b= Sete SoeeS: resiseeeed +35 43% Baers # = 23 ore inSes ts sy ie robe eR: ‘ %, me siars i au Poh hee Vint TIVES. Document is Seat NO. (44. ee S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, _ BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. | DE. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau, #9, f= SPECIAL REPORT <2 rs, PEARSON, MURRAY, ATKINSON, LOWE, HARBAUGH, LAW, DICKSON, “ _ MOHLER, TRUMBOWER, SALMON, SMITH, AND STILES. — one ING OFFICE. 58ru Coneress, | HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. DocuMENT 2d Session. No. 44 is, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. D. E. SALMON, D.V. M., Chief of Bureau. Seed KEPORT. ON Sot ASeS OF CATTEE. BY Drs. PEARSON, MURRAY, ATKINSON, LOWE, HARBAUGH, LAW, DICKSON, MOHLER, TRUMBOWER, SALMON, SMITH, AND STILES. REVISED EDITION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. RHO'4. ‘ one v 904 a ee i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. C., May 9, 1904. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a revised edition of the Special Report on Diseases of Cattle in accord- ance with the following resolution, approved April 28, 1904: Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be printed and bound in cloth fifty thousand copies of the Special Report on the Diseases of Cattle, with accompany- ing illustrations, the same to be first revised and brought to date, under the super- vision of the Secretary of Agriculture, thirty thousand for the use of the House of Representatives, fifteen thousand for the use of the Senate, and five thousand for the use of the Department of Agriculture. Since this volume was first issued several editions have been pub- lished by order of Congress, thus showing its great popularity. This report has been prepared, as was stated in transmitting the manu- script of the first edition, for the farmer and stock owner rather than for the student or veterinarian. As much practical information as possible has been brought together on the subjects treated, but it has been stated in brief and plain language. Readers who desire a more detailed account of any subject discussed herein are referred to the various special treatises. Notwithstanding the popular character of this work, there is no doubt that it will be found useful to the veteri- narian as well as to the farmer. Very respectfully, D. E. SALMON, Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. ‘ a Th 4A w , OP Our, Seca UC .. abt . A t - ; _ Pair Ser Na ¥ coe matt) 7 Ae we r¢ Pa eid ae } aS ae ) be i ont ‘ a. PMA hii Oe ae nt oa ] _ ms : Pees Pa is * a7 ‘| 5 ba oe rr . nek if ie 7 Fr : ’ . 4 v 2 ne ‘ ot tie bo / fe YA A ’ f ' Li ' i . i i ae Ve oe m YK init oe cy ! : rae Paria me mi ) Gi f rey a? wii ve iT ie hI ot eee ES i par: ey ‘sees Y is RP tah Pal: Ew “tht Peghioy heel a Gil Sa A ia, eta Mi oh INDE; et Met CAT ig en ee saratnks Pai, be an i, Payers | Be one a ” i + Maes ater 8 yy. tie eed See ah Pia te ‘7 coal FONG fo AMOUR Segal 68 apaly Wien pete at hte a ‘ rh fale” ust F iy pa oe if ; a“ vet i auf) 2 ; wet cg ie tace Met paneila Ror oneal nice bai hy eas Wi ied pay wutif fears i a Wd cos erga miley; ‘1K vi bee Rite THCY Yat ‘ i AO 11h Eon yy RE eat re 4 wikia ; TS Jee WS aT pitas BME rt \ ay Mien Wndivcn th. sag Lelie est, Spr i Aberin His Las. OT ah DE aed ne a 7 ee iP dents, labeehidy tule ih TABLE OF CONTENTS. Administration of medicines: Page. FES yap EIEIO INGAUES Tix ED VAGESS © INicpe Feve 9 sry Vite nol) Lice LD) ayes areal eee eye eee 9 Diseases of the digestive organs: vat cee WVEUIRFUASY; IVI Eure Oc) Vi nccce ace mite ee eee eee et ae eS 14 Poisons and poisoning: VeVi MASDICIN GONG Veo -2 AS. free OES (el ee ee he eget 53 Diseases of tie heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics: By RONARD PRARSON, B.S., V.M. D2... elt e- se iy UR apes area 70 Noncontagious diseases of the organs of respiration: Pee WD LOMO LIM RE MET WOW! 2. 208502 sleek. PAE wk 85 Diseases of the nervous system: EVR ee Hie EPA RIAU GI Vis neu eee ae ees oe SL SU I oe ee 99 Diseases of the urinary organs: TES LUANG peal ena aed SEN YEA Ne fa ee Semen = Ss ae ON = 111 Diseases of the generative organs: BEAMS A Wer Ebi. Ou, Mace. aaa ase sk Suan aac Sun eta eae ane 144 Diseases following parturition: TE SLL TRS yea] EMR 8 Ht OLR VER eae ee eee es Se A a 210 Diseases of young calves: Rare PE rhino V ose ae an am Ee ss ee oc ye eee 244 Bones: Diseases and accidents: Bee bee ACLIN SONT EVE OEe Le seat: J ee a ee 261 Surgical cperations: HSyAA VELIS IODA TORS ON ee Sees rs rare ee ees SP es os Bs 285 Tumors affecting cattle: Pag OHNer IM OHEmE, A. IMs. Vic Mi DL elo ooo et. ee koe 304 D‘seases of the skin: PG PE MBO WEY. De Vigo aoe ane eo eo Seen 320 Diseases of the foot: ye Mest eR UMBOWER sa arwe se 2. eens ke Ne ee Sis Tene 335 Diseases of the eye and its appendages: Nr ea UMBONMH MIDs Wr. 22-2 oS os oe See ee 340 Diseases of the ear: Eve Ves ee MR UMB OMIM Res Visiter: oes eee oe Son Sis ce Lee yaa eee 354 Infectious diseases of cattle: By D: fh. SALMON, D. V. M., and Dr. THEOBALD SMITH-_—~___-_._____- 357 The animal parasites of cattle: Bye CH ever DELI) OmibHS. vAs Mente Mi. Sra leh) sees eee So ee ee 473 Mycotic stomatitis in cattle: yp OHNG Ks lOHLER = -AGe Maen) Semen ser nee ese ke 495 ur a co. ah } * ro fe = 4 . ; So Se ‘ " be . te 7 ; i » 4 - : ; > i} : ; Vag a ‘ f t y a vd 5 a é. ae _ - s P = a; ’ = i" . 2 iz, = ad \ eis ‘ w/ * as a f ; Fe ' : ¢ ny 8 i hve 7 Pdi Bs r \ 4 . = : v2 a , ‘ , a . . ~ . er #4 j Mi Res : =. ra Ri kage bg Sis : ; at Roar LW IBA. « 3c ) ee ny eed , : Re a eas TS eee y * ’ ,

arrested it can not be done until considerable and, perhaps, irreparable damage has been done. The mucous membrane with which the acid has come in contact in the esophagus may be destroyed by its corrosive action and carried away, leaving the mus- cular tissues exposed. The raw surface heals irregularly, the cica- trice contracting causes stricture, and an animal so injured is likely to die of starvation. In the stomach even greater damage is likely to be done. The peristaltic action of the esophagus carries the irritant along quickly, but here it remains quiet in contact with one surface, destroying it. It is likely to perforate the organ, and coming in contact with the abdominal lining or other organ of digestion soon sets up a condition that is beyond repair. In a less concentrated form, when the acid is not sufficiently strong to be corrosive, it exerts an irritant effect. In this form it may not do much harm unless taken in considerable quantity. When it is, the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines becomes inflamed; pain and diarrhea are likely to result. Treatment.—Any of the alkalies may be used as an antidote. Most convenient of these are chalk, baking soda, marble dust, magnesia, lime, soap, or plaster from a wall. Mucilaginous drinks should be given in large quantities. VEGETABLE ACIDS.—Oxalie acid in particular is corrosive in its action when taken in concentrated solution, losing its corrosive effect and becoming irritant when more dilute. It also exerts a specific effect on the heart, frequently causing death from syneope. Taken in the form either of the crystals or solution, it is likely to cause death in a very short time. Failure of heart action and attendant small pulse, weakness, staggering, and convulsions are the more noticeable symptoms. Treatment.—Limewater or lime or plaster should be given promptly. Acetie acid is irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract, and may cause sudden paralysis of the heart. It should be counteracted by the use of alkalies, as advised above, by protectives to the digestive tract, and by stimulants. POISONING BY ALKALIES. The carbonates of potash and soda and the alkalies themselves in concentrated form cause symptoms of intestinal irritation similar to those produced by mineral acids. Ammonia, caustic soda, and caus- tie potash (lye) are those to which animals are most exposed. The degree of their caustic irritant effects depends on their degree of con- centration. When they reach the stomach the symptoms are nearly as well marked as in the ease of the acids. The irritation is even more noticeable, and purgation is likely to be a more prominent symptom. POISONS AND POISONING. 61 If death is not caused soon, the irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract and malnutrition will last for a long time. Treatment consists in neutralizing the alkali by an acid, such as dilute sulphuric acid (1 per cent) or strong vinegar. The administration of such an antidote and its action must be carefully watched during administration. In the chemical change which takes place when the acid and alkali are combined, carbonic-acid gas is liberated, which may be to an extent sufficient to cause considerable distention of the abdomen, even to asphyxia from pressure forward on the diaphragm. Should this dan- ger present itself, it may be averted by opening the left flank, permit- ting the gas to escape. (See ‘‘Acute tympanites, or Bloating,” p. 36.) Treatment.—Flaxseed or slippery-elm decoction must be given to soothe the inflamed mucous surface. Opium may be used to allay pain. COAL-OIL POISONING. Coal oil is sometimes administered empirically as a treatment for intestinal parasites. If given in large doses it produces poisonous effects, which are likely to be manifest some time after the adminis- tration. It acts as an irritant to the digestive tract, causing dribbling of ropy saliva from the mouth, diarrhea, tenesmus, and loss of appe- tite, with increased temperature and cold extremities. Visible mucous membranes are injected, pupils of the eyes contracted, watery dis- charge from the eyes and nostrils. Remotely it exerts a depressing influence on the functions of the brain and slight coma, and oceasion- ally convulsions, from which the animal is easily aroused. The kidneys also suffer. The urine is dark colored and has the charac- teristic odor of coal oil. Death may result from gastro-enteritis or convulsions. Treatment.—The patient's strength should be fostered by the fre- quent administration of mild stimulants, of which aromatic spirits of ammonia is perhaps the best. The animal should be encouraged to eat soft food and given mucilaginous drinks. Crude coal oil is sometimes applied to the skin to kill parasites. If too much is used, especially in hot weather, great weakness and depres- sion may be caused and in some cases death may result. CARBOLIC-ACID POISONING. Although one of the most valuable antiseptic remedies, carbolic acid in a concentrated form, when taken internally or used over a large surface externally, is likely to produce poisonous effects. It causes whitening, shrinking, and numbness of the structures with which it comes in contact, and, besides its irritant effect, exerts a powerful influence on the nervous system. Being readily absorbed, it produces its effect whether swallowed, injected into the rectum, inhaled, or applied to wounds, or even to a large tract of unbroken skin. Used 62 DISEASES OF CATTLE. extensively as a dressing, it may produce nausea, dizziness, and smoky or blackish colored urine. The last symptom is nearly always notice- able where the poisonous effect is produced. In more concentrated form, or used in larger quantities, convulsions, followed by fatal coma, are likely to take place. Even in smaller quantities, dullness, trem- bling, and disinclination for food often continues for several days. In a tolerably concentrated solution it coagulates albumen and acts as an astringent. Treatment.—As an antidote internally, a solution of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia (Glauber’s or Epsom salts) may be given. The white of egg is also useful. Stimulants may be given if needed. When the poisoning occurs through too extensive applications to wounds or the skin, as in treatment of mange, cold water should be freely applied so as to wash off any of the acid that may still remain unabsorbed. As a surgical dressing a 3 per cent solution is strong enough for ordinary purposes. Water will not hold more than 5 per cent in permanent solution. No preparation stronger than the satu- rated solution should be used medicinally under any circumstances. SALTPETER POISONING. Both nitrate of soda and nitrate of potash are poisonous to cattle. These substances are used for manure and for preserving meats. They may be administered in a drench by error in place of Glauber’s salts, or they may be exposed within reach of cattle and thus be eaten. The toxic dose depends upon the condition of fullness of the stomach. If in solution and given on an empty stomach, as little as 3 ounces of saltpeter (nitrate of potash) may be fatal toa cow. More of the Chile saltpeter (nitrate of soda) is required. to cause serious trouble. Symptoms.—Severe gastro-enteritis, colic, tympanites, diarrhea, excessive urination, weakness, trembling, convulsions, collapse. Treatment.—Same as for poisoning by common salt. POISONING BY COMMON SALT. A few pounds (3 to 5) of common salt will produce well-marked signs of poisoning in cattle. So much salt as this will not be taken by cattle except under unusual conditions. If the food is poor in salt, and if none has been given for a long time, an intense “‘salt hun- ger” may occur that may lead an animal to eat a poisonous quantity if it is not restricted; or an overdose of salt may be given by error as a drench. Herring and mackerel brine and pork pickle are also poisonous, and are especially dangerous for hogs. In these substances there are, in addition to salt, certain products extracted from the fish or meat which undergo change and add to the toxicity of the solution. Some- times saltpeter is present in such brines. POISONS AND POISONING. 63 Symptoms.—The symptoms are great thirst, abdominal pain, diar- rhea, poor appetite, redness and dryness of the mouth, increased uri- nation, paralysis of the hind legs, weak pulse, general paralysis, coma, and death in from six to eight hours. ‘Treatment.—Allow as much warm water as the animal will drink. Give protectives, such as linseed tea, etc. Linseed or olive oil may be given. ‘To keep up the heart action give ether, alcohol, camphor, digitalis, or coffee. To allay pain, give opium. VEGETABLE POISONS. These may be divided into two classes—those that are likely to be adininistered to the animal as medicine or such as may be taken in the food, either in the shape of poisonous plants, or as plants or foods of vegetable origin that have been damaged by fungi or by bacterial action, producing fermentation or putrefaction. VEGETABLE POISONS USED AS MEDICINE. OPIUM POISONING, Opium and its alkaloid, morphia, are so commonly used in the practice of medicine that the poisonous result of an overdose is not uncommon. The common preparations are gum opium, the inspis- sated juice of the poppy; powdered opium, made from the gum; tincture of opium, commonly called laudanum, and: the alkaloid or active principle, morphia. Laudanum has about one-eighth the strength of the gum or powder. Morphia is present in good opium to the extent of about 10 per cent. In medicine it is a most useful agent in allaying pain. It has an effect of first producing a stimulat- ing action, which is followed by drowsiness, a disposition to sleep or complete anesthesia, depending on the quantity of the drug used. In poisonous doses a state of exhilaration is well marked at first. This is particularly noticeable in cattle and in horses. The animal becomes much excited, and this stage does not pass into insensibility unless an enormous dose has been given. If the dose is large enough, a second stage sometimes supervenes, in which the symptoms are those of congestion of the brain. The visible membranes have a blu- ish tint (cyanotic) from interference with the air supply. The breath- ing is slow, labored, and later stertorous; the pupils of the eyes are very much contracted; the skin dry and warm. Gas accumulates in the stomach, so that tympanites is-a prominent symptom. The patient may be aroused by great noise or the infliction of sharp pain, when the breathing becomes more natural. | D =| . | Bad a | BE 2 q iy cS = eee rate We a= Men | Bite il ere y | ANE resin RS SR Beste leas San om = VO A = MD Net Ws La Sl Be |b |i Lbs. | Lbs. Pr.ct.|Pr.ct.|Pr.ct.| Per ct.|Pr.ct.| Ozs. | Ozs. 16.90 wheat straw, and 1.30 bean Pn eileen Seen eee Pome ee 46.46 | 7.40 | 1,036 | 8.41 | 2.66 | 1.33 0.83 | 0.94 | 1.63 | 3.28 14.70 0at straw, and 2.30 bean meal.| 61.10 | 15.26 | 1,039 | 6.98 | 2.09 | 0.84 O55 | 0:49") 252) | bs3. 10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, 0.6 bean meal, and 2.6 starch ___| 71.76 | 12.36 | 1,043 | 8.05 | 0.95 | 1.85 0.93 | 0.94 | 3.83 | 1.96 10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, 2.7 bean meal, 1.4 starch, and 0.8 USAT See a teks eee PL eh See ee 80.54 | 12.46 | 1,044 | 8.29 | 8.07 | 2.41 A LS be Se eaivaek 10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, 5 bean meal, and 0.8 sugar __----- 78.96 | 17.62 | 1,043 | 8.41 | 0.74 | 3.12 1.45 | 1.24 | 9.17 | 2.17 10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 6.4 bean meal, 1.7 starch, 4 sugar, andi04 rapeioilie- tes 2-2 110.12 | 25.86 | 1,038 | 7.00 | 0.31 | 2.49 1.19 | 1.25 |10.9 | 1.33 10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 9.4 bean meal, 3.1 sugar, and 0.4 TADS OU ee ee ee 101.80 | 27.04 | 1,037 | 7.14 | 0.20 | 2.95 1539) 158: 11353 029 10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 11.7 bean meal, 2.8 starch, and 0.6 He 0 SY (010 seen er ear || 119.00 | 23.20 | 1,038 | 7.74 | 0.21 | 4.06 1.91 | 1.69 |15.4 | 0.8 17.86 bean straw, and 1.6 bean meal} 54.84 | 12.60 | 1,043 | 7.06 | 0.40 | 2.53 1521 | Webb se lOl8s J4.88 bean: straw «222205222 <2 2-2. 55.76 | 16.34 | 1,036 | 5.45 | 0.11 | 1.41 0.67 | 0.64 | 3.83 | 0.3 16: Q0imea dow, hay, 2.228222. 