, vol. 1, 1854, p. 245. volubilis Hincxs, Notes on Brit. Zooph., 1855, p. 180. volubilis TeMpLER, Some remarks on Marine Fauna of South Devon, .1855, p. 4576. volubilis AupEr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser., 2, vol. 18, 1856, p. 358. volubilis Taomeson, Nat. Hist. of Ireland, 1856, p. 458. volubilis Mércu, Fortegnelse over Grgnlands Bléddyr, 1857, p. 25. volubilis Sars, G. O., Bidrag til kundskaben om Middlehavets Littoral-Fauna, 1857, p. 156. volubilis AtpEr, Cat. Zooph. of Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 35. volubilis GREENE, A Manual of the Subkingdon Ceelenterata, 1861, p. 94. volubilis Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 291. volubilis AupER, Trans. Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, vol. 5, 1863, p. 290. volubilis Auprr, Trans. Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, vol. 6, 1864, p. 193. volubilis AttMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Clytia volubilis Acasstz, A., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 2, 1865, p. 77. Campanularia volubilis Auprr, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. 1, 1867, p. 49. Campanularia volubilis Marcusen, Zur Fauna des Schwarzen Meeres, 1867, p. 358. Campanularia volubilis Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 160. Campanularia volubilis Donrrz, Ueber einige niedere Seethiere, 1869, p. 11. Campanularia volubilis Norman, Shetland final Dredging Report, vol. 2, 1869, p. 322. Laomedea volubilis AttmMAN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p..157. Campanularia volubilis Verrm, Proc. Amer. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364; Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 1873, p. 114. Campanularia volubilis McIntosu, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 208. Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia volubilis Verrmu, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 7, 1874, p. 44. volubilis Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 147. volubilis MmrescuKowsky, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 2, 1878, p. 322. Clytia volubilis MarkTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 215. Campanularia Campanularva Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia Campanularia verticillata Kramp, Hydroids collected by the Tjalfe Exped. to the West Coast of Greenland, 1913, p. 29. volubilis Levinsen, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1892, p. 26. volubilis CRAWrorD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. volubilis MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden von Ost-Spitzbergen, 1895, p. 405. volubilis HarttausB, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 451. volubilis BONNEVIE, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 72. volubilis VersLuys, Hydraires Calypteroblastes de la Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 30. volubilis Hararrr, Synopsis of N. A. Invert., 1901, p. 384. volubilis Harriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 32. volubilis Nurrinc, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 345. volubilis Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 54. volubilis Torrey, Hydroids of San Diego Region, 1904, p. 13. volubilis Brocu, Nordsee Hydroiden, 1905, p. 11. volubilis Brocu, Thecophora Hydroiden yon dem nérdlichen Norwegen, 1908, p. 28. volubilis JkpERHOLM, Die Hydroiden des Sibirischen Eismeeres, 1908, p. 10. volubilis JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 67. volubilis Harerrr, Hydroids of Woods Hole, 1909, p. 273. volubilis Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 184. volubilis Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 31. volubilis Kramr, Hydroids of Danish Exped. to Northeast Greenland, 1911, p. 389. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 33 Trophosome.—Colony* consisting of a number of unbranched pedicels arising from a creeping rootstock. The rootstock is parasitic on Sertularella polyzonias and creeps irregularly over the branches and hydrothece of the latter. It is more or less annulated or twisted in places, but in general is quite smooth. The pedicels arise irregularly and vary greatly in height, but are seldom more than 1.5mm. long. They are usually annulated throughout, the annulations often being oblique and thus giving a spirally twisted appearance described by Hincks.2 The annu- lations on the distal part are often less close than on the proximal part of the pedicels. There is often a well-marked spherical annulation just below the hydrotheca. The hydrotheca is small, deeply campanulate or broadly tubular, a typical one being about 14 times as long as wide. The sides are parallel for the greater part of their length and the margin bears about 12 rather shallow but clean-cut teeth. The diaphragm is of the same type as described under C. verticillata, being a mere annular thickening of the perisarc near the bottom of the hydrotheca, which forms a constricted passage between the hydrothecal chamber and a small and not well defined basal chamber. The hydranths are of the usual campanularian type. Gonosome.—Gonangia much as in (. verticillata but with a shorter neck, being flask-shaped with a narrow neck, round aperture and walls not regularly annulated. The sexual products mature in sporosacs before being extruded from the body. This species was confused with Clytia johnstoni by several of the earlier writers, notably John- ston himself.? This was pointed out by Alder,‘ who described the species C. johnstoni to accom- modate the form mistaken for Campanularia volubilis by Johnston. Distribution—American. Labrador (Hincks); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Packard); New England Coast (Verrill, Nutting, Hargitt); Pacific Coast, California (Torrey); Bering Sea (Station 3511, 39 fathoms); Bare Island, (Hartlaub). General Distribution.—This species: has a very wide circumpolar and north temperate dis- tribution. Norway (Bonnevie); North Sea (Broch); Iceland (Saemondsson); Greenland (Le- vinsen) ; Spitzbergen (Marktanner-Turneretscher) ; Barents Sea (Thompson); White Sea (Schyd- lowsky); British Islands (Hincks, Alder and others); Helgoland (Hartlaub); Mediterranean Sea (Heller). : CAMPANULARIA INTEGRA Macgillivray. Plate 1, fig. 7; plate 2, fig. 3. Campanularia integra Macettiivray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 465. ( Campanularia integra THompson, Report on Fauna of Ireland, Invertebrata, 1844, p. 283. Campanularia integra JounstON, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 109. Capsularia integra Gray, List of Brit. Anim., pt. 1, 1848, p. 86. Campanularia integra Cocks, Contributions to the Fauna of Falmouth, 1849, p. 93. Campanularia integra MartLann, Descriptio systematica animalium Belgii Septentrionalis, 1851, p. 43. Campanularia integra LANDsBoROUGH, A popular history of Brit. Zooph., 1852, p. 165. Campanularia integra Sars, M., Nyt Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 7, 1853, p. 387. Campanularia integra THompson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 11, 1853, p. 443. Campanularia integra GossE, Manual of Marine Zoology, vol. 1, 1855, p. 25. Campanularia integra Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 15, 1855, p. 130. Campanularia integra THompson, Nat. Hist. of Ireland, vol. 4, 1856, p. 459. Campanularia integra AupER, Cat. of Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 38. Laomedea integra Acassiz, L., Cont. to Nat. Hist. U. S., 1862, vol. 4, p. 335. Campanularia integra Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol. 10, 1862, p. 361. Campanularia integra AttmAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Campanularia integra McInTosu, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 5, 1866, p. 602. Campanularia integra Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 162. Campanularia integra VERRILL, Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci.. 1873, p. 364. ‘The trophosome described is from station 3511, Bering Sea. The gonosome is described from a specimen from Eastport, Maine. 2 British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 161. 3 Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, vol. 1, p. 107. * Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 35. 34 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Campanularia integra CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 215. Campanularia integra Merescukowsky, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 2, 1878, p. 323. Campanularia integra Berau, Goplepolyper fra Kara-Havet, 1887, p. 333. Campanularia integra (part) Levinsen, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 26. Campanularia integra Harttaus, Hydroiden aus den Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Campanularia integra JkpeRHOLM, Hydroiden Schwed. Zool. Polar Exped., 1902, p. 9. Campanularia integra JApERHOLM, Zur Kenntnis der Hydroiden fauna des Berings Meeres, 1907, p. 2. Campanularia integra Buurarn, Hydroides de Madagascar, 1907, p. 340. Campanularia integra JkpERHOLM, Die Hydroiden des Siberischen Eismeeres, 1908, p. 10. Campanularia integra FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 31. Campanularia integra (part) Kramp, Report on Hydroids of the Danish Exped. to Northeast Greenland, 1911, p. 288. Campanularia integra (part) Kramp, Hydroids collected by the Tjalfe Exped. to the West Coast of Greenland, 1913, p. 28. aire caiatd integra StecHow, Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostkiiste, pt. 2, 1913, p. 73. Trophosome.'—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock growing over a laminarian and sending off numerous lateral offshoots which extend in all directions over the surface of the plant. There are few, if any, regular annulations of the rootstock except where it branches. The: pedicels are upright and irregularly distributed, attaming a height, with the hydrotheca, of about 5 mm. The pedicels are slender, more or less annulated throughout, although the annulations are unequally distributed and less closely set a short distance below the hydrothece. The annulations are often so oblique as to give a spiral effect. There is a globular annulation just below the hydrotheca. The hydrothece are broadly campanulate, usually flarmg some- what toward the margin. A typical one is about as high as wide at the margm. They vary considerably even in the same colony, sometimes being more tubular and considerably longer than wide. The margin is perfectly even and well defined and often reduplicated in the speci- men described. The hydrothecal walls are thickened near the bottom, forming an internal ridge or shelf on which the hydranth rests and limitmg an ill defined basal anomie. The hydranths have the ordinary campanularian structure. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne on the rootstocks, are oblong-oval in outline and regu- larly and strongly annulated; the annulations being oblique and imparting a spiral effect. Margin circular, wide and smooth. Pedicels short and smooth. Sexual products borne on fixed sporosacs. The writer can not agree with Levinsen, Jiiderholm, and Broch, in combining C. caliculata Hincks and (. integra Macgillivray in one species under the name of the latter. While it is true that an intergrading series of the hydrothecee may be found, especially in taking calyces in all stages of growth (as in a large colony of C. caliculata where the thickening is largely a matter of age), the gonangia of the two are so different that their identity can not be assumed without a very serious stretch of the imagination. Broch, who discusses this matter at length,’ says that the gonangia of the two species intergrade, but I have seen no instance of the kind and, as the two may occur together, a very careful dissection would be necessary to place the matter beyond doubt. In general the hydro- thecee are noticeably smaller and thinner-walled in C. integra, and the gonangia more slender and distinctly annulated. It should be understood moreover that the present writer repudiates the idea that occasional intergradation in these low forms is sufficient ground for uniting species that are usually and satay distinguishable. Distribution —American. Labrador (Hincks); New England Coast (Agassiz and Hargitt); Alaska (Clark); Bering Sea (Jiderholm); Puget Sound (Nutting); Albatross station 2975, lat. 34° 01’ 30’’ N.; long. 119° 29’ 00’’ W., 36 fathoms, off southern California. General distribution—Sweden (Jiderholm); Norway (Broch); Spitzbergen (Jiiderholm) ; White Sea (Schydlowsky) ; Arctic Sea (Bergh) ; Great Britain (Hincks and others) ; Mediterranean (Sars); Cape Verde Islands (Ritchie); Port Natal (Billard); Australia (Bale); New Zealand (Farquhar) ; Patagonia (Jaderholm) ; Chile and Straits of Magellan (Hartlaub) ; Japan (Stechow). Bathymetric distribution.—One to 100 fathoms. 1 Description of a specimen collected off Cape Ann by the United States Fish Commission. 2 Die Hydroiden der arktische, Meere, 1909, p. 185, THE CAMPANULARIDE AND THE BONNEVIELLIDZ. 390 CAMPANULARIA SPIRALIS, new species. Plate 2, fig. 1. Trophosome.2—Colonies growing in dense masses around stems of other hydroids. Pedicels. unbranched, springing from a creeping rootstock. Pedicels reaching a length of 11 mm., smooth for the most part, there bemg a few. definite annulations just below the hydranth and often also at the base of the pedicel. Rarely the pedicel is more extensively annulated. The hydro- thece are very large for this group, averaging about twice the length of (. integra, elongate- campanulate, more than twice as long as wide at the margin which is somewhat flaring and perfectly smooth. The actual measurement of a typical hydrotheca is 1.2 mm. in length. There is a thickening at the bottom of the hydrotheca as in allied species, but the hydrothecal walls in general are not extensively thickened. Hydranth of the usual campanularian type with a trumpet-shaped proboscis and about 24 tentacles. Gonosome.—Gonangia growing almost sessile on the creeping rootstock, excessively elon- gated, attaining a length of 4.5 mm. and being about five and one-half times as long as broad. Its surface is deeply corrugated, the corrugations appearing as an ascending spiral and marked by an ascending spiral plate or flange that forms a conspicuous ornamentation. A long oval sperosac occupies a little more than the lower half of the gonangium, and this is embraced by a set of longitudinal bands which rise above it and break up distally with a number of fine strands attached to the inner surface of the gonangium. Type-locality —Station 4794, Staritschkof Island, Kamchatka, S. 70° W., 5 miles, 58 fathoms. Type.—Cat. No. 34526, U.S.N.M. Cotype in the Museum of Natural History, State Uni- versity of Iowa. This species, although not known to be American, is included in the present work for pur- poses of comparison with allied forms. It is quite probable, moreover, that it will eventually be found in American waters. CAMPANULARIA RITTERI Nutting. Plate 2, fig. 2. Campanularia rittert Nuttine, Hydroids of Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 171. Campanularia ritteri FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 33. Campanularia integra (part) Kramp, Report on Hydroids collected by the Danish Exped. at Northeast Greenland, 1911, p. 388. Cinieanioein rittert (under name of C. integra) Krame, Hydroids collected by the Tjalfe Exped. to the West Coast of Greenland, 1913, p. 28. Trophosome.-—Usually consisting of unbranched pedicels growing directly from a creeping rootstock, which is not regularly annulated. Pedicels long and slender, often from two to three times the length of the hydrotheca and with two or three annulations at their proximal end and a spherical annulation at the distal end. Otherwise they are usually without distinct annulation. The hydrothece are long for this genus, tubular, their sides being nearly parallel and with a round, perfectly smooth rim. Hydranths not present. Gonosome.s—Gonangia large, tubular, about three times as long as wide, coarsely and regu- larly annulated, with the annulation nearly horizontal. Pedicel very short, borne on the root- stock and not annulated. Gonangial contents, numerous developing ova closely packed around the blastostyle. Distribution.—This species is known only from the type locality, which is Juneau, Alaska, depth 20 fathoms, and from off the Californian coast, 31 fathoms. This resembles C. spiralis more nearly than any other species known to me, but the hydrothece and pedicels are smaller 1 By the courtesy of the Hon. Geo. M. Bowers, late U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, the writer has permission to include in this monograph the descriptions of a number of species of Campanularidee which were to be included in a report on the Hydroids collected in the Northwest Pacific by the Albatross in 1906. ie 2 Specimen from station 4794. 3 Described from type-specimens from Juneau, Alaska. * Described from a specimen from Station 2976 off the Californian coast; depth, 31 fathoms. 36 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. than in that species and the gonangia are much less slender and have the corrugations horizontal instead of spirally disposed. CAMPANULARIA PTYCHOCYATHUS Allman. Plate 2, fig. 4. Campanularia ptychocyathus AuuMAN, Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 20, pl. 10, figs. 2, 2a. The following is the entire original description: Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus a creeping stolon sending off at short intervals the peduncles of the hydrothece. Hydrothece obconical, deep, with the margin deeply dentate and with the walls for some distance below the orifice very thin and collapsible; peduncles long, annulated at intervals. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne by the creeping stolon, destitute of annulation, deep, cylindrical, but narrowing towards the base, where they are supported on a short annulated peduncle, and with a constriction just below the wide truncated summit; orifice wide, circular, occupying the summit of the gonangium. Locality.—Bahia, Brazil. This species has not, I believe, been reported since its original discovery by the Challenger. CAMPANULARIA DENTICULATA Clark. Plate 3, figs. 6, 7. Campanularia denticulata CrarK, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1876, p. 213. Campanularia denticulata Nuttine, Hydroids of Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 171. Campanularia denticulata FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 29. Trophosome.'—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock growing over other hydroids and giving off erect, usually, but not always, simple pedicels. The rootstock is intertwined around its support in a very complex manner, so that the pedicels are often in thick-set clumps. The rootstock is considerably thicker than the pedicels and its surface is smooth. The pedicels are exceedingly variable in length, but sometimes attain a length of 3 mm. They usually show three or four distinct large annulations at their distal ends and smaller but more numerous ones at their proximal ends and are commonly without regular annulations throughout their median portions. Exceptionally, however, they are annulated throughout. The hydro- thece are rather large, campanulate, with walls quite thin and collapsible. The margin bears 12 to 16 sharply pointed teeth and the diaphragm is quite distinct, leaving a rather larger basal chamber than in the nearest allies of this species. Gonosome.—The gonangia have hitherto been undescribed. They are borne sometimes on the rootstocks and sometimes on the pedicels. They are quite large, elongate-ovate in form, borne on a short annulated stalk, and have a very wide aperture which occupies the entire truncated distal end of the gonangium without any evident rim or collar. They contain from two to four developing ova or sporosacs. Distribution.—The type-locality is Port Etches, Alaska; also reported from Orca, Alaska (Nutting), and San Pedro, California (Torrey). The latter identification, however, seems very doubtful to the present writer, judging from Torrey’s description and figures. CAMPANULARIA HESPERIA Torrey. Plate 3, fig. 5. Campanularia hesperia Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 12. Campanularia hesperia Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 31. Trophosome.*’—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock which is undulating but not regu- larly annulated. Stems in the form of unbranched pedicels which are erect, rigid, shorter ' Description of a specimen from station 2865, lat. 48° 12’ N.; long. 122° 49’ W.; 40 fathoms. : 2 Torrey afterwards, 1904, decided that the species that he had called C. denticulata is really separate He de- scribes it under the name of Clytia wniversitatis. Hydroids of the San Diego region, 1904, p. 19. 3 Described from specimens sent by Doctor Torrey and labeled ‘“‘ C. hesperia, La Jolla, California, July, 1903 ”’ THE CAMPANULARIDZH AND THE BONNEVIELLID. 37 proportionally than in many allied species. Pedicels with two or three annulations just below the hydrothece and a number at basal end. There are also usually one or two distinct groups of annulations on the median portions of the pedicels. Hydrothece deeply campanulate with straight lateral outlines, widening gradually from basal part to margin and nearly twice as long as broad.1. There are 12 well marked, sharply pointed marginal teeth. The diaphragm is well marked and there is a proportionally large and deep basal chamber between the hydranth and the stem proper. Gonosome.—Unknown. Until the gonosome is found the present writer agrees with Doctor Torrey in assigning a specific name to this form although it may prove a synonym when the gonangia are known. Distribution —La Jolla, California, growing on alga. CAMPANULARIA HiNCKSII Alder. Plate 3, figs. 3, 4. Campanularia volubilis var. Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 11, 1853, p. 180. Campanularia hincksti ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 37. Campanularia hincksti ALDER, Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. 3, 1858, p. 127. Campanularia hincksti AupER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 5, 1860, p. 74. Campanularia hincksti Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 7, 1861, pp. 279, 281. Campanularia hincksti Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist:, ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, pp. 152, 161. Campanularia hincksti AGasstiz, L., Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., vol. 4, 1862, p. 354. Campanularia hincksti ALDER, Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. 6, 1864, p. 193. Campanularia hincksti Attman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Campanularia hincksti ALDER, Nat. Hist. Northumb. and Durham, vol. 1, 1867, p. 50. Campanularia hincksti Norman, Report of committee appointed for the purpose of exploring the coast of the Hebrides by means of a dredge, pt. 2, 1867, p. 199. Campanularia hincksti Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 162. Campanularia hincksti Norman, Shetland final Dredging Report, pt. 2, 1869, p. 322. Campanularia hincksti Verriuu, Proc. Amer. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Campanularia hincksti McInrosu, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874,"p. 208. Campanularia hincksti Sars, G. O., Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1878, p. 34. Campanularia hinckstt WINTHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark og dets Nordlige Bilande fundna Hydroide Zoophyter, 1880, p. 263. Campanularia hincksii BErcH, Goplepolyper fra Kara-Havet, 1887, p. 333. Campanularia hincksti CRAwrorD, J. H., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. Campanularia hincksii BoNNEVIE, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 72. Campanularia hincksti Nuttine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 345. Campanularia hincksit Harerrr, Synopsis of North Amer. Invert., pt. 1, 1901, p. 383. Campanularia hincksti Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 53. Campanularia hincksiti Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 13. Campanularia hincksti JApERHOLM, Aussereuropaische Hydroiden, 1905, p. 268. Campanularia hincksii Browne, Hydroids collected by the Hucley from the north side of the Bay of Biscay, 1907, p. 16. Campanularia hincksii Brntarp, Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroides, 1907, p. 172. Campanularia hincksiti JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 67. Campanularia hincksti Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 235. Campanularia hincksti Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 31. Campanularia hincksti Brocu, Hydroiduntersuchungen, No. 3, 1912, p. 49. Campanularia hincksti Stecnow, Hydroidenpolypen der japanischen Ostkiiste, pt. 2, 1913, p. 77. Trophosome2—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock which is smooth. Pedicels un- branched, long, slender, twisted at base, with two or three spherical annulations near the distal end and with the median portion smooth. Hydrothece deep, large, with parallel sides longitudi- nally lined, the lines running downward from between the marginal teeth, teeth large, square- topped, about 12 im number. 1 Doctor Torrey in his description states that the hydrothece are less than half as broad as long, but his figure measures more than half as broad as long. 2 There being no good specimen of this species at hand, the writer takes the following description from that of Hincks (British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 162), adapting it in form to the other specific descriptions in the present work. 88 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Gonosome.—Gonangia elongate-oval, with a wide truncated distal end and with distinctly but usually irregularly annulated walls, the annulations ordinarily being shallower than in Olytia johnsoni, a species which it greatly resembles. The ova are numerous and piled up like balls, forming an elongated central mass. American distribution—New England coast (Verrill, Nutting); Pacific coast, California, (Torrey); off Florida coast (Nutting MSS.). : General distribution.—British Islands (Alder and Hinecks), Norway (Bonnevie), North Sea (Broch), Polar Sea (Bergh), Sweden (Segerstedt), Bay of Biscay (Browne), Mediterranean (Heller), Morocco (Billard), Azores (Jiiderholm), West Africa (Billard), Japan (Stechow). Bathymetric distribution —10 to 444 fathoms. The latter depth is reported by Browne from the Bay of Biseay,! and is the greatest depth reported for any of the Campanularide. The hydrothece of this species bear a close resemblance to those of C. kincaidi Nutting. CAMPANULARIA GRENLANDICA Levinsen. Plate 3, figs. 1, 2. Campanularia grenlandica LEVINSEN, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 63. Campanularia lineata Nutrine, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899. Campanularia lineata Nutrine, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 171. Campanularia lineata Hartiaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Campanularia grenlandica JApERHOLM, Die Hydroiden des Siberischen EHismeeres, 1908, p. 10. Campanularia grenlandica Brocu, Hydroiduntersuchungen I, Thecophora Hydroiden von dem nérdlichen Norwegen, 1908, p. 32. Chasse sian grenlandica Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 187. Campanularia grenlandica JkDERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 67. Campanularia grenlandica FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 31. Campanularia grenlandica Krame, Report on Hydroids of the Danish Exped. to Northeast Greenland, 1911, p. 390. Campanularia grenlandica StecHow, Hydroiden den Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 356. Campanularia grenlandica Kramer, Hydroids collected by the Tjalfe Exped. to the West Coast of Greenland, 1913, p. 29. Trophosome.2-—Colony growing from a creeping rootstock which branches profusely and winds around the stem of another hydroid, wregularly wavy but not distinctly annulated. The pedicels are rather long for this group, sometimes attaining a length of over 4mm. They are closely and regularly annulated throughout their upper and median portions, and more sparsely annulated or even smooth on their basal parts. Usually, however, there are a few distinct annulations immediately above the pedicel origin, and sometimes the pedicels are closely annulated throughout. The hydrothece are large and marked by very strong longi- tudinal lines which originate between the hydrothecal teeth and pass straight downward following the surface of the hydrothecal wall to its bottom. The teeth are remarkably strong and clear cut, evenly rounded and usually 12 in number. The diaphragm is very near the bottom of the hydrotheca and consists of the annular shelf-like thickening of the hydrothecal walls so near the true bottom that it might easily escape notice. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne on the rootstock and are usually flask-shaped with a tubular neck and round narrow orifice. A typical one is about 2 mm. in height and about two and a half times as long as wide. The walls are often indistinctly corrugated, but are generally smooth. The gonangia contain fixed sporosacs. Distribution.—The type-locality for this species is Davis Straits, 46 m. Other localities, Puget Sound (Nutting); Glacier Bay, Alaska (Nutting). General distribution—Coast of Norway (Broch), Siberian Sea (Jaiderholm), Arctic Sea (Broch), West Greenland (Levinsen), White Sea (Schydlowsky), Japan (Stechow). 1 Journ. of Marine Biological Assn., vol. 8, No. 1, Sept. 1907, p. 24. ? Description of a specimen collected by the Albatross in Bering Sea at station 4777, Semisopochnoi Island, r. t. S. 44° W., 1. t.S. 4° W. about 12 miles (lat. 52° 11’ N.; long. 179° 49” E.). THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLID. 39 CAMPANULARIA KINCAIDI Nutting. Plate 4, figs. 2, 3. Campanularia kincaidi Nuttine, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 743. Campanularia kincaidi Hartiaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Campanularia kincaidi FRASER, Hydroids of the West Coast of North America, 1911, p. 31. Trophosome.i—Hydrocaulus springing from a creeping rootstock, unbranched. The pedicels are rather long and slender, from two to four times the length of the hydrotheca, annulated at the proximal and distal ends and often with one or two annulations in the middle. The hydrothecz are small, considerably smaller than in allied species; tubular, being usually about three times as long as wide and with the hydrothecal walls almost parallel for about half their length; margin armed with from seven to ten long acuminate teeth; hydrothecal walls distinctly fluted, the vertical flutings corresponding in number to the teeth and extending downward from the margin to the basal third of the hydrotheca. Gonosome.—Unknown. This seems to be a very well marked species, in spite of considerable variation in the hydro- thecal teeth. The general form and style of ornamentation is quite constant, and these hydro- thece bear a very close general resemblance to those of Obelia bicuspidata Clark, but differ in the teeth, which are distinctly bimucronate in the latter species, while they are sharply poimted in C. kincaidi. This species differs from C. hincksii im being very much smaller and in having acuminate instead of square teeth, and from C. grenlandica in shape and in the character of the teeth. I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. Trevor Kincaid, who has done much to develop our knowledge of the marine fauna of the Puget Sound region. Distribution —Puget Sound (Nutting); Dodd’s Narrows, Vancouver Island (Fraser) CAMPANULARIA RARIDENTATA Alder. Plate 4, fig. 1. Campanularia raridentata (Alder MSS.) Hinexs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 292. Campanularia raridentata ALpER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 9, 1862, p. 315. Campanularia raridentata Wricut, On the Reproduction of Thaumantias inconspicua, Quart. Journ., 1862, p. 222. Campanularia raridentata ALDER, On the generative Zooid in Clavatella, 1863, p. 290. Campanularia raridentata AutMAN, Trans. Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, vol. 6, 1864, p. 290. Campanularia raridentata Auman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Campanularia raridentata Auber, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. 1, 1867, p. 50. Campanularia raridentata Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 176. Campanularia raridentata ALLMAN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 97. Campanularia raridentata McIntosu, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 208. Campanularia raridentata Verri1, Check-list of Marine Invert., 1879, p. 16. Campanularia raridentata Bruarp, Contributions 4 l’étude des Hydroides, 1904, p. 174. Campanularia raridentata BixrarpD, Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroides, 1907, p. 173. Campanularia raridentata Rrrcuin, The Marine Fauna of the Mergui Archipelago, The Hydroids, 1910, p. 809. Campanularia raridentata Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 32. Campanularia raridentata StecHow, Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostkiiste, vol. 2, 1913, p. 72. Trophosome.2—Colony consisting of unbranched pedicels springing from a creeping root- stock. Rootstock growing over specimens of Campanularia universitatis Torrey, very slender and delicate, without regular annulations and rising into a thickened hump just below the base of each pedicel. Pedicels distant, not branched. Pedicel and hydrotheca attaining a height of 1.5 mm.; pedicel varying greatly in length, usually with a group of annulations at each end with the intervening portion smooth. Occasionally, however, the pedicel is annulated throughout. Hydrothece long, campanulate, sometimes almost tubular; margin with 8 1 Description of the type-specimen from Puget Sound. 2 Description from specimens from Departure Bay, east coast of Vancouver Island, in collection of Dr. C. McLean Fraser, 40 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. to 10 rather prominent pointed teeth; diaphragm of the usual campanularian type with a rather deep basal chamber. Distribution—The type-locality for this species is Torquay, southeast coast of England. The other localities are almost all on the coast of Great Britain. Billard reports it from the French Coast ‘‘Baia de la Hague,” and also as collected by the Travailleur and Talisman on the Atlantic coasts of Spain and Morocco. ? New England Coast (Verrill); Vancouver Island (Fraser); Mergui Archipelago (Ritchie); Japan (Stechow). This species certainly resembles very closely C. inconspicua (Forbes) as described by Calkins, but also agrees very exactly with Hincks’s figures and descriptions even in the bulbous swelling at the bases of the pedicels which Calkins regards as the main distinction (in the absence of the gonosome) between the two species. CAMPANULARIA URCEOLATA Clark. Plate 4, figs. 4, 5. Campanularia cylindrica CuaRrx (not Allman), Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. 3, 1876, p. 254. Campanularia urceolata CLarK, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 215. Campanularia turgida Cuark, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 218. Campanularia reduplicata Nurtine, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 172. Campanularia urceolata Nuttine, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 172. Campanularia urceolata Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 54. Campanularia volubilis (part) Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 224. Campanularia urceolata FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 33. Trophosome..—Colony in the form of a creeping rootstock growing profusely over the stem and branches of other hydroids. Torrey has noted the interesting fact that the hydro- caulus, when free from the surface over which it grows, is closely annulated like the pedicels; but when the creeping rootstock is adherent to the host it is smooth and not annulated. The pedicels are closely annulated throughout, unbranched, rather thick-walled and stiff, attaiming a height of about 3mm. In the ‘‘wrceolata” type proper they are often short, sometimes shorter than the hydrothece. Hydrothece exceedingly variable in shape, the typical ones being distinctly urceolate, about 1.5 times as high as broad, the margin with distinct rounded or undulating teeth about 14 in number. The bottom of the hydrotheca is thickened in such a way as to leave a basal chamber that looks much like an included last annulation of the stem. The ‘‘reduplicata”’ type of hydrotheca is narrower but about as long as the other, with the margin often reduplicated from one to three times. Gonosome.—The gonangia vary from a roughly oval form with a wavy outline to ovoid regular forms with a short neck and even, round aperture. The contents are sporosacs. Distribution —The type-locality is Lituya Bay, Alaska (Clark); Yakutat Bay, Alaska (Nutting); California (Clark); San Francisco, Tomales Bay, and Pacific Grove, Cal. (Torrey) ; Puget Sound (Nutting). I agree with Torrey that C. wrceolata includes my C. reduplicata. ? CAMPANULARIA TULIPIFERA Allman. Plate 5, fig. 1 Campanularia tulipifera AttMAN, Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 20. Campanularia tulipifera JApERHoLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 15. Trophosome.2— Inpractvollen 10-12 em. hohen Kolonien eingesammelt.”* According to Allman’s description and figures the stem is monosiphonic and the branches dichotomous. 1 Description of specimen from Yakutat, Alaska, collected by the Harriman Alaska Expedition. 2 Described from a fragment of a specimen sent to the author by Doctor Jaiderholm labeled ‘‘the Burdwood Bank, Swedish Antarctic Exped.’’ 3 Jaderholm, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 15. THE CAMPANULARIDAZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. Al In the specimen before me but a single fragment of a branch is present from which three hydro- thecz arise from one side, although Allman describes them as alternate. The branch does not show any division into internodes. The hydrothece are very large (3.5 mm. in height by 1 mm. in diameter), tubular, with a gracefully everted margin which is very distinctly and beautifully crenulated, there being about 14 crenulations, although Allman gives but eight. These crenulations correspond to a series of longitudinal flutings of the hydrothecal walls which extend downward almost to the base. In two of the three hydrothece the margins are reduplicated, making a very beautiful ornamentation. I am unable to detect any true diaphragm, although there is a sharp constriction which divides the hydrothecal cavity from that of the pedicel. The pedicel itself is very short, not more than one-fourth as long as the hydrotheca, and bears a constriction at each end, being other- wise smooth. Gonosome.—Unknown. The ccenosare of the branch of the remaining portions of the hydranth is of a reddish chocolate-brown color. Distribution —The type is from off Heard Island, lat. 52° 4’ 8.; long. 71° 22’ E. Depth 150 fathoms. The only other locality that I have seen reported for this species is the one given by Jiiderholm for the specimen described, i. e., Burdwood Bank, Falkland Islands. At first sight this species closely resembles C. speciosa Clark, but it has very much larger hydrothece and an entirely different habit of growth. Until the gonosome is found the genus to which this form should be referred must be in doubt. ? CAMPANULARIA TINCTA Hincks Plate 4, figs. 6, 7. Campanularia tincta Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 5, 1861, p. 280. Campanularia tincta Bate, Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 57. Campanularia tincta Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 557. Campanularia tincta JADERHOLM, Schwedischen Siidpolar-Exped., Hydroiden, 1905, p. 14. Trophosome.'—Colony parasitic on a sertularian hydroid and consisting of a creeping root- ° stock, the surface of which is smooth although the rootstock itself is undulating in its course. The pedicels are usually shorter than the hydrothece, although they are longer in speci- mens described by the authors cited and in the figure (pl. 4, figs. 6, 7) which was taken from a specimen kindly loaned by Doctor Hartlaub. The pedicels are irregularly ringed through- out. Hydrothecx tubular, deep, the sides being approximately parallel, the walls very thick and rigid and the margin surrounded by about 10 sharp thorny teeth. The diaphragm isso near the bottom of the hydrotheca as to make the basal chamber appear as the distal annu- lation of the pedicel. There are well-marked pleats or ridges extending downward from the teeth to beyond the middle of the hydrotheca. Gonosome.—Gonangia very large, having the general shape of a flattened cylinder; surface smooth in general, with indistinct annular rugosities sometimes showing particularly on the proximal part. The distal end is truncated with a wide opening, the margin of which is some- times sunken below the general level of the end of the gonangium. The gonangial contents were not sufficiently well preserved for identification. ’ Distribution.—The type-locality is Australia, Falkland Islands, and Port Stanley, South America (Hartlaub). Bale reports it from Port Philip and Portland, Australia. This species is evidently closely allied to C. cylindrica Allman, as Hartlaub shows in his figures. The specimen described is nearest, however, C. tincta of Hincks. 1 Description of specimen from station 2776, Straits of Magellan, 21 fathoms. 42 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARIA SUBRUFA Jaderholm. Plate 5, figs. 2, 3. Campanularia subrufa JApERHOLM, Mitteilungen ueber einige von den Schwedischen Antonktischen Exped., 1901-03, cingesommelte Hydroiden, 1904, p. 5. Campanularia subrufa JAvERHOLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 15. Trophosome.'—Stem strongly polysiphonic. Branches irregularly disposed but mainly lateral in position, the ultimate ones being monosiphonic, divided into regular internodes each of which bears a hydrotheca on a strong process near its distal end. The hydrothece rest immediately upon this without any trace of a pedicel. Hydrothece alternate in position large, 1 mm. in height, deeply campanulate, although departing somewhat from the strict radial symmetry of most of the genus. They resemble a clay pipe in form, having the outer abcauline side more distinctly convex than the adcauline side, and the anneal portions bent downward as it approaches the stem. There is a distinct thickening of the hydrothecal wall on the abcauline side a short distance above the bottom of the hydrotheca. The margin is even and does not show the impressed band so characteristic of O. marginata (Allman). The rim is often slightly everted and there is no evi- dent diaphragm. The hydranth has about 20 tentacles, and some hydranths in the specimen described are sufficiently well preserved to show a trumpet-shaped hypostome on dissection. Gonosome.—Gonangia (female) 2.5 mm. high, obconical in shape with a broad truncated distal end and narrowing gradually to the snore end. The walls are ornamented with regular sharply defined annulations. Gonangial contents, ova, thus showing that the species belongs to the genus Campanularia. Distribution. —Jaderholm reports this form from Ludwig Philip’s Land, Seymour Island ; Shag Rocks and north of Joinville Land; 104 to 160 meters. All of these localities are in the Antarctic. This species, having no diaphragm, goes with doubt into the family of Campanularide. The form of the proboscis, however, seems to the writer more important than the presence or absence of the diaphragm, and hence he places it in the Campanularide, and in the genus Cam- panularia on account of its producing ova without the intervention of meduse. ? CAMPANULARIA MACROSCYPHA Allman. Plate 5, fig. 4 Campanularia macroscypha AttmaN, Hydroids of the Gulf Stream, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, No. 2, 1877, p. 11. Trophosome.2—Colony composed of unbranched pedicels springing from a creeping root- stock which forms a reticulate pattern on the surface of the stem of another hydroid. Hydro- rhiza smooth, constricted where a branch springs from what appears to be the main stolon, other- wise without annulations. Pedicels and hydrothece together sometimes attaiming a height of 11 mm., pedicels usually smooth, sometimes with irregular and distant annulations, always with a small spherical annulation just below the hydrotheca. Hydrothece large, sometimes attaining a height of 2.3 mm., tubular, from two to three times as long as broad and having a margin with twelve to fourteen very symmetrical clean-cut and evenly rounded teeth. Hydrothecal walls moderately thick with a strong annular thickening forming a circular shelf very near the bottom of the hydrotheca. Below this shelf is a sala minute basal chamber. Hydranth ee of the usual campanularian type with numerous (more than 20) tentacles. Gonosome.—Unknown. Distribution. —Type-locality, off Sand Key, Florida, 120 fathoms. Albatross station 2366, lat. 22° 28’ N.; long. 87° 2’ W.; 27 fathoms. Albatross station 2410, lat. 26° 47’ 30’’ N.; long. 83° 25’ 15’ W.; 28 fathoms. Albatross station 2664, lat. 29° 41’ N.; long. 79° 55’ W.; 373 fathoms. Albatross station 2669, lat. 31° 9’ N.; long. 79° 33’ 30’ W.; 352 fathoms. Albatross station 2672, lat. 31° 31’ N.; long. 79° 05’ W.; 277 fathoms. Bathymetrical distribution.—27 to 373 fathoms. 1The description of the general form of the colony and the gonosome is adapted from the original description of Jiderholm. The details of branches and hydrothecee are taken from a fragment kindly sent me by Doctor Jider- holm Jabeled: “‘Graham region, Cape Seymour, Swedish Antarctic Expedition.” 2 Description of a specimen from station 2664, lat. 29° 41’ N.; long. 79° 55’ W., 373 fathoms. THE CAMPANULARIDA AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 43 CAMPANULARIA LAVIS Hartlaub. Plate 5, figs. 5, 6. Campanularia levis HarTLAUB, Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 565. Campanularia levis Hickson and Gravety, Hydroid Zooph. of the National Antarctic Exped., 1907, p. 25. Trophosome.'—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock from which unbranched pedicels arise. The rootstock is smooth and slender. Pedicels long, in one case attaining a length of 8 mm.; smooth, for the most part, but showing on the distal end a series of what appear to be short nodes, the upper part of each node being broadened. Below each hydrotheca is a small but dis- tinct disk-shaped annulation. The hydrothece are large tubular, the sides being parallel for the greater part of their length and the lower portion forming a semicircular outline; margin with 14 deeply-cut teeth, each of which is flattened on top and has a considerable portion of its opposite sides parallel. The hydranth cannot be studied in the specimen described, but Hartlaub says that it bears about 27 tentacles. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the rootstock, oblong-oval in form, about 3 mm. long and four times as long as broad, the upper end being squarely cut off and the lower end passing insensibly into the short smooth peduncle. The gonangial walls are smooth and their contents are indeterminable in specimen studied, although in one case there is what appears to be a sporosac. Distribution —The type-locality is Calbuco, Chile. The present writer doubts very seriously the identity of this species with the one described under the same name by Hickson and Gravely.? Neither the hydrothece nor gonangia repre- sented in the figures (pl. 4, fig. 26) are sufficiently like C. levis to be placed in that species. ? CAMPANULARIA BREVICAULIS, new species. Plate 6, figs. 1, 2. Trophosome.s—The fragmentary colony is growing over Sertularella cylindritheca and consists of a slender creeping rootstock which appears to be without annulations. The pedicels are in every case considerably shorter than the hydrothece and usually not more than half as long, smooth, with the exception of one or two annulations just below the hydrotheca. There are no annulations nor constrictions where the pedicel joins the rootstock. The hydrothece are of moderate size, deeply campanulate, almost tubular, in form, with the proximal end nar- rowing gradually to meet the pedicel, and the margin is ornamented with usually eight broad truncated teeth in the ends of which show a concave profile, giving a turreted appearance. The diaphragm is well marked and the basal chamber subspherical in shape. Gonosome.—Unknown. Although but a mere fragment of this form was secured it differs so materially from any other known to the writer that it seems best to give it a specific name. The combination of turreted teeth with very short pedicels does not occur elsewhere among the unbranched species of Campanularia. Mstribution.—The type-locality given above, which is between Havana and Yucatan, depth 194 fathoms, is the only locality from which the species is known. Type.