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‘Ohio State Academy of Science.

SPECIAL PAPERS NO.. 1. |

POANDUSKY FLORA.

|

A CATALOGUE

OF. THE

|
FLOWERING PLANTS and FERNS |}

GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION, IN ERIE COUNTY, OHIO,
_ AND THE PENINSULA AND ISLANDS
OF OTTAWA COUNTY,

By E. L. MOSELEY, A. M.

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
. May, 1899.

PRESS OF CLAPPER PRINTING CO,

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Ohio State Academy of Science.

SPECIATAPAP ERS NOU

SANDUSKY FLOKA

A CATALOGUE

OF THE

FLOWERING PLANTS and FERNS

GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION, IN ERIE COUNTY, OHIO,.

AND THE PENINSULA AND ISLANDS
OF OTTAWA COUNTY,

By EL UMOSEEE YA ve

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
May, 1899.

PRESS OF CLAPPER PRINTING CO.

WOOSTER, OHIO.

an

TO THE MEMORY
OF THE
MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY

WHOSE DEATH IS ANNOUNCED,
AS THE PROOF OF THE LAST PAGES OF THIS ‘‘SPECIAL PAPER”’

ARE BEING RETURNED TO THE PRINTER,
MANNING F. FORCE.

GENERAL, JURIST, SCIENTIST, AND ABOVE ALL, A Man wHOM
NO DESIRE FOR WEALTH OR FAME COULD DIVERT
FROM THE FAITHFUL SERVICE OF HIS

FELLOW MEN, THIS WORK IS

DEDICATED.

yy

‘lua
SN OU SIC yer LOK.

The flora of the Sandusky district is a rich one.
We believe there is no other local collection of Ohio
plants that approaches within three hundred species of
the number collected in the past seven years, in Erie
county and the eastern part of Ottawa county, and
now preserved.at the Sandusky High School. Of the
many local lists published in other states, we have seen
none that give so many native species as have been
found near Sandusky, although several of them cover
much larger areas and represent the labors of many
botanists working for long periods of time. Some of
these lists, moreover, include territory that is regarded
especially rich in plants.

The ‘‘ Flora of Buffalo and its Vicinity,’”’ by David
F. Day, presents the names of all the plants which have
been detected within fifty miles of Buffalo, a territory
many times as large as Erie county, Ohio, and includ-
ing on the one side the whole of the Niagara river with
its profusion of flowers and ferns, and, on the other
mountains with an altitude of 2300 feet above the sea.
“The Cayuga Flora” by William R. Dudley, published
as a Bulletin of the Cornell University, covers an area
65 miles in extreme length and is based on numerous
collections, the first of which was made in 1827. The
“Plants of Monroe county, New York, and
Adjacent Territory,’’ published by the Rochester

2 SANDUSKY FLORA.

Academy of Science, in addition to Monroe county,
which is about three times as large as Erie county,
Ohio, includes portions of five other counties and gives
twenty species reported by early botanists, but no
longer found. All of these districts border on Lake
Ontario and one of them on Lake Erie also.

The whole of England contains but about 1200
native phenogams; surpassing the little district about
Sandusky by less than a hundred species.

Although several hundred native plants not
found in Erie county grow in one place or
another in Ohio, yet so well is the flora of the state
represented here, that it is probably not too much to
say that excepting the counties bordering on the Ohio
river and those that contain sphagnous swamps or
bogs, there are few counties in the state where a
botanist, unfamiliar with the territory would be likely
to find in a single day’s search more than halt a dozen
native species that do not grow somewhere in Erie
county. The surpassing richness of the Sandusky flora
is not due to the fact that it includes islands within its
territory, for scarcely any of its species are confined to
the islands, nor is it in very large measure due to the
fact that it includes species that are confined to the lake
shore but rather to peculiarities of climate and geolog-
ical features, both of which depend to some extent on
the proximity of the lake.

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE OF PAGE VERis
ON DW EGERTON:

The Catalogue of Canadian Plants in six volumes
includes the whole territory lying north of the Great
Lakes and extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
The Sandusky district contains 165 native species and
varieties not given in the Canadian catalogue besides a

MOSELEY. ee

number of others which in Canada are confined to Pt.
Pelee or Pt. Pelee Island, spots only a few miles distant
from the islands of Ottawa and Erie counties, Ohio.
The Sandusky district contains 67 native plants not
known to grow anywhere in Michigan and many
others which in Michigan are confined to the south-
western part where the climate is tempered by Lake
Michigan. But what seems quite as remarkable is the
fact that the Sandusky district contains 305 native
plants not known to grow within fifty miles of Buffalo,
while the Buffalo district has about 244 native species
and varieties not given in the Sandusky list. But even
this great difference between two regions bordering on
Lake Erie is largely due to climate, for the summer at
Buffalo is not only cooler but lasts less than three-
fourths as long as at Sandusky. Since the prevailing
winds have traversed Lake Erie for nearly its whole
length before reaching Buffalo the mean temperature in
summer there is about 3° lower than at Sandusky. In
the spring the difference is even greater than insummer,
being about 514° lower in Apriland May. This is due
to the fact that when the ice breaks up it is blown to
the east end of the lake and remains so crowded there
as to prevent navigation three weeks or more after
Sandusky Bay has been clear. The average date of the
last killing frost in spring in Sandusky, is April 14; at
Buffalo, May 20, that is 36 days later. Moreover, San-
dusky is protected by its position from cold north-west
winds in autumn, while Buffalo is not, so that the first
killing frost at Sandusky does not come on an average
until October 23, but at Buffalo October 5, that is
18 days earlier.

Like an east and west mountain range, Lake Erie
protects the plants on its south side from cold north
winds while they get the full force of winds from the
south, but with the vegetation on the north side it is
the reverse. Moreover, the heat given out by the

A. SANDUSKY FLORA.

water in winter as it freezes, modifies the climate of the
adjacent land. It would seem that an equal amount
of heat should be absorbed by the ice in melting, and
thus the winter prolonged into spring, but for the
region about the westernend of the lake this is not
true, because a great part of the ice is blown away
toward the east end of the lake, whose period of cold
is prolonged thereby. And so it comes that the climate
on the south side of Lake Erie is not only milder than
that on the north side but much milder than that at
the east end, and, if we reckon the length of summer
from the average date of the last killing frost in
spring to the average date of the first killing frost in
autumn, we find the summer at Sandusky to last 192
days and at Buffalo only 138 days.

The counties of Ohio lying to the east of Erie
county and bordering on the lake have a climate some-
what less mild than that of the Sandusky region for
their land rises more abruptly from the water, and the
prevailing winds pass over more of the lake before
reaching them. In Erie county the land within a few
miles of the lake is mostly much less than a hundred
feet in elevation. The temperature at Sandusky in
spring and summer averages about one and a_ half
degrees higher than at Cleveland, and one degree higher
than in the eastern part of Erie county, four miles back
from the lake shore where Mr. W.H. Todd has recorded
observations for the government for many years.

It is interesting to observe that the protection from
frost afforded by Lake Erie scarcely extends beyond the
counties that border upon it and, as a result we have
many plants in these that have not been reported from
any other county north of the middle of the state, and
quite a number that have been found nowhere else in
Ohio except in the southern part, within forty miles of
the Ohio River. Even so far south as Columbus, the

MOSSLEY. 5

last killing frost in spring occurs on an average six
days later than at Sandusky and the first killing frost
in autumn five days earlier.

CLIMATE OF THREE CITIES
ON LAKE ERIE AND ONE A HUNDRED MILES SOUTH OF
IT FROM TIME OF ESTABLISHMENT OF WEATHER
BUREAU IN EACH PLACE TO END OF 1897.

Sandusky.| Cleveland.| Buffalo. | Columbus.

BEE BUREAU GTS. 1869. 1870. 1878.
January............ 26.2 26 25 28.4
qj |Pebruary.......... 29.4 26 25.3 32.1
= IMIEN RON ac sooncan008 34.7 33 30.5 38.1
ei tora etree esas AT 7 46 42.5 51.2
St) MBN 7ocesnoces epacseos 59.5 58 54.2 62.0
a Witte esas ees saseu: 68.8 68 65.4 71.3
S| NOUS coe psesccscoceoone 73.6 12 70.2 74.9
lAugust............. 71.6 70 69.1 72.3
© |September......... 65.6 64: 62.5 66.1
Al Octoberse.ctes.. 53.7 52 51.2 Sout
&|November......... 41.2 40 38.4 41.2
December.......... 32.8 31 30.5 33.3
Annual............. 50.4 48.8 47.1 52.1
Lowest Minimum.| -—16 —17 —14 —20.3
Highest Maximum} 100 99 95 103

April14. |May 1. May 20. | April 20.

Av. date last kill-)
ing frost inspringf
Av. date Ist kill-|

ing frost in fall. {
Av. rainfall in\

Oct. 23. Oct. 11. Oct. 5. Oct. 18.
34.69 34.82 39.66 38.74

TWEE] NES sc0000 860060000

Av. relative hu-\

Midity.... ese ge Cee 72.0 74.5 71.4
GEOLOGY:

The physical feature of Erie county which causes
most difference between its flora and that of the
counties to the east is the existence of prairies in its
southern and western part. These prairies aré of two

6 SANDUSKY FLORA.

sorts, each having its characteristic plants, while many
species not known to grow farther east in the state are
found on both of them.

Extending over the greater part of the township of
Oxford, and over portions of the townships of Milan,
Huron, Perkins, Margaretta and Grotonis anearly level
prairie which probably at one time formed the bottom
of the glacial lake that preceded Lake Erie and later of
a bay or bays partly shut off from the lake by sand
bars which still exist. Underlying most of this prairie
is the Ohio shale, which in many places is close to the
surface. The ground requires tiling to produce good
crops. The other prairie lies north and west of the
village of Castalia, extending to the western boundary
of the county. The soil of this is different from the
other, being a calcareous deposit from the water of the
Castalia springs. Within the memory of men still
living a great deal of this prairie. was under water
much of the time. A considerable portion of the region
extending south of Castalia for a distance of over fifty
miles has no surface streams, but the water descends
through the joints of the limestone and flows through
subterranean passages which it has made in the soluble
rock of the Waterlime formation. This water charged
with lime carbonate issues from the ground in numer-
ous bold springs in the vicinity of Castalia, which owes
its name to this circumstance. These springs are the
largest and most beautiful in Ohio. The slope from
Castalia to Sandusky Bay is very gradual and before |
any artificial drainage was established, the region was
a marsh filled more or less with the calcareous water
whose deposits have formed over thousands of acres to
a depth of many feet. In some places these deposits
are indurated forming a tufa, in others, soft making a
shell marl containing theremainsof millions of Limnea
and Planorbis of the same species as live in the bay
now. The tufa is composed mostly of petrified Chara

MOSELEY. Tf

and other plants. The shape and venation of leaves is
well preserved, one of the most common kinds being
that of Hypericum kalmianum which grows over much
of the surface. On this prairie as well as on the Oxford
prairie grow many plants not found east of the Huron
river either in Erie county or the counties beyond.

Sandusky and Margaretta as well as Marblehead
Peninsula and Kelley’s Island are underlaid by Corni-
ferous limestone which comes near the surface over
much of this region. In many places, especially on
Marblehead, the covering of soil is only a few inches or
a fraction of an inch deep and consists of partially
decomposed vegetation and lime carbonate derived
from the underlying rock. Quite a number of species
are characteristic of this calcareous soil. Catawba
Island, as it is called, and the islands of the Put-in-Bay
group have a similar character but the rock is older,
belonging to the Waterlime formation. Over the great-
er part of Sandusky and in many places on the islands,
the limestone is covered with clay of variable thickness,
but in many parts the soil is too thin for trees to attain
a large size, for even if they could obtain nourishment
enough, they are likely to be uprooted by a strong
wind. The glacier that passed over this region left
traces that still show in hundreds of places, including
some grooves on Kelley’s Island and Marblehead
which so far as we know are unsurpassed elsewhere in
the world. it is interesting to observe that the grooves
on the different Islands, on the Peninsula and in
Sandusky and Margaretta have the same direction,
running about twelve degrees south of west, or parallel
with the axis of Lake Erie, excepting a few which have
quite a different direction and indicate a movement of
the ice at a different time. Where the superimposed
drift has protected the rock from weathering, it not
only retains the deep grooves but shows everywhere a
highly polished surface marked with fine parallel lines.

8 SANDUSKY FLORA.

In many places in Sandusky this polished limestone
requires no quarrying to serve admirably for basement
floors. So level is the rock and the overlying drift that
for miles around the city, the eye can scarcely detect
any elevatioas or any depressions with the exception of
slight ones made by small streams.

Many of the rare plants of Erie County grow in
sand, especially in the sand deposits east of the village
of Milan and along the sand ridges that stretch east
and west in Margaretta township and along the
border of the prairie in the southern part of Perkins
township. These were formerly lake beaches and just
below the sand ridge that extends south-west from
Castalia is a ledge of limestone which shows very
plainly the action of the waves, though it is now four
miles from the water. When the lake had settled to a
lower level, it must have beat against the foot of this
ledge, undermining the rock and causing it to break
away in large masses, as it is doing now at the west
end of Rattlesnake Island and elsewhere. These
detached masses often settled but a few feet, leaving
deep but narrow chasms between them and the parent
cliff, and these chasms are but partially filled even to
the present day with dirt washed in from above. In
places, trees grow out of them and the walls are
bedecked with ferns. The rich woods covering the side
of this hill, which I have called Margaretta Ridge, the
sandy fields at the top and the prairie below afford a
variety of plants found nowhere else in the county and
a large number of species unknown in the counties
farther east.

The Huron River divides Erie county into an
eastern and western part. Few of the plants which
grow in Erie county and not in Lorain or Cuyahoga
counties are found east of this river. West of it are no
natural surface streams that continue to flow all
summer and except near the river no ravines. The

MOSELEY. 9

valley of the Huron and its tributaries therefore afford
some species not found nearer Sandusky, but as it is cut
through shale, it is not so rich as the valleys farther
east. At Berlin Heights, the Old Woman Creek has cut
a picturesque ravine through the Waverly sandstone
and into the Ohio shale. Here grow several interesting
plants not found farther west. But still deeper ravines
have been formed in Florence township by the
Vermillion River and its tributaries, the walls mainly
of shale, but in the southern part of the township also
of sandstone. Here have been found many species of
sedges and other plants that do not seem to grow
along the Huron or west of it, though most of them
grow in the counties to the east where there are still
deeper ravines in the sandstone. The walls of these
ravines like the walls of a cellar are warmed slowly in
summer, so that on the north sidc of steep, wooded
slopes, are some cooler spots than any near Sandusky
and hence many plants which are more common farther
to the north and east.

The lake shores and marshes furnish quite a number
of species not found in the interior of the state. Cedar
Point consists of low sand ridges thrown up by the
lake and separating it from Sandusky bay and its
marshes for a distance of seven miles. Throughout
most of its length the plants are comprised in few
species but toward the end it is wider and probably
older, having a richer soil and more varied flora.
Although more accessible from Sandusky than any
other good collecting ground and appearing not to
have a great number of species, yet so many rare forms
grow there in one place or another that it is not
improbable that some plant not on our list at all may
yet be found there. Seven years ago, before the work
of making a herbarium had been commenced, the
writer thought he had found on Cedar Point about all
the species that grew there, but each year he has added

10 SANDUSKY FLORA.

something from that region, which he had never found
before either there or elsewhere. In the number of rare
species, Cedar Point is surpassed by Marblehead,
though the latter has a larger area. Altogether the
Sandusky district has furnished more than a hundred
species and varieties that were not known to be grow-
ing wild any where in the state, previous to their
discovery here.

FLORA OF THE ISLANDS AND ITS
ORIGIN.

With the exception of some of the little ones, the
islands of Ottawa county, and Kelley’s—the only
island belonging to Erie county,—have been visited
many times and at different seasons. Of the plants
growing on six of the islands in the lake, separate lists
have been kept and an attempt made to make them
complete. These lists are not published except as a
part of the general list of plants comprised in the
Sandusky flora, but a fair idea of the results may be
obtained from this by bearing in mind that all the
plants marked common or abundant have been found -
on one and, in nearly all cases, on more than one of the
islands, except a few which are noted otherwise. The
names of plants not common on the mainland but
occuring on Kelley’s Island and two or more of the
Put-in-Bay group are followed by the word— Islands.
If found on Kelley’s island and only one other, or not
on Kelley’s the names of the islands on which the
plant has been found are given. The number recorded
for each island is as follows:

Kelley’s Islandsj..5.....0.5.55..0 eee 461.
Putt-1n- Bay: 2.0012 2d.5.enseo- cnbeaseewesisesbaeee eee eae 439,
Middle BaSS\s.kc Gescscccsencscnce os Uc Ree See 306.
INOFth’ BASS aio acdc Yeon cocled ovate ee ee 282.
Rattlesnakes... i550). Q2chla ee ee 192

MOSELEY. 11

It will be seen that the numbers correspond pretty
well with the size of the islands, the largest island
having the greatest number of species, the next in size
the next greatest number, etc. The different islands are
very similar in character, consisting of limestone
covered more or less with clay and without any
permanent streams. The difference in physical features
and the difference in flora between the islands are much
less than between parts of the mainland of Erie county
separated by shorter distances. The entire number of
different species is 612. Fourteen of these are
Naiadaceae growing in the water of bays or along the
shore, most of them at Put-in-Bay and North Bass.
The islands are poor in ferns, the whole number of
species being only eight, of which Kelley’s has six, Put-
in-Bay three, all scarce, Green Island two, Middle Bass
and Rattlesnake one each, and North Bass none. We
have found on them no orchids and no Ericaceae.
Kelley’s island, owing to its extensive commerce and
cultivation, together with the protection from frost
afforded by the water, has many naturalized species,
especially along the south shore, two or three of which
have not been noticed elsewhere. Excepting these and
three rare sedges, and one rare golden rod, the islands
appear to have no plants that have not been found
also on the mainland of Erie county or on Marblehead,
—not so many species as are afforded by each town-
ship of Erie county, excepting Groton. However, in
view of the fact that the islands have no permanent
streams, no ravines, no alluvial soil and little or no
sand except the barren sand in some places along the
shores, their flora is probably as varied’ as that of
equal areas on the mainland where these defects exist.
Their combined area is only about ten square miles.

It has been supposed that the lake, which after the
melting of the southern portion of the glacier over-
spread a larger area than Lake Erie does now, sub-

iy SANDUSKY FLORA.

sided until what are now the islands appeared above
its surface. This view is doubtless correct, but there is
now much evidence to show that it continued to
subside until the islands formed part of the mainland
and afterward rose and isolated them again, and is
still rising and likely to submerge them again. The old
beaches which may be traced for long distances
running nearly parallel to the present shores of the
Great Lakes, must have been level at the time they
were formed, but they are not now level, and there has
therefore been a tilting of that part of the earths crust
which includes the basins of the Great Lakes, as there
has been of many other parts. These beaches all have
gentle slopes, toward the south and south-west, indi-
cating that in this part of North America, there has
been an uplifting of the land toward the north
north-east or a _ depression toward the south
south-west or both. The effect of this tilting
of the basins of these lakes has _ been’ to
raise the water on the south and west as
compared with that on the opposite sides, just as the
tipping of a saucer partly filled with water would do.
The fluctuation of the water due to variable winds and
rainfall make such comparisons difficult, but Mr. G. K.
Gilbert found by comparing the heights above the
normal level of Lake Erie in 1895, of a certain pomt in
Cleveland, and a certain point at the head of the Wel-
land canal with the heights of the same two points as
carefully determined in 1858, that the point near the
north-east end of the lake rose 0.239 foot as compared
with the point in Cleveland. This is a small amount
and in view of the difficulty of determining the normal
level and measuring the exact height of any point on
the land above it even by measurements many times
repeated, it might well be attributed to some inaccur-
acy in the measurements if it were an isolated case. but
it is not. Similar comparison of points on Lake

MOSELEY. 13

Ontario and on Lake Huron and Michigan also,
indicate tilting, and tilting in the same direction as at
Lake Erie and not only that but the amount cor-
responds with the distance apart of the two points
compared. Furthermore the direction of the tilting
indicated by these measurements is the same as that
indicated by the dip of the old lake beaches. We are
therefore forced to the conclusion that the basins of the
great lakes have been considerably tilted and that this
tilting has been going on in the present century. As
the outlet of Lake Erie is at that end of the basin
which has been raised more than any other part, the
result has been to deepen the water throughout, but
especially at the opposite end where the islands are
situated. The spreading of the waters over the land
should be here more noticeable for another reason also,
viz.; because the shores are so low. We should there-
fore expect to find here in the form of submerged
forests and other things that could not have formed
under water, evidence of the spreading of the waters of
the lake over the land, and so we do.

OLD TREES KILLED BY RISE OF THE WATER.

' By the high water that prevailed in 1858 to 1860
large trees were killed in many places where the waves
could not reach them. Mr. George Hine, who owns
land bordering the marsh east of Sandusky, had
hickory trees two feet in diameter killed in this way.
On Kelley’s Island large sycamore trees standing on the
border of the south marsh, on Put-in-Bay elm and
sycamore, on Middle Bass big trees growing by the
marsh near Rehberg’s, and at Toussaint and elsewhere
along the shore between Port Clinton and Toledo old
walnut trees, were killed at this time by high water
keeping the ground too wet around their roots. Per-
sons who came to Erie county in the forties remember
seeing about the marshes connected with the bay many

14. SANDUSKY FLORA.

dead trees which they believed to have been killed by
high water, and old residents of Put-in-Bay and
Kelley’s Island have told me the same thing about
trees there. It is probable that these trees were killed
in 1838 when the water was nearly as high as in 1858,
though it did not remain high so long. Hundreds of
walnut stumps are still standing along the border of
the marshes east of Sandusky whereeven now, although
the water is lower than usual, it is too wet for walnut
trees to grow. One that stood recently on ground only
six inches above the present lake level measured 5 feet 4
inches in diameter. We may infer from this that during
the life of this tree, probably over three hundred years,
the water was not so high as in the present century.

SUBMERGED FORESTS.

Stumps and logs with roots attached have been
found under water and show that when the trees grew
the water must have been considerably lower than it
has been during the present century. In the lake at
Deisler’s bathing beach, Put-in-Bay, was a sycamore
stump that was dangerous to persons swimming, as it
did not show above the water, and had to be blasted
out. Other stumps in the water not far from where this
one stood may still be seen. Near the Black Channel in
Sandusky bay are cedar stumps standing upright with
roots in place and completely submerged, except at
such low stages of the water as rarely occur, when a
little of the tops project. About a mile west of Venice
many buried cedar stumps have been found below the
level of the lake.

Besides stumps a largeamount of submerged timber
that fell without being cut has been found where it fell,
and much of it is to be seen now. The greatest
quantity is in the Huron marsh connected with San-
dusky Bay. In parts where the water and mud are not
very deep the logs may be easily seen in such numbers

MOSELEY. 15

and variety as to show that a forest was once there,
but in the deeper water they are also abundant and are
often struck by the pole of a hunter pushing his boat
through the marsh. When in a very dry season, the
ditch was dug through the marsh in order to float
boats from the club house out to open water, logs of
sassafras with the roots on, and a cedar with branches
were found at the bottom, 7. e. 3 or 4 feet below the
present lake level. Even in the deeper parts a few logs
are still to be seen partly above the water, having been
supported by roots, or roots and branches until the
marsh had grown up under them. A cedar out about
60 rods from land where the muck is five feet deep, has
roots extending down into it at least three feet. It is
17 inches in diameter, and has about 60 rings. A pine
log two feet in diameter and with 91 rings lies where
the muck is over six feet deep. It has roots running
down some distance and 30 years ago was not yet
prostrate but the other end stuck up as much as seven
feet above the water, and formed a landmark for fish-
ermen. This is out about 80 rods from the present
shore of the marsh. A walnut tree that forks into two
huge and crooked branches whose ends are buried in
the muck must have grown near where it lies, but this
also, though a mile or more from the pine log, is some
80 rods out from shore, and the water at this place is
now seven feet deep. It is still 23 inches in diameter
and probably required nearly two centuries to grow.
Observations on these trees were made March 5th and
6th, 1898, when the readings of the water gauge at
Cleveland show the lake to have been 31% feet lower
than the high water mark. During the life of these
trees the lake must have been at least eight feet lower
than it has been during much of the time for the last
forty years.

A great quantity of submerged timber still retaining
roots and branches was removed from the water in

16 SANDUSKY FLORA.

front of the club house on Put-in-Bay by Mr. Vroman,
There were soft maple, oak and sycamore, some of the
logs four or five feet in diameter.

SUBMERGED STALAGMITES.

In several of the caves at Put-in-Bay nearly half a
mile from shore, is deep water which rises and falls with
fluctuations in the level of Lake Erie. The floors of
these caves are covered with stalagmites, and the roofs
were formerly studded with stalactites. In three caves
I have seen stalactites hanging down in the water and
in two stalagmites rising in the water. In one cave
about thirty stalagmites may be seen on a submerged
floor of a few square rods extent. They are, most of
them, nearly cylindrical in shape, and represent merely
the cores of larger stalagmites which once probably
formed a crust over the whole floor, the remainder
having been dissolved away, Those in the deeper
water appear to have been dissolved more than those
in the shallower parts. Many were standing in water
from 2% to 3% feet deep, March 12 and 13, 1898. As
stalactites and stalagmites would not form under
water, the water from which the calcium carbonate
was precipitated to form them must have flowed to a
lower level than where the lowest stalagmites now
exist. We may therefore infer that during the period of
their formation, which certainly lasted many years,
and probably some centuries, the lake was at least five
feet lower than the mean level of the past forty years.

If these caves were formed in preglacial times, the
argument still holds good, for if the lake had been as
high or higher than now ever since the melting of the
glacier and stalagmites had existed in the caves then,
they would have been dissolved long ago. The
stalagmites visible now are evidently not preglacial.
Where the water does not cover the floor of the caves
they are forming at the present time.

MOSELEY. We

RIVER CHANNELS BELOW THE LAKE LEVEL.

In the Huron marsh off the mouth of Plum Brook,
a setting pole may be pushed down 12 feet. This may
be done along a line extending from the mouth of the
creek out into the marsh, but a few rods on either side
the pole goes down only two or three feet. When the
stream cut this channel Lake Erie must have been at
least 12 feet lower. Not only has the lake spread its
waters over all the lowland through which this creek
formerly flowed, and other creeks, whose submerged
channels could doubtless be found by searching, but it
has extended far up into the valleys of all the streams.
This effect must result from the rise of the lake, for 'the
streams had cut their valleys below the general level of
the country, though not below the level to which the
water had to flow while the cutting was going on.
The Portage, the Sandusky, the Huron, and the other
so-called rivers as well as all the smaller streams that
enter this part of the lake, have the lower portions of
their valleys filled by the water of the lake. Into the
valley of the Old Woman Creek the lake has extended
two miles farther than the present shore line, into the
valley of the Huron five miles measured in a straight
line from the present shore, into the Sandusky 22 miles
beyond the Cedar Point light house, and more than 25
miles measured in a straight line from Rye Beach, for it
is probable that the Black Channel at the east end of
what is now Sandusky Bay is a part of the old river
channel, also that the ‘‘ Harbor’’ between Marblehead
and Catawba is part of the old valley of the Portage,
the lake having spread over the land to the west of
Catawba and made an opening for the river at Port
Clinton. This is not as yet quite certain, but there is
no uncertainty about the valley of the Huron; it is still
uninterrupted from the village of Huron on the lake
shore to the place five miles inland where the flowing
stream meets the water of the lake. The valley was

18 SANDUSKY FLORA.

cut by the river when its waters continued to descend
to Huron and beyond, but this must have been when
the lake was not less than 32 feet lower than now, for
the bottom of the channel is 32 feet below the present
lake level at a point more than four miles from the lake,
and the depth of the water above the mud is between
17 and 32 feet all the way from this place to the lake.

Even Mud Creek, a small tributary of the Huron,
has all the lower part of its channel deep below the
present lake level. The entire drainage area of this
creek is only about four square miles, yet its waters
reach the present level of the lake nearly a mile
measured along the valley of the stream above its
junction with the Huron, and at a bridge about three-
fourths mile up the valley the water and mud are 12 or
14 feet deep.

EVIDENCE OF THE WATER’S DEEPENING IN THE

PRESENT CENTURY.

Records of the lake level kept at different places
show that at four times in the first half of the century
the water was lower than at any time in the last half.
In 1810 and in 1819 it was lower than any time since
1820, in 1841 and 1846 lower than at any time since
the latter date. In the absence of any record of exact
measurement of lake levels west of Cleveland we have,
nevertheless, evidence that the water about Sandusky
and the islands was lower in the early part of the
century. Mr. Shook, now living at Port Clinton,
remembers that in 1828 Mr. Ramsdell made hay of the
wild grass that grew on what is now the harbor west
of Lakeside, and that there was very little water then
where it has since been four feet deep. Similar state-
ments are made by other persons regarding this and
other places in this region.

When Harrison’s army passed near Huron in 1813

MOSELEY. 19

a corduroy road about 60 rods long was built across
Mud Creek bayou, which, it is said, had been submerged
for many years, when, in 1867, the water being tempo-
rarily very low, Mr. Carpenter removed many of the
logs.

A survey made in 1887 of the Huron marsh at the
east end of Sandusky bay shows that a tract of land
one-half mile square, surveyed in 1809 has since become
marsh with the water and mud 12 to 18 inches deep,,
and for two miles west of it, as far as it was surveyed,
the shore line has moved south about five rods. These
changes are certainly mot due to erosion. Elsewhere
about Sandusky bay and along the shore of the lake
land has disappeared, partly frém erosion and partly
because of the rising water covering it and giving the
waves new points of attack. The western part of the
city of Sandusky has suffered much from the encroach-
ment of the bay and along nearly the whole shore west
to Martin’s Point and beyond land has disappeared.
So it is also along the lake. The surveys show that
for seven miles west from the Vermillion River the lake
has encroached upon the land between 20 and 34 rods
since 1809. From the Huron River to Dr. Esch’s place,
about one and one-half miles west, the shore line has
moved south a distance varying from 18 to 28 rods,
west of this not so much. Since 1809 more than 500
acres have been lost to Erie county along the lake and
in the eastern part of the bay, and many acres more
between Sandusky and the western limit of the county.
On the north side of the bay, too, the water has
extended, open water covering ground where cat-tails
once grew. John Stone of Put-in-Bay, and Warren
Smith of Sandusky, remember when rushes grew over
much of Sandusky Bay where now is open water.
Until the middle of the century an island known as
Peninsula Point extended across nearly the whole
breadth of what is now the mouth of the bay. For the

20 SANDUSKY FLORA.

length of a mile its height was 20 to 25 feet or more,
and along the west side was clay covered with six
inches of black soil bearing shell bark hickory trees and
white oaks two and one-half feet in diameter. The last
of this large island disappeared in 1860.

Gull Reef, north of Kelley’s Island, has for many
years been the greater part of the time under water.
As late as 1850 it was an island on which stood a fish
shanty and a tree that probably took a hundred years
to grow.

DERIVATION OF THE ISLAND FLORA.

The facts stated in the preceding paragraphs
suggest the possibility of many of the plants now on
the islands having spread over them when a land
connection existed between them and the mainland.
Mr. Gilbert and others have concluded from a study of
the old lake beaches that when the melting of the ice to
the north opened an outlet for the glacial lake at
Niagara the waters went down till it occupied only one-
sixth the area that Lake Erie does now, and extended
no farther west than Erie, Pa. We have seen that the
submerged forests and stalagmites in the region about
Sandusky and the islands prove a lower condition of
the water when these were formed than has existed in
the present century, and that the submerged river
channels in this region indicate that the depression of
the land as compared with the water has amounted to
not less than 32 feet. A lowering of the water 22 feet
would make it possible to walk from Kelley’s island to
Catawba, and 30 feet from Put-in-Bay to Catawba,
excepting for a narrow channel, like a river which is
deeper than the rest. We would be entitled, therefore,
to conclude, even without a knowledge of observations
made in other regions, that the islands were connected
with the mainland in postglacial times. With this
conclusion it is much easier to harmonize the facts

MOSELEY. 21

ascertained regarding the plants now growing on the
islands than to see how all of them could have been
transported across several miles of water.

The seeds of many plants are provided with such
means of transportation as would render their safe ~
passage over a few miles of water an easy matter.
Some produce fruit that is swallowed whole by birds
and the pulp digested but not the seeds. The latter
may thus be transported over land or water and
propagate the species miles away from the parent
plant. A mountain ash found growing on Rattle-
snake Island in a thicket where birds roost was doubt-
less carried there in this manner. Some seeds like those
of thistle have down so light that the wind may carry
them long distances. Some are capable of floating for
a time and then germinating. Some seeds are so small
that they are likely to be carried in the mud that sticks
to tne feet of rails or other birds that frequent marshy
places. In several instances a single specimen of orchid
has been found growing on somespringy bank or damp
place in the woods of Erie county and not another of
the same kind within many miles. In two instances
the single specimens are the only ones we have ever
found in the county. These probably came from seeds
that stuck to the feet of woodcocks or other birds that
transported them from some distant bog. Ammania
coccinea and some other mud-inhabiting species were
probably transported in this way to the shore of
Sandusky bay from much farther south for they are not
known to grow elsewhere within more than a hundred
miles.

When the ice forms a bridge between the islands
and the mainland it would seem that weeds or their
seeds might be blown across it or be carried across in
the hair of animals. Seeds might also have been trans-
ported in former times by the Indians in their boats. In
the present century the flora of the islands has been

23 SANDUSKY FLORA.

materially increased through the agency of mau.
Several cultivated plants have run wild and become
well established there, including several species which
are seldom found flourishing in the wild state so far
north. The islands seem to have their full share of
weeds and most of these have probably been intro-
duced with impure seed. Others have probably been
transported in baled hay and in packing material, and
some, like the hore-hound, by sticking to people’s
clothes.

So numerous are the ways in which seeds may be
transported that it would seem quite possible for the
islands in the course of a few thousand years to have
acquired all the plants that grow on them without any
closer connection with the mainland than now exists.
When, however, we consider more carefully these means
of transportation in relation to all the species on the
islands, we find it difficult to understand how some of
them could have reached the islands in any of these
ways.

A tornado passing first over the land and then the
islands might carry seeds of any sort, but it would
require more than one tornado to distribute seeds to
all the islands and if any of the islands owed part of
their plants to this agency we should expect to find on
them some species well distributed which do not grow
on the other islands at all, but this is not the case,
with the exception of some species recently introduced
by,man. Other winds would not be likely to carry so
far any but the lightest of seeds. Violent winds coming
from the south where the mainland is nearest are gener-
ally accompanied by rain.

Any plant whose seeds are safely transported in
the alimentary canal of'birds might reach the islands in
this way. Of the species that grow in muddy or
marshy places and produce small seeds likely to be
transported in mud on the feet of woodcocks, etc., not

MOSELEY. 58

many occur on the islands and some of the islands have
no places which such birds frequent.

Men who have often crossed the ice in winter say it
would be impossible for seeds to be blown along on
the ice all the way to the islands. Not only is the ice
apt to be rough in many places, but it is crossed by
numerous drifts of snow and is always intersected by
long cracks in which seeds would lodge. Cakes of
floating ice might transport seeds some distance, but
would usually be prevented from landing them on
distant shores by other ice getting in the way, and the
freezing of the seeds to the floating ice would prevent
them from blowing off. However, some littoral
species may have reached the islands in this way. In
those instances in which animals have succeeded in
swimming so far, any seeds that were clinging to their
hair at the start would probably be washed off on the
way. Yet many species that rely upon mammals for
transportation from place to place are there and give
evidence of having been there longer than civilized man.
These plants mature their seeds from four tosix months
before the ice would. permit an animal to cross to the
islands, and some of them have lost all their seeds by
that time.

The following list gives the names of some of the
plants on the islands whose seeds are adapted to
transportation in the hair of animals: Desmodium
canescens, Desmodium paniculatum, Agrimonia eupa-
toria, Geum album, Geum virginianum, Circaea lute-
tiana, Osmorrhiza brevistylis, Osmorrhiza longistylis,
Sanicula marylandica, Sanicula marylandica var.
canadensis, Galium aparine, Galium boreale, Galium
circaezans, Galium triflorum, Coreopsis trichosperma
var, tenuiloba, Echinospermum virginicum.

Colonel James Smith in the narrative of his cap-

_ tivity with the Indians, 1755-59, says: ‘‘ These islands

are but seldom visited; because early in the spring and

24, SANDUSKY FLORA.

late in the fall it is dangerous sailing in their bark
canoes; and in the summer they are so infested with
various kinds of serpents, (but chiefly rattlesnakes, )
that it is dangerous landing.” #It is not probable then
that the Indians planted anything there, or that any
great number of seeds were introduced by them
accidentally.

The difficulty of seeds floating to the islandsis two-
fold. The prolonged soaking in the absence of definite
currents to carry them in that direction is sufficient to
destroy the vitality of many kinds. The shores of the
islands do not afford conditions suited to the growth
of many of the species found in the interior. On Green
and Rattlesnake islands there is not a single spot
where it seems possible for a plant to start from seeds
washed ashore, except such as growon bare rocks. Six
kinds of oak and three of hickory grow on the islands.
If all these kinds came from nuts that drifted ashore,
one would expect to find somewhere on the shore of
some island a tree so situated as to suggest the possi-
bility of its having originated in this way, but not a
single one has been found. These are long lived trees,
and if within the period represented by the growth ofa
large oak or hickory, there has not been a single in-
stance of a nut drifting ashore and finding a suitable
place to grow it may well be doubted, if in several
thousand years there would be opportunities for all the
different kinds to reach so many different islands. The
fact that acorns left in the water soon lose their power

to germinate increases the difficulty, yet it is not easy
to see how, except by floating, acorns or pig-nuts

would be likely to reach the islands as long as they
were separated from the mainland as far as they are
now.

The weeds that have followed civilized man from
the Old World, or have spread since the culti-
vation of the land from other parts of this, grow on

MOSELEY. 25

the islands as well as the mainland. That they have
reached the islands mainly through man’s agency is
shown by the fact that those islands which have the
most extensive commerce have the greatest variety of
weeds. Green Island, being still wild, may be left out
of consideration, but the greater part of Rattlesnake is
cultivated, and there many kinds of weeds grow witha
luxuriance that tries the patience of the owner. Yet
there are fourteen kinds of weeds that grow on all four
of the other islands, which are not to be found on
Rattlesnake, without counting a number that need a
damper soil than there prevails. Not only are most of
these fourteen common on all the islands that enjoy
much commerce, but among them are included a
number of the most abundant weeds in this part of
North America. The list is as follows: Lepidium
virginicum, Abutilon avicennz, Melilotus alba, Medt-
cago lupulina, Bidens frondosa, Sonchus asper, Xan-
thium canadense var. echinatum, Marrubium vulgare,
Amarantus albus, Amarantus blitoides, Acalypha
virginica, Juncus tenuis, Bromus secalinus, Panicum
sanguinale. Why are these species, elsewhere so
abundant, not represented on Rattlesnake Island? For
many years the island has been cultivated and the con-
ditions suitable to the growth of these fourteen kinds
of weeds, most of which have abounded for many years
all around Lake Erie, but the island has been the abode
of only a single family and its commerce, therefore very
limited, and the seeds have not found any way to
reach the island, or, if they floated to it, no way to get
up onto soil where they could grow.

If a large portion of the plants on the islands have
reached them in ways which may be called accidental
and not by means that may be seen operating in the
present century, then we ought to find deficiencies in the
flora of certain islands due to the failure of certain
species to reach them. Some plants that are well

26 SANDUSKY FLORA.

distributed on certain islands should be altogether
wanting on others where the conditions for their
growth are just as suitable. Moreover we should
expect to find that some species not adapted to passing
over the water had failed to reach any of the islands.
But what we do find is the reverse. Every native
species that is well distributed in similar soil on the
mainland grows also on the islands and in no case, we
believe, is a native species common over one island and
lacking on others where similar conditions exist.

The leading facts bearing on the origin of the island
flora may be summarized as follows: Within the
present century the waters of Lake Erie and of the
bavs and marshes connected with it have encroached
upon the land in the vicinity of Sandusky, covering
many hundreds of acres of what was, at the time of the
first surveys, solid ground. ‘lrees several centuries old
have been killed by high water in the present century.
Submerged forests have been found in different parts of
the region, submerged stalactites and stalagmites in
the caves of Put-in-Bay, and submerged river valleys
both east and west of Sandusky- When the trees grew
and the stalagmites and valleys were formed, the land
must have been above the level of the lake. The valleys
are now deeper below the surface of the lake than is the
lake bottom between the islands and the mainland. At
the time they were formed, therefore, the lake did not
separate the islands from the mainland. The flora of.
the islands is different from what we should expect to
find, if all the species growing there had reached them
by being transported across the water. It is probable
then that many species have been on the islands since a
time when these formed part of the mainland.

We may picture to ourselves woods such as grow
at Lakeside now stretching north to Put-in-Bay and
Kelley’sisland, interspersed here and there with prairies,
perhaps, like those on the Peninsula now. We may

MOSELEY. 27

well believe the picture to represent what was once a
realitv. How long ago this was we cannot tell. Some
observations make it seem probable that it was not a
great many centuries ago, perhaps less than twenty.
Sometime we may find better means of judging.

SOUTHERN AND WESTERN PLANTS WHICH
GROW NEAR LAKE ERIE.

Owing to the long summer enjoyed by places situ-
ated on the south shore of Lake Erie, many plants
grow here which are not found farther north. As the
country farther east lacks prairies such as occupy a
considerable part of Erie county, quite a number of
species appear to reach their eastern limit here. Since
a number of the species are both southern and
western, no separation of southern and western species
is,attempted in the following list. Many of the south-
ern species grow east of the southern part of Lake
Michigan, and some of them in southern Minnesota,
where the summer isotherms reach a higher latitude
than in the eastern part of the country. The species in
the list are believed to be wholly wanting or of rare
or local occurrence in that part of North America,
which lies east and north of the meridian and parallel
of Cleveland, Few of them are found in northern Ohio
anywhere east of Erie county. The plants whose
names are followed by an asterisk I have not found,
but Mr. David F. Day, of Buffalo, who collected at
Toledo in 1865, tells me that he found them there.

Echinacea purpurea is inserted in the list because
of a Toledo specimen in the herbarium of the Ohio
State University.

Viola pedatifida. Polygala verticillata ambigua.
Hypericum gymnanthum. Desmodium lineatum.
Hibiscus militaris.* Desmodium illinoense.

Aesculus glabra. Petalostemon candidus.*

28 SANDUSKY FLORA.

Silphium trifoliatum. Phlox maculata.*
Solidago speciosa angustata. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum,
Vernonia altissima. Phacelia purshii.
Asclepias sullivantii. Cuscuta chlorocarpa.
Petalostemon violaceus.* Cuscuta decora.

Psoralea melilotoides. Conobea multifida.

Geum vernum. Gerardia auriculata.
Pyrus angustifolia. Gratiola sphaerocarpa.
Spireea lobata. Seymeria macrophylla.
Ammannia coccinea. Tecoma radicans.
Eryngium yucceefolium. Lippia lanceolata.
Thaspium barbinode angustifolium Pycnanthemum muticum pilosum.
Valeriana pauciflora. Scutellaria nervosa.
Actinella acaulis glabra. Scutellaria versicolor.
Aster shortii. Euphorbia dentata.
Coreopsis aristosa. Salix glancophylla.
Echinacea purpurea. Iris cristata.

Eclipta alba. Smilax ecirrhata.
Eupatorium altissimum Trillium sessile.
Helianthus grosse-serratus. Carex conjuncta.
Helianthus hirsutus. Carex shortiana.
Helianthus mollis. Carex stenolepis.
Helianthus occidentalis. Carex granularis haleana.
Helianthus parviflorus. Carex mnhlenbergii enervis.
Helianthus trachelifolius. Cyperus refractus.
Kuhnia eupatorioides. Rhynchospora cymosa.
Liatris pycnostachya.* Aristida gracilis.

Liatris squarrosa intermedia. Melica diffusa.
Prenanthes aspera. Poa brevifolia.
Prenanthes crepidinea. Triodia cuprea.
Rudbeckia triloba. Equisetum robustum.

A ‘‘List of Plants Observed Growing Wild in the
Vicinity of Cincinnati,” by C. G. Lloyd, with additions
furnished by Walter H. Aiken, includes six hundred and
forty-five species and varieties. Of these only fifty-one
native species are lacking in Erie county. A greater
number than this have been found in Lorain county,
which borders Erie on the east, and might probably be
found in each of the lake counties beyond.

MOSELEY. 29
DEFICIENCIES IN THE SANDUSKY FLORA.

Of the four counties, Lorain, Cuyahoga, Franklin
and Licking, each two or three times as large as Erie,
lists of plants have been published. Several hundred
species are common to the four counties. Only four of
these species, Viola canadensis, Hieracium venosum,
Veronica americana and Habenaria orbiculata, have
we failed to find in Erie county.

However twenty-five species not found in Erie
county, grow in both Lorain and Cuyahoga. If we
had complete lists for the counties farther east, Lake
and Ashtabula, we should probably find in them a
still larger number that do not grow in Erie county.
Their higher hills and deeper ravines, give them a
more northern flora, than one finds in the neighborhood
of Sandusky. Moreover the Sandusky district con-
tains no genuine bog or sphagnous swamp. Such
a bog encircles a little lake a few miles south-east
of Erie county in Camden township, Lorain county.
The list of plants growing at Camden Lake and not in
Erie county, is probably incomplete. For some of the
names, I am indebted to Isabel S. Smith who has found
the specimens in the Oberlin herbarium.

The list of other plants growing in northern
Ohio is based mainly on the work of other collectors.
It includes only those species which are said to grow
in two or more counties bordering on the Lake. Of
some of the species I have seen no specimens. Many
other species have been reported and many others un-

doubtedly grow in one place or another, but this list
together with the catalogue of plants of Sandusky and
vicinity and the plants of Camden are thought to
include all the native phenogams and vascular cryp-
togams which grow in the Lake counties, excepting
such as are very rare or local.

30 SANDUSKY FLORA.

PLANTS GROWING AT CAMDEN LAKE.

Coptis trifolia.
Sarracenia purpurea.
Nemopanthus fascicularis.
Potentilla palustris.
Viburnum cassinoides.
Cassandra calyculata.
Vaccinium oxycoccus.
Menyanthes trifoliata.
Alnus serrulata.
Arethusa bulbosa.
Habenaria orbiculata.

Pogonia ophioglossoides.
Smilacina trifolia.

Calla palustris.
Peltandra undulata.
Scheuchzeria palustris.
Carex canescens.

Carex debilis.

Carex trisperma.
Eriophorum virginicum album.
Rhynchospora alba.
Glyceria canadensis.

Woodwardia virginica.

OTHER PLANTS NOT FOUND NEAR SANDUSKY, BUT
SAID TO GROW IN TWO OR MORE OF THE

COUNTIES OF OHIO THAT BORDER
ON LAKE ERIE.

Adlumia cirrhosa.
Corydalis glauca.
Stylophorum diphyllum.
Viola canadensis.

Viola hastata.

Viola rotundifolia.

Acer spicatum.

Polygala polygama.
Astragalus cooperi.
Prunus pennsylvanica.
Waldsteinia fragarioides.
Ribes oxyacanthoides.

Ribes rubrum subglandulosum.

Saxifraga virginiensis.
Oenothera biennis grandiflora.
Aralia hispida.

Diervilla trifida.

Lonicera ciliata.

Cornus canadensis.
Antennaria margaritacea.
Aster patens.

Cacalia suaveolens.

Hieracium venosum.
Polymnia uvedalia.
Solidago squarrosa.
Solidago uliginosa.

Pyrola secunda. ‘
Rhododendron nudiflorum.
Vaccinium stamineum.
Monotropa hypopitys.
Phlox maculata.
Cynoglossum virginitum.
Melampyrum americanum.
Pentstcmon laevigatus digitalis.
Veronica americana.
Rumex salicifolius.
Myrica asplenifolia.
Alnus incana.

Betula lutea.
Cypripedium parviflorum.
Pogonia verticillata.
Spiranthes latifolia..
Smilax glauca.

Uvularia perfoliata.

MOSELEY. ‘ 31

Veratrum viride Larix americana.

Carex umbellata. Asplenium trichomanes.
Cyperus erythrorhizos. Ophioglossum vulgatum.
Milium effusum. Phegopteris polypodioides.

Woodsia obtusa.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

The only plant no longer found in the county, but
known to have formerly grown in considerable quantity,
is the Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia purpurea Mr. W. H.
Todd remembers that this used to grow in the old
huckleberry swamp near Axtell, in the eastern part of
the county. This swamp of a hundred acres extent, is
said to have produced yearly hundreds of bushels of
blueberries, and a hundred bushels or so of cranberries.
About 1856 a fire started in the muck, which lasted for
a year, burning in places to a depth of four to six feet.
This and drainage killed all the cranberries and nearly
all the blueberries, and, how many other species, no
body will ever know. It is now-overgrown with a
dense tangle of blackberry bushes interspersed with
aspen and soft maple; the soil too light to be of much
account. Had the original swamp been preserved, it
would now be valuable for the berries it would produce.
Only after repeated visits and prolonged searching in
this wilderness by several persons, were two surviving
bushes of the swamp blueberry discovered. Cran-
berries, which formerly grew also in a swamp near
Berlin Heights, are now confined to a few square vards
of ground, along a road near Milan.

Poison sumach formerly grew in the Axtell swamp.
It is now all but extinct in the county. Leatherwood
formerly abounded on Beecher’s flats along the west
branch of the Vermillion River. A single specimen re-
mains, probably the only one in the county. A sedge
collected on Cedar Point several years ago, and called
by Prof. Wheeler, Cyperus Houghtonii, was afterward
lost and so is not included in our catalogue. Likewise

32 SANDUSKY FLORA.

we omit Strawberry Blite, Chenopodium capitatum,
seen on Green Island in 1892, but not collected, and
Hedeoma hispida, given ina list of plants, analyzed in
the eastern part of Erie county by Josephine Fish, a
number of years ago. The last has been found in
Lorain County by Prof. Kelsey, but perhaps is not in-
digenous to Ohio.

FOREST TREES.

Most of the land of Erie county is now under cul-
tivation. Much of it was treeless when the earliest
settlements were made. Nevertheless, it supports a
greater variety of trees than do most of the counties of
Ohio, greater, perhaps, than any similar area farther
north in America. Birch, alder and tamarack, which
grow farther east in Ohio, are lacking in Erie county,
but it has ten kinds of oak, six of hickory, five of ash,
four of maple, four of poplar, four of willow, three of
thorn, two of elm, two of ironwood, two of wild crab,
and one each of black cherry, chokecherry, plum, june-
berry, basswood, box elder, buckeye, staghorn sumach,
papaw, tulip, cucumber, red-bud, locust, coffee-tree,
dogwood. pepperidge, sassafras, mulberry, hackberry,
buttonwood, beach, chestnut, walnut, butternut, hem-
lock, cedar and pine. Besides these, there are several
cultivated kinds that have become naturalized. The
distribution is given in the catalogue, where the names
may be found by referring to the index. Erie county
has five times as many native trees as the whole of
Great Britain.

THE CATALOGUE.

The catalogue that follows gives the names of the
phenogams and vascular cryptogams in the her-
barium of the Sandusky high school which have been
collected in the region shown on the accompanying

MOSELEY. ° 33

map, i. e. Erie county, and the islands of Ottawa
county, with the eastern portion of the peninsula, ex-
tending as far west as Port Clinton. Specimens of all
the species and varieties have been examined by Prof.
C. F. Wheeler, of Michigan, to whom I am indebted
also for assistance in the determination of my earlier
collections of Cyperaceze and Naiadace, as well as of
many puzzling forms found since.

Furthermore, a collection of most of the rarer
species has been deposited in the Gray Herbarium,
Cambridge, Mass., and another set in the Ohio State
Herbarium, at the University at Columbus, and at both
places botanists have examined them to see if there
were errors in the identification.

To Dr. Erwin F. Smith, of Washington, I am also
indebted for valuable suggestions and assistance.

In a region where so many rare native species
occur one would expect to find some exotic plants
thriving, better than in most places in this latitude.
As in the Philippine Islands where it has been intro-
duced, so also-in Sandusky, the tomato grows wild,
coming up hke a weed in many places, but especially
along the bay shore, where it ripens its fruit year after
year. It is difficult in some cases to say whether a
species is naturalized or not. Oats grow on the shores
of the islands, as well as about the docks in Sandusky,
and along roads, but herbs of which all the specimens
found have probably sprung directly from the seeds of
cultivated plants, are not included in the catalogue. A
watermelon vine with fruit was found on the shore of
Cedar Point, and this and muskmelon, squash and
pumpkin, on waste ground in Sandusky near the Bay.
Peanuts, which are raised in small quantities by many
people in and near Sandusky, have been found sponta-
neous in two places in the city. Snapdragon, gilli-
flower, candytuft, common honesty, petunia, and
others, have been found growing in waste places, but

34 * SANDUSKY FLORA.

are excluded from the catalogue under the rule given
above. On the other hand plants that are never culti-
vated in this region are included, even if merely
adventive.

In nomenclature I have, in the main, followed the
Index Kewensis, giving in parenthesis the names used
in the sixth edition of Gray’s Manual, in the few cases
where those differ materially from the names of the
Kew Index. Names of species not native to this
part of the world, are printed in italics. An asterisk
indicates that the species is at present known to grow
in few, if any places in Ohio, except in the neighbor-
hood of Sandusky.

Relative abundance is expressed by the following
terms in the order named; rare, scarce, infrequent, fre-
quent, common, abundant. When standing alone or
coming first, they refer to Erie county as a whole.

ears pee

MOSELEY. 35

(WA A ILKONG TU Je,

PTERIDOPHYTA.

OPHIOGLOSSACE-=.

BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz.

. TERNATUM, Swartz.

Eastern Milan, Berlin, Florence, Vermillion; in-
frequent. Varies greatly.

. VIRGINIANUM, Swartz.

Frequent. Put-in-Bay.

FILICES.

ADIANTULI, L.

. PEDATUM, L. Maiden-hair Fern.
Common. Not on the Islands.

ASPIDIUM, Swartz.

. ACROSTICHOIDES, Swartz. Shield Fern.

Scarce in Perkins. Common on high banks of
Huron and Vermillion Rivers.

. CRISTATUM, Swartz.

Vermillion River bottoms, Florence; rare.

. GOLDIANUM, Hook.

Florence and Kromer’s woods, Perkins; scarce.
. MARGINALE, Swartz.

Common on steep river banks.

. NOVEBORACENSE, Swartz.

Infrequent.

36 SANDUSKY FLORA.

A. SPINULOSUM, Swartz.
Frequent in rich woods.
A. SPINULOSUM INTERMEDIUM, D. C. Eaton.
Frequent. Neither this nor the species seen on
Peninsula or Islands.
A. THELYPTERIS, Swartz.
Common.

ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort.

A. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Michx.
Infrequent.
A. EBENEUM.
Common in Furnace woods, Vermillion, ‘*‘ Cedar
Point,” J. R. Schacht.
A. FILIX-FOEMINA, Bernh.
Common. Not on Peninsula or Islands.
A. THELYPTEROIDES, Michx.
Perkins and Florence ; scarce.

CAMPTOSORUS, Link, Walking-fern.
C. RHIZOPHYLLUS, Link.
On sides of sandstone rocks, Vermillion River,
S. Florence ; on limestone, three places in Mar-
garetta, Catawba, Kelley’s sland.

CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh, Bladder Fern.
C. BULBIFERA, Bernh.
Frequent. Islands.
C. FRAGILIS, Bernh.
Common. Kelley’s Island.

DICKSONIA, L’Her.
D. PILostuscuULA, Willd.
Vermillion River ; frequent. Big woods, Per-
kins ; scarce.
ONOCLEA, L.

O. SENSIBILIS L. Sensitive Fern.
Common. Not on the Islands.

MOSELEY. By

O. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Hoffman.
Vermillion River bottoms, frequent.

OSMUNDA, L.

O. CINNAMOMEA, L. Cinnamon Fern.
Infrequent ; Florence, Milan ‘ Perkins.”’
O. CLAYTONIANA, L.
Common in moist woods. Not on Peninsula or
Islands.
O. REGALIS, L. Flowering Fern.
Infrequent in wet woods.

PELL/A, Link, Cliff-Brake.

P. ATROPURPUREA, Link.
Sandstone quarry, Furnace woods, Vermillion;
on limestone, Margaretta, Peninsula, Catawba,
Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay.

PHEGOPTERIS, Fee, Beech Fern.
P, HEXAGONOPTERA, Fee.
Frequent from the Huron river east.
POLYPODIUM, L., Polypody.

P. VULGARE, L.
Rocky banks of rivers and Kelley’s Island;

scarce.

- PTERIS, L.

P. aguiLtina, L., Common Brake.
Frequent.

EQUISETACE-.

EQUISETUIMI, L., Horsetail.

E. ARVENSE, L.
Common but not observed on the Islands, except
Kelley’s.

L.

SANDUSKY FLORA.

. LAEVIGATUM, Braun.

Frequent, at least in the western part of che
county.

. LIMOSUM, L.

Lake marshes, Huron Tp.

. LITTORALE, Kuhl.*

Perkins; rare.

. PRATENSE, Ehrh.

Frequent.

. ROBUSTUM, Braun,

Common, apparently entirely supplanting E.
hyemale. Put-in-Bay and Kelley’s Island but no
others

. VARIEGATUM, Schleicher,*

Cedar Point and elsewhere; rare.

LYCOPODIACE.

LYCOPODIUM, L., Ciub-Moss.

. COMPLANATUM, L. Ground-Pine.

East fork of Vermillion River; rare.

. DENDROIDEUM, Michx.

East of Milan; rare.

LUCIDULUM, Michx.
Quarry in Furnace woods, Vermillion; rare.
Each of the three kinds of club-moss has been
found in but a single spot, and of the last two,
only a few specimens. .

MOSELEY. 39

GYMNOSPERM-E.
CONIFER,

JUNIPERUS, L.

J. communis, L.
Mr. Latham’s woods, Catawba; very rare.

J. VIRGINIANA, L., Red Cedar.
Frequent in dry soil in various parts of Erie and
Ottawa counties. Formerly abundant on the
islands where its wood was one of the first
sources of income to the early settlers. Many
stumps two feet or more in diameter still remain
on Kelley’s Island, though they are being used
for kindling and for boat knees. The trees grew
in the thin soil overlying the limestone, and so
the roots following the level surface of the rock
were given off from the trunk at a right angle.
Having greater strength than an artificial joint
and great durability sections of these stumps
make excellent knees for small boats. Large
cedars grew fermerly also on Cedar Point where
small ones are common now.

PINUS, Tourn.

P. stroBus, L. White Pine. :
Cedar Point and Vermillion River. Both this
and Red Cedar grew once where Sandusky Bay is
now.

TAXUS, Tourn.

T. CANADENSIS, Willd. American Yew. Ground
Hemlock.
Shores of Islands and Vermillion River ; infre-
quent.
TSUGA, Carriere.
T. CANADENSIS; Carr. Hemlock.

Common along the Old Woman Creek at Berlin
Heights and along the Vermillion River.

4.0 SANDUSKY FLORA.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.
TYPHACEA8.

SPARGANIUM, Tourn, Bur-reed.

S. ANDROCLADUM. Kngelm.

Lake marshes. Middle Bass.
S. EURYCARPUM, Engelm.

Lake marshes. Middle Bass.
S. SIMPLEX, Huds.

Southern Florence, Shinrock.

TYPHA, Tourn.

T. AUGUSTIFOLIA, L.
Castalia stream, Portage River and North Bass;
scarce.

T. LaTIFOLIA, L. Common Cat-tail.
Common.

NAIADACEAE.
NAIAS, L., Naiad.

N. FLEXILIS, Rostk, and Schmidt.
Common.

N. FLEXILIS ROBUSTA, Morong.*
Infrequent.

N. GRaAcILLIMA, A. Br.*
‘Portage River? vA" Io Pieters:

POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pond-weed.

P. AMPLIFOLIUS, Tuckerm, Deep water; infrequent.

P. FoLiosus, Raf.
East Harbor, Put-in-bay, North Bass; mostly in
shallow water.

P’ FOLIOSUS NIAGARENSIS, (Tuckerm.) Morong.*
North Bass and small streams in Erie County,
especially Mills Creek.

MOSELEY. 41

. FRIES, Rupr.*
Sandusky Bay, Put-in-Bay; infrequent.
. HETEROPHYLLUS, Schreb.*

Frequent; especially the variety Jongipeduncula-
tus. The variety maximus occurs at North Bass.

. HILLU, Morong.*

East Harbor; rare.

. INTERRUPTUS, Kitaibel.*

Sandusky Bay, Put-in-Bay; rare.

. LONCHITES, Tuckerm.

Common.

SPEUCENS, Es

Frequent.

. NATANS, L.

Common, as is also the socalled variety, prolixus.
. PECTINATUS, L.

Abundant-

. PERFOLIATUS. L.

Frequent.

. PERFOLIATUS RICHARDSONII A. Bennett.
Abundant.

. PRAELONGUs, Wulf.*

Sandusky Bay, August Guenther. Perhaps its
habit of withdrawing beneath the water, as
soon as its fruit is set, has prevented us from find-
ing much of it.

SS PUSIER US. lon:

Infrequent.

. ROBBINS, Oakes.

Sandusky Bay; scarce.

_ JAA, ROW

Sandusky Bay; scarce.

. ZOSTERZFOLIUS, Schum.
Common.

TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-Grass.

. PALUSTRE, L.*
Castalia Sporting Club grounds; rare.

4.2 SANDUSKY FLORA.

ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell, Horned Pond-Weed.

Z. PALUSTRIS.
The ‘‘variety’’ pedunculata grows, or did grow
in one of the rivulets flowing from the Blue Hole,
Castalia; rare.

ALISMACE-E.

ALISIIA, L. Water-Plantain.

A. PLANTAGO, L.
Common.

LOPHOTOCARPUS, T. Durand.

L. caLyoinus, (Engelm) J. G. Smith.*
In a small pond bordering the southern
boundary of Sandusky.

SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-Head.

S. ARIFOLIA, Nutt.
Oxford; Danbury ; scarce.

S. GRAMINEA, Michx.*
Sandusky Bay. ‘‘EKast Harbor,” A. J. Pieters.

S. LATIFOLIA, Willd. (S. VARIABILIs, Engelm. )
Common and variable.

S. RIgIDA, Pursh. (S. HETEROPHYLLA, Pursh. )
Sandusky Bay, Put-in-Bay, Harbors ; frequent.
In deeper water than the last.

HYDROCHARIDACEA-E.
ELODEA, [lichx. Water-Weed.

E. CANADENSIS, Michx.
Common. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. Filling
the cove east of Sandusky so as to make it
difficult to row a boat there.

Vv.

AC

MOSELEY. 43

VALLISNERIA, L. Tape-Grass, Eel-Grass.

SPIRALIS, L.
Common.

GRAMINEAE.

AGROPYRON, Gaert.

. CANINUM, Beauv.*

Berlin Heights; rare.

. GLAUCUM, R. & S.*

L.S. & M.S. Ry., Sandusky; scarce.

. REPENS, Beauv. Couch-Grass, Quitch-Grass.

Infrequent.. Kelley’s Island.

AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass.

. ALBA, L.
Common, as is the variety vulgaris, Red Top.
. PERENNANS, Tuckerm, Thin-Grass.

Frequent.

. SCABRA, Willd. Hair-Grass.

Infrequent. Put-in.Bay, Middle Bass.

ALOPECURUS, L. Foxtail-Grass.

. GENICULATUS ARISTULATUS, Torr.

Islands, Peninsula and Milan; rare in Erie
county.

AMIOPHILA, Host.

. ARUNDINACEA, Host. Sea Sand-Reed.

Cedar Point and Marblehead Sand Spit.
ANDROPOGON, L. Beard-Grass.

PROVINCIALIS, Lam. (A. FURCATUS, Muhl.)
Frequent.

. SCOPARIUS, Michx.

Frequent. Not observed in Ottawa county.

44,

A.

A.

ee} les} fos} og

SANDUSKY FLORA.

ARISTIDA, L. Triple-awned Grass.

GRACILIS, Ell.*

Unplowed prairle, Perkins.
PURPURASCENS, Poir.* —

Roadside, Joseph Smith’s, Perkins.

ASPERELLA, Humb. Bottle-brush Gress.

. HYSTRIX, Humb:

Common.

BOUTELOUA, Lag. Muskit-Grass.

. RACEMOSA, Lag.

Castalia cemetery and southwest, Marblehead ;
dry ground ; scarce.
Our forms approach the variety aristosa.

BRACHYELYTRUI1, Beanv.

. ERECTUM, Beanv. ( B. aristatum R. & S. )

Frequent.

BROMUS, L. Brome-Grass.

. CILIATUS, L.

Common, Kelley’s Island., Rattlesnake Island.
The variety purgans also common, but not on
the Islands.

- KALMII, Gray. Wild Chess.

Margaretta Ridge ; rare.

. racemosus, L. Upright Chess.

Common.

. secalinus, L Cheat or Chess.

Not so common as the las:.

MELECLCOLUTI IE,

Along Big Four Ry., Sandusky and Castalia ;
elsewhere also, but scarce.

CENCHRUS, L. Hedgehog or Bur-Grass.

. TRIBULOIDES, L.

Common in sand.

MOSELEY. : 45

CHRYSOPOGON, Trin.

. NUTANS, Benth, Indian Grass, Wood Grass.
Frequent.

CINNA, L. Wood Reed-Grass.

. ARUNDINACEA, L.
Frequent.

DACTYLIS, L. Orchard-Grass.

. glomerata, L.
Frequent.

DANTHONIA, DC. Wild Oat-Grass.

. SPICATA, A. & S.
Common. Not on Islands, except Put-in-Bay.

DEYEUXIA, Raf.

. CANADENSIS, Beauv. Blue-Joint Grass.
Frequent. Middle Bass, North Bass.

EATONIA, Raf.
. OBTUSATA, Gray.*

Infrequent. Margaretta |! idge, Marblehead,
North Bass, etc.

. PENNSYLVANICA, Gray.
Frequent. Islands.
. PURPURASCENS Raf. (EK. DUDLEYI, Vasey. E. NITIDA

Nash. )
Florence, and Furnace woods, Vermillion.

ELEUSINE, Gaertn.

. indica, Gaertn. Dog’s-tail or Wire Grass.

Formerly seldom seen,but now common along
many sandy lanes.

ELYMUS, L. Lyme-Grass, Wild Rye.

. CANADENSIS, L.

Frequent, especially on sand beaches. Islands.
The so called variety glaucifolius occurs in a
number of places but does not appear at all dis-
tinct.

4.6 SANDUSKY FLORA.

E. striatus, Willd.
Infrequent. Kelley’sIsland. The so called var-
iety villosus was found in Perkins.

E. VIRGINICUS, L
Frequent alongstreams and shores of the Islands.

ERAGROSTIS, Host.

E. CAPILLARIS, Nees.
Willow Point, Margaretta and different parts of
the Peninsula.

E. FRANKII, Steud.
Perkins, Castalia, Lockwood’s woods, Catawba.

E. major, Host.

: Abundant.

E. PurRsHu, Schrader.
Common in Erie Co., especially along railroads.
Kelley’s Island.

E. REPTANS, Nees.
Infrequent.

E. SPECTABILIS, Steud.* (E. PECTINACEA SPECTABILIS,
Gray) Lake sands of Cedar Point, Marble-head
Spit, and Port Clinton; local.

FESTUCA, L. Fescue-Grass.

F. elatior, L. Meadow Fescue.
Common. The variety pratensis common in San-
dusky and along some country roads.
F. NUTANS, Spreng.
Common. Not noticed on Kelley’s sland.
F. TENELLA, Willd.
Marblehead, Cedar Point and east of Milan.

GLYCERIA, R. Br. Manna Grass.

G. FLUITANS, R. Br.
Infrequent. Islands.

G. NERVATA, Trin.
Common.

MOSELEY. AT

. PALLIDA, Trin.
Port Clinton; rare.

HIEROCHLOE, S. G. Gmel.

. BOREALIS, R. & S.
“Perkins ’’’ Elon House.

HORDEUM, L.

. JuBATUM, L. Squirrel-tail Grass.

Common along L. S. & M.S. Ry. in Ottawa Co.
Blue Hole, Castalia. Kelley’s Island, where
probably introduced in baled hay. Marblehead.

KOELERIA, Pers.

. CRISTATA, Pers.*

Catawba, where first found by A. D. Selby.
Margaretta Ridge, Oxford; also ten miles west of
Toledo.

LEERSIA, Swartz.

. ORYZOIDES, Swartz. Rice Cut-grass.
Common. —

. virGinica, Willd. White Grass.

Common but not noticed on any island except
Kelley’s.

LOLIUM, L.

. perenne, L. Common Darnel, Ray or Rye-Grass.

Sandusky, Soldier’s Home, Kelley’s Island, Put-in-
Bay; infrequent. Not noticed until 1897.

MELICA, L. Melic-Grass.

M. pirFrusa, Pursh.*

Castalia; rare.

MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Drop-seed Grass.

M. GLOMERATA, Trin.*

West of Castalia; rare; also ten miles west of
Toledo.

5 & & 5 &

SANDUSKY FLORA.

MEXICANA, Trin.
Common.
SCHREBERI, J. F. Gmel. (M. pirrusa, Schreb.)
Common.
SOBOLIFERA, Trin.*
Florence, Catawba; rare.
SYLVATICA, Torr. & Gray.
Perkins, Florence, Middle Bass; infrequent.

. WILLDENOWII, Trin.

Vermillion River, Huron, Milan, Perkins, Marga-
retta Ridge; infrequent.

ORYZOPSIS, Michx. Mountain Rice.

. MELANOCARPA, Muhl.

Margaretta Ridge, Vermillion River, Put-in-Bay ;
rare.

PANICUM, L. Panic-Grass.

. AGROSTOIDES, Muhl.

Huron, Milan, Oxford, Perkins, North Bass;
local. '

. BARBULATUM, Michx.

Berlin; rare.

. CAPILLARE, L. Old-witch Grass.

Common.

. CLANDESTINUM, L.

Cedar Point, Perkins, and common along river
channels.

. COLUMBIANUM, Scribn.

Castalia, Cedar Point. Formerly called P.
dichotomum.

. crus-galli, L. Barnyard-Grass.

Abundant.

. CRUS-GALLI HISPIDUM, Muhl.

Frequent on wet ground about Sandusky Bay
and East Harbor.

. DEPAUPERATUM, Muhl.

Catawba and high banks of Vermillion River and
Old Woman Creek.

Rojee si00 Rae hole lag

MOSELEY. 49

. DICHOTOMUM, L.

Common and variable, the so called variety
gracile, found only at Berlin Heights, seeming
most distinct from other forms.

. FLEXILE, Scribn.

Castalia prairie; common. Oxford.

. glabrum, Gaudin. Small Crab-Grass.

Common. North Bass the only island.

. LATIFOLIUM, L.

Common in Erie County.

. MILIACEUM, L. Millet.

Adventive. ‘‘Cedar Point,’ E. Claassen.
Sandusky near the Bay, one specimen growing on
rubbish.

. PROLIFERUM, Lam.

Sandusky, Oxford; rare.

. PUBESCENS, Lam.

Common in Erie County.

. sanguinale, L. Large Crab-Grass.

Abundant.

. SCOPARIUM, Lam.

Oxford, Margaretta, Cedar Point, Port Clinton;
common.

. VIRGATUM, L.

Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Abundant on sandy
shores of Lake Erie.

PASPALUM, L.

. SETACEUM, Michx.

Dell Lindsley’s orchard, Perkins, where it has
probably been for many years.

PHALARIS, L.

. ARUNDINACEA, L.

Cedar Point, Huron, western Margaretta, Middle
Bass; infrequent. The variety picta Ribbon-
Grass, has become established along some road-
side ditches.

. canariensis, L. Canary-Grass.

Adventive in Sandusky.

50

PB.

SANDUSKY FLORA.

PHLEU/, L.

pratense, L. Timothy.
Abundant.

PHRAGIIITES, Trin. Reed.

. COMMUNIS, Trin.

Frequent on wet ground. Huron, Castalia, Port
Clinton, Harbors.

POA, L. Meacow-Grass.

. ALSODES, Gray.

Florence; scarce.

. annual, L. Low Spear-Grass.

Frequent.

. compressa, L. Wire-Grass.

Abundant.

. DEBILIS, Torr.

Furnace woods, Vermillion ; rare.

. PRATENSIS, L. June Grass. Kentucky Blue-Grass.

Abundant. One specimen has a panicle eleven
inches long.

. SEROTINA, Ehrhart.

Huron; rare.

. SYLVESTRIS, Gray.

Parker’s Creek, Florence; rare.

. genes, by

Shinrock; rare.

SETARIA, Beanvy.

. glauca, Beany. Foxtail. Pigeon-Grass.

Abundant. The worst weed we have.

. ttalica, Beanyv. Italian Millet, Hungarian Grass.

Rarely escaped. Middle Bass, North Bass.

. verticillata, Beanv.

Sandusky near Big Four dock, 1898.

. viridis, Beanv. Green Foxtail.

Less abundant than S. glauca.

MOSELEY. 51

SPARTINA, Schreb. Marsh Grass.

S. SCHREBERI, J. F.Gmel. (S. CYNOSUROIDES Willd. )
Fresh-water Cord-Grass.
Frequent. Middle Bass.

SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. Rush-Grass.

S. ASPER, Kunth.
L.S.& M.S. Ry, east of Sandusky; rare.

S. CRYPTANDRUS, Gray.
Frequent on Cedar Point and several places on
the Peninsula.

S. NEGLECTuwS, Nash.
Sandusky, Castalia, Plaster Beds.

S. VAGINZEFLORUS, Vasey.
Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the only
Islands.

STIPA, L.

S. SPARTEA, Trin.* Porcupine Grass.
In sand; Cedar Point, Perkins, Bloomingville
cemetery ; rare.

TRIODIA, R. Br.
T. CUPREA, Jacq.* ‘Tall Red-Top.

In sand near the road through the woods be-
tween Port Clinton and Catawba; rare.

TRIPLASIS, Beauy.

T. PURPUREA, Chapm. Sand-Grass.
Frequent on all sandy shores of Lake Erie; in
places abundant. Kelley’s Island.

ZIZANIA, L.

Z. aguaTica, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats.
Abundant in shallow parts of Sandusky Bay, the
Harbors, etc. Middle Bass.

52

O OQ

GG. @ © ©

SANDUSKY FLORA.

CYPERACEAE.

CAREX, L., Sedge.

. ALBICANS, Willd.*

Pitins any agence:
ALBURSINA, Sheldon, (C. LAXIFLORA LATIFOLIA
Boott.)
Frequent. Kelley’s Island.
AQUATILIS, Wahl. .
Huron, Cedar Point, Put-in-Bay ; scarce.
ARCTATA, Boott.
Florence, Berlin, Oxford; rare.

. AUREA, Nutt.*

One vigorous plant growing on a stump that
stands in a stream near the Blue Hole, Castalia.

. BICKNELLU, Britton (C. STRAMINEA CRAWEI, Boott.)

Berlin Heights; rare.

. BROMOIDES, Schkuhr.

Florence, Berlin Heights, Milan; local.

. CAREYANA, Torr.

Beecher’s flats, Vermillion River; rare.

. CEPHALOIDEA, Dewey.

Frequent.

. CEPHALOPHORA, Muhl.

More frequent than the last. Bass Islands.

. COMMUNIS, Bailey.

Florence, Margaretta Ridge; scarce.

COMMUNIS WHEELER], Bailey.*
Vermillion River, Florence; rare.

CONJUNCTA, Boott.
Florence, Berlin, Perkins; scarce.

CRAWEI, Dewey.*

. Castalia prairie, Marblehead; local.

CRINITA, Lam.
Frequent from the Huron River east, especially in
Berlin.

O

Cee 2C -o@

QO

. EBURNEA, Boott.*

OTP ©

MOSELEY. 53

. DAVIS, Schwein & Torr.

Shinrock, Perkins, Port Clinton, Kelley’s Island;
infrequent.

. DIGITALIS, Willd.

Common in Florence; frequent in Vermillion,
Berlin and Milan.

. DIGITALIS COPULATA, Bailey.

Florence, Berlin, Milan; frequent.

Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay; rare.
FILIFORMIS, L.

Frequent?
FCENEA PERPLEXA, Bailey.*

Furnace woods, Vermillion; rare.
Fusca, All.

Throughout Erie Co; infrequent.
GLAUCODEA, luckerm.

Vermillion, Berlin, Milan; infrequent.
GRACILLIMA, Schwein.

Frequent in Erie Co.

. GRANULARIS, Muhl.

Frequent. Kellev’s Island.

. GRANULARIS HALEANA, Porter.* (C. HALEANA, Olney)

Florence, Castalia, Groton; infrequent.
The Groton specimens have very broad leaves.

. GRAYI, Carey.

Huron, Milan and east; infrequent.

. GRISEA, Wahl.

Rather frequent.
HITCHCOCKIANA, Dewey.
Florence; scarce.

. HYSTERICINA, Muhl.

Common. Put-in-Bay and Middle Bass the only
islands.

. INTERIOR, Bailey.*

Castalia; rare.

C. INTUMESCENS, Rudge.

Berlin, Vermillion, Florence; infrequent.

54

SANDUSKY FLORA.

C. JAMESH, Schwein.

Cc

C

Berlin; rare. Florence; infrequent.
LANUGINOSA, Michx. (C. FILIFORMIS LATIFOLIA,

Boeckl. )
Frequent. Put-in-Bay.

. LAXICULMIS, Schwein.

Florence, Vermillion, Milan; infrequent.

. LAXIFLORA, Lam.

Frequent. Kelleys Island.

. LAXIFLORA PATULIFOLIA, Carey.

Florence, Berlin, Huron; infrequent.

. LAXIFLORA STRIATULA, Carey.

Common.

. LAXIFLORA VARIANS, Bailey.

Common. Kelley’s the enh, island.

. LUPULINA, Muhl.

Common. The so-called variety hedunculata
occurs in Florence.

. LuURIDA, Wahl.

Frequent. Hybrids of this and the last occur in
Florence and Berlin.

. MONILE, Tuckerm.

Vermillion, Berlin, Kimball; scarce.

. MUHLENBERGI, Schkuhr.*

Cedar Point; frequent.

. MUHLENBERGII ENERVIS, Boott.

Catawba; rare.

adanicarame.

Furnace woods, Vermillion; rare.

. MUSKINGUMENSIS, Schwein.*

Catawba; rare.

. OLIGOCARPA, Schkuhr.

Prout’s, Shinrock, Vermillion, Florence: in-
frequent.

. PALLESCENS.

Berlin Heights and Florence; rare.

. PEDUNCULATA, Muhl.

Steep banks of Vermillion River, Florence; rare.

Cm Or © 2.6. 40. OO OL sO ee © OQ

(A

MOSELEY. 55

. PENNSYLVANICA, Lam.

Abundant. Put-in-Bay the only island.

. PLANTAGINEA, Lam.

Steep banks of Vermillion River and tributaries
in southern Florence; infrequent.

. PLATYPHYLLA, Carey.

High banks, Vermillion River, Florence; rare.

. PRASINA, Wahl.

Infrequent.

. PSEUDO-CYPERUS AMERICANA, Hochst. (C. Comosa,

Boott. )
Islands, Cedar Point, Castalia, South Florence;
local.

. PUBESCENS, Muhl.

Frequent, especially in Florence.

. RICHARDSONII, R. Br.*

Castalia cemetery; rare.

. RIPARIA, Curtis.

Infrequent.

. ROSEA, Schkuhr.

Common. Middle Bass the only island.

. ROSEA RADIATA, Dewey.

Florence; rare.

. SARTWELLIANA, Olney.* (C. SARTWELLU, Dewey. )

Castalia; scarce. Huron, Cedar Point; rare.

. SCABRATA, Schwein.

Springy banks of Vermillion River; rare.

. SCOPARIA, Schkuhr.

Common. Not on the Islands.

. SETACEA, Dewey.

Oxford; rare or else taken for C. vulpinoidea.

. SHORTIANA, Dewey.

Perkins, Castalia, Berlin and common in Milan.

. sIccaTa, Dewey.*

Perrin’s, Milan; Margaretta Ridge; rare.

. SPARGANIOIDES, Muhl.

Frequent, Kelley’s Island. Rattlesnake.

56

CG

SANDUSKY FLORA.

. SQUARROSA, L.

Frequent.

STENOLEPIS, Torr.
Common, especially near Sandusky. Middle
Bass the only island.

. STERILIS, Schkuhr.

Castalia; rare.

. STERILIS CEPHALANTHA, Bailey.

Tisdell’s, Vermillion; rare.

. STIPATA, Muhl.

Common.

. STRAMINEA, Willd.

Infrequent. é
STRAMINEA BREVIOR, Dewey.* (C. FESTUCACEA,
Schkuhr. )
Marblehead, Johnson’s Island, Kelley’s, Green.
STRAMINEA MIRABILIS. Tuckerm.
Huron, Milan and east ; rare.
sTRICTA, Lam.
Scarce.
STRICTA DECORA, Bailey.* (C. HaypDENTI, Dewey.)
Kimball ; rare.
TENELLA, Schkuhr.
Vermillion River flat, Florence ; one place.
TEReETIUSCULA, Gooden.
Castalia ; scarce.
TETANICA, Schkuhr.
Castalia prairie; frequent.

. TETANICA MEADII, Bailey.*

Castalia prairie.

. TETANICA WOODTI, Bailey.

Huron and southern Florence in woods. Differs

from the species in habitat and appearance.
TORTA, Boott.

snfrequent. One specimen considered a hybrid

of this and C. crinita.

©)

OE OO @

MOSELEY. 57

. TRIBULOIDES, Wahl.

Frequent, especially the variety turbata. North
Bass.

- TRIBULOIDES CRISTATA, Bailey.

Common. North Bass the only island.

. TRIBULOIDES REDUCTA, Bailey.*

Florence and Huron ; rare.

. TRICEPS HIRSUTA, Bailey.

Frequent.

. TRICHOCARPA, Muhl.

Huron River, Milan. The variety imberbis
grows in Florence. Both scarce.

. TRICHOCARPA ARISTATA, Bailey.*

Huron, Castalia ; infrequent.

C. TYPHINOIDES, Schwein.

On Os Cre SO

East Berlin; local.

. TUCKERMANNI, Boott.

Infrequent.

. UTRICULATA, Boott.

Blair Creek, Florence; rare. The so-called
variety minor at Tisdell’s, Vermillion ; rare.

. VARIA, Muhl.

Frequent.

. VIRESCENS, Muhl.

Oxford, Huron and east; common.

. VIRESCENS COSTATA, Dewey.

Berlin Heights and east; infrequent.

. VIRIDULA, Michx.* (C. FLAVA VIRIDULA, Bailey.)

Castalia prairie; local.

. VULPINOIDEA, Michx.

Common.

. WILDENOWHL, Schkuhr.

Florence; rare.

CLADIUM, P. Br. Twig-Rush.

. TRIGLOMERATUM, Nees. (C. MARISCOIDES, Torr.)

Perkins, ‘‘ Castalia,’’ E. Claassen.

OF

SANDUSKY FLORA.

CYPERUS, L. Galingale.

DIANDRUS, Torr. ;
Frequent.. Islands. The so-called variety. cast-
aneus on Cedar Polnt.

. ESCULENTUS, L.

Frequent in cultivated ground.

. FILICULMIS, Vahl, (MARISCUS GLOMERATUS, Barton

Rather Pasrment in sand.

. FLAVESCENS, L.*

Reber Ss pasture, south-eastern Florence.
MICHAUXIANUS, Schult, (C. spEciosus, Vahl.)
About Sandusky Bay ; scarce.

. REFRACTUwS, Engelm.*

East branch, Vermillion River; one specimen.

. SCHWEINITzU, Torr.

Cedar Point; common. Port Clinton.

. STRIGOSUS, L.

Common and variable. Abundant in many
_ pastures. One specimen over three feet tall has
primary rays 8 inches long, secondary rays: 2
inches, spikelets nearly 1 inch.

DULICHIUM, Pers.

. SPATHACEUM, Pers.

Perkins, Milan, Cedar Point; local.

ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. Spike-Rush.

. ACICULARIS, R. Br.

Castalia and borders of marshes connected with
Lake Erie; frequent. Bass Islands.

. ACUMINATA, Nees.* (E. COMPRESSA, Sullivant. ) |

Sandusky, Cedar Point, Huron, Marblehead;
scarce.

. ENGELMANNI, Steud.*

North of Tisdell’s, Vermillion; rare.

_ INTERMEDIA, Schult.

Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Marblehead,
Bass Islands; frequent.

oe ie er

MOSELEY. 59

. OVATA, R. Br.

Frequent. Kelley's Island. North Bass.

. PALUSTRIS, R. Br.

Frequent.

. PALUSTRIS GLAUCESCENS, Gray.

Frequent. Put-in-Bay.

. PALUSTRIS VIGENS, Bailey.*

Sandusky Bay; in water several feet deep.

. TENUIS, Schult.

Infrequent.

ERIOPHORUII, L. Cotton-Grass.

. POLYSTACHYON, L.

“Huron River” Henry Schoepfle.

FIMIBRISTYLIS, Vahl.

. AUTUMNALIS, R. & 8. -

A little bog near the Cedar Point light house.

. CAPILLARIS, Gray.*

In sand, south Perkins and east of Milan ; local.

RYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rush.

. CAPILLACEA, Torr.

Prairie along L. HK. & W. Ry., west of Castalia ;
local.

. cyMosa, Nutt.*

East of Milan ; local.

. GLOMERATA, Vahl.*

East of Milan; local. Also ten miles west of
Toledo.

SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush.

. ATROVIRENS.

Common.

. ERECTUS, Poir.* (S. DEBILIS, Pursh.)

Along shore of East Harbor west of Lakeside.

60

SANDUSKY FLORA.

S. ERIOPHORUM, Michx. ( ERIOPHORUM CYPERINUM, L.)

Dp

Frequent. The variety Jaxum occurs in Florence,
Milan, and, probably, elsewhere.

. LacustTrRIs, L. Great Bulrush.

Common. Extensively used in the vineyards for
tying up the vines.

. LINEATUS, Michx. (ERIOPHORUM LINEATUM, Benth &

Hook. )
Frequent. Kelley’s Island. North Bass.

. MARITIMUS, L. (S. FLUVIATILIS, Gray.) River Club-

Rush.
Common in the marshes east of Sandusky and in
the East Harbor; elsewhere infrequent. Put-in-
Bay.

. POLYPHYLLUS, Vahl.

Frequent. Middle Bass.

. PUNGENS, Vahl.

Common, especially about Sandusky Bay and
Lake Erie.

. SYLVaATICcus, L.*

“Pond near U. S. Fish Hatchery, Put-in-Bay.”’
A.J. Pieters.

. TORREYI, Olney.*

North side of East Harbor; rare.

SCLERIA, Berg. Nut-Rush.

. PAUCIFLORA, Muhl.*

East of Milan; local. Also ten miles west of
Toledo.

. TRIGLOMERATA, Michx.*

East of Milan; local. Also ten miles west of
Toledo.

ARACEAE,

ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag.

. CALAMUS, L.

Frequent. Abundant near Port Clinton. Put-in-
Bay. “ Kelley’s Island.”

MOSELEY. 61

ARISAEMA, Mart.

. DRACONTIUM, Schott. Green Dragon, Dragon-root.
Scarce. ee ee

. TRIPHYLLUM, Schott. Indian Turnip.

Common. .

SYTIPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage.

. FOETIDUS, Nutt.
Infrequent.

LEMNACEAE,

LEMNA, L. Duck-weed, Duck’s-meat.

. MINOR, L. Lene
Common at Castalia and on still water connected
with Lake Erie. Islands. Ny

_ POLYRRHIZA, L. (SPIRODELA POLYRRHIZA, Schleid.)
Common on still water connected with the Lake.
Florence. —

. TRISULCA, L.

Castalia and still waters connected with the
Lake; infrequent- Put-in-Bay. ~

WOLFFIA, Workel.

W. COLUMBIANA, Karsten.

Mouth of Old Woman Creek, Pipe Creek, Put-in-
‘Bay; local.

COMIMELINACE:.

TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort.

T. VIRGINIANA, L.

Frequent, especially on Cedar Point.

T. VIRGINIANA OCCIDENTALIS, Britton.

B. & O. Ry. seven miles south of depot; rare.

62 SANDUSKY FLORA.

PONTEDERIACE®,

HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. Mud-Plantain.

H. GRAMINEA, Vahl. sis
Common in still water connected with eed ‘Bri ie.

PONTEDERIA, L. HRSeesISeeee

P. corpaTta, L.
Frequent in shallow water connected with Lake
Erie. seta

JUNCACE:,

JUNCUS, L. Rush. Bog-Rush.

J. acuminatTus, Michx.
Florence; rare.

J. ALPINUS INSIGNIS, Fries.
Castalia, Oxford, shores of Lake Erie; frequent.
Kelley’s Island.

J. BALTICUS LITTORALIS, Engelm. |
Castalia, Cedar Point, Marblehead sand spit;
locally abundant.

J. BUFONIUs, L.
Sandusky near B. & O. and L. S$. & M.S. Ry’s;
rare.

J. CANADENSIS.
Shinrock and Sandusky where the so-called va-
riety longicaudatus grows. |

J, CANADENSIS BRACHYCEPHALUS, Engelm.
Castalia, Willow Point, Sandy Beach.

J. EBFFUSUS, L. Common or Soft Rush.
Frequent. North Bass.

J. MARGINATUS, Rostk.
Berlin, Vermillion, east of Milan ; infrequent.

J. Noposus, L.
Frequent.

MOSELEY. 63

J. NODOSUS MEGACEPHALUS, Torr.
Frequent. Islands.
J. SCIRPOIDES, Lam.* i
Oxford, southern Perkins, Vermillion ; infrequent.
J. TENVIS, Willd. | .
Common.

LUZULA, DC. Wooc-Rush.

L. CAMPESTRIS, D C.
Frequent, especially in Milan.
L. VERNALIS, DC. .
Vermillion River, Chapelle Creek; scarce.

LILIACE-:.

ALETRIS, L.

/ A. FARINOSA, L.*
Perrin’s, Milan and Joseph Smith’s, Perkins; rare

ALLIUII, L.

A. CaNaDENSE, L. Wild Garlic.
Infrequent. Kelley’s Island.
A. CERNUUM, Roth. Wild Onion.
Common on the Islands, Peninsula, and at
Castalia.
A. TRIcoccuUM, Ait. Wild Leek.
Islands, Peninsula, Florence; infrequent,

ASPARAGUS, L.
A. officinalis, Li. Garden Asparagus. »
Escaped in many places. Islands.
CATMASSIA, Lindl.
C. FRASERI, Torr. Wild Hyacinth.

Infrequent, but occurs on eight islands and in
eight townships.

64

SANDUSKY FLORA.

CHAIMAELIRIUI1. Willd.

. CAROLINIANUM, Willd. Blazing-Star.

Southern Perkins, Margaretta Ridge, east of
~ Milan, Berlin Heights ; rare.

DISPORUM, Salisb.

. LANUGINOSuM, Nichols.

Florence, Berlin; scarce.

ERYTHRONIUIMI, L. |

. ALBIDUM, Nutt. White Dog’s-tooth Violet.

A weed in vineyards west of Sandusky.
Common on Huron River bottoms, Infrequent
or rare in other parts of the ceunty.

Johnson’s Island, Kelley’s, Rattlesnake, Port
Clinton.

. AMERICANUM, Ker. Yellow Adder’s-tongue.

Common.
HEMEROCALLIS, L.

. fulva, L.

Roadsides; infrequent. North Bass.
LILIUM, L.

_ CANADENSE, L. Wild Yellow Lily.

Infrequent. Kelley’s, Island.

. PHILADELPHICUM, L. Wild Orangered’ Lily. Wood

eilyoy a) :
Searce.

. SUPERBUM, L. Turk’s-cap Lily.

Milan, Florence, Vermillion; rare: Mr. Haise of
Florence found ‘‘seyeral years ago a lily with
forty or fifty flowers.”’

MAIANTHEMUD, Wiggs.

M. CONVALLARIA, Wigg. (M. CANADENSE, Desf.) False

Lily-of-the-valley.

Cedar Point and high banks of. Old Woman
Creek, Chapelle Creek and Vermillion River;
infrequent.

MOSELEY. ; 65

MEDEOLA, L. Indian Cucumber-root.

M. virGinica, L.

Florence, Berlin, Milan, Perkins; scarce.
OAKESIA, Watson.

. SESSILIFOLIA, Watson.

Florence; rare.
ORNITHOGALUM, L. Star-cf-Bethlehem.

. umbellatum L.

Perkins, Sandusky, Put-in-Bay; rare.
POLYGONATUII, Adans.

. BIFLORUM, Ell. Smaller Solomon’s Seal.

Common.
GIGANTEUM, Dietrich. Great Solomon’s Seal.
Common.

SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon’s Seal.

. RACEMOSA, Desf. False Spikenard.

Common.

. STELLATA, Desf.

Common; less so on the mainland than the
‘preceding.
SMILAX, L. Greenbrier.

. ECIRRHATA, Watson.

Perkins, Groton, Catawba, Kelley’s Island; searce.

. HERBACEA, L. Carrion-Flower.

Common.

. HISPIDA, Muhl.

Frequent. Islands.
ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. MHorse-brier.
Infrequent. Put-in-Bay.
The ‘‘variety”’ ecrenulata S. & H. found at
Chapelle Creek.
TRILLIUM, L. Wake Robin.

. BRECTUM, L.

Common.

66

fae

SANDUSKY FLORA.

. GRANDIFLORUM, Salisb.

Common.

. SESSILE, L.

Vermillion River flats ; frequent.

UVULARIA, L. Bellwort.

. GRANDIFLORA.

Infrequent. Islands.

ZYGADENUS, [lichx.

. ELEGANS, Pursh.*

Marblehead; rare.

AMARYLLIDACE4:.

HYPOXIS, EL. Star-Grass.

5) Da CMMA I

Infrequent.

DIOSCOREACEZE.

DIOSCOREA, L. Yam.

. VILLOSA, L. Wild Yam-root. |

Frequent. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay.
IRIDACEAE,

IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce.

CRISTATA, Ait, Crested Dwarf Iris.
Our specimens of this rare plant were collected
along the Vermillion River in what was said to
be Erie County, but the spot proves: to be a few
yards south of the line. Hli Beecher, who owns
the adjacent flats in Erie County, says he has
seen it there. |

MOSELEY. 67

I. versicouor, L. Larger Blue Flag.
Frequent. Islands.

SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass.

S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Mill.
Infrequent.

S. GRAMINOIDES, Bicknell.
Infrequent.

ORCHIDACE.

APLECTRUMM, Torr. PuineRack. Adam-and-Eye.

A. HYEMALE, Torr.’

Rare. Puckrin’s woods, Perkins.

‘““Smith’s, Perkins,’ Ross Ransom. ‘‘Cedar Point,”
' Claassen and ‘Krebs. ‘‘ Marblehead,’’. Gertrude

Johnson. ‘‘ Vermiilion,’’ Otto Todd. ‘Formerly

considerable near the quarry on west branch of

Vermillion River,”’ Eli Beecher.

CALOPOGON, R. Br.

©. PULCHELLUS, R._Br. Site
South-west of Castalia; rare. Seen only in 1895.

CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root.
C. MULTIFLORA, Nutt.
Florence, ‘Huron, Catawba; rare.
C. ODONTORHIZA, Nutt.

Blair Creek, Florence; Graham’s woods, Huron;
Smith’s woods, Perkins ; ‘rare.

CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady’s Slipper. Moccason-flower.

©, canpmum, Muhl* Small White Lady’s Slipper.
Along arailroad near Castalia; locally common.

C. PUBESCENS, Willd. Larger yellow Lacy Ss Slipper.
In seven townships, but rare.

C. SPECTABILE, Salisb. Showy Lady’s Sinner
One spot on high, wet, shale bank of east branch,
Vermillion River. An orchid found by Job Fish
“about 1859, the most beautiful wild flower” he
‘‘ever found” was probably of this species.

68

SANDUSKY FLORA.

GOODYERA, R. Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain.

. PUBESCENS, R Br.

Florence, Berlin, Milan, Oxford, Perkins; scarce.

HABENARIA, Willd. Rein-Orchis.

. BRACTEATA, R. Br.

In five townships; rare.

H. HERBIOLA, R. Br. (H. VIRESCENS, Spreng.)

In five townships; rare.

H, HOOKERIANA, Torr.

‘Margaretta Ridge,’ Henry Schoepfie; one
plant.

. LACERA R. Br. Ragged Fringed-Orchis.

Perkins, Milan, Vermillion; rare.

. PSYCODES, Gray. Purple Fringed-Orchis.

Florence, Milan, ‘‘Cedar Point,’’ Leslie Stair :
rare. 7

. TRIDENTATA, Hook.