36.26 | 15.14 | 1,042 | 7.91 | 1.30 | 1.73 0.91 | 0.92 | 4.37 | 3.3 The varying amount of urea (from 1.6 to 15.4 ounces) is most sug- gestive as to the action of the more or less nitrogenous food and the resulting concentration of the urine and blood. Hippuric acid, on the other hand, is most abundant when the animal is fed on hay and straw. The specific gravity of the urine of cattle varies from 1,030 to 1,060 in health, water being 1,000. Itis transparent, with a yellowish tinge, and has a characteristic musky smell. The chemical reaction is alka- line, turning red litmus paper blue. The quantity passed in twenty- four hours varies greatly, increasing not only with the amount of water drunk, but with the amount of albuminoids taken in with the food and the amount of urea produced. If a solution of urea is injected into the veins the secretion of urine is greatly augmented. Similarly the excess of salts like carbonate of potash in the food, or of sugar, increases the action of the kidneys. Only about 20 per cent of the water swallowed escapes in the urine, the remaining 80 per cent passing mostly from the lungs, and toa slight extent by the bowels. The skin of the ox does not perspire so readily nor so freely as that of the horse; hence the kidneys and lungs are called upon for extra 8267—04——8 114 DISEASES OF CATTLE. work. The influence of an excess of water in the food is most remark- able in swill-fed distillery cattle, which urinate profusely at frequent intervals and yet thrive and fatten rapidly. Among the other conditions that increase the flow of urine is over- filling of (internal pressure in) the blood vessels of the kidneys. Hence the contraction of the blood vessels of the skin by cold drives the blood inward, tends to dilate the blood vessels of the kidneys, and to increase the secretion of urine. Nervous disorders, such as excitement, fear, congestions, or structural injuries to the back part of the base of the brain have a similar result. Hence, doubtless, the action of certain fungi growing in musty hay or oats in producing profuse flow of urine, whereas other forms of musty fodder cause stupor, delirium, or paralysis. Bacteria and their products are mainly expelled by the kidneys, and become sources of local infection, irrita- tion, and disease. The amount of urine passed daily by an ox on dry feeding averages 7 to 12 pints, but this may be increased enormously on a watery diet. The mutual influence of the kidneys and other important organs tends to explain the way in which disease in one part supervenes on preexisting disorder in another. The introduction of albuminoids in excess into the blood means the formation of an excess of urea, and a more profuse secretion of urine, of a higher specific gravity, and with a greater tendency to deposit its solid constituents, as gravel, in the kidneys or bladder. A torpid action of the liver, leaving the albumi- noids in transition forms, less soluble than the urea into which they should have been changed, favors the onset of rheumatism or nervous disorder, the deposit of such albuminoid products in the kidneys, the formation of a deep-brown or reddish urine, and congestion of the kidneys. Any abnormal activity of the liver in the production of sugar—more than can be burned up in the circulation—overstimulates the kidneys and produces increased flow of a heavy urine with a sweetish taste. This increased production of sugar may be primarily due to disease of the brain, which, in its turn, determines the disorder of the liver. Disease of the right side of the heart or of the lungs, by obstructing the onward flow of blood from the veins, increases the blood pressure in the kidneys and produces disorder and excessive secretion. Inactivity of the kidneys determines an increase in the blood of waste products, which become irritating to different parts, producing skin eruptions, itching, dropsies, and nervous disorders. Sprains of the loins will produce bleeding from the kidneys and dis- ease of the spinal cord, and determine sometimes albuminous or milky-looking urine. The kidney of the ox (Pl. IX, fig. 1) is a compound organ made up of fifteen to twenty-five separate lobules like so many separate kid- neys, but all pouring their secretion into one common pouch (pelvis) situated in an excavation in the center of the lower surface. While DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 115 the ox is the only domesticated quadruped which maintains this divided condition of the kidney after birth, this condition is common to all while at an early stage of development in the womb. The cluster of lobules making up a single kidney forms an ovoid mass flat- tened from above downward, and extending from the last rib back- ward beneath the loins and to one side of the solid chain of the back- bone. The right is more firmly attached to the loins and extends farther backward than the left. Deeply covered in a mass of suet, each kidney has a strong outer white, fibrous covering, and inside this two successive layers of kidney substance, of which the outer is that in which the urine is mainly separated from the blood and poured into the fine microscopic urinary ducts. (Pl. X, fig. 1.) These lat- ter, together with blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, make up the second, or internal, layer. The outer layer is mainly composed of minute globular clusters of microscopic intercommunicating blood vessels (Malphigian bodies), each of which is furnished with a fibrous capsule that is nothing else than the dilated commencement of a urine tube. These practically microscopic tubes follow at first a winding course through the outer layer (Ferrein’s tubes), then form a long loop (doubling on itself) in the inner layer (Henle’s loop), and finally pass back through the inner layer (Bellini’s tubes) to open through a conical process into the common pouch (pelvis) on the lower surface of the organ. (Pl. X, figs. 1, 2, 3.) The tube that conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder is like a white, round cord, about the size of a goose quill, prolonged from the pouch on the lower surface of the kidney backward beneath the loins, then inward, supported by a fold of thin membrane, to open into the bladder just in front of its neck. The canal passes first through the middle (muscular) coat of the bladder, and then advances perceptibly between that and the internal (mucous) coat, through which it finally opens. By this arrangement in overfilling of the bladder this opening is closed like a valve by the pressure of the urine, and the return of liquid to the kidney is prevented. The blad- der (Pl. IX, fig. 2) is a dilatable egg-shaped pouch, closed behind by a strong ring of muscular fibers encircling its neck, and enveloped by looped muscular fibers extending on all sides around its body and closed anterior end. Stimulated by the presence of urine, these last contract and expel the contents through the neck into the urethra. This last is the tube leading backward along the floor of the pelvie bones and downward through the penis. In the bull this canal of the urethra is remarkable for its small caliber and for the S-shaped bend which it describes in the interval between the thighs and just above the scrotum. This bend is due to the fact that the retractor muscles are attached to the penis at this point, and in withdrawing that organ within its sheath they double it upon itself. The small size of the canal and this S-shaped bend are serious obstacles to the passing of a 116 DISEASES OF CATTLE. catheter to draw off the urine, yet by extending the penis out of its sheath the bend is effaced, and a small gum-elastic catheter, not over one-fourth of an inch in diameter, may with care be passed into the bladder. In the cow the urethra is very short, opening in the median line on the floor of the vulva about 4 inches in front of its external ori- fice. Evenin the cow, however, the passing of a catheter is a matter of no little difficulty, the opening of the urethra being very narrow and encircled by the projecting membranous and rigid margins, and on each side of the opening is a blind pouch (canal of Gartner) into which the catheter will almost invariably find its way. In both male and female, therefore, the passage of a catheter is an operation which demands special skill. General symptoms of urinary disorders.—These are not so promi- nent in cattle as in horses, yet when present they are of a similar kind. There is a stiff or straddling gait with the hind limbs and some diffi- culty in turning or in lying down and rising, the act drawing forth agroan. The frequent passage of urine in driblets, the continuous escape of the urine in drops, the sudden arrest of the flow when in full stream, the rhythmie contraction of the muscles under the anus without any flow resulting, the swelling of the sheath, the collection of hard, gritty masses on the hair surrounding the orifice of the sheath, the occurrence of dropsies in the limbs, under the chest or belly, or in either of these cavities, and finally the appearance of nervous stupor, may indicate serious disorder of the urinary organs. The condition of the urine passed may likewise lead to suspicion. It may be white, from crystallized carbonate of lime; brown, red, or even black, from the presence of blood or blood-coloring matter; yellow, from biliary coloring matter; it may be frothy, from contained albu- men; cloudy, from phosphates; glairy, from pus; or it may show gritty masses, from gravel. In many cases of urinary disorder in the ox, however, the symptoms are by no means prominent, and unless special examination is made of the loins, the bladder, and the urine the true nature of the malady may be overlooked. DIURESIS (POLYURIA, DIABETES INSIPIDUS, EXCESSIVE SECRETION OF URINE). A secretion of urine in excess of the normal amount may be looked on as disease, even if the result does not lead to immediate loss of condition. Cattle fed on distillery swill are striking examples of such excess caused by the enormous consumption of a liquid food, which nourishes and fattens in spite of the diuresis; but the condition is unwholesome, and cattle that have passed four or five months in a swill stable have fatty livers and kidneys, and never again do well on ordinary food. Diuresis may further occur from increase of blood pressure in the kidneys (diseases of the heart or lungs which hinder the onward passage of the blood, the eating of digitalis, English broom, DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 117 the contraction of the blood vessels on the surface of the body in cold weather, etce.); also from acrid or diuretic plants taken with the food (dandelion, burdock, colchicum, digitalis, savin, resinous shoots, ete.); from excess of sugar in the food (beets, turnips, ripe sorghum); also from the use of frozen food (frosted turnip tops and other vege- tables), and from the growths of certain molds in fodder (musty hay, mow-burnt hay, moldy oats, moldy bread, etec.). Finally, alkaline waters and alkaline incrustations on the soil may be active causes. In some of these cases the result is beneficial rather than injurious, as when cattle affected with gravel in the kidneys are entirely freed from this condition by a run at grass, or by an exclusive diet of roots or swill. In other cases, however, the health and condition suffer, and even inflammation of the kidneys may occur. Treatment.—The treatment is mainly in the change of diet to a more solid aliment destitute of the special offensive ingredient. Boiled flax- seed is often the best diet or addition to the wholesome dry food, and, by way of medicine, doses of 2 drams each of sulphate of iron and iodide of potassium may be given twice daily. In obstinate cases, 2 drams ergot of rye or of eatechu may be added. BLOODY URINE (RED WATER, MOOR-ILL, WOOD-ILL, HEMATURIA, HEMAGLOBINURIA). This is a common affection among cattle in certain localities, above all on damp, undrained lands, and under a backward agriculture. It is simply bloody urine or hematuria when the blood is found in clots, or when under the microscope the blood globules can be detected as distinctly rounded, flattened disks. It is smoky urine—hemaglobinu- ria—when no such distinet clots nor blood disks ean be found, but merely a general browning, reddening, or blackening of the urine by the presence of dissolved blood coloring matter. The bloody urine is the more direct result of structural disease of the kidneys or urinary passages (inflammation, stone, gravel, tumors, hydatids, kidney worms, sprains of the loins), while the stained urine (hemaglobinuria) is usu- ally the result of some general or more distant disorder in which the globules are destroyed in the circulating blood and the coloring mat- ter dissolved in and diffused through the whole mass of the blood and of the urine secreted from it. As in the two forms, blood and the ele- ments of blood escape into the urine, albumen is always present, so that there is albuminuria with blood-coloring matter superadded. If due to stone or gravel, gritty particles are usually passed, and may be detected in the bottom of a dish in which the liquid is caught. If due to fracture or severe sprain of the loins, it is likely to be associ- ated not only with some loss of control over the hind limbs and with staggering behind, but also with a more or less perfect paralysis of the tail. The blood-stained urine without red globules results from specific diseases—Texas fever (Pl. XLVI, fig. 3), anthrax, spirillosis, 118 DISEASES OF CATTLE. and from eating irritant plants (broom, savin, mercury, hellebore, ranunculus, convolvulus, colchicum, oak shoots, ash, privet, hazel, hornbeam, and other astringent, acrid, or resinous plants, ete.). The may bug or Spanish fly taken with the food or spread over a great extent of skin as a blister has a similar action. Frosted turnips or other roots will bring on the affection in some subjects. Among conditions which act by the direct destruction of the globules in the circulating blood may be named an excess of water in that fluid; the use of water from soils rich in decomposing vegetable matter and containing alkaline salts, particularly nitrites; and the presence in the water and food of the ptomaines of bacteria growth. Hence the prevalence of ‘‘red water” in marshy districts and on clayey and other impervious soils. Hence, too, the occurrence of bloody urine in the advanced stages of several contagious diseases. Some mineral poisons—such as iodine, arsenic, and phosphorus taken to excess—may cause hematuria, and finally the symptoms may be the mere result of a constitutional predis- position of the individual or family to bleeding. Exposure of the body to cold or wet will cause the affection in some predisposed subjects. The specific symptom of bloody or smoky water is a very patent one. It may or may not be associated with fever, with the presence or absence of abdominal tenderness on pressure, with a very frothy state of the milk.or even a reddish tinge, with or without marked paleness of the mucous membranes, and general weakness. When direct injury to the kidneys is the immediate cause of the disease the urine will be passed often, in small quantity at a time, and with much straining. When there is bloodlessness (a watery blood) from insufficient nourish- ment, fever is absent and the red water is at first the only symptom. When the active cause has been irritant plants, abdominal tenderness, colics, and other signs of bowel inflammation are marked features. Treatment.—Treatment will vary according as the cause has been a direct irritant operating on a subject in vigorous health or a micro- bian poison acting on an animal deficient in blood and vigor. In the first form of red water a smart purgative (1 pound to 14 pounds Glauber’s salts) will clear away the irritants from the bowels and allay the coexistent high fever. It will also serve to divert to the bowels much of the irritant products already absorbed into the blood, and willthus protect the kidneys. In many such eases a liberal supply of wholesome, easily digestible food will be all the additional treatment required. In this connection demulcent food (boiled flaxseed, wheat bran) is especially good. If much blood has been lost, bitters (gen- tian, one-half ounce) and iron (sulphate of iron, 2 drams) should be given for a week. For cases in which excess of diuretic plants has been taken, it may be well to replace the salts by 1 to 2 pints olive oil, adding 1 ounce laudanum and 2 drams gumeamphor. Also to apply fomentations or a fresh sheepskin over the loins. Buttermilk or vinegar, one-half DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 119 pint, or sulphuric acid, 60 drops in a pint of water, may also be employed at intervals as injections. In cases due to sprained or fractured loins, to inflamed kidneys, or to stone or gravel, the treat- ment will be as for the particular disease in question. In hematuria from anemia (watery blood), whether from insuffi- cient or badly adjusted rations or from the poisonous products of fermentations in impervious or marshy soils, the treatment must be essentially tonic and stimulating. Rich, abundant, and easily diges- tible food must be furnished. The different grains (oats, barley, wheat, bran, rye) and seeds (rape, linseed, cotton seed) are especially ealled for, and may be given either ground or boiled. As a bitter, sulphate of quinia, one-half dram, and tincture of muriate of iron, 2 drams, may be given in a pint of water thrice a day. In some cases 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of oil of turpentine twice daily in milk will act favorably. But in this anemic variety prevention is the great need. The drain- age and cultivation of the dangerous soils is the main object. Until this can be accomplished young and newly purchased cattle, not yet inured to the poisons, must be kept from the dangerous fields and turned only on those which are already drained naturally or artificially. Further, they should have an abundant ration in which the local prod- uct of grass, hay, etc., is supplemented by grain or other seeds. Another point to be guarded against is the supply of water that has drained from marshes or impervious soils, rich in organic matter, as such is charged with nitrites, ptomaines, ete., which directly conduce to the disorder. Fence out from all such waters, and supply from liv- ing springs or deep wells only. ALBUMEN IN THE URINE (ALBUMINURIA). In bloody urine albumen is always present as an important con- stituent of the blood, and in congested and inflamed kidneys it is present as a part of the inflammatory exudate. Apart from these, albumen in the urine represents in different cases a variety of diseased conditions of the kidneys or of distant organs. Among the additional causes of albuminuria may be named: (1) An excess of albumen in the blood (after easy calving with little loss of blood and before the secre- tion of milk has been established, or in cases of sudden suppression of the secretion of milk); (2) under increase of blood pressure (after deep drinking, after doses of digitalis or broom, after transfusion of blood from one animal to another, or in disease of the heart or lungs causing obstruction to the flow of blood from the veins); (3) after cutting (or disease) of the motor nerves of the vessels going to the kidneys, causing congestion of these organs; (4) violent exertion, hence long drives by road; the same happens with violent muscular spasms, as from strychnia poisoning, lockjaw, epilepsy, and convul- sions; (5) in most fevers aud extensive inflammations of important 120 DISEASES OF CATTLE. organs, like the lungs, or liver, the escape of the albumen being vari- ously attributed to the high temperature of the body and disorder of the nerves, and to resulting congestion and disorder of the secreting cells of the kidneys; (6) in burns and some other congested states of the skin; (7) under the action of certain poisons (strong acids, phos- phorus, arsenic, Spanish flies, carbolie acid, and those inducing bloody urine); (8) in certain conditions of weakness or congestion of the secreting cells of the kidneys, so that they allow this element of the blood to escape; (9) when the food is entirely wanting in common salt, albumen may appear in the urine temporarily after a full meal containing an excess of albumen. It can also be produced experi- mentally by puncturing the back part of the base of the brain (the floor of the fourth ventricle close to the point the injury to which causes sugary urine). Inabscess, tumor, or inflammation of the blad- der, ureter, or urethra, the urine is albuminous. It follows, therefore, that albumen in the urine does not indicate the existence of any one specific disease, and excepting when due to weakness or loss of function of the kidney cells, it must be looked on as an attendant on another disease, the true nature of which we must try to find out. These affections we must exclude one by one until we are left to assume the noninflammatory disorder of the secreting cells of the kidney. It is especially important to exclude inflamma- tion of the kidney, and to do this may require a microscopic examina- tion of the sediment of the urine and the demonstration of the entire absence of casts of the uriniferous tubes. (See ‘‘Nephritis,” p. 121.) To detect albumen in the urine, the suspected and frothy liquid must be rendered sour by adding a few drops of nitric acid and then boiled in a test tube. If a solid precipitate forms, then add a few more drops of nitric acid, and if the liquid does not clear it up it is albumen. A precipitate thrown down by boiling and redissolved by nitric acid is probably phosphate of lime. Treatment.