—Cat. No. 34527, U.S.N.M. Description taken from a specimen kindly loaned the author by Doctor Hartlaub labeled ‘‘Calbuco,. Dec. 1894.’’ ? Hydroid Zooph. of the National Antarctic Exped., 1907, p. 25. ’ The type-specimen is a fragment from station 2326, lat. 23° 11/ 45’ N.; long. 82° 18’ 54’”” W., between Havanaand Yucatan, 194 fathoms. 44 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. ? CAMPANULARIA GIGANTEA Hincks. Plate 6, fig. 3. Campanularia gigantea Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 18, 1866, p. 297. Campanularia gigantea Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 174. Campanularia gigantea Verru1, Check-list of the Marine Invert. 1879, p. 16. Campanularia gigantea JapERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 69. The writer never having seen this species contents himself with quoting the description given by Hincks in his British Hydroid Zoophytes (p. 174): Stems delicate, of a very light horn-colour and papyraceous texture, annulated at the base and below the calycle, irregularly and sparingly branched; branches erect, copies of the primary shoot, sometimes themselves branched; hydrothecee of enormous size, deeply campanulate, very wide at the top and for some way below it, and then tapering off gradually, length about double the greatest width, the rim cut into broad and blunt teeth; gonothecee unknown. Distribution —Lamlash Bay, Arran, Great Britain (Hincks); Mediterranean (Pieper); Atlantic Coast North America (Verrill); West Coast of Sweden (Jiderholm). The gonosome being unknown, the genus in which this species should be placed is inde- terminable. ?CAMPANULARIA OBTUSIDENS Jaderholm. Plate 6, fig. 4. Campanularia obtusidens JapERHOLM, Hydroiden aus den Kiisten von Chile, 1904, p. 2. The writer has not seen specimens of this species and confines himself to a somewhat condensed and free translation of the original description by Jiiderholm. Trophosome.—Colonies a height of 3 cm., growing from a creeping rootstock on a tubu- larian stem. The stems are strongly geniculate and give forth many regularly alternating branches in the same plane. The individual internodes of the latter are strongly annulated proximally and from the distal end of each springs either a twig or a pedicel. Internodes 1 to 1.5mm.long. The younger internodes are more slender. Hydrothece are 0.3 mm. to 0.6 mm. long with alternating pedicels, the shorter pedicels being annulated throughout while the longer ones are annulated at the end with a smooth middle portion. Hydrothece bell-shaped, thick- walled, margin 0.45 mm.in diameter. There are usually 12 broad, low, rounded teeth and the hydrothece are ornamented with longitudinal lines as in C. hincksii Alder, extending from the margin to the middle or a little below. Diaphragm thin, often oblique. Gonosome.—W anting. The type and only known locality is Guaitecas Island, Melinca, Chile, 10 to 15 fathoms. CAMPANULARIA MARGINATA (Allman). Plate 6, figs. 5-7. Obelia marginata AttMAN, Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, No. 2, 1877, p. 9. Obelia marginata CuARKE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, No. 10, 1879, p. 241. Obelia marginata FEwxes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 8, No. 7, 1881, p. 128. Campanularia insignis AtumAN, Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 19. Obelia marginata VERStuYS, Hydraires Calyptoblastes dans la Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 30. Obelia marginata JADERHOLM, Aussereuropiiische Hydroiden, 1903, p. 269. Obelia marginata Nurrine, Narrative Bahama Exped., 1905, p. 87. Campanularia insignis Conepon, Hydroids of Bermuda, 1907, p. 469. Leptoscyphus insignis Rircu1n, Two unrecorded Challenger Hydroids from the Bermudas, 1909, p. 3. Lytoscyphus marginatus Biurarp, Hydroides du British Muséum, 1910, p. 8. Trophosome.A—Colony with astraggling habit, attaining a height of 20cm. The main stem is straight and continuous to the top of the colony, giving off lateral branches throughout its length, some of which bear branchlets. The branches are rather stiff in habit and undulating almost to the point of geniculation throughout, divided into regular internodes each of which ‘Description of a colony from Albatross station 2406, Gulf of Mexico, lat. 28° 46’ N.; long. 84° 49’ W., depth 26 fathoms. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 45 bears a hydrotheca on a shoulder-like process near its distal end. The hydrothece are very large, thick-walled and almost sessile, about 1.5 mm. in height. Their shape approaches the obconoid, but there is some curve to the lateral profile. In some cases, however, they are almost tubular. They are ordinarily about two-thirds as wide as deep, with margins smooth and encircled by what appears to be a narrow impressed band. The hydrothece are slightly - unsymmetrical, basally bending slightly toward the proximal end of the branch, the interior of the curved portion constituting the basal chamber. The diaphragm is evident, but the passage from the hydrothecal to the basal chamber is rather broad. There is often, but not usually, a single very short annulation between the basal chamber and the shoulder of the stem internode which bears the hydrotheca. The hydranth has numerous tentacles, 24 or more, and a hypo- stome which appears to be of the usual trumpet-shaped character of this family; but which is so strongly retracted in preserved specimens as to be a mere disk resting upon the body above the tentacle bases. Gonosome.—“ I found two types of gonothece, the one was cylindrical and divided into about five lobes by regular and broad furrows, the other form was ovoid with a constricted opening and a single male gonophore.”’ Distribution.—The type-locality is Loggerhead Key, off the Florida Coast, 9 fathoms. Other localities, mostly West Indian, are as follows: 10 miles north of Zoblos Island (Clarke); Sand Key (Fewkes); off Bermudas (Allman); near the Tortugas, 11 meters (Versluys); _ Anguilla, Antilles, 100-150 fathoms (Jiderholm); Bermudas (Ritchie, Congdon); off Florida Coast (Nutting). Albatross station 2334, lat. 23° 10’ 42’’ N.; long. 82° 18’ 24’’ W., 67 fathoms; Albatross station 2406, lat. 28° 46’ N.; long. 84° 49’ W., 26 fathoms; Albatross station 2408, lat. 28° 28’ N.; long. 84° 25’ W., 21 fathoms; Albatross station 2413, lat. 26° N.; long. 82° 57’ 30’’ W., 24 fathoms; Albatross station: 2415, lat. 30° 44’ N.; long. 79° 26’ W., 440 fathoms; Albatross station 2767, lat. 43° 03’ N.; long. 58° 56’ W., 52 fathoms. Bathymetric distribution —Shallow water to 440 fathoms. This species has given rise to considerable controversy. Billard ? contends that it is the same as (. juncea of Allman; Ritchie, 1909, considers the two species distinct and Billard (Hydroides du British Muséum, 1910, p. 8) concedes the point after further consideration. The present writer after the comparison of the two species feels confident that these later writers were correct in their conclusions. CAMPANULARIA FLEXUOSA (Hincks). Plate 7, figs. 1-6. Laomedea gelatinosa var. a Jounston, Brit. Hydroid Zooph., 1847, p. 104. Laomedea gelatinosa var. a Gray, List Brit. Anim., vol. 1, London, 1848, p. 85. Laomedea flexuosa AupER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1856, p. 440. Laomedea flexuosa ALDER (Hincks MSS.) Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 32. Laomedea flecuosa Attman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 4, 1857, p. 137. Laomedea flecuosa Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 260. Laomedea flecuosa KincHENPAUER, Abh. Gebiete Naturwiss. Verein, Hamburg, vol. 4, pt. 3, 1862, p. 17. Laomedea flecuosa NormMAN, Report 31st meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1862, p. 152. Laomedea flexuosa ALLMAN, Report on the present state of our iomiedee of the reproductive system in the Hydroids, 1864, p. 364. Laomedea flecuosa Attman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol.-13, 1864, p. 273. Campanularia flecuosa Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 168. Campanularia flecuosa VERRILL, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Campanularia flecuosa VERRILL, Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 1873, p. 726. Campanularia flecuosa VERRILL, Amer. Jour, Sci., vol. 7, 1873, pp. 44, 133. Campanularia flecuosa Scuutze, Nordsee-Exped. Coelenteraten, 1874, p. 129. Campanularia flecuosa McIntosu, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 208. Campanularia flecuosa Verri, Check-list Marine ener 1879, p. 17. Campanularia flecuosa WiNTHER, Fortegnelse over de i iDiepnraneyd Hydroide Zoophyter, 1880, p. 238. Campanularia flecuosa DE VARI Sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hydraires, 1882, pp. 11-57. 1 Description taken from Congdon, Hydroids of Bermuda, 1907, p. 469. 2 Sur les Haleciide, Campanulariide et Sertulariide de la Collection du Challenger, 1908, p. 1356. 55968°—15 46 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Campanularia flecuosa We1sMANN, Enstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883, p. 144. Campanularia flecuosa THautwitz, Ueber die Entwicklung der minnlichen Keimzellen bei den Hydroiden, 1885, p. 290. Campanularia flecuosa BOURNE, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1890, p. 394. Campanularia flecuosa MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 205. Laomedea (Obelia) flecuosa LevinsEN, Annulata Hydroide, etc., 1893, p. 368. Campanularia flecuosa CRAwrorD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 160. Campanularia flecuosa Nurtina, Notes on Plymouth hydroids, 1896, p. 147. Campanularia flecuosa Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden Helgolands, 1897, p. 451. Campanularia flecuosa Bonnevie, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 71. Campanularia flecuosa Nurtina, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1900, p. 348. Campanularia flecuosa Hararrr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., 1901, p. 385. Campanularia flecuosa BrxtaRD, Contributions 4 l’étude des Hydroides, 1904, p. 173. Campanularia flecuosa Browne, Biscayan Plankton, Medusz, 1906, p. 171. Campanularia flecuosa BrutaRv, Mission des Pécheries de la.Céte Occidentale d’Afrique, 1906, p. 73. Campanularia flecuosa JADERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 68. Laomedea flecuosa Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 227. Campanularia flecuosa Brpot, Hydroides de Roscoff, 1911, p. 219. Trophosome.'—Colonies growing from an irregular mass of ascidian tests, worm tubes, etc. Stems attaining an average height of about 3 cm., usually unbranched but not infrequently divided into two or more straggling branches, each of which resembles the main stem. The stem is flexuous, giving off alternate pedicels from the convex sides of the curves, and divided into internodes each of which bears a pedicel on its distal end which appears to be a continu- ation of the curved internode itself. There are a few, usually two to five, annulations at the base of each internode. The pedicels are normally short, annulated throughout and decreas- ing in size from proximal to distal end. They are ordinarily about as long as the hydrothece. The terminal hydrotheca is usually borne on a pedicel which is longer than the others and has its median portion devoid of annulations and somewhat turgid. The hydrothece are usually - typically campanulate in form but vary greatly in length, the outline being sometimes almost triangular but averaging about as described by L. Agassiz under name of Laomedea amphora, about one-third longer than broad. The margin is entire, but often sinuous when viewed from above. The diaphragm is well marked and the basal chamber large. The hydranths are not present in the specimens described but are of the regular campanularian type with a trum- pet-shaped hypostome and the tentacles are quite numerous, being from 24 to over 30 in num- ber, and their bases are connected by a thin web as shown in plate 7, fig. 6. Gonosome.—The gonangia (female) are large, subcylindrical, gradually tapering below toa closely annulated short pedicel and abruptly truncated or squared off above. The gonan- gium is 3 to 4 times as long as the hydrotheca and 4 to 5 times as long as broad. The ova are thickly crowded around the blastostyle and develop into planula within the gonangium. The walls of the gonangium are often irregularly wrinkled transversely and the upper part of the gonangial cavity is often filled with a ccenosarcal plug which sometimes has the form of an inverted funnel. The male gonangia are smaller, more slender, and their distal ends are often narrowed into an imperfect neck. ; Distribution.—American: New England Coast (Agassiz, Verrill, Nutting). General: British Islands (Hincks, Alder, Norman); Norway (Bonnevie); Iceland (Saemondsson); White Sea (Schydlowsky); Denmark (Levinsen); Helgoland (Hartlaub); France (Billard); Mediterranean (Pieper); Morocco (Billard). CAMPANULARIA NEGLECTA (Alder). Plate 8, figs. 1, 2. Laomedea neglecta ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 33. Laomedea neglecta Greene, A Manual of the Sub-Kingdom Coelenterata, 1861, p. 94. Laomedea neglecta Hixcxs, Cat. Zooph. South Devon and Cornwall, 1861, p. 290. * Description of a specimen collected by the author at Plymouth, England. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 47 Laomedea neglecta ALDER, Report on Zoophytes, Trans. Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, vol. 5, 1863, p. 237. Laomedea neglecta Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 2, 1863, p. 47. Laomedea neglecta WricHT, Observations on Brit. Zooph., 1863, p. 252. Laomedea neglecta AutMAN, Construction and Limitation of Genera among the Hydroids, 1864, p. 373. Campanularia neglecta Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 171. Campanularia neglecta ScHutze, Nordsee-Exped., 1872, p. 130. Campanularia neglecta VERRILL, Proc. Amer. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Campanularia neglecta MrrEscHKOWSKY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 2, 1878. Campanularia neglecta WINTHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Hydroide Zoophyter, 1879-80, p. 337, Campanularia neglecta Nuttina, Notes on Plymouth Hydroids, 1896, p. 147. Campanularia neglecta Nuttina, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 346. Campanularia neglecta BRowNE and Rupert, On the Marine Fauna of the Isles of Scilly, 1904, p. 129. Campanularia neglecta Broca, Hydroidenuntersuchungen, No. 3, 1911, p. 52. There bemg no suitable specimen at hand for description the following is compiled from the technical description of Hincks' together with his remarks in the species. Trophosome.—Colony 32; of an inch in height, stem filiform, flexuose, giving off alternate pedicels and with 4—7 annulations on the stem above each pedicel origin. Pedicels annulated proximally and distally, usually longer than the hydrothece. Hydrothece deeply campanu- late, about twice as long as broad and with about 8 bimucronate marginal teeth. Hydranth with 15-16 slender tentacles. Gonosome.—Gonangia pyriform, axillary or borne on the pedicels with a short annulated stalk. Gonangial contents a blastostyle with a sporosac. An acrocyst is formed in which the - ova develop into the planula stage. Distribution.—American: Woods Hole Region (Nutting); New England Coast (Verrill). General: Type-locality is Cullercoats and Tynemouth, in the north of England. Other locali- ties, Devon and Cornwall (Hincks); North Sea (Schulze); Denmark (Winther); Scilly Isles (Browne and Rupert). CAMPANULARIA MAGNIFICA Fraser. Plate 8, figs. 3, 4. Campanularia magnifica Fraser, Hydroids from Vancouver Island and Nova Scotia, 1913, p. 164. Trophosome.2—Pedicels unbranched, springing from a creeping rootstock which is not regu- larly annulated. Pedicels usually longer than those of O. speciosa, sometimes three times the length of the hydrotheca, usually annulated throughout. Hydrothece deeply urceolate or tubular, considerably more slender than in C. speciosa. Wydrothece large, attaiming a length of 2.5 mm. Margin evenly fluted or crenulated with usually 10-12 elevations and depressions. The distal part of the hydrotheca is marked by parallel lines running down from the margin and reaching about one-third the length of the hydrotheca. Hydrothece 3% to 4 times as long as broad. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in the creeping rootstock with a very short pedicel and slender ovate body produced distally into a slender tubular neck ending in a round orifice. Gonangia approximately as long as the hydrothece and about three times as long as broad, gonangial walls sometimes corrugated. Gonangial contents (of another specimen, off Newfoundland) ova, showing that the species is a Campanularia. Distribution.—Type-locality, off Canso, Nova Scotia, 50 fathoms. Other specimens are from station 2699, off Newfoundland, 72 fathoms. The drawings of this species had been made and referred to C. speciosa, until Doctor Fraser made drawings of a specimen of C. speciosa from the Shumagin Islands and compared them with the present species. The most marked difference, however, is in the gonosome, the gonangia being of entirely diverse types. 1 British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 171. 2 Description of specimens collected from a depth of 50 fathoms, East of Canso, Nova Scotia, by C. M. Fraser. 48 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. ? CAMPANULARIA SPECIOSA Clark. Plate 8, fig. 5. Campanularia speciosa CraRrK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 214. Campanularia crenata AttMAN, New Genera and Species of Hydroids, 1876, p. 258. Campanularia speciosa LuyinsEN, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 25. Campanularia speciosa Nutrine, Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 171. Campanularia speciosa Broca, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 171. Campanularia speciosa JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 188. Campanularia speciosa Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 33. TrophosomeA—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock, from which unbranched pedicels arise. Rootstocks not annulated, with thick perisare. Pedicels of varying length, sometimes as much as twice as long as the hydrotheca, at others considerably shorter than the hydrotheca, usually regularly annulated throughout, the annulations being often oblique and thus giving the spirally twisted appearance mentioned by Levinsen. There is a single considerably smaller annulation just below the hydrotheca. Hydrothece urceolate-elongate, about 2mm. in height and about 24 times as high as wide. The lower portion is gibbous, the walls gradually narrowing until the least diameter is found about one-fourth the height of the hydrotheca below the margin; the upper part of the hydrotheca expands gracefully to the margin which is bordered with 8 to 14 erenulations which appear evident when viewed from above. The walls are plicated longitudinally for almost their upper third, the ridges of the plications passing downward from the rounded convex portions of the crenulations. The diaphragm is quite inconspicuous and down close to the hydrothecal base, and the opening between the hydrotheca and basal chamber rather broad. Gonosome.—The gonangia are relatively small, only about half the height of the hydro- theca, obconic in shape, subtriangular in outline with the opening occupying the whole of the broad distal end. The whole might be described as bowl-shaped, the bowl having rather straight flaring sides, and standing in its natural position. Distribution.—Type-locality, Yukon Harbor, Big Koniushi, Shumagin Islands, 6 to 20 fathoms. Reported also from Yakutat Bay, Alaska (Nutting); Greenland (Levinsen); Japan (Allman) ; Arctic Sea (Broch) ; and Spitzbergen (Jiiderholm). 120 fathoms is the greatest depth, reported by Broch. This species is also doubtfully assigned to the genus Campanularia, the shape of the pro- boscis and contents of the gonangia being unknown. CAMPANULARIA EXIGUA (Sars). Plate 8, figs. 6-8. Laomedea exigua Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middelhavets Littoral-Fauna, 1857, p. 159. Laomedea exigua ALLMAN, Construction and Limitation of Genera among the Hydroids, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 373. \ Campanularia exigua VAN BenepEN, Récherches sur la Faune littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 163. Campanularia exigua Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 172. Campanularia exigua Catxins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1876, p. 353. Campanularia exigua Harriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Campanularia exigua Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 30. Trophosome.2—Colony consisting of several stems growing from a creeping rootstock. The stems are flexuose and bear a group of 3 to 5 annulations above the origin of each pedicel. Pedi- cels regularly alternate, varying considerably in length, usually about twice the length of the hydrotheca but often not longer than the latter. When comparatively long they are annulated at bothends; but when short they are annulated throughout, their diameter decreasing distally. The 1 Description of a specimen collected at the Shumagin Islands, Alaska, by Dr. W. H. Dall. 2 Description of a specimen mounted on a slide kindly loaned the author by Dr. G. N. Calkins, marked ‘‘Puget Sound ” THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 49 hydrothece are triangular in outline, funnel-shaped, with an even margin, the diaphragm is delicate but evident and the basal chamber high. The hydranth is of the usual campanularian type, with about 20 tentacles. Gonosome.'—Gonangia borne on the stem near the axil of the pedicel, small, long, with truncated distal end and gradually narrowing basally. There are two rows of ova developing on the blastostyle and extending nearly its whole length, there being about 6 to each row, the largest being at the top. Distribution —Mediterranean at Messina (Sars); Belgium (van Beneden); British Coasts, Dorset (Hincks) ; Puget Sound (Calkins). So far as is known Puget Sound is the only American locality from which this species is reported. It has not been reported from waters north of England in the Atlantic, and hence has a very exceptional distribution. ? CAMPANULARIA FRAGILIS (Hincks). Plate 9, fig. 1. Laomedea fragilis Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 11, 1863, p. 46. Campanularia fragilis elongata VAN BENEDEN, Faune litt. de Belgique, Polypes, 1866, p. 164. Campanularia fragilis Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 175. Campanularia fragilis elongata VERRILL, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Trophosome.2—Colony minute, consisting of a single flexuose stem which is unbranched and is divided into rather obscure internodes, each of which bears a pedicel on a process from near its distal end. Pedicels very short, less than half the length of the hydrotheca, annulated through- -out and decreasing regularly in size from the proximal to the distal end. The hydrothecx are quite small, tubular, about three times as high as wide, and with an even, noneverted rim. There is a diaphragm low down toward the bottom of the hydrotheca. Hydranths with an ovoid hypostome and about 20 tentacles. Gonosome.—Unknown. Distribution.—Type-locality, Ilfracombe; British coast, Plymouth (Nutting); ? Coast of Belgium (van Beneden); New England Coast (Verrill). This very well marked and delicate little campanularian seems to have very generally escaped notice on the British coast since Hincks wrote his great work on British Hydroid Zoophytes in 1868. Verrill reports it, but does not give any description. CAMPANULARIA CALCEOLIFERA Hincks. Plate 9, figs. 2-4. Campanularia calceolifera Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 8, 1871, p. 78. Campanularia calceolifera CLARK, Hydroids from the New England Coast, 1876, p. 60. Campanularia calceolifera Nuttine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1900, p. 348. Campanularia calceolifera Harcitr, Synopsis of N. A. Invert., 1901, p. 386. Campanularia calceolifera Fraser, New England Hydroids, 1912, p. 43. Trophosome.A—Colony 2.9 cm. in height, consisting of a cluster of stems springing from a creeping rootstock. Stems ordinarily unbranched but sometimes breaking up into several branchlets which resemble the main stem; erect, flexuose, divided into regular internodes each of which bears a pedicel on a shoulder projecting from near its distal end. There is a series of three or four regular annulations on each internode just above this shoulder. The pedicels are regularly alternate, usually shorter than the hydrothece. Hydrothece campanulate with slightly flaring margins and an evenrim. They are one and a half times as deep as wide at the margin and have a distinct diaphragm and a deep basal chamber. The hydranth has a trumpet- shaped proboscis and about 20 tentacles. 1 There is a single gonangium on the specimen, which was overlooked by Calkins in his description. 2 Description of specimen collected at Plymouth, England, by the writer. 3 Description of colony collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, by Mr. George Gray. 50 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the stems, being ordinarily inserted in the axils of the pedicels and sometimes apparently on the basal portion of the pedicel rather than on the stem proper. They are of unique shape, being oblong-ovate in general form but with part of the laterodistal portion excavated and apparently introverted, producing a curved tube with hori- zontally striated walls and with a round aperture at its inner, and a crescent-shaped opening at its outer end. The contents of the gonangium are a blastostyle and ova in various stages of development up to and including fully formed planule. These structures are all inclosed in a delicate sack-like membrane which seems to open into the round imner aperture of the tube described above. Distribution.—The type-locality is Salcombe Bay, southwest coast of England. It has also been reported from the New England coast by Clark, Nutting, Hargitt, and Fraser. CAMPANULARIA AMPHORA (L. Agassiz). Plate 9, figs. 5-7. Laomedea amphora Acassiz, L., Cont. Nat. Hist. of U. S., vol. 4, 1862, p. 311, pl. 30, figs. 13-18. Campanularia amphora Acassiz, A., The acalephan fauna of the Southern Coast of Mass., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, 1862, p. 224. Campanularia amphora ALLMAN, Construction and Limitation of Genera among the Hydroids, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 345. Campanularia amphora CLARK, Mind in Nature, 1865, p. 284. Campanularia amphora Hincxs, Zoophytes, Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, 1865, p. 401. Laomedea amphora Fewkes, Embryological Monographs, vol. 3, 1884, pl. 3, figs. 17 and 18. Campanularia amphora Nurtinc, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 347. Trophosome..—Colony 15 em. in height, main stem simple but so covered with parasitic. growth that its details can not be made out. Branches given off on all sides of the main stem, but not regularly. There are groups of annulations above each branch origin and the branches often subdivide into branchlets which tend to be lateral and alternate in position and bear groups of annulations above each branchlet and pedicel origin. The pedicels are alternately disposed in general (but this is often interfered with by an irregular distribution) and are usually annulated throughout and much shorter than the hydrothece. The pedicels bearing distal hydrothecx are often much longer, sometimes several times as long, as the hydrothece, and the median portion bulges distinctly on one side. The hydrothece are deeply campanulate, with an even rim, and are often 1.5 times as long as broad. The diaphragm is well defined and the basal chamber moderately deep. The hydranth has from 24 to 28 tentacles. Gonosome.—The gonangia (female) is a lengthened oval truncated at the top and bearing developing ova on all sides of the blastostyle. Male gonangia much more slender, terete in form, with a narrow terminal aperture. Distribution.—Type-locality, Massachusetts Bay. Found also at numerous points on the coast from Grand Manan, New Brunswick, to Newport, Rhode Island. It has not been reported outside of this region. ? CAMPANULARIA RIGIDA (A. Agassiz). Laomedea rigida Acasstz, A., North Amer. Acalephee, 1865, p. 93. Campanularia rigida CLark, Hydroids of the Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 251. Campanularia rigida Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 11. Campanularia rigida FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 32. This species has never received adequate description, neither has it been figured. It is quite probable that it is identical with some species more recently described, e. g., Clytia bakeri Torrey, but this cannot be demonstrated. The following is the original description: This species is remarkable for its peculiar mode of growth. At first glance it would readily be mistaken for a species of Dynamena, so regular is the succession of the hydrz along the stem, and also on account of the absence of branches. Description of a specimen collected by Vinal Edwards from New Bedford wharf. * Not present in the specimen described. The above description is gleaned from Agassiz’s figures, Contributions to Nat, Hist, of United States, vol. 4, 1862, pl. 30, figs. 13-18, THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 51 The sterile and reproductive hydre are found on the sides of the main stem, attached by a very short pedicel, and alter- nate so regularly on each side that its Campanularian nature is noticed only after a careful examination. The sterile hydree resemble those of Laomedea amphora, while the reproductive calycles are identical in shape with those of Obelia commissuralis. The main stems of a cluster are crowded together, and attain a height of three to four inches. Distribution.—Type-locality is San Francisco, California. As indicated above this description could well be applied to Clytia bakeri, but there is nothing to indicate whether it is a Campanularia or a Clytia. No illustration is available for this species. CAMPANULARIA ANGULATA (Hincks). Plate 10, fig. 1. Laomedea angulata Hincks, Cat. Zooph. South Devon and Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 261. Loamedea angulata Atuman, Construction and Limitation of Genera among the Hydroids, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 373. Camparularia angulata Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 170. Campanularia angulata VerritL, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Campanularia angulata WINTHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Hydroider, 1879-80, p. 239. Campanularia angulata Frateont, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 5, 1880, p. 265. Campanularia angulata DE VARENNE, Sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hydraires, 1882, p. 77. Campanularia angulata Crawrorp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. Campanularia angulata Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 347. Campanularia angulata Harcirr, Synopsis of N. A. Invert., 1901, p. 385. Campanularia angulata Vinuarp, Contributions 4 l'étude des Hydroides, 1904, pp. 47, 65, 173. Campanularia angulata Brpor, Hydroides de Roscoff, 1911, p. 219. Campanularia angulata Fraser, New England Hydroids, 1912, p. 43. Trophosome..—Colony 1.4 em. in height and consisting of a number of stems arising from a creeping rootstock. Stems usually simple but not seldom branched, in which case the branches resemble the stems. Stems geniculate, divided into regular long internodes, each of which bears a pedicel at its distal end and two or three annulations on its proximal end. Pedicels alternate, often as long as the hydrothece, and annulated throughout. They often diminish in diameter from the proximal to the distal end. Hydrothece campanulate, deeper than broad (14 times as deep as broad) with an even rim which is hardly at all everted. The diaphragm is distinct and the basal cavity rather deep. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the rootstock, elongate oval in shape; but with the walls often irregularly distorted by the pressure of the gonangial contents. There is a round terminal aperture with hardly any evident neck or collar. The contents are developing ova or sperma- tozoa without trace of medusoid structure. Distribution —The type-locality is Isle of Man, on Zostera marina. It has also been reported from Jersey (Norman); St. Andrews Bay, Scotland, and North of Ireland (W. Thomson); other European localities are Denmark (Winther); coast of France (de Varenne). The only reported occurrences of this species in American waters are Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Nutting), and Casco Bay, Maine (Fraser). The greatly produced terminal branch, etc., described by Hincks has been studied by de Varenne under the name ‘‘Organe en forme de vrille.”’” This appears to be somewhat similar to the phenomena discussed by the author under the head of ‘‘Stoloniferous Reproduction”’ in his American Hydroids, Part I, the Plumularide, 1900, p. 42. ‘These structures were not found in the specimens from Woods Hole. CAMPANULARIA CORONATA Clarke. Plate 10, figs. 2-4. Campanularia coronata CLARKE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, No. 10, 1879, p. 242. Trophosome.2—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock growing over a woody stem. Rootstock undulating but not regularly annulated. Pedicels unbranched, sometimes attaining ! Description of a specimen collected by the author at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 2 Description of specimen collected by Lieut. J. F. Moser on the coast of Florida, 52 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. a length of as much as 3 mm. but usually much shorter, with a number of distinct annulations in distal end and also at base, the intervening portion being smooth. The hydrotheca is rather slender, sometimes almost tubular, narrowing gradually at its proximal end and with the margin armed with 7 to 12 very deeply cut, strong teeth which are acuminate and well defined. The diaphragm is quite near the bottom of the hydrotheca and is thin but evident without sectioning. The hydrotheca is usually } to $ as long as the pedicel. Gonosome.—Gonangia almost cylindrical with a truncated top and base tapering to a short stout peduncle. Gonangial walls deeply and evenly corrugated much as in Clytia johnston. The gonangial contents are not well defined, but the gonophores appear to bear sporosacs. Distribution.—T ype-locality, 10 miles north of Sablos Island, West Indies, Great Bahama Banks, on seaweed (S. U. I. Bahama Exped.); Cape Romanos, Florida. The character on which Clarke based his specific name, spherical swellings on edge of aperture leading from hydrotheca to stem, is one that is apt to be inconstant. CAMPANULARIA FUSIFORMIS Clark. Plate 10, fig. 5. Campanularia fusiformis CuarK, Hydroids of the Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 254. Campanularia fusiformis Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 52. Campanularia fusiformis Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 30. Trophosome..—Colony in the form of a creeping rootstock growing on a colony of Bimeria. Rootstock much shorter than the pedicels and tortuous but not regularly annulated, except where it projects in long tendrillike processes beyond the supporting body; in which case it is closely and regularly annulated. Pedicels usually annulated throughout, the annulations being ordinarily very regular and the pedicel ending in a spherical annulation just below the hydrotheca. A typical pedicel and hydrotheca together measure 2 mm. in length. Hydro- thece rather slender, sometimes approaching a tubular shape, with parallel sides. The margin is armed with usually 12 rather blunt, rounded teeth. Not infrequently, however, specimens on the same colony will in some cases have well-marked teeth and in others the margin will be perfectly smooth. In the latter case it sometimes seems as if a toothed margin had been made smooth by the filling in of perisare between the teeth but in other hydrothece there is a per- fectly smooth rim with no such appearance. The diaphragm is of the ordinary type for this genus. Gonosome.—The gonangia are typically fusiform or oval in general outline with the distal ends produced into a more or less pronounced tubular, sometimes curved, neck with a round terminal aperture. Proximally they are abruptly rounded and supported on a short pedicel. The length of a typical gonangium is 1.4 mm. and the gonangial contents appear to be sporosacs. Distribution.—Type-locality, Vancouver Island; also reported from Bay of Monterey, Cali- fornia, by Doctor C. W. Anderson, and from Dillons’s, California, and Point Reyes, California, by Torrey. This species, as Torrey mentions, is closely related to C. urceolata, differing mainly in the smaller and much more slender hydrothece. None of the hydrothece show the typical urceo- late form of that species. The shape of the gonangium, especially the tubular neck, indicates that this species is a Campanularia. ?CAMPANULARIA LENNOXENSIS Jaderholm. Plate 10, figs. 6-7. Campanularia lennoxensis JapERHOLM, Aussereuropaische Hydroiden, 1903, p. 268. The writer has not seen this species and therefore contents himself with the following free and somewhat condensed translation from the original description as given by Jiiderholm: A very small species. Hydrorhiza creeping, thin and irregularly branched, .12 to .14 mm. in diameter. From this spring the short upright unbranched pedicels which are from .29 to .43 mm. long and are more or less distinctly * Description of specimen received from Doctor Torrey, collected at Dillons, California, July 7, 1898. THE CAMPANULARIDE AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 53 annulated throughout. Under each hydrotheca is a distinct globular annulation. Both the pedicel wall and that of the hydrorhiza are strongly thickened. Hydrothece campanulate, .34 to .40 mm. long and .2 mm, in diameter at the margin. Hydrothecal walls very strongly and evenly thickened except on the distal portion which is thin-walled and ornamented with 10 well developed teeth. At the base of the hydrotheca the thickened wall forms a more or less well developed diaphragm. Hydranth small, entirely retracted within the small hydrothece. Gonangia borne on the hydrorhiza and distinguished for their proportionally large size, their even surface and their remarkably thickened walls. Length about 1 mm. and width .5 mm. They gradually diminish in size toward the base where they pass into a short pedicel. Their distal ends are truncated and have a moderately high collar around the opening. : Distribution. —The type-locality is Lennox Island, Patagonia, 12 to 28 fathoms (Jader- holm). Genus CLYTIA Lamouroux (modified by Hinecks). Clytia Lamouroux, Histoire des Polypiers Coralligénes Flexibles, 1816, p. 200. Campanularia (part) Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 2, 1836, p. 129. The original definition for this genus is as follows: Polypier phytoide, rameux, filiforme, volubile ou grampant; cellules campanulées, pedicelées; pedicelles longs ordinairement contournés. Agassiz revives this name and applies it to the section of the Lamarckian genus Campanu- laria to which Campanularia johnstoni Hincks belongs. He does not, however, define the genus. Hincks? was the first to give a satisfactory definition to this genus, the main distinction being found in the gonosome, the gonangia producing meduse with four radial canals, four marginal tentacles and eight lithocysts. Itis only by this means that the genus can be differ- entiated from Campanularia, Obelia, Gonothyrea, etc. A definition which will serve the present purpose may be stated as follows: Trophosome.—Colony often simple but always consisting of a creeping rootstock from which spring pedicels which are not regularly branched as a rule. Hydrothece campanulate, hydranths with, trumpet-shaped proboscis. Gonosome.—Gonangia producing bell-shaped or hemispherical meduse which have a small manubrium, 4 tentacles at liberation, and 8 lithocysts. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CLYTIA FOUND IN AMERICAN WATERS. Colony consisting of stems bearing branches or pedicels. WER Etc cc oBBURS SH aReasAcHnas suosouredacose 4adomaen dt oqad qeabawuorseueeopsobousdopadasanpebess bakert. Margin toothed. Marginal teeth keeled and pedicels short............-.--.-----+--+- 2-222-222-2222 e eee eee eee hendersoni. Marginal teeth not keeled. Pedicels bent upward at base, long. Gonangia not annulated, hydrothecee deeply campanulate...........-..-.---------------- attenuata. Gonongia annulated, hydrothece not deeply campanulate, small........--..-------------- minuta. Pedicels not abruptly bent upward at base. Pedicels long, smooth in median part. Stemistmip lest 22a i2)) eet ey anes oe ae ME EI eT Soe ten pL Te ASUS ARS TALL SNL SES edwardsi. Stempfascicledtbel ow ae one ee ree ere ee ND EO SER TL UEERLE Oe Maa eee. Let longicyatha. © Pedicels extensively annulated. Pedicels given off from all sides of stem..............--------------- SEMA universitatis. Pedicels alternate, one to each intermode-----.......-.-2.22!-5222-22-2-2 222-222-2222 fragilis. Colony consisting of usually unbranched pedicels springing from a rootstock. Hydrothece typically campanulate. Distal part of hydrothece very thin and collapsible..........-...--.------------------------- sargassicola. Distal part of hydrothece not thin and collapsible. Redicels/short-;gonanpiaiflask-shapedem see eeee sess eos c ose eee oes e eee ee eee noliformis. Pedicels long, gonangia cylindrical, deeply and regularly annulated. Diaphraoms complexe gece pe ee ee ea ee See aes SNe nce taal ea JERR SN Ceara) johnston. 'Diaphragmon sip lees vere eee ak aN ANS EOE Gh ee AA SAU CESHIYSULYD AUD SSS RUMEN EIN bicophora. Ey drothecse cylindrical? 2 Mee seep eer reece ede er ree ertos SSE TULA Es eae ay Nee spare cylindrica. 1 Cont. to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, 1862, p. 354. 2 British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 140. 54 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CLYTIA JOHNSTONI (Alder). Plate 11, figs. 1-6. Sertularia volubilis Eux1s and Souanper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 51. Clytia volubilis Lamovuroux, Histoire des Polypiers Coralligénes Flexibles, 1816, p. 202. Campanularia volubilis Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1816, vol. 2, p. 113. Campanularia (Sertularia) volubis Goupruss, Handbuch der Zoologie, vol. 1, 1820, p. 89. Clytia volubilis Lamovrovx, Hist. Nat. des Zooph., Encyclopédie méthodique, vol. 2, 1824, p. 202. Campanularia volubilis JounstoN, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. and Durham, Newcastle, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1832, p. 255. Campanularia volubilis Jounston, Hist. of Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. 1, 1834, p. 107. Campanularia volubilis Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1838, p. 154. Campanularia volubilis Coucn, An Essay on the Zooph. of Cornwall, 1841, p. 48. Campanularia volubilis VAN BenepDEN, Mémoire sur les Campanulaires de la Cote d’Ostend, 1844, p. 40. Campanularia volubilis Coven, Cornish fauna, pt. 3, 1844, p. 40. Campanularia volubilis vAN BenepEN, Un mot sur la mode de Reproduction des animaux inférieurs, 1847, p. 457. Campanularia volubilis Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., ed. 2, 1847, p. 107. Capsularia volubilis (part) Gray, List Brit. Anim., 1848, p. 86. Campanularia volubilis Cocks, Contributions to the Fauna of Falmouth, 1849, p. 93. Clytia volubilis DucHassainc, Animaux radiaires des Antilles, 1850, p. 22. Campanularia volubilis Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 10, 1852, p. 84. Campanularia volubilis Goss, A Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast, 1853, p. 296. Campanularia volubilis Gk@ENBAUR, Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel und der Fortpflanzung bei Medusen und Polypen, 1854, p. 161. Campanularia volubilis Taomrson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 14, 1854, p. 313. Campanularia volubilis GossE, Manual of Marine Zoology, vol. 1, 1855, p. 25. Campanularia johnstoni ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 36. : Campanularia johnstoni Wricut, On reproduction by Ova from the Medusoid of Campanularia johnstoni, 1858, p. 367. Campanularia johnstoni AupER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol: 3, 1859, p. 353. Campanularia johnstoni AutmaNn, Additional Observations on the Morphology of the Reproductive Organs in the Hydroid Polyps, 1859, p. 315. ; Campanularia johnstoni Hincxs, On a New Species of Laomedea; with remarks on the genera Campanularia and Lac- medea, 1859, p. 126. Campanularia volubilis McCrapy, Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1859, p. 92. Campanularia johnstoni Wricut, Observations on Brit. Zooph., 1861, p. 255. Campanularia johnstoni GREENE, A Manual of the Sub-kingdom Ceelenterata, 1861, p. 94. Campanularia johnstoni Hincxs, Cat. Zooph. South Devon and South Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 291. Campanularia volubilis (part) AGAssiz, L., Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, 1862, p. 354. Campanularia johnstoni Acassrz, L., Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1862, vol. 4, p. 354. Campanularia johnstoni ALDER, Suppl. Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1863, p. 237. Campanularia johnstoni At1MAN, Report on the present state of our knowledge of the reproductive system in the Hydroids, 1864, p. 372. Campanularia johnsioni Autman, Construction and Limitation of Genera among the Hydroids, 1864, p. 372. Clytia johnstont Acassiz, A., North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, p. 79. Campanularva johnstoni Acasstz, A., North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, p. 79. Clytia volubilis Acassiz, A., North Amer. Acalephex, 1865, p. 79. Campanularia johnston: Parrirr, Cat. Fauna Devon, 1866, p. 12. Campanularia johnstoni AupER, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. 1, 1867, p. 50. Clytia volubilis VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 166. Campanularia johnstonti VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 94. Campanularia volubilis VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 146. Campanularia johnstoni Norman, Report 36th Meeting Brit. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1867, p. 199. Campanularia johnstoni AtuMaAN, Report 37th Meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1868, p. 78. Campanularia volubilis HELLER, Zoophyten und Echinodermen des adriatischen Meeres, 1868, p. 46. Clytia johnstoni H1ncxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 143. Campanularia volubilis Dénrrz, Ueber einige niedere Seethiere, 1869, p. 11. Campanularia johnstoni Norman, Report of 38th Meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 32. Campanularia volubilis HerKiots, Natuurlijke Historie van Nederland, vol. 2, 1870, p. 398. Campanularia johnstont AutMAN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 23. Clytia (Campanularia) volubilis pu Pirssis, Evolution médusipare de Clytia (Campanularia) volubilis, 1871, p. 167. Clytia johnston Hinoxs, Suppl. Cat. Zooph. South Devon and South Comwall, 1871, p. 79. Clytia volubilis MnvzaEr, Die wirbellosen Meeresthiere der ostiriesischen Kiiste, 1871, p. 35. Clytia johnstoni Sars, G. O., Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 35. THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 55 Clytia johnstont VeRRILL, Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 18738, p. 408. Clytia johnstont Verritt, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1878, p. 364. Clytia johnstoni ScuutzE, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 128. Clytia johnstont Verrmt, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 8, 1874, p. 44. Clytia johnstont McIntosuH, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 206. Clytia johnstont Verriwi, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 9, 1875, p. 414. Clytia johnstoni CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 212. Clytia johnstont WinTHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Hydroide Zoophyter, 1879, p. 234. Clytia johnstoni Bourne, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1889-90, p. 394. Clytia johnstoni McInrosx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 5, 1890, p. 303. Clytia johnstont Pictet, Hydraires d’Amboine, 1893, p. 28. Clytia johnstont CrawrorD, Hydroids d’Amboine, 1893, p. 16; 1895, p. 260. Clytia johnstoni Hartiaus, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 502. ?Clytia johnstont CaLxins, Hydroids of Puget Sound, 1899, p. 348. Campanularia johnstont Browne, Fauna and Flora of Valencia Harbor, 1900, p. 348. Clytia grayt Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 344. Clytia johnstont Browne and Rurert, Isles of Scilly, 1904, p. 25. Clytia johnstoni Harriaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 555. Clytia johnstont BrtarD, Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroides, 1907, p. 167. Campanularia johnstoni Brock, Die Hydroiden der antarktischen Meere, 1909, p. 227. Clytia johnston’ Ritcuie, Suppl. Rept. Hydroids of Scottish Nat. Antarctic Exped., 1909, p. 71. Clytia volubilis Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 266. Clytia johnstoni Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 36. Clytia johnstoni Bepot, Hydroides de Roscoff, 1911, p. 219. Clytia johnstoni Stecoow, Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 352. Campanularia (Clytia) johnstoni Brocu, Hydroidenuntersuchungen, No. 3, 1912, p. 50. Trophosome.'