East of Milan; one plant.
LIPARIS, Richard. Twayblade.

. L@SELU, Richard.

Bog near Cedar Point Light House,
ORCHIS, L.

SPECTABILIS, L. Showy Orchis.
Rather frequent in Florence, infrequent in four
townships.
POGONIA, Juss.
PENDULA, Lindl.

“Florence,” Josephine Fish, also Otto Todd;
East Berlin ; ‘‘ Perkins,’’ Ransom ; local.

SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies’ Tresses.

. CERNUA, Richard.

Local. This and Orchis spectabilis are less rare
than our other orchids.

. GRACILIS, Beck.

‘<Bloomingville,’’ W. A, Kellerman. Perkins;
rare.

MOSELEY. - 69

DICOTYLEDONES.

SAURURACE-=.
SAURURUS, L. Lizard’s-tail.

S. CERNUUS, L.
Frequent in eastern part of the county; in
frequent in Huron, Milan and Perkins.

_JUGLANDACEA:.
CARYA, Nutt. Hickory.

C. ALBA, Nutt. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory.
Abundant. Hickory is used in Sandusky by two
wheel works and two whip-stalk factories ; also
by the Sandusky Tool Company for chisel hand-
les, for tin-smith’s mallets, and for ladder-rounds
that are sent to Northern Michigan for use in the
copper mines.
C. AMARA, Nutt. Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory.
Frequent. ‘One in the German Settlement has
a circumference of 9 feet, 8 inches.

MICROCARPA, Nutt.
Frequent, at least in Per eae

C. suLtcaTa, Nutt. Big Shell-bark. King-nut.
Frequent.

Q

70

SANDUSKY FLORA.

TOMENTOSA, Nutt. Mocker-nut. White-heart
Hickory.
Frequent. Put-in-Bay.

PORCINA, Nutt. Pig-nut or Broom Hickory.
Frequent. Islands.

JUGLANS, L.

. CINEREA, L.. Butternut. White Walnut.

Infrequent.
NIGRA, L. Black Walnut.
Frequent. Said to have grown formerly on
Kelley’s Island, and Middle Bass. The number
and size of the walnut stumps along the border
of the Huron marsh east of Sandusky and of the
prostrate trunks in the marsh is remarkable.
See page 14.

SALICACEE.

-POPULUS, L.

. alba, L. White Poplar. Abele.

Frequent in the vicinity of planted trees.
Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay.

. GRANDIDENTATA, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.

_ Rather frequent. Put-in-Bay. Plentiful along
the lake shore drive east of Huron.

. HETEROPHYLLA, L. Downy Poplar. |

Florence, Huron; rare.

. MONILIFERA, Ait. Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar.

Common.

. TREMULOIDES, Michx. American Aspen.

Frequent, especially on the Islands.

SALIX, L. Willow. Osier.

S-alba-cerulea, Koch: Blue Witlow.

Cedar Point and Sandusky near the Bay; rare.

MOSELEY. fal

. alba vitellina, Koch. ..Golden Osier.

Frequent. Islands.

. AMYGDALOIDES, Anders.

Frequent.

. CANDIDA, Willd.* Sage Willow. Hoary Willow.

Castalia prairie; rare.

. CoRDATA, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow.

Common, but not noticed on Kelley’s Island.

. CORDATA ANGUSTATA,; Anders:

Infrequent. Put-in-Bay.

. DISCOLOR, Muhl. Glaucous ‘Willow.

Frequent, as is also the ‘“ variety ’’ erlocephala.

. GLAUCOPHYLLA, Bebb.

Cedar Point, Castalia ; infrequent.

. HUMILIS. Marsh. Prairie Willow.

Oxford ; scarce.

. LoNGIForLIa, Muhl.

Common, especially along the lake.

‘ tucipa, Muh

Florence, Marblehead, Put-in-Bay : infrequent.

. NIGRA, Marsh. Black Willow.

Frequent. Islands.

. NIGRA FALCaTa, Torr.

Frequent.

. PETIOLARIS, Smith.

House’s swamp, southern Perkins.

. purpurea, Li Purple Willow.

Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. |

. ROSTRATA, Richardson.

Infrequent. Islands.

_ SERICEA, Marsh. Silky Willow.

House’s swamp, Perkins. Milan?

. fragilis x alba.

Castalia, ete.

72 SANDUSKY FLORA.

BETULACE-A.,

CARPINUS, L. Iron-wocd.

©, aMERICANA, Michx. American Hornbeam. Blue or
Water Beech. ;
Frequent. ‘Formerly many on Kelley’s Island.”
Lester Carpenter.

CORYLUS, L.

C. AMERICANA, Walt. Hazel-nut.
Common. Not on the Islands.

OSTRYA, L. Iron-wood.

O. virernica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. Lever-
wood.
Common, especially on rocky shores of the
Islands.

FAGACEA:.

CASTANEA, L.

C. SATIVA AMERICANA, Watson. Chestnut.
Common in Erie County in sandy soil.
Chestnut fence posts sometimes put forth leafy
shoots.

FAGUS, L.

F. FERRUGINEA, Ait. American Beech.
Not on Islands or Peninsula, nor within five miles
of Sandusky. A few in Kromer’s woods and
farther south along Pipe Creek. Infrequent along
Huron River in Milan, frequent in Berlin, com-
mon in Vermillion, abundant in Florence. ‘‘'Two
trees on Put-in-Bay thirty years ago,’ Vroman.
“Formerly a few on Middle Bass.”’ Wood
found in the submerged forest, Huron Marsh.
Most Sandusky children do not know beech
nuts. Wood used by Sandusky Tool Company
for planes.

MOSELEY. 73

QUERCUS, L. Oak.

Q. aLBa, L. White Oak.

Common.

@. BIcOLOR, Willd. Willd. Swamp White Oak.

Frequent. Kelley's Island.

Q. coccINEA, Wang. Scarlet Oak.

East of Milan’; frequent. Marblehead, Port:
Clinton, Catawba and probably elsewhere.

. IMBRICARIA, Michx. Laurel or Shingle Oak.

Common in middle and western parts of Hrie
County. Abundantin Oxford and on Cedar Point.

. MACROCARPA, Michx. Bur Oak, Over-cupor Mossy-

cup Oak.

Frequent. Islands. Under the large Bur Oak at
the corner of Wayne and Jefferson Sts., the
Indians used to hold their councils. It is said to
have grown very little since the early settlers
came to Sandusky. —

. MUHLENBERGH, Hngelm. Yellow Oak. Chestnut

Oak.
Common on the Peninsula and Islands. Less
frequent in Hrie County.

. PALUSTRIS, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish or Pin Oak.

Common. Not noticed on the Islands.

Q. PRINUS, L. Rock Chestnut Oak.

Sandusky. Marblehead, Islands and elsewhere?
The oak in Judge Mackey’s yard on Columbus
Ave. south of the fair grounds is of this species.

. RUBRA, L. Red Oak.

Common.

. VELUTINA, Lam. (Q. TINCToRIA,) Bartram. Black

Oak. Quercitron.

Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the ei
islands. On Cedar Point, where this species
abounds, is a tree which I should call Q.
marylandica, Muench., were I not advised
differently, and other trees of the same sort or
else hybrids between itand @. velutina. None
of these were noticed until September, 1898.

74 SANDUSKY FLORA.

ULMACE-:.
CELTIS, L. oe k
C. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Hackberry. Sugar-berry. .
Frequent. Common on the Islands and Cedar :
Point.
' ULTIUS, L. °

U. aMeEricana, L. American or White Elm.
-.Common. Wood used for the handles and bands
of baskets and for lime barrels.
U. Fruiva, Michx. Slippery or Red Elm.
Frequent. All the Islands.

MORACE. ; 4

CANNABIS, L.

C. sativa, L. Hemp. 7 |
Roadside, Margaretta or Groton ; very rare. '

HUMULUS, L.

H. wLupuxus, L. Hop.
Castalia, Milan ; infrequent.

MACLURA, Nutt.

M. aurantiaca, Nutt. Osage Orange.
Found only near where it has been planted;
scarcely naturalized. The row of trees on the
Ransom place, Castalia road, probably surpasses
any farther north in America. \

MORUS, L:

M. alba, L.* White Mulberry. .
Rare in woods, where the seeds have probably
been dropped by birds.

M. ruspra, L. Red Mulberry.
Throughout, but infrequent. ‘Formerly common >
at Port Clinton.’ Islands.

MOSELEY.

URTICACEAE.

BCEHMERIA, Jacq.

. CYLINDRICA, Sw. False Nettle.
Common.

LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud.

. CANADENSIS, Gaudichaud. Wood-Nettle.
Common.

PARIETARIA, L.

. PENNSYLVANICA, Muhl. Pellitory.
Abundant.

PILEA, Lindl.

. PuMILA, Gray. Richweed. Clearweed.

Common. Kelley’s the only island.
URTICA, L. Nettle.

. GRACILIS, Ait.
Common.

SANTALACE-=.

COMANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.

- UMBELLATA, Nutt.
Frequent.

ARISTOLOCHIACE-E.
ARIRTOLOCHIA, L.

. SERPENTARIA, L. Virginia Snakeroot.

Florence, Berlin, Perkins, Margaretta; scarce.

ASARUII, L. Wild Ginger.

. ACUMINATUM, Bicknell.
Florence and probably elsewhere.

75

76

Ino) sg) rf) a= a0)

. REFLEXuUM, Bicknell.

. DUMETORUM, L. Copse or Hedge Buckwheat.

. HARTWRIGHTI Gray.* (:

.°HYDROPIPER. Smart-weed. Water Pepper.

. HYDROPIPEROIDES, Michx. Mild Water Pepper.

SANDUSKY FLORA.

Huron River, Milan, and probably elsewhere.
The variety ambiguum also occurs.

POLYGONACE~€. I

FAGOPYRUII, Gaertn. 4

ESCULENTUM, Moench. Buckwheat. Yq
Infrequent, except in fields where it has sometime ~ 4
been sown. | ia
POLYGONUM, L. Knotweed.

. AcrE, H. B. K. Water Smartweed, ‘
Common. ag

. AMPHIBIuM, L.* | 4

Marblehead ; rare.

ARIFOLIUM, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.
Bristol’s woods, Florence. a

AVICULARE, L.. Knot-grass. Door-weed. :
Abundant.

CAREYI, Olney.”
Southern Perkins.

convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed.
Common.

Milan, Marblehead. This or P. SCANDENS is
common and grows on the Islands.

. ERECTUM, L. Erect Knotweed. Aa

Common. )

A few plants near L. S. & M.S. freight house.
Doubtless introduced.

Common.

Infrequent. Kelley’s Island.

BG en Wie

MOSELEY. TT

. INCARNATUM Ell.

Frequent in wet places near Lake Hrie and
Sandusky Bay, also at Castalia.

. LAPATHIFOLIUM, L.

Cedar Point, Lockwood’s ; infrequent.

. LITTORALE, Link.*

Sandusky; frequent. Kelley’s Island, and
probably many other places near Lake Hrie,
We failed to distinguish it, till recently, from
P. aviculare.

. MUHLENBERGII, Watson.

Frequent. Islands.
orientale, L.
Barely naturalized in two or three places.

. PENNSYLVANICuM, L.

Abundant. Kelley’s and Middle Bass the 7 one
islands where it has been noticed.

. persicaria, L. Lady’s Thumb.

Abundant.

. RAMOSISSIMUM, Michx.*

Hill’s woods, southern Perkins ; one plant.

. SaGiITTaTuM, L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.

Frequent.

. SCANDENS, L. Climbing False Buckwheat.

Margaretta, Cedar Point and probably elsewhere.
See P. dumetorum.

. TENUE, Michx.* :

Marblehead; frequent. Margaretta, between
quarry and Castalia road. Only in thin soil over-
lying the lime stone.

. VIRGINIANUM, L.

Common. Not ou the Islands.

RUMEX, L.

. acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel.

Abundant. Put-in-Bay; rare. ‘“Kelley’s Lana. “ft
Not on other islands.

Pol eosen)< ech teasine|

SANDUSKY FLORA. va

. ALTIsstmus, Wood. Pale Dock. i
Sandusky by Big Four track, Put-in-Bay; rare;
also Oak Harbor, Ottawa County.

. BRITANNICA, L. Great Water-Dock. wee

Marshes connected with Sandusky Bay; frequent. :
. crispus, L. Curled Dock.
Abundant.
. obtusifolius, L. Bitter Dock. be
Common. ‘9
. VERTICILLATUS. a

Common in marshes. ‘i

CHENOPODIACE~..

ATRIPLEX, L. Orache.

. ARGENTEA, Nutt.

Near Big Four R. R., Sandusky and Castalia;
“Larey,.
. HasTaTa, L. .
Common near Lake and Bay. In many noes in
Sandusky the most common weed.

. LITTORALIS, L.*

Sandusky ; frequent. Huron.

CHENOPODIUN, L. Pigweed. : %
. album, L. Lamb’s Quarters. Pigweed.
Common.
. album viride, Moq. |
Common.

. atnbrosioides, L. Mexican Tea.

L.S.& M.S.R.R. yards, Sandusky; rare.
. BOSCIANUM, Mog. Bs
Cedar Point, Perkins, Kelley’s Island, and, ~
doubtless, elsewhere.

ae

/

MOSELEY. = 79

. botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.

G

Western part of Erie Co., mostly along railways
(C.S. & H. and L. E. & W). Marblehead.
Kelley’s Island. Infrequent except on Marble-
head. -

glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot.
Castalia prairie and along L. E. & W. Ry. at
Castalia and Sandusky; rare.

. HYBRIDUM, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.

Islands, Peninsula, Cedar Point, Perkins,
Margaretta; frequent.

. LEPTOPHYLLUM, Nutt.*

Cedar Point and probably elsewhere; infrequent.

murale; 1).

Sandusky; infrequent.

. urbicum, L.

Rather frequent on the Peninsula, and in the
western third of Erie Co. Kelley’s Island.

ATIARANTACE4E.

ACNIDA, L.

TUBERCULATA, Mog.
Wet ground near Lake and Bay and at Castalia;
infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass

AMARANTUS, L.. Amaranth. ,

. ALBUS, L. Tumble Weed.

Common.

. BLITOIDES, Watson.

Common.

. chlorostachys, Willd.

Common.

. hypochondriacus, L.

Sandusky, Perkins; scarce.

* Ned, {i it My bar as % Fo }
J 4 4 ps ete fae "
) ‘ ' He Ante, rik wn
: y Pret
7 \ Hf Ray aS
yw teh
Pia My
{ ‘ Me) Vi
4 J
} Jy
f; a
80 * SANDUSKY FLORA.

A. paniculatus, L.
~ Roadsides, Sandusky and Islands; infrequent. ©
A. retroflexus, L.
Common.

PHYTOLACCACEAE. a

PHYTOLACCA, L.

P. pEcANDRA, L. Poke. Scoke. Bighene eee oo a
get. Common.

NYCTAGINACE=.

OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. — Fi

O. NYCTAGINEUS, Sweet.
L.S. & M.S. Ry. in eastern Sanit

AIZOACE-E.

3 ; MOLLUGO, L.

M. VERTICILLATA, L. Carpet-weed.
Sandusky, southern Perkins, Milan; local.

PORTULACACE4.
CLAYTONIA, L. le

C. vireinica, L. Spring Beauty.
Abundant.

PORTULACA, L.

P. oleracea, L. Purslane. | aa
Abundant. Se

MOSELEY. 81

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

ANYCHIA, [lichx. Forked Chickweed.

A. CAPILLACEA, DC.
Infrequent. Put-in-Bay.
A. picHoToma, Michx.
Marblehead, Catawba, infrequent. Plentiful in
places on the shale in Oxford and Perkins.
ARENARIA, L. Sandwort.

> : i

A. LATERIFLORA, L.
Lake woods, Port Clinton and Big woods,
Perkins; rare.

A. serpyllifola, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.
Islands, Peninsula, Margaretta, western Perkins;

. frequent.

A. stricta, Michx. |
Islands, Peninsula, Margaretta, western Perkins,
Cedar Point; locally common.

CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

C. nuTANS, Raf.
Frequent. Islands.
C. OBLONGIFOLIUM, Torrey.*
More frequent than the last on Islands and
Peninsula and in the western half of Erie Co.
C. vulgatum, L.
Common.

LYCHNIS, L.

L. dioica, L. Red Lychnis.
Avery; probably adventive.
L. githago, Scop. Corn Cockle.
Common. Kelley’s the only Island.
L. vespertina, Sibth.
Franz Otto’s, Perkins.

a

82

SANDUSKY FLORA.

SAPONARIA, L.

. officinalis, L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.

Frequent. Islands.

SILENE, L.

. ANTIRRHINA, L. Sleepy Catchfly.

Frequent. Kelley’s Island.

. conica, L.* Corn Catchfly.

‘Sandy field west of B. & O. R. R., southern
Perkins.”” Ross Ransom. The first recorded
appearance of this plant in the United States was
at Clyde, Sandusky County, where it was intro-
duced in Crimson Clover seed, 1896.

. cucubalus, Wibel.* Bladder Campion.

Well established and increasing in a field of
James Hamilton, Kelley’s Island.

. dichotoma, Ehrh. Forked Catchfly.

Northeast of Port Chnton; probably adventive.

. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly.

Sandusky ; scarce.

. VIRGINICA, L. Fire Pink.

Put-in-Bay; frequent. Kelley’s Island. Ca-
tawba, Hartshorn’s, Johnson’s Island. ‘‘ Cedar
Point,” Alden Knight.

STELLARIA, L.

. LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort.

Frequent.
. media, Cyrill. Common Chickweed.
Abundant.
NYTIPHAEACE-.

BRASENIA, Schreber.

. PELTATA, Pursh. Water-shield.

Cedar Point; one plant.

MOSELEY. 83

NELUIMBIUI, Adans. Sacred Bean.

N. LureEumM, Willd. American Nelumbo or Lotus.

Water Chinkapin or Wankapin.

In still, deep, water at several places about
Sandusky Bay, in the East and West Harbors,
at Port Clinton where a large amount of it
grows in the Portage River, and west to Monroe,
Michigan, but believed to grow nowhere along
the American shore of Lake Erie east of the
mouth of the Old Woman Creek. A hundred
acres of it at the head of Sandusky Bay and
along the river, more, probably, than the whole
quantity in the United States farther east. The
lotus has the largest flowers and largest leaves
of any plant in the Sandusky flora. Petioles
sometimes 9 feet long ; ‘‘ blades 26 inches broad.”’

NUPHAR, Smith. Spatter-Dock.

N. apvEna, Ait. Yellow Pond-Lily.

Sandusky Bay, Middle Bass, Blair Creek;
freqnent.

NYMPHAEA, Tourn. Water-Lily.

N. TUBEROSA, Paine.

Common in still waters connected with the Bay
and Lake.

CERATOPHYLLACE-,

CERATOPHYLLUII, L. Hornwort.

C. DEMERSUM, L.

Sandusky Bay, East Harbor, Port Clinton, Put-
in-Bay; common.

84. SANDUSKY FLORA.

MAGNOLIACE.

LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip-tree.

L. TULIPIFERA, L.
Scarce in the western but frequent in the eastern
part of the county, where many of the largest
trees in the primeval forest were of this species. ;
Lakeside. Commonly called White-wood andim- ©
properly, Yellow Poplar and White Poplar.
The wood suitable for pumps, troughs and
hollow ware.

MAGNOLIA, L. ; a

M. acuminata, L. Cucumber-tree.
Two trees near the iron bridge across east
branch of Vermillion River. ‘Big woods,
Perkins.”

AMONACEA&. f
ASIMINA, Adans.

A. TRILOBA, Dunal. North American Papaw.
Not found near Sandusky, but near Milan and
in many places east from there to the Vermillion
River, especially along the Old Woman Creek and ©
other streams. Also in the forest west of :
Castaliain Sandusky Co, ‘‘Formerly on Kelley’s =

iy

Island.”’ oe

; Q

RANUNCULACEZE. Bi

ACT/BA, L.

A. aLBa, Mill. White Baneberry. i
Frequent. ‘

A. SPICATA RUBRA, Ait. Red Baneberry. 4
Cedar Point, Perkins, Margaretta Ridge; scarce. ers)

pperiin.

a”, =
rail ge SEP

MOSELEY. 85

ANETIONE, L.

. ACUTILOBA, Laws. (Hepatica acutiloba, D C.)

Liver-leaf.
Frequent. Islands.

. CYLINDRICA, Gray. Long-fruited Anemone.

Infrequent but observed in eight townships.

. DICHOTOMA, L. (A pennsylvanica, L.)—

Common. All islands, except Kelley’s.

. HEPATICA, L. (Hepatica triloba, Chaix) Liver-leaf.

Frequent. Not observed in Florence where A.
acutiloba is rather common. Islands. Both
species more frequent on the Peninsula than in
Erie Co.

. NEMoROSA, L. Wind-flower. Wood Anemone.

Common.

. THALICTROIDES, L. Rue-Anemone.

Common. Sometimes.double. In blossom as
late as September.

. VIRGINIANA, L.

Frequent. Islands.

AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine.

. CANADENSIs, L.

Not noticed near Sandusky, except on Cedar
Point, but common among rocks on the Penin-
sula and Islands and at Margaretta Ridge.
Berlin, Vermillion, Florence. Adorns the rocky
shores of the islands.

CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold.

. PALUSTRIS, L.

Frequent.

CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbane.

. RACEMOSA, Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh.

Common in woods in eastern part of Erie Co,
and extending west to Perkins.

86 SANDUSKY FLORA.

CLEMATIS, L. Virgin’s Bower

C. VIRGINIANA, L. %
Frequent. North Bass.

DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur.
D. ajacis, L. 4
Spontaneous in gardens and near them.

D. AZUREUM, Michx.
One plant found by L. S. & M. S. Ry. between

Venice and Bay Bridge, by Will Newberry.
Probably adventive.

HYDRASTIS, Ellis. Orange-root.

H. CANADENSIS, L. Golden Seal. :
Frequent in rich woods long undisturbed.
“Kelley’s Island.” ‘‘ Catawba.”

ISOPYRUM, L. ae

I. BITERNATUM, Torr & Gray.
Vermillion River, southeren Florence; scarce.
‘‘Huron River at Norwalk”’ Leslie D. Stair.

NIGELLA, L. :

N. damascena, L. Fennel-flower. x : 4
Spontaneous in gardens and rarely escaped. 4

RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. a

R. aBortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. \
Common. “4

R. acris, L. Tall or Meadow Buttercup. a.
Florence, Berlin, Huron, Sandusky, Put-in-Bay;
infrequent.

R. circinaTus, Sibth. Stiff Water Crowfoot.
Sandusky Bay, Castalia, Mill’s Creek; frequent. 3

R. FascicuLaRis, Muhl. Early Buttercup.
Margaretta, Huron, Peninsula, Johnson’s Island, <3
Kelley’s Island; locally plentiful.

ee gt

“

MOSELEY. 87

. MULTIFIDUS, Pursh.

House’s swamp, Perkins; Castalia; Peninsula;
Islands; infrequent.

. OBTUSIUSCcULUS, Raf. (R. ambigens, Watson,)

Water Plantain Spearwort.
Millan and Florence; rare.

. PENNSYLVANICUS, L. f. Bristly Buttercup.

Sandnsky and Willow Point near the Bay,
Catawba; rare.

. RECURTATUS, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot.

Frequent, especially along rivers.

. SCELERATUS, L. Cursed Crowfoot.

Frequent. Islands.

. SEPTENTRIONALIS, Poir. Swamp or Marsh Butter-

cup.
Common. Kelley’s and ‘‘Put-in-Bay’’ the only
islands.

THALICTRUII, L. Meadow-Rue.

. DioIcuM, L. Early Meadow-Rue.

Common. —

. POLYGAMUM, Muhl. Tall Meadow-Rue.

Frequent.

. PURPURASCENS, L. Purplish Meadcw-Rue.

Frequent, especially near Castslia.

BERBERIDACE.

BERBERIS, L. Barberry.

. VULGARIS, L. Common Barberry.

Woods, Milan and MHuron; rare. Seeds
probably dropped by birds.

CAULOPHYLLUII, MMichx. Blue Cohosh.

. THALICTROIDES, Michx.

Florence, Vermillion, Berlin, Perkins, Johnson’s
Island; infrequent.

88 SANDUSKY FLORA.

JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twin-leaf.

J. BINATA, Barton, (J. DIPHYLLAa, Pers. )

Johnson’s Island, but nowhere else near
Sandusky. Lockwood’s woods, ‘Peninsula.
Several places along Vermillion River, Florence.

PODOPHYLLUM, L. Mandrake.

P. pELTATUM, L. May-Apple.
Abundant. Fruit edible. ‘‘Leaves and roots
poisonous.” Gray.

MENISPERMACEE.
MENISPERMUII, L, Moonseed.

M. CANADENSE, L.
Frequent. Islands.

LAURACEA:.
LINDERA, Thumb.

L. BENZOIN, Meisn. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush.
In rich woods in Erie County the most abundant
shrub.

SASSAFRAS, Nees.

S. OFFICINALE, Nees.
Frequent. ‘‘Formerly on the Islands.” Sub-
merged trunks found in Huron Marsh. See page
15. Some trees on the Peninsula measured by
J. R. Kelly have trunks with circumferences as
Tollow,s):\.8> th le ass) sab) aay LO aa ae ane
Formerly sassafras oil was made in Sandusky.

PAPAVERACEAE,

CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine.
C. majus, L.
Scarce.

Pt

of

‘

a

z oS
SSA Pent Se sie Be Ae eS ON POR oe NT OE

an
er ss

poe Rn nee ene an ae REST ee aa ony

pr

- = 4
Se ee Oe eee hee eon Re

Gor

4

MOSELEY. 89

PAPAVER, L. Poppy.

5 argemone, L. Rough-fruited Corn-Poppy.

b)

“Tn a Crimson Clover field, Perkins.’’ Ross

Ransom. Probably adventive.

. somniterum, L. Opium Poppy.

Along a railroad, Sandusky; rare and
adventive.

SANGUINARIA, Dell. Blood-root.

. CANADENSIS, L.

Frequent. Islands.

FUMARIACE-E.

CORYDALIS, Vent.

. AUREA, Willd. Golden Corydalis.

“Port Clinton,’’ Leslie D. Stair.

. FLAVULA, DC.

Peninsula and Islands including Johnson’s.
‘‘Cedar Point.” Krebs.

DICENTRA, Borkh.

. CANADENSIS, Walp. Squirrel Corn.

Berlin, Florence, Milan, Perkins; rare.
‘Vermillion ’’ Otto K. Todd.

. CUCULLARIA, Bernh. Dutchman’s Breeches.

Frequent. All the Islands.
FUMARIA, L. Fumitory.

. officinalis, L.

Sandusky, Cedar Point, Kelley’s Island; rare.

CRUCIFER-.

ALYSSUM, L.

. CALYCINUM, L.

‘‘Catawba’’ Nettie Schnaitter.

4

90

Ae

_ DENTATA, Torr & Gray.

. DRUMMONDH, Gray. (A. COoNFINIs. Watson.)

. HIRSUTA, Scop.

. LEVIGATA. DC.
DE NORV AMAYAN ea:

. PERFOLIATA, Lam. Tower Mustard.

. VULGARIS, R. Br. Yellow Rocket.

: napus, L. Rape.

. nigra, Kock. Black Mustard,

. MARITIMA, Scop. (C. AMERICANA, Nutt. )

\

SANDUSKY FLORA. °

ARABIS, L. Rock Cress.

CANADENSIS, L.. Sickle-pod.
Perkins, Margaretta, Peninsula, Johnson’s
Island, Put-in-Bay. Middle Bass; infrequent.

Cedar Point, Florence, Johnson’s Island, Nora
Bass, Green Island; infrequent.

SS Sse te oes

Cedar Point and Islands; frequent.

Marblehead; common. Catawba, Mouse Island,
Margaretta, Huron River.

5 y $ *
Sweatt eet i - ~ ayant
aS Pe ee ees en ae es

Frequent. Islands.

=

Cedar Point; common. Perkins, Marblehead.

— ve
oe oo

Johnson’s Island; rare.

BARBAREA, R. Br. Winter Cress.

Frequent, Green Island. Some of the specimens,
at least, belong to the ‘‘variety”’ stricta, which
may be distinct. :

NS es Pee ae a Re en Se

A

whe wane

BRASSICA, L.

Se es

- onan
ee & ee

Sandusky, Vermillion; adventive.

Common.

. sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock. a

Abundant. a

CAKILE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket.

Roa eS. ae Oe

Seah *
Sienna

Shores of Lakeand Bay ; common.

MOSELEY. 91

CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax.

. sativa, Crantz.
Sandusky and Avery; rare.

CAPSELLA, Medic. Shepherd’s Purse.

. bursa-pastoris, Medic.
Abundant.

CARDAIIINE, L. Bitter Cress.

. DIPHYLLA, Wood. Two-leaved Toothwort.
Huron River near Millan; rare. Florence;
searce. ‘Berlin Heights” Chas. Judson. —

. LaciniaTa, Wood. Toothwort. Pepperroot.
Common.

. PENNSYLVANICA, Muhl.

Frequent. Kelley’s Island. North Bass.
. RHOMBOIDEA, DC. Spring Cress.

Common.

. RHOMBOIDEA PURPUREA, Torr.

Common. —_

COCHLEARIA, L.

. armoracia, L. (Nasturtium arnoracia, Fries.)
Horseradish. ‘
Frequent. Islands.

CONRINGIA, Link.

. orientalis, Dum.* Hare’s-ear Mustard.
Four plants found along railroad near ice houses,
eastern Sandusky, 1897, by Geo. Gilbert.

J
DRABA, Dill. Whitlow-Grass.

. CAROLINIANA, Walt.
Common on Marblehead and in some places in
Margaretta in thin soil overlying the limestome.

\

Ji yieig aie
‘‘Perkins,’’ Lindsey House. rare.

92

EH.

SANDUSKY FLORA.

ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Mustard.
PARVIFLORUM, Nutt.*

One place along L. E. & W. Ry., west of Castalia;

rare.

LEPIDIUM, L Pepperwort. Peppergrass.

. APETALUM, Willd. (L. INTERMEDIUM, Gray. )

Sandusky ; infrequent.

. campestre, R. Br.

~

Sandusky, Perkins, Margaretta, Peninsula,

Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. Common in places,

especially on the Peninsula.

. VIRGINICUM, L. Wild Peppergrass.

Common.
NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water-Cress.

. LACUSTRE, Gray. Lake Cress.

Shinrock; rare.

. officinale, R. Br. True Water-Cress.

Castalia; frequent.

. PALUSTRE, D C. Marsh Cress. |
Common. On the Islands, and generally near

the Lake or Bay, the variety hispidum is more :

common.

. sylvestre, R. Br.* Yellow Cress.

Four places in Perkins, three of them near or not ~

far from Pipe Creek.
ae SISYMBRIUM, L.

. allaria, Scop.

““Kelley’s Island.” Probably adventive.

. CANESCENS, Nutt. Tansy Mustard.

Cedar Point, Marblehead, Islands; frequent.

. officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard.

Common.
THLASPI, L.

. arvense, L. Field Pennycress.

Sandusky; rare and adventive.

MOSELEY. ‘ 93

CAPPARIDACE.

CLEOIMIE, L.

. GRAVEOLENS, Raf. (POLANISIA GRAVEOLENS, Raf. )

Common on sandy beaches. Also in gravel along
We. 82 We R. R

RESEDACE-.

RESEDA, L. Mignonette.

. lutea, 0

Sandusky, Kelley’s Island; rare and adventive.

DROSERACEAE.

DROSERA, L. Sundew.

. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L.

East of Milan; very rare.

CRASSULACE-.

PENTHORUII, Gronoyv. Ditch Stone-crop.

. SENOIDES, L. 5

Frequent. Islands.

SEDUII, L. Stone-crop. Orpine.

. acre, L. Mossy Stone-crop.

Kelley’s Island, roadside by the cemetery. Cae
Point near the rout House. Escaped.

. telephium, L. Orpine. Laive-for-ever.

Bogart, Castalia, and Sandhill cemeteries. Put-
in-Bay, North Bass, ‘‘ Marblehead”’ U G. Sanger

. TERNATUM, Michx. Wild Stone-crop.

Frequent at the foot of steep shale banks of
streams. Put-in-Bay. Gibraltar.

94. SANDUSKY FLORA.

SAXIFRAGACAE.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L. Golden Saxifrage. i

C. AMERICANUM, Schwein. q

Vermillion River, Florence; two places.

HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. ri

H. AMERICANA, L.
Common.

MITELLA, L. Bishop’s-Cap. Mitrewort. Bh

‘M. vrewyita, L. f

Infrequent. a

PARNASSIA, L. Grass of Parnassus. |

P. CAROLINIANA, Michx. eo

Castalia; frequent. Perkins, Milan, Florence;

rare.-
PHILADELPHUS, L.

oe

P. coronarius, L. Mock Orange. Syringa.
Sparingly escaped at ponduely and Berlin .
Heights. hi

SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage.

S. PENNSYLVANICA, L. Swamp Saxifrage.
Milan and Florence; scarce.

TIARELLA, L. False Mitrewort.

T. CORDIFOLIA, L.
East fork, Vermillion River; rare.

GROSSULARIACE-,
‘RIBES, L.

R. auREUM, Pursh. Missouri or Buffalo Currant. . 4
Well established on south side of Kelley’s tela
Roadside near a house in Margaretta.

R. CYNOSBATI. L, Gooseberry. | om
Common.

MOSELEY. 95

R. FLoripuM, L’Her. Wild Black Currant.

Infrequent. Kelley’s Island.

R. LACUSTRE, Poir.

‘“‘Cedar Point.’”’. Millie Carter.

HAMAMELIDACEAE.

Hamamelis, L. Witch-Hazel.

H. VIRGINIANA, L.

> ee e -

Florence, Vermillion, Berlin, Milan; frequent.
“Portage River:”

PLATANACE=.

PLATANUS, L. Sycamore.

P. OCCIDENTALIs, L. Buttonwood.

Frequent. Islands. The largest tree in Erie
county is probably the buttonwood six miles
south of Sondusky, in the woods, but near the
road and a little east of Pipe Creek.

ROSACEZ.

AGRITIONIA, L. Agrimony.

. EUPATORIA, L.

Common. Kelley’s the only Island.

. MOLLIs, Torr. & Gray.

Perkins and doubtless elsewhere.

. PARVIFLORA, Soland.

Frequent. In places, abundant.

. sTRIATA Michx.

Margaretta Ridge. Probably elsewhere.
FRAGARIA, L. Strawberry.

S MES@ AL Ul. -

Peninsula, Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay, Cedar
Point, Margaretta, Berlin; frequent in rocky
places. i

96 SANDUSKY FLORA.

F. VIRGINIANA, Duchesne.
Common. Kelley’s, Put-in-Bay and Mouse the
only Islands. Many specimens answer to de-
scription of the ‘‘ variety ”’ il/inoense.

GEUM, L. Avens.

G. ALBuM, Gmelin.
Common.
G. sTRICTUM, Soland.
Southern Perkins; rare. .
G; VERNUM, Torr. & Gray.
Johnson’s Island, Marblehead, Berlin, Perkins,
etc.; rather frequent.
G. VIRGINIANUM, L.
Frequent. Kelley’s Island? Put-in-Bay.

NEILLIA, D. Don. Ninebark.

N. OPULIFOoLIA, Benth. & Hook.
Common on rocky shores of Peninsula and
Islands. *Vermillion River; rare.

POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil.

P. aNSERINA, L. Silver-weed.
Common on sandy shores of Lake and Bay, back
a few yards from the water. Middle Bass, North
Bass, Rattlesnake Island.

P. arcuta, Pursh.
Marblehead, Port Clinton, Put-in-Bay, Marga-
retta Ridge, Krieger’s, Perkins; infrequent.

P. CANADENSIS, L. Five-finger.
Common. Not on the Islands.

P. FRuTICosA, L. Shrubby Cinquefoil.
Castalia prairie; common. In blossom as late as
October 10th.

P. NoRVEGICA, L.
Frequent. In places abundant. Put-in-Bay.

P. supina, L.
Huron and several places about Sandusky Bay.

i

MOSELEY. 97

ROSA, L. Rose.

. BLANDA, Ait.

Cedar Point, Oxford, Groton, Margaretta; local.

. CAROLINA, L.

Common.

. HUMILIS, Marsh.

Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the only
Islands.

. rubiginosa, L. Sweetbrier. Eglantine.

Frequent. Islands.

. SETIGERA, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose.

Perkins, Groton, Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island,
Peninsula, Mouse Island, Kellev’s Island, Middle
Bass; common. Well worth cultivating.

RUBUS, L. Bramble.

. CANADENSIS, L. Low Blackberry, Dewberry,

Common.

. HIspipus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry.

East of Milan, Berlin, Vermillion, Joseph Smith’s,
Perkins; local.

. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.

Common.

. opoRATUS, L. Purple-flowering Raspberry.

‘“‘Near Vermillion River north of Birmingham”’

_ Mrs. W. H. Olds. I have seen this handsome
species at Buffalo, Ashtabula, Cleveland and in
Lorain County within a few rods of Erie County,
but no farther west.

. SETOSUS, Bigel.* Bristly Blackberry.

Prairie, Oxford and Perkins; common.

. sTRIGOSUS, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.

Old huckleberry swamp near Axtell; rare.
‘Other places’’?

. TRIFLORUS, Richardson. Dwarf Raspberry.

German settlement, Perkins, and east fork of Ver-
million River; rare. Also in the forest west of
Castalia, in Sandusky County.

98

Rt

A.

SANDUSKY FLORA.

viLLosus, Ait. High Blackberry.
Common.

SPIRAEA, L. Meadow-Sweet.

. LOBATA, Jacq.* Queen of the Prairie.

Southwest of Castalia; local.
A beautiful plant.

. SALICIFOLIA, L. Common Meadow-sweet.

Oxford, Perkins, Milan, Florence; infrequent.

. TOMENTOSA, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush.

Oxford prairie; very rare.

POMACEZ=.

AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-berry.

. CANADENSIS, Torr & Gray. Shad-bush. Service-

berry.

Frequent. Islands.

OBLONGIFOLIA, Torr & Gray.

Cedar Point, Mouse Island, Kelley’s Island;
scarce. :

CRATAEGUS, L. Thorn.

. COCCcINEA, L,

Common. Put-in-bay; scarce. North Bass. No
other islands.

. CRUS-GALLI. L. Cockspur Thorn.

Frequent.

. oxyacantha, L. English Hawthorn.

In a thicket, Vermillion and two places in Huron.
seed probably dropped by birds.

. PUNCTATA, Jacq.

Perkins, Shinrock, Florence. Frequent in
Florence. ‘‘ Marblehead’’ Gertrude Johnson.

. SUBVILLOSA, T. & G. (C. CoccINEa MoLLis, T. & G.)

- Common. Kelley’s the only Island. ©

. TOMENTOSA, L.

Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass.

Se Se S se ae ea Rade aE 33 Nee ee ee ee Or

t E
2 Se

Ser ee oe

-

Fa

sb

Pm

—

FI ee x
Se a Pertti ee gt eT a

MOSELEY. 99°

PYRUS, L.

. AMERICANA, D C.* American Mountain-Ash.

In thickets, Rattlesnake Island, Put-in-Bay and
several places in Erie County. Doubtless from
seeds dropped by birds.

. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ait.*

‘‘Margaretta’’ Flossie Nolan. Perkins, scarce.

. ARBUTIFOLIA, L. f. Choke-berry.

Tisdell’s, Vermillion; rare.

. ARBUTIFOLIA MELANOCARPA, Hook.

Milan, Berlin, Vermillion, Marblehead; infrequent

. communis, L. Pear.

In woods or by roadsides, Perkins, Groton,
Catawba, Put-in-Bay; rare. ‘ Kelley’s Island.”

. CORONARIA, L. American Crab-Apple.

Frequent. Put-in-Bay.

. malus, L. Apple.

Frequent. Islands.

DRUPACE/.

PRUNUS, L.

; AMERICANA, Marshall. Wild Yellow or Red Plum.

Rather frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay.

. avium, L. Sweet Cherry.

In several woods where, doubtless, it has started
from pits dropped by birds. Kelley’s Island.

. CUNEATA, Raf.*

Oxford prairie; rare.

. persica, Stokes. Peach.

Roadsides; infrequent. Islands. 300,000 bnshels
of peaches, raised on Catawba, wereshipped from
there in 1898, enough to have supplied more than
a peck to every family in the western’ half of
the United States.

* 100 _ SANDUSKY FLORA.

P. serRoTINA, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.
Common. Timber found in the submerged forest,
Huron marsh. Mr. W. H. Todd says that these
cherries are more attractive to birds than grapes,
and that it pays to plant the trees near vineyards
for this reason. Are they not worth planting for
the timber?

P. virciniana, L. Choke-Cherry.
Abundant on Cedar Point and Islands. Much
less common elsewhere.

CAESALPINACE-.
CASSIA, L. Senna.

B. cHamMacrista, L. Partridge Pea.

Common on the shale in Oxford, Perkins, and
Huron near the ‘‘slate’ cut. Infrequent along
railroads in Sandusky. Catawba.

C. maryLanpica, L. Wild Senna.
Margaretta, Johnson’s Island, Marblehead; in-
frequent. ‘‘ Port Clinton.”

CERCIS, L. Judas-tree.

C. CANADENSIS, L. Red-bud.

Peninsula; frequent. Margaretta; infrequent.
Milan; scarce.
GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust.

G. TRIACANTHOS, L. Three-thorned Acacia. Honey-
Locust. |
Common, especially near Sandusky and in
Ottawa county. A tree of great expanse stands
on Osborn St. near Hayes Ave.

GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree.
_ G. CANADENSIS, Lam. has

Distribution peculiar and the tree not generally
known. It grows on all of the eight islands on

MOSELEY. 101

which I have collected, yet on Put-in-Bay seems
limited to onespot near the south point. Marble-
head, one standing by the side of thé principal
street; Catawba; Port Clinton where Dr. Hitch-
cock said there were fifty on one acre, Margar-
etta, several places; Perkins, Gurley’s; Huron,
one by the Sandusky road; Berlin, formerly on
Sterling Hill’s place and elsewhere; Vermillion,
near Axtel; Florence, near Terryville.

PAPILIONACE4=

AMPHICARP/@A, Ell. Hog Pea-nut.

. MONOICA, Ell.

Common.

. PITCHERI, Torr & Gray.*

Perkins, Milan, Cedar Point, Catawba, Islands;
frequent.

APIOS, Boerhaave. Ground-nut. Wild Bean.

. TUBEROSA, Moench.

Rather frequent. ‘* Tubers edible.”’
ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch.

. CANADENSIS, L.

Shores of the Islands and about Sandusky Bay;
frequent.

BAPTISIA, Vent. False Indigo.

. LEUCANTHA, Torr & Gray.

Oxford and southern Perkins; infrequent.

. TINCTORIA, R. Br. Wild Indigo.

Oxford, Perkins, eastern , Milan, Vermillion, '
Florence; infrequent.

DESMODIUM, Desv. Tick-Trefoil.

. ACUMINATUM, DC.

Common. Not on the Islands. Some specimens
show a reversion,of loments to leaves. See sixth
annual report, page 32.

102

Bre Os oe

. DILLENI, Darlingt.

SANDUSKY FLORA.

. CANADENSE, DC.

Frequent.

. CANESCENS, DC. ]

Common.

. CILIARE, DC.

Margaretta Ridge, Berlin Heights, east of Milan
and Joseph Smith’s woods, Perkins; infrequent.

. CUSPIDATUM, Hooker.

Infrequent.

Frequent. Put-in-Bay.

. ILLINOENSE, Gray.*

Marblehead, Margaretta, southern Perkins;
scarce.

. LINEATUM, DC.*

Joseph Smith’s woods, Perkins; local.

. MARYLANDICUM, F. Boott.

Margaretta Ridge; rare.

. NUDIFLORUM, DC.

Frequent.

. PANICULATUM, DC.

Frequent. Put-in.Bay.

. RIGIDUM, DC.

Infrequent.

. ROTUNDIFOLIUM DC.

Rather frequent in sandy woods, occurring in, at
least, fourteen places in Erie County and on the
Peninsula.

. SESSILIFOLIUM, Torr. and Gray.*

Sandy fields on Margaretta Ridge; common.
Sandhill cemetery. Also ten miles west of Toledo.

LATHYRUS, L. Vetchling.

. MYRTIFOLIUS, Muhl.

Huron River near Enterprise. “L.S. & M.S. Ry.
Sandusky,’’ Elmer Unchrich.

. OCHROLEUCUS, Hook.

Peninsula and Islands.

E>

BSESAE

es <n eet

oe,

MOSELEY. 103

. PALUSTRIS, L.
Common,

L. vENosus, Muhl.*

Margaretta Ridge; considerable.
LESPEDEZA, [lichx. Bush-Clover.

L. caprrata, Michx.

Common, at least in sandy soil.
Not on the Islands.
L. NUTTALLHO, Darl.*
Margaretta Ridge.
L. POLYSTACHYA, Michx.
Margaretta Ridge, East of Milan, Berlin Hepnie
Vermillion, Florence; frequent.
. PROCUMBENS, Michx.
Vermillion; rare.
. RETICULATA, Pers.
Margaretta, Huron, Marblehead, Catawba.
. STUVEI INTERMEDIA, Watson.
Frequent.
. VIOLACEA, Pers.
Frequent.

eles eee see

LUPINUS, L. Lupine.

L. PERENNIS, L. Wild Lupine.
Margaretta Ridge; Joseph’s Smith’s, Perkins;
east of Milan; local. ‘‘Scott’s cemetery”’
Gertrude Taylor.
MEDICAGO, L. Medick.

M. Iupulina, L. Black Medick. Nonesuch.
_ Frequent. Islands. —
M. sativa, L. Lucerne. Alfalfa.

Sandusky, Perkins, Marblehead, Put-in-Bay;
roadsides, scarce. Can be raised in the dry soil of
the Peuinsula and Islands.

MELILOTUS, Juss. Melilot. Sweet Clover.

M. alba Desv. White Melilot.
Abundant.

104. SANDUSKY FLORA.

M. officinalis, Lam. Yellow Melilot.

eke Selle Ae eee

Sandusky, Johnson’s Island, Put-in-Bay; in-
frequent.

PHASEOLUS, L.

. DIVERSIFOLIUS, Pers. (STROPHOSTYLES ANGULOSA,

Ell.) Trailing Wild Bean.
Common on sandy shores. Islands.

PSORALEA, L.

. MELILOTOIDES, Michx.*

Bloomingville cemetery and southeast of Kim- —
ball; indigenous but rare.

ROBINIA, L. Locust-tree.

. PSEUDACACIA, L. Common Locust. False Acacia.

Infrequent. Islands. Naturalized on banks of
Huron River and elsewhere.

The first tree of this species taken to Europe,
1638, was still standing in the Jardin des Plantes,
Paris, in 1890.

TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea.

. VIRGINIANA, Pers. Goat’s Rue. Cat-gut.

Castalia cemetery.
TRIFOLIUII, L. Clover.

. HYBRIDUM, L. Alsike Clover.

Frequent. Put-in-Bay.

. pratense, L. Red Clover.

Common.

. REFLEXUM, L.* Buffalo Clover.

‘“‘Johnson’s Island.”’ .; Minnie Matern.

. REPENS, L. White Clover. -

Common.
VICIA, L. Vetch.

. AMERICANA, Muhl.

Sandusky, especially along L.S. & M.S. R. R.
west of Hancock St., Margaretta Ridge, Ca-
tawhba, Kelley’s Island, North Bass; local. ~

.

MOSELEY. 105

. CAROLINIANA, Walt.

Islands, Peninsula and western part of Erie
county; common.

. sativa, L.

Lakeside, North Bass, Rattlesnake Island; rare.

GERANIACE-=.

ERODIUM, L’Her. Storksbill.

. cicutarium, LéHer.

“Rast of Milan.” Will Bittner.

GERANIUM, L. Cranesbill.

. CAROLINIANUM, L.

Frequent in cultivated ground. Islands.

. MACULATUM, L. Wild Cranesbill.

Common. Kelley’s the only Island.

. ROBERTIANUM, L. Herb Robert.

Common in rocky woods on the Peninsula and all
the Islands. In sand, Cedar Point; frequent.
Florence, but scarce so far from the Lake.
Seldom if ever seen in the interior of Ohio or Mich-
igan. I have seen it in Great Britain, where it is
also native but not so common as on our Islands

and Peninsula. Here it probably thrives better
than anywhere farther south in America. It
blooms from May till late in October and adds
much to the beauty of woodland and rocky
shores.

OXALIDACE-.

OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel.

O. cymMosa, Small.

Common.

106

O.

SANDUSKY FLORA.

sTRICTA, L.
Common.

O. vioLACEA, L. Violet Wood-Sorrel.

Frequent along a stream in south-eastern Milan
and in woods in southern Perkins. Infrequent in
Berlin, Huron, near the Soldiers’ Home and near
the West Harbor. ‘ Florence.”

LINACE.

LINUI, L. Flax.

- SULCATUM.

Widder’s woods and Castalia cemetery, Marga-
retta; Sandhill cemetery; Latham’s, Catawba;
rare.

. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax.

Along railroads; infrequent. Kelley’s Island.

. VIRGINIANUM, L.

Dry unbroken ground, especially at the top OE
high steep banks, Oxford and east; scarce.

RUTACE-.

PTELEA, L. Eig p trees

. TRIFOLIATA, L. Shrubby Trefoil.

Common on the Islands and generally on sandy
shores of the Lake. Occurs also in Florence and
Margaretta. One on Cedar point has a circum-
ference of thirty-four inches, one foot above the
ground.

ZANTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash.

AMERICANUM, Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree.
Perkins, Groton, Cedar Point, Marblehead, Port
Clinton, Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass; frequent.

ORE ae Eee See

MOSELEY. . 107

- SIMARUBACE4~.
Bes ’ AILANTHUS, Desf. . Tree-of-Heaven.

A. glandulosa, Desf. Chinese Sumach.
Naturalized on Cedar Point and in many places
in Sandusky, especially about lumber yards and
near buildings where the shelter from wind, the
reflected sunlight and the protection afforded by
the Bay from untimely frosts enable it to thrive
better than in most places so far north. Woods,
‘Florence, and creek valleys, Berlin; rare.

POLYGALACE-:.,
POLYGALA, L. Milkwort.

P. SANGUINEA, L.
Abundant on the shale, Oxford and southern Per-
kins. Huron, south-east of Milan, Berlin, Ver- oF i
milhon; locally common.

P. SENEGA, L.
Margaretta Ridge, Marblehead, Perkins ceme-
tery; scarce. The variety Jatifolia grows at
Catawba. .

P. VERTICILLATA, L.
Dry soil, especially at the top of steep banks;
infrequent.

P. VERTICILLATA AMBIGUA, Wats & Coult.
South of Huron; rare.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

ACALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury.

BAL VIRGINICA, L.
Abundant.

108 SANDUSKY FLORA.

EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge.

E. commutata, Engelm. . ,
‘Marblehead, Johnson’s Island, Cedar Point,

Willow Point; rare except near the railroad on
Marblehead.

. COROLLATA, L.

Frequent.

. cyparissias, L. Cypress Spurge.

Spreading in and from cemeteries and yards.
Islands.

. DENTATA, Michx.*
Islands, Peninsula and mainland near Sandusky
Bay; frequent.

. Hirsuta, Wiegand.*

Common, but not on the Islands.

. MACULATA, L.

Abundant.

. MARGINATA, Pursh.

1

Naturalized in flower gardens, frequent; else--

where rare.

. peplus, L.*

Along fence, Jefferson St., near Fulton St., San-
dusky, where it has been for a number of years.
. POLYGONIFOLIA, L.

Abundant on sandy shores of Lake Erie. Islands.
. PRESLI, Guss.

Common.

. SERPENS, HBK.*

Johnson’s Island; rare. A lot in Sandusky, va-

cant in 1896, but since used for a building site.

CALLITRICHACE~.
CALLITRICHE, L. Water-Starwort.

. HETEROPHYLLA, Pursh.
Berlin; rare.

MOSELEY. 109

. VERNA, L.

Birmingham and Kimball; rare.

LIMNANTHACE-E.

FLGERKEA, Willd. False Mermaid.

. PROSERPINACOIDES, Willd.

Common in alluvial soil.

ANACARDIACE-.

RHUS, L. Sumach.

. AROMATICA, Ait. Fragrant Sumac.

Cedar Point and Marblehead ; common. Other
parts of the Peninsula, Islands, Margaretta,
western Perkins; frequent.

. COPALLINA, L. Dwarf Sumac.

Oxford and southern Perkins; common. South-
east of Milan.

. GLABRA, L. Smooth Sumac.

Common.

. RADICANS, L. (R. TOXICODENDRON,) Poison Ivy.

Everywhere except on Green Island. Common.
Berries eaten and seeds distributed by birds.

. TYPHINA, L. Staghorn Sumac.

Islands, Peninsula and Cedar Point; abundant.
Lester Carpenter of Kelley’s Island has book-
shelves of this wood, and says that one tree was
sixteen inches in diameter near the ground, and
about fourteen inches, at a height of six feet.
Where else does sumac attain such a size?

. VENENATA, DC. Poison Sumac.

Vermillion; almost exterminated. ‘‘ Formerly in
old huckleberry swamp near Axtel” A. A. Blair
and L. W. Washburn.

110 SANDUSKY FLORA.

ILICACE-.

ILEX, L. Holly.

I. VERTICILLATA, Gray. Winterberry. Black Alder.
Rather frequent. Green Island.

CELASTRACE-=.

CELASTRUS, L. Shrubby Bitter sweet.

C. sCANDENS, L. Wax-work, Climbing Bitter-sweet.
Common. :

EUONYMUS, L. Spindle-tree.

E. ATROPURPUREUS, Jacq. Burning-Bush. Wahoo.
Frequent. Kelley’s Island.

E. ospovatus, Nutt. Running Strawberry Bush.
Islands; Sugar Rock, Catawba; Hartshorn’s;
frequent. Vermillion River, Florence.

STAPHYLEACE4E.
STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut.

S. TRIFOLIA, L. American Bladder-nut.
Frequent. Green Island.

ACERACE-E.
ACER, L. Maple.

A. DASYCARPUM, Ehrh. White or Silver Maple.
Common. Planted for shade.
Wood used in Sandusky in making baskets.
A. RUBRUM, L. Red or Swamp Maple. ©
River banks; infrequent.

a MOSELEY. null

A, SACCHARINUM, Wang. Sugar or Rock Maple.
Common in Florence, where there are many sugar
bushes. Less common in other parts of the
county, on the Peninsula and all the Islands.
Wood used by the Sandusky Furniture Company
for making bowling alleys, and by the Tool Com-
pany for the jaws of hand-screws.

A. SACCHARINUM NIGRUM, Torr & Gray. Black Sugar
Maple.

Frequent. Kelley’s Island. North Bass.

~ NEGUNDO, [oench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.

y N. ACEROIDES, Moench.
Vermillion River, Huron River, Pipe Creek, Shin-
rock, Bay Bridge, Port Clinton, Put-in-Bay;
scarce except along rivers.

HIPPOCASTANACE-.

AESCULUS, L.

AZ. GLABRA, Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye.

ae Frequent along streams and on Johnson’s Island.

Marblehead, Kelley’s Island; scarce. Middle
Bass, one. ‘‘North Bass, one.”’ ‘‘Buckeye Island,
formerly.”’

BALSAMINACE-Z.

IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed.

I. auREA, Muhl. (I. paLiipa, Nutt.) Pale Touch-me-
not.

Frequent in rich soil in damp woods.
Rattlesnake Island.

I. BiFLoRA, Walt. (I. FuLva, Nutt.) Spotted Touch-
me-not.

Common, ‘especially on Cedar Point and shores
of the Islands.

112

SANDUSKY FLORA.

RHAMNACE-E.

CEANOTHUS, L. Reéd-root.

. AMERICANUS, L. New Jersey Tea.

Peninsula, Margeretta Ridge, Perkins, Oxford,
east of Milan; frequent.

. ovaTuS, Desf.

Peninsula; frequent.

VITACE.

VITIS, L. Grape.

. BICOLOR, LeConte. Blue or Winter Grape.

Infrequent. A vine in Peter Maunzer’s woods,
German Settlement, Perkins, is about 80 feet
high and measures 28% inches in circumference. ©

. CORDIFOLIA, Michx. Frost or Chicken Grape.

Milan, Berlin, Vermillion; rather frequent. John-
son’s Island.

HEDERACEA, Ehrh. (AMPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA,

Michx.) Virginia Creeper.
Common. —

. LABRUSCA, L. Northern Fox Grape.

Vermillion, Florence, Berlin, Milan, Oxford.
Rather frequent in Florence.

. RIPARIA, Michx. Riverside or Sweet scented Grape.

Common. Abundant on Cedar Point. Nearly all
the wild grape vines near Sandusky and on the
Islands and Peninsula are of this species. Wild
grapes formerly abounded on the Islands. Vine-
yards have for many years occupied half or more
of the cultivated ground of the Islands,—more
than half theentire area of Middle Bass and North
Bass. Of late they have been to some extent sup-
planted by peach orchards. The yield continues
good,—between six and nine million pounds an-
nually for Ottawa county, surpassed the last few
years by Lake and Cuyahoga counhties,—but the
price has been low.

MOSELEY. 113

TILIACEAE.

TILIA, L. Linden.

T. AMERICANA, L. Basswood. | |
Common. Wood used in Sandusky for making
excelsior and small boxes. Crayon made in San-
dusky is used in nearly every school-house in the
United States and to some extentin Europe. For
the crayon boxes, basswood logs four feet long,
steamed and stripped of bark, are revolved in
front of a knife that peels off long sheets of the re-
quired thickness.. The cores of the logs, about six
inches thick, are sent to Muncie, Indiana, for mak-

ing paper pulp.

MALVACEAE,

ABUTILON, Gaertn. Indian Mallow.

Ae avicennae, Gaertn. Velvet-Leaf.

Common. Cultivated in western China for its
fibre: here a garden weed.

ALTHEA.

A. rosea, Cav. Hollyhock.
Escaped into streets and vacant lots in a hundred
places, in Sandusky; also in many other places in
Erie county and on the Islands and Peninsula.

HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallow.

H. moscHeuTos, L. Swamp Rose-Mallow.
In marshes connected with Sandusky Bay and
the Harbors; frequent. Port Clinton. North
Bass. A showy plant.

114 : SANDUSKY FLORA.

H. trionum, L. Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-Hour.

Venice Mallow. Black-eyed Susan.

Frequent. Not yet well known, but occurring

throughout Frie county, on the Peninsula and:-on
Kelley’s Island. Plentiful in some places.

MALVA, L. Mallow.

M. moschata, L. Musk Mallow.
Scarce. Kelley’s Island.
M. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow.

Abundant.
M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow.
Rare.
SIDA, L.
S. spinosa, L.

Sandusky, Perkins, Peninsula; local.

Island; frequent.

HYPERICACE-.

HYPERICUM, L. St John’s-wort.

se

. ASCYRON, L. Great St. John’s-wort.
Vermillion River, Huron River,
infrequent.

. CANADENSE, L.*

South-east of Milan; rare.

. CANADENSE Magus, Gray.*
Perkins, Groton ; infrequent,

. GYMNANTHUM, Engelm & Gray.*

Prairie, Oxford and Perkins; common.

. KALMIANUM, L.

Prairie north and west of Castalia;
Middle Bass; rare. ‘‘ Put-in-Bay.”’

. MACULATUM, Walt.

Frequent. Rattlesnake Island.

mt om ot

se)

Kelley’s

Shinrock ;

common.

yd i
SO LAs a ES I: tere bes

ee 45 : = ay * + < by
Oe ae Ae a Gt gs ee an a Se pple te,

a

MOSELEY. i 115

H. MUTILUM, L.

Frequent. Common on Oxford prairie.

. perforatum, L. Common St. John’s-wort.

Frequent. Common in parts of Berlin. Kelley’s
Island. Middle Bass.

. SAROTHRA, Michx. (H. NUDICAULE Walt.)

Orange-grass. Pine-weed.
Oxford; common on the shale. Huron, Ver-
million; local.

. VIRGINICUM, L. (ELODES CAMPANULATA, Pursh.)

Marsh St Johns-wort.
Infrequent.

CISTACE.

HELIANTHEMUM, Pers. Frost-weed.

. CANADENSE, Michx.

Margaretta Ridge and Perkins; rare.

H. magus, (L) B.S. P.

East of Milan; infrequent. Cedar Point and
southern Perkins; local.

LECHEA, Kalm. Pinweed.

. LEGGETTH, Britt & Holl.

Leonard’s Hazel Patch, Perkins.

. Mayor, Michx.

Wintergreen woods east of Milan, Bloomingville
cemetery, Castalia cemetery, Smith’s, Perkins;
local. ‘‘Cedar Point’’ Claassen.

. MINOR, L. (L. THyMIFOLIA of Gray’s Manual.)

Vermillion, southern Perkins and east of Milan;
local and scarcer than the last.

VIOLACE-=.

IONIDIUM, Vent.

. CONCOLOR, Benth & Hook. Green Violet.

Vermillion River, Florence; rare.

116

Vv.

. PUBESCENS, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet.

a a
Leer gota
sah ak nai tel Nee

SANDUSKY FLORA.

VIOLA, L. Violet.

. BLANDA, Willd. Sweet White Violet.

One wet field in Margaretta, since plowed up.
‘‘Perkins.”’ ‘‘Berlin.”’ Nan %3
BLANDA PALUSTRIFORMIS, Gray.*
Damp cool rocks, Vermillion River and tributary
ravines ; scarce.
CANINA MUHLENBERGII, Gray. anes Violet.
Vermillion River near Birmingham; one specimen.
Also Rocky Ridge, Ottawa county. ;

_ cucuLLara, Ait. Common Blue Violet.

Abundant. In bloom October 8.

LANCEOLATA, L. Lance-leaved Violet.
Oxford and Perkins prairie; rather frequent.
Vermillion southeast of the village; locally
plentiful.

ovaTa, Nutt.*
Castalia cemetery; rare.

PALMATA, L.
Sandusky, Catawba; scarce.

PEDATIFIDA, G. Don.*
Marblehead; scarce. Margaretta and Perkins
rare.

Common.

PUBESCENS SCABRIUSCULA, Torr & Gray.
Perkins, Milan. Apparently common: we have
confounded it with the species.

ROSTRATA, Pursh. Long-spurred Violet.
Florence; frequent. Berlin Heights, but not
nearer Sandusky.

. SAGITTATA, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. cat.

Prairie, Oxford and Perkins; common. East of
Milan. Vermillion. In bloom October 5.

. STRIATA, Ait. Pale Violet.

Common along rivers and, locally, elsewhere.

; MOSELEY. | 117

V. TENELLA, Muhl. (Viola tricolor arvensis DC.,
perhaps.) Field Pansy. Cedar Point, Johnson’s
Island, Marblehead, Catawba. Put-in-Bay; in-
frequent but apparently indigenous. V. tricolor
L., Pansy, persists where it has been cultivated.
Three other species grow in Cuyahoga county.
See page 30.

CACTACEZ.
OPUNTIA, [ill.. Prickly Pear.

2 O. RAFINESQUH, Engelm.*
ies Cedar Point and one field in Margaretta;
common. Marblehead; scarce.

a THYMELAZACEAE.
a 4 DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Moosewood.

D. PALUSTRIS, L. —
F an One bush on Beecher’s flats, Vermillion River,
southern Florence. ‘‘Formerly plentiful” there.

ELAZAGNACE:.

- SHEPHERDIA, Nutt.

_S. CANADENSIS, Nutt.
ES One spot on east fork Vermillion River; rare.
“Cedar Point,’”’ W. A. Kellerman.

oo LYTHRACE,

AMMANNIA, L.

A. CoccINEA, Rottb.*
Presque Isle Point, Peninsula; local.

118 ‘ SANDUSKY FLORA.

LYTHRUII, L. Loosestrife.

L. ALATUM, Pursh. —
Common, especially on wet prairies.
Put-in-Bay and Middle Bass the only Islands.

NES-EA, Comm, Juss.

N. VERTICILLATA, HBK. (DECODON VERTICILLATUS.
Ell.) Swamp Loosestrife.
Marshes connected with Bay and Lake; common.
Islands.

ROTALA, L.

R. RAMOSIOR, Koehne.
Marblehead; rare. The only spot in northern
Ohio.

MELASTOMACE&.

RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beauty.

R, vircinica, L.* ! Preaek
Southern Perkins and East of Milan; plentiful in
a tew places; regarded rare until 1898.

ONAGRACE-.

CIRC/AEA, L. Enchanter’s Nightshade.

C. ALPINA, L.
Florence, mostly on old logs; scarce,
C. LUTETIANA, L. .
Common. Put-in-bay the only Island.

EPILOBIUI, L. Willow-herb.

E. ADENOCAULON, Haussk.
Castalia, Vermillion in old quarry, Marblehead,
Kelley’s Island, North Bass; infrequent. “

MOSELEY. 119

EH. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed.
Infrequent.
E, CoLORATUM. Muhl.
Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass.
E. LINEARE, Muhl.
' Castalia and Peninsula; infrequent.

GAURA, L.

G. BIENNIS, L.
Rather frequent.

LUDWIGIA, L. False Loosestrife.

1) L. ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Seed-box.
| Common on the shale. Cedar Point.

L. patustris, Ell. Water Purslane.
5 Frequent.

! L. POLYCARPA, Short & Peter.
Oxford, Perkins, Vermillion; infrequent.
@
CENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose.

_ . srennis, L. Common Evening Primrose.
: Common.

_ CB. FRuTICOosA, L. Sundrops.

Be. Kimball; locally plentiful.

GH. OAKESIANA, Robbins.*

Sandusky and probably idee Point and else-

y where about the Lake. Not distinguished from
C2. bennis until 1898, probably for the reason

that it is not annual, as described. Several years

ago August Guenther, at mysuggestion, pulled up

; a large number of Cénotheras on Cedar Point

; and elsewhere, but failed to find one with an an-

P. nual root. One or the other species is very com-

mon on the shores of the Islands.

;

120 SANDUSKY FLORA.

CE. PuMILA, L.

Oxford, southern Perkins, east of Milan, Vermill-
ion; scarce. ‘‘Southern Margaretta,” Elsie Johns.
(2. RHOMBIPETALA, Nutt.* 5;

Cedar Point.

HALORAGIDACE4&.

MYRIOPHYLLUM, L. Water-Milfoil.

M. spicatTum, L. ; peetine
Sandusky Bay, East Harbor, Catawba, Put-in-
Bay; common. |

PROSERPINACGA, L. Mermaid-weed.

P. PALUSTRIS, L.
Perkins, Castalia, Marblehead ; in swamps.

ARALIACE. —
. ARALIA, L.

A. nupicauLis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
; Rather frequent. Green Island, Kelley’s sida

A. QUINOUEFOLIA Decsne & Planch. Ginseng.
A few years ago frequent; now nearly extermin-
ated. The ginseng dug on Put-in-Bay, 1892 and
1893, sold for about $800 at about $3 a pound.
A: RACEMOSA, L. Spikenard.
Frequent on steep banks of streams, and occurs
in several other places.

A. TRIFOLIA, Decsne & Planch. Dwarf Ginseng.
Ground-nut.
Two places in Florence.

MOSELEY. hp lest

UMBELLIFERA.

ARCHANGELIGA, Hoffm.

. ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm.
Castalia; frequent. Perkins.
. HirsuTA, Torr & Gray.

Sandy soil; infrequent.

CARUM, L. Caraway.

OAT Vil oD; j

Infrequent. Islands.
CH4EROPHYLLUM, L.

. PROCUMBENS, Crantz.

Infrequent. Kelley’s Island.

CICUTA, L. Water Hemlock.

. BULBIFERA, L.

Frequent. Islands.

. MACULATA, L. Musquash Root.
Frequent. Kelley’s Island.

CONIUM, L. Poison Hemlock.

. maculatum, L.

Roadside, Groton; local.
CRYPTOTZENIA, DC. Honewort.

. CANADENSIS, DC.
Frequent.

DAUCUS, L. Carrot.

. carota, L.

A weed in some places in the eastern part of Erie
county. Infrequent or scarce in Sandusky and
elsewhere, but, perhaps, spreading from the east.

122

a

SANDUSKY FLORA.

ERIGENIA, Nutt. Harbinger-of Spring.

. BULBOSA, Nutt.

Rather frequent near Sees:
Kelley’s Island.

ERYNGIUM, L.

. YUCCZ4FOLIUM, Michx.*

Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snake-root.

Southeast of Kimball; plentiful. Roadside west.

of Union Corners, and roadside at Joseph Smith’s,
Perkins; rare.

FGENICULUI, Adans, Fennel.

. vulgare, Mill. (F. officinale, All. )

Sandusky and Groton; rare.

HERACLEUM, L. Cow-Parsnip.

. LANATUM, Michx.

Perkins, Florence, Port Clinton; infrequent.

HYDROCOTYLE, L. Water Pennywort.

. AMERICANA, L.

Florence; rare.

OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely.

. BREVISTYLIS, DC.

Common.

. LONGISTYLIS, DC.

Common.
PEUCEDANUM, L.

. sativum, Benth & Hook. Parsnip.

Common. Kelley’s the only island.

TERNATUM, Nutt. (TIEDEMANNIA RIGIDA, Coult Se
Rose.) Cowbane.
Infrequent.

MOSELEY. 123

PIMPINELLA, L.

. INTEGERRIMA, Benth & Hook.

Frequent, especially on rocky hillsides. Kelley’s
Island, Put-in-Bay. |

SANICULA, L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.

. CANADENSIS, L.

Frequent orcommon. Put-in-Bay group.

. MARYLANDICA, L.

Frequent orcommon. Kelley’s Island.

The two species of sanicle are so much alike that
I have not always attempted to distinguish
between them. The U. S. National Museum has
a specimen of S. trifoliata from Lorain county,
and the same might probably be found in Erie
county by diligent searching.

SIUM, L. Water Parsnip.

. CICUTZFOLIUM, Schrank.

Frequent. Kelley’s Island.

THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip. |

. AUREUM, Nutt.

Sandusky, Margaretta, Marblehead: infrequent.
The so-called variety atropurpureum in Florence.

. AUREUM TRIFOLIATUM. Coult & Rose.

Frequent on the Peninsula and in the western
part of Eriecounty. Put-in-Bay.

. BARBINODE, Nutt.

Margaretta, Peninsula, Islands; frequent. ‘Cedar
Point 7

. BARBINODE, ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Coult & Rose.

Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Marblehead,
Mouse Island; frequent.

ZIZIA, Koch.

. AUREA. Koch.

Frequent. Kelley’s Island.

124 SANDUSKY FLORA.

CORNACE. fe
CORNUS, L. Gorneh Dogwood.

C. ALTERNIFOLIA, L. f.

Florence, Catawba ; scarce.

C. amomum, Mill. (C. sEricEa, L.)
Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.
Common.

_C. ASPERIFOLIA, Michx.

Common. |

C. canpipissima, Mill. (C. PANICULATA, L’ Her.) ct
Frequent. y.

C. crrcinatTa, L’Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dog- :
wood. - |
Frequent, especially on the Peninsula and along :
the Vermillion River. Kelley’s Island. ea

‘ \ ¥
‘ > 7 atl = LS ee
5 - ete te =
ee ee ee eee ee ee eer ee ¢

es

C. FLormpDA, L. Flowering Dogwood.
Common. Kelley’s the only Island.

C. STOLONIFERA, Michx, Red-osier Dogwood.
Castalia; rare. Shore of Lake Erie east of
Huron. '

NYSSA, L. Tupelo.

N. MULTIFLORA, Wang. (N. syxLvaTica, Marsh. )
Pepperidge. Sour Gum.
Rich soil; infrequent.

PYROLACEA®.
CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

C, MacuLatTa, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen,
Furnace woods, Vermillion. }

C. UMBELLATA, Nutt. Prince’s Pine.
Cedar Point; east of Milan; Vermillion River,
Florence; rare.

\
«

MOSELEY. 125
PYROLA, L. Wintergreen.

P, ELuiptica, Nutt. Shin-leaf.
Florence, Milan, Perkins, Cedar Point, Marble-
head ; SSeS. ‘4

P. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L.
Florence, Berlin Heights, Milan, Perkins, Marga-
retta Ridge; infrequent.

MONOTROPACE:.

MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe.

M. uniFLorRA, L. Corpse-Plant.
Infrequent.

ERICACE-:.

s

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry.

A. UVA-URSI, Spreng.”
Cedar Point; frequent. Vermillion River, Ver-
million; rare.

EPIG4EA, L. Ground Laurel.

E. REPENS, L. Trailing Arbutus.
Berlin Heights; rare.

GAULTHERIA, L. Aromatic Wintergreen.

G. PROCUMBENS, L. Creeping Wintergreen.
One woods east of Milan; frequent. Berlin
Heights and Vermillion River; rare. Formerly so
plentiful on the banks of the Vermillion River
north of Birmingham that they were known
locally as the ‘‘ Wintergreen Banks.”

»

126 SANDUSKY FLORA.

VACCINIACE®.

GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry.

H. resinosa, Torr & Gray. Black Huckleberry.
Oxford and east; frequent.

OXYCOCCUS, Hill. Cranberry.

O. MACROCARPUS, Pers. Large or American Cranberry.
Milan; nearly exterminated. ‘‘ Formerly east of
Berlin Heights and plentiful near Axtel.”’

VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry.

V. coRymMBosum, L. High-bush or Swamp Blueberry.
A few bushes on and’ near Tisdale’s Vermillion,
and in the old swamp near Axtel where years
ago, ‘‘ grew a thousand bushels of berries.’’ See
page 31.

V. PENNSYLVANICUM, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry.
Vermillion River, Vermillion; rare.

V. VACILLANS, Solander. Low Blueberry.
Fiequent from the Huron River east. This and
the Black Huckleberry are the only Ericacez often
met with in Erie county and these not often west
of the Huron River. I know of none of this order
on the Islands and, excepting the Shin-leaf and
‘Indian Pipe,’”’ none on the Peninsula.

PRIMULACE.

ANAGALLIS, L. Pimpernel.

A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel.
‘‘Sandusky.’’ Victor Hommel.

DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip.

D, meapia, L.* Shooting-Star.
Castalia; rare. Called also Pride-of-Ohio, but
probably not one in a thousand of the peoplenow
living in Ohio ever saw it growing wild.

F

MOSELEY. 127

LYSITMACHIA, L. Loosestrife.

. nummularia, L. Moneywort.
Frequent in damp places along roads and oc-
casional elsewhere. Middle Bass.

. QUADRIFOLIA, L.

Rather frequent.

. STRICTA, Ait.

Infrequent. Bass Islands.

. THYRSIFLORA, L. Tufted Loosestrife.

Perkins, Huron, Cedar Point, Catawba;
infrequent.

SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.

VALERANDI AMERICANUS, Gray.
Florence, Shinrock, Huron, Milan, Groton;
infrequent.

STEIRONEMA, Raf.

CILIATUM, Raf.
Common. _

LONGIFOLIUM, Gray.
Sandusky, Oxford, Margaretta, Peninsula, Put-in
Bay, Middle Bass, Rattlesnake Island; frequent.

OLEACEAE.

FRAXINUS, L. Ash.

. AMERICANA, L. White Ash.
Common. Wood used by the Sandusky Tool
Company for hoe handles.

. PUBESCENS, Lam. Red Ash.
Frequent. Islands. On Kelley’s Island fruit 2%
inches long and 5-12 inch wide. :

. QUADRANGULATA, Michx. Blue Ash.
Islands and Peninsula; frequent. Margaretta
Ridge. ;

128 ‘ SANDUSKY FLORA.

F.

By

SAMBUCIFOLIA, Lam. Black Ash.
Infrequent. Islands.

viripiIs, Michx. f. Green Ash.
Cedar Point and Vermillion River.

LIGUSTRUI1, L.

) vulgare, U. + Privet. Prim.

Cedar Point; Milan, etc; rare.

SYRINGA, L.

vulgaris, L. Lilac.
Kelley’s Island; well pen celery Sandusky.

GENTIANACE-.

BARTONIA, [iuhl.

TENELLA, Muhl.
East of Milan; rare.

FRASERA, Walt. American Columbo.

. CAROLINENSIS, Walt.

Margaretta Ridge, Perkins, Huron, Berlin; scarce.

7

GENTIANA, L. Gentian.

. ANDREWsII, Griseb. Closed Gentian.

Frequent along ditches.

. CRINITA, Froel. Fringed Gentian.

Castalia, southern Perkins, eastern Milan, Oxford
near Huron River; infrequent. ‘‘ Marblehead.”

. DETONSA Rottb. (G. SERRATA, Gunner.)

Vermillion River, Florence; one young plant found
on wet shale cliff.

. PUBERULA, Michx.*

Southern Perkins; beautiful but very rare.

ON ng EO ge a eS eee el

ae
a

MOSELEY. 129

G. QUINQUEFLORA, Lam.
Vermillion River; frequent on the east fone Mar-
garetta Ridge; rare. The variety occidentalis in

' southern Perkins.

SABBATIA, Adans.

: - S. ANGULARIS, Pursh.
‘‘Florence, 1888.’’ Josephine Fish.
Eastern Milan and Vermillion River, Florence;
scarce.

APOCYNACE=.
APOCYNUII, L.

vf os ANDROSEMIFOLIUM, L. Spreading Dogbane.
Frequent. Put-in-Bay. Middle Bass.

' _ A. CaNNaBiINUM, L. Indian Hemp.
: Frequent but on lower ground. Islands.

VINCA, L.

V. minor L. Periwinkle, Myrtle.
ate Spreading in and from yards and cemeteries.
Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass.

ASCLEPIADACEA.
i ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed.

A. Lonerroria, Ell.*
Prairie; Oxford, Perkins, Huron; frequent.

A. VIRIDIFLORA, Ell.
Oxford, Margaretta, Cedar Point, Marblehead,
Catawba. Infrequent, except on Marblehead,
where the ‘‘ variety’’ lanceolata also occurs.

part}

i

130 SANDUSKY FLORA.

ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed.

A. INCARNATA, L. Swamp Milkweed.
Common.

A. INCARNATA PULCHRA, Pers.
Castalia; rare.

A. OBTUSIFOLIA, Michx.*
In sand, Margaretta Ridge, Castalia cemetery,
southern Perkins; rare.

A. PHYTOLACCOIDES, Pursh. Poke Milkweed.
In nine places, but scarce. Put-in-Bay.

A. PURPURASCENS, L. Purple Milkweed.
Perkins, Margaretta, Groton, Marblehead,
Catawba; infrequent. .

A. QUADRIFOLIA, Jacq.
Huron River and Perkins; rare.

A. SULLIVANTU, Engelm.* .
Oxford and Sandusky ; scarce.

A. SyRTACA, L. Common Milkweed or Silkweed.
Common. °

A. TUBEROSA, L. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.
Frequent. Put-in-Bay. North Bass.

A. VERTICILLATA, L.
Southern Margaretta, Groton, Marblehead,
Catawba; scarce. :

CONVOLVULACEAE.
CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed.

C. arvensis, L. Small Bindweed.
Sandusky and Islands; local.

C. sEPpIUM, L. (CALYSTEGIA SEPIUM, R. Br.)
Hedge Bindweed.
Common. A rank weed in corn fields in Perkins.
On portions of the bay shore of Cedar Point so
thick as to make walking difficult.

QO: 6-0

ee 2 OA et

MOSELEY. 131

_C. SEPIUM REPENS, Gray.*

Oxford; frequent? Catawba. ‘‘ Marblehead,”’
U. G. Sanger.

IPOMGA, L. Morning Glory.

I. PANDURATA, Meyer. (I. FASTIGIATA. Sweet.) Wild

Potato-vine. Man-of-the-earth.
Frequent.

_ I. purpurea, Roth. Morning-glory.

Escaped into roads and waste places, Sandusky,
Peninsula, Put-in-Bay, North Bass; infrequent.

CUSCUTACE.

CUSCUTA, L. Dodder.

. ARVENSIS, Beyrich.*

Oxford, Florence, Port Clinton; rare.

C. CHLOROCARPA, Engelm.*

Catawba; frequent. East Harbor, Castalia,
Willow Point, Sandusky, Oxford; infrequent.

. DECORA, Engelm.*

Marblehead ; rare.

. GRONOVH, Willd.

Common.

. INFLEXA, Engelm.*

Oxford and Margaretta Ridge; scarce.

. TENUIFLORA, Engelm.

Perkins, Oxford, Port Clinton, Put-in-Bay;
Infrequent.

POLEMONIACE-.

PHLOX, L.

. DIVARICATA, L.

Common. A specimen from Johnson’s Island has
narrow, acuminate, corolla lobes.

ky] SANDUSKY FLORA,

P. PANICULATA, L.
Spreading from gardens to roadsides in several
places.

P. pitosa, L.
Margaretta Ridge, Oxford, southern Perkins,
Huron, Catawba; locally common.

P. suBULATA, L. Ground or Moss Pink. a
Catawba; frequent. Vermillion or Florence;
rare.. “Berlin” Sterling Hill.

*

POLEMONIUM, L. Greek Valerian.

P. REPTANS, L. ;
Near the Huron and Vermillion rivers; infrequent,
‘“‘Hartshorn’s, Peninsula.’’ Pearl Green. © 4

; 4
HYDROPHYLLACE4E. a

HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Waterleaf. i

H. aAPPENDICULATUM, Michx. : Bh
Frequent, especially on the Islands and
Peninsula.

H. CANADENSE, L.

Florence and Vermillion; rare.

H. MACROPHYLLUM, Nutt. 3
One spot on west bank of west fork of Vermillion
River; a dozen or more plants growing with a
few of the preceding species. Unknownelsewhere
so far north. ;

H. VIRGINICUM, L.

Common. Islands, except Kelley’s and Put-in-—
Bay.
PHACELIA, Juss. ie

P. pursuu, Buckley.
Johnson’s Island; common. Milan, Vermillion,
Peninsula, Kelley’s Island; scarce.

MOSELEY. 133

BORAGINACE-:.

BORAGO, L.

: officinalis, iby Borage.

Spontaneous near the Soldiers’ Home.

CYNOGLOSSUIT, L.

. officinale, L. Hound’s-tongue.

Common.

ECHINOSPERMUII, Lehm. Stickseed.

E. Jappula, Lehm.

P

E.

Peninsula, Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass, Perkins,
Sandusky; rather frequent.

VIRGINICUM, Lehm. Beggar’s Lice.
Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay.

ECHIUM, L. Viper’s Bugloss.

. vulgare, L. Blue-weed.

Well established in the L. E. & W. freight yard,
Sandusky.

LITHOSPERIIUM, L.

. arvense, L. Corn Gromwell.

Abundant One of the worst weeds on Kelley’s
Island and elsewhere.

. CANESCENS, Lehm. Hoary Puccoon.

Peninsula, Margaretta, southern Perkins;
infrequent. ' .

. HIRTUM, Lehm.* Hairy Puccoon.

Cedar Point; common.

MERTENSIA, Roth. Lungwort.

. vircinica, DC. Virginia Cowslip. Blue-bells.

Johnson’s Island, Huron River; frequent.
Marblehead, Kelley’s Island, North Bass, Berlin,
Vermillion River; infrequent or scarce.

134. SANDUSKY FLORA.

MYOSOTIS, L. Scorpion-grass.
M. veERNA, Nutt.
Rather frequent. Put-in-Bay.
ONOSMODIUM, [tichx.
O. CAROLINIANUM, DC.

Margaretta, western Perkins, Peninsula, John-

son’s Island; infrequent.

VERBENACEA5.

LIPPIA, L.

L. LANCEOLATA, Michx. Fog-fruit.
Sandusky, Margaretta, Groton Tousen: s Island,
' Peninsula, Put-in-Bay; infrequent.

VERBENA, L. Vervain.

V. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Michx. ENS
) Common in dry calcareous soil. Kelley’s the only :
island. eh
V. BRACTEATA, Lag & Rodr.*
Near the L. E. & W. freight house; rare.
V. HASTATA, L. Blue Vervain.
Common.
V. URTICAEFOLIA, L. White Vervain. |
Frequent. Islands. Hybrids between this and ©
the preceding occur. os

LABIATAE.

BLEPHILIA, Raf.

B. cizata, Raf. ¢
Johnson’s Island, Marblehead, Catawba, Kelley’s —
Island, Put-in-Bay, Margaretta, western Per-—
kins ; locally plentiful.

i)

q B. HirsuTA, Benth.
In woods, Erie county and Catawba; infrequent.

“9 CALATIUNTHA. Lam.

Bs

. CLINOPODIUM, Benth. Basil.
Islands, Peninsula, Cedar Point; common.
_ Smith’s woods, Perkins.
C. NUTTALLI, Benth.

4 Prairies, Castalia and Marblehead ;.common.
ah COLLINSONIA, L. Horse Balm.

- C. canavensis, L. Rich-weed.

a ‘Frequent.

4 HEDEOMA, Pers.

__ H. puLeciowes, Pers. American Pennyroyal.
“ten . mf é
® Common.

ISANTHUS, [lichx.

I. caERuLEwvs, Michx. False Pennyroyal.

4 _ Dry calcareous soil; frequent, especially about
quarries. Kelley’s Island. Common on Marble-
ma head.

Beis LAMIUM, L. Dead-Nettle.

I, amplexicaule, L.

‘Throughout but scarce. Islands.
iL. purpureum, L.

‘Soldiers’ Home.”’ Carl Anderson.

"

LEONURUS, L.

LL. cardiaca, L. Motherwort.
Common.

LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop.

_ LL. NEPETOIDES, Benth.
Peninsula; irequent. Kelley’s Island, Cedar
ei yk ont, Johnson’ sIsland, Groton, Perkins, Bloom-
ingville, Florence; infrequent,

eS cs MOSELEY. 135 -

136 SANDUSKY FLORA.

L. SCROPHULARIAEFOL AUS, Benth.

East of Milan; rare. Also at Oak Harbor,
Ottawa county.

LYCOPUS, L. WWeter Hoarhound.

L. RUBELLUS, Moench.
Infrequent. Islands.

L. stnuatus, Ell.
Frequent. Islands.

L. VIRGINICUS, L. Bugle-weed.
Common.

MARRUBIUM, L. Hoarhound.

M. vulgare, L. Common Hoarhound.
Islands and Peninsula; common. Margaretta
Sandusky, Milan; local.

MELISSA, L. Balm.

M. officinalis, L. Common Balm.
Woods, Put-in-Bay and Vermillion; rare.

MENTHA, L. Mint.

M. CANADENSIS, L. Wild Mint.
Common.

M. piperata, L. Peppermint.
Frequent, especially about -Castalia. ‘‘ The
continuous inhalation of the oil for several days
will cure catarrh.”’

M. viridis, L. Spearmint.

Common. Put-in-Bay the only island.

MONARDA, L. Horée-mint.

M. CLINOPopIA, L.
Milan; rare.

M. FistuLosa, L. Wild Bergamot. — )
Common. The variety mollis seems to be th
more common form. ai

MOSELEY. 137

NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint,

. cataria, L. Catnip.

Common.

. glechoma, Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill.

Common. Not noticed on the Islands, except
Rattlesnake, where it appeared about 1892, and
Put-in-Bay. Along rivers it has become super-
abundant. :

PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head.

. VIRGINIANA, Benth.
Marblehead, Put-in-Bay, Middle Bass, Groton,
eastern Sandusky; scarce.

PRUNELLA, L.. Self-heal.

. VULGARIS, L. Heal-all.
Common.

PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint.

. LANCEOLATUM, Pursh.
Castalia; common. Oxford, Milan, Peninsula;
frequent. Put-in-Bay.
. LINIFOLIUM, Pursh. ;
Oxford prairie and Vermillion River flats; rare.
. MUTICUM PILOsUM, Gray.
East of Port Clinton; rare.

SATUREIA, L. Savory.

. hortensis, L. Summer Savory.
Well established in and near the village ot
Marblehead.

SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap.

. GALERICULATA, L.
Common. Put-in-Bay and Middle Bass the only
islands.

138 SANDUSKY FLORA.

S. LATERIFLORA, L. Mad-dog Skullcap.
Common.

S. NERVOSA, Pursh. .
Vermillion, woods east of the river and Florence
along west fork; rare.

S. PARVULA, Michx.

Mostly in calcareous soil, Margaretta, Peningata
Kelley’s Island; frequent.

S. VERSICOLOR, Nutt.

Marblehead; frequent. Cedar Point, Johnson’s —
Island, Put-in-Bay, Catawba, Mar eareer ay Per-—
kins; infrequent.

STACHYS, L. Hedge-Nettle.

S. ASPERA, Michx. |
Sandusky, Cedar Point, Peninsula; common.
Middle Bass, North Bass. : in
S. TENUIFOLIA, Willd. (S. ASPERA GLABRA, Gray. )
Old Woman Creek, Berlin Heights; -rare.y.) so

TEUCRIUM, L. Germander.

_T. CANADENSE, L. Wood eae
Common segs on the shores of the Islands.

od

SOLANACEZ. a

DATURA, L. Jamestown or Jimson-weed.

D. stramonium, L.
Margaretta; frequent; Seiguvte scarce. Me ae
De Gatti leo ai

‘ aod

Frequent. Kelley’s Island.

LYCIUI, L. Matrimony Vine.

L. vulgare, Dunal. sre
Escaped from gardens in some places. Kelley’s
Island.

MOSELEY. 139

LYCOPERSICUI/, Hill.

__ L. esculentum, Mill. Tomato.

‘? Ps Sandusky; well established near the Bay. Kel-
E: ley’s Island. Put-in-Bay.

x NICANDRA, Adans. Applé of Peru.

a N. physaloides, Gaertn..
MM Perkins; scarce,

PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry.

. HETEROPHYLLA, Nees. ( P. VIRGINIANA, Gray. )
Common.

. HETEROPHYLLA AMBIGUA, Gray.
Marblehead.

. HETEROPHYLLA NYCTAGINEA, Dunal.
Huron, Milan, Perkins, Danbury..

. LANCEOLATA, Michx.
Sandusky, Perkins, Port Clinton, Kelley’ s Island,
‘*Marblehead.”’

. PHILADELPHICA, Lam.
Perkins, Groton.

P. PRUINOSA, L.

Kelley’s Island.

SOLANUM, L. Nightshade.

. CAROLINENSE, L. Horse-Nettle.
Several places near railroads; scarce.
. duleamara, L.. Bittersweet.

Frequent, especially on the Peninsula and Islands.
Abundant in Lake woods east of Port Clin-
ton. Appearing to be indigenous.

_ §. nieruM, L. Common Nightshade.

oy, Common.
, _ S. RostRaTuMm, Dunal.
a _ Marblehead, about the quarry, where the dry

soil seems adapted to this western weed, but we
hope Mr. Harsh has succeeded in exterminating
it. Put-in-Bay and “west of Sandusky,” 1895.

140 SANDUSKY FLORA.

SCROPHULARIACE.

CASTILLEJA, L. Painted-Cup.

C. coccInEA, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-Cup.
Hartshorn’s, Peninsula and Catawba; rare.

CHELONE, L, Turtle-head.

C. GLABRA, L. Snake-head.
. Throughout Erie county; infrequent.

CONOBEA, Aublet.

C. MULTIFIDA, Benth.*
Prairies, Castalia, Marblehead, Kelley’s Island;
scarce.

GERARDIA, L.

G. AURICULATA, Michx.*
Marblehead; rare.
G. FLAVA, L. Downy False Foxglove.
‘Huron River?’”’ Henry Schoepfie.
G. PURPUREA, L. Purple Gerardia.
Castalia, where it adorns the grounds of the
Trout Club, Oxford, southern Perkins, Perrin’s,
Milan, Cedar Point, Peninsula; infrequent. '
G. PURPUREA PAUPERCULA, Gray.”

Oxford and southern Perkins ; rare. . a
G. QUERCIFOLIA, Pursh. Smooth False Foxglove. Ae
Infrequent. : ; 4

G. TENUIFOLIA, Vahl. Slender Gerardia. ‘ey
Frequent. Kelley’s Island. |

GRATIOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop. ial

Lette -

G. SPHAEROCARPA, Ell.*
DeLamater’s, Kimball; rare.
G. VIRGINIANA, L,

Rather frequent.

Den ari ee ak RG oe

F.

MOSELEY. 141

Fe I. ripariA, Raf. False Pimpernel.

et. ILYSANTHES, Raf.
3

, Sandusky, Huron River, Peninsula; infrequent.
4 )
E LINARIA, Juss. Toad Flax.

a L. vulgaris, Mill. Butter and Eggs.
~~ Common.

MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower.

_ M. ararus, Solander.

j . Frequent in the eastern part of Erie county.
4 | Milan and Perkins; infrequent.

~ M. RINGENs, L.
— Brequent. Bass Islands.

PEDICULARIS, L. Lousewort.

_ P. canapensis, L. Wood Betony.

a Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay.
7 P. LANCEOLATA, Michx.
a

_ Milan, Margaretta, Perkins; infrequent.

el PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Beard-tongue.

-P. PUBESCENS, Solander. :

oe Frequent, especially on the Islands and Peninsula.
i SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort.
a S. NODOSA MARVLANDICA. Gray.

: _-—s-* Frequent. Islands,

t SEYMERIA, Pursh.

:

S. MACROPHYLLA, Nutt. Mullein-Foxglove.
Cedar Point, Port Clinton, Vermillion River;
scarce.

VERBASCUM, | OF Mullein.

y. Beart, L. Moth Mullein.
Frequent. Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass.

142

SANDUSKY FLORA

V. thapsus, L. Common Mullein.
Common.

VERONICA, L. Speedwell
Ne

ANAGALLIS, L. Water Speedwell |
Margaretta, Huron, Berlin, Kelley’s Island
infrequent

arvensis, L. Corn Speedwell
Common

. hederefolia, L.*

Ivy-leaved Speed well
“Vard on east Market St
Pratt.

o

, Sandusky.” Tone | 4
OFFICINALIS, L. Common Speedwell.

Margaretta Ridge and east of Port Clinton;
rare.

i Florence. ”” Josephine Fish.

Island.

PEREGRINA, L. Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell. ee:
Frequent. Put-in- Bay, North Bass, Rattlesnake

SCUTELLATA, L. Marsh Speedwell
Infrequent. :
SERPYLLIFOLIA, L. Tipnieléaved Speedwell.
Frequent. Put-in-Bay.
Ni;

vircinica, L. Culver’s-root. Culver’s Physic
Infrequent.

LENTIBULARIACEAE

UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort.
GIBBA. YL."

aa
Cedar Point; local : a
VULGARIS, L. Greater Bladderwort. “oe
Sandusky Bay and East Harbor, ae Cas. 9
talia ; nr ecuent

MOSELEY. 143

-OROBANCHACE£E.

APHYLLON, [litchell.

. UNIFLORUM, Gray. One-flowered Cancer-root.

Sandusky, three places; ‘“‘Bogart’’ James D.
Parker, Jr.; Florence; ‘‘Catawba”’ Earl Covell:
scarce.

CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. Cancer-root.

. AMERICANA, Wallroth.

Local. Put-in-Bay, northwest woods; plentiful.
Perkins, big woods. Florence; two places.

EPIFAGUS, Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root.

). AMERICANUS, Nutt.. (EPIPHEGUS VIRGINIANA, Bart).

Florence, Vermillion, Berlin; frequent.

BIGNONIACEZE:

TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower.

. RADICANS, Juss. Trumpet Creeper.

Frequent in woods and probably indigenous.
Abundant on Cedar Point. Islands.

ACANTHACEE.

DIANTHERA, Gronoyv. Water-Willow.

. AMERICANA, L.

Marblehead, Put-in-Bay, Middle Bass; rare.
“Mills Creek; plentiful’? Hommel.

PHRYMACE-E.

‘ PHRYMA, L. Lopseed.

. LEPTOSTACHYA, L.

Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay.

SANDUSKY FLORA.
PLANTAGINACE4E. 4

PLANTAGO, L. Plantain.

. ARISTATA, Michx.
Sandy field on Margaretta Ridge and near L. E.
& W. freight house, Sandusky; rare.
. CORDATA, Lam. ee
Huron and Florence; rare. f
lanceolata, L. Ribgrass. Ribwort. ny
Plantain.
Frequent but not common in most parts. Kelly’ Ss
Island, Put-in-Bay.
. Major, L. Common Plantain.
Common. .
. RUGELD, Decaisne.
More common than the preceding.
VIRGINICA, L.
Sandy field on Margaretta Ridge; rare.

RUBIACE-.

CEPHALANTHAUS, L. Button-bush.

. OCCIDENTALIs, L.
Common.

GALIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers.

. APARINE, L. Cleavers. Goose-Grass.

Abundant.

. ASPRELLUM, Michx. Rough Bedstraw.

Infrequent. Islands.

. BOREALE, L. Northern Bedstraw.