—Treatment will usually be directed to the disease on which it is dependent. In the absence of any other recognizable dis- ease, mucilaginous drinks of boiled flaxseed, slippery elm, or gum may be given, tannic acid one-half dram twice daily, and fomenta- tions or even mustard poultices over the loins. When the disease is chronic and there is no attendant fever (elevation of temperature), tonics (hydrochloric acid, 6 drops in a pint of water; phosphate of iron, 2 drams, or sulphate of quinia, 2 drams, repeated twice daily) may be used. In all cases the patient should be kept carefully from cold and wet; a warm, dry shed, or in warm weather a dry, sunny yard or pasture, being especially desirable. SUGAR IN URINE (DIABETES MELLITUS). This is a frequent condition of the urine in parturition fever, but is practically unknown in cattle as a specific. disease, associated with DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. ibd deranged liver or brain. As a mere attendant on another disease it will demand no special notice here. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (NEPHRITIS). This has been divided according as it affects the different parts of the kidneys, as: (1) Its fibrous covering (perinephritis); (2) the secreting tissue of its outer portion (parenchymatous); (3) the con- nective tissue (interstitial); (4) the lining membrane of its ducts (catarrhal); and (5) its pelvis or sae receiving the urine (pyelitis). It has also been distinguished according to the changes that take place in the kidney, especially as seen after death, according to the amount of albumen present in the urine, and according as the affec- tion is acute or chronic. For the purposes of this work it will be con- venient to consider these as one inflammatory disease, making a distinction merely between those that are acute and those that are chronic or of long standing. The causes are in the main like those causing bloody urine, such as irritant and diuretic plants, Spanish flies applied as a blister or other- wise, exposure to cold and wet, the presence of stone or gravel in the kidneys, injuries to the back or loins, as by riding each other, the drinking of alkaline or selenitious water, the use of putrid, stagnant water, or of that containing bacteria and their products, the consump- tion of musty fodder, etc. (See ‘‘Hematuria,” p. 117.) The length of the loins in cattle predisposes these to mechanical injury, and in the lean and especially in the thin working ox the kid- ney is very liable to suffer. In the absence of an abundance of loose connective tissue and of fat, the kidneys lie in close contact with the muscles of the loins, and any injury to these may tend to put the kid- ney and its vessels on the stretch, or to cause its inflammation by direct extension of the disease from the injured muscle to the adjacent kidney. Thus, under unusually heavy draft, under slips and falls on slippery ground, under sudden unexpected drooping or twisting of the loins from missteps or from the feet sinking into holes, under the loading and jarring of the loins when animals ride each other in eases of ‘‘heat,” the kidneys are subject to injury and inflammation. A hard run, as when chased by a dog, may be the occasion of such an attack. A fodder rich in nitrogénous or flesh-forming elements (beans, peas, vetches ( Vicia sativa), and other leguminous plants) has been charged with irritating the kidneys through the excess of urea, hippuric acid, and allied products eliminated through these organs and the tendency to the formation of gravel. It seems, however, that these foods are most dangerous when partially ripened and yet not fully matured, a stage of growth at which they are apt to contain ingredients irritating to the stomach and poisonous to the brain, as seen in their inducing so-called ‘‘stomach staggers.” Even in the poisoning by the seeds of ripened but only partially cured rye grass (Loliwm perenne), and L292 . DISEASES OF CATTLE. darnel (Loliwm temulentum), the kidneys are found violently con- gested with black blood. Also in the indigestions that result from the eating of partially ripened corn and millet some congestion of the kidneys is an attendant phenomenon. Cruzel claims that the disease as occurring locally is usually not alone from the acrid and resinous plants charged with inducing hema- turia, but also from stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula) and field poppy when used in the fresh, succulent condition; also from the great prevalence of dead caterpillars on the pasture, or from dead Spanish flies in the stagnant pools of water. The fresh plants are believed to be injurious only by reason of a volatile oil which is dissipated in dry- ing. In the case of the stagnant water it may be questioned whether the chemical products of the contained ferments (bacteria) are not more frequently the cause of the evil than the alleged Spanish flies, though these are hurtful enough when present. Inflammation of the kidneys may further be a form or an extension of a specific contagious disease, such as erysipelas, rinderpest, septi- cemia, or even of poisoning by the spores of fungi. Rivolta reports the case of a cow with spots of local congestion and blood staining in the kidney, the affected parts being loaded with bacteria. Unfortu- nately he neither cultivated the bacteria nor inoculated them, and thus the case stands without positive demonstration that these were the cause of disease. The symptoms of nephritis are in certain cases very manifest, and in others so hidden that the existence of the affection can only be cer- tainly recognized by a microscopic examination of the urine. In vio- lent cases there is high fever, increase of the body temperature to 103° F. and upward; hurried breathing, with catching inspiration; accelerated pulse; dry, hot muzzle; burning of the roots of the horns and ears, loss of appetite, suspended rumination, and indications of extreme sensitiveness in the loins. The patient stands with back arched and hind legs extended backward and outward, and passes water frequently, in driblets, of a high color and specific gravity, con- taining albumen and microscopic casts. (Pl. XI, fig. 5.) When made to move, the patient does so with hesitation and groaning, especially if turned ina narrow circle; and when pinched on the flank, just beneath the lateral bony processes of the loins, especially on that side on which the disease predominates, it flinches and groans. If the examination is made with the oiled hand introduced through the last gut (rectum), the pressure upward on the kidneys gives rise to great pain and efforts to escape by moving away and by active contractions of the rectum for the expulsion of the hand. Sometimes there is a distinct swelling over the loins or quarter on one or both sides. In uncas- trated males the testicle on the affected side is drawn up, or is alter- nately raised and dropped. In all there is a liability to tremors of the thigh on the side affected. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 133 In some severe cases colicky pains are as violent as in the worst forms of indigestion and spasms of the bowels. The animal fre- quently shifts from one hind foot to the other, stamps, kicks at the belly, looks anxiously at its flank at frequent intervals, moans plain- tively, lies down and quickly gets up again, grinds its teeth, twists its tail, and keeps the back habitually arched and rigid and the hind feet advanced under the belly. The bowels may be costive and the feces glistening with a coat of mucus, or they may be loose and irri- table, and the paunch or even the bowels may become distended with gas (bloating) as the result of indigestion and fermentation. In some animals, male and female alike, the rigid arched condition of the back will give way to such undulating movements as are sometimes seen in the act of coition. The disease does not always appear in its full severity; but for a day, or even two, there may be merely loss of appetite, impaired rumi- nation, a disposition to remain lying down; yet when the patient is raised, it manifests suffering by anxiously looking at the flanks, shift- ing or stamping of the hind feet, shaking of the tail, and attempts to urinate, which are either fruitless or lead to the discharge of a small quantity of high-colored or perhaps bloody urine. In some recent slight cases, and in many chronic ones, these symp- toms may be absent or unobserved, and an examination of the urine will be necessary to reach a safe conclusion. The urine may contain blood, or it may be cloudy from contained albumen, which coagulates on heating with nitric acid (see Albuminuria); it may be slightly glairy from pus, or gritty particles may be detected in it. In seeking for casts of the uriniferous tubes, a drop may be taken with a fine tube from the bottom of the liquid after standing and examined under a power magnifying 50 diameters. If the fine cylindroid filaments are seen they may then be examined with a power of 200 or 250 diam- eters. (Pl. XI, fig. 5.) The appearance of the casts gives some clue to the condition of the kidneys. If made up of large rounded or slightly columnar cells, with a single nucleus in each cell (epithelial), they imply comparatively slight and recent disease of the kidney tubes, the detachment of the epithelium being like what is seen in any inflamed mucous surface. If made up largely of the small disk- shaped and nonnucleated red-blood globules, they imply escape of blood, and usually a recent injury or congestion of the kidney—it may be from sprains, blows, or the ingestion of acrid or diuretic poisons. If the casts are made of a clear, waxy, homogeneous substance (hya- line), without any admixture of opaque particles, they imply an inflammation of longer standing, in which the inflamed kidney tubules have been already stripped of their cellular (epithelial) lining. If the -easts are rendered opaque by the presence of minute spherical granu- lar cells, like white-blood globules, it betokens active suppuration of he kidney tubes. In other cases the casts are rendered opaque by 124 DISEASES OF CATTLE. entangled earthy granules (carbonate of lime), or crystals of some other urinary salts. In still other cases the casts entangle clear, refran- gent globules of oil or fat, which may imply fatty degeneration of the kidneys or injury to the spinal cord. The presence of free pus giv- ing a glairy, flocculent appearance to the urine is suggestive of inflam- mation of the urinary pouch at the commencement of the excretory duct (pelvis of kidney) (Pl. IX, fig. 1), especially if complicated with gritty particles of earthy salts. This condition is known as pyelitis. In the chronic cases swelling of the legs or along the lower surface of chest or abdomen, or within these respective cavities, is a common symptom. So, also, stupor or coma, or even convulsions, may super- vene from the poisonous action of urea and other waste or morbid products retained in the blood. Treatment.—In the treatment of acute nephritis the first considera- tion is the removal of the cause. Acrid or diuretic plants in the food must be removed, and what of this kind is present in the stom- ach or bowels may be cleared away by a moderate dose of castor or olive oil; extensive surfaces of inflammation that have been blistered by Spanish flies must be washed clean with soapsuds; sprains of the back or loins must be treated by soothing fomentations or poultices, or by a fresh sheepskin with its fleshy side applied on the loins, and the patient must be kept in a narrow stall in which it can not turn even itshead. The patient must be kept in a warm, dry building, so that the skin shall be kept active rather than the kidneys. Warm blan- keting is equally important, or even mustard poultices over the loins will be useful. Blisters of Spanish flies, turpentine, or other agent which may be absorbed and irritate the kidneys must be avoided. The active fever may be checked by 15 drops tincture of aconite every four hours, or by one-third ounce acetanilid. If pain is very acute 1 ounce laudanum or 2 drams solid extract of belladonna will serve to relieve. When the severity of the disease has passed, a course of tonics (quinia, 2 drams, or gentian powder, 4 drams, daily) may be given. Diuretics, too, may be cautiously given at this advanced stage to relieve dropsy and give tone to the kidneys and general system (oil of turpentine, 2 teaspoonfuls; bicarbonate of soda, 1 teaspoonful, repeated twico a day). Pure water is essential, and it should not be given chilled; warm drinks are preferable. In the chronic forms of kidney inflammation the same protection against cold and similar general treatment are demanded. Tonics, however, are important to improve the general health (phosphate of iron, 2drams; powdered nux vomiea, 20 grains; powdered gentian root, 4 drams, daily). In some instances the mineral acids (nitric acid, 60 drops, or nitro-muriatic acid, 60 drops, daily) may be employed with the bitters. Mustard applied to the loins in the form of a thin pulp made with water and covered for an hour with paper or other impervious envelope, or water hotter than the hand can bear, or cupping may be DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 195 resorted to as a counterirritant. In cupping shave the loins, smear them with lard, then take a narrow-mouthed glass, expand the air within it by smearing its interior with a few drops of alcohol, setting it on fire and instantly pressing the mouth of the vessel to the oiled portion of the skin. As the air within the vessel cools it contracts, tending to form a partial vacuum, and the skin, charged with blood, is strongly drawn up within it. Several of these being applied at once a strong derivation from the affected kidneys is secured. In no case of inflamed or irritable kidney should Spanish flies or oil of turpentine be used upon the skin. PARASITES OF THE KIDNEY. As the kidney is the usual channel by which the bacteria leave the system, this organ is liable to be implicated when microphytes exist in the blood, and congestions and blood extravasations are produced. In anthrax, Southern cattle fever (Texas fever), and other such affee- tions bloody urine is the consequence. Of the larger parasites attack- ing the kidney may be specially named the cystic form of the echino- coccus tapeworm of the dog, the cystic form of the unarmed or beef tapeworm of man, the diving bladderworm—the cystic form of the marginate tapeworm of the dog, and the giant strongyle—the largest of the roundworms. These give rise to general symptoms of kidney disease, but the true source of the trouble is only likely to be detected, if the heads or hooklets of the tapeworm or the eggs of the round- worm are found on microscopic examination of the urine. TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY (HYPERTROPHY OR ATROPHY). The kidney may be the seat of cancerous or simple tumors, and it may be unnaturally enlarged or reduced in size, but though there may be signs of urinary disorder the true nature of the disease is seldom manifest until after death. The passing of blood and of large multi- nucleated cells in the urine (to be detected under the microscope) may betray the existence of an ulcerated cancer of the kidney. The pres- ence of cancerous enlargement of (superficial) lymphatic glands may further assist and confirm the decision. RETENTION OF URINE. Inability to pass urine may come from any one of three conditions— first, spasm of the neck of the bladder; second, paralysis of the body of the bladder; third, obstruction of the channel of outlet by a stone (calculus) (see Pl. XI) or other obstacle. In spasm of the neck of the bladder the male animal may stand with the tail slightly raised and making rhythmical contractions of the muscle beneath the anus (accelerator urine) (see Pl. LX, fig. 2), but without passing a drop of liquid. In the female the hind legs are 126 DISEASES OF CATTLE. extended and widely parted, and the back is arched as if to urinate, but the effort is vain. If the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum or vagina in the early stages of the affection, the bladder may be felt beneath partially filled, but not overdistended with liquid, and its neck or mouth firmand rigid. In the more advanced stages of the affection the organ is felt as a great, tense, elastic bag, extending forward into the abdomen. In this condition the overdistended muscular coat of the bladder has lost its power of contraction, so that true paralysis has set in, the muscle closing the mouth of the sack alone retaining its contractile power. In paralysis of the body of the bladder attention is rarely drawn to the urinary disorder until the bladder has been distended to full reple- tion and is almost ready to give way by rupture and to allow the escape of the contained liquid into the abdomen. Overdistention is the most common cause of the paralysis, yet it may occur from inflam- mation of the muscular wall of the bladder, or even from injury to the terminal part of the spinal marrow. In this last condition, how- ever, the tail is likely to be powerless, and the neck of the bladder may also be paralyzed, so that the urine dribbles away continuously. Causes.