—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock from which unbranched or spar- ingly branched pedicels arise. The pedicels sometimes attain a length of 5mm. They are smooth, for the most part, with usually 3-6 annulations at the distal and a more numerous group of annulations at the proximal end. The rootstock is smoother and of greater diameter than the pedicels. Hydrothece campanulate with rounded bottom and gradually increasing diameter to the margin, about 1.5 times as long’as wide. The margin is ornamented with 16 well-marked teeth, which are rounded at their ends. The diaphragm is strong, thicker than usual, and the basal chamber well shown. Hydranth with a trumpet-shaped proboscis and about 16 tentacles. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on short pedicels springing from the creeping rootstock, cylindrical in form, with rounded ends and walls regularly and extensively annulated. They are usually from 2.5 to 3 times as long as wide. Their distal ends are abruptly truncated and closed with a disk-shaped membrane resting on a distinct collar. The gonangia bear developing medusz. At the time of liberation these are almost hemispherical in shape and are characterized by having 4 radial canals, 4 marginal tentacles, and 8 lithocysts. Distribution.—The type-locality, if we regard the first specimens described by Alder as dis- tinguished from (©. volubilis of authors as the types, is the northeast coast of England. It is one of the most widely distributed of the Campanularide, being common on both sides of the Atlantic in temperate latitudes. It is found in shallow water, and, being abundant, is well known. It has been reported by various writers from the Mediterranean to Scandinavian shores of Europe. More northern localities are northern Norway (Sars), west of Spitzbergen (Jaiderholm), and Iceland (Saemondsson). On American coasts its most northern Atlantic record is Labrador (Whiteaves). The most southerly American record that I have is Albatross station 2311, lat. 32° 55’ N., long. 77° 54’ W., near Charleston, South Carolina. Clark’s Alaskan record seems of doubtful validity. Hartlaub reports this species from New Zealand. Bathymetric record, 1 to 100 fathoms. This species cannot retain the name C. volubilis because this name was first applied to another form by Linneus in 1758. C-. volubilis Linneus and C. volubilis Lamouroux are different species, although they have been greatly confounded by authors. A careful examina- tion will reveal the fact that 0. volubilis Linneus is a Campanularia and C. volubilis Lamou- roux is a Clytia. 1 Description of specimens collected at Grand Manan, New Brunswick, by C. C. Nutting. 56 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CLYTIA BICOPHORA Agassiz. Plate 12, figs. 1-3. Clytia ( Trochopyxis) bicophora L. Acassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. 8., vol. 4, 1862, p. 304. Clytia bicophora L. Acassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. 8., vol. 4, 1862, p. 345. Clithia bicophora A. Acassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, 1862, p. 225. Clytia bicophora A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, p. 79. Epenthesis bicophora HancKeE., Syst. der Medusen, 1879, vol. 1, p. 184. ? Epenthesis folleata Fewxes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 9, No. 8, 1882, p. 298. Clytia bicophora Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 343. Clytia bicophora Hararrr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., Hydromeduse, vol. 2, 1901, pp. 381, 588. Trophosome.\—Colony consisting of unbranched and sparingly branched pedicels springing from a creeping rootstock and attaining a height of about 4mm. The unbranched pedicels sometimes attain a length of 3 mm. Pedicels usually annulated at their proximal and distal ends and bare throughout their median portions. These pedicels are not infrequently branched once and rarely branchings of the second order are found; but by far the greater number are simple and their diameter is less than that of the rootstock from which they spring. Hydro- thece closely resembling those of C. johnstoni, but considerably smaller, being but half the length of the hydrothece of the latter species, of which, indeed, they are almost perfect miniatures in form except in the possession of a simple instead of a complex diaphragm. Marginal teeth rounded, 12 to 14 in number. The distal portion of the hydrothecal wall is thin and collapsible and when the hydranth is retracted a number of longitudinal folds appear corresponding to the number of the teeth. : This is a feature that I have not seen in (. johnston and, in connection with the character of the diaphragm, affords a structural character sufficient to separate the species. Gonosome.-—Gonangia usually borne on the rootstock but sometimes on the pedicels, espe- cially when they are branched, oblong ovoid in shape, with the distal end abruptly truncated and with the walls deeply and regularly annulated as in C. johnston. The gonangia are about 24 times as long as broad, and their diameter is just about equal to the height of the hydrothece. Gonangial contents —Developing meduse. Meduse.—The adult meduse, according to Alexander Agassiz,’ are hemispherical in shape, 4 inch in diameter, with 16 marginal tentacles, 8 lithocysts, and 4 radial canals beneath which hang the purse-like ovaries. Agassiz says that this medusa is hardly distinguishable from that of Clytia johnstont. Distribution.—This species is found on the New England coast from the Bay of Fundy to Buzzards Bay. (Agassiz, Nutting, Hargitt.) After considerable hesitation, the writer considers it advisable to acknowledge the specific identity of this form, which many writers, beginning with Hincks, have considered to be identical with the well-known European form, Clytia johnstont. The diagnostic marks of Clytia bicophora are the comparatively small size of the hydrothece, the presence of a simple instead of a complex diaphragm, and the tenuity of the hydrothecal walls. There is much uncertainty regarding the distribution of this form on account of its similarity to the European species, it being extremely likely that it has been mistaken for the latter species in some of the American records. 1 Description of a specimen collected by the writer at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. ? Description taken from another specimen. 3 North Amer. Acalephee, 1865, p. 78, fig. 110. THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLID. 57 CLYTIA NOLIFORMIS (McCrady). Plate 11, figs. 7-10. Campanularia noliformis McCrapy, Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1859, p. 92. Platypyzis cylindrica (part) A. Acassiz, in North Amer. Acalephz, 1865, p. 80. Epenthesis folleata (medusa form) Brooks, Studies from Johns Hopkins Biological Laboratories, vol. 2, 1882, p. 138. Clytia noliformis Pictrt, Hydraires d’Amboine, 1893, p. 31. Clytia noliformis Nutrine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 343. Clytia simplex Conapon, The Hydroids of Bermuda, 1907, p. 471. Clytia volubilis Harerrr, Hydroids of Woods Hole, 1909, p. 373. Clytia folleata (medusa form) Mayer, Hydroids of Ene World, vol. 2, Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 264. Clytia simplex StecHow, Hydroiden diez Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 352. Trophosome.\—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock from which unbranched pedicels arise. Rootstocks sometimes irregularly and coarsely annulated, but usually smooth. The pedicels are short, none in the specimen described being more than twice as long as the hydro- theca, excessively annulated at the ends and sometimes throughout their length, stiff and strong. Hydrothece conoid in shape with the margin much wider than the basal parts and the sides often nearly straight, although they may be slightly bulging. The margin bears about 14 very strongly developed teeth, deeply cleft in some cases and much more shallow in others, with evenly rounded points or ends. Diaphragm low, not strongly marked. In specimens collected by the author in the Gulf Stream the living hydranths were a light clear green due to a symbiotic alga. Gonosome.2—Gonangia flask-shaped, with well-marked collar and lid. The general form is ovoid, but the flaring collar gives it an appearance which can well be termed urn-shaped, a word used in this connection by McCrady in his original description. Developing meduse are seen within the gonangia. The meduse are described and figured by Mayer under the name Clytia folleata. A condensed description is as follows: Bell hemispherical or slightly flatter. Tentacles 16, 4 radial canals, 16 closed marginal lithocysts. Velum well developed, manubrium about half as Jong as bell cavity, with four simple lips. Gonads very near the ring canal. Distribution—The type-locality is Charleston Harbor. It has been found also on floating sargassum weed in the Gulf Stream. According to Mayer the meduse are very abundant off the southern coast of New England in summer and off the Dry Tortugas, Florida, in the spring. It has also been found off the Bermudas by Congdon, in the Bay of Amboina by Pictet, and on the Japanese coast by Stechow. The above-described species fits the original description by McCrady very closely, and appears distinctly different from Clytia cylindrica Agassiz. CLYTIA SARGASSICOLA, new species. Plate 12, figs. 8, 9. Trophosome.*—Colony consisting of a creeping rootstock from which arise unbranched pedicels bearing hydrothecz, pedicels rather long and slender with a disk-shaped internode just below the hydrotheca followed by one or more rather indistinct annulations. There are a few faint annulations near the proximal end of the pedicel. Hydrothece campanulate, subcylin- drical, with sides not flaring and with 12-15 rounded marginal teeth. Hydrothece about 1.5 times as long as broad and the lower part of the hydrothecal wall distinctly thickened forming a sort of pseudodiaphragm. Distal portion of walls very thin and collapsible, this portion being differentiated from the thicker part by a circular line which is evident when the thin part is folded over the retracted hydranth. The arrangement is the same as is illustrated by 1 Description of specimens sent me by Doctor Osborn, labelled Beaufort, North Carolina. 2 Described from a specimen collected by the Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa, growing on seaweed in the Gulf Stream off the Carolinas. 3 Description of a specimen taken from the surface on the southern edge of the Gulf Stream by the Bahama Expe- dition from the State University of Iowa, May 9, 1893. 58 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Allman’s figure of Campanularia ptychocyathus (See text figure 22, p. 7.) Hydranths with 24 tentacles and a trumpet-shaped proboscis. Gonosome.—Gonangia rather short and stout, subcylindrical, annulated throughout, with a very short pedicel and a broad terminal aperture closed by an operculum. Gonangia about 14 times as long as broad and 1} times as long as the hydrotheeca. Each gonangium contains a single large globular developing meduse with four radiating canals, four tentacles, and devel- oping ovaries. The gonosome differs from that of any other Clytia that I have seen. Distribution.—Known only from specimens growing over sargassum weed obtained from the southern edge of the Gulf Stream. Type.—Cat. No. 34529, U.S.N.M. In Museum of Natural History, State University of Lowa, cotype. CLYTIA CYLINDRICA L. Agassiz. Plate 12, figs. 6, 7. Clytia (Platypyxis) cylindrica L. Acassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, 1862, p. 306. Platypyxis cylindrica L. Aaassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, 1862, p. 354. Platypyxis cylindrica A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephe, 1865; p. 80. Clytia cylindrica Nutrine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 348. Clytia volubilis (part) Mayer, Medusez of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 216. Trophosome.?—Colony consisting of a simple or sparingly branched stem springing from a creeping rootstock and growing over a plumularian hydroid. Total height of longest stems about 5 mm. Branching when present, entirely irregular and straggling. Pedicels varying greatly in length, with middle portion smooth and groups of annulations at the ends. The hydrotheea is tubular or cylindrical in shape, the basal end rounding rather abruptly to meet the pedicel. The hydrothecal margin is armed with about 12 sharply pointed teeth. The diaphragm is not well defined in the specimen studied, but appears to be quite low, leaying a small basal chamber. ; Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne on the rootstock and also on the stem near the origins of the pedicels. They are quite slender for this genus, and often have their basal portions curved. When viewed laterally, they are somewhat flattened, so as to be oval rather than round in section, and almost sessile with a few annulations at the extreme base. Their distal end is truncated, sometimes showing a narrow flaring collar around the margin. Gonangial contents, a blastostyle with a row of developing meduse. Meduse (according to A. Agassiz) much flatter than those of C. johnstonv. : Distribution —Type-locality, Massachusetts Bay (Agassiz, L.); also reported from Nahant, Buzzard’s Bay, and Naushon, coast of Massachusetts. In the opinion of the writer this species is distinct from C. noliformis (McCrady), the hydrothece being not ‘“‘conical” but truly cylindrical. It also appears to differ in the char- acter of the meduse. Brooks* regards this species as distinct from C. noliformis. CLYTIA LONGICYATHA (Allman). Plate 12, figs. 4, 5. Obelia longicyatha Attman, Hydroids of the Gulf Stream, 1877, p. 10. Olytia longicyatha Pictet, Hydraires d’Amboine, 1893, p. 28, pl. 2, figs. 22, 23. Clytia longicyatha Brutarp, Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroides, vol. 8, 1907, p. 168. This species has not been seen by the author. The following is the original description by Allman: 1 Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, pl. 10. * Description of a specimen from the Gulf Biological Station, Cameron, Louisiana. * According to Mayer, Medusze of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 265. Ee THE CAMPANULARIDE AND THE BONNEVIELLIDZ. 59 Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus attaining a height of nearly an inch, fascicled below, alternately branched; main stem annulated for a short distance above each ramulus; ramuli annulated at their origin; hydrothecal peduncles of moderate length, more or less annulated. Hydrothece narrow, deep, nearly cylindrical above, and then tapering towards the base; the orifice cut into about twenty acute, deep, narrow teeth. Gonosome.—According to the description and figure of Pictet' the gonangia are obconic with smooth walls, about:as long as the hydrothece, and the blastostyle bears two opposite rows of bell-shaped meduse. Type-locality Off Florida Reef, 90 fathoms, specimens found attached to Halecium macrocephalum (Allman). Found also by Pictetin the Port of Amboina, 1 meter, and by Billard, south of Gulf of Cadiz, 60 meters, and off Cape Spartel, Morocco, 112 meters. A specimen that is referred with considerable doubt to this species is figured on plate 12, fig. 5. It is evidently a young colony with an unfascicled stem. It greatly resembles C.longi- cyatha in mode of branching, annulations, pedicels, and shape of hydrothece. The latter, how- ever, are slightly stouter than in longicyatha, and have the rim ornamented with 12 to 14 sharply pointed teeth corresponding to an equal number of longitudinal ridges which occupy about the upper third of the hydrothecal margin, thus giving a regularly pleated appearance resembling that of Obelia bicuspidata. The original describer of C. longicyatha mentions the fact that it is ““a very delicate species, with the hydrothece thin and compressible.” - The thin texture of the hydrothecal wall may allow of its bemg thrown into folds or pleats when the hydro- thece are absent or retracted and thus to present the appearance shown in plate 12, fig. 5. This specimen was secured by the Bahama Expedition of the State University of Iowa, from off Key West at a depth of 54 fathoms. It was growing on a colony of Jdia pristis. Dr. C. M. Fraser also found this species at Beaufort, North Carolina, on floating gulf weed. CLYTIA BAKERI Torrey. Plate 18, figs. 1, 2. Clytia bakeri Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 16. Clytia baker: Torrey, Univ. of Calif. Publications, Zool., vol. 2, 1906, p. 323. Phialium bakert Torrey, Univ. of Calif. Publications, Zool., vol. 6, 1909, p. 21. Clytia bakeri Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 262. Eucheilota bakeri Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 495. Clytia bakeri Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 34. Trophosome.2—Colony consisting of a number of erect stems arising from a creeping root- stock on a living Donaz. Stems about 1 em. high, usually unbranched, the basal portion being regularly annulated, the annulations resembling segments. Higher up these annulations decrease in number and throughout the distal part of the stem there is a fairly regular series of internodes, each bearing a pedicel on a sort of shoulder projecting from its distal end. Throughout this portion the stem is slightly flexuose. The pedicels are very short, always shorter than the hydrothece. Ordinarily they have a single discoid or globular annulation just below the hydrotheca, and, in the nonproximal parts of the stems, there are two or even three such annulated pedicels. The hydrothece are triangular in outline with a smooth rim, or at least without regular teeth. There is a well marked thick diaphragm which restricts the passage of the ccenosarc from hydranth to stem to a very small aperture. The hydranth has a trumpet-shaped proboscis and about 20 tentacles. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne on the front and back of the stem, sometimes singly and sometimes in opposite pairs. They are long, rather slender, with the distal end truncated and much the largest and gradually diminishing in size from distal end to base. They are almost sessile, being joined to the stem by a very short pedicel. My specimens do not show the “bottle-nosed”’ apertures described by Torrey, but the entire end seems to be covered 1 Hydraires d’Amboine, 1893, p. 28. - 2 Description of specimens collected by the writer on ‘‘Long Beach” near La Jolla, California, growing on shells of living Donaz. 60 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. with a membrane that ruptures for the passage of the meduse. Gonangial contents developing meduse which are described as follows by Mayer, 1910: ‘‘ When set free the bell is oval, thin-walled, with 2 well-developed and 2 small, immature tentacles. 4 radial-canals. 2 gonads, 4 lithocysts. Cirri flank the basal-bulbs of the large tentacles.” Type-locality.—Pacifie Beach, near San Diego, California. In the surf, also found at times in great quantities at Long Beach and Torrey Pines Beach, near La Jolla, California. This is perhaps the only known instance of hydroids being present on living bivalves. CLYTIA EDWARDSI (Nutting). Plate 13, figs. 3, 4. Campanularia johnstont CaLKins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 349. Campanularia gracilis! Cauxins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 350. Campanularia edwardsi Nurrina, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 346. Campanularia edwardsi Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 11. Clytia edwardsi Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 34. Clytia edwardsi Fraser, Notes on Some New England Hydroids, 1912, p. 44. Clytia edwardsi Stscoow, Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostktiste, vol. 2, 1913, p. 69. Trophosome.2—Colony profusely but irregularly branched and attaining a height of 2.5 em. Stem, branches, and pedicels all exceedingly attenuated and without any regular disposition, although the pedicels show a tendency to occur in pairs springing from opposite sides of the branch. The branches are smooth, except for a group of four or five regular annulations at their bases. Pedicels sometimes as much as 7 mm. in length and perfectly smooth, except for a group of three to six annulations just below the hydrotheca and a more numerous group at the base. Hydrothecew elongate, campanulate, approaching a tubular form, being sometimes three times as long as wide. Margin armed with 12 to 14 sharply pointed teeth. There is a well marked diaphragm and a rather deep basal chamber. Gonosome.2—Gonangia borne on the stem and branches usually in the axils of the pedicels, elongate obconoid in shape in some cases, almost tubular in others, and about 1.5 mm. in length and three to five times as long as wide. The walls are rather rudely and irregularly annulated throughout. On the blastostyle are seen several developing medusze which seem to be semi- elobular in shape with four (?) tentacles and a well-developed proboscis. Distribution —Type-locality, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Nutting); reported by Torrey from the mouth of San Diego Bay; and by Fraser from Vancouver Island; Japan (Stechow). If I am right in considering Campanularia gracilis of Calkins to be a synonym for this species its range should also include the Puget Sound region. Doctor Fraser’s specimens were directly compared with the type from Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, and were indistinguishable so far as the trophosome was concerned. Since writing the above Doctor Fraser has found the gonosome on specimens from the Woods Hole region and regards them as identical with those above described. CLYTIA ATTENUATA (Calkins). Plate 13, fig. 5. Campanularia attenuata CALKINS, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 350. Clytia attenuata Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 34. Trophosome.*—Colony growing in tufts of stems springing from a creeping rootstock. These stems attain a height of about 9 mm. and are usually smooth, although there is an occasional annulation above a pedicel origin. The branching is very straggling and irregular, each branch from the main stem usually being a single long slender pedicel. Sometimes two branches occur. The pedicels are long and slender and are bent abruptly upward near their bases so as to lie 1 Name preoccupied. 2 Described from a type-specimen collected at Woods Hole by the author. 3 Described from a specimen from Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, collected by Dr. Charles McLean Fraser. 4 Description of one of Calkins’s specimens mounted on a slide and kindly loaned me by Doctor Calkins. ae THE CAMPANULARIDZE AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 61 parallel with the stem and attain a length of about 3 mm. There is usually a group of 3-5 annulations immediately below the hydrotheca and a similar group of 5-10 annulations near the base. The hydrothece are deeply campanulate, less than twice as long as broad and have the margin ornamented with a series of 10-12 deeply cut rounded teeth. The diaphragm is well marked and basal chamber rather deep. The hydranth has a trumpet-shaped proboscis and about 24 tentacles. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne on the stem and basal portion of the pedicels. They are of comparatively large size, oblong-ovoid in shape, and their walls are not annulated. There is a large terminal aperture surrounded by a low band-like collar. Upon the blastostyle are growing three to five developing meduse, the largest of which are orbicular in form and show 4 tentacles and an oval manubrium. Distribution.—Type-locality, Port Townsend, Scow Bay, on red alge. Doctor Fraser has also found specimens at Vancouver Island. ; CLYTIA MINUTA (Nutting). Plate 14, figs. 1-4. Campanularia minuta Nurtine, Hydroids of Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 345. Clytia minuta Fraser, Notes on New England Hydroids, 1912, p. 44. Trophosome.—Colony about 6 mm. in height, branching in an irregular and straggling manner, the stem giving rise to distant but irregularly spaced pedicels and being smooth for the most part, but with compact groups of 6 or 8 annulations just above the pedicel insertions, or at the basal end of eachstem internode. The pedicels are quite variable in length but are often three or four times as long as the hydrothece, annulated throughout, diminishing gradually in diameter toward their distal ends and bending abruptly upward near their bases as in the preceding species. Occasionally the middle part of the pedicel is smooth with the distal and proximal ends closely annulated. The hydrothece are small, campanulate, not quite 1.5 times _ as deep as wide and with about 7 very sharp rather distant teeth. The diaphragm is rather low and the basal chamber of moderate size. Gonosome.2—‘‘The gonangium bears a strong resemblance to the gonangium of C. john- stoni. It grows either from stolon or from the main stem. It is oval or obvate in shape and has corrugations similar to that of C. johnstont.” Distribution —Type-locality, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where it was found growing on old stems of an Obelia. It has recently been reported again from the same locality by Fraser who found it growing on ELudendrium and Tubularia. The calyces of this species are much like those of C.raridentata Alder, but the branching and annulations of the pedicels are quite different from that species. CLYTIA UNIVERSITATIS (Torrey). Plate 14, figs. 5-6. Campanularia denticulata Torrey, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 51. Clytia universitatis Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 19. Clytia universitatis Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 36. Trophosome.’—Colonies in bushy tufts, irregularly branched and attaining a length of 12 cm., in my specimen, but Torrey states that they are sometimes 200 mm. in height. The stem and main branches are fascicled, much as in Campanularia verticillata. Many of the branches are long and erect and give off irregularly disposed pedicels from all sides, but not in regular whorls asin Campanularia verticillata. The pedicels are rather long and slender, for a branched cam- panularian, being about 2 mm. long in typical specimens. They are regularly annulated 1 Description of type colony collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, by the author. 2 Description copied from that of Fraser, Notes on New England Hydroids, 1912, p. 44. 3 Description of specimens sent me by Doctor Torrey, labelled “San Diego Bay, July 15, 1904.” 55968°—15——5 62 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. throughout, the annulations being often more sparse in the median portion, and decrease regularly in size from the proximal to the distal ends. The hydrothece are deeply campanulate, the distal parts being almost tubular, and are more than twice as long as wide. The margin bears about 14 well marked, pointed teeth and there is a well-defined diaphragm and rather low basal chamber. The hydranth has a trumpet-shaped proboscis and about 24 tentacles. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne on the stem and branches. They are oblong ovoid in shape with the distal end abruptly truncated. The walls are often somewhat corrugated transversely, but not regularly annulated. They are about 1.25 times as long as the hydro- thecee and somewhat broader. Gonangial contents, developing medusz, the details of which can not be made out. Torrey says that the oldest have 4 tentacles. Type-locality—San Pedro Bay, California. This species has not been reported from any other locality except San Diego Bay, California. CLYTIA FRAGILIS Congdon. Plate 15, fig. 1. Clytia fragilis Conaepon, The Hydroids of Bermuda, 1907, p. 470. Trophosome.'—Colony .9 mm. in height (Congdon’s specimens were 12.18 mm). The basal portion is lacking, and the specimen divides into two subequal branches near its proxi- mal end. These branches are divided into sinuous internodes each of which bears a pedicel near its distal end and a group of annulations on its basal portion. The pedicels are alter- nate in position, about as long as the hydrothece or longer, diminishing in diameter from the proximal to the distal end and extensively annulated, sometimes completely so. In most cases, however, there is a median smooth portion. The hydrothece are deeply campanulate, almost tubular, often more than twice as long as broad. The margin is armed with about 12 acutely pointed teeth which sometimes appear to be the terminations of compressed ridges which lie vertically on the distal part of the hydrothecal walls. The diaphragm is evident and rather high. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the stem near the axils of the pedicels. They are rather slender, obconical in shape with the greatest diameter at the distal truncated end. They are about twice as long as the hydrothece, and are borne on a very short annulated pedicel. Gonangial contents developing meduse, according to Congdon. They were not in condition to study in the specimen described. Distribution.—Type-locality, Bermuda Islands, growing on Pennaria tiarella. Albatross station 2283, lat. 35° 21’ 20’ N.; long. 75° 23’ 50’ W., 14 fathoms. Fish Hawk station 6059, Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, 7 fathoms. CLYTIA HENDERSON I Torrey. _ Plate 15, figs. 2, 3. Clytia hendersoni Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 18. Clytia hendersoni Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 35. Trophosome.?—Colonies consisting of upright stems springing from a creeping rootstock. Stems often irregulacly branched, in which case the branches conform in detail to the stems from which they spring. Height of stem 9mm. Stem usually flexuose with a group of an- nulations above each pedicel origin. Pedicels alternate, shorter than the hydrothece, annu- lated throughout and forming a very acute angle with the stem. Hydrothece large, deeply campanulate, approaching a tubular form, about twice as long as broad. The margin bears 12-14 very long, slender-pointed teeth the points of which are often turned inward and braced by a sort of heel on the outer side. The diaphragm is high and strongly marked, bearing a large basal chamber. Hydranth with about 24 tentacles. ‘ Description of a specimen collected by the U. 8. Fish Commission Porto Rico Expedition at station 6059. ' ? Description of a specimen kindly sent the author by Doctor Torrey from San Diego Bay, California, the type- ocality. THE CAMPANULARIDE AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 63 Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in the axils of the pedicels and also on the rootstocks, ob- long ovate in general shee, with their distal ends abruptly truncated. Their walls are some- times sinuous in outline but not regularly annulated, and their pedicels usually show two an- nulations. Gonangial contents, developing meduse ih 4 tentacles. Locality—The type- lao is San Diego Bay, 3 fathoms, where they are found grow- ing on sponges and alge. This is the only aaa locality. Genus ORTHOPYXIS L. Agassiz (practically=EUCOPELLA von Lendenfeld). Louis Agassiz uses Orthopyzis as a subgeneric name in his Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, where, under the name of Olytia (Orthopyzis) poterium he gives an elaborate description of ln 3 is now regarded as the well-known Clytia caliculata of authors. He nowhere describes the subgenus Orthopyzis, but raises the name to generic rank on page 355 of the same work. His son, Alexander Agassiz, followed him in this, using the name Orthopyxis poterium, as his father did, for the Clytia caliculata of authors.? Neither of these authorities gave any description whatever to the genus, or subgenus, Orthopyxis, but the older Agassiz very carefully described and illustrated the type-species. T can not find that any author has used the name Orthopyzis since 1865. Von Lendenfeld, in. 1885,° proposed the generic name Hucopella to accommodate a species which he very elabo- rately described and figured under the name Lucopella campanularia. This species, which he makes the type of the genus Hucopella, agrees entirely with Clytia caliculata of authors m the remarkable thickening of the hydrothecal walls, but not in the bilateral symmetry of at least part of the hydrothecze. Indeed there is a strong suspicion that von Lendenfeld’s Hucopella campanularia is identical with Clytia caliculata. Von Lendenfeld’s generic description of his Hucopella is as follows: Die Polypstocke bestehen aus einen Hydrorhiza, von welcher unverzweigt Hyrocauliabgehen. Die Nahrpolypen werden von becherformigen Hydrotheken umschlossen. Die medusen sprossen an verzweigten Polypstylen. It seems evident that the law of priority demands that the genus Orthopyzis of Agassiz G should stand, and that the genus Hucopella of von Lendenfeld should be abandoned.* Tt seems to the present writer that the thickening of the hydrothecal walls in this and allied forms is a good generic character. The fact that individual hydrothece in several species do not show this character does not necessarily militate against this view, as they are ordinarily thickened when mature and the thin walls of some individual ones may be regarded as a devel- opmental feature, or as one due to certain unfavorable conditions. The fact that typical calyces in these species are enormously thickened, a character not found in normal hydrothece of other species of Clytia, renders this character in the opinion of the writer available in generic definition. The following definition is here adopted for this genus: Trophosome.—Colony consisting of unbranched pedicels springing from a creeping root- stock. Pedicels, rootstocks and hydrothece usually greatly thickened so that the cavity of the latter is greatly decreased. Gonosome.—Gonangia ovoid or compressed, not greatly lengthened and attenuated. Meduse borne on branched blastostyles and without tentacles or manubrium. The type-species of this genus is Orthopyxis caliculata (Hincks). 1 Volume 4, 1862, p. 297. 2 North Amer. Acalephee, 1865, p. 81. 3 Zeitsch. Wissensch. Zool., vol. 5, 1885, p. 658. ‘Tn a private letter Dr. W. M. Bale, the well-known writer on Australian hydroids, strongly urges the correct- ness of this view. 64 AMERICAN HYDROIDS, Key to AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPYXIS. Hydrothecal margin toothed, in typical specimens. Margin often everteds teethiimoris coms iGO serra reste erste era everta. Margin: notieverted, (teeth xGonspi cious ee trate tases ea crenata. Hydrothecal margin smooth. ‘ Annulations of pedicels oblique, when present .-.-.-.-----.-.--.------------------- Se tase a eeSsS caliculata, Annulations not oblique. Usually,oneyelobullan; distal tammulartions topedicel ssp ieee eae compressa. Two! to four annulationsh sist c-cjeeiesetne see oc Sate PR Ree eee Oe eee eee eee semen clytioides, ORTHOPYXIS CALICULATA (Hincks) Plate 15, fig. 4. Campanularia caliculata Hrycxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 11, 1853, p. 178. Campanularia caliculata Taompson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 2, vol. 11, 1853, p. 443. Campanularia caliculata Gossr, Manual Marine Zoology, vol. 1, 1855, p. 25. Campanularia caliculata M. Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middlehavets Littoral-Fauna, 1857, p. 158. Campanularia brevicyphia Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middlehavets Littoral-Fauna, 1857, p. 158. Campanularia caliculata GREENE, A Manual of the Sub-kingdom Coelenterata, 1861, p. 44. Clytia (Orthopyxis) poterium L, AGassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, 1862, pp. 297, 355. Campanularia caliculata AutMaNn, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 4, 1862, p. 64. Laomedea caliculata Autman, Report on the present state of our knowledge of the reproductive system in the Hydroids, 1864, p. 368. Clytia poterium Auman, Report on the present state of our knowledge of the reproductive system in the Hydroids, 1864, p. 371. Campanularia brevicyphia Attman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Laomedea poterium AutMAan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 373. Laomedea caliculata Aunman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 373. Orthopyxis poterium A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephze, 1865, p. 223. Orthopyxis poterium Flncxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 164. Laomedea (Clytia) poterium AttmMan, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 45. Laomedea caliculata AutmMan, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 48. Campanularia caliculata Coucutry, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 17, 1876, p. 25. Campanularia everta CLARK, Trans. Conn. Acad. of Sci., vol. 3, 1876, p. 253. Campanularia caliculata Verritu, Check-list of Marine Invert., 1879, p. 16. ~ Campanularia caliculata Jicke11, Der Bau der Hydroidpolypen, pt. 2, 1883, p. 631. Campanularia caliculata BALE, On some new and rare Hydroids in the Australian Museum Collection, 1888, p. 755. Campanularia caliculata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 204. Campanularia caliculata Fewxes, Guide to collectors, 1891, p. 37. Campanularia integra LevinseN, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider, 1893, p. 26. Campanularia caliculata BonNevig, Norwegian N. A. Exped., 1897, p. 72. Agastra mira (medusa) Harriaus, Wissen. Meeresuntersuch. Meere Kiel, Helgoland, new ser., vol. 2, 1897, p. 504. Campanularia caliculata (medusa) Giarp, Comp. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, ser. 10, vol. 5, 1898, p. 17. Campanularia caliculata CauKins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 351. Campanularia potertum Nutrine, Hydroids of Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 344. Campanularia caliculata Harttaus, Hydroiden aus den Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Campanularia caliculata Hararrr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., 1901, p. 383. Campanularia caliculata JApERHOLM, Aussereuropaische Hydroiden, 1905, p. 265. Campanularia everta Harttaus, Die Hydroiden du magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiste, 1905, p. 560. Campanularia caliculata Brocu, Nordsee-Hydroiden, 1905, p. 10. Campanularia caliculata Rircnir, Hydroids from the Cape Verde Islands, 1907, p. 503. Campanularia caliculata Brocu, Hydroiduntersuchungen, I, 1908, p. 31. Campanularia integra (part) JADERHOLM, Northern & Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 65. Campanularia integra (part) Brocn, Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 185. Bucopella caliculata Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 36. Campanularia caliculata Stecnow, Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 357. Trophosome.'—Colonies consisting of numerous unbranched pedicels springing from a creeping rootstock which is tortuous, but not regularly annulated, and very thick-walled; the chitinous walls of the tubular rootstocks often being thicker than the lumen of the tube itself. The pedicels also are very thick-walled and spring at irregular distances from the rootstock. The pedicels and hydrotheca combined attain a height of as much as 5 mm. Pedicels sometimes closely annulated throughout, sometimes merely wavy and rarely almost smooth. In all cases ‘ Specimen from Yakutat, Alaska, collected by the Harriman Alaska Expedition. THE CAMPANULARIDA AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 65. they bear one or more annulations at the top and bottom, the former showing a spherical annu- lation just beneath the hydrotheca, as in C. integra. The hydrothecx vary greatly in shape and in thickness of walls. In some cases they seem identical with those of C. integra, being longer than broad and thin-walled, compared with typical hydrothece of @. caliculata. The walls, however, are never as thin in my specimens as they are in typical @. integra. All intergrada- tions are found between the form just described and calyces which are broader than long with their walls enormously thickened so as to present the appearance which led Hincks in his original description to describe them as “campanulate, having an interior cup.’’* These hydrothece are sometimes broader than long. In all cases the walls are thickened near the bottom, forming an annular shelf upon which the hydranth rests. The hydranth is of the regular campanularian type. Gronosome.’—Gonangia elongate oval with the distal end truncated and the proximal end passing gradually into a short peduncle. The walls are coarsely and unevenly corrugated, the corrugations being shallow. The gonangia often show internal longitudinal bands, typically four in number. These canals are branched, according to Hincks. The medusa is the Agastra mira of Hartlaub, according to Giard, and is described by Mayer as follows:, Bell somewhat higher than wide, 1 mm. high, with scattered isolated nematocysts over exumbrella. Gelatinous substance quite thick and of equal thickness everywhere except at the apex, where there is a deep, narrow, funnel- shaped depression. No tentacles, but 4 minute, pigmented bulbs. 8 adradial lithocysts, each with a single concretion. 4 narrow radial-canals and a ring-canal. No stomach, the radial-canals either ending blindly at inner apex of bell-cavity or fusing at one point at this place. The gonads are elongate, irregularly arranged, sac-shaped evaginations upon both sides of the middle parts of each radial-canal.* Distribution.—North American: Labrador (Hincks); New England Coasts (Verrill) ; Davis Straits (Levinsen) ; California Coast (Torrey); Alaska (Nutting); Puget Sound (Calkins) ; Bering Sea (Jaiderholm). General: Norway (Bonnevie); Arctic Sea (Broch); Greenland (Levinsen); Iceland (Saemondsson); Spitzbergen (Marktanner-Turneretscher); Sweden (Jiderholm) ; British Coasts (Hincks, Allman); Mediterranean (Sars); New Zealand (Coughtry); Japan (Inaba); Africa, Port Natal (Billard); Patagonia (Jiderholm); Magellan Straits and Chile (Hartlaub); Australia (Bale). Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 100 fathoms. This appears to be one of the most cosmopolitan of the Campanularide. ORTHOPYXIS COMPRESSA (Clark). Plate 15, figs. 5-10. Campanularia compressa CLARK, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 214. Campanularia caliculata CALKINS, Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 351. Clytia compressa Nutrine, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 170. Clytia compressa TorREY, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 58. Clytia compressa Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 17. Campanularia compressa HARTLAUB, Die Hydroiden der magalhzensischen Region und chilenischen Kite, 1905, p. 562. Campanularia compressa JADERHOLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 14. Campanularia integra (part) JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 65. Campanularia compressa FRASER, West Coast-Hydroids, 1911, p. 37. Trophosome.*—Colony consisting of unbranched pedicels springing from a creeping root- stock. Pedicels and rootstocks not regularly annulated, but with greatly thickened perisare. Pedicels sometimes attaining a height of 6 mm., smooth with usually a globular annulation just below the hydrotheca. Hydrothecx sometimes without greatly thickened walls and triangular in shape. Others have excessively thickened walls, so that the outline becomes ovoid, the inner 1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 11, 1853, p. 178. ? Not present in specimen described. The present description is based on the figures given by L. Agassiz (under name of Clytia poteriwm) in Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, 1862, pl. 18. 3 Medusee of the world, vol. 2, the Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 234. 4 Specimen from Orca, Alaska, collected by the Harriman Alaska Expedition. 66 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. surface being typically campanulate in outline. The margin is always even, never regularly dentated. When the walls are greatly thickened the basal chamber assumes the outline of a bell handle. Gonosome.—Gonangia very much compressed laterally, being often as broad as long when viewed from the broad side. The specimens were not in a condition to make a satisfactory study of their internal structure practicable. The writer has seen in other specimens indi- cation of medusx in the gonangia. Torrey (1902) figures a medusa with 4 tentacles just escaping from the gonangium. Another specimen labeled Shumagin Islands (see plate 11, fig. 10) shows a large medusa with 4 radial canals. Distribution —Shumagin Islands, 6 to 20 fathoms on Laminaria (Clark); Orea, Alaska (Nutting); San Diego, California (Torrey); Smith Channel, Straits of Magellan (Jiderholm). Clark’s specimens from Shumagin Islands show gonangia with developing meduse greatly resembling the figures given by Calkins for his Campanularia caliculata from Puget Sound! Male gonophores are very much like the figure given by von Lendenfeld for Hucopella cam- panularia,? the branched processes of the radial canal showing very plainly. ORTHOPYXIS CLYTIOIDES (Lamouroux). Plate 16, figs. 1, 2. Tubularia clytioides LamourRoux, in Freycinet, L. de, Voyage autour du Monde exécuté sur les corvettes de S. M. LV Uranie et la Physicienne, 1824, p. 620. Silicularia clytioides MevEN, Uber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 206. Tubularia cycloides Miner Epwarps, in Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert., ed. 2, vol. 2, 1836, p. 135. ? Silicularia gracilis Minne Epwarps, in Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert., ed. 2, vol. 2, 1836, p. 135. Campanularia clytioides Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 563. Campanularia clytioides Rrrcuin, Supplementary Rept. on Hydroids of the Scottish Nat. Antartic Exped., 1909, p. 71. Campanularia clytioides BiuarD, Révision des Espéces Types d’ Hydroides de la Collection Lamouroux, 1909, p. 311. Trophosome.s—The colony consists of upright unbranched pedicels growing from a creeping rootstock which forms a reticulate pattern over an alga. The rootstock is smooth and usually runs straight from point to point on the alga, and sends off branches at right angles so that a pattern of wide squares or parallelograms is formed. The rootstocks are thick-walled, leaving but a narrow central tube for the ceenosarc, and are pinched at the points of origin of the side branches. The pedicels attain a height of about 3 mm., are rather slender, thick-walled, not regularly annulated except at their distal ends where there are usually 2 to 4 annulations sepa- rated by sharp constrictions. There are always 2 or 3 globular annulations just below the hydro- theca, separated from the latter by a very sharp constriction at which point the hydrotheca is very easily broken off. There are almost always several (4-8) regular annulations at the basal end of the pedicels, while the median portion is usually smooth. The hydrothece are campanulate, even-rimmed and thick-walled, the lower part of the walls being greatly thickened to produce an internal annular shelf forming a diaphragm on which the hydranth rests and dividing off a basal chamber which is better marked than in other species of the genus that I have seen. Gonosome.—Unknown. Hartlaub says this species can be distinguished from Campanularia integra and ELucopella caliculata by the fact that the annulations of the pedicels are straight and not twisted or oblique. Distribution.—Azores and Sargasso Sea (Meyen); Straits of Magellan (Hartlaub). All the specimens are on floating algze (Sargassum). 1 Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1896, pl. 2, fig. Ile. * Ueber Coelenteraten der Stidsee, pl. 31, fig. 24. ’ Description based on mounted slide of this species kindly loaned the writer by Dr. C. Hartlaub. Specimen from the Straits of Magellan. . | THE CAMPANULARIDEH AND THE BONNEVIELLID. 