Perkins, Margaretta, Marblehead, Catawba,

Kelley’s Island; scarce.

. CIRCzANS, Michx. Wild Liquorice. 4
Rather common. Put-in-Bay, Middle Bass, —

Rattlesnake Island. i

~~ ae
Lad ee. = i>
ay x a.04
OR: Sa

. . ©

MOSELEY. 14:5

. CONCINNUM, Torr & Gray.

Common. Not on the Islands.

. LANCEOLATUM, Torr. Wild Liquorice.

Florence, Vermillion, Berlin Heights; rare.

. PILOSUM, Ait.

Frequent. One specimen shows a reversion of
flowers to leaves.

. TRIFIDUM, L. Small Bedstraw.

Frequent. Put-in-Bay. Middle Bass. The
variety pusillum occurs at Castalia and ‘‘ Cedar
Point.”

. TRIFIDUM LATIFOLIUM, Torr.

Infrequent.

. TRIFLORUM, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.

Frequent. Rattlesnake Island.

HOUSTONIA, L.

H. cC2#RuxLEA, L. Bluets. Innocence.

Not found near Sandusky but in many places
from southern Perkins south and east. East of
Milan I have seen several million blossoms on
three or four acres of ground, appearing at a
distance as if a light snow had fallen, not com-
pletely covering the grass.

H. ciiowatTas, Torr.

Marblehead; common. Margaretta. Soldier’s-
Home.

H. Lonciroxia, Gaertn.

Rocky shores of Rattlesnake Island and Put-in-
Bay; frequent. Marblehead.

MITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berry.

ie MM. REPENS, L.

Banks of Vermillion River and tributaries;
common. Old Woman Creek at Berlin Heights;
frequent. Milan, Perkins, Groton; scarce.

14:6 SANDUSKY FLORA.

CAPRIFOLIACEA&.

LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle.

L, Gvavea, Hill.
Margaretta Ridge; rare.
‘L. GLAUCESCENS, Rydb.
Infrequent. Islands.
L. SEMPERVIRENS, L. Trumpet or Coral Honeysuckle.
Woods near Huron, where the seed was doubtless
dropped by birds; rare.

SAMBUCUS. L. Elder.

S. CANADENSIS, L. Common Elder.
Common. .

S. RACEMOSA, L. Red-berried Elder.
Eastern Sandusky; east of Milan; Vermillion
River, Florence; scarce.

SYMPHORICARPOS, Juss. Snowberry.

S. ORBICULATUS, Moench. (S. VULGARIS, Michx.)
ue Indian Currant. Coral-berry.
Sandusky and Milan; escaped.
S. RACEMOSUS, Michx. Snowberry.
Marblehead; common, Elsewhere scarce.
S. RACEMOSUS PAUCIFLORUS, Robbins. —
Cedar Point; common-

TRIOSTEUII, L. Horse-Gentian.

T. PERFOLIATUM, L. Fever-wort.
s Frequent.

VIBURNUM, L. Arrow-wood.

V. ACERIFOLIUM, L. Dockmackie.
Frequent from the Huron River east. Put-in-
; Bay.
V. DENTATUM, L.
Florence and eastern Berlin; infrequent.

Wr
N;

Vv.

MOSELEY. 147

LENTAGO, L. Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.

Infrequent. Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass.

. OPULUS, L. Cranberry-tree.

*‘Groton’’ and big woods, Perkins; rare.

. PUBESCENS, Pursh.

Marblehead, Catawba, Kelley’s Island, Put-in-
Bay; frequent.

VALERIANACE-=. ei

VALERI ANA, L. Valerian.

. PAUCIFLORA, Michx.

Lake woods east of Port Clinton, Florence,
Milan; rare. |

VALERIANELLA, Poll. Corn-Salad. Lamb-Lettuce.

olitoria, Poll. li
Shinrock ; rare. rs
RADIATA, Dates ed
Perkins, Milan, Shinrock; scarce. |
woopsiAna, Walp.*
Woodbury’s woods, Berlin; local.

DIPSACACE-=.

Jes eee L. Teasel.

D. ieee Mill.

Common. Kelley’s the only island.

CUCURBITACE=.

ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple.

E. LOBATA, Torr & Gray.

Lake woods east of Port Clinton; abund-
ant. Elsewhere infrequent.

148 SANDUSKY FLORA.

SICYOS, L.

S. ANGULATUS, L. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber.
Green Island; common. Rattlesnake Island, Put-
in-Bay, Catawba, Port Clinton, Cedar Point,
Sandusky; infrequent.

CATIPANULACEAE,
CAIMIPANULA, L. Bellflower.

C. americana, L. Tall Bellflower.
Common. .

C. APARINOIDES, Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. , i:
Cedar Point, Venice, Peninsula; locallycommon.

C. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Harebell. .

Common on rocky shores but pple, absent
from Kelley’s Island. i

‘ LOBELIA, L. |

L. CARDINALIS, L. Cardinal-flower.

‘ Infrequent. Islands.

~L. inFuata, L. Indian Tobacco.

Rather frequent. Put-in-Bay.

L. KALMO, L.

; Common on rocky shores. Florence; rare.

L. spicaTA, Lam.

Common on the prairies.

L. sypuHinitica, L. Great Lobelia. | Ne
Common. Kelley’s, Middle Bass and North Bass
the only islands.

SPECULARIA, Heister. Venus’s Looking-gtass.

S. PERFOLIATA, A. DC.
Infrequent. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay.

iene he ae eel

MOSELEY. 149

CICHORIACE/&.

CICHORIUM, L. Chicory. Succory.

C. intybus, L
Roadsides in a number of places; local. Common
at Port Clinton and Catawba. Kelley’s Island,
Middle Bass.

«@

HIERACIUM, L. Hawkweed.

H. CANADENSE, Michx.*
Huron, Milan, Oxford, Marblehead, Catawba,
Hee
H. cronovu, L. Hairy Hawkweed.
Infrequent. The ‘‘variety’’ subnudum in the
Bloomingville cemetery.
H. PANICULATUM, L.
Vermillion River and Berlin Heights; infrequent.
H. scaBrum, Michx.
Frequent.

KRIGIA, Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion. .

K. AMPLEXICAULIS, Nutt.
Frequent in Milan Township. Bewhere in-
frequent. Kelley’s Island.

LACTUCA, L. Lettuce.

L. ACUMINATA, Spreng. bahay
Perkin’s, Margaretta, Port Clinton; infrequent.
L. ALPINA, Benth & Hook, (L. LeucopH@a, Gray.)
Frequent. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay.
L. CANADENSIS, L. Wild Lettuce.
Common.
L. FLoripana, Gaertn.
Margaretta Ridge, Cedar Point, Peninsula, Put-
— in- Bay, Green Island ; frequent.

ue: scariola, i. Prickly Lettuce.

Abundant: One of the worst weeds.

150 SANDUSKY FLORA.

PRENANTHES, L. Rattlesnake-root.

P. aAvBa, L. White-lettuce.
Common.

P. avtissima, L.
Infrequent. Put-in-Bay.

P. aAspERA, Michx.*
Prairie east of Kimball; rare.

P. CREPIDINEA, Michx.
Near Pipe Creek in German Settlement woods;
rare.

P. RAcEMOSA, Michx.
Prairies. West of Castalia; frequent. Oxford,
Groton, ‘Perkins,’ ‘‘Gypsum”’; infrequent or
scarce.

SONCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle.

S. asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-thistle.
Infrequent. Islands.

S. oleraceus, L. Common Sow-Thistle.
Frequent. Islands.

TARAXICUM, L. Dandelion. -
T. officinale, Weber. Common Dandelion. i,

Abundant. ‘In blossom when the boys were
skating ’’ Freyensee.

TRAGOPOGON, Goats-beard.

T. porrifolius, L. Salsify. Oyster-plant. by
Roadsides; infrequent. Islands. Na

T. pratensis, L. Goats-beard. a
Sandusky, in vacant lots near Central Avenue q
and elsewhere; spreading.

%

COMPOSITAE. 3

ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow.

A. MILLEFoLIUM, L. Common Yarrow or Milfoil. © K
Abundant. me

MOSELEY. ial
ACTINELLA, Nutt.

A. ACAULIS GLABRA, Gray.*
Marblehead prairie; infrequent but occurring at
places widely separated and, apparently,
indigenous.

ACTINOMERIS, Nutt.

A. SQUARROSA, Nutt. :
Frequent on flood grounds of streams.

. AMBROSIA, L. Ragweed.

J

A. ARTEMISIZFOLIA, L. Ragweed. Roman Worm-
wood. |

‘ Abundant. After Setaria glauca probably the
worst weed.

A. TRiFIDA, L. Great Ragweed.

Common. The so-called variety integrifolia is
infrequent. —

ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. Everlasting.

_A. PLANTAGINEA, R. Br. Plantain-leaved Everlasting.
‘Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the only islands.
A specimen collected on Marblehead by Ralph H.
‘McKelvey is what Greene would call A. neglecta
and one in Perkins by Will Sprow A. neodioica.

}

ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile.

A. cotula, L. May-weed.
Common.

ARCTIUIM, L. Burdock.

A. lappa majus, Gray.
‘‘Bogart’’ H. D. Banks,

5

152 SANDUSKY FLORA.

A. lappa minus, Gray.
Common.

ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood.

A. annua, L. .
Sandusky, well established near the Big Four
docks.

A. BIENNIS, Willd.

Sandusky, Castalia, Johnson’s Island, Marble-
head, Middle Bass, North Bass; frequent only
near railroads or docks.

A. caupaTa, Michx.*

Cedar Point and Marblehead sand spit ; common.

A. LuDOVICIANA, Nutt.* Western Mugwort.
Established in one spot on embankment of L. Ss.
& M.S. Ry., eastern Sandusky.

A. vulgaris, L. Common Mugwort.

Escaped in cemeteries and from gardens to roads;
scarce. ; a
ee ASTER, L. ‘i

A. AZUREUS, Lindl. :
Sandy soil from Margaretta Ridge to Berlinville;

infrequent. Catawba.

A.. CORDIFOLIUS, L.

ae Frequent. iiss 4 4

A. CoRYMBosUs, Ait.

Florence and Milan; scarce.

A. DIFFUSUS, Ait.
Frequent and variable.

A. pumosus, L.*

Sandy soil, Milan, southern Perkins; infrequent.
Oxford; frequent? Flowers white. :

A. ERICOIDES, L. | yee
Common on rocky shores.

A. ERICOIDES PLATYPHYLLUS, Torr & Gray.*
Castalia; rare. .

MOSELEY. : 153

. JUNCEus, Ait.*

Castalia and east of Milan; scarce.

/ LAEVIS, L.

Milan, Huron, Oxford, Margaretta, Florence,
Catawba; rather frequent.

. MACROPHYLLUs, L. |

Prequent but not observed near Sandusky. Put-
in-Bay.

. MULTIFLORUS, Ait.

Dry soil in the limestone region; frequent. Put-
in-Bay.

. NOVE-ANGLIA, L.

Along roads near Sandusky and south next to the
most common Aster. Not so common in the
eastern part of the county and on the Peninsula.
Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay ; scarce.
. PANICULATUS, Lam.

Our most common Aster.

. POLYPHYLLUS, Willd.

Marblehead, Put-in-Bay, Gibraltar, and probably
other islands.

. PRENANTHOIDES, Muhl.

Perkins, Bloomingville, Milan, Berlin, Florence;
infrequent.

. PTARMICOIDES, Torr & Gray.*
Marblehead; local.

. PUNICEUS, L.
‘Castalia, Bloomingville, Milan, Florence; in-
frequent.

. PUNICEUS LUCIDULUS, Gray.*

; Castalia, along the mill race.

. SAGITTIFOLIUS, Willd. -

Common.

. SALICIFOLIUS, Ait.

Oxford, Milan, Groton, ‘Margaretta, Sandusky,
Cutie: infrequent. Many specimens of A.
Sanle nents approach this species.

.

‘

154 SANDUSKY FLORA.

A. sHorRTH, Hook.
Peninsula and Islands; common. Huron and
Vermillion Rivers; frequent.

A. TRADESCANTI, L.

Frequent, at least in Perkins and Oxford. Kel-
ley’s Island. . :

A. UMBELLATUuS, Mill. e
Infrequent.

A. VIMINEUS, Lam.*

Perkins and probably elsewhere.

BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold.

B. BEcKH, Torr.* Water Marigold.
Black Channel, Biemiller’s Cove, East Harbor;
scarce.

B. BIPINNATA, L. Spanish | Needles. :
Sandusky, Cedar Point, Catawba, North Bass;
rare.

B. cernua, L. Smaller Bur-Marigold.

Perkins and Margaretta; scarce.

B. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES, Michx. Larger Bur-Marigold.
Frequeut. Islands. —

B. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks. /
Common. One specimen seven feet tall. Some
specimens have the awns upwardly barbed.

B. CONNATA Comosa, Gray.
Frequent. y ;

B. FRonDosA, L. Common Beggar-ticks. Shee ey
Common. A troublesome weed.

BOLTONIA, L’Her.

B. ASTEROIDES, L’Her.
Sheltered beaches of Lake Erie and Sandusky Bay
especially Johnson’s Island and the beach stretch- _
ing from Port Clinton towards Catawba. Not
on rocks nor pure sand. Put-in-Bay the only
island in the lake.

. AL'TIssIMus, Willd.

MOSELEY ~- 155

CALENDULA, L. Marigold.

. officinalis, L. Garden Marigold.

Sandusky and Put-in-Bay; spreading and escap-
ing, but seldom far from gardens. Hardly
naturalized.

CENTAUREA, L.

. eyanus, L. Blue-bottle. Corn-flower.

Kelley’s Island and elsewhere; sparingly escaped.

CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.

. balsamita, L. Costmary.

Escaped from gardens in several places.

. leacanthemum, L. Ox-eye or White Daisy. White-

weed.
Common in several places but not generally dis-
tributed. Put-in-Bay.

. parthenium, Bernh. Feverfew.

Escaped to waste places in Sandusky and well es-
tablished in woods on Put-in-Bay.

CNICUS, L.

Infrequent. Kelley’s Island.

. arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle.

Frequent, especially near the Lake and Bay.
Islands.

. DISCOLOR, Muhl.

Frequent.

. lanceolatus, Willd. es Thistle.

Common.

. MuTIcus, Ell. Swamp Thistle.

Infrequent.
COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed.

. ARISTOSA, Michx.

Castalia and Venice Ce common. Cedar
Point, Catawba, Vermillion ; frequent.

156 SANDUSKY FLORA.

C. piscomeEa, Torr & Gray.
Sandusky, Cedar Point, Oxford; locally plentlful.

C. TRICHOSPERMA, Michx. Tickseed Sunflower.
Infrequent.

C. TRICHOSPERMA TENUILOBA, Gray. ‘
Frequent, especially on wet prairies. Kelley’s

PS

ae? paced
ane 2S

Island. Hundreds of acres of marsh near Bay P
Bridge glowin autumn with the yellow blossoms, M4

‘ a sight worth going far to see. i"
C. TRIPTERIS, L. Tall Coreopsis. ie
Frequent from Milan and Cedar Point west. i
Peninsula. Ri 4
ECLIPTA, L. ai

E. ERECTA, L. (E. acBa Hassk. )
Sandusky, East Harbor, Lockwood’s; scarce.

ERECHTITES, Raf. Fireweed..

E. PR@aLTA, Raf. (E. HIERACIFOLIA, Rat.)
Common.

‘ERIGERON, L. Fleabane.

. ANNUUS, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.
Common. Eh ai

. BELLIDIFOLIUS, Muhl. Robin’s Plantain.
Milan, Perkins, Margaretta Ridge; infrequent.

. CANADENSIS, L. Horse-weed. Butter-weed.
Common.

. PHILADELPHICUus, L. Common Fleabane.
Common. | |

. sTRIGOSUS, Muhl. Daisy Fleabane.

Frequent or common. Islands. Abundant on
Marblehead.

golem [ool Sel oleeeedagl ca. leo!

EUPATORIUM, L. Th oroughwort.

_E. AGERATOIDES, L. White Snakeroot.

Common. Rattlesnake the only island. This
plant H. H. Lockwood says is the ‘‘Tremble-
weed’ and the cause of milk sickness.

MOSELEY. - 157

Re E. avtissimum, L. : : :
Northwestern Margaretta; infrequent. John-

. -son’s, Marblehead; rare.

a E. PERFOLIATUM, L. Thoroughwort. Boneset.:
a ~ Common.

_ F. purpurevum, L. Joe- ae Weed. Trumpet-Weed.
iC Common. Not on the Islands.

, E. SESSILIFoLIuM, L. Upland Boneset.
Milan, Huron, Catawba; rare.

GNAPHALIUII, L. Cudweed.

__ G. DECURRENS, Ives. Everlasting.

Catawba and Florence; very rare.

G. optusirorium, L. (G. POoLYCEPHALUM, Michx.)
Common Everlasting.

ee) Common.

OG. PURPUREUM, L. Purplish Cudweed.

: Infrequent.

_ G. uLicinosum, L. Low Cudweed.
Infrequent.

HELENIUM, L. Sneeze-weed.

_H. avrumyate, L.
Common at Sandusky and vicinity. Florence.
Catawba.

| HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower.
HL. annovs, L.
| Frequently escaped. ‘‘Cedar Point, far from any
_ house’’ Ralph H. WE SSS) sia:

a ey DECAPETALUS, L.

a i Brequent. eet |
‘HH. pivaricatvs, L.

Frequent, especially on Marblehead and ‘the
Islands.

158 SANDUSKY FLORA.

H. GIGANTEUS, L.
Sandusky to Milan and west; common. The so-
called variety, ambiguus, occurs in Perkins and
Oxford, and near Port Clinton.

H. GROSSE-SERRATUts, Martens.
Oxford, Groton, Margaretta; frequent.

H. Hirsutus, Raf.
Cedar Point, Peninsula, Oxford, Margate
Groton; rather common.

H. MOLLIs, Lam.*
Prairie, Oxford and Biedi, enough to supply the
botanists of the world.

H. OCcIDENTALIS, Riddell.
Castalia cemetery and Kimball; scarce.

H. PARVIFLORUS, Bernh.

ae
Mh)
4
ae
“el
4
i
4

*
¥
ve

P 5
ee ee ee oe?

cc." +e

‘

Frequent.
H. STRUMOSUS MOLLIs, Torr & Gray.*

Oxford, Groton, Castalia, Cedar Point, Port
Clinton; infrequent. Apparently all our speci- —
mens of H. strumosus are of this variety. _ oa
H. TRACHELIFOLIUs, Willd.
Florence, Port Clinton; scarce?
H. tusperosus, L. Jerusalem Artichoke.
Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay.

HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye.

H. L2AvIs, Pers. 4
Common. are

H. scasra, Dunal.
Rather frequent. -
INULA, L. Elecampane. 4

I. helenium, L. a
Infrequent. Florence; frequent. 2

MOSELEY.

KUHNIA, L.

K. EUPATORIOIDES, L.
Bey Dry soil near Castalia; locally common.
dusky and Perkins; scarce.
| LEPACHYS, Raf.
_, L. prynatiria, Raf.

Common on prairies.

a LIATRIS, Schreb. Button Snakeroot.
_ -L. scartosa, Willd.

159

San-

q Catawba, Cedar Point, ee Ridge, south-
Be ern Perkins, Kimball; plentiful in some places.

, L. SPICATA, Willd.

: damp ground.
L. sguarrosa inTEeRMEDIA, DC.* Blazing-Star.
: Castalia and Sandhill cemeteries. :

a _ POLYMNIA, L. Leaf-Cup.

P. CANADENSIS, L. meek
Cedar Point, Peninsula, le nde: infrequent.

RUDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower.
R. wet, L. “ :
‘i Common. Not on the Islands.
R. vacintata, L. :
a Frequent.
R. TRILOBA, L.
“Port Clinton’? Wm. Krebs.

_ SENECIO, L. render

L.) Pale Indian Plantain.

infrequent.

Castalia prairie; abundant and shone Marble-
head, Cedar Point, Oxford, southern Perkins,
Groton, east of Milan; frequent on undisturbed

s. ATRIPLICIFOLIUS, Hook. (CACALIA ATRIPLICIFOLIA,

Vermillion River, Florence; frequent. Elsewhere

. 160 SANDUSKY FLORA.

Ss. TRIFOLIATUM, Te:

S. auREus, L. Golden Ragwort.
Frequent.

S. AUREUS OBOVATUS, Torr & Gray. Squaw- weeds
Common. Kelley’s the only island.

S. AUREUS BALSAMIT&, Torr & Gray.
Castalia, Perkins, Marblehead, Catawba; fre-
quent. Put-in-Bay. hie Sah

SILPHIUM, L. Rosin-weed.

S. PERFOLIATUM, L. Cup-Plant.
Huron and Vermillion rivers; infrequent. Cas-
talia; local. .

S. TPREBINTHENACEUM, Jacq. Prairie Dock.
Common on the prairies.

DBrequents)) cho eta a aye
SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. .

S. BICOLOR, L. ee ae

Frequent. - Hace

S. BICOLOR CONCOLOR, Torr & Gray

Rocky shores of the Put-in- ead Islands;

infrequent.

S. caksia, L. | | :

Common in rich woods. Islands.

S. CANADENSIS, L. . na id Cea

Abundant. | Me ali RE a

S. JUNCEA, Ait.

Frequent. - Ra,

S. LANCEOLATA, L.
Common.

S. LATIFOLIA, L. :

. Florence; frequent. Vermillion, aear Heights, ‘

Milan, Perkins, Catawba, eee Island, Green

Island, Rattlesnake; scarce. a

\

. RIGIDA, L.

MOSELEY. 161

. NEMORALIS, Ait.

Frequent. Islands.

. OHIOENSIS, Riddell.

Castalia prairie; infrequent.

. PATULA, Muhl.

Florence, Milan, Castalia, Kelley’s Island;
infrequent.

. RIDDELL, Frank.

Castalia; frequent. Marblehead, Groton, House’s
swamp, Perkins; infrequent.

Marblehead and Oxford; frequent. Huron, San-
dusky, Margaretta, Groton, Middle Bass; local.

. RuGOSA, Mill.

East of Milan; local.

. SEROTINA, Ait.

' Frequent.

. SEROTINA GIGANTEA, Gray.

Milan, Oxford, southern Perkins; scarce.

. SPECIOSA, Nutt. :

Huron River and Peninsula; infrequent. South-
-ern Perkins; scarce.

. SPECIOSA ANGUSTATA, Torr & Gray.*

Leonard’s Hazel Patch, Perkins; rare.

. TENUIFOLIA, Pursh.

Oxford prairie; abundant.

. ULMIFOLIA, Muhl.

Marblehead; frequent. Elsewhere infrequent.
Islands.

TANACETUM, L. Tansy.

. vulgare, L.

Roadsides; frequent. Islands. The ordinary
form is the variety crispum, but the other occurs
in “ Perkins ’”’ and on ‘‘ Kelley’s Island.’’

162 SANDUSKY FLORA.

VERNONIA, Schreb. Iron-weed.

V. ALTISSIMA, Nutt.

Common. Kelley’s the only island.
V. ALTISSIMA GRANDIFLORA, Nutt.

Huron, Willow Point, Kelley’s Island; infrequent.
V. FASCICULATA, Michx.

Prairies; frequent.

XANTHIUM, L. Cocklebur.
X. CANADENSE, Mill.

Common. The so-called variety echinatum is the
common form near the Bay and Lake.

aS Fees

CORRECTIONS.

Page 7. For Hypericum kalmianum read Potentilla fruticosa. The :

“two grow together on the prairie but the latteris more abundant .
and to a peene one small ey leaves collected. ay

For Pp. annual read P. annua.
For hedunculata read pedunculata.
For J. TENVIS: read J TENUIS.

For AMONACEA read ANONACEE. a Koel
Thon SAXIFRAGACE read SAXIFRAGACE. MS

LINED Ee

*.* The names of families are in capitals. In the catalogue the
genera of each family and the species of each genus are arranged
alphabetically.

JaN] OYeH ey ISB ee Ain ater maaan ere HOMPBerSaAMO bees ce eee 136 | Canary-Grass
ACANTHACE/...,,....143 | Betony (WooQg).... 141 | Cancer- root..

Adam-and-Eve.........,.{67 | BETULACEA.. _72| CAPPARIDACE AN... 93

Adder’s-tongue........... 64} BIGNONIACHZ........ 143 | GCAPRIFOLIACE 45,,..146
Noriimonmvaceeec eee 95 | Bindweed....... Be ras 76, 130) Caraway. . JA
JAIME HAHN IS. ae sconcdadcoo sen UOTE | eb Cla econ saserceneenet sis 32 | Cardinal Flower......... 148
AIZOA CHAD «20... 80 | Bishop’s-Cap .............. 94 | Carpet-weed..............., 8
Alder. Ae Shoal siittber@mes Gee ean nes 91 | Carrion Flower...........
WGiialtaie ae ee es 1LO33| sBitberINib ee eee: 69): :Carro tii eae
ALISMACEL . .... 42 | Bittersweet..... ...... 110, 189 | CARYOPHY LLACH AL
AlUM-TOOb.... 2. ice ees 94) Black Alder................. 110 Sele Ree G eta a aaeaes tad
NG TREN OW A ane ea bee aac 79 | Blackberry............... Baie ORM Kelair a
AMARANTACE...... 79 | Bladder Ketmmia ..........113 | Catgut............
AMARYLLIDACH 66] Bladder-nut....... ie Cat-mint....:......
American Cowslip...... 126 | Bladderwort..... 2 | Catnip

Amm«annia.. 21,117) Blazing-Star Cat-tail

ANACARDIACES .. 109 Blood-root 89 | Cedar........
Anemone.,. ets Blue Beech § Celandine...

ANONACE AS. Blue Bells... 38 CELASTRACES.. .
APOUYNACH 2 SITE DENI Ven ee eeeeens : } CERATOPAYLLACEA \
aN) POWER sen eean wa SCAN ese yuicss IIe SE ea seagrass OP 2 SORA USR es Ba a
Apple of Peru OBERT eeiee ee aeryauen peas .145 | Chamomile
TASEWAI@ BRAD Se eee ee 60 | Blue-eyed Grass......... 67 | Charlock.. . 90
ARALIACE# Blue Joint-Grass....... 45 ORION Ok 79
Arbutus (Trailing)...... 125 | Blue-weed 33 | Cherry... 99
ARISTOLOCHIA- Bog-Rusbh........ 41 Chess venus (44

OD y2 Dy Ua eae aaeeere Banleset Rameau 157 Chestnut... ......0- : Ne

Arrow-Grass .. BORAGINACH A) ...... 183 | Chick weed . .. 82
Arrow-Head.. as Bottlebrush-Grass...... 44 | Chicory..... 149
Wrrow-wOod!..)) fs" _146| Bouheing Bei, ........... 82 | Choke-berr .. 99
ASCLEPIA DACH A .129 | Box-Hlder..................5 111 | GICHORIA GHZ Bey,
YENES! Olson en asee MAA ie 106, 127 | Brake, Bracken........... 37| Cingte-foil ........-. {. 06 ae
INS PAT ASUS Te.) ose. G3) MEST onan fo eM nea enclnnay cate 97 | CISTA CH H........, Se
FAIS erate ee Ne Brome=Grasse el). 44° | Clear weeds: 2c 75
Aster....... 52 | Brook-weed...... ........... 127 | Cleaverss......cc.6. 144
Avens 3} Buckeye.......... wus. 111 | Clematis... aes .. 86

Buckwheat........../....... 76 | Cliff-brake....... ... iow
JBiaih Obl dn Scerbncandenedadpenecan:” 136 | Bugbane...... BELSON CLOMET ares eusee ... 104
JB yen CEMOU RN eeneeeeasansenael ane Wilh) BTS Oe See ni babeesess 59 | Club-Moss. Ben ats)
BALSAMINACH....111 | Burdock.....2.......0....... 151 | }COCKICN asses eee eee Sle
Baneberry............ .. 84} Bur-Grass.... sp Adi Coeklebure i: conser 162
Barberry....... . 87 | Bur-Marigold, ..154 | Coifee-tree -.. 100 —
Barnyarda- Gras . 48 | Burning-bush. ..110 | Cohosh.,.... 5, 87
Basil. Dee hircst nahn gael ltoan TEs WUT CCL eieceaane eit aeeen nets 40 | Columbine. Be
Pa snmOOC nee male 113] Bush-clover........... ..... 103 | CollumnbOnr eset 128)
Bastard Toad-flax ..... 79 | Butter-and-eggs........... 141} COMMELINACH A... GL
Beak Rush 07 es ee Hy) TBS BL RETR UY Skok sb aeesur scans 86 | COMPOSITE... dD
Bearberry.......... RES ade 5 | Butterfly-weed............ 130 | Cone-fiower........... .....159
Beard Grass.............- yl} Leb UA eL A MON Rea conearesoesaueckee 70| CONIFERA.... 1... 39
Beard-tongue 41 | Butter-weed............. . 156| CONVOLVULACHA5130°
IBeRC eo Button-bush........0...... 1449) Coraileberwry. ss sseee 146
Beech-Qrops........... ....- 3 | Button Snakeroot 122,159 | Coral-root............... pod
BEC Sten Was ce eee 4 | Buttonwood 95) | Cord '(Grass:in 2a we ae
Begear’s Lice ; Coreopsis............ Abba
pee Cees CGACTACE CORNACEH..............124
Bellflower... @aietusie ee u Cornel . 124
Bellwort... : CASA LPINA .100 | Corn-flower 155
Benjamin- bushi 88 | CALLITRICH ACE 42108 | Corn Salad... 2 147"
Bent-Grass.. ... 43 | CAMPANULACEH.. ae Corpse-Plant. ............. 125 —
BERBERIDACHZ....., 87 | Campion... Corydalis... 89

‘

wf L J
INDEX.

NO OSUMATY 4.02. ccssaevesceuene
Cotton-Grass
Cotton-wood....
‘Couch-Grass.
Cowbane...
Cow-Parsnip. . ee east
Crab-Apple........... 2... 99 | Five-finger..... ............. 38
Crab-GwMasssee oe ZA OUIW Kites crt stays soe:
Cranberry... .. 01, 126} Fleabane
Cranberry- Rees Oy La: 147 | Flower-de-Luce
Wranmesbill sea se Oo MHOSETRUNIL Sse ee eA ae 134
CRASSULACE,. 93 | Forked Chickweed..... 81
Cress...... RS te eslaee “91, 92 | Foxtail Grass........... 43, 50
Crowloob soe Lee 86 | Frost-weed.................. 115
CRUCIFERZ............. 89 | FUMARIACEHé“......... 89
@nicumibers ce ese AR se aNd OMe se eset te ee 89
Cucumber-tree............ 84
CUCURBITACE-®.....147 | Galingale
CONEUCNS aiaXs Tear ea 157 | Garget
Culver’s-root Gree ee eae ee eae By)
Cup-plant........... Gentian. ...... 128
(CUES Hela ese en GENTIAN ACEA_ 128
CUSCUTACEA GERANIACE-. ........ 195
CYPERACEA: Geranium ee ec 105

(ELAM Gal ores, wast a eee 140
Dandelion............: Veer 150 | Germander........ 02.2... 138
BP ever IES saan eee te 47 | Giant HVSSOP. yer Vtec Baga 145
Dead-Nettle (GORE Ea ade Sop ere aoe ‘
Deer-Grass.. Ginseng... a
Dewberry... Goat’s-Beard
DIOSCOREAC Ez. 66 | Goat’s Bue.. ;
RDP SA GAC HAR toes 147) Golden=rods=. 20. )
IDG OLS NR Ubi Bin eaten 78 | Golden Seal.................
PDockmAackies 25 146 | Gooseberry.................. 94
DOM erie ey he sac Joos lst GODSClOOts.o)).. se 79
Woacbane cn. ie sees 1291 Goose-Grass ....0. 3... 144
Dog’s-tail Grass........... 40| GRAMINEA............... 45
Dos Woods. ..3.7:.... Grapes eo ee ee 12

Woors wee de wets
Dragon-root.............08
Drop-seed Seas D

False Mermaid............

Grass of Parnassus..... 94
-Greek Valerian........... 132

Greenbrier

Hebe Robert.

Duck’s-meat.. 61 | Green Violet.
Duckweed.. 61] Gromwell.. 133
Dutchman’s Breeches 89 | GROSSULARIACHA: 94
Dwarf Dandelion........ 149 | Ground Cherry... 139

Grou celnnyer. ween ees ae
PU CIESTASS he hucuih Les 43 | Ground Laurel............125
LENS rah eV eten oe ae een Te Groundsnut 2s Se 101
HLZAGNACEH/......... Hye) Groune- Piney. 35
LENO Vet Eh Vela pe ears ea eee 146 | Groundsel........ ..........159
Hlecampane...............- 158

Hrva Wiss ee Steere tine ISAAC KD eri ya eae eso

HEnchanter’s Nightshade |} HALOR AGIDACB. 130

HAMAMELIDACHA 95
EQUIS ETACHA......: Harbinger-ot-Spring. 122
ERICACH.. ‘ll, 125 | Hardhack.. 98
BHUPHORBIACE4:.....107| Harebell. ....
Evening Primrose... 119 | Hawkweed
Everlasting...........151, 157 | Hawthorn

Hazelamu te eeu cene 72
FAGACH~.. Wie: Wetectlee deters ate REE S ae 137
False Dragon- head.....°137 Hedgehog-Grass......... 44
Halse Wlax 91 | Hedge=Hyssop..... ...... 140
False Foxglove............ 140 Hedge-Nettle ae ed Ane 138
False Indigo................101 Hemlock See ee 39
False Loosestrife......... AO} MELVIN aioe Bayete, een ee 74

46

False Pimpernel... Hickory 13, 24, 69
False Spikenard......... 6 HIPPOCASTANACEA.
Feather Geranium.... 79 i ee ean
Fennel... eS 199) eoary bears ues 104
Fennel-flower.......... 86 | Hog Pea-nut.....000.. ... 101
Ferns... a TOMY BN: OAs te Pe Rae se 110
-Fescue- Grass.. Olly hock. Ay sey Aas

165
Honey-Locust............ 100
Honeysucekle............... 146
Honewort.... 121
Ope tee LT:
Hop-Hornbean............ 72
TGP Itees ae LOD
Horehound......... ....... 136
Hornbeam (00 esses. 72
Horned Pondweeg...... 42
ELOTMW. ONT Oise eee 83
Horse-Balm....,..........--185
Horse-brier.................. 65
Hovse-Gentian.............146
Horse-Nettle §
Horseradish...... $
nliorse tales eee rss aie
Horse-weed . 156
Hound 's- Tongue... ... 138
Huckleberry.............. 126
HYDROCHARIDACEA

nivbROpIVELACER.

132
HY PERICACH....-..114
TOA Ey AB eee 110

Indian Cucumber-root 65
Indian-Grass..
Indian Hemp...

Indian Pipe...... 125
Indian Plantain......... 159
Imidian: Bice a Sa OL
Indian Tobacco...... ....148
Indian Turnip.....:...... 61
TNMNO CETECe tees 145
ETD YANG BAS ae 7 ee . 66
TA Sh cans aes se sae eee 66
lron-weed. ....02..:..12...162
Tron-w0o0 dee oye s 72
Jamestown-weed........ 13
Jerusalem Oalk Bevis)
Jewel-weed ... s JUL
Joe-Pye Weed.............. 157
Judas-tree . .-100
JUGLANDACHA.... 69
SINICA © By At pe mun 62
DUME=DELnY CS Veet eG
Junie: Grasses See 50
Gtuli oui ofeypenracen Senco et ae ag
Kentucky Blue-Grass 50
Bano by eer esee: SGU
Knoterass... Re Sea o)
Knotweed. oe 6 oe 76
H Eye NR 85) NG iis ee 134
Lady's Slipper:..2... 2 I7
Lady’s Thumb............ 77
Ladies’ Tresses........... 68
Lamb Lettuce... -...2 2 147
hankspurniwwe ee
LAURACEH£....
[heai-Culps-ex
Leatherwoog.,.
Leek . eiereccasee
LEMNACEA.0 0) 61
LENTIBULARIACEH... 5
Roy ea eae MAN BEN I 14
MST LT Ce ne ee RON Trae 149
Tae eee oe Ee 128
LILIACH.. See BSL
Lily SENOS
Lily ‘of the Valley... Hea 64

166
LIMNANTHACE/.. ae
LINACE... wee. 106
Linden.. SL Ag
Live-for-ever............. 93
Liver-leaf..............0..0086 85
Lizard’s-tail............ .. 69
Lobelia................ses0.....148
Locust-tree,.. .............. 104
Loosestrife....
Lyme-Grass................ 15
LYTHRACBH/............. 117
MAGNOLIACE...... 84
Mallow. Bac 114
MALVACE.. 118
Mandrake......... ....
Manna-Grass........
Man-of- the- Earth........
Maple... 16, 31, 110
Marigold... saree ae 85, 154, 155
Marsh Grass ..............: ol
Marsh-Marigold,......... 85
Matrimony-Vine......... 138
May-Apple...............0
May-weed..............
Meadow-Beauty
Meadow-Grass......

See an ae Dee
Meadow-Rue ..

MBLASTOMACH A us
Melie Grass
Melilot.,
MENISPERMACHA:. "6
Mermaid-weed
Mexican Tea................. 78
NI

Milfoil.

MockKer-nut 2000. 0.0.0.2... 70
Mock Orange............... 94
Moneywort......
Monkey-flower aa
MONOTROPACE ...125
Moonseed

Morning-Glory...
Moss Pink.............
Motherwort..... ...........
Mountain Ash .....,..
Mountain Mint...........
Mountain Rice ........... 8
Mouse-ear Chickweed. 81

Mud-Plantain.....0....... 62
Mugwort... ;
Mulberry

Mullein..

Mullein- Foxglove . hoes 141

Muskit Grass. UAE eH 44

INDEX.
Mustard... ...90, a aa
Myr tle i eae
NAIADACE........ 11, 40
INA ice seeeee se tue 40
Neckweed........ 0.0.0.0... 142
INeLuMIIO) wees 2 Se 83
Nettle... 7d

New Jersey Tea...

Nightshado... 139
Ninebark. .. 96
Nonesuch.. ..- 103
Nut-Rush................ .. 60
NYCTAGINACES... ey
NYMPHAHACHE ......

Dalle ae Wey aon: 16, 24, 73
Gat At es ASS rave

Old Witeh Grass........ 48
OLEACEHA. .....,........... 127
ONAGRACES... ae
Onion ee i hon epee

OPHIOGLOSSACK A 3

Orache hen N eo oie.

Ghance Guacie wicune
Orange-root. 00... oo... 86
Orehara-grass.. ... 45
ORCHIDACE.. 67
Oxchysn yee sess. 11, ‘Ol, 68
OROBANCHACEA.. 18
MON OHO RS) senee ae Mea MEA dsnatnn go

Osage Orange... nF 4

Osier.. a 740)
OXALIDACEZ. ...105
WOXSOW Cue eure ee ee 158
Ox-eye Daisy...............155
Oyster-plant...............+ 150
Painted Cup................ on
Panic Grass.. 48
TARR ah, cod - 8
Lene
PAPILIONACEAE eas 101
BAaRSmiip ee Na eas ‘
Partridge-berry..

Se HE A Ce aoa MUP cma eee
Pea Cine ae aes:
Peanut.....

Pellitory
Pennycress..........0....... 92
Pennyroyal.................. 13
Peppergrass...... .......... 92
Pepperidge............... ... 124
PepperminDt...............-: 136
Pepper-root..........0..06.. 91
Pepperwort. 92
Periwinkle, . 129
Philox.. 131
PHRYMACES.. .. 143
PHYTOLACCACEZE.. 80
Pickerel-weed.............. 62
Pigeon-Berry

Pig=nut .............. gO HPE SAE
BIS weedy ane
Pimpernel...................

TW Gye agai ca neta
Pine-weed..

PIM WGC Oe eee
Pipsissewa........
Pitcher-plant... ail
PLANTAGINACEAI 144
Plamtainis.. 00 o esses cco 144

PLATANACEHZ.......... 95
Pleurisy-root...............130

y »
Plum.. 299)
Poison Hemlock.. 121
Poison lvy... i as tO
Pokeweed.. 2... .ccccsceeee 80

POLEMONIACH.....131
POLYGALACEH/.......
POLYGONACE/......
Poly poy. ..f. ees é
Pond-Lily.... ie
Pondweed vax
PONTEDERIACEH
Poplar.
Poppy
Poreupine Grass eres 5
PORTULACACE.... 80
Prairie Dock................
Prickly Pear..

Prim oes eee
PRIMULACEAS.. .......126
Prince’s Pine

Purslane), 2475 ote
Rutty-rootizn ee 67
PYROLACH........... 124

Queen ofthe Prairie... 98
Quick- or Quitch-Grass :
4

Ragweed.............-+...-..L51 -
Racwork os ee 160
RANUNCULACE... ai ihe

REVAIDE free naee

Bae pveray
Rattlesnake’s- st

Rattlesnake—Plantain 68
Rattlesnake-root. .......150
Ray-Grassy, icp 47
Red-bud

Red-root

Ribera a Se
Rice Cut-Grass .......... , AT
Rich-weed HAS:

BOSACE AB... ces. 95

Rose-Mallow..
Rosin-weed...
RUBIACE4Z3.,
US es
Rush-Grass .

Sacred Bean.................
St. John’s-wort........
SALICACHA xt

Sarsaparilla... Dee
Sassafras.......c.. 0.0 1; 8

¢
INDEX. 167
Savory 187 | Storksbill........ ce MOS Vie Rive ee tee
SAXTFRAGACEAE, a Strawberry.................. ObileVietehe oe ees ee
Roi J-<) 0 i: Yes Re ee Strawberry Blite.........32 | Vetchling.............0...5
SCHDIOUS oon Sects, 136 Strawberry Bush........ 110} Viburnum...................
Scoke... SRE ne is ash Succory AYELTO) Ee eae ee ane
Scorpion-grass__ ARES Sugarberry... VIOLACEKABP.........
SOPHO LARIACH A Sumach Viper’s Bugloss
eee aie Serpe ere ae Sundew oenias Virginian Cowslip.....13%
Sea-Rocket.... ..... SUNGYLOPS.....-eeveececeees LLY Virginian Creeper......112
Sea Sand-Reed Sunflower.. 167) | Mirsin’s-Bower. 2. 86
Bearer SweefaBrier G0). AVATAVAG BA eee ans 112 |
Seed-box i
Self-heal
CIM erecee eevee ues suas
Service-berry........ ...... ‘
Shad-bush.................. Wank apin.....
Sheep-berry...... ....... .. Water Beecb..... .........- 72
Shepherd’s Purse 32 | Water Chinquepin.... 83
Shin-leaf... Paniettecess oka Water-Hemlock........ 121
sHeoting star... as SS 24 3: | aWiatenleain i soak se ue 132
Sickle-pod... ws... 9) | Tear-thumb..... 22.0.0... 76| Water-Lily.................. 83
Silkweed.. ORE TPO: Pease leu ue meen 147 | Watermelon......... .....- 33
Silver-Weed............... 96 | Thimbleberry.............. 97 | Water-Milfoil .......... --120
SIMARUBACE2. .....107 | Thistle.......00...0.0.... 155 | Water Oats.........0000000.. 51
Skulleap.. nee Beart THOT Bes 98 | Water-Parsnip............ 123
Skunk Cabbage... . 61] Thoroughwort............- 156 | Water-Pennywotrt...... 122
Smartweed.................. 76 | Three-seeded Mercury Water-Pepper..............
Snake-head ................ TOM Rao Boe ae ene ee ee Eee 107 | Water-Pimpernel........
Snake-root 75, 85, 123, 159 | THY MELEACE#...... 117 | Water-Plantain...........
Snapdragon... wes. 08 | Lickseed... . 1551 Water-Purslane...........
Sneeze-weed , Tic seed Sunflower... . 156 | Water-Shield.... ..........
Snowberry .... Tick Trefoil..s0...2::.-...... 101 | Water-Starwort...........
SO&PWOTPt.........-.0.ccc000.. TILIACEA..... 2.0.0... 113 | Water-weed.................
SOLANACE AR... NS By pero filntyee teen sense neers 50 | Water-Willow.............
Solomon’s Seal. S65 | Moad-WMlawe.e oc clceee 141 | WaxX-WOLk ........eceeeees
Sorrel............. Sieziz/ a) Mi Woy cake Xo) ae oan aeens 33, 139 | White Grass...............+
Sour-Gum... 124 | Toothache-tree .. 106 | White Lettuce. py
Sow Thistle... 150 | Toothwort....... . 91} White-weed..
Spanish- Needles... Dlr ad 154 | Touch-me-not .. 11 | Whitlow-Grass.
Spatter-Dock. . _... 83 Tower Mustard. . 90} Wild Balsam-appl
. Spear-Grass.......00.e 50 | Tree of Heaven ..........107 | Wild Bean............ 101, 10
Spearmint. _.........0..... AEC LOU ae hy eaten cae 106 | Wild Ginger.. ne
Spearwort............ 7 | Triple-awned Grass... 44| Wild Hyacinth... Ry Ras BB
2 Speedwell.................00. Hatin Gide eA 143 | Wild Mmigquoricel{ ss 144
e Spice-bush Trumpet-weed.............157 | Wild Oat-Grass........... 45
Spiderwort................ . 61) Tulip-tree .........0....... Walloon eae 70
_ Spikenard...... .... ....120 | Tumble-weed............... Willow-herb .............. 118)
\ Spit e-Rusht..2) 1.2... 58) Tupelo...)..c.2.. 22. ates Winterberry... ......... 110
Spindle-tree.................110 | Turtle-head................. Winter-Cress............... 90
| Spleenwort...... 2.00.00... 36] Twayblade................... 68 | Wintergreen.............. 125
Spring-Beauty..... ...... 80 | Twig-Rusb....00....000..0...- 57 | Wire-Grass....., ....... 45, 50
SPUPECL ee esa 108 | Twin-leaf....0.......... 88 | Witeh—Hazel............... 95
Squaw-root.................. 143 | TYPHACEHAZ............... 40} Wood-Grass................. 45
Squaw-weed................ 160 Wood Reed-Grass..... . 45
| Squirrel Corn.............. 89 | ULMACEH/................- Wood-Rush................. 63
; Squirrel-tail Grass...... 47} UMBELLIFER. ..... rf W00G-SaZe........ ccc eee
: STAPHYLEACE%....110 | URTICACE/.............. 75 | Wood-Sorrel
Star-Grass...... 66 Wormwood............... Bs
Star of Bethlehem...... 65| VACCINIACE......... 126
Steeple-Bush .. 98] Valerian...................66 TAG Ye De esate
; Stickseed..... 133 VALERIANACE AS. .147 | Yarrow....... .....
Stick-tight..... ..154 | Venus’s Looking-glass Yellow Rocket
Stitchwort........ .. 82 PUB iss bade) Ae AT ART NAGA ofc PAV ils a om SU
-Stone-crop............ 2... 93 | VERBENACE @ .........184
Bai

‘Qhio State Academy of Science.

SPECIAL PAPERS NO. 2.

Sy
ws ae

eo

ty

ete

iv

4

res

LSet

“

3 Ohio State Academy of Science. °

SERCIAT PAPERS NO. *2:

THE

— ODONATA OF OHIO.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE DRAGONFLIES
jc KNOWN IN OHIO, WITH KEYS FOR
re: THEIR DETERMINATION.

A POSTHUMOUS PAPER
BY

DAVID) S, KEELICORT, Pu. Dy,

LaTE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY IN THE OHIO

STATE UNIVERSITY.

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
Marcu, 1899.

PRESS OF CLAPPER PRINTING CO.

WOOSTER, OHIO.

yh

Wish

PRERPATORY: NOTE

_ The paper on the Odonata of Ohio, by Prof. D. S.
-Kellicott herewith presented to the public, was in such
an advanced stage of progress at the time of his death
_ that there can be no possible question as to the desira-
a bility of publishing it in the form which he had given to
it. It was necessary, however, in order to give it the
completeness that would make it most serviceable in
P the line intended by the author that the species not
a covered in the manuscript he left should be given a
ag similar treatment. This duty has been performed by
_ Mr. J. S. Hine, whose long association with Prof.
-Kellicott, and participation with him in the collection
and preparation of material on which the paper is
based gave him exceptional advantages for the work.
Of the original manuscript by Prof. Kellicott, which
covers everything up to and including Gomphus ex-
__ternus nothing has been changed, except to make such
_ verbal changes as he himself would have made on a
final revision for the press. For the remainder the
_ effort has been to complete as nearly as possible on the
4 _ plan followed by Prof. Kellicott, in the portion he had
_ finished and, wherever possible, use has been made of
his published descriptions.
Pj) The sketch of Prof. Kellicott’s life, and the bibliog-
_ raphy have also been prepared by Mr. Hine, the draw-
ings for the plates by Mr. W. E. Kellicott. |
HERBERT OSBORN.
ay Dept. Zool. and Ent. O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio.
: Feb. 10, 1899.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.

David S. Kellicott, Ph. D., late Professor of Zoology —
and Entomology at the Ohio State University, was
born at Hasting’s Center, Oswego County, New York, _
January 28, 1842. His boyhood days were spent on a
farm, where early in life he acquired an intense love for
nature. ne

He availed himself of the opportunities for pre :
liminary education offered by the district school, and
prepared for College at Mexico Academy, Mexico, New |
York. He entered Genesee College, now eens: Uni-
versity, and completed the science course. Later he re
ceived the degrees of Bachelor of Philosophy, and ‘
Doctor of Philosophy from the same Institution. His |
life work was teaching; he taught village schools at
first, but was soon called to college work, and from
1870-’72 was teacher of Mathematics in the Keystone —
State Normal School. At this time an opportunity
presented, and he accepted a position in his chosen
field, becoming Professor of Natural History in the
Buffalo State Normal School, which position he held. us
until he resigned in 1888, to accept the position at the
Ohio State University. Here his quiet enthusiasm, in-
domitable energy and enlightened judgment developed
his department to a high degree of efficiency.

The scientific attainments of Professor Kellicott :
have been gratefully recognized by an appreciative |
public. At the time of his death he was president ol
the American Microscopical Society, General Secretary :
of the American Association for the Advancement of —
Science, and Treasurer of the Ohio State Academy of —

Science. Formerly he was president of the Buffalo

* Academy of Science, and the Ohio State Academy of
Science. He was among the first in this country to
become a fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society of
London.

His death was caused by pneumonia. After an ill-
ness of only a few days he died April 13th 1898.

Professor Kellicott has contributed articles to
various American periodicals, most of which are in-
cluded in the following list. |

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MICROSCOPISTS.

1879. On Certain Crustaceous Parasites of Fishes from the Great
Lakes. I, 53.

Observations on Lerneocera cruciata. I, 64.

1880. Lerneocera tortura,n.s. II, 41.

1882. On Certain Crustaceous Parasites of Fresh-Water Fishes.

IV, 75.
Polyzoa—Observations on Species Detected near Buffalo, N.
ea, 2ale

1883. On some Infusoria found on the Cray-Fish. V, 105.
Cothurnia lata, n.s. V, 113.
Note on two Parasites of the Cray-Fish. V, 115.

1884. Observations on Infusoria with Description of New Species.
VI, 110.
Notes: Infusoria, Rotatoria, Ete. VI, 126.

1885. Observations on some Fresh-water Infusoria—with Descript-
ions of a few Species regarded as new. 38.
Anew Floscule. 48. -

1886. A note on Argulus catostomi. 144.

1887. Additional note on a Certain Species of Rotifera. 181.
Some new and rare Infusoria. 187. |

1888. President’s Address: The Nature of Protozoa, and Lessons
of these Simplest Animals. 5.
Partial List of Rotifera of Shiawassee River, at Corunna,
Michigan. 84.

Observations of Fresh-water Infusoria. 97.
1889. A New Rotiferon. 32.
1892. Crustaceous Parasite of the ‘‘ Miller’s Thumb.” 76.

1895. Formalin in the Zoological and Histological Laboratory.
Sol:

1896. The Rotifera of Sandusky Bay—First Paper. 155.
1897. The Rotifera of Sandusky Bay—Second Paper. 43.

Vi.

1893.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. _

JOURNAL OF THE CINCINNATI SocIETY oF NATURAL HisToRY.

1893.
1895.
1896.
1897.

ii 1885.

On Certain Marine Infusoria observed at Woods Hall, Mass.
II, 10.

Preliminary Report of the Dragonflies of Ohio.
Third Report on the Odonata of Ohio. IV, 33. _
Additions to the Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio. V, 47.
Preliminary Report on the Fresh-Water Sponges of Ohio. V,
50.

Additions to the Catalogue of Dragonflies of Ohio. VI, 27.

Piya:

Insect LIFE. Re Bar
The Preparatory Stages of Eustrotia caduca. III, 321.
Note on the Horn Fly in Ohio IV, 35.
Hypoderas columbe—A Note. V, 77. \
Notes on the Aegeriidze of Central Ohio—II. V, 81.

Remarkable Malformation inaCat. XV, 54.
Catalogue of Ohio Odonota-Part I. XVII, 195.
Catalogue of,Ohio Odonata-Part II. XVIII, 105.
Catalogue of Ohio Odonata—Part III. XIX, 66.

An Odonate Nymph from a Thermal Spring. XIX, 63.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA. oa

On the Larval Stages of Harmonia pini, and a Parasite of
the same. I, 171. sah
On the Preparatory Stages of an Undetermined Cossus. I, a.
173.
Notes on Two Larve of the Genus Catocala. ° II, 45.
Note on Hepialis argenteomaculatus. IV. 153.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEws.

Dragonflies Congregating at Night. I, 146.
Retinia comstockiana, Fernald. I, 33.
Platycerura furcilla, Packard. II, 33.

Psyche confederata, G.& R. II, 122.

There are exceptions. II, 208.

Perophora melsheimerii. III, 18.

Cossid or Hepialid? III, 123.

The White Ant Again. V, 314.

Distribution of Odonata: V, 314.
Odonata-A Note and a Description. VI, 239.

wv:

tA

—

TRANSACTIONS OF THE OHIO STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY.

Certain Entozoa of the Dog and Sheep. 1894.
The State University and Medical Education.

JOURNAL OF THE CoLUMBUS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1890. Our Injurious Agerians. V, 11.
Blackberry Borer, (Bembicia marginata). V, 27.
1891. Entomology. VI, 60.
Report of the Committee on Entomology. VI, 100.
Bea. 1892. Observations on Forest Insects. VII, 92.
i Report of the Committee on Entomology. VII, 96.
Report of the Committee on Entomology, VII, 111.
1894. Some Museum and Granary Pests. IX, 11.
; The White Ant. IX, 81.
tae Report of the Committee on Entomology. IX, 179.
; 1895. Report of the Committee on Entomology. X, 58.

:
4
B.
7
, {
Mi
a

» Report of the Committee on Entomology. X. 144.

ie 1896. Remarkable Extension in the Northward Range of the Bag or
t Basket Worm. XI, 4.

Z bi Report of the Committee on Entomology. XI, 48.

AMERICAN MonTHLY MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL.

1885. Opercularia constricta, n.s.
1888: Nature of Protozoa.

NATURALISTS BULLETIN.

1883. The Larve of the Catocale.

51st ANNUAL REPORT OF BUFFALO LIBRARY.

Address at the Opening of the Buffalo Public Library.

BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO NATURALIST’S AND FIELD CLUB.

1883. Notes on Protozoa. No. I.
Notes on Protozoa. No. II.

Soren, Entomological Notes. 41.
Entomological Notes. 68.

Entomological Notes. 88.

BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCE.

1877. Description of a New Species of Argulus. III, 214.

1882. Observations and Notes. IV, 29.
Notes on the Larvz of some Local Pterophoride. IV, 47.
Observations and Notes. IV, 61.

VII.

>

TE MICROSCOPE.

1887. Notes on Fresh Water Infusoria, with Remarks on Conese
and Preserving these Delicate Animals. i
1889. Intestinal Parasitic Infusoria of the Frog.

CanaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1878. A New Gall Moth, and Notes on Larve of Other Gall Moths. i
X, 201.

1879. es To on Nephopterix zimmermani. XI, 114,

1880. Correspondence. XII, 59.
Larval Habits of the Golden-rod Boring Plume. XII, 105.

1881. Observations on Several Species of Aigeriadz inhabiting the
Vicinity of Buffalo, N. Y. XIII, 3.
| The Larvee of Catocala unijuncta. XIII, 38.
Notes on Ageria pini. XIII, 157.
1882. Is Poedisca Scudderiana a Gall-maker? XIV, 161.

1883. Psephenus Lecontei—On the External Anatomy of the Larva. —

XV, 191.
1884. A Note—Ovipositing Apparatus of Nonagria Subearnea.
XVI, 170. 3k
1884. Occurrence of the Basket-worm in Ontario. XVI, 180.
1885. Eumacaria brumearia, Packard. XVII, 32. ”

1889. Arzama obliquata. XXI, 39.

1891. Notes on Two Borers Injurious to the Mountain Ash.
XXIII, 250.

1892. Notes on the Aigeriade of Central Ohio. XXIV, 42.
“Notes on the Ageriade of Central Ohio—II. XXIV, 209.
Preparatory Stages of Calothysanis amaturaria, XXIV,
24.2.

1894. List of the Dragon-flies of Corunna, Michigan. XXVI. 345.
1895. Correction. XXVII, 15.

AGRICULTURAL STUDENT.

1895. The Hessian Fly. II, 31.
1896. Notes on the Occurence of Dragonflies in Ohio. III, 141.
1897. Rare Ohio Dragonflies. IV, 45.

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
1891. Note on the Horn Fly in Ohio. XXII, 59.

PROCEEDINGS OF INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

1895. Rotifera. 242.
Odonata. 251.
MiscELLANEOUS. pea

1897. Dissection ot an Ophidian—Published by the Author.

1881. Address of the Retiring President of the Buffalo Microscopical —
Club.

1899. The Odonata of Ohio. Published as Special Papers 2.
Ohio State Academy of Science.

x

TO MY ASSOCIATES AND STUDENTS
IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
) OF THE

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, THIS BOOKLET IS DEDICATED, ~
IN MEMORY OF
HAPPY HOURS SPENT TOGETHER
AS NATURALISTS IN FIELDS AND WOODS.

INTRODUCTION.

This brochure has been prepared in answer to the
often repeated query of students and young natural-
ists, ‘‘What book can I get to help me in identifying
the dragonflies.’”’ If it does not prove helpful to these
inquiring ones, the purpose of its making has been
missed. The effort has been to prepare a helpful and
suggestive guide, clear and scientifically accurate; and
to record without too painful dryness, the present
state of our knowledge ot a delightful group of insects.
Should the attempt prove in a measure successful, as a
means of increasing interest in these lively creatures
and in helping some earnest minded young people to
enjoy more thoroughly the pleasures of studying
nature afield, the writer will feel richly repaid for his
pains.

The writings of Dr. Herman Hagen, Baron de
Selys-Longchamps, W. F. Kirby, Benjamin D. Walsh
Philip P. Calvert, Nathan Banks, Rene’ Martin and
other students of the odonata have been freely con-
sulted and deep obligations to each are acknowledged.
Much assistance has been given in collecting by Pro-
fessor J. S. Hine, Professor E. E. Bogue, by my son, W,
E. Kellicott and by many students of the Ohio State
University.

It does not seem necessary to give here an account
of the anatomy and metamorphosis of the dragonflies ;
this has been done quite recently in papers by Nathan
Banks,! Philip P. Calvert,? and by Professor J. H.
Comstock,® nor will the bibliography be repeated, as it
~ (L) A Synopsis Catalogue and Bibliozraphy of the Neuropteroid Insects
of iphie Vol. ENexth America. Transaction of the Am. Hnt. Soc.,of Phila-

(2.) Catalogue of the Odonata of the vicinity of Philadelphia, with an

Introduction to the Study of this Group of Insects, Ib. Vol. XX.
(3.) Manual for the study of Insects, Ithaca. N. Y., 1895.

2) DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

is accessible to most students in the papers cited and in
the Synoptic Catalogue of W. F. Kirby. References
will be made, by foot notes, to descriptions made since
the papers cited were published.

Dragonflies occur in most parts of the earth. Rep-
resentatives of this ancient race fly beyond the Arctic
Circle and at an elevation of 10,000 feet. However,
they are heat-loving insects and of course are more
numerous in tropical and sub-tropical countries than
elsewhere. The number of known species in the whole
world exceeds 2000; in North America about 300; and
in Ohio 100.

The Odonate fauna of Ohio is essentially rich in
species and in the number of individuals. The great
lake system on the north, and the Ohio River on the
south afford favorable conditions for their life, and
avenues for their approach from south-west and north-
west; while our diversified area with its numerous
rivers and morasses is not an unfavorable habitat.
The number of living species listed for Great Britain is
forty-five, for France seventy, and for all Europe one
hundred and twenty. Still our Century of Odonates,
it is supposed, represents a waning race; once, when the
climate was more nearly tropical, the number was
probably much greater. A question of equal interest is
whether the results of the changes incident to civiliza-
tion have produced adiminution of our resident species.
There is an impression abroad that we have lost species
in, for example, the present century; that some species
cannot withstand the consequences of stream pollution,
drainage of morasses, and the more inconstant charac-
ter of the streams and ponds. There are no data for

determining the question. It is the opinion of the
writer that some few forms once residents are no longer
within our limits, but that others have taken up their
homes here at the same time; in fact it appears proba-
ble that the number has increased rather ulna dimin-
ished up to the present time.

KELLICOTT. 3

The pronounced individuality of the Dragonflies
has attracted the attention of people to them quite uni-
versally and strongly. This is shown by the awakened
imagination shown in the many and often strikingly
significant popular names. The Germans call them
‘“ Wassernympfe,’ the Dutch ‘Scherpstekendevieg,”’
the French “ Demozselle,’”’ the Portugese ‘‘ Mosca que
da grandes picacas,’’ the Italians ‘‘Saetta,’’ the English
Dragonflies or Horsestingers, while in our own country
we may have not only the English names but others
quite as forcible; for example, ‘‘Spindles,”’ ‘‘ Mosquito-
hawks.”’ ‘‘Snake-feeders,”’ ‘‘Snake-doctors,”’ ‘‘ Darning-
needles,’ or to be more profane ‘‘Devil’s darning-
needles.’”’ These names most happily express the char-
acteristics of these veritable dragons of the air and
water. It has been said that ‘‘some of these names
testify to the wide spread, but quite unfounded, belief
in the harmfulness of these creatures to man.’’ The
writer recalls at least one grown person who truly
believed they were harmful. This was a_ school
teacher, who impressed upon him, and others of her
charge, that the devil’s darning-needles about the ‘‘old
swimmin’ hole’’ were dangerous, and that they were
quite determined to sew up the ears of truants who
sought the limpid waters and grass-covered banks of
the millrace, rather than the hard and strict ways of
the prosy school-room. This is the one ‘‘fact’’ of
Natural History he remembers to have been taught
him in the ‘‘ district’ school.

@
PY

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
8.

Lateral view of (¢ abdominal
appendages of Enallagma ex-
sulans.

Same E£. aspersum.

Same &. fischeri.

Same E. signatum.

Same E. ebrium.

Same E. doubledayi.

Dorsal view .' abdominal ap-
pendages E. aspersum.

9.

10.

Lateral view <\ abdominal ap-
pendages ZL. traviatum.

Dorsal view © abdominal ap-
pendages E. traviatum.

Lateral view <{\ abdominal ap-
pendages EF. hageni.

Same &. geminatum.

Same E. divagans.

Same £. pollutum.

Same E£. carrunculatum.

eA vs,

date et
Reine: 4

M4]

aus a
Rage
Shire

aK

16.

17.
18.
19.
20.
2).
22.
23.

26

eA

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Dorsal view left ¢ abdominal
appendages Lestes disjuncta.
Same L. congener.

Same L. vigilax.

Same L. forcipata.

Same L. uncata.

Same L. rectangularis.

Same L. inzqualis.

Same L. unguiculata.

24.

25.
25.
27.

Lateral view external °{\ genital
organs of second abdominal seg-
ment of Diplax rubicundula, as
seen when the insect is turned
upside down.

Same D. semicincta.

Same D. vicina.

Same D. obtrusa.

of

37

d/

=

yy
a
=

>

—
L
WEK

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Lateral view < abdominal ap-
pendages Gomphus fraternus.
Same G. graslinellis.

Same G. villosipes.

Same G. spicatus. ~

Same G. furcifer.

Same G. externus.

Same G. vastus.
Same G. exilis.

Same G. plagiatus.
Same G. lividus.
Same G. spiniceps.
Same G. quadricolor.

De mite one meree
af)! :

me

PAE AMER

The Systematic Place of the Odonata.

The orders of insects fall naturally into two
groups: those having incomplete metamorphosis,
Heterometabola, and those in which the metamor-
phosis is complete, Metabola. In the latter group of
orders there are four sharply separated stages,—egg,
larva, pupa and imago; in the former the changes in-
cident to the period of adolescence are gradual, so that
the larval and pupal stages are not sharply defined.
The young continue active and feed from birth until the
final change to imago. Such growing insects are
called nymphs.

They are arranged by Professor J. H. Comstock, as
follows:

Heterometabola. Metabola.
Thysanura. : Neuroptera.
Ephemerida. Mecoptera.
Odonata. Trichoptera.
Plecoptera. Lepidoptera.

' Isoptera. Diptera.
Corrodentia. Siphonaptera.
Mallophaga. Coleoptera.
Euplexoptera. Hymenoptera.
Orthoptera.

Physopoda.
Hemiptera.

Thus the Odonata or Dragonflies rank among least
specialized insects; those most nearly related to the

6 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

primative stock; to those orders having representa-
tives at lower geological horizons than Metabola.
They present, however, some contrasts and exceptions
to those of related orders. In these the head thorax
and abdomen are sharply separated as in Metabola.
They are active, powerful and boldly predaceous.
Their nvmphs, as well as the adults, exhibit the malig-
nant side of life that lived and sported about the
marshes of the remote Tertiary Period.

LESSER GROUPS OF THE ORDER

The Order Odonata is divided into two sub-orders :

I. Zygoptera in which both pairs of wings are
similar and which in repose are held vertically; the
males have two inferior abdominal appendages and the
nymphs have three caudal gill-plates; and Il. Anzisop-
tera in which the two pairs of wings are dissimilar, in
repose they are held horizontally; the males have one
terminal \inferior abdominal appendage, and the
nymphs have no terminal gill-plates.

Our representatives of the Order may be arranged
in the following lesser groups:

ORDER ODONATA.

I. SuUB-ORDER ZYGOPTERA.
1. Famity AGRIONIDZA.

(1) Sub-family Calopterygine.
(2) Sub-family Agrionine.

II. SuB-ORDER ANISOPTERA.
2. Fami_y AXSCHNIDA.
(3) Sub-family Gomphine.
(4) Sub-family Corduligasterine.
(5) Sub-family Aéschnine.

ca |

KELLICOTT.

3. Famity LIBELLULIDA.

(6) Sub-family Corduline.
(7) Sub-family Libelluline.

Key to the Foregoing Sub=families.

1. Wings alike, closed vertically in repose, eyes far separated..........2
INO AIS HAND @ Vie sta cete aasenmed sinks sdtst site ciseenuecuossramensebos tose cdateneun- nese teantabes 3
2. More than two antecubitals.................ccc0ec0e (1) Calopterygine.
Only qwioramceculoitallshvesrecceceeeseeseocsee reece cee eneee ee (2) Agrionine.
3. Antecubitals of the first and second series, not corresponding
ELIT O UE OED beeen. onsccone te tetts vctencuatas Oh owe cice dacianaceatetoswes sseuseu coeenemeeaeaes 4.
(COMFES DO MG hws tbl mEONwFesl NOW e ococcscooaccdea5Ec90Nd Soop pDEGdoNoUCHONEoHenHOSHESHI00C on
4. Eyes separated by a wedge-shaped occiput...... ... (3) Gomphine.
IB sWeS loeily TOD AE cosoceoocodeocacdoodoosceNuEGeS (4) Corduligasterine.
Eyes touching for a short distance....................008 (5) Aeschnine.
Dee yesitubercolated belitddty.-rescecceseceseesseese cess cecees (6) Corduline.
yeson Otsuulloercledesceisasetesce.vescecsascctsececccessenteeccees (7) Libelluline.

THE FIRST SUB-FAMILY.

CALOPTERYGIN 2A.

The species of this sub-family are among the most
beautiful of dragonflies. Their bright metallic colors,
their clouded and reticulated wings, their slender and
graceful bodies at once attract attention. Their flight
is not strong and they seldom wander far from the
grassy borders of native pond or stream, where in turn
they are to deposit their eggs and where their young
are to be matured. While our species are few, most of
them are common and occur everywhere; they belong

to genera determined as follows:
1. Basilar space free, wings broad................c..sssecerseeeeenee Calopteryx.
2. Basilar space reticulated, wings narrowet..................++ Hetzrina.

CALOPTERYX, Leach.

Only two species are known within our limits.
Two different species—C. elegans and C. dimidiata,

8 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

have been taken in Kentucky and doubtless will yet be
found on this side of the great river.
The species of the genus are arranged in two
groups, thus:
1. Wings spatulate, 7. e. anterior and posterior margins of the wings
not parallel.
(1.) Wings uniformly velvety black, ( brownish in young).
maculata.

(2.) Wings hyaline basally, apical third or fourth blackish.
zquabalis.

2. Wings not spatulate, i. e., anterior and posterior margins nearly
parallel.*
*No representatives as yet recorded from the State.

1. Calopteryx maculata, Beauvois.

Length: of hind wing, @ 28mm., ? 30; of abdo-
men Sand 2 37 mm.

The males are metallic blue or green; the antenne,
under parts of head and thorax, legs, a broad humeral
stripe, the thoracic sutures and under parts of the
abdominal segments 1-7 are black; segments 8-10 and
inferior appendages below are light—sometimes the
black extends to 10 or evento the appendages. The
wings are velvety black in the adult, some shade of
brown in the young.

The superior appendages are forcipate, at base
nearly cylindrical, narrowing to the middle at
which they suddenly expand interiorly to the some-
what swollen and slightly decurved apex; the distal
half bears several stout denticles on its outer margin.
The inferior appendages are shorter, truncate, some-
what curved inward and upward, with a sharp in-
curved tooth at inner angle.

The females have the head and thorax similar to
the males, but with more blackish shades and the ab-
domen brassy brown with a pale light or white
dorsal band on 8-10, broader on 9 and often including
a part of 7, Abdominal appendages nearly as long as
10, slender, pointed and black. The wings are similar

KELLICOTT. 9

to those of the young males, often darker apically,
especially on the hind wings; the pterostigma
(absent in the male) is milk white, broad and reticu-
lated ; it varies greatly in size, but is always relatively
send

This species is found throughout tne State, and is
abundant in most localities. It prefers small streams,
especially the meadow-brooks and the clear, cool rivu-
lets from springs among the hills. It also oceurs by
the borders of larger living waters where the banks are
overhung by foliage. In this form, the male does not
always seize the female with his feet previous to clasp-
ing her prothorax with the abdominal appendages.
He flits about her, when at rest, gradually approach-
ing, and, finally, the female not attempting to avoid
him, he poises himself with sufficient accuracy to pick
her up by the prothorax, when they fly away together.
The female places her eggs among the rubbish and mud
along the borders of the ditches.

In central Ohio it occurs from May 15 to Sep-
tember; it is most abundant in June.

It is perhaps true of all of this sub-family, but
especially true in case of maculata that the males en-
gage in fierce battles. Twocombatants will fly about
each other, evidently with consuming rage, when one
finally appears to have secured a position of advant-
age and darts at his enemy attempting, often success-
fully, to tear and damage his wings. These battles
often last a long time, until the participants are ap-
parently exhausted. Sometimes a third and a fourth
happen along and ‘‘take a hand”’ when the melee be-
comes general, each doing his utmost to damage any
other that he can seize.

1. Calopteryx zequabilis, Say.

eVengih: of hind wing &' 32 mm., ° 33; of abdomen
Sand 2 40.

10 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

The male is metallic green; the following black; the
head except the clypeus, thoracic carina, a narrow
humeral stripe, more or less on thoracic sutures, the
legs and the abdominal. appendages. The wings are
hyaline, except the tips, with a shade of brown which
is golden at certain angles, the tips are deep brown to
black, as follows: the anterior with one fourth or one
third black, irregular on inner border, the posterior
with one third or one half straight within.

_ The superior abdominal appendages are forcipate,
on the inner surface there is a sinus at the middle
followed by a stout tooth, the apical portion is thick,
apex obtuse, outer margin denticulate; the inferiors are
shorter, stout, and straight seen from above, strongly
curved upwards, the apex with an incurved apical
hook; the surface of these organs is rouzh and in opti-
cal section appears serrate.

The female agrees closely in color with the male, the
tip of abdomen becoming brownish with a light band
on 8-10; and on sides of 5-10; there are light lines
above the thoracic feet. The abdominal appendages are
shorter than 10, stout, acute. The wings are lighter
apically than in the male; the pterostigma is narrow,
not reticulated, milk white.

Compared with maculata, zquabilis is a little
larger, but more slender; the body is more decidedly
metallic green; the male appendages are similar, but
differ sufficiently, they are rougher, that is, the denticles
are more numerous and stouter, the strong tooth on
the inner curve is wanting in maculata, the inferior are
straighter, stouter and rougher thanin maculata. The
wings besides their difference in color are not quite so
spatulate; the pterostigma is very different.

Ajquabilis has been taken thus far only in the cen-
tral part of the state in the first of summer. Its habits
appear to be similar to those of maculata except it has

KELLICOTT. ill

not been noticed about rivulets. as it prefers the borders
of larger streams.

HETAERINA, Hagen.

As yet two only of the several charming species ac-
credited to America have been taken in Ohio. Others,
however, occur in states south and west, so there are
still regional species that may be added. In habits
they resemble Calopteryx ; their bronzed body, narrow,
hyaline wings with brilliant, basal areas in the males,
at once distinguish them.

1. Tips of the wings, especially the anterior, brown; base of fore

TACOS, Gemnsworn, JambaGl, [OVFOVi7 Ms seq-ocgosoasouscqqoaneoanadacooosouaHs6o00s tricolor.
2. Tips of the wings of male not spotted with brown; base of
DOL MEPAINSSCEUMSOM esse ved eesarcts nas see sous ce Bs easier tienes apetesiee cr americana.

Heterina americana, Fabricius.

Length; of hind wing, 0 28 mm., ° 30; of abdomen
So 36 mm., 2 32 mm.

In the males the head and thorax are coppery red,
in the fully adult, in younger examples metallic green ;
the labrum and labium are pale with a black dot in
the center of the former; the genze and mid-dorsal
carina are black; there is a white humeral line, a simi-
lar one on first lateral suture, a broader stripe at the
second suture with the ventral surface and the posterior
lateral border of the metathorax white; all the white
lines and stripes are bordered more or less with black.
The wings are hyaline with a shade of brown at the
tips and with the basal fourth bright red except costa
of fore wing: these basal patches are pale in the young
on the front wings and brown on the hind ones. The
pterostigma is very small, yellowish in the young, light
brown in the fully adult. The dorsum of the abdomen
is metallic green, becoming obscure and coppery with
age, yellowish at the sides; the venteris blackish except
on 1-2 and 9-10 which are yellowish, there are yellow-

12 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

ish narrow interrupted rings on 3-7, anda more or less
distinct mid-dorsal, light line on 2—7.

The superior abdominal appendages are*forcipated,
light below and darker above especially towards the
apex; the outer surface is denticulate in the middle;
there are two smooth horizontally flattened protuber-
ances on the inner side, the proximal one is the larger,
the rounded apexes of these processes are directed away
from each other.

The inferior appendages are broad at base, then
narrow and cylindrical, the truncated apex reaches to
the larger tubercle of superiors and bears a stout den-
ticle on its inner angle.

The females have the head, thorax and abdomen
metallic green, the last becoming obscure with age.
There are markings of other colors as follows; antennz
(except basal joints ), a dot in middle of labrum, mid-
dorsal carina, the tarsi, the outer side of legs and
sternum black; the under side of head and thorax,
sides of abdomen (except a dark apical spot ), basal in-
terrupted ring on 1—7, a mid-dorsal line on 1-10; basal
joints of antenna, labrum, edges of the prothorax,
humeral stripe and stripes on the side as in the male,
white. The wings are hyaline, costa black, basal third
and front margin pale yellowish brown. Pterostigma
white, surrounded by black veins. The abdominal ap-
pendages and valves are yellowish, the latter tipped
with black.

This brilliant gem is peculiarly restricted in its
scene of flight. Itis rarely observed more than a few
feet away from its accustomed habitat, the water’s
edge. Another notable habit is that of congregating,
sometimes in companies of hundreds. These assem-
blies commence in the afternoon and do not disperse
until the warmth of the following day awakens them to
activity. Both sexes take part in these assemblies and
they rest so compactly that a single sweep of the net

KELLICOTT. 13

may capture scores of them. A slender, drooping
twig of the willow, loaded with these beautiful insects
looks like a string of rubies and presents a beautiful
picture.

The species occurs throughout Ohio, and it may be
found from mid-summer until late in October by run-
ning waters, especially where the flow is rapid over
rocks and pebbles and the borders are overhung by the
spray of willows or coarse aquatic plants.

Heterina tricolor, Burmeister.

Length of abdomen & 41, 2 35, of hind wing & 30,
2 30:

Male deep blackish brown, thorax reddish brown,
mid-dorsal thoracic carina black, humerals narrow,
pale, yellowish apical rings on 1-4; legs black; wings
hyaline, tips of all brown, more on hind wings; basal
fourth of fore wing crimson, except between the first
and second antecubitals, hind wings brown at base
except hind margin; pterostigma nearly black, small.

Abdominal appendages black, less forcipate than in
americana, as long as 10, exteriorly toward the
apex there are coarse teeth, within at base a blunt
hairy tubercle followed by a blade whose margin is first
excavated, then convex and truncated distally; the
inferiors are half as long, upturned apically with two
terminal sharp tubercles.

The female is bronze green ornamented with pale
buff. The face, antennz, except terminal half which is
black, and occiput buff; prothorax has the posterior
lobe elevated and rounded in the middle, bordered with
buff and with a geminate, orange spot in the
middle and with a wash of the same at the sides;
thorax green, mid-dorsal black stripe, buff either side
uniting; with humeral of the same color; sides buff
with green spot on each ring; legs green and pale,
tarsi black; wings flavescent throughout; ptero-

14. DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

stigma white. Abdominal dorsum with green and
pale and interrupted apical vellow rings on 2-7; ten
with a dorsal carina and apical thorn; appendages
conical pointed; valves short, dark.

This very handsome species occurs along the Ohio
river and ascends the larger streams as far as the
central district. It is not rare, but far less abundant in

its range than americana. It flies much more rapidly
than the other, otherwise its habits appear to be
similar. It prefers the borders of streams where the
flow is rapid.

ine SECOND SUBS AVinIEN:

AGRIONINZ.

This group includes the smallest dragonflies, in fact
all Ohio species are small. Not so in tropical America,
where representatives are known that are the most
gigantic of living odonates.

Our feebler inhabitants of the river bottoms may be
seen in numbers on any warm summer day flitting
among the sedges of the shallows or busy placing their
eggs among floating aquatics. They are not seen
flying high in the air or patrolling the beach in search
of mates or food, for they seek their kind and prey in
the low thickets of aquatic foliage. Many are dull in
color, many are brilliant; green, blue and yellow are
favorite colors. All are graceful and charming.

The genera may be outlined and limited by the following syn-

optically arranged characters:
1. Median and submedian sectors arising nearer the arculus than

‘thie! nO GUSs cass acceteenee msc ecetcsans coves toesecncatneaesrecstoonsts sotencuserauec Lestes.
Median and submedian sectors arising near the nodus............... 2.
2. Bristles on the legs, long,—each about twice as long as the
distance from the base of one to the next.................seeceeeeeeee Argia.
Bristles on the legs SHOE. .......2...... 0002 ssccecsoverencasssecccssseeconssencness oF
3. No ventral spine at end of 8 in the female...................s2seseeeceeeseees 4.

Acventrall spine ab ead ots ia ter allen espe aaene ten eepenaerewecesseeeee SS)

KELLICOTT. 15

AS NO! POSCOCHIATS DOES. s.0.eccssy cows decceaueesnoorenwenatouecidcetiees Erythromma.

PVR MO SEQCHIARS POLS re, nacsnncst sae stacey atanesnestaaen | Sacaence Nehalennia.
5. The tenth segment of the male a little prolonged above, the
process bifid; pterostigmas on fore and hind wings of male of
Gidferenticol Onr-c acces seecses pi ecealeslncneee sdetoneccewowneeee ers ccnuasescndnsdur een 6.
The tenth segment of male without the superior bifid process
(Except in exsu/ans and fischeri). Pterostigmas on wings of

imallesimillatecs.ses.s.2.4.0s: tnonoop aoe scocoencBsroconoSnobeccotescnnceceegecr Enallagma.
Gre NOMPOSEOCH A SPO ESiecnssseuasseatsss suse scccetcteaatiannceec eens Amphiagron.
PE WVORD OSLO CHIANG SOLES arts cnensttecsansctec stocsacsecasnaetencerent a aeet Seon anes Ue
7. Pterostigma remote from the costa in the male.....4nomalagrion.
Pterostigma normal in position in the male.................... Ischnura.

LESTES, Leach.

In W. F. Kirby’s Catalogue of the odonates of the
world, thirteen species of Lestes are ascribed to the
Nearctic region; of these, eight have been taken in the
state and there is, at least, one more that is very likely
a resident, Viz: L. urina as it has been taken in Illinois
and Pennsylvania

Our species belong to three groups, separated by
the relative length of the inferior and superior ab-
dominal appendages of the males:

1. Inferior pair shorter than half the length of the superiors,
congener, (eurina).
2. The same more than half, but no longer than the superiors:

(1) Inferior appendages of the male sigmoid................ unguiculata.
(2) Same straight, abruptly widened apically...... geeeteoe Need uncata.
(3) Same not widened apically................ccsssesesesecessseseseeees disjuncta.

(4) Same gradually and slightly widened, a little larger than dis-
juncta, two teeth on the inside of the superiors, basal one
fanoern (equaliinmaissiictaly) pen. neers Bite ate forcipata.

(5) Same long, bent downward apically, abomen of the male very
JOS cea seosneanceb beccobe SSDoAcaSbo Anbar eene pecrcrniseceaan dec eaesen rectangularis.
(6) Samelong, very slender not dilated apically.................... vigilax.

3. The same longer than the superiors apex turned inward,
inzequalis.

Lestes congener, Hagen.

Length: of hind wing, <& 18-22 mm., 2 22 mm.; of
abdomen & 27-31 mm., 2 28 mm.

The general color of both sexes is blackish bronze.
The labrum, anteclypeus, genz, under side of the head,

16 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

a narrow humeral stripe (sides parallel) the pro-
thoracic borders, mid-dorsal carina (obscure in some )
the sides of the thorax and abdomen and stripes on the
femora and tibiz yellowish white. There are also
whitish apical and basal interrupted rings on 2-7 of
the abdomen and a trace of a mid-dorsal white line.
segments 9 and 10, rear of head and under parts of
thorax in the male are pruinose. The wings are hya-
line, pterostigma reddish brown, covering two cells.

The male abdominal appendages are forcipate,
longer than 10, reddish on the outside basally, otherwise
black, denticulate externally, apex somewhat swollen ;
on the inner surface there is a strong pointed proximal
tooth, followed by a sinus, this followed by a blade, the
inner edge of which bears sharp teeth. The short in-
ferior appendages are black with their obtuse apices
turned towards the mid-line.

The female differs in having the mid-dorsal line of
abdomen plainer than in the male; the humeral stripes
wider and the pterostigma lighter. The slender abdom-
inal appendages are light without and black within ; the
valves are light, with tips and lower edge blackish,
serrate and narrow.

Congener probably occurs in the greater part of
the state. It has been taken at Columbus in the fall
only, flying well into October.

Lestes unguiculata, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen o& 28 mm., 2 27 mm.; of
hind wing (19 mm., 2 21 mm.

The color of the head and thorax blackish bronze
above, dorsum of the abomen metallic green; the
labrum, genze, under parts of head and thorax, greater
part of the sides of the latter, and humeral stripe
yellowish. The wings are hyaline, pterostigma brown
with the ends whitish; the coxe are light, the femora
and tibiz, striped with light and black, tarsi black.

KELLICOTT. 17

Abdominal segments 1-7 are light on the sides, while
the last three are black or bronze throughout, there
are narrow interrupted basal rings on 2-7.

The male abdominal appendages are forcipate,
brownish at base, black apically, denticulate without,
on the inner margin is a blade which is narrow concave
at the inner margin and denticulate, this blade is pre-
ceded by a sharp backwardly directed spine; the in-
feriors are black, except on the under side of the
swollen base, long and sigmoid.

The female has the appendages slender, reddish
with black tips. Her colors differ little froth those of
the male; the humerals are more conspicuous and wid-
est below, the rear of the head has a yellow band
from eye to eye—obscure in old specimens; there is a
faint mid-dorsal line on the abdomen, and both sexes
are more or less pruinose when adult.

This species has been found very abundant in the
northern parts, near the lake and in the central sec-
tion. It is on the wing from mid-summer until
October.

Lestes uncata, Kirby.

Length : of the abdomen & 31 mm.. 2 28 mm., of the
hind wing & 22 mm., 2 24 mm.

The color of both sexes is metallic green, becoming
blackish on the last abdominal segments. The follow-
ing are yellowish white: labrum, genae, clypeus anter-
iorly, labium, sterumn and sides of thorax (except a
blackish wash on sides of metathorax), a humeral line,
mid-dorsal carina more or less in the female, the sides
of 1-7, basal rings on the same, the coxze, the femora in-
teriorly, and the tibize exteriorly. The following are
black: the tarsi, exterior of femora, interior of tibize
apical rings on 2-9, the last two abdominal segments in
the male, and the pterostigma which is terminated by
white veins.

18 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

The female has the sides of the thorax clear yellow-
ish and less black on the abdomen ; the appendages are
light and the valves black with light shade above; the
basal half of abdominal ring 1 is yellow, and the basal
rings on 2-7 are interrupted (not in the male ).

The superior male abdominal appendages are much
like those of unguiculata, while the inferiors differ
totally, as they are straight with a broad terminal ex-
pansion, making them securiform when seen from
above. ‘

This species occurs in most parts of the state and
in abundance ; it appears during mid-summer.

Lestes disjuncta, Selys.

Length : of abdomen o 30 mm., 2 28 mm.; of hind
wing o 20 mm., of 2 22 mm.

Head and thorax blackish brown, abdomen metallic
green with the last three segments blackish. The
following parts are yellow: lips, gens, anteclypeus,
mid dorsal carina, humeral stripes, sides of thorax,
femora interiorly and tibee exteriorly, sides of abdomi-
nal rings 1-7, and narrow, basal, interrupted rings on
2-7 of the female and young males, not discernible in
adult males. The sides of the metathorax of the
females is blackish, and in the males there is at least a
dark wash at the second lateral suture. The humeral
is wider in the female, and in both sexes it is narrower
above.

The superior male abdominal appendages are black,
forcipate, rather coarsly denticulate without, and with
two equal acute teeth within, the edge of the blade-like
piece between them is straight and serrate; the inferi-
ors are reddish brown, straight, somewhat laterally ex-
panded distally, and concave on the upper side or spoon
shaped. The female appendages are of the usual shape,
blackish within and at apex; the valves are light with a
dark shade through the middle.

KELLICOTT. 19

Both sexes are more or less pruinose on the rear of
head, thorax, base and apex of abdomen.
This species is common and wide spread.

Lestes forcipata, Rambur.

Lenth: of abdomen ~ 33 mm., 2 31 mm.:; of hind
C22 mm.) 224m.

Color blackish bronze, abdomen brighter.

The following yellowish or greenish white: ante-
clypens, labrum, gene, labium, sternun of the thorax,
coxe, stripes, alternating with black upon the legs,
thoracic carina, borders of the prothorax, sides of
the thorax, abdominal joints, and basal interrupted
rings on 3-7. The humerals in both sexes are wide,
narrower above. The pterostigma is large, blackish
brown with the veins at the end whitish. The ninth
segment of the male is conspicuously pruinose.

The superior abdominal appendages of the male are
reddish outwardly at the base, otherwise black, for-
cipate, with a few coarse teeth on the outside, within
a blade preceded by a stout tooth and terminated by a’°
prominent angle, the blade is followed by a deep
rounded sinus. The inferior appendages are reddish,
somewhat expanded distally and slightly curved in-
wards. The appendages of the female are light with-
out and dark within; the valves are black on the
lower border and light above.

The species is easily separated from disjuncta by its
larger size, by the unequal teeth at the end of the
lamina of the male abdominal appendages, by the
wider humeral stripes about equal in the sexes and by
the fact that the interior male appendages are widened
before the apices.

Taken commonly at Columbus, April 24, 1896.
Also at Sandusky in June.

20 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Lestes rectangularis, Say.

Length: Abdomen of 3 40 mm., of the ° 33 mm.;
hind wing 3 22 mm, 2 23 mm.

Head, thorax, and abdomen of the female above
and the last four abdominal segments of the male
blackish brown: the abdomen of the female is some-
times greenish bronze with a mid-dorsal light line on 1-
2or 3. The anteclypeus, lips, genz, under parts of the
head and thorax, the thoracic carina, humerals, and
sides of the thorax are yellowish or greenish white.
The legs are pale with black as follows: a narrow
stripe (may be wanting ) on the exterior, of the second
and third femora; two on the first pair; also on the
inner side of first tibiz, the ends of the tarsal joints
and the claws are brownish. In the female the stripes
on the legs are wider and the tarsi blacker than in the
male. In the male the top of 1 and 2 are brown; 3-6
testaceous with basal lighter rings and apical darker
ones. In the female 1-10 are yellowish on the sides, the
same extending over the dorsum as narrow basal rings
on 1-6. The superior appendages of the male are
testaceous, blackish on apical third, forcipate, no
denticles out side; the lamina on the inside is short
with long and slender, terminal and minute marginal
teeth. The inferior appendages are black, exceeding
the lamina of the superiors and bent downward at the
end. The appendages of the female are slender, ¢on-
ical, testaceous, tips black. The valves are narrow and
black below.

Rectangularis occurs abundantly in all parts and
may be recognized by the very long male abdomen and
pale color of body and legs.

Lestes vigilax, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen & 40 mm., ° 37 mm.; of hind
wing o 26 mm., 2 27 mm.

KELLICOTT. 21

Bright metallic green obscure towards the end of
the abdomen, and covered by pruinose on rear of head,
thorax, base and apex of abdomen in the fully adult.

The males are marked with black, yellowish and
bluish white as follows: white—gene, lips, under parts
of thorax, irregular bands before the lateral sutures,
huméral line (often faint), in some the edge of the
carina, coxee, trochanters, more or less of the inner
side of the femora, and pleurze of abdominal jomts 1-6;
black—legs and feet except as mentioned above, anten-
nee, mid-dorsal thoracic carinss (its edges sometimes
light ), and the superior abdominal appendages. The
pterostigma is yellowish in both sexes, surrounded by
black veins and covers about three cells.

The female differs from the male in having wider
humeral, and carinal yellowish stripes, sides of thorax
yellow, the light on the femora more pronounced, the
light of the abdominal pleurze extending over the dor-
sum as narrow basal rings, and the greater part of 9
and 10 yellow,

The superior male appendages are long, less curved
than in the preceding species, the ends are somewhat
enlarged and obliquely truncated. The blade of the
inner side is preceded and followed by a tooth, its edges
are not straight but coarsely crenated. The inferior
appendages are pale, very slender, and reach nearly to
the end of the superior, they are slightly bent inwards
at apex. The appendages of the female are yellow, the
valves of the same color.

This slender species is very active and graceful in
its movements. It has been recorded only for the lake
district. In the marshes at Sandusky Bay it occurs in
immense numbers.

Lestes inequalis, Walsh.

Length: of abdomen 3 39 mm., 2 37; of the hind
wing & 27, & 28.

22 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Metallic green, with the last three abdominal joints
blackish. The markings of yellow or bluish white are
as follows: male—anteclypeus, lips, gene, rear of
head, under parts and sides of thorax below, an exceed-
ingly narrow stripe on the carina and humeral suture,
two stripes on the femora, most of the tibize and the
pleurze of the abdominal segments; there are Very
narrow basal rings on 38-7. The antenne, tarsi and
stripes on tibize and femora are black. The ptero-
stigma is dark brown covering two to three cells. The
female differs in having more black upon the legs, the
humeral and carinal stripes wider.

The male abdominal appendages are black; the
superiors are forcipate with a few spines on the outer
curve, within a stout acute tooth precedes the usual
blade which is narrow, the edge curved and serrate.
The inferiors are slender and strongly bent inwards at
apex. The anal appendages of the female are slender,
rather long and blackish in some examples, light in
others ; the valves are narrow and black except on the
upper border.

This beautiful species is quite as active and wary
as vigilax, which it closely resembles, it is easily
separated however; the males by their peculiar in-
ferior appendages, bright yellow sides of thorax and
absence of humeral strips; the female by the yellow
rear of the head, bright yellow on sides of thorax,
darker valves and pterostigma and the narrower
humeral stripes (sometimes wanting as in the male).

It has been taken only in northern localities.

ARGIA, Rambur.

The species of this genus differ only slightly from
those of other genera following, yet they have a ‘‘person-
ality’’ that no observer can long fail toappreciate. They
prefer the brook-sides and some of the species rarely
wander to other localities; the nymphs live Qin the

KELLICOTT. 23

clearer, running waters; to this there is one except-
ion, the young of putrida live also in deep water of
Lake Hrie, and the nymphs swarm about its shores and
islands.

Our five species fall into the two groups defined by
the number of cells covered by the pterostigma.
A. Pterostigma covering more than one cell (one and a part of

ATOMS Te) eee ca teaeaseMe se tee cosags ace sldes sem ocen ame yeaaaeaaseaeene nets putrida.
B. Pterostigma covering one cell; males as follows: +

(1). Violet and black, 8, 9 and 10 violet; inferior appendages thick,
much longer than the superiors and slightly notched... violacea.

(2). Bluish and black; 9 and 10 blue; inferior appendages longer

than the superior, apex bifid, upper branch longer......... tibialis.
(3). Light blue and black; 8, 9 and 10 blue; inferior appendages
lonticl mona CheEStCO) allares saat cocccnans sacle cheenans esrecconeanedcste ns apicalis.

(4) Deep blue and black ; 8, 9, and 10 blue; inferior appendages
longer, strongly bifid, branches divaricate, lower longer, stout,
sedula.

. Argia putrida, Hagen.

Length ; of abdomen & 338, 2 31; of hind wings & 24,
G2,

The young are clay colored to light brown, the older
males are darker to black obscured by pruinose especi-
ally on the head, thorax and segments 9 and 10. Three
pale antehumeral stripes, also one on the sides of thorax
and narrow pale basal rings on 3-7. Segments 8-10 are
somewhat thickened with the last excised, sides of the
excison thickened and produced backwards into
rounded tubercles. The abdominal appendages are
very short, black, the superiors are flattened, obliquely
rounded at the end with two teeth on the lower and
outer side, one at the lower inner apex, the other on the
outer middle face, there is a sulcus between them ; the
inferiors are much wider vertically, beveled to an ir-
regular tuberculate edge posteriorly and terminating
above in finger-like projection that lies between the
tubercles of the superiors.

The young females have a similar coloration to the
young males. The fully adults are light blue marked

24. DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

with black as follows : antennze, lines about the vertex
and frqns, lines on the sides and edges of prothorax
humeral and second lateral’sutures and dorsum of the
abdomen. The blue of the sides extend as basal rings
on 3-7; ten is blue. The appendages are pale, short
and blunt; the valves short, pale smoky ‘below,
serrated. .

Putrida occures throughout the State, in vast
numbers along Lake Erie and about the islands; it
often comes on ship-board far from land. It flies from
May to October. The female, usually attended by the
male, ovivosits on submerged timbers and moss, and
alga-ladened stones. It is not uncommon, to see the
female and her consort descend beneath the water and
to remain submerged for what would appéar to be a
long time.

The following observations were made one day on
its habit of ovipositing under water. Five pairs were
noted on a timber of a dock; they were from barely
covered to six inches under water; the following notes
were made at the time.

Pair 1. cS abandoned 2, emerged and flew away
after five minutes, o& remained one hour.

PalR 2. CS abandoned 2 in seven minutes, o' re-
mained fifty-five minutes ; after exposure to the air for
a Short time she returned beneath the water for fifteen
minutes.

Pair 8. co remained submerged twenty minutes, ?
thirty; she flashed her wings and immediately re-
turned for twenty-five minutes.

Pair 4. They were disturbed, emerged and flew
away together.

Pair 5. They were seen to alight on the dock just
above the water and slowly back down until they were
covered.

KELLICOTT. 25

Argia violacea, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen & 26, ? 25; of hind wing 3 20,
921.