—Among the causes of spasm of the neck of the bladder may be named the lodgment of small stones or gravel, the feeding on irri- tant diuretics (see ‘‘ Bloody urine, or nephritis”), the enforced reten- tion of urine while at work or during a painful or difficult parturition. The irritation attendant on inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder may be a further cause of spasm of the neck, as may also be inflammation of the channel (urethra) back of the neck. Exten- sive applications of Spanish flies to the skin, the abuse of diuretics, and the occurrence of indigestion and spasms of the bowels are further causes. So long as spasmodic colic is unrelieved, retention of water from spasm of the neck of the bladder usually persists. Treatment.—Treatment will depend largely on thecause. In indiges- tion the irritant contents of the bowels must be got rid of by laxatives and injections of warm water; Spanish-fly blisters must be washed from the surface; a prolonged and too active exertion must be intermitted. The spasm may be relaxed by injecting one-half ounce solid extract of belladonna in water into the rectum or by a solution of tobacco. Chloroform or ether may be given by inhalation, or chloral hydrate (1 ounce) may be given in water by the mouth. Fomentations of warm water may be made over the loins and between the thighs, and the oiled hand inserted into the rectum may press moderately on the anterior part of the bladder, which can be felt as an elastic fluctuat- ing bag of an oval shape just beneath. All other measures failing, the liquid must be drawn off through a tube (catheter). This is, however, exceedingly difficult, alike in male and female, and we can not expect an amateur to succeed in accom- plishing it. In the cow the opening into the bladder is found in the DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 127 median line of the floor of the generative entrance, about 4 inches in front of the external opening, but it is flanked on either side by a blind pouch, into which the catheter will pass, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, in the hands of any but the most skilled operator. In the bull or steer the penis, when retracted into its sheath, is bent upon itself like the letter S, just above the scrotum and testicles (see Pl. LX, fig. 2), and unless this bend is effaced by extending the organ forward out of its sheath it is quite impossible to pass a catheter beyond this point. When, however, the animal can be tempted by the presenta- tion of a female to protrude the penis so that it can be seized and extended, or when it can be manipulated forward out of the sheath, it becomes possible to pass a catheter of small caliber (one-third inch or under) onward into the bladder. Youatt advised to lay open the sheath so as to reach and extend the penis, and others have advocated opening the urethra in the interval between the thighs or just beneath the anus, but such formidable operations are beyond the stock owner. The incision of the narrow urethra through the great thickness of mus- cular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the anus is especially an operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty. Drawing off the liquid through the tube of an aspirator is another possible resort for the pro- fessional man. The delicate needle of the aspirator is inserted in such cases through the floor of the vagina and upper wall of the bladder in the female, or through the floor of the rectum (last gut) and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally through the lower and back part of the abdominal wall, just in front of the bones of the pelvis (pubic bones), and thence through the lower and anterior part of the bladder near its blind anterior end. After relief has been obtained the administration of belladonna in 2-dram doses daily for several days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the retention. When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed by overdistention, we may seek to restore its tone by doses of one-half a dram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily, and by mustard plas- ters applied over the loins, on the back part of the belly inferiorly, or between the thighs. Small doses (2 drams) of balsam of copaiba are sometimes useful in imparting tone to the partly paralyzed organ. INCONTINENCE OF URINE (PALSY OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER). This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of the spinal cord or from broken back, and in these cases the tail is likely to be paralyzed, and it may be also the hind limbs. In this case the urine dribbles away constantly, and the oiled hand in the vagina or rectum will feel the half-filled and flaccid bladder beneath and may easily empty it by pressure. Treatment.—Treatment is only successful when the cause of the trouble can be remedied. After these (sprains of the back, ete.) have recovered, blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the abdo- 128 DISEASES OF CATTLE. men, or between the thighs may be resorted to with success. Two drams daily of copaiba or of solid extract of belladonna or 2 grains Spanish flies may serve to restore the lost tone. These failing, the use of electric currents may still prove successful. URINARY CALCULI (STONE, OR GRAVEL). [P1. XI, figs. 1, 2, 3.] Stone, or gravel, consists in hard bodies mainly made up of the solid earthy constituents of the urine which have crystallized out of that liquid at some part of the urinary passage, and have remained as small particles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses (stone, ealeulus). In cattle it is no uncommon thing to find them distending the practically microscopic tubes in the red substance of the kidney, having been deposited from the urine in the solid form almost as soon as that liquid has been separated from the blood. These stones appear as white objects on the red ground formed by cutting sections of the kidney, and are essentially products of the dry feed of winter, and most common in working oxen, which are called upon to exhale more water from the lungs and skins than are the slop-fed and inactive cows. Little water being introduced into the body with the food, and a considerable amount being expelled with the breath and perspira- tion in connection with the active life, the urine becomes small in amount, but having to carry out all waste material from the tissues and the tissue-forming food, it becomes so charged with solids that it is ready to deposit them on the slightest disturbance. If, therefore, a little of the water of such concentrated urine is reabsorbed at any point of the urinary passages, the remainder is no longer able to hold the solids in solution, and they are at once precipitated in the solid form as gravel or commencing stone. In cattle, on the other hand, which are kept at pasture in summer, or which are fed liberally on roots, potatoes, pumpkins, apples, or ensilage in winter, this concen- trated condition of the urine is not induced, and under such cireum- stances, therefore, the formation of stone is practically unknown. Nothing more need be said to show the controlling influence of dry feeding in producing gravel and of a watery ration in preventing it. Calculus in cattle is essentially a disease of winter, and of such cattle as are denied succulent food and are confined to dry fodder as their exclusive ration. While there are exceptions, they are so rare that they do not invalidate this generalrule. It is true that stone in the kid- ney or bladder is often found in the summer or in animals feeding at the time on a more or less succulent ration, yet such masses usually date back to a former period when the animal was restricted to a dry ration. In this connection it should be noted that a great drain of water from the system by any other channel than the kidneys predisposes to the production of gravel or stone. In case of profuse diarrhea, for example, or of excessive secretion of milk, there is a corresponding DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 129 diminution of the water of the blood, and as the whole amount of the blood is thus decreased, and as the quantity of urine secreted is largely influenced by the fullness of the blood vessels and the pressure exerted upon their walls from within, it follows that with this decrease of the mass of the blood and the lessening of its pressure outward there will be a corresponding decrease of urine. The waste of the tissues, however, goes on as before, and if the waste matter is passed out through the kidneys it must be in a more concentrated solution, and the more concentrated the urine the greater the danger that the solids will be deposited as small erystals or calculi. Again, the concentrated condition of the urine which predisposes to such deposits is favored by the quantity of lime salts that may be present in the water drunk by the animal. Water that contains 20 or 30 grains of carbonate or sulphate of lime to the gallon must con- tribute a large addition of solids to the blood and urine as compared with soft waters from which lime is absent. In this connection it is a remarkable fact that stone and gravel in the domesticated herbivora are notoriously prevalent on many limestone soils, as on the limestone formations of central and western New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan; on the calcareous formations of Norfolk, Suffolk, Der- byshire, Shropshire, and Gloucestershire, in England; in Landes in France, and around Munich in Bavaria. It does not follow that the abundance of lime in the water and fodder is the main cause of the calculi, since other poisons which are operative in the same districts in causing goiter in both man and animal probably contribute to the trouble, yet the excess of earthy salts in the drinking water can hardly fail to add to the saturation of both blood and urine, and thereby to favor the precipitation of the urinary solids from their state of solution. The known results of feeding cattle a generous or forcing ration in which phosphate of lime is present to excess adds additional force to the view just advanced. In the writer’s experience, the Second Duke of Oneida, a magnificent product of his world-famed family, died as the result of a too liberal allowance of wheat bran, fed with the view of still further improving the bone and general form of the Duchess strain of Shorthorns. Lithotomy was performed and a number of stones removed from the bladder and urethra, but the patient sue- cumbed to an inflammation of the bowels, induced by the violent purgatives given before the writer arrived, under the mistaken idea that the straining: had been caused by intestinal impaction. In this case not only the Second Duke of Oneida, but the other males of the herd as well, had the tufts of hairs at the outlet of the sheath encased in hard, eylindroid sheaths of urinary salts, precipitated from the liquid as it ran over them. The tufts were in reality resolved into a series of hard, roller-like bodies, more or less constricted at intervals, as if beaded. 8267—04——9 130 DISEASES OF CATTLE. When it is stated that the ash of the whole grain of wheat is but 3 per cent, while the ash of wheat bran is 7.3 per cent, and that in the ‘ase of the former 46.38 per cent of the ash is phosphorie acid, and in that of the latter 50 per cent, it can easily be understood how a too liberal use of wheat bran should prove dangerous if fed dry. The following table shows the relative proportion of ash and phosphorie _acid in wheat bran and in some common farm seeds: Ash and phosphoric acid in bran and some common farm seeds. Kind of grain. Ash. | E Hesphore ae 6s) ~"" | entire food. Per ct Per cent. Per cent. Wihteabibram, 2 oe sao eee eS os te ae ee 7.3 50 3.65 Wiha Snail = 2 ona ae meee Serio = See ene 2 een eee 3 46.38 1.3914 Oats! ovains-- ts 222) eee ea ee a ee eee eee sees 2.50 26.5 . 6625 PSaleiys rin eee LS ae yo ee Se he An SES Se eee eee 3.10 39.6 1.2276 Bean Merain! 262 0 oe nS Heda oo eee eee eee 3.10 31.9 9864 IESEYS) Fan Us ea ee ee a a Pe ee dee ess 2 eee Soe eee 2.75 34.8 957 NERO WTA oie eee oe ure se oes Oe es, See eee eee areal 3 36.2 1.086 veer C Ort STAIN oS es Mee SN I see eee ee eee iO) GEE es Lee Se ee eee wes Svan 2. 2225525 chet eas eee. aad ee aga ae EG 39.9 . 6384 Wheat bran, it will be observed, contains three times as much phos- phoriec acid as is found in any of the other grains, and four times as much as oats, beans, pease, or rye; so that if fed in excess it will readily overcharge the urine with phosphates, There is another point to be considered, however, in estimating this danger. Wheat bran contains a far greater amount of albuminoids and other nitrogen-containing constituents than the common grains (these being made up mainly of starch, which contains no nitrogen); and, all nitrogen-bearing products contained in the blood and tissues being expelled from the body mainly through the kidneys in the form of urea and (in eattle) hippurie acid, it follows that the excess of urea formed when such food is consumed must load the urine with solids and bring it constantly nearer to the point of saturation, when such solids (or the least soluble of them) must be deposited. The following table will show the relative amounts of the nitrogen- bearing products in wheat bran and some of our common grains: Nitrogenous matter in wheat bran and some common farm seeds. rie Albuminoids Woody fibér | Total nitrog Kind of grain. (nitroge- (nitroge- ine conse nous). nous). nrents: Percent. Per cent. Per cent. Wilealinbranmeseser orate Set hee A Os Eee eee 16.1 8 24.1 IW heats sorminiy seca ses 8 ey key le wb) ue eas aoe 12.5 1.8 14.3 Barley. orir = 5 eee 2 12.4 2.1 45.1 ORES (STAID 2. ~ ee ee Re see 8 Seas oe ee 11.8 9.5 21.3 Ve, cvain': 55a eae ee een) we, oka ee ee 10.6° t 12.3 Tmedian Corn. -...225 see ee ee Ae we ey a eee 10.1 Lv, 11.8 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 131 It will be observed that, with the exception of oats, none of the grains contain more than two-thirds of the nitrogenous material present in the wheat bran, while in the case of rye and maize there is practically but one-half. Even in the case of oats the albuminoids, which are the more digestible prineiples, and therefore those that are the most easily and speedily converted into urea, are present only to the amount of two-thirds of that which exists in the wheat bran. With such an excess of ash, of phosphates, and of nitrogenous (urea- forming) constituents in wheat bran, its tendency to favor the forma- tion of ealeuli is fully explained. It must not, however, be inferred that wheat bran is not a valuable foodstuff. The inference is only that it should be fed with an abundance of water, as a sloppy mash, or in combination with an abundance of roots, potatoes, pumpkins, or other succulent aliment. In this connection the presence of magnesia in the food or water must be named as favoring calculous formations in the urinary pas- sages. The explanation is that while the phosphate of magnesia thrown out in the urine is soluble in water, the compound phosphate of ammonia and magnesia is insoluble, and, accordingly, if at any time ammonia is introduced into urine containing the phosphate of magnesia, there is instantly formed the ammonio-magnesium phos- phate, which is as promptly deposited in the solid form. The com- mon souree of ammonia in such eases is from decomposition of the urea in fermenting urine. But in order to produce this a ferment is necessary, and therefore, as an additional prerequisite, the presence of bacteria, or fungi, in the urine is essential. These ferments may make their way from without along the urinary passage (urethra), and their propagation in the bladder is greatly favored by the pro- longed retention of urine, as in case of. spasm of the neck of the bladder or obstruction by an already existing stone. Another mode of entrance of the ferment is an uncleanly catheter used to draw off the urine. Still another is the elimination through the kidneys of the bacteria of infectious diseases, or of such as, without producing a general infection, yet determine fermentation in the urine. The precipitation is favored not only by the production of ammonia, but also by the formation of viscid (colloid) products of fermentation. In this sense bacteria are most important factors in causing gritty deposits in the urine. Another insoluble salt which enters largely into the composition of many urinary ealeuli of the ox is carbonate of lime. This is derived mainly from the lime in the food and water and from the carbon diox- ide formed by the oxidation of the organie acids in the fodder. These organic acids, being composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (with- out nitrogen), are resolved by the addition of oxygen into earbon dioxide (CO,) and water (H,O). The carbon dioxide unites with the lime in the blood to form carbonate of lime, and in this state passes E32 DISEASES OF CATTLE. into the urine. Now, carbonate of lime is soluble in water containing free or uncombined carbon dioxide, but is precipitated whenever the latter is withdrawn. It is only necessary, therefore, to have in the urine sufficient lime or other available base to unite with all the free carbon dioxide in order to bring about the precipitation of the dis- solved carbonate of lime in the solid crystallized form. Hence it is that, of all sediments in the urine of herbivora, this is the most fre- quent and usually the most abundant. A less common constituent of urinary calculi is the insoluble oxalate of lime. In this ease the lime is derived as before from the food or water, or both, while the oxalic acid is a product of the oxidation of organic acids of the food, less oxygen having been used than in the formation of carbon dioxide. The final product of the complete oxida- tion of these acids is carbon dioxide, but when less oxygen is furnished owing to some disease of the lungs or a disease of the nerve centers, which lessens the activity of the breathing, then oxalic acid may be produced. Then if this oxalic acid comes in contact with lime, it is instantly precipitated as crystals of oxalate of lime. Another inorganic substance at times found in urinary calculi is silica (SiO,). This contributes largely to giving stiffness to the stems of growing plants, and in most of our cereals and grasses makes up a large proportion of the ashes of the burnt plant. It is found in the soluble form in combination as silicate of potash, but at times is dis- placed by oxalie or other acid and then appears as gritty, sandy par- ticles in the stem. This gritty, insoluble silica is especially noticeable among the horsetails (Hquisetacew), bamboos, and sedges. The per- centage of silica in the ash of several common fodder plants is given below: Silica in ash of various fodder plants. Ash of— Silica. Ash of— Silica. Per cent. Per cent. WIRECADISLER Wee. oon bo aoe eee eetaes ) (6756) || Riye-eh ass thane. aoe on eee eee 64.57 Oats and husizaa) ese e- eee 88.16: || Wiheatichaft:. 222-4. 