67 ORTHOPYXIS CRENATA (Hartlaub). ; Plate 16, figs. 3-5. Eucopella crenata Hartiaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean,.1901, p. 364. ? Eucopella crenata Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiste, 1905, p. 568. ? Hucopella crenata Brtarn, Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroides, 1907, p. 176. A specimen sent me by Doctor Hartlaub and labeled ‘‘ Hucopella crenata P. Pantalon”’ does not agree with the original description,’ in that the hydranth is smaller than the hydro- theca and completely retracted within it. The following description is a translation of that given by Hartlaub: Hydrorhiza forming a moderately broad network. Hydranths (pedicels?) scattered, unbranched, up to 5 mm. high. Pedicels moderately thick, very variable in length, partly smooth, partly obliquely annulated, always with a globular constriction below the hydrotheca. Hydrothece very variable in size, in the thickening of their walls and nform. Their margin is usually plainly toothed (about 12-14 teeth). Hydrothecal walls partly or completely thick- ened, with the exception of their distal end, which is bent outward and very thin-walled. The hydranths are some- times much larger than the hydrotheca and then are but partially retractile. Gonangia large, strongly compressed with a wide rounded end, thick-walled with a sinuous surface, with a short smooth pedicel springing from the hydrorhiza, containing two well developed medusz with easily recognizable mature sex-cells. Distribution —Hartlaub thinks that this species is identical with a form described as a ‘““Campanularia allied to C. caliculata” from New Zealand, by Coughtry,? and also another form described by the same writer as “‘Campanularia allied to C. integra,” also from New Zealand. It hardly seems likely to the present writer that the form £. crenata is identical with C. caliculata var. makrogona Lendenfeld, as suggested by Hartlaub.+* It appears then likely that the distribution includes New Zealand, the type-locality being Rangitoto Island and Terra del Fuego (Hartlaub). This species is doubtless close to EH. everta (Clark) and may be identical with it. The hydrothece of the latter species is much larger than those of C. crenata, as a comparison with a slide from Hartlaub shows. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 7 fathoms. ORTHOPYXIS EVERTA (Clark). Plate 16, figs. 6-8. Campanularia everta CLARK; Trans. Conn. Acad., 1876, vol. 3) De aod. Campanularia everta Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 51. Campanularia everta Torrry, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 12. Campanularia everta Hickson and GRAVELY, National Antarctic Exped., 1907, p. 24. Campanularia everta Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 37. Trophosome.°—Colony growing over a laminarian in the form of a creeping rootstock which forms a reticulate pattern. Pedicels unbranched, sometimes attaiming a height of 5mm. They vary greatly in extent of annulation, some being almost smooth and others closely annulated throughout, but always show the spherical annulation below the hydrotheca. Both the root- stocks and pedicels have their periderm greatly thickened. Hydrothece exceedingly variable, as Doctor Torrey® has said: ‘‘The rim of the hydrothece may or may not be everted. It is usually but not always crenate. The wall of the hydrotheca may be very thick or very thin, and is either straight or convex in profile.” Except for the frequent occurrence of a regularly dentated margin, the hydrothecz can not be distinguished from that of O. compressa and might readily be mistaken for that species. 1“Ter Kopf des hydranthen manchmal viel grésser als den Kelch und dann nur theilweise in denselben zurtick- ziehbar.”’ Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 365. : 2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 17, 1876, p. 25. 3 Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. 7, 1875, p. 292. 4 See Some new and rare Hydroids in the Australian Museum, by W. M. Bale, 1888, p. 755. 5 Description of specimen from Dr. H. B. Torrey, labeled ‘‘Monterey, Calif.” ® Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 51. 68 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Gonosome.—The gonangia are small, regularly oval in outline, somewhat compressed, about one and one-half times as long as wide at greatest diameter and about one and three-fourths times as high as the average hydrotheca. The female gonangia, at least, contain meduse which eject their ova into an acrocyst without liberating the meduse. The details of the medusz can not be made out in the specimens. Medusoid characters are much less evident in the male gonangium. Distribution.—San Diego, California (Clark) ; Pacific Grove, California (Torrey) ; McMurdo Bay, Antaretic (Hickson and Gravely). Bathymetric distribution 1 to 42 fathoms. This species is closely allied to O. compressa from which it is separated by the distinctly dentate margin of the characteristic hydrothecz, and the smaller size and more slender pro- portions of the gonangia. Genus GONOTHYRAZEA Allman. Gonothyrxa AttMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 374. The original definition of this genus has not been improved upon by subsequent writers and is as follows: Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus branching, rooted by a filiform hydrorhiza; hydrothecz bell-shaped, with entire or serrated margin, and destitute of operculum; tentacula surrounding the base of a large, very contractile metastome. Gonosome.—Gonophores adelocodonic. Sporosacs in the form of imperfect medusze (meconidia), carrying round the rudimental codonostome a circle of filiform tentacula, and, when mature, supported on the summit of the gonangium, where they lie entirely external to its cavity. KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF GONOTHYRGA. Margin with) teeth which are squared! offvatitopsss----9--— =e ee eee ple eel loveni. Meetihysharplyspointted ame -e eae eee ae eee eee ane ee nee ees Se eee ee eee eee eee gracilis. Teethnisy ersya si alll ower tele) lt ee eee ate eee cero clarkt. Meurpamawarblo UG see tin fers eae ee eee eee oe inornata. GONOTHYRAA LOVENI (Allman). Plate 17, figs. 1-2. Sertularia dichotoma (part) Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, 1761-73, vol. 17, p. 565. Sertularia contorta SHaw, Vivarium nature, etc., 1813, p. 789, pl. 962. Campanularia dichotoma ListEr, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc., pt. 2, 1834, p. 386. Sertularia dichotoma Lister, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc., pt. 2, 1834, p. 372. Sertularia geniculata Loven, Bidrag til Kinnedomen of Sligtena Campanularia och Syncoryna, 1835, p. 261. Campanularia geniculata Loven, Bidrag til Kinnedomen of Sligtena Campanularia och Syncoryna, 1835, p. 281. Campanularia geniculata VAN BENEDEN, Mémoire sur les Campanulares de la Céte d’Ostend, 1844, p. 34. Campanularia dichotoma VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur l’embryogenie des Tubulaires, 1844, p. 41. Campanularia geniculata StrenstRuP, Untersuchungen ttber das Vorkommen des Hermaphodistismus in der Natur, 1846, p. 65. Campanularia geniculata LiivKen, Nogle Bemaerkninger om Medusernes Systematiske, etc., 1850, p. 32. Campanularia geniculata Scuunrze, Ueber der minnlichen Geschlechtstheile der Campanularia geniculata, 1850, - . O2. PN geniculata GEGENBAUER, Zur lehre yom Generationswechsel und der Fortpflanzung bei Medusen und Polypen, 1854, p. 163. Campanularia geniculata Linpstrém, Om utwecklingen of Sertularia pumila Linnaeus, 1855, p. 370. Laomedea geniculata GREENE, On the Acalephae of the Dublin Coast, 1859, p. 249. Campanularia geniculata Sars, M., Bidrag til Kundskaben om middlehavets Littoral-Fauna, 1857, p. 161. Laomedea dichotoma Wricut, Observations on Brit. Zooph., 1858, p. 450. Campanularia dichotoma Wrieut, Observations on Brit. Zooph., 1858, p. 453. Laomedea flecuosa AttMAN, Notes on the Hydroid Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 4, 1859, p. 138. Laomedea loveni Attman, Notes on the Hydroid Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 4, 1859, p. 188. Laomedea flecuosa Attman, Additional observations on the reproductive organs in the Hydroid Polypes, 1859, p. 310. Campanularia flecuosa AutmMaNn, Additional observations on the morphology of the reproductive organs of Hydroid Polypes, 1859, p. 316. Laomedea dichotoma Sars, M., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 359. Laomedea geniculata Sars, M., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 359. Campanularia lovent GREENE, A Manual of the Sub-Kingdom Coelenterata, 1861, p. 44. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 69 Laomedea loveni Hincxs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 7, 1861, p. 260. Laomedea lovent Wricut, Observations on Brit. Protozoa and Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 126. Laomedea flexuosa Autman, on the structure of the reproductive organs in certain Hydroid-Polypes, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 4, 1862, p. 56. Laomeda loveni KrrcHENPAUER, Die Seetonen der Elbmiindung, 1862, p. 23. Laomeda loveni Norman, Report 31st Meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1862, p. 152. Laomedea lovent Auber, Suppl. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1863, p. 237. Campanularia geniculata Sars, Bemeerkninger over fire norske Hydroider, 1863, p. 34. Campanularia geniculata ALLMAN, Report of 33rd meeting Brit. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1864, p. 381. Gonothyrea (Laomedea) lovent AtuMan, Report of 33rd Meeting of Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1864, p. 376. Laomedea loveni Attman, Report of 33rd Meeting of Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1864, p. 375. Gonothyrza lovent ALLMAN, Report of 33rd Meeting of Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1864, p. 374. Gonothyrea loveni H1ncks, Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, 1865, p. 412. Campanularia geniculata VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 150. Campanularia dichotoma VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Faune littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 150. Gonothyrxa lovent H1nxcxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 181. Gonothyrxa loveni Hincxs, Pop. Sci. Review, vol. 8, 1869, p. 45. Gonothyrea loveni Norman, Shetland final Dredging Report, vol. 2, 1869, p. 322. Gonothyrea lovent AutMAN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 55. Gonothyrxa lovent VERRILL, Proc. Amer. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Gonothyrxa lovent McInrosu, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 209. Gonothyrxa lovent Scuuuze, Nordsee Exped., Coelenteraten, 1874, p. 130. Gonothyrxa tenuis CLARK, New and rare species of Hydroids from the New England Coast, 1876, p. 61. Gonothyrea loveni WintTHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Hydroider, 1879-80, p. 220. Gonothyrxa loveni DE VARENNE, Sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hydraires, 1882, pp. 31, 62. Gonothyrza lovent Wr1sMANN, Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883, p. 131. Gonothyrea loveni THattwirz, Ueber die Entwicklung der mannlichen Keimzellen bei den Hydroiden, 1885, p. 426. Laomedea (Gonothyrea) loveni LevinsEN, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 170. Gonothyrea lovent CRAw¥ForD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. Gonothyrxa loveni Nuttine, Notes on Plymouth Hydroids, 1896, p. 3. Gonothyrea lovent Harttaus, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 451. Gonothyrxa loveni Nuttinc, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 352. Gonothyrxa loveni Hareirr, Synopsis of N. A. Invert. Hydromeduse, part 2, 1901, p. 386. Gonothyrza loveni Brtarp, Contribution & l'étude des Hydraires, 1904, p. 172. Gonothyrxa loveni JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 64. Laomedea loveni Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 228. Gonothyrxa loveni Bepot, Hydroides de Roscoff, 1911, p. 219. Gonothyrxa loveni Srecnow, Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 356. The synonymy of this species is greatly confused on account of the fact that early writers gave the name Sertularia dichotoma to two distinct species, 1. e., Gonothyrea loveni and Obelia dichotoma. The priority, however, seems to be in favor of Sertularia dichotoma (Linneus) 1758, which is the original name given to Obelia dichotoma. Trophosome.'— Colony consisting of a clump of branched stems attaining a height of 3 cm., although Allman mentions colonies 3 or 4 inches in height. The stems are quite irregularly branched, the details of the branches agreeing with those of the stem from which they spring. Stem and branches flexuose, with a series of 3 to 6 annulations immediately above each pedicel origin. Pedicels alternate, shorter than the hydrothece, gradually diminishing in diameter from proximal to distal end, and annulated throughout. The hydrothece are gracefully cam- panulate in form, gradually curved from about half their height to the base and the margin is ornamented with 10-12 sharply cut shallow teeth whose ends are squared off, thus giving a castellated appearance. The diaphragm is very low, leaving a scarcely appreciable basal chamber. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne near the axis of the pedicels and often in pairs. They are obconic in form, fully developed ones being about 1.5 times as long as the hydrothece and not quite twice as long as broad. The distal end is abruptly truncated and bears from 2-6 of the 1 Description of a specimen collected by the writer near Plymouth, England. 70 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. peculiar medusa-form ‘extra capsular sporosacs” of Hincks, characteristic of the genus. These are globular in general form. Allman, in reference to their resemblance to poppy seeds has called these structures ‘‘meconidia.”’ They are supported on short pedicels which rest ir a plug-like expansion of the blastostyle which fits into the top of the gonangium. The mecon- idia show four well-marked radial canals, and a cluster of numerous short, finger-like tentacles is borne on their distal ends. Within these capsules the ova develop into planule which then escape and lead a free life. In the male colonies the spermatozoa are developed from sporosacs within the meconidia. Inside of the gonangium is a blastostyle upon which are often seen the meconidia developing, the oldest one being above and the youngest below. Hincks' says that the tentacles borne on the male meconidia are smaller and less numerous than those on the female. : Distribution.—The type-locality for this species can hardly be determined with accuracy, but was probably on the British coast. It has been reported repeatedly from British shores. Sey- eral Scandinavian localities are given—e. g., Norway by Sars; Sweden (Broch, Jaderholm); Greenland (Levinsen); North Sea (Hartlaub); Denmark (Levinsen); Helgoland (Hartlaub); Belgium (van Beneden); Mediterranean (Baboc, according to Jiderholm). American records are given for the New England coast by Verrill and Nutting. A speci- men was also sent to the writer from the coast of Rhode Island by Dr. H.C. Bumpus. The species has not been reported from the Pacific nor from the South Atlantic. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 55 fathoms. GONOTHYRAA GRACILIS (Sars). Plate 17, fig. 3. Laomedea gracilis Sars, Beretning omen i Sommeren 1849 forletagen Zoologistk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken, 1851, p. 138. Laomedea (Campanularia) gracilis Sars, G. O., Bidrag til Kundskaben om middlehavets Littoral-Fauna, 1857, p. 161. Laomedea gracilis Hincxs, Cat. of Zooph. South Devon and South Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 260. Gonothyrxa gracilis ALLMAN, On the Construction and Limitation of Genera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 374. Gonothyrxa gracilis Hincxs, On New British Hydroids, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 18, 1866, p. 299. Campanularia gracilis VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 147. Gonothyrxa gracilis Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 183. Gonothyrxa gracilis Hincxs, Suppl. Cat. Zooph. South Devon and South Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 8, 1871, p. 80. Gonothyrxa gracilis VeRRILL, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Gonothyrxa gracilis Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 33. Gonothyrxa gracilis McInrosu, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 209. Gonothyrxa gracilis Verriu, Amer. Journ. Sci., 1875, p. 42. Gonothyrxa gracilis WINTHER, Fortegnelse de i Danmark Hydroiden, 1879-80, p. 240. Gonothyrexa gracilis Secrrstept, Bidrag til kannedomen om Hydroid-Fauna ud Sveriger Vestkust, 1889, p. 13. Gonothyrexa gracilis CrawrorpD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. Gonothyrexa gracilis Harttaus, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 451. Gonothyrea gracilis HArtLAUB, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Gonothyrea gracilis BriuaRD, Contribution a l’étude des Hydroides, 1904, p. 172. Gonothyrxa gracilis HAarrLAuB, Die Hydroiden du magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 583. Gonothyrxa gracilis RrrcH1e, On Collections of the Cape Verde Island Marine Fauna, Hydroids, 1907, p. 503. Gonothyrxa gracilis JApERHoLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 64. Laomedea gracilis Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 228. Laomedea gracilis Brocu, Hydroidenuntersuchungen, No. 3, 1912, p. 53. Trophosome.2—Colony branched in a sparing and irregular manner, about 8 mm. in height Main stem slender, with 5 to 8 annulations some distance above each branch origin. The branches and pedicels are abruptly bent upward at their origin, forming an acute angle with the stem or ‘ British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 183. * Description of a specimen collected near Beaufort, North Carolina, by C. M. Fraser. < THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 71 branch from which they arise and showing a group of usually 8 to 10 annulations near the bases. The pedicels are long and slender, with 3 to 6 annulations at their distal ends. Hydrothece deeply campanulate, almost tubular and about three times as long as wide, and having their margins ornamented with 12 or 14 very sharply pointed teeth. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne both on the rootstock and stems, oblong oval in shape, with the distal end truncated and the proximal end tapering toward the annulated pedicel. The extra capsular sporosacs are absent from the specimen described, but are characteristic of the species, and, according to Sars, they each contain two ova in female colonies. Distribution American. New England coast (Verrill); Beaufort, N. C. (Fraser). General. Norway (Sars); Sweden (Segerstedt); Denmark (Winther); Helgoland (Hart- laub); Belgium (van Beneden); British coasts (Hincks); Cape Verde Islands (Ritchie); Chilean coast (Hartlaub); French coast (Billard); Mediterranean (Sars). Calkins erroneously reports this species from Puget Sound, mistaking it for a species belong- ing to another genus, Clytia edwardsi. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 110 fathoms. GONOTHYRAA CLARKII (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Plate 17, fig. 4. Gonothyrxa hyalina Cuark, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 215. Laomedea (Gonothyrxa) clarkii MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden von Ost-Spitzbergen, 1895, p. 408. ? Gonothyrxa hyalina Hartiavus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 358. Gonothyrxa clarki Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 55. Gonothyrxa clarkii JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 65. Gonothyrxa clarkii FRaAsER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 36. Trophosome..—Colonies consisting of a tuft of upright stems growing on a common base. Stems sinuous, dark horn-brown proximally, lightening distally. Branching irregular, but with a tendency to an alternate arrangement, some of the branches themselves branching. In some cases there is a tendency toward dichotomous branching. Stem and branches with groups of usually 2 or3 annulations just above the origins of branches or pedicels, sometimes more numerous. Pedicels alternate, ordinarily much shorter than the hydrothece, but often distinctly longer, in which case there is usually a median smooth part with both ends annulated. Hydrothece slender, deeply campanulate, their upper portions being almost tubular. The lower part narrow- ing gradually to meet the stem. The margin bears a number of veryshallow and usually uneven teeth. Diaphragm distinct, leaving a rather large basal chamber. Hydranths with a trumpet- shaped hypostome and numerous tentacles. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne on the stem, branches, and sometimes on the base of the colony. Ordinarily they are in the axils of hydrothece or branches. They are obconical in form, rather slender with a flattened top on which medusoid meconidia, usually two or three in number, rest. These latter show no radial canals, but have a cluster of fingerlike tentacles on the distal end. Within the gonangium is a blastostyle bearing from 1 to 5 developing meco- nidia. Distribution.—The type-locality for this species is Davis Bay, Hast Spitzbergen. Reported also from Alaska at several stations down to 25 fathoms (Clark) ; and Californian coast at Oakland (Torrey). This species illustrates one of the few instances in which two authors have given the same name to the same species. Marktanner-Turneretscher and Torrey having each named this form after Clark who originally identified it as Gonothyraea hyalina. Specimens apparently of this species sent me from Puget Sound by Prof. Trevor Kincaid are very profusely branched, and attain a height of 5in. Vancouver (Fraser). 1 Description of a specimen kindly sent me by Dr. H. B. Torrey, from Oakland, California. 79, AMERICAN HYDROIDS. ? GONOTHYRZA INORNATA Nutting. Plate 17, figs. 5-7. Gonothyrxa inornata Nutrina, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 175. Gonothyrxa inornata FraAsER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 37. Trophosome.'—Colony consisting of a tuft of upright branches springing from a common stem. Height 3.6 em. The stem proper is very short, almost immediately breaking up into a number of long, delicate upright branches. The branches often themselves branching in a dicho- tomous manner, slightly flexuose and rather thick, although often quite translucent. Imme- diately above each pedicel origin the stem bears usually 2 or 3 strongly marked annulations. The pedicels are alternate, about the length of the hydrothecex, annulated throughout, usually with 8 to 12 annulations and decreasing in diameter from basal to proximal ends. They are erect in posture, being nearly parallel with the branch from which they spring. The hydrothece are subtriangular in outline, obconical in form, usually about 1.3 times as long as broad. The margin is even, without regular teeth or ornamentation of any kind. The margin of one hydrotheca is about on a level with the base of the pedicel next above it. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in the axils of the pedicels, rather slender, ovate or obconical in form, the upper part of the walls sometimes slightly wrinkled transversely, and with a flat- tened top, upon which, in the older ones, rests a round sack-like ‘‘meconidium” or more properly acrocyst without medusoid features, containing developing planule or sporosacs. In less mature gonangia a single one of these sacklike structures is supported on a blastostyle in the upper part of the gonangium. Distribution.—Known only from the type-locality, Yakutat Bay, Alaska. There is some doubt regarding the systematic position of this species, but on the whole it appears to be most nearly allied to Gonothyrea, from which it differs in having no medusoid features to the meconidia. Genus OBELIA Péron and Lesueur, modified by Hinecks. Obelia PéRon and Lesurur, Histoire générale des Méduses, Ann. du Mus., vol. 14, 1810, p. 43. Campanularia prolifera Meyen, Uber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 198. Thaumantias (part) Forses, British Naked-eyed Meduse, 1848, p. 41. Eucope (part) GEGENBAUER, Systemes de meduse, Zeits. Wissensch. Zool.; vol. 8, pt. 2, 1857, p. 241. Obelia and Eucope L. Acassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, 1862, p. 351. Obelia and Eucope A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, pp. 83, 91. Obelia and Schizocladium AttMan, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 18. Obelia and Schizocladium Browne, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 50, 1906, p. 645. Obelia McCravy, Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1857, p. 94. Obelia Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 146. Laomedea (part) Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 189. With the exception above noted all writers since McCrady (1857) that I have consulted have used the name Obelia in its modern sense. While McCrady was the first writer to identify the hydroid form of this genus with the medusa deseribed by Péron and Lesueur, Hincks in his British Hydroid Zoophytes (1868) was the first one to cast the definition in modern form. The following definition will serve for the present work. Trophosome——Colony branched; hydrothece companulate, with a distinct diaphragm. Hydranths with a trumpet-shaped proboscis. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on stems and branches and producing meduse with a disk- like form, short four-lipped proboscis, 8 lithocysts and usually 8 or more marginal tentacles at liberation. 6 KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS OBELIA, Main stem fascicled. Marginal. teeth ‘bicuspidate: 525084: ecstasy an eee oe ee eee er EE COe ECE eer eeeee a Marginal teeth not bicuspidate. THE CAMPANULARIDA AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. Main stem simple. Hydrothecal margin with bimucronate teeth. 73 Hydrothecal wall TalbeNiGel Enon on ae aces on ee pod adocsadosuaneaz accom Ses seo so +a ees Soto austrogorgia. Hydrothecal wall not FH eIoe Soe ac cee code ar @noman dueun susadamencene azc SBE IE SETS RS OS RST corona. Hydrothecal margin even or undulating. Pedicels borne in pairs, the two individuals of a pair arising from the same side ofa branch. ...------.---- gracilis. Pedicels not regularly in pairs. Stem geniculate. Pedicels borne on pronounced shoulders of stem... -------------++++--+-- 555075 se snes geniculata. Shoulders absent or inconspicuous. Margin undulating, slightly jMbeMGGlsecohonsbesteas ear Saaee ee cusn eee one snare eta ocheocs dubia Margin smooth, not plicated. Podieelapanmulatedsthnoue toc tess ee ae etic) allele ices enn hyalina. Pedicelssmooth on median portion .--------2---- <<< = 22-0905 braziliensis. GrariiGistine lp ex lOSeaee Meer eae seen p aor tcct ecole: oaneealaaiar Eanun nanan ee nnny surcularis. Stem neither distinctly geniculate nor flexuose. 5 to 8 annulations above each branch and pedicel origin.....-------------222+ 22207777 7= 2775 dichotoma. 5 or less annulations above each branch and pedicel origin. TBeamchcartromlalllltsid ea)(o fis tern eee ee sete etereacial akatctaiea te aE commissuralis. Branches alternate or opposite. 7 Ultimate branchings regularly dichotomous. -..-----------+++2+-7 > 755555 so soso flabellata. Branchings regularly alternate. Branches form flabellate structure..-..--------------- 2-7-7772 torr longissima. Brame hoamot distinc tlyatlabellatese=msest =) c-kit ieislelsisa iam ganna griffini. Branchings very irregular, tending to form flabellate structure, no hydrothecal teeth. --- OBELIA GENICULATA (Linnzus.) Plate 18, figs. 1-5. Sertularia geniculata LINNEUS, Systema Nature, ed. 10, 1758, p. 812. Sertularia geniculata LINNEUS, Fauna Suecica, 1761, p. 541. Sertularia geniculata HoutTtuyn, Natuurlyke Historie, vol. 17, 1761-73, p. 363. Sertularia geniculata PALLAS, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 117. Sertularia geniculata LINNEUS, Systema Nature, ed. 12, 1767, p. 1312. Sertularia geniculata BoDDAERT, in Pallas, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 147. Sertularia geniculata FoRrsKAL, Descriptiones Annimalium, 1776, Pp. XXVi. Sertularia geniculata MaratTTl, De Plantis Zoophytes et Lithophytes, 1776, Pp. 34. Sertularia geniculata GRONOVIUS, Zoophylacium gronovianum, vol. 3, 1781, p. 356. Sertularia geniculata Exuis and SotanpER, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, Pp. 49. Sertularia geniculata WILKINS and Hersst, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, vol. 2, 1787, p. 157. Sertularia geniculata GMELIN, in Linnzeus, Systema Nature, ed. 13, 1788-93, vol. 1, p. 3854. Sertularia geniculata BERKENHOUT, Synopsis Nat. Hist. Gt. Britain and Ireland, 1789, vol. 1, p. 218. Sertularia geniculata Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 1802, vol. 3, p. 99. Sertularia geniculata TURTON, British Fauna, 1807, p. 215. Sertularia geniculata JAMESON, Cat. Animals of the Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564. Sertularia geniculata LAMOUROUX, Bull. soc. philomatique, vol. 3, 1812, p. 184. Sertularia geniculata OKEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, pt. 3, 1815, p. 92. Sertularia geniculata LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 2, 1816, p. 120. Laomedea geniculata LAMOUROUX, Histoire des Polypiers Coralligenes Flexibles, 1816, p. 208. Sertularia geniculata STEWART, Elements of Nat. Hist. of Anim. Kingdom, vol. 2, 1817, p. 446. Sertularia geniculata SCHWEIGGER, Beobachtungen auf Naturhistorischen Reisen, 1819, p. 18. borealis. Sertularia geniculata DESLONGCHAMPS in Lamouroux, Extrait d’un travail. Introduction 4 Histoire des Zoophytes, 1824, p. 482. Sertularia geniculata HorrMaN, Hinige Bemerkungen tber die Vegetation und die Fauna von Helgoland, 1824, p. 208. Sertularia geniculata Hoae, On the Nat, Hist. of the vicinity of Stockton on Tees, 1827, p. 33. Campanularia geniculata FLEMING, Hist. Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 548. Sertularia geniculata DELLE Outage, Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre, 1822-30, vol. 4, p. 126. Laomedea geniculatd BLAINVILLE, Article ‘““Zoophytes’’ in Dictionaire des Sciences naturelles, vol. 60, 1830, p. Sertularia geniculata CUVIER, Le Régne Animal, vol. 3, 1830, p. 300. 439. Campanularia geniculata Jounston, Descriptive catalogue of the recent zooph. found on the Coast of N. Durham, 1832, p. 285. Laomedea geniculata BLAINVILLE, Manual d’Actinologie, 1834, p. 474. Campanularia geniculata JOHNSTON, Cat. Zooph. of Berwickshire, 1834, p. 107. Campanularia prolifera MEYEN, Uber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 195. 74 } AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Campanularia cavolinii M. Epwarps, in Cuvier, Le Régne Animal, 1836-49, pp. 133, 139. Sertularia geniculata M. Epwarps, in Cuvier, Le Régne Animal, 1836-49, p. 149. Laomedea geniculata TEMPLETON, A cat. of rayed animals in Ireland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1836, p. 466. Campanularia geniculata M. Epwarps, in Cuvier, Le Régne Animal, 1836-49, p. 166. Laomedea geniculata Costa, Fauna del regno di Napoli, Zoofite, 1838, p. 16. Laomedea geniculata Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1838, p. 151. Laomedea geniculata Coucn, An Essay on the Zoophytes of Cornwall, 1841, p. 46. Laomedea geniculata Hassaut, Cat. Irish Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, 1841, p. 169. Sertularia geniculata DELLE CutasE, Animali senza vertebre, 1841-44, vol. 5, p. 8. Laomedea geniculata LaNpsBorouGH, On Phosphorescence of Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, 1842, p. 258. Laomedea geniculata McGruttvray, Cat. Marine Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 465. Laomedea geniculata Westenporp, Ann. Soc. medico-surgicale de Bruges, vol. 4, 1843, p. 25. Sertularia cavolinii K6ut1KER, Ueber die Randkérper der Quallen, Polypen und Strahlthiere, 1843, p. 81. Laomedea geniculata Taomeson, Report on Fauna of Ireland, Invert., 1844, p. 283. ELaomedea geniculata Coucu, On the morphology of Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 15, 1845, p. 163. Laomedea geniculata Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 103. Laomedea geniculata LaNDsBorovGH, A poem and excursion to Arran, 1847, p. 366. Laomedea geniculata Gray, List Brit. Anim., 1848, p. 84. Laomedea geniculata LanpsBorovGH, List of Zooph. in west of Scotland, Proc. Philos. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 2, 1848, p. 233. Laomedea geniculata Cocks, Contributions to Fauna of Plymouth, 1849, p. 193. Campanularia geniculata Owrn, On parthenogenesis in the successive production of procreating individuals from a single ovum, 1849, p. 12. Laomedea geniculata Coucu, On the morphology of the different organs of Zooph., 1851, p. 26. Campanularia (Laomedea) geniculata Maituann, Descriptio systematica animalia Belgii, etc., 1851, p. 45. Laomedea geniculata M. Sars, Nyt. Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 6, 1851, p. 730. Laomedea geniculata H1ncxs, Notes on the Reproduction of Camipamuleridse! iN, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 1852, p. 85. Laomedea geniculata LanpsBorovex, A popular history of Brit. Zooph., 1852, p. 96. ?Sertularia geniculata CAvouini, Memoire postume sceverate della schide autografe de Filippo Cavolini, 1853, p. 117. Laomedea geniculata Gosst, Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast, 1853, p. 39. Campanularia cavolinti K6ttrKER, Polypen-Quallen, 1853, p. 302. Campanularia geniculata K6utIKER, Polypen-Quallen, 1853, p. 303. Sertularia cavolinii KOuu1KER, Polypen-Quallen, 1853, p. 302. Laomedea geniculata Sars, Bemaerkninger over dit adriatiske Havs Fauna, 1853, p. 379. Campanularia cavolinii GEGENBAUER, Zur Lehre yon Generationwechsel und der Fortpflanzung bei medusen und polypen, 1854, p. 217. Laomedea geniculata IrvinE, Cat. Zooph. found in Dublin Bay, 1854, p. 245. Laomedea geniculata Gossr, Manual Marine Zoology, vol. 1, 1855, p. 24. Laomedea geniculata Lixpstrém, Bidrag til kinnedomen om Ostersjéns Invertebrat-fauna, 1855, p. 73. Laomedea geniculata TEMeLER, Some remarks on the marine fauna of the south of Devon, 1855, p. 4576. Laomedea geniculata Gossr, Tenby: a seaside holiday, 1856, p. 24. , Campanularia geniculata Huxuery, Lectures on general Natural History, vols. 14, 1856, p. 24. Laomedea geniculata THompson, Nat. Hist. of Ireland, vol. 12, 1856, p. 458. Laomedea geniculata GREENE, On the Acalephe of the Dublin Coast, 1857, p. 175. Thaumantias lucifera GREENE, On the Acalephe of the Dublin Coast, 1857, p. 175. Thaumantias diaphana Moércu, Fortegnelse over Grgnlands Blgddyr, 1857, p. 24. Laomedea geniculata AupER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1858, p. 95. Laomedea geniculata Wrieaut, Observations on British Zooph., 1858, p. 452. Laomedea geniculata AutMAN, Notes on Hydroid Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 4, 1859, p. 187. Campanularia (Laomedea) geniculata ALLMAN, Notes on Hydroid Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 4, 1859, p. 137. Thaumantia lucida McOrapy, Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1859, p. 84. Laomedea geniculata McCrapy, Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1859, p. 94. Campanularia geniculata GREENE, A Manual of Sub-kingdom Ceelenterata, 1861, p. 90. Thaumantias lucifera GREENE, A Manual of Sub-kingdom Coelenterata, 1861, p. 129. Laomedea geniculata Hincxs, Cat. Zooph. South Devon and South Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 259. Laomedea geniculata Wriaut, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 227. Eucope diaphana L. Acassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. §., vol. 4, 1862, p. 322. Eucope lucifera L. Aaassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. 8., vol. 4, 1862, p. 351. Laomedea geniculata KircHENPAUER, Die Seetonnen der Elbmtindung, 1862, p. 17. Laomedca geniculata ALDER, Report on Zoophytes, 1863, p. 290. Laomedea geniculata Wriaut, Observations on Brit. Zooph., 1863, p. 280. Obelia geniculata ALLMAN, Construction and Limitation of Genera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 18, 1864, p. 372. Obelia diaphana AutMaN, Construction and Limitation of Genera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Laomedea geniculata ALLMAN, Report on the present state of our knowledge of the Reproductive System in the Hydroida, 1864, p. 401. ES THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 75 Campanularia geniculata KoutrKer, Kurzer Bericht tiber einige im Herbst 1864, an der Westktiste von Schottland angestellte vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen, 1864, p. 233. Eucope alternata A. Acasstz, North Amer. Acalephee, 1865, p. 223. Eucope fusiformis A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, p. 183. Eucope diaphana A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, p. 62. Thaumantias lucida A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, p. 85. Thaumantias diaphana A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephz, 1865, p. 86. Laomedea geniculata A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephze, 1865, p. 86. Eucope polygena A. Acassrz, North Amer. Acalephe, 1865, p. 86.> Campanularia geniculata Hixcxs, New Brit. Hydroids, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 18, 1866, p. 297. Laomedea geniculata McInrosu, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 5, 1866, p. 602. Laomedea geniculata Parrirr, Additions to the Zooph. of Devonshire, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 18, 1866, p. 12. Laomedea geniculata AtpER, Report on Zooph., 1867, p. 49, Thaumantias lucida VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Faune littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 52. Campanularia geniculata Marcusen, Zur Fauna des Schwarzen Meeres, 1867, p. 358. Obelia geniculata Norman, Report Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1867, p. 199. Obelia (Laomedea) geniculata Atrman, Report Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1867, p. 77. Laomedea geniculata Hetter, Zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres, 1868, p. 45. Obelia geniculata Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 149. Campanularia geniculata Donrrz, Sitzber d. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, 1869, p. 10. Obelia geniculata Htncxs, Pop. Sci. Rev., 1869, p. 231. Obelia geniculata Norman, Shetland final Dredging Report, vol. 2, 1869, p. 322. Eucope lucifera Norman, Shetland final Dredging Report, vol. 2, 1869, p. 326. Laomedea geniculata AttmMan, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 36. ? Schizicladium ramosum AttMaN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 151. Campanularia geniculata Merzcer, Die wirbellosen Meeresthiere der ostfriesischen Kiiste, 1871, p. 35. Thaumantias ludida Pancert, Intorno alla sede del movimento luminoso nelle meduse, 1871, p. 141. Campanularia geniculaia Scuutze, Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung von Cordylophora lacustris, 1871, p. 21. Laomedea geniculata SpaAGNottnt, Catalogo degli acalefi discofori del Golfo di Napoli, 1871, p. 186. Obelia geniculata Scuutze, Nordsee Exped., 1872, p. 129. Obelia geniculata Verri1, Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 1873, p. 727. Obelia geniculata Verri1, Proc. Amer. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Obelia geniculata Verriu, Amer. Journ. Sci., 1874, p. 41. Obelia geniculata Vern, Amer. Journ. Sci., 1874, p. 133. Obelia geniculata WintHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Hydroida, 1877-80, p. 235. Obelia geniculata MrresKowsky, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 1878, p. 323. Obelia geniculata Verrit1, Check-list of Marine Invert., 1879, p. 16. Obelia geniculata DE VARENNE, Sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hydraires, 1882, p. 49. Obelia geniculata HAMANN, Organismus du Hydroidpolypen, 1882, p. 54. Obelia geniculata Fewxes, Embryological Monographs, vol. 3, 1884, pl. 3, fig. 5a. Obelia geniculata AtuMAN, Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 23. Obelia geniculata Bourn®, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1889-90, p. 394. Obelia geniculata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 207. Laomedea (Obelia) geniculata LevinseN, Annulata, Hydroider, etc., 1893, p. 368. Obelia geniculata CRAWFORD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. Obelia geniculata Nurtine, Notes on Plymouth Hydroids, 1896, p. 2. Obelia geniculata Hartiaus, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 451. Obelia geniculata Vers.uys, Hydraires Calypteroblastes de la mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 30. Obelia geniculata Harerrr, Synopsis of N. A. Invert., 1901, p. 382. Obelia geniculata Harriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 302. Obelia geniculata Nurrine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 351. Obelia geniculata Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 59. - Obelia diaphana Browne, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 9, 1902, p. 281. Obelia geniculata BruuaRD, Contributions a l'étude des Hydroides, 1904, p. 166. Obelia geniculata JapERHoLM, Hydroiden aus den Kiisten von Chili, 1904, p. 2. Obelia diaphana Harerrr, Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 24, 1904, p. 48. Obelia geniculata TorREY, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 15. Obelia geniculata Hartiaus, Résultats du voyage du 8. Y. Belgica, Hydroiden, 1904, p. 5. Obelia geniculata Brocu, Nord-See Hydroiden, 1905, p. 12. Obelia geniculata Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 581. Obelia geniculata JApERHOLM, Aussereuropiiische Hydroiden, 1905, p. 270. Obelia geniculata JApERHOLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 16. Obelia geniculata Hickson and Gravety, National Antarctic Exped., The Hydroids, 1907, p. 30. Obelia geniculata Rrrcure, Hydroida of the Scottish Nat. Antarctic Exped., 1907, p. 528. Laomedea (Obelia) geniculata Brocu, Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 190. 76 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Obelia geniculata JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 62. Obelia geniculata Mayer, Medusz of the World, vol. 2, 1910, p. 250. Obelia geniculata Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 39. Obelia geniculata Srecuow, Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostkiiste, part 2, 1913, p. 70. Trophosome.'—Colonies growing from a creeping rootstock on a laminarian and attaining a height of 14 mm. Stems usually unbranched, regularly geniculate and divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a strong projecting shoulder or expansion on its distal end where it is much broader than at its proximal end, the internodes sometimes being rudely tri- angular in outline. The outer side of each internode has a remarkable thickening of the peri- sare which reaches its maximum just below the insertion of the pedicel, and which is very well illustrated by Hincks in figure 1a, plate 25 of his ‘‘ British Hydroid Zoophytes.” The branches, when present, are like the stem. Pedicels alternate, very short, usually shorter than the hydro- thecx, with usually 3 to 5 annulations and the diameter decreasing rapidly from proximal to distal end. Hydrothece rather broadly campanulate, often triangular in outline and with a strongly marked, perfectly even margin. The diaphragm is well marked. Gonosome.—The gonangia are usually borne in the axils of the pedicels. They are oblong- ovate in shape, the distal end being broader than the proximal and sometimes showing a sort of shoulder, beyond which it rapidly narrows to a short conical neck terminating in a small round aperture. Within the gonangia are numerous developing meduse thickly crowded around a cen- tral blastostyle. Medusz, at liberation, with a disk-shaped bell, 16-24 marginal tentacles, a short, square-lipped manubrium, 4 radial canals under which the ovaries are hung, and 8 lithocysts on the lower sides of the bases of 8 of the tentacles. Adult meduse are described by Mayer? as differ- ing from the freshly liberated ones mainly in the greater size (6 mm. in diameter), about 100 stiff tentacles and the position of the ovaries which lie nearer the margin than the gastric cavity. Distribution —This is one of the most widely distributed of all the hydroids, and one of the best known. It was originally reported from British coasts, and has been found in practically all suitable localities on European shores from the Mediterranean to the polar region and on the Atlantic coast of America south to the West Indies (Versluys). On the west coast of America it has been reported from San Diego, California (Torrey). It has been reported by various writers from the Antarctic, Terra del Fuego, Straits of Magellan, coast of Chile. In the Western Pacific it is reported from Japan, Philippine Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Moluccas, Aru Islands, Malay Archipelago, etc. It is therefore world-wide in distribution, and being a shallow-water form, has probably been collected more frequently than any other species. : It is probable that the habit of growing on floating seaweed, timbers, etc., together with its profuse production of meduse has had much to do with the success of this species in attain- ing a cosmopolitan distribution. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 35 fathoms. OBELIA HYALINA Clarke. Plate 18, figs. 6-7. Obelia hyalina CLARKE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, No. 10, 1879, p. 241. Obelia hyalina Verstuys, Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueillis dans les Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 39. Obelia hyalina Picrer and Bepvor, Hydraires provenant des campagnes de 1’ Hirondelle, 1900, p. 8. Obelia hyalina THorNuEY, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, The Hydroida, 1904, p. 113. Obelia hyalina Conapon, Hydroids of the Bermudas, 1907, p. 468. Obelia hyalina Brstarp, Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroides, 1907, p. 170. Obelia congdoni Haratrr, Hydroids of Woods Hole, 1909, p. 375. ? Obelia hyalina Srecuow, Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 354. Trophosome.2~—Colony delicate, consisting of a number of stems springing from a creeping rootstoc ock, and attaining a height of 1 em. Stem simple, rather feebly but regularly geniculate, : De sscription of a specimen collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, by the author in 1904. 2 Medusee of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 250. 3 Description of specimen Collected by C. M. Fraser at Beaufort, North Carolina, THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDZ2. 77 with a slight shoulder at the distal end of each internode and 3 or 4 annulations above each shoulder. Pedicels alternate, borne on the “shoulders” referred to, longer than the hydrothece and annulated throughout. Hydrothecz small, exceedingly delicate in structure, varying con- siderably in shape, pee sometimes campanulate and sometimes triangular in outline, margin entire, diaphragm very low and indistinct. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in the axils of the pedicels, elongate obronieallk in shape, with a wide terminal aperture surmounting a broad, conspicuous oalline They vary greatly in size, being from twice to four times the itecath of the hydrothecw. Contents, developing medusz of the Obelia type. Disiribution.—The type-locality is 10 miles north of Zoblos Island. Reported from Ber- mudas (Congdon) ; Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Hargitt) ; Beaufort, North Carolina (Fraser). The species is also reported from Ceylon (Thornley) ; West Indies (Versluys); Eastern Atlantic, Gulf of Cadiz, Morocco, and Azores (Billard); and Fingal, 130 meters (Pictet and Bedot). Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 68 fathoms. OBELIA BRAZILIENSIS (Meyen). Plate 18, figs. 8, 9. Campanularia braziliensis Meyen, Uber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 198, pl. 32, fig. 5. Obelia braziliensis HartiauB, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 581. The writer has not seen this species, and presents the following description, which is taken partly from the original description of Meyen and partly from his figures: Trophosome.—Colony small and delicate, growing from a creeping rootstock on floating sea weed. Stem not fascicled, geniculate, bearmg usually alternate branchlets or pedicels and usually with 3 annulations just above the origins of branchlets or pedicels. Pedicels long, with 2 or 3 distal annulations and a group of 3 to 5 at the proximal end. Hydrothece regularly campanulate, usually deeper than wide and with an even margin. Hydranth with about 16 tentacles. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in the axils of branchlets and pedicels, elongate ovate in shape, more than twice as long as broad, and ending distally in a round aperture which is slightly elevated on a sloping neck which passes insen- sibly into the shoulderlike distal end of the body of the gonangium. In the specimen figured there is an annular con- striction about one-third the way up the gonangial wall. I have seen no account of the gonangial contents. Hartlaub places it in the genus Obelia, and it is therefore probable that meduse have been demonstrated. Distribution.