_ .The color of the adult male is violet eet ea
with black as follows: antennz, dorsum of prothorax
in part, mid-dorsal and humeral stripes, the latter bifid
beneath the wings, the upper part of the first and
the whole of ,the second lateral sutures, stripes on
femora and tibiz, the sides of 2, apical lateral, spots
extending as rings on 3-6, all of 7, the abdominal
appendages, the venter of the abdomen (widest on
8-10). The sides and venter of thorax, coxe..and
greater part of legs pale. The pterostigma of both
sexes is light yellow or brown. Wings slightly fumose.
_The female has the violet less bright than the male,

the younger ones clay colored, the black on sides. of
dorsum of 2-6 is in bands rather than spots leaving
basal rings, however, there is a mid-dorsal line on 7.

‘In the males-10 is excised as in putrida but the
posterior -angles—aré not knoblike but sharp. The
superior appendages are short, in profile the sides are
parallel and the apex rounded, from above they ‘are
broader with apex obliquely truncated, beneath they
are excavated apically. with a stout curved process at
the inner angle; the concavity contains a tuft of hairs.
The inferiors are much longer and deeper, bifid with the
upper, pointed, larger prong. directed towards the
superiors; the lower, rounded one is directed down-
ward. . eed pee

The appendages of the female are pale, short, blunt

and the valves are also pale and serrate.

© The species is common along the borders of ditches
and streams: Oviposition takes place as in other
Argias—often in pairs, on submerged plants and
rubbish. It is every-where 1ts proper habitat is found,
occuring in mid summer. |

26 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Argia tibialis, Rambur.

Length: of abdomen & 27, ? 27; of the hind wing
Col te 22:

Color bronze black variegated with lilac or blue as
follows: frons, clypeus, lips, broad stripe each side of
thoracic dorsum; sides of thorax with second lateral.
suture black, more or less of sides of 1-7 more in female,
with basal yellow rings on 3-7 in both sexes, the
dorsum of 9 and 10 in the male. The legs have more
or less of pale, pterostigma dark brown.

The male has 10 incised as in the preceding species,
although not so deeply and the sides of the incisions
are more nearly vertical. The appendages are short;
the superior at first cylindrical then apically divided
by a deep groove extending obliquely across it, the
upper branch is wide, apex rounded, in profile some-
what wedge shaped, the lower is pointed and recurved
downward and inward. The inferiors are stouter,
longer, bifid, the upper stouter branch is pointed, the
point reaching the grove in the superiors, the lower is
smaller situated on the inner side of the former and
points downward.

The appendages of the female are very short and
blunt, the valves short and broad, dark in color.

This species is not common but has a wide range.

Argia apicalis, Say.

Length: of abdomen of 31, & 30; of hind wing J
23, 2 25.

The male is pale blue with black marks as follows:
Antenne, vertex, prothorax except a blue spot each
side, inferior humeral, mid dorsal carina, dorsum of 1-6
(the same extends on 3-6 as an apical ring) and the
whole of 7. There are basal light rings on 3-7 and an
imperfect mid-dorsal on 1-6

KELLICOTT. 27

The female is light brown until fully adult, then
as blue as the male. Her markings differ slightly: the
inferior humeral is small or wanting, there is more
black on the abdomen, the legs are paler, and the
pterostigma lighter.

The superior appendages of the male are short; in
profile they are narrow, end rounded, within there are
two long teeth, the inner longer, obtuse, the outer
acute, they are turned downward and outward.
toward the inferiors. The inferiors are much longer
and stouter, equally bifid, the lower branch conical,
the upper stouter, more pointed.

The female appendages are light in color, of the
usual form. The species is not uncommon on the
rocks along the larger streams. In no other of our
species are the sexes so nearly similar.

-

Argia sedula, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen oc 26, 26; of the hind wing
G18, 2 20.> .

The male is black, marked with deep blue. The
frons, clypeus,!abrum, postocular spots, the sides of the
prothorax and a spot each side of its dorsum, ante-
humeral stripes, the sides of the thorax (divided by a
black line on second suture) stripes on femora and
tibize ( pale like sides of thorax) the sides and apex of
the first abdominal ring, the sides, two basal dorsal
spots on two, basal rings on 1-7, the whole of 8-10
and sides of 3-7. The wings are slightly fumose,
pterostigma light brown.

The female is clay colored and light olive, differing
totally in appearance from the male; her wings are a
little more fumescent and the stigma Pee

The superior male appendages are longer than
those of the preceding species, and are somewhat
curved within, the ends are rounded with a pointed
tooth on the lower inner angle and another on the

28 DRAG OMEIIe OF OHIO.

outer side acting as a stop. as - impinges aes the
edge of 10. The ‘inferiors. are much longer, strongly
bifid ; the upper ‘branch smaller, rounded, the. lower.
Saul directed downward and backward, the eee are
strongly denticulate, and the apex acute.

The appendages of the female are rather. jong aga
slender, the valyes narrow, light colored. Ra bt

The handsomest of our Argias, is rather common
along larger streams in the southern part of the state.

ERYTHROMMA, Charpentier. +
The single North American species of this genus
occurs sparingly in this state; indeed it may be con-
sidered as rare.

Erythromma conditum, Hagen. NES

Length: ‘of abdomen 3 2 28; _of hind wing oS 20,
2 Zonet

The ‘general. color is, “‘hlack in sokuk sexes, Bt)
with blue and yellow in the male, as fallout blue, —
front of head (except postclypeus) labium,. anterior
border and spot on sides of prothorax, a wide humeral
sinuous within, a mid- band on sides and thorax,,
stripes on the femora and tibia, the sides and apicak
rings on 1 and 2, interrupted basal rings on 3-7, and,
the whole of 8 and 9; yellow, labium and posthumeral
(pale, ) and the sides of the metathorax (bright). The
female differs in having more black and paler. -blue ‘on:
the head, the sides of the thorax with more and deeper
yellow, the blue humeral narrower and paler, the first.
abdominal has a. small square basal, black. spot: with
sides and apical ring blue, the. dorsum of 2-10 black,
except the interrupted basal rings.

KELLICOTT. 29

Pterostigma of both sexes yellowish brown.
Posterior border of the prothorax in o' entire, in 2
with five small lobes. |

Phe; superior abdominal appendages of the male
are as long’as 10; somewhat thicker at base then ex-
cavated within, esievedl inward at apex, which ends in
a sharp point; in profile it is slightly | narrow at base,
and apically decurved. The inferiors ‘are shorter in
profile, wedge shape, from ‘above broadened within at
the end, making the outline securiform. The append-
ages of the female are slender, pale; the valves are
short and 1 narrow, also pale. )

. NEHALENIA, Hagen.

‘This ‘genus consists ae few and elegant species,
perhaps | none’ of the family are more beautiful. Three,
are known within the limits of the United. States; two
of these occur abundantly i in Ohio.

The two species differ as follows:

Metallic green and blue..;.............05. sala cedure dunce wet ahe aes crletGacaededianwa irene.
Bronze, black and yellow..................0. er neseapadeas Gustowdsrees sesupenbaetcs posita.

Nehalennia irene, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen 3 20, 2 21; of hind wing Gi
13, ? 15.

Metallic green marked with yellow or ‘yellowish
white as follows; post clypeus, gene, borders of the
labrum, labium, underside of head, sides of thorax
postériorly, under sides of abdomen, and narrow inter-_
rupted basal rings’ on 3-6. An apical spot on 8 the
dorsum of 9 and 10 blue. The legs are whitish with
black lines; tarsi ringed. Pterostigma pale yellow. —

The female differs from the above in having the yel- He
low a little deeper, and that on n the sides of thorax, and .

30 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

abdomen somewhat broader. The sides of 9 and 10
are bluish, there is more or less of an apical spot on 8
and the posterior border of 10, both blue. The green
on 7-10 both sexes is obscured with blackish.

The posterior border of the prothorax of the male is
faintly lobed; on either side there is a shallow sinus
and in the middle a broad process with its upper
border sinuate. That of the female has three large,
round lobes, subequal. the middle rounder

The posterior border of 10 is excised, denticulate in
the male. The superior appendages are very short,
black, with two branches; the upper outer one is
broad, obtuse, hairy; the lower more cylindrical,
slenderer, apex obtuse; these branches are somewhat
twisted on each other like the parts of the beak of the
cross bill; the lower branch appears to be movably
articulated to the upper. The inferior appendages are
a little longer, turned upward and inward ending in
a black denticle. The female appendages are short,
thick, cones, yellow; the ovate valves are yellow with ©
black processes.

It occurs about cool springs and streams of cool
quiet water in mid-summer.

Nehalennia posita, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen 3' 19, 2 19; of hind wing of 3
12, 9 14.

Blackish bronze marked with bright yellow or
greenish yellow. The anterior border of the frons, base
of antennee, genze, anterior half of labrum, under parts
of head, humeral stripe which is interrupted, sides of
thorax, anterior border and sides of prothorax, legs, »
under parts and sides of abdomen, apical ring on 1, basal
rings on 2-7, and geminate basal spot on 9 yellow.

The postocular spots are round and greenish yellow;
the second lateral suture is black; there are also black —
stripes on the legs and rings on the tarsi.

KELLICOTT. 31

The female has the marks a little paler than the
male.

The tenth segment of the male is short, posterior
border with a forked upturned process. Superior ap-
pendages very short, yellow, thick above, a tooth at the
superior angle (upper branch), the organ then turns
downard and inward, becoming thin below and ending
in an obtuse angle. The inferior appendages are about
the same length, arise from a thick base, then narrow to
a hand-like termination, the fingers of which are repre-
sented by five corneous denticles. The appendages and
valves of the female are yellow, the processes short and
dark.

This pretty species appears early and remains until
late in September. It is abundant throughout the
state.

AMPHIAGRION, Selys.

This is a genus of one species; one that ranges
from equatorial America, at least as far north as Lake
Erie and on the Atlantic Coast to Maine. In central
Ohio it is extremely common about runs from springs.
It occurs throughout the state.

Amplhiagron saucium, Burmeister.

Length: of abdomen ¢ 18, £ 17; of hind wing &
14, 215.

Red and dull black. Male, top of head black, ante-
clypeus, genz and labium red, under parts of head,
thorax and legs pale reddish, the latter with or with-
out faint black lines; upper part of prothorax and
thorax biack; pterostigma reddish; segments 1-6
wholly red, 7 partly, the rest entirely blackish.
Female, head as in the male except the black gives
place to reddish on the rear; thoracic dorsum with a

32 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

broad stripe of black abdominal rings 3-9 with: more
or less black tans above, 10 uel All collage
paler.

The Noster Hordee of” on in thie ite has a deep
round sinus; the appendages are about equal to 10;
the lower igaece than the superior ;:the superior has
the upper branch prismatic, short, ending within in a’
stout denticle; the lower branch is finger-like in profile,
turned down, obtuse, from above the two are lyre-
shaped. The inferiors have a thick base and ‘taper to’
an obtuse angle, sides straight.' Both are rufous. The
female appendages are short cones, rufous, the valves
narrow, pointed, the processes sini: and rufous.

It is not unusual to find examples of females much
larger than the average given above. ce

ENALLAGMA, Charpentier.

This genus comprehends moderate sized species of
singularly varied and beautiful colors and our fauna is
comparatively rich since thirteen species have already —
been captured within the state. They appear to take
the place occupied by Agrions in Europe. Several
of these charming and abundant forms appear early in
the season, and representatives of the genus are abroad
until late in September.

The species may be arranged in two groups or
divisions on obvious characters, as follows ;

1. Males with an apical spot* on the dee of,

the second abdominal ieharse female with. the dorsal
band the entire length of 2.

2. Dorsum of :2, in both sexes, with: a band
the female 10 is blue or green.

*Individuals in certain eaecics of this fieon have. this spot covering
much of or the whole of the dorsum of 2, but anteriorly it is always narrow

KELLICOTT. 33

First DIvIsIon.

‘The species of this group are all blue or green and
black, or greenish and pale when teneral. They have
three antenodal cells (Selys) and can be most easily
separated by the character of the abdominal append-
ages of the male seen in profile:

(1). Superiors with two equal branches, separated by a deep

rounded sinus; inferiors as lOng......2......00.seeeeeeeseee Spe ebrium.

(2). Superiors as long as 10, the upper branch long, stout, de-

curved apically, lower very short directed downard; the

slender inferiors reaching the lower branch of the superiors

| aspersum.

(3). Superiors longer than 10, the upper branch more slender

than in aspersum, the lower directed downards and inwards:

the inferiors, reaching nearly one third of their length beyond

the lower branch of the SU DELETIONS soe sobcciccoo toot sabes traviatum.

(4). Superiors exceeding half of 10, broad, ‘excavated at distal ex-

tremity, sinus occupied by a large, pale, tubercle, lower angle

(branch) prominent... ie... ce. ce. ccsecwngrpenneerecrenejersaeernees civile.

(5). Superior appendages similar to the last, a little shorter, less
wide apically in profile, the lower angle not so prominent

earunculatum,

(6). .Superior appendages short, wedge-shape, slightly curved up-
ward at AVES inferiors decidedly longer, upper edge straight,
hageni.

(7). Superiors ena somewhat longer than in the last,
f base thick, apex turned down and within; inferiors slightly ex-
Ceeditige: Themis. ates bse co eese ec scuk dacclereancceleyeccesuslaree geminatum.

(8). Superiors short, upper branch short, distally rectangular,
lower branch longer, directed upwards, obtuse; inferiors as
LONG VAS PPE SOLANGE. .sedcrc. soc versenesecwsanterens-sacseacere doubledayi.

SEconp DIvIsION.

The species are blue and black (exsulans and di-
vagans ) and orange or green and black (signatum, pol-
Jutum and fischeri.)

They are separable as in the former group by pro-
file view of the male abdominal appendages.

(1). Superiors half as long as 10, two branches, upper thick, lower

longer, slenderer, sinus deep; inferiors acute, as long as upper
branch of SUPCTLORS Aeegeela seer sdoses oor ce desenstc se oudeeSicaiar se exsulans.

(2): Superiors less than half of 10, scarcely divided, upper part
thick and rounded, lower slender directed downward; inferiors
2) TIMES WOES TP actoadsocasocagdao sec cobacdontonaconnecincénosonbacadsuacoe divagans.

34. DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

(3). Superiors more than half of 10, two widely divaricate
branches, the upper thicker, slightly longer; inferiors a little

shorter than the inferior branch of superiors................. fischeri.
(4). Superiors longer than 10, end obliquely truncate with a tooth
(lower branch) at outer third; inferiors slendet........ signatum.
(5). Superiors shorter than 10, securiform; inferiors as long as
lower angle of superiors, very slender....................--0+» pollutum.

Enallagma ebrium, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen & 25, 2 23; of hind wing of
pliers alts

The male is bright blue marked with black. The

occiput, vertex, antenne, and postclypeus are black;
occipital spots large ovate and connected, the pro-
thorax.has a line on sides, posterior border and an
ovate spot each side blue; thorax with a broad mid-
dorsal, humeral and greater part of legs black; black
on abdomen as follows: square basal spot on 1, apical
spot and ring on 2-6 (these spots are successively
larger, pointed anteriorly and occupy from one fourth
to one half of the dorsum of the joints), the whole of
7 and 10, and the appendages. The female differs in
the ground color which is yellowish green, the black
markings of head and thorax are similar to those of
the male, the legs are lighter, the pterostigma is light
vellow, the entire thoracic dorsum is‘ black except
interrupted basal rings on 2-7.
The superior male appendages from above are
divaricate, curved toward the middle-line and have a
pointed hooklet just before the end within; in profile
bifid, the upper branch straight, stout, obtuse; the
lower narrower curved down then up making the sinus
broad and rounded. The inferiors are as long as the
superiors, curved slightly upward and inward, they
are blue at base then black.

The female appendages are stout, about the length
of 10, pale and the valves including the process yellow.
The black sternal line includes the ventral spine of 8.

KELLICOTT. 35

This species is exceedingly abundant along the
marshy borders of Lake Erie. Common in June, by
the end of July pretty rare. The female oviposits
among floating Utricularia, algz and stems of aquatics.

Enallagma aspersum, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen & 25, 2 24; of hind wing ov
and ¢ 18. |

Male, blue and black; head black, front and rear
blue, there is a black line at the base of the labrum and
a broader one between the frons and clypeus; prothcrax
biack, sides posterior border and triangular spot each
side the dorsum blue; thorax blue with a moderately
wide mid-dorsal and humeral stripe black; tarsi black,
legs striped with black and pale blue; pterostigma
black ; abdomen blue with much black as follows: basal
quadrate spot on dorsum of 1, a shield-formed apical
one on 2 with apical black ring in connection with it,
apical two thirds of dorsum of 3, entire dorsum of 4-6
except narrow interrupted basal rings, basal half of 7
and dorsum of 10. Female has the blue lighter, large
ovate occipital spots, more black on the front of head,
prothorax with very little blue, dorsum of 1-10 moreor
less black, apical blue ring on 1, basal interrupted ones
on 2-6, large oblong blue patch covering basal two thirds
of each side of dorsum of 7, and much smaller ones
similarly placed on 8. Pterostigma lighter.

The superior appendages of the male are black
divaricate, nearly as long as 10, curved inwards with an
internal hocklet before the obtuse end; in profile the
upper branch has the end rounded obliquely and capi-
tate; lower branch short, directed downwards and back-
wards, apexes turned inwards. Lower appendages
directed upwards, as long as the lower branch of
superiors. The appendages of the female are black
cylindrical, ends obtuse; the valves are narrow, pale,
with the processes black.

36 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

This pretty species has been taken on the herbage
about ponds, and flying over water, in central and
northern Ohio in May and July...

Enallagma traviatum, Selys.

Length of abdomen 3 24; hind wing 3'17, 2 18.

Male blue and green. Head green, sometimes ap-
pearing blue, black as follows: stripe connecting the
bases of the antennze. and. the anterior ocellus, a
stripe behind the ocelli produced laterally and divided
on a level with the antenna sending one branch:'to the
antenna and another to the compound eye, this latter
is continued backwards along the margin of the eye
and returned on the posterior part of the head and. so.
surrounds .the postocular.spot on each side; a stripe:
conecting , the ocelli, a dash in front of the. anterior
ocellus and a small point each side on labrum. Thorax
with a mid-dorsal stripe. composed of :three fine lines
and a humeral stripe, black. Legs. pale, in most
specimens a black. line on the: outer: side of all the
femora, abdomen blue, dark green as follows; an angu-
lar dorsal,spot on.1, a patch strongly widened post-
eriorly and an apical ring on 2, whole-dorsum, strongly
narrowed or interrupted at base, on 3-7, a triangular:
basal patch on 8 and the whole dorsum of 10. In dry
specimens these colors become. faded and their outlines.
are hard to follow. The superior appendages of the
male are much like those of aspersum, but are slightly
longer and narrower; the inferior branch on each'side
is produced downward and inward towards the mid-
dle line so that the apices are separated only by about:
the width of the superior branch. ‘The inferiors pro-
trude about one third of their length beyond the eee
of the inferior lobe of the superiors. | pape)

The female is colored similar to the male, but’ the’
following are noticable differences. The'three fine black

KELLICOTT. 37

lines: forming. the md serene tloratic dripe ‘are
separated by: pale yellow, the dorsal patch on 8 is
longer, reaching more: than half the length of the ace
ment, and the whole dorsum of 10 is blue.

The males are-separated from those of aspersum
by coloration of the abdomen. In the latter species
- one-half of 7 and all of 8 and’9 are blue, while in
traviatum only 8 and 9 are blue.

The females of aspersum have a blue patch reach-
ing three- fourths the length of 7 on each side, and a
round ‘spot on each side of the base of 8, blue, while
traviatum has 8, 9 and 10 blue with the exception of
the dark gfeen basal patch on 8.

The species has been taken at Cincinnati (Dury)
and at Akron in June. Seemingly common in various
parts of the State. Pe A

Enalla gma civile, Ha gen..

Tengths Aa aindeunes ef 26, 9 28; of hind wing ot
19, 2.21,

The eine is btue and eae Head with ile. as
follows: large postocular spots, gene, transverse
stripe on frons below, clypeus except a black line at
base of post-clypeus and labrum; the prothorax has the
posterior edge blue;. the legs.are striped with pale blue
and black, the tarsi faintly ringed with dark at distal
ends of joints; pterostigma dark brown; abdomen
with ‘black as follows; square dorso-basal spot on 1,
apical shield and ring on 2 occupying half the dorsum,
apical. third of'.3-5,: half of six, all of 7 except
basal interrupted ring and the Horse a 10 ines
the appendages.

The female differs in’ having the blue ground color
usually paler, some individuals remaining with the pale
or brownish teneral color, more black on the head, and
the dorsum of all the abdominal segments black.

38 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

The male abdominal appendages from above are
about the length of 10, divaricate, compressed, obtuse
with a small denticle before the end on the inner side;
in profile wider apically excavated, lower angle, (or
branch) prominent, nearly as long as the upper
slightly decurved branch, projecting from the apical
excavation is an ovate, pale tubercle, the organ is
slightly constricted at the middle. The lower appen-
dages are curved upward, attaining the lower angle of
the superior appendages.

The female appendages are rather fone cylindrical,
pointed; the valves ovate narrow, processes black.

This beautiful species appears to occur throughout
the state and to be common in June especially south.

Enallagma carunculatum, Morse.

Length: of abdemen ov 27, ° 27; of hind wing & 20,
2 21.

This species closely resembles the preceding so
closely, indeed, that both have stood under one label in
the cabinets of specialists for years until Morse separ-
ated them by naming and defining the present species
in 1895. Now that the differences have been pointed
out, the wonder is that experts could have united them.
The females are distinguished with more difficulty than
the males.

The males are Bonued ne first by dove
abdominal spots and second by the abdominal append-
ages. In carunculatum the apical black on rings 2-7
covers two thirds their length, in civile only one third ;
again the superior appendages are shorter, less com-
pressed, hence more nearly cylindrical, the apex less
spreading so that the tubercle which occupies the sinus
is not so broad vertically, the tubercle is different in
shape being narrow and curved like a new moon with
rounded ends, and it lies ina grove on the inner lower
face of the appendage.

KELLICOTY?. 39

Carunculatum is equally or even more abundant
than civile especially in the northern parts of the state
where lakes and reservoirs abound. It has been noted
in myriads about Mercer county reservoir and at
Sandusky Bay in July. At the latter place civile be-
comes common and practically disappears while car-
unculatum is numerous. It remains late in the season
after most other species of the genus have disappeared.

Enallagma hageni, Walsh.

Length: of abdomen & 13, 2 24; of hind wing of
VER UL7:

The male is blue and black; head black above,
while the gene, labrum, anteclypeus lower border of
frons, and long and narrow postocular spots are blue;
prothorax black with posterior edge pale blue, mid-
dorsal and humeral stripes black; legs bluish, femora
and tibiz black outwardly, tarsi dark at the articula-
tions, pterostigma black.. The dorsum of abdomen is
black, as follows: a square basal area on 1; a round
apical with ring on 2, apical one-third on 2—4, one-
half of 5-6, all of 7 except interrupted basal ring and
all of 10, including the appendages.

The tenth ring of the male is deeply excavated, the
superior appendages are half as long as 10 depressed,
quadrangular seen from above, apical side slightly con-
cave with a soft tubercle projecting slightly beyond,
making the outline somewhat convex, inner side with
- broad process at base, then coneave to the angle which
projects slightly inward, the outer angle is slightly
rounded. On theupper surface there is a diagonal ridge
from the inner apical angle; the inferiors are longer
than superiors and forcipate; in profile the depressed
Superiors are curved upwards somewhat apically ; the
inferiors are straight on the upper border, apex slightly
up-curved, lower border first convex, then concave then

40 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

convex. The surface of both appendages are tuber-
culate, more marked on the inferiors.

i

Hageni has been taken in few localities and always
about ponds and ‘‘cat holes’’; it must be neganged as
uncommon or rare.

Enallagma geminatum, Kellicott.

Length; of abdomen & 20, £ 19; of hind wing &
? 15.

Male. Head: labrum and brows blue, clypeus and
vertex black, post-ocular spots cuneiform, not. connec-
ted, blue; prothorax black edged with blue, scarcely
bilobed. Thorax black above with a blue stripe each
side (this is sometimes divided as in N. posita); sides
blue with a black line on the suture. Wings hyaline,
pterostigma black; legs black and pale, tarsi black.
Abdomen brassy black, blue as follows: 1, apical ring
and a lateral spot connected with it; 2, a basal ring
interrupted dorsally, this ring is sometimes very wide
and the interruption also, there is a lateral stripe con-:
nected with the ring; 3-6, basal interrupted rings;. 8—
9, wholly; abdomen beneath pale blue with brown
shades apically; the abdominal appendages are black,
agreeing very closely in form with those of divagans ;
they are relatively stouter, and from above the outline
is more vblong; there is a sharp tooth on the lower.
edge of the inner face, the upcurved apex of the lower
branch (referring to the type exsulans) is a little.
stouter, and more obtuse than in divagans, while the
upper one is a little less prominent; the inferior .
appendages are a little longer than the superior with
the acute apex curved upward and inward. _

Female. Very similar to the male. The blue of
the front of the head of the male is pale blue or brown-
ish; the post-ocular spots and hnmeral stripes a little
paler; the abdomen is black above, the sides pale blue,

KELLICOTT. 4d

sternal membrane black; there is an apical ring on 1; 3
-7 have a basal pale blue ring with a wide interruption
dorsally; on 8 there is a large blue spot on either side,
these.are separated dorsally by a black line of varying
width; the SES Seo are black, the valves pale or
faded brown.

This pretty and smallest species of the genus in our
area is abundant from the latter part of May until
well into September; it occurs in all parts of the state
and has been taken from New York to Illinois. The
females are often as deeply colored as the males. Both
sexes may be found in the warmest part of the day fly-
- ing low over floating herbage.

The female oviposits very much like IJschnura
verticalis among algz ae debris at the surface of still
water.

Enallagma doubleday1, Selys.

Length: of abdomen & 25, 2 24; of hind wing of
GN, 2 18.

The male is blue and black. Head black with
- lower part of face blue, a black line on clypeo-frontal
suture; prothorax black, posterior edge blue, thorax
with usual mid-dorsal and humeral black stripes, legs
with blue and black, tarsi black, pterostigma black;
abdomen much like that of hageni: first ring with
small basal patch on dorsum, on 2 a shield-formed one
with apical ring, 3-5 with apical one third black, 6 two
thirds, all of 7 and 10.

The female differs from the male as follows; on the |
thorax and head she is yellowish, where the male is
blue, her legs are pale with the apical half of the
femora blackish outwardly and her abdominal seg-
ments are green above.

The abdominal appendages of the male are short
projecting beyond 10 equal to half of its length; the
superiors arise from a broad oblique base, become

42 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

narrower (more abruptly and deeply on the inner side )
then expand to a broad, truncated slightly concave
termination, a pale, depressed tubercle projects
beyond giving a convex outline, the inner angle of the

chitinous part is acute and slightly recurved; cephalad

of this angle the anterior end of the obliquely placed,
compressed, pale tubercle projects at an obtuse angle:

in profile the appendage has the upper and lower sides ©

nearly parallel, the end truncated at nearly a right
angle with edges rounded, the tubercle projecting

below and beyond making the outline rounded and

projecting upward beyond the upper truncation. The

inferiors are light at base, black at apex, rather slender °

shorter than the superiors, directed upward, base
broad concave or sinuous below. fe

The appendages of the female are dark brown,
conical.

The species has been taken at Columbus in May.

Enallagma exsulans, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen & 27, 2 26; hind wing of o' 18,
2 20. ;

The male is bright blue and black. The head is
black above with wedged-shaped, connected postocular
spots blue, face blue with post-clypeus and a transverse
band at base of labrum black; prothorax black with >
transverse line in front, the sides, spots upon the post-
erior border, a triangular spot each side of the dorsum,
and a geminate oblong one between them; thorax blue
with wide mid-dorsal, and humerals black, legs black
with pale stripes, tarsi pale with dark rings; pteros-

Sue

tigma brown pale edged. Abdomen slender, blue with —

black on the dorsum as follows: much of 1, a narrow
band on 2 widest apically, the whole of 3—7, except in-

terrupted apical rings, a narrow band on 8 not reaching ~

the apical border, and on 10 often much narrowed post-
eriorly. The female is green and black; head and pro-

a om

ag . = 2% : ASSS “4
s3 Age + 5-aF Boon > oa as SpE Ss
SS ES PA ee Seg ee gi Bas eer ee

ae gee Eee Se

eos.

SO ee gees BS

KELLICOTT?. : 43

thorax marked as in the male; the humerals have a
bright brown stripe through the middle covering both
sides of the suture; legs paler; pterostigma yellow;
dorsum of abdominal segments 1-8 black with apical
rings 2-7, segments 9 and 10 are blue with two triangu-
lar, basal, black spots on 9, or nearly as often with a
single spot covering from one third totwo thirds of the
top of the ring.
- The border of 10 in the male has a bifid process
above; theabdominal appendages are black, about half
as long as 10, bifid, hairy; from above the sides of the
upper branch are nearly parallel, obtuse, outer angle
: rounded, inner acute and recurved, the lower branch
~ thicker, longer, obtuse, smooth; in profile both branches
are obtuse, the upper shorter, the whole with the ap-
pearance of a clumsy hand of a cray fish.
The inferiors are black, curved upwards, shorter
_ than the lower branch of superiors. The appendages of
the female are very short, conical, blue; the ovate
valves and processes are pale.

‘ ‘Exsulans is one of the most common and graceful
‘ _ species of the Agrions. It occurs everywhere, from
June until September about all sorts of water living and .
stagnant. s

Enallagma divagans, Selys.

Length: of abdomen & 23, ° 24; of hind wing &
ios 2 19) [

The male is blue and black. Head black, blue, as
- follows: narrow, ovate connected occipital spots, front
except post-clypeus and base of labrum; prothorax
black with anterior lobe blue, a triangular blue spot
__ each side of the dorsum of the posterior lobe and a dot
of blue on the posterior margin; thorax black with
«narrow parallel stripes,—one each side, legs blue and
black, pterostigma dark brown with lighter borders.

4A, , DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Abdomen slender, blue, dorsum black as follows:
narrow band on 1 and 2, whole dorsum of 3—7 and 10,
except narrow basal blue rings on 3-7. Female differs
slightly, blue paler or greenish, legs paler, pterostigma
yellow, humerals black with a bright brown streak
along the suture (narrower than in exsulans), dorsum

of abdominal segment 1—8 black, a large basal spot on ~

9 black, the whole of 10 blue.

The posterior margin of 10, in the male, vit two
processes above; appendages black, short, upper
branch swollen, small process on inner upper angle,
from the outer side below arises the lower branch which

is slender, incurved, directed downward and bears a

light cushion on the inner surface; the lower append-

age is slender, acute, arises from a wide base longer ~

than the lower branch of the superiors. The female ap-
pendages are short cones, black; the valves pale.

This species appears to be rare in most parts of the |

state.

Enallagma fischer1, Kellicott.

Length: of abdomen & 2 24mm.; hind wing, J 17.
>. mim.; 9 19imm:

Male black, orange, green and blue. Labrum,

anteclypeus, genz and frons orange; the labrum has —

three black points at base; vertex, occiput, upper part
of eyes and antenne black; cuneiform post-oculars
connected and greenish blue; head below pale yellow.
The prothorax is black above, with orange or green, as
follows: anterior lobe with a broad transverse line,
middle lobe with a geminate spot in the center anda
_ larger spatulate one each side, the posterior lobe with
three small spots below and on sides pale orange. The
‘‘thorax’”’ bronze-black with dorsal ca1ina (sometimes
only anteriorly ) and humeral stripe bright orange; the

legs yellow, with a black line on the outside of the fem-
ora and tibiz (these lines are lightest'on the hind pair).

: i lait ele
rt y uy ~ t ! reg NTR)
3 ; sata = 5 gee
me . = a ss = < i *
wy Ss NS oe 3 a li i go
Ae ee MS a ae 4 ail

po A eg ee

ear

ae ci oe = Es

KELLICOTT?T. 45

The wings are hyaline, pterostigma small, reddish
brown. The abdomen -is slender, yellowish-green;
dorsum of 1-8 and 10 bronze-black, 9 blue, sides and
below yellowish-green anteriorly and bluish pos-
_._teriorly; the tenth segment is prolonged and bifid to
about the same extent as in Enallagma exsulans; the
superior anal appendages are one-fourth shorter than
10, black, bifid, the upper branches divaricate, curyed
inward and bearing a minute hook at the inner distal
angle; the inferior branches are stouter, shorter,
obtuse, converging with a slight curve outward the
inferior appendages are yellow, tips blackish, they turn
outward and upward so that the tips rest in the forks
of the superiors. ie
Female.—Head as in the male, except that the
colors are less vivid; prothorax and thorax are similar
except the mid-dorsal carina is more strongly marked
with yellow; pterostigma lighter; abdominal dorsum
is Wholly bronze-black, although somewhat narrowed
on 1, 2, 9, and 10, below greenish-yellow, ventral spine
on 8 prominent, valves yellow.
' Fischeri is an abundant and elegant insect, occur-
ing throughout the state in the early part of summer.

_—_

Enallagma signatum, Hagen.

ae es
———
a

Length: of abdomen & 28, 2 27; of hind wing 3
18, 2 20.

The male is dark yellow and black. Yellow on the
head as follows: narrow, parallel, connected occipital
spots, frons, clypeus and lips—there is a black point at
middle of base of labrum and some irregular patches of
same on postclypeus—prothorax black with sides, post-
erior border, a spot each side and a geminate one in the
middle line yellow ; thorax yellow with wide bronze
black mid-dorsal and humeral narrowest above; legs
and pterostigma yellow. Abdomen yellow marked

ee

aS
one

os soo

Ae at, le ee NS

46 ‘DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

with black on the back of 1-8 and 10, basal yellow Bi;

rings on 1-7.
The male abdominal appendages yellow, tips black,
longer than 10, compressed; from above sides parallel,
end round internal tooth; from side upper line straight
lower divergent, shortest, hence the end is obliquely
truncated with tooth at lower angle; inferiors slender
curved inwards, much shorter than the superiors.

The female has the same general colors, usually a
little paler; the post-clypeus is all black, the legs are
yellow but have narrow black stripes; the dorsum of
rings 1-9 are black, 10 yellow, sometimes the apex of
9. The slender appendages are all yellow, valves
and processes the same. nes

Signatum is very numerous about canals, slow
rivers and ponds.

Enallagma pollutum, Hagen.

Length of abdomen o' 29, 2 29; of hind wing J 19,
2 20.

Male bright yellow, greenish yellow, pale blue and
black. The occipital spots are long, narrow, connected —
greenish-yellow; the frons including the autenne and
- rings or half rings about the ocelli, face and lips, except
two transverse black linesin the postclypeus and three
points at base of labrum yellow; prothorax yellow
below and on sides, top black with large anterior spot,
one on each side, another double one in the middle and
the posterior edge yellow; the thorax is yellow with
black mid-dorsal and a narrow humeral with irregular
edges, the humeral is sometimes a mere brown stain;
the legs are yellow with spines and rings on tarsi and
claws dark brown. Abdomen attenuate wider post-
eriorly, dorsum black as follows: 1, except apical
yellow ring, all of 2-8 except basal bluish ring on 3-7
(9 is blue), 10 with a cross of black, the rest blue.

KELLICOT?T. j \ 4G

_. The abdominal appendages are yellow, brownish
above and at tips, about the length of 10. In profile
g _ the Superiors are securiform; on the upper side curved
"upwards, truncated obliquely from below. upwards and
_ extended downwards at lower angle; from above the
- outer side is nearly straight, the inner concave, end ob-
_ tuse with a projecting edge before the end on the inner
side, inside below there is a cushion-like process exceed-
_ ing the posterior edge making the same convex, this
_ process turns forward and ends in a free curved piece
_ resembling a halfclosed hand. The inferiors are slender
curved inwards, much shorter than the superiors.
_ The female has the same colors as the male, although
_ the yellow is not so bright, the head is similar marked ;
the yellow areas and spots of the prothorax are larger ;
__ the thorax has a mid-dorsal black stripe, the humeral
suture is black with a brownish wash on each side but
no real humeral stripe, the femora have a dotted line
and a solid line of black, the tibiz have an interrupted
black line. Abdominal rings 1-9 are black dorsally
with the usual-interrupted basal rings; all of the
dorsum of 10 and the posterior margin of 9 are bluish.
~~ +The conical appendages are dark and the valves
a _and processes light.

__-Pollutum is exceedingly abundant along borders of
marshes, on shores of Lake Erie and the larger interior
lakes.

IscHnurA Charpentier.

Three species of this genus occur in Eastern Amer-

- ica,—ramburii along the Atlantic coast, prognatha,
Virginia and verticalis everywhere. Only the last has
been detected in the state. These forms are small,
_ characterized by. unlike pterostigma on the fore and .
hind wings, that of the fore wings is darker than the
- other but it reaches the costa, a fact which separates
_ the present genus from the next.

48 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Ischnura perteniie: Say.

Length: of abdomen co 20, © 21; of hind wing a
13, 2,15:

These measuremeuts are ayerages of a series, but __

individuals are found which are much larger and others i
that are smaller.

The male is green, bronze, black and blue. The top ae

of head, post clypeus, base of labrum and antenne are - a
black, the rest green including the round occipital —
spots; prothorax black with anterior edge and sides —

green; dorsum of thorax black with narrow green

stripes each side (sometimes interrupted as in N. posita) —
the rest green, legs greenish with black stripes on
femora and tibiee, tarsi and claws ringed with brown ;
pterostigma of fore wings brown, hind wings light ©
yellow. The abdomen is green below and on sides ex- —
tending as interrupted basal rings on 2-7; the dorsum —
of 1-7 and 10 are otherwise black; 8 and 9 are blue ~
with a lateral half band on each black. The posterior —
dorsal edge of 10 has a bifid upturned process; the —
superior appendages are black above, depressed, turned —
downards and inwards, expanded apically, the angles —
rounded especially the inner; the inferiors are longer, —
light below, black above, curved inwards; in profile —
they are bifid, the upper branch short and erect, the —
lower slender straight.

The females are of two forms (a) black and green
( pruinose) (b ) orange and bronze black.

(b) Topof head, postclypeus, base of labrum black, % ae
‘anteclypeus greenish. rear of head orange including the ;

large connected ovate occipital spots which are con-
fluent below with orange of rear of head. Thorax as in-
male, bright orange taking the place of green. Legs
yellow with narrow stripes on tibie, and rings on tarsi
and claws black. The 1 and 2 are all orange except —
more or less of an apical ring, 3 orange except a narrow ve
dorsal band on posterior two thirds. All the others °

KELLICOTT. - 49

greenish yellow on sides and black on dorsum; valves
and short appendages, orange, processes black.

(a) Pale green and black as in male, the whole
_ covered with a bluish bloom ; the apex of dorsum of 2-
7 darker, 8-10 darker, appendages and valves pale,
processes blackish. Pterostigma on all wings light
__ yellow. ;
-Verticalis is without question the most abamiciees
ee vad ubiquitus species. It is one of the first to appear
and one of the last on the wing in the fall. -It may be
found about all sorts of water courses and ponds.

ANOMALAGRION, Selys.

There is but one species in the genus and that is
American occuring in both North and South America.
It has been found in many quarters of the state.

Anomalagrion hastatum, Say.

_ Length: of abdomen o 18. : 20; of hind wing o
“AO 912:
: Male is black and yellow + ‘the head is black;
~ yellow ’ as follows: minute occipital spots, gene. base
of antennz, front, anteclypeus, labrum, except black
. line at base, and the underparts; prothorax black with
yellow broken lines on the borders; thorax black with
two narrow white lines, yellow on sides and below,
legs vellow black half stripe on femora, traces on'‘the
tibia. Pterostigma of anterior wings are ovate, on
- hind wings black rhomboidal. Abdomen is yellow,
black bronze as: follows: dorsum of 1-3, basal lance
_ shaped and apical shield-shape spots of 4 and 5, the
whole of 6 and basal half of 7.
~The posterior margin of 10 has a long bifid spine.
The appendages are half as long as 10, yellow;
superior appendages from above bifid, inner branch
broad rounded, outer narrow, straight, pointed,

50 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO, ©

longer; the inferiors are stout, curved upward. ee: in- a
ward, black at tip. oo
The female orange and black, head _ black and
orange, pattern as inthe male except therear is orange; —
prothorax black with light lines on margin, sides —
orange; thorax orange with a wide mid-dorsal spot —
black; pterostigma light yellow; abdomen orange black |
as. follows: small triangle in middle of 1, same at base of
2, rings at apex of 2-4, all of 5-8, basal triangles. each >
sides of 9, The appendage and valves orange, thes:
extreme tips of the processes black. .

-

THIRD SUB-FAMILY.

GOMPHIN A

This group includes species of strong individuality, © : 7
their form and habits are unlike those of other ErOUDE es
The rigid spike- ‘like abdomen, rather small and sep-—
arated eyes are characters that define them without
mistake. Among them are our bulkiest species, none
are really small. Their habitats are various: some are
found only about the rapid streams or waved tossed | x
lakes, others by the reedy pools, while others haunt the
sloughs mantled by lily-pads. They do not fly aboutin 1 a
apparent sportiveness as do the Libellulas; the females —
rest among the adjacent foliage, or on the ground in —
some near by pathway; repairing at intervals to the —
water’s edge, or skimming the roughened surface of the maa
rapid stream or disturbed lake for oviposition; the males" .
rest nearer the water, skirt the bordering aquates, or
explore the water far from shore in search of the ovi- ~
positing females. Copulation is at rest in low herbage
or high up in trees. The female oviposits unattended
by the male and the eggs are washed from the tip of the
abdomen by repeated dips into the water, either in some .

KELLICOTT. 51

quiet nook among the weeds or in other species far out
on the rough surface of swift stream or wind disturbed
lake. Most species fly in early summer, some in mid,
and a few late in summer.
The genera represented may be defined and sep-
arated as follows: . .
) I

Median lobe of the labium bifid.

A. Basilar space free; triangles of front wings crossed;

_ females with genital valves. (Legion, Petaluria, Selys. )
1. Triangles of the front wings with the upper side longer than the
inner, outer longest; superior appendages of the male much

widened beyond the middle; pterostigma very long, Tachopteryx.
(Not yet taken in the state. ) ‘

Tle

Median lobial lobe entire. ;

Basilar space free; female without genital lobes.
B. A part or all of the triangles crossed, membranule _
small or wanting. (Legion Gomphoides, Selys).
1. Legs long, hind femora reaching to the apex of 2; triangles

crossed ; internal and supra triangular spaces free......... Hagenius.
C. Triangles and supratrianuler spaces free; membran-
ule very small or wanting. (Legion Gomphus Selys ).

1. Inferior appendages bifid, branches nearly contiguous, straight,
TSC VE Cat A PER ower eae Mcas uate Sine, Wile Aen a nets Ophiogomphus.

2. Inferior appendages of the male bifid, branches divergent; super-
iors but little longer than 10, divergent. Vulvar lamina con-
siderably shorter than 9. i

(1). Hind femora of moderate length with many short spines,
Gomphus.

(2). Hind femora long (reaching apex of 2) spines many with
an inferior row of 5-7. Much longer than the rest,
Dromogomphus.

.

HAGENIUS, Selys.

There is only one known species in North America ;
this is fairly common, at least in Northern Ohio. It
prefers the borders of sluggish streams and bayous.

ae DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Hagenius brevistylus. Selys.

Length: of abdomen co and 2 55-60; of hind wing
cand 2 48-52. . .
The male is black and yellow. Head yellow, black
as follows: occiput (rear yellow ), vertex, base of frons
antenee, lines between frons and clypeus and at base of —
labrum. There is a stout vertical cone each side; the
occiput is convex with a marginal fringe of black hairs.
Prothorax relatively small with a geminate spot in the
middle posteriorly ; the dorsum of the thorax is black
with yellow marks; semi-collar, short mid-dorsal carina,
narrow curved line each side, narrow humerals; the
sides are yellow with two parallel black bands in the ©
middle separated by a yellow line, the latter interrupted
at the metathoracic stigmata; the last thoracic is post-
eriorly edged with black. The legs are black, coxee
with yellow spots. The wings are slightly flavescent,
costa yellow to the pterostigma which is long 5 mm.,
yellowish, covering 6-8 cells. The abdomen is black
with a mid-dorsal yellow band on 1-8, more or less in-
terrupted at apex of 3-7, on 8 there is a large basal
trowel shaped triangle; the sides of 1-9 are yellow; 8
and 9 are slightly expanded laterally; the yellow on
side of 8 occupies the entire length, on 9 it is lunate,
shorter than the ring. ;
The abdominal appendages are shorter than 10,
black. The posterior border of 10 is straight, super-
iors wide apart, slightly curved inwards, outer angle
rounded, apex obtuse; in profile the upper border is
curved downwards, apex prolonged in a sharp spine,
anterior to it near the inner border there is another
shorter and stouter one, and on the outer edge near the
base there is a downwardly and outwardly directed pro-
cess. The inferiors are united, broad, apex slightly
excavated, apex directed upwards.
The female is very similar; 8 and 9 are consider-
ably expanded laterally; appendages black, as long as

KELLICOTT. ae

10; vulvar lamina covering one-fourth of 9, black,
apex excavated, angles sharp.

OPHIOGOMPHUS, Selys.

There are several closely related forms of this
group of elegant species. One only has been captured
within our limits. It occurs in early summer about
swift water of larger streams, usually flying with and
ina similar manner to Gomphus fraternus and G. ex-
ternus in parts where these occur.

Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh.

Length: of abdomen &% 40, 2 38; of hind wing S
30, 2 32 mm.

Bright yellowish green and pale brown. Face and
occiput green, the latter slightly sinuous each side,
cilia long and black, vertex blackish, vesicle straight,
slightly swollen at the ends, antenne black; thorax
with a narrow pale antehumeral not reaching the
shoulder, humeral complete and similar in width and
color, sides uniformaly yellowish-green, also the legs
except the knees, inner surface of tibize and tarsi which
are blackish; wings hyaline, costa green, veins black, |
pterostigma brown, covering four or five cells. Ab-
domen slender, 8-9 strongly dilated; brown with
elongated yellow spots on dorsum of 1-10, conspicuous
on 2 and 10, ears on 2 yellow, large yellow spots on

- sides of 7-9.

Abdominal appendages yellow; superiors longer
than 10, stout hairy, obtuse, somewhat divaricate
curving towards the mid-line, under surface with black
tubercles; inferior not so wide, a little shorter, obliquely
truncated; in profile strongly excavated before the
apex, a stout process directed upward at outer angle
of the truncation.

Female similar in color, but differing as follows:
vertex lighter, humerals fainter and the dorsal spots

54 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

on abdomen less sharply defined: The abdomen is
stout 8 and 9 somewhat expanded; the appendages
are long, yellow, acute; the vulvar lamina nearly
as long as 9, divided to the base, branches nearly
cylindrical, pointed, apexes bent outward and ope
clawlike.

It has not been taken later than June 20 in Central
Ohio.

GOMPHUS, Leach.

This genus is well represented in our fauna; four-

teen species have been taken and a few more are sure to ©

be added in the future.

Baron De-Selys has arranged the species in groups
defined as follows:

I Group, (Indian).

II Group. Front of thorax with six broad piace
bands; 7, 8 and 9 much dilated; membranule moder-
ate. Anal appendages of the male black. |

III Group. Front of the thorax yellow with. six
lines or bands, more or less broad; segments 7, 8 and
9 somewhat dilated; membranule very small; anal ap-

pendages black, superiors as long as 9, inferiors almost _

as long.

IV Group. Front of thorax olivaceous, with 4 or 6
lines or bands, brown, more or less distinct; segments
7 and 8 moderately expanded; anal appendages yellow
or light brown, superiors as long as 10, inferiors
nearly as long.

V Group. Front of thorax with an interrupted,
mesothoracic semi-collar and two cuneiform spots
(stripes) yellow; sides yellow with two black rays,
confluent at two points; pterostigma short, black;
face mostly black; anal appendages brown, superiors
longer than the 10th segment.

VI. Group. Front of the thorax black with two
antehumeral wide bands and a superior antehumeral

point yellow; sides yellow with a black, interrupted
“ band, face yellow; anal appendages Vellore as long as
10. :

Imes, a vestige of a humeral and a mesothoracic semi-
_ collar interrupted in the middle all yellowish green ;
_ abdomen long, slightly dilated posteriorly.

follows:

TI. duatatus and Tastes

U1. quadricolor, fraternus,
-_ grasiinellus,

IV. villosipes, furcifer, exilis, lividus a spicatus,
_ VI. spiniceps and plagiatus,
= VIL. IOS 5

iter

Ke?

by ee oe ng characters.
ria)

1. - Large, nae ennonien 50 mim ; face valllony with two narrow
_ transverse black Herd se ory cad ete eee ee na dilatatus.

8 (sometimes a faint yellow and one ee as traternus.
. Medium, superior abdominal appendages of the male slender,

obliquely truncated and excavated at apical fourth......externus.
_ with a prominent tooth at outer angle.................... _ graslinellus.
Aa ea }

a Medesni size, male abdomen 35 mm.; antehumeral stripes
_ slightly divergent below.

Superior male appendages yellow, truncate with PREC
guinectcd spine at the inner distal angle.

~ Ssh : *

KELLICOTT?. \ “tay!

VII. Pterostigma long; front indented, front of
thorax brown with two isolated, narrow, straight .

Our species are distributed in _ these groups as

-externus and

The species may be separated with little difficulty a

Medium, ‘male abdomen 38 mm.; face yellow with two broad ©

transverse black bands.... Beda oAih SoA oobbeb eon caboper Basar Pannsntanstes ena N OE PDS:
oS Ri Re ee BU er ee
Sijoréun of 9-10 Meee tbh, Ri SP mere Ee) ee (1) and (2).
; Dorsum of 9-10 with a yellow Wetter Sauteed oem n eee (3) and (4).
. Small, male abdomen 32 mm.; no yellow on dorsum of 8,
é quadricolor.

Mediim, ‘male Bidomiee 38 mm.; yellow triangle on dorsum of

Medium, male superior appendages stouter, obliquely truncated _

56 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.
(a). Male and female occiput with a spine in the middle..‘..vi/losipes.
(b).. Without the occipital spines.............cisssecsseeeeee aaNet hey furcifer.

(2). Superior appendages brown, pointed, an acute tooth represent-
ing the outer distal angle.

(a). From side view the male superior pentane have a strong,
acute tooth near the middle of the inner, inferior edge,

spicatus.
(b). From side view the male superior appendages have obtuse
prominence near the apex of the inner, inferior edge........ lividus.
2. Small, male abdomen 30 mm.; antehumeral more divergent
below.
(2). Bace yellows; occiput. strate Wbscie-.0500. ccc: one ssbeet eae toee sees ae exilis.
VI
te Warge, black OO ge). 2.222. tssccsopinetanceueesutheees onda fetes spiniceps.
2. yee brown, 9 slightly longer fae Sreaicenveres tees plagiatus.
ts DARN BEE :
i, Warge; brown ‘and yellow....2...0. Acs Beye aduiees ce aeesies eee notatus. —
Group II.

Gomphus dilatatus, Rambur.

Length: of abdomen o 00, ¢ 47; of hind wing S-
40, 2 40.

Male black and salle head yellow, the following
black: borders of labrum and vertical line in the middle,
a transverse line between clypeus and frons, the vertex
antennee ; and the vertical vesicle is straight, oc
rather narrow, convex with a fringe of black cilia. he.
prothorax black, sides yellow with a large geminate ero
centrally of the same: the thorax is yellow, black as_
follows: a mid-dorsal stripe -with parallel sides, not
reaching the front margin, anante-humeral and humeral —
—both widely separated by a narrow yellow line and two
lines on the side ; legs black with coxae and under side ~
of fore tibiae yellow; the wings are hyaline, costa
yellow; pterostigma moderate covering five cells,
yellow surrounded by heavy black veins. The abdomen
is black, yellow as follows: sides of 1-2, dorsal band on
1—4, lanceolate apical spot on 5-7, large triangular
apical spot on side of 8 and oblong one on side of 9.

*

_KELLICOTT. 57

on ‘The ears on 2 are vellow, edges black; joints 3-6 are
‘i slender, especially 3.
ae The appendages are black BE a DS. the superiors
as long as 10, slender, acuminate, apex patecle trun-
x cate on outer distal fourth, there is a minute tubercle at
A - beginning of the obliquity, in profile arched; the inferiors
oe equally spreading nearly as long, up turned at the
— apex.
Female similar; vulvar scale elongate, of two lam-
ella which are narrower towards the end and turned
outwards. ,
Bos | This fine species has been taken only in the central
part of the State in June. It is evidently rare. One
male is known in which the triangles are all one
crossed.’
Gomphus vastus, Walsh.

Length of abdomen o' and © 38; of hind wing & ’
fe and 2 23.
; Male black marked with greenish yellow. Head
with yellow, as follows: occiput, except the extreme
ie edge, two spots at rear of eyes, frons in the middle,
anterior half of postclypeus, labrum on either side, the
genz and the lateral lobes of the labium. The occiput
is slightly concave. Prothorax black with yellow
front edge, spot each side and in middle of posterior
“a edge; thorax with yellow semicollar, upper half of
carina, antehumerals, narrow humerals and sides, on

the latter there is a black line in the front of the stigma
and one at the second lateral suture. Legs and feet

black with anterior femora yellow on the outside.
Pterostigma brown covering four or five cells; costa _
a green on extreme edge, the fore wings slightly flav-
escent on basal fourth. The abdomen is slender 7, 8
‘and 9 very much expanded laterally; shiny black with —
pale olive mid-dorsal interrupted band on 2-7; thisis |
broad and halberd-shaped on 2, narrow and basal on
8-6, basal triangle on 7, the apical edge of 7 is bright

A

58 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

yellow, also a spot on basal edge each side of 8 and the
whole lateral expansion of 9, the dorsum of 1 and the
sides of 1 and 2 are light green.

The appendages are black, a little longer than 10;
the superiors from above are divaricate, base broad,
gradually narrowing with the apex obliquely truncated.
making the inner angle acute; in profile they are arched
with a tooth at outer angle of the apical truncation,
apex slightly turned upward. ‘The inferiors reach the
truncation of the superiors, a little more divaricate,
apex turned up and obtuse.

The female differs in having a small black thorn
either side of the vertical vesicle, the abdomen a little
stouter, the mid-dorsal more distinct, 7, 8, and 9 not
quite so much dilated and the spots at base of 8 faint.
The appendages are cylindrical acuminate, black, longer
than 10; the vulvar lamina longer than half of 9, bifid
for one third its length, branches acuminate, approx-
imated. This is an exceedingly common odonate along
the shore of Lake Erie.

The females fly far out over the waves dipping the
abdomen in the water as they fiy to wash off the eggs.
During June and early in July they may be found on
any sunny shore of the lake or bays. ‘They capolate at
rest in trees and shrubs. !

Group III. 4
Gomphus quadricolor, Walsh.

Length: of abdomen & and ? 32 mm; of hind wing
Gh ISR DATE Saavonls

Male black and yellow. Face and occiput yellow;
vertex black; vertical vesicle slightly excavated in the
middle, occiput very convex. Prothorax black or dark
brown with yellow spots on the sides and middle;
dorsum of the thorax brown, mid-dorsalcarinae in part”
yellow also a broad ante-humeral and a narrow
humeral, sides yellow with two well marked oblique

KELLICOTT?T. 59

bands narrow; coxae yellow, legs black with little pale

on the inside of the femora; costa yellowish, ptero-

stigma light brown covering three cells on fore wings.
Abdomen slender, moderately expanded at 8 and 9,

4 a and four on hind wings black, yellow as follows: sides

ie

page ns Site he pe RE Se bane
Ze oe iy oh ns woe,
., oa rch aoe = eek. eee 5 al Bent ee °: 2
i ae ? ie ig A te Bat gies

pS eae NY ET Saar is
E Roe ee ae Is, eS <
31 's j ) r

4 of 1 and 2 including the ear like appendages, expansion
of 8 and 9, dorsal band from 1-8—broad on 1 and 2, .

narrow, lanceolate, apical, very small triangle on 8.

The superior appendages of the male are black,
longer than 10, pointed with the apex directed outward;
in profile there is a broad expansion downward with a

_backwardly directed tooth near outer third. The in-

feriors are nearly as long, more divaricate and turned
upward at apex.
The female is stouter, occiput less strongly convex,

vertex lighter, more pale or even olive on femora,

dorsal band less pronounced, expansions on 8-9 slight
not so bright yellow. The appendages are conical and
black; the vulvar lamina is exceedingly short, emargin-
ate, lobes round and thick; the posterior border of 8 is
thickened and emarginate so there are four rounded

bodies at this level.

This pretty species has been taken in Central Ohio
late in May and as late as June 15. It rests on rocks
projecting from rapids on the banks near by the most
rapid parts of large streams.

Gomplhus fraternus, Say.

Length of abdomen cand 2 38; of hind wing J 31,
® B2. .
“Male black and greenish yellow, Head; occiput

yellow, strongly convex, fringed with black hairs, rear
black, yellow at border of eyes, vertex and antennze
black, the whole face yellow, labium brownish. Pro-
_ thorax black, bright yellow anterior edge, olive spot

each side and two geminate ones in middle above. The
thoracic carina is yellow with narrow black, parallel,

60). DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

band each side not quite reaching the anterior border of

mesothorax, a broad black antehumeral separated ex-
cept at one point above from the narrower humeral by a
yellow line; sides yellow with second lateral suture
black and a band below reaching the mesothorac stigma
a little above; wings with the costa green ; pterostigma
brown, covering three or three and a half cells; legs

and feet black. 'The abdomen with well marked dorsal —

yellow band on 1-8, a broad space on 1, three lobed on
2, narrow, extending nearly the whole length of 3.6, on
7 half as long as ring, on 8 small triangle; the sides of
1-2 yellow, on the lateral expansions of 8 a large bright
yellow spot separated from an apical one by irregular
brown shade, and all of the sides of 9.

The appendages are blackish, longer than 10, from
above divaricate, base broad, tapering, apex acuminate,
in profile arched, apex obliquely truncated upward ; in-

feriors more spreading, reaching beyond the lower -

angle of the truncation which is slightly prolonged,
apex turned upward, obtuse.

The female differs in having the occiput concave
with an obtuse process in the middle, the humeral and
ante-humeral connected for a wider space, a yellow
stripe on outer side of first femur and sometimes on
third ; the abdomen is stouter, and the expansion of
the apex not so broad. The appendages black and
pointed ; the lamina reaches the middle of 9, bifid in
apical third, branches turned outwards at apex.

Fraternus is common in most parts, in May, June,

and first days of July ; it is only found by the shore of
the great water or by considerable streams, then about
the most rapidreaches. The females oviposit by wash-
ing the eggs into the rapids or the breaking waves.

Gomphus externus, Selys.

34, 2 35,

Length : of abdomen, & 40, ° 40 ; of hind wing &

KELLICOTY?. 61

_ Male black and greenish yellow. Head; occiput
not at all or slightly convex, yellow fringed with black
hairs, rear black with a stripe proceeding downward
from the occiput and outer border yellow, vertex
black with a small spot on each side below the occiput
yellowish green, antennz black, whole face yellow,
margins of mouth brownish,

Prothorax black, anterior border bright yellow,
above with a spot each side and a geminate spot
between, yellowish. Thoracic carina yellow with a
_ black band each side, interrupted anteriorly, a broad,
_ black antehumeral separated below from the humeral
by yellow, first and second lateral sutures and an
_ abbreviated line between them reaching nearly to the
metastigma black, remainder of thorax greenish
yellow; costa green, pterostigma brown covering
about four cells, legs black with the exception of the
anterior femora’ each of which have a greenish
yellow vitta on the inner side.. Dorsal band of ab-
_ domen yellow as follows, a patch broadest behind on 1,
broad and three lobed on 2, broad at base, gradually
a narrowed but not reaching the apex on 3-6, a triang-
'_ular basal on 7 and 8, reaching the whole length of the
segment on 9; laterally sides of 1 and 2 and part of 3,
partially obscured spots on base of 4-7; a basal and a

small apical spot on 8, whole length of 9, yellowish.
_Appendages longer than 10, from above divaricate,
tapering gradually from base, outer distal angle ob- —
tf - tuse, inner distal angle acuminate, apex obliquely
truncate, from side arched ; inferiors nearly as long as
the superiors, apex turned upwards.
+ ‘The.appendages of this form are very much like
_ those of fraternus, but the superiors have a more
prominent outer distal angle and the inner distal angle
- is not so strongly produced.
‘The female has the occiput straight, not “rising in
_ the middle in two confluent curves” (Walsh ), nor is

62 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

“the space between the lateral thoracic lines livid,”
but of the more usual greenish yellow hue ; the verti-
cal thorns are black and conical ; the posterior femora
are either with or without external vitte, in this re-
gard agreeing with the female of fraternus. t has
been said that the latter has no vertical thorns, and
that the females of externus and fraternus may thus
be separated ; this will not do, for the female fraternus
has long’ slender, black or yellow vertical thorns ;
they are easily separated, however, by the difference
in the occiput—/raternus with a spine in the middle
of the border, externus having the same straight or
slightly concave—externus is larger and the vitta @ is
aimost as conspicuous as in externus.

Easily separated from fraternus by the wide yellow
vitta on the ninth abdominal segment, its jatses size
and straight or concave occiput.

Common along the Olentangy river at Delaware
and Columbus in June.

Gomphus graslinellus, Walsh.

Length of abdomen co and 2 39, of hind wing o
Bey Se BS
Male black, yellow and greenish yellow. Head;

occiput yellow, slightly convex, fringed with short, :

black hairs, rear yellow with the upper parts of the
orbits brownish or black, vertex and antennz black.
Prothorax black with a bright yellow spot on the
anterior border, base with a spot each side and one

between them yellowish; thoracic carina brown with —

a similar colored space each side, humeral and ante-
humeral bands present, separated for their whole
length by a narrow yellow stripe, first and second
lateral sutures margined with brown; wings with the
costee greenish yellow; legs, femora and tarsi black,
tibiee black with a yellow dorsal band as follows: a

rather wide, uniform band on 1 and 2, a narrower,

- KELLICOTYT. 63

x tapering patch on 3-6 in no case reaching the apex, a

triangular, basal patch on 7 and 8, a wide vitta wide-
. i .

ning gradually as it approaches the apex on 9 and an

elongate spot on 10; laterally segments 1, 2 and

base of 3 are greenish yellow, 4—7 have obscure basal

_ patches, and 8 and 9 have the lower border wholly

bright yellow. Superior appendages brown, from

above divaricate, sides nearly parallel, outer distal
angle nearly a right angle, inner distal angle pro-
duced into an oblique acuminate process, apex slightly
concave ; inferior appendage nearly as long as the
superior, spreading, curved upward and inward at the

ie” tip.

_ The female is stronger, abdominal segments 8 and

9 are not so strongly dilated, the front femora are

yellowish vittate below and the occiput is concave
with a prominence in the middle ; appendages pointed,
dark, the lamina is short.

| Separated from fraternus by the wide vitta on 9,

and from externus as well as fraternus by the greenish
___ yellow stripe on the superior side of all the tibie.

The species flies in central Ohio during June and
the first part of Juiy. Four pairs taken in this local-
ity are in the University collection.

; GrRouP IV.
Gomphus villosipes, Selys..

Length of abdomen <o 38, 2 39; of hind wing & 31,
2 33.

~ The color is black, olive, yellow, and brown. In the
male the rear of the eyes is yellow below, black above;
occiput yellow, extreme edge black, cilia black; convex,
stout, black, spine in the center; vertex black, end of

the vesicle yellow; whole front and lips yellow. Pro-

thorax black, yellow spot on sides and double one in
middle of second lobes, yellow spot in middle of third

64 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

lobe. Thorax light olive, black, marked as follows;

stripe each side the carina not forming a collar, an ante-
humeral and humeral well separated, a line in front of
the stigma and the upper part of the second suture;
the legs are black yellow as follows; inside of femora of

first pair, narrow stripe on external side of tibiae of all -

pairs; wings with costa olive, pterostigma yellow. The
abdomen is black with olive dorsal band on 1-7, 8and 9
all brown lighter on the sides, moderately dilated, sides
of 1-7 more or less oli e, 9 yellow including the
appendages, -

The superior appendages are as long as 10, ingens
icate wide at base, tapering, outer apical angle rounded,
inner produced into a long, black tipped spine set
obliquely inward; in profile greatly curved, apical third
directed obliquely upward. Inferiors with spreading
apexes blackish, curved up at apex.

Female differs in being stouter and a little larger .

and in having more yellow onthe sides of the abdomen.

In one specimen the spine on the occiput is quadriden-

tate above, the same organ in some males shows two
similar teeth, while in others it is simply acuminate.
The vulvar lamina is triangular, one third as long as 9
with the apex two parted, contiguous.

The species is on the wing at Columbus during the

latter half of May and the first part of June.

Gomphus furcifer, Hagen.

Length : of abdomen o' and ° 36, hind wing 30.
Colors black, olive, brownand yellow. Male, occi-
put very slightly convex, olive and fringed with black
hairs, rear of head yellow below, black above, whole
face olive, mandibles and vertex black. Prothorax
with an irregular, yellow spot near the front margin,

posterior to this a lateral spot each side and two gemi- ;

nate spots on the vertex olive ; mesothoracic carina
olive bounded each side by brown which in some

3
2

KELLICOT. 65

_ specimens i is obscure ; a humeral and an antehumeral

present, usually ea” above ; first and second
lateral sutures obscurely digeeteed with brown. Dor-
sal line on abdomen present on 1-7, 10 nearly all
yellow. Appendages yellow, spreading, shorter than
10, sides nearly parallel, outer distal angle prominent,
_ tipped with a black denticle, inner angle produced into
an oblique horn-like process, apex truncate, inferiors
longer than the superiors, strongly divaricate, yellow,
_ turned upward and black a: tip.

The female has the vulvar scale short, triangular

divided at the apex with the ends rounded.

Readily separated from villosipes by the male ap-
_ pendages, and by the absence of the spine on the
occiput.
| Taken at Licking ene June 14, and at Kent,
June 21. Does not seem to be common.

Gomphus exilis, Selys.
Length : of abdomen & 30, 2 32; hind wing < 24,
O28. ease)
; Colors black, olive, yellow and brown. Male occi-
- put yellow or olive, straight and ciliate above, rear of

head brown or brownish, front margin of prothorax

yellow, posteriorly with an olive spot each side and a
geminate one of the same color between them; brown
each side of the thoracic carina, humeral and ante-
humeral bands present, more or less obscurely sep-
arated by olive, space between first and second lateral
sutures brown, legs brown or black, all the tibiz
vittate with olive above, feet black; wings, costa green-
ish, pterostigma brown. Abdomen black, yellow
dorsal band present on segments 1-9, segments s and
9 with ventral edges yellow, 10 wholly brown or with
a small yellow marking dorsally.
Superior appendages as long as 10, divaricate con-
ical, acute at apex, from side view a triangular process

66 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

may be seen on the under side ; inferiors shorter than |

superiors, divaricate and turned up at tip from side
view.

The female differs in having the tenth segment.

wholly yellow, the legs, front pair femora yellow below
and blackish above, middle femora the same, hind
femora yellow except at apex, the coxae and trochan-
ters of all the legs yellow. Vulvar lamina short, not
more than a fifth as long as 9, triangular, divided, the
two lobes separated with their apexes rounded.

This species is common in all parts of the state in
the latter part of May, June, and fore part of July.
It has been taken at Columbus as early as May 9th.
Canals and ponds are its favorite resorts.

Gomphus lividus, Selys.

Length of abdomen co’ 34-36, £° 36, hind wing ~
30-32, 2 34, |

Colors fuscous, olive and yellow. Male, occiput
convex, ciliated with black hairs, face yellow, vertex
and antennee fuscous, rear of head olive, largely over-

laid with brown. Prothorax fuscous, front border, a

posterior, geminate spot and a spot each side olive ;
thoracic carina fuscous narrowly margined each side
with the same color, humeral and antehumeral bands
fuscous obscurely divided for part of their extent by
olive, space between the first and second lateral
sutures fuscous, as is an oblique band on the posterior
margin of the thorax ; legs fuscous with the superior
side of all the tibiz and hind metatarsi marked with
olive ; wings, costa olive, pterostigma yellowish
brown. Abdomen, dorsal band present on 1-9, this
band is abbreviated on 5-8, on 9 it is wide and con-
tinuous ; sides of 1-2 and 8-9 olive below, basal spot
on 3-7 ; superior appendages brown, nearly one and a
half times as long as 10, divaricate, widest at base,
gradually tapering, outer distal angle has the appear-

KELLICOTY. - i 67

ance of a small denticle, inner distal angle strongly
concave ; from side view an inferior prominence oc-
‘cupies the outer third. Inferiors more spreading
than the superiors, of nearly the same length, and,
from side view turned upward at the tip.

The female has the occiput straight, and the legs
more olive than those of the male. This species may
be easily separated from villosipes and furcifer by its
fuscous instead of black color ; and by the superior
appendages of the male, which instead of the inner

distal angle being produced into a process which points
- obliquely inward, as inthose species, the prominence of
this angle takes the general’ direction of the body of.
appendage. From exilis it may be Nee separated
by its color and larger size.

&

Gomph us spicatus, Selys..

Length of abdomen & 35, 2 35, hind wing & 27,
S 30.

Colors olive, brown and fuscous. Male; occiput
olive, regularly convex, ciliated with black hairs on the
superior margin: prothorax fuscous with the usual
lighter markings. Mid-dorsal carina margined, each
side with brown; humeral and antehumeral bands
present, brown, obscurely separated by olive for at least
part of their extent, space between the first and second
lateral sutures brown, none of the brown markings on
the thorax are as conspicuous as in the foregoing
species of this group. Legs fuscous, all the tibiee
vittate with olive above; wings, costa yellow; pteros-
tigma brown, covering four cells and part of a fifth.
Abdomen, dorsal band present, segments 8-9 yellow on
the inferior edge of the lateral surface. Superior ap-
pendages divaricate, as long as 10, wedge shaped with ©
an acute projection near the middle of the outer border,
apex acuminate. From side view, near the middle of

68 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

¢

the inner margin is a prominent acute projection. In-
feriors more spreading than the superiors, from side
view gradually curved from base to apex. The female
differs in having the occiput suddenly prominent in the
middle and front femora wholly olive and hind femora
olive with apex fuscous. The vulvar lamina is about

one fourth as long as 9, divided lengthwise, the tips .

separated; so that it has the appearance of being com-
posed of two wedge-shaped parts with acute apexes.

The slight contrast in the colors of the thorax, and

the acute spine on the under side of the middle of the
inner edge of the superior appendage of the male, are
characteristics of this species.

Spicatus frequents the borders of wave beaten
shores or rushing rivers; the males, during the warm
sunny hours, make frequent excursions over the crested
waves, after each of which they return to shore for rest,
the females generally remain in the herbage or higher
on trees near by, flying out occasionaly to deposit their
eggs in the disturbed waters and often bringing back a
consort to the place of rest.

A common species in parts of Northern Ohio in
June.

Group VI.

Gomphus spiniceps, Walsh.

Length of abdomen of 48, ? 47, hind wing 3 36, 2

39.

Male; colors black, olive and yellow; head black
with an olive band on the post-frons. On the vertex
there is a U-shaped elevation, the upper angles of
which are tooth-like, and between this and the eye on
either side there is a small yellowish spine ; occiput
nearly straight, olivaceous above. Thorax and
dorsum black with brownish reflection, mesothoracic

KELLICOTT. 69

~ collar, a short. broad stripe each side and antehumeral |
ray, spatulate above, olive ; sides paler, with an oliv-
aceous stripe beneath each wing, olivaceous below ;
wings hyaline, veins and costa black, pterostigma
reddish brown, 5 millim. long; membranule very
narrow, whitish ; legs black. Abdomen black, 8 and
9 strongly dilated, 9 almost as long as 8+10; 1, 2, 8
and 9 olivaceous on the sides, 1-8 with dorsal yellow
spots as follows: 1, apical, triangular ; 2, lanceolate,
nearly the entire length; 3, 4, 5 and 6, basal, oblong ;
” and 8, basal, triangular ; appendages black, divaric-_
ate, superiors longer than 10, acute, depressed,
slightly turned up at apex and having eight or ten
- minute crenulations on the lower, outer edge apically,
inferiors not quite so long, hamulate at apex.

The female differs in the abdomen being much
stouter, 8 and 9 not dilated and in the possession of a
small notch in the middle of the occiput. The vulvar
_ lamina is very short and rounded at the apex.
The species has been taken at Sugar Grove and
_ Akron in September. Four specimens were captured

and many more seen at Sugar Grove, September 4th,
1894. They were observed flying late in the after-
noon, and ovipositing in a small brook that was
rippling over pebbles. They continued to fly until it
was so dark that the eye could not follow them.
Pairs at rest; the female oviposits in a manner
similar to that of the Libellulas.

Gomphus plagiatus, Selys.

Notr—Regarding the identity of Ohio specimens
which I believe to be plagiatus, at the present time,
there is some doubt. This species and notatus are ap-
parently very close. Dr. Calvert has kindly sent me
specimens of p/agiatus taken in Texas. A dozen
specimens taken at Sandusky June 20, ’96 and referred
to by Prof. Kellicott in Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX,

70 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

66 as notatus agree with the above mentioned speci-
mens of plagiatus. Mr. C. C. Adams who has studied
the specimens of both species in the museum of Com-
parative Zoology recently states that the female of
plagiatus has the vulvar lamina emarginated in the
middle while the same is rounded in notatus. The
Sandusky females agree with p/agiatus in this regard.

Because of the doubt existing in my mind, I give
Dr. Calvert's description of plagiatus in full below.

Olive green. Brown predominating on thoracic
dorsum so as to leave a narrow antehumeral stripe,
notably divergent from above downwards from its
fellow of the opposite side, and the mid dorsal carina
yellow (teneral) or green ; sides pale, a line in front
of the metastigma and on the second lateral suture,
brown. Abdomen long, 1-6 brown with a pale green
mid-dorsal spot or stripe, 7-10 yellowish.

Male: Hind margin of occiput slightly convex,
Superior appendages with teeth, apex obliquely trun-
cated (when -viewed from above), the acuter angle on
the inner side, usually no tubercle at the outer (obtuse)
angle. Inferior appendages one-fourth shorter. .

Female. Hind margin of occiput straight.
Vulvar lamina very short, less than one-tenth of 9, em-
arginated in the middle, tips on either side of emargin-
ation acute.

Length of abdomen oc 40-45, 2 44-49 ; hind wing
S 32-35, 2 35.5-37. .

Mr. C. C. Adams makes the statement that the ©
females of plagiatus and notatus may be separated by
the vulvar laminz. This is emarginated in the middle
in plagiatus and rounded in notatus.

One female specimen taken at Wauseon July 1,
1896, I am of the opinion belongs here. It measures as
fellows:

Length of abdomen 42, of hind wing 38 millimeters.

KELLICO?T. 71

Grour VII.

Gomphus notatus, Ramb.

Dr Calvert states that Gomphus notatus seems to
differ from plagiatus according to specimens in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology by its smaller size,
slightly concave occiput (slightly convex in plagiatus )
8th segment of the abdomen dark brown with a mid-
dorsal yellow triangular spot, (this segment pale
_ brown in plagiatus) and no well marked external ante-
apical angle on superior appendages as exists in
_plagiatus.

\

DROMOGOMPHUS, Selys.

Two species of this genus have been taken in the

State ; spinosus is common in all parts, spoliatus is

abundant in the Maumee Valley. The species when

flying usually follow close to the banks of quiet

‘streams and canals, and are not so fond of rippling
_water as are many species of the genus Gomphus.
The two species may be separated as follows :

/

1. Abdominal segments 7-10 almost entirely yellow, the distal

- part of hindj/femora black............, DSIRE Tee HASSE IN te LS cS spoliatus.
2. Abdominal segments 7-10 almost entirely black. hind femora all
Tae lc ane eae ae See Ae as NLS LONE Ae SPO AN oy ENA MONE TREC spinosus.

Dromogomphus spinosus, Selys.

Length : of abdomen o' 41 & 42, hind wings 35, ?

por.
Male; colors black, brown, olive and yellow. Head;
occiput olive, regularly convex, ciliated ; front olive
' with sutures margined with black ; vertex and man-
_ dibles black : Prothorax black, yellow dorsally ; mid-
dorsal carina olive, a fine band each side uniting above
and below with the antehumeral, a broad humeral
and an antehumeral united above and below, brown,
" _ remainder of thorax olive; legs and feet black, front

LTS

te DRAGONNLIES OF OHIO.

tibize vittate with olive beneath. Abdomen; dorsal
band present on all the segments, sides of 1-2 and base
of 3 olive, sides of 7-10 more or less marked with
yellow, superior appendages black, from above wedge-
shaped, acuminate at tip; from side view, tips slightly
elevated, inferior appendages from above slightly
more spreading than the superiors, gradually curved,
from side view four fifths as long as the superiors,
gradually curved, apex blunt.

The female differs in the stouter form of the ab-
domen, in the occiput being concave in the middle
where it bears an angular tooth, and in the humerals
and antehumerals being separated above.

The vulvar lamina is about a third as long as 9,

. triangular in general outline and divided at the apex
with the two parts divaricate, pointed.

The species is distributed all over the State.

The female has been observed, often ovipositing in
a manner similar to Maccromia illinotsensis, that is by
skimming the water and every few feet or rods touch-
ing it with the abdominal tip, scarcely check-
ing her speed ; at other times I have seen them drop
down from an overhanging tree and repeatedly tap the
water, remaining in one place after the manner of
Libellula. Pairs were noticed to fly up into tree tops
and remain in union for a considerable time.

Dromogomphus spoliatus, Selys.

Length of abdomen oc 45, 2 47, hind wing o 36,

2 39.

Male; colors brown, yellow and black. Head;
occiput yellow, convex, ciliated with light colored hair,
face yellow, vertex brown; prothorax yellow irreg-
ularly marked with brown, mid-dorsal carina yellow,
margined each side with brown which gradually
widens anteriorly, humerat and antehumeral bands
present, separated ; first and second lateral sutures and

t

ee
1. age

KELLICOTT?. 73

more or less ot the space between them brown, re-
mainder of the thorax and all the coxae yellow; legs
and feet, all the tibia and tarsi, front femora except an
inferior, yellow vitta on each, middle femora and distal
part of hind femora, black; the hind femora have dark
lines laterally and superiorly for their whole length;
costa yellowish, pterostigma light brown covering four
cells. Abdomen; dorsal line present on 1-6, sides of 1-3,
basal, transverse band on 4-6, all of segments 7-10,
yellow ; segments 7-10 are often largely suffused with
brown above and the extreme ventral edge is always
brown in fully matured specimens. Superior appenda-
ges yellow, in form resembling those of spinosus; in-
feriors from above gradually diyaricate, more spread-
ing than the superiors, wide at base and gradually
narrowed; from side view yellow at base, black distally,
shorter than the superiors, suddenly turned up at apex
and produced above into an acute projection.

The female differs in its larger size and stouter ab-
domen and in the occiput being rather suddenly promi-
nent at the middle. This prominence does not forma
Spine as in spinosus but simply an obtuse angle. The
vulvar lamina is nearly a third as long as 9, triangular
in general outline, the apex is divided; the two parts
divaricate, acuminate, and turned outward at the tips.

The species is common in north western Ohio along
the Maumee River and its tributaries, and the Ohio
Canal. I have never seen this species fly up into trees
during copulation as is stated regarding spinosus.
Both male and female fly along the bank with a swift,
regular flight, coming to rest on bare spots close to the
water where copulation takes place. The female ovi-
posits similar to Libellula. The queer thing about this
gomphid is that females are as often taken as males.

74 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

FOURTH SUB-FAMILY.

CORDULEGASTERIN At.

The members of this sub-family are all large
insects. Less than ten species have been described
from America north of Mexico. None of these seem
to be common, so far as individuals are concerned, at
least they are not often taken. I have seen so few
Specimens on the wing that I do not feel justified in
giving anything of their habits in the field. -

CORDULEGASTER, Leach.

Two species have been taken in the Stale 5 was
may be separated as follows :

1. Large species, abdominalsegments 2-7 nearly encircled by yellow,

erroneous.
2. Smaller species, yellow on abdomen takes the form of spear-
shaped markings on the dorsum of segments 2-8............ obliquus.

Cordulegaster erroneous, Hagen.

Length of abdomen o' 53-56, ? 62, hind wing 3 44—
Hy 2 0)

Female; colors black, brown and yellow. Head;
anterior part of vertex, nasus, gene, disk of labrum,
and labium, yellow ; occiput yellow behind, brownish
yellow in front, eilhinied above with long yellowish
hairs; remainder brown. Thorax; in front two oblique
Ramus pointed below and abbreviated at both ends, on
each side two oblique bands abbreviated at the ends,
and a spot above between them, the posterior ventral
surface and a spot between each pair of wings yellow.
remainder black ; legs and feet black ; veins of wings
and pterostigma black. Abdomen, a ventral and a
lateral spot each side on 1, a transverse median band,
oblique on the sides and continued by the ventral
spots on 1, and a ventral and lateral spot distally

48.

KELLICOTT. C®

each side on 2; a median band and a small lateral
spot distally on 3; a, median band on 4-7 obscurely
abbreviated above ; and a triangular lateral spot each
side on 8 yellow; remainder black. Vulvar lamina
three times as long as 9, eight millimeters, wide at
base, gradually narrowed with apex rounded, divided
except at base, the two parts contiguous; append-
ages short, black, apex angular.

he male is colored similar to the female : super-
ior appendages short, not as long as 10, two small
interior teeth. Inferior appendages three-fourths
as long as the superiors.

The female was taken, woinitle resting above a cold
spring on a hillside at Sugar Grove, July 5, 1891.

Cordulegaster obliquus, Say.
Length : of abdomen ov 52, 2 58, hindwing ov 44,

‘ Male; colors black, yellow andbrown. Head; rhin-

‘arium, mandibles and posterior part of vertex black,

eyes brown, remainder yellowish. Thorax; an ante-
humeral band widest above and abbreviated at both
ends, two lateral bands with a row of more or less ob-
scured spots, posterior part of \venter, and a spot

between each pair of wings yellow, remainder brown-

ish-black. Legs and feet black. Costa vellow in
front, veins and pterostigma black, Abdomen; a ven-
tral spot each side on 1, a dorsal band’and two lateral
spots on 2, a dorsal and a ventral band: on 3; dorsal
bands in the form of spear-shaped spots on 4-8, yellow,
remainder black. Superior appendages from above
about three fourths as long as 10, slightly divaricate,

sides nearly parallel, abruptly pointed at the apex;

from side view straight, cut obliquely upwards at apex
which is pointed and slightly elevated. Inferior ap-
pendages from side view about two thirds as long as

76 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

the superiors, straight, prominent at the outer distal
angle and bearing a forward curving tooth.

The female is colored similar to the male.

Taken at Orwell, Ashtabula County, June 1895.

FIFTH SUB-FAMILY.
AESCHNIN AG.

The members of this sub-family found in Ohio are
medium sized to very large insects. It includes some of
the most hardy forms, being the first to appear on the
wing in spring and the last to disappear in the fall.
The eyes are contiguous for nearly their entire width in
both sexes, wings are long.and broad and the anal
angles of the hind pair are rounded in the female and
prominent in the male (except Anax). Asa usual thing
they do not spend so much time flying over the water
as some of the preceding forms. They are common
about fields and sunny places in woodlands, and are
continually busy catching flies and other small insects
for food.

The female is attended by the male much of the
time and it is a common thing to see pairs take long
excursions over the water, flying three or four feet
above its surface. The female seems to prefer to ovi-
posit in stagnant pools and ponds where the surface is
covered by duck weed and other aquatic plants.

The genera may be separated as follows ;

fia. detang levOncenCrOSsedtatsrcuss-s<da-us ceseee se ccueene seeenceene .Gompheschna
Triangle with more than one transversal..............ssssscecesseseeeeeeees 2
2. Subnodal sector furcate in the hind wings,..................ssseesseeeenseees 3
Subnodal sector not fureate in the hind wings.................cssseeceeees 5
3. Anal angle of male rounded, thorax uniform green............... Anax

Anal angle of hind wing of male acute, thorax brown, banded
WEE SPECT. oe. Toate on duns devas ailteecnues wphea pecan pasunune qouseMet ecaeteeeeeeeeee 4,

KELLICOTT. Teel

4. Expanse more than 110 millim., abdomen of male and female

not strongly constricted at three........... ...seccseeeseeeee see ees Epizschna
Expanse less than 100 millim., abdomen strongly constricted at
TCE MIRON aed eat Ne an esate uc Wes dyagwe sc ssavaheeee eesti obenat ee ocesee Azschna
5. Fore wing broadest at the nodus, two lemon yellow spots later-
Real erm GORA Xo nee sneac-c<setaasvasansteasssassteere dossmceatas Vdc dun cat Fonscolombia
Fore wing broadest at nodus, two whitish bands laterally on
ELV O else eset eters ane car teah seinen ccevecasdudeaeteabs avumescssmn cee cet Basizeschna

ANAX, Leach.

This genus differs from all other members of the
Ajschning in the male having the anal angles of the
hind wings rounded. The species are very large and
their flight is strong. A. junius is an exceedingly
abundant form in all parts of the state. <A. longipes
has never been taken in Ohio, but Mr. Charles Dury is
confident he identified the species on the wing at Cin-
cinnati in May 1898.

The following table will serve to separate these two
species :

1. Front above with a fuscous spot surrounded by green and the
poo lediay white ster sates nccecnsneass cena cabins amas seomsucders de cusnee dees Junius.

ee NO MMIAT kin SS OnNecOtb ADOVE.s2s0..eeccs.ccst-snecss neces stieese douese: longipes.
Anax junius, Drury.

Length: of abdomen <& 53-57 ? 53, hind wing o 50
50) OE

Colors ; male, green, blue and fuscous.

Head; front green, a hlack spot above surrounded
by green, then by fuscous; mandibles black, other
mouth parts green; eyes fuscous occiput greenish in
the middle ; rear of eyes, superior margin and middle
fuscous, lateral parts green .

Thorax green; femora brown, tibize and _ tarsi
black ; wings hyaline, costa yellow, other veins fus-
cous or brown; pterostigma yellow, membranule
large, white anteriorly, fuscous posteriorly. The base
of the abdomen corresponds in color to the thorax,
blue begins at the anterior third of the second segment
and is more or less apparent on several segments, but |

78 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

fuscous predominates, The colors are so changed in
dry specimens that it is difficult to define their exact
outlines. Male superior appendages as long as 9+10.
From above gradually widening from base; inner
border suddenly excavated near the apex; an acute
spine at outer distal angle; a median, longitudinal
thickening traverses the whole length of each ap-
pendage. Inferior appendage short about one sixth as
long as the superiors, distal end truncate.

The female differs in having the occiput twice
tuberculate posteriorly, and in not having so strong a
constriction at abdominal segment three. The append-
ages are as long as 9+10, foliate, pointed at apex.

This species has been taken at Columbus as early
as March 21st, and has been observed on the wing
during the first days of November. It oviposits usually
while attended by the male. The pair may be seen
flying over stagnant water where sedges and the like
abound; at intervals they drop down and alight on
some object near the water’s surface ; soon the female
may be seen with her abdomen beneath the surface of
the water depositing her eggs. Nymphs of various
sizes may be secured from ponds and ditches at most
any time of year.

Anax longipes, Hagen.

Length of abdomen & 55-58, 2 52-60, hind wing 3
51-53 2 49-56. : ,

The following from Hagen’s description, Psyche
1890, Vol V, 303, will enable the student to identifiy
the species : ‘

Male, eyes dark reddish brown, head, thorax and
base of abdomen green; abdomen brick red; front
green, without any spot above ; vertex, antenne and
occiput black ; eyes behind with a very large, elong-
ated green spot; legs black, femora yellow. Wings
hyaline, venation black, costa yellow, pterostigma’
narrow, yellow. .

KELLICOTT?T. 719

Female, head, thorax, legs and the two basal seg-
ments green; eyes blue, the hind margin of the oc-
ciput on each side yellow; second segment with a
transversal brownish median stripe on each side; ab-
domen from the third segment brown.

Hagen’s description was taken from living
specimens.

GOMPHAESCHNA, Selys.

_ The insects of this genus have been taken in the
State only at Columbus. Either they are not common
or we have not learned how to procure them, for but
few speciments have been taken or even seen.

Gomphaeschna furcillata, Say.

Length : of abdomen 44, 2 41; hind wing & & 36.
Male, color black and brown. Head, eyes brown,
front brownish the posterior extremities in the form
of a band grayish, disk marked with yellowish; an-
tennee yellow ; behind the eyes black.

Thorax brown, a narrow humeral band and two
lateral bands black; the first lateral band is abbrev-
iated above, the posterior one is narrow and reaches
to the base of the hind wing; between the inferior
portions of the humeral stripes there are two yellow
markings resembling marks of parenthesis. Femora
brown, tibiz and tarsi black; wings; costa yellow,
pterostigma and veins brown. Abdomen black, the
apex of each segment and ventral markings obscure
brownish. Superior appendages as long as 9+10 in-
ferior edge abruptly widened at basal fourth, both
edges gradually widening from thence to apex, a longi-
tudinal thickening at middle, apex rounded, inferior
appendages two fifths as long as the superiors; the
distal third divided, with the branches divaricate.

The colors of living specimens are very much
brighter than in dry specimens. Thus what I have
called brown or yellow is really greenish originally.

80 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Taken at Columbus June 13.

This species differs from any other species of the
sub-family in our fauna in the form of the abdomen.
The widening again after the constriction at three is
not present, but a very gradual narrowing continues
from thence to apex.

FONSCOLOMBIA, Selys.

The single representative of this genus is quite
common in Ohio. It flies along streams where fallen
trees and drift-wood .abound. Its glossy wings cor-
respond so closely to the water that it is seen with
difficulty. The female has been observed resting on the
trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes
twenty feet or more above the ground. This is one of
the species which the collector is not likely to procure
until he understands its habits. After that he considers
it a common form.

Fonscolombia vinosa, Say.
Length of abdomen 3 50 ¢ 50. hind wing 3' 42 ?
4..

Male; color reddish brown, darker in fully matured
specimens. Two conspicuous yellow spots on each
side of thorax; wings slightly brown at base, veins
reddish, pterostigma yellow. Abdomen; mid-dorsal
carina present on 2-8, auricles on 2 yellow, two or
three small yellow spots usually present on sides of 4—
8; superior appendages as long as 9+10, widest
beyond the middle, narrowed from thence towards
apex which is bluntly angular, a longitudinal, median
thickening present.

Inferior appendages one third as long, yellow, con-
ical, notched and brown at apex.

The female has the hind wing wider and the anal
angle rounded.

Taken in all sections of Ohio in August and
September.

KELLICOTY. © 81

BASIZESCHNA, Selys.

The single species of this genus is abundant at
times, while some seasons pass without its being ob-
served at all. It is on the wing early, specimens having
been procured at Columbus as early as the middle of
- April. . |
Basizeschna janata, Say.

Length: of abdomen & ? 43, hind wing & & 36.

Colors; brown and fuscous. Male; front greenish,
above yellow or greenish, with a median, longitudinal,
impressed, black marking; occiput and rear of eyes
largely yellowish. Thorax, mid-dorsal carina fuscous
bordered each side by greenish; two greenish yellow
bands edged with fuscous on each side; wings clouded
at base, veins brown, pterostigma yellow, membranule
white. Abdomen constricted at 3, superior append-
ages as long as 9+10, narrow at base, very gradually
widening to beyond the middle. Here there is a bend
and the general direction is directly backward, instead
of obliquely downward and backwards as before. The
apical third is flattened. Inferior appendages conical,
one half as long as the superiors.

The female appendages are shorter, straight, and
anal angle of hind wing rounded.

EPIZESCHNA, Selys.

Like the two preceeding genera this one contains
only a single species. It is the bulkiest dragonfly of our
fauna. Macromia taeniolata approaches it in expanse
but not in size of body. This species differs from other
species of the sub-family in the less obvious constriction
at abdominal segment three.

Epizschna heros, Fab.

Length: of abdomen 65 ° 67, hind wing 3&' 55 9
60.

82 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Male; colors brown and green. Front green darker
approaching brown above, margin of mouth brown.
Thorax brown, an antehumeral band and two lateral
bands with a spot between their superior ends, green.
Wings yellowish, veins and pterostigma brown; legs;
femora brown at base, black at apex, tibiz and tarsi
black. Abdomen brown marked with bright green
which becomes obscure in dry specimens; 10 with a
mid-dorsal tooth.

Superior appendages, basal third narrow, remain-
der widened, median longitudinal carina present, in-
ferior edge hairy. Inferior appendage one half as long
as superiors, oblong, notched at apex.

The female lacks the spine on the dorsum of 10, but
has a spined projection ventrally on that segment. ‘She
also has the'rear of the eyes elevated so that a promi-
nent projection is formed each side of the occiput.

The species flies during early summer. 'Whenon the
wing it is continually catching insects, great number, of —
which are required to satisfy its voracious appetite. It
is one of the few dragonflies that often enter buildings.

ZESCHNA, Fabricius.

The species of this genus fly very commonly from
August until the end of warm weather in the fall. In
protected places along the edge of woods, one may find
all of our Ohio forms flying together most any time in
September. The different species are so much alike that
one can not with certainty recognize them on the wing.
Like the other members of this sub-family they take
long excursions over sunny fields in search of flies and
other insects for food. The three species of the genus
taken in Ohio may be separated as follows:

1. Male, anal triangle of hind wing with three cells; a prominent
spine at inferior distal angle of superior appendages. Female,
genital valve SEOHELY elevated at apex, vulvular process long, 2
TMA naa esses hs eee: tases eeeeestea ts wdaee deen sev ee seueaae quaecnomneetees constricta. .

—.

<

Peet ere

KELLICOTT. 83

2. Male, anal triangle with two cells; superior appendages with
longitudinal carina not denticulated. Female, genital valve not

strongly elevated at apex, vulvular process short.......... verticalis.
3. Male, anal triangle of two cells; longitudinal carina of superior
appendages with apical third denticulated................... clepsydra.*

*We have not succeeded in identifying the female of this species.
4zschna constricta, Say.

Length of abdomen & 52-58, 9 53-55, hind wing
JS 43-46 9 45. |
Colors fuscous, brown and green. Male; front

green, with a T-shaped black spot above; occiput

yellow, lateral projections black; back of eyes black.
Thorax brown with an antehumeral and two lateral

. bands green, also green between each pair of wings,

femora brown above fuscous beneath, tibiz and tarsi
black; wings, pterostigma fuscous, membranule white
anteriorly, dark posteriorly, anal angle of hind wings
three celled. Abdomen fuscous, banded and spotted
with green, strongly constricted at 3; superior ap-
pendages as long as 9+10, inferior margin prominent,
hairy, and thickened to form an inward projecting
tubercle posteriorly; base narrow, inferior distal angle
produced into a prominent spine. Inferior appendages
one half as long as the superiors, concave above, con-
ical, blunt and obscurely notched at apex.

Female, wings yellowish, especially in o'd speci-
mens, appendages foliate, mucronate at tips, narrow
at base, length 7 millimeters; genital valve slightly
longer than 9, with a lateral emargination; apex
elevated truncate; vulvular process 2 millimeters long
and tipped with a bundle of hairs. Description of
female taken from three specimens taken in copulation.

This is our commonest 4/schna and is taken in all
parts of the state.

4zschna verticalis, Hagen.

Length of abdomen, 50-53 2 53, hind wing & 44-47
2 45.

84. DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Colors brown, fuscous and green. Male; markings
on thorax and abdomen are variable in different speci-
mens. There are only two cells in the anal triangle of
hind wings which at once separates it from constricta.
Superior appendages as long as 94+ 10, narrow at base,
superior longitudinal carina not denticulated, apex .
with a short thorn directed obliquely downward.
Inferior appendage one half as long, conical, angular
at apex.

Female of the same form as the male, appendages
narrow at base, oblong, rounded at apex, obscurely
mucronate, Genital valve as long as 9 with a lateral
emargination; apex not strongly elevated. Vulvular
process short, not over one millimeter. The appen-
dages only a little more than half as wide as in con-
stricta, This description was taken from a female
taken in copulation. When more material is procured
it may be necessary to verify some statments.

This species flies with constricta but is not nearly
so common.

Aschna clepsydra, Say.

Length of abdomen, & 51 & 50, hind wing Jd 44,
2 43.

Colors brown, fuscous and green. Head, front
green, nasus and rhinarium fuscous or brownish in
some specimens. Mandibles and margins of mouth
fuscous, a fuscous T spot above; occiput yellow in the
middle, remainder fuscous; rear of eyes fuscous.
Thorax brown, an antehumeral stripe and two lateral
stripes green, also green between the wings above;
femora and tibiz brown above, fuscous beneath, tarsi
fuscous ; wings and pterostigma fuscous above, vellow-
ish beneath, costa yellowish, other veins fuscous; anal
triangle of two cells, membranule small.