22 See eee 81.2 Ostistraw sec: 2ccscs) oe 8524) l .Oatichatti <2 eee ee ee en eee 59.9 Barley: Straw as.25S- cere aeenee eee 3d lBatley: aime. e525! Se eee Tones On IVO\SULEW i= -- = Sennen ee ere 64, 4 It is only soluble silica that is taken up into the system, and it is in this form (usually as silicate of potash or soda) that it enters the urine, but all that is wanted to precipitate it in crystalline form as a gritty sand is the presence of oxalic or other acid having a stronger affinity for its base (potash or soda). Other conditions, however, enter largely into the causation of stone, or gravel. A high density of urine resulting from a highly saturated condition is often present for a length of time without any precipita- tion of solid materials. Urea and carbonates may be present in DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 1338 excess, the food may be given dry, and drinking water may be deficient in amount without any deposition of stone, or gravel. The presence of nonerystalline organic matter in the urine becomes in such cases an exciting cause. Rainey and Ord have shown experimentally that col- loid (nonerystallizable) bodies like mucus, epithelial cells, albumen, pus, blood, hyaline casts of the kidney tubes, etc., not only determine the precipitation of crystallizable salts from a strong solution, but they determine the precipitation in the form of globular masses, or minute spheres, which, by further similar accessions, become stones, or calculi, of various sizes. The salts that are deposited by mere chemical reac- tion without the intervention of colloids appear in the form of sharply defined angular crystals, and hence the rough, jagged erystals of oxa- late of lime or ammonio-magnesium phosphate. Heat intensifies the action of the colloids in causing precipitation of the dissolved salts, so that the temperature of the kidneys and bladder constitute favorable conditions. Colloids that are undergoing decomposition are also spe- cially powerful, so that the presence of bacteria, or fungi, causing fer- mentation is an important factor. In looking, therefore, for the immediate causes of urinary calculi we must accord a high place to all those conditions which determine the presence of excess of mucus, albumen, pus, blood, kidney casts, blood- coloring matter, ete., in the urine. A catarrhal inflammation of the peivis of the kidney, of the ureter, or of the bladder, generating excess of mucus or pus; inflammation of the kidneys, causing the discharge into the urinary passages of blood, albumen, or hyaline casts; inflam- mation of the liver, lungs, or other distant organ, resulting in the escape of albumen in the urine; disorders of the liver or of the blood- forming functions, resulting in hematuria or hemoglobinuria; sprains or other injuries to the back, or disease of the spinal marrow, which cause the escape of blood with the urine; the presence in the bladder of a bacterian ferment, which determines the decomposition of the mucus and urea, the evolution of ammonia and the consequent destruction of the protecting cellular (epithelial) lining of the blad- der, or the irritation caused by the presence of an already formed calculus, may produce the colloid or uncrystallizable body that proves so effective in the precipitation of stone or gravel. It has long been known that calculi will almost infallibly form around any foreign body introduced into the kidney or bladder, and I have seen a large calculous mass surrounding a splinter of an arrow that had penetrated and broken off in the body of a deer. The explanation is now satis- - factory—the foreign body carries in with it bacteria, which act as fer- ments upon the urine and mucus in addition to the mechanical injury caused by its presence. If such a body has been introduced through the solid tissues, there is, in addition, the presence of the blood and lymph derived from the wounded structures. 1384 DISEASES OF CATTLE. CLASSIFICATION OF URINARY CALCULI. Urinary caleuli are most conveniently divided according to the local- ity in which they are found. Thus we find first renal calcul, formed in the kidney (Pl. XI, fig. 1), and which for cattle must be again divided into calculi of the uriniferous tubes and calculi of the pelvis. The second class are named wreteral calculi, because they are found in the duct leading from the kidney to the bladder (ureter). The third class are the vesical calculi, from the bladder or vesicle in which they are found. The fourth class are the wrethral calculi, and are found in the duct leading outward from the bladder through the penis (urethra). The fifth and last class are the preputial calculi, since they are found within the sheath of the penis (prepuce). Caleuli may also be classed according to their chemical composition, and this has the advantage of suggesting the special cause of each as found in the food, water, soil, or general condition of health. This classification affords no guide to their location or symptoms, as caleuli of the same chemical composition may be found at any partof the uri- nary passages, as those formed in the kidney may pass on through all the various passages outward, unless it is found at any point of their progress that they have grown so large that the passage will not admit them. The following are among the concretions found in the various parts: (1) Coralline calceuli.—These are of a dull-white color and irregular surface, like coral. They are made up of hard and resistant layers evenly deposited around a central nucleus. (Pl. XI, fig. 3.) Their specific gravity is 1,760, water being 1,000, and they contain 74 per cent of carbonate of lime with some carbonate of magnesia, organic matter, and a trace of carbonate of iron. Yellowish white, smooth, round eal- culi of the same chemical composition are met with. (2) Pearly calculi.—These are more frequent than the first-named variety. They are very hard and smooth on the surface, reflecting a play of various colors after the fashion of a pearl. This peculiarity appears to be caused by the thinness and semitranspareney of the superposed layers. They have a specific gravity of 2,109 to 2,351, and nearly the same chemical composition as the coralline variety. Gold- ing Bird found a specimen of this kind formed of carbonate of lime and organic matter only. , (3) Green calculi (metalloid calculi).—These are usually small and numerous, as they are exceedingly common. They are of a very hard consistency, and have a clear, polished, greenish surface of almost metallic brilliancy. They have a specifie gravity of 2,301, and a com- position almost identical with the second variety. (4) White calculiiwPure, white, smooth, lustrous ecaleuli are rare. They have a specifie gravity of 2,307, and contain as much as 92 per cent of carbonate of lime with carbonate of magnesia and organic matter. ; DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. LSS (5) Ammonio-magnesium calculi.—These are of a grayish color and a very rough erystalline surface, which proves very irritating to the mucous membrane. They have a specific gravity of 1,109 to 1,637, and are composed chiefly of ammonio-magnesium phosphate, oxalate of lime, and organic matter, with some little carbonate of lime and magnesia. (6) Siliceous caleuli.—These are clear, smooth, and hard, and usu- ally spherical. They have a specific gravity of 1,265 to 1,376, and contain 57 per cent of silica with carbonates of iron and magnesia, organic matter, and traces of iron. In other specimens of siliceous caleuli there was a specific gravity of 3,122, and there was 79 to 85 per cent of carbonate of lime together with carbonate of magnesia, and iron, silica, and qgganic matter. Others are almost exclusively made of silica. (7) Oxalate of lime calculi (mulberry cateult) (Pl. XI, fig. 2).—These are characterized by their extremely rough, angular surface, formed by the octahedral crystals of oxalate of lime. Their specific gravity may be 3,441, and they contain oxalate of lime to the extent of 81 per cent, together with carbonates of lime and magnesia and organic matter. . (8) Gravel ( pultaceous deposits).—Simple crystals may be met with at any point from the kidneys to the external opening at the end of the prepuce (sheath), and they may appear singly, as crystals, or they may accumulate in masses of fine spherical crystals almost like dirty powdered chalk suspended in water. In the ox this is especially com- mon as a collection in the sheath, distending that into a soft, doughy swelling. FORMS OF CALCULI IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS. Apart from the rough crystalline surfaces of the caleuli of oxalate of lime and ammonio-magnesium phosphate, the general tendency is to a smooth, round outline. At times, however, they show more or less flattening with rounded angular edges, caused by the contact and mutual friction of two caleuli. Sometimes two or more stones lying together become united into one by a new external deposit, and the resulting mass then shows rounded swellings on opposite sides. The large caleuli occupying the pelvis of the kidneys usually shows a central part having the outline of the main cavity of the pelvis and two or more projections that have been molded into corresponding branches or channels which lead to corresponding lobes of the kidney. In winter and spring small concretions in the form of plates are often met with in the branches of the pelvis, having been formed and molded in the confined space between the projecting papilla and the surrounding cup-like branch of the pelvis. Finally, the pulp-like deposits in the sheath and elsewhere are made up of globular masses, individually so small as to be often practically microscopic. 136 DISEASES OF CATTLE. STONE IN THE KIDNEY (RENAL CALCULI). [Pl. XI, fig. 1.] In an animal leading the quiet, uneventful life of the ox, stones of large size may be present in the kidney without producing any dis- order appreciable to the people about him. In cattle fattened on dry food in winter, on our magnesian limestone of New York, it is excep- tional to find the substance of the kidney free from calculi about the size of a grain of wheat or less, and standing out as white objects in the general red of the cut surface of the organ. Similarly around the papille in the cup-like arms of the pelvis we find minute flattened or more or less rounded yellowish white concretions. Even the large concretions may prove apparently harmless. ,I have a calculus sey- eral ounces in weight which filled the entire pelvis of the kidney, which was found by accident in a fat carcass while being dressed. In work oxen, however, such concretions may give rise to symptoms of kidney disease, such as stiffness of the loins, shown especially in the acts of rising or turning, weakness of the hind parts when set to pulla heavy load, an irritability of the kidneys, shown by the frequent pas- sage of urine in small quantity, tenderness of the loins, shown when they are pinched or lightly struck, and it may be the passage of blood or minute gritty masses with the urine. If the attack is severe, what is called ‘‘ renal colic” (kidney colic) may be shown by frequent uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, shaking or twisting of the tail, looking round at the flanks, and lying down and rising again at short inter- vals without apparent cause. The frequent passage of urine, the blood or gritty masses contained in it, and perhaps the hard, stony eylinders around the tufts of hair of the sheath, show that the source of the suffering is the urinary organs. In bad cases active inflamma- tion of the kidneys may set in. (See ‘‘ Nephritis,” p. 121.) URETERAL CALCULI. These are small stones which have passed from the pelvis of the : kidney into the canal (ureter) leading from the kidney to the bladder, but, being too large to pass on easily, have blocked that canal and forced the urine back upon the kidney. The result is the production of symptoms more violent than in renal calculi, though not varying, save in intensity, from those of renal colic. In case of complete and unrelieved obstruction, the secretion of the kidney on that side is entirely abolished, and it becomes the seat of passive congestion, and it may even be absorbed in greater part or as a whole, leaving only a fibrous sac containing fluid with a urinous odor. In small eattle, in which the oiled hand introduced into the last gut may reach the affected part, the distended ureter may be felt as a tense, elastic cord, extending forward from the point of obstruction on the lateral wall of the pelvis and beneath the loins toward the kidney. If relief is DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 137 obtained by the onward passage of the stone a free flow of urine usually follows, in the midst of which may often be found gritty masses. If the outlets from both kidneys are similarly blocked, the animal becomes poisoned by the retention in the blood of the elements of the urine, and by their reabsorption after secretion. Treatment of renal and ureteral calculi.—Treatment is not very suc- cessful, as only the smallest calculi can pass through the ureter and enter the bladder, and even if they should do so they are liable to a progressive increase there, so that later they may cause the symptoms of stone in the bladder. Fortunately, ordinary dairy, growing, or fattening cattle rarely show evident symptoms of illness, and though they should do so they ean usually be fattened and slaughtered before the health is seriously impaired. In work oxen the case is different, and acute symptoms may develop, but even then the animal may often be fitted for the butcher. When treatment is demanded it is primarily soothing and antispasmodic. Fomentations with warm water over the loins should be persisted in without intermission until relief has been secured. The soothing effect on the kidney will often relieve inflam- mation and irritation, should the stone be in that situation, while if in the ureter the warm fomentations will at once soothe irritation, relax spasm of the muscular coat of the canal, and favor an abundant secre- tion from the kidney, which, pressing on the obstructing stone, may slowly push it on into the bladder. Large doses of laudanum (2 ounces) or of solid extract of belladonna (2 drams) will not only soothe the pain but relax the spasm and favor the onward passage of the ealeulus. The animal should be encouraged to drink large quantities of cool water to favor the free secretion of a very watery urine, which will not only serve to obviate irritation and continued deposit caused by a highly concentrated urine, but will press the stone onward toward the bladder, and even in certain cases will tend to disintegrate it by solution of some of its elements, and thus to favor its crumbling and expulsion. This is a principle which must never be lost sight of in the treatment of calculi. The immersion of the stone in a liquid of a lower specific gravity than that in which it has formed and growntends to dissolve out the more soluble of its component parts, and thus to destroy its density and cohesion at all points, and thereby to favor its complete disintegration and expulsion. This explains why eattle taken from a herd on our magnesian limestone in spring, after the long dry feeding of winter, usually furnish renal calculi, while cattle from the same herd in the fall, after a summer’s run on a succulent pasture, are almost always free from concretions. The abundance of liquid taken in the green food and expelled through the kidneys and the low density or watery nature of the urine have so opened the texture and destroyed the density of the smaller stones and gravel that they have all been disintegrated and removed. This, too, is the main reason why benefit is derived from a prolonged stay at mineral 138 DISEASES OF CATTLE. springs by the human victims of gravel. If they had swallowed the same number of quarts of pure water at home and distributed it at suitable intervals over each day, they would have benefited largely without a visit to the springs. It follows from what has been just said that a sueculent diet, includ- ing a large amount of water (gruels, sloppy mashes, turnips, beets, potatoes, apples, pumpkins, ensilage, succulent grasses), is an impor- tant factor in the relief of the milder forms of stone and gravel. Prevention.—Prevention of calculus especially demands this supply of water and watery rations on all soils and in all conditions in whieh there is a predisposition to tl is disease. It must also be sought by attempts to obviate all those conditions mentioned above as causative of the malady. Sometimes good rain water can be furnished in lime- stone districts, but putrid or bad smelling rain water is to be avoided as probably more injurious than that from the limestone. Unsuecess- ful attempts have been made to dissolve calculi by alkaline salts and mineral acids, respectively, but their failure as a remedy does not necessarily condemn them as preventives. One dram of caustic potash or of hydrochloric acid may be given daily in the drinking water. In diametrically opposite ways these attack and decompose the less soluble salts and form new ones which are more soluble and therefore little disposed to precipitate in the solid form. Both are beneficial as increasing the secretion of urine. In cases where the diet has been too highly charged with phosphates (wheat bran, | etc.), these aliments must be restricted and water allowed ad libitum. Where the crystals passed with the urine are the sharp angular (octahedral) ones of oxalate of lime, then the breathing should be made more active by exercise, and any disease of the lungs subjected to appropriate treatment. If the crystals are triangular prisms of ammonia-magnesium phosphate or star-like forms with feathery rays, the indications are to withhold the food or water that abounds in magnesia and check the fermentation in the urine by attempts to destroy its bacteria. In the latter direction plenty of pure water, diureties, and a daily dose of oil of turpentine in milk, or a dose thrice a day of a solution containing one-tenth grain each of biniodide of mercury and iodide cf potassium would be indicated. In considering the subject of prevention, it must never be forgotten that any disease of a distant organ which determines the passage from the blood into the urine of albumen or any other colloid (unerystalliz- able) body is strongly provoeative of caleulus, and should, if possible, be corrected. Apart from eases due to geological formation, faulty feeding, and other causes, the grand preventive of ealeulus is a long summer’s pasturage of succulent grasses, or in winter a diet of ensilage or other succulent food. The ealeuli formed in part of silica demand special notice. This agent is secreted in the urine in the form of silicate of potash and is DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 1389 thrown down as insoluble silica when a stronger acid displaces it by combining with the potash to its exelusion. In eases of siliceous ealeuli, accordingly, the appropriate chemical prevention is caustic potash, which being present in the free state would attract to itself any free acid and leave the silica in its soluble condition as silicate of potash. STONE IN THE BLADDER (VESICAL CALCULUS, OR URETHRAL CALCULUS). Stone in the bladder may be of any size, but in the ox does not usually exceed half an inch in diameter. There may, however, be a number of small caleuli; indeed, they are sometimes so small and numerous as to form a small pulpy magma by which the bladder is considerably distended. Symptoms.