—Found growing profusely on floating sea weed, especially on Fucus, off the Brazilian coast (Meyen). OBELIA DUBIA Nutting. Plate 19, fig. 1. Obelia dubia Nuttine, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 174. Obelia dichotoma (part) HartiauB, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 580. Obelia dubia (=Obelia dichotoma Hincks) Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 248. Obelia dubia Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 39. Trophosome.'—Colony attaining a height of about 3-4 inches; stem sparingly branched, the main stem and larger branches sinuous or slightly geniculate, giving forth pedicels singly or in opposite pairs at the bends. Pedicels rather long and annulated throughout, the stem also more extensively annulated than in most species of the genus. Hydrothece large, tubular, with very shallow undulations around the margin, from between which lines run down for a short distance on the surface of the hydrothece. Gonosome.—Unknown. Distribution.—Orea, Alaska (Harriman Alaska Expedition). Puget Sound specimen from Kincaid. Hartlaub’? may be right in considering this species as O.dichotoma, but the present writer preferso t retain it on the strength of the more tubular hydrothece and much larger pedicels of the Alaskan form. 1 As the writer has no specimen of this species at hand, the description is copied from his original description of this form. 2 Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 580. 55968°—15 6 ~I io) AMERICAN HYDROIDS. OBELIA GRACILIS Calkins. Plate 19, figs. 2-4 Obelia gracilis CALKINS, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 353. Obeha gracilis Hartiaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Obelia gracilis Mayer, Medusee of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromedus, 1910, p. 253. Obelia gracilis FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 39. Trophosome.'—Colony erect 11 mm. in height. Stem simple. Main stem flexuose, giving off pedicels at the bends. Pedicels usually in pairs, both individuals of a pair, however, being given off from the same side of the stem, the pairs alternating in position. The two pedicels of a pair are of unequal length, one being noticeably shorter than the other; the longer being as much as twice the length of the hydrotheca, while the shorter is less than half the length of the hydrotheca. Each bears two or more annulations at its base. The hydrothecz are large, campanulate, with sinuous margin and a well-marked diaphragm. Those with the shorter pedicels bemg noticeably larger than those with the longer pedicels. Gronosome.—The gonangia are borne in the axils of the pedicels, one to each pair of the latter. They are much elongated, “club shaped,” as Calkins says, with a distinct collar, the blasto- style is covered on all sides by the very numerous medusa buds. According to Calkins the medusze have 28 marginal tentacles. Distribution.—The type and only known locality is Seow Bay, Port Townsend Harbor, Puget Sound. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 10 fathoms (?). ? OBELIA PLICATA Hincks. Plate 19, figs. 5, 6. Obelia plicata Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 159. Obelia plicata NorMAN, Shetland final Dredging Report, vol. 2, 1869, p. 256. Obeha plicata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 208. Obelia plicata Nurtine, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741. Obelia plicata CaLKins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 357. Obelia plicata Nurrmye, Hydroids of Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 173. Obeclia plicata HartiausB, Hydroiden aus dem Balen Ocean, 1901, p. 351. Obelia plicata MayER, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, 1901, p. 353. Obelia plicata FrasER, West Coast Hydroids, Sik i. 32" Laomedia (Obelia) dichotoma (part) Brocu, Hydroidenuntersuchungen, No. 3, 1912, p. 54. Trophosome.’—Colony considerably broken, but attaining a height of 16.5 em. the main stem and the longer branches are fascicled. The component tubes being not so numerous and larger than in Obelaria gelatinosa. The branches become simple in their distal parts and almost winds in color. The nonfascicled parts of the branches are annulated just above the origin of the branchlets and pedicels, the annulations being in groups of usually 3 or 4. The pedicels are attenuate, shorter than the hydrothece and annulated throughout. The hydrothecx are deeply campanulate and much like those of O. dichotoma. The margin is entire. Gonosome.—Gonangia like those of O. dichotoma (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Distribution.—The type-locality is Shetland (J. G. Jeffreys, according to Hincks). Great Cumbray, Scottish coast (Frauenfeld, according to Marktanner-Tur Mercechene Puget Sound and Orca, Alaska (Nutting) ; Juneau, Mipsis Gane: aid). This species is very close to 0. dichotoma, from which it differs mainly in the fascicled stem. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 10 fathoms ?. ' Description of a specimen from Puget Sound mounted on a slide, kindly loaned the author by Prof. Gary N. Calkins, the discoverer of the spec ies Zi The specimen described is from Umaleain, Alaska, where it was collected from piles by Prof. Trevor Kincaid, Sept., 1897. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 79 OBELIA CORONA Torrey. Plate 20, figs. 1-2. Obelia corona Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 14: Obelia corona Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 253. Obelia corona Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 38. Trophosome.'—Colony very small, about 4mm. in height growing from a creeping rootstock and symbiotic on a sponge. Stem short, monosiphonic, strongly flexuose or even geniculate, but without the broad shoulder-like process upon which the pedicels are seated as in O. geniculata. There is a group of annulations just above each pedicel origin. Sometimes pedicels are borne directly on the rootstock. . Pedicels alternate, usually short, consisting of 2 or 3 strong annu- lations. The pedicels of terminal hydrothece are long, sometimes twice as long as the hydro- theca, with two or three annulations on the distal end and several on the proximal end, the median part beng smooth. Hydrothecz quite large, in proportion to size of the colony, deeply campanulate, usually about twice as long as broad and with the margin ornamented by 10 or 12 well-marked bimucronate teeth which are well separated and clearly cut. The diaphragm is well-marked and rather low. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne both on the stem and creeping rootstock. They are oblong-ovate in form, the distal end being the broader and the proximal end narrowing to the short annulated pedicel. There is a very short, inconspicuous collar and a very broad aperture. The gonangia are about 14 times as long as the hydrothece and contain typical meduse of the genus Obelia. Distribution —The type-locality is the only one known, San Diego Bay, California, where it is found on a sponge growing on piles under wharves. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 10 fathoms. I can not agree with Mayer when he says? referring to this species ‘‘Probably a variety of O. geniculata with toothed margins to the hydrothecx.” On the contrary O. corona bears but little resemblance to the well-known O. geniculata when details are considered. It seems to the present writer to be an unusually well-defined species. -OBELIA AUSTRO-GEORGIZ Jaderholm. Plate 20, figs. 3-4. Obelia austro-georgix JADERHOLM, Mitteilungen ueber einige von den Schwedischen Antarktischen Exped. 1901-03, eingesammelte Hydroiden, 1904, p. vil. Obelia austro-georgix JADERHOLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meere, 1905, p. 17. Trophosome.2—Colony (the basal part lacking) 8 mm. in height, stem simple, erect, and curved with an abrupt bend opposite the origin of each branch or pedicel. Branching sparse and irregular, the branches bearing the pedicels and curving abruptly above each pedicel base. Both stems and branches bear well-marked groups of annulations above the branch and pedicel origins, the number of annulations in a group being usually 5 or 6. The pedicels are quite short and look like the continuation of the branch from which they spring, this appearance being due to the abrupt curve in the branches already referred to. The pedicels are usually less than one-quarter the length of the hydrothece and bear 3 to 6 strong annulations. The hydrothece are rather large for this genus, rather slender, funnel-shaped; about twice as long as wide at the margin. The margin is ornamented with about 14 sharply cut, turreted, or rather, bimucronate teeth, between which sharply defined vertical lines run down the hydro- thecal wall sometimes for about one-quarter the length of the latter. These lines give a pleated appearance to some of the hydrothecx. The diaphragm is somewhat oblique, in side view, and 1 Description of specimen kindly sent me by Doctor Torrey, the original describer of the species, from San Diego Bay, the type-locality. 2?Meduse of the World, vol. 2, 1904, p. 242. 3 Description of a specimen (cotype) sent me by Dr. Elof Jiiderholm and labeled ‘‘Obelia austro-georgize mihi, Sudgeorgien, Cumberland Bay, 1902, Svenska antarkt. Exped.” 80 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. the basal chamber rather deep. The hydrothece are not so delicate and are longer than those of Obelia bidentata Clarke which they otherwise resemble. Gonosome.—Unknown. Distribution —The type-locality is Cumberland Bay, South Georgia. No other locality is known. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 10 fathoms. OBELIA BICUSPIDATA Clark. Plate 20, figs. 5-6. Obelia bicuspidata+O. bidentata CLARK, On New and Rare species of Hydroids, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. 3, 1876, p. 58. Obelia bicuspidata+-O. bidentata Nuttina, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 351. Obelia bidentata Hararrr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., Amer. Nat., 1901, p. 383. Obelia bidentata JipERHOLM, Aussereuropaischen Hydroiden, 1905, p. 270. Obelia bidentata Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 254. Trophosome.'—Colony 2.1 em. in height, base lacking. The stem and main branches are strongly fascicled. Branches very irregular in disposition, most of the larger ones springing from one side of what appears to be the main stem. - The smaller branches and distal parts of the longer ones are monosiphonic and the branchlets are alternate and bear groups of annu- lations above the origin of the branchlets and pedicels. The pedicels are regularly alternate in, position and vary in length from one-quarter to one-half the length of the hydrothece, the terminal pedicels being still longer. The hydrothece are large, long, almost tubular, sometimes 3 times as long as broad. The hydrothecal walls show strong longitudinal lines, as if they were pleated, particularly evident in the distal two-thirds of the hydrotheca. The margim is orna- mented by a circlet of bidentate teeth 14 to 20 in number. The vertical lines pass downward : from between these teeth. The diaphragm is low, leaving a small basal chamber. ; Gonosome.’—Not heretofore described. Gonangia borne in the axils of the pedicel, very minute, about half the height of the hydrothecx, obconic in shape with distal end broad and 4 truncated, collar wanting. The blastostyle bears what appear to be developing meduse of the ; Obelia type. 4 Distribution —Type-locality for O. bicuspidata Clark, Thimble Islands, Long Island Sound; : for O. bidentata Clark, Greenport, Long Island. The species has been reported from near Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Nutting), and from Cape Frio, Brazil (30 fathoms), by Jiderholm. These two species 0. bicuspidata and O. bidentata were described in the same paper by Clark. In the opinion of the writer they are identical and the priority should be given to the first name given by Clark, which is Obelia bicuspidata. OBELIA DICHOTOMA (Linneus). Plate 20, fig. 7. Sertularia dichotoma Linnz&vus, Systema Nature, ed. 10, 1758, p. 812. Sertularia dichotoma (part) Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, vol. 7, 1761-73, p. 565. Sertularia dichotoma Linnmus, Systema Nature, ed. 12, 1767, p. 1812. Sertularia dichotoma Marartt, De Plantis Zoophytes et Lithophytes, 1776, p. 34. Sertolaria dichotoma Cavournt, Memoria per seryire dell astoria di Polipi marini, 1785, p. 194. Sertularia dichotoma (part) Wr.KENS and Hersst, in Pallas, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 159. Sertularia dichotoma GMELIN, in Linneeus, Systema Nature, ed. 13, 1788-1893, p. 3855. Serlularia dichotoma BerKENHOUT, Synopsis of Nat. Hist. of Gt. Britain and Ireland, vol. 1, 1795, p. 218. Sertularia dichotoma Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 1802, vol. 3, p. 99. Sertularia dichotoma Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 215. . Sertularia dichotoma JAMESON, Cat. animals of the Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564. Laomedea (sertularia) dichotoma LamMouroux, Nouveau Bull. des Sci. par la Soc. philomatique, vol. 3, 1812, p. 184. ‘ Description of one of Clark’s cotypes sent me by Professor Verrill and labeled ‘‘Obelia bidentata Clark, Greenport, Long Island, Aug. 5, 1874. Piles of Wharf.’’ * Described from a specimen collected by ©. M. Fraser at Beaufort, North Carolina. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA, 81 _ Campanularia dichotoma Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1816, vol. 3, p. 113. Laomedea dichotoma Lamouroux, Histoire des Polypiers Coralligénes Flexibles, 1816, p. 207. Sertularia dichotoma Strwart, Elements Nat. Hist. of the Animal Kingdom, 1817, vol. 2, p. 446. Sertularia dichotoma ScuwEIcerR, Beobachtungen auf natiirlichen Reisen, 1819, p. 19. Laomedea dichotoma DEstonecuames, Hist. Naturelle des Zoophytes ou Animaux Rayonnés, 1824, p. 482. Sertularia dichotoma BENNET and OxtvieR, Naamlyst van Wormen in Nederland aanwezig, 1826, p. 193. Campanularia dichotoma Grant, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., 1826, p. 150. Campanularia dichotoma Risso, Hist. Naturelle, 1826, p. 309. Laomedea dichotoma Risso, Hist. Naturelle, 1826, p. 309. Sertularia dichotoma Hoae, Nat. Hist. of the vicinity of Stockton on Tees, 1827, p. 33. Campanularia dichotoma Fiemine, Hist. Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 548. Campanularia dichotoma Stark, Elements of Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 1828, p. 441. Campanularia dichotoma Drie Cutase, Memoria sulla storia e notomia degli animalia senza vertebre, 1828-29, vol. 4, p. 126. ; Laomedea dichotoma BuaINnvILLE, Manuel d’actinologie, 1834, p. 449. Laomedea dichotoma BuAINnvILtE, ‘‘Zoophytes” in Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles, 1830, p. 439. Campanularia dichotoma Cuvier, Le Régne Animal, vol. 3, 1830, p. 300. Campanularia dichotoma Jounsron, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne, vol. 2, 1832, p. 255. Campanularia dichotoma Cuvier, Le Régne Animal, Zoophytes (Milne Edwards), 1830, pl. 66. Campanularia dichotoma Mzyen, Uber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 193. Campanularia dichotoma Grant, Outlines of Comparative Anat., 1835-1841, p. 10. Campanularia dichotoma M. Epwarps, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., ed. 2, 1836, p. 132. Campanularia dichotoma TemprEron, A catalogue of species of rayed animals found in Ireland, 1836, p. 466. Laomedea dichotoma Costa, Catalogo di Zoofiti, 1839, p. 185. Laomedea dichotoma Coucn, An Essay on Zooph. of Cornwall, 1841, p. 46. Laomedea dichotoma Hassatt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1841, p. 169. Sertularia dichotoma DELLE CutaJE, Animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli, 1841-1844, vol. 5, p. 148. Laomedea dichotoma Macerutivray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, 1842, p. 465. Campanularia dichotoma WESTENDoRF, Ann. de la Soc. Medico-chirugricale de Bruges, vol. 4, 1843, p. 21. Laomedea dichotoma Coucn, Cornish Fauna, 1844, p. 37. Laomedea dichotoma THomrson, Report on Fauna of Ireland, Invertebrata, 1844, p. 283. Laomedea dichotoma var. A. Jounsron, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 102. Laomedea dichotoma var. A. Gray, List Brit. Anim., 1848, p. 83. Laomedea dichotoma LANDSBOROUGH, List of Zooph. found in the West of Scotland, 1848, p. 233. Laomedea dichotoma var. A. Cocks, Cont. to the fauna of Falmouth, 1849; p. 93. Laomedea dichotoma Drsor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, 1848-1851, p. 66. Campanularia (Laomedea) dichotoma Marrianp, Descriptio systematica animalium Belgii Septentrionalis, 1851, p. 44. Laomedea dichotoma LLanpssorovucH, A popular history of Brit. Zooph., 1852, p. 158. Campanularia dichotoma K6u1KER, Polypen-Quallen, Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool., vol. 4, 1853, p. 300. Laomedea dichotoma Irvine, Cat. Zooph. found in Dublin Bay, 1854, p. 245. Laomedea dichotoma Gossr, Manual of Marine Zool., 1855, p. 24. Laomedea dichotoma Gossr, Tenby: a seaside holiday, 1856, p. 24. Laomedea dichotoma Taomeson, Nat. Hist. of Ireland, vol. 4, 1856, p. 24. Laomedea dichotoma GREENE, Nat. Hist. Review, vol. 4, 1857, p. 249. Laomedea dichotoma (part) AupER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 31. Laomedea dichotoma Costs, Reproduction des polypiers marines dans les aquarium, 1858, p. 711. Laomedea dichotoma AttMAN, Notes on Hydroid Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol 4, 1859, p. 137. Laomedea dichotoma AuitMAN, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., new ser., vol. 9. 1859, p. 314. Laomedea dichotoma Atuman, Notes on Hydroid Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 170. Campanularia dichotoma GREENE, A Manual of the Sub-Kingdom Ccelenterata, 1861, p. 56. Laomedea dichotoma H1ncxs, Cat. Zooph. South Devon and South Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 258. Laomedea dichotoma KrrcHENPAUER, Die Seetonnen der Elbmtindung, 1862, p. 23. Laomedea dichotoma AupER, Report on Zooph., Trans. Nat. Tyneside Field Club, vol. 5, 1863, p. 237. Sertularia dichotoma Hauurer, Nordseestudien, 1863, p. 280. Laomedea dichotoma AtpER, Report on Zooph., Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. 6, 1864, p. 193. Obelia dichotoma Auman, Construction and Limitation of Genera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. Campanularia dichotoma Attman, Construction and Limitation of Genera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, Dp. 372. pepo Laomedea dichotoma AuuMAN, Report on the present state of our knowledge of reproductive system of Hydroida, 1864, p. 400. ‘ Campanularia dichotoma AttMAN, Report on the present state of our knowledge of reproductive system of Hydroida, 1864, p. 412. 82 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. — Campanularia dichotoma A. Acassiz, North Amer. Acalephze, 1865, p. 89. Campanularia dichotoma Urncxs, On New British Hydroida, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 17, 1865, p. 297. Laomedea dichotoma Parrrrr, Additions to Zooph. of Deyonshire, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 18, 1866, p. 11. Laomedea dichotoma Auprr, Nat. Hist. Trans. of Northumb. and Durham, vol. 1, 1867, p. 49. Laomedea dichotoma vAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 154. Laomedea dichotoma Heiter, Zoophyten und Echinodermen der adriatischen Meeres, 1868, p. 44. Obelia dichotoma Hinoxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 156. Laomedea dichotoma Hrrxiors, Natuurlyke Historie van Nederland, 1870, p. 399. Laomedea dichotoma ArumMan, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 28. Obelia dichotoma AttMaN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 127. Campanularia dichotoma MrrzcEr, Die wirbellosen Meeresthiere der ostfriesischen Kiiste, 1871, p. 35. Obelia dichotoma VeRritu, Proc. Amer. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364. Obelia dichotoma Scuutzen, Nordsee Expedition, 1874, p. 129. Obelia dichotoma Wix'tuEr, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Hydroider, 1879-80, p. 237. Obelia dichotoma MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 209. Laomedea (Obelia) dichotoma Lrvinsen, Annulata, Hydroida, etc., 1893, p. 369. Campanularia dichotoma Bonnevin, Norwegian North Sea Exped., 1898, p. 26: Obelia dichotoma Cauxrns, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 356. Obelia dichotoma Harearrr, Amer. Nat., 1901, p. 382. - Obelia dichotoma Hartiaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Obelia dichotoma Nuttrne, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 173. Obelia dichotoma Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific coast, 1902, p. 57. Obelia dichotoma Brita Rp, Cont. 4 étude des Hydroides, 1904, pp. 90, 170. Obelia dichotoma Torrey, Hydroids of the San Diego Region, 1904, p. 15. Obelia dichotoma Brxrarp, Régénération de 1’Obelia dichotoma, 1905, p. 1048. Obelia dichotoma Bourne, Frith of Clyde medusz, 1905, p. 769. Obelia dichotoma=O. australis HarttausB, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 580. Obelia dichotoma Brtarn, Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroids, 1907, p. 169. Obelia dichotoma JApERHOtM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, pl. 63. Laomedea dichotoma Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 229. Obelia dichotoma MayER, Medusze of the World, vol. 2, Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 246. Laomedea (Obelia) dichotoma (part) Brocu, Hydroidenuntersuchungen, No. 3, 1912, p. 54. Obelia dichotoma Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 38. Obelia dichotoma Stecuow, Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 356. Trophosome.\—Colony consisting of an upright stem 3.5 em. in height and giving off irregu- lar lateral branches, some of which again branch in a dichotomous manner. Stem and branches sometimes straight and sometimes sinuous in outline and with a group of usually 5 to 8 symmet- rical annulations above the origin of each branch or pedicel. Pedicels alternate, short, con- siderably shorter then the hydrothecz and not appreciably diminishing in size from the proximal to the distal ends. There is often a single pedicel in the axil of each branch. Hydrothecx deeply campanulate with very slightly curved sides, so that they approach a triangle in outline. Margin without teeth, but sometimes with slight indications of pleatings,. which sometime produce a series of sinuosities around the margin resembling very low rounded teeth. The diaphragm is low but evident and the ccenosarcal connection between hydranth and pedicel is broad. Gonosome.*—‘‘Gonothece axillary, slender, smooth, widening from the base upward and terminating above in a raised, somewhat conical aperture.” The medusa when liberated are “about 1 mm. wide and usually have 16 (occasionally 24) tentacles. The four gonads are adja- cent to the manubrium or the 4 radial canals, but at the end of three days they are seen to have migrated outward to the middle of the 4 radial canals.’’ * Description of specimen collected by the author at Plymouth, England, in 1895. * Lacking in the specimen described and in all others in the possession of the writer. The description given above is taken from that of Hincks’s British Hydroid Zodphytes, 1868, p. 156. ®>Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromedusee, 1910, p. 246. THE CAMPANULARIDEZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDZE. 83 Distribution.—This species, like the last, has a very extensive distribution, having been re- ported by many writers from the British Isles, Scandinavia, the Arctic Sea, North Sea, coasts of France, Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea. It is mentioned by several writers as found on our New England coast, but it is not known from the southern United States or West Indian region. In the Pacific it has been reported from Alaska to San Diego, in southern California. Hartlaub (1905, p. 580) reports this species from St. Paul Island, regarding Obelia australis yon Lendenfeld as a synonym of O.dichotoma. If he is correct in this decision, the range of the species must be extended to New Zealand. The present writer, however, does not feel at all certain of the identity of O. australis and O. dichotoma. A specimen without gonosome but apparently of this species was secured by the Alba- tross at station 3531, off San Francisco, California, at a depth of 59 fathoms, and Billard reports it from the Gulf of Cadiz at a depth of 65 fathoms. : OBELIA COMMISSURALIS McCrady. Plate 21, figs. 1-5. Obelia commissuralis McCrapy, Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1859, p. 95. Obelia commissuralis L. AGassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. 8., vol. 4, 1862, p. 315. : Obelia commissuralis A. Acassiz, The Acalephan fauna of the southern coast of Mass., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.. vol. 8, 1862, p. 225. Obelia commissuralis ALLMAN, Construction and Limitation of Genera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 372. _ Obelia commissuralis A. AGAssiz, On the mode of development of the marginal tentacles of the free medusz of some Hydroids, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1865, p. 91. Obelia commissuralis A. AGAssiz, North Amer. Acalephae, 1865, p. 86. Obelia commissuralis VERRILL, Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 1873, p. 728. Obelia commassuralis Brooks, Studies Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ., vol. 2, 1882, p. 176. Obelia commissuralis FewKes, Embryological monographs, III, Acalephze, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 9, 1884, pl. 3, figs. 1-5. Obelia commissuralis Harcitr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., Amer. Nat., 1901, p. 382. Obelia commissuralis Nutrine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 382. Obelia commissuralis Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 56. Obelia commissuralis Harcrrt, Medusze of the Woods Hole Region, 1905, p. 48. Obelia commissuralis MAYER, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 244. Obelia commissuralis FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 38. Trophosome.1—Colony 9.5 em. high, consisting of a simple slender stem, from which numer- ous compound branches are given off on all sides, forming a beautiful, profusely branched colony. The main branches are branched, often dichotomously, several times and bear groups of annulations above each branch or pedicel origin. The pedicels are alternate and, as described by Mayer, ‘‘arise simply, not from distinct swollen, shoulder-like enlargements of the stem.” They are often but not always shorter than the hydrothecx and are usually annulated through- out, but sometimes have a median bare portion. The hydrothece are deeply campanulate, with an even rim and well-marked diaphragm. The polyps in this specimen are beautifully expanded and show 24-30 tentacles and a pyriform proboscis. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne in or near the axils of branches and pedicels. They are oblong-ovate in shape, with a distinct distal shoulder and narrow collar surrounding the disk-shaped operculum. They are borne on short annulated pedicels and contain developing medusz. ‘‘When set free the young medusa usually has 16 tentacles and no trace of gonads” (Mayer). Distribution.—Type-locality, Charleston Harbor. The species is common on the Atlantic coast of United States north of this pomt. It has also been reported by Torrey from San Francisco, California. This species is carefully described and figured by L. Agassiz? Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 10 fathoms (?). 1 Description of a colony collected by Mr. George Gray, at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 2 Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, p. 315, pls. 33, 34. $4 AMERICAN HYDROIDS, OBELIA SURCULARIS Calkins. Plate 22, figs. 1-2. Obelia surcularis CALKINS, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 355. Obelia surcularis HartLAuB, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Obelia surcularis MAYER, Medusz of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 358. Obelia surcularis FrasER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 40. Trophosome.'—Colony 17 mm. in height, consisting of a single regularly branched stem. Main stem slender, flexuose, regularly branched with two or three rather feebly defined annu- lations above each branch origm. Branches regularly alternate and often endmg im greatly elongated tendril-like filaments which are clavate at the ends. The branches resemble the main stem in structure and bear alternate pedicels. The pedicels are short usually less than half the length of the hydrothece, are very thin and hyaline and show irregular famt corruga- tions or annulations. They taper regularly in size from proximal to distal end. Hydrothece in the form of inverted cones with slightly bulging sides. The margin is entire and the dia- phragm is very low and there is no distinct basal chamber. Hydranths of the usual campanu- larian type with about 24 tentacles. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the branches im the axils of pedicels or branches. They are slender, with their diameters increasing to the distal end where it is about one-third of the total height. There is often a well-defined rim around the shoulder of the gonangium, above which is a short slopmg collar surrounding the terminal aperture. The gonangia are filled with numerous medusa buds which surround the blastostyle. Calkins says the mature medusze have 24 tentacles. . Distribution—The type and only known locality is Scow Bay, Port Townsend Harbor, Washington. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 10 fathoms (?). OBELIA FLABELLATA (Hincks). Plate 22, figs. 3-4. % Campanularia flabellata Hincxs, On new British Hydroida, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 1866, vol. 18, p. 297. Obelia flabellata Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoéphytes, 1868, p. 157. Obelia flabellata VerRiti, Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 1873, p. 728. Obelia flabellata WrxtHER, Fortegnelse over de 1 Danmark Hydroider, 1874-80, p. 237. Obelia flabellata MerEsKowsKy, New Hydroida from Ochotsk, etc., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 323. Laomedea (Obelia) flabellata LEvINSEN, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 27. Obelia flabellata Hartitaus, Die Hydromeduse Helgolands, 1897, p. 451. Obelia flabellata Harairr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., Hydromeduse, No. 2, Amer. Nat., vol. 35, 1901, p. 382. Obelia flabellata Nurrine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 350. , Obelia flabellata JApERHOoLM, Northern and Arctic Invertebrates, pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 62. Laomedea longissima (part) Broca, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 229. Obelia plana Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 249. Obelia flabellata StecHow, Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 356. Trophosome.A—Colony 4.2 cm. in height, main stem flexuose, monosiphonic, dark brown in color, ightening distally and with a series of 3 or 4 annulations above each branch or pedicel origin. Branches alternate, themselves branchmg dichotomously until each branch with its ramifications presents a flabellate form. Pedicels alternate, very short, usually much shorter than the hydrothece and annulated throughout. Hydrothece campanulate, short, subtri- angular in outline and with an entirely even rim. The hydrothecal walls are thick and the outlmes firm and pronounced. ' Description of a specimen from Dr. Gary N. Calkins, the original describer, labeled ‘‘Puget Sound.” * This structure greatly resembles that described by the author in his discussion of ‘‘Stoloniferous reproduction.” American Hydroids, part 1, The Plumularidz, 1900, p. 43. It is not unlikely that the condition found in Obelia surcu- laris is a temporary one, and not a specific character. * Description of specimen collected by the ‘“‘ Albatross” from station 2765, lat. 36° 43’ S.; long. 56° 23” W., 10.5 fathoms, east coast South America, THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 85 Gonosome.'—‘‘Gonothece axillary, ovate, somewhat flattened at the top, with a short tubular orifice, attached by a ringed stalk.” Meduse with 24 tentacles at liberation. The gonads are near the bases of the gastric pouches, as viewed from above.? There are 8 lithocysts. Distribution.—Common in shallow water on British and Norwegian coasts. Also reported from Denmark (Winther); Ochotsk (Hartlaub); Greenland (Levinsen); Helgoland (Hartlaub); New England coast, North America (Verrill, Nutting); and from the east coast of South America (Nutting). Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 25 fathoms. OBELIA BOREALIS Nutting. Plate 22, figs. 5-7. Obelia borealis Nutrine, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 174. Obelia borealis Mayer, Medusee of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 249. Obelia borealis FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 38. Trophosome.*—Colony 23 cm. high. A short distance above its base it divides into two subequal branches which are practically main stems. Main stems simple, although in places branchlets may be intertwimed with them. The branches are usually comparatively short and regularly arranged, opposite sometimes, but usually alternate, and sometimes tending to a verticellate arrangement. The branches are themselves divided into branchlets which often give off pedicels in pairs or alternately, but usually in an irregular manner. The branches with their ramifications tend to assume a flabellate form, and, as is usual in this genus, there are groups of annulations above each branch and pedicel origin. The pedicels are usually short and annulated throughout, but when terminal are much longer than the hydrothece and only the ends are annulated. Hydrothece large, in the shape of elongated cones, the walls being but slightly curved in profile. The margin is entire and the diaphragm well marked. Gronosome.*—Gonangia borne in the axils of the branches and branchlets; oblong ovate, truncated above, having a collar in mature specimens; aperture apparently very large, pedicels strongly annulated. The gonangia of the specimens examined were filled with developing meduse of the regular Obelia type. Distribution.—Type-locality, Yakutat, Alaska. Also found at Bering Island and Sitka, Alaska (specimens from United States National Museum), Puget Sound (specimen from Prof. Trevor Kincaid). A fine specimen was collected by the U. S. R. S. Corwin, lat. 70° 15’ 10’’ N.; long. 162° 55’ W. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 10 fathoms. OBELIA LONGISSIMA (Pallas). Plate 23, figs. 1-3. Sertularia longissima Pauias, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 119. Sertularia longissima BoppAERT, in Pallas, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 149. Sertularia longissima Gronovius, Zoophylacium gronovianum, vol. 3, 1781, p. 357. Sertularia longissima OKEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, vol. 3, 1815, p. 92. Sertularia longissima HHRENBERG, Abh. Akad. Wissens. Berlin, 1832, 1834, p. 297. Campanularia gelatinosa VAN BENEDEN, Mémoire sur les campanulaires de le Cote d’Ostend, 1844, p. 33. Laomedea dichotoma var B. Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 102. Laomedea dichotoma var B. Gray, List Brit. Anim., 1848, p. 83. Laomedea dichotoma var B. Cocxs, Contributions to the Fauna of Falmouth, 1849, p. 93. Campanularia gelatinosa Kroun, Ueber Podocoryne carnea Sars, etc., 1851, p. 267. Campanularia gelatinosa GEGENBAUER, Zur Lehre von Generationwechsel und der Fortpflanzung bei Medusen und Polypen, 1854, p. 163. * Not present in the specimen described. The description given above is quoted from Hincks, British Hydroid Zoéphytes, 1868, p. 157. “ * Description of specimens kindly sent me by Doctor Hargitt, presumably from Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 3 Description of a specimen from Bering Island. * Description copied from the original description of the species. 86 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Laomedea dichotoma B. Auper, A notice of some new genera and species of Brit. Hydroid Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1856, p. 360. Laomedea dichotoma Auper, Description of 3 new Brit. Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1856, p. 440. Laomedea longissima ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1857, p. 31. Laomedea longissima Hincxs, Cat. Zooph. South Devon, etc., Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 154. Laomedea gelatinosa var ramulesa KincHENPAUER, Die Seetonen du Elbmiindung, 1862, p. 18. Laomedea longissima KircHENPAUER, Die Seetonen du Elbmiindung, 1862, p. 23. Laomedea longissima AuperR, Report on Zooph., Trans. Tyneside Naturalist Field Club, vol. 5, 1863, p. 290. Laomedea longissima Auper, Suppl. to Cat. Zooph., Trans. Tyneside Naturalists Field Club, vol. 5, 1863, p. 237. Laomedea dichotoma Auuman, Report 33rd Meeting Brit. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1864, p. 412.. : Sertularia longissima Aurman, Notes on Hydroida, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 14, 1864, p. 62. Laomedea gelatinosa A. AGassiz, North Amer, Acalephz, 1865, p. 82. Laomedea longissima Parrirr, Additions to the Zooph. of Devonshire, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 18, 1866, p. 11, Laomedea longissima Auper, Report on Zooph., Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. 1, 1867, p. 49. Laomedea longissima Auper, Report on Zooph., Trans. Tyneside Naturalists Field Club, vol. 6, 1867, p. 193. Campanularia gelatinosa VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1867, p. 148. Obelia longissima Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 154. Obelia longissima Norman, Shetland final Dredging Report, vol. 2, 1869, p. 322. Laomedea gelatinosa Herxuors, Natuurlyke Historie van Nederland, 1870, p. 400. Obelia longissima ALLMAN, Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 169. Obelia longissima VERRILL, Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 1873, p. 728. Obelia longissima Verriti, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 7, 1874, p. 44. Obelia longissima McIntosu, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 207. Obelia longissima CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 212. Obelia longissima Verriti, Check list of Marine Invert., 1879, p. 16. Obelia polystyla HarcKer, Lyst du Medusen, 1879, p. 117. Obelia longissima CRAwrorD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 260. Obelia longissima Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 351. Obelia longissima Harerrr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., 1901, p. 383. Laomedea longissima SAEMUNDSSON, Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 58. Laomedea longissima Brntarp, Cont. & 1’étude des Hydroides, 1904, p. 23. Laomedea longissima Harriaus, Hydroids of Magellan Straits, 1905, p. 582. Laomedea longissima Brutarp, Expéd. Antarctique Frangaise, 1906, p. 11. Laomedea longissima Rircute, Hydroids of Scottish Nat. Antarctic Exped., 1907, p. 528. Ltsomedea (Obelia) longissima Levinsen, Medusen, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 27. Obelia longissima JApERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 63. Laomedea longissima Broca, Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 229. Obelia longissima Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, 1910, p. 225. Trophosome.\—Colony 13.2 em. in height and consisting of a central undulating stem very dark brown proximally and lightening distally. Branches alternate and themselves often ‘ branching and resembling the main stem in detail. There are usually 3 to 5 annulations above : the origin of each branch, branchlet, and pedicel. Pedicels varying considerably in length and sometimes longer than the hydrothecw, annulated throughout. Hydrothece deeply campanulate, with regularly but slightly curved outlines and the margins armed with very low teeth which are not always evident. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne in the axils of the branches, branchlets, and pedi- cels, shaped like a slender urn or Pompeian water jar, broadening from the base to the shoul- } der, where the sides contract to form a short curved neck ending in a small aperture. The gonangial contents are developing medusz, usually a dozen or more appearing in the same gonangium. The medusxe have 20 to 24 tentacles when liberated and according to Mayer (1910) can not be distinguished, when mature, from other meduse of this genus. Distribution.—This species is common on both sides of the North Atlantic where it extends northward to Iceland (Saemundsson) and Greenland (Levinsen), Arctic Ocean (Jiiderholm) ; and southward to the coast of France (Billard). It has been reported from the New England coast by Verrill and Nutting and from the Pacific coast of Alaska by Clark. Hartlaub reports it from Chile and the Straits of Magellan, Ritchie from Gough Island and the South Orlmeys and Billard from the Antarctic. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 80 fathoms. aoa Net ee * Description of a specimen from Plymouth, England. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA, 87 OBELIA GRIFFINI Calkins. Plate 23, figs. 4-5. Obelia grifint CaLKIns, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 357. Obelia grifint Hartiaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Obelia grifint Mayer, Meduse of the World, vol. 2, the Hydromedusz, 1910, p. 252. Obelia griffint FRASER, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 39. Trophosome.!—Colony 21 mm. in height, consisting of a branched main stem with its rami- fications. Main stem irregularly flexuose and with usually 3 or 4 strong annulations above each branch origin. Branches like the stem and alternate in position. The branches bear alternate pedicels which are usually annulated throughout their length and are almost always shorter than the hydrothece. Some of the pedicels which appear to be incipient branches are much longer, sometimes more than twice as long as the hydrotheca. Hydrothece smaller than the precedmg. The hydrothece are deeply campanulate with almost parallel sides and an even margin, sometimes almost triangular in lateral view. Diaphragm well defined, leav-— ing a rather deep basal chamber. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne in the axils of the pedicels and are elongate-ovate in shape and about three times as long as the hydrothece. They have a well-defined shoulder at the distal end, and a distinct collar surrounding the aperture. The developing meduse are not so numerous as in O. gracilis and according to Calkins have about 24 tentacles at birth. Distribution.—The type and only known locality is Puget Sound. The exact locality is not given by Calkins nor is it stated on the label of the specimen described. OBELIA FRAGILIS Calkins. Plate 23, fig. 6. Obelia fragilis CALKINS, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 355. Obelia fragilis Mayer, Medusz of the World, The Hydromedusz, vol. 2, 1910, p. 252. Obelia fragilis Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 39. Trophosome.2— Stems growing from a creeping rootstock parasitic on Aglaophenia stru- thiomdes. Stem fascicled. As mounted, the length is 16mm. Manner of branching difficult to ascertain in specimen which is much distorted, but it appears to be alternate, 3 to 5 rings on the stem above each branch origin. Branches long and slender with a pedicel in the axil of each. Pedicels, save the axillary ones, distant and alternate, very short, giving the hydro- thece the appearance of being sessile, and annulated and exceedingly slender and delicate. Hydrothec deeply campanulate, with very thin walls, margin not easily made out but appar-— ently even, or irregularly smuous. The diaphragm is well defined and the basal chamber con- tinuous with the stem cavity. Gonosome.—Not known. Distribution.—The type-locality is Port Townsend Harbor, Puget Sound. No other locality has been recorded. Genus OBELARIA Hartlaub. Obelaria Harttaus, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 489. The following is a translation of the original definition of this genus: Stem branched in a treelike manner, compound, springing from a felted spongy rootstock. Hydrothecee cam- panulate, without operculum. Hydranth with a protruding contractile proboscis. Gonangia borne on the stem and twigs, containing sporosacs. The development of the egg takes place outside of the gonangium. This genus differs from Obelia in the fact that it does not produce meduse, and from Campanularia in the fact that the planula is developed outside, instead of within, the gonangium. 1 Description of a colony mounted on a slide and kindly loaned the writer by Dr. Gary N. Calkins, the original describer of this species. ? Description of type specimen, kindly loaned the author by Doctor Calkins. AMERICAN HYDROIDS. (o/) (@/) OBELARIA GELATINOSA (Pallas). Plate 24, figs. 1-5. Sertularia gelatinosa Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, 1761-78, vol. 17, p. 564. Sertularia gelatinosa Patzas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 116. Sertularia gelatinosa BoppaErRT, Lyst der Plant Dieren, 1768, p. 145. Sertularia gelatinosa WuxkENs and Hersst, in Pallas, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 156. Sertularia gelatinosa GMELIN, in Linnzeus, Systema Nature, ed. 13, 1788-93, p. 3851. Sertularia gelatinosa Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers., 1802, vol. 3, p. 96. Halicium (Sertularia) gelatinosa Oxen, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, vol. 3, 1815, p. 92. Laomedea gelatinosa LAMouROUX, Hist. des Polypiers Coralligénes Flexibles, 1816, p. 208. Sertularia gelatinosa Stewart, Elements Nat. Hist. of the Anim. Kingdom, 1817, vol. 2, p. 444. Sertularia gelatinosa FLemine, Observations on the Nat. Hist. of S. gelatinosa, Edinburgh Philos. Journ., vol. 2, 1821, p. 84. Sertularia gelatinosa Fuemine, The philosophy of Zoology, 1822, vol. 2, p. 616. Laomedea gelatinosa DesLonecHampes, in Lamouroux, Introd. a 1’Histoire des Zoophytes et Animaux Rayonnés, 1824, p. 482. Campanularia gelatinosa Fiemine, Hist. Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 549. Laomedea gelatinosa DE Buatnvinie, Article ‘“‘Zoophytes” in Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 60, 1830, p. 439. Campanularia gelatinosa Jounston, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1832, p. 254. Campanutlaria gelatinosa Jounston, Ilustrations in Brit. Zooph., Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, 1832, p. 631. %) Laomedea gelatinosa DE BuainyitLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 475. Campanularia gelatinosa Miunz Epwarps, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vertébres, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1836, p. 134. Laomedea gelatinosa JoHNSTON, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1838, p. 152. Laomedea gelatinosa THomrson, Additions to the Fauna of Ireland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, 1840, p. 251. Laomedea gelatinosa Coucn, An Essay on the Zooph. of Cornwall, 1841, p. 47. Laomedea gelatinosa Goutp, Report on Invert. of Mass., 1841, p. 350. Laomedea gelatinosa Hassatt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1841, p. 169. Laomedea gelatinosa Gray, List of Brit. Anim., 1841, p. 85. Laomedea gelatinosa Hassauy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1841, p. 281. Laomedea gelatinosa Hassatt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, 1842, p. 342. Laomedea gelatinosa Macetuurvray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 165. Campanularia gelatinosa Kroun, Arch, Anat. Physiol. und Wiss. Medizin, 1843, p. 177. Laomedea gelatinosa Coucu, Cornish Fauna, pt. 3, 1844, p. 39. Laomedea gelatinosa THomrson, Report on Fauna of Ireland, 1844, p. 283. Laomedea gelatinosa var. 8. Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 104. Campanularia gelatinosa Leuckart, Verzeichniss der zur Fauna Helgolands gehérenden wirbellosen Seethiere, 1847, p. 138. Laomedea gelatinosa var B. Gray, List Brit, Anim., pt. 1, 1847, p. 85. Laomedea flemingi Gray, List Brit. Anim., pt. 1, 1848, p. 85. Laomedea gelatinosa LANDSBoROUGH, List of Zooph. in Proc. Philos. Soc., Glasgow, vol. 2, 1848, p. 233. Campanularia gelatinosa Desor, Ann. des Sci. Nat., vol. 3, 1849, p. 207. Campanularia (Laomedea) gelatinosa Marruanp, Descriptio Systematica Animalium Belgii, etc., 1851, p. 45. Laomedea gelatinosa Sars, Beretning om en i Sommeren 1849 foretagen Zoologisk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken, Nyt Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 6, 1851, p. 130. Laomedea gelatinosa Hrncxs, Notes on Reproduction of Campanularidee, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 10, 1852, p. 5d. Laomedea gelatinosa LANDsBoROUGH, A popular history of Brit. Zooph., 1852, p. 161. Laomedea gelatinosa‘Gosse, Naturalist’s Rambles on Devonshire Coast, 1853, p. 434. Laomedea gelatinosa Sars, Bemeerkninger over det Adriatiske Fauna, Nyt Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 7, 1853, p. 379. D Laomedea gelatinosa Irvine, Cat. Zooph. in Dublin Bay, Nat. Hist. Review, vol. 1, 1854, p. 245. Laomedcea gelatinosa Stimpson, Synopsis Marine Invert. Grand Manan, Smiths. Cont. Knowl., vol. 6, 1854, p. 8. Laomedea gelatinosa GossE, Manual of Marine Zoology, 1855, p. 24. Laomedea gelatinosa Temriar, Some remarks on the Marine Fauna of the South of Devon, The Zoologist, vol. 13, 1855, p. 4076. Laomedea gelatinosa var. 8. AubER, Descriptions of three new Brit. Zooph., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1856, p. 440. Campanularia gelatinosa HuxtEy, Medical Times Gazette, vol. 33, 1856, p. 564. Laomedea gelatinosa Tuomprson, Nat. Hist. of Ireland, vol. 4, 1856, p. 458. Laomedea gelatinosa GREENE, On the Acalephe of the Dublin Coast, Nat. Hist. Review, vol. 4, 1857, p. 249. THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 89 Laomedea gelatinosa Sars, Bidrag til kundskaben om middlehavets Littoral Fauna, Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenska- berne, vol. 3, 1857, p. 159. Laomedea gelatinosa AupER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, 1858, p. 33. Laomedea gelatinosa Hincxs, Cat. Zooph. South Devon and South Cornwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 155. Laomedea gelatinosa KircHENPAUER, Die Seetonnen der Elbmiindung, 1862, p. 6. Laomedea flemingivi, KincHENPAUER, Die Seetonnen der Elbmiindung, 1862, p. 22. Laomedea gelatinosa Packarp,.List of Animals dredged near Caribou Island,S outhern Labrador, Can. Nat. and Geolo- gist, vol. 8, 1863, p. 4. Sertularia gelatinosa Autman, Notes on the Hydroida, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 14, 1864, p. 62. Laomedea pacifica A. AGAssiz, North Amer. Acalaphee, 1865, p. 94. Laomedea gigantea A. AGAssiz, North Amer. Acalephze, 1865, p. 94 Laomedea gelatinosa McIntosH, Observations on the Marine Zoology of Northwest Outer Hebrides, Proc. Roy. Soc., Edinb., vol. 5, 1866, p. 602. Laomedea gelatinosa HEutER, Zoophyten und Echinodermen, 1868, p. 45. Obelia gelatinosa Hincxs, British Hydroid Zooph., 1868, p. 151. Campanularia gelatinosa Dontrz, Sitzber. d. Ges. Naturforsch., 1869, p. 11. Obelia gelatinosa Norman, Shetland final Dredging Report, II, Rept. 38th Meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 322. Campanularia gelatinosa MrrzcEr, Die wirbellosen Meeresthiere der ostfriesischen Kiiste, 1871, p. 35. Obelia gelatinosa VERRILL, Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, 1873, p. 728. Obelia gelatinosa ScuHuLzE, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 129. Obelia gelatinosa BERGH, Gopelpolyper fra Kara-Havet, 1877, p. 333. Obelia gelatinosa WinTHER, Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Hydroiden, 1879-80, p. 236. Obelia gelatinosa FewKes, Guide to Collector, Bull. Essex, Inst., vol. 23, 1891, p. 23. Laomedea (Obelia) gelatinosa Levinsen, Annulata, Hydroide, Anthozoa, Porifera, Videnskab. Udb. Hauchtogter, 1893, p- 369. Obelia castellata CLARK, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 25, 1894, p. 73. Obelia gelatinosa Carkins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1896, p. 357. Obelaria gelatinosa Hartiaus, Die Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 488. Campanularia gelatinosa BoNNEviE, Hydroids of the Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 71. Obelaria gelatinosa Hartuaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 353. Obelia gelatinosa Harerrr, Synopsis N. A. Invert., Hydromeduse, pt. 2, Amer. Nat., vol. 35, 1901, p. 383. Obelia gelatinosa Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 351. Obelia gelatinosa WuitEAves, A catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata of Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 23. Obelia gelatinosa JADERHOLM, Aussereuropaische Hydroiden, 1905, p. 271. Campanularia gelatinosa JADERHOLM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 70. Laomedea gelatinosa Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 226. Obelia gelatinosa Mayer, Medusz of the World, vol. 2, The Hydromeduse, 1910, p. 244. Obelia gelatinosa Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 39. Obelaria gelatinosa Stecuow, Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung, 1912, p. 356. Trophosome.'—Colony 14.5 cm. in height, consisting of a central stem from which branches are given off on four sides and nearly at right angles with the stem. The branches are usually in pairs, each pair being at right angles with the one above and below. The stem and larger branches are polysiphonic, composed of an aggregation of slender tubes, some of which have a hydrotheca at oneend and a partially free lobulated termination at the other, as if they were glued on to the stem or branch. The main branches ramify profusely so that the ultimate branches form rather close clumps. The terminal twigs are filiform, often geniculate and bear alternate pedicels above each of which is a group of annulations. The pedicels are short, usually considerably shorter than the hydrothece, annulated throughout and decreasing in diameter from the proximal to the distal end. The hydrothece are small and delicate, campanulate and their margins bear about 8 to 10 turreted teeth, each of which is either square on top or with two distal denticles. The diaphragm is evident and of the usual campanularian type. Gonosome.—The gonangia are borne in the axils of the branches and pedicels, are oblong- ovate in form, averaging about three times as long as broad, and have usually a narrow collar and a comparatively large aperture. They contain developing ova or spermaries and not de- veloping meduse. 1 Description of a specimen from the Marine Biological laboratory at Plymouth, England. 90 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. INstribution.—This is a very abundant species in shallow water on British and European coasts as well as on the Atlantic Coast of the United States from Labrador to the Carolinas. It has been reported from the Mediterranean (Heller) and the coasts of France (Beltencourt, according to Broch). Numerous authorities report it from northern waters, e. g., Norway, (Bonnevie); Iceland (Saemundsson); Shetland Islands (Norman); Arctic Sea (Bergh). American records are also numerous, it being reported on the Atlantic coast from Labrador (Packard); New England (Verrill, Fewkes, etc.). The records from the Pacific coast are widely scattered, e.g., Puget Sound (Calkins); California (Jéiderholm); Patagonia (Jiderholm); Central American coast, Pacific (Clarke). ; This species has been very carefully studied and figured by Hartlaub (Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897) who considered its gonosome so different from that of other Campanularidee that he instituted for it the genus Obelaria. THe claimed that the species does not produce medusx; but this view does not seem to be corroborated by other writers, although it is con- firmed by the specimens before me. It seems evident that the species figured and described as C. gelatinosa by van Beneden is the same as that described as Obelia longissima by Hincks. Bathymetric distribution, 1 to 30 fathoms. Genus SILICULARIA Mayen (part). Silicularia Mayen, Uber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 204. Hypanthea Auuman, Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 25. Trophosome.—Hydrothecal walls greatly thickened, leaving a cavity too small to admit of complete retraction of the hydranth. THydrothece olen Dilsterally symmetrical owing to an oblique margin. Gonosome. — Camerata (male) very long and slender. Female gonangia contain fixed sporosacs which proddee planule. The above definition is practically that of Allman as given for his genus Hypanthea, founded on Challenger specimens. The generic name Silicularia was applied, however, in 1834 to a species clearly coming within the genus defined as Hypanthea by Allman. Hartlaub, in his ‘“‘Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste” (1905, pp. 871, 372), gives a very interesting discussion of this genus, throwing some doubt on its validity as defined by Allman, but nevertheless accepting it in his work. The present writer has not sufficient material of “Ibis genus to undertake an Hneleipendleiay investigation and contents himself with the above definition. This genus is found only in the Southern Hemisphere, and most of the species are in the subantarctic region. KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF SILICULARIA. Hy drotheccmecullanlya campanull ate ye eee ae pes ay ett Nee Meramec Lone mI aE te hens a Sea pedunculata. Hydrothecze with oblique margins. Creepinpystolonsiparall el}fcontiou ous peers sere eae re ets yee se ne ny Bk pane et oa rosea. Stolons not closely contiguous and parallel, forming an open irregular mesh..................-.-------- reticulata. ihumentoishy drotheccesn eam |yyallo'e m1 poll e recall eee eee een Un hemispherica. Lumen of hydrothecz not hemispherical. Malerronaneian longer iin ansthve stem all cep eee aera ene ea Ee repens. Male gonangia shorter than the female....................-...... SARS ees pete Rees eee EU aay atlantica. SILICULARIA PEDUNCULATA (Jiaderholm). Plate 24, figs. 6-8. Campanularia pedunculata JkpERHOLM, Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 4e serie, vol. 3, 1904, p. vi. Silicularia divergens Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 578. Silicularia pedunculata JkpeERHoLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen and subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 18. Trophosome.'—The rootstock is not present in the specimen described, but according to Hartlaub the stolon is broader and thinner-walled than the pedicel walls. Pedicels long, slender, * Description of a specimen mounted on aslide and kindly loaned me by the describer of the species, Dr. C. Hartlaub. (bint MT, THE CAMPANULARIDA AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. -+ 91 with a globular annulation just below the hydrotheca and several other annulations below this. There are also a number of irregular annulations at the proximal end, leaving a considerable portion of the pedicel bare. Hydrothecx regularly campanulate, not bilaterally symmetrical as in other Stliculariz, margin smooth, calicular walls extensively thickened, especially on lower parts, much as in Hucopella caliculata. Gonosome.—Gonangia (female) long, slender, gradually increasing in size to the truncated distal end. According to Hartlaub, these are immature forms, the older ones being longer and tapering at each end. The gonangia are borne on distinct medicels of considerable Tenet which are irregularly annulated or wavy throughout. Locality.—The type material was collected by von den Steinen in South Georgia at ebb. tide under stones. The character of the gonosome indicates that this is a Silicularia. In other respects it is a Eucopella. SILICULARIA ROSEA Meyen.- Plate 25, figs. 1-2. Silicularia rosea MeyeNn, Uber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 204. f Hypanthea georgiana Prerrer, Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg, vol. 6, pt. 2, 1888, p. 54. Hypanthea aggregata AttmMANn, Challenger Reports, Hydroida, 1888, p. 26. Silicularia rosea HartLAuB, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 572. Silicularia rosea JADERHOLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 17. Trophosome.i—The rootstocks consist of thick closely applied parallel strands, from which spring slender stalked hydranths and female gonophores, the latter often thickly aggregated. The pedicels of the hydrothecz considerably overtop the gonangia, are thinner than the root- stock, thick-walled, entirely smooth, joied basally to the rootstock by a conical termination; at their distal end, below the globular annulation separating them from the hydrothece, some- what thickened. Hydrothece are sometimes slender, sometimes short and thick-walled, bilat- erally symmetrical and with a very constricted hydrothecal cavity. Gonosome.—The female gonangia are tubular, relatively small, short, plainly pediceled, and also with conical basal terminations. They are sometimes feebly curved, sometimes straight, their lateral outline sometimes slightly turgid. The extensive thickening of their walls extends from the rounded distal ends to their basal terminations. Male gonophores very long and slender (specimens from South Georgia). Distribution.—South Georgia on Macrocystis gigantica (van, den Stemen), South Africa and near Cape Horn (Meyen). SILICULARIA RETICULATA (Hartlaub). Plate 25, figs. 3-4. Eucopella reticulata Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 569. Trophosome.2—Rootstocks forming an open irregular mesh of creeping fibers which are much thicker than the pedicels. Pedicels smooth, about 6 mm. high, somewhat thickened distally and abruptly constricted at their basal insertion. Immediately below the hydrotheca is a globular annulation of considerable size. Hydrothece bilaterally symmetrical, very vari- able in form, foreshortened in length, with the lateral outline lower on one side. Gonosome.—Gonangia (female) strongly compressed, rounded distally, horn-shaped in out- line, with short pedicel, short and broad, thick-wailed only proximally and in the pedicel. Locality —F ound on a smooth-leaved laminarian at Port Williams, Falkland Island. Tt seems to the present writer that this species should go into the genus Stlicularia, with which it agrees in nearly all generic characteristics, until an examination of suitable aeteael shows the character of the aononaal contents. 1No specimen of this species being available, the description is taken from Hartlaub’s notes on the type specimen. found in the Berlin Museum (Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 573). 2Description taken from that of the original describer, Hartlaub, there being no material accessible to the writer. 92 é AMERICAN HYDROIDS. SILICULARIA ATLANTICA (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Plate 25, fig. 5. Hypanthia atlantica MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden desk. k, naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 211. Silicularia atlantica HarrLaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1895, p. 580. Trophosome.\—Hydrorhiza in the form of creeping, threadlike rootstock, sparingly branched on the folds of a thallus of an alga. Pedicels 1 to 5 mm. long, about .18 mm. in diameter, with thickened walls, with a globular annulation separating it from the hydrotheca. Hydrothece with greatly thickened walls, their form greatly resembling that of Hucopella campanularia von Lendenfeld, margin strongly oblique; length .35 to 6 mm. and breadth across margin .3 to .63 mam. Gonosome.—Female gonangia borne on short pedicels compressed above, reaching a height of 2.7 mm. and a diameter of .67 mm. at the widest part. Male gonangia are much smaller than the female and their pedicels usually longer; their length in the swollen part reaches 1.7 mm., and the pedicel .388. Their diameter is about .25 mm. The writer also describes the occurrence of one hydrotheca above another on the same pedicel as figured by Mereschkowsky as occurring in Clytia poterium. Locality.—The type-specimen is from lat. 6° S.; long. 38° W.; collected by Dr. A. Wolf. No other specimens of this species have been reported. SILICULARIA REPENS (Allman). Plate 25, fig. 6. Hypanthea repens AruMANn, Descriptions of some new species of Hydroida from Kerguelen’s Island, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 17, 1876, p. 115. Hypanthea repens MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 211. Silicularia repens Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 572. Trophosome.’—Peduneles about one-fourth inch high, springing at intervals from a creeping stolon, with a globular annulus just below the hydrotheca, but otherwise smooth. Hydrothecz obconical with very oblique margin, their cavity forming distally a shallow cup, which is pro- longed as a narrow cylindrical tube downward through the axis of the hydrotheca. Gonosome.—Gonangia elongated, narrow, passing gradually into a short peduncle which springs from the creeping stolon; colonies monecious, the male gonangia surpassing in height the hydrothecal peduncles, fusiform, opening on the summit by a narrow circular orifice; the female shorter than the male, scarcely narrowing toward the distal extremity, where there is a wide orifice. Halitat.—Swains Bay (Kerguelen). SILICULARIA HEMISPHERICA Allman. Plate 25, figs. 7-8. Silicularia hemispherica Auuman, Challenger Reports, Hydroida, pt. 2, 1888, p. 27. Silicularia hemispherica Hartiaus, Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 576. Silicularia hemispherica JA&pERHOoLM, Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, 1905, p. 18. Silicularia hemispherica Rrrcnim, Hydroids of the Scottish Nat. Antarctic Exped., 1906, p. 529. Trophosome.~—Colony growing from a creeping rootstock which is thick-walled and of considerably greater diameter than the pedicels. The rootstocks do not lie parallel to each other (according to Hartlaub). The pedicels vary from a little more than the height of the bydrotheca to four times the height of the latter. They are thick-walled, and bear from one to three deep annulations immediately below the hydrothece. ‘No material of this species being at hand, the writer takes the above description from the original by Marktanner- Turneretscher. * In the absence of material representing this species the writer quotes entire the original description of Allman. * Description made partly from a fragment of the type collected by the Challenger and partly from Hartlaub’s notes on specimens taken from Terra del Fuego. THE CAMPANULARIDA AND THE BONNEVIELLID®, 93 The hydrothecx are almost hemispherical in outline and are quite different from those described by Hartlaub. They are thick-walled and the margin bears a deep sinuation or notch which dips down nearly half way to the bottom of the hydrotheca in the Challenger specimen. The hydrothecal lumen is much restricted and much too small to accommodate the retracted hydranth. Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the rootstock. The single gonangium on the Challenger specimen is very different from the descriptions of Allman and Hartlaub. It is broadly vasiform, with flaring margin, and is borne on a short, thick-walled pedicel. Gonangial contents.—Ova. Hartlaub* says that the male gonangia are very slender and overtop the female gonangia, their longer stem gradually passing into the capsule proper, and that the spadix is strongly branched Gn the female). In many gonangia he found free planule. Distribution —Falkland Islands (Allman); South Terra del Fuego Archipelago, Navarin Island (Michaelsen). Genus THAUMANTIAS Eschseholtz.? Trophosome.—Colony simple or branched, hydrothece campanulate, with a distinct dia- phragm. Proboscis trumpet-shaped. Gonosome.—Meduse with 4 radial canals and 4 or more marginal tentacles. Manubrium with 4 simple lips. No marginal sense-clubs nor lithocysts. The trophosome of this genus offers no distinguishing character, being much like that of numerous campanularians. The character of the medusx, particularly the absence of litho- cysts, offers sufficient grounds for the retention of the genus. THAUMANTIAS INCONSPICUA Forbes. Plate 25, fig. 9. Thaumantias inconspicua ForBes, Monograph of the British Naked-eyed Meduse, 1848, p. 52, pl. 8, figs. 3a, 3b (medusze only). Thaumantias inconspicua WricHt, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., new ser., vol. 2, 1862, p. 221. Thaumantias inconspicua H1xcxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 179. Campanularia inconspicua CaLKins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 349. Phialidium hemisphxricum Mayer, The Medusz of the World, vol. 2, 1910, p. 266. Thaumantias inconspicua Fraser, West Coast Hydroids, 1911, p. 40. Trophosome.s—Pedicels growing from a creeping rootstock, together with Lafoea. In -some cases these pedicels are branched, but there is no regularity whatever in the mode of branching, and the usual mode of growth is in the form of unbranched pedicels. These are of the ordinary campanularian type, annulated above and below, with a smooth median portion. Hydrothece deeply campanulate, the greater part of their sides being parallel and the base | evenly rounded. There are usually 7 (7 to 9) well-marked marginal teeth which are rather sharply pomted at the tips, and not rounded as in many forms. ‘‘The hydranth rests upon an elevated annular ridge near the outer edge of the diaphragm” (Calkins). Gonosome.‘—Gonangia borne on annulated pedicels arising from the creeping rootstock and enlarging to meet the hydrothecal base. The gonangia are oblong ovate in shape and about twice as long as the hydrotheca, with a round terminal aperture without collar. The blasto- style bears four meduse which are hemispherical and show numerous marginal tentacles. The adult medusz, according to Hincks, has 4 radial canals, a short quadrate manubrium, and numerous (16 to 40) marginal tentacles, with a tawny sense-bulb at the base of each. There are no lithocysts. 1 Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste, 1905, p. 576. 2 System der Acalephen, Berlin, 1829, p.102. ‘‘ Ventriculus simplex, brachiis destitutus, Canali ventriculi quatuor clavati, Cirrhi marginalis pleures basi bulbosi.”’ i 3 Description of specimen collected by C. M. Fraser, San Juan Archipelago, Pacific Coast of British Columbia. The specimens were compared with those collected by Calkins. 4 Description taken from text and figures given by Calkins in his Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 349, pl. 2, fig. 8. 55968°—15——7 94 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Distribution —British Coasts (Wright, Hincks, and others); Puget Sound (Calkins); Atlantic Coast, United States (Fraser, MSS.). Mayer? considers this species as identical with Phialidium hemisphericum (Gronovius) and states that the hydroid ‘‘is probably a Campanu- lina”’ and refers to Hincks? where he (Mayer) is doubtless misled by a figure of Lovenella clausa on the opposite page from the description of Thawmantias inconspicua. This figure, however, has no reference to Thawmantias at all and the hydroid form of T. inconspicua is, as above shown, indistinguishable from Campanularia. It is true that Brown and Mayer both describe the medusx of this form as having lithocysts, but Hincks distinctly says that they are absent and bases his genus on that fact. It does not seem likely that so careful an observer as Hincks would fail to see these structures. It seems more probable that Hincks and van Beneden were describing different meduse, and that the latter writer was describing a Campanulina while Hincks had a form whose hydroid phase was indistinguishable from Campanularia. Family BONNEVIELLID Broch. Bonneviellide Brocu, Hydroiduntersuchungen II, Zur Kenntniss der Gattungen Bonneviella und Lictorella, 1909, 1M UV The original definition of this family is entirely satisfactory and will be adopted here. The following is a translation: BonNEVIELLID#; Calypteroblastic hydroids with a well-marked veloid, so that a preoral cavity is formed. The present writer has made an examination of longitudinal sections of his ‘‘ Campanu- laria regia,” a close relative of Bonneviella grandis (Allman), type of the family, and has been able to confirm the obser- vations of Broch. A mem- brane, which the writer had previously regarded as the proboscis, stretches from the tentacle bases above the real oral surface. The center of this membrane is perforated by a round aperture directly over the true oral opening. The ‘‘preoral cavity” (fig. 69, p o) thus formed is lined STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF BONNEVIELLA GRANDIS. : (After Broch.) throughout with ectoderm, Fig. 69.—Oral region and upper part of gastric cavity. 6, Tentacle base; p. 0., pre-oral cavity; thus showing a remarkable v, vellum; ** *, opening from mouth to gastric cavity. approach to the gullet or Fig. 70.—Basal region, showing connection of hydranth with the hydrotheca. a, Diaphragm. : esophagus of zoantharians in its structure. The ‘‘veloid” (fig. 69, v) or membrane itself is composed of two layers of ectoderm separated by a stutzlamella. Aside from this remarkable and important character this form would have to be removed from the family Campanularide on account of not having the trumpet-shaped proboscis char- acteristic of that family. Indeed it has no proboscis at all, the real oral surface being actually a depression whose lowest point is occupied by the mouth. KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF BONNEVIELLA. Hydrothece tubular, with everted margins. Gonanpialageniforms Tonpatucumeall!laya rho bo ele eaten eee ete grandis. Gonangia cylindrical, transversely corrugated. ; Ey. dro the coal ang: eM tO OMIT ey OT) Seer ee regia. Eby drothecse immense wip sto} Osun peer es ret foie rete el ere eee ji seeoboseeebees superba. Hivdrotheess) campanulaite: jmaroinien ot ce;ver ted eee et ele eee ere a ee eee ey eer ingens. 1 Medusze of the World, vol. 2, 1910, p. 266-267. 2 British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p, 179. THE CAMPANULARIDE AND THE BONNEVIELLID&. 95 Genus BONNEVIELLA Broch. Bonneviella Brocu, Hydroiduntersuchungen, II, Zur Kenntniss der Gattungen Bonneyviella und Lictorella, 1909, p. 197. Bonneviella Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 230. Trophosome.—Hydranth with a single row of tentacles connected by a veloid. Food cavity lined with ectoderm. The branched colony arising from a rhizocaulon. Gonosome.—(Gonangia scattered over the stem or in groups on rootstock.’) Gonophores sessile. Colonies sex- ually distinct. BONNEVIELLA GRANDIS (Allman). Plate 26, fig. 1. Campanularia grandis ALLMAN, Diagnosis of New Genera and Species of Hydroida, 1876, p. 259. Lafoea gigantea Bonnevie, The Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., Hydroida, 1899, p. 68. Lafoea gigantea Brocu, Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1905, p. 15. Bonneviella grandis Brocw, Hydroiduntersuchungen, IT, 1909, p. 198. Bonneviella grandis Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 230. Campanularia grandis JkperHouM, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 70. Trophosome—Stem compound, consisting of 4 to 6 straight, thick-walled, parallel, smooth- surfaced tubes which seem to be closely adherent throughout and from which the pedicels arise in an entirely irregular manner. The stem reminds one of a magnified stem of Oampanu- laria verticillata. The specimen at hand is incomplete and broken, but the portion remaiming is about 3 inches long. Pedicels short, as compared with the hydrothecx, bemg 3 mm. in length in the specimen described, and with a single subglobular annulation just below the hy- drotheca. Otherwise the pedicel is practically smooth. Hydrothece very large, a typical one being 5 mm. long, and a little more than twice as long as broad, urceolate in shape, with a distinctly flaring margin which is smooth and slightly smuous. The greatest diameter of the hydrotheca is below its middle and below this it rounds into an approximately hemispherical basal portion. The hydranth is so retracted that its characteristic features can not be ascer- tained. i Gonosome.2—Gonangia springing in a dense cluster from the aggregated basal tubes, nearly sessile, lageniform, with strong longitudinal ridges, shghtly exceeding a quarter of an inch in height. Distribution —Type-locality, Cape. St. John, Japan. Otherwise the distribution is ex- ceedingly uncertain, owing to various writers confounding it with B. regia Nutting. North Atlantic Exped., station 164, 800 meters. West of Lofoten, Norway (Bonnevie). Lat. 64° 17’ 5/’ N.; long. 14° 44’ 75’” W., between Iceland and Greenland (Broch). According to Allman’s description and figures the gonosome is in the form of clusters of spindle-shaped gonangia, while Bonnevie figures it as scattered. BONNEVIELLA REGIA (Nutting). Plate 26, figs. 2-4. Campanularia regia Nuttine, Hydroids of the Harriman Alaska Exped., 1901, p. 172. Bonneviella grandis (part) Brocu, Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere, 1909, p. 230. Campanularia grandis (part) JkprERHorm, Northern and Arctic Invert., pt. 4, Hydroiden, 1909, p. 70. Trophosome.t—Colony consisting of a densely aggregated mass of rootstocks growing over an ascidian stem and a colony of Lafwa fruticosa. Pedicels unbranched, usually shorter than the hydrothece, but occasionally much longer. There is often a distinct swelling a short distance below the hydrotheca, otherwise the pedicel is quite smooth. Hydrothece very large, often attaining a length of 3.5 mm. and about 3.5 times as long as broad. ‘They are tubular 1 Added by the present writer. 2 Description of a specimen labeled ‘‘ Campanularia grandis Allman, Tsugar. Str.’’ I believe the specimen is one sent me in exchange by Dr. Elof Jiderholm. 3 Description taken from the original by Allman. 4 Description of specimens from station 4778, Bering Sea, lat. 52° 12’ N.; long. 179° 52’ E., 43 fathoms. 96 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. in, shape, but their contours are gracefully curved, the basal portion being broader, gradually narrowing in central parts and again broadening toward the distinctly everted margin. ‘The margin itself is smooth.» The diaphragm is low and the basal chamber small. The hydranth has the characteristic structure of this family, the real mouth being depressed considerably below the level of the general oral surface. This, which one would naturally consider as the proboscis, unless sections were examined, is a dome-shaped or conical structure with an apical aperture and a lining of ectoderm. In section it reveals the two layers of ectoderm with a stutzlamella between them; the tentacles are numerous. Gonosome.—The gonangia grow in clumps or clusters, resembling those of Lafoea, but are not so closely aggregated as is usual in that genus. ‘They are usually less than half as high as the hydrothec and are cylindrical, with very distinct annulations 5 or 6 in number. The distal end is truncated. The whole gonangium greatly resembles the common form found in campanularians, e. g., Clytia johnston’. The gonangia contain developing meduse, the special characters of which can not be made out. Distribution.—Type-locality, Orca, Prince William Sound, Alaska. Also found by the Albatross at the following stations: Station 4778, lat. 52° 12’ N.; long. 179° 52’ K., 43 fathoms (Bering Sea); station 4803, lat. 46° 42’ N.; long. 151° 45’ E., 229 fathoms (off Kamchatka); station 4804, lat. 46° 42’ N.; long. 151° 47’ E., 229 fathoms (off Kamchatka); station 4809, lat. 41° 18’ N.; long. 140° 8’ 40’’ E., 207 fathoms (Sea of Japan). Nearly every writer who has mentioned this species since it was originally described has regarded it as a synonym of Bon- neviella grandis. Upon direct comparison of the two forms, however, they are seen to be very distinct and undoubtedly good species. In the trophosome there is a striking difference in the character of the stem, B. grandis having a true fascicled stem made up of straight, closely adherent tubes, while the stem in B. regia is an aggregation of distinct rootstocks which are usually plainly separate. The hydrothece differ not only in size, those of B. grandis being much larger and more robust than in B. regia; but they differ still more remarkably in text- ure, the hydrothec of B. grandis being coarse and somewhat opaque as is usually the case in Lafoea, while those of B. regia are so exquisitely transparent and delicate that, in spite of their large size, they are hard to make out with a hand lens when in asmall vial. The gonosome differs even more than the trophosome, that of B. grandis consisting of terete and longitudinally ribbed gonangia, while those of B. regia are cylindrical and transversely corrugated. BONNEVIELLA SUPERBA, new species. Plate 27, figs. 1-3. Trophosome.—Colony consisting of a tangled mass of partly adherent tubes which form an axis or stem from which single pedicels arise. This pseudo-stem is interwoven with a mass of other hydroids, mostly sertularians. Pedicels strong, stiff, attaining a length of 2.5 cm. and a diameter of over 1 mm. They are perfectly smooth, for the most part, but are constricted near their origin and just below the hydrotheca. Hydrothecz enormous, in one case attaining a length of 1.7 cm.; probably the longest hydrotheca known. The diameter near the margin is 6mm. The general shape is deep campanulate rather than tubular, diminishing gradually below until it passes into the pedicel and flaring at the margin above. Margin perfectly smooth. There is no real diaphragm, although there appears to be one, as the bottom of the hydranth is free from the hydrothecal floor. There is no chitinous shelf, however. The hydranths are very large, with a single circlet of smooth tentacles. There is no pro- boscis, the surface, which would, without histological investigation be taken for the oral disk, being almost perfectly flat. A longitudinal section of a hydranth shows that this apparent oral surface is in reality the “veloid” of Broch and that it covers a distinct preoral chamber of considerably greater size than that of B. grandis, which is, as in that species, lined with ecto- derm. Below this and perhaps partly surrounding its conical lower part is the gastric cavity, lined with convoluted endoderm pot cha ata THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLID®. 97 Gonosome.—The gonangia are in an aggregated cluster of cylindrical bodies growing from a tangled mass, much as in the case of various species of Lafoea. Individual gonangia attain a length of 6 mm. and a diameter of 1.5mm. They are rudely annulated throughout, there being 7 broad corrugations in the one described. There is a broad neck, almost as broad as the rest of the gonangium, and an abruptly truncated end. The structure is supported on a short pedicel. The gonangial contents have generally discharged or are partially disintegrated so that a satisfactory investigation can hardly be made. Distribution.—The type and only known specimen is from station 3480, Bering Sea, lat. 52° 06’ N.; long. 171° 45’, 283 fathoms. Type.—Cat. No. 34528, U.S.N.M. This remarkable species shows, in its gonosome, a close approach to the Lafoeide, while the internal anatomy of the hydranth shows its true place to be in the Bonneviellide. It also shows a still closer approach to the Anthozoa than does B. grandis. ? BONNEVIELLA INGENS, new species. Plate 27, fig. 4-5. Trophosome.—Colony 7 cm. in height, with a fascicled stem which is straight, unbranched, and 3 mm. in diameter. In another specimen the stem is formed of an agglutinated mass of tubes § mm. in diameter. The pedicels spring singly and irregularly from this mass of stems, are irregularly annulated, and sometimes attain a length of 16 mm. The annulations are usually rather distant, but deep, resembling irregular segmentations of the unusually thick perisarc. The hydrothece are very large, being 6 mm. in length and a little more than 3 mm. in diameter, their greatest width being about one-third the distance from the base to the margin. They gradually decrease in diameter to the perfectly even margin and round out basally to meet the pedicel. There is a well-marked diaphragm upon which the hydranth rests and a sharp annular constriction separating the hydranth from the stem. The hydrothece are occupied by what appear to be degenerating hydranths, which do not show sufficient differen- tiation of structure to afford a basis for description. The structure consists of a funnel-shaped body, the broad end of which acts as a plug closing the distal end of the hydrotheca, the plug appearing in lateral view as a broad, heavy band just below the margin. The hydranth body narrows below into a comparatively thin stalk and then suddenly expands to form the hydranth base which rests on the diaphragm. Gonosome.—Unknown. Distribution—The type and only known specimens of this remarkable campanularian are from Albatross station 4803, Simushir Island, N. 59° W., 9 miles, 229 fathoms. Type.—Cat. No. 34576, U.S.N.M. This station, being in the vicinity of the Kurile Islands, is not in American territory; but zoologically these islands appear to be an extension of the Aleutian chain and hence this species may be included, doubtfully, in the American fauna. On account of the imperfect condition of the hydranths this species is placed in the Bonne- viellidee with considerable doubt. Longitudinal sections of one of the hydranths were incon- clusive as regards the presence or absence of the preoral cavity and “veloid’’ of Broch. The tissues were not sufficiently well preserved to yield satisfactory histological results. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. An attempt is here made to give the titles of all works in which mention is made of species of Campanularidee and Bonneviellid that occur in American waters, and to indicate as briefly as possible the nature of their content so far as these families are concerned. An asterisk (*) preceding a title indicates that the work has not been seen by the writer. In practically all such cases the citation is made on the authority of ‘Matériaux pour servir 4 histoire des Hydroides”’ by Maurice Bedot, a work which has proven to be exceptionally accurate by the many hundreds of references that have been verified by the present writer. Aaassiz, ALEXANDER.........- The Acalephan Fauna of the Southern Coast of Massachusetts. (Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 8, 1862) Boston, 1862. A brief mention of a few campanularian meduse. On the mode of development of the marginal tentacles of the free medusse of some hydroids. (Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 9, 1865). Boston, 1865. Discusses Obelia meduse. North American Acalephe (Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, No. 2), Cambridge, 1865. Contains a list and synonymy of the North American Campanularidae known at that time. No descriptions of new forms. PUOUIS! a5. Sey ie Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, Second Mono- graph, vol. 4. Boston, 1862. A classic American work, superbly illustrated and containing elaborate descriptions and illustrations of Orthopyzis caliculata! Clytia bicophora, C. cylin- drica, Campanularia amphora, Obelia commissuralis, and O. geniculata. Original descriptions of the genus Orthopyxis and the species Clytia bicophora and C. cylindrica. ALDER, JOSHUA..............-- A notice of some New Genera and Species of British Hydroid Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, vol. 18, 1856, p. 353). London, 1856. Original descriptions of Campanularia hincksti and Clytia johnstoni. A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham, (Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, vol. 3), Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1857. An important work. Includes original description of Campanularia neglecta, and careful discussions of C. johnstoni and C. hincksii. C Description of a Zoophyte and two species of Echinodermata new to Britain. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 5, 1860, p. 73.) London, 1860. Describes Campanularia (= Calycella) fastigiata. : On some New and Rare Zoophytes found on the Coast of Northumberland. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 9, 1862, p. 311). London, 1862. Original description of Campanularia raridentata. ; *Report on the Dredging Expedition to the Dogger Bank on the Coast of Northumber- land. (Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, vol. 5; 1860-62.) Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1862. *Report on the Zoophytes, (Report of the deep-sea dredging on the Coast of Northum- berland and Durham, vol. 1.) London, 1867. 1The names of species will be given according to present usage and not necessarily as they appear in the works under discussion. ¥ 99 100 AtuMAN, GEORGE J.....------- Bate, Witram Mie... 2. 2----2- IBEDOT: MIPS Ey eee cece et BENEDEN, P. J. VAN..-.------- BENNETT Ji As: robes eee BER Gracenote cet AMERICAN HYDROIDS, Notes on the Hydroid Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 4, 1859, p. 137). London, 1859. Contains the original description of Gonothyrxa loveni. Additional observations on the morphology of the,reproductive organs in the Hydroid Polypes (Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, new ser., vol. 9, pp. 307-317). Edinburgh, 1859. ? Describes Gonothyrxa loveni under name of “ Laomedea flexuosa.’ Mentions the medusze of Obelia dichotoma and Clytia johnstont. On the structure of the reproductive organs in certain Hydroid Polypes. (Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 4, pp. 60-64.) Edinburgh, 1862. Discusses reproduction of Campanularia flexuosa and Orthopyxis caliculata. Report of the present state of our knowledge of the Reproductive System in the Hy- droida. (Report, 33d Meeting, British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, 1863, pp. 351-426.) London, 1864. Detailed description of the morphology and development of Clytia johnstoni and Gonothyrxa loveni. Good figures. On the Construction and Limitation of Genera among the Hydroida. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 13, 1864, p. 345.) London, 1863. A valuable discussion on the classification of the Campanularide. Descriptions of some new Species of Hydroida from Kerguelen’s Island. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, vol. 17, 1876, p. 113.) London, 1876. Original descriptions of Campanularia cylindrica and Silicularia repens. Report on the Hydroida collected during the Exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. , de Pourtales, Assistant, U. S. Coast Survey. (Memoirs of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. 5, No. 2.) Cambridge, 1877. Original descriptions of Obelia marginata, O. longicyatha, and Campanularia macroscypha. The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology. Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part 2, The Tubularinae, Corymor- phinae, Campanularinae, Sertularinae and Thalamorphinae. London, 1888. An important systematic discussion of Campanularide, in which, however, are included a number of forms, e. g., Hebella, which are not regarded as Cam- panularidee in the present work. Original descriptions of Campanularia tulipifera, C. insignis, C. ptychocyathus, C. retroflexa, and Silicularia hemispherica. Australian Hydroid Zoophytes. Sydney, 1884. An excellent work which will remain a classic. It extends the known distri- bution of several American Campanularidee. On some new and rare Hydroids in the Australian Museum collections. (Proceedings of the Linneen Society of New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p, 745). Sydney, 1888. Extends the known distribution of some American Campanularide. | Matériaux pour servir 4 histoire des Hydroides. Published in four parts or ‘‘periods”’ and including all literature on the hydroids up to the year 1880. (Revue Suisse de zoologie. Annales de la Société zoologique suisse, et du Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genéve) Geneva, 1901-1912. An invaluable work for the systematist in the Hydroida of which great use has been made in the present work. Hydroides de Roscoff. (Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, ser, 5, vol. 6, No. 6). Paris, 1911. Mentions six campanularians that occur in American waters, Mémoire sur les Campanulaires de la Céte d’Ostend, considérés sous le Rapport Physiologique, Embryogénique et Zoologique. 1845. A classic work in which the origin of the medusze of an Obelia is described in detail and illustrated by very good figures. Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique. (Polypes.) (Mem. Roy. Soc. Lettres et Beaux-Arts de Belgique, year 36 (2), vol. 23, pp. 708-709), Brussels, 1867. A beautifully illustrated monograph, giving descriptions and figures of Clytia johnstoni, Obelia gelatinosa, and Gonothyrxa loveni. _In Olivier (van) G. Naamljst van Wormen in Nederland aanwezig. (Natuurk. verh. Maatsch. der Wetensch, Haarlem, D. 15, pp. 1-256). Haarlem, 1826. Mentions Campanularia vulubilis, Obelia gelatinosa, O. geniculata, and O. dichotoma. -Gopelpolyper (Hydroider) fra Kara Havet, p. 31. 1877. Extends the know distribution of some campanularians. THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLID. 101 BERKENHOUT, J.---.-.-------- Synopsis of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland, containing a systematic arrangement and concise description of all the animals, vegetables, and fossils which have been hitherto discovered in these kingdoms, vol. 1. London, 1879. Mentions Campanularia verticillata, C. volubilis, Obelia dichotoma, and O. geniculata, all under the genus ‘‘Sertularia.”’ BmiarD, ARMAND....--------- Contributions 4 ’étude des Hydroides. (Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie et Paleontologie, la Classification et I’ Histoire Naturelle des Animaux). 1904. Discusses stolonization of Obelia dichotoma and other species, fission in Obelia, regeneration, grafting, etc., of common campanularians. Expédition Antarctique Francaise, 1903-1905. Ouvrage publié surs les auspices du Ministére de l’Instruction Publique. Paris, 1906. Describes Obelia longissima and mentions Silicularia pedunculata and Campa- nularia subrufa. Mission des Percheries de la Cdte Occidentale d’ Afrique, vol. 3, Hydroides. 1906. Six species of Campanularidz mentioned. Travailleur et Talisman, Hydroides. (Expéditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, vol. 8, 1907). Paris, 1907. Mentions Campanularia subrufa and describes Obelia longissima. Hydroides de Madagascar et.du Sud-Est de |’ Afrique. (Arch. Zool., Paris, ser. 4, vol. 7, 1907, pp. 335-396, pls. 25, 26.) Reports Campanularia integra and Clytia longicyatha. ¢ 5 Révision des espéces Types d’Hydroides de la Collection Lamouroux. (Annales des Sciences Naturelles, neuvieme série, Zoologie.) 1909. : Describes types of Obelia geniculata, Campanularia verticillata, and Silicularia clytioides. Révision d’une parte de la Collection des Hydroides du British Museum. (Annales des Sciences Naturelles, neuvieme série, Zoologie.) Paris, 1910. Mentions Campanularia retroflexa. Buarnvitie, H. M. ps.....--.--Article “Zoophytes” (Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 60). Paris, 1830. Lists “‘ Laomedea dichotoma” and ‘‘Laomedea geniculata” as synonyms. Men- tions Campanularia verticillata and Obelia gelatinosa. Manuel d’actinologie ou de zoophytologie. Paris, 1834. Describes the genera Obelia and Thaumantias. BODDAER Ty Bese ee sees ese ee =a In Pallas, Lyst' der Plant-Dieren, Vertaald, en Aanmerkingen en Afbeeldingen voorzien door P. Boddaert, 1768. Careful descriptions of the following, all un der genus “‘Sertwlaria”: Obelaria gelatinosa, Obelia geniculata, O. longissima, and Campanularia volubilis. Bonnevie, Kristine..........--The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876-1878, Zoology, Hydroida. Christi- ania, 1899. ‘An excellent series of tables showing distribution, including that of the Campanularidee. Bosc, L. A. G.. _ Histoire Naturelle des Vers, contenant leur description et leurs meeurs. 3 vols. vol. 3. Paris, 1802. Descriptions of Campanularia verticillata, C. volubilis, Obelia geniculata, O. dichotoma, and Obelaria gelatinosa. BOWMAN, Clo Ckoocdsscocdoccsece Hydroids of Plymouth. (Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 1. 1890. Eight campanularians listed. . IBROCHH Ease eee eee aera , ...-Nordsee-Hydroiden von dem norwegischen Fischerdamfer Michael Sars in den Jahren 1903-1904 gesammelt, nebst Bemerkungen uber die Systematik der Thecoph- oren Hydroiden. (Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1905, No. 6.) 1905. Discussion of the genera of Campanularide, in which he includes the Lafceide. Hydroiduntersuchungen I, Thecophorea Hydroiden von den Nordlichen Norwegen. (Aftrysk af Museums Aarshefte 29.) 1908. Interesting from a distributional standpoint. Hydroiduntersuchungen, I, Zur Kenntniss der Gattungen Bonneviella und Licto- rella. 1909. Original definition of the family Bonneviellidee and genus Bonneviella. Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere. (Abdruck aus Fauna Arctica, Eine Zusam- menstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nordlicher Eismeer in Jahre 1898, vol. 1, pt. 1) Jena, 1909. Institutes the suborder Thecophora Proboscidea. -A very valuable work from a distributional standpoint, but with an extreme tendency to unite forms usually regarded as distinct. 102 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Brocu sie aaseseisseses beeeke Fauna drobachiensis, I, Hydroider. (Separataftryk ay Nyt Magazin for Naturvid- _ enskaberne, vol. 49, H. I.) Christiania, 1911. Hight campanularians mentioned. A key to species included. Hydroidenuntersuchungen, III, Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen Hydroiden. (Det Kel. Norske Videnskabers selskabs Skrifter, 1911, No. 1). Trondhjem, 1912. A systematic discussion, including the genera of the Campanularide. Men- tions Campanularia hincksti, Clytia johnstoni, Campanularia neglecta, Gonothy- rea gracilis, and Obelia dichotoma. Brooks, WmutAm K..........