Abdomen constricted at 3, fuscous marked with
green; mid-dorsal carina present; appendages as long

KELLICOTY?. 85

as 9+10, narrow at base, inferior edge widened at
basal third, width nearly uniform from thence to near
the apex; longitudinal carina present, denticulated on
posterior third; apex rounded and furnished with a
spine which points obliquely downward.

SIXTH SUB-PAMILY.

CORDULINZ.

The members of this sub-family are medium sized
to large species, and unlike those of the preceding, are
seldom seen except in the vicinity of water.

All I have seen ovipositing fly leisurely near the
bank and strike the water from time to time with the
tips of their abdomens to wash off the eggs. Some of
- the forms fly quite early in spring but none of them are
on the wing late in the fall.

The following will aid the student in separating
our genera:

1. Hypertriagonal space free, sectors of the arculus free at origin...2
Hypertriagonal space traversed, sectors of the arculus more or

WeSShumited sat Origins Sicassraa/ccreteccseetesaseece seus eturececsowstinates eege doasrhiesot 4

2. Hind wings with dark markings at least at base..............s:ecseees 3
Hind wings without dark markings, colors metallic.

Somatochlora.

3. ied wings, dark only at base with triangles free... Tetragonuria
Hind wings, dark at base, middle and apex, triangles traversed.
3 Epicordulia.

4. Large species, expanse over 90 millimeters, seve segment of the
abdomen black in both Sexes...............2.:cseeeeeeeecnebeceeeees Macromia.

Smaller species, expanse 70-75 millimeters, tenth segment light.
Didymops.

MACROMIA, Rambur.

The members of this genus are easily rocognisable
on the wing by the transverse yellow band of the ab-
domen. They are large species and fly from middle to
late summer. Both males and females, in apparently

86 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

equal numbers, have been taken while flying over the
surface of the water.

The following key will Separae the species on the
genus:

Expanse less than 100 millimeters, no antehumeral stripe
\ wdlinoisensis
Expanse 110 millimeters or over, antehumeral stripe present
teniolata

Macromia taeniolata, Rambur.

Length of abdomen o'58 ? 61, hind wing 3 52 2 58.

Colors black, vellow and brown. Male; head large,
front vertex black with two prominences above, frons
metallic green with yellow spots superiorly, rhinarium
fuscous ; labrum olive, dark at middle and inferior edge
A faceted tubercle on the posterior edge of eye.
Thorax fuscous with a distinct greenish reflection ;
yellow superioraly, part of antehumeral and a complete
lateral band present, yellow. The latter entirely en-
circles the thorax, passing between the insertions of
the two pairs of wings above and the second and third
pairs of limbs below. Legs and feet black, the hind
femora reaching the middle of the 2nd abdominal ‘seg-
ment. Abdomen black, with superior yellow markings
on segments 1-8. Superior appendages 3-5 wmilli-
meters in length, bent inwards at apical third, apex
turned outwards; an emargination on the outer side
extends from the base to beyond the middle where it
terminates in a small tooth. Inferior appendage
nearly as long as the superiors, conical, curving up-
wards towards the apex.

Female usually larger than the male, and in my
specimens the superior yellow markings on 8 of the
male are not present. E

Female usually larger than the male, and in my
specimiens, the superior yellow markings on 8 of the

2 Oa ee” | SEG

KELLICOTT. 87

male are not present. The species is common in the
north western part of the state along the Maumee
River. The males fly well out, and consequently are
seldom taken, the females oviposit among leaves and
alge near the shore.

Macromia illinoisensis, Walsh.

‘Length: of abdomen & 48-50, 2 50; hind wing, S
45 2 46.

- Male; colors fuscous, brown and yellow. Head
very much asin teniolata. Thorax brown or fuscous
with metallic greenish reflections. Yellow before the
base of the anterior wings, and lateral band present as
in the latter species, but the antehumeral absent.

Wing hyaline often brownish tinted, more promi-
nently at the apex. Superior yellow markings, often
very small, on abdominal segments 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8, oc-
cupying nearly a third of 7 at base. This last is
strikingly prominent when the species is on the wing.
Superior appendages much as in teniolata, but more
gradually narrowed towards the apex; slightly longer
than 10. Inferior appendage about as long as the su-
periors, conical, apexelevated. Female differs in having
superior yellow markings on segments 2-7 ‘and the
wings are often more uniformly brownish.

The species flies most commonly during July, and
may be seen at times some distance from water. I have
taken the female flying over ripples of our larger
streams, and a pair in copulation resting on alow bush
not over two feet from the ground. It ismore common
than the preceding species and may be expected in any
part of the state.

Its smaller size will separate it from taniolata.

DIDYMOPS, Rambur.

The single species of this genus is commonly taken
in Ohio. We have found it most common in May,

88 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

although it has been taken as early as April 25. At
this early date the species was found in sunny places
along the border of woods.

Didymops transversa, Say.

Length: of abdomen & 36-38 2 40; hind wing &
33-09 2 37.

Male; colors brown and yellowish. Head, front
livid with frons and nasus brownish, frons above with
an olive spot each side; rear of eyes yellowish, dark
near the occiput. Thorax brown, a transverse band
before base of the fore wings. mid-dorsal carina, a
narrow humeral and a prominent lateral stripe, white;
wings brownish at base, costa yellow, pterostigma and
veins fuscous; legs, femora brown, tibiz yellowish
above, fuscous below, tarsi black. Abdomen brown,
all the segments more or less banded, a prominent
whitish band at base of 7, and a spot each side at base
of 8; 10 wholly whitish or yellowish.

Superior appendages 2 millimeters in length, widest
at base, nearly straight, posterior third on the outer
side narrowed, apex acute; inferior appendage about
as long as superiors, edged with brown, conical, apex
blunt and furnished superiorly with a pair of
prominences.

Female larger than the male and the brown mark-
ings between costa and third vein at the base of the
wings is noticeably longer.

EPICORDULIA Selys.

The two species of this genus are American. We
have only one of these in Ohio. This one is common
along all of our larger streams, canals, and lake shores
during July and August.

Epicordulia princeps, Hagen.

Length: of abdomen o' 43 2 47; hind wing 7 41 &

45.

KELLICOTT. 89

Colors; olive, brown and fuscous. Male; front
- olive, vertex brownish, antenne black. Thorax thickly
slothed with long, gray pile, ground color olive, anter-
ior, lateral band prominent below, humeral and ante-
humeral bands present, but usually very nearly obscure.
_ Legs, coxee and trochanters olive, front and middle
mora olive above, fuscous beneath, hind femora and
1 the tibiz and tarsi fuscous. Wings with a basal
patch, often greatly reduced on the front pair, a patch
at nodus, sometimes wanting, and apex black. -Ab-
domen constricted at 3, largely fuscous above; beneath
and on the sides yellowish brown. Superior append-
ages club shaped in general outline; inferior, apical
fourth excised, apex very bluntly pointed. Inferior ap-
pendage more than two thirds the length of the su-
; Beers, widest at base, gradually narrowing to apex,
' is furnished with two upward directed
Be ajections.

Female similar to the male in color and form, vul-
var lamina nearly as long as 9, divided for its entire
length, the two parts divaricate, slightly curvedinward
at apex; appendages longer than 9+10.

‘hae species is easily identified by the black mark-
ings on the wings, as none of our large forms except
some of the Libellulas have such characters.

TETRAGONEURIA, Hagen.

b Bic species of this genus have been recorded for

- Ohio. These fly in the fore part of summer, and one is
4 very common. Small ponds seem to attract these
forms, but it is not unusual to find them flying over
_ tunning water. They are the smallest species of the
b, 8 _sub- family, Corduline.

Tetragoneuria cynosura, Say. :
Length : of abdomen 3 320, 2 27; hind wing J 28, ?

90 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Male; frons, labrum and labium yellow, other parts

of front olive. In some specimens the whole front is ~
olive. Thorax with a covering of long pubescence, two
- angular, yellow spots in front of the inferior half of the —
second lateral suture, these spots and both sutures mar- -

gined with metallic blue. Basal two thirds of front

femora yellowish or light brown, remainder of legs dark —
brown to nearly black. Fore wings hyaline; hind wings —

with a basal streak between subcostal and median veins

extending to first antecubital, the space at extreme base _

between submedian and post-costal veins and a triangu- —
lar patch occupying the lower part of the anal triangle
and part of at least three neighboring cells, fuscous; re-

mainder hyaline.

The dark markings of the wings are variable, but —
in none of our specimens do they extend much beyond ~

“

what I have indicated, they may be very much reduced
however. Abdomen fuscous with yellow markings on
the sides of segments 2-9. Superior appendages as
long as 9+10, the apical two thirds (nearly) thickened. _

From above separated at base, gradually approaching

one another for one half their length, then diverging to
apex. Inferior appendage reaching the middle of the

thickened portion of the superiors, oblong conical, ex-

panded laterally at extreme apex.

).7

Female vulvar lamina composed of two horn-like

lobes whose apices reach beyond the extent of the ninth —

segment.
The species is a common one in all parts of Ohio.

Tetragoneuria semiaqua, Burm.

Length: of abdomen co 26-27, 2° 28; hind wing J
PAS rey ORS),

This species is very close to cynosura. Color alone
is used to characterize it. The fuscous at the base of
the hind wing is much extended, and occupies nearly all

the space between the base of this wing and a line ~

KELLICOTT. 91

_ SEVENTH SUB- FAMILY.
LIBELLULINZ.

pools and ponds, skirted by sedges, cat tails and water
ilies are especially attractive to them. Here the males
fly back and forth, catching small insects for food, and
searching for the females. While pursuing this appar-_
‘ent pleasure many of them sacrifice their lives to
satisfy the greedy appetite of the king bird who
perches himself on a branch of a nearby tree where he
can view the proceedings and swoop down whenever he
is. sure he can procure a dragonfly for his trouble.
Presently at your feet you observe the female with
wings almost motionless, waving up and down, and
at each downward movement, striking the tip of her
abdomen on the surface of the water. She is oviposit-
ing. If with a water net a quantity of the debris near
Af the bank be procured a dozen or more nymphs of
5 various stages are usually included. Thus one might
“ee seat himself and write out nearly a full life history of a
dragonfly from the material of a few minute’s
collecting.

92

DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

The members of this sub-family are medium sized to

large species with ample wings and short, thick bodies.
In some species males and females arecolored differently,
while in others both sexes are alike. Most of the forms
are easily collected on account of their abundance, but
there are a few species that occur over large areas and
are never common anywhere, these areusually procured
with difficulty. The Ohio species are placed in ten
genera which may be separated by the following table:

1.

2.
3.

10.

Hind wings very wide at base, fore wings, except in some cases

at extreme)base, entirely, transparents....\.scccesstsoseesssdeceeneeeeeeeeaeee 3
Hind wings not extremely wide at DASE fl ctai) ola eee een
Base of hind wing black or brown for its entire width......Tramea
Base of hind wing transparent with anal margin yellowish, or |
ituscated abt analjamele; t. .. veoh. ecsietecnsseceney erent Cee eee Pantala.
Hind lobe of the prothorax large, bilobed.............::sssssseereeeeseenees 5
Hind lobe of the prothorax small, entire..............ccc0-ccesssocensencane 10
Sectors of the arculus pedicellate...................66 oueees RAC SRCHBLOE A: 6
Sectors of the arculus not pedicellate i.) nccii.)..-a-soes-nseee eae ie)

Both sectors of the triangle in the hind wings arising from its
nti ate dese Foes cok cau eee ze ceeteks «cata e us GaN ce eee alvin
Lower sectors of the triangle in the hind wings arising from its

hind angle, the upper from its outer Side..........sccscceseescessessseescoeens 8 ey.

Nearly black species, extreme base of hind wings black, front
WMA LE. ics cas uacetsbacados degen akunrsena todas abanates Attar ane Leucorhinia.
Never black, extreme base, sometimes basal half, of hind wings

yellowish brown, front variously colored but never pure white,
Diplax. —

Base of hind eines ipeeiocely transparent, thorax unicolorous,
last antecubital of front wings usually not continued to median
WELITE cider aseeMte. uate aa ccaeaene tens seth sdeneledeietese due uan tenes Mesothemis.
Base of hind wings yellowish brown, thorax banded with black
and olive, Jast antecubital of front wings usually continued to

AMECHIAT | VEIN: scsshassshebeteaksdec cases cecedeaneshos dauanerta saa eacameneD Pachydiplax.
Small species, expanse about 30 millimeters, hamule of male not
De ee aes Ci Ae URE Se ET OME LMR aN eeeeeberithemis.
Larger species, hamule of male bifid...............sssceseeeseeeee Celithemis.
Male with a pair of ventral hooks on first abdominal segment,
third tibiz, as long as third femora...............ssseeseseceeeees Plathemis.

Male with no veatral hooks, female with third tibia at least a
lnttle lonper than third femoras..0..1..cc-sesremeeeeeee eee Libellula.

sch eter KELLICOT?. POS

PANTALA, Hagen.

y “The two species of this genus are large with hind
wings very wide at base. Abdominal segments 3 and 4
+ each with two additional transverse carins, nodal

_ sector waved. .
pil.” Front yellow, anal margin of hind wing yellowish....... flavescens.

_ 2. Front red, anal angle of hind wing with a fuscous spot.
. hymenea.

Pantala flavescens, Fab.

ah _Length: of abdomen o' 32-34, ? 34; hind wing & 40-

Pa 49,9 43,

. Male; color yellowish brown. Front yellowish,

margins of mouth, antennz and basal part of vertex
_ fuscous.

Ban patch a apex idaneceen Abdomen with a
- maculate mid-dorsal band, sometimes absent on some
_ of the segments. Superior appendages about 3 m.m.
in length, yellow at base, remainder black, oblong,
_ nearly contiguous, and furnished with an oblique spine
_ atapex. Inferior appendage two thirds as long as su-
_periors. Female like the male.

: The species is a strong flyer and fully matured
_ specimens are hard to take as they fly well out from the
- bank. Taken in all parts of Ohio during July and
oo
fas Pantala hymeneza, Say.

; Length: of abdomen & 30-33, 2 31; hind wing
— 40-42, S42.

f Male, color reddish brown. Front red, margin of
mouth, antennze and basal part of vertex fuscous.
_ Rear of eyes narrowly yellowish on the sides, remain-
der brown. Hind wing with anal angle and oftentimes
apex fuscous. Abdomen reddish brown, segments 8—

94. DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

male. Easily separated from favescens by the red
base, and fuscous spot at anal angle of hind wing.

The species has been taken at Columbus (Osburn), i
Laramie Reservoir (Williamson), and Columbus, in July. |

TRAMEA, Hagen. | “

This genus contains three Ohio species. The base
of hind wing in all of them is wide and conspicuously
colored. Abdominal segments 3 and 4 with one ad-
ditional transverse carina, nodal sector not waved or
broken.

1. Basal fourth or fifth of hind wings mieled blaek UAC Be lacerata. vas

Basal part of hind wings Drown...............lcescscsessseseccesee apecesce beatae

2. Basal third of hind wings brown, hamule not exceeding the

- genital lobe in length, vulvar lamina shorter than 9........ .carolina.
Basal fourth of hind wing brown, hamule exceeding the genital sy
lobe, vulvar lamina as 1long.aSs/9 ys. ..-ssv<sceenccnatsenevenaooes oven onusta. :

Tramea lacerata, Hagen.

oa of abdomen 0’ 37, 9 35; hind wea! 42- “a8
, 2 46.

he color brownish_ black. Eroge blackish,
vertex and large part of frons metallic violet. Thorax
with a greenish reflection, legs black, anterior wings
hyaline, black at extreme base, hind wings violet black
at base, the outer edge ragged, a triangular, hyaline
‘space uear the middle of the anal margin. A large”
light colored spot on the dorsum of the seventh ab-—
dominal segment, often obscure in dry specimens.
Superior appendages as long as one half of oe
hamule shorter than the genital lobe. i

The female has vellowish white markings on 3-7;
on 3-5 these consist of a pair of small spots... Bic es
lamina one half as long as 9.

The species is common in all parts of ihe state dur-
ing a large part of the summer.

KELLICOT?. 94

jE carolina, Linn.

Piatt: of abdomen & 2 32; hind wing & ¢ 41.
Male, color reddish brown. Superior part of frons
violet. Femora brownish at base, black at apex,
tibie and tarsi black; front wings hyaline, extreme
ase yellowish, hind wings reddish brown at base for
nearly a third of their length, within the space many
the fine veins are yellowish. Abdominal segments
8-10 black above. Superior appendages a little longer
: ‘than 9+10, slender and pointed at apex. Inferior ap-_
| _ pendage ony two thirds as long as the Superiors.
lamules as long as, or very slightly longer than the
snital lobes. Sau abdominal segments 8 and 9
ack, vulvar lamina not quite as long as 9, bilobed.
A comparatively common species in various parts
‘of the state during the summer months.

_ Tramea onusta, Hagen.
_ Length: of abdomen & 31, ° 33; hind wing ~ 38. AL
42.

2s eyes eolor reddish brown, vertex brown, front
_ reddish brown, in the specimens before me not showing
- the violet present on the superior part of the frons in
sa carolina. Femora brownish at base, black at apex,
RO. tibiz and tarsi black; wings, anterior pair hyaline,
<treme base brown, the reddish brown patch at the
base of the posterior pair is narrower than in carolina
nd the outer edge is more ragged. Superior appen-
ages a little longer than 9+10, hamules noticeably
as than the genital lobes.
Female vulvar lamina as long as 9, bilobed in its
apical three fourths.
_ Taken at Columbus May 7, and at Cincinnati

LUBE At bien

‘In Libellula the posterior lobe of the prothorax is
mall and entire. The male is without hooks on the

96 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

first abdominal segment. Nine Ohio species are con-/
sidered under this genus. Several of them are very ©
common forms, while others are local or rare. None of ~
them fly very early i in Spring.

4. Base of hind eaecaa a triangular, black patch which is pro-
duced at its outer angle, apex of wings transparent
ceond and ita

Base of hind wing with only the space between second and third —
veins, black, apex of wings fuscous, more prominently in the ©

female oN A ONS CS I ae vibrans. "i
5. Dark markings at base occupying néeiely the anterior half of — ‘
basal third) of Wing is wcccchocee oe. sae ceyesectaee aceeeee eee pulchella. iy
Dark markings at base small, situated near the middle of basal a
PALE OL WANE lets etancucce se sesnenestenbanmecdctcpeeeecneeeee eames semifasciata. uy,
6. Pterostigma prominently bicolored, yellow and black...... a Hees a
Pterostigma not bicoloredi.:sss.tc-crnn--1s-coeseeeeese oe ones eee bine aa sehiet a
7. Wings with dark markings at base..............:ssececeseeseeee renee as «

Wings with no dark markings at base............-..sesssesessseeeseereecens

8. Yellowish species, pterostigma yellowish with the veins oe 4
and below it black, costal third of wing membrane yellowish.

auripenuis. — 4

Dark species, pterostigma black, wings transparent except at BY
apex in the female where they are faScOUs. salen ae incesta.

Libellula basalis, Say.

sae
ete esas 2

bes

Ie

ees a

Length: of abdomen & 29-31, 2 26; hind wing he
41, 2 38. .
Male, color blackish brown. Front yellowish to ig
dark brown with a bluish tinge in fully matured speci-

mens. Thorax with a mid-dorsal stripe yellow anda ~
humeral and one lateral stripe dark in specimens not
fully colored, in old specimens these markings are more >
or less obscured and the whole thorax is uniform black- _ .
ish brown. Abdomen witha yellowish stripe each side F
which also is more or less obscured in old specimens. e

2

opiate

KELLICOTT. 97

Legs black, wings black on basal half to third, beyond
_ this white, apical third clearly transparent.
The female usually lacks the white on the wings
_and the black at base is shorter and often reduced, es-
pecially on the fore wings, so that it has a smoky ap-
pearance. Apex of the wings often fuscous. _

The species is very common and is usually the first
species to attract the attention of the amateur col-
lector. Like the other species of the genus, it prefers
the vicinity of stagnant ponds where the sun ’s rays

are unobstructed, :

Libellula auripennis, Burmeister.

Length: of abdomen & 36, 2 34; hind wing & 38,
2 39.

Male, colors yellowish to brownish. Front in fully
matured specimens shining brown, variable according
to the stage of coloration of the specimen. In teneral
specimens the mid-dorsal thoracic stripe is present,
later this is obscured. The dorsal black stripe on the
abdomen is apparently constant. Wings with a
yellowish tinge, more prominent along the front mar-
_ gin, pterostigma yellowish, bounded by black veins.

The female is similar to the male, but has the apex
of the wings smoky.

This species is quite distinct from other Ohio forms,
but appears to be very close to plumbea of the eastern
states. It may be separated from that species however
by the absence of a brown, basal streak between sub-
costal and median veins. |

Hagen reported this species from Ohio, but it has
- not been taken in recent years, until the past summer
when specimens were procured at Cincinnati. It is
_ probably a coast species by preference.

!

Libellula cyanea, Fabricius.
Length: of abdomen & 30, 2:27; hind wing & 35,
2 35.

98 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. pale ¥

Male, colors yellow and brown, wholly blue pruin-
ose in old specimens. Front, mid-dorsal stripe and
lateral spots on thorax, and abdomeneach side, yellow- Ve
ish. In old specimens these markings are all obscured. — |
Wings yellowish along the front margin, at base the
space between subcostal and median veins black.
Pterostigma bicolored, inner half sulphur yellow, outer — i§
half black. rt.

The female has the wings decidedly black at apex, Brit
and in old specimens the yellow is encroached upon by
brown. RM

The species so far has been taken in only one local- —
ity in the state. Here it has been observed two years a.
in succession and no less than a dozen specimens taken,
so we have no doubt that itisa permanent resident in
Ohio.

Mr. J. B. Parker secured specimens at Danville in —
June 1897 and ’98. .

Libellula vibrans, Fabricius.

Length: of abdomen o' 40, 2 38; hind wing & 46, y
2 48. | >
Male, colors brown and yellowish, old specimens i
pruinose. Front olive, labrum and labium yellow, the
latter black at middle, margins of mouth and mandi-
bles black. Thorax yellow on the sides marked with
black below, prothorax more or less black. Mid-dorsal ©
stripe on thorax yellow. All these markings may .
become obsolete in old specimens. Abdomen yellow on i
the sides at first, but later no markings can be seen. :
Wings transparent, space between subcostal and
median veins at base, a small spot at nodus, and ex-
treme apex black.
The female has more black at apex of wings. This
is the largest species of the genus in our fauna, the
small nodal spots in connection with the basalagee: ae

It is not a common form, but has been taken at

: plane.
Libellula incesta, Hagen.

as Length: of abdomen & 35-36, 2 32-33; hind wing
3 39, & 40.

_ Male, yellowish to blue pruinose according to age.
. _Teneral s specimens have the front, sides of thorax and
abdomen yellowish. Fully matured specimens have
_ the front dark, nasus metallic superiorly, thorax and

basal coloration, but some specimens have the nodus
_ very narrowly fer eaned with fnscous on each side.

_ The female retains more or less of the yellowish on
_ front, thorax and abdomenthroughout life. Her wings
3 (EOE ee Lasse of the male except they are fuscous at
_apex._

The clear transparent wings without nodal |

Fotncrs.

-. This seems to be a widely distributed species in the
_ state, and in places is abundant. At Sandusky it is on

the wing in June and July.

Libellula exusta, Say.

eects: of abdomen 3 25, 2 23; hind wing S 33,
9 eu eaee

Mature male, front olive, labrum and labium
yellowish, occiput black, front of thorax and abdomen
_pruinose, sides of thorax brownish, humerus darker.
Fore wings with two, short, basal streaks fuscous ex-
treme base brownish. Hind wings at base with space
between subcosta and median vein, and a triangular
spot behind submedian vein fuscous, membranule

Licking Reservoir and at Columbus (R. C. Osburn) in

~ abdomen paieeas blue, pruinose. No nodal patch or —

100 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

white. The thorax and abdomen of teneral | specimens:
are lighter colored and not pruinose.
Female similar to the male.
This is the smallest species of the genus, taken'1 in
the state. ?
Four males taken at Stewart’s Lake in pone me
County, June 21,1898. Not reported from aay other
section.

{

om

Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn. \ :

Length: of abdomen & 30, 2 30; hind wing 3 35,
yao) | ‘iene

Male, colors olive, fuscous and yellow. Frons —
above black, in front yellowish, nasus and rhinarium —
olive, labrum yellow in the middle, edges black, labium
yellow on the side, black between; rear of eyes black —
with two yellow spots. Thorax with narrow humeral
and side stripes black, and two prominent spots
yellow, prothorax and legs black. Front wings
yellowish at base, nodal spot small, fuscous, hind
wings with a basal, fuscous patch below the sub-
median vein; superior to this yellowish, nodal spot as
in the fore wings. Abdomen yellowish or olive vet
black on venter and dorsum of 7-10.

The female has a conspicuous row of yellow dees
- on each side of the abdomen from segment 3 to 9.

This species has been taken in the central and
northern parts of the state but seems to be rare, It is”
on the wing in June.

{

Libellula semifasciata, Burmeister.

Length: of abdomen & 26-28, ° 25-27; hind wings. 3
35-37, ° 36-38.

Male, colors yellowish and fuscous; front yellow-
ish, largely replaced by red. Rear of eyes brown with
yellowish outer margin. Thorax browish yellow with —
two lighter colored lateral bands; femora at base

y :

KELLICOTT. 101

yellowish, remainder of legs and feet fuscous. Fore
wings yellowish on basal third, space between bases of
sectors of arculus and a space below this between sub-
_ median vein and postcosta fuscous, a patch surround-
ing nodus, and apex brown; hind wings like the fore
wings except the fuscous below the submedian vein is
wider and extends to base and usually in addition a
_ brownish patch near middle of the anal margin. Ab- —
_ domen yellowish with fuscous, dorsal band present on
6-10.

Female like the male except the extreme apex of
wing is hyaline. I have seen some males also with this
_ character apparent.

A common form in all sections of the state.

Libellula pulchella, Drury.

Length: of abdomen do’ 33-35, ° 32; hind wings 3

Male, colors brown, yellowish and fuscous. Front
- brownish, two yellowish spots behind the eyes.
Thorax with two yellowish, lateral bands. Wings, a
patch at base, a patch surrounding nodus, and apex
fuscous. The basal patch is one fourth or more of the
length of the wings and gradually widened distally but
__ at no point touches either costa or posterior margin.
_ Dark markings of hind wings like those of fore wings.
Anal margin of hind wings and patches alternating
__. with dark markings on all the wings whitish especially
in old specimens. Abdomen with a yellowish longi-
tudinal band each side.

_ Female similiar to the male, but whitish on the
r Pe: may be absent. Old specimens of both sexes are
- pruinose.

A common form everywhere Jnate a large part
of the summer and autumn.

102 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

PLATHEMIS, Hagen.
The single Ohio species of this genus has the ap-

pearance of a Libellula, but the pair of hooks on the

under side of the first abdominal segment of the male
characterizes that sex. The female is much like L.
pulchella, but its much smaller size willseparate it i
that species.

Plathemis trimaculata, De Geer.

Length: of abdomen & 28, 2 24; hind wing & 82, 2.

35.

Male, colors brown and yellowish. Front brown,

labrum and labium yellowish, rear of eyes brown with
two bright yellow spots on each side. Thorax each
side with two oblique, white stripes each terminating

below with a yellow spot. <A row of oblique yellowish ~

spots on each side of the abdomen from 2-9. Wings,
at base with a brown patch which in width extends
from above the subcosta to the postcosta and in length

about one fourth the extent of the wing, at middle with —

a brown patch covering the whole width, and in length

reaching from before the nodus to about the middle of —

the pterostigma, apex from thence hyaline.
The female has the basal patch brown as in the

male, a large nodal patch not reaching the posterior —

margin, and the apex of the wing from the middle of ©
the pterostigma, brown.

The species is common everywhere, and may be
seen resting on logs and fences along the edges of
woods, as well as flying over abe ponds and run-
ning streams.

CELITHEMIS, Hagen.

The members of this genus are all graceful ange
active species. The wings are ample and variously _

marked, even in the same species. As they fly along |
the margins of ponds and lakes they are very attractive ~

: KELLICOTT. 103

to the collector who at once is filled with a desire to pro-

“much of the time perched upon the tips a sticks and
ee near the waters edge. The female of some Oh:

with others this sex is taken as frequently as ihe male.
pe Rives female is attended by the malea great deal of the
_ time while ovipositing.

Our three species may be separated as follows :

brown markings, apex of wings beyond pterostigma with no
- apparent brown or fuscous markings..............ceeceeeeeeeeeeee eponina.

_ Expanse not more than 60 m.m. wings hyaline with brown,
yellowish or fuscous markings, apex of wings beyond pterostigma
marked with brown or fgCO Te et cy VF Fe pee 2.

. Wings with brown and yellowish markings, pterostigma reddish
Bask elisa.

' Wings with fuscous or black markings, pterostigma black
fasciata.

Celethemis eponina, Drury. ‘

a Gopcth of abdomen o' 25-27, 9 23-25; hind wing
oie so. 2 30: 32.
"Male; colors brown and valle cele Front brown-

Bidethen with dorsal and lateral bands present,
yellow. Fore wings yellowish with a spot between
-arculus and outer side of triangle, a band at nodus not
attaining the posterior margin and a band before the
_ pterostigma usually reaching the posterior margin,
brown. Hind wings yellowish with a patch attaining
the base zee ee to distal oe of triangle, a

cure specimens, but he may experience many dis-

‘1. Expanse not less than 65 m. m., wings uniform yellowish with |

104. DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

The markings of the wings are like those in the male
but may be very much reduced, but not entirely absent.

An exceedingly abundant species in all sections. In
the marshes around Sandusky Bay it is more common
perhaps than any other dragonfly during July. Pairs
in copulation were taken July 18, 1896.

Celethemis elisa, Hagen.

'

Length: of abdomen 3 20-22, 19-20; hind wing

S27, ¢ 25.

Colors: male, red, black and yellowish, front red;
fore wings hyaline, base yellowish a point above the
triangle, a spot beyond the nodus, and apex reddish
brown; most of the cross veins along the costal
margin, margined with brown, pterostigma yellowish
to red.

Hind wings hyaline, with an elongated, irregular
patch extending trom base of wing to beyond the outer
part of the triangle, a large patch below this not quite
reaching the posterior or anal margin, a patch beyond
nodus, and apex, reddish brown; the basal foruth of the

wing where not occupied by brownis yellowish, pteros-

tigma and cross veins as in the fore wings. Abdomen
black, superior parts of 3-7, except apex, red.

In the female the front is yellowish, the color at the
base of the hind wings is clearer than in the other sex,
and abdominal segments 2-7 are yellow ane 5
otherwise like the male.

The form is very common in northern Ohio and has

been taken in the southern part of the state. Differing

from the preceding species, the females are taken much

less commonly than the males. |
Celithemis fasciata, Kirby.

Length: of abdomen JS 23,2 21; hind wing & 27-28,
27.

Male, colors black and yellow. Front; frons
metallic blue, nasus, rhinarium and labrum yellow in

“‘KELLICOT?. 105

some specimens, black in others; labium yellow at the
( ‘ sides, black at middle, in one specimen the yellow parts
are olive to brown. There is so much variation in
_ these’ parts, that definite statements regarding them
can not be formulated. Thorax in one specimen
~ yellowish on the sides with two black bands, in
another the yellowish is entirely absent. Fore wings
hyaline, fuscous or black as follows: apex from distal
part of pterostigma; a patch beginning at costa,
_ nearer the pterostigma than the nodus and extending
_ backwards half way across the wing; this patch is
narrowed o1 nearly divided near its middle, making it
- somewhat hour-glass form; and a patch beginning at
_nodus below the subcosta al extending towards the
eh _ base of the wing; at some point between nodus and
Bey Pe note! this patch is divided, sending a superior
branch to base between subcostal and median veins,
and an inferior branch to beyond the inner side of the
_ triangle between the sectors of the arculus; a small
_ patch including the superior part of the triangle con-
nects with the inferior branch and sends a spur
towards the base of the wing between submedian and
_ postcostal veins. This spur and the superior branch
mentioned above may or may not be interrupted by
clear spaces. In the hind wings the apex and patch
before the pterostigma are as in the fore wings, except
HY the latter may be entirely divided. Distally the basal

patch may be bounded below by the lower sector of

the arculus or it may send back a process which in
. _ extreme cases reaches the lower sector of the triangle ;
the basal patch, also includes the entire triangle and a
_ basal process which extends backwards and terminates
~ ona level with the distal end of the membranule; in-
eluded within the basal patch is a hyaline patch which
occupies the space between median and submedian
veins to arculus, and the space between median vein
_ and superior sector of the arculus to a point above the

106 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. ,

outer part of the triangle. In addition the hind wings
have a nearly round spot before the anal angle. The
abdomen is uniform black in all specimens before me,
but I should suppose that in teneral specimens it might
be otherwise. .
The female has the extreme apex of all of the wings
hyaline. The extremity of the distal process of the
basal patch in the hind wings is separated from the
main part in one specimen and exists as a separate
spot. The spot before the anal angle is reduced in all
my specimens, and in one specimen is very small. The
front is yellowish and the abdomen has a dorsal band
in the form of triangular spots on segments 2-8;
various yellow markings are present on the sides of the ~
abdomen in a teneral specimen but are absent in a
mature specimen. |
The species seem to prefer small lakes where the
water is clear. Six specimens were taken in Summit ,
County along the shores of Silver and Summit Lakes
in June and July. June 23 was the earliest date that
specimens were taken, at this time the females were
teneral, but the males had full colors. Their actions R
in the field are like those C. elisa. 4 Wea

LEUCO:HINIA, Brittinger.

This genus contains only one Ohio species.

The pterostigma is short and broad, not more than ey,
twice as long as broad, the wings are yellowish and _—
black at base. The species isa common one and like
other members of its family is aed a to eee
ponds.

Leucorhinia intacta, Hagen.
Length: of abdomen & 23, 2 21; hind wing 3 24-26, 5 5 ae
8 2b. ¥
Male, front whiie, labrum yellowish, labium black,
brownish on the sides; rear of eyes black, feet and

KELLICOTT. 107

legs black. Front wings black at extreme base, this
color may extend outward a short distance between
_ subcostal and median veins, and submedian and post-
- costal veins, thus forming two basal streaks. Hind
wings black at base, here the color takes the form ofa
basal black streak and a basal triangle beneath. ‘The
abdomen isblack with a superior yellow spot on the
base of 7%. In young specimens a dorsal spot is
present on each of segments 2-7.

_ The female usually has more or less yellowish on
_._ the basal third of the wings, and the abdomen is
stouter and marked with yellow on the sides as wellas
on the dorsum.

_ A common species.

DIPLAX, Charpentier.

t

Six Ohio species are included within this genus.
Most of them are seldom seen flying over water
but may be found in profusion in the adjoining marshes
_orlowlands. Males and females inhabit thesame spot,
A and are each taken in nearly equal numbers. They are
characterised while on the wing by their striking red
bodies, which become dull brown in dry specimens. —
_ This red color is not apparent, however when the insect
_ first emerges, and only comes gradually with increasing
age. Old and worn specimens have lost the bright red
and appear duller in coloration. One or more species
may be sound on the wing at any time between June
10, and the middle of October.

I offer the following Key which is largely taken
from Calvert’s work on the genus, as an aid in Sg 5ne-
ting our species :

1. Basal half of hind wings yellowish...............ccccsecseessseeeecceeeeeeeeeees 5

Hind wings with extreme base, or not at all, yellowish sa ceed ee nuee 2

Res Expanse over 60 millimeters, an additional carina on abdominal
FSP GIIMe TE by Ae rer ae osc Gati a aasccessevesiecc sore sSettosetsdatsenuaascovacceberseans corrupta.

Expanse less than 60 millimeters, no additional carina on 4....... 3

et hs G J x

108 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

3. Male inferior appeudage four fifths as long as the superiors; su-_
periors with no prominent inferior tooth, but with 4-9 inferior ett
denticles of which the distal one is the ‘largest; female vulvar "a

Re:
:,

AMAIA CUILIZE, fh. co raclic.gpenepacnntoaesensebeuueas sail ta catren yee a eiee nae tee vicina, 4) one
Male inferior appendage nee two thirds as long as the superi- ny,
ors; superiors with a prominent, inferior, median tooth on the —
basal side of which are 5-8 denticles ; female vulvar lamina ihe
PAG hs eR ieee cedecsteedecebentencl daca caus dds seein scaemiee git a ma aS 4 “h

ian

4, Male genital hamule with a little more than its apical third bifid, ay
posterior branch twice as wide as the anterior, front usually ah
pinkish in fully developed specimens.....2.........00...-0000e- rubicundula.
Genital hamule with apical fourth bifid. posterior branch at
least four times wider than internal branch. Front usually
whitish olive in fully developed specimens....................... obtrusa.

5. Male superior appendages with a prominent, inferior, median
tooth; female vulvar lamina bifid at apeX...............22 assimilata.
Male superior appendages with no prominent inferior tooth, but i
with 4-9 inferior denticles of which the distal one is the largest; Yate
female vulvar lamina entire..............c.sccssecosccenecnsscaversass semicincta.

Diplax rubicundula, Say.

Length: of abdomen o' 22-26, ? 22-24; hind wing Nn
Bga29), > 2628: a

Male; front yellowish to reddish, wings hyaline,” 48
extreme hee of both pairs yellowish, femora brownish
at base and on the inner side, remainder of legs and feet bi
black. Abdominal segments 3- -10 black on the sides, ii
and brown beneath. Genital hamules bifid for a little
more than a third of their length, the anterior lobe
longest, a little curved, and acute and tipped with
black at apex; the posterior lobe is nearly triangular
in outline with the apex rounded. Superior append-
ages with a prominent, inferior tooth at middle, bear- ne ‘e
ing on its proximal side about seven teeth. Inferior
appendage reaching nearly two thirds the length of the
superiors and bearing a hook-like tooth on each side
above. From below the inferior appendage is nearly
conical with apex broad and slightly prominent at the
sides. May’:

The female is similar to the male in color and size. :
The vulvar lamina is bifid at apex. Gree,

This species is abundant from the middle of June tO) een
the first of October.

-KELLICOTT?. 109

Diplax assimilata, Uhler.

By eth: of abdomen of 24-25, 2 22 25; hind wing
0-29, = 26-30.

This and the above Species vary considerably in
_and one weuld expect to find ve both

im Ree ats has been placed as a synonym of
bicundula by Calvert. but by others it is considered a

| basal half of the wings in assimilata.
Toledo July 30, Sandusky July 20, not uncommon
: Columbus.

Diplax obtrusa, Hagen.

5, £ 23-25.

-, This. species resembles rubicundula so much that it
eems best to give simply the points of difference
etween the two species. .
Genital hamules of the male with apical fourth
‘fid, the branches of the same length; posterior
ranch at least four times as wide as the internal

ranch. :
fe vemale ‘is separated from the female of

cies spies is chork, rather broad ane bifid at the tip.
e two lobes have the appearance of being inflated,
, strongly convex below, and straight above and
minate rather abruptly; while in obtrusa the
hamule, Ago short, and bifid at the apex, is

‘thflated, the ‘two inne rather appear

baeie separation except the yellowish coloring of.

Peaeth of abdomen of 22-25, 2 24; hind wing ou

110 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

In both sexes the front is more nearly white than ~
in rubicundula.

The species is common in all parts of the state,
It begins to fly in July andis most abundant in August _
and the first part of September.

Diplax vicina, Hagen. jf Rs,
Length: ot abdomen co 21-23, 2 20-24; hind wing” 4g
S 24-25, 2 22-25. ae

Colors as in rubicundula, yellowish in teneral i
specimens, red in fully matured specimens. Male, front |
reddish. legs and feet brown or at least not black, —
wings hyaline, yellowish at extreme base. ~ :

Genital hamules small, bifid for more than “half- i
their length from apex, the two branches of nearly the :
same width at base. the anterior one longer, curved _
and acutely pointed at apex; the posterior one widest |
near the middle and irregularly rounded at apex. Su-
perior appendages widest half way between middle and ay
apex, before the widest point are about five inferior a
teeth. Inferior appendage nearly four fifths as. long : as” a

the superiors. ~
Female, vulvar lamina widest behind, distinctly i
projecting, hind margin entire. Se
Taken in all sections of the state, and appears ines ee

in autumn than any other species of the genus. T aken "
in copulation Nov. 7, at Columbus. : Bt a
Meat

Diplax semicincta, Say.

ai

Length: of abdomen o& 18-21, ¢ 17-21; hind wing 3 i
21-25, & 20-24.5. BY a

Colors, yellowish in teneral specimens, red in fully “en
matured specimens. Male, front reddish to yellowish.
Legs at base and inferior side of front femora reddish,
remaining parts blackish. Basal part of front wings, :
sometimes to triangle, sometimes to nodus yale ae
hind wings, basal half yellowish. mee

KELLICOTT. 111

Genital hamules bifid for apical half, the anterior —
anch shorter pointed and slightly hooked at apex,
posterior lobe three times as broad as the anterior,
apex rounded. Superior appendages with about six in-
erior teeth beyond themiddle. Inferior appendage four
fifths as long as the superiors.

_ Female colored like the male or with yellowish part
a) fore wings brighter than in that sex. Vulvar lamina
_ short, only slightly projecting, posterior margin entire.
Taken at Columbus. Common at Sandusky in

_Diplax corrupta, Hagen.

"Length: of abdomen & 26-29, ? 27-28; hind wing 3
8- ae 29-31.

oe of the segments mee. ; dorsal spots on 8 and
: ee at base, and ee side a femora and

“The male ne fully ieee isred. Themarkings
on the thorax are reduced to the two bright yellow

points or spots on each side. The legs are like those of
_ the teneral form. The venation of the wings is red-
. Genital hamules small, apical third bifid, an-
or branch short, sickle form and acute at apex;
terior branch twice as long, several times as broad,
cted obliquely outwards and backwards, rounded at
x. Superior appendages 2 m.m. in length, yellow,
h a row of inferior, black denticles which begin
ne vee third and extend to where the ee

112 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

Female colored like the male, except her front is
lighter, usually yellowish. Vulvar lamina ee: he a“
prominent at the sides. A

The large size of this species. separates Pn from ao
other Ohio members of the genus. le

One should observe corrupta in the field fo one
season to become thoroughly acquainted with its — sf
iy

variations. If he does not know it in all its stages —
to begin with, and if heis eager to obtain the greatest i!
number of forms possible in a certain locality, he can
easily convince himself that the various colorations |
it presents, represents at least three distinct species.
It is common in all parts of the state during July ‘
and August. ona
PERITHEMIS, Hagen. he Bi

In the single species of this genus, the hind wings i
are longer than the abdomen. Although. very —
common around water, it is not conspicuous because
of small size and rather secluded habits. It flies lows"
and rests a part of the time on water plants or any- :
thing that projects above the water. While - its —
colors are developing after emergence it may be —
found in the fields some distance from water. Males
and females are taken usually in about equal members. Tie

ea
Fe et ae =

=.
5

Perithemis domitia, Drury. Pay i:

Length: of abdomen o' 14-15, ° 13-14; hind wing o
19-20, 2 19-20.

Male, colors Pelle aee to brown, wings aniuene
yellowish or sometimes with a brownish point above
the triangle. Thorax often with two olive, lateral
bands or with each band represented by a small spot —
below the middle; these thoracic markings may be :
obscure. or ne. Abdomen nearly pene 4
brown in dry specimens. ya

Female, front wings with costal margin yellowish
nearly to pterostigma, a patch at nodus extends ©

As
cee

he

iM
f*
P

KELLICOTT. ata ls

backwards almost to posterior margin, and a much
smaller patch above the outer part of the triangle,

- -brown; hind wings with costa and nodal patch as in
hy the sone wings, but the other patch includes. the tri-

angle and is extended backwards nearly to the anal
angle, and sends two branches to base, one between
- the subcostal and median veins and another between
submedian and:postcostal veins. These markings are
snbject to variation in extent and intensity of color.
Common in all parts of the state from June to
September.

rs vy - MESOTHEMIS, Hagen.

The single Ohio species of this genus is very
common. The males are most often seen as they fly
over Open water a part of the time, the female usually
remain among grass and weeds that grow either in or
_ near the water; she is very attractive, but her green
color protects her somewhat, and she may fly very
1 near the collectors feet without being observed. She
oviposits among low plants that grow in the water.

;

Mesothemis simplicicollis, Say.

Length: of abdomen o' 27-32, 2 29-31; hind wing 3
G0, noe 34.
: - Male, colors black and green. Rear of eyes yellow
marked with brown in such a manner that they appear
_ chequered. Thorax green, legs black. Both thorax
and abdomen blue pruinose in old males. Superior ap-
pendages yellow, a row of black denticles extendin g
_ hearly the. whole length of inferior edge. Inferior ap-
_ pendage brown, four fifths as long as the superiors.
In the female the abdomen is green with distal part
of 4-7 and all of 8 and 9 dark brown above. All the
segments more or less dark brown below. Vulvar

ae triangular, margin entire.

__Abundant- een one the state, from May to

114 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.

PACHYDIPLAX, Brauer.

This genus is represented by a single species.

The frons above and vertex are metallic blue, which
character will separate it from related forms. It flies
over shallow water where lilies and other water plants
grow, here the female oviposits. Teneral specimens
may be found a long distance from water.

Pachydiplax longipennis, Burm.

Length: of abdomen 3 20.29, 9 18-24; hind wing

S 25-38, 2 25-31.
Teneral male, front, labrum and labium yellowish,
margins of mouth brown, frons above and vertex

metallic blue. Thorax with mid-dorsalcarina, an ante-_

humeral stripe, abbreviated above, an _ irregular
humeral stripe continued above by a transverse stripe
before the antealar sinus, a wide, lateral stripe beneath
the fore wings, one between the wings and all the post-
erior part of metathorax, yellow; otherwise brown.
Legs; coxze, trochanters and inner side of front tibie,
yellowish; remainder including the feet dark brown.
Wings yellowish at base, otherwise hyaline. Abdomen,
venter and basal part at sides yellowish, dorsum

brownish or blackish usually witha longitudinal rOW — ies it

of vellow dashes on 2-8.

In the fully developed male the abdomen becomes —

pruinose and all the markings are obscured, the brown

of the thorax becomes more or less greenish, and the

hind wings have two longitudinal, dark brown, basal

streaks, one between subcosta and median She the’ 7

other between submedian and postcostal veins; both

reach nearly to arculus. These latter may be present

in teneral males.

The female is colored like the teneral male or pruin-
ose in old specimens, her abdomen is widened posteri-
orly, her wings are yellowish at extreme base and the
hind pair lack the longitudinal stripes. |

Common in all parts of the state.

[ons a se bo. 00
BL lon ipes.... Barat oc ssdettcaslice sence, MS
oI Anomalagrion....... LCR PBA Rn anette NT: to)
hastatum. poe SEB SESE EEE EEE oe)
ESE ei cota eoscechee SUA, Bear

ary. J : ae

(ag Calopteryginae veces
Bae soodeeee iol:
US aes Pole ee

Ceasers Le skiecatsnatansarsee LOA

Reet eI ROT
eee P1109
ek. 109
Pee AOS
BEER. 110

Ee NA LO

Dromogomphus.... ...........ceeeeee
SPINOSHS {ose carie oes weeance Bas
SPOlta tuys ssicacs tse waeeecn ee

Brallaguia toni ee aa
ASPELSUM 4. oss. Ueseecsecseesecsessencd
corrunculatum................0000e
Civalet ere eM o aoe ata
divaganse (oN
doubled aya tie. hie ee
Plo} crib iaaladaanrsrecMeaIaeaCoeR EES macocae
ExSulansns ccs yest settee

HISCHERI Tee SS a A

fees camnakal G3 bas ihe pene dedelrnnp ppc pec
WAS O IT sorte tee eeteleat he ni eecine ee
pollutum................
SIQMACUII 2 .sheccesdere
Teal yall GBGOG pane aneds cee
Eypieselitnati cs sien ncnacdgoseenes
EROS sana titvactorsna cenoeuer ces Geetaeees
Ste OMe oe eeneeestees seca
PEIMCEPS so. ieeseeserandesecucel aaa
Erythromma.. BSL cass caue abate
(Sa yaNe Mie bh TOBA seeteRcaroppeRcemacmabecc:
Fonscolombia sosssssssssssssssesseesee
VAMOS rcs cuneacnauaie nen eeacecy een
Gomphaeschna................0ss0cce0
fue liateats sci cwtevcbacetswesecctoste

{Gronaatjo) chbatee eae a Raa eshpecdternns Aan

Gomphiis/ eee...
dilatatus................
EXT SE Ace sdaiecacespecouts
EXTETNUS ...........008
TPALETMUS sh eceste se seoroe oes
FUT CME Srey. dere sch cndce a Sonera
Sraslimelhign) 22) csc: sees
iva use ke eee es wees
TLOPALUS snccsgcocscescce aechancecceeesee
plagiatuses ce Me eel
Gaelricolon 6) cise seer hee
SPICA TUS ice hilteehsnadees tenuate
SPUNICSP Shee th icleaera rec ascane
NAS LUSiicrcaoteorcciosecnccarsstsmecursne

eccvcccceese

WALOSIPEs pees wart sec cseaneecunh

JE
SON
5 On
rite
ey)
Nieieate MS
S.
i fee)

i
arse
hy
;
We
t
"
y
‘
y
'
4
m
é
{
x ( ‘
¥ Nei
BRN
| i
aya ;
en
4 Pan ish
SF t
¢
ve
e

MTA ENING iieshactesacsconrcuccesccasestes 51

PLEWASLYLUISHCR va tasvorssesteocesses eed 52
18 (eee ahoke Mp eee aANeEe Upset ne meer 11
ANMETMCATIALS. ccccebsinsaycunastceceten ss 11
EHTCOLOG cs ve cerensvecacsercraucccushiee 13
His Chiatpraee ee. os thea pesvanecesss votsdnces AT
VEUELCAIS Ge cee stunie de eedt ceca een 48
JPFES) eC AR RAE BRANT Aan Me Baty 15
COMICMELinatnartecestscsmesn t= sane 15
GIS Um Cha eel ee esecdvesotveceses 18
POLCIP ATA cgiccscussesesus weseaves geste 19
ATCO U AMIS 2 h.. tbeenca cece desclseva tent 21
HECHA MUM ATIS wyescerssee ere ceasere-e> 20
PE CAE saenccsceoptonscescstroncuceossacs 17
MOMMA AL Heese ates ates se ocseeues 16
STAUBAIE Sci 5 Sora oaeoce do Le cb HaCRICe bre 20
Meine cali ae eieidi sees sruger eee tuee des 91
Mp ioellilae ie tetecksetecectennersesten: 95
ANTE P CUMS a car-cecessesceodancenec des 97
Dasalisn sk tiacteotscecotess cs 96
CYAIME ALLS iaiete cecelduwauecoaecmerapeselt 97
CRUSE E tecesscsessoecoresssebesoaccaesss 99
ATA CESEA es. sskvcectaenrecstimeac<stseaces: 99
plehell ac eccveswvec.ts caccease secre 101
quadrimaculata........ 0.0.0.0... 100
semifasciata....... phase cuusesenashsey 100
SVLIDIELTIS 1). Soave ck variuestosccecssedenoue 98

Miacromiais: jrock csecestoeeeecsiee eee 85
illinOISenSis:...c5...4.0ce ss eee 87
teniolatac en oles eee ee 86

Mesothemis:..:5.).05 4. scscn ences 113
simplicicollis:.. (25 \.1.;.csvaseme “a lbe

Nehallennia 02 paces 29
ATETIC ss se vcnaseectvene oe 29%
posita. ni Lda seen 30

Ophiogomphus.on. cer -cvseseeeees 53
TUpiMsulensisis: -seceteps eceeeay vace OG

Pachy diplax 24 Jscic-cccseeeseeeaaee 114
longrpennis:: yee eee 114

Pantalasic.cisccetee sen 93
flavescens 023.0 ee ee 93
Hy menaedcn oi ecceseceseetoreceeene 93.

Perithemissi..:-.css.cesee ee eee 112
Gomitia sc Reece bees desea eee ae

Plathemis.. Atco 102
trimaculatars:-cesveseess eee e eee 102

Tétragoneurial.: cvesmsceeuneetene 89
CYMOSULA .-cecehesespoestates ae eeene 89
SEMA QUA... .ceenzoncesseureeescoaeeane 90

Tramea 2:2. 94.
carolina... 33 95
lacerata. ito hee 94.
ONSET AS. fb ein eee 95

Notze.—Mr. E. B, Williamson concludes that Exellagma Fischeri is equivelent to Say’s

antennata.

A conclusion which he states is concurred in by Mr. P. P. Calvert.

Ohio State Academy of Science

, SPECIAL PAPERS No. 3.

THE PREGLACIAL
DRAINAGE OF OHIO

Comprising the Results of
Researches made by Mem-=
bers of the Academy of
Science, by the Aid of the
McMillin Research Fund Jd

Some Drainage Modifications in Washington and Adjacent
Counties — With Illustrations and Map, : By W.G. Tight, M.S.

History of the Little Miami River — With Map,
By J. A. Bownocker, A. M

Some Observations on the Preglacial Drainage of Wayne
and Adjacent Counties— With Map, . By J. H. Todd, M. D.

Preglacial Drainage Conditions in the Vicinity of Cincin-
nati, Ohio— With Map, . , : : - By Gerard Fowke

Published by the Academy of Science
with the Emerson McMillin Research Fund.

DECEMBER, Ow a a

Con ale inSigy

Ohio State Academy of Science.

SPECIAL PAPERS NO. 3.

THE PREGLACIAL
DRAINAGE OF OHIO

Comprising the Results of Researches made
by Members of the Academy of Science,
by the aid of the McMillin Research Fund.

RUBEISHED Bye Dik yACADEMYS OE SCIENCE
WITH THE EMERSON E. McMILLIN RESEARCH FUND.

“December, 1900.

PRESS OF FRED. J. HEER, COLUMBUS, OHIO.

EWE RAGE.

T the 1898 winter meeting of the Ohio State Academy
A of Science, Mr. Emerson E. McMillin, already a life
member, through Professor W. R. Lazenby, tendered
the Academy the sum of $250.00 to be expended by the
trustees in furthering original scientific researches in
Ohio. The donor placed no restrictions upon the use of
this fund except to express a desire that, so far as possible,
it be used in aiding those who are competent and willing to
give their time, but unable to contribute their expenses while
employed in their researches; thus giving aid to such inde-
pendent workers as lacked the necessary financial resources.
Among the grants made by the trustees during 1899, from
this fund, were $50.00 each to Professors Tight and Bow-
nocker, and $10.00 to J. H. Todd, M.D., for the purpose of
aiding them in studying the Preglacial Drainage of certain por-
tions of Ohio. From this fund for 1900, Mr. Gerard Fowke
was granted the sum of $25.00, for a similar purpose. The
results from the work prosecuted under these grants are here-
with transmitted as No. 3 of the Series of Special Papers. Mr.
Fowke has kindly consented to prepare an introduction, giv-
ing a short review of work previously done along this line of
research in Ohio. The map facing preface illustrating the pre-
glacial drainage of the entire State, so far as it has been worked
out, has been prepared by Professor Tight.

The expense of publication has also been taken from Mr.
McMillin’s research fund, which he has been kind enough to
continue for 1900.

Professor Raymond Osburn was granted are 00 in 1899 to
aid in the study of the fishes of the State, and a similar sum was
granted him in 1900. The results of Professor Osburn’s re-
searches are being prepared for publication and will constitute
No. 4, of this series, and will be issued early in 1901.

F. M. WEBSTER, Chairman,
H. C. BEARDSLEE,
Joun H. SCHAFFNER,

Trustees Ohio State Academy of Science.

wr

ae oF,

-INTRODUCTION.

OR many years the abandoned water courses in Ohio have

F perplexed geologists. Most of them are attributed

to streams in the immediate vicinity. Some, how-
ever, are in such situation that no existing river or creek
could produce them unless very great alterations of level
should take place. Others interlock in a manner which
would require. exceedingly rapid and violent changes in
any stream now found within many miles, if their origin
is to be thus explained. For example, each one of four
ancient valleys located within the limits of Hamilton county,
namely, back of Cincinnati, along Mill creek, at North
Bend, and across the northern and western ends of the
county, is accounted for by assuming that “the Miami river must
have once followed this course.” But it would be impossible
for the Miami to excavate them, because all have a greater
depth than the bed of the Ohio river; and the latter could never
have been deeper than it is now, for below the mouth of Mill
creek there is rock bottom. Besides, the Miami could form
them only by accomplishing the improbable feat of eroding
a deep channel and then, without any discoverable reason, de-
serting this course and carving a new one for itself through the
bordering hills.

The same difficulty is encountered when the attempt is made
to connect former and recent stream beds in various other parts
of the State.

The great variation in width of different portions of the
Ohio valley has also awaited explanation. A traveler from Pitts-
burg to Evansville will find the hills on either side alternately
approaching the water and receding from it. In some parts they
are so steep and come so near together, as to form a veritable
gorge; again, level or terraced bottom lands a mile or even
more in width intervene between the shores and the high lands.
Moreover, there is no system or regularity about these changes.
Sometimes there may be observed a gradual increase in width,

6 INTRODUCTION.

very slight it is true but still perceptible, the hills presenting
gentle slopes and smooth, rounded outlines; then the valley
begins to narrow, the hills are more sharply outlined, and pres-
ently the stream is running between precipitous walls. At in-
tervals the valley will expand to a width much greater than is to
be found for many miles above or below; and after holding a
practically uniform width for some distance will rapidly contract.

Modifications of this character are usually asserted to be due
to the diversified composition of strata through which the river
makes its way. To the same cause, too, are assigned the fre-
quent abrupt curves, some of them so sharp that the river
seems almost to double back on itself. There are, to be sure,
many degrees of hardness and of solubility in all the rocks
through which the Ohio has cut its channel; and these prop-
erties would certainly be factors in the phenomena ob-
served. But, even where these features are most pronounced,
the rock seems to be tolerably homogeneous in its structure;
and it does not seem reasonable to suppose that inequalities
of this nature would be so capriciously distributed as would have
to be the case were they the only or even the principal cause
of such conditions.

In recent years much thought has been given to these ques-
tions, and some investigations conducted mainly by Prof. Tight
as shown by his article have given us the key to the problem.
It is very easily answered; being simply the fact that prior to
the glacial period the Ohio as a separate stream had no exist-
ence. Its present channel was occupied by a series of discon-
nected water courses, varying in size from small ravines to large
rivers. The expansions in its course are the valleys of the larger
pre-glacial streams; the abrupt curves and numerous windings
result from the efforts of the stream to find the lowest level in
broken and irregularly eroded country across which it must
seek a path from one valley to another; and the narrows or
gorges mark the places where it broke through the minor water-
sheds that obstructed its progress.

The following pages contain the result of examinations made
within the past two years, under the auspices of the Ohio Acad-
emy of Science. There are some references in the text that

INTRODUCTION. 7

will inform the reader who wishes to pursue the subject further,
where to obtain additional information.

Professor Tight whose previous researches have been
largely carried out in the Muskingum and Hocking valleys has
extended his work down the present Ohio valley as far as Man-
chester, in Adams county, where he locates a col which marked
the line of division between the waters flowing east in the present
bed of the Ohio and those flowing west. As some statements
in the present paper can not be understood by those who are
not aware of his discoveries in this region, it may be well to say
that he has demonstrated that Kanawha river in preglacial
times flowed westward from St. Albans, past Guyandotte, to
the Scioto, and followed that valley northward. Into this river
flowed all the creeks and rivulets rising east of the Manchester
col. Beyond Circleville it has not been traced, as the old valley
is obliterated by the drift deposits of the ice-sheet. Some data
are at hand, however, as mentioned in Professor Bownocker’s
paper, indicating that it pursued a westerly course and left the
State somewhere about the Celina reservoir.

The history of the Little Miami, as worked out by Professor
Bownocker, is important in that it shows the general tendency
of the drainage of southern Ohio toward the north and west.
This would not be the case unless there was an outlet for the
waters in that direction, such as old Kanawha seems to have
furnished.

The chief value of Doctor Todd’s article is to be found in
the evidence which it presents that vast changes following the
advent of the ice-sheet were by no means confined to the imme-
diate region of the Muskingum and the Ohio, but reached to the
borders of the Lakes, thus showing a probable northern out-
let for the waters in that direction also.

The concluding paper treats of the Ohio river from the
point where Professor Tight leaves it. The old waterways in
this section being more plainly marked and less complicated
than they are further east, the labor of deciphering has been less
difficult.

A great field is opened up for those who are to continue
these researches. There is probably not a stream in the State,

8 INTRODUCTION.

ancient or modern, which has not been more or less modified
by the influences described, even to the extent, in many cases,
of owing its origin to them. The work will be incomplete so
long as any portion of the State remains uncharted. And it
must extend still further before a complete history of the Ohio
river can be written. As yet, we know nothing of the pre-
glacial conditions below Louisville, or of the tributary streams

in southern Indiana and western Kentucky. .

It may not be out of place to call attention here to a matter
which seems to have escaped notice heretofore.

The oldest land in Ohio is that along the Cincinnati axis,
in the western part of the State. From here, through three
geological eras, the Upper Silurian, Devonian, and Sub-Car-
boniferous, the slope was toward the southeast; consequently
the surface flow must have been in the same general direction.
It is quite possible that to this epoch are to be assigned the older
erosion planes mentioned by Professor Tight in his present
paper. Not only in Ohio, but in the neighboring States as well,
are to be observed these old levels at an average elevation of
about two hundred feet above the present streams. The sugges-
tion is ventured that these represent drainage lines as they ex-
isted prior to the Appalachian uplift. Such valleys must have
formed in the immense length of time during which surface
waters sought the constantly receding ocean that bordered the
swamps of the coal measure period. When these were up-
lifted into mountain ranges, the elevation must have been gen-
eral enough to produce a considerable effect upon the region
to the westward. Otherwise a trough would have resulted be-
tween the land just emerging from the sea and that which had
so long stood above the waves.. Had this been the case, it would
seem that the ancient rivers must have turned toward either
the north or the south, and flowed around the island on which
they had their birth. Instead of this, however, we find the
entire drainage of the newly risen country flowing back di-
rectly across the formations whose waste had assisted in building
it up. It is a plausible supposition that the high level valleys
pertain to a pre-Carboniferous drainage toward the southeast;
while some at least, of the narrow and deep valleys cut through

i a i

INTRODUCTION. £9

or along them are features of a reversed drainage, of pre-glacial
age, toward the northwest; and that it is the latter which has
been again reversed and sent off to the southwest by the con-
tinental ice-sheet. 5

A serious objection, and one which may be fatal to this sug-
gestion, is the great length of time that has elapsed since the Ap-
palachians were formed. -This is sufficient for subsequent erosion
to have effaced all inequalities of level which prevailed in the
central valleys at that period. However, minor oscillitations may
have occurred which would preserve or perpetuate the older
valleys.

At any rate, whether any evidence now remains of it. or not,
there must have been a former drainage from western Ohio to-
ward the eastward; and this drainage must have become reversed
when the Allegheny plateau was raised to a sufficient elevation.
The only escape from such conclusion is in assuming that all the
teachings of our geologists, previous to this time, concerning
the succession of formations, are erroneous. While very many
errors, due to lack of data, have crept into our text-books, the
sequence of geological deposits in this region seems well estab-
lished. If not so early as herein intimated, these high-level val-
leys may still belong to a drainage period antedating either of

those discussed in these papers.
GERARD FOWKE.

DRAINAGE MODIFICATIONS IN WASHINGTON AND:
ADJACENT COUNTIES.

By G. W. TIGHT.
INTRODUCTION.

The study of the region treated of in this paper was under-
taken as the natural out growth of the work previously done im
the surrounding sections. The correlations of the preglacial
drainage in the areas to the east, north and west left this region.
of the lower Muskingum somewhat isolated and very naturally
raised the question as to its preglacial conditions of drainage.
On account of the position which the region occupies, the resto--
ration of the old drainage has a very important bearing on the
interpretations already worked out for the surrounding regions.
The problem is one which was recognized by Prof.E. B. Andrews.
and referred to in the second volume of the Ohio Survey, where-
he says: “The drainage features of the county (Washington)
present some very interesting facts. The Ohio River, Little
Muskingum, Duck Creek ,and the Muskingum all converge
towards a common center, the last three uniting with the former
in Marietta township.” “The slopes of nearly half a circle find
their lowest point at a common center in Marietta township.”
And after a brief description of the stream courses he further
states: “Thus it will be seen that the county presents a great
variety of surface slopes. In the eastern half of the county the
slope is southwestern and southern, while in the western, 1. e.,.
west of the Muskingum, it is chiefly northern and southwestern.
While the general drainage of southeastern Ohio is to the south-
east, the large streams, like the Muskingum and Hocking, flow-
ing in a direction approximately at right angles to the direction:
ef the Ohio, yet in Washington county we have almost every
variety of direction.” ‘What originally determined the flow of
streams in these different directions it is impossible now to deter-
mine. In some parts of the state the dip of the strata
determines the direction of drainage, but this can not be
the case to any large extent in Washington county.” And

12 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

again: “It is true that the direction of streams is, for lim-
ited distances, determined by the character of the strata of rocks
in which they flow, the softer rocks yielding a passage while the
harder resist. This will explain many of the crooked ways of
our streams which would be otherwise utterly inexplicable. But
this cause could not have determined the general direction of
the streams in Washington ‘county.”

In Dr. S. P. Hildreth’s Geological Report for 1838 he states,
after a brief description of the old valley floors in this region:
“From the frequency of these flat lands between the headwaters
of the Little Hocking and the south branch of Wolf Creek, it is
quite possible that at some remote period the waters of Wolf
Creek were discharged into the Ohio instead of the Muskingum.”
“Great changes, evidently, have been made in the direction of all
our water courses before they found their present levels.”

While it is apparent that the éarlier geologists partially rec-
ognized the problems presented by the typographic features of
the region and made some observations and deductions there
seems to have been no systematic endeavor to follow up the
study.

As considerable field work, scattered through Aen years,
had already been done in the region by the author, it was with
pleasure that he suggested to the irustees of the Ohio State
Academy of Science, upon their request for information con-
‘cerning the problems in the field of geographic geology of the-
state, that this recion be further studied, with a view to the
‘more complete correlation of the data in hand and the publica-
tion of a report of the same. By the action of the trustees a
‘grant was made to the author which enabled him to spend five
weeks in field study. This grant was from the Hon. Emerson
E. McMillin Special Research Fund of the Ohio State Academy
FOmocience.™

_ The field studies conducted under this grant in connection
‘with the work previously done have enabled the author to make
what he believes to be a correct solution of the problem of the
-preglacial drainage of the region.

While the conclusions reached, as a result of this work,
seem to be thoroughly established, still the work can be con-

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 13:

sidered as only fairly begun and this report is scarcely more
than a preliminary statement which it is hoped will give a.
general view of the field and serve as a stimulus to more thor-
ough and detailed work. Many interesting and important ques—
tions remain still to be answered by more extended field study.
Some of these are indicated on the accompanying map. It is
not expected but that, here and there, minor modifications of
the results presented may arise. from this more careful and
detailed field study, but the main features of the preglacial
drainage seem to be so thoroughly established as to leave little:
room for doubt in regard to the correctness of the general cor-
relations. The matter will be presented very largely in the
order in which it was worked out in the field studies. Some
references will be made to earlier work and observations, but. it
is not intended that this shall be in any sense a completed mon-
ograph ofthe region. Most of the facts presented in the text find’
their expression in the accompanying map (Plate 1) and illus-
trations in a form which will give to those not familiar with
the region a clearer idea of the results. Much of the detailed
data is purposely omitted from this paper and only such are
given as bear directly on the general conclusions.

The author desires to take this opportunity to express his
thanks to the generous donor of the Special Research Fund for
this practical interest in pure science, and in the Ohio State
Academy of Science, and to the trustees of the fund for their
confidence in his ability to wisely expend the portion allotted
to him. And furthermore, to express the hope that the results.
herein presented will prove of sufficient value to warrant this.
generosity and confidence.

LOCATION OF THE AREA.

The region under consideration embraces all of Washington
county and parts of all the counties which bound it in both Ohio
and West Virginia. It includes the territory drained by the sec-
tion of the Ohio from New Martinsville, W. Va., to the mouth
of Shade River, Ohio, except that portion of the Muskingum
above the north line of Morgan county, and of the Hocking
above Athens, in Athens county. The section lying north of the

14 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

‘Ohio River and west of the Muskingum River has received
most attention, as within this area the most important changes
-of drainage have taken place. Only a limited amount of time
thas been given to the section east of the Muskingum, in the
Duck Creek and Little Muskingum basins, so that scarcely more

than a few suggestions are offered concerning the modifications —
which have there taken place. The entire area considered lies
‘far outside the glacial boundary of Professor G. F. Wright and
the only deposits of glacial material are the gravel trains along
‘the Ohio, Muskingum and Hocking and a few scattered erratics
which occur at various elevations on the inter-fluvial tracts.

RELATION TO ADJACENT DRAINAGE.

Immediately to the north of this region is a large area now
drained by the Muskingum. The preglacial drainage of. this
northern part of the Muskingum River has already been traced
with considerable detail and the results published in the Bul-
letins of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, Vol-
ume VIII, Part 2, page 35; Volume IX, Part 2, page 33, and
Volume XI, Article VIII. In these reports it is shown that the
‘preglacial drainage consisted of a main stream which had its
head in the upper waters of the Tuscarawas and flowed south-
‘easterly past Dresden, Newark and into the present Scioto basin
near Lockbourne, south of Columbus.

Into this main valley emptied many tributaries. Only three
of these are of especial concern in this connection. They are,
first, the Wills Creek valley which heads directly north of the
Duck Creek basin and extends northward into the Tuscarawas
above Dresden. This valley has not as yet been studied and
it may be that the present valley is composed of several preglacial
elements. Wills Creek has a’ very crooked course and as far
as the data in hand now show, is an aggrading stream. It
presents many interesting features well worthy of more careful
study. Secondly, just west of the Wills Creek basin is
the portion of the Muskingum River from the north Morgan
county line to Dresden. It is shown in the works already
referred to that this section of the Muskingum is reversed and
that in preglacial times there was a col on the Muskingum at

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THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 15

the north Morgan county line and from this col there was a
small tributary ran northward into the main preglacial axis.

The third section is that of the Jonathan Creek which was
tributary to this reversed Muskingum section at Zanesville.
The headwaters of these northward flowing streams are shown
on the accompanying map (Plate I).

To the east of the region lies the drainage basin of the Mo-
nongahela and upper Ohio. The modifications in this section have
been very great and have been the object of study by many
geologists. A summary of the work done by the earlier stu-
dents, with newly added data, is given by Dr. T. C. Cham-
berlin and Mr. Frank Leverett in the American Journal of Sci-
ence, Volume XLVII, No. 280. According to these authors
there was an old col on the Ohio a little below New Martins-
ville, W. Va. Fishing Creek being the headwaters of the stream
which flowed northward up the present Ohio’s course above
New Martinsville into the then northward discharging Monon-
gahela. The region to the west and southwest remains open
to further investigation.

CHARACTER OF THE BOUNDING WATERSHED.

The watershed which surrounds the region is a well marked
topographic feature and quite regular in its general outlines.
It rises to a nearly uniform elevation, being somewhat higher to
the southeast and lower to the northwest. To the southeast
it forms the divide between the tributaries of the Ohio and the ©
Monongahela. It forms everywhere a high dividing ridge, ex-
cept at the several points where it is cut through by the present
drainage lines. Here the streams have narrow, gorge-like val-
leys and the elevation of the ridge persists surprisingly near to
the stream courses. While the cols crossed by the streams
must have been low they were evidently quite narrow gaps or
else the ridge would show more of a lowering at these points.
Only a small portion of the divide is shown on the map and
this is cut in but two places, i. e., at the north Morgan county
line and below New Martinsville.

16 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRESENT DRAINAGE.

The distribution of the present drainage is shown on the map
(Plate I) in black. The Ohio is the major stream and this
crosses the region in a general southwesterly direction. The
next larger stream is the Muskingum which v. the Ohio
on the northern side at Marietta. Next in importance is the
Hocking which enters also on the northern side of the Ohio
and has a general southeastern direction, rather abnormal to
the course of the Ohio.

On the southern side of the Ohio the Little Kanawha enters
at Parkersburg. East of the Little Kanawha lies the consid-
erable basin of Middle Island Creek, which enters the Ohio
just above St. Mary’s. To the west and southwest of the Little
Kanawha is the basin of the Big Kanawha. The modifications
which have taken place on the Big Kanawha are discussed by
the author and by Mr. Frank Leverett in the Denison Univer-
sity Bulletin, Volume IX, Part 2, Articles III and IV.

On the northerit side of the Ohio and east of the Muskin-
gum are the valleys of the Little Muskingum and Duck Creek,
both tributary to the Ohio a little above the mouth of the Mus-
kingum. West of the Muskingum and between it and the
Hocking is the somewhat branched system of the Little Hocking.
This has two main branches, the North Branch and the East
Branch.

East of the North Branch of the Little Hocking and north of
the Big Hocking is the basin of Federal Creek. This is a very
peculiar stream as it flows in almost a circular course with many
radial tributaries, those on the north side of the circle being
much longer than those on the south side.

South of the lower portion of the Hocking is the Shade
River system with its three main branches, East, Middle and West
Forks.

The only other considerable stream in the region is Wolf
Creek. This rises in northern Morgan county and flows south-
ward-and eastward and enters the Muskingum at Beverly. A
short distance above its mouth it receives a tributary of consid-

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 17

erable size, South Fork. This tributary parallels the Muskingum
for many miles but flows in the opposite direction.

It is seen that the present drainage is very much diversified
and abnormal.

“NERAL TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES.
‘

The topographic features of the region are quite as varied
as its drainage distribution. The present forms, being the
resultant of at least two cycles of erosion, which in many ways
were quite discordant, show every variety of combination of
parts of each cycle. A few miles northwest of Marietta there is
a group of very high points in the ridge which separates the
headwaters of the East Fork of the Little Hocking and the South
Fork of Wolf Creek, from the waters of the Muskingum and
Ohio.

This ridge is the northward continuation of the high ridge
in West Virginia which separates the waters of Middle Island
Creek from those of the Little Kanawha. On a very high por-
tion of this ridge and several miles north of Marietta is located a
large Catholic Church which has a tall spire tipped with a gilded
cross. This church serves as a convenient land mark for a radius
of from twenty to thirty miles. A little south of the church on
this same ridge is a high hill, marked on the map (Plate 1)
Horizon Hill, for from its summit there is an unobstructed view
in every direction for many miles. From this elevated point
of view the general surface of the region is seen to rise to the
north, east and south and to sink to the west, in the direction of
down the Ohio and the East Fork of the Little Hocking.
With this general surface configuration all the larger streams
are in general accord and suggest at once that their direction
was largely determined by the slope of the general surface of
the upland plain. From this high elevation the deep, narrow
valleys that traverse the region are lost in perspective and a
very fair picture is obtained otf the old features as they existed
before the work of the deeper erosion was accomplished. This
old land surface was a gently rolling plain. The valleys were
very broad Vs in cross section and the ridges and hills were
low. The entire relief of the region ranged between 150-200

18 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

feet. The old slopes were well graded and the angles of slopes
very low. It would have been considered very fair agricultural
lands. A photograph taken from our standpoint gives a good
idea of the features of this old form. The surface is seen now
dotted with farm houses and the cultivated lands of the region
are principally located on this old surface.

On closer inspection it is observed that this rolling surface
is very deeply scarred by an extensive net work of narrow, deep
valleys which are present almost every where over the region;
the principal exception being along the present divide separat-
ing the waters of Wolf Creek from those of the Little Hocking.
The reasons for this notable exception will appear later. In
many places these deep valleys are scarcely more than narrow
gorges. They vary in depth below the old surface from 100 to
250 feet, depending upon their proximity to the larger streams.
Their slopes are so steep that they are rarely cultivated but are
usually covered with timber. They are such a barrier to the
construction of roads that over large areas there are two almost
distinct systems of highways, one the valley roads and the other
the ridge roads. These often parallel each other for many miles
without connection. The valley roads pass over the ridges at the
head water gaps where they are usually crossed by the ridge
roads. There is everywhere a well marked change in the angle
of the slopes between the old surface and the deeper valleys,
indicating very clearly the line between the old erosion cycle
and the more recent. So that the fact that the region has
experienced a very wide spread rejuvenescence is very apparent.

The exceptions to these general features are rather local ©
and require a more detailed treatment. They are the flat low
lands associated with the present divides and the broad valleys of
the larger streams.

CHARACTERS OF THE OHIO VALLEY.
The Ohio River valley where it enters the region in the vicin-
ity of New Martinsville, is a very narrow gorge.

The bordering hills are very steep, often exposing vertical
cliffs which rise to the level of the adjacent table land. The river

&

oe

TIGHT — Drainage Modifications.

PEAT ESI

1. View on the Ohio, looking up the 16-mile stretch at Long Reach.

2. Near view of Second Hill on Left Bank in 1. New Slope to the River. Old Slope away from the River.

d’s eye views of South Eastern Qhig,

ir

cs of b

Characteristi

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Bas

ingum

ing north across the Little Musk

View look

3

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 1s)

can scarcely be said to have a valley in the general usage of
the term, for it is hardly more than a passage way through a
rough and hilly country. The bottoms along the sides of the
stream are very narrow or entirely wanting and the high water
stages of the river wash the talus slopes on both sides of the
river. Figures 1 and 2 of plate II show some of the features
of this part of the valley.

Passing down the river towards Marietta, the valley be-
comes gradually wider and the bordering hills less high and
abrupt. This is more noticeable where the larger streams enter
the Ohio. There is a sharp bend in the valley at the mouth of
Bull Creek where the river turns north towards Marietta and
again at the mouth of the Muskingum at Marietta where the val-
ley turns again towards the southwest. A little below Marietta
there is a very considerable narrowing of the valley. This is so
apparent that it is quite suggestive that possibly this might be
the location of an old col in the ridge that separates the Middle
Island creek and Little Kanawha basins and which appears so
strongly developed on the north side of the Ohio between the
head waters of east fork of little Hocking and the Muskingum.

A little below Marietta the valley turns to the south as far
as the mouth of the Little Kanawha at Parkersburg. Through-
out this portion the valley is quite broad but still the valley
walls are quite steep and precipitous. In making the
great bend at Parkersburg the river has cut back the hills
on the West Virginia side so that the valley has ex-
tensive bottoms on the Ohio side. The valley width remains
about constant from Parkersburg to the mouth of the Little
Hocking but it narrows very rapidly from that point to the col
marked on the map above the mouth of the Big Hocking. At
this col the valley is only about three quarters of a mile wide
and vertical cliffs form the valley walls. Below this col the valley
broadens again gradually towards the southwest.

CHARACTERS OF THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY.

The Muskingum River crosses the north Morgan county
line in a very narrow gorge-like valley. The bordering hills
present very steep, often vertical faces to the river and rise from
250 to 350 feet above it.

20 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

Passing southward the valley gradually broadens through
Morgan county and reaches its maximum width, in this sec-
tion, near Roxbury where it bends sharply to the north and be-
comes rapidly narrower and its walls more precipitous until at
the col near the sharp bend to the south (Figure 2, plate IT1,) the
valley is a narraw gorge. After passing the mouth of Meigs
Creek the valley broadens again to the mouth of Wolf Creek,
at Beverly, from which point it begins to narrow again on pass- _
ing further down the stream, until it reaches a minimum at the
point marked col on the map, a short distance above Lowell
(Figure 1, plate III). From Lowell onward to its mouth it in-
creases in size and width until at Marietta the valley is as large
as that of the Ohio itself.

Throughout the course of the valley there are extensive
gravel terraces in the broad and open portions but these are en-
tirely absent in the narrow section above Meigs creek and but
very slightly show in the Lowell narrows. ‘These terraces are
the gravel trains which head far up the Tuscarawas and Lick-
ing in the morainic belts of the glaciated area.

CHARATCERS OF THE LITTLE MUSKINGUM AND DUCK CREEK
VALLEYS.

These valleys have not been studied as carefully as the others
and only their very general features are referred to. The val-
lay of the Little Muskingum is rather narrow throughout its
entire length. It shows a marked tendency to broaden out at
the points where it receives its largest tributaries. It is cut
out of the floor of a broad basin-like valley of the old land
surface. One of its remarkable features is its close parallelism
to the Ohio through its entire length. A view from the divide
which separates the Little Muskingum from the Ohio, (Figure
3, plate II), shows at a glance that the old valley of the Little
Muskingum was very much larger and had reached a more ad-
vanced stage of planation than that of the stream which was
later occupied by the Ohio. A view looking northward from
this divide across the Little Muskingum country is in very strik-
ing contrast to one looking southward across the Ohio.

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| |

IPILAIWES JUN

TIGHT — Drainage Modifications.

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. a1

The valley of Duck Creek resembles much that of the Little
Muskingum. The lower part of the valley is much broader and
the hills more rounded than in the middle and upper sections.
This lower course has the appearance of recent occupancy by a
larger stream than originally cut the valley. This fact associ-
ated with some of the features farther up the valley suggests
that there have been several modifications of the streams but
they have not been fully worked out and are left with question
marks on the map. The suggestions indicated on the map will
serve as a working formula for further investigation.

CHARACTERS OF THE WOLF CREEK AND LITTLE HOCKING VALLEYS.

Wolf Creek heads in northern Morgan county on the divide
which was crossed by the Muskingum when it broke over into
this basin. It flows soutward many miles closely parallel to the
Muskingum, much as the Little Muskingum parallels the Ohio.
Its valley is narrow and deep. It broadens gradually to-
wards the south of the point where it turns eastward when
it narrows rapidly to the col a few miles above its
mouth. Near the mouth of the valley; just above the junc-
tion of its South Fork there is an old deserted ox bow of con-
siderable interest. This ox bow seems to have been cut off at
the time the flood waters cut out the col above. The valley is
quite narraw at the cut off, The hill which occupies the center
of the ox bow rises almost as high as the surrounding general
surface. Below the mouth of the South Fork the ek is very
broad and the hills more rolling.

This valley does not seem to have ever been cut down to
the level of the deep channel of the Muskingum. It seems as
though the lime stone stratum which: forms the floor of the
valley at its mouth had prevented the valley from becoming well
graded to the level of the deeper channels of the larger streams.

The valley of the South Fork of Wolf Creek is very markedly
‘different from that of the main creek. Throughout most of its
length this valley is comparatively broad and open and bounded

by more gently rolling hills. At places the walls are rather
steep but that is the exception rather than the rule. In the

upper waters the contrast with the head water features of the

rape THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

main stream are most striking. The country around the head
waters is rather flat or gently rolling with very deep soils.
Many of the smaller tributaries rise in extensive swamp areas.
These swamp areas often lie on the divide which separates the
waters of Wolf Creek from those of the Little Hocking. The
slope of this divide on the north side which \is drained by the
tributaries of Wolf Creek is much less dissected than the south
slope which is drained by the tributaries of the Little Hocking.
The Little Hocking valley is divided into two main branches
which are very similar to each other in characters and present
no special modifications from the normal. They are rather nar-
row with moderately steep valley sides. Every where are pres-
ent the marks of the recent rejuvenescence. The valley of the
East Fork occupies much the broader depression in the old land
surface. Several of its tributaries on the north side, like the head
waters of the South Fork of Woli Creek, rise in the flat tracts
on the same divide. The tributaries on the south side of the
East Fork are all short, as the East Fork, like the Little Mus-
kingum, parallels the Ohio throughout its entire length and is.
separated from it by a high ridge but a few miles wide.

CHARACTERS OF THE HOCKING VALLEY BELOW ATHENS.

At Athens there is a large loop in the Hocking Rivez and the
valley is quite broad. Some distance below the city the present
river has crossed an old col. The valley is not as narrow as
might be expected but the presence of the old col is shown by the
vertical cliffs that face the river and the persistency of the old
water shed at its maximum elevation, up to the very walls of the
valley.

Below this col the valley gradually widens and the walls be-
come less precipitous, although they remain quite steep, to the
bend at Guysville. Below this point the valley gradually nar-
rows again to the mouth of Federal Creek. Below this the nar-
rowing is much more abrupt and at the point marked col on the
map the valley is a very narrow gorge with vertical rock walls.
There were here several channel ways during the cutting out of
the old col by the present river. Some of these were cut nearly

PLATE IV.

‘ST[IATOOD eAoqe sopit Moz ve ‘AdTTVA Suroory

TIGHT — Drainage Modifications.

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO, 23

to the present level of the river so that the bold rock cliffs and
the numerous deep ravines present very picturesque scenery.
Below this col the valley gradually broadens again and the walls
become less precipitous as far down as Coolville, (plate IV).
Between Coolville and its mouth the river again passes through
a narrows. That the narrows at this point is the site of an old
col is not so evident as in the other cases farther up the river.

CHARACTER OF THE FEDERAL CREEK VALLEY.

A study of this valley was not included under the outiine
planned for the work for the Academy, but it soon became evi-
dent, from the field work, that under one of the working hypoth-
eses it might prove to be in the line of discharge of the waters —
of the Muskingum, so that its investigation became necessary.
The divide separating the waters of Federal Creek from those
of Wolf Creek and the Little Hocking was carefully examined
for an abandoned valley floor, but none was found. There are
some low cols in the divide which may possibly have been occu-
pied by water during some of the high water stages associated
with the drainage modifications.

The valley of Federal Creek is rather deep and narrow in its
lower portion, but in the section around Amesville is much
broader. All the tributaries on the northern side occupy rather
broad valleys. The effects of the rejuvenescense which are so
marked a feature throughout most of the region are less apparent
in the Federal Creek basin than anywhere else in the entire
region. The data upon which rests the location of the old col
below Amesville are not as satisfactory as could be desired.
The location is made more from the necessities of the case than
from field observations.

CHARACTERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE OLD VALLEY FLOORS.

It is very evident that as soon as a’river deserts any part of
its valley, the abandoned portion will develop at once into a
divide from which the waters will flow each way into the remain-
ing sections of the river. This will be especially true if from
any cause a river course is divided and one portion caused to

24 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO,

reverse its direction of flow. It therefore becomes a common
characteristic of these abandoned valley floors that they are
located on present divides and it follows that wherever found,
the old streams crossed the present divides at such points.
They will therefore be discussed in connection with the divides
in which they occur. As already mentioned, these flat low lands
associated with the present divides form one of the notable
exceptions to the general topographic features. The most
striking case of this kind is the divide which separates the waters
of Wolf Creek from those of the East Fork of Little Hocking.
In this divide there are three well marked cases and several less
notable ones. Those at Layman, Barlow and Fleming are the
most important. They were the subject of study by Dr. 5. P.
Hildreth who wrote as follows in his report of 1838 concerning
the valley at Barlow.

“On Mr. Lawton’s farm, in Barlow, township, Wash-
ington county, in the midst of the marl region, is a locality
of fossil fresh-water shells of the genus Unio. They are
imbedded in coarse sand or gravel, cemented by ferruginous
matter. The spot on which they are found has once evidently
been the bed of an ancient lake or pond. It is now a beautiful
valley of a mile or more in width by four miles in length, sur-
rounded by low hills. On the south side a small branch drains
the superfluous water into the Little Hocking. In digging wells
for domestic use in this tract, beds of sand, gravel and plastic
clay are passed to the depth of thirty feet, containing imbedded
branches of trees, leaves and fragments of wood of recent and
living species. Similar valleys and levels are found in the
uplands of the western part of the county, lying between the
headwaters of the creeks, and are a kind of table-land. From the
frequency of these flat lands between the headwaters of the Little
Hocking and the south branch of Wolf Creek, it is quite pos-
sible that at some remote period the waters of Wolf Creek were
discharged into the Ohio River instead of the Muskingum.
This opinion is strengthened from the fact that the head branches
of the South Fork now rise within two miles of the Ohio, and
run northerly, parallel with and opposite to the course of the
Muskingum for twelve miles, and joins that river twenty miles

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 25

from its mouth. The remains of its ancient beds would form
pools and ponds of standing water, furnishing fit residences for
the fresh water shells, whose fossil remains are now found there.
Great changes evidently have been made in the direction of all
our water courses before they found their present levels.”

The valley floor at Layman is not quite as large as that at
Barlow, but it did not carry as large a stream. Several fields in
this old valley floor show still, under cultivation, a black valley
soil and the writer was informed by Mr. J. A. Gage, of Layman,
that at one place there is a deep muck from which much decayed
wood has been taken and the waters issuing therefrom have a
very disagreeable odor.

The old floor at Fleming is still smaller than the others and
probably carried a smailer stream. The full depths of the silt
deposits that cover these floors was not determined as all the
wells examined were very shallow. The bordering hills asso-
ciated with these old valleys were very low and well graded and
usually carried very deep soils which they often retain at present,
where not exposed to the erosion of the more recent cycle.

Not directly in this divide but associated with the Wolf
‘Creek basin is another abandoned valley floor near Watertown.
This floor lies about two miles northeast of the town and about a
mile east of the South Fork of Wolf Creek. Rainbow Creek
heads on this foor. Whether all or only a part of the stream
which occupied this Rainbow Creek valley drained over this
floor is as yet undetermined. If there were other cols on the
Muskingum below Lowell and the reversed Rainbow Creek car-
ried a section of the present Muskingum, they will require very
careful detailed work to determine, as the erosion of the valley
of the Muskingum has been so great in this portion that almost
every trace of such cols has been lost. There are some indica-
tions in the character of the divides which would seem to locate
one such below the mouth of Bear Run. If this should be cer-
tainly located it would follow that both Cat Run and Bear Run
drained through Rainbow Creek reversed and over the old Water-
town valley floor. The location of this col is not indicated on the
map as it was not considered sufficiently well established.

26 . THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

In the divide separating the waters of Wolf Creek from the
Muskingum, just south of Roxbury, there is a very low col
which while it presents few features characteristic of most of the
old valley remnants, still it seems quite certain that it represents
the location of an old abandoned valley. The divide at this
point is so narrow and the amount of erosion of the large streams
on each side is so great (about 150 feet), that nearly all the old
valley characters have been lost from excessive erosion.

In the divide separating the lower waters of the Hocking
from those of the Little Hocking there is a well preserved valley
floor (Figures 1 and 3, Plate V) which has been. sectioned in
several places by the cuts on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwest-
ern railroad. The best section is but a few rods west of Torch
station where the cut is about twenty-five feet deep and very
~near the center of the old valley and in the present crest line.
The section shows above the tracks, about fifteen feet of very
fine clay, scattered through which are some small decayed peb-
bles. Except for the absence of foreign material this clay resem-
bles very much a glacial till. No lamination was observed and
it was thought to be a very deep residual soil. Above this clay
is a layer of from two to three feet of river gravel composed
mostly of small material varying from a quarter of an inch to four
inches in size and mostly flattish or lenticular in form. Its local
origin from the carboniferous sandstones and _ shales is.
very evident. The sandstone pebbles are more nearly equi-
axial than the pebbles of the shales. All of this gravel is.
so thoroughly decayed that good sized pebbles can be easily
crushed between the fingers. The section did not show any
well marked evidence of shingling, but was very certainly
stream-made and stream-laid. Above the gravel is about a foot
of rather red clay soil and above that some six to seven feet of
loéss-like silt. The rock is not revealed in the bottom of the cut
so that the exact depth of the filling was not determined. How-
ever it is thought not to be very deep below the railroad track
to the rock, judging from other sections to the east and west,
which do not show so much clay but do cut into the rock. In
some of these cuts the gravel lies directly upon a decayed rock
surface without the thick clay beneath.

PLATE V.

Mot Su} WoO rdaty O1NO ‘A

OBA [eloe[ Sard ayy u

Mop

(

‘goue}sip dy} tt
YO1O J, SPIVMO} SULYOO] SUIYIOF 9]}IW’T FYI JO AdT[VA Oy} WoI “g
‘sure[d S,toddny, 38 Ad IBA [BIBI BIg Z
‘Yo1o, ye AdT[VA [BRL saIg “T

-—

TIGHT — Drainage Modifications.

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. Urs

One of these sections about a mile east of Torch shows
about eight feet of a sandy clay graduating into the much de-
cayed underlying rock and overlain with about two feet of gravel.
and this with about five to six feet of the loéss-like silt.

Both east and west of Torch the old valley floor is deeply
cut by recent erosion into many very picturesque ravines and
gorges. This is especially true on the west. The railroad fol-
lows up one of these ravines from the valley of the Hocking
onto the old valley floor making a grade of about 125 feet in
about two miles. This old floor extends westward to the Hock-
ing and crosses the Hocking valley at Coolville. A cut on the
pike in the main street_of the village.shows a fine section of the
gravels in which the shingling to the southwest is very marked.

From Coolville the old valley is a very conspicuous feature’
in the typography as it extends southwestward past Tupper s
Plains (Figure 2, Plate V) and into the basin of Shade River.
Between Coolville and Tupper’s Plains the old valley floor is-
deeply cut by a small tributary of the Hocking. At the Plains
the old floor forms a part of the divide between this tributary and
the East Fork of Shade River. A few wells sunk in the valley
penetrate from twenty to thirty feet of clay silts to a water bear-
ing sand or gravel layer.

Two other remnants of old valley floors may be referred to,.
though somewhat beyond the exact limits of the major topic of
this report. One of these lies between the headwaters of Rush
Lun, a tributary of Federal Creek, and the Hocking; the other on.
the divide separating the middle fork of Shade River from the
Hocking and about a mile south of Guysville. These are of im-
portance in connection with the drainage changes of Federal
Creek and the lower part of the Hocking below Athens.

RESTORATION OF THE OLD DRAINAGE SYSTEM.

With the general features of the region, the position of the
old eroded cols, which cross the present valleys, and the posi-
tions of the remnants of the old valley floors, thus very briefly
presented, it seems possible to trace with - considerable degree
of certainty the old drainage system. This is represented on the
map in red. This reconstruction is based on many detailed

28 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

observations of elevations and gradients of the old valley floors,
and measurements of valley widths and amounts of erosion,
which it is not possible to present in a sketch of this kind.

It will be seen by a glance at the map (Plate I) that the old
‘system coincides with the present drainage along most of the
smaller streams. Middle Island Creek and the Little Muskin-
gum were the main headwater branches.

Tributary to Middle Island Creek was a small stream which
headed at the New Martinsville col and flowed along the present
course of the Ohio as far as Newport. The northward deflection
of the old drainage at the mouth of Bull Creek was probably
caused by the great strength of the ridge separating the latter
from the Little Kanawha basin already referred to. Below the
mouth of the Little Muskingum the Duck Creek tributary
entered. This was probably smaller than the stream in the
present Duck Creek valley. The next tributary was that of a
stream which carried the drainage of the section of the Mus-
kingum below Lowell and probably much of that of the head-
waters of the present Duck Creek. The Little Kanawha was
the next stream to enter the main line which followed along the
present Ohio. Just at Parkersburg the Little Kanawha is de-
flected somewhat to the west of its former line of discharge, the
old outlet being blocked with deep clay deposits. Below Park-
ersburg the old stream followed the present Ohio as far as the
mouth of the Little Hocking. Here it received a branch almost,
if not quite, as large as itself. This branch comprised several
elements. The first one on the east was composed of the drain-
age from the head water region of the present South Fork of
Wolf Creek which crossed the old valley floor at Fleming into
the present valley of the East Fork of the Little Hocking. The
middle element was made up of the Meigs Creek, Olive Creek
and Big Run drainage and the section of the Muskingum above
‘Lowell and below the Meigs Creek col. These waters entered
the mouth of Wolf Creek and followed down the East Fork
reversed and through the old valley at Barlow into the East Fork
of Little Hocking.

The western element included the present basin of Wolf
Creek and that section of the Muskingum between the north

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 29:

Morgan county line and the Meigs Creek col. These latter waters
crossed into the Wolf Creek valley through the gap south of Rox-
bury and thence southward through the old valley at Layman.
into the Little Hocking.

Below the mouth of the Little Hocking the old stream
passed through the old valley floor at Torch, crossed the Hock-.
ing at Coolville and thence through the old valley at Tupper’s
Plains into the basin of Shade River. At Coolville it receives a
short tributary, along the line of the Hocking which headed at
the col below the mouth of Federal Creek.

Along the line of the present Middle Fork of Shade River the
old stream received the waters from the section of the Hocking
blow the Athens col, including also those of the Federal Creek
basin. These waters crossed the ridge through the gap south
of Guysville. Concerning the further course of this old river it
may be stated that since the work was completed which forms
the basis of this report, much more field work has been done and.
it is known that the old river passed westward across southern
Ohio and found its way into the Scioto. A more detailed report
is now in preparation covering the entire history of this old
valley. The normal characters of this old system are shown on
the map Plate VI, which presents the old drainage separated
from the present. It is noticeable that this old normal drainage:
conforms very closely to the slopes of the old upland surface.