—The symptoms of stone in the bladder may be absent until one of the masses escapes into the urethra, but when this occurs the escape of urine is prevented, or it is allowed to pass in drops or driblets only, and the effect of such obstruction becomes manifest. The point of obstruction is not always the same, but it is most fre- quently at the S-shaped curve of the penis, just above the testicles or serotum. In cows and heifers the urethra is so short and becomes so wicely dilated during the urination that the caleuli easily escape in the flow of liquid and dangerous symptoms practically never appear. Even in the male the signs of illness are at first very slight. A close observer may notice the cylinders of hard, earthy materials encircling the tufts of hair at the opening of the prepuce. It may further be observed that the stall remains dry and that the animal has not been seen to pass water when out of doors. The tail may at times be gently raised and contractions of the muscle (accelerator urine) beneath the anus (PI. IX, fig. 2) may take place in a rhythmical or pulsating manner. But asa rule no symptom is noticed for a couple of days, only the animal is lacking in his usual spirits. By this time the constantly accumulating urine has distended the bladder beyond its power of resistance and a rupture occurs, allowing the urine to escape into the cavity of the abdomen. Then dullness increases; the animal lies down most of his time; he becomes stupid and sometimes drowsy, with reddish brown congestion of the lining membrane of the eyelids; pressure on the abdomen causes pain, flinching, and perhaps groaning, and the lowest part of the belly fluctuates more and more as the escaping urine accumulates in greater and greater amount. If at this stage the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum (last gut), the animal flinches when pressure is made downward on the floor of the pelvis, and no round, distended bladder is felt. If the same examina- tion is made prior to the rupture the rounded, tense, elastic bladder is felt extending forward into the abdomen, containing one or two gallons of liquid. There may be uneasy shifting of the hind limbs 140 DISEASES OF CATTLE. and twisting of the tail, also frequent lying down and rising, but these symptoms are exceptional. When the obstruction is low down between the thighs (at the S- shaped flexure), the line of the pulsating urethra from the anus down- ward may be felt distended with liquid, and though it is seldom easy to distinguish the exact seat of the stone by the hard swelling of the urethra, yet there is usually tenderness at the point of obstruction, and from this it may be accurately located. Treatment.—The treatment of stone in the bladder or urethra con- ‘sists in the removal of the stone by incision and the use of forceps. (Pl. XI, fig. 4.) When the stone has been arrested at the S-shaped flexure just above the scrotum, the patient being lean, the thickened tender part of the penis may be seized between the fingers and thumb of the left hand, while the calculus is exposed by a free incision with the knife held in the right. If there is no otber obstruction between this point and the bladder, and if the latter has not yet ruptured, a flow of urine should take place from the opening. If there is no escape of liquid a catheter or sound, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, must be passed up through the canal (urethra) until it is arrested by the next stone, on which a similar incision should then be made to effect its extraction. In case the stone has been arrested in the portion of the urethra which is in front of the arch of the hip bone and inside the pelvis, it can only be reached by making an opening into the ure- thra beneath the anus and over the arch of the hip bone, and from this orifice exploring the urethra with fine forceps to the neck of the bladder or until the stone has been reached and extracted. The opera- tion requires a very accurate knowledge of the parts, owing to the small size of the canal (urethra) to be opened and the great thickness of erectile tissue to be cut through, while the free flow of blood is blinding to the operator. ‘; ft . . | ! } ‘ } | I | | ’ ; a i } | . } f } ‘ I jy! | | ‘ f | a i” A i ‘se ‘ a , 7}. a # ‘ » va i" a r . - = - ~ ee _ + oe wan Py aa? Diseases OF CATTLE. PLATE XI. . i 4 ; Haines del after Hurtrel D’Arboval HewiotyPe Paintine Co Boston, CALCULI OF KIDNEY AND BLADDER. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 143 een et" PLATE X—Continued. ‘ glomeruli (12) and also form networks around the secreting tubules (11, 9). The urine and salts pass from these vessels through the cells lining the tubules into the latter, and are discharged as described above. The blood is again collected in veins drawn black in the figure. Fig. 2. Illustrates the manner in which the blood is distributed in the glom- erulus f, and also to the secreting tubules (e). Fig. 3. Shows the relation between the blood vessel in the glomerulus (e) and the tubule which conducts the urine therein secreted from the blood ves- sel; (c) represents a glomerulus from which the urinary tubule has been removed. PLATE XI: Fig. 1. Calculus, or stone, from the kidney. These are located in the pelvis or portion of the ureter receiving the urine. The prolongations are casts of the branches of the pelvis. See the plates of the kidney for further description. Fig. 2. Calculus made up of oxalate of lime magnified 215 times. Fig. 3. Phosphatic calculus containing a nucleus of uric acid, sawn through to show concentric layers. Fig. 4. Straight forceps used in removing stones*from the bladder. Fig. 5. Casts of the minute tubules of the kidney found in the urine in various kinds of kidney disease. Highly magnified. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. By JAMES Law, F. R. C. V.S&., Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University. Diseases of the generative organs are practically confined to animals which are kept for reproduction and the dairy. The castration of the bull condemns these organs to inactivity and protects them from the many causes of injury attendant on the engorged blood vessels in the frequent periods of sexual excitement, on the exposure to mechanical violence, and on the exposure to infective inoculation. In three respects the castrated male is especially subject to disease: (1) To inflammation and tumefaction of the cut end of the cord that supported the testicle afd of the loose connective tissue of the sero- tum; (2) to inflammation of the sheath and penis from the accumu- lation of gravel in the former, from which the penis is not usually protruded in passing water; and (3) to bruising, abrasion, and inflam- mation of the sheath and penis during suspension in the stocks for the purpose of shoeing. Apart from these, the ox is practically almost exempt from the inflammations and injuries of the genital organs. The same applies to the castrated heifer. Inflammation may occur in the broad ligament of the womb whence the ovary has been removed, or infective inflammation in the abdominal cavity (peritonitis) in case the operation has been performed through the flank, as it usually is in the young heifer. Apart from these, the castrated heifer is prac- tically immune from any trouble of the generative apparatus. Even the virgin heifer is little subject to such troubles, though she is not exempt from inflammations, and above all, morbid growths in the ovaries which are well developed and functionally very active after the first year, or in precocious animals after the first few months of life. The breeding cow, on the other hand, is subjected to all the disturbances attendant on the gradual enlargement of the womb, the diversion of a large mass of blood to its walls, the constant drain of nutrient materials of all kinds for the nourishment of the fetus, the risks attendant and consequent on abortion and parturition, the dan- gers of infection from the bull, the risks of sympathetic disturbance in case of serious diseases of other organs, but preeminently of the urinary organs and the udder, and finally the sudden extreme derangements of the circulation and of the nervous functions which attend on the sudden revulsion of a great mass of blood from the walls of the contracting womb into the body at large immediately after calving. 144 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 145 In reviewing this class of diseases, therefore, we have to note, first, that they are almost exclusively restricted to breeding animals; and, second, that in keeping with the absolute difference of the organs in the male and female we find two essentially distinct lists of diseases affecting the two sexes. EXCESS OF VENEREAL DESIRE (SATYRIASIS IN MALE, OR NYMPHO- MANIA IN FEMALE). This may occur in the male from too frequent sexual intercourse, or from injury and congestion of the base of the brain (vaso-dilator cen- ter in the medulla), or of the posterior end of the spinal cord, or it may be kept up by congestion or inflammation of the testicles or of the mucous membrane covering the penis. It may be manifested by a constant or frequent erection, by attempts at sexual connection, and sometimes by the discharge of semen without connection. In bad cases the feverishness and restlessness lead to loss of flesh, emacia- tion, and physical weakness. It is, however, in the female especially that this morbid desire is most noticeable and injurious. It may be excited by the stimulating quality of the blood in cows fed to excess on highly nitrogenous food, as the seeds of the bean, pea, vetch, and tare, and as wheat bran, middlings, cotton seed, gluten meal, ete., especially in the case of such as have no free exercise in the fields, and are subject to constant asso- ciation with a vigorous young bull. A more frequent cause is the excitation or congestion of some part of the genital organs. Disease of the ovaries is preeminently the cause, and this may be by the forma- tion of cysts (sacs containing liquid) or of solid tumors or degenera- tions, or, more commonly than all, the deposition of tubercle. Indeed, in case of tuberculosis attacking the abdominal organs of cows, the ovaries or the serous membranes that support and cover them (the broad ligaments of the womb) are peculiarly subject to attack and the animal has constant sexual excitement, incessantly riding or being ridden by other cattle, having no leisure to eat or chew the cud, but moving restlessly, wearing the flesh off its bones, and gradually wasting. In some localities these cows are known as ‘‘bullers,” because they are nearly always disposed to take the bull, but they do not conceive, or, if they do, they are subject to early abortions. They are, therefore, useless alike for the dairy and for the feeder, unless the removal of the ovaries subdues the sexual excitement, when, in the absence of tuberculous disease elsewhere, they may be fattened for the butcher. Among the other sources of irritation charged with causing nympho- mania are tumors and cancers of the womb, rigid closure of the neck of the womb so that conception can not occur and the frequent services by the male stimulate the unsatisfied appetite, and inflammation, and a purulent discharge from the womb or vagina. 8267—04——10 146 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Treatment.—The treatment in each case will vary with the cause and is most satisfactory when that cause is a removable one. Over- feeding on richly-nitrogenous food can be stopped, exercise in the open field secured, diseased ovaries may be removed (see ‘‘ Castration,” p. 300), catarrhs of the Womb and passages overcome by antiseptic astringent injections (see ‘‘Leucorrhea”), and tumors of the womb may often be detached and extracted, the mouth of that organ having been first dilated by sponge tents or otherwise. The rubber dilator (impreg- nator) though sometimes helpful in the mare is rarely available for the cow, owing to the different condition of the mouth of the womb. DIMINUTION OR LOSS OF VENEREAL DESIRE (ANAPHRODISIA). This will occur in either sex from low condition and ill health. Long standing chronic diseases of important internal organs, leading to emaciation and weakness, or a prolonged semistarvation in winter may be sufficient cause. It is, however, much more common as the result of degeneration or extensive and destructive disease of the secreting organs (testicles, ovaries) which elaborate the male and female sexual products, respectively. Such diseases are, therefore, a common cause of sterility in both sexes. The old bull, fat and lazy, becomes sluggish and unreliable in serving, and finally gets to be use- less for breeding purposes. This is not due to his weight and clum- siness alone, but largely to the fatty degeneration of his testicles and their excretory ducts, which prevents the due formation and matura- tion of the semen. If he has been kept in extra high condition for exhibition in the show ring, this disqualification comes upon him sooner and becomes more irremediable. Similarly the overfed, inactive cow, and above all the show cow, fails to come in heat at the usual intervals, shows little disposition to take the bull, and fails to conceive when served. Her trouble is the same in kind, namely, fatty degeneration of the ovaries and of their excretory ducts (Fallopian tubes), which prevents the formation or maturation of the ovum or, when it has formed, hinders its descent intothe womb. Another common defect in such old fat cows is a rigid closure of the mouth of the womb, which prevents conception, even if the ovum reaches the interior of that organ and even if the semen is discharged into the vagina. Preventive.—The true preventive of such conditions is to be found in a sound hygiene. The breeding animal should be of adult age, neither overfed nor underfed, but well fed and moderately exercised; in other words, the most vigorous health should be sought, not only that a strong race may be propagated, but that the whole herd, or nearly so, may breed with certainty. Fleming gives 79 per cent as the general average of cows that are found to breed in one year. Here more than a fifth of the progeny is sacrificed and a fifth of the DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 147 * product of the dairy. With careful management the proportion of breeders should approach 100 per cent. The various local and gen- eral obstacles to conception should be carefully investigated and removed. The vigorous health which comes from a sufficiently lib- eral diet and abundant exercise should be solicited, and that compara- tive bloodlessness and weakness which advances with undue fattening should be sedulously avoided. In bull or cow which is becoming unduly fat and showing indications of sexual indifference, the treat- ment must be active. Turning out on a short pasture where it must work hard for a living will often suffice. The bull which ean not be. turned out to pasture may sometimes be utilized in the yoke or tread power, or he may be kept a part of his time in a field or paddock chained by the ring in his nose te a strong wire extending from one side of the lot to the other, and attached securely to two trees or posts. The wire should be higher than the back of the bull, which will move from end to end at frequent intervals. If he is indisposed to take sufficient exercise in this way he may be safely driven. An instance of the value of exercise in these incipient cases of fatty degeneration is often quoted. The cow Dodona, condemned as barren at Earl Spencer’s, was sold cheap to Jonas Webb, who had her driven by road a distance of 120 miles to his farm at Wilbraham, soon after which she became pregnant. Inadvanced cases, however, in which the fatty degeneration is complete, recovery is impossible. In ease of rigid closure of the mouth of the womb the only resort is dilatation. This is far more difficult and uncertain in the cow than in the mare. The neck of the womb is longer, is often tortuous in its course, and its walls so approximated to each other and so rigid that it may be all but impossible to follow it, and there is always danger of perforating its walls and opening into the cavity of the abdomen, or short of that of causing inflammation and a new rigid fibrous for- mation which, on healing, leaves matters worse than before. The opening must be carefully made with the finger, and when that has entered the womb further dilatation may be secured by inserting a sponge tent or by careful stretching with a mechanical dilator. (PI. XX, fig. 6.) STERILITY FROM OTHER CAUSES. The questions as to whether a bull is a sure stock getter and whether a cow is a breeder are so important that it would be wrong to pass over other prominent causes of sterility. Breeding at too early an age is a common source of increasing weakness of constitution which has obtained in certain breeds. Jerseys have especially been made the victims of this mistake, the object being to establish the highest milk- ing powers in the smallest obtainable body which will demand the least material and outlay for its constant repair of waste. With suc- cess in this line there has been the counterbalancing disadvantage of 148 DISEASES OF CATTLE. impaired vigor, with too often lessened fertility as well as increased predisposition to disease. When the heifers of the race have for gen- eration after generation been bred under a year old, the demand for the nourishment of the fetus is too great a drain on the immature animal, which accordingly remains small and stunted. As it fails to develop in size, so every organ fails to be nourished to perfection. Similarly with the immature bull put to too many cows; he fails to develop his full size, vigor, or stamina, and transfers his acquired weakness to his progeny. An increasing number of barren females and an increasing proclivity to abortions are the necessary results of both courses. When this early breeding has occurred accidentally it is well to dry up the dam just after calving, and to avoid having her served again until full grown. Some highly fed and plethoric females seem to escape conception by the very intensity of the generative ardor. The frequent passage of urine, accompanied by contractions of the womb and vagina and a profuse secretion from their surfaces, leads to the expulsion of the semen after it has been lodged in the genital passages. This may be remedied somewhat by bleeding the cow shortly before putting to the bull, so as to diminish the richness and stimulating quality of the blood; or better by giving 14; pounds of Epsom salts a day or two before she comes in heat, and subjecting her at the. same time to a spare diet. Should the excessive ardor of the cow not be controlla- ble in this way, she may be shut up for a day or two, until the heat is passing off, when under the lessened excitement the semen is more likely to be retained. The various diseases of the ovaries, their tubes, the womb, the tes- ticles and their excretory ducts, as referred to under ‘‘ Excess of gen- erative ardor,” are causes of barrenness. In this connection it may be named that the discharges consequent on calving are fatal to the vitality of semen introduced before these have ceased to flow; hence service too soon after calving, or that of a cow which has had the womb or genital passages injured so as to keep up a muco-purulent flow until the animal comes in heat, is liable to fail of conception. Any such discharge should be first arrested by repeated injections as for leucorrhea, after which the male may be admitted. Feeding on a very saccharine diet, which greatly favors the deposi- tion of fat, seems to have an even more direct effect in preventing conception during such regimen. Among other causes of barrenness are all those that favor abortion, ergoted grasses, smutty wheat or corn, laxative or diuretie drinking water, and any improper or musty feed that causes indigestions, colics, and diseases of the urinary organs, notably gravel; also savin, rue, ecantharides, and all other irritants of the bowels or kidneys. Hermaphrodites are barren, of course, as their sexual organs are not distinctively either male or female. The heifer born as a twin DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE OEGANS. 