- Studies from Johns Hopkins Biological Laboratories, vol. 2, No. 2, 1882. List of Medusze found at Beaufort during the summers of 1880-81. Includes medusz of Clytia bicophora, C. cylindrica, C. noliformis (under name of Oceanea folleata), and Obelia commissuralis. IBROWNE. By Deen eee ee Fauna and Flora of Valencia Harbor, on the West Coast of Ireland. (Proceedings Royal Ivish Academy, ser. 3, vol. 5, No. 5, pts. 1 and 2.) Dublin, 1900. Medusa of Orthopyxis caliculata (under name of Agastra caliculata). Good distributional tables. A Preliminary Report of the Hydromeduse from the Falkland Islands. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 9, 1902, p. 272.) London, 1902. Mentions the medusa of Obelia geniculata (under name of Obelia diaphana). *Biscayan Plankton Meduse. 1906. Hydroids collected by the Huxley from the north side of the Bay of Biscay. (Journal of the Marine Biological Association, vol. 8, No. 1, 1907.) 1907. An interesting table of bathymetric distribution. Three common campanu- larians mentioned. and Ruppert, V.-.....-On the Marine Fauna of the Isles of Scilly. (Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. 1.) 1904. Mentions the medusa of Clytia johnsioni. IBUSKY Goons e eee cease *An account of the Polyzoa and Sertularian Zoophytes collected in the voyage of the ; Rattlesnake on the coast of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago. (Narrative of the Voyage of the Rattlesnake, vol. 1, Appendix 4.) London, 1852. @ATKINS | GARI Noses eee eee Some Hydroids from Puget Sound. (Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 28, No. 13, p. 333.) Boston, 1899. Original descriptions of Campanularia attenuata, Obelia gracilis, O. surcularis, O. fragilis, and O. griffint. . Discussion of the systematic importance of the diaphragm in the Campanularide. Ago, Ne ecesogsasseccesoce Memoire postume sceverate della schede autografe di Philippo Cavolini pur cura ed a spezi di S. D. Chiaie. Benevento, 1853. An Italian classic. The third memoir treats of the ‘“‘Sertulariares,’’ includ- ing the campanularians. Descriptions of Obelia dichotoma and O. geniculata. @HIAJE (DELLE), ‘S).------2---2-- *Memoire sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. Naples, 1822-1830. CrARKAR ETE NR Va meee seat eee rene Mind in Nature, or the origin of life and the mode of development in animals. New York, 1865. : Ova of Campanularia amphora described. Mainly a theological discussion. Ome SS IPSAC Ure enecaaoeeaes Descriptions of New and Rare Species of Hydroids from the New England Coast. (Transactions Connecticut Academy, vol. 3, pp. 57-66.) 1876. Original descriptions of Obelia bicuspidata and Gonothyrxa tenuis. The Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of the United States South of Vancouver Island, with a Report upon those in the Museum of Yale College. (Transactions Con- necticut Academy, vol. 3, pp. 249, 264.) 1876. Original descriptions of Campanularia cylindrica, C. fusiformis, and Ortho pyxis everta. Report on the Hydroids collected on the Pacific Coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, by W. H. Dall, U. S. Coast Survey and party, from 1871 to 1874, inclusive. (Proceedings Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, pp. 209-238.) Phila- delphia, 1876. Original descriptions of Campanularia denticulata, C. circula, C. turgida, Orthopyxis compressa, Campanularia speciosa, and C. urceolata. A very important work. CLARE 6 0H) sso-eee eee Report on the Hydroida collected during the Exploration of the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico by Alexander Agassiz, 1877-78. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 5, No. 10, p. 239.) Cambridge, 1879. Original descriptions of Campanularia coronata and Obelia hyalina. THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDE. 103 CUAR KEN SUH eee see aise = Report on the dredging operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Gala- pagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. F. C. steamer Albatross during 1901, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. XI, the Hydroids. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 25, No. 6, 1894.) Cam- bridge, 1894. Original description of Obelia castellata (=Obelaria gelatinosa). Report on the Scientific results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. F. C. steamer Albatross, from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., commanding. (Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 35, No. 1, 1907.) Cambridge, 1907. Original descriptions of Campanularia obliqua and Obelia striata; also an Obelia allied to O. bicuspidata. CooKS* WreePiserssesececoseae Contributions to the Fauna of Falmouth. (17th annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, pp. 38-103.) London, 1849. Mentions Campanularia verticillata, C. volubilis, C. integra, Obelia dichotoma, and O. geniculata. Conapon, HE. D......----.-.-- The Hydroids of Bermuda. (Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 42, January, 1907.) Original descriptions of Clytia fragilis and Clytia simplex (=C. noliformis). Cosra, vON Gis. S4. on seers *Fauna del regno di Napoli, Zoofiti. Naples, 1838. Coucns Re Q¥ 55-255 eee .-An Essay on the Zoophytes of Cornwall. (9th annual Report, Royal Cornwall Poly- technic Society, pp. 27-90.) London, 1841. Mentions Campanularia verticillata, C. volubilis, Obelia dichotoma, O. genicu- lata, and Obelaria gelatinosa. On the Morphology of the different organs of Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 15, 1845.) London, 1845. CRAWEORDS Jae Eleeee eee ee The Hydroids of St. Andrews Bay. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 256.) London, 1895. A number of Campanularide listed, all common species. CUVIER SY Gene so sea ae oases? Le Régne Animal, distribué d’aprés son organization, ed. 2, vol.3,p.300. Paris, 1830. Brief descriptions of Canpanularia verticillata, C. volubilis, Obelia dichotoma, and O. geniculata. Danan, de Closcocsdaceucsssue Rare and remarkable Animals of Scotland represented from living subjects with practical observations on their nature. London, 1847-48. A beautifully illustrated work. Mentions Campanularia verticillata and ?Obelia longissima (under name of “‘ Sertularia dichotoma’’). DestonecHamps, E....-...---- *Lamouroux, Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes ou Animaux Rayonnés, faisant suite a l’Histoire naturelle des Vers de Bruguiere. (Encyclopédie Méthodique, vol. 2.) Paris, 1824. WESORS HH ee eee amare The embryonic development of Campanularia. (Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 3, p. 158.) Cambridge, 1851. Discusses reproduction of Gonothyrxa loveni?. Discovers spermatozoa and planula of ‘‘ Hucope oblique” (?=Obelia geniculata). WONT 22 oss ge Sed seesiccbels *Ueber . . . einige niedere . . . Seethiere. (Sitzber. d. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, Jahre 1868.) Berlin, 1869. DREISCH) /HIANSSesecee see Tektonische Studien an Hydroidpolyper. Jena, 1890. Discusses the succession of persons in the hydroid colony. Ducwassaine De Fonsresstn,P.*Animaux radiares des Antilles. Paris, 1850. WDLIS! JOHN 55222 -cee es ese nee cs An Essay toward a Natural History of the Corallines, and other marine Productions of the like kind, commonly found on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1755. An important classic, beautifully illustrated and written before the adoption of the binomial system. Several common campanularians can be recognized. An account of the Actinia sociata or clustered animal-flower, lately found on the Sea Coast of the lately ceded Islands. In a letter from John Ellis . . . to the Right Honourable the Earl of Hillsborough. (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. 57, p. 468.) London, 1768. A figure of Clytia johnstoni under name of ‘“‘Sertularia uniflora.”’ 104 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Evuis, Jonn, and SonanpeR, The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from all DANIEL. parts of the globe by the late John Ellis, esq., F. R. S. London, 1786. A classic, with excellent illustrations. No original descriptions of Cam- panularidee. BESscHsononrz, I. 222.222.2228: System der Acalephen. Eine ausfiihrliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahl- thiere. Berlin, 1829. Original description of the genus Thawmantias. Mista hl Dead ho Ore, setoneeadaomase Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildung nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, 3 vols. Niirmnberg, 1788-1830. Devoted mainly to the Alcyonaria, and with but little concerning the Hydroida. Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere. Pt. 2. Niirnberg, 1794-1806. Mentions Campanularia volubilis. Fasricius, Orro.........-..Fauna Greenlandica, Hauniae et Lipsiae. 1780. Mentions Campanularia volubilis. Fewkes, J. WALTER.......-.-- Report on the results of dredging under the supervision of Alex. Agassiz in the Carib- bean Sea, in 1878, 1879, and along the Atlantic Coast of the United States during the summer of 1880, by the U. 8. Coast Survey Steamer Blake, Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S. N., commanding. Report on the Acalephae. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 8, No. 7, 1881, p. 127.) Cambridge, 1881. Original description of Campanularia insignis (=C. marginata). An aid to the collector of the Coelenterata and Echinodermata of New England. (Bulletin of Essex Institute, vol. 23, 1891.) Boston, 1891. A key for the identification of hydroids and their medusz. and Marx, EB. L........Acalephs and Polyps, Selections from Embryological Monographs, No. III. (Me- moirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 9, No. 3, 1884.) Cambridge, 1884. Figures the medusze of Campanularia amphora and the development of the medusve of Obelia commissuralis and O. flexuosa. Fremine, J............-..-...-The Philosophy of Zoology, or a general view of the structure, functions, and classi- fications of Animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1822. Gives a figure of Obelaria gelatinosa. Observations on the Natural History of the Sertularia gelatinosa of Pallas. (Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, vol. 2.) Edinburgh, 1823. The title is self-explanatory. HORBES MBs saath senoesee cee A Monograph of the British Naked-eyed Medusie, with figures of all the species. London, 1848. Report on the investigation of British Marine Zoology by means of the Dredge. Part 1, the infralittoral distribution of Marine Invertebrates on the southern, western, and northern coasts of Great Britain. (Report of the 20th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.) London, 1851. Faunal lists only. INO Nts 13be aeado daueoSsane *Tcones rerum naturalium quas in itinere orientali conavit. Post mortem auctoris editit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniz, 1775. Ieuan, WIS dose dascaseopos Histology, Development and Origin of the Testis and Ovary in Campanularia angulata (Hincks), (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 5, 1880, p. 265.) London, 1880. The title is self-explanatory. BRASERS CniMie ess sesame The Hydroids of the West Coast of North America, with special reference to those of the Vancouver Region. (Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History, State University of Iowa, vol. 6, No.1.) Towa City, 1911. A valuable paper, describing gonosome of Clytia edwardsi. Lists all species of Campanularide known from the North Pacific Coast. Notes on New England Hydroids. (Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 39.) Iowa City, 1912. Some Hydroids from Beaufort, N. ©. (Bulletin, Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 30, 1911.) Washington, 1912. Good descriptions and figures of 12 Campanularide. Hydroids from Vancouver Island and Nova Scotia. (Bulletin No. 1, Victoria Memo- rial Museum.) 1913. Reports Campanularia grenlandica from Nova Scotia. Original description of Campanularia magnifica. GEGENBAUER, ©..____..- Goupruss, G. S......--- Goss, IP, ls5-s5h5-652 GRANTS iB Sant s ease cee ce Gray, JoHN EpWARD....- GREENE, J. P... seosses HA&cKEL, ERnst..-.-...-- laUNn aD, Wizsoessscosces Hamann, Otto........... Hareirt, CHARLES W HARTLAUB, CLEMENS...-.-.._.- THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLID®. 105 .---Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel und der Fortpflanzung bei Medusen und Polypen. (Verh. physic.-med. Ges. Wiirzburg, vol. 4, p. 154.) Wiirzburg, 1854. Mentions Obelaria gelatinosa, Obelia geniculata, O. dichotoma. A number of figures illustrate “‘Campanularian.sp. (probably Orthopyzis caliculata) and an Obelia. Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen mit Beschreibung neuer oder weniggekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. (Zeitsch. fiir wiss. Zool., vol. 8, pt. 2, 1856.) Leipzig, 1857. A few campanularian medusze mentioned. BEE Sur Pétiologie du Campanularia caliculata Hincks. (Comptes Rendus Hebdoma- daires des Séances et Mémoires de la Société Biologique, 1898, p.17.) Paris, 1898. Binds that Orthopyxis caliculata shows two forms of reproduction, one by fixed sporosacs and the other by free but relatively imperfect medusze (Agastra), genitive products produced along branched radial canals. Se Bets In Linneeus, Systema Natura, 13th edition, Aucta and reformata cura J. F. Gmelin, vol. 1, part 6. 1789-96. Gives brief descriptions of Campanularia verticillata, C. volubilis, Obelia geni- culata, O. dichotoma, and Obelaria gelatinosa. Seas * Handbuch der Zoologie, Erste Abtheilung. Niirnberg, 1820. Peespe A Manual of Marine Zoology for the British Islands, vol. 1, London, 1855. Defines Campanularide and names six common species. A Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast. London, 1858. Illustrated with excellent colored plates. Figure of the medusa of Obelia geniculata. Obelaria gelatinosa also described. -Outlines of Comparative Anatomy. London, 1835. Gives a figure of Obelia dichotoma. Oe Ss List of the Specimens of the British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Radiated Animals. London, 1847. A complete list of Campanularide then known from British coasts. paeoee On the Acalephs of the Dublin coast; being a part of a series of ‘‘Notes on Zoology’. (Natural History Review, vol. 4, 1857.) London, 1857. Lists Thaumantias inconspicua and other medusze of that genus. On the Morphology of the Hydrozoa, with reference to the constitution of the Sub- kingdom Coelenterata. (Natural History Review, vol. 3, p. 237.) London, 1857. A general discussion without much reference to the Campanularide. A Manual of the Subkingdom Coelenterata. London, 1863. Describes the development of Gonothyrxa loveni and defines the family Campanularide. Benet Das System der Medusen, Erster Theil, Einer Monographie der Medusen. (Denk- schriften der Medicin.-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, vol. 1. Jena, 1880. A sumptuous monograph in which a few Leptomeduse with known campanu- larian colonial forms are described. Pees *Nordseestudien, p. 279. Hamburg, 1863. Parc Der Organismus der Hydroidpolypen. (Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, vol. 15, new ser., vol. 8.) Jena, 1882. Discusses homology between the sporosac and medusa of Gonothyrxa and the histology of Obelia geniculata. Saco oe Synopses of North American Invertebrates. XIV. The Hydromeduse. (American Naturalist, vol. 35, pt. 1, pp. 301-315; pt. 2, pp. 379-395.) 1901. Convenient for use in identifying campanularian meduse, of which three species are figured. The Medusee of the Woods Hole Region. (Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries for 1904, vol. 24, pp. 21-79). Washington, 1904. Figures and describes the campanularian meduse of the region. Beobachtungen tiber die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei Obelia. (Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 41, 1884, pp. 159-185.) 1884. The title sufficiently indicates the contents of the paper. Die Hydromedusen Helgolands. 2. Bericht. (Beitrige zur Meeres-Fauna von Hel- goland. X. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen herausgegeben von der Kommission zur Untersuchung der Deutschen Meere in Kiel und der biolo- gischen Anstalt auf Helgoland, new ser., vol. 2, p. 1, sec. 2.) 1897. Original description of the genus Obelaria and a good description and figures of O. gelatinosa. Describes the medusa Agastra mira, which has since been found to be the medusa of Orthopyxis caliculata. 106 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. HartLaub, CLEMENS.........- Beitrige zur Fauna der siidéstlichen und éstlichen Nordsee, III, Teil VI, Hydroiden, 1898. (Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, new ser., vol. 3,1898.) 1898. Original description of the genus Galanthula, which is not considered a cam- panularian in the present work. Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland, 1896-8). (Zoologische Jahrbiicher: Abtheilung fiir Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere.) Jena, 1901. Important from a distributional standpoint. The original description of Orthopyxis crenata. Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste. (Zoologi- schen Jahrbiichern. Supplement. VI. Dr. L. Plate, Fauna Chilensis, vol. 3, pt. 3.) Jena, 1905. ; Original description of Campanularia levis. A good discussion of the genera of the Campanularide. Résultats du voyage du 8. Y. Belgica, en 1897-1899. (Rapports scientifiques de la Commission de la Belgica, Zoologie, Hydroiden.) Anvers, 1914. Obelia geniculata is the only campanularian mentioned. IFT Ais s/n WAS He shee oe eevee Catalogue of Irish Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 6, p. 166.) London, 1841. An interesting discussion of the animal nature of ‘‘Zoophytes.”’ ISba iD Obacnnsosesodednauscs Die Zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. (Verh. d. k. Zool.-Bo- tan. Ges., vol. 18, Beilage, 88 pp.) Vienna, 1868. A brief discussion of five common campanularians, and a key to the genera of hydroids. ER ETOTS PAS space. eee * Natuurlyke Historie van Nederland. De Weekdieren in lagere Dieren, vol. 2. Amsterdam, 1870. Hickson, S., and GRAVELY, TFS EISSN SIS ly, SIDR LY eye Hydroid Zoophytes of the National Antarctic Expedition. 1907. Four campanularians are included. Hinexs) “Dhi.cssees ienceone eee Further notes on British Zoophytes, with descriptions of New Species. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 178, 1853.) London, 1853. Original description of Orthopyzxis caliculata. Notes on British Zoophytes, with descriptions of new species. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 127.) London, 1855. A description of the gonosome of Campanularia integra. A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 8, pp. 251-262, 290-296.) London, 1861. Thirteen species of Campanularide mentioned. Zoophytes, a History of their Development. (Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 2, p. 401.) London, 1865. Development of medusoid in Gonothyrxa lovent. On new British Hydroida. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 18, p. 296.) London, 1866. Original description of Obelia flabellata?, Campanularia gigantea, and Gono- thyrea hyalina. A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes. London, 1868. A very important classic, probably the most valuable single publication on the Hydroida. A good discussion of the family Campanularidee and most of its genera. Unsur- passed in its fidelity in description and illustration. Supplement to a ‘‘A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall,’’ with Descriptions of new Species. (Annals and Magazine of Natu- ral History, ser. 4, vol. 8, p. 73.) London, 1871. Original description of Campanularia calceolifera. On Deep-Water Hydroida from Iceland. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, vol. 18, p. 146.) London, 1874. Important from a distributional standpoint. HOREMAN) 22225 5-2 eee ee eee * Hinige Bemerkungen iiber die Vegetation und die Fauna von Helgoland. (Verh. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 228.) Berlin, 1824. HOGG) Ji. e ease eee * Natural History of the Vicinity of Stockton on Tees. (Brewster, J., History of Stockton.) Stockton, 1827. Hourtuyn, M.................Natuurlyke Historie af uitvoerige beschryving der Dieren, Planten en Mineralien vol- gens het samenstel van den Heer Linnaeus. Erste Deels, Dieren.) Amsterdam, , 1761-73. Contains a list of species named according to Linneeus. en ee THE CAMPANULARIDEH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 107 Hux.ey, THomAs H.... .._.... HynpMAN, GEORGE © PR VEN ARS Ss SEE JADERHOLM, ELoF DAMES ON pE Uae eee ne eee ee ea diner, Oi BE oseesecs JOHNSTON, GEORGE............ IUGR B YAH W Meer tee ye Seater iee: KrrcHENPAUER, KO6OLLIKER, A.... Kramp, Pavr L Ge Hee ee. Lectures on general natural history. Lecture 4. (Medical Times and Gazette, vol. 3.) London, 1856. Discusses the development of Obelia geniculata and Obelaria gelatinosa. BEE nee Note of Species obtained by deep Dredging near Sana Island, off the Mull of Cantire. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 10, p. 19.) London, 1842. Campanularia volubilis is the only campanularian named. -* Catalogue of Zoophytes found in Dublin Bay and in its vicinity. (Natural History Review, vol. 1, p. 244.) Dublin, 1844. Hydroiden auf den Kiisten von Chili. (Arkiv for Zoologi utgifvet af K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien, vol. 2, No. 3.) Stockholm, 1904. Original description of Campanularia obtusidens. Mitteilungen ueber einige von den Schwedischen Antarcktischen Expedition 1901-03 eingesammelte Hydroiden. (Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 1904, ser. 4, vol. 3, No. 1.) Paris, 1904. Original descriptions of Campanularia subrufa, Silicularia pedunculata, and Obelia austrogorgia. Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von der Schwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. (Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der 1901- 1903 unter Leitung von der Otto Nordenskjéld, vol. 5, pt. 8.) Stockholm, 1907. Important from the standpoint of geographical distribution. Nine species of campanularians described. Zur Kenntniss der Hydroidenfauna des Beringsmeeres. (Arkiv for Zoologi utgifvet af K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien i Stockholm, vol. 5, No. 8.) Stockholm, 1907. Campanularia verticillata and C. integra mentioned. Die Hydroiden des Siberischen Eismeeres, gesammelt von der Russischen Polar- Expedition, 1900, 1903. St. Petersburg, 1908. Five species of Campanularide mentioned, none of which are new. Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the collection of the Swedish State Museum. IV. Hydroiden. Stockholm, 1909. An important and beautifully illustrated work, including a description of numerous Campanularide, none of which are new. Catalogue of Animals of the Class Vermes found in the Frith of Forth and other parts of Scotland. (Memoirs of the Wernerian Society, vol. 1, for the year 1807-1810.) Edinburgh, 1811. A faunal list only. .Uber den histologischen Bau von Tubularia, Cordylophora, Coryne, Gemmaria, Perigonimus, etc. (Morphologisches Jahrbuch, vol. 8, pp. 580-680.) Leipzig, 1883. Detailed descriptions of the histological structure of Orthopyxis caliculata and Obelia plicata. *A History of British Zoophytes, 1838. The original edition of an important work. A History of the British Zoophytes, 2nd edition. London, 1847. A classic work with excellent descriptions of several campanularians. On the history, habits, and instincts of animals. (Bridgewater Treatises, vols. 10-11.) London, 1835. A figure of ?Campanularia johnstoni and mention of its medusa. -*Die Seetonnen der Elbmiindung. (Abhandl. aus dem Gebiete d. Naturwissen- schaften, herausg. von. d. naturwiss. Verein Hamburg, vol. 4, pt. 3.) Hamburg, 1862. --Polypen Quallen. Bericht tiber einige in Herbst 1852 in Messina ausgestellte ver- gleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen. (Zeitschrift f. Wissensch. Zool., vol. 4.) Leipzig, 1853. Obelia dichotoma mentioned. Report on the Hydroids of the Danish Expedition at Northeast Greenland. (Danmark- Expedition til Grgnlands Nordgstkyst, 1906-1908, vol. 5, No. 7.) 1911. Mentions a number of Campanularide, but goes to the extreme in lumping together species usually regarded as distinct. Hydroids collected by the Tjalfe Expedition at the West Coast of Greenland in 1908 and 1909. (Sertryk af Vidensk. Meddel. fra Dansk naturh. Foren., vol. 66.) 1913. Mentions Campanularia integra, C. volubilis, C. grenlandica, C. verticillata, and Gonothyrxa hyalina. 108 TKGROHIN: RAGES See Re Ee KGa PAs thi. 4. ee ae Lamarck, J. B. P. A. pB.....- Lamouroux, J. V. F.........- LANDSBOROUGH, D.........-.-- LENDENFELD, R. von........--- IDEM ARN esos ose sc ouddee DEVINSEN, G. M. Re-e-- 2-82 INSTR OMe Genesee ee eee IDFR ERY. oils (Cosas Pee ams a ISTE Rd oe eee eee ee DON ANTS hla ie eee ce AMERICAN HYDROIDS, Ueber Podocoryna carnea Sars und die Fortpflanzungweise ihrer medusenartigen Sprosslinge. (Arch. f. Naturg., Jahrg. 17, vol. 1, pp. 263-268.) Berlin, 1851. A passing mention of a few campanularians. -Sprosswachstum und Polypenknospen bei den Thecophoren. Studien zur Onto- genese und Phylogenese der Hydroiden. (Zoologischen Jahrbiichern, Abthei- lung fiir Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere, vol. 18, pt. 2.) Jena, 1909. An excellent discussion of the development of the hydranth in certain cam- panularians, with very good illustrations. -Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres, 2nd edition. Paris, 1836. Original definition of the genus Campanularia. .- Extrait d’un mémoire sur la classification des Polypes coralligénes non entiérement pierreux. (Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences pour la Société philomatique de Paris, vol. 3.) Paris, 1812. h The first writer to separate the campanularians from the sertularians. Histoire des Polypiers Coralligénes Flexibles yulgairement nommés Zoophytes. Caen, 1816. Exposition méthodique des genres de l’ordre des Polypiers, avec leur description et celles des principales espéces, figurées dans 84 planches, etc. Paris, 1821. A figure of Campanularia volubilis which appears to be Clytia johnstoni. Encyclopédie méthodique, vol. 2. Paris, 1824. Original descriptions of the genera Clytia and Laomedea. : Freycinet, L. 0. D. de. Voyage autour du monde exécuté sur les corvettes de S. M. V Uranie et la Physicienne. 1824. Original description of Orthopyxis clytioides, under name of Tubularia clytioides. On the Phosphorescence of Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 8, p. 257.) London, 1842. Mentions some campanularians as phosphorescent. A popular history of British Zoophytes or Corallines. London, 1852. Detailed descriptions and good colored plates of a number of well-known campanularians. The Australian Hydromeduse. (Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. 9, pt. 2.) 1884. ; A scheme of classification of the Hydroida. No new campanularians. Uber Coelenteraten der Stidsee. IV. Mittheilung, Lucopella campanularia, nov. gen. (Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoologie, vol. 38, p. 434, 1885.) 1885. A very elaborate description of the species treated, accompanied by beautiful illustrations. -*Verzeichniss der zur Fauna Helgolands gehérenden wirbellosen Seethiere. (Frey und Leuckart, Beitriige zur Kenntniss wirbelloser Thiere, p. 136.) Braunschweig. 1847. ninger om Hydroidernes Systematisk. (Szertryk af Vedenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistoriske Forening, 1892). Copenhagen, 1893. An interesting discussion of the systematic value of the diaphragm of Cam- panularidee. Original description of Campanularia grenlandica. Det Videnskabelige udbytte af Kanonbaaden ‘‘Hauchs” Togter i de Danske Have identifer skagen i aarene 1883-86, pt. 5, Hydroidz, p. 363.) Copenhagen, 1893. A number of well-known Campanularide listed. Bidrag til Kinnedomen om Ostersjéns invertebrat-fauna. (Ofversigt af K. Veten- skaps-akad. Forhandlingar, Arg. 12, No. 2, p. 49.) Stockholm, 1855. Mentions Obelia geniculata. Om utwecklingen af Sertularia pumila L. (Otversigt af K. Vetenskaps-akad. For- handlingar, Arg. 12, No. 8, p. 49.) Stockholm, 1856. Systema Nature per Regna Tria Naturze secundem, Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum characteribus differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. 1758. Indispensable to the systematist, as it contains the foundation for the bino- mial system. Original description of Campanularia verticillata. *Some observations on the structure and functions of tubular and cellular Polypi and of Ascidians. (Royal Society Philosophical Transactions, Part 2.) London, 1834. Bidrag til Kgnnedomen af Slagtena Campanularia och Syncoryna. (K. vet. Akad. Hand. for ar 1835, p. 260.) Stockholm, 1835. Describes Gonothyrea lovent under name of ‘‘Campanularia geniculata,” regarding the hydranth as the male and the gonangium as the female. THE CAMPANULARIDH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. 109 LirKen, C.........-..-...--..-Nogle Bemzrkninger om Medusernes systematiske Indelning, havnlig med Hensyn til Forbes’s History of British Naked-eyed Meduse. (Vidensk. Meddel. fra den Naturhist. Foren. i Kjgbenhaven, p. 15.) Copenhagen, 1850. Mentions Thawmantias. McCrapy, JOHN......--------- Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. (Proceedings of the Elliott Society, vol. 1, No. 1, 1858, p. 193.) Charleston, 1858. An American classic. Original descriptions of Clytia noliformis and Obelia commissuralis. McIntosH, W. C.....-.--.------ Observations on the Marine Zoology of North Uist, Outer Hebrides. (Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1866.) Edinburgh, 1866. Of little importance, save as affecting geographical distribution. On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, vol. 18, p. 204.) London, 1874. ; Ten species of Campanularide mentioned. Macemutvray, JOHN....----.-- Catalogue of Marine Zoophytes found in the neighborhood of Aberdeen. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 9, p. 462.) London, 1842. Names six campanularians. - Marrnanp, R. T...--..--..---- * Descriptio systematica animalium Belgii Septentrionalis, adjectis synonymis nec "non locis in quibisreperiuntur, secundum classificationem Prof. J. van der Hoeven deposita. Leyden, 1851. Marartt, J. Pr...........--..- * De plantis Zoophytis et Lithophytis in Mare Mediterraneo viventibus. Rome, 1778. MaRcuUSEN, J.......-.-.-.----- Zur Fauna des Schwarzen Meeres. Vorliufige Mittheilung. (Arch. fiir Naturg., Jahrg. 33, vol. 1, p. 357). Berlin, 1867. Lists Campanularia volubilis and Obelia geniculata. MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER,Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. (Annalen des k. k. GOTTLIEB. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 195.) Vienna, 1890. Good discussion of the Campanularide. Original descriptions of Campanu- laria integriformis and Silicularia atlantica. Zoologische Ergebnisse der im Jahre 1889 auf Kosten der Bremer Geographischen Gesellschaft von Dr. Willy Kukenthal und Dr. Alfred Walter ausgefiithrten Ex- pedition nach Ost-Spitzbergen. Hydroiden. (Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Abth. f. Syst. Geog. und Biol. der Thiere, vol. 8, 1895.) Original description of Gonothyrxa clarkii. Mavnr, (AY. Gioccacisnsaeceiooace The Medusz of the World. Vols.1 and 2. Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington, 1910. Descriptions of all known forms of ‘‘Leptomeduse,’’ which includes the medusz of the Campanularide as used in the present work. A monumental work, beautifully illustrated. MEREJKOWSEY, ©....---------- Histoire du Développment de la méduse Obelia. (Extrait du Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France.) Paris, 1883. Contents indicated by the title. MERESCHKOWSKEY, ©..--.-.---- Studies on the Hydroida. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 239-256, 322-340.) London, 1878. Reproduction of Obelia described. Several campanularians listed. ” MeEtTzGER, A..........--..---.--* Die wirbellosen Meeresthiere der ostfriesischen Kiiste. Ein Beitrag zur Fauna der Deutschen Nordsee. (Jahresbericht der naturhist. Gesellschaft, Hannover.) Han- nover, 1871. horas), Ib ds lesccocsaasoccoss Uber das Leuchten des Meeres und Beschreibung einiger Polypen und anderer niederer Thiere. (Beitriige zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. - Fiinfte Abhandlung.) Jena, 1834. Original descriptions of Obelia braziliensis, the genus Silicularia and S. rosea. Morcu, O. A. L.......-.--------- Fortegnelse over Grgnlands Bléddyr. Prodromus faunze Moluscorum Grénlandiz. Copenhagen, 1857. A list only. Includes Campanularia volubilis. Norman, A. M.........--------Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of exploring the coasts of the Hebrides by means of the dredge. Part 2. (Report of the 36th Meeting, British Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 193-206). London, 1867. A faunal list. Shetland final Dredging Report. Part 2. On the Crustacea, Tunicata, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Hydrozoa, and Porifera. (Report 38th Meeting of the British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, pp. 247-336.) London, 1869. Faunal lists only. 55968°—15 8 Nurrine, 'O) C2221 eee: RACKARD) AGS euiRe ea. ceeeeeee IPAR RIT IBS AC enees sees == ss PENNINGTON, A. S...---------- AMERICAN HYDROIDS. -Narrative and Preliminary Report of the Bahama Expedition. (Bulletins from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa, vol. 3, Nos. 1 and 2.) Iowa City, 1895. Mentions a few campanularians. Notes on Plymouth Hydroids. (Journal of the Marine Biological Association, vol. 4, No. 2.) Plymouth, 1896. Considers Gonothyrxa loveni and G. hyalina identical. Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound. (Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum, vol. 21, pp. 741-743.) Washington, 1899. Original description of Campanularia kincaidi. The Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region. (Bulletin of the U. 8. Fish Commission for 1899, p. 325.) Washington, 1901. Original descriptions of Clytia minuta and C. edwardst. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XXI. The Hydroids. (Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 3, pp. 157-216.) Washington, 1901. Original descriptions of Campanularia ritteri, C. redwplicata (=C. urceolata), C. lineata (=C. grenlandica), Obelia borealis, O. dubia, and Gonothyrexa imornata. American Hydroids. Part2 TheSertularide. (Smithsonian Institution, U. 8. Na- tional Museum. Special Bulletin, No. 4.) Washington, 1904. Incidental references to Campanularide. *Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Dritter Teil. Zoologie. Jena, 1815-1816. A List of Animals dredged near Caribou Island, Southern Labrador, during July and August, 1860. (Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, December, 1863.) 1863. Extends the known range of several Campanularide. Elenchus Zoophytorum. Hage-Comitum, apud Petrum van Cleef, 1766. One of the classics, but of subordinate interest to the student of the Cam- panularide, except from a bibliographic standpoint. Six campanularians de- scribed; Obelia longissima and Obelara gelatinosa are new. Intorno alla sede del movimento luminoso nelle Meduse. (Rendiconto dell’ Acad. Se. fis. e matemat., Napoli, anno 10, p. 140.) Naples, 1871. Describes phosphorescence of Thaumantias -A Catalogue of the Fauna of Devon, with Notes and Observations. Zoophytes. Exeter, 1866. A faunal list. -British Zoophytes, an introduction to the Hydroida, Actinozoa and Polyzoa found in Great Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands. London, 1885. A popular work containing brief descriptions of the British Campanularidse known at that time. Pron, F. and Lesurur, ©. A. Histoire générale et particuliére de tous les Animaux qui composent la famille des Méduses. (Ann. du Muséum d’ Hist. nat., vol. 14, pp. 217-228.) Paris, 1810. Original description of the genus Obelia. *Hydraires d’Amboine. 1893. Picret, C. and Bepor, M...-.--- Hydraires provenant des campagnes de /’ Hirondelle, 1900. (Résultats des campagnes Rircuie, JAMES scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert 1**, Prince Souverain de Monaco, Fascicule 18.) Monaco, 1900. A superbly printed and illustrated monograph. But two species of campanu- larians are mentioned. *Histoire naturelle des principales Productions de 1’Europe Méridionale et particu- liérement de celles aux environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes, Vol. 5. Paris, 1826. " The Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. (Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, pt. 88, No. 18.) Edinburgh, 1907. Mentions six species of Campanularide. On Collections of the Cape Verde Island Marine Fauna. Hydroids. (Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1907.) London, 1907. Mentions five campanularians known from American waters. Supplementary Report of the Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. (Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 47, pt. 1, No.4. Edinburgh, 1909. Extends the known distribution of six species of Campanularide. Two unrecorded ‘“‘ Challenger’? Hydroids from the Bermudas, with a note on the synonymy of Campanularia insignis. (The Zoologist, July; 1909.) London, 1909. THE CAMPANULARIDEH AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. WIUL RivcHIn, JAMES....--....2..-- The Marine Fauna of the Mergui Archipelago, Lower Burmah, collected by James J. Simpson, M. A., B. Se. and R. N. Rudmose-Brown, D. Sc., University of Aber- deen. Feb. to May, 1907. The Hydroids.) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1910. London, 1910. Campanularia raridentata reported. SzmuNpsSoN, B....-..-.-.--- Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. (Saerskilt aftrykt af Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandlinger for 1873, p. 91. Christiania, 1874. Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider. (Seertryk af Vidensk. medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. i Kbhvn., 1902.) Copenhagen, 1902. A few campanularians noted. Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider, II. (Seertryk af Vidensk. medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. i Kbhvn., 1911.) Copenhagen, 1911. Lists 12 campanularians. Sars GA Ossett st acek lent Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middelhavets Littoral-Fauna. (Nyt Mag. for Natur- videnskaberne, vol. 9, p. 110.) Christiania, 1857. Original descriptions of Campanularia volubiformis, C. exigua and Gonothyrxa gracilis. On the Nurse-Genus Corymorpha and its species, together with the Medusz produced by them. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 353.) London, 1861. -Merely an incidental mention of a few campanularians. Sass Me csobou. 2 26 gaSe oo eke *Beretning om en i sommeren 1849 foretagen Zoologisk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken. j (Nyt Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 6, p. 121.) Christiania, 1851. Bemerkninger over det Adriatiske Havs Fauna sammenlignet med Nordhavets. (Nyt Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 7, p. 367.) Christiania, 1853. Mentions Campanularia volubilis, C. integra, Obelia geniculata and Obelaria gelatinosa. ScHNEIDER, Kart C....------- Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht ueber das System der Hydropolypen im Allgemeinen. (Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Abtheilung fiir Systematik, vol. 10.) 1897. A systematic discussion of the family Campanularide and its genera. ScmumnzE Mi Seeaeeeee == aes Ueber die minnlichen Geschlechtstheile der Campanularia geniculata. (Arch. f. Anat., Physiol. u. wiss. Med., Jahrg. 1850, pp. 53-64.) Berlin, 1850. The title sufficiently indicates the contents of this paper. SKoruyio, 1, Wogecsssesosacucn Nordsee-Expedition, 1872. Vol. 3. Coelenteraten, p. 121. 1874. Contains valuable tables of geographical and bathymetric distribution. SCHWEIGGER Ae hace sees *Handbuch der Naturgeschichte der skeletlosen Thiere. Leipzig, 1820. *Beobachtungen auf Naturhistorischen Reisen. SrGerstepT, M.-....--.------ Bidrag til Kinnedomen om Hydroid-Fauna ud Sveriger Vestkust. 1889. (Bidrag til k. Svenska Vet.-Akad., Handlingar, vol. 14, pt. 4, No. 4.) Stockholm, 1889. Mentions eleven Campanularide, none of which are new. SHaw, G., and NoppeEr, P..-.-- Vivarium naturae sive rerum naturalium varie icones ad ipsam naturam depinctee et discriptee. (The Naturalist’s Miscellany, 24 vols., vol. 23.) London, 1789-1813. Colored figure of Gonothyrxa loveni, under name of Sertularia contorta. SPAGINODINT: UAsseeeee esas s= *Catalogo degli Acalefi discoferi del Golfo di Napoli. (Atti Soc. Italiana Sc. Nat., vol. 14, p. 144.) Milan, 1871. Srrarky Jane st setae: seek Elements of Natural History, adapted to the present state of the science, containing the generic characters of nearly the whole Animal Kingdom, and descriptions of the principal species. 2 vols. Vol. 2. London, 1828. Mention is made of Campanularia verticillata and Obelia dichotoma. Sma Owi7 Wossessasccocosesaes Hydroiden der Miinchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung. (Zoologische Jahrbiichern. Abtheilung fiir Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere.) Jena, 1912. Describes Clytia johnstoni, C. noliformis (under name of C. simplex), and Obelia hyalina, from the West Indies. Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostkiste. II. Teil: Campanularide., Halecide, Lafoeide, Campanulinide und Sertularide, nebst Ergiinzungen zu den Athecata und Plumularidse. Munich, 1913. A well-deyised scheme for the classification of all the Hydroids is proposed. The known range of a few of the Campanularidz is extended to the Japanese Coast. Sirmwarn | Caert Bevests 4. a2. 3 Elements of the Natural History of the Animal Kingdom, 2nd edition, vol 2. Edinburgh, 1817. Five common campanularians are mentioned. 112 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Srimpson, WILLIAM...--.------ Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan; or the Region about the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 6. Article 6.) Washington, 1854. Mentions Obelaria gelatinosa. dione WEIN ade aseccossces Some remarks on the marine fauna of the South of Devon. (The Zoologist, vol. 13, p. 4575.) London, 1855. The following Campanularide are mentioned: Campanularia volubilis, C. verticillata, Obelia geniculata and Obelaria gelatinosa. TEMPLETON, ROBERT. ...--.--- A Catalogue of the Species of Rayed Animals found in Ireland, as selected from the papers of the late J. Templeton, Esq., of Cranmore, with notices of Localities and with some Descriptions and Illustrations. (The Magazine of Natural History, Aug., 1836, p. 466.) London, 1836. A faunal list, including a few Campanularide. TuatLwirz, JoHANNES...--.-.-Ueber der Entwicklung der mannlichen Keimzellen bei den Hydroiden. (Jenaische Zeitschrift, vol. 18, 1855, p. 385.) Jena, 1855. An excellent account of the origin of the spermatozoa in Campanularia flexuosa and Gonothyrxa lovent. : THOMPSON Wensceels-e tbe ee Notes on some British Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 442.) London, 1853. A few campanularians listed. E Report on the Fauna of Ireland, Invertebrata. (Report of the 13th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 245.) London, 1854. Lists six common. species of campanularians. On the Analogy between the Reproduction in the Plant and in the Hydroid Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, vol. 14, p. 313.) London, 1854. Only an incidental mention of a few campanularians. A Natural History of Ireland, vol. 4. London, 1849-1856. Mentions the same six species as in the last paper. THORNLEY, LAuRA R...-....-..- The Hydroida. (Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Supplementary Report, vol. 8.) London, 1904. Mentions a few Campanularide that occur in American waters. Torrey, Harry BEALE....-...- The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America. (University of California Publications, Zoology, vol. 1.) 1902. The first general review of the Hydroida of our Pacific Coast. Original description of Campanularia fascia (=C. verticillata). : The Hydroids of the San Diego Region. (University of California Publications, vol. 2, No. 1.) 1904. Original descriptions of Campanularia hesperia, Obelia corona, Clytia bakeri, C. hendersoni, and C. wniversitatis. A key to the genera and species of the Hyrdoida of that region. TURTON AWeeeen nese eee eee The British Fauna, containing a compendium of the Zoology of the British Islands. Swansea, 1807. Mentions Campanularia verticillata, C. volubilis, Obolia geniculata, and O. dichotoma. VARENNE, ANDREW D....-..--- Recherches sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hydraires. (Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, vol. 10, p. 1.) Paris, 1882. Detailed account of reproduction of Obelia flexuosa, origin of spermatozoa and production of stolons in Campanularia angulata, and origin of ova in C. flexuosa, Obelia geniculata, and Conothyrexa loveni. VERRILL, AnsBeee See eee Report on the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. (Report U.S. Fish Com- mission, 1871-72, pp. 295-478.) Washington, 1873. An important work, being the first fairly thorough study of the marine fauna of a definite region on the Atlantic Coast of North America. Describes a few Campanularide. Brief contributions to zoology from the Museum of Yale College, Nos. 33-34. Results of dredging expeditions off the New England coast in 1874. (American Journal of Science and Arts (3), vol. 10, pp. 35-48, 196-202.) New Haven, 1874. Contains faunal lists in which a few Campanularide are mentioned. Preliminary Check-list of the Marine Invertebrata of the Atlantic Coast, from Cape Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Author’s edition, New Haven, 1879, pp. 1-32, Includes a complete list of Campanularians then known from that region, THE CAMPANULARID/ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDZ, 113 VERSLUYS, J. JUN......--.--..- Hydraires calypeteroblastes de la Mer des Antilled pendant l’une cas Choisieres accomplis par la Compte de Dalmas sur son yacht Chazalie. (Mémoirs de la Société zoologique de France, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 29.) Paris, 1899. Comments on Obelia marginata, O. hyalina, O. geniculata, and Campanularia volubilis. WarREN, ERNEST........----- On a Collection of Hydroids, mostly from the Natal Coast. (Annals of the Natal Government Museum, vol. 1, pt. 3.) 1908. Campanularia tincta and Orthopyxis caliculata are the only forms included that are also found in American waters. WeIsMANN, AUGUST...-......-- Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen. zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Baus und der Lebenserscheinungen dieser Gruppe. Jena, 1888. Elaborate descriptions and illustrations of the origin of the sex cells in Gono- thyrxa loveni and Campanularia flecuosa, a discussion of the genera Clytia and Obelia, and of alternation of generation. WEsTENpORP, G. D.......--- *Recherches sur les Polypiers flexibles. (Ann. de Soc. Medico surgicale de Bruges, ? vol. 4.) Brussels, 1843. WuitEAves, J. F.............-Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrates of Eastern Canada. (Geological Survey of Canada, 1901.) Ottawa, 1901. A faunal list, including the Campanularide. Wrkens, C. F., and Hersst, J. F. W...---.-.----------*(Pallas. Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen—aus dem Lateinischen tibersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen.) Niirnberg, 1787. WIntHER, Giese esses Fortegnelse over dei Danmark og dets nordlige Bilande fundne Hydroider. (Naturhist. Tidsskr., vol. 12, pp. 223-278.) Copenhagen, 1880. Mentions 11 species of Campanularide. Wricut, T. S..-....-.-.----...-On reproduction by ova from the Medusoid of Campanularia johnstoni. (Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, vol. 1, pp. 369-370.) Edinburgh, 1858. The title indicates the content of this paper. Observations on British Protozoa and Zoophytes. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 120.) London, 1861. Discusses transitions between gonophore and medusa. On the Reproduction of Thaumantias inconspicua. (Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Society, new ser., vol. 2, pp. 221-222, and 308.) London, 1862. oe 8. s ie a3 ee ‘cnn Sue ewUE ens Aheoat: RE abo macity Vee a es Miia METRE, we ONG (Oe g hid (op brit, ombruiig Of tate st ae whe ast} ‘ens i ‘ \ pNSY ieeelog ee te sie TRAE, BES ata Ligeti wh Bier let) hau sa pats es Va, me ie hued ty Y AO eae a> Bt Meare lake i ‘co eee, Leeoae ve Noi S Nii nk waite tdle 6 ; se away. eet aes sd a eine Avmasing : Ras et aie Lae HXPLANATION OF PLATES. Unless otherwise indicated , all of the figures were drawn by Mrs. Lilian Hulsebus Crone after camera lucida sketches by the author. Where figures were copied from other works their source is indicated. Puate 1. Fie. 1. Campanularia verticillata (Linnzus). Portion of main stem and hydrothece (enlarged). . Campanularia verticillata. Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Campanularia verticillata. Gonangium (enlarged). . Campanularia volubilis (Linnzus). Two hydrothece (enlarged). Campanularia volubilis. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). Campanularia volubilis. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). . Campanularia integra Macgillivray. Hydrotheca and gonangium (enlarged). NOT BR wD PLATE 2. Fie. 1. Campanularia spiralis Nutting. Hydrotheca and gonangium (enlarged). (Only about one half of the pedicel is shown.) 2. Campanularia ritteri Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged). 3. Campanularia integra Macgillivray. Hydrotheca (drawn to same scale as figs. 1 and 2.) 4. Campanularia ptychocyathus Allman. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Allman.) PLATE 3. Fie. Campanularia grenlandica Levinsen (from the type of ‘‘C. lineata” Nutting) (enlarged). Campanularia grenlandica. Part of colony (enlarged). Campanularia hincksii Alder, hydrotheca (enlarged). Campanularia hincksti. Hydrothecal margin (greatly enlarged). . Campanularia hesperia Torrey. Hydrotheca (enlarged). (After Torrey.) . Campanularia denticulata Clark. Hydrotheca (enlarged). Campanularia denticulata. Gonangium (enlarged). SY Gai b= C9 ko Puate 4. Fie. Campanularia raridentata Alder. Hydrotheca (enlarged). (After Hincks.) Campanularia kincaidi Nutting. Type colony (enlarged). Campanularia kincaidi. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). Campanularia urceolata Clark. Part of colony of type of ‘‘C. reduplicata” Nutting (enlarged). Campanularia urceolata. Part of male colony (enlarged). Campanularia tincta Hincks. Hydrothecz (enlarged). Campanularia tincta. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). Noanpwne PLATE 5. Fie. Campanularia tulipifera Allman (enlarged). Campanularia subrufa Jaderholm. Part of branch (enlarged). Campanularia subrufa. Gonangium (enlarged). Campanularia macroscypha Allman. Hydrotheca (enlarged). (After Allman.) . Campanularia levis Hartlaub. Hydrothece (enlarged). (After Hartlaub.) . Campanularia levis. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Hartlaub.) Boh e D> OC PLaTE 6. Fie. 1. Campanularia brevicaulis Nutting. Two hydrothece (enlarged). Campanularia brevicaulis. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). . Campanularia gigantea Hincks (enlarged). (After Hincks.) . Campanularia obtusidens Jaderholm. Hydrothece (enlarged). (After Jaderholm.) . Campanularia marginata Allman. Part of branch (enlarged). . Campanularia marginata. Part of type-specimen of ‘‘C. insignis” Allman (enlarged). . Campanularia marginata. Base of hydrotheca, showing pedicel (enlarged). NOnhwoNne 115 116 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE 7. Fic. — . Campanularia flecuosa (Hincks). Colony with expanded hydranths. From living specimen (enlarged). . Campanularia flecuosa. Branch of another specimen with corrugated gonangium (enlarged). . Campanularia flecuosa. Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Campanularia flecuosa. Hydranth (greatly enlarged). . Campanulsria flexuosa. Gonangium, showing ova and planula (enlarged). . Campanularia flexuosa. Basal web between tentacles (greatly enlarged.) ne 09 bo ao PLATE 8. Tia. 1. Campanularia neglecta (Alder). Part of colony (enlarged). . Campanularia neglecta. Hydrotheca (enlarged). Campanularia magnifica Fraser. Part of colony (enlarged). Campanularia magnifica. Part of another colony (enlarged). . Campanularia speciosa Clark. Hydrotheca (enlarged). Campanularia exigua (Sars). Part of branch (enlarged). . Campanularia exigua. Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Campanularia exigua. Gonangium (enlarged). DIA Rw Ne PLaTE 9. Fre. 1. Campanularia fragilis (Hincks). Branch (enlarged.) . Campanularia calceolifera Hincks. Branch (enlarged). . Campanularia calceolifera. Expanded hydranth (enlarged). . Campanularia calceolifera. Gonangium (enlarged). . Campanularia amphora (L. Agassiz). Branch (enlarged). . Campanularia amphora. Hydrotheca (enlarged). Campanularia amphora. Gonangium (enlarged). NOOR whe Pruate 10. Fie. 1. Campanularia angulata (Hincks). Branch (enlarged). Campanularia coronata Clarke. Branch (enlarged). 4. Campanularia coronata. Hydrothece (enlarged). Campanularia fusiformis Clark. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged). Campanularia lennoxensis Jiderholm. Hydrotheca (enlarged). (After Jiderholm.) Campanularia lennoxensis. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Jaderholm.) am oe Koy = Prats 11. Clytia johnstoni (Alder). Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Clytia johnstoni. Gonangium (enlarged). Clytia johnstoni. Gonangium from an American specimen (enlarged). . Clytia johnstoni. Hydrotheca from an American specimen (enlarged). . Clytia johnstoni. Medusa, oral view (enlarged). Clytia johnstoni. Medusa, side view (enlarged). . Clytia noliformis (McCrady). Part of colony (enlarged). . Clytia noliformis. Part of another colony (enlarged). . Clytia noliformis. Drawing of ‘‘C. simplex” (after Congdon). . Clytia noliformis. Drawing of gonangium of ‘‘C. simplex” Congdon. (After Congdon.) (This is on a much larger scale than fig. 9.) = SemONI ANEW NYE Prate 12. Fie. 1. Clytia bicophora Agassiz. Part of colony (enlarged). 2. Clytia bicophora. Hydranth (enlarged). 3. Clytia bicophora. Hydrotheca (enlarged). 4. Clytia longicyatha Allman. Branch (enlarged). (After Allman.) 5.? Clytia longicyatha. Hydrotheca of a specimen shrunken by alcohol (enlarged). 6. Clytia cylindrica L. Agassiz. Hydrotheca (enlarged). 7. Clytia cylindrica. Gonangium (enlarged). 8. Clytia sargassicola Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged). Uh Clytia sargassicola. Hydrotheca (enlarged). PuaTe 13. Fie. 1. Clytia bakert Torrey. Upper part of colony (enlarged). . Clytia bakeri. Lower part of stem, showing segmentation (enlarged). Clytia edwardsi (Nutting). Part of colony (enlarged). Clytia edwardsi. Colony, natural size. Clytia attenuata Calkins. Part of colony (enlarged). or B® co po THE CAMPANULARIDZ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDA. Puate 14. Fie. 1. Clytia minuta Nutting. Colony (enlarged). Fie. Fie. Fie. Fic. Fie. Fic. 2 3 5 6 aor WNW Ee OOonNDwWhW eH Dor wD EL NOD oP & DOH ND OP CO De . Clytia minuta. Part of colony, showing straggling mode of growth (enlarged). , 4. Clyria minuta. Hydrothece (enlarged). . Clytia universitatis (Torrey). Branch (enlarged). . Clytia universitatis. Gonangium (enlarged). Puate 15. . Clytia fragilis Congdon. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Congdon.) . Clytia hendersoni Torrey. Branch with hydrothece (enlarged). (After Torrey.) . Clytia hendersoni. Branch with gonangia (enlarged). After Torrey.) . Orthopyxis caliculata (Hincks). Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Orthopyxis compressa (Clark). Part of colony (enlarged). , 7, 8. Orthopyxis compressa. Hydrothece, showing degrees of thickening of the walls (enlarged). , 10. Orthopyxis compressa. Gonangia (enlarged). PLATE 16. . Orthopyxis clytioides (Lamouroux). Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Orthopyxis clytioides. Hydrotheca and retracted hydranth (enlarged). . Orthopyxis crenata (Hartlaub). Hydrotheca (enlarged). - . Orthopyxis crenata. Hydrotheca and retracted hydranth (enlarged). . Orthopyxis crenata. Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Orthopyxis everta (Clark). Part of colony (enlarged). , 8. Orthopyxis everta. Gonangia, front and side views (enlarged). Puate 17. . Gonothyrxa loveri (Allman). Colony (enlarged). . Gonothyrexa lovent. Gonangia with meconidia (enlarged). . Gonothyrexa gracilis (Sars). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Allman.) . Gonothyrexa clarkii (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Colony (enlarged). . ?Gonothyrxa inornata Nutting. Part of type colony (enlarged). , 7. 2?Gonothyrea inornata. Gonangia (enlarged). PLATE 18. . Obelia geniculata (Linneus). Part of colony (enlarged). . Obelia geniculata. Part of colony, showing ccenosarc (enlarged). , 4, 5. Obelia geniculata Medusze, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views (enlarged). . Obelia hyalina Clarke. Colony (enlarged). . Obelia hyalina. Hydranth (enlarged). . Obelia braziliensis (Meyen). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Meyen.) . Obelia braziliensis. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Meyen.) ; PuaTe 19. . Obelia dubia Nutting. Branch (enlarged). . Obelia gracilis Calkins. Branch (enlarged). . Obelia gracilis. Hydranth (enlarged). . Obelia gracilis. Gonangium (enlarged). . Obelia plicata (Hincks). Part of branch (enlarged). . Obelia plicata. Gonangium (enlarged). PLATE 20. . Obelia corona Torrey. Part of branch (enlarged). . Obelia corona. Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Obelia austrogorgia Jaderholm. Part of colony (enlarged). . Obelia austrogorgia. Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Obelia bicuspidata Clark. Branch (enlarged). . Obelia bicuspidata. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). . Obelia dichotoma (Linnzus). Part of branch (enlarged). 55968°—15—9 LINE 118 AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Fie. Fra. Fie. Fie. Fie. Fie. Fig. PLATE 21. . Obelia commissuralis McCrady. Living colony (enlarged). . Obelia commissuralis. Living hydranth (enlarged). . Obelia commissuralis. Gonangium (enlarged). . Obelia commissuralis. Medusa, lateral view (enlarged). . Obelia commissuralis. Medusa, dorsal view’ (enlarged). ore oo PLATE 22, . Obelia surcularis Calkins. Branch, showing modified termination (enlarged). . Obelia surcularis. Hydranth (enlarged). . Obelia flabellata (Hincks). Branch (enlarged). . Obelia flabellata. Medusa (enlarged). . Obelia borealis Nutting. Part of type colony (enlarged). , 7. Obelia borealis. Gonangia (enlarged). Dor wn PLATE 23. . Obelia longissima (Pallas). Part of colony (enlarged). . Obelia longissima. Part of another colony showing corrugated hydrothece (enlarged). . Obelia longissima. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). : . Obelia grifini Calkins. End of branch (enlarged). . Obelia grifini. Hydrotheca and gonangium (enlarged). . Obelia fragilis Calkins. Part of branch (enlarged). Puate 24. Oot wb He . Obelaria gelatinosa (Pallas). Branch (enlarged). . Obelaria gelatinosa. Hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). . Obelia gelatinosa. (‘‘Obelia castellata” Clarke). Hydrotheca (enlarged). (After Clarke.) . Obelaria gelatinosa. (‘‘Obelia castellata” Clarke.) Gonangium (enlarged). (After Clarke.) . Obelaria gelatinosa. Part of compound stem (enlarged). . Silicularia pedunculata (Jaderholm). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Jaderholm.) . Silicularia pedunculata. Hydranth and pedicel (enlarged). (After Jiderholm.) . Silicularia pedunculata. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Jaderholm.) mOrInm oar we PLATE 25. . Silicularia rosea Meyen. Hydrotheca (enlarged). (After Meyen.) . Silicularia rosea. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Meyen.) . Silicularia reticulata (Hartlaub). Hydrotheca (enlarged). (After Hartlaub.) . Silicularia reticulata. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Hartlaub). - . Silicularia atlantica (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Marktanner-Turner- etscher.) . Silicularia repens (Allman). Hydrotheca and gonangium (enlarged). (After Hartlaub.) . Silicularia hemispherica (Allman). Hydranth (enlarged). Part of Challenger type. . Silicularia hemispherica. Hydranth and gonangium (enlarged). Part of Challenger type. . Thaumantias inconspicua Forbes. Part of colony (enlarged). oe Ne oon om PLATE 26. . Bonneviella grandis (Allman). Hydrotheca (enlarged). , 3. Bonneviella regia (Nutting). Hydrothece of type (enlarged). . Bonneviella regia. Hydrotheca and gonangia (drawn to same scale as fig. 2.) . Bonneviella regia. Gonangium (much enlarged). oe be PLATE 27. . Bonneviella superba Nutting. Hydrotheca (enlarged). . Bonneviella superba. Hydrotheca (natural size).! . Bonneviella superba. Gonangia (enlarged). . Bonneviella ingens Nutting. Hydrotheca (enlarged). woe em CO ' This figure illustrates the actual size of the largest hydrotheca that has ever been seen or figured by any writer, so far as the author has been able to discover. PEAS Me NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. Bethe eg I ae CAMPANULARIDA. For explanation of plate see page 115. PLATE II. AMERICAN HYDROIDS. NUTTING— CAMPANULARIDA, For explanation of plate see page 115. PLATE III. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS., CAMPANULARID AS. For explanation of plate see page 115. PLATE IV. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARIDE. Por explanation of plate see page 115. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE V. panonan CAMPANULARIDA, For explanation of plate see page 115. ie NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE VI. CAMPANULARID®. For explanation of plate see page 115. PLATE VII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARID®. For explanation of plate see page 116. PLATE VIII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARIDE. For explanation of plate see page 116, 4 SST wy NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. ; PLATE IX. CAMPANULARID#E. For explanation of plate see page 116. aM ss ea, f fei) NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE X. J S g ter) ke = co) i+ = w CAMPANULARIDZ. For explanation of plate see page 116. PLATE XI. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS., CAMPANULARID®. For explanation of plate see page 116, 4 ‘i a ‘ iy Peete tay aay Sil) treat i ‘ i PLATE XII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. a ome CAMPANULARID®. For explanation of plate see page 116. Oa rr NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XIII. CAMPANULARID, For explanation of plate see page 116. PLATE XIV. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. pp DE ieee PALALS| wh Se ii nanan hat wie () =) CAMPANULARIDA, For explanation of plate see page 117. “ai PLATE XV. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARIDE. 7 For explanation of plate see page 117. PLATE XVI. NUTTING--AMERICAN HYDROIDS. va MPANULARIDA. Ca For explanation of plate see page 117. PLATE XVII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. MPANULARIDZ. Ca For explanation of plate see page 117. of ¥ uf u ff y a ot Lisi Aareen ea bi Sve Rory A A me ues PLATE XVIII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. LER es & CAMPANULARIDE, For explanation of plate see page 117. PLATE XIX, NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARID®. For explanation of plate see page 117. PLATE XX. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARID. For explanation of plate see page 117. PLATE XXII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARID#. For explanation of plate see page 118. a hh PLATE XXII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARID®, For explanation of plate see page 118. jie, Ni vs PLATE XXIII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARID&. For explanation of plate see page 118. Taye Pi es ant Ms PLATE XXIV. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. CAMPANULARID. For explanation of plate see page 118. pone alte fea eel Ne NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS., PLATE XXV. CAMPANULARID. For explanation of plate see page 118, he NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XXVI. BonNEVIELLID&. For explanation of plate see page 118. ae Pike ns pune nnn a0 eee PLATE XXVII. NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. BoNNEVIELLIDE. For explanation of plate see page 118. IEA IDI; XK, {Figures in black-faced type indicate references to formal systematic descriptions or, when following names of authors, to the annotated bibliography .] Page. PEE CLONES Se as er Se ties A SU See | ay lynne 0 dk ie ee) oy 23 A GL OT be i, Pee rsa oye eesicre ois Sica mem cee eee zat ase See ee Sp bias egy mi seia attic toe reas 23 EAGT CATIET COT OTM py SoS Sereno ave ara ERPS eo ene eet fe ea ae Cia eR eae Na 26 EAA aSI Zt psAll Oran d One arate rataicicc yarSteys crs eispeesyae eases ois eee gene ROE sae em aie cise cae ete ees 2,99 iN Geiss 7 alnQUiR eee: ee mis ei or -< ec cube ie ley oo Me te hk 1, 21, 46, 50, 53, 63, 65, 83, 99 UA pais trates cia ste alk iatsin Slee cae dese 15) citi eie ales seniene ae eSe see on ce Saee ce anaes 16, 17 ‘Acastrarmiirasenn sas Saeeioa nase se cciteee Seieeke = (aie Sie See aise SERINE RE Bk tact aye seierers ce CE 15, 65 PAllalscanyrers Orie saek see ee ee apes ~ BY) Isai] SAW EMMI RO aod ot te et eee cr gt ecres eC inte Ry a NC, III, 63, 100 Bathymetricidistrbutiony ot \Campanularidses sss esse eases nee eee ee eee ae eee ee eee eee 27 Bed ot Maurice: aajserisiciy- cic oases cial = se sen ee Se Sie 55 = AOS See eee ITI, 99, 100, 110 Bened emi evan sia aie Sete ee sil icia eos eee De Eee B oaiae soe ee eee sels ORe skeen see ees 2,100 DLSANIVE| ID Clg eso acto ae mer ae NS Ie eS ES Ie eS OER eS NSE Hite nee SN IRS ores 100 Berghs (Rig Ss steely - ma seie es sleeis Sa slo see nies ismassle sowie asta s ee Se aceese esl eee 100 BRST fo =3 0M NYO ar rc sey ee re Cee nS Re ey SESS OS eee ee rt ate ie IER ah eae 101 Bibliography wann otated ee. a tecteee vecios tiie ccs ececk Sasser eee ee Gre LEE eee CBE: 99 jenllitigel, J MarrieG ee eomee naeeeaeaetaen id hore Bon seen Daauen setae onan o sats aes anba see sae III, 45, 101 Blain valle wep Miyd Goh see tee ee sek Sa ass ogee a eee Se He Ease eile sree eye Sen nes A SE OL EES 101 Bod deer ty Pe eet tes eve cosh Sora c oe een a tara, Sk hy ay eel R eet ag, uuu tavey ALS ale San OL eo gaya og 101 IBY suoeniateye Gale\ouileon wae Geo aE OAR SSE AR serene Seen NOb aor Ennee Soba aEEBHa Sars Hem EER Pane ae sooSoos 101 BOD Te Viel] as aes ioe eh ieee Seep eect ea ee rays RSV Se seetey ISTE SSIES ENS easter SS SU Reon 94,95 eaCHiVG linha GOH Aah SCORES HSE enS een eanl eae Se Oe eaatie a Ree Anne Newore SUCSEG 94, 95, 96, 97 TY ZaN Le Son auS ao aeRO OnE Dpoe Roe aos Pech Ee enernoes ene e Hope eBros sodas SoenseseREsoer 94, 97 LO PR ceases cy eey eels t epee, 2 AES oe oe Me Rie he MEE MRPs MSE eR aes 94, 95, 96 WIV) cocccossussesodusoceouososadocosepscoosssovasascaupesossposcsdssuBacooasacs 94, 96 lax NAVIES coougoasSanoce bs ons oo LSE OA OAD AOR Coen EH obec Esapead saenenaas oueenSsonncacaee 94, 97 IBOTe, In Ag Chowaccennnacesscossnsudsuseassssuossun cor noe on bound ounoosaeRosAeouESosadeosocs 101 TB OhiGiih KEpeo Ny LE See ea OR er Oe ome. a6 So CHONG een Tee EOO Cae SO ArE Omen e ae Onan ae eemsrees Geom 35 Branches) omtne) Campaniilanidesseeser eee eee ee re eeeee eee eee en re eee eee eee eee eeeeen 6 IBVR AMIRI TRAIN. Sa gooodaddanaacanceeocods eos aanes code yaacsuasueEronds osonjagduubouedeosduad™ 26 Bahn Whnsspemn (WNernieall BM SOAy))\s 5554 osncosbddesscedeooocododseoasncenosoubsesonsaoeaouEgoeDcobeac TByaH MIO ABO soaoosccoc asec foo sos occa so bes oogeosE caoe gu Se oe aosasso ese saou ss oC bs 0do2sE0085s9 36 TBiyoein, JEG AIBN, cooascoscoocuscocaoseoesossoocodosusedocnnsescoocansoase IIT, 20, 22, 31, 34, 94, 95, 101 BRB), Wo IXscocdauascoos de obsoscouscS co sbosDoconsDAGdaoos coe doudsaodsassnoosabacuosouESEDys 102 Tegan aney date Uh GeaerioasacocdoacDUSs soe Gesags Ras eAT mE Dea eee ee oeECE aE saEee KeebEtes anodecoeae III, 102 TBR ANE, 1D, IW... Gravel IRD, Wor sccseacsososene ss oases susan css au soedagsoSaaecaasascdcascee 102 Buna, JEL, Cucoasoowasoueschocot cca dbocbecosadce bonds ob addessdadonRUscodspassescaspecssecco 70 IBM, Chocosoe cascades ouc ses onnHoooah osuSosouasueusouab ob oeous sbeassecssauBe supoaguosabosadae 102 Cilmi noc s2ccascao coe seo bs oo cob sac sonosasousdcos ae Hsoedoeseodougssoseauss4ansesauasEseans 22, 23 Chibtiormriain npr. casacadsacosunusoéonsseeoousoecdopoosunogsobsndessaonoadsocsaeauscocesces 26 G@allcins Gary ees ety Are ES 2h ee alrn as lee ea III, 9, 48, 60, 66, 78, 84, 87, 93, 102 Chih ocsnegocuagenannoanesosenesuessEn6 JossdooseosunbossandeseoopeasoebosScsaoooucecen 21, 22 Chin TRING TINS... on coccocoonabebaueosesoocouosacsaoouDueconaacoDDoosespea on SaSsesousaagesasescsse 1 55968°—15——10_, 119 Plate. XXVI XXVII XXVI XXVITI III 120 INDEX, Page. Campanularias. 2.2 4a eee eee 1, 2,3, 8, 12, 13, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 42, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 87, 94 aliphorast Sosease sees Se os a teins ae Ae see eee Sue een eee ares 1, 10, 11, 25, 28, 50 Phit qb Cec OSB SHES AA Se Saab eda aA Ma dotnain 6 sHSasEeaacadosscsRoAcadcous 9, 10, 25, 28, 51 brevicaulis ccc Shee Pee eee ae os one ONS Se Se OS eee Me ye Reisen 7, 25, 28, 48 GRACE. coon bopogesesesonss oe sas coe aesdossencessemcdascsese 9, 10, 12, 18, 25, 28, 49 ePIC OE a ORE SEA aE A AGED on ae Me nae re SRE Sa Brenan en mam ASSbOUsaaC 34, 66, 67 caliculata svar simacrogonay 4e-cice sie eee tee eb Bee ae Clare arene re eae eee eee 67 coronata...-.-.- SSeb aS oseaossuncs saaReoab as soo oubebosaceonsbnmocasceocoaas 25, 28, 51 eylindnicasseeesseeeeesaer Bhawas doaGosnouban> bosnoude pacuBasdemaboqeqeue es eeesce 40, 41 denticulatate sa: oem e seins se iteraee Ge eerie ee eee eee eee et ee jense BB, 23, GS} Oa 5-55 Goce. ce 7aonr oe eooqdes see da gnanasoee ope suE5As 34 Sa8Gs993=55— 25, 28, 48 IEE VamosqodaascusoncdacaudesnasdhesdauascanenooGuncopgansagcuodascacsne 45 TPT ie eee Scaseanbes Sadhoocospanbue csdanosnacuascaguascsqcobeb oes sosabosoene 25, 49 PURiormiae! ei 8 Re tobe inesee le Ss Gi cake otc Seeman eet 12, 13, 25, 28, 52 AMMO). oacesdeoegcotaos odo aseraone sso soRsesaoaos copssoRsoUsedasggc0g00aC0960" 90 RMI. cooga ses ags moa eos essebosabedassotossseusonezsosssesosscsenossssese¢ 25, 44 PTA CLIT eee Aree epee oe fare te Pe Stee Re eos EE TR PES I ee eS 9, 60 ARGH Ce at HasescoosenedeuaoEsABrsoucenaosEssuasarsaceseAses > acsascensuseoquar 95 PARC NOGIED -eascoosu soon de osose sedan ons osescsnagsecyaseceseosasons 7, 25, 28, 38, 39 INGA s aed eooasesnosanssoneunscooguesaceanerououccouooseoccouoosuosccesds 25, 28, 36 Hinckalivens seco i nces bos Mae ho sn gas Sarees Ye aeilge sat eee 7,8, 9, 10, 28, 84, 44 Tritepralns Shui pr nas slit nui ates Bon eA) Anant sA Aste aan ARI 25, 26, 27, 28, 88, 40, 65, 67 NOME coeoosaaoSdeancoaUSeReEaacbepacsssauasusess ocqnaoqdosoKseueSsmuasoosEs 53 [UO oe seasedsseneacds SoS pesosoassoccososcosecsedagass cooucEUSSbequeospeoopucES 45 [etGGHGl - sonoscnececeaosososuccsepecssese BEN AREmonnneo oho s Saab nM bab oa auHe 25, 28, 39 [evan Rene sena2 mur nasa ona eer sna oem Wises. 0 5 eo cl Ala aa nnd aoe ae Ved aN 25, 28, 48 IDA F GWNks soso cscoae oe bese heelys ceo seu oSece Snes scone ssuodossorsccenses 25, 28, 52 WIRYTOLOV VO nsosccccsentonccsosstposescsdearsecgesspacesonse NES Serres 1, 25, 28, 42 HEME son bas oscdsogseceanseoedsoasoposadussdneooecacoassecccen 7, 8, 12, 13, 25, 28, 47 TTLAeT Tastes ATMA EA oe Sang ih enc A ah te RR 25, 28, 42, 44 Teglec tat ee meets Haan EN SLES Ae tinea 8A» RRM ALND 9, 10, 25, 28, 46 CCW gaguindacnatacusccoosodmoesusassuocoocudusbasognesboesesodamaanendosaes 8 GME ENT bos cnasodsneeeaUaManbsodseodsoansocoouseosossooaepSooasnsenanese 25, 28, 44 DENTON DIUNNTE 0 os dedocsbodscessosss seu sssereusescudsdsHsscosousness 7, 8, 25, 28, 35 Pa lenita tame State nies RED EAR ARS faites Sn CRA Ne Seah: AeA age wen ie 25, 28, 89, 61 MACH MOH M3050 3sosdssadsodsovos sooo consbasessassos SondeeucsnoseossusdsaepeRsS 40 MAM cooagnssoss ascends casocSuos sab ae ob sbassasas ses acsoconscasaseoudessaassnos 94 MAN IEPW posdoaooosounsnodossao ose cant ace asosacquscosouoconesessocsesebsonags 7,8 IMVENG Elsa pabeoasobooe saososoneD bcs cen gocsSuse acoesosussscose sopeesasssosassacose 50 fiir Weta ed peste No Ae eels Obes ine arian Ola cian Wet Le 5c 6, 7, 25, 28, 85 EPEC OSAR Enon CeeANe tpn Se AN SNA Aches SANE ESS ame ese me 3, 4, 6, 7, 25, 28, 41, 47, 48 BDInalis eee neers Se Lye Nake naa) ARAN ARE AMSS Ber Cohn Ae Seen na ase 6, 12, 13, 15, 28, 35 Gul MMe ccodsacseuaddouduseoscaseassadseseaosd ddgsoduusopecamdadoasass Adan 25, 28, 42 (MMOD oseccessssoacsdaeso Sosa co obsassaccoscoccsa vob sssdsessdadosadsesnsoaass 25, 28, 41 (UNE) cae sesausonoceas seo soon oe dcnae coseas oss eouassuSuessccessssoRSs 25, 28, 40 WANN cos asoswonoosss-ossseoec anos sss soos en pas eossosasocoscessascosuenS 4,39 WREAMMNIO 52 a sadoeaosoddance coos os ocosoosoanssosersuseuodsessucsacebense 3, 12, 25, 28, 40 sipsyt tet Es} keys eee A Ae RS es Rt ge eed 4,5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 25, 26, 28, 29,61 WO Mobic 5 3 cousesood -mMesasuesooudcaceda doesn msooeoscodducsegsseaeuoSanes 25, 28, 31 Campanularides\.0: Se nae emer un ae nie: Aue ae ute 1, 2,3, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 42, 65, 94 MUA AN HAO Chea WINN. 55 be0 S655 so-sedenseseboonsecdusocedodeconsseasaescs 27 ISP NNCIKSsbeS age Sse asdeas sh AS SUR eR SeEENES oe Bacar sebaoed suSedaubeeaseoaoausasees 6 GG omMGMNsaceScckbeksccs sodeondee soese sed uodsccadsedorsSeserosgucaouseasesc 18 Chi MAME Ee sb keds soecosvaseddesetoe casegeqdcdecoscsgasdososnaeeasausese 8 Ghisinall HMO do as houses wanes soma sesosoessousuesashdcsuosooggsaesenedegcose 27 EAHA NOKIA osdsosocseasolodsoseo sso SSS ooscossonaddocassooesbenssanscasaaen oes 14 PON OND LonddadasasbecsodedysdsosdoeodaacessocsonSyarocsensnssusesagesosens ll I Ole NMS sasenenosbisbotesssasdeddecotssd ne sotasnosoasasnessgossadssdecias 9 ln WabO MAE Bea adss Sedans aracsecososs ]soncsosaesdsovosmassussseseudoasmssssss 6 IRAN HOPI Ne paega sono cau Sd osdgbadasacdsadsSonaasedscossessqqcsuasssaceese5 24 nine qal ola) leaner AweBebas Moe SoGnd= oddossduacetvedoodoasoasanabacsanssseqgseseses medUses-fsse see eee MEPS ee Mis onder sas as emHeeuan aaa SoUduaogKods 14 INDEX. * Page Campanularide, systematic discussion........... SS Aen ERM eee REC READ Gee Oras or 21 {HOTA NO OMAN, So ccosa gee OeE SOB e oc neee codes dneodsoesospanHesaLcoosesocdoRo ses 2 Ghnmjonipllling, casda Gopes oc a> dose oma anoRnyauan s5b HneHee cbguosooecosooosacodasabedoscsesuce 21, 22,23 (China clinm meio scossauaaeqsnosnaa6 dacbanAneSoenaauenaabeces onerosdssHspsqoquadcosousccucaone 26 Ganvolli, 10. 548 Se dee aso aus eene See BARetEeb ae wer ea eek ood obo caeuAotocHsocogudiuEcoRDuen 102 Ginnie @lallls) Se ccksosgenedecesebaas asda eaRaBedead Hs Suded sob oua bse SneneseonceouasHbaueosses 103 (Chicaroplmblive glioma ype el ela = ae ele atc at oo ayer alee Fos Gilera, Tet, Ua, anncl Sonia, cos ccossobans spe acs au qnqeenasasapes aacnsnaasgsescoanssacancssg9c0sce 1 Gib, &. We casé: socuosesosessocoeessoccpaeaneeespneocatoscsccncaseasspossospemscpendacossocee 102 Glattke, SB, Wo cece aggsne code sbbcco ene sense dssanssugdseanundconsososasoscsancassoscoseso soc: 52, 102 Clio wosdosadessedbtoe cA RE Ge ee Ua Ree ane enn epee: 3, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 51, 58, 55, 58, 63 AHPAMUAN) ccoscobasccucsonss ssedsuoauneegebonasuogeaaeuootsascacdaosuddoobcdsooude 25, 53, 60 [DELSHELS Sage ns cube dogo ees coco os FESS ue O Rete Re EE mee Ree BemneosoderEenuemceEss 25, 51, 53, 59 [GOA NHEcascasoscsossccescucee SE os ee ELC lne Cause aueune dd 1, 9, 10, 25, 52, 56 GANGM ED ococc cos edosaose esocacossecs scendeeance Sa Nolte LE cle) pee at er aft ae ey epee 24, 63 Gratin ified, o wue USS ee ieee oer ce id luc teh 1, 25, 53, 57, 58 Gah ER Gt sadhedeeone abseouesee co dda econ oa meneeTes cauacoucccadasdcuccdasaue 25, 53, 60, 71 fragilis a ES nc, Se SE Gre ele Gene aE Ete earn ona ay a MOO mao doa etc 25, 53, 57, 62 IYsaGleneauligga ceed gucedecuSes coccdda sco ce Hose S sen bnbEe sAnodesosdSsdsounmeouasaescsoS 25, 53, 62 dimeionll cocoocesteoee=ssese BS 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 25, 53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 96 UG RICH ENNNAS 354 oseaseso2e5559555055 saacaggdesdsdsneneasaseosb5cnnSnSse5e0555a500 25, 53, 58, 59 HUW .jocooooncocdans oo ane desoase oo soeeqnoongE qegosus coo sacsodcupessanonssaaddese 25, 53, 61 ui Repanie 2 oe uke RMSE NES s Se en ork Ceore daa 1, 9, 10, 12, 13, 25, 53, 57, 58 (Oxthopyacis) poveniumpester=er eset) ese eee eee ee eee eee 63 OWA MTN Soo socenaneses cose sang sna sn ana sandessescesesseenocess abo coos pacosncesenesceac 92 poterium (=Orthopyxis caliculata).........---..-------------------- +--+ +++ -2 2222222 2ee- 1 BRIAHCO Mao copecaaascoce ss coc aso sae one os ensesegeqse soseassasasoccosscaescde 3, 9, 10, 25, 53, 57 DIMAS coos osoe ez oso Sos ene quoesusoce suas cosa cacsoacseososessesooes ..-- 4,12, 25, 53, 61 THOU MING, -oscassodcocsa cooesaquck ss cbeuuseusesesoedosueneasat coos sbusRaesycetsosssosce 55 Galley, Wo Dec co czdsnocdectocodsosdsec0scesgnseaseosed sone sapsneor spe beasodaseBaueocsacsocse 103 Colonies, of the Campanularide............--.-----------+--+2 +--+ 2-22-22 2,3 Gfomtloyn, 19), 1D) 3. 35 ocesegsessecce aus sa=s5a5sseses esos epee ose dy oe es eSec 2cGS70scGs5 2555555 5> 45, 103 Congressional Library... ..--..--------------+----+- +++ 2222-22-22 2-22 ee (last; Os Ga voc odceacasscsens seoc0s sc cose caaeasue consume sanesncosce sot osenesuscssEnad=oseo% 103 Goda, IR, On ods sus oshesecasscc sos sccsdasangdens 53503555585 502359059265 ena ease Sececans 220% 103 (Goyielitinocess+65 swede = see 56556 sso sce ose a eese sees sane ees6osSe seas a6 55 sas dase ses aoca 67 Grenitonel, Ug Wl. cogudongestececs de ccko besos seb eanecesmbepcoernuacesecneransasqndecensosscscane 103 @rone, Mrs. Willian Hulsibus.-.-..-----.--.----:--+-22+- +--+ +2 22-2220 - 222522222 113 Gomera, OciMEMA., . s.5s.c55-ccockoesesnconasadceues sop onsansecsococoesonsesoSsocscessoc 7 (Ome Me, oc ccasccsc sons cneoscocce seo ecsceunaasanaepasassancasscenessansee Seen sere EN, 22 GRIER, Coco bbeaccod = obese sacac cos ape eno nne soasesdeneorsEose poSnsubascsucsodsenesebsoacesc 103 IDEM Wo d8ls o tedeesesscctsencosocsseoqsnseecupeacascenoEeneEocoss Rae bmbeopocsepesoserccusars 48 Dalyell hep eee ssr eee UGE AGU oe ba bc See RBS D EEO H Sa ESe Soper besa oacsorcuddCabobersacqocsses's 103 Desllomernenmaiag, 19}, s4esceqsaqeseoscocanpecodagnes spas Scascqpoenbeeecoosgannesgossseooslcaucs 103 Dest, Wooo -s6dsesesone seca scoceannsosaneseceanape sna bee pacnocasscoucsadeseqsearecccdaaenoc 103 Development of the Campanularidex...........----------------+-+ +++ +2 2252222 te sree ert ee 18 Diaphragm, of the Campanularidee..............----------------+- 222225222 r reese rrr eres c ce 8 IDViginnoglydinn. -. bas ceooscscensscedon sSAnSEAeaannaese Henn oss conan sckonescndeacsseqlpu oases 6 Diphasiaees eee eee eee DokesHe deuce ooh bar sr euebUseapoqadescdsseascbopasescauquasasgs 12 ROEGERG on ndsoscbocsegeqoouu sd ne oRne nen aar er casassoacesoorscnossacedadqossapsocesscr 11 (OPEC oc acoonounqadoneo Seba Beau bun Beooe en eonsdsaseccssecobpoesoucsocsosHadss iil Distribution, of American Campanularide......-.-----------------+-+-+++2+22 222222202 e rere 25 DINER soo ne be codbandc coc boonoceaguopdoanseessuEe soapsenesdaacocasoSanopsenadsumanasssseccaas 59 Donitzesseeeeeee a dobwoaddoanb aden epEdsse abuse sonbacdspusosocca De sonoceosdanqanseccasnepes 103 IDrelie@ln, IAIN doccecuguscs sock acs bubue se nensosnauy ecnanssaescaassancsoSnesoocdns aasananacrEr 103 Duchassaing, de Fonbressin....--.:---.--------- +++ +---2-- 22-2222 - 32522 103 Tire oo, Jy de eeanedoncadcenneeenacaed suse seEac cee cr ocemsddes coon pod bogcconnAamaDanHoS 23 TYIBIG, JONG...» sobooondoacs couse soe suesanenandaeaecoooesondsnedessasdoscoosasaseshacaaRa 96 1,108 Ellis, John, and Solander, Daniel........-.----.---------+++-+2++222+2252-2 002 2t cscs csssctsse 104 IDjoenilinests AGH codoascnneacdoneoeBosRedacanes5s09eessRaccsbcnsSoocsbssoroRonsenvepanedcse 1 IDE GNI, 18. .ascoscoeoqoccons ame sednesseeno eeaacosdcossosncdcsasnseschacnscnosessrenspecr 93, 104 IBN 1D Us Co cdoseacesgass os asbe seseaoe pnesaanos scnoconseaanscocg5Hocodsadoosanasrarcesacecs 104 121 Plate. Ill XIT XIII XII XII Ill 122 INDEX. Page. Bucheilota ventricularise occas 5a sta nisteray micro cheers ee a ete ete ear eae ele eee 1 LOT ele) RPM EMAR ASSO Ce oc oOn boo cSt oGorcsoUoddenecbosnisasuabodesudDoonnpesorcosorsemeasoosS 21, 23 campain ilatal ols sciio) ee ee cihaiile cece eset fens ete) aegis Oy Steed ee eae te ya a cae en 2 Cia phama se ccse nie sans seterat role Sree eyes rays LNCaP oS AC OM Gomori eigacoUanEQEsca4e5 1 Bucopella. JBaee eeppesstaterar eens closer tases ccerele leteve rete eee tey= ee mee ene al oe nese oye ea 22, 23, 24, 64 camipanulasee es. Noid sella ee eepeilaeals jess eh 2ot eas Bee ek cies eos, 6 dd Sea 66 campanularia Seed ole man htnsiclee Mearns we ciees acta a ape eA ald he Wier ate .. 2, 24, 63, 66 Bucopidsess-ee seer ee eee Sess wchis Ween Ss Uebel: eee U enc: saw Ss UE VE Ses oe Be saree 2, 23 Budendridse Peery alo ascts. cere ssn = ie ne Se Rae Se IAS SSR AS ey esas eS ls le or 11, 20, 21 Budendriumeereesessaeseee ese ee eerasle adie oni /SS sr ce dee Sie Ss eesteys creer earns Sar teens a2 ee 21, 61 NEM AMI Oe oS sh a woe Sas Soca aeacessesesabeasssessoasess Bishi ad erate ee 11, 20, 21 ID TT eos 40 ee, See ans Sal eas ieee ee eae Si Aca oo a oaes canes ao uacaatea: 5 1 Hxplanationvotsplatesssee- seer ener reer PO ee a ees tet RIS yt oe ase OUR GASSES 113 TH MAME, OLIGO... ngoocdsnaccddoresacessees pita daapen cBiwen ee eee. CeeRe meee ar Became ee nime. 104 Mewikess dis Walter 5 oes se parame cis sie peas sess oie svaiais Sia eee valerie aks 31-year eae 104 Hewkes:/ Ji: Walter andiMark ha Wue ssc sess. came eee een cee. epics SERRE REO REE EEE RE REE 104 Field Columbian Museum. ..-........-.-.-------------- Bie Eee ne dee dle tne eae SHE Sas eRe aS ee eS Ini GynrtverNd stan Ay easabae sonsaS Daas pa soe ser oaneadanacoos soca seEcosdooseons. sdoccddcscscadcsose 104 INO NOS}, Wiss accoacssmossssoososecs ss bdses ss Ios 28450 Fode ges Faso Se SessdosodssoasgoscscoRssRsds 104 ItosleL We coososkscoacadecesedon saneon soesos opaeuescdodsssuosgog soguasdesossseqeccscodas990c0 104 etser nC, MAR Ma Weed Loe Mealy ON Se City IIT, 47, 59, 60, 61, 76, 80, 93, 104 Galanthula eee te 2 Ae eae ce Seen ak sees he chen d Lee E Se eee eee eee Eee nee 23 GiiniGbhles donde ootoabannocsesccabsossenasedssaocsesseccos scoscuansspacdnecscoucadasecascoEses 21 SMM UAT see hoe ee ees see ee eae sae alas See ee os Salen nec oe ee eee 20 (Goreme, Ce gcavastecatencessocsocesqueusqucencoccooSosososcesuncassuscscosgacbascucucars 105 Giard2 ease ease Sea ase one te soe = J Sa aaa dees sears ine nese ence Ha AER AR eS 65, 105 (Ciena al os ds len acicae UAa a Sele SSG SH ASROMB RAG Soo aap onaaeees eS anasesecnnac sued dsaapsoaodoeoss 105 (Costing Cuiscatnabsed impasseeseaancennaasccessenddssebasasssanscnsencacsadonosoucacsasacs 105 Gonophoressoiune Campannilanide ==. -en -eee rr eee ele soe eee eee 14 (Choon, Oi las ChunjonmmmlbyaGk. 5-546 snesceoscocesseesnesscueosbossosSgeoaesnngesue socodecc il Goma thinyreee Wee wee Re nse ce ey Ut 0 hy ARN cee ie AOE aba 2, 9, 12, 14, 21, 23, 24, 53, 68, 72 Coil att Baeinatty ae se Uae ete AA Aas Ae as waie es AM ere sa Saat cas 25, 68, 71 PACTS eta Mose UE een akaiei cS cya ore sperma raiede yous isaac syetete) tee are mye yee ie Deev arava sie 8, 25, 68, 69 Taipei eee A ee are Pe os ras ant Gy yer SLC EWR ray ISS A ees AEAAN vate ay eem aT aL Boner 71 aU DVO day Ee OH e GHGS COSCO CRIS aaa cise one caCacs ie aia an a Mera sao c 25, 68, 72 Tessa Re ao 8 MMe pee ar 8 Rea ne td art, EDN 9, 10, 18, 19, 25, 68, 69 (Gate, Po dsle s\4 pat eqacancqoncsual can ceedEEesoueonsoecutgpEnbEeL SouosoneaansuasoSssSScsubagesS 105 Chain Ty Iie oe bescdanaee sonceohoneecesesconsoobay sock oneon sconce abacansbusdosoboedscotdoss 105 GhenGihy Ws el cocascécouseceucuoundsnoooasos cece ansscocoasbe aqsoaadonccoangaondesosessoeseds 106 Ghani, Comryo. 2 ese ebelasccscsodcoaubs consosconcuotoepensocuesananasnssqueassecsosoososescoe 49, 83 (Piehy, diglain lili wea we scdoasoeconssonbesoumEosus eo Sop unE SercanseconanGoescotsasasoacenes 105 Ghose, Ye Pe ndosdccescencaseoceceeatococrconscopercesoonannsecstscusnssoonsondehorocemosoce 105 IEvaleciumym acroce p kill vires esterases a Palade ret 59 TaGnbisnyo NU, Lobe cco cee eb boe soepcecersoccorsssooecses Bae BO SECO GAS OR EE OOH OCHEGISaaa 22, 23, 24 TENNER, Wis ob Saees s4ceueoeencsemeecobeacsoecnescesnoda SE Sea OH HoUGGee Ce oranenecooS 105 laGinibrains OMDs c cscaustocrestssnoneoccode$+ son cbes co opaneonenouonbcuoebsssocucsecusbeosucges 105 Hargitt, Charles W..-.-..--.------. ORoReHe es BR ats, ors, ae are eee EE ore esate Renae IIT, 4, 30, 85, 105 Harriman Alaska Expedition.........-..-.--.-..--.-- Sas A oes asin os eaatata neve pst Ae epee ost resect 64, 65 Hactlaube GC lemend-eken eos cee s=o ama Saeighes IIT, 18, 23, 41, 43, 66, 67, 77, 87, 90, 91, 93, 105, 106 Isheselll JAG 1st. geeooenocussosouemancaneeucceeesconeyasossusodaoooccudcuaseodeadacoancasacsed 106 Hebelilaseeeeseceeccee pecuse one ancenecounoarsbsoduacucde MeDO cH AanedwEPasteacasesduccs 22, 23, 24 Jal Coscscoscyoce cee aeueeece nebee pees ceucuc couse spcHnouanoneunssncutoUEEEssocsccboedsooses 106 TEKH dg INS \WWeceaoneve ane nseucdeeiensaccoode boooucnheccuncccodemecnacescceneeseosuossoosecoe 112 DEK yd dla r-9c gels Got Gee coc one pen icpes Paae er obeeenc ee Sheers cee seme enercen ab eoaac acc pECSOccoSST 106 Table eval, tshyohatehy Jesoacceceeneeccteccocu: coecen= saute eomess pac esEEoceuesetoncesesossesesosaaceonous TSB eerie, Huaal Cuenshys IDG Ils oe ee eee cece ou eostcdsuoceseuossocsocoeudsecnsoapessuod 43, 106 Hincks: Shomasy 4 ere ee gee oot nee Lecetee 2, 8, 14, 21, 37, 44, 49, 51, 53, 65, 70, 72, 76, 85, 90, 94, 106 Hoffman: Re hs ee os Sea Picaa oe cree arava a essen mena eaters =a alata Sn eta fh aan eter Ao 106 15 Kater ese eae ee Ae comebec cc nerCenHo lor nh cocue Ee ecboobbrne popaemuddooconodcosscotobodl 106 Homology, of medusa andi bry dara the oe sete eterelctel ste otatetet eee eter ete ated tay lesa oh ete eae rated 16 1eleahennihpeW ssh sy hed pbouocduenubEene co bneuaeucustEececoscucsbeemoggucosouemoutccedsscccoue 106 Tehibdky AMY Noett Welsouance wcocacoccscouceuuccecuocuoobocgeeeacocoSoncuanqeRoUN Gant SOUgoooSOS 107 Plate. III XVII XVII XVII XVII III INDEX. Page. Hydranths, of the Campanularide..........-.--.---------+--+ 2-222 2222s eee ree eee 9 Hydrothecze, of the Campanularide........--.----.-------++---++ +++ +--+ 222-2222 eee eee 6, 7,8 Hyndman, George C.....------------- SERRE RAS HOS Oe wars onReae Aon eonocodssasocsSaBOD OS 107 Teh qoERAMNGEh: Gos coco peobe sso s5544 54454 Se ee sense see sees ps— Sess e hoe ooS5casqaeqooce 22, 23, 90 Tilia, JORNEIN, 5 5 coscossossoscesensubsonsssesdas spnesesSossessSSsso esses oSge555005 950900955050 59 ThmGloI PACING REBMOM.ocsscnas5 sesso sSese 576 sede ee bSo5Sq 95 58co ss aap agsSUSaasmeseSs5gS009099200R" 26 Thaptn®, AN ccoesocece so eens oo eGass gees dass Ss ss8E pe seas 0500205505390 s 5b so 0s opeDoceuseaocEscnonS 107 UiGlodn@liin, TYG seco sees esossasoesccasaancecggdonseandendeycosssohas III, 22, 31, 34, 40, 52, 79, 95, 107 Jarmesom' Repsecs ssee a-ee a ceeae o on alcacree eale ale oteiefe ele ciea eal) 107 Tickeli, Carl BLS --------2-=-- 2-2-2222 2 2 2 2 e e ee a eee aoe 107 Aelia Onenie Illorblinjosccoocnocsescseeucosssbeqsagsds scan bedapnsososacsSe5ssobossesSs5555 555808000006 Johnston) George: == 2 se se-- = 222 = se eae we ne le lie ie 2, 21, 33, 107 Key to American species of Bonneviella....-........-.------+----------+---2- +--+ 22ers re teeee 94 Cannone Gls. cosoopescascscesecsososcosgacesosancassoassacsouse 28 (INGE) Oly suaodsoossesose5so00000092060ac9G2050N080 24 Olhytssocccssnsesdacsoesaeesos suseososdccsansessssq50565 5089000" - 53 Gonothyrceaseeeeeeee ener eee ee eee nee ee eee eee eee eer eee 68 Oynxs See ah oa eas dsede aawiedgu sosodaanodsesd sooassanasoasscn0bac 72 Orthopyaciseepeeeeee eee ee ee ene eee eee eee ese ra 64 SM@MIMBR ooseses 00s Scnsceaagssaccasocbedsoodssngs50en005900900005 90 Kincaid, Trevor...-..-.-----------+ +--+ +22 +++ +--+ 02-22 eects teres 39, 71, 78 IRM, Wooceccoasase ooo se obec eenecacseses sessed S54 555s sepeEGs=5QS595030RDsacaaa4n0509550055 107 Kirchenpauer, G. H......-------------+- +++ -+2 22+ - 2222-2222 reece tee ete sce eee: 107 TRUE, INS oc sone conosscoseesegose 5650 Ss2aaRSosReeons=s38055959055950585e87509938099509E6- 107 Trepmnfo), IPA Wp conse =eeos6s cose soe ened 2aassoseassSsese So eH ese s assess scedeSsoHeeeS20Rse5 55550 107 Tmolrm, AN osscaccsnasoscoosecopeonssses ads sennqsassens soosseseRe 39908 25qSSAss98099595905505 108 TRPitin A ououcmeie dos aeep bene sdaseie x0 ansehen Aane eB eB ene Aare esarnee caaonee III, 11, 18, 20, 21, 108 TLR cobgsedeoosbanvoeoscbosesasose qe 20ba D008 SUEhSSee 00545 G0s0E 2099569005 0595000059005000 96, 97 PATH sonaccoosseo ne desoseopesaoosocasasgesounSoosSBasmos soos sapoSoHNSooRcoDSD0e5a0 95 TafiestiMs oc coccdnen cosoconccososceepencconoccoosmaasoosEREasbG7999595050005858s009509950050009 22 Tipmmerelis, die LBs IBodNo GS). cons csoscsoseneceS0 sae80eS588eb5585s255 2002905 SE 2ca95e500n5595550° 108 ThaMMbPIBAsooscosscossausooecooasncadese songs secpesesEeaossucssoseSosuoosdadvodmadeussecsece 66 TLeMma WOES, Jo IB, Wooscssocsessoes0500s50500s039095555 50855500 se de28 Sa SSSR S50SSH ORO cosc0° 108 Tiemcl monet, 1D). ceaqsscccossoesocopsooscaessees seo sed 980906959959559909 8285920059050 2009 108 TWAT ssacosonacemecocsocns ceucdo cee a caosaHepean score dome nuaoronS ob sbcpEsgReasnencc 9, 21, 23, 24 AUTON coonessosodooses soeqosasssaGesag- Sodas saBpoases5co98 525 25cm ogaacaTansGRe 46 amphora (=Campanularia amphora).....----.--------------+-+++++++2-+022-02 220020 1 GOTINCTI AO soosas cone cnn aqesbess2seGes cen sebe SEN 5 eSee=aSH eo 9595o5csorosqqn000" 24 TigmelemieyGl, 1B, VOMooomasososcseocodsacsesscgeeesEsschssascosc on eoosHbesosoconndacole 16, 63, 66, 108 TU GBS ABD aaconcenacco ces p eo nsansesecnsocessar sa nEocc=ceR Sn osea5s5s5ss9S0q8so9cce0Esccn 22 TWasiieie, Oh J ccocsacomasos6secoucobaosnsoss espa poSsosescosecaauaesanEseacs sasaseascssoccoas 110 TUG, Iococacsaosoogeben soe 2beenesce snob ceeEe pean se OGsaeseS5ac co ROoa=apeaaccoceSe ORR Seah 108 Thayer, Gta Wil, IR cGonac -onbso0se ous sen ccossAecoesnpasesos 2505p ecacecnocnrena spor ..-- III, 8, 9,108 Timdisiveia, Conccsosaonsesce 509s onens sabes naeqSsnos San aRSoAesAoSsecSS0083G0as25060090e05 09998 108 Tifa, ococcacdsseosssoncesscccesanssesuc con sanRepoaSsna=ReScEonocaaeasccsrasosscececace 108 TURP, Josgugoscos abeGons es noose sdesueonpe seanonenoDeupao sab DoUBEonsNSEauoeSeaeHoccsspooHos 108 TLATNOGAELEG oooccocdcesouce ssececedees so0ss55de5 0s SREB ARS 2h eO Sopa coronacasenseresaaescesc 16 Tawa, Ei Ibnocoscassdoos soo ccuonsseonn spoon basensaneogsss Soo aSEaAenS=oc55905 50Gb ensocacE2cuadS 108 TENG puoosotasedes as ou ae gnorSansgessy osoaEeHssegoUS sans spolsEs so5oSSo>sScSRRssacanoonccc 21 GAWD asdocos sb owsososssonnessescouppesusoonabuespeopesesHodabesesearacsacssbbodons 94 Thaler, Coocsoooseca2220s6ec0escuanobeacncseennonanenaesasoRsocbcoSaseTecbaasedeoszecCosace 109 Bence oll syareuy ayo Ean See ae eS ca 109 MiewileimGl, 1, IP socks ncosscosossenodsaaspaeseeD -sbornRseces San cconSoeeeaSdccopacooEshbbood: 109 TOKEN, U, It cddanec ecb bobo oh csb un benee baoeeenagrecesastnonscconotocnonacecchnosenqnnanbes 109 MERENESM, JaosccsuneasosseecoessoosananesreeasbEs cae ppsAEA Sa ps=s0R0ccSooGERSenaSroEeDoSosPe 109 ~ TMiemdls, Thy Ij soseeosqdocqoose ao Sou sosobodeonmannssusepnoapaaS sa ppacsSeceosneschasecocaennasseas 104 Marktanner-Turneretscher, Gottlieb..........---------------+-++-22 rt rt rere reece 22,71, 92, 109 Mayer, A. G..---.-------+-2---2------+-25-22=---- III, 1, 2, 16, 22, 23, 57, 58, 65, 76, 77, 79, 81, 86, 94, 109 Wie CraGhy, Telit. cone uooposnse saeco cues oanabessnee oor oRRscISc sc conaeanEEcresaBecoSPOlo5a5 1,57, 109 WMislbntaRtn, WW, Ohescococousssboneoesobocsas copscnooch aoe banca pSecbonmboSRbabehenemeocenoncro ss 109 WiGGG Eis noccccobuouoouecosqubuEodsHsooebouogooEe any EsacnSaesonecccopsEEsDacGonoocEaarsGnouE 12 Meduse, of the Campanularide-....-.-------------+---2 2222 rer eet ccc enters ttre 14 III 124 INDEX. Page. WTR ON ysl avy Oba code me cocrmpe coc SocnasoUan Sex soSoSmoogscosEedestooaoUnoodones{socdGs eee -os 109 WEEE ENO lags (CRcsc~ onaag sbondon 354 sna ns oscusodososadoeeroqser love cle wistaie/=iernrae Sees ee See 92, 109 Wheat IN Se epson ce aome soa soso sos sen ooneococceensomededoncoosad PAS COOOSHEBAAADAA See 109 Meyen, I. A Et Le ee ae ae she Ahn ee eae GRE ee el. VA a MOM eae Ancor 3 109 WINANS SO eenSscpobos sabes aS Oks oaasoosascoage sees asass ates secs soe2adoOsSONSSssOSC estes 23 Morch, .O:;. Aili 2iseescciossak sashes cee Bee SES Akos i ae enti eit lorctne Wlatnebsaele Geers 109 Morpholocy.votithe@ampantulanid sess sae ee eet eee rate nae oe ee rel etter fel eee 1 Moserit di.) SERS OE PE ERS RE ER BR ek isc hase ayia ve oar SIS ee tee ear aE NaS caterer ee 51 Museum ot iNatural Hustonys obate iWin ersitiva 0 flo Walp esse aera eee ee er = 2) Nod dérwiPeSSek osc sates cect actin cer pee cee eens Spire cle Sine ee eine his SDC eons ioe estoy ee cee alatil DN AV ee ee aera 109 North) Atlanti¢}Resion®.222-.0- esac ae ceees = Sal adecera sea Sean eeet Baan BEES ena es eae 26 Nouba, (CL, Cle oe eon cnacen sesso sae sos see ee edassaecss das aanesessedegsos bossa sconsonséedsoe 84,110 Ol). Sng -5sescs eases sos ona o essa sassan sess quascSsHssossEsesoogseses so sa50g0I00 14, 23, 24, 87, 90 PRelbnIAOsAN Seek oss os sas ocone sd ooo ueeacoeodneoe conc segescasegoconooaUnsooS 4, 5, 6, 18, 36, 88 Obeliazesce sates sel epee eee renee nericc cirri eer 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 53, '72, 87 AlsN DN oosossses soe qede roses adesegsesnsscone soe sencemecocosuSsepoqoesccese 110 Opercullanel labRee soe ee meiner oe eae ieee eee SE eee EEE CEE CEL Eee ine-c eee Cer BE REE Eee 21, 22 (OWNAGE e ise Loe sooooasecoeses bea BosSEsouss+ SecuoecobocssocsaGe 3, 6, 8, 14, 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 63, 64 GILGEN 3 SSosS ones SSeS eR eB OOD HOD os euose aes 556s sane cas cHoCuSEBooobooaE 17, 25, 26, 64, 66 Cana SMAI EMIE. 5 ocsccacgseseRe cos aso Seb eno ra asec seccocce sab saausocussososecoaoss 15, 16 Giijtiol dese oe ne seep eee clea ee eRe ele eee eRe Eee ee CeCe eEeaeene 3, 25, 64, 66 COUN osso scan oce aa cosg sas ooSsgdEssoscesosNsosccassuseces 7, 8, 12, 13, 25, 64, 65, 67, 68 CHM coscosa cade sass se soSs ens enSa oso sass desdos succes oaosasssOOoRSSacoN0SE 25, 64, 67 OVO onan oaociga a -pSUs eae SG aSome Ss SeuES Ce anS SoS Sones ooseuagennanGaaesc 12, 18, 25, 64, 67 TON hiWlaaNanoece io Gena cdcaag aoneeaanee are san a sS saab acaaaarion dudaugdaaausaco ater 63 Osborn, (Hy Was 2 oe. Sass bse eeisicte oes Hesws coelomic cae od eee EERE Penn eo eee eee ener ee 57 OW Eisoconnsosousoncooobeecbeor sevdouadodosagadoosesdosusssoue conEd Sob oaoEoDSONEDOeTOCONSE 15 Paarmann (Sigil foes eee eae eres cic ee eive in oe ee BER ERP ECR OEE PORE CER EE Ee ere Reece eEnene 9 legit) ec bao MISIRY | eee ee eens ao Sone ee MRE” eat or osee eater Su a acigc sedan sodaSeS 110 NEC HUES fied coy 2 Soe ARR BAER Sy aR AT IN, SA ene TID ERITH Ae eh ean tee Sue a ENS oo 110 Pane errs, Baers 2 s.c nig Ses hs Tg NON ae Be aS ee Se eon a 110 ‘Parfitt, By: Ape eres Pale Se ere ore Ane Mee ene eS RECESS EA ANC O naan AONdasuouGon De. 110 Partagomian: PEGTOMI A ct¥s ih sees asec ieie emcee seer Eee Cw ct She ee AS Seas ater eee tnu Pes pee 26 Pennaria ‘tiarella- te 2 .\ 5. see 2 AG Pt Ee SD). ee Sie alee IG ee 62 Réron;. I; andi Lesteur iG. Av ele faeeee ee EeO oe 72,110 hia line -3s SSOVE 15 i SN ee eR RDU SE 16 IEdaXe) 01: Set oe eee Eon) aE ee sean ha enn one aah GAuct ao Sot ae ou obbacowosacdecona mals 23 [011 0) 0 c=: ee ec ee Oe ne ee iste Ace ie ne oe ay a Sooe ccocaciane i Plate. XXIV xx xx XXII XVIII XXI xx XX XIX XXIII XVIII XIX XXIII XVIIT XXIII XIX XXIT pa a sno ign eI INDEX. Page TETSU Cc ins cab cee ace AE Aa ee See ee een mean AMD aS ORM Nc ne keg, 59, 110 ei, CL, ainal Reco, le sso6cncsoosasanosedeesacceass ete deol ane SRC SN ce ol Neola o 110 TPintnlliighignra, Inevonrsy place e win, cosac asoqonsasaeee Sane eb oscS uses ssonDe soa cc esac Sands ouocsueeecso 94 TP MTOYPaEL co ccoscacoon sessecoadsoss obo ses pus Sas as sa5SSb9 ss 5S scsssasen ge asSesssSsessaqcoseuS 21 ID nines... Ssacosoes ee asconscos7ads ooomEmESenas SESS eane Ae peSceseboccbaccouss queccget 1, 4, 14, 27 TREO CAM coscasedoosssossnesosse+s4e050p eB seon cece sesasses cc aqnccedsuacsseocancacsenss 94 TRexchiall Cama... socdesanaconescasocon coe se ee eESeeeeuSeacoucocuoacs eEOtoonEoteN eB evan SpascoUueS 16, 17 TRuielnney, Temas. -ccopbsposcachoueseence cone ohoeEaeene sna nende Sac copnensadoresedocse III, 45, 110, 111 IRISSO) A cecocosonascegocossausoesosea edocs beeuReebuac bea cops ceosccHouocrceuusaccseconsesase 110 IROOUDSs, Gi tile ChrmjogmmMlbbrass. 552 5c6eesoe apes scacs soso cn scseecon caoe eases saa sae pocasasS 34 IRM, Woocoadaoace nd sedenscce noobs on ones eapeEsoseancnenssenesosus sede ssassesssesneoocesce 102 Sharm@malss@r, 1. -sesosceacacaesg sno bene set oan sons su sesuscdeugssosecdobedenacnessceesdsecs IONE, ababal Sous, G, Ondncccndboose socedosensessnenaesoncs saneonpeeaebeee sean suanoadeeueucnpccoscausone iLgLal Bima, Niscascatdcoscccdocsbosocsedeenqueguancle dns Gunbe seEeberenabpocsaslodacEeoboguoccassHsecéas 111 Seam@linenvinm HEgHM...cosasceossso4ss0e55 305009900 sas eaes ep aacednannneSssesedasesassassasesoar 26 Relineiigkap, MKardl ©. ocssccascucsansdsendcocs ss ossseseeasbscoess suasossqsccdaesqnesassossus: @, ababal Solita, IM. Se c.coccosa sesuackensoqss cbs cosasoenou seach sseeasseE soso gEeussssasasesouseaNae ibatal Sella, 12, Wiocosesocecocacsaacooabonasca ce osoccousconenscssconnadsennaesenaescouSsscesscosee 111 Selnmeleuen, A. 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