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Within the limits of this paper it is not possible to discuss.
at length the probable factors involved in the production of the
modifications of drainage from this old restored system to the
new or present form. However, it may not be out of place to
offer a few suggestions of a theoretical nature with the
hope that they may be helpful in the further study of
the phenomena themselves. The first and most natural
question that arises is, if the restoration, as worked out,
truly represents the conditions of drainage prior to the pres-
ent, what produced the change? The answer to this question
may not be found in the study of so limited a field and the phe-
nomena therein presented. From the work previously done in:

30 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

adjacent regions it appears that the drainage modifications
therein observed were intimately associated with the phenomena
.of the glacial period. The blocking of the northern discharge of
the Monongahela and upper waters of the Ohio by the advancing
ice or its extensive deposits turned the waters of the present
upper Ohio region over the New Martinsville col into this basin.
In a similar way the waters of the Muskingum which originally
discharged westward past Newark and into the Scioto were
.deflected southward over the old col on the north Morgan county
line. The conditions in the case of the Hocking are not so
clear and at once suggest that there were other factors present
besides the simple introduction of these large streams at par-
ticular points. or if the waters of the Hocking were set over
the Athens col, due to the damming action of the ice or its
deposits, on some northward flowing stream, it would seem
-as though it would have followed down the Middle Fork of
Shade River branch of the old drainage and would not have
.crossed the col below the mouth of Federal Creek. As this
region is far beyond the direct action of the ice and the only
glacial deposits of note are the gravel trains found in the valleys
-of the Ohio, Muskingum and Hocking it at once becomes evident
that the modifications wholly within the region must have been
produced in some other way than by the direct action of the ice or
its deposits. Such for example are the modifications of the
lower Muskingum within Washington county. If the waters
which headed at the north Morgan county line col were flowing
over the gap south of Roxbury and through the old valley at
Layman at the time the Muskingum waters first crossed this col
it would seem that the larger stream would have followed the
more direct and open line of the old drainage than to have turned
to the north over the Meigs Creek col and again over the Lowell
col. It seems necessary to assume one of two possible explana-
tions. First, that there was some obstruction to the old direct
line or that the modifications antedate the introduction of the
Muskingum waters and that when the waters came over the
col they followed the drainage they discovered already estab-
lished, which was practically coincident with the present system.
-Of these two explanations the last seems best to fit the facts

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 31

as they appear in this and neighboring districts. Jf then the
modifications were not produced by the glacial floods which were
poured over the cols into the basin, but antedate the advent of
these larger streams, some modifying cause must be found which
could have produced the changes under the action of the old
drainage itself. The necessary factor seems to be supplied in the
silt deposits which occupy the remnants of the old valleys. These
silts often exceed thirty-five feet in thickness. They must have
been deposited under exceptionaal slack water conditions. It
is believed that their deposition on the floors of the old valleys
so choked up the old drainage that it was compelled to follow
new lines which were often over the low cols in the divides and
that these new lines were well established when the glacial waters
were poured into the basin. The limits of this paper will not
permit the full discussion of the problem, but it is hoped that
sufficient has been said to show the very great interest that is
involved in the study of the geographic geology of the state and
to stimulate further research along these lines by members of the
Ohio State Academy and others.

HISTORY OF THE LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

By J. A. BownocKErR, D. Se.

The headwaters of the Little Miami river lie on the glacial
plains of western Madison and eastern Clarke counties. The
two chief tributaries, known respectively as the East and North
branches, unite about two miles north of Clifton to form the
Little Miami proper. The valleys of these branches are nar-
row, but increase in width and depth to the south, though noth-
ing but drift is seen until just north of Clifton where the Niag-
ara limestone appears in the bluffs to the west.

At Clifton the river bids adieu to these commonplace sur-
roundings. Flowing directly over the Niagara limestone, it
forms a series of rapids and cascades, and then enters the gorge,
which is 80 feet deep, but at the narrowest point not more than
one-fourth of that in width. Down stream the gorge widens
and at the same time the bluffs become less precipitous. Soon
a narrow flood plain appears, and farther down a strip of farm
land is found. At Jacobis mill the valley becomes conspicuous.
The valley from this place to Clifton may be compared to a
greatly elongated V with the apex at Clifton. Everywhere the
bluffs are of limestone, making certain that the gorge and valley
have been cut from rock, and not from drift as above Clifton.

South from Jacobis the valley widens comparatively rap-
idly, owing to the stream having left the hard Niagara limestone
and entered the much more easily eroded Hudson series, con-
sisting of shales and thin bedded limestones. Nowhere below
the north margin of the latter foundation was the stream found
directly on rock, but everywhere on a mantle of drift which is
of variable but usually unknown depth. At Trebines station
a few miles west of Xenia a well located 50 yards from the river
was sunk to a depth of 49 feet without penetrating rock.

At Alpha the valley expands greatly, though the only
tributary there uniting with the Miami is Beaver Creek—a
very small stream in a very large valley of which more will be said

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THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 33

hereafter. About one mile south of Alpha the valley again
contracts, there having a width of perhaps one-tenth of a mile.
At this point the valley lies about 75 feet below the top of the
bluffs which are steep and composed of rock. Two miles farther
down, the valley has again expanded and has a width of
one-half mile. From the latter point to Bellbrook there are
several variations in the width of the valley. {These result
largely from the entrance of tributaries and in part from the
irregularities in the deposits of drift, and perhaps also from varia-
tions in the durability of the rock.

Just east of Bellbrook and north of the point at which the
Miami turns abruptly to the east, there is a marked change in the
width of the valley. Here the rock bluffs extend so close to the
river that the flood plain. on one side is only 85 yards wide,
while on the opposite side there is scarcely room for a wagon
road. A cross section of the valley here is shown in the follow-
ing figure.

Ffig./ Cross Section of /tamiat Col just above
} mouth of Sugar CreeK

Of special interest is the terrace east of the stream. It is
in rock and has a pronounced slope wp stream. From this point
the valley widens, rather slowly up stream and rapidly down.
The constriction in the valley and the expansion in both direc-
tions, the terrace sloping wp stream, and the abrupt bend in
the river just below, make certain the existence of a col at this
place.

At the point where the Miami bends sharply to the east it
is joined by Sugar creek which, though the smaller stream, flows
through the larger valley. While connecting these two streams
one mile north of this place there is an abandoned valley. The
following sketch will indicate these relations.

34 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

—

i yi i
WY ZS iy ZZ
| ZA \ My] LY

——
=———>=

—

FIG. 2.

Opposite Bellbrook, Sugar creek flows through a valley
neatly one-half mile wide. From this place it narrows down
stream, reaching the minimum width a few hundred yards before
it unites with the Miami. From this point the valley expands
rapidly in both directions, and here is located another col. On
the east side of this valley is a terrace standing about 7o feet
above the creek.

As-already stated there is an abandoned valley connecting
Sugar creek with the little Miami about one mile north of the
point at which the two streams now unite. This abandoned

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 30

valley is about one-half mile wide, and so corresponds to the
present valley of Sugar Creek at Bellbrook. Similarly it har-
monizes with the Miami at the place of junction with that
stream. These relations show plainly that Sugar Creek formerly
flowed through this old valley, and thence northward in the
valley of the present Miami.

The Miami valley below the point of junction with Sugar
creek was occupied by a stream which flowed east to Spring
Valley where it united with another stream which will be dis-
cussed later.

Now the question how was the change from these conditions
to the present produced? The answer is not difficult to find.
It is one of the many changes produced by the great ice-sheet
which formerly covered the northern half of the continent. The
existence of a terminal moraine across the valley at Alpha
shows that the ice front once stood at that place. This effec-
tually blocked the course of the north flowing Sugar creek.
The waters were ponded in front of the ice forming a long and
narrow but deep lake. The waters rose higher and higher until
they overflowed the divides, thus starting the streams in their
present courses. The rapid flowing silt laden waters soon low-
ered the divides thus draining the lake, but not until its bed had
been rapidly silted with drift. After the withdrawal of the
glacier the streams found it easier to continue in their new
channels than they did to clear out the drift deposits and resume
their preglacial courses.

From the point of junction of Sugar creek and the Miami,
the latter flows east to Spring Valley and thence making a sharp
turn runs due south for a few miles. The valley widens until
just opposite Mt. Holly where it is a mile or more in width, not
being exceeded in this respect by any part of the valley except
just above Cincinnati: Everywhere in this section of the river
there is a heavy mantle of drift. About ten years ago a deep well
was sunk at Spring Valley, and according to the best evidence
now obtainable 170 feet of drift were found. This well it should
be noted was on the north side of the valley in the angle made
by the sharp bend in the stream. More recently two deep wells

36 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

were sunk at Waynesville, but these were at the foot of the hills
and only about thirty feet of drift were found.

From the great width opposite Mt. Holly, the valley con-
tracts rapidiy to the south. At Waynesville it is only four-
tenths of a mile wide, while at Oregonia 6 miles farther down
it is less than one-fourth mile in width. The valley continues
to contract until a point is reached about three-fourths of a mile
south of Ft. Ancient. At this place, locally known as the “Nar-
rows’, the bluffs of limestone extend directly down to the river,
there being scarcely room for the railroad tracks. No rock,
other than drift, was observed in the channel at this point, nor
could the depth of drift be ascertained.

Below the “Narrows” the valley widens gradually, but does
not become prominent until Morrow is reached. ‘The relations
at the ‘““Narrows” indicate the existence of a col at that place.
At Morow where the river turns abruptly to the west it receives.
Todd’s Fork, an important tributary from the east, and imme-
diately below the point of junction there is a marked increase in
the width of the valley. This sudden change must be due to
Todd’s Fork; and the wide valley below the place of junction,
to the preglacial work of Todd’s Fork and not to the. much
younger stream, the Little Miami.

From Morrow to South Lebanon the valley continues without
noted change; but just west of the last named place the river,
making a sharp bend, flows due south, and immediately the valley
begins to narrow. The change is so rapid that just north of
Fosters the valley has become a gorge, there being barely room
for the railroad on one side of the river and the public road on
the other. After retaining this character for a fraction of a mile
the valley widens gradually and continues without abrupt change
for a number of miles to the south. Another col exists at the
narrows immediately north of Fosters.

Now the question—how shall we interpret the drainage phe-
nomena observed from Spring Valley to Fosters? The answer
to this is found in the location of the cols and the character of
the valleys. From the col at Ft. Ancient a stream flowed north
to Spring Valley where it received an important tributary from
the west as already described. From the same col probably a

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 37

small stream flowed south uniting at Morrow with Todd’s Fork,
a much larger stream. It is to the controling influence. of the
latter that the present Miami makes its abrupt bend at Morrow.
From Morrow the preglacial Todd’s Fork continued west to
South Lebanon in the valley now occupied by the Little Miami.
Just west of the last named village a small stream, having its
headwaters near Fosters, flowed north and then northwest
through the present valley of Muddy creek and soon united
with the ancient Todd’s Fork, which from South Lebanon flowed
northwest through the valley of Turtle creek, and thence into
the valley of the present Great Miami at Middletown. From
the col at Fosters a stream flowed south through the valley now
occupied by the Little Miami.

The change from these early conditions to the present js not
difficult to explain. The margin of the ice sheet, known as the
early Wisconsin, crossed the old valley just west of South
Lebanon and also the valley of the present Miami between Ore-
goniaand Waynesville. This completely blocked the old courses
of these streams, and, ponding the waters in front of the ice,
formed small lakes. One of these lay between the ice front and
the col near Ft. Ancient. Gradually the waters in this small
lake rose higher and higher until they crossed the col and started
on their southerly course. While this was happening a much
larger lake was forming in the Todd’s Fork valley. This lake
extended from the margin of the ice west of South Lebanon up
the valley of Todd’sFork beyond Morrow. These waters rose
until they overflowed the col at Fosters which they soon low-
ered. The level of the waters fell proportionately and soon the ~
lake disappeared, but not until its bed had been much clogged
with drift. The thickness of the latter is not known. At King’s
Mills the shot tower well passed through 62 feet of drift without
reaching rock. Whue this bed was being deposited the floor
of the lake near Ft. Ancient was likewise being silted, and the
same is true of the old valley west of Lebanon. The clogging of
the latter was rendered more complete by the moraine which
crosses the valley at that place. When finally the ice withdrew
the preglacial courses which were so filled with drift that the
streams were compelled to continue in their new channels.

38 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

From Fosters south the valley widens fairly regularly to a
short distance below Milford. Everywhere the stream flows
over drift. At Loveland a well 35 feet deep passed through two
thin ledges of limestone, thus showing that the drift at that place
is not deep. Below Loveland the quantity of drift increases.
At Miamisville the gravel forms a terrace 62 feet high on which
the village is located. Just below Camp Denison the Miami has
abandoned its old course, and now occupies a channel farther
east which is separated from its former valley by a knoll of lime-
stone. Just south of this place is the town Milford, which, in
the language of Dr. Orton, “stands on an island of blue lime-
stone” and is surrounded on all sides by deep channels of erosion.
The old valley of the river lies to the north and east of the town.
These changes may be the result of the heavy deposits of drift
which clog the valley in this vicinity.

A mile and one-half south of Milford another marked
change occurs in the character of the valley. At that point
East Fork of the Miami unites with the river, and immediately
there is a decided increase in the width of the Miami valley.
East Fork has in places a valley a mile or more in width, and
lies 200 feet below the general upland. The valley of the Miami
below the mcuth of East Fork is comparable with the valley
of the latter, but not with the valley of the Miami above the
point of junction. These relations indicate that the Miami val-
ley below the place of junction is really a continuation of the
valley of East Fork, and that the breadth of the former is really
due to the work of East Fork long before the present Miami
was born. In those early days a tributary whose headwaters
were near Fosters flowed south through the valley of the present
Miami, and united with the waters of East Fork where this
stream now unites with the Miami.

From this place to the junction with the Ohio the Miami
valley is everywhere prominent. At Newton, four miles below
Milford, it is more than a mile in width and it is several times
wider than the Ohio just below the point of junction of the
two rivers. These relations suggest important drainage mod-
ifications in the vicinity of Cincinnati, though it is no part of
the purpose of this article to discuss these.

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 39

Having now traced the several streams from which the
Little Miami was formed, and shown in what manner these
were united to make the present river, let us consider further
those parts of the preglacial streams which are not a part of
the Miami. Let us first return to the mouth of Turtle Creek and
examine that portion of Todds Fork which lies between the
point last named and Middletown. The old valley through
which this stream flowed is very conspicuous, and has long been

known. It was first mapped by Dr. Orton and published with
his article on Warren county in volume three of the Ohio Sur-

vey. The width of the valley varies from about a quarter mile
to more than a mile, the latter width being found near Middle-
town. The valley is so flat that the old canal which extended
from Middletown to Lebanon was without locks. The depth
of drift in the valley is not known. Two wells have been found
in which the rock is reported to have been struck at a depth
of about twenty feet. This shallow depth may be due to an
old island now buried, or more probably to a slab of limestone
having been dropped in the old valley by the ice sheet and then
covered with drift.

Two or three miles west of the mouth of Turtle Creek a
branch valley leaves the main one. This extends north and
east passing the city of Lebanon, where two deep wells only
a few hundred yards apart showed depths of drift of 126 and
256 feet. Just west of this city the wells which supply the place
with water showed only oo feet of drift, but these were located
at the extreme side of the valley. Beyond Lebanon this old
valley can be followed to the Little Miami with which it unites
a mile or two above Oregonia. The bed of this-section of the
valley, however, is not flat. There is a rapid rise east from
Lebanon to a point about one mile from the Little Miami, where
the valley stands 190 feet above the adjacent river and 65 feet
below the table-land in which the valley is cut. From this place
the valley slopes rapidly to the Miami. The width of the valley
at the summit is between an eighth and a quarter mile. Only
twice in this tributary valley is rock shown in its bed; once at

1Geol. Sur. of Ohio, Vol. III, p. 382.

40 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

Lebanon where the course of the stream has been changed by
man and only a few hundred feet from where one of the deep
wells was sunk; and the other perhaps a half mile from the
point at which the valley unites with the Little Miami. This
tributary valley may be explained in two ways: (1) It may
have been occupied by two streams, one flowing into that part
of the ancestral Miami which flowed from Ft. Ancient to the
north, and the other to the southwest past Lebanon and thence
into the abandoned channel which constituted a part of the pre-
glacial course of Todd’s Fork. These streams must have been so
situated that their headwaters tapped the divide at the same point,
thus producing the present continuous valley. (2) The other
method by which this valley may have been formed was by an
old stream flowing from the present Little Miami past Lebanon
and thence into the main valley farther south. To this theory
there are two objections: (1) The stream occupying the adja-
cent portion of the ancestral Miami flowed north. Under such
conditions it is difficult to understand how there could be such
a cross stream; (2) the rock in the valley a half mile from the
Miami and above the level of the latter is also against this theory.

Caesar’s Creek, which unites with the Miami between
Oregonia and Waynesville, flows through a narrow valley in
its lower course, but two or three miles above its mouth the
valley is at least a half mile wide. The divide between this
stream and the Miami is everywhere of rock except opposite
Mt. Holly where it is very low and composed of drift. In fact
this divide is a part of the Wisconsin moraine which skirts the
east side of the valley at this place. The gorge-like char-
acter of Caeser’s Creek near its mouth, the expansion of the
valley a few miles up stream, and the low divide composed of
drift leads to the conclusion that Caesar’s Creek is part of the
reversed stream, which once united with the ancestral Miami
opposite Mt. Holly. This interpretation it may be added is in
harmony with the great width of the Miami at the latter point.

Now the question—what became of that branch of the an-
cestral Miami which we have traced as far north as Spring Val-
ley? This question cannot be answered as definitely as we
might wish. But there seems to be only one course possible

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 41

and that was northwest towards Alpha. In any other direction
a wall of limestone is encountered. The territory between Spring
Valley and Alpha was once the margin of a great ice sheet and
when this receded it left a morainic deposit which not only pre-
vented the northward flow of the stream but entirely obscured
the old channel. From Alpha its course is plainer, because
from that place an old valley a mile wide in places can be readily
followed northwest by Osborn where it is crossed by the Mad
river, and thence on past New Carlisle to the Great Miami at
Tippecanoe. The lower part of this old valley is occupied by
a small stream, Beaver Creek, which is insignificant when com-
pared to the valley through which it flows. The other end of
the valley is occupied by Honey Creek, likewise a stream which
grossly misfits its valley.

At two points only was the depth of drift in this old valley
learned. At Osborn there are 207 feet and at New Carlisle 300
feet. Nowhere in the valley was bed rock seen. From these
relations it appears not unreasonable to conclude that the old
stream which has been traced to Spring Valley continued north-
west past Alpha, Osborn and New Carlisle, and reached the
valley of the present Great Miami near Tippecanoe. The
stream could not have continued north far in this valley, how-
ever, for between Troy and Piqua the river flows in a very shal-
low channel on a bed of limestone. Neither could it have
continued west of the Great Miami because there a solid wail

f rock is found. To the suggestion that the stream may
have turned south at Tippecanoe and flowed through the present
valley of the Great Miami there is the objection that the Great
Miami itself is regarded by some as a reversed stream. There
appears then only one course for it to have taken, that is north
along the east side of the Great Miami to just above Piqua
where there is a great expansion of the valley and where the
drift is more than 124 feet deep. But the old river could not
have followed this valley far, because it contracts rapidly and
a few miles up stream flows over rock again. About two miles
north of Piqua there unites with the Miami, Laramie Creek, a
sluggish stream that drains Laramie reservoir situated a few
miles to the northwest. This stream everywhere flows over a

42 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO,

mantle of drift and in a deep valley cut out of the same material.
The valley is narrow near its outlet but expands up stream,.
and near the station, Dawson, is fully a half mile wide. A
large portion of this valley is undulating, and the irregularities.
found suggest that it is an old valley filled, rather than a young
valley cut out of the drift. It seems to the writer that this
valley is preglacial and that the old stream may have flowed
through it to the vicinity of Berlin and there have entered the
buried channel which has been traced to that place.

The channel to which reference has just been made was.
studied during the summer of 1898, and the report published
in the American Geologist for March of the following year.
During the summer of 1899 the work was continued and the
mapping of the valley extended. These channels are shown on
the map which accompanies this report. As may be there
seen, they lie in Champaign, Shelby, Auglaize, Allen and Mercer
counties, Ohio, and in Adams, Jay, Blackford and Grant coun-
ties, Indiana.

It must be borne in mind that all surface indications of
these channels have been destroyed by the great ice invasions.
So completely have they been filled that the present streams in:
places flow at right angles to the preglacial ones. In fact the
course of one of the old channels in eastern Shelby county is.
now the site of a watershed separating the drainage of Lake
Erie from that of the Ohio river.

Our knowledge of the location of these channels is due
entirely to the driller for oil and gas; and progress in mapping
these is likewise dependent upon him. All that we can do is.
to patiently follow the drill as it moves from section to section,,
and tabulate the facts which it discloses. Wherever this work
ceases there also the work of mapping the old channel discon-.
tinues. For the facts relating to the greater portion of these
channels reference must be made to the article in the American
Geologist already referred to. It is proper here to discuss such
additions only as have been made since that article was pub-
lished.

Work during the past summer has been along two lines:
(1) Tracing a tributary of the main channel in Auglaize and

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 43.

Allen counties; (2) following the channel westward in Indiana.
These points will be considered in order. In Washington town-
ship, Auglaize county, Ohio, near the Shelby county line, a well
in section 23 shows 208 feet of drift; while in section 22 imme-
diately to the west there are 76 feet only. In section 14 due
north from 23 a well showed 300 feet of drift without striking
rock. The depth of drift outside the channel in this locality
cannot be stated since no wells have been drilled there.

In Wapakoneta two wells have been sunk, one.on the east
side of the city and the other on the west. The former disclosed
125 feet of drift and the latter 90 feet. One mile north of the
last well 130 feet are found. One and one-half miles northeast
of Wapakoneta in section 16 two wells disclose depths of drift of
398 and 400 feet, with a mile and one-half northwest only 68
feet are found. This shows a drop in the rock floor of 332 feet
in the surface distance just given.

The next point at which the channel is struck is in section
34, Duchouquet township. These wells are near the village of
Cridersville and just south of the Allen county line. Two wells
there disclose depths of drift of 400 and 486 feet; while within a
mile either east or west of these the depth is less than 130 feet.
From Cridersville the channel runs northeast into Perry town-
ship, Allen county. In the northeast corner of section 25 there
are 394 feet of drift, while one-fourth mile due south from this
there are only 166 feet, and one-half mile northwest only 123 feet.
Obviously the channel is here very narrow. To the northeast
in section 20 there are 350 feet, but beyond this the drill dis-
closes no marked variations in depth of drift, and so the channel
could not be followed farther. The apparent shallowing of this
channel to the northeast indicates that the flow of water was to
the southwest.

In German township, Allen county, from three to five miles
northwest of Lima, several comparatively deep drives are found.
In section 15 there are 235 feet; in section 16 there are 262 feet;
in section 8 there are 214 feet. But these depths of drift are inter-
mingled with very much shallower ones, so that their interpre-
tation is not easy. Possibly they may result from several deep
but very narrow canons.

44 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

It may not be improper to say a few words here concerning
the continuation of the channel which was mapped last year -
as far as Anna, Shelby county. Southeast from this village no
deep wells have been drilled and so the continuation of the
‘channel cannot be shown with certainty. It may be recalled,
however that at the town St. Paris, Champaign county, a drill
passed through 530 feet of drift without reaching rock, while
east and west of this place the drift is comparatively shallow.
‘The distance of St. Paris from Anna is more than 20 miles and
the writer is loth to connect these two points without records
at intermediate places. However south from Anna the drift
shallows and at Sidney the limestone appears in the river bed.
East also from Anna the drift becomes thinner, as is shown by
the deep well at Quincy. While these points are not conclu-
sive they indicate that the channel cannot extend either south
or east from Anna, while the great depth to the southeast indi-
cates that it extends in that direction and that the channel at
St. Paris is a continuation of the one traced as far as Anna.

A few words remain to be said concerning the channel in
Indiana. In the report published a year ago, and te which
reference has already been made, the channel was traced across
Jay and Adams counties into Harrison township, Blackford
county. It enters this township in section 20 and passes through
sections 26, 35, 34 and 33. The maximum depth of driit re-
ported is 430 feet, while outside the channel the drift is very
shallow, not more than 50 feet in places. Near the southwestern
corner of this township the channel curves to the northwest and
enters Washington township, where depths of drift of 438 and
440 feet were found in sections 20 and 17. Many other deep
drives are reported in this locality so that the channel can be
definitely located. Continuing in the northwesterly course the
channel passes from Blackford county and enters Monroe town-
ship, Grant county, where, in the southeast quarter of section
12, 430 feet of drift were found. The channel can be traced
through sections 12, 13, 11, 10, 3 and 4 of this township, and
then through sections 33, 32, 31 and 30 of Van Buren township,
Grant county. In the latter township the depth of drift appears
smaller and according to M. W. Page of the Ohio Oil Com-

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 45.

pany does not exceed 300 feet. From this township the channel
enters Washington township and continuing in the northwest-
erly course can be traced to its center, where in the southeast
quarter of section 15, 348 feet of drift are found. Beyond this.
point the channel cannot be traced at present.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PREGLACIAL DRAIN-
AGH OF WAYNE AND ADJACENT COUNTIES.

By J. H. Topp, M. D.

In presenting this paper to the Academy I simply wish to
lay before you—for your criticism—the results of careful obser-
vations on the present drainage system of Wayne and associate
counties, together with the relation it sustains to pre-glacial
channels, and to a topography modified by glacial forces.

The associate counties are Medina, Ashland, Richland,
Knox and Holmes; but even parts of these (with all of Holmes)
must be excluded from any associate activity in the iitial forces
that determined the pre-glacial drainage lines. Although later,
and before the glacier’s advent, they became potent factors in
establishing an outlet for the waters, their hills were not in exist-
ence when the first lines of drainage were cut; and these first
lines are still marked features in our landscape.

These counties rest on the ‘Waverly capping of the north-
east face, or incline, of that island or low mountain chain known
as the “Cincinnati Arch.” Here the arch, owing to its hood of
hard Waverly, is least eroded; and, <lthough in Kentucky it pre-
sents in intaglio, and at Cincinnati only in slight relief, here the
Waverly stands out in bold headlands forming a crescent of
highest hills in the State, which decline rapidly to the bed of
Lake Erie, and show the original topography, scarred by the
original drainage lines.

In studying the Waverly group of rocks in this part of the
Island, I find that they dip away rapidly on the west to the oil
regions, and on the north under the bed of Lake Erie, while
on the east they decline more gradually into the synclinal trough
of the Allegheny coal basin; thus constituting a water-shed in
three directions. Prof. Newberry says (Vol. I Geological Sur-
vey) “It will be noticed that the direction of the drainage streams,
which follow the strike of the strata on either side, indicates
that it once formed a water-shed that gave the initial bearing
to their flow.”

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THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 47

Any one walking as I have walked, from Wooster by Hayes-
ville and Mansfield to Bellville; and then crossing the profile
from Ashland to Loudonville: will see this fact demonstrated
to convicition.

In the first tramp (Wooster to Belleville) you cross all the
streams that drain the eastern face of the plateau; and the eleva-
tions, as determined by barometer, may be instructive. Wooster
University stands 522 feet above Lake Erie. Killbuck Valley
332, Jefferson, on rock summitt of plateau, 600, the flood plain
of Muddy Fork 432, and the divide between this and the
Jerome Fork 650, while its flood plain is 450. Hayesville,
on the summit of the divide between the Jerome and the Black
Forks, 700, and the flood plain of the Black Fork at Mifflin is
500, the depot at Mansfield 581, and the plateau south of the city
is 800, and above Bellville goo. In the cross section from Ash-
land to Loudonville the divide between the Jerome and the Black
Forks, independent of glacial deposits, is almost a level plane,
with only a gradual descent of rock strata of about 50 feet.

The valleys in which the streams run average about three-
fourths of a mile, and the rock floor averages about 150 feet be-
low the present bed of the streams, while the rivulets and-creeks
that form the streams, start from the rock with the dip of the
rock, and only mar the strike of the strata by erosion as they
proceed.

The above presents a picture of the extreme eastern face
of the plateau, showing the uniformity of elevations between
streams, and the gentle dip of the plateau to the north and east,
as well as the depth to which it was eroded by pre-glacial streams.
Prof. Newberry further says: “A current from the south swept
the eastern shore of our ancient Atlantis that floated the trunks
of tree-ferns and branches of lepidodendron to Sandusky.” This
current gave the mutial direction to a pre-glacial stream that,
in after time, carried the waters not only of the Waverly but of
the virgin coal hills as well, to the great channel through the
bed of Lake Erie.

The crescent of the highest hills spoken of, that bound the
elevations, and head the present streams, presents one horn
resting on Medina county, the other on Knox, while the center

48 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

includes the Savannah Lakes in Ashland county. It forms the
rim of a bowl or hydrographic basin, and its pinnacles of highest
hills show as the zig-zag wanderings of a worm fence.

The rivulets and creeks dovetail and intertwine like the
locking of fingers; while all along the crest are to be found,
between the exposures of native rock, the remains of old lakes,
gravel knolls, cat swamps, sink holes, and millions of boulders,
the largest two lying near Lodi and Ashland, with an estimated
weight of 300 and 350 tons respectively.

The elevations of this rim above Lake Erie are, Wadsworth
700 feet. But Wadsworth is underlaid with coal, and is there-
fore east of our pre-glacial channel, whieh must run exactly be-
tween the Coal Measure hills and the Waverly capped Island.

Seville is on carboniferous conglomerate, and is situated
west of the valley of the river Styx, which drains the coal fields
north and west of Wadsworth. It is just on the edge of the Coal
Measures, and its elevation is 403 feet above Lake Erie, while
drillings in the vicinity show 300 feet of drift. This makes a
rapid decline of near 600 feet in six miles to the rock bottom
of the Seville valley, and the surface decline continues west into
a broad valley, where we are justified in assuming the same
amount of drift with a lower well head, although no drillings have
been made in the center of the valley.

On the west side of this valley 14 miles east of Leroy, and
southwest of Chippewa Lake, a drilled well shows 149 feet to
rock, and going north east to a point 44 miles due south of Me-
dina village, and northeast of Chippewa Lake, a drill was sunk
1g0 feet and no rock was struck, but 4 miles north, Waverly rock
was struck at 125 feet. While 14+ miles south, rock was struck
in Carboniferous conglomerate at 42 feet, showing a north-
east channel through Chippewa Lake on the edge of the con-
glomerate.

Following this line to a well three miles due east of Medina,
near the head of Rocky river, I find 140 feet of blue clay above
60 feet of white sand; the well was abandoned at 200 feet without
reaching rock, as sand ran up the pipe to water level. This well
head is 180 feet below Medina and it makes the bottom of this
drill hole 133 feet above Lake Erie.

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 49

This is not conclusive, but it shows no rock bottom at a
level lower than Wooster and Orrville, and provides an outlet
for the waters of Wayne county to Rocky river, and thence to
the lake between the Coal Measures and the Waverly.

Ascending from this well to Medina village the elevation is
513 feet above Lake Erie, and crossing the divide between Rocky
and Black rivers I find the surface elevation at Lodi to be only
282 feet; thence up to West Salem the register gives 575; at
Polk 640; above Ashland 650; at Savannah lakes 700; north of
Mansfield 862; and by the registered grades of 892, 912, 932
and 952 I am on the Belleville hills, and ascending to the south
of Independence I| find myself on one of the highest pinnacles
in the State, about 1000 feet above Lake Erie.

Note the graded ascent of the crest that divides the waters,
or rather note the descent, and remember that this decline in
elevation means the gradual dip of a plateau, the face of which
presents north and east.

The streams that drain this basin all trend east or southeast,
toward one central axis, and this axis was primarily Prof.
Newberry’s current from the south that swept around this head-
land to Sandusky; and next, during the putting down of the
Coals, the forecasts of these channels supplied fresh water to the
coal marshes in the Allegheny basin: and lastly, after the Coal
Measures were elevated to their present level, the axis channel
became the trough to carry the waters from both the Coal and
Waverly hills to the great pre-glacial river that ran through
what is now the basin of Lake Erie.

This large hydrographic basin is now made up of six smaller
ones; the Clear Fork, Rocky Fork, Black Fork, Jerome Fork,
and Muddy Fork, of the Mohecan river; and the mysterious
basin of Killbuck from Wooster to Burbank, where a glacial
dam breaks its association with Black river, and fills a scallop or
“Water-wier” in the Waverly, below the present surface of
Lake Erie. These streams all run in broad valleys, with flood
plains near a mile wide; they are separated by high table lands
which showed—befiore the glacier’s advent—evenly bedded rock
strata, but now they are crushed like a ship in arctic ice. The
bed and trend of these streams conspire to impress you—not

50 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

so much with their individuality—as that they are parts of a
whole, converging to a common axis of drainage, and this axis
is the trough between the Coal hills and the Waverly from
Loudonville to Lake Erie. The P. F. W. & C. R. R. follows
this trough from Loudonville to Wooster, and its record of levels
will tell us the grade of descent. Mansfield is 578 feet above
the Lake, Lucas 518, Perrysville 433, Loudonville 412, Lakeville
378, Shreve 352 and ‘Wooster 342 above Lake Erie, making a de-
cline of 236 feet between Mansfield and Wooster or about 6
feet to the mile.

This old waterway is clearly defined from Loudonville to
Wooster, and from there is easily traced by Orrville and Chip-
pewa Lake to Rocky river ; that portion between Loudonville and
Wooster is bounded by high and rocky hills of Waverly on the
northwest, and Carboniferous conglomerate on the southeast;
and the channel ran the entire distance, exactly between these
too widely different geologic formations. It is filled to varying
depths with gravel, and sand, and clay; its surface presenting a
broad and fertile valley, with soft undulations between kames,
kettle holes, and cranberry marshes.

Its rock floor, however, is of greater interest to the student
of preglacial water ways, and, beginning at Loudonville, a drilled
well shows this rock floor to be 150 feet below the village, mak-
ing our starting point 262 feet above Lake Erie. Next, near the
bridge over Lake Fork, where a preglacial channel comes in
from Mohecanville, the rock floor is determined by the chain of
lakelets that marks its course; their depth being about 130 feet,
and the surface elevation here being 375 feet gives the rock bot-
tom 245 feet above Lake Erie. Applying the same rule at
Odel’s Lake, through which the axial channel passes, I find
rock at 228 feet: and at Big Prairie with a surface elevation of
390 feet, a drilled well shows 176 feet of drift, making the floor
214 feet above Lake Erie.

Near Alligewi (Custaloga) Junction between Big Prairie and
Shreve, where the precursor of the Lake Fork, that tore out a
channel 10 miles long, 1$ miles wide and 400 feet deep—counting
from hill tops—thus creating the “Big Meadow” of the Indian and
the “Big Prairie” of the Pioneer, entered the axial channel by

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. ol

Brown’s Lake, the surface is very deceiving. The drift seems
piled in without order—now rising into hills 500 feet above the
lake, and resembling a divide, and now sinking to the plains of
the prairie—but a well was drilled here on the plane, at the
Brown farm, to water at 170 feet—no rock encountered—and as
the well head’s elevation was 380 feet, it shows the rock floor to
be less than 210 feet above Lake Erie. ~

Two miles from this, at Shreve, the elevation is 352 feet,
and many wells have been driven to water—the only object
sought—which is found in white sand under blue clay at from
60 to 105 feet. So I am safe in assuming the rock floor to be
less than 200 feet, as the continuance of a channel is unques-
tioned.

Still, if the channel at Shreve should be regarded as a trib-
utary from the coal hills of Holmes county—and here such a
preglacial channel does come in—it would not modify the facts
given above, nor embarrass my water-way to Wooster, as there
is another way for the waters to proceed. A channel which was
possibly used during the later history of the coal beds, when
changes of level were common, and shiftings of coal into
Waverly, and Waverly back into coal, were frequent, is trace-
able west of the Shreve hills—in which is found a small pocket
of No. 7 coal—and it returns to the axial channel through the pre-
glacial channel at Millbrook.

A very little digging would now turn the Lake Fork into
Killbuck. So little that the A. & W. R. R. were afraid to run
their track from the clay plant in the Big Prairie to Millbrook
through this valley, for their engineer assured them that their
track would be flooded if they cut half a mile through the gravel
barrier that divides the Big Prairie from the Millbrook valley,
as the flood plain of Big Prairie is 150 feet above that of Kill-
buck. This channel will be more fully studied in the future.

On the Troutman farm, near Millbrook, and where the
above old channel comes in, a well was drilled on a gravel knoll
elevated 376 feet, to the depth of 185 feet, but no rock struck;
four furlongs east on the Webb farm, a well was driven to water
at 100 feet and no rock encountered; while two furlongs a little
south of east, and one furlong from the hill, rock was struck at

52 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

40 feet. These drillings were all on Sec. 6, Franklin township,
Wayne county.

It would seem that between Shreve and Wooster, where the
widening channel from Millersburgh enters the axial channel, the
rock floor has been deepened as well as widened and a preglacial
lake, tripod in shape, formed.

The spread of the rugged inclosing hills, the great flood
plane known to the pioneers as the Killbuck swamps, and which
to them became a lake at each “spring flood’, all go to prove
this. The basin would be 10 miles long from Wooster to Shreve
and 8 toward Millersburgh, with a width of from 14 to 3 miles;
over this plane the Killbuck Creek then crept from hill to hill,
and back again like the doublings of a snake. The Indian
chief, Killbuck, made himself noted by killing a deer with an
arrow from his bow that, on its errand of death, crossed the creek
three times.

One drilling in the center of this lake, 1 miles south of
Wooster, and 5 miles from the cross section wells, with a well
head of 330 feet, shows 185 feet to rock and 480 feet to Berea
sand (which here has a thickness of 27 feet); this makes the rock
bed of the channel only 145 feet above Lake Erie, and to this
must all other levels conform, unless the lake character of a
basin with a deeper bottom than the main channel can be proved.
This brings me to the city of Wooster, and from here to Orrville
I have a rough road to travel, but the preglacial water came
here, and there was but one way for it to go out, and I must
find that way under the high gravel hills between here and
Orrville. On the south of Wooster is Madison Hill, on which
is located the Ohio Experiment Station, with its quarry of elegant
Coal Measure sandstone; and 1} miles north of it across Apple
Creek valley, on a terrace of which is located South and East
Wooster, Wooster University is planted on a hill of naked
Waverly shale 522 feet above Lake Erie. Madison Hill has
about the same elevation, and between them, but near 200 feet
below them, sparkles the crystal water of Apple Creek. No
drillings have been made in the center of the channel to the
rock floor—so its elevation cannot be proven here—but many
drillings have been made for water, which is found in white sand

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 53

at from 95 to 105 feet. One well was drilled to rock on the
side of the channel, at the foot of College Hill and showed 120
feet to shale; while six furlongs east, across the Apple Creek,

at the foot of Madison Hill, rock was found at 45 feet and the
channel runs between these two wells.

From this throat at Wooster the axial channel proceeds —
almost due east for a distance of 8 miles to a point 23 miles
southwest of Orrville, near which the C. A. & C. R. R. enters
and follows it in a northeast direction to Orrville. It is bounded
by the same type of Coal Measure hills on the southeast, and
Waverly on the northwest as at Wooster, but the trough is
filled with drumlins of varying heights. At Honeytown, three
miles east of Wooster, the Apple Creek enters it through a
preglacial channel from the coal hills on the southeast; but it is
so deflected by glacial debris that it turns on itself and follows the
axial channel back to Woosier and thence to the Killbuck.

Near Honeytown I can give you a better record of rock
floor; one-half mile east of that hamlet on the Mock farm—Sec.
7, East Union Tp.—a well was drilled to the depth of 185 feet
and no rock found. The well head has an elevation of 345 feet
and shows the rock floor to be, at most, less than 160 feet above
ake Erie. Inthe N. E. 4 Sec. 2, East Union Tp., two and
one-fourth miles southwest of Orrville, near the C. A. & C.R.R.,
a well was drilled through sand, gravel, and yellow clay, above
50 feet of blue clay, soft as mud, and the well was abandoned as
hopeless in this “blue soap” at 110 feet, without striking rock,
while one-half mile away in the S. E. 4 of same Sec. hard sand
rock was struck at 3 feet, but drilling was continued in the
rock until at the depth of 50 feet a flowing well was struck which
yields ten gallons of pure water per minute. This well was on the
side of the channel. This would seem to throw a little light on
the origin of the many flowing wells about Apple Creek, Shreve,
Fredericksburgh, and along some of the preglacial waterways
of Ashland county.

But I leave this in the satisfaction I feel in being able to
demonstrate a deep preglacial channel under these hills that
connects the axial channel with the broad valley of swamps
that lie north and east of Orrville where it is joined by the out-

54 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

put of the dismal swamps bordering Newman’s Creek, which
seems to open—as a wedge—the coal measure hills of Baugh-
man Tp. to drain them.

Of course I cannot demonstrate the elevations of the rock
floor to these mysterious swamps, for no drillings have been
made in these marshes to their bottom, that I am apprised of;
but no geologist who has examined them has ever doubted the
existence of a preglacial channel here. His only question has
been, “To where does it go?” And I think I can prove to you,
at least by circumstantial evidence, that the channel proceeds
through these swamps north, and after taking in the waters of
the Red Run region, goes northwest diagonally across Milton
Tp. south of Sterling and east of Creston, where, after reversing
or rather doing away with the necessity of a Chippewa Creek, it
took up the waters of Killbuck’s head from Wayne Tp. and car-
ried them to Chippewa Lake to be forwarded to Rocky River.

One proof of this is found in the fact that two and one-half
miles southeast of Sterling, in Milton Tp., an Artesian well, in
the line of the channel, has for thirty years filled a three inch
pipe with pure water from a depth of 80 feet, and no rock was
encountered in its drilling. And second, when the A. & G
W. R. R. was building from Sterling to Creston, some fifty
years ago, a section of the track sank out of sight, went down
in the night to stay, and they had to change the line and use
the wood from an acre of heavy oak timber to steady it in the
new place. The third item of proof is that several wells have
been stunk in the line of the channel east of Creston to 160 feet
and no rock struck. These wells are in valleys some 50 feet
lower than Creston village, as I am informed. I am also in-
formed by a prominenet member of the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey that “a well at Sterling has about 400 feet of drift.” I have
been unable to locate this well unless it be one situated about
one mile northwest of Sterling, near the Medina county line,
which reveals great depth of drift, but the exact thickness I
could not secure. Yet enough was secured to demonstrate a
rock floor very nearly on a level with the surface of Lake Erie,
or about the same elevation, as I will show in the Black River

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 5d

channel, only 10 miles west, over the horse-back divide at
Lodi.

Such a channel in width and depth, could not have been pro-
duced by drainage from the north, for, it is only 12 miles to the
rock crest above Medina city, and but six miles to the north
and south divide between Chatham and Lafayette townships.

It was on the foot hills of the east face of this divide that
the two wells —noted in the early part of this paper—were drilled
to rock, at the respective depths of 149 and 125 feet; they are ©
4} miles apart, and, joining them with the Medina city foot hill,
44 miles north, they mark the eastern extension of the Waverly
as a surface rock, from Le Roy to Medina, a distance of nine
miles. Opposed to this headland of Waverly I find the declin-
ing face of the last projection of the Coal Measures from Sharon
to Seville, where the quarries of Carboniferous conglomerate
are worked from the western face of the hill, and it was between
these diverse and opposing faces that the primitive channel ran
into that of Rocky river.

I must now search for a cause of sufficient magnitude to
convert the drainage system described, into that of the present;
a conversion that has created a new topography for a large part
of the State of Ohio.

When the glacier passed from the soft shale bed it had
plowed out for Lake Erie to lie in, it met two mountainous ob-
stacles of greater, and yet unequal resistance; viz: the Coal
Measure hills and the Waverly plateau, each still rising to the
height of 700 feet, with the pre-glacial channel, over which now
runs the Rocky river exactly between them; seven miles east of
Rocky river, opened the wide mouth of the Cuyahoga, that
drained the northwest face of the Coal Measures: a cross section
of these, from east to west, through the center of Cuyahoga
county shows (according to Prof. Newberry in Vol. I, Geolog-
ical Survey) the pre-glacial bed of Rocky river to be 3 miles wide
and that of the Cuyahoga 44 miles, with the intervening Coal
Measure projection only 7 miles. Now 14 miles west of Rocky
river comes down across the Waverly the broad trough over
which now flows Black river, and all these wide pre-glacial chan-
nels worn down into the Erie shale, below the Lake’s present

56 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

level, making three broad and deep breaches between the prime
obstacles barring the glacier’s even progress. Huge as it was
its course was modified.

Striae on the hills of Summit county are directed sowth-
west, while on the pure Waverly of Richland and Ashland coun-
ties they are southeast; these scorings if projected would meet in
the Killbuck valley. How: could such scorings be produced?
Is it not plain to anyone with operative intelligence, and a mind
unbiased by pre-conceptions, that the broad inclined plane from
Mansfield to Wooster, facing the high range of hills bordering
the Tuscarawas valley from Massillon to Akron, would of neces-
sity influence the ice-front, when a lower plane was there, and
lead you to expect and search for just such glacial scratchings?
Here were two forces acting the one against the other, and to
gether they directed a lob of the glacier that had entered the
inviting depression created by the three open channels across
Cuyahoga ,eastern Lorain, western Summit, Medina and Wayne
counties until it was stranded as a bow on the hard high hills of
Holmes county, just before it reached the continental divide
of the Coal Measures; this bow a little more than subtends
the south front of Wayne county, the bowstring being about
30 miles long; while the central projection is about 8 miles to
Millersburg, with the Killbuck valley as a fixed arrow in the
bent bow,

This lobe of the glacier seems to have become detached
from the main body just where the Coal Measures end below
Loudonville in Ashland county, for the main mountain of ice
‘slid on south over the smoother face of the Waverly that skirts
the Coal Measures to below Newark, before it was deflected—
a distance of 40 miles. Now, it was this arrested lobe of the
glacier, that brought the load of material that changed the
entire topography of the hydroghaphic basin described in this
paper; from Cleveland to Millersburg, and from Massillon to
Mansfield, its burden of Life in Death was put down, giving a
new physiognomy and a new physiology to the landscape; and
the remodeled features, with their fresh expressions, made the
face of this valley a thing a beauty to the eye and a blessing to
the nation; the angular hills and gorge-like valleys, were rounded

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. o7

up into gentle swells, and smoothed out into graceful undula-
tions, and the food in the “glacier’s grist” was so digested and
assimilated that hill and dale rejoiced in verdure unsurpassed,
and there was left as our inheritance, as fine a grazing and wheat-
growing section as the sun shines on.

But our old water-ways were obliterated, filled with drift
to hundreds of feet above their holding, and new drainage
channels must be created; a few of which, together with their
mode of creation I will attempt to describe. The Clear Fork
of the Mohecan, followed, in part, the old channel to near Perrys-
ville, but was here obstructed in its course to the Black Fork
gorge by drift; the obliterated channel being now distinguished
by two small lakes—or kettle holes between the high gravel
knolls that turned the waters. The deflected stream then
cut a new channel southeast to the Mohecan, its newness be-
ing demonstrated by numerous falls, the most picturesque being
Lyons Falls, where the stream cuts down into the crumbling
red sandstone of the Waverly immediately below the Carbonifer-
ous conglomerate of an outlying coal hill, revealing many and
beautiful casts of fossil. The Black Fork was blocked by mo-
rainic material where the Killbuck lobe of the glacier became
fixed on the Loudonville hills; but it found a col a mile below the
village, where the diverted Clear Fork rejoined it, and, uniting
their forces they cut a narrow gorge through hills that now stand
425 feet above the rock bottomed and rock banked Mohecan.
Here a mountain of sand stone and shale is cut in two as you
would cut a loaf of bread. The next col is at Lake Fork where,
because their old channel in the Big Prairie was walled up by
a glacial dam now 180 feet high, the Muddy and Jerome Forks
of the Mohecan were compelled to mingle their waters and tear
down a low breach in the hills at Fort Tyler into a gorge 200
_ feet deep, and 3 miles long, through a divide, to gain—at Roch-
ester a pre-glacial channel coming down from Mohecanville.

This channel of waters—now called Lake Fork—followed
to above Lakeville, where they were again staggered out of their
course by the hill like obstructions of glacial debris that here
stopped transit in the axial trough, and, they must a second time
cut a way through high conglomerate hills for 7 miles to join

58 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

the new channel of the united Black and Clear Forks, 5 miles:
below Loudonville, and create the Big Mohecan.

We now come to the mysterious Killbuck, the preglacial;
heralds of which entered the axial channel at Wooster, but its.
mystery is explained by the lately discovered fact, that it was not
through its entire course that it so entered pre-glacial times—
even from the north,— and its channel from the south will be:
discussed later.

Late investigation has developed a new feature in the Kill-.
buck and Black river valleys, one that throws much light on the
enigma of pre-glacial drainage in this region, and these newly
observed facts make it necessary that I repeat a few salient points.
of my paper, and introduce additional detail.

I must especially recall to your mind the picture of an
island in a Devonian sea; and this island made up of a fold of
Silurian and Devonian rock, capped with deeply eroded Waverly.
The head of this island was near the mouth of the Black river
trough that drained this face of the Waverly; and its sides are
now practically bounded by an imaginary line running through
Norwalk, New Haven, Galion and Mt. Gilead—on the west, and’
on the southeast and northeast, by the Coal Measure conglom-.
erate from Independence, by Loudonville, Wooster, Orrville
and Rocky river from head to mouth.

It must be remembered that this island has never been en-
tirely submerged since the elevation of the Waverly. Its surface:
constituted a plateau with only rounded and eroded edges, as.
determined by the strike of the strata, while the waters drained’
from it—owing to difference in temperature and quality—assisted’
greatly in developing into permanancy a current along its sides.
—from south to north—and around its head. This current was
maintained during the putting down of the Coals and instituted’
the axial channel for all pre-glacial drainage in this region. On).
the west and north we had the progenitors of the Huron, Vermil-
lion, Black and Rocky rivers; on the southeast and east we had
the initial channels of the Clear, Rocky, Black, Jerome and:
Muddy Forks of the Mohecan river, and a portion of Killbuck
channel, pouring their floods into this common current ; and this,,
through all Carboniferous and subsequent time, until the gla-

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 59"

cier’s burden blocked the way. What a game of shuttle-cock
must have been played between the debris of their floods, and the
deposits in the coal marshes, from the frequent oscillations of
land and sea during this zon of time; and how this shifting of
debris and growth must have modified the course of the current
at different times! And when we think of the corrosive influ-
ence of the atmosphere, and the erosiv power of the streams,.
we will not wonder at the great width and depth of the main
drainage troughs noted above, nor at the occasional dove-tail-
ings of the Waverly and the Coal Measures conglomerate that
throws a shadow over the course of the mutual outlet for their
waters.

Furthermore, not only was this water way obscured, but
the entire face of the plateau was transmuted. Erosion had so
marred its features, and glacial drift so deformed them, that my
first examination was faulty and 1 must add to, and explain,
the elevations noted in the early part of the paper. The line of
highest hills there noted marks the present divide between
Lake Erie and the Ohio river, but not the pre-glacial divide:
marking the crest of the Waverly. I found it to be south, and
east of this line of hills. Entering Wayne county south of West
Salem, it passes across Congress township about two miles south
of Congress village, and crosses the Killbuck one mile north
of Cedar Valley (now Overton) and entering Wayne township:
it intersects a north and south divide from Burbank to Wooster
in such a manner as to almost present the picture of a turkey’s.
foot, the central toe—the continuance of the continental divide—
extending across Wayne township to Green and ending at Smith-
ville. The right toe, being represented by a range of hills that
run southeast to Wooster, where Wooster University is located
on the extreme front, 172 feet above the city’s square. From
these two points the descent of the Waverly is very rapid until it
disappears under the Coal Measures. The elevations of these
spurs are, above ‘Wooster 640 feet, above Smithville 700 feet,
and the rock is badly crushed. The projection of the third
toe is disgramed by a line of high elevations running from the
heel at Cedar Valley, northeast across Canaan township, and
almost paralleling the middle division of Killbuck valley—to

60 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

east of Burbank—where it was connected with the divide separat-
ing the Black from the Rocky river, and shows that a north
and south pre-glacial divide in the plateau did exist from Me-
‘dina to Wooster; and where it was crossed by the continental
divide above Cedar valley, the Killbuck gorge was bisected.

Here the hills banking the Killbuck are less than 80 rods
apart, although nearly 200 feet high, and the stream runs on
a rock bottom.

From this point, and from all the northeast face of Con-
gress T'p. the collected waters were carried into one channel,
that of the Black River, at Lodi, and thence to the Lake. Drilled
wells west of Burbank show too feet to rock; in the Harrisville
swamps 90 feet, and its bottom is studded with innumerable
boulders. Southwest of Lodi rock is found at 120 feet, and
two miles northwest of Lodi on the Little Black River, the
drill passed thrcugh 285 feet of drift before reaching rock, and
the well head is 45 feet below Lodi; two miles north of this,
where the valley is 20 feet lower, no rock was struck at 270
feet, and one mile northeast rock was not reached at 217 feet, but
I~ miles east of the line of these wells, with well heads 45 feet
above Lodi, rock was reached at from 200 to 204 feet and the
ascent is very rapid from here to the crest of the divide between
Black and Rocky Rivers, which follows the line between
Chatham and Lafayette townships. Many other wells have
been drilled in this region of which I have the records, but
these are enough to show that the preglacial trough over which
the Black River now winds its torturous course was many feet
lower than the present level of Lake Erie. The next observa-
tion of interest made here is connected with the unique Killbuck,
which now drains the northeast angle formed by the crossing
of the divides near Cedar Valley.

Bisecting this angle was found a preglacial channel passing
northeast through the Jackson swamp to join the axial channel
near Creston. The three heads of the present Killbuck, after
uniting, follow in part this old channel across Canaan Tp. to
its northeast corner and there, turning abruptly west, the stream
cuts its way for seven miles through the divide to the trough
of Black River, where it again turns at an acute angle and pro-

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 6f

ceeds southeast to Wooster, passing, after traveling 24 miles,
within one mile of the springs that mark its head.

The explanation is this: When the great mass of
morainic material which formed the hills between Creston and
Sterling was piled into, and over the water-way, then as low
as the Lake’s present level, of course this channel was oblit-
erated, as well as the one coming from Canaan Tp., now rep-
resented by the head of Killbuck. The dammed up waters of
the Killbuck channel formed a lake at Jackson, and the ob-
structed waters in the axial channel created the larger lake froin
Orrville to Easton. Now these lakes must have an outlet,
and the waters of the eastern one, now represented by Orrville
swamps, Chippewa Creek, and the subterranean passage near
Sterling, where fish came up when the railroad went down,
cut its way by a low col in the coal measures at Warwick and
gave birth to the Tuscarawas River.

The other, or Old Hickory Lake, forced a way directly
across the north and south divide, creating a broad and rocky
channel for Killbuck to Burbank, but the Black River trough
was also blocked by a series of kames running east and west
and forming the south border of a Lake imprisoned between
Burbank and Lodi, now known as the Harrisville Swamp. So.
the Killbuck waters must search for a new way out, and being
joined by the embarrassed waters of the northeast face of Con-
gress Tp. enough force was generated to cut a narrow path
through the continenta! divide near Cedar Valley, and so the.
Killbuck river was completed and sent on its way to join the
- Tuscarawas at Coshocton.

This completes the preglacial and present drainage of the
northwest half of the hydrographic basin. The southeast half
shows a rim made up of hills as high, and hard, and irregular,
as those on the west and north, but of different material. The
first were of Waverly, while these are composed of all the fac-
tors of the coal measures. Each of the seven numbers of the coals
are represented, while limestone, and sandstone, iron ore,
and chert are found as capstones to the rim of the bowl through
all of Holmes county. The line of the divide starts near Inde-
pendence and Bellville in Richland county, and passes through.

62 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

the southwest corner of Hanover Tp, Ashland county, touch-
ing the northeast corner of Knox county, and crosses the Mo-
hican four miles south of its junction with the Clear Fork
and near its union with the Lake Fork. From here it runs north-
east into Knox Tp., Holmes county, and crossing an enig-
‘matical north and south divide that turns Black Creek to the
east, it continues in a northeast direction across the township
and enters Monroe Tp. at its northwest corner, then bending
southeast it traverses the township nearly midway between Paint
Valley and Welcome, and has for its crest the Blue Stone, of
which the Millersburgh court house is built, and the red sand-
stone known as Killbuck red sand-stone. From here, after
crossing the southwest corner of Hardy Tp. it enters the north
corner of Killbuck Tp. and crossing the Killbuck River 4 miles
below Millersburg, locates a narrowing in the Killbuck channel,
supposed to be a col, just where that stream turns to the south-
‘west to be joined to the Black Creek. From here this divide
enters in an easterly direction the northwest corner of Mechanic
Tp. and crosses the township in zigzags until it approaches the
northeast corner where it turns abruptly northeast to Santillo
P. O., then east through a stone-quarry region and on to a
‘point two miles south of Berlin, where it again turns northeast
and passes north of New Carlisle, where a new turn directs it
to the limestone ridge above Weinsburgh. It here leaves the
county of Holmes in worm-fence progression, possibly to Dun-
dee, or in some other way to assimilate with the confining walls
of the mysterious Tuscarawas.

I have not had the privilege of tracing it, nor determining -
the location of the col in the Big Sugar Creek, whence the waters
were carried in preglacial times from the Newmans Creek channel
north of Orrville.

But this I have determined, that a spur of the divide passes
from near Weinsburgh by Mt. Eaton to Kidron, inclosing a
territory that sent its waters to Kidron, and thence to the Apple
Creek channel. Along this old water way, Artesian wells
are secured from white sand at from 75 to 80 feet. This valley
is followed by the new Camp Railroad from Kidron to Honey-
-town. It is no easy matter to determine the exact crest of the

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 63

divide, but the character and quality of the earth together with
the strike of the rock strata, determines the trend of the rivulets
that make up the creeks, and the creeks continue in the same
general course until a ravine has been reached cutting into
strata of lower geologic formation; here a new direction may
be given, which is again modified by elevation and_ strike of
strata. Unlike Wayne county, the strike of the strata in
Holmes county is very irregular. We used all these points in
following the line of divide, spending five days between Lou-
donville, Nashville, Napoleon, Oxford, Millersburgh and
Holmesville, and the prime thing noticed, as’obscuring the in-
vestigation, was the influence of the glacial moraine on the direc-
tion of the rivulets. The morainic material from Stark to Ash-
land county is abundant on an irregular line from two to four
miles north of the crest of highest hills and gradually thins
out to the crest, creating an intervening border plain where the
rivulets seem to struggle to find a way out, and then,shuddering
back, make crow-feet markings on the summit, or they huddle
together, forming little pools, or they spread out to form peat
swamps, like the notable one north of Berlin where the Ohio
Ground Sloth (Megalonis Jeffersoni1) was found.

Any one will recognize these important facts who will crit-
ically examine the line of the terminal moraine as platted by
Brot GE Wrcht.

I say important because they must be used in questionable
cases, as the Sugar Creek and upper Tuscarawas regions.

This brings me to the preglacial channels that drained the
Carboniferous side of the completed hydrographic basin and
were tributary to the common water way. The first on the west
was a small channel coming in just south of Loudonville and
one mile north of the present confluence of the Clear and Black
forks; it drained the higher hills of Hanover township and is
crossed by the new bed of the Clear Fork. Drakes Valley from
Nashville to Lakeville marks the line of the second.

The third in order drained the limestone highlands of
Ripley and enters the main channel just west of Shreve. A well
on the D. E. Foltz farm shows 91 feet to water but no rock.
We are now at the south exposure of the Limestone ridge of

64 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

Ripley township and all its waters were directed by the dip
of the rock to the Paint Valley channel, which started near
Nashville and enters the Killbuck channel near Holmesyille.
The next and principal tributary is the great Killbuck chan-
nel, in which the waters are now reversed. We located the col
in this river 4 miles south of Millersburgh, but later observations
reveal many facts pointing out Oxford as the site of the col,
and that the Black Creek gorge sent its waters to Wooster.
In driving from Nashville to Napoleon by a route west of the
common, J found a range of hills starting from the east and
west divide in Knox township that had not been considered in
the first investigation, and although this discovery does not do
away with the significance of the line of high hills there noted
yet it does constrain me to believe that this divide was sur-
rounded by a range of higher hills, and that the waters of Black
Creek were included by them. This line continues almost par-
allel with the Mohican River to old Fort Fizzle, west of Napo-
leon, and from here is directed to the “Summit Ridge” in Rich-
land township, and only separated from it by a strait so narrow
that it seemed like a col. As the summit ridge is continuous to
Oxford and forms the dividing ridge between Wolf Creek and
Black Creek; and also because there is a line of high hills on
the south side of Killbuck Valley that connects with, and is
continuous with the line of hills in Killbuck township where I
located the col, I fear that the former location of the col only
noted the crossing of a line of hills, and that the true col was
at Oxford. But leaving this for future investigation, when I
will note the observations by barometer, I return to the sixth
channel, a small one that comes in, between coal hills, two miles
south of Millersburg from a fissure directed to Berlin. The
eighth comes in from Salt Creek township, between Holmes-
ville and the Holmes county infirmary. It is now occupied
in part by Martins Creek. A drilled well here shows 196 feet to
rock. The eighth in order is probably of more importance to
the people of Wayne county than all the others combined, for
it furnishes a series of flowing wells of the purest water. It
drained a large portion of Salt Creek and Paint Creek town-
ships in both Wayne and Holmes counties. I have only traced

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 65

the channel a short distance into Holmes county, where it is
now represented by Dry Run, passing down a fissure between
coal hills southwest of the south branch of Salt Creek, and
entering the Big Salt Creek valley near the tile factory below
Fredericksburgh; here it is joined by a small channel from the
limestone hilis of Wayne county. At this point is located the
col in the Big Salt Creek, and from here the stream goes tearing
over a rocky bed and between rock hills to Holmesville five miles
distant. From this col the old channel passes almost due north
to old Edinburgh, where it is joined by the preglacial channel
coming in from Kidron by Apple Creek. It then proceeds in
a northwest direction along the valley of the Apple Creek to
Honeytown where it enters the main channel to the lake by
Orrville.

This valley is one-half mile wide and is filled with drift from
Honeytown to Fredericksburgh and Kidron, and flowing wells
are secured on every farm in its course, except near Honey-
town where the dam in the great channel is complete. The ob-
structing glacial hills rise to 200 feet above the plane and no rock
is found below the flood plane at 185 feet, and Apple Creek is
turned, like the Killbuck at Burbank, almost at right angles
back to Wooster. In all the flowing wells water is found on blue
boulder clay and in white sand. Fredericksburgh wells are
about 100 feet deep, Apple Creek 120 and rock is reached at
Apple Creek at 186 feet.

This completes the description of the channels tributary
to the central channel, as far as the one represented by the Big
Sugar Creek. And here I must call your attention to a feature in
the location of these channels which will be better understood
by referring to the map accompanying this paper, viz., all the
channels that enter the axial channel from the coal measures
enter it through fissures or gorges between coal hills; and this
fact must help us in determining the original course of the chan-
nels now occupied by Sugar Creek, Newmans Creek, and Chip-
pewa Creek; the waters now in them trend out, but we think this
evidence shows that in preglacial times they flowed in.

First, as to Sugar Creek, in which the col is not located, it
will be observed that it now passes up a ravine, between coal

66 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

hills, from a point in the axial channel that is more than I10
feet below its present bed; and second, that the rivulets from
the innumerable springs that line its border, through all of
Sugar Creek township to Stark county, have their primal direc-
ion with the strike of the strata, which is contrary to the present
course of the stream.

Now the law of the other channels and coal hill fissures
being applied to this would show the stream to be reversed.
Nearly the same features with the same expressions are found
in Newmans Creek for six miles across Baughman township,
with this addition, the old dismal swamp of which this stream is |
the remains was shaped like an Indian arrow head, the point
driven into the coal hills as far as the Stark County line, and
along its sides coal banks facing each other, and all entered by
drifts. The shoulders of the dart on the north and south are rep-
resented by short preglacial channels entering from the hills,
while the stem is pictured by the mouth of the swamp as it
entered the Orrville glacial lake. There is neither coal nor
conglomerate under the swamp, but its margin is marked all
around by conglomerate, and the environing hills are coal from
the base of the-dart to its point. The mines on its opposite sides,
across the shaft of the arrow, are but half a mile apart, while ar
the barbs the hills are two miles apart, and the stem at its neck
is half a mile broad, but it widens to near three miles where it
enters the lake. It seems plain that this dismal swamp or
“Shades of Death,” as the pioneers called it, marked the line
of a preglacial channel tending north and west.

The direction of the next preglacial channel was north-
west from the coal hills to the axial channel, and is now indicated
by Patton Lake, Fox Make and Red Run, all located vendetta
end in the Tamarack swamp, which is a marsh on the side of
a hill. :
The next channel, that through which the Chippewa Creek
now flows to form the head of the Tuscarawas River, is from
a scientific point of view the most important of all, for it has of .
late been a mooted question where the Chippewa Lake and the
Sterling channels sent their waters in preglacial times.

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 67

The old supposition was that they went out by the Chip-
pewa Creek channel to the Tuscarawas and thence to the Ohio
River. But a later conception sent them by Warwick and New
Portage to the Cuyahoga River and thence to the great Lake
Erie channel, but in both of these the reckoning was made with-
out considering the existence of the axial channel described, or
the force of the Orrville Lake.

My first objection to them is that I have found another
way through which the waters could proceed, and that the Chip-
pewa channel passes over Carboniferous conglomerate that was
once covered with coal. In other words, it shows a breach in
coal hills that is not consistent with their formation, but which
is in accordance with the idea presented above, that the dam-
med up waters of the Orrville Lake selected the point of least
resistance to force their way through their prison walls, viz., the
V-shaped fissure stil! recognizable in the coai hills on the sides
of this channel. In sections 26 and 25 of Chippewa township
coal mines are operated less than a mile apart with the Chip-
pewa Creek channel between them, making the strait too narrow
for the volume of water to pass. It would be like passing a two-
inch ball through an inch augur-hole. But as it is not the out-
let we are contending for, but only for the general trend of the
main channel between the Waverly and Carboniferous, and its
tributaries from the hills of widely separated geologic periods.
I will wait for further developments before I will change my
present thinking, that these waters went from the Orrville Lake
across the Chippewa channel, receiving it as a tributary from
section 26, through Chippewa Lake to Rocky River and thence
to the great preglacial channel in Lake Erie.

PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE CONDITIONS IN THE
VICINITY OF CINCINNATI.

By GERARD FOWKE.

At the winter meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science,
in 1897, I offered a paper upon the above subject. This was
published as a Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison
University, in volume XI. Recently the opportunity has been
afforded by the Academy, through the McMillan fund, for further
exploration of the region. Some discoveries resulted which con-
siderably modify so much of that article as relates to the section
below Cincinnati.

In order that the reader may arrive at a correct understand-
ing of the matter herein presented, it will be necessary to utilize
such portions of the report already published as refer to the ter-
ritory east of the Great Miami river, and acknowledgment is
hereby made to the Denison University for permission so to do.

The initial point of this part of the Ohio was near Man-
chester, at the col (A). A few miles below, Cabin creek entered,
and at Maysville it was joined by Limestone creek. For dis-
tinction, the name of the latter is given to the stream. At short
intervals below, other tributaries put in, each marked by a large
area of bottom land. Between them the valley is somewhat
narrower. ‘This is because gravels and silt cover the low points
at the junction of the streams, where the combined valleys are
widest. These features continue to the mouth of the Little Mi-
ami. The distance between the hills bordering this tributary is
very much greater than the width of the main valley at any
place above; and the shrunken stream which winds its devious
way from side to side of the included level, seems entirely inade-
quate to the task of carving out such a basin. Immediately be-
low this, at Dayton, Kentucky, opposite the upper end of Cin-
cinnati, the Ohio contracts almost at once to a narrow channel,
very much less than that of the Little Miami. It is evident that
a col (B) at this point formerly deflected the waters of old Lime-
stone to the northward. On passing through this gap, the Ohio

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THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 69

is seen to flow between extensive bottom lands on which stand
the cities of Cincinnati, Newport and Covington. Here it re-
ceives the Licking from the south and Mill creek from the north;
the latter, like the Little Miami, coming through a valley in
which it seems almost lost as it meanders aimlessly back and
forth. Then the Ohio passes into a very diminished space at
Sedamsville, where it flows on rock bottom. This is the site of
another col (C); and from here the hills gradually recede to
North Bend. Three miles below North Bend was another col
(D); a little farther down the Ohio suddenly debouches into a
very broad valley where it receives the Great Miami. Like the
two streams observed above here, the latter seems utterly incom-
petent to the excavation of the trough which it occupies.

This valley holds its width to the mouth of the Kentucky,
varying somewhat from the average in different parts, as it
does elsewhere. One noticeable feature along this stretch is that
nearly all the tributary streams have a direction opposite the
current of the river; that is, in going down the main stream
one is looking toward the sources of those which flow into it.
There are also several abrupt bends; in these the outer side of the
curve is at the foot of the steep hills or cliffs, while on the other
side are wide bottom lands. At Sugar creek the river makes an
acute turn to the west, which course it holds past Carrolton,
where it receives the Kentucky. From this town it rapidly
narrows until it reaches Madison (EF). Here was the last col
above Louisville. The valley contracts until on the Indiana side
the water washes the solid rock, while on the Kentucky side
there is a strip of level land only wide enough to afford room
for a single warehouse.

Two miles below Madison, the river turns again toward the
south through a gorge which gradually expands until it opens
into the basin in which Louisville is situated. .

The interpretation of these facts is about as follows:

When old Limestone was deflected northward by the col
at (B) it entered the depression lying north and east of Cincin-
nati. Here it received a considerable tributary from the east
by way of the present East Fork. The united streams flowed
west, and reached Mill creek valley at the point (G) in the vicin-

70 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

ity of Carthage. A short ravine joined them, from the hills
where the Little Miami discharges, but that river was not then in
existence, being a post-glacial stream.

It will be perceived that when old Limestone turned north-
ward, it was separated from the Licking only by the col at (B).
Between this col and the one at Sedamsville (C) the Licking
flowed north into Mill creek valley where it continued its north-
erly course. Receiving old Limestone at (G) it passed on and
entered the valley of the Great Miami at Hamilton.

From the west side of the col at (C) a ravine extended to
North Bend. The hill behind this village, though apparently
continuous with’ the blue limestone formations on either side,
is composed of glacial material. This fact was first disclosed
when the railroad which passes through here undertook to make
a tunnel; it was found that the limestone was absent. Conse-
quently only a cut was needed. This cut is in the lowest part of
the deposit; the higher hills to the eastward are also composed
of drift. This proves that the ravine from (C) formerly turned
to the north at this point, reached the Great Miami valley at
Cleves, and there turned west along the present course of the
river. .

The wide valley below the col (D) has an interesting his-
tory. It is continuous from Hamilton to the mouth of the Ken-
tucky river. This fact, in connection with the rapid narrowing
of the Ohio between Carrolton and Madison, together with the
certain evidence of a col at the latter place, proves beyond
question that this ancient bed was eroded by the Kentucky
river. In other words, that stream, instead of following the
present Ohio as it does now, or flowing across Indiana, turned
to the east and north to join the Licking at Hamilton. There
is no other channel through which it could have gone. The
hills in every other direction, except at the gorge below Madison,
are unbroken. From Lawrenceburg it extended almost due north
through the valley now partially occupied by the Whitewater
and Dry Run, to the point (H). Here it turned east, and at (1)
reached the Great Miami, following that valley to Hamilton.
From Hamilton northward the old river bed is filled with drift
and has not been traced. There can be no doubt, however,

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. (al

that it joined old Kanawha north of Dayton—probably in the
neighborhood of Piqua.

The lower part of the Great Miami requires a few words of
explanation. There was a col at (F), just south of the village of
Miami. North of this Taylor’s creek flowed north and emptied
into the Kentucky at (1). South of the col (F), a small ravine
joined the creek that flowed through the gap at North Bend, at
a point somewhere near Valley Junction (K).

Having thus traced the former rivers and their tributaries,
and located the cols, so far as they are essential to the problem,
we are in a position to follow the steps by which the Ohio was
established.

The Great Kanawha held its way across Ohio until the
glacier had advanced to that part of its valley which extended
farthest to the northward. For a time the waters may have
skirted the ice-front and recovered their natural channel farther
down; but presently the valley was completely closed and the
imprisoned waters found no escape until they had reached the
level of the col at Madison (E).

At this stage began the readjustment of drainage channels.
The principal stream at this time was, of course, the Kanawha.
How far it may have extended toward the north or the north-
west, we have no means of knowing; but it was probably first
reached by the glacier at some place west of Ohio. Shut off
by this agent from its natural outlet, it turned back into the old
Kentucky, wherever their confluence may have been; followed
that channel past Hamilton, Lawrenceburg and Carrolton and
was impounded by the col at Madison (E). Ii we may judge
from the nearly uniform level of the hills on either side of the
Tiver there, up to the very edge of the cliffs which descend
steeply to the water, this point in the old watershed was but
little lower than any other along the crest. Whatever its eleva-
tion, the Kanawha was compelled to rise to its level. As a
result, a lake was formed which reached well up toward the
headwaters of every stream between the Kentucky river and the
Cumberland mountains on the south and to the eastern part of
Ohio on the north. It had to reach the level not of the bottom
of the gap, but of the highest flood of the torrents which poured

ne, THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

through the gap. The mythical “Lake Ohio,” which is cur-
rently believed to have resulted from a blocking of the Ohio
river by the glacier, would be insignificant by comparison—
admitting, for the sake of comparison, that it ever existed as so
frequently described. The area of the real lake, created by
the Madison dam, can be ascertained only by carrying the level
at which it stood at its outlet, up the Kentucky, Great Miami,
Licking, Big Sandy, Kanawha, and across central Ohio toward
the headwaters of the Tuscarawas. Until this level is ascer-
tained we cannot know how much of the country was sub-
merged, or how many of the existing high areas were drowned.
Neither have we any means at present of knowing how long
these conditions prevailed. They may have lasted until the
col had worn low enough to drain off most of the accumulated
water. On the other hand, the advancing ice may have pushed
this water in front of it, and maintained a constantly diminishing
lake until its most southern limit was reached. If we may sup-
pose the former supposition to be the correct one, then a new
river was established; following the Kanawha as far as the
mouth of the Licking-Kentucky, and that stream, reversed,
from there toward the south and west.

In time, the encroaching ice covered the site of its junction
with these two rivers, and Kanawha was again deprived of an
outlet. A second lake was formed, including the basin of the
Kanawha and all its tributaries east of the Licking. It in-
creased in area and depth until it surmounted the col at (A);
flowing over this divide, its waters would follow old Limestone
to its junction with the Licking at the point (G), thence north
to Hamilton, and so find their way to the Kentucky.

The glacier reached Hamilton, and for the third time a lake
was formed. Both Kanawha and Licking were now shut off;
the water rose over the col at (C). The Kanawha reached this
by following old Limestone as before to (G), and thence down
the Mill creek valley. Pushing through the gap at North Bend,
and past Cleves, they reached the Kentucky along the bed now
occupied by the Great Miami below that village.

When the ice came to the hills about Cincinnati, the mouth
of old Limestone at (G) was obliterated, and for the fourth time

THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 713:

Kanawha was backed up into a lake which rose until it over-
flowed the col at (B). Joining Licking again, the two followed
their last channel as far as North Bend and probably out past
Cleves; but there is a possibility that before the col at (B) was.
removed the ice had advanced far enough to reach the hill below
North Bend and obstruct that outlet. In this case the new lake
would have included Licking as well as Kanawha, and had to rise
to the level of the col at (D) before it-could have begun to.
drain off. If, however, the col at (B) was worn down in time
for the water above it to escape past Cleves, then, when the ice
had advanced across the valley below Cleves, a fifth lake covered
the upper Ohio valley before the col at (D) was eroded and
the present drainage to the mouth of the Great Miami establishd.
It is possible there was still a sixth lake, though if so it was of
less extent and shorter duration than any of the others, and
was due to a projection or loop of the glacier pushing out of
Miami valley as a dam to the new Ohio—which name is now
applicable to the river for the first time—until its waters broke.
through a ravine back of Petersburg, Kentucky. The depres-
sion thus formed is usually spoken of as “an abandoned chan-.
nel of the Ohio,” but it was occupied only while torrents from:
melting ice were far above existing flood plains. It furnishes.
about the only evidence, by the way, that the glacier ever
reached the Kentucky hills.

The theory advanced here in regard to the succession of
glacial lakes is based entirely on the assumption that the col at
Madison (E) was broken down sufficiently to drain the first one
formed, and upon the further assumption that the ice reached.
each necessary point for the formation of a lake, in the order
here given. There seems to be no doubt regarding the first
and most extensive one; the existence of the others depends.
upon the strength of the col at (E) and the relative periods of
time at which the subsidiary streams were blocked. It is not
necessary to presume a constant forward motion of the glacier;
its advance may have been frequently interrupted, or there may
even have been an occasional recession without in the least
invalidating the argument. The effect would be the same in
the end, whether there was a continuous progressive motion, or

"4. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

an intermittent action. Even if there was more than one glacial
period, the sequence of events would not be greatly different
from the series here described. The work was begun by the
one which first blocked the Kanawha, and was completed by
the one’ which extended farthest south.

When the ice retreated, the drift which it left behind shut
the rivers and creeks off from their former ways, and they were
left as we now find them. The channel of old Limestone has
‘been partially taken possession of by the Little Miami and its
East Fork; the part between these streams and its former mouth
at (G) is deserted. Licking turns west at Covington, and its
ancient valley from Cincinnati to Hamilton has been pre-
empted by the insignificant Mill creek. The Whitewater, a
post-glacial stream, and the mouth of the Great Miami use a
_ fragment of the old Kentucky river valley in Ohio, but the part
between (I) and (H) is abandoned. The Miami utilizes that
portion of its channel between Hamilton and the point (I), where
Taylor’s creek formerly emptied; but the immense gravel de-
‘posits which were left here deflected the new river toward the
east. It followed a small ravine for a short distance, then broke
over a low place in the divide between this ravine and Taylor’s
creek, filled the latter to the col (F), tore this out, and at Cleves
fell into the creek which came through the hill at North Bend;
it went with that creek to the drift filled valley of the old Ken-
tucky near Valley Junction, through which it has eroded its
devious way to the Ohio.

A large creek entered the old Kentucky at the town of
Harrison; the Whitewater crossed this to reach the ancient
valley, leaving an island of Silurian rock between the former and
recent beds, just as the Great Miami did at the gravel deposits
-at (I).

_ The old streams herein described flowed through valleys
which were eroded to a considerable depth below the waters
which now go through them. While the new channels were
forming the old ones were being filled with sediments of mud-
laden torrents and debris from masses of floating ice. The
streams of today have not had time to clear out these
‘deposits, so they remain as the bottom lands on either side wf

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THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 75

the river. As such they must continue to exist until a greater
elevation above sea level of the interior region permits the Ohio
and Mississippi to scour their channels deeper than the present
grade lines will allow them to do.

The extensive drift deposits south of Cincinnati have not
yet been accounted for in a satisfactory manner. Professor
Wright says that the great masses of conglomerate two miles
below Aurora, Indiana, are the terminal moraine. Only a casual
inspection is needed to show that this assertion is entirely un-
founded. There are similar deposits farther down, and at a much
greater altitude, which he has overlooked, or at least not
mentioned. A careful examination of this entire territory is
required in order to determine the limit of the ice sheet; to
ascertain what part it may have taken in the surface changes
below Lawrenceburg to estimate the relative elevation. of the
hills at Madison and those where these deposits are found; and
to discover the probable causes which led to the gravel deposits
upon the high lands in Boone county, Kentucky.

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“Obie State Academy of Science

% 2% MB Special Papers No. 4. @ B #

| The Fishes
| of Ohio #%

RAYMOND C. OSBURN, M. Se.
a wy

a Published by the Academy of Science
Aj with the Emerson McMillin
4 Research Fund.

May, 1901 _ « &

i ~ =
LEO asonlai instity,
ADR 2G 1903
PAS

y aa ASL | To.

Ohio State Academy of Science.
SPECIAL PAPERS, No. 4.

The Fishes of Ohio.

BY

RAYMOND C. OSBURN, M. Sc.

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

WITH THE EMERSON McMILLIN RESEARCH FUND.

MANE 3 GO.

COLUMBUS :
PRESS OF SPAHR & GLENN,
IgOI.

NOTE.

The investigations upon which this paper is based were
made under two grants of fifty dollars each from the Emerson
McMillin Research Fund, and the results are now published by
the further aid of the same fund.

F. M. WEBSTER,

H. C. BEARDSLEE,

WILLIAM R. LAZENBY,
Trustees.

DEDICATION.
To the memory of my dear friend and teacher, the late
Professor David Simons Kellicott.

ETS Bee SO One @.

An Authenticated List, with Especial Reference to Occurrence

and Distribution.

INTRODUCTION.

HE purpose of this work is to bring together the results of
AR the investigations on the fishes of Ohio, which have fron
time to time been made in various localities within the
state, and to compile an authenticated list of the fishes of
Ohio, which shall include only such species as have been defin-
itely reported for the state by some collector. An attempt has
also been made to show the distribution in the state, of each
species, by citing all the records of occurrence which could be
obtained. The results show that many species are so widely dis—
tributed and so abundant that they have been taken by every
collector in the state ; some are widely distributed, but nowhere
common ; others have been taken commonly in one or two locali-—
ties, but not elsewhere; and still others are so rare that only
single individuals have been recorded.

Before proceeding with the list it may be of interest to glance
at the work of some of the collectors of Ohio fishes, as shown by
their publications.

The work in the Ohio Valley was begun by C. S. Rafinesque,.
in a paper dated at Louisville, Kentucky, July 20, 1818. This
paper was followed by a number of others in rapid succession,
and in December, 1819, to November, 1820, Rafinesque pub—
lished in a series of articles in the ‘‘ Western Review and Miscel-
laneous Magazine,’’ his ‘‘ Ichthyologia Ohiensis,’’ which, as Dr..
Call says, “‘laid the literary foundation of American Ichthyologi-
cal Science.’’ As Rafinesque’s paper covered the Ohio River
System, it is not definitely known how many species he took
within the limits of Ohio, but he mentions about twenty-five

6 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

species as occurring in the streams of the state, Muskingum,
Hocking and Miami Rivers and the Ohio River “‘ as far as Pitts-
burgh.’’ Rafinesque makes mention of one hundred and eleven
species as occurring in the Ohio and its tributaries, but of this
number, as Dr. Jordan says, ‘‘ upwards of forty-three are either
spurious or redundant.’’ Of the one hundred and thirty-four
native species now recorded for Ohio, Rafinesque described thirty-
four. Further comment on Rafinesque’s work is unnecessary, as
it has been reviewed by various later writers, especially by Dr.
Jordan. Dr. R. E. Call has recently published an edition of
the Ichthyologia Ohiensis in the original text, accompanied by a
biographical sketch.

The first paper to appear, dealing entirely with the fishes of
the state, was that by Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, published in the
Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, and
bearing date of November 1, 1838, at Cincinnati. In this paper
Dr. Kirtland gave a list of seventy-two species belonging to Ohio.
Of this number, at least twelve are redundant. In the ‘‘ Family
Visitor,’’ of 1850, however, Kirtland gave a corrected list, in
which seven doubtful species of his former list were omitted, and
two other species added, thus reducing his list to sixty-seven
species, of which number at least sixty-one are good. Kirtland
published other papers on Ohio fishes, his most important work
being ‘‘ Descriptions of the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River
and their Tributaries,’’ which appeared in the ‘‘ Boston Journal
of Natural History,’’ asa serial, in 1840-46. Eight species of
our present list were described by Dr. Kirtland, and his careful
work resulted in many valuable contributions to ichthyological
knowledge.

‘The next work of importance on Ohio fishes was that of Mr.
John H. Klippart, of the State Fish Commission, published in
the first and second annual reports of the commission. The first
report, for the years 1875-76, contains descriptions of twenty-five
species ‘‘ copied and arranged from the manuscript of Prof. D. S.
Jordan, by his assistant, Chas. H. Gilbert,’’ with comments and
notes by Klippart, and with plates of nineteen species drawn by
Miss Josephine Klippart. The same report also contains a list of
one hundred and eighty-five species of fishes “‘ supposed to occur

INTRODUCTION. 7

in Indiana, and therefore in Ohio.’’ In regard to this, Klippart
remarks, ‘‘ Messrs. Jordan and Gilbert’s Catalogue of the Fishes
of Indiana is here given, under the belief that the same species of
fishes found in Indiana south of the watershed may be found in
the waters of Ohio.’’ The list contains many species not recorded
for Ohio after the lapse of a quarter of a century, and some that,
owing to peculiarities of distribution, probably never will be
taken. The second report contains descriptions of twenty-four
species ‘‘ arranged from manuscript of Prof. D. S. Jordan, by his
assistant, Mr. Ernest Copeland,’’ with plates of sixteen species.
As a whole the reports contain much that is good.

By far the most important paper on Ohio fishes is that by
Prof. David Starr Jordan, published in the fourth volume of the
Report on the Geology of Ohio, entitled a ‘‘ Report on the Fishes
of Ohio,’’ and bearing date of December 10, 1878. Dr. Jordan
was at that time connected with Butler University, in Indiana,
and his services in the preparation of the report were engaged by
Prof. J. S. Newberry, the State Geologist of Ohio. ‘This report
contains, besides the synonymy and many valuable notes in regard
to habits, careful descriptions of a hundred and sixty-five species
of fishes supposed to occur in Ohto. Of this number, nine have
since proved to be redundant, while three others have been
reduced to varietal rank. Of the remaining number described,
more than fifty had not at that time been taken within the limits
of the state, but were included because their range was such as
made their occurrence within the state probable. Many of these
have since been noted, but at the time of publication of Jordan’s
Report only about one hundred species had been recorded for the
state.

Following Jordan’s Report, in more recent years have
appeared a number of papers dealing with investigations more
local in their nature, but all contributing materially to our knowl-
edge of the occurrence and distribution of Ohio species. The
first of these of which I have any knowledge, appeared in the
Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, for July-
October, 1888, under the title, ‘‘ Contributions to the Ichthyology
of Ohio, No. 1,” by Dr. J. A. Henshall, and gave a list, with
occurrence notes, of seventy species noted in Hamilton County.

8 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

This was followed in January, 1889, by a second paper, more
general in its nature, adding forty species noted at various points
in the state, and making a state list of a hundred and ten species
noted by himself. Localities were given for all the species
mentioned.

In 1892 appeared ‘‘ A Descriptive List of the fishes of Lorain
County, Ohio,’’ as ‘‘Laboratory Bulletin No. 2,’ of Oberlin
College, by Mr. L. M. McCormick. This list includes eighty-
eight species “‘ resting upon specimens preserved in the museum,”’
with brief descriptions, and notes on occurrence and habits, and
with plates of eighteen species.

In 1893, Dr. Philip H. Kirsch, at that time Fish Commis-
sioner of Indiana, investigated the Maumee River and its tribu-
taries, under the direction of the U. S. Commission of Fish and
Fisheries. Kirsch’s paper, ‘‘ Report upon Investigations in the
Maumee River Basin During the Summer of 1893”’ (Bull. U. S.
Fish Com., 1894), includes a list of eighty-seven species of fishes,
with descriptions of the streams and lakes of the system, and
many interesting notes. The report includes the unpublished
notes of a small collection of fishes made in Defiance County by
Prof. S. E. Meek, in 1887. Although the investigations covered
portions of the Maumee Basin in Indiana and Michigan as well as
in Ohio, the occurrences for each locality are definitely noted,
and eighty-two of the eighty-seven species mentioned by Kirsch
are recorded for localities in Ohio.

In the summer of 1897, Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer
investigated the streams of Franklin County, and published the
results in a paper entitled ‘‘A List of the Fishes of Franklin
County, Ohio, with a description of a new species of Etheostoma,
by R. C. Osburn and E. B. Williamson’’ (Sixth Annual Proceed-
ings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 1898). ‘The list
includes sixty-nine species, with occurrence notes, and some color
notes on the rarer species, together with many breeding dates,
and a table showing distribution.

A somewhat similar investigation was carried on in the sum-
mer of 1898, by Messrs. J. B. Parker, E. B. Williamson and the
writer, and the results appeared in the Seventh Annual Proceed-
ings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 1899, under the title,

INTRODUCTION. 9.

‘A Descriptive List of the Fishes of Big Jelloway Creek, Knox
County, Ohio.’’ Many color descriptions of species in high —
breeding coloration are given, and some interesting breeding and
occurrence notes.

Prof. E. B. Williamson has kindly furnished the author with
an unpublished list of twenty-six species taken by him in the
vicinity of Salem, Columbiana County.

During the summers of 1899 and 1900, aided by a portion of
the Emerson McMillin fund of the Ohio Academy of Science, the
writer was enabled to investigate some parts of the state not
before studied, and, as the general distribution of the food fishes .
was already quite well known, attention was turned more directly
to the smaller and less conspicuous species. As a result of the
investigation, several species not previously noted have been
added to the list for the state, and a number of rare species.
recorded for new localities and their range extended, while the
knowledge of the distribution of many of the more common
species in the state has been considerably furthered. Ten days—
spent in the vicinity of Ironton, seining in the Ohio River and
Ice Creek, a small tributary of the Ohio, and in Johns Creek, a
tributary of Symmes Creek, gave some interesting results. The
Ohio River, with its tributaries, Wheeling Creek and McMahon
Creek, was also seined in the vicinity of Bellaire. The shallow
waters of Sandusky Bay were hauled in many places and JVotropis
heterodon was added to the state list. ‘The Huron River, with
one of its small tributaries, was seined in the vicinity of Milan,
and fifty species, nearly all common, were taken. Ashtabula
Creek, in Ashtabula County. was seined, but yielded only a
meager list, due to the fact that the stream flows for nearly its.
whole course over a solid shale bottom. The small streams form-
ing the headwaters of the Wabash River, in Mercer County,
yielded a good representative list, forty-nine species being taken.
Stillwater and Wolf Creeks, tributaries of the Miami, near Day-
ton, were hauled, and L20g/ossum maxillingua taken—a most.
unexpected find. ‘The Cuyahoga River and its tributary, Break-
neck Creek, were seined near Kent, and the Cuyahoga again at
Hawkins; Grand River, with its small tributaries, was hauled
for some distance above Painesville, and the Chagrin River was

1 fe) THE FISHES OF OHIO.

touched at Willoughby ; Chippewa Lake, near Medina ; Summit
Lake, at Akron, and Pippin Lake, near Kent, were investigated,
and some time was also spent at Buckeye Lake, better known as
‘the Licking Reservoir; and the North Fork of Licking River,
with some of its small tributary streams, was seined near Newark.
The results of these investigations will be found embodied in the
-occurrence notes of the following list.
No attempt was made to collect the parasites of fishes, but in
a few cases these were common enough to attract the attention of
even the casual observer. In Ashtabula Creek a species of leech
was found attacking the catfish. The largest of the leeches were
about one and one-half inches in length. They were found
usually attached to the lower jaw among the barbels, which in
color they closely resembled. Not a catfish was taken in this
stream but what bore the evidence of the work of this parasite,
aud frequently a half dozen leeches would be found on a single
small catfish. In the headwaters of the Wabash River, in Mer-
cer County, a species of crustaceous parasite was found in great
numbers attacking especially the suckers and minnows. So
numerous were they that it was difficult to find individuals of
Catostomus commersonit and Campostoma anomalum, the species
most affected, without at least one of these parasites. The points
of attack were chiefly the regions immediately behind the pectoral
and ventral fins, probably because they were most protected in
such position. A Myxosporid parasite attacking WVotropis cornutus
was noted for a number of localities in central and northern Ohio.
This species has been partially described by Linton (Psorosperm
of Notropis megalops | cornutus|, Linton, Bull. U.S. Fish Com.
for 1889 (1891), IX, pp. 459-61, pl. 120, figs. 1-3), from speci-
mens taken by Mr. L. M. McCormick, in Black River, Lorain
County, September 1, 1890, and again on October 5, 1891; and
Gurley mentions it with additional notes (‘‘’ The Myxosporidia
or Psorosperms of Fishes,’’? by R. R. Gurley, Report of the
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1892 (1894), 12. Genus
et sp. incert., pp. 182-3, pl. 7, figs. 1-3). This Psorosperm has
been noted by the writer on JV. cornutus from Franklin County,
-and from Licking Reservoir in the Ohio River drainage, and from
Huron River, Cuyahoga River, Grand River, and Chagrin River,

INTRODUCTION. II

‘tributary to Lake Erie. ‘The species is evidently not, as believed
by McCormick, “‘ restricted to a very narrow geographical range.’’
The cysts formed by this parasite reproducing in the subcutan-
-eous tissue may reach a diameter of one-third inch, and as many
as eleven cysts have been noted on a single fish. It would seem
that in some cases they must inevitably cause the death of the
host.

Specimens of all the species of fishes recorded by Kellicott,
Williamson, Parker and the writer are deposited in the museum
of the Ohio State University.

In the preparation of this paper free use has been made of

‘the works of the various writers on Ohio fishes, of ‘‘ The Fishes
-of North and Middle America’’ (Bulletin 47, U. S. National
Museum), by Drs. David Starr Jordan and Barton W. Evermann ;
-of Dr. O. P. Hay’s ‘‘ Lampreys and Fishes of Indiana’’ (19th
Annual Geol. Rept. of Ind.), and of the reports and bulletins of
‘the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. The classification
is that adopted by Jordan and Evermann in Bulletin 47, U.S.
Natl. Mus. ‘The keys for the separation of families, genera and
-species have, for the most part, been taken from the same work,
but modified and abridged to meet the requirements of the more
limited scope of this paper. The descriptions have been drawn
largely from the same source, but as far as possible these have
been verified for Ohio specimens, and modified as occasion
-demanded to make them apply more closely to the species as
found in Ohio.

While it is not the purpose to discuss in this paper the gen-

-eral anatomy of the fish, such as may be found in any good
laboratory guide on zoology, a few hints to the beginner in
regard to methods of procedure and to some particular points of-
structure may here finda place. The teeth in some species are
borne on nearly all parts of the mouth and pharynx—premaxil-
laries, maxillaries, mandibles, vomer, palatines, tongue, hyoid
apparatus, pterygoids and pharyngeals, but may be wanting from
-any or all of them. ‘The examination of all but the last men-
tioned can usually be satisfactorily made through the open mouth
-by using a blunt dissecting needle or the head of a pin as a
“*“feeler.’’ It is the determination of the number and arrange-

12 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

ment of the lower pharyngeal teeth that constitutes the particular
‘“béte noire’’ of the uninitiated, but this must be mastered or
many identifications will be impossible. The lower pharyngeal
bones form the fifth pair of gill arches and usually bear teeth on
their inner surfaces, and to examine these it is necessary to
remove the bones. ‘This is most easily done in the case of the
minnows and other small species by lifting the opercle and insert-.
ing a small hook behind the gills. In the sunfish and suckers
and other larger forms it is best to run a scalpel around them
before attempting to remove them. The teeth when removed are
usually covered, more or less, with broken tissues, which can be
removed by cleaning carefully with a fine-pointed needle, or with
a soft brush under water. Incase the teeth have been broken
off, as frequently happens, the bases can be distinguished. A
good hand lens is essential. In native minnows the pharyngeal
teeth are in one or two rows, and their number and arrangement
is expressed by a formula—thus 1,4-4, 2, meaning that on one
side the small, inner row consists of one tooth, and on the oppo-
site of two, while the teeth of the outer row are the same on both
sides. The fins are composed of stout spines, or soft rays or
both. In the fin formula the number of spines is expressed by
Roman characters, and the rays by the Arabic figures. Thus the
formula, ‘‘D. X, 14,’’ indicates that the dorsal fin is composed of
ten spines and fourteen rays. If the dorsal fin were in two parts
the formula would read ‘“‘D. X-14.’’ In counting the number
of rays the undeveloped rudimentary ones are not usually consid-
ered except in the case of the catfish. A little allowance may be
made for variation in number of rays. In small specimens where
the rays are not always easy to count, a good way to determine
the number is to draw the point of a pin forward over the fin
near the base of the rays. A good lens is also useful. The
dorsal fin is usually referred to in descriptions as simply the
dorsal, and other fins in like manner. They are further abbrevi-
ated by using D., A.,C., V. and P. to stand for dorsal, anal, caudal,
ventral and pectoral fins respectively. The scal:s are counted
along the lateral line (a longitudinal row of scales each with a
small pore in most fishes) from behind the opercle to the base of
the caudal fin, and the transverse rows are counted from the front.

INTRODUCTION. 13

of the dorsal fin to the lateral line and from the lateral line to the
middle of the belly. Thus the formula, ‘‘ 6-45-4,’’ means that
there are forty-five scales in a longitudinal row, and that there are
Six rows above the lateral line and four below it. If the lateral
line were absent the formula would read, ‘‘45-10.’’ Variations,
sometimes considerable, may be looked for in the scale formula.
The gill membranes (free folds of skin below the opercles, sup-
ported by one or more branchiostegal rays) may be ‘‘ connected,”’
that is, united together in a fold below the ‘‘isthmus’’ or space
between the throat and breast, they may be ‘‘ joined to the
isthmus’’ along their lower edges, or they may be ‘‘free’’ from
the isthmus and from each other. The pre-maxillaries are ‘‘ pro-
tractile’’ when they are separated in front from the skin of the
forehead by a tramsverse groove, and ‘‘not protractile’’ when
such transverse groove is incomplete or wanting. In some fishes,
as in the bass and many sunfishes there is a ‘‘ supplemental max-
illary’’ bone lying along the upper side of the maxillary. In
taking body measurements the depth is taken at the deepest
place, and the head is measured from point of snout to the end of
the opercle, except that in sunfishes the soft flap is not measured.
Depth and length of head are compared with the length of the
whole body exclusive of the caudal fin. Thus, ‘‘ head 4’’ means
that the length of the head is contained four times in the length of
the body. The eye is measured to the full width of the orbit.
The writer desires to express his gratitude to the Depart-
ment of Zoology of the Ohio State University for the use of a seine
and other collecting apparatus, to Prof. Herbert Osborn for
kindly advice and assistance in many ways, and to the Trustees
of the Ohio State Academy of Science for pecuniary aid, through
the Emerson McMillin fund, in carrying on the work of seining.
Special acknowledgment is also due to Messrs. J. S. Hine, W. R.
Rhoades, Chas. Carter, F. L. Landacre, J. H. Pumphrey, S. E.
Rasor, Chas. Osburn, and others, who by kindly assistance in
various ways have so materially aided in the pursuit of the work.

THE PISHES OF. OHIO:

A. Body long and slender, eel-like ; skin smooth and slippery, wholly devoid of scales ;-,
no paired fins; no lower jaw; the mouth placed in or near the center of a large,
circular and sucker-like disc ; a single median nostril ; skeleton Cartilaginous.—-

Class: MARSIPOBRANCHI?! (Cyclostomes).

AA. Body variously developed, scales usually but not always present; paired fins pres-—
ent ; lower jaw always present; nostrils never median.—
Class: Pisces (True Fishes).

Class: MARSIPOBRANCHII.

Order: HYPEROARTII.
family: PETROMYZONIDAE (Lampreys).
Key to Genera.

A. Sucker large, and furnished with numerous teeth which are in rows radiating from:
the mouth ; horny plate above the mouth short and provided with 2 or 3 teeth,
which are placed close together.— ICHTHYOMYZON.

AA. Sucker relatively small, and with few teeth; mouth overhung with a crescent--
shaped, horny plate, which terminates at each end ina distinct tooth; tongue-
armed in front with a.crescentic, serrated, horny plate.— LAMPETRA.

Genus: ICHTHYOMYZON.
Ichthyomyzon concolor (Kirtland). Si1nvER LAMPREY.

Sucking disk large, moderately fringed ; teeth strong and nearly uni-
form; two teeth on supraoral plate; seven in the transverse row below
mouth, the remaining teeth arranged in about four concentric circles. Dorsal
fin arising midway from snout to end of tail, broadly notched, continuous.
with caudal ; anal fin also continuous with caudal. About fifty-two muscu-
lar grooves between gills and vent. General color bluish, sometimes.
blotched with black ; a dark blue spot above each gill opening. Length
about 12 inches.

This species appears to be distributed throughout the state,
though nowhere very common. It ascends small brooks in spring-
to breed. McCormick mentions finding females with ripe eggs
on May 22, in Vermillion river. The breeding date must be-
considerably earlier in central Ohio, as Messrs. Parker, William-
son and the writer took young larve a couple of inches long in
Big Jelloway creek, Knox County, during the latter part of May,
1898. On the same date a large larva seven inches long was.
taken, so the species must continue in the larval stage something

*It has been thought best to include here also the Lampreys (Marsipobranchi1) of
Ohio, for the reason that, in the popular idea, a lamprey isa “fish.”

“16 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

‘more than a year. One large larva, seven inches in length,
‘showed the following colors: dull yellow, pigmented above with
fine, brown specks, giving to the back a brownish cast; this is
interrupted in the mid-dorsal line, leaving a, yellow, vertebral
‘line; fins yellowish, brightest at base. Young larvee, two and
one-half inches long, were light olive brown, with fine brown
-specks above ; dark around base of anal fin. Eyes very slightly
developed. The young larve were taken froma mass of sand
-and mud seined from the bottom of Sawmill Run.

The species was first taken by Dr. Kirtland in Big Miami
river, and described by him. He afterward recorded it from the
Mahoning and Scioto rivers. Vermillion river, McCormick, 1892 ;
Big Jelloway creek, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Hen-
‘shall mentions one which passed through a hydrant in Cincinnati ;
-and Dr. Jordan says, ‘‘I have obtained several specimens with
Perch from Lake Erie, both external, feeding on the Perch, and
internal, having been devoured by the fish.”

Genus: WLAMPETRA..
Lampetra wilderi (Gage). SMALL BLACK LAMPREY ;
BROOK LAMPREY. {

Sucking disk smaller than in the preceding, the fringes longer. Dorsal
‘fin arising midway from snout to end of tail, not continuous with caudal
»except during breeding season, when it is deeply notched. Below the mouth
is a transverse row of blunt, horny teeth, 5 to 9in number. On each side
-of the disk is a plate with three bicuspid teeth; supraoral plate with a-
tooth at either end; remaining teeth few and yeni About 65 muscular
‘grooves between alls and vent. Color bluish black, lighter on disk and
‘belly. Length ‘6 to 9 inches.

Although from its range we might expect this species to occur
throughout the state, it has, I believe, been recorded for but one
‘locality. -Mr. J. B. Parker has observed it to be common on the
ripples of small tributaries of Big Jelloway creek, in Knox
‘County, about the middle of April. Four specimens were cap-
tured at one dip of an insect net, and specimens taken by him are
tin the State University collection. The Ammocetes bicolor, or
Blind Lamprey, which Kirtland records from the Mahoning river
“may have been the larva of either this or the preceding species,
-as the immature forms are so similar as to be almost indistin-
-guishable.

KEY TO FAMILIES. 17

Cuass. 2 IMSS:

Sawb-Class: "TELEOSToMI (True Fishes).
Artificial Key to the Families of Fishes.
I, VENTRAL FINS PRESENT—ABDOMINAL,.

A. Back with an adipose fin behind the single, rayed dorsal fin.
B. Head with barbels about mouth and nostrils, body scaleless; a single spine in
each pectoral and in dorsal fin.— SILURID.
BB. Head without barbels ; body scaled.
C. Dorsal, anal and ventral fins each with a small but distinct spine; scales
ctenoid.— PERCOPSID.
CC. Dorsal, anal, and ventrals without distinct spine; scales not ctenoid.—
SALMONIDZ.
AA. Back without adipose fin.

D. Dorsal fin single, composed of rays, and not preceded by a series of free spines.
EB. ‘Tail evidently strongly heterocercal.
ig Body naked; snout with a spatulate blade; mouth wide, without
barkels.— POLYODONTIDZ.

FF. Body with scales or bony plates or shields.
G. Body with 5 series of bony shields; mouth inferior, tooth-
less, preceded by four barbels.— ACIPENSERID.
GG. Body scaly.
H. Scales cyecloid; a broad, bony, gular plate; dorsal fin
many rayed.— AMIID25.
HH. Scales ganoid ; no gular plate ; dorsal fin short.—

LEPISOSTEID 2.
EE. Tail not evidently heterocercal.

ie Gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; head naked; no
teeth in jaws. ;
Ve Lower pharyngeal teeth very numerous, in one row like the
teeth of a comb.— CATOSTOMID.
JJ. Lower pharyngeal teeth few, fewer than 8, in1to3 rows.—
CYPRINID2.
II. Gill membranes free, not attached to the isthmus.
K. Head scaly, more or less.
L. Upper jaw not protractile, its lateral margins formed by
the maxillaries.
M. - Jaws depressed, prolonged ; lateral line present.—

LUCID.
MM. Jaws short; no lateral line.— UMBRID#.

LL. Upper jaw protractile, its margin formed by premaxil-
laries alone; no lateral line.— POECILIIDE.

KK. Head naked.
N. Lateral line well developed; mouth large, teeth all

pointed, some of them canine.— HIODONTID.
NN. Lateral line wanting.
©). Mouth small, inferior, toothless ; stomach gizzard-
like.— DOROSOMATID.

OO. Mouth moderate, terminal; stomach not gizzard-
like.— CLUPEID.

18 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

DD. Dorsal fin not asin D.
P. Dorsal fin single, preceded by free spines ; body scaleless.—
GASTEROSTEID.
PP. Dorsal fins, two ; the first small, compvused entirely of spines; body very
slender, covered with scales,— ATHERINIDA.

II. VENTRAL FINS PRESENT—THORACIC OR SUB-JUGULAR.

A. Body covered with scales.
B. Rays of the ventral fins, I, 5.
(Ss Lateral line extending on caudal fin to tip of middle rays.—SCIAENID@..
CC. Lateral line not extending beyond base of caudal fin.
D. Pseudobranchize or false gills on under side of opercles well devel-
oped ; head scaled forward to between nostrils.—SERRANID ®.
DD. Pseudobranchiz wanting or covered by skin.
KE. Anal spines, 3 to 10; body more or less deep and compressed.—
i CENTRARCHID®.

EE. Anal spines, 1 or 2; body usually elongate.— PERCID 2.
BB. Rays of the ventral fins not I, 5.
18, Dorsal fin single, with 3 or 4 spines.— APHREDODERID2®.
FF. Dorsal fin divided into 2 distinct parts, spines wanting.— GADID#&.
AA. Body naked ; dorsal fin with 6 or 7 spines.— COTTID#.

Ill. VENTRAL FINS ENTIRELY WANTING.

A. Body long and snake-like ; skin cov red with lonz imbedded scales at right angles.
to each other ; lower jaw projecting. — ANGUILLID.

Series: GANOIDEI.
CHONDROGANOIDEA (THE CARTILAGINOUS GANOIDS).
Opie’ SNIUAC OS TOMUL
family: POLYODONTIDA.

Genus: POLYODON.

Polyodon spathula (Walbaum). PADDLE-FISH; SPOON-BILI, Cat.

A very peculiar looking fish, recognizable at once by its long, paddle-
shaped snout, which is about 4% the length of the body and is thin and flexi-
ble. The eyes are small and placed near the base of the snout ; opercular
flap long, reaching back as far as to the ventral fins. Caudal fin large,
forked, the lobes about equal. Color olivaceous, paler below. This singular
fish attains a length of 5 or 6 feet, but is of little or no economic importance.

Taken in the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, Kirtland; ‘‘ one
was taken in a pound net (in Lake Erie) near Vermillion in
1874,’ McCormick; ‘‘common in the Ohio river,’’ Henshall,
1888.

ACIPENSERID&, 19

Order: CHONDROSTHI.

family; ACIPENSERIDA.

Key to Genera.

A. Spiracles present ; snout subconic; rows of bony shields distinct throughout ; the

tail not depressed nor mailed.— ACIPENSER.
AA. Spiracles obsolete ; snout subspatulate ; rows of bony shields confluent behind dor-
sal so that the depressed tail is completely mailed.— SCAPHIRHYNCHUS.

Genus: MACIPENSER.

Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur. LAKE STURGEON;
OHIO STURGEON ; ROCK STURGEON.

Body elongate, terete, tapering towards snout and tail. Snout long and
slender in young, becoming more blunt with age. Body covered with large,
rough, strongly hooked shields, which become smoother with age. Color
dark olive above, sides paler or reddish, with sometimes irregular dark spots.
Length 6 feet.

This species occurs both in Lake Erie and the Ohio river.
Those from the Ohio, formerly considered as belonging to a
separate species, 4. maculosus, are now regarded as the young of
A, rubicundus.. ‘‘The Ohio river as far as Pittsburg,’’ Rafin-
esque (Rafinesque made six species out of this and Scaphirhyn-
chus platorynchus, which he included in the same genus); Lake
Erie and Ohio river, Kirtland ; Lorain County, very common,
McCormick, 1892; abundant in the Ohio river, Henshall, 1888 ;
Lake Erie (west end), Kirsch, 1893.

Genus : SCAPHIRHYNCHUS.

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque).
SHOVELNOSE STURGEON.

Body slender, head broad, becoming suddenly broader just behind the
eyes. Snout flat and pointed. The body tapers gradually backward from
the head to the tail, the upper lobe of which ends ina long, slender filament.
Body protected by five rows of bony shields, which are keeled and hooked.
Color olive, paier below. Length 5 feet.

‘“Very common in the Ohio, but seldom reaching as high as
Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque ; ‘‘common in the waters of the Ohio,”’
Kirtland ; ‘‘common in the Ohio,’’ Henshall, 1888.

20 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

HOLOSTEI (THE Bony GANorps).
Order: RHOMBOGANOIDEA.
Family ; LP eMOSn aT
Genus: LEPISOSTEUS.

Key to Species.
A. Large teeth of upper jaw in I row on each side.
B. Beak long and slender, snout more than twice the length of head.— __ osseus.
BB. Beak shorter and broader, little longer than the rest of the head.—p/afostomus.
AA. Large teeth of upper jaw in 2 rows on each side; beak short and broad, not longer
than rest of head.— \ tristechus.

Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). COMMON GAR PIKE;
BILLFISH ; GAR.

Snout at least twice as long as the rest of the head, and quite slender,
its least width being contained 15 or 20 times inits length. Color olivaceous
above, paler below. Young with round, black spots on vertical fins and
posterior part of body, these becoming less distinct with age. Very young
with black, lateral band. Length 5 feet.

A voracious, good-for-nothing fish, but interesting to the
naturalist on account of its structure and habits. A common
and widely distributed species, being found in Lake Erie and
Ohio river, and in‘all the larger streams of the state. They are
very common in the Scioto river below Columbus, where the river
in summer is rotten with filth from the sewers of the city. They
have a peculiar habit of lying motionless in schools at the top of
the water. Dr. Kirtland records the species for the state as
‘‘found in most of the larger tributaries of the Ohio;’’ Lorain
County, Lak= and lower part of larger streams,’’ McCormick,
1892 ; Ohio river and Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; Maumee river,
Blanchard river, Auglaize river, Hoaglin creek and Beaver creek,
Kirsch, 1893; Scioto river at Columbus, Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Ohio river at Ironton, John’s Creek at Waterloo, Huron
river at Milan, and Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio
River at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque. SHORT-NOSED GAR.

Distinguished from Z. osseus chiefly by the snout, which is only a little
longer than the rest of the head—never more than 13 times the length of

\

LEPISOSTEIDA—AMIID A. Di

the head. The snout is also comparatively broader than in Z. osseus, its
least width being contained only 5 or 6 times in its length. Coloration much
as in LZ. osseus.

Rare in Lake Erie and its tributaries, more common in the
Ohio and its tributary rivers. Ohio, Miami and Scioto rivers,
Rafinesque; Maumee river at Toledo, ‘‘a single specimen,’’
Kirsch, 1893; Lorain county, ‘‘very rare,’’? McCormick, 1892 ;
Sandusky Bay, one specimen, and Ohio river at Ironton, R. C.
Osburn, 1899.

Lepisosteus tristcechus (Bloch and Schneider). ALLIGATOR GAR.

Snout shorter than in either of the preceding members of this genus,
being usually shorter than the head. It is also comparatively much broader,
its least width being contained in its length 3% times. length 8 or 10 feet.
“‘A huge, muscular, voracious fish, useless as food, remarkable for its arma-
ture of enameled scales.’’

This species is included on the authority of Dr. Kirtland,
who says (Rept. on the Zool. of Ohio, 1838): ‘‘A specimen is
to be seen in the Cincinnati Museum, said to have been taken
within the bounds of our state.’’ Jordan and Evermann (Bull.
47, U.S. Natl. Mus.) give its range as far as Cincinnati, whether
on added evidence I do not know.

Order: CYCLOGANOIDEA.
Family; AMIDA.
Genus: AMIA.

Amia calva Linnaeus. DOGFISH; BOWFIN ; GRINDLE.

Head 3% in length ; depth 4 to 4% ; D. 48; A. toto 12; V. 7; scalesin
lateral line 67 ; lateral line nearly median, directed slightly upward at either
end. Color dark olive or blackish, paler below; lower jaw usually with
round, dark spots; fins somewhat mottled. Male with a round, black spot
at base of caudal above, surrounded by a yellowish or orange shade. Length,
male 18 inches ; female 2 feet.

Lake Erie, Kirtland; Lake Erie and Ohio river, Jordan;
Lorain County, “‘ Rare, once in a great while one is brought in
from the pounds, and I have taken one in Black river,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; Lake Erie, Henshall; one specimen from the
Maumee river at Toledo, Kirsch, 1893; Huron river and San-
dusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899.

22 THE FISHES OF OHIO,

Serves: TELEOSTET,
Order: NEMATOGNATHI.

Family: SiLurtpa (The Catfishes).
Key to Genera.

A. Adipose fin, with its posterior margin free.
B. Premaxillary band of teeth truncate behind; not produced backward at the
outer angles.
C. Supraoccipital bone continued backward from the nape, its notched tip
receiving the bone at base of dorsal spine, so that a continuous bony

bridge is formed under the skin ; caudal finforked.— IcTaLuRuS.
CC. Supraoccipital not reaching as far as dorsal fin, the bony bridge more or
less incom plete.— AMEIURUS.
BB. Premaxillary band of teeth with a lateral backward extension on each:side;
lower jaw projecting.— LEPTOPS.
AA, Adipose fin keel-like, adnate to the back.
B. Band of teeth in upper jaw, with a backward extension at its outer posterior
angle as in Lepfops.— NOTURUS.
BB. Band of teeth in upper jaw without backward extension, as in Amezurus.—
SCHILBEODES.

Genus: ICTALURUS.
Key to Species.

A. Anal fin very long, its rays 32 to 35.— Surcatus.
AA. Anal fin shorter, its rays about 26.— punctatus.

Ictalurus furcatus (Le Sueur). CHUCKLE-HEADED CAT.

Head 4% ; depth 4 in adults to 5% in young. Anal fin long, of 32 to 35
rays. Eye small, wholly anterior, the middle of the head being behind its
posterior margin. Humeral spine not reaching middle of pectoral spine.
Color silvery, sometimes spotted with darker. Sometimes reaching a weight
of over 40 pounds.

‘‘T have seen one or two specimens taken at Cuincinnati,’’
Jordan; ‘‘common in the Ohio river,’’ Henshall, 1888. Not
recorded elsewhere in the State.

Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). CHANNEL CAT; BLUE CAT;
WHITE CAT; LADY CAT.

Head 4; depth 5; anal fin of 25 to 30 rays, usually 27 in Ohio speci-
mens. Eye large, the middle point of the length of the head being near its
posterior margin. Barbels long, those of the maxillary reaching beyond
gill opening. Humeral process long, more than 4 the length of pectoral
spine. Color light olivaceous, becoming silvery or pale on sides and belly ;
the sides usually with distinct round, dark spots, these becoming less dis-
tinct with age. Young specimens usually have a gaunt, faded-out, ‘‘con-
sumptive’’ look. It reaches a weight of about 25 pounds.

SILURIDA). 23

Distributed throughout the state, but more! abundant in the
Ohio and tributaries. Rafinesque records it under the name
Pimelodus (Silurus) maculatus, ‘‘as far as Pittsburg.’’ Kirtland
mentions it under the name Pzmelobus coerulescens, as ‘‘ common
to the Ohio and lake waters,’’ and as P. pallidus, ‘‘common in
the Ohio at Cincinnati.’’ The latter is identical with the former.
Abundant in Ohio and Little Miami rivers, Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, common, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Toledo and Grand Rapids, Kirsch, 1893; Muskingum river at
McConnellsville, Prof. D. S. Kellicott, 1895 ; Franklin County,
‘common in all larger streams, especially in Big Walnut creek,’’
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Ohio river and Ice creek at
Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Chippewa
lake, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Genus: AMEIURUS.
Key to Species.

A. Caudal fin forked.— lacustris
AA. Caudal fin not forked.
B. Anal fin long, of 24 to 27 rays (counting rudiments).— nata’ts.
BB. Anal fin shorter, of 17 to 22 rays.
(os Lower jaw projecting. Anal rays 20.— vulgaris.

CC. Lower jaw not projecting.
D.— Pectoral spines long, 2to 2% in head ; anal rays 20 to 23.—nebulosus.
DD. Pectoral spines shorter, 2% to 3 in head ; anal rays 17 to 19.—melas.

Ameiurus lacustris (Walbaum). Mussissrppr Cat; GREAT
FORK-TAILED CAT.

Head 4, low, broad and depressed, its upper surface quite flat, its width
2 its length. Depth 5; D. 1-5; A. 25 to 32, base of the fin as long as head.
Humeral process short, only a little over 4% the length of pectoral spine.
Body stouter than in the preceding genus. Caudal fin deeply forked. Color
dark olivaceous or slate, growing darker with age; belly pale, no dark spots
on sides. Our largest catfish, said to reach a weight of 150 pounds or more.

In Ohio this species is well distributed, being found in the lake,
Ohio river and larger streams. Kirtland does not record this
species, probably confusing it with his Pzmelobus coerulescens
(Ictalurus punctatus). Common in the Ohio river, Henshall,
1888 ; Lorain County, common in the lake and lower parts of
_the rivers, McCormick, 1892; Franklin County, two specimens
taken in Big Darby creek; one of these, a female weighing 41%
pounds, contained eggs, June 21, 1897, Williamson and Osburn.

24 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Ameiurus natalis (Le Sueur). YELLow Cav’.

Head broad and short; upper jaw slightly projecting. Body stoutish ;
the back low, not arched. Anal fin long, its base contained in length of
body 3% to 3% times; its rays 24 to 27. Color usually brownish or yellow-
ish, sometimes black ; belly pale or yellowish. Length about afoot. Ohio.
specimens seem to fall into the nominal variety cupreus, as indicated by the
longer upper jaw.

This is a common species in most parts of Ohio, occurring in
nearly all streams and lakes. ‘‘ The yellow catfish I have only
seen in the Cincinnati markets, where it is comparatively rare,’’
Kirtland ; Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ common
in the ponds, streams and lake,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee
river at Antwerp, Defiance, Grand Rapids and Waterville, Tiffin
river at Brunersburg, Sugar creek at Lima, Lost creek ‘at Lima,
Blanchard river at Findlay and Ottawa, Beaver creek at Grand
Rapids, ‘‘ seemingly scarce at all of these points,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy river, Big Walnut,
Little Walnut and Darby creeks, and Hell Branch, Williamson
and Osburn, 1897 ; Ohio river at Ironton, John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Chippewa lake,
Summit lake, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Ameiurus vulgaris (Thompson). LOoNG-JAWED CATFISH.

Head 3% to 4, a little longer than broad, considerably narrowed forward
when viewed from above, lower jaw distinctly projecting. Body somewhat
elongate and compressed, the back somewhat elevated. Analrays 20. Color
dark brownish or black, becoming white rather abruptly on the belly.
Length 18 inches.

The Long Jawed Catfish is not common in Ohio, but seems to
be widely distributed. Jordan mentions it as ‘‘taken in Lake
Erie and occasionally in the Ohio’’ ; Henshall in 1889 records it
for Wake’ Enrie-” Worain County?“ Martin’s® sun onlyareus
recorded,’’ McCormick, 1892; two specimens from the Ohio
canal at Columbus, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Pippin lake,
R. C. Osburn, 1900.

SILURIDA. DE

Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). ComMMoN BULIL-HEAD ;
HORNED Pour.

Head broad and flattened, upper jaw noticeably the longer. Body rather
elongate, depth 4 to 4%. Anal fin with 20 to 22 rays, its base contained 4
times in length of body. Humeral process more than % the length of the
rather long pectoral spine. Color dark brown or brownish yellow, usually
somewhat clouded, sometimes nearly black.. Length 18 inches.

A very common species in the lake and its tributaries, less
common in the Ohio river drainage, but found in all larger
streams, ‘‘ Occasionally seen in the Cincinnati markets,’’ Kirt-
land; Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘common in
all streams,’’ McCormick, 1892; Matmee river at Cecil and
Waterville, Fish creek at Edgerton, St: Mary’s river at St.
Mary’s, Gordon and Lost creeks near Cecil, Tiffin river at West
Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Wapakoneta, Clover-.
dale, Oakwood and Defiance, Sugar creek at Cloverdale and Lima,
Lost creek at Lima, Blanchard river at Findlay and Cloverdale,
Hoaglin creek at Oakland, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County,
Scioto river, Olentangy river, Mason’s run, Big Walnut, Little
Walnut, Big Darby and Alum creeks, Williamson & Osburn,
1897; Huron-river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek at.
Ashtabula, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Pippin lake, Summit lake, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.

Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque). BLACK BULL-HEAD.

Body stout, short and deep, back high, the profile nearly straight to base
of dorsal fin. Head broad, rounded in front, jaws about equal. Pectoral
spine short, its length contained 2'% to 3 times in length of head. Anal fin
short and deep, its base 4% to 5 in length of body, rays 17 to 19, the light.
colored rays contrasting sharply with the dark membranes. Color almost.
black, sometimes brownish or yellowish, the belly pale or yellowish. ‘This
species shares with the three next preceding the name of Bull-head, the-
ordinary fisherman not drawing very fine distinctions in regard to species.

The Black Bull-head is the most abundant species of catfish in
the state, found in nearly all streams and ponds of whatever size,
and especially in the Ohio river drainage. It is less abundant in
the lake drainage. Itis a mud loving species and is less likely to.
be found in clear, swift streams than in muddy, stagnant bayous..
A. xanthocephalus Rafinesque is now recorded as synonymous.

E26 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

with 4. melas. Recorded by Kirtland as 4. xanthocephalus, and
by Jordan as A. melas and szanthocephalus. ‘‘ Very common in
‘Ohio and Little Miami rivers and Mill creek,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in all streams and ponds,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; Maumee river at Cecil and St. Mary’s river at
Rockford, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, in nearly all streams,
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek at Howard,
Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Ohio river at Ironton,
Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and
Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark,
R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Sandusky, Prof. D. S. Kellicott, Williamson
-and Osburn, 1896; Niggermill run at Salem, E. B. Williamson,
1900; Sandusky bay at ‘‘ Black Channel,’’ Breakneck creek and
‘Cuyahoga river near Kent, and Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, -
1900; June 22 is given as a breeding date by Williamson and
‘Osburn.

Genus: JL EPTOPS.
Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque). Mup Cart.

Body slender, depressed forward, the head extremely flat, the lower jaw
‘the longer. Dorsal spine very weak, only % the height of the fin ; caudal
fin slightly emarginate ; anal short, its base about 1 the length of body, its
rays12to15. Yellowish, much mottled with brown and greenish, whitish
below. Size large, reaching a weight of 50 to 75 pounds.

Jordan says, ‘‘ This species abounds in the Ohio river and its
larger tributaries,’’ but it is probably common nowhere in Ohio
except in the southwestern part of the state. Henshall records
it for White Oak creek and the Ohio river, 1889; and in 1892
McCormick mentions the occurrence in Lake Erie, Lorain
County, as “quite rare; I have seen but one specimen fresh,
‘though I have noticed heads on the beach.”’

Genus: NOTURUS.
Noturus flavus Rafinesque. YELLOW STONE CaT.

Head broad and flat, much depressed, 4 in length of body. Body terete,
tail compressed. Soft dorsal fin keel-like, separated from caudal by a deep
notch. Dorsal spine very short, only % as long as pectoral spine ; caudal
‘rounded ; anal short, itsrays about 16. Brownish yellow, varying into bluish
or blackish. Length 1 foot.

SILURIDA. 27

Widely distributed and generally common in suitable locali-
ties. It is found most abundantly on stony ripples of the larger
‘streams, and on sandy and gravelly bottoms of rivers and lakes.
‘Occasionally found beneath stones in the Mahoning river,’’
Kirtland ; ‘‘much more abundant in the Ohio and its immediate
tributaries than in the streams of the interior,’’ Jordan ; ‘‘ abun-
dant in Little Miami river, Mill creek and nearly all streams”’
(Hamilton County), Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ larger
streams and the Jake,’’ McCormick. 1892; Maumee river at
Defiance, Grand Rapids and Waterville, Fish creek at Edgerton,
St. Mary’s river at Rockford, Auglaize river at Cloverdale and
Defiance, Blanchard river at Ottawa, Hoaglin creek at Oakland,
and Blanchard river and Sugar creek at Cloverdale, Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, ‘‘abundant in all larger streams, Scioto and
Olentangy rivers, Big Walnut, Little Walnut, Alum, Big and
Little Darby creeks, Black Lick and Hell Branch,’’ Williamson
and Osburn, 1897; Knox County, Big Jelloway creek, Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 18¢8 ; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron
river at Milan, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C.
Osburn, 1899; Lake Erie at Sandusky, frequently thrown up
dead on the beach by the waves; not noticed in Sandusky bay,
Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.

Genus: SCHILBEODES.
Key to Species.

A. Pectoral spine entire or grooved behind, never retrcrsely serrate; adipose fin high
and continuous, not separated by a notch from the caudal.— LVVINUS.
AA. Pectoral spine distinctly serrate behind.

B. Adipose fin nearly or quite free from caudal; color nearly plain brownish,
saddle-like blotches faint, everywhere pigmented with fine dots; anterior
edge of pectoral spine retrorsely serrate.— “eleutherus.

BB. Adipose fin not quite free from caudal; color much variegated, back with dis-
tinct saddle-like blotches ; pectoral spine strong, its anterior edge with few
serrations.— MIUVUS.

Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). CHUBBY STONE CAT;
TADPOLE CAT. ;

Head large, broad and depressed, 3% to 4in length; mouth wide, jaws
about equal. Body short and stout, pot-bellied, shaped much like a tadpole.
Caudal peduncle comparatively long and compressed. Pectoral spine not
‘serrated behind, but grooved instead. Anal fin with 13 rays. Soft dorsal

28 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

continuous with caudal, scarcely notched. Color yellowish brown or brown-
ish olive, nearly uniform ; a distinct narrow, black line along lateral line.
Length 5 inches.

Rather irregularly distributed, but common in suitable locali-
ties. Dr. Jordan (Ohio Rept.) says of this species and .S. mzurus
that ‘‘ their habits are similar, they are usually found together
and are about equally abundant in Ohio,’’ but in the writer’s
experience S. wzzzrus has been found much more generally dis-
tributed, occurring in the open water of streams, usually on
gravelly or stony bottom, while gyrzzus seems to prefer the
quiet of lakes and ponds, and in the course of several years col-
lecting the two species have never been taken together. ‘S.
gyrinus was observed by Prof. D. S. Kellicott, Mr. E. B. Will-
iamson and the writer to be common among the decaying vegeta-
tion in shallow water in Sandusky Bay in 1896; ‘‘ Ross lake,”’
Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘ Common on mud banks in
the lower parts of streams entering the lake,’’ McCormick, 1892;
Maumee river at Toledo, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s, ‘‘ every-
where scarce,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, Mason’s run and
Big Darby creek, rare, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Sandusky
Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Summit lake, Licking reservoir, R. C.
Osburn, rgoo.

Schilbeodes eleutherus (Jordan).

Head broad and flat, much depressed, narrowed anteriorly, 334 in body ;
upper jaw much longer than the lower, which is included. Body much of
the same form as that of S. mzuwrus, but with the back somewhat higher ;
depth 4% in length. Soft dorsal free from caudal, or only very slightly con-
nected. Color nearly uniform brown above, lighter below, flecked every-
where except on middle of belly, with black dots. Distinguished from
S. miurus, which it most nearly resembles, by the free adipose fin, the longer:
upper jaw and the absence of distinct, black, saddle-like blotches on the back.
Length 4 inches.

I know of but one specimen of this very rare species taken
within the limits of the state. This was taken in Big Walnut
creek, Franklin County, by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer,
June 25, 1897.

SILURID&. 29

Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). CROSS-BARRED STONE CAT.

Head very much depressed, rounded anteriorly, 33/ in length; upper
jaw longer but not so much so as in the preceding species. Depth about
5 in length; back scarcely elevated ; adipose fin connected with caudal, but
more or less deeply notched. Conspicuously mottled with gray and blackish,
with 3 or 4 definite black blotches across the back. Length, 4 inches.

A rather common and widely distributed species. Ohio river
at Raccoon I., Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, quite rare, Ver-
million and Black rivers, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Antwerp, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at Rock-
ford, Tiffin river at West Unity and Brunersburg, and Auglaize
river at Cloverdale, Oakwood and Defiance, ‘‘In an old mill race
which empties into Tiffin river near West Unity large numbers
were caught, common in Hoaglin creek near Oakwood, rather
searce at all other points,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, gen-
erally common, abundant in Big Walnut, taken also in Scioto
river, Olentangy river, Black Lick, Little Walnut, Big Darby
and Alum creeks, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Ohio river at
Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula
creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina, North Fork of Lick-
ing river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Ohio river at Bellaire,
R. C. Osburn, 1900. Females were observed with ripe eggs from
June 25 to July 6, 1897, by Mr. Williamson and the writer.

30

AA.

AA.

THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Order eb CLrOSROND MAL
Sub-Order -« EVENTOGNATHI.
Family: Catostomipa; (The Suckers).

Key to Genera.

Dorsal fin elongate, developed rays 25 to 50, air bladder in 2 parts.

B. Fontanelle present, body ovate, scales large.
C. Mouth large, more or less terminal, protractile forward; pharyngeal
bones and teeth moderate, large species of dark color.— ICTIOBUS.

CC. Mouth smaller, inferior, protractile downward ; pharyngeal bones nar-
row, the teeth thin and weak ; smaller species, pale in color.—

CARPIODES.
BB. Fontanelle obliterated by union of parietal bones; body elongate; scales
rather small ; lips thick and papillose.— CYCLEPTUS.

Dorsal fin short, 10 to 18 developed rays.
D. Air bladder in 2 parts.
EB. Lateral line present, complete and continuous; scales small, more than
50 in lateral line.— CATOSTOMUS.
* HE. Lateral line interrupted or wanting, scales large, less than 50 in lat. line.
F. Lateral line entirely wanting.— ERIMYZON.
FF. Lateral line more or less developed, especially in the adult.—-
MINYTREMA.
DD. Air bladder in 3 parts; scales large; lateral line complete.
G. Mouth normal, the lower lip entire or merely lobed, the upper lip pro-

tractile.
H. Pharyngeal bones moderate, the teeth compressed, not molar-like,
increasing in size gradually downward.— MOxXOSTOMA.
HH. Pharyngeal bones very strong, the lowerteeth very much enlarged,
cylindrical and truncate, molar-like.— PLACOPHARYNX.
GG. Mouth singular, the upper lip not protractile, greatly enlarged, the lower
lip developed as two separate lobes.— LAGOCHILA.

Genus : ICTIOBUS.
Key to Species.

Mouth large, terminal, protractile forward ; lips very thin, lower pharyngeals and
teeth weak.— cvprinella.
Mouth smaller, more or less inferior, and with thicker lips; pharyngeal bones.

stronger ; the teeth comparatively coarse and large. :
B. Back scarcely elevated, depth 3 to 34% in length.— UrUs.
BB. Back elevated and compressed, depth 2% to 234 .— bubalus.

Ictiobus cyprinella (Cuvier and Valenciennes). COMMON BUFFALO FISH ;

RED-MOUTHED BUFFALO.

Head very large and thick, 3% inlength ; depth 2% to 3%. Developed

rays of dorsal fin 27 to 29 ; analg; ventrals 10, Scales 7-37 to 41-6. Body
robust, moderately compressed, the outline somewhat elliptical, but the back.
rather more curved than the belly. Opercular apparatus very strong, the
operculum forming nearly % the length of the head. Color dull brownish
olive, not silvery, fins dusky. Length nearly 3 feet.

CATOSTOMIDA. 3k

According to Jordan, the Red-mouthed Buffalo Fish abounds
in the Ohio river and its larger tributaries, and Henshall reports
it “‘ very common in Ohio river.’’? Not reported for any other
locality.

Ictiobus urus (Agassiz). MONGREL BUFFALO; RAZOR-BACKED BUFFALO.

Head very stout, strongly transversely convex, thicker, larger and less-

pointed than in /. 6udalus, about 4 in length. Eye about equal to snout, 5%
in head, much smaller than in Z. dudalus. Mouth large, considerably
oblique, approaching that of /. cyprinella. Body much less elevated and
compressed than in /. dubalus, the back not at all carinated ; 3 to 3% in

length. D. 30; A. 10; scales 8-41-7. Longest ray of dorsal scarcely % the-
length of base of fin; anal rounded. Colors very dark, fins all black. ‘‘ Not.

always separable from JZ. cyprinel/a, and perhaps not really different.”’

Ohio river at Cincinnati, Henshall, 1889. Not mentioned by-

any other collector.

Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque). BUFFALO FISH ; SMALL-MOUTHED
BUFFALO ; RAZOR-BACK ; SUCKER-MOUTHED BUFFALO.

Head moderate, triangular in outline when viewed from the side, 4 in.

length, mouth quite small. Body considerably elevated and compressed
above ; the dorsal region sub-carinate, the belly thicker ; depth 2% to 234.
Highest dorsal ray reaching much beyond middle of fin; D. 29; A. 10;

V. 10; scales 8-39-6. Color brownish olive, paler below, the lower fins.

slightly dusky. Length 30 inches.
Recorded by Rafinesque for the Ohio, *‘as far as Pittsburg.’’

Also recorded for the state by Kirtland. ‘‘ Abundant in the Ohio.
river,’ Henshall, 1888. Not recorded for any other point of the-

state.
Genus: CARPIODES.
Key to Species.
A. Body sub-fusiform, depth about 3in length. Dorsal with about 30rays.— carpvo.
AA. Body ovate oblong, the back eleva ed, depth about 2% in length.
B. Lips thin, silvery white, the halves meeting in a wide angle.
C; Head large, snout blunt ; eye large, 3% to 4.— difformts.
CC. Head small and pointed, the snout projecting, eye small, 5 to 5% in,
head.— thompsont.

BB. Lips full, thick, reddish in life, the halves of lower lip meeting in an acute -

angle.— velifer.

Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque). BiG CARP SUCKER.

Head comparatively short, 4 to5 in body. Body more fusiform than in.

others of the genus, compressed, but not much arched, depth 2% to 3..

132 THE, FISHES OF OHIO.

Anterior rays of dorsal short, much thickened and osseus at base, especially
in adults, the longest ray a little more than 4 the base of the fin, which con-
sists of 30 rays; caudal moderately forked. Eye medium, anterior, 4% in
head. Muzzle short, but projecting beyond mouth. 36scales in lateral line.

Limited in its distribution to the Ohio and its larger tribu-
taries. ‘‘’The commonest species of its genus in the Ohio river,
and it is often found in the streams of the interior,’’ Jordan.
Very abundant in the Ohio river, Henshall, 1888 ; Ohio river at
Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, IQOO.

Carpiodes difformis Cope.

Snout very blunt, the maxillary reaching to front of pupil. Nostrils
very near tip of snout. Lips thin, silvery colored in life, the lower q-shaped.
Head 4% in body; depth 2% to 234, the back considerably elevated. Eye
quite large, 3% to 4 in head. D. 24, its first rays very high; A. 8; V.9;
scales, 6-35-4.

Recorded for the state by Jordan, under the name of C.
cutisanserinus (Cope), as ‘‘ abundant in the Ohio.’’ C. cutzsan-
serinus is now regarded as identical with C. dzfformis. “ Abund-
ant in Ohio river, young common in Little Miami river,’’ Hen-
shall, 1888. Klippart, in his first report, says of this species,
that it ‘‘ abounds in Lake Erie, but this must be a mistake, prob-
ably in regard to the species, as C. difformis is not, I believe,
known to occur in the St. Lawrence System.’

Carpiodes thompsoni Agassiz. LAKE CARP.

Body stout, short, the back much elevated, depth 2% in length. Head
small, 4 to 4% in length, the snout pointed; lips thin, white, meeting at a
wide angle. Eye small, 5 to 5% in head. Tip of lower jaw much in adyance
of nostrils ; maxillary reaching line of orbit. Dorsal of about 27 rays, aris-
ing about midway from snout to base of caudal, its anterior rays high, % as
long as base of fin. A. 7; V. 10; scales rather closely imbricated, 5-39 to
4o-6.

‘‘ Abtindant in Lake Erie. I have examined many specimens
from Sandusky Bay,’ Jordan; lake Erie, Henshall, 1889;
Lorain County, ‘‘not very common,’’ McCormick, 1892; Lake
Erie at Toledo, Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U. S. Nat'l.
Mus. ).

CATOSTOMID &. 33

Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque). Qui~L BACK; SPEARFISH.

Head 33 to 4; lips thick, full, flesh-colored in life, the halves of the
lower meeting at an acute angle; muzzle projecting, conic; eye 4 to 5 in
head. Back much arched; depth 2% to 3. Dorsal fin of about 27 rays, the
anterior rays very long and filamentous, sometimes as long as the base of the
fin. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes slender, the upper lobe the longer.
Seales 7-35-5.

Recorded by Rafinesque for the Ohio river as far as Pittsburg.
‘Quite common in Ohio river, young ones common in Little
Miami river and tributaries,’’ Henshall, 1888; Maumee river at
Antwerp, Defiance, Grand Rapids and Toledo, Tiffin river at
Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Cloverdale, Oakwood and Defi-
ance, Blanchard river at Ottawa and Cloverdale, Hoaglin creek
near Oakland, Beaver creek at Grand Rapids, ‘‘ rather common
at all these points,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Scioto river, Scioto Big Run,
Mason’s Run and Hell Branch, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Scioto river at Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, Wolf creek near
Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Breakneck creek and Cuyahoga river near Kent, Chippewa
lake, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon’s
Run at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1g00.

Cycleptus elongatus (Le Sueur). BLACK HoRsE ;
MISSOURI SUCKER.

Depth 4 to 5; head 6 to 8%; eye small, 6to 7in head. D. 30, its long-
est ray a little longer than head; A. 7 or 8; scales 9-56-7. Color very dark,
males in spring almost black. Length 2% feet.

Apparently confined in this state to the Ohio river. ‘‘ As faras
Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque. Recorded for the Ohio by Kirtland and
by Jordan, and Henshall in 1888 mentions it as ‘‘ not uncommon
in the Ohio river.

34 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: CATOSTOMUS.

Key to Species.

A. Head transversely convex above, the orbital rim not elevated, scales in lateral line
60 or more.
B. Scales in lateral line about I00,— catostomus.
BB. Scales in lateral line 64 to 70.— : commervsonit,.
AA. Head broad, depressed, and transversely convex between the orbits; scalesin lateral
line, 48 to 55. a NIGVICANS.

Catostomus catostomus (Forster). NORTHERN SUCKER.

This species can at once be distinguished from the others of the genus
occurring in Ohio, by the great number of scales in the lateral line, 95 to 114.
About 29 cross rows between dorsal and ventrals. Head broad above, pointed
in front ; snout a little longer than remainder of head and much overhang-
ing the mouth. Body rather slender and somewhat terete. D. 10; A. 7.
Color, above, smoky gray ; below, white. Length 2% feet.

This species is one of northern distribution, probably not
occuring in the tributaries of the Ohio. ‘‘ Quite abundant in
Lake Erie,’’ Jordan (Ohio Rept.), 1878; Lake Erie, Henshall,
1889.

Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). COMMON SUCKER ;
FINE-SCALED SUCKER.

Head rather conical, 4% in length of body, flattish above, but not con-
cave between the eyes. Body moderately stout, terete or sub-terete, becom-
ing heavier at the shoulders with age, depth 4 to 5 in length. D. 11 or 12;
scales small, 10-64 to 70-9. Color olivaceous, tending toward blackish on
back and lateral line. Length 18 inches.

One of the commonest species in the state, found in abund-
ance in nearly every stream. Recorded for the state by Kirt-
land for the Big Miami, and small brooks of northern Ohio ;
‘“ Swarming in every pond and stream in Ohio,’’ Jordan (Ohio
Rept.); Hamilton County, ‘‘ Everywhere abundant,’’ Henshall,
1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ Very common in all our waters,’’
McCormick, 1892; recorded by Kirsch for nearly every locality
seined in the Maumee River System, 1893; taken by Mr. Wil-
liamson and myself in every stream in Franklin County, 1897 ;
in every stream of the Big Jelloway Creek System in Knox
County, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; taken by myself
in 1899, at the following places: Ohio river and Ice creek at

CATOSTOMIDA. 35

Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, Ashta-
bula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and
Wolf creeks near Dayton, and North Fork of Licking river at
Newark ; and in 1900 in the Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Break-
neck creek near Kent, Chippewa lake, Grand river at Painesville,
Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio
river and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, and Licking reservoir.

Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur. HoG SUCKER; STONE ROLLER.

Head large, concave between the eyes, 44% in length. Body nearly
terete, depth 4% to5. D. 10 or 11; scales 48 to 55 in lateral line. Color,
olive, becoming brownish on the back, which is crossed by several dark,
irregular blotches ; belly white. Length 2 feet.

This Sucker is very widely distributed over the state, being
found in all suitable localities. Its especial haunts are clear,
stony ripples and rock-bottomed pools. Not taken in lakes.
Kirtland records it as two species, 7ypentelium macropterum and
Catostomus nigrans, ‘‘extremely abundant in every running
iene 1 Ohio.) jordan (Ohio. Rept.) tamultont Coumtay,
‘“Cevyerywhere abundant,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County,
McCormick, +892; Kirsch, 1893, records it for the streams at
nearly all points investigated in the Maumee River System, ‘‘ none
taken in the lakes’’; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy
river, Scioto Big Run, Grant’s Run, Big Walnut creek, Rocky
Fork, Black Lick, Alum creek, Big and Little Darby creeks and
Hell Branch, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; every stream in the
Big Jelloway Creek System, Parker, Williamson and Osburn,
1898; Ohio river and Ice creek at Ironton, John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton and
North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river
and McMahon’s creek at Bellaire, and the outlet of Licking
reservoir into Licking river, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

36 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: ERIMYZON.
Erimyzon sucetta oblongus (Mitchell). SWEET SUCKER ;
CHUB SUCKER.

Head 4 to 44% in length; snout not projecting ; eye 44% to 43 in head.
Body stout, compressed ; depth in adults about 3, but younger specimens.
much more slender ; back arched, old specimens becoming quite gibbous at
the nape. Lateral line entirely wanting. Scales about 4o, closely imbri-
cated and somewhat crowded anteriorly, sometimes showing irregularities of
arrangement. Length to inches. Color varying with age, in adults brown
or brownish olive above, with a tendency to brassy on sides and belly ;
younger specimens are plain olivaceous, occasionally bright, ‘‘ gold-fish
yellow’? ; very young with a distinct, black lateral band, which breaks up-
into blotches a little later. Ohio specimens show some variations between
the typical Z. sucetfa and the variety odlongus, but seem to agree more
closely with the variety than with the typical form.

The Chub Sucker, or Sweet Sucker, is widely distributed over
the state, but its occurrence is irregular. At some points itis an
abundant species, at others rare. ‘‘ Common in Little Miami and
Ohio rivers,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; ‘‘ not common, I have taken a few
in the lower part of Beaver creek,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee
river at Toledo, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at
St. Mary’s, Tiffinsriver at West Unity, Lost and Gordon creeks.
near Cecil, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto river, Scioto:
Big Run, Grant’s Run, Big Darby, Little Darby and Hell
Branch, Osburn and Williamson, 1897; Ohio river at Ironton,,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
R. C. Osburn, 1899; Licking reservoir, EK. B. Williamson ; San-
dusky Bay, very common in Black Channel, Grand river at
Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at
Bridgeport, and Ohio river and McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C-
Osburn, Igoo.

Genus: MINYTREMA.

Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque). WINTER SUCKER ; SPOTTED SUCKER;
STRIPED SUCKER.

Head 4% ; snout round, a trifle projecting. Body elongate, somewhat
terete, back somewhat arched in front of dorsal fin; depth about 4. D. 12;
A. 7. Scales about 46. Lateral line wanting in young, present but more or
less interrupted in adults. Coloration dusky olive above, each scale with a
more or less distinct black spot at its base, these forming rows along the
rows of scales. Length about 18 inches.

CATOSTOMID. 37

Not usually a common species, though widely distributed.
Recorded by Kirtland, 1838; Hamilton County, Little Miami
and tributaries, Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ Rare, Ver-
million river and Beaver creek,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee
river at Grand Rapids, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, Fish creek
at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s and Rockford,
Auglaize river at Wapakoneta and Cloverdale, Blanchard river at
Findlay, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy
river, Black Lick, Little Walnut and Big Darby, Williamson and
Osburn, 1897 ; Stillwater creek near Dayton, and Wabash river
near Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899. At the latter place, in a series
of pools formed by the outlet of St. Mary’s reservoir, the species
was taken in abundance, the only time I have ever taken more
than a few individuals in one locality.

Genus: MOXOSTOMA.

Key to Species.

A. Dorsal fin of 15 to 18 rays; lower lip V-shaped.— anisurum.
AA. Dorsal fin of less than 15 rays; lower lip truncate behind, not evidently V-shaped.
B. Head rather large, 4 to nearly 5in length, snout little projecting.—aureolum.
BB. Head small and conic, about 5% in length, the snout much projecting beyond
the small mouth.— breviceps.

Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque). WHITE-NOSED SUCKER.

Head short and broad, flattened above, 374 to 44% in length, eye midway
in head, 4 to 5 in its length. Body compressed ; back high, considerably
amore arched than in JZ, aureolum,; depth 3% in length. Fins all large.
‘Color bright olivaceous to smoky above, white or silvery on sides and belly.
Most easily distinguished from other species of the genus occurring in Ohio,
by the long dorsal fin, containing from 15 to 18 rays.

This species is found in both the Lake and Ohio river drain-
age, but is not usually very common, and is confined to the larger
streams. Ohio river, ‘‘as far as Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque. Given
by Jordan (Ohio Rept.) as three species—J/. anisurum, of which
he says, ‘‘I have seen a few specimens, obtained in the Cincin-
nati market’’; AZ. velatum, ‘‘ frequently taken in the Ohio river
and its tributaries,’’ and JZ, carpio, from Lake Erie and the Ohio
at Cincinnati and Marietta. These three are now regarded as
synonymous (See Bull. 47, U. S. Natl. Mus.). Hamilton County,

(0)

THE FISHES OF OHIO.

i>)

not uncommon in Ohio river, Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County,
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Antwerp, Defiance and
Toledo ; Tiffin. river at West Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize
river at Cloverdale, Oakwood and Defiance; Blanchard river at
Ottawa, Hoaglin creek near Oakwood, Beaver creek at Grand
Rapids, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy
river and Alum creek, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Ohio river
at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio.
river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn; 1go0o.

Moxostoma aureolum (Le Sueur). RED-HORSE; MULLET;
WHITE SUCKER.

Head 4 to 5, flattened above ; snout slightly projecting ; eye 43¢ in head.

Body rather stout, somewhat compressed ; back, little elevated; depth 4 in
length. D.13. or more rarely 12 or 14; A. 7; scales about 45. Color oliva-
ceous above, sides silvery ; lower fins reddish, especially during the breed-
ing season.

Until very recent years this has been recorded as two species,
the short-headed, small-mouthed form as MZ. aureolum, and the
more ordinary form as J/7. macrolepidotum duquesniz (Le Sueur).
This matter is cleared up by Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47,
U.S. Natl. Mus.). It is very probable that some collectors have
confused the short-headed form with JZ. breviceps (Cope), as I
can find no record of AZ. breviceps for Ohio in any paper preceding
Bull. 47, U. S. Natl. Mus., in which it is recorded as abundant
in some portions of the state. However, as I have no direct evi-
dence of any such error, I include all records for JZ. aureolum
and JZ. macrolepidotum duquesnit under JZ. aureolum. Ohio
river, ‘‘ as far as Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque ; recorded for the state
by Kirtland as Catostomus aureolus, C. Duquesnit and C. ery-
thurus ; Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in all streams explored,”
Lake Erie, Henshall, 1888-89; Lorain County, McCormick,
1892; Maumee river at Defiance, Grand Rapids and Waterville,
St. Mary’s river at Rockford, Auglaize river at Oakwood, Sugar
creek at Lima, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, west end of Lake
Erie, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, ‘‘abundant, taken in all
but the smallest streams,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox
County, Big Jelloway creek system, ‘‘abundant, the young fry

CATOSTOMID AS. 39

ascending even the smallest brooks,’’ May 26 given asa breeding
date, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river and Ice
creek at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan,
Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of
Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run
at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheel-
ing creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon creek at
Wheeling, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Moxostoma breviceps (Cope).

Form of a Coregonus, with deep, compressed body, small head, and a
conic snout, which overhangs the very small mouth. Caudal fin, with the
upper lobe falcate, much longer than the lower. Dorsal fin short, high,
falcate, the anterior rays 114 to 1% times base of fin, the free border much
concave. Depth 3% in length. Head5to5%. D.120r13. Scales 6—45-5.
Lower fins bright red.

“Abundant in Lake Erie; our specimens from Sandusky,
Toledo and Cincinnati,’’ Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U. S.
Natl: Mus. ).

Genus: PLACOPHARYNX.

Placopharynx duquesnii (Le Sueur).

Head 4; snout rounded, projecting ; lower jaw somewhat oblique when
closed ; eye 4% in head. Body rather stout, somewhat compressed, in form
like that of J7. aureolum,; D. 13; A. 7 (not 9, as is usually given, in any
Ohio specimens I have seen); scales 6-45-6. Lower pharyngeal bones very
strong, the lower teeth on these bones very strong and molar-like, little
compressed, and having broad grinding surfaces.

This species so closely resembles J7. auveolum that it can be
positively distinguished only by the appearance of the lower
pharyngeal teeth, and it has no doubt been much overlooked.
Recorded by Jordan (Ohio Rept.) on the strength of a skeleton
found by Dr. J. M. Wheaton in the Scioto river at Columbus, one
of the very few specimens known at that time. ‘The species has
since proved to be well distributed over the state, though not
usually abundant. Hamilton County, not rare in the Ohio, Hen-
shall, 1888; Lorain County, Lake Erie, common with other

40 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

mullets, McCormick, 1892; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olen-
tangy river and Big Darby creek, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1g00.

Genus: WAGOCHILA,

Lagochila lacera Jordan and Brayton. HARE-LIP SUCKER;
CuT-LIPs.

Head short, conical, with lengthened snout, the region between the eyes
flattened and with prominent mucous ridges. Cheeks and lower part of head
rather swollen. Opercle much reduced, its greatest length scarcely greater
than diameter of eye. Head 4% in length. Eye 4% in head, 2 in length of
snout. Body rather slender, depth 47%. Dorsal fin rather low, its rays 12 ;
A. 7; V.9; scales 5-45-5. Mouth very singular ; the upper lip is broad and
fleshy, not separated from the skin of the forehead by a crease ; at each side
of the mouth a sharp fold of skin is formed, which descends to the mid line
below, passing under the lower jaw, but is separated from that of the oppo-
site side by a longitudinal crease; in front of these the fleshy lower lip is
split into two large depending lobes.

This species has been recorded for but three localities in the
state. Its rare occurrence in the state was first noted by
Dr. Jordan in Klippart’s ‘‘Second Annual Report of the Ohio
State Fish Commission for 1877,’’ where he says: ‘‘ Mr. Klip-
part finds it very abundant in the Scioto, where it has been over-
looked by all the collectors from Rafinesque and Kirtland down,’’
and Mr. Klippart further comments: ‘‘ The fisherman assured
me that he had taken them several years in succession.’’ Twenty
years later, the investigations on the fishes of Franklin County,
carried on by Mr. Williamson and the writer, and extending over
a period of several years, failed to bring to ight a single speci-
men of this species, though the Scioto river was hauled in many
places. ‘The species has been taken in the state by Kirsch, in
1893, in the Auglaize river at Cloverdale, and in the Blanchard
Tiver at Ottawa.

KEY TO GENERA.—CYPRINIDA. 4I

Family: CypRinipaj (The Minnows).
Key to Genera.

I. (Dorsal fin long, with 2 or 3 spines, and 18 or 20rays ; introduced species.

A. Teeth in 3 rows, I, I, 3-3-1, 1, all molar; 4 barbels.— CYPRINUS.
AA. Teeth in 1 row, 4-4, molar, but compressed ; barbels wanting.— CARASSIUS.)

II. Dorsal fin short, without developed spine.

A. Air bladder surrounded by many conyolutions of the very long alimentary

canal.— CAMPOSTOMA.
AA. Air bladder above the alimentary canal, not surrounded by convolutions of the
intestine.

B. Alimentary canal more than twice the length of body; teeth in 1 row?
peritoneum usually black.
(Ss Teeth 5-5 or 4-5; scales minute.— CHROSOMUS.
CC. Teeth 4-4; scales larger.
D. A small barbel present at base of maxillary ; color silvery.—
HYBOGNATHUS.
DD. Barbel wanting; color olivaceous, little silvery —PIMEPHALES.
BB. Alimentary canal less than twice the length of body; peritoneum usually
silvery.
E. Lower jaw normally formed, dentary bones free from each other
except at the symphysis.
F. ‘Yeeth in main row 5-5 or 4-5.
G. Abdomen rounded behind ventral fins, not compressed
into a scaleless ridge; anal basis short.
H. A minute barbel present on maxillary at a little

distance above its base.— SEMOTILUS.
HH. Maxillary without barbel.
if Teeth in 2 rows, 2, 4-5, 2.— LEUCISCUS.
II. Teethin1row, 5-5. Mouth extremely small.—
OPSOPGODUS.
GG. Abdomen compressed behind ventral fins into a sharp,
scaleless ridge; anal basis longer.— ABRAMIS.

FF. Teeth in main row 4-4.
iis Maxillary without barbel.

K. No cavernous lymph spaces visible in mandible,
sub-opercle and inter-opercle.

I. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal detached
from the first developed ray and connected
to it by a membrane; a conspicuous black
spot at base of caudal and dorsal —CLIOLaA.

LL. First (rudimentary) ray closely attached to
first developed ray.— NOTROPIS.

KK. Mandible, sub-opercle and inter-opercle, with con-
spicuous, externally visible, cavernous lymph
chambers.— ERICYMBA.

JJ. Maxillary barbel present.

M. Premaxillaries not protractile, connected to skin of
forehead in the median line without a cross
groove; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. RHINICHTHYS.

MM. Premaxillaries protractile, a cross groove separat-
ing them from the skin of forehead in front; only
I tooth in lesser row.— HYBOPSIS.

“EE. Lower jaw singularly formed, the dentary bones parallel and united
for their entire length ; a conspicuous, fleshy lobe on each side at
base.— EXOGLOSSUM.

42 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: CYPRINUS.

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. THE CARP.

The Carp may be readily distinguished from any of our native Cyprinid@ by the-
presence of four long barbels, and by the very long dorsal fin—about 20 rays—preceded by
a stout spine, which is serrated behind. Anal fin short, of about 5 rays, also preceded by
aspine. The lower pharyngeal teeth, unlike those of any native American Minnow, are
in 3 rows, I, I, 3-3, 1, 1. The lateral line is complete. Many varieties have resulted from
cultivation. Chief among these are the ‘*' Full-seale,”’ in which the body is covered with
strong scales, after the formula, 6-40-5; the ‘‘ Half-scale”’ or ‘‘ Mirror,’ characterized by a
few rows of very large scales ; and the ‘‘ Leather Carp,’ in which the scales are entirely
absent.

The Carp was first introduced into the state to stock ponds and lakes,
but, escaping from cultivation, has become generally distributed over the
state and occurs in streams as well as ponds and lakes. Recorded for the
state by Henshall, 1889, in Ross lake and Little Miami'river; Lorain County,
occasionally taken in the rivers, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Toledo.
(abundant), St. Marys river at Rockford, Tiffin river at West Unity, and
west end of Lake Erie (abundant), Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, ‘‘ of
general distribution throughout the county,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897;
Knox County, Big Jelloway creek, ‘‘ very common,’’ Parker, Williamson
and Osburn, 1898; very common in Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river at Bellaire, and Licking reservoir,.
R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Genus: CARASSIUS.

Carassius auratus (Iinnaeus). GOLDFISH.

The Goldfish may be distinguished from our native Minnows by the very long dorsal:
fin, preceded bya stout, serrated spine; the analof 7 rays, witha similar spine. From.
the Carp it is distinguished by the absence of the barbels about the mouth, and by the
teeth, which are 4-4. Asin the Carp, cultivation has produced many varieties.

It has escaped from cultivation in some parts of Ohio, and has been
reported by Henshall, 1888, as ‘‘not rare in the canal basin near Elmwood,.
Hamilton County.

Genus: ‘TINCA.

Tinca tinca (Linnaeus). TRENCH.

In the spring of 1898 a freshet carried away the banks of an artificial
lake on the grounds of the Ohio State University, at Columbus, and many
of the Tench, with which the lake was stocked, escaped into the Olentangy
river. In September of the same year specimens were taken at the mouth
of the small stream flowing from the lake to the river. Whether the Tench.
will hold its own in the streams of Ohio yet remains to be seen.

CYPRINID&. 43

Genus: CAMPOSTOMA.

Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). STONE-ROLLER ;
STEEL-BACKED CHUB; MAMMyY ; DOUGH-BELLY.

This species is most easily distinguished by an examination of the intes-
tine, which is very long and is wound in many convolutions about the air-
bladder. This arrangement is peculiar to this genus among all known fishes.
Head 4; depth 42; eye 5 to 5% in head; D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-48-6; teeth 4-4.
Body stoutish. Snout somewhat decurved, mouthinferior. Color brownish,
almost black in adult breeding males; sides brassy, irregularly mottled with.
dark olivaceous or brown; fins usually plain, in breeding males the dorsal is
tinged with orange, a black bar through its middle, other fins more or less
tinged with orange. Entire dorsum of breeding males covered with tuber-
cles. Young with a dark lateral band extending onto gill covers and between
eye and tip of snout. Length 6 to 8 inches.

A very abundant and widely distributed species, generally
most abundant in small streams and on ripples of larger ones.
First recorded for the state by Kirtland under the name Zvog/os-
sum lesueurianum , given by Jordan as ‘‘extremely abundant in
every stream: in the-state’’; Hamilton County, ‘“‘ abundant in
every stream explored,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ com-
mon in most of our streams,’’ McCormick, 1892; Franklin
County, ‘‘ very abundant everywhere,’’ Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Big Jelloway creek system, ‘‘ apparently the most abund-
ant species,’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; recorded
for many places in the Maumee river system (not taken in St.
Mary’s river) by Kirsch, 1893; Ohio river and Ice creek at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
north fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga
river at Kent and Hawkins, Breakneck creek at Kent, Chippewa
lake, Summit lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at
Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
I9OO.

44 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: CHROSOMUS.
Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque. RED-BELLIED DACE.

Head 4; depth 4; eye 3%. OD. 8; A. 8; teeth 5-5; scales 16-85-10.
Body rather elongate, the head pointed; mouth small, terminal, somewhat
oblique. Lateral line developed backward about as far as the dorsal fin.
Color above, brownish; a black vertebral line, bordered on either side by a
row of black dots; sides creamy white, bordered above and below witha
black band, the lower the wider and extending forward through eye; under
parts white, in breeding males entirely suffused with vermillion; fins all
bright sulphur yellow, the dorsal with a bright red spot at its base, anteriorly;
females and young less brilliantly colored. Length 2 to 3 inches.

The Red-bellied Dace is widely distributed and is generally
abundant where found, but it is strictly a ‘‘ brook species,’’ being
confined to small clear streams and spring runs. Recorded for
the state by Dr. Kirtland ; Lorain County, ‘‘ I have found them
in but one stream, Spring brook,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; ‘‘ collected
by Prof. Meek in Lost creek, near Defiance,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, Grant’s Run and Plum Run, tributaries of the
Scioto river, in abundance, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox
County, Parker’s Run, a tributary of Big Jelloway creek, “‘in
considerable numbers,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ;
Licking County, occurring in. abundance in spring runs tributary
to North Fork of Licking river near Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900.

Genus: HyBOGNATHUS.
Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. SILVERY MINNOW.

Head 4% to 5; depth 4%; eye 4; D. 8; A. 7; teeth 4-4; scales 5—-38-4.
Body elongate, comparatively slender. Head moderate, the profile evenly
curved; upper jaw heavy, lower thin. Scales large and silvery, 12 to 14 in
front of dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Intestines very long, 7 to Io times
the length of body. Color olivaceous green above, translucent in life; sides
-clear silvery; fins plain. Length 4 to 7 inches.

This species seems to be confined to the southwestern part of
the state. Jordan, in his Ohio Report, gives it as abundant in
small streams flowing into the Ohio river, but Dr. Henshall
records it for only White Oak creek and the Ohio river, and in
my work at Ironton and Bellaire I failed to find it. This species
is not mentioned by any other collector.

CYPRINIDA. 45s

Genus: PIMEPHALES.

Key to Species.
A. Lateral line more or less incomplete; body very short and stout.— promelas.
AA. Lateral line complete; body moderately elongate.— notatus.

Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. FAaT-HEAD.

Head 4; depth 33¢ to 4; eye 4. D.1, 7; A. 7; scales 7 or 8-43 to 47-5 or
6. Body very short and deep. Head short, everywhere convex, almost
globular in adult males. Scales deep, closely imbricated; lateral line incom--
plete. Color dark olivaceous above, paler below; a dark lateral band and
caudal spot; dorsal fin with a dusky shade through it at the middle, Breed-
ing males with the head nearly black, with tubercles on snout and lower
jaw. Length 2% inches.

Recorded by Kirtland. Given by Jordan as most abundant
in small streams flowing into the Ohio ; Hamilton County, ‘‘ very
abundant everywhere,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ not
common, but found in most of the streams,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Maumee river at Cecil, Lost and Gordon creeks near Cecil, Sugar
creek at Lima, Kirsch, 1893; Knox County, Big Jelloway creek,
rare, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river at Iron-
ton, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near
Dayton, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B.
Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake, Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, Igoo.

Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW.

Head 4%; depth 4% to5; eye 4. D.I, 7 or 8; A. 7; scales 6-45-4, 22 in
front of dorsal, much crowded and irregularly arranged anteriorly. Body
rather elongate. Head moderate, the snout very blunt and convex; top of
head depressed; mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Color olivaceous, some-
times very dark; a black spot at base of dorsal fin in front. Males in breed-
ing season with the head black or nearly so, and with about 16 large tuber--
cles on the snout. Length 4 inches.

This species is much more abundant than the preceding.
‘‘ Swarms in all the streams of the state,’’ Jordan; Hamilton
County, ‘‘ the most abuadant minnow,’ Henshall. 1888 ; Lorain
County, ‘‘ very abundant in small streams,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Kirsch records it for every stream of the Maumee river system
explored in Ohio; Franklin County, ‘‘ our most abundant minnow,

A6 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

in great numbers in every stream,’’ Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Knox County, abundant in every stream of the Big Jellow-
way creek system, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio
river and Ice creek at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Sandusky
Bay, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina,
Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North, Fork of Licking
river near Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at
Salem, Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake,
Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Cuyahoga river at Kent and Haw-
kins, Breakneck creek at Kent, Grand river at Painesville, Cha-
grin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio
river and McMahon’s creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.

Genus: SEMOTILUS.

Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill), HorNED DacE; CHUB.

Head 334; depth 4; eye 5 to5%. D.7; A. 8; scales 9-55 to 60-6, about
30 in front of dorsal; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Head large and heavy, broad and
rounded above; snout broad; mouth broad, oblique; a small barbel on the
maxillary some distance above its posterior end, not evident in young speci-
mens. Body stout, arched in front of dorsal. Dorsal inserted behind ven-
trals. Color dusky olivaceous or bluish above, paler below; sides with a
brassy luster; an indistinct lateral band and caudal spot (these markings
distinct in young). Dorsal with a black spot at its base anteriorly. Sides
of head and lower fins rosy in breeding males. These have also the snout
covered with tubercles. Length to inches.

A widely distributed species, occurring abundantly in brooks
throughout the state, less commonly in the larger streams, and
rarely in lakes. In seining up stream the increase in number of
individuals of this species as the headwaters are approached is
very noticeable. Kirtland, following Rafinesque, recorded it for
the state as two species, S. dorsalis and 5S. cephalus. Both are
synonyms of SS. atromaculatus. Hamilton County, “abundant in
all streams,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, “‘ abundant in most
of the streams,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘generally distributed
throughout the Maumee river basin,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin
County, abundant in all streams, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Knox County, Big Jelloway creek system, Parker, Williamson

CYPRINID&. AT

and Osburn, 1898; Ice creek at Ironton, John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North
Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Nigger-
mill Run at Salem, Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900;
Sandusky Bay, Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins, Breakneck
creek at Kent, Chippewa lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Genus: VL EUCISCUS.

Leuciscus elongatus (Kirtland). RED-sIDED DACE.

Head 4; depth 5; eye 4 to 4%. D. 8; A. 9; scales 10-70-5; teeth 2, 5-4,
2. Body elongate, compressed; head long, pointed; mouth very large,
oblique, the maxillary extending to middle of orbit; lower jaw projecting,
with a small knob at its symphysis. Color above varying froma dark blu-
ish to greenish, sides somewhat paler and mottled; a dark vertebral line;
along the side isa broad band, bright blood red anteriorly, black posteriorly,
the two colors shading into each other imperceptibly at about middle of
body; above this band is a narrow brassy band; belly silvery white. In
breeding males the belly and lower fins are tinged with rosy; in females and
young the bright colors are subdued or wanting. Length 5 inches.

The Red-sided Shiner is certainly one of the most elegant of
fishes. It is, generally speaking, a brook species, inhabiting
clear deep pools of brooks and spring runs, though Dr. Kirtland,
who described the species, records it for Lake Erie. It is found
in the tributaries of the Ohio and of the Lake, but has not been
noticed in the western part of the state. Mahoning river in
Trumbull County, and Lake Erie near Cleveland, Kirtland ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in Spring brook, but not found else-
where,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Knox County, Little Jelloway creek,
Black Run, Parker’s Run, Joe Sapp Run, Shadly Run and Doudy
-creek, tributaries of Big Jelloway creek, common, Parker, Will-
iamson and Osburn, 1898; Wilson’s Run, a small tributary of
the North Fork of Licking river near Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; a
-small tributary of the Grand river at Painesville, R. C. Osburn,
Ig00.

48 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: OPSOPGSODUS.

Key to Species.

A. Lateral line complete or very nearly so; dorsal fin with black blotch on anterior

rays, usually none on the posterior.— emia.
AA, Lateral line always incomplete; dorsal usually with a conspicuous black spot on
posterior rays.— megalops.

Opsopceodus emilize Hay.

Head about 4%; depth 42; eye 3. D.9; A. 8; scales 5—40-3; teeth 5-5,.
very slender, strongly hooked, and deeply serrate. Body rather elongate,
moderately compressed, not elevated. Head short and slender. Muzzle
blunt and rounded. Mouth very small and very oblique, smaller than in
any other of our Cyprinid@, with scarcely any lateral cleft. Caudal peduncle
long and slender, caudal deeply forked, Breast naked; 16 scales before
dorsal. Jateral line complete or very nearly so. Yellowish; sides silvery;
scales above dark edged; usually a dark lateral band from snout to caudal,
above and below which are series of black dots; anterior rays of dorsal dark,.
no black spot on the posterior rays.

Given by Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47) for Lake Erie ;
‘“two small specimens from the St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s,”’
Kirsch, 1893.

Opsopceodus megalops (Forbes).

Head 43/; depth 4 to 5; eye 23. D.7 or 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 5-39-4, 15
before dorsal. ‘Teeth 5-5, hooked and crenate. Lateral line always incom-
plete, sometimes on 4 or 5 scales only; sometimes extending with interrup-.
tions to middle of caudal peduncle. Body slender, fusiform; mouth small,
terminal, oblique, so much so in old specimens as to appear almost vertical,

ethe chin projecting beyond mouth, in younger specimens the mouth is less
oblique. Top of head covered with prickles in old males. Fins large, caudal
deeply forked. Breast partly naked. Yellowish brown, sides silvery; scales.
above dark-edged. Dorsal fin with a black blotch on 4 anterior rays; a
second black blotch usually present on 3 posterior rays. Length 21% inches.

I have given above the separation of O. emzli@ and O. mega-
lops as given by Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U.S. Natl.
Mus.) ‘They suggest in regard to O. megalops that it is “‘ per-
haps not a distinct species.’’ A comparative study of these forms
confirms this belief. A dozen specimens taken by the writer in
the headwaters of the Wabash river at Celina, August, 1899, and
two from Summit lake at Akron, July 30, 1900, are referable to
O. megalops as given above, but so many variations between

CYPRINIDA. 49

O. emilie and megalops exist among these specimens that it is
possible to establish a graduated series between the two species,
and none of the characters given in the above separation are found
to be constant. The lateral line in some cases ceases in front of
the dorsal fin, and in others is continuous to within two or three
scales of the caudal. The second dorsal spot is also subject to.
great variation, for, while in old males it is distinct, in some cases
it is very indistinct or wanting altogether. ‘The fin formulee and
squamation of the breast also vary. Recently, through the
kindness of Dr. S. EK. Meek, I have been permitted to examine
specimens of O. emzliw from Indian Territory, Arkansas and
Illinois, in the Field Columbian Museum at Chicago. ‘These
specimens show much the same variation as that given for O.
megalops. AsI have had no opportunity to compare with the
type specimens, I hesitate to reduce O. megalops to synonymy,,
although the two species, as determined by Dr. Meek and myself,
undoubtedly intergrade.

Genus: ABRAMIS.

Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill), GOLDEN SHINER ;
GOLDEN BREAM ; ROACH.

Head 4%; depth 3. D. 8; A. 13; scales 10-46 to 55-3; teeth 5-5. Body
strongly compressed, the belly behind ventrals compressed into a sharp keel,
over which the scales do not pass. Color, greenish above, the sides silvery,
with bright golden reflections. Length about a foot.

The Golden Bream is an abundant resident of the state in
suitable localities, being found chiefly in ponds, quiet pools and
weedy bayous, apparently more common in the northern part of
the state. Given by Rafinesque under the name Votemigonus
auratus for the Ohio and Miami rivers; recorded by Kirtland
under the name Aufulus crysoleucas ; given by Jordan as ‘‘ex-
tremely abundant in every pond, lake or bayou’’; Hamilton
County, ‘‘common in Bloody Run and Clear creek,’’ Henshall,
1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ very common in still waters,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; Maumee river at Cecil, Grand Rapids, Waterville
and Toledo, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s and Rockford, Tiffin
river at West Unity, Auglaize river at Oakwood and Defiance,
Sugar creek and Lost creek at Lima, Blanchard river at Findlay,

50 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto river, Scioto Big Run,
Big Walnut creek, Mason’s Run, Big Darby creek, Hell Branch,
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox County, Big Jelloway
creek, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Sandusky Bay,
Ashtabula creek at Ashtabnla, Wabash river at Celina, Ric:
Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson,
agoo; Chippewa lake, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Genus: CLIOLA.
Cliola vigilax (Baird and Girard).

Head 44%; depth 4%; eye 3%.. D.8; A. 7; scales 8-42-6, about 28
‘before dorsal; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface and slight hook. Superfici-
ally, much resembling Pimephales notatus, but the form is more stout, the
amouth more terminal, and the alimentary canal less than twice the length
«of the body. Caudal peduncle quite deep. Color, greenish, sides pale,
«darker above, the scales above dark-edged; a dark lateral band ending in a
«distinct caudal spot; a well defined black spot on anterior rays of dorsal.
-Length 3 inches.

This minnow has, to the best of my knowledge, been recorded
‘from but two localities in the state. It has been taken by Hen-
‘shall in Hamilton County, ‘‘ common in O’ Bannon creek,’’ and a
‘single specimen was taken in Big Walnut creek, Franklin County,
‘by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer in 1897. It is probably
common nowhere in the state except in the southwestern part, as
‘its range is for the most part farther south and west.

CYPRINIDA. 51

Genus: NOTROPIS.

Key to Species.

-A. Teeth 4-4, 1, 4-4, 0, or I, 4-4, 1 (Sometimes 2 teeth in one or both inner rows in JV.
hudsontus and J. heterodon). ;
B. Scales not very closely imbricated, not notably deeper than long; dorsal in-
serted nearly over the ventrals; no black spot on dorsal fin.
& Teeth one-rowed, 4-4 (sometimes 2, 4-4, 2 in lV. heterodon).
D. Lateral line usually more or less incomplete; small species, usually
with a dusky lateral band.
E. Mouth very small, chin pale.— cayuga.
EE. Mouth moderate; chin black.— heterodon.
DD. Lateral line always complete; small, weak’ species.
F. Fins all small and low, pectorals not reaching ventrals.—
blenntus.
FF. Fins high, pectorals reaching ventrals.— volucellus.
CC. Teeth two-rowed, I, 4-4, 0; 1, 4-4, 1; or 1, 4-4, 2, the grinding surface more
or less developed.

G. No distinct dark spot at base of caudal.— _ Shumardt.
GG. A distinct dark spot present at base of caudal fin.— hudsontus.

BB. Scales deeper than long, closely imbricated along side of body. Usually a dis-
tinct black spot on last rays of dorsal.— whipplir.

AA. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2 (2, 4-4, 1in WV. jeyunus).
H. Anal fin short, of 7 to 9 developed rays.
ils Teeth with the grinding surface developed.

Tio Scales closely imbricated along the sides, no dark spot at base of
caudal.— cornutus.
JJ. Scales not closely imbricated, a dark spot at base of caudal at least
in young.
K. 13 scales before dorsal fin.— heterodon.
KK. 18 scales before dorsal.— hudsontus.
II. ‘Teeth without evident grinding surface, scales not closely imbricated.
iis Kye very large, 23 in head; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.— ariommus.
LL. Eye 3% in head. teeth 2, 4-4, 1.— Jejunus.

HH. Anal fin long, of 11 or 12 rays; dorsal inserted behind ventrals.
M. Scales not closely imbricated on sides, not crowded anteriorly.

N. Eye very large, 234 to 3.— arge.
NN. Eye smaller, 3% to 4.
O. Front of dorsal midway between snout and base of caudal fin;
Ve GA— atherinoides.
OO. Front of dorsal nearer to base of caudalthan to snout; eye 4.--
vubrifrons.
MM. Scales small and crowded auteriorly, closely imbricated; a black spot at
base of caudal.— umbratilts.

Notropis cayuga Meek.

Head 4 or a little over; depth 4%; eye 3%. D. 8; A. 8; scales in lateral
line about 36, 14 before dorsal; teeth 4-4. Close to WV. heterodon, from
which it can be distinguished most readily by the absence of any black on
the chin. Lateral line wanting onsome scales. Jawsnearly equal. A black
band along lateral line, continued forward along sides of head and around
-snout on upper jaw. Length 2% inches.

52 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

First recorded for the state by Kirsch, 1893, ‘‘a few specimens.
from the Maumee river at Toledo’’; Franklin County, ‘‘rare in
Big Walnut and Little Darby creeks, common in Mason’s Run,’’
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Sandusky Bay and Ashtabula
creek at Ashtabula, common in both places, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
This species seems to have been overlooked or confused with
some other species by the earlier investigators, as its occurrence
in both the Lake and Ohio river drainage at the points above
noted would indicate a pretty general distribution over the state
in suitable localities.

8 Notropis heterodon (Cope).

Head 4; depth 4; eye 3, longer than snout. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-36-3,
13 in front of dorsal. The lateral line incomplete, extending usually about
to dorsal fin, but varying greatly; teeth 4-4 (sometimes 2, 4-4, 2). Body
moderate; the back slightly elevated. dorsal inserted nearer the snout than
base of caudal. Coloration olivaceous, darker on the back; a distinct lateral
band, which passes forward through eye and on both jaws; chin distinctly
black. Said to be an exceedingly variable species.

Taken by the writer in Sandusky Bay, July, 1899, and again
in Sandusky Bay at Cedar Point and Black Channel, 1900.

Notropis blennius (Girard), STRAW-COLORED MINNOW.

D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-36-4, 14 in front of dorsal; teeth 4-4. Head 4;
depth 4 to 5; eye large, 3 in head. Body moderately stout, but little com-
pressed. Head rather broad; mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Lateral
line complete. Dorsal fin low, its longest ray 34 of head. Coloration, pale-
or yellowish olive; sometimes with a dark lateral band, and edges of mouth
dark’ Length 2% inches. An exceedingly variable Minnow.

This insignificant looking species occurs widely and abundantly
throughout the state and has been recorded by all the recent
writers upon the fishes of the state, beginning with Jordan (Ohio-
Rept. ), under various names—JV. dblennius, N. deliciosus and JV.
stramineus. Wamilton County, “‘ abundant in Little Miami river
and Clough creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, given as.
two species, JV. deliciosus, very abundant in all the streams, and
LV. stramineus, not common, McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee river at.

* Notropis anogenus Forbes and JV. /relensis (Cope), two small species closely re--
sembling JV. heterodon and JV. cayuga, respectively, have been taken almost on our borders
in streams flowing into the state. They may be looked for in north-western Ohio. JV.
anogenus may be known from J. hetevodon by the usually complete lateral line and the

included lower jaw. JV. fretensis is separated from JV. cayuga (with which it is perhaps.
identical), by the complete lateral line and the presence of 17 scales in front of the dorsal.

CYPRINIDA. 53

Antwerp, Cecil, Defiance and Waterville, Tiffin river at Bruners-
burg, Auglaize river at Cloverdale, Sugar creek at Lima, Blanch-
ard river at Ottawa, Beaver creek at Grand Rapids, Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, common in almost every stream, females with
eggs, July 16, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Knox County, Big
Jelloway creek system, ‘‘ abundant, females with ripe eggs on
May 25,’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Ice creek at
Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, San-
dusky Bay, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of
Licking river at Newark, abundant in most places, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Pippin lake, Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Grand river at
Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at
Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, Licking
reservoir, R. C. Osburn, goo.

Notropis volucellus (Cope).

Head 334; depth 4; eye 3%. D. 8; A. 8; scales 4-34-3; teeth 4-4. Fins
more elongate than in related species, the pectorals reaching ventrals. Very
similar to WV. dlennius, but distinguished especially by the noticeably higher °
fins. Length 2% inches.

The only record I am able to find of the occurrence of this’
species in Ohio is that given by Kirsch in his “‘ Report upon
Investigations in the Maumee River System,’’ in which he men-
tions the fact that specimens from Gordon creek, taken by Prof.
S. E. Meek, are given him as /Votropszs deliciosus var. volucella
Cope. Cope’s volucellus is now regarded as a distinct species.

Notropis shumardi (Girard).

Head 334; depth 44; eye very large, 24% to 3 in head. D. 8; A. 7 or 8;
scales 4 or 5-36-2 to 4, 13 in front of dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with deep grind-
ing surface, and the edge strongly crenate. Body compressed, the back
elevated; tail slender. Head compressed, flattened above, below and on the
sides; snout short, obtuse; mouth very oblique, terminal, lower jaw included.
Fins large. Lateral line complete, decurved. Color, olivaceous above, pale
below; a dark lateral band, and vertebral line; scales above dark-edged.
Length 3 inches.

Recorded by Kirsch as VV. doops Gilbert, “‘common in the
Maumee river at Grand Rapids,’’ and “‘ five specimens from the

54 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Blanchard river at Findlay,’’ 1893. Rare in Big Walnut creek,
Franklin County, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; a single speci-
men from Stillwater creek near Dayton, R. C. Osburn, 1899.

Notropis hudsonius (De Witt Clinton). SpoT-TaIr~ED MINNow ;
SHINER.

Head 434; depth 4; eye 3. D.8; A. 8; scales 5-39-4, 18 before dorsal;
teeth I, 4-4, 0or1or2. Body elongate, considerably compressed in adult.
Head short; muzzle blunt, decurved, shorter than the very large eye; mouth
moderate, nearly horizontal, jaws sub-equal. Lateral line nearly straight,
slightly decurved anteriorly. Coloration very pale, with a broad silvery
band along side, this frequently underlaid with a dusky band. A dark spot
at base of caudal, most distinct in young. Length 4 to 6inches.

This species is apparently confined to the most northern por-
tions of the state, in Lake Erie and its larger tributaries. Lorain
County, ‘‘ common in the lake and at the mouth of the rivers,’’
McCormick, 1892 ; ‘‘ very common in the Maumee river at Grand
Rapids, a single specimen at Toledo,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Lake Erie
near Sandusky, abundant, R. C. Osburn, 1900; Sandusky Bay,
Morse and Herbert T. Osborn, 1900.

Notropis whipplii (Girard). SILvER-FIN.

Head 4%; depth 4 in adult males, females and young much slenderer;
eye 4%. D.8; A. 8 org; scales 5 or 6-38 to 40-3 or 4; teeth 1, 4-4, I. Body
moderately elongate, compressed, the back and belly about equally arched.
Head rather short and deep. Scales closely imbricated (much higher than
wide) and of a very regular pattern, about 18 in front of dorsal. Color
leaden or steel-blue, the sides silvery; a dark vertebral line; a black spot
covering the posterior 3 membranes of the dorsal fin, this sometimes very
much reduced in young and females, but always present. Breeding males.
have the fins tipped with creamy white, and the top of head and dorsal
region in front covered with small prickles. Length 4 inches.

This elegant little fish is widely distributed throughout the
state, and is usually quite common in all suitable localities.
Recorded by Kirtland under the name Luwzxzlus kentukiensts.
Given by Jordan in his Ohio Report under the name Hudsonzus
analostanus, which he here confuses with WV. whippliz. Notropis
(Hudsonius) analostanus is an eastern form, possibly not specific-
ally distinct from JV. whizppliz (see Jordan and Evermann, Bull.
47, U. S. Natl. Mus.) Hamilton County, common in all streams
explored, Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, all streams examined,

CYPRINID&. | BS

but not very common, McCormick, 1892; taken throughout the
Maumee river basin in Ohio, except in Gordon creek and the west
end of Lake Erie, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, occurs abund-
antly in all the larger streams, females with ripe eggs June 28,
Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Knox County, Big Jelloway. creek
and tributaries, not rare, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ash-
tabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Mahoning river, E. B. William-
son, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Chippewa lake, Grand.
river at Painesville, Chagrin riverat Willoughby, Wheeling creek
at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire,
Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). ComMMON SHINER ; SILVERSIDES.

Head 34% to 4%; depth about 3 (234 to 3%); eye 4-53. D. 8; A. 9;
scales 6-41-3 or 4, closely imbricated, 18 or 20 before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
with narrow grinding surface. Body varying much with age, in young
slender, in adult short, deep and compressed. Lateral line decurved. Color
above, dark olive green to steel-blue, sides silvery, with a brassy lateral
band; a brassy vertebral line (this color showing only in fresh specimens,
sometimes appearing as a dark line when out of water). Fins all plain,
rosy tipped in breeding males. Females and young plainer. One of the
most variable of our Minnows, varying with age, sex and season. Length.
about Io inches.

One of the most abundant of fishes all over the state. Giver
by Kirtland as Rutulus compressus and Luxulus chrysocephalus +
by Jordan as Luxulus cornutus. Hamilton County, as WVotropis
megalops, ‘‘abundant everywhere,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘very common everywhere,’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Maumee river system, ‘‘ every stream,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin
County, ‘‘taken in every stream, generally abundant, females.
with eggs on July 6,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox
County, taken in every stream of the Big Jelloway creek system,
Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river and Ice creek
at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, San-
dusky Bay, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks at Dayton, and North Fork of Licking river at

56 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run and Mahoning
river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Kent and
Hawkins, Breakneck creek at Kent, Summit lake, Chippewa
lake, Licking reservoir, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river
at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon’s creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1g00.

Notropis ariommus (Cope).

Head 33 to 44%; depth.4% to 5. D.8; A. 9; scales 6-39-2, large, 15
before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body stout, moderately elevated, somewhat
compressed. Head heavy, broad above; snout moderate, soimewhat decurved;
mouth moderate, oblique, jaws equal. Eye very large, 22 in head, much
longer than snout, larger than in any other Ohio Cyprinid. Lateral line
much decurved. Color olivaceous, scales above dark-edged; sides and below
bright silvery. Length 5 inches.

Two specimens from the Maumee river at Antwerp, Kirsch,
1893.

* Notropis jejunus (Forbes).

Head 4; depth 4%; eye 374 in head, equal to snout, less than inter-
orbital space. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-37—-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 1. Body moderately
slender; head flattish above; snout blunt and rounded. Dorsal over ven-
trals; about 16 scales before dorsal. Color, pale olivaceous above, pale on
sides and below, with a broad silvery band overlying a plumbeous shade.
Length 3 inches.

The range of this species in the state seems to be limited to
the Ohio river and the lower portions of its tributaries. Hamil-
ton County, ‘‘common in Little Miami river and Bloody Run,
Henshall, 1888; common in the Ohio river and Ice creek at
Ironton and in John’s creek at Waterloo, R. C. Osburn, 1899.

Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque.

Head 424; depth 5%; eye 3%. D.8; A. 11; scales 5-38-3, 15 before
dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body long and slender, compressed, back not ele-
vated. Mead blunt, conic, shorter than in related species. Mouth moder-
ate, very oblique, upper lip on a level with upper part of pupil. Eye large,
rather longer than snout. Fins low, front of dorsal midway between point
of snout and base of caudal. Lateral line decurved. Color above clear,
translucent olive-green, a yellow, iridescent vertebral line in life, which
becomes darker in spirits; sides bright silvery, with sometimes a brassy
lateral shade; breeding males with snout rosy. Length 4 to 6 inches.

* Notropts scabriceps, given by Jordan in the Ohio Rept., is confused probably with /V.

shumaradt. NN. scabriceps has, not been noticed outside of the Kanawha river. (See Bull.
47, U. S. Natl. Mus.)

CYPRINID&. 57

An elegant and graceful species, common and widely distrib-
‘uted, found in all larger streams, usually on gravelly or sandy
bottom, and in lakes under the same conditions. Recorded for
the state by Kirtland as A7znnzlus dinemus. ‘‘ Exceedingly com-
mon in Lake Erie, and throughout the state one of the most
abundant of minnows,’’ Jordan (Ohio Rept.); Hamilton County,
*‘common in Clough creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County,
“‘very abundant at times,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee river at
Cecil, Grand Rapids and Toledo, St. Joseph river at Edgerton,
Tiffin river at Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Wapakoneta and
Cloverdale, “‘ not common at any of these places,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, common in all of the larger streams, William-
son and Osburn, 1897 ; Knox County, ‘‘abundant in Big Jello-
way creek,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river
at Ironton, Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie at Sandusky, Ashtabula
creek, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater creek at Dayton, North
Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Cuyahoga
river at Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at
Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
1900.

Notropis arge (Cope).

Head 44%; depth 6; eye 23 to3. D.8; A. 11; scales 5-39-3. Close to
LV. atherinoides, but the eye very large, longer than snout; lateral line
nearly straight, head large, the snout not very blunt; mouth large, chin pro-
jecting. Color pale-greenish olive; a dark vertebral line; belly and sides
pale; a broad, silvery lateral band bounded by a dark line. Length 3%
inches. ‘‘Apparently varying into WN. atherinoides, hence of doubtful
validity.’’

This species has been taken at such points in the state as to
indicate a wide distribution, but it is not generally common.
Hamilton County, ‘‘common in east fork of Mill creek,’’ Hen-
‘shall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘in company with ZV. atherinozdes,
‘but not nearly as common,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river
at Grand Rapids, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, Tiffin river at
Brunersburg, scarce, Kirsch, 1893; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
tare, R. C. Osburn, June 25, 1900.

58 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Notropis rubrifrons (Cope).

Head 4 to 5’ depth 43f to5%. D.8; A. 10; scales 5 or 6-39 or 40-3, 15

to 17 before dorsal (Ohio specimens run a little higher, some having as high
as 20 before the dorsal); teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body moderately elongate, back
scarcely elevated, head conic and rather pointed. Eye moderate, usually
shorter than snout. Resembling NV. atherinoides, from which it can be
readily told, in Ohio specimens at least, by the position of the dorsal fin,
which is inserted nearer to base of caudal than to point of snout. Above
clear olive, each scale dark-edged; sides and under parts silvery; a narrow,
coppery lateral band in life, overlying dark pigment; a narrow vertebral
line; a row of black dots on either side of anal fin. Males in spring with
head and anterior parts reddish, and sometimes the bases of dorsal, ventral
and pectoral fins red. Length 23¢ inches.

A common and widely distributed species, found in company
with iV. atherinoides, but much more common. Kirsch and
McCormick record it under the name AV. délectus (Girard), but
LV. dilectus, as now restricted, is found farther southwest, so I
include these records under NV. rabrifrons. Possibly the two may
not be distinct. Given by Jordan as abundant in southern Ohio ;
Hamilton County, ‘‘common in east fork of Mill creek,’’ Hen-
shall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘common in the lake and lower
parts of all streams entering it,’? McCormick, 1892; St. Joseph
river at Edgerton, Blanchard river at Findlay, Beaver creek at
Grand Rapids, ‘‘common at these places,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, ‘‘all larger streams with WV. atherinoides,
abundant where found,” Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox
County, Big Jelloway creek and several of its tributaries, occa-
sionally observed in large schools over clear, gravelly places in
ripples, females with ripe eggs on May 24, Parker, Williamson
and Osburn, 1898; Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan,
Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie at Sandusky, Ashtabula creek, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill
Run and Mahoning river, EK. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga
river at Kent and Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek ‘at Bridgeport, Ohio river
and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, outlet of Licking reservoir,
R. C. Osburn, 1900.

CYPRINIDS. 59)

Notropis umbratilis lythrurus (Jordan). REDFIN.

D. 7; A. 11; teeth 2, 4-4, 2; scales 9-45-3, crowded anteriorly. Head
pointed, about 4 in length; body moderately elongated, compressed, depth
4to 5. Eye 3%. Color bright steel-blue above; pale below. Dorsal fin
with a conspicuous black spot at base in front. Breeding males have the
lower fins bright red. Females and young paler. Length 3 inches.

An exceedingly handsome species, especially during the
breeding season. Widely distributed and generally common.
Recorded for the state by Kirtland as Semotilus diplema. Jordan
gives it under the name Lythrurus diplaemius as ‘‘ abundant
throughout the state, especially in the southern part’’; Henshall,
Kirsch and McCormick record it under the name JW. ardens ;
“abundant in all streams examined,’’ in Hamilton County,
Henshall, 1888 ; ‘‘found at all points explored in Maumee river
system in Ohio except Maumee river at Cecil and Toledo, St.
Joseph river at Edgerton and St. Mary’s river at Rockford,
Kirsch, 1893; Lorain County, ‘‘not very common, Black river
and Vermillion river near Klipton,’’ McCormick, 1892; Franklin
County, ‘‘all-streams but the smallest, abundant,’’ June 15 given
as a breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Ice creek at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton,
North Fork of Licking river at Newark ; exceedingly abundant in
a small tributary of Ashtabula creek, in company with Adramis
crysoleucas, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B.
Williamson, 1900; Breakneck creek near Kent, Grand river at
Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at
Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.

Genus: KRICYMBA.
Ericymba buccata (Cope). SILVERY-JAWED MINNow.

Head g% to 4; depth 4% to 5; eye 4 to4%. D.8; A. 7; scales 4 or 5-
34-3, about 15 in front of dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, I or I, 4-4, 0, the inner slender
and without grinding surface. Body rather elongate, little compressed, back
not elevated. . Head long, depressed above, with broad and prominent
muzzle. Mouth small, horizontal, sub-inferior, lower jaw the shorter.
Interopercle, suborbital and dentary bones containing mucous cavities,

60 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

which are visible externally. Color olivaceous above, pale and silvery on
sides and below; a dark vertebral line and sometimes an indistinct, dark
lateral band. Fins all plain. Length 3 to 5 inches.

Distributed throughout the state, a very common species, less
abundant in the lake than in the Ohio river drainage. ‘* Abund-
ant in most streams tributary to the Ohio,’’ Jordan’s Report ;
Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in Little Miami river and tribu-
taries,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ taken once in Black
river,’’ McCormick, 1892; the Maumee river system in Ohio
except at the following places: Maumee river at Cecil, Tiffin
river at West Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Wapa-
koneta and Lost creek at Lima, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County,
every stream, generally abundant, June 15 given as a breeding
date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek system,
Knox County, ‘‘taken in every stream, abundant,” Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Ohio river and Ice creek at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run and Mahoning
river, EH. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
Chippewa lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at
Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
Ig0O.

Genus: RHINICHTHYS.

Key to Species.

A. Snout long and prominent, projecting much beyond the mouth, barbei evident, no

distinct, black lateral band.— cataract@.
AA. Snout shorter, little projecting, barbel small, but always present; a distinct, black
lateral band.— atronasus.

Rhinichthys cataractz (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
LONG-NOSED DACE.

Head 4; depth 5; eye 2 in snout, 5 in head. D. 8; A. 7; scales small,
14-65-8; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Resembling 7. atronasus,; from which it is dis-
tinguished by the longer head, by the prominent overhanging muzzle, much
longer than in a/vronasus, by the longer barbels and by the absence of a dis-
tinct, dark lateral band. Color dark-brownish olive above, sometimes
slightly mottled; paler below; a dark spot on opercle, but no distinct band
through eye or along side. Length 5 inches.

CYPRINIDA.. - 61

Apparently a rare species in Ohio. Dr. Jordan (Ohio Rept. ):
says: ‘‘Itis found in the tributaries of Lake Erie and even in
the lake itself. It also occurs in the southeastern part of the
state.’’ Since then it has not been noticed by any other collector,
and the writer has taken it but once, a single specimen from a.
small tributary of the Grand river near Painesville, August 2,
Igoo.

Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). BLACK-NOSED DACE.

Head 4; depth 4%; eye 1% in snout, 4% in head. OD. 7 or 8; A. 7;
scales 10-65-6; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body moderately elongate, little compressed.
Head moderate, rather broad and flattish above; snout moderate; mouth
horizontal, lower jaw included; barbels well marked in all Ohio specimens.
examined. Color above dark-yellowish olive, much blotched with black; a
black lateral band passing forward through eye to snout; breeding males
have the lateral band and the lower fins bright orange or crimson. All color-
markings less evident in females and young, but the lateral, dark band
always present.

Distributed over the state and generally common or even
abundant in suitable localities. It is essentially a ‘‘ brook’’
species, being rarely found in larger streams, but swarming in
clear, cold spring runs, in company with Chrosomus erythrogaster.
Hamilton County, ‘‘common in all the streams,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘ Spring brook and Chance ¢reek, not common,”’
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system, ‘‘several from Lost
creek near Cecil, by Prof. Meek, found nowhere else’’ (in Ohio),
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Grant’s Run and Plum Run,
common, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox County, Little
Jelloway creek, Parker’s Run, Joe Sapp Run and Shadley Run,
tributaries of Big Jelloway creek, common or abundant, May 24
given as a breeding date, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at
Celina, Wolf creek at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, in all of these cases the species has been taken in small
nameless tributaries rather than in the main stream, with the
exception of Wolf creek and the Ohio river, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins, and Breakneck creek near:
Kent, R. C. Osburn, Igoo.

62 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus. HYBOPSIS.

Key to Species.

A. Mouth inferior, horizontal, color silvery.
B. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4.
& Eye 34% in head; no plumbeous blotches along lateral line.—hyostomus.
CC. Eye very large, 234; an interrupted plumbeous lateral band.—dissimziis.
BB. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, I, or I, 4-4, 0. ;
D. Sides with a dusky lateral band.— amblops.

DD. Sides silvery, no lateral band.— storertanus.
AA. Mouth large, nearly terminal; eye small; not silvery.— Rentucktensts.

Hybopsis hyostomus (Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 5%; eye 34%. D. 8; A. 8; scales in lateral line 37, 13
before dorsal. Body and head very slender; snout long, acute, projecting
beyond mouth for half its length; mouth short, wide, inferior; barbels long.
‘Color silvery, everywhere dusted with fine, dark specks. Length 2% inches.

Very rare in the state, and, as far as my knowledge goes,
confined to the Ohio river. Dr. Henshall recorded it first from
the Ohio river at Raccoon Island, 1889, and the writer has taken
it twice in the Ohio, at Ironton, May 31, 1899, and at Bellaire,
August 31, 1900.

Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland). SpoTrED SHINER.

Head 4%; depths. D. 8; A. 7; teeth 4-4; scales 6-40 to 47-5, about 20
in front of dorsal. Body long and slender, little compressed, with long
caudal peduncle. Head long, flattish above; snout somewhat bluntly
decurved, a little projecting; mouth small, horizontal, lower jaw included;
barbel smaller than in HY. amblops; eye about 3 in head, somewhat directed
upward. Color above dusky or olivaceous, somewhat mottled; sides silvery,
with a bluish lateral band, which is sometimes widened into several blackish
blotches. In full coloration, one of the most striking of our Minnows.

This species has been taken in a number of localities in Ohio,
and in both the lake and Ohio river.drainage, but is nowhere com-
mon. Recorded by Kirtland for the Mahoning river and Lake
Erie near Cleveland; Hamilton County, ‘‘ rather common in
Little Miami river and O’ Bannon creek,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Frank-
lin County, ‘‘ Big Walnut creek, tare,’’ Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Stillwater creek near Dayton, rare, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, R. C. Osburn, 1g00.

CYPRINID. 63

Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque). SILVER CHUB.

Head 4; depth 4% to 5; eye 3. D.8; A. 7 or 8; scales 5-38-4, about 14
before dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body rather slender, little compressed, rather
heavy anteriorly. Head large, flattened and broad above; mouth subinferior,
horizontal; barbel evident. lateral line somewhat decurved.. Color above
‘clear translucent green, scales dark-edged; sides with a broad, silvery lateral
band, overlying dark pigment, which sometimes appears as a dark lateral
band; a dark band through eye around snout. Fins all plain. Length
about 3 inches.

Common or abundant throughout the state, found in nearly
all streams, but not taken in lakes. Recorded by Kirtland.
Given by Jordan as abundant in tributaries of the Ohio; Hamil-
ton County; ‘‘common in Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in some of the streams,’’ McCormick,
1892; Maumee river system, ‘‘all the smaller tributaries,’’
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, common in all but the smallest
streams, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek,
Knox County, abundant, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1808 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at
Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina,
Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of Licking
river near Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Cuyahoga river at
Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Wil-
loughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMa-
hon’s creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Hybopsis storerianus (Kirtland).

‘Head 4%; depth 4; eye 3, equal to snout. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-42-a.
Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the back somewhat elevated. Head
short, compressed; preorbital bone large and silvery; mouth horizontal,
lower jaw included; barbels conspicuous. Lateral line somewhat decurved.
Dorsal inserted over ventrals, ventrals not reaching vent, caudal long, deeply
forked. The teeth are said to be usually 1, 4-4, 0, but all Ohio specimens
examined have the teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Translucent greenish above, elsewhere
bright silvery, sides with a slight plumbeous lateral band, no caudal spot.
Tength 5 to ro inches.

Apparently not well distributed over the state, though occur-
ring in both the Lake Erie and the Ohio river drainage. Lake
Erie, Kirtland ; ‘‘ abundant in Lake Erie,’’ Jordan ; Hamilton

64 CYPRINIDA.

County, “‘common in Little Miami river and Clough creek,’’
Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, Beaver creek and Lake Erie,
McCormick, 1892; Lake Erie near Sandusky, R. C. Osburn,
1900. Dead ones are frequently thrown upon the beach by the
waves at Sandusky ; not noticed in Sandusky Bay.
Hybopsis kentukiensis (Rafinesque). HORNY-HEAD;
RIVER CHUB; JERKER ; INDIAN CHUB.

Head 334 to 4; depth 4 to4ay; eye 54%. D. 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 6-41-5,
about 18 before dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, I or I, 4-4, 0, sometimes 4-4, in all Ohio
specimens examined they are 1, 4-4, 1. Body rather robust, little elevated,
little compressed. Head large, broadly rounded above; snout conical, blunt-.
ish; mouth large, nearly terminal; barbel evident. Dorsal inserted slightly
behind ventrals. Color dusky or bluish or greenish olive above, sometimes
with brassy luster, pale but not silvery below; sometimes with a clear, grass
green lateral band in life; fins all plain, tinged with dull orange. Breeding
males have the belly tinged with rosy, and a crimson spot on side of head
behind eye, and have the top of the head swollen into a crest which is coy-
ered with tubercles. Young with dark caudal spot. Length 6 to 9 inches.

Well distributed over the state and generally common. Re-
corded by Kirtland. ‘‘EHvery stream in the state of Ohio,’’
Jordan; Hamiltcn County, ‘‘Little Miami river,’’ Henshall,
1888; Lorain County, ‘“very common in larger streams,”
McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee river system in Ohio, ‘‘ every point
in every stream examined,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County,
common in larger streams, July 16 given as breeding date, Will--
iamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek system, Knox
County, abundant, May 23 noted as a breeding date, Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898, Ohio river at Ironton, Huron
river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of
Licking River at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Cuyahoga river
at Kent and Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river
at Willoughby, Wheeling’ creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river at.
Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Genus: EXOGLOSSUM.

Exoglossum maxillingua (Le Sueur). CutT-LIps; NIGGER CHUB.

Head 4; depth 4%. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-53-5; teeth I, 4-4, 1. Body
rather stout, little compressed. Head broad and flattish above, with tumid
cheeks. Mouth peculiar, the mandible being contracted and incurved, its.

ANGUILLIDA. 65

outline 3-lobed; this appearance is due to the fact that the dentary bones lie
‘close together, parallel, and are united throughout their length, instead of
forming an arch as in all other Cyprinidz ; lower lip represented by a broad,
fleshy lobe on either side of the mandible. Color olivaceous, smoky or dark
above; a blackish bar behind opercle, and a dusky shade at base of caudal
in young. Finsall plain. Length 6 inches.

Rare in Ohio. Six specimens were taken by the writer in
Stillwater creek near Dayton, Aug. 15, 1899. ‘The range of the
species is to the eastward. West of the Alleghenies it has here-
tofore been known only from the Kanawha river, West Virginia.

Order: APODES.
Sub-Order: ENCHELYCEPHALI.
Family: ANGUILLIDA.

Genus: ANGUILLA.

Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque. AMERICAN EEL;
FRESHWATER HEL.

Body elongate, compressed behind; appearing scaleless, but covered
with fine, imbedded scales. Head long, conical, moderately pointed.
Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal. Color brown, often tinged with
yellowish; paler below, the color quite variable. Length 4 or 5 feet.

The Eel appears to be nowhere very common in Ohio, but is
widely distributed throughout the state, and probably occurs in
every lake, reservoir and large stream. Rafinesque mentions its
occurrence in the Ohio ‘‘as far as Pittsburg ;’’ Kirtland records
it for the Ohio river drainage ; Lake Erie and Ohio river, Hen-
shall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ occasionally taken in the pounds,”’
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Defiance, ‘‘said to inhabit
all waters of the Maumee basin,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County,
observed in Big Walnut creek, reported by fishermen as “‘ not
rare,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Pippin lake and Chippewa
lake, R. C. Osburn, 1900. I have seen specimens taken in Lick-
ing reservoir, Licking river and North Fork of Licking river.
According to Kirtland the Eel did not formerly inhabit the Lake
Erie drainage, but if not, it has found its sey there through the
‘canals.

66 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Order LoOsEON DMI:
Family: IoDONTIDA.

Genus: - HIODON.

Key to Species.
A. Belly in front of ventrals carinated; dorsal with 9 developed rays.— alosotdes.
AA. Belly in front of ventrals not carinated; dorsal of 11 or 12 developed rays.—/ergisus.

Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque).

Head 4%; depth 3%; eye3%. D.9; A. 32; scales6-56-7. Body closely
compressed, becoming deep in the adult, the ventral edge everywhere carin-
ated. Maxillary reaching middle of eye. Caudal peduncle rather stouter
than in 47. fergisus, and the fin not so deeply forked; also, the pectorals are
longer and the ventrals shorter than in H. fergisus. Color bluish, sides.
silvery, with golden luster. Length 12 inches.

Rare in Ohio, the range of the species being farther to the
west. A single specimen, taken in a fisherman’s net in the Ohio.
river, was recorded by Henshall for Hamilton County, 1888.

Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. Moon EYE; TooTHED HERRING.

Head 4%; depth’3; eye 3. D.12; A. 28; scales 5-55-7. Body oblong,
moderately compressed. Eye large, the maxillary barely reaching its mid-
dle. Pectoral fins not reaching ventrals, the latter just short of vent. Belly
somewhat carinated behind ventrals only. Color brilliantly silvery, olive-
shaded above. Length 12 inches.

This species is confined to Lake Erie and the Ohio river, and
the lower courses of their larger tributaries, but it is common
where found. Rafinesque made four species of it, and reported
two of them for the Ohio as far as Pittsburg. Three of these
nominal species, 7. clodalus, H!. vernalis and F1. tergisus, were
recognized by Kirtland in his 1838 report, but he afterward
dropped all but 77. texgzsus. ‘‘ Common in the Ohio,’’ Henshall,
1888; Lorain County, ‘‘common in the lake, .ascending the
streams sometimes,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ below the dams in the
Maumee river at Defiance and Grand Rapids, at both places they
were very abundant,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900. Le dieee

DOROSOMIDA—CLUPEIDA, 67

Family: DOROSOMIDA.
Genus: DOROSOMA.

Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). GIZZARD SHAD.

Head 4%; depth 2%; eye 4%. D. 12, its last ray prolonged and filiform,
about as long as head; scales 56-23. Body deep, compressed, the back ele-
vated in adult; belly compressed to an edge, serrated and covered by scutes,
17 in front of vent, 12 behind. Mouth small, inferior, no teeth. An adipose
eyelid. No lateral line. Stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a
fowl. Caudal fin widely forked, lower lobe the longer. Color silvery-bluish
above; young with a round, dark spot at shoulder; tips of ventrals and edge
of anal often dusky. Length 15 inches.

This handsome, worthless species is now well distributed over
the state in the lake and larger streams, although it is said that
previous to the opening of the canals it was not found in the
lake drainage. The form resident in the Mississippi valley is
known as var. heturum. Given by Kirtland as Chatoessus ellip-
ticus. Ohio river, Lake Erie and Licking reservoir, Jordan’s
Report ; Hamilton County, ‘‘ very common in the Ohio river,”
Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ quite common in the lake aud
ascending the rivers,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Defiance and Grand Rapids, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s and
Rockford, Tiffin river at Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Clover-
dale, Oakwood and Defiance, Hoaglin creek near Oakland and
Gordon creek near Cecil, Kirsch, 1893 ; abundant in St. Mary’s
reservoir and in the wasteway of the St. Mary’s reservoir into the
headwaters of the Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Chippewa lake, Ohio river at Bellaire and Licking reservoir, very
abundant at the last place, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Family: CLuPEIDA.
Genus: POMOLOBUS.

Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafinesque. SKIPJACK; BLUE HERRING.

Head 334; depth 334; eye shorter than snout, large, well covered by an
adipose eyelid, 414 in head. D. 16, its posterior ray not prolonged; A. 18;
about 52 scales in lateral line. Body elliptical, much compressed; belly
compressed to an edge which is covered with scutes, 20 before vent, 13

68 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

behind. Head slender and pointed; lower jaw strongly projecting; upper
jaw emarginate. Color, brilliant blue above, sides silvery with golden
reflections; no dark spot behind opercle. Length 15 inches.

This is a deep water species, common in the Ohio river, and
it has made its way through the canals into Lake Erie, where it
is now said to be common. Ohio river, ‘‘seldom as far as Pitts-
burg,’’ Rafinesque; ‘‘ very rare, two specimens seen in Cincin-
nati market,’’ Kirtland, 1838; Hamilton County, ‘‘abundant in
Ohio river,’’ Henshall, 1888.

Family: SALMONIDA.

Key to Genera.

A. Mouth not deeply cleft; dentition feeble or incomplete, scales large.
B. Lower jaw short and more or less included, cleft of mouth short.—

ae COREGONUS.
BB. Lower jaw long, projecting beyond upper, cleft of mouth rather long.—

ARGYROSOMUS.
AA. Mouth deeply cleft; dentition strong and complete, scales small.
Cc. Vomer with raised crest, which is armed with strong teeth; hyoid bone with a

broad band of strong teeth; no bright colors.— CRISTIVOMER.
CC. Vomer without raised crest; hyoid with weak teeth or none; spotted with
red.— SALVELINUS.

Genus: COREGONUS.
Coregonus clupeiformis (Mitchill), COMMON WHITEFISH.

Head 5; depth 3 to 4; eye 4 to 5. D, 11; A. 11; scales 8-74 to 85-9.
Body oblong, compressed, always elevated, especially so in adult. Head
comparatively small and short; the snout obliquely truncated. Gill rakers
numerous, long and slender. Color olivaceous above; sides white, but not
silvery; lower fins sometimes dusky. Length 2 feet or more.

In Ohio the Whitefish is found only in Lake Erie, where it
occurs in great numbers. It does not ascend streams. Recorded
first by Kirtland. ‘‘The most important fish of Ohio, both as to
quantity taken and quality as food,’’ Jordan’s Report; L. Erie,
Henshall, 1889; ‘‘common in the lake,’?’ McCormick, 1892;
‘(west end of Lake Erie,’’ Kirsch, 1893. Great quantities from
various parts of the lake are brought into the fish houses at San-
dusky.

SALMONIDA. 69

Genus: ARGYROSOMUS.

Key to Species.
A. Lower jaw projecting; depth in length 4%4.-- artedt.
AA. Jaws about equal; depth in length 3 to 3%4.— tullibee.
Argyrosomus artedi (Le Sueur). Crisco; LAKE HERRING.

Head 4%; depth 4%; eye 4to 4%. D. 10; A. 12; scales 8-75 to 90-7.
Body elongate, compressed, not elevated. Head compressed, rather long;
distance from occiput to snout usually a little less than half the distance
from occiput to insertion of dorsal fin. Dorsal fin high, its rays rapidly
shortened. Bluish black or greenish above; sides silvery, with dark specks;
fins mostly pale, the lower dusky-tinged. Length 1 foot.

In Ohio taken only in Lake Erie, where it 1s very abundant.
Recorded by Kirtland, Jordan and Henshall. Lorain Co., ‘‘ very
abundant, sometimes filling the pound nets almost solid with
fish,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ west end of Lake Erie,’’ Kirsch, 1893.
Brought into Sandusky fish houses in enormous numbers.

Argyrosomus tullibee (Richardson). TULLIBEE ; MONGREL
WHITEFISH.

Head 4 to 4%; depth 3 to 34; eye 4%, as long as snout. D. 11 or 12;
A. 11; scales 8 or 9-67 to 74-8. Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like,
dorsal and ventral curves similar. Head conic, compressed; distance from
occiput to tip of snout half the distance from occiput to insertion of D.
Color bluish above; sides white, punctate with fine dots; each scale with a
silvery area, these forming a series of distinct longitudinal stripes. Length
18 inches.

I have seen but one record of this species in Ohio, as follows:
‘‘T once received a photograph of a Tullibee from Dr. E. Ster-
ling, of Cleveland. The specimen had been taken in Lake Erie,’”
Jordan’s Report.

Genus: CRISTIVOMER.

Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum). MACKINAW TROUT;
GREAT LAKE TROUT; NAMAYCUSH.

Head 44%; depth 4; eye large, 4%. D. 11; A. 11; lateral line 185 to 205.
Body elongate. Head very long and pointed, its upper surface flattened.
Mouth very large, the maxillary extending much beyond eye; teeth strong.
Caudal fin well forked; adipose fin small. General color dark gray, varying
from pale to nearly black; everywhere with rounded, paler spots, which are
often reddish tinged; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. Length 3
feet.

70 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

In Ohio taken only in Lake Erie, does not ascend streams.
Kirtland records it for Lake Erie, ‘‘a few stragglers are taken.’’
Jordan and Henshall also recordit. McCormick says of its occur-
rence in Lorain County, ‘‘very rare, it is almost unknown to the
fishermen here, though common in the eastern part of the lake.’’

Genus: SALVELINUS.
Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). SPECKLED TRourT; BROOK TROUT.

Head 4%; depth 4%. D. 10; A. 9; scales 37-230-30. Body oblong,
moderately compressed, not much elevated. Head large, but not very long,
the snout bluntish; mouth large, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond
eye; eye large. Color above more or less mottled with dark olive or black!
sides in life with many red spots; dorsal and caudal mottled or barred with
dark; belly in males often more or less red.

The Brook Trout now probably occurs in but one stream in
the state, Castalia creek, near Sandusky. In 1838 Kirtland
recorded the species as found ‘‘ in only two streams, a small creek
in Ashtabula County, and a branch of the Chagrin river in
Geauga County.’’ In 1889 Henshall recorded it for Castalia
creek. It still occurs there in numbers under the protection of a
fishing club, which, I understand, introduces young fry to keep
up the supply. -

Order: WAPLOMI.
Family: UMBRIDA.

Genus: UMBRA.

Umbra limi (Kirtland). Mup Minnow.

Head 334; depth 44%. D.14; A. 8; scales 35-15, soft and leathery; no
lateral line. Body oblong, compressed. Head large, shortish, cheeks and
opercles and top of head forward to between the eyes, covered with scales.
Caudal fin conspicuously rounded. Color dull olive green, with a dark
dorsal band and about 14 light vertical bars, less distinct in young. A dark
bar at base of caudal. Length 4% inches.

This species is rare in the Ohio river drainage, but is reported
as very common in the northern part of the state. Recorded for
streams of northern Ohio by Kirtland ; abundant in the northern
part of Ohio, Jordan’s Report; Lorain County, “‘ very common
in sloughs and bayous,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Fish creek at Edger-

LUCIID A. 71

ton, Lost and Gordon creeks near Cecil, ‘‘ very common on soft
muddy bottom,’’ Kirsch, 1893; a single specimen was taken
April 3, 1897, in a small tributary of the Olentangy river at
Columbus by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer ; Niggermill
Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900 ; abundant in the ‘‘ Black
Channel’’ in Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Family: WuocipZ.
GEenuss SV wenws:
Key to Species.

A. Opercles entirely scaled, scales in lateral line 105.— vermiculatus.
AA. Opercles with the lower half bare of scales.
B. Cheeks entirely scaled, scales in lateral line about 123.— luctus.

BB. Cheeks with the lower half bare of scales, scales in lateral line about 150.—
MASQUINONEY.

Lucius vermiculatus (Le Sueur). WLitTrLE PICKEREL ; GRASS PIKE.

Head long, 3% to 334 in length of body; depth 5 to 6; eye 6 in head,
large. D. 11 or 12; A. 11 or 12; scales 105. Body elongate, somewhat com-
pressed. Opercles and cheeks entirely covered with scales. Color greenish
or grayish olive, everywhere reticulated with irregular, light markings; the
color extremely variable. Length about a foot.

The Little. Pickerel, or ‘‘ Grass Pike,’’ as it is sometimes
called, is common throughout the state in suitable localities. Its ~
favorite haunt is the weedy pond or backwater or overflow pool
of some stream, and in such places it is sometimes very abund-
ant. Jordan in his Ohio Report gives it as more abundant in the
Ohio river drainage than in that of the lake. ‘‘ Lake Erie and
Maumee river,’ Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘common,”’
McCormick, 1892 ; ‘‘common throughout the Maumee basin, all
waters examined (in Ohio) except Hoaglin creek,”’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, ‘‘of general distribution, abundant in Hell
Branch,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, R. C.
Osburn, 1899; Sandusky Bay, Breakneck creek near Kent. Lick-
ing reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Lucius lucius (Linnaeus). PICKEREL; PIKE.

Head 3%; depth 5; eye 6% in head. Developed rays of dorsal 16 or 17,
of anal 13 or 14; scales 123. Body moderately elongate, back little elevated.
Head rather long. Cheeks scaly; the lower half of opercle bare. Color

72 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

bluish or greenish gray, with many whitish or yellowish spots arranged
somewhat in rows. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins with roundish or oblong,
black spots. Length 4 feet.

The Pickerel is said to have been very abundant at one time
in all the streams flowing into Lake Erie and somewhat less.
common in the Ohio river drainage, In the latter it has now, as.
far as Ohio is concerned, become quite rare, and in the lake
drainage, and even in the lake itself, it has noticeably diminished
in numbers. Kirtland gives it as ‘‘common both to the waters
of the Ohio and the lake.’’ Lake Erie and Sandusky river,
Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, Lake Erie and Black river,
‘“often killed in the ponds and channels of the snipe ground
when they are spawning,’’ McCormick, 1892; St. Joseph river at
Edgerton, Tiffin river at West Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize
river at Cloverdale, Kirsch, 1893 ; Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Licking reservoir, a single specimen, 1% feet in length.
R, C. Osburn, 1900.

Lucius masquinongy (Mitchill). MuSKALLUNGE.

Head 3%; depth 6; eye 4 to6in snout. D.17; A. 15; scales 150. Gen-
eral form of Z. /ucius; the head proportionately longer. Cheeks and oper-
cles both naked below. Color dark gray, sides in the typical form, sas-
_ guinongy, with round or squarish, blackish spots of varying size on a ground
color of grayish silvery; belly white; fins spotted with black. Length 4 to
8 feet.

This magnificent Pike is represented in Ohio by two varieties,
as follows: JL. masquinongy var. masguinongy, the typical form,
confined to Lake Erie and its tributary rivers, and LZ. AZasguz-
nongy ohtensis (Kirtland), confined to the Ohio river and its
tributary streams. The variety ofzensts is separated from the
typical form by the presence of narrow irregular crossbars,
formed by the coalescing of spots on the sides. Kirtland records
the former for Lake Erie and the Ohio canal near Massilon,
1838, and the latter for the Mahoning river, 1854; Ohio river
and Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; McCormick records the species.
for Lorain County, and states that it is growing rare, being
seldom taken in the pounds; Kirsch, in 1893, speaks in the same
strain of their diminishing numbers in Maumee river and the
west end of Lake Erie.

PCECILIID At. 73

Family: PCCILIID As.

Genus: KFUNDULUS.

Key to Species.
A. No broad, black lateral band. i

B. Dorsal fin of 12 or 13 rays.— diaphanus:
BB. Dorsal fin of 7 rays.— dispar.
AA. A broad, black lateral band, its ed es notched; dorsal fin of 9 rays.— nolatus.

Fundulus diaphanus menona (Jordan and Copeland).

Head 3%; depth 5. D.12; A. 10; scales 48-12. Body rather slender,.
not elevated, compressed posteriorly. Head flattened above. Fins rather
small and low. General color olivaceous, below pale, sides somewhat silvery;
back always spotted; sides with about 16 distinct, irregular, dark bands,
these often replaced by the same number of shining, silvery bands narrower
than the interspaces. Length 34 inches.

Taken only in the northern part of the state, wherein suitable
places itis common. ‘‘’Taken once near Lorain, common near
Huron and Put-in-Bay,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ Maumee river at
Toledo, abundant,’’ Kirsch, 1893; noted commonly by Prof.
D. S. Kellicott, EK. B. Williamson and the writer in Sandusky
Bay in 1896, and again by the writer in 1899 and rgoo.

Fundulus dispar (Agassiz).

Head 33/; depth 3%. D.7; A. 9; scales 35-10. Body short and deep,.
much compressed. Head short and very broad, the distance between the
eyes above greater than the distance between them below. Snout broadly
rounded. Dorsal fin much smaller than anal. Color pale olive, bluish in
life; about Io longitudinal, wavy, brown stripes along sides formed by the
dark edges of the scales. Males have these stripes interrupted and have
about 9 dark crossbars; a black blotch below eye. Length 2% inches.

Given for Ohio by Jordan (Ohio Rept.), and Jordan and
Evermann (Bull. 47, U. S. Natl. Mus.) Dr. B. W. Evermann,
in a recent letter regarding this species, says: ‘‘I learned of its.
occurrence in the Celina reservoir through students of mine who.
seined there. No record was published, however.”’

Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque). Tor Minnow.

Head 4; depth 4%; eye 3. D..9; A. 11 or 12; scales 34-11. Body
slender, compressed posteriorly. Head depressed, rather long, the snout
somewhat produced; interorbital space half the length of head. Color oliva-
ceous or brownish olive, with a broad, blackish lateral band from tip of

‘74 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

snout to caudal, this band usually notched above and below, giving it a
serrated appearance. A light, translucent spot is conspicuous on the top of
the head when the fish is swimming at the surface. Length 2 to 3% inches.

The Top Swimmer is a common species in suitable localities
in the Ohio river drainage, but is rather rare in the tributaries of
the lake. Hamilton County, very abundant in Ross lake, Hen-
shall, 1888 ; Maumee river at Grand Rapids, St. Mary’s river at
-St. Mary’s and Rockford, Tiffin river at West Unity and Bruners-
burg, Auglaize river at Wapakoneta, Cloverdale, Oakwood and
Defiance, Blanchard river at Ottawa, Hoaglin creek at Ottawa,
““seemingly scarce at all these points,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin
“County, of general distribution, abundant in places, Williamson
-and Osburn, 1897 ; Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater creek near
Dayton, very common, R. C. Osburn, 1899.

Order; BWRMIBRANCHII.
Family: GASTEROSTEIDA.

Genus: EUCALIA.

Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). BRooK STICKLEBACK.

Head 3%; depth 4. D.IV-I, 10; A. I, 10. Body moderately elongate,
little compressed; caudal peduncle slender, not keeled. Dorsal spines low,
subequal, 4 or 5 in number in a right line; a cartilaginous ridge along base
-of fin; ventral spines short and sharp, serrated. Color, males in spring jet
black, tinged with red anteriorly; females and young, olivaceous, mottled
and dotted with black. Jength 2% inches. .

This species is probably confined to the central and northern
parts of Ohio. It is said to be abundant in some localities. Kaurt-
land described the species in 1841, from brooks of Trumbull
County ; Jordan gives it as ‘‘abundant in many streams in
northern part of Ohio’’; ‘‘ Castalia creek’’ near Sandusky, Hen-
‘shall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘I have found sticklebacks in but
two places,’’ McCormick, 1892; Mr. E. B. Williamson writes me
that he has found the species in Niggermill Run at Salem, Col-
tumbiana County, 1899.

PERCOPSIDAt. 75

Order: ACANTHOPTERI.
Sub-Order : SALMOPERCAR.
Family: PERCOPSIDA.
Genus: PERCOPSIS.

Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. TROUT PERCH.

Head 3% to4; depth 4to4%. D.II,9; A. I, 7; scales about 50, strongly
ctenoid. Head rather long, slender and conical, mouth subinferior. Body
rather slender; caudal peduncle long and slender. A small but distinct
adipose fin behind dorsal. Color, pale olivaceous on back, colorless and
somewhat translucent below; about 11 small, dark spots along lateral line,
and another row of smaller dots between this and mid-dorsal line. Length
4 to 6 inches.

Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U.S. Natl. Mus.) in dis-
cussing the range of this species give it as ‘‘ rare in streams south
of Lake Erie.’’ This statement does not seem to hold good for
the State of Ohio, for in suitable localities the species is common
as far as the southern limits of the state, and in some places is
very abundant. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in Little Miami
river below the dam at Loveland,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘ common in Lake Erie, Black river and Beaver creek,’’
McCormick, 1892 ; Franklin County, taken in most of the streams
of the county, abundant in streams west of the Scioto, after
some hauls in Scioto Big Run the seine contained more of this
than all the other species combined, Williamson and Osburn,
1897; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, common
at both places, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
‘Osburn, 1900.

Sub-Order: XENARCHI.
Family: APHREDODERID&.
Genus: APHREDODERUS.

Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). PIRATE PERCH.

Head 3; depth 3. DD. III, 11 to IV, 10; A. Il, 6; scales 45 to 60. Body
oblong, elevated at base of dorsal, compressed behind. Head thick, de-
pressed; mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting. Lateral line imperfect or
wanting. The position of the anus is peculiar, being always anterior; it

76 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

varies in position with age from just behind the ventrals in the young, to
below the preopercle in the adult. Color, dark olive, profusely speckled
with dark points, which may form streaks along the rows of scales; 2 black-
ish bars at base of caudal. Length 5 inches. The Ohio form is the variety
zsolepis.

The Pirate Perch seems to be a rather rare species in Ohjo,
and thus far it has been taken only in Lake Erie and the Maumee
river system. ‘‘Lake Erie,’’ Henshall, 1889; Maumee river
system, ‘‘only two small specimens were taken, one by Prof.
Meek in Gordon creek near Cecil, and one by us in warm slug-
gish water in St. Mary’s river at Rockford,’’ Kirsch, 1893.

Sub-Order: PERCESOCES.
Family: ATHERINIDA.

Genus: WABIDESTHES.

Labidesthes sicculus Cope. BROOK SILVERSIDES.

Head 4% to 4%; depth 6; eye large, 3%. D. IV-I, 11; A. I, 23; scales.
75. Body very long and slender, compressed. Head long, flattened above;
snout long, slender and conic; mouth very large, the jaws produced into a
sort of beak. First dorsal very low, inserted well back; caudal forked.
Color pale olive green, translucent, dotted above with fine, dark specks; a
broad, distinct, silvery lateral band, bounded above by a dark line. Length

Y% inches.

This peculiar and interesting little fish is widely distributed
over the state and is generally common. Quiet pools of streams.
and shallow waters of lakes on sandy or gravelly bottom are its.
favorite hauuts. Hamilton County, ‘‘ one specimen from Bloody
Run, common in Ross lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County,
““ quite common in the lake and in the larger streams below the
dams,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ generally distributed in the waters.
of the Maumee basin,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, generally
distributed, abundant, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Huron
river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater

creek near Dayton, very abundant on sandy bottom in shallow
water in Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Mahoning river,

E. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake, Chippewa lake, Summit
lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby,
Ohio river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

KEY TO GENERA— CENTRARCHID&. 9

Sub-Order: RAHEGNOPTERI.
Group: PERCOIDEA.

Family: CENTRARCHIDA,
Key to Genera.

A. Dorsal fin scarcely longer than anal.— POMOXIS.
AA. Dorsal fin much larger than anal.
B. Body comparatively short and deep, the depth usually more than 2 the length.
(, Tongue and pterygoids with teeth; mouth large, maxillary reaching past
middle of eye.
D. Opercle emarginate behind ; anal spines 6.— AMBLOPLITES.

DD. Opercle ending in a black, convex process or flap; anal spines, 3.—
CH E=NOBRYTTUS.
Cc. Tongue and pterygoids toothless; mouth small, maxillary barely reach-
ing past middle of eye.

EB. Supplemental bone of maxillary perfectly distinct.— APromorTis.
EE. Supplemental bone of maxillary rudimentary or wanting.
F. Lower pharyngeal bones narrow, the teeth usually sharp, not
conical.— LEPOMIS.
FR. Lowér pharyngeals broad and concave, especially in the adult,
teeth more or less blunt and paved.— EUPOMOTIS.
BB. Body comparatively elongate, depth in adult about 4% the length; mouth
large.— MICROPTERUS.

Genus: POMOXIS.
Key to Species.

A. Dorsalspines 6, occasionally 5, rarely 7; profile strongly sinuate, anal fin plain.—
annularts.
AA. Dorsal spines 7, rarely 8; profile not strongly sinuate; anal fin reticulate with dark
markings.— sparotdes.
Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. CRAPPIE ; TAKE ERIE BASS;
CaLico BASS.
Head 3; depth 2%; eye large, 4. D. V or VI, or sometimes VII, 15; A.
VI, 18; scales 6-48-14. Body elongate, much compressed. Head long; the
profile from snout to dorsal strongly sinuate; mouth very wide. Fins very
high, but lower than in P. sparoides. Color, silvery olive, mottled with
dark green, the dark marks chiefly on upper part of body and having a
tendency to form vertical bars; dorsal and caudal marked with dark green,
anal nearly plain. A lighter colored fish than P. sparoides. Quite variable.
Length 12 inches.

Well distributed over the state in larger streams and lakes,
‘common. Recorded for the state by Dr. Kirtland, who gave it
the name C7chla storeria. ‘‘It occurs in large numbers in the
‘Ohio river and its tributaries, rarely taken in Lake Erie,’’ Jor-
dan’s Report; Muskingum river, Ohio river at Raccoon Island,
Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, common, McCormick, 1892;

78 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy river, Big Walnut
creek, Big Darby creek, abundant, Williamson and Osburn, 1897;
Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at
Celina, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Ohio river at Bellaire, Chippewa lake, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
It is worthy of note that in Chippewa lake, which drains into the
Ohio river system, this species was found exceedingly abundant,
but none of the next species, P. spavozdes, were taken, while in
Summit lake, with very similar surroundings, but draining into.
Lake Erie, only P. sfavotdes was taken. ‘These lakes are but a
short distance apart, the former being near Medina, the latter at
Akron.

Pomoxis sparoides (Lacepede). Carico Bass; GRASS BASS ;
LAKE ERIE Bass; CRAPPIE; BACHELOR.

Head 3; depth 2. WD. VII or VIII, 15; A. VI, 17 or 18; scales 7-44-12.
Body less elongate than in P. annularis, the profile less sinuate, the region
over the eye not being so much depressed. Fins very high, anal higher
than dorsal, its height 4 or 5 times in length of body. Color silvery olive,
mottled with olive green or dark, the markings not tending to vertical bars,
but to small, irregular groups and covering the whole body. Anal fin
heavily marked like the other vertical fins, with dark olive markings; a
dusky opercular spot.. Length 12 inches.

Not so common as the preceding, but widely distributed, and
occurring throughout the state; perhaps not ascending streams as.
far as P. annularis. It is said to be more common than P.
annularis in the lake drainage, while in the Ohio Valley, P.
annularts is the more common. ‘‘In the Great Lakes in large
numbers. I have seen but few from the Ohio Valley,’’ Jordan’s.
Report; Hamilton County, ‘‘common in Ross lake near Hlm-
wood,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, Lake Erie and lower
parts of Beaver creek and Black river, McCormick, 1892; Maumee
river at Defiance and Grand Rapids; St. Joseph river at Edger-
ton, Fish creek at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s and
Rockford, Tiffin river at Brunersburg and West Unity, Hoaglin
creek near Oakland, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto and
Olentangy rivers, not common, Williamson and Osburn, 1897;.
Ohio river at Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Summit lake, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

CENTRARCHID A}. 79»

Genus: AMBLOPLITES.
Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Rock Bass; GOGGLE-EYE;
RED-EYE.

Head 2%; depth 2 to 2%; eye very large, 3%. D. XI, 10 or 11; A. VI,
10; scales 5 to 7-40-12. Body oblong, compressed. Head large, profile-
little depressed above eye; mouth large and oblique, lower jaw projecting.
Preopercle serrate near its angle. Color olive green, tinged more or less.
with brassy yellow, with much dark mottling; each scale with a dark spot
producing longitudinal rows; a black opercular spot. Soft dorsal, anal and
caudal with dark mottlings. Length 12 inches.

A widely distributed and abundant species found in all larger
streams and lakes. Recorded by Kirtland as common. Abund-
ant, Jordan’s Report; ‘‘ Lake Erie, Ohio river, near Little Sandy
river,’ Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘common in the larger
streams, sometimes taken by the pound nets in the lake,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; ‘‘ A common fish at nearly all points where investi--
gations were made,’’ Maumee river basin, Kirsch, 1893; Frank-
lin County, nearly every stream, common, Williamson and
Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County, not common,
Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo,.
Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North
Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Nigger-
mill Run and Mahoning river, EK. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin.
lake, Cuyahoga river and Breakneck creek at Kent, R. C. Osburn,
TQOO.

Genus: CHANOBRYTTUS.
Cheenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). WARMOUTH.

Head 21 to 2%; depth 2 to 2%; eye 4 to4%. The general form and’
dentition of dizbloplites, with the convex opercle, 10 dorsal and 3 anal.
spines of Lepomis. Preopercle entire. Head large, snout about equal to
eye; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior border of eye, teeth on vomer,
palatines, pterygoidsand tongue. D. X, gor 10; A, III, 8or 9; dorsalspines.
low. Color dark olive green, clouded with darker, usually with red or blue,
and brassy; a dark spot on each scale; belly yellowish or brassy. Length 8.
to 10 inches.

Taken by Kirsch in the Maumee basin in Fish creek, at
Edgerton, and Tiffin river at Brunersburg, ‘‘ not common,’’ 1893..
Not recorded for the state by any other collector.

‘30 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: APOMOTIS.

Apomotis cyanellus (Rafinesque). GREEN SUNFISH;
CREEK SUNFISH; LITTLE RED-EVE.

Head 3; depth 2%. OD. X, 11; A. III, 9; scales about 7-48-17, 8 rows
on cheek. Body oblong, rather elongate in young, becoming short and deep
in adults. Mouth large, larger than in Lepomis or Eupomotis, maxillary
reaching nearly to middle of eye, lower jaw projecting. Gill rakers long
and stiff. Lower pharyngeal teeth acute; a patch of teeth on basibranchial .
between second and third hypobranchials, Color generally greenish, some-
times nearly black; vertical fins marked with blue or green, in adults in
spring the lower fins are very dark and all the fins are edged with silvery;
dorsal and anal generally with a black spot on the posterior rays. Quite
variable. Length 7 inches.

The Green Sunfish is an abundant resident of the streams of
Ohio, but is rarely found in the lakes. It ascends the streams
farther than any other species of this family, being found even
in small brooks and spring runs. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant
in Ross lake and Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, “‘abundant in the upper part of small streams and in
sniall ponds,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river basin, ‘‘ taken at
nearly every point in all the streams that were examined,’’ Kirsch,
1893; Franklin County, abundant in nearly every stream, Wil-
liamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County,
not common, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Ohio river
at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Mahoning river,
FE. B. Williamson, t900; Breakneck creek near Kent, outlet of
Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

CENTRARCHIDA. to

Genus: LEPOMIS.

Key to Species.
A. Pectoral fins short, obtuse, not reaching beyond front of anal, considerably shorter
than head.— megalotis.

AA. Pectoral fins more or less pointed, not much if any shorter than head, and reaching
to or beyond front of anal.

B. Opercular flap margined with red, sides with many red spots.— humilis.
BB. Qpercular flap without red margin or spot; no red spots on sides, a large spot
on posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins at base.— pallidus,

Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). LONG-EARED SUNFISH.

Head (without earflap) 3 in length; depth 17% to 2%; eye 3% to 4.
D. X, to to 12; A. III, 8 to 10; scales about 6-38-12, about 5 rows on cheek,
Body short and deep, compressed; the back very strongly arched in adult,
the profile very steep. Mouth small, oblique. Guill rakers very short and
soft. Dorsal spines very low, 3 in head. Pectoral 1% to 1% in head.
Opercular flap in adult very broad and long, with a pale blue or red margin
which may be very broad or almost wanting; the flap much smaller in young.
Color brilliant blue and orange; above chiefly blue, the belly entirely orange,
lips blue; cheeks orange, with bright blue stripes; soft parts of vertical fins
with the rays blue and membranes orange. An extremely variable species.
Length 8 inches.

An abundant species in the Ohio river system, but not so
common in the lake drainage. It occurs both in lakes and
streams, but to greater extent in the latter. It does not ascend
streams as far as Apomotis cyanellus, however. Given by Kirt-
land as Pomotis nitida. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in Ross
lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, rare, twospecimens from
Black river, 1890, McCormick; Maumee system, ‘‘all the larger
streams and nearly all the smaller ones,’’ July 17 given as a
breeding date, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, nearly all the
streams, apparently the most common sunfish, June 18 given as a
breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; John’s creek at
Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run
at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Sandusky Bay, Summit lake,
Ohio river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, Igoo.

82 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Lepomis humilis (Girard). RED-SPOTTED SUNFISH.

Head 234 to 3; depth 24% to 2%; eye large, 3 to3%. OD. X, Ioor1z;
A. II, 8 or 9; scales large, 5-34-11, about 5 rows on cheek. Body oblong,
profile not very steep. Mucous pores on head very large; opercular flap
long, broad and with a very broad, red margin, which entirely surrounds
the black. Longest dorsal spine not quite half head, pectoral alittle shorter
than head. Gill rakers rather long and blunt, well developed. Color,
bluish with conspicuous greenish spots posteriorly; sides with many con-
spicuous round, salmon-red spots; a faint black spot on last rays of dorsal;
belly and lower fins red. Length 4 inches.

This small, highly colored sunfish is found in Ohio in the south-
western part only. I know of but onerecord, as follows: Ham-
ilton Co., ‘‘common in Ross lake and Clough creek,’’ Henshall,
1888.

Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). BrLuE-cGIL1,; BLUE BREAM ;
COPPER-NOSED BREAM ; BLUE SUNFISH.

Head 234 to 3%; depth about 2; eye 3% to4. D.X, 11; A. III, to to
12; scales about 7-45-12, 5 rows on cheek. Body comparatively short and
deep, compressed; the young slender, adults nearly orbicular, caudal pedun-
cle rather slender. Head rather small, the projecting snout forming an
angle above eye. Mouth quite small, the maxillary barely reaching front of
eye. Opercular flap very short in young, somewhat larger in adult, without
pale edge. Gill rakers of moderate length, rather stiff. Dorsal fin high;
pectoral fin long and narrow, longer than head, reaching past front of anal.
Color, olive green, sometimes quite dark, sometimes with a silvery or golden
luster. Adults in spring with the belly coppery red. Young, silvery with
more or less distinct, chain-like bars of darker on the sides. No blue stripes
on cheek; a black blotch at base of posterior rays of dorsal and anal. Ex-
tremely variable. Length 12 inches.

The Blue-gill is a very abundant species in the lakes of Ohio.
It is quite common and widely distributed in the larger streams,
but does not ascend small streams. Hamilton County, ‘‘abund-
ant in Little Miami river and Ross lake,’”’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘not common,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river sys- -
tem, ‘‘ taken in all the streams and at nearly every point exam-
ined,’’? Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto and Olentangy
rivers, Big Walnut and Big Darby Creeks, rare, June 14 given as
a breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Huron river at

(Lepomis machrochirus Rafinesque, has been taken in the head waters of the Ohio
in western Pennsylvania, by Cope, and in the Ohio river, by Rafinesque and Jordan, but as

I know of no record of its capture within the state, I hesitate to include it in the list,
though it doubtless occurs rarely in the Ohio.) ;

CENTRARCHID. 83

Milan, Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn,
1899; I have observed the species also at Licking and St. Mary’s
reservoirs. In both of these and in Sandusky Bay it is very
abundant; Pippin lake, Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Ohio river
at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Genus: EUPOMOTIS.
Key to Species.

A. Cheeks without marked blue or orange spots or lines.

B. Scales large, 34 to 39 in lateral line.— heros.
BB. Scales moderate, 33 in lateral line. euryorus.

AA. Cheeks with wavy blue lines, scales about 45; lower posterior border of opercular
flap always scarlet. gtbbosus,

Eupomotis heros (Baird and Girard).

Head 24 to 3; depth 2 to 22; eye 3% to 4%; snout 3% to4. D.X, 11;
A. III, 11; scales 4-34 to 39-13, 4 rows on cheek. Appearance of Lepomis
pallidus. Body robust, moderately elongate, dorsal and ventral outlines
about equally curved. Head rather large, a considerable depression in pro-
file above eye; mouth rather large, maxillary reaching past front of eye.
Dorsal spines rather high; pectorals reaching beyond middle of anal.
Opercular flap smaller than eye, much as in /. gibbosus. Pharyngeal teeth
not so blunt as in gzbdosus. Color dark greenish above, gradually becoming
brassy on belly; opercular spot greenish black, the flap with a broad, blood-
red border in male, plain in females. No spot on dorsal or anal. Length
about 8 inches.

This is a species of southern distribution, and in Ohio prob-
ably occurs only in the southwestern part of the state. It has
been recorded, in 1888, for the Little Miami river in Hamilton
County, by Henshall, under the name Lepomzs notatus.

Eupomotis euryorus (McKay).

Head 33; depth 22. D. X, 11; A. III, 10; scales 6-43-14, 6 or 7 rows
on cheek. Body very robust, compressed, dorsal outline more convex than
ventral; profile steep, convex. Mouth oblique, small, maxillary reaching
front of eye. Teeth on front of palatines. Lower pharyngeals with the
rather long posterior spur turned up, stoutish; the inner angle rounded,
somewhat obtuse. Teeth stout, very much blunted, not close set. Gill
rakers short and stout, the inner surface roughened. Opercular flap nearly
as long as snout, witha very broad, pale membranous margin. Dorsal spines
low; ventrals and pectorals short, reaching vent. Color in spirits, mottled
olive, yellowish below; top of head blackish; membranes of vertical fins
dusky; ventrals dusky, with lighter margins; pectorals pale. Length 8
inches.

84 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

This rare sunfish has been recorded from but two localities in
Ohio, both of these to the credit of Mr. McCormick, who says of
them: ‘‘I took several specimens near Huron, July 6, 1891, and
two near Lorain, in September.’’ Only two other specimens were
known at the time Mr. McCormick took these.

Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus). COMMON SUNFISH ;
PUMPKIN SEED ; SUNNY.

Head 3 to 34%; depth 13 to 2; eye 4 to 4%; snout4%. OD. X, to to 12;
A. III, 10 or 11; scales about 6-44-13, 4 rows on cheek. Body short and
deep, compressed, the profile steep, convex. Head rather small; mouth
small, maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye. Dorsal spines high, the
longest 2 to 2% in head, equal to distance from snout to posterior edge of
pupil; pectorals long, as long as head. Gill rakers short and soft, weaker
than in any other species except Lepomis megalotis. Pharyngeal teeth all
bluntly rounded, paved, the bones very broad and somewhat concave.
Opercular flap small, the lower posterior part always lright scarlet, a char-
acter which distinguishes this species at once in the adult. Color greenish
olive, brilliantly marked with blue and orange on the sides; belly orange;
lower fins orange, upper blue and orange-spotted; cheeks orange, with wavy
blue streaks. One of the most gaudy of our Sunfishes, and quite variable.
Length 8 inches.

An abundant species in the ponds and lakes of central and
northern Ohio, common in the large streams and in the quiet
waters of bayous. Not common in the smaller streams, and said’
to be rather rare in the southern part of the state. In Sandusky
Bay and in Licking reservoir it is the most abundant sunfish.
Ross lake, Hamilton County, and Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889;
Lorain County, ‘‘ very abundant below the ripples in the larger
streams, and in the bayous near the lake. A few taken in the
pounds,’’ Camden lake, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system,
‘abundant in all the lakes, common in all the larger streams,
except the Auglaize river, less common in the smaller streams,”’
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto and Olentangy rivers,
Big Walnut and Big Darby creeks, not common, Williamson and
Osburn, 1897; Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, St. Mary’s
reservoir, Wabash river at Celina, North Fork of Licking river
at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Pippin lake, Chippewa lake,
Summit lake, Licking reservoir, abundant in all these localities,
R. C. Osburn, 1900.

CENTRARCHIDAS. 85

Genus: MICROPTERUS.

Key to Species.
A. Eleven rows of scales above lateral line, about 17 rows on cheek:— dolomteu.
AA. Seven rows of scales above lateral line, about 10 rows on cheek.— salmotdes.

Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. SMALL-MOUTHED BI,ACK BASS.

Head 2% to 3%; depth 23 to 3%; eye 5 to6%. D.X, 13 to15; A. III,
Io to 12; scales 11-72 to 85-25 (Ohio specimens average about 75 in lateral
line). Body rather elongate in young, becoming deeper with age. Mouth
large, but smaller than in JZ. salimotdes, the maxillary usually not extending
back of posterior edge of orbit. This species can always be distinguished at
once from J. salmotdes by the smaller scales, there being 11 rows of scales
above the lateral line, while in sa/#moides there are but 7 rows. ‘The color is
exceedingly variable, giving rise to a number of local names among sports-
men. The usual color is a dark green, with bronze or golden reflections,
sometimes almost black on the back; belly lighter. A lateral band never
present. Said to reach a length of 2 feet.

Widely distributed over the state and common everywhere in
suitable localities. Dr. Jordan aptly says in regard to its habits,
““as compared with JZ. salmozdes it is a fish of the running waters,
having little liking for warm and grassy ponds, bayous or lakes.’’
It is found in nearly all streams, sometimes even ascending small,
spring-fed brooks. Recorded by all students of Ohio fishes from
Rafinesque and Le Sueur on down, and under a great variety of
names. I give the locality records of later investigators. Ham-
ilton County, ‘‘ common in Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in the larger streams, not so often
seen in the lake as the next species,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee
river system, ‘‘ common in all the streams, none from the lakes,”
Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, generally abundant, William-
son and Osburn, 1897 ; Big Jelloway creek system, Knox County,
nearly all streams, abundant in some places, Parker, Williamson
and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo, Ice creek at Iron-
ton, Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Mahoning river, EK. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at
Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Wil-
loughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon
creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

86 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

-

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS;
OSWEGO Bass; GREEN Bass; BAYOU BASS.

Head’ 3 to'3%2> depths tog; eye 5. to GD), 12) or 137 Ae rotor
II; scales 7-65 to 70-18. Body much as in MW. dolomieu, ovate-fusiform.
Mouth very large, maxillary (except in very young) reaching past eye.
Always distinguishable from J7. dolomieu by the larger scales, 7 rows above
lateral line. Color variable, usually dark green above, becoming greenish
silvery on sides and belly. Youngalways with a distinct, black lateral band,
which becomes fainter with age and disappears entirely at about the fourth
year. Length 1% to 2% feet.

This species is found in lakes, bayous and in channels of
larger streams. It isa fish of the quiet water. Widely distrib-
uted. Like the preceding species it has been the subject of much
synonymy. Rafinesque records it under the name Lepomzs
pallida, for the Ohio, Miami and Hocking rivers. Hamilton
County, ‘‘common in Ross lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘ more common in the lake than in the streams,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; Maumee river system, common in all the lakes, also
common in the Maumee river and most of its larger tributaries,
but none in Auglaize river or its tributaries, Kirsch, 1893 ; Frank-
lin County, Scioto river, Big Walnut creek, Big Darby creek, not
common, Williamson and Osburn, 1897'; Ohio river and Ice creek
at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan,
Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Pippin lake, Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Grand river at Paines-
ville, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

KRY TO GENFRA—PERCIDA. 87

Family; PERCIDA.

Key to Genera.

A. Pseudobminchize well developed; preopercle serrate; branchiostegals 7; no anal

papilla.
B. Canine teeth on jaws and palatines; body elongate; ventral fins well sepa-
rated.— STIZOSTEDION.
BB. Canine teeth none ; body oblong, ventral fins near together.— PERCA.

AA. Pseudobranchiz imperfect or wanting ; preopercle entire or nearly so; branchios-
tegals 6; anal papilla usually present.

(G Parietal region of skull depressed, not strongly convex in transverse section,
—-shaped in section.

D. Cranium broad between the eyes, suout conic, projecting pig-like beyond
the inferior mouth.— PERCINA.
DD. Cranium not broad between the eyes, snout not much proj-cting.

E. Body not hyaline nor extremely elongate, its surface almost en-
tirely covered with scales.

BF. Premaxillaries not protractile, the skin of the premaxillary
continuous in the middle with that of the forehead with no
cross groove between.— HADROPTERUS.

FF. Premaxillaries protractile (in Cottogaster shumardi a narrow,
connecting frenum sometimes crosses from the premaxillary
to the forehead).

G. Anal spines 2, both well developed, the first usually the
longer.

H. Mid-line of belly naked or covered by caducous
shields ; gill membranes scarcely conne ted —

COTTOGASTER.
HH. Belly covered with ordinary scales; gill mem-
branes broadly connected.— DIPLESION.
GG. Anal spine single, obscure ; anal fin small, much shorter
than soft dorsal.— BOLEOSOMA.
EE. Body extremely elongate, hyaline, subterete, the belly mostly
naked.
I. Premaxillaries not protractile ; dorsal spines 12 or 13.—
CRYSTALLARIA.

II.. Premaxillaries protractile; dorsal spines 9 to 11.—

AMMOCRYPTA.
CC. Parietal region of skull not depressed, more or less strongly convex in cross-
section, N-shaped; premaxillaries never protractile; belly covered with

ordinary scales.

J. Lateral line straight ; body rather robust.— ETHEOSTOMA.
JJ. lateral line with a slight arch running high anteriorly ; body slender.—

BOLEICHTHYS.

88 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: STIZOSTEDION.

‘ey to Species.

A. Pyloric coeca 3; soft dorsal with about 20 rays; a biack spot on last dorsal spines.—

: ' vitveum.
AA. Pyloric coeca 4 to 7; soft dorsal with about 17 rays; no black spot on posterior dorsal
spines, a black blotch at base of pectoral : second dorsal with rows of dark spots.—

canadense.

Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). WaALL-EYED PIKE; PIKE PERCH;
YELLOW PIKE; BLUE PIKE; JACK SALMON.

Head 3%; depth about 4%; eye 4% to5. D. XII to XVI, 19 to 21; A.
II, 12 to 14; scales 10-110 to 132-25; lateral line incomplete. Body slender,
becoming compressed with age. Cheeks and upper surface of head nearly
naked. Dorsal spines high, more than one-half the length of head; dorsal
fins well separated; soft dorsal nearly as long asthe spinous. Pyloric coeca,
3. Color, dark olive, finely mottled with brassy; sides of head more or less
vermiculated; belly and lower fins pinkish; spinous dorsal with a large, jet
black spot on posterior 2 or 3 membranes. Length about 3 feet.

Common in Ohio river and Lake Erie, and sometimes ascend-
ing their larger tributaries. Kirtland reported it from Lake Erie
and the Maumee and Ohio rivers under the name Luwczo-perca
americana. Wamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in the Ohio river,’’
Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ very common in the lake,
entering the streams occasionally,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee
river at Grand Rapids and Toledo, and Lake Erie around the
mouth of the Maumee in large numbers, Kirsch, 1893; Huron
river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899.

Stizostedion canadense griseum (De Kay). SAUGER; SAND PIKE;

GRAY PIKE; PICKERING.

Head 3%; depth varying with age, 4% to 6; eye5. D. XI to XV-I, 17
to 19; A. II, 11 or 12; scales 9-100 to 125-27; lateral line incomplete. Body
more terete than in S. vztvewm. Head depressed, pointed; opercular spines
fewer than in the typical .S. cawadense, and the head less completely scaled.
Color, olive gray, sides brassy or orange, with dark mottlings; spinous dorsal
with 2 or 3 rows of irregular, dark spots, no large, black spot on posterior

rays. Amore translucent fish than S. vitveum. Pyloric coeca 4 to 7.
Length about 18 inches.

Distributed about as the preceding species. Common both in
the lake and Ohioriver. ‘‘ Abundant in the Great Lakes, plenti-
ful in Ohio river,’’ Jordan’s Report; Hamilton County, ‘‘ com-
mon in the Ohio river,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘com-
mon in the lake, entering streams oftener than S. wztreum,’’

PERCIDA. 89

McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Grand Rapids, Waterville
and Toledo, Blanchard river at Ottawa, west end of Lake Erie,
Kirsch, 1893. I have seen many dead ones on the lake beach at
Sandusky.

Genus: PERCA.

Perca flavescens (Mitchill). YELLow PERCH; RINGED PERCH.

Head 3%; depth 34%. D. XIII to XV-II, 13 to15; A. II, 7 or 8; scales
7-74 to 88-17; lateral line incomplete. Body slender in young, becoming
stouter with age; adults have the back considerably arched, the profile con-
vex from dorsal to occiput, thence concave forward to the projecting snout.
Cheeks closely scaled; well developed striae on operculars and rugosities on
top of head. Color, dark olivaceous above, sides golden yellow, with 6 or 8
broad, dark vertical bars; belly pale, lower fins red or orange. Length 1
foot.

A fish of the quiet waters, found abundant in the reservoirs,
ponds, bayous and lakes of central and northern Ohio, but not
recorded for the southern part of the state. Kirtland recorded it
(Bodianus flavescens) as abundant in Lake Erie and the small
lakes of northern Ohio. ‘‘St. Mary’s reservoir and Lake Hrie,’’
j Henshall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ common in the lake and lower
portions of the rivers,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Grand Rapids, Waterville and Toledo, St. Mary’s riv.r at St.
Marys, Tiffin river at Brunersburg, west end of Lake Erie, Kirsch,
1893; Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at
Celina, St. Mary’s reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Summit lake
and Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900. It is very abundant:
in Sandusky Bay and common in Licking reservoir. I have also
seen the species from the Ohio canal at Newark.

Genus: PERCINA.

Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). LoG PERCH; HOGFISH ;
Hoc MoLiy ; STONE ROLLER.

Head 4 to 43%; depth 5 to6%; eye 4. D. about XV-15; A.II, 11, Body
elongate, slender. Head long and pointed, depressed and sloping above;
snout ‘‘ pig-like,’’ projecting beyond the inferior mouth; eyes widely sepa-
rated. Color, light yellowish or yellowish green, with about 15 vertical,
dark bars extending down on sides below lateral line and alternate with the
same number of shorter bars. Length 8 inches.

go THE FISHES OF OHIO.

This largest of Ohio darters is widely distributed over the
state and generally common. It is found in the quiet waters of
streams of all sizes (but more commonly in the larger ones), and
in lakes, on gravelly or sandy bottom. Given by Rafinesque for
the Ohio and Miami. Kirtland reported it ‘‘common,’’ and
Jordan, ‘‘ generally abundant.’’? Hamilton County, ‘‘common in
Little Miami river and Ross lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘ not very common, taken both in rivers and the lake,
abundant in Sandusky Bay and Put-in-Bay, and it formed the
bulk of the fishes that I saw among the terns’ nests on Rattle
Snake Island,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee river system, rather
common, nearly all streams, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County,
generally distributed, common, but nowhere abundant, William-
son and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County,
‘‘common,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater creek at Dayton, North Fork of Licking
river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Lake Erie at Sandusky,
Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins, Breakneck creek at Kent,
Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Grand river at Painesville, Ohio .
river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

To the northward this species is represented by the following
variety :

Percina caprodes zebra (Agassiz). MANITOU DARTER.

This variety is found in the northern part of the state, with the typical
caprodes. It is known chiefly by the lack of scales on the nuchal region, the
rather more slender form, and the shorter vertical bars. It intergrades with
the typical caprodes.

The Manitou Darter has been recorded for the state by
McCormick in Lorain County, 1892, as ‘‘ occuring with the typi-
cal form in proportion of about 1 to 3, some specimens showing
intermediate stages;’’ Lake Erie at Sandusky, Cuyahoga river
at Hawkins, and Grand river at Painesville, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

PERCIDA, gi

Genus: HADROPTERUS.
Key to Species.

A. Mid-line of belly with a series of enlarged caducous plates, which fall off at certain
intervals, leaving a naked strip from breast to vent ; preopercle strictly entire, not
serrated.

B. lower jaw as long as upper, snout very narrow and pointed.—fshoxocephalus.
BB. Lower jaw shorter than upper, included ; head moderate, not long and pointed.

(c Cheeks with very small scales ; dorsal spines 13 to 15.— aspro.

: CC. Cheeks naked ; dorsal spines Io to 12.— evides.
AA. Enlarged plates of mid-line of belly persistent at least posteriorly ; preopercle

finely serrated.— SC1ErVUS.

Hadropterus phoxocephalus (Nelson).

Head 3% to 4; depth 5% to6; eye 4%. D. XI or XII-12 to 14; A. II,
8 or 9; scales 12-80 to 85-16; lateral line incomplete. Body slender. Head
very long and pointed; mouth terminal, large; jaws sub-equal; snout very
long, acuminate. Cheeks, opercles and neck with small scales, breast naked;
caducous shields of midline of belly small. Gill membranes somewhat con-
nected. Color, brownish olive, much vermiculated; a row of about 14 dark,
quadrate spots, sometimes confluent, along lateral line. Length 6 inches.

Recorded from three widely separated localities, which would
indicate a general distribution, yet it seems to be quite rare except
in the southwestern part of the state, where Henshall, 1888,
reports it as common in Little Miami river. One specimen was
taken near Lorain, by McCormick, 1892; and Mr. FE. B. William-
son and the writer took a single specimen in Big Walnut creek
near Lockbourne, Franklin County.

Hadropterus aspro (Cope and Jordan). BLACK-SIDED DARTER.

Head 4; depth 5 to 6; eye 4. OD. XIII to XV-11 to 13; A. II, 8 to 10;
scales 9-65 to 80-17, lateral line incomplete. Body rather elongate, sub-
terete, compressed behind. Head moderately elongate; snout blunt; mouth
sub-inferior, lower jaw included; gill membranes slightly or not at all con-
nected. Opercle with rather large scales; cheek with very small, imbedded
scales; breast naked; caducous scales of mid-ventral line rather large. Color
light yellowish or greenish yellow, tessellated above with dark olive or black-
ish; white below; about 8 large, dark blotches along lateral line, these often
confluent; fins barred. Wength about 4 inches.

A common species throughout the state. Found in clear
streams on gravelly bottom. Hamilton County, ‘‘common in
East Mill creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ nowhere
common, but found in most streams and the lake,’’ McCormick,
1892; Maumee river system, ‘‘ abundantly distributed in all the .

92 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

streams examined,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, a common
darter of general distribution, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Big Jelloway creek, Knox County, ‘‘common,’’ Parker, William-
son and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at
Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater creek
at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Ohio river at Bellaire, outlet of Licking reservoir, R. C.
Osburn, Ig00.

Hadropterus evides (Jordan and Copeland).

Head 4%; depth 5%; eye 3%, large and high in head. D. XI-10;
A. II, 8 or 9; scales 9-52 to 67-9 to 11. Body moderate, somewhat com-
pressed. Head heavy, the profile rather convex. Mouth moderate, lower
jaw included. Cheeks, nape and throat naked; opercles with rather large
caducous scales; ventral shields but little enlarged. Fins large, pectorals
long. Coloration extremely brilliant in breeding males, females and young
plainer. General color above, dark olivaceous, tessellated with darker;
back and sides with about 7 broad, transverse bars; fins marked with orange,
black, bronze, yellow and blue-black. ‘‘One of the most brilliant of all
fishes.”’? Length 2 or 3 inches.

Rare in Ohio, its distribution being more westerly. The
species has, however, been taken in the Ohio river at Raccoon
Island, by Dr. Henshall, 1889, and by Kirsch, in the Maumee
river at Grand Rapids.

Hadropterus scierus Swain.

Head 4 to 42; depth 5 to 6; eye4 to 44%. OD. XIII-13 or 14; A. II, 9;
scales 7-68 to 70-17. Body robust. Head rather short, snout bluntish;
mouth small, lower jaw included; preopercle more or less distinctly serrate.
Gill membranes broadly connected. Opercle with large scales, those on
cheek slightly smaller. Throat naked, breast nearly so. Ventral shields
but little enlarged and not caducous except anteriorly. Color yellowish
olive, everywhere vaguely blotched with black; top of head, dorsal, anal and
ventral fins black in male, paler in female; scales everywhere finely punctu-
late with brown; sides with a few larger, black specks. Length 5 inches.

Renee, ILS Toe preceding species, its distribution is westerly.
I know of but one record for the state, that by Henshall, ‘‘ Ohio
river, near Little Sandy river, 1889.”’

HADROPTERUS PELTATUS (Stauffer).

Mr. McCormick has recorded (1892) this species from Vermillion river, two speci-
mens. JH. peltatus, as now understood, occurs from southeastern Pennsylvania southward
along the coast, and is not known west of the Alleghanies, so I am inclined to think there
must be some error in the above record. Under this belief I omit the species from the
Ohio list.

PERCID AS. 1898

Genus: COTTOGASTER.

Key to Species.
A. Mid-line of belly with a series of enlarged caducous scales or plates— copelandz.

AA, Mid-line of belly naked anteriorly, covered with ordinary scales posteriorly.—
sShumaradt.

Cottogaster copelandi (Jordan).

Head 33% to 4%; depth 5% to 6%; eye about 3%. D.X to XII-10 to
12; A. II, 8 or 9; scales 6-44 to 56-8. Body rather slender. Head rather
large and long, much resembling that of Boleosoma. Mouth small, hori-
zontal, sub-inferior, cheeks naked; opercles and neck with a few scales,
throat naked; ventral plates well developed. Pectoral fin as long as head.
Color, brownish olive, tessellated above; a series of small, oblong, dark
blotches along lateral line, sometimes indistinct. Vertical fins with dusky
specks; a black spot on anterior rays of spinous dorsal. Length 2% or 3
inches.

Widely distributed over the state, but apparently very rare
everywhere. Muskingum river, and Ohio river at Raccoon Island,
1889, and Lake Erie at Put-in-Bay, Henshall; Lorain County,
‘“Vermillion river, but one specimen taken,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Maumee river at Toledo, two specimens, Kirsch, 1893 ; in Huron
river at Milan, in 1897, two specimens were taken by Prof. D. S.
Kellicott, Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer.

Cottogaster shumardi (Girard).

Head 32 to 4; depth 5 to 5%; eye 3%. D.IX to XI-13 to 15; A. II, 10
to 12; scales 6-48 to 60-11. Body stout, heavy forward, compressed behind.
Head broad and thick. Mouth large and broad, lower jaw the shorter.
Premaxillaries usually protractile, but a narrow frenum sometimes present.
Cheeks, opercles and neck usually scaly; chest naked; belly naked anteri-
orly, scaled for a short distance before vent. Color dark, densely but vaguely
spotted with darker; sides with 8 or 10 obscure blotches; a large, black spot
at base of spinous dorsal behind, and a small one in front. Length 3 inches.

Not common, but occuring in both the Lake Erie and Ohio
river drainage. Found on sandy bottom in rivers, not found in
small streams. Recorded by Henshall for the Muskingum river
and for the Ohio river near Parkersburg, 1889; recorded for
Vermillion river as Etheostoma wrighti, by McCormick, 1892; in
1899 the writer took a half dozen specimens in the Ohio river at
Ironton, and in August, 1900, the species was again taken at
Bellaire.

94 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Genus: DIPILESION.

Diplesion blennioides (Rafinesque). GREEN-SIDED DARTER.

Head about 4%; depth 43/ to6. D. XII to XIV-12 to 15; A. II, 8 org;
scales 6-58 to 78-14. Body elongate, subterete. Head short, profile very
convex, snout very blunt, cheeks tumid; eyes large, 3%, high up and close
together; mouth small, inferior; gill membranes broadly connected. Cheeks
with fine scales, opercles with large ones, breast naked Color dark olive
green, tessellated above; sides with 7 or 8 Y-shaped, dark bars, these some-
times confluent to form a dark zigzag band. In highly colored males a
number of broad, bright green bands almost encircle the body. Females
and young may be quite dull, but the pattern of the dark marks on the side
is characteristic. Length 3 to 5 inches.

The Green-sided Darter is an abundant resident of the clear,
rapid streams of the state, found especially on stony ripples.
Rafinesque records it from the Ohio and Muskingum. Kirtland
mentions its occurrence in the state, and Jordan gives it as
‘‘abundant.’’ Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in East Mill creek
and Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888; ‘‘ Vermillion river,
scarce, not uncommon in Sandusky Bay,’’ McCormick, 1892;
Maumee river system, taken in all the larg> streams (except St.
Mary’s river) and. nearly all the smaller ones, Kirsch, 1893;
Franklin County, abundant, and of general distribution, William-
son and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek system, common on
ripples, Park:r, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at
Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater creek at Dayton, North Fork of Licking
river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Mahoning river, E. B.
Williamson, 1900 ; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Breakneck creek
at Kent, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby,
Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon creek at
Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Genus: BOLEBOSOMA.

Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). JOHNNY DARTER.

Head about 4; depth 5 to 6; eye 3% to 4. D.IX-11 to 14; A. I, 7 tog;
scales 5-44 to 55-9. Body fusiform, slender. Head moderate, snout some-
what bluntly decurved; mouth small, lower jaw included. Cheeks and breast
usually naked; opercles scaly. Anal spine short and weak; fins all high.

PERCID&. 95

Color usually pale olivaceous, much tessellated above; sides with numerous
small W-shaped, dark blotches. Males in breeding season heavily pig-
mented, especially anteriorly, with blue-black. A black line forward and
downward fromeye. Fins barred. Length 2 to 2% inches.

The little Johnny Darter is found all over Ohio, and is usually
quite abundant. It inhabits lakes and rivers on sandy bottom,
the clear creeks of Ohio are favorite abiding places, and every
small brook and spring run large enough to contain any fish at
all will be found to have its quota of ‘‘ Johnnies.’’ Hamilton
County, ‘‘ common in Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain
County, ‘‘ very common everywhere, one of the few species that
may be depended upon when the seine is drawn,’’ McCormick,
1892; Maumee river system, common everywhere, Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, taken in every stream, abundant, April 3rd
given as a breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big
Jelloway creek system, abundant in every stream, Parker, Wil-
liamson and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron
river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of
Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run
and Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake, Chip-
pewa lake, Summit lake, Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins,
Breakneck creek at Kent, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river
and McMahon creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
1900.

Genus: CRYSTALLARIA.

Crystallaria asprella (Jordan).

Head 41 to 4%; depth 7 to 8. D. XII to XIV-13 to 15; A. I, 12 to 14;
scales 7 to 10-98 to Ioo-I0. Body long and slender. Head long and slender;
eye large; mouth not large, subterminal; premaxillaries not protractile;
opercular spine well developed. Cheeks and opercles with pectinate scales;
throat and belly naked, space between ventrals scaled. Color translucent
olive, pellucid in life; with 3 or 4 more or less distinct, dark cross bands on
back and sides; a dark lateral band made up of about Io more or less con-
fluent blotches. Length 5 or 6 inches.

96 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Apparently a very rare species in Ohio, and confined to larger
streams. Recorded by Henshall for the Muskingum river, 18809 ;
and one specimen was taken on sandy bottom in the Ohio river at
Ironton, May 31, 1899, by the writer.

Genus: AMMOCRYPTA.

Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird). SAND DARTER.

Head 4 to 434; depth 7 to8%. D. X-1o; A. I, § to 10; scales in lateral
line about 75, about 6 rows above lateral line. Body very long, terete, quite
pellucid in life. Head stout; eyes large, high up, interorbital space narrow.
Cheeks, opercles, and temporal region with embedded scales; belly and sides
below lateral line entirely naked; much of dorsum in front and on either
side of dorsal fin naked or thinly scaled. Translucent, sometimes tinged
with olivaceous; scales with narrow, dark edging; about 12 or 15 black
blotches along the sides; a gilt lateral band. Length 3 inches.

The Sand Darter is well distributed over the state and is
common locally in larger streams on sandy bottoms. Taken also
in the lake. Hamilton County, common in Little Miami river,
Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, Lake Erie and the larger streams,
not common, McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ common everywhere on sandy
bottom in the Maumee river, and in the lower courses of the
larger tributaries,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Olentangy
river, Big Walnut and Little Walnut, Big Darby and Black Lick
creeks, not common, June 28 given as a breeding date, William-
son and Osburn, 1897 ; Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater creek near Dayton, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Grand
river at Painesville, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

PERCIDAS. 97

Genus: E’THEOSTOMA.

Key to Species.
A. lateral linecomplete. (A few tubes rarely wanting.)
B. Gill membranes broadly connected across the isthmus.
Cc. Anal fin nearly as large as soft dorsal; spinous dorsal with about 13

spines.— variatum.
cc. Anal fin much smaller than soft dorsal; spinous dorsal with 1o or 11
spines — zonale.

BB. Gill membranes scarcely connected across the isthmus.
D. Head short, the muzzle abruptly decurved, mouth somewhat inferior;

lower jaw included.— camurum.
DD. Head rather long and pointed, snout not decurved, mouth terminal, jaws
subequal.— maculatum.

AA. Lateral line more or less incomplete.
E. Humeral region without differentiated black, scale-like process.—coeruleum.
EE. Humeral region with distinct, black process or scale.
F. Gill membranes scarcely connected ; lower jaw not projecting.—
tippecanoe.
FF. Gill membranes connected ; lower jaw strongly projecting.—/flabellare. ~

Etheostoma variatum Kirtland.

Head 3% to 4 or more; depth 44 to 5%; eye 3% to4. D. XII-13 (XII
to XIV-11 to 13); A. II, 7 to 10; scales 8-51 to 63-12. Body moderately
elongate, not much compressed, the back somewhat arched. Head short
and thick; snout short and blunt, decurved, parietal region broad and de-
pressed, resembling Hadropterus in this respect; profile above eyes strongly
decurved; mouth small, lips thick, lower jaw included; premaxillary not
protractile; gill membranes united. Head naked except 1 to 3 scales on
opercle above; breast loosely scaled. Fins all very large, pectorals reaching
beyond tips of ventrals. General color above, dark greenish olive, becom_
ing barred vertically on the sides posteriorly, about four black blotches
across the back. Females and young similarly marked, but paler. THe
following color description taken from the living specimen is typical of
breeding males: Color, dark olive, with about 8 greenish cross-bars on
posterior part of body; interspaces pale, each with 2 bright carmine spots;
back crossed by 4 black bars; sides of belly bright orange; middle of belly
pale; first dorsal dark brown at base, then a pale space, above this a wide,
dark bar, then another pale space, bordered with bright orange; second
dorsal and caudal flecked with carmine; anal greenish, bordered with pale
orange; ventrals greenish black with a little orange at the margin; pectorals
tinged with orange and green, the rays with carmine spots. Length 3%
inches.

This elegant darter was described by Dr. Kirtland from the
Mahoning river in 1838, and was not taken again in the state for
fifty years, until, in 1888, Henshall recorded it for the Little

98 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Miami river, near Red Bank, as ‘“‘not rare.’’ In April, 1897,
Mr. J. B. Parker found it common on swift ripples in Big Jello-
way creek, Knox County, and in May, 1898, Messrs. Parker,
Williamson and the writer, seining the Big Jelloway creek sys-
tem, found this to be ‘‘ the most abundant darter, especially fre-
quenting swift ripples.’’ In Franklin County, in the summer of
1897, the species was taken by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the
writer on swift ripples in Big Walnut creek, Little Walnut creek,
and Black Lick, but nowhere common. In 1899 the writer took
the species in North Fork of Licking river near Newark ; and in
1900, in the Ohio river at Bellaire.

Etheostoma zonale (Cope).

Head 4 to 5; depth 4 to 6; eye 3% to4. D. X or XI-io to 12; A. II, 6
to 8; scales about 6-5c-9. Body rather slender, somewhat compressed.
Head small and short; mouth small, subinferior; snout blunt, profile rapidly
descending; gill membranes broadly connected. Cheeks, opercles and neck
usually scaled, breast usually naked. Color clear olive green above, with
8 or Io greenish blue vertical bands which encircle the body posteriorly;
below paler, with a brassy tinge; breast greenish black. First dorsal black
at base, then a wide orange bar margined with black anteriorly, with green-
ish posteriorly; second dorsal orange at base, dark above; caudal and pec-
torals plain, tinged with green; anal and ventrals green, black at base.
Young and females dull and speckled, the vertical bars indistinct and the
fins speckled. Length 2 or 3 inches.

This species has been taken in a number of localities of the
state, indicating a pretty general distribution. It is locally com-
mon, but is only taken on swift ripples. Hamilton County,
‘“common in Kast Mill creek and Little Miami river,’’ Henshall,
1888; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy river, Big Wal-
nut creek, Little Walnut creek, Alum creek, Black Lick, common
where found, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek
system, Knox County, ‘‘common on swift ripples,’’ Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Huron river at Milan, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.

Etheostoma camurum (Cope). BLUE-BREASTED DARTER.

Head 3% to 4; depth 4 to 4%. D. XI-12 or 13; A. II, 8; scales 7-50 to
58-8. Body stout, rather compressed. Head short; snout blunt, profile

PERCIDA. 99

tapidly descending; lips thick, lower jaw included. Caudal peduncle deep.
Color, dark olivaceous, sometimes nearly black above, somewhat barred on
the sides; a dark longitudinal line on cach row of scales; sides irregularly
flecked with crimson dots; belly pale; throat and breast deep dark blue.
Fins marked with brown, green, black, yellow and crimson. Females less
distinctly marked. Length 2% inches.

The Blue-breasted Darter is rather rare in Ohio, although it
has been taken at a number of widely separated localities, which
would indicate a general distribution. It is found in company
with Z. zonale, on swift, stony ripples, but is much less frequent
in occurrence. Jordan mentions it for the Mahoning river ;
‘Muskingum river,’’ Henshall, 1889; Franklin County, Scioto
river, Olentangy river, Big Walnut creek, not common, William-
son and Osburn, 1898 ; Huron river at Milan, Stillwater creek at
Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899.

Etheostoma maculatum Kirtland.

Head 334 to 4; depth 4% to5%. OD. XII-12 or 13; A. II, 8 or 9g; scales
9-56 to 63-14. Body elongate, caudal peduncle very deep. Head acuminate,
the front descending very gradually, the mandible rising as gradually to its
extremity; jaws subequal. Lateral line complete; cheeks naked; opercles
scaled; gill membranes not connected. Color, above black, shading to dark
olive below; throat turquoise blue; sides and dorsum marked with small,
circular spots of bright crimson. First dorsal uncolored, with a black spot
at its base in front and a dark shade through the middle; second dorsal
blood red; caudal with two large, crimson spots confluent on the mid-line of
the tail at its base. Female dull,-the fins dark barred and not crimson.

Length 2% inches-

Very rare. The species was described in 1838 from speci-
mens taken in the Mahoning river by Dr. Kirtland. I know of
but one subsequent record of its capture within the state. Mr.
E. B. Williamson and the writer took a single specimen, a female
with ripe eggs, from a swift ripple in Big Walnut creek, near
Lockbourne, Franklin County, on June 26, 1897.

Etheostoma cceruleum Storer. RAINBOW DARTER ; BLUE DARTER ;
SOLDIER FISH.
Head 3% or more; depth 4%; eye 4 to 4%. D.IX to XII-12 to 14;
A. II, 7 or 8; scales 5-37 to 50-10. Body robust, rather deep and com-
pressed. Head large, compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the
lower jaw somewhat included; gill membranes not united. Cheeks naked

100 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

or nearly so, opercles scaled, neck and breast usually naked. Color, oliva-
ceous, tessellated above; sides with a varying number (about 12) of vertical,
indigo-blue bars, separated by orange interspaces; throat, breast and sides
of belly orange; cheeks blue-green; first dorsal crimson at base, above this
an orange bar, margined with blue; other vertical fins chiefly orange, tipped
with blue. Females much plainer, with very little blue or red. Length 2%
inches.

This elegant little fish is widely distributed over the state,
and is generally abundant. It is most common in the smaller
streams, and is always found in running water, usually on ripples,
and does not occur in lakes. Kirtland reported it in 1854 from
near Cleveland, under the name /eecilosoma erythrogastrum.
Jordan gives it as ‘‘the most abundant member of the family.’’
Hamilton County, ‘‘ very common in Hast Mill creek,’’ Henshall,
1888; Lorain County, ‘‘one of the most common darters,’’
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system, ‘“‘not taken in the
Maumee, St. Mary’s and St. Joseph rivers, common in all the
other larger streams and nearly all the small ones,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, abundant, of general distribution, Williamson
and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, ‘‘ very common,’’ Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; John’s creek at Ironton, Huron
river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river at Celina, Still-
water and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river
at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Mahoning river, E. B. William-
son, 1900; Cuyahoga river, at Hawkins, Grand river at Paines-
ville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridge-
port, McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

The following variety of this species is also taken in Ohio:

Etheostoma cceruleum spectabile (Agassiz).

It is known from the typical species by the ‘‘ faded out ’’ appearance of
the ground color of the back, and by the arrangement of the olivaceous into
distinct longitudinal lines. It is also rather more slender than the typical
ceruleum, into which, both in color and in measurement it insensibly grades.

This variety is found in brooks and smaller streams, replac-
ing to some extent the typical form in central and western Ohio.
Specimens from Ohio streams show many intermediate stages.
Recorded by Kirsch from Sugar creek, near Lima; Franklin
Couuty, taken only iu the small streams, ‘‘ grading insensibly into

PERCIDA,. ioi

the typical species,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897; headwaters of
Wabash river at Celina, Wolf creek near Dayton, brooks tribu-
tary to North Fork of Licking river near Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Breakneck creek at Kent, tributaries of Grand river at
Painesville, R. C. Osburn, 1900.

Etheostoma tippecanoe Jordan and Evermann.

Head 34 to 44%; depth 4% to 43/; eye small, 4% in head. D. XII-12;
A. II, 7; scales 5 or 6-46 to 50-8; lateral line straight, developed on only
about 30 scales. Body compressed, caudal peduncle deep. Head rather
small, little compressed; mouth large, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw some-
what included; gill membranes scarcely connected. A small, well defined,
black humeral scale. Cheeks, throat and breast naked; opercles scaled.
Color in life, dark olive green, strongly tinged with yellow, especially pos-
teriorly, passing into greenish yellow on belly; about 14 narrow, well defined,
greenish black vertical bands encircling the body posteriorly; breast deep
blue-black, the color extending forward on the throat and backward on the
ventral fins; dorsal and anal fins golden yellow, pigmented with blue-black;
pectorals plain golden yellow; ventrals golden yellow, blue-black at base.
Female paler, no high colors, dark markings less distinct. Length 1%
inches. ;

In Ohio this exceedingly rare darter has been taken only in
Franklin County. Four specimens were taken by Mr. E. B.
Williamson and the writer, one in the Olentangy river at Colum-
bus, in September, 1896, the other three in Big Walnut creek
near Lockbourne, on June 26, 1897. ‘The species was taken in
very swift ripples.

Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque. FAN-TAILED DARTER.

Head 3% to 4; depth 4% to 6; eye 4to5. D. VIII-12 to1q4; A. II, 7 to
g; scalesabout 9-50-14. Body slender, compressed. Head long and pointed;
snout not decurved, mouth very oblique, lower jaw projecting; gill mem-
branes well connected. Fins all low, the first dorsal notably so, and, in the
male, the spines tipped with fleshy knobs; caudal large, rounded. Head
entirely naked; a narrow, bare strip along base of spinous dorsal. Color
very dark olivaceous, forming vertical bars on sides; each scale with a dark
center; dark humeral spot conspicuous; dorsal and caudal fins barred with
black. Some Ohio specimens approach the variety /zzeolatum, characterized
by distinct longitudinal lines along the rows of scales. Length 2% inches.

A common species in the clear, rapid str_ams of the state,
found especially on ripples. Hamilton County, ‘‘common in
East Myll creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ rare,

102 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Vermillion river,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river systein)
St. Joseph river at Edgerton, Tiffin river at Brunersbure,
Sugar creek at Lima, Beaver creek at Grand Rapids, Kirsch,
1893; Franklin County, nearly every stream, abundant, Wil-
liamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County,
‘“a very common species,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898;
John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Lake Pippin,
Cuyahoga river at Kent, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio
river and McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, rgoo.

Genus: BOLEBICHTHYS.

Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard).

Head 3% to 4; depth 334 to 6; eye 3 to4. D. VIII to X-9 to 12; A. II,
6 to 8; scales 3-43 to 60-12. Body usually elongate, compressed. Head
rather long and narrow; snout short, decurved; mouth terminal, lower jaw
slightly included; premaxillaries not protractile; gill membranes connected.
Cheeks, opercles, nape and breast usually scaled. Lateral line incomplete,
high up, often interrupted. Color, olivaceous, the sides and back blotched
with darker, pale below; in adult males the sides are usually flecked with
crimson; base of caudal with 4 dark spots in a vertical row; spinous dorsal
usually blue, with a median crimson band. An extremely variable species.

Jordan records the species for the state as ‘‘ noticed only in

tributaries of the Maumee, in Ohio.’’ No other collector men-
tions it. However, it seems to be distributed over northern and
central Ohio, in suitable localities. “The writer has found it to be
rather common in shallow water in Sandusky Bay, and has taken
it also in the Huron river at Milan, 1899, and in Pippin and
Summit lakes and in Licking reservoir, 1900.

Family: SERRANIDA.
Genus: ROCCUS.

Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque). WHITE Bass.

Head 3%; depth 2%; eye 5. D. IX—I, 14; A. III, 11 or 12; scales 10-55
to 65-15. Body rather deep and compressed; back considerably arched.
Head subconical; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, lower jaw slightly
projecting. Head scaled to between nostrils. Color, silvery, tinged with
golden below; sides with narrow, dusky lines. Length 15 inches.

SCLAINID A. 103

An abundant species in Lake Erie, ascending the larger tribu-
taries to some distance. ‘The species is said to be common in the
lower Ohio, but no one seems to have noticed it within the limits
of the state, though it probably ascends to that distance. Lake
Erie, Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘ quite common in the
lake, ascending the streams to the dams,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Maumee river at Grand Rapids, Waterville and Toledo, Kirsch,
1893 ; abundant in Lake Erie at Sandusky, rare in Huron river
at Milan, R. C. Osburn, 1899,

Family: SCLaNIDA.
Genus: APLODINOTUS.

Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque. SHEEPSHEAD; DRUM;
WHITE PERCH.

Head 3%; depth 234; eye 3. D. X, 30; A. II, 7. scales 9-55-13. Body
oblong; back much elevated and compressed; profile long and steep, straight-
ish. Head slightly compressed; mouth moderate, subinferior. Lower
pharyngeal bones fully united, with course, blunt, paved teeth. Color,
grayish silvery, dusky above, sometimes very dark; back sometimes with
dusky streaks along the rows of scales. Attaining a weight of 500r 60
pounds.

An abundant species both in Lake Erie and the Ohio river,
‘and ascending their larger tributaries to some distance. Kirtland,
following Le Sueur, recorded the lake form as Sczena oscula, and
the Ohio river form as S. grisea. Jordan gives it as very abund-
ant in Lake Erie, and also mentions it forthe Ohio. Hamilton
County, “abundant in Ohio river,’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘very common in the lake, Vermillion river, Black
river,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Defiance, Grand
Rapids, Waterville and Toledo, west end of Lake Erie, Kirsch,
1893; Muskingum river at McConnellsville, Prof. D. S. Kelli-
cott; Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Lake Erie at
Sandusky, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900, ,

104 THE FISHES OF OHIO.

Family: Corrima.

Genus: COrrus.
Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque). MILLER’s THUMB; SPRING FISH.

Head about 3%; depth 4 to 6; eye 4. D. VI to VIII-16 or 17; A. about
12; ventral fin I, 4, the spine slender and closely attached to the first ray.
Body stout anteriorly, tapering regularly back to the slender caudal pedun-
cle. Skin smooth, except just behind the pectorals, where it is beset with
very small, sharp prickles, these sometimes obsolete; lateral line conspicu-
ous. Gill membranes not meeting across the very broad isthmus. Olivace-
ous, more or less barred and speckled with darker; fins mostly barred or
mottled. Qnite variable. Males in breeding season with a wide, black bar
margined with orange on dorsal fin, and under side of head pigmented with
dark or blue-black. Length 3 to 7 inches.

Widely distributed, but never abundant; sometimes locally
common. It occurs in clear, cold brooks and rapid streams.
Recorded as Cottus bazrdiz, by Girard, from specimens taken by
Spencer F’. Baird, in Mahoning river at Poland. Given by Jordan
as C. richardsoni; Lorain County, common in Spring brook and
Chance creek, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system, St.
Joseph river at Edgerton, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, four
specimens from Brackenridge’s Run, Williamson and Osburn,
1897; Big Jelloway creek system, Knox County, Parker’s Run
and Black’s Run, common in the latter, Parker, Williamson and
Osburn, 1898 ; a small brook tributary to North Fork of Licking
river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899.

Family: ‘GADIDA.
Genus: LOTTA. :

Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). BurBot; LING; LAKE LAWYER.

Head 4%; depth 514; eye 7. D. 13-76; A. 68; scales very small, em-
bedded. Body elongate, not much compressed anteriorly. Head slightly
depressed; mouth large; a single barbel on the chin. 30 pyloric coeca.
Color, dark olive, thickly marbled and reticulated with blackish; below,
yellowish or dusky. Length about 2 feet.

Common in Lake Erie, not recorded elsewhere in the state.
Recorded for Lake Erie by Le Sueur, 1817, by Kirtland, 1838 ;
by Henshall, 1888, and by McCormick for Lorain County, Lake
Erie, 1892; Sandusky, R. C. Osburn, 1899 and 1900.

INDEX TO FAMILIES AND GENERA.

Abramis Odo. AOD QOO SOR Moe ROE eet oe Cciaes 49 Tehiphey oraz Ona se eee ee eee 15
ANSUDEMAD 5.9 no o00 choos GsocscagsSOCONSSCC 19 Me Garett Seer rane Seo ernAnY aagiatre 22
JN eM KOVSNTTEDS 6 Man adabonSeU so meTodeuoR een 79 TCtO DUS ye aes tee Ae eee 30
PAUITUINO Clay Las reetat sie lsiete niet steel svave ois siese ayeres 96 ;
ANOETUTBE oo soo sos ba cosasocasaonSooAabeS 23 abidesthes ...........
PASTIN Agente recta tver Teter etteterale teri tcreeiaia 21 rear STUER Re HE ee ORC De wh Cost ue
PAINT AE rari etetare aretcloretote eels iekeieay ee 21 Vaan pe trav. ils oko kramer ie ae
AN ETININCES Gee coccan seeds raneeeee saoon GR Tepisosteidas 3. (ussccar. en eens on
ENS ral appease seers eas wines eiat ness « nwictea 65 WEDISOSLSIS. 32 seas thes wee eRe BB
PAD TOCIMOMIS Heer inca tiisiictace sires sisters ec 103 EPOiiishe ern od ead Cee 3
AG PVT OSOMIMIS Rete uarcreeisrsi os sherri Vals che yare 69 PeptODee nls ce a 56
AOTeCloGlSMCES. co cccnscosbegund ss-onbe 75 Leuciscus WMAP R ESTO a es
AphTredodenuSpancemacccceccr cia ec 75 TOOL Peg ei tele ir ee tic een ane
ANJXO}OOOINIG) Ge Suan coe ae Da eeeO nod ferries 0s TSEC oun ed MEM EDIRC O elacnceat ccs 2
INUIT BONG SU Ge eg ne sae 6 TARTS CAC Cao eae Ee
BOVE GMb Sie) seretseisite aicietiese static 102 F
TSS Hee a Microueense rec ee 85
Ssesarshavayh a Mapuche econ ate eee 3
Canmipostomavean terete nteriacsceence =. 43 Moxostomia..............0. 02s sess ee eee 37
CanaSsitis semi een ico sees bat a aiovays 42
(CAIFDIOGISS 5 coosobossasees cnsquoesonenees 31 INGER DIE cGogovoenphoesssanasans0000000¢ 51
Catostomidceranaacyeerceatcc ieee eess 30 INOGIUGUS Heiss hea seh Ce 26
poaeeens dR eRe bOoCU RO Anaad hoe aeces 34
Cenbranehi deer yvy sce rciscis ete sicierit tices 77
Ghizen ob my teusierc q-- cele ticilrelen ce oe oe 79 OREO PeaeR Mt Epasonoen oth osscayoansue0239 oe
GHROSO MUS Hiern et ence ae dole ainisiaistas 44
CTO TA Meese ser cocde cs ct nin aulinascietes 50 PETCA..-- see eee eee eee eee eee eee 89
Gltipald come meni Acct u yoni 67 Percidee easel sHons Uetslapereusieie ie hancueean stele ACTS ne 87
(COLE ey eer ne TLE AE 104 ISRO) nasogocsos0docre er sodocadvooouer 89
CORES PE e emer sata Meee een 104 Percopside .........-.....6...5 sees, 75
CTottocasterme nea ele iet nie ere. 93 IRSMEO/OSISscoscoasvoansopoqgcaasaaocgspoce 75
QOWSAORIS 4 conoeococesoseonuonensnes . 68 Pimephales .................0.. 2.20000. 45
Gnristivomennse nn See ee etn eee ie 69 Placopharynk................2....0. 20, 39
Gaye tallaniemmnen er Meats cai etree te 95 POCO wena. cagbsowods Gooeucsausoobens 18
Gyclep ise oe cee ae ass 33 Polyodontide .......................04. 18
CoE ENTGED Garena ene une SOG RD 41 Poeciliidses Luckie nee eee cee 7B
Comino toMay ayer canara se O° Z ROWAONO OW Soo caccosnscosccsescad sadoopes 67
ROMORIS HK sieecka viet hans yee raeee eres Til
IDIOESION és lan buh atic ute onemen aomcecae 94
ID OLOSOMA yA cay Waters sharers siecle woeeionere oO, binicht hy Sts. sac aaee ee eee 60
WOTOS OMI aera eke Saeco erieenen 67 IROCCUS SA ances a hieaje era ACen 102
IBGE) So sopesee anes Gonmhaann oma os 59 Sallamonii Glo eee 68
ErimyZon... 0-00-2060 e seine eee eee 36 Salvelinus. . adh iceots eR ace ATS
Etheostoma.. .... G900 |) opoarooc 97 SSAA TY ACTIN 00 caso cccoocc one ances 19
Eucalia 0... eee seein geo. JES Sehilbeod este masece en aee lee eee 27
EUpomotis .....2-. 22 vee e eee eee 83 Scicemidae) 2.0 een aeaoenche ee enee 103
ExOglossum...... 2.0.06. s eevee eee eee 64 SeMOtUS cyan. rors eee Cee ieee 46
Seiratnicl cases Si Hloek tA FOC OSH OA 102
Fundulus... 2. 00.005 vee ieee 73 Slbinases oj csneonocacdsenoobodoscauodsud 22
CATER ene ee ee en Stizostedionwere sree nnn eee eee 88
Gasterosteidce tema cece 74 Tinca Me
HVAGTOP LOUIS 0 je siiery- serie Aele aeieaee gI :
TOM Otley freee Mase ea notes cal ctays 66 \OSailoy de Pay CaP OBtictAc Reon come NaGas tele ccts 70
Hvoclontideeneeranenee eee MY eat tae cate 66 Wit bridoer a sane pe Cae heme 70
EDVIDCSMAUNES cccpepacnesadospenganenods 44

ETO PSISi ss crete cesley seeds con seal) wiel yeheosee wetstsere 62

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yg Aba, ssrrnaatar nee TUL AE secs Lowa anne Dae SM MAAN Ig ’
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3 9088 00893 1982