149 with a bull is usually hermaphrodite and barren. But the animals of either sex in which development of the organs is arrested before they are fully matured remain as in the male or female prior to puberty, and are barren. Bulls with both testicles retained within the abdomen may go through the form of serving a cow, but the serv- ice is unfruitful; the spermatozoa are not fully elaborated. So Ihave examined a heifer with a properly formed but very small womb and an extremely narrow vagina and vulva, the walls of which were very muscular, that could never be made to conceive. A postmortem examination would probably have disclosed an imperfectly formed ovary incapable of bringing ova to maturity. A bull and cow that have been too closely inbred in the same line for generations may prove sexually incompatible and unable to generate together, though both are abundantly prolific when coupled with ani- mals of other strains of blood. Finally a bull may prove unable to get stock, not from any lack of sexual development, but from disease of other organs (back, loins, hind limbs), which renders him unable to mount with the energy requisite to the perfect service. CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES (ORCHITIS). This usually results from blows or other direct injuries, but may be the result of excessive service or of the formation of some new growth (tumor) in the gland tissue. The bull moves stiffly, with straddling gait, and the right or left half of the scrotum in which the affected testicle lies is swollen, red, and tender, and the gland is drawn up within the sac and dropped down again at frequent intervals. It may be treated by rest; by 13 pounds Epsom salts given in 4 quarts of water; by arestricted diet of some succulent food; by continued fomentations with warm water by means of sponges or rags sustained by a sling passed around the loins and back between the hind legs. The pain may be allayed by smearing with a solution of opium or of extract of belladonna. Should a soft point appear, indicating the formation of matter, it may be opened with a sharp lancet and the wound treated daily witha solution of a teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a half pint of water. Usually, however, when the inflammation has proceeded to this extent the gland will be ruined for purposes of procreation and must be cut out. (See ‘‘Castration,” p. 300). INFLAMMATION OF THE SHEATH. While this may oceurin bulis from infection during copulation and from bruises, blows, and other mechanical injuries, the condition is more common in the ox in connection with the comparative inactivity of the parts. The sheath has avery small external opening, the mucous membrane of whichis studded with sebaceous glands secreting athick, unctuous matter of a strong, heavy odor. Behind this orifice is a dis- 150 DISEASES OF CATTLE. tinet pouch, in which this unctuous matter is liable to accumulate when the penisis habitually drawn back. Moreover, the sheath has two mus- cles (protractors) which lengthen it passing into it from the region of the navel, and two (retractors) that shorten it passing into it from the lower surface of the pelvie bones above. (Pl. IX, fig. 2.) The pro- tractors keep the sheath stretched so that it habitually covers the penis, while the retractors shorten it up in the act of service, so that the penis ean project to its full extent. In stud bulls the frequent protrusion of the erect and enlarged penis and the retraction and dilatation of the opening of the sheath serve to empty the pouch and prevent any accumulation of sebaceous matter or urine. In the ox, on the other hand, the undeveloped and inactive penis is usually drawn back so as to leave the anterior preputial pouch empty, so that the sebaceous matter has space to accumulate and is never expelled by the active retraction of the sheath and protrusion of the erect penis in service. Again, the ox rarely protrudes the tip of the penis in ‘urination, the urine is discharged into the preputial pouch and lodges and decomposes there, so that there is a great liability to the precipi- tation of its earthy salts in the form of gravel. The decomposing ammoniacal urine, the gritty crystals precipitated from it, and the fetid, rancid, sebaceous matter set up inflammation in the delicate mucous membrane lining the passage. The membrane is thickened, reddened, rendered friable, and ultimately ulcerated, and the now narrowed sheath is blocked by the increasing mass of sebaceous and urinous material and the decomposing mucus and pus. The penis ean no longer be protruded, the urine escapes in a small stream through the narrowing sheath, and finally the outlet is completely blocked and the urine distends the back part of the sheath. This will fluctuate on being handled, and soon the unhealthy inflammation extends on each side of it, causing a thick, doughy, tender swelling under the belly and between the thighs. The next step in the morbid course is overdistention of the bladder, with the occurrence of col- icky pains, looking at the flanks, uneasy movements of the hind limbs, raising or twisting of the tail, pulsatory contractions of the urethra under the anus, and finally a false appearance of relief, which is caused by rupture of the bladder. Before this rupture takes place the distended bladder may press on the rectum and obstruct the pas- sage of the bowel dejections. Two mistakes are therefore probable— first, that the bowels alone are to be relieved, and, second, that the trouble is obstruction of the urethra by a stone. Hence the need of examining the sheath and pushing the finger into its opening to see that there is no obstruction there, in all eases of retention of urine, over- distended bladder, or blocked rectum in the ox. The disease may be acute or chronic—the first by reason of acute adhesive inflammation blocking the outlet, the second by gradual thickening and ulceration of the sheath and blocking by the sebaceous and calculous accretions. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 151 Treatment.—The treatment of this affection will depend on the stage. If recent and no instant danger of rupture of the bladder, the narrow opening of the sheath should be freely cut open in the median line below, and the sac emptied out with a finger or spoon, after which it should be thoroughly washed with tepid water. To make the cleansing more thorough a catheter or a small rubber tube may be inserted well back into the sheath, and water may be forced through it from a syringe or a funnel inserted into the other end of the tube and considerably elevated. Baumeister, Rueff, Rondaud, Trelut. “h64. DISEASES OF CATTLE. Keeping in stails that slope too much behind (over 2 inches) acts in the same way, the compression due to lying and the gravitation back- ward proving more than a predisposed cow can safely bear. Deep gutters behind the stalls, into which one or both hind limbs slip unexpectedly, strain the loins and jar the body and womb most injuriously. Slippery stalls in which the flooring boards are laid longitudinally in place of transversely, and on which no cleats or other device is adopted to give a firm foothold, are almost equally dangerous. Driving on icy ground or through a narrow doorway where the abdomen is liable to be jammed are other common causes. Offensive odors undoubtedly cause abortion. To understand this one must take into account the preternaturally acute sense of smell pos- sessed by cattle. By this sense the bull instantly recognizes the pregnant cow and refrains from disturbing her, while man, with all his boasted skill and precise methods, finds it difficult to come to a just conelusion. The emanations from a cow in heat, however, will instantly draw the bull from a long distance. Carrion in the pas- ture fields or about slaughterhouses near by, the emanations from shallow graves, dead rats or chickens about the barns, and dead calves, the product of prior abortions, are often chargeable with the occurrence of abortions. Aborting cows often fail to expel the after- birth, and if this remains hanging in a putrid condition it is most injurious to pregnant cows in the near vicinity. So with retained afterbirth in other cows after calving. That some cows kept in filthy stables or near-by slaughterhouses may become inured to the odors and escape the evil results is no disproof of the injurious effects so often seen in such cases. The excitement, jarring, and jolting of a railroad journey will often cause abortion, especially as the cow nears the period of calving, and the terror or injury of railway or other accidents prove incomparably worse. All irritant poisons cause abortions by the disorder and inflamma- tion of the digestive organs, and if such agents act also on the kidneys or womb, the effect is materially enhanced. Powerful purgatives or diuretics should never be administered to the pregnant cow. During pregnaney the contact of the expanding womb with the paunch, just beneath it, and its further intimate connection through nervous sympathy with the whole digestive system, leads to various functional disorders, and especially to a morbid craving for unnatural objects of food. In the cow this is shown in the chewing of bones, pieces of wood, iron bolts, articles of clothing, lumps of hardened paint, ete. .An unsatisfied craving of this kind, producing constant excitement of the nervous system, will strongly conduce to abortion. How much more so if the food is lacking in the mineral matter, and especially the phosphates necessary for the building up of the body of both dam and offspring, to say nothing of that drained off in every / DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 165 milking. This state of things is present in many old dairy farms, from which the mineral matters of the surface soil have been sold off in the milk or cheese for generations and no return has been made in food or manure purchased. Here is the craving of an imperative need, and if it is not supplied the health of the cow suffers and the life of the fetus may be sacrificed. Among other causes of abortion must be named the death or the vari- ous illnesses of the fetus, which are about as numerous as those of the adult; the slipping of a young fetus through a loop in the navel string so as to tie a knot which will tighten later and interrupt the flow of blood with fatal effect, and the twisting of the navel string by the turning of the fetus until little or no blood ean flow through the con- torted cord. There is in addition a series of diseases of the mucous membrane of the womb, and of the fetal membranes (inflammation, effusion of blood, detachment of the membranes from the womb, fatty or other degenerations, ete.), which interfere with the supply of blood to the fetus or change its quality so that death is the natural result, followed by abortion. CAUSE OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION, While any one of the above conditions may concur with the con- tagious principle in precipitating an epizootic of abortion, yet it is only by reason of the contagium that the disease can be indefinitely perpetuated and transferred from herd to herd. When an aborting cow is placed in a herd that has hitherto been healthy, and shortly afterwards miscarriage becomes prevalent in that herd and continues year after year, in spite of the fact that all the other conditions of life in that herd remain the same as before, it is manifest that the result is due to contagion. When a bull, living in a healthy herd, has been allowed to serve an aborting cow, or a cow from an aborting herd, and when the members of his own herd subsequently served by him abort in considerable numbers, contagion may be safely inferred. Mere living in the same pasture or building does not convey the infection. Cows brought into the aborting herd in advanced pregnancy carry their calves to the full time. But cows served by the infected bull, or that have had the infection conveyed by the tongue or tail of other animals, or by their own, or that have had the external genitals brought in contact with wall, fence, rubbing post, litter, or floor previously soiled by the infected animals, will be liable to suffer. The Scottish abortion committee found that when healthy, pregnant cows merely stood with or near aborting cows they escaped, but when a piece of cotton wool lodged for twenty minutes in the vagina of the aborting cow was afterwards inserted into the vagina of a healthy, pregnant cow orsheep, these latter invariably aborted within a month. So Roloff relates that in two large stables at Erfurt, without any direct inter- communication, but filled with cows fed and managed in precisely 166 DISEASES OF CATTLE. the same way, abortion prevailed for years in the one, while not a sin- gle ease occurred in the other. Galtier finds that the virus from the aborting cow causes abortions in the sow, ewe, goat, rabbit, and guinea pig, and that if it has been intensified by passing through either of the two last-named animals it will affect also the mare, bitch, and eat. It does not appear that it is always the same organism which causes contagious abortion. In France, Nocard found in the aborting mem- branes and the mucous membrane cocci, or globular bodies, singly or in chains, and a very delicate rod-shaped organism by which the disease was propagated and which survived in the womb through the interval between successive pregnancies. (The Scottish commission found as many as five separate kinds of bacteria. Bang, in Denmark, found a very delicate rod-shaped organism showing its most active growth at two different depths in nutrient gelatin, and which produced abortion in twenty-one days when inoculated on the susceptible preg- nant cow. In America, Chester, of Delaware, and Moore, of New York, constantly found organisms differing somewhat in the two States, but evidently of the same group with the colon germ (Bacterium coli commune). These were never found in the healthy pregnant womb, but in the cow that had aborted they continued to live in that organ for many months after the loss of the fetus. We may reasonably conclude that any microorganism which can live in or on the lining membrane of the womb producing a catarrhal inflammation, and which can be transferred from animal to animal without losing its vitality or potency, is of necessity a cause of con- tagious abortion. As viewed, therefore, from the particular germ that may be present, we must recognize not one form only of conta- gious abortion, but several, each due to its own infecting germ, and each differing from others in minor particulars, like duration of incubation, infection of the general system, and the like. In Europe the germs discovered seem to affect the general system much more than do those found in America. Bang’s germ caused abortion in twenty-one days; the New York germ, inoculated at service, often fails to cause abor- tion before the fifth or seventh month. q Symptoms of abortion.—As occurring during the first two or three months of gestation, symptoms may escape detection, and unless the aborted product is seen the fact of abortion may escape notice. Some soiling of the tail with mucus, blood, and the waters may be observed or the udder may show extra firmness, and in the virgin heifer or dry cow the presence of a few drops of milk may be suggestive, or the fetus and its membranes may be found in the gutter or elsewhere as a mere clot of blood or as a membranous ball in which the forming body of the fetus is found. In water the villi of the outer membrane (chorion, Pl. XII) float out, giving it a characteristically shaggy appearance. ae DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 167 In advanced pregnancy abortion is largely the counterpart of par- turition, so that a special description is superfluous. The important thing is to distinguish the early symptoms from those of other dis- eases, so that the tendency may be arrested and the animal carried to full time if possible. A cow is dull, sluggish, separate from the herd, chewing the eud languidly, or there may be frequent lying down and rising, uneasy movements of the hind feet or of the tail, and slightly aecelerated pulse and breathing, and dry muzzle. The im- portant thing is not to confound it with digestive or urinary disor- der, but in a pregnant cow to examine at once for any increase of mucus in the vagina, or for blood or liquid there or on the root of the tail; for any enlargement, firmness, or tenderness of the udder; or in dry cows examine for milk; and above all for any slight straining suggestive of labor pains. In many eases the membranes are discharged with the fetus; in others, in advanced pregnancy, they fail to come away, and remain hanging from the vulva, putrefying and falling piecemeal, finally resulting in a fetid discharge from the womb. According to the size of the herd, contagious abortions will follow one another at intervals of one to four or more weeks, in the order of their infection or of the recurrence of the period of activity of the womb which corresponds to the occurrence of heat. Prevention.—Weakness and bloodlessness are to be obviated by generous feeding, and especially in aliments (wheat bran, rape cake, cotton seed, oats, barley, beans, pease, ete.), rich in earthy salts, which will also serve to correct the morbid appetite. This will also regenerate the exhausted soil if the manure is returned to it. In the same way the application of ground bones or phosphates will correct the evil, acting in this case through the soil first and raising better food for the stock. The ravages of worms are to be obviated by avoiding infested pastures, ponds, streams, shallow wells, or those receiving any surface leakage from land where stock go, and by feed- ing salt at will, as this agent is destructive to most young worms. The tendency to urinary caleuli in winter is avoided by a succulent diet (ensilage, steamed food, roots, pumpkins, apples, potatoes, slops), and by the avoidance of the special causes named under ‘‘ Gravel.” (See p. 128.) Furnishing water inside the barn in winter in place of driving once a day to take their fill of ice-cold water will obviate a common evil. Putrid and stagnant waters are to be avoided. Sud- den changes of food are always reprehensible, but much more so in the pregnant animal. Let the change be gradual. Carefully avoid the use of spoiled or unwholesome food. In case of prevalence of ergot in a pasture it should be kept eaten down or cut down with a mower so that no portion runs to seed. (See Pl. V.) In case of a meadow the grass must be cut early before the seeds have filled. The most dangerous time appears to be between 168 DISEASES OF CATTLE. the formation of the milky seed and the full ripening. Yet the ergot is larger in proportion to the ripeness, so that the loss of potency is made up in quantity. The ripe seed and ergot may be removed by thrashing and the hay safely fed. It may also be noted that both ergot and smut may be safely fed in moderate quantity, provided it is used with succulent food (ensilage, roots, ete.) or with free access to water, and salt is an excellent accessory as encouraging the animal to drink. Both ergot and smut are most injurious in winter, when the water supply is frozen up or accessible only at long intervals. The ergoted seed when thrashed out can not be safely sown, but if first boiled it may be fed in small amount or turned into manure. The growth of both ergot and smut may be to a large extent prevented by the time-honored Scotch practice of sprinkling the seed with a satu- rated solution of sulphate of copper before sowing. Fields badly affected with ergot or smut may be practically renewed by plowing up and cultivating for a series of years under crops (tur- nips, beets, potatoes, buckwheat, ete:) which do not harbor the fungus and which require much cultivation and exposure of the soil. Drain- age and the removal of all unnecessary barriers to the free action of sunshine and wind are impor tant provisions. x Other precautions concerning separation from cows in heat—a proper construction of stalls, the avoidance of carrion and other offensive odors, protection from all kinds of mechanical injuries, including overdriving and carrying by rail in advanced pregnancy, the exclusion of all irritants or strong purgatives and diureties from food or medicine, and the guarding against all causes of indigestion and bloating—have been sufficiently indicated under ‘‘ Causes” (p. 165). For protection of the womb and fetus against the various causes of disease, available methods are not so evident. For cows that have aborted in the last pregnaney, chlorate of potash, 3 drams daily before the recurrence of the expected abortion, has been held to be useful. TREATMENT OF NONCONTAGIOUS ABORTION. Although the first symptoms of abortion have appeared, it does not follow that it will go on to completion. So long as the fetus has not perished, if the waters have not been discharged, nor the water bags presented, attempts should be made to check its progress. Every appreciable and removable cause should be done away with, the cow should be placed in a quiet stall alone, and agents given to check the excitement of the labor pains. Laudanum in doses of 1 ounce fora small cow or 2 ounces for a large one should be promptly administered and repeated in three or four hours, should the labor pains recur. This may be kept up for days or even weeks if necessary, though that is rarely required, as the trouble either subsides or abortion occurs. If the laudanum seems to lack permanency of action, use bromide of DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 169 potassium, or, better, extract of Viburnum prunifolium (40 grains), at intervals of two or three hours until five or six doses have been given. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION, So far as this differs from the treatment of sporadic abortion, it consists in separation and the free use of germicides or disinfectants. (1) Separate all aborting cows in isolated building, yard, and pas- ture, allowing no other cows to have access even to their manure, liquid or solid. Not even breeding ewes, goats, sows, rabbits, or mares should be allowed to go from the isolated to the noninfected premises. Separate attendants and utensils are desirable. (2) Serape and wash the back part of the stall and gutter and water it with a solution of 5 ounces sulphate of copper (bluestone) in 1 gal- lon pure water. Repeat this cleaning and watering at least once a week. This should in all cases be applied to every stall where an aborting cow has stood and to those adjacent. To treat the whole in the same way would be even better, as it is impossible to say how many of the cows harbor the germ. This is the more needful as that in one to three years, if the aborting cow is kept on, she becomes insusceptible and carries her calf to full time. A cow may therefore be infecting to others though she herself no longer aborts. (3) Dissolve 1 dram corrosive sublimate, 1 ounce each of alcohol and glycerine, and shake this up ina gallon of water, to use as an injection into the vagina and a wash for the parts about the vulva and root of the tail. Being very poisonous, it should be kept in a wooden barrel out of the way of animals or children. Every morning the vulva, anus, back of the hips, and root of the tail should be sponged with this liquid, and this is best applied tothe whole herd. Veo. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 191 the movable segment is bent down on the farther side of the neck, and is pushed on until if can be felt at its lower border. The hand now seizes the knotted end of the cord beneath the lower border of the neck and pulls it through while the carrier is withdrawn, the cord sliding through itsrings. The cord, pushed up as near to the head as possible, is furnished with a running noose by tying the knotted end round the other, or, better, the two ends are twisted around each other so as to give a firm hold on the neck without dangerously compress- ing the blood vessels. By pushing on the opposite shoulder with the repelier, and assisting with the hand on shoulder, breastbone, or lower border of the neck, such a change of position will be secured as will speedily bring the head within reach. Afterwards proceed as described above. These cases are always trying, but it is very rarely necessary to resort to embryotomy. When absolutely required, first remove one fore limb, and then, if still unsuccessful, the other, after which the head can easily be secured. (See ‘‘Embryotomy,” p. 198.) HEAD TURNED UPWARD AND BACKWARD In this case the face rests upon the spine; the fore feet appear alone in the passage, but fail to advance, and on examination the rounded inferior border of the neck can be felt, extending upward and back- ward beneath the spine of the dam, and if the ealf is not too large the hand may reach the lower jaw or even the muzzle. (Pl. XVI, fig. 5.) A repeller is planted in the breast and the body of the calf pushed backward and downward so as to make room and bring the head nearer to the passage; or in some cases the body may be pushed back sufficiently by the use of the fore limbs alone. Meanwhile the head is seized by the ear or the eye socket, or, if it can be reached, by the lower jaw, and pulled downward into position as space is secured for it. If the hand alone is insufficient, the blunt hooks may be inserted in the orbits or in the angle of the mouth, or a noose may be placed on the lower jaw, and by traction the head will be easily advanced. In case of a large fetus, the head of which is beyond reach, even when traction is made on the limbs, a rope may be passed around the neck and pulled, while the breastbone is pressed down- ward and backward by the repeller, and soon the change of position will bring the orbit or lower jaw within reach. With the above posi- tion the standing position is most favorable for success. But if the ealf is placed with its back down toward the udder, and if the head is bent down under the brim of the pelvis, the best position for the cow is on her back, with her head downhill. In neglected cases, with death and putrefaction of the fetus and dryness of the passages, it may be necessary to extract in pieces. (See ‘‘Embryotomy,” p. 198.) 192 DISEASES OF CATTLE. OUTWARD DIRECTION OF THE STIFLES—ABDUCTION OF HIND LIMBS. As an obstacle to parturition, this is rare in cows. It is most likely to take place in cows with narrow hip bones, and when the service has been made by a bull having great breadth across the quarter. The calf, taking after the sire, presents an obstacle to calving in the breadth of its quarters, and if at the same time the toes and stifles are turned excessively outward and the hocks inward the combined breadth of the hip bones above and the stifles below may be so great that the pelvis will not easily admit them. After the fore feet, head, and shoulders have all passed out through the vulva, further progress suddenly and unaccountably ceases, and some dragging on the parts already delivered does not serve to bring away the hind parts. The oiled hand introduced along the side of the calf will discover the obstacle in the stifle joints turned directly outward and projecting on each side beyond the bones which cireumscribe laterally the front entrance of the pelvis. The evident need is to turn the stifles inward, and this may be attempted by the hand introduced by the side of the ealf, which is meanwhile rotated gently on its own axis to favor the change of position. To correct the deviation of the hind limb is, how- ever, very difficult, as the limbs themselves are out of reach and can not be used as levers to assist. If nothing can be done by pushing back the body of the calf and rotating it and by pressure by the hand in the passages, the only resort appears to be to skin the calf from the shoulder back, cut it in two as far back as can be reached, then push the buttocks well forward into the womb, bring up the hind feet, and so deliver. THE HIND LIMBS EXCESSIVELY BENT ON THE BODY AND ENGAGED IN THE PELVIS. In this case the presentation is apparently a normal anterior one; fore limbs and head advance naturally and the parturition proceeds until half the chest has passed through the external passages, when suddenly progress ceases and no force will secure farther advance. An examination with oiled hand detects the presence in the passages of the hind feet and usually the hind legs up to above the hocks. (PL XVil stig. 1.) The indications for treatment are to return the hind limbs into the body of the womb. If they have not advanced too far into the pelvis, this may be done as follows: A rope with running noose is passed over each hind foot and drawn tight around the lower part of the hock; the ropes are then passed through the two rings in the small end of the rotating instrument (Pl. XX, fig. 5) which is slid into the passages until it reaches the hocks, when the ropes, drawn tight, are tied round the handle of the instrument. Then in the intervals between the pains the hocks are pushed forcibly back into the womb. If by this DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 193 means flexion can be effected in hocks and stifles, success will follow; the hind feet will pass into the womb and clear of the brim of the pelvis, and the body may now be advanced without hindrance, the hind limbs falling into place when the hip joints are extended. At. the same time the pressure upon hind limbs must not be relaxed until the buttocks are engaged in the pelvis, as otherwise the feet may again get over the brim and arrest the progress of delivery. When the hind limbs are already so jammed into the pelvis that it is impossible to return them, the calf must be sacrificed to save the mother. Cords with running nooses are first put on the two hind feet. The body must be skinned from the shoulders back as far as can be reached, and is to be then cut in two, if possible, back of the last rib. The remainder of the trunk is now pushed back into the body of the womb, and by traction upon the cords the hind feet are brought up into the passages, and the extraction will be comparatively easy. HIND PRESENTATION WITH ONE OR BOTH LEGS BENT AT THE HOCK. After the bursting of the water bags, though labor pains continue, no part of the fetus appears at the vulva unless it be the end of the tail. On examination the buttocks are felt wedged against the spine at the entrance of the pelvis, and beneath them the bent hock joints resting on the brim of the pelvis below. (Pl. XVII, fig. 3-) The calf had been caught by the labor pains while the limb was bent beneath it, and has been jammed into or against the rim of the pelvis so that extension of the limb became impossible. With the thigh bent on the flank, the leg on the thigh, and the shank on the leg, and all at once wedged into the passage, delivery is practically impossible. The obvious remedy is to push the croup upward and forward and extend the hind legs, and in the early stages this ean usually be accom- plished in the cow. A repeller (Pl. XX, fig. 7) is planted across the thighs and pointed upward toward the spine of the cow, and pushed forcibly in this direction during the intervals between labor pains. Meanwhile the oiled hand seizes the shank just below the hock and uses if as a lever, pushing back the body and drawing forward the foot, thus effectually seconding the action of the repeller. Soon a distinet gain is manifest, and as soon as the foot can be reached it is bent back strongly at the fetlock, held in the palm of the hand and pulled up, while the repeller, pressing on the buttocks, assists to make room forit. In this way the foot may be brought safely and easily over the brim of the pelvis without any risk of laceration of the womb by the foot. After the foot has been lifted over the brim, the whole limb can be promptly and easily extended. In eases presenting special difficulty in raising the foot over the brim, help may be had by traction on a rope passed around in front of the hock, and later still by a rope with a noose fastened to the pastern. In the worst 8267—04——13 194 DISEASES OF CATTLE. cases, with the buttocks and hocks wedged deeply into the passages, it may prove difficult or impossible to push the buttocks back into the abdomen, and in such a ease the extension of the hind limb is practi- cally impossible without mutilation. In some roomy cows a calf may be dragged through the passages by ropes attached to the bent hocks, but even when this is possible there is great risk of laceration of the floor of the vagina by the feet. The next resort is to cut the ham- string just above the point of the hock and the tendon on the front of the limb (flexor metatarsi) just above the hock, and even the sinews behind the shank bone just below the hock. This allows the stifle and hock te move independently of each other, the one undergoing extension without entailing the extension of the other; it also allows both joints to flex completely, so that the impacted mass can pass through a narrower channel. If now, by dragging on the hocks and operating with the repeller on the buttocks, the latter can be tilted foiward sufficiently to allow of the extension of the stifle, the jam will be at once overcome, and the calf may be extracted with the hock bent, but the stifle extended. If even this ean not be accomplished, it may now be possible to extract the whole mass with both hocks and stifies fully bent. To attempt this, traction may be made on the rope around the hocks and on a sharp hook (Pl. XX, fig. 2) passed forward between the thighs and hooked on to the brim of the pelvis. Every- thing else failing, the offending limb or limbs may be cut off at the hip joint and extracted, after which extraction may proceed by drag- ging on the remaining limb, or by hooks on the hip bones. Very little is to be gained by cutting off the limb at the hock, and the stifle is less accessible than the hip, and amputation at the stifle gives much poorer results. HIND LIMBS BENT FORWARD FROM THE HIP—BREECH PRESENTATION. This is an exaggeration of the condition last described, only the hoeks and stifles are fully extended and the whole limb carried for- ward beneath the belly. (Pl. XVII, fig. 2.) The water bags appear and burst, but nothing presents unless it may be the tail. Examina- tion in this case deteets the outline of the buttocks, with the tail and anus at its upper part. The remedy, as in the ease last deseribed, consists in pushing the buttock upward and forward with a repeller, the cow being kept stand- ing and headed down hill until the thigh bone can be reached and used asa lever. Its upper end is pushed forward and its lower end raised until, the joints becoming fully flexed, the point of the hock can be raised above the brim of the pelvis. If necessary a noose may be passed around the leg as far down toward the hock as possible and pulled on foreibly, while the hand presses forward strongly on the back of the leg above. When both hocks have been lodged above the DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 195 brim of the pelvis the further procedure is as described under the last heading. If, however, the case is advanced and the buttocks wedged firmly into the passages, it may be impossible to safely push the fetus back into the womb, and the calf must either be dragged through the pas- sage as it is or the limbs or the pelvis must be cut off. To success- fully extract with a breech presentation the cow must be large and roomy and the calf not too large. The first step in this case is to separate the pelvic bones on the two sides by cutting from before backward, exactly in the median line below and where the thighs come together above. This may be done with a strong embryotomy knife, but is most easily accomplished with the long embryotome. (Pl. XX, fig. 3.) The form which I have designed (Pl. XX, fig. 1), with a short cutting branch jointed to the main stem, is to be pre- ferred, as the short cutting piece may be folded on the main stem so that its cutting edge will be covered, and it can be introduced and extracted without danger. This is pushed forward beneath the calf’s belly, and the cutting arm opened and inserted in front of the brim of the pelvis and pulled forciby back through the whole length of the pelvic bones. The divided edges are now made to overlap each other and the breadth of the haunch is materially reduced. One end of the cord may then be passed forward by means of a cord carrier (Pl. X XI, fig. 5) on the inner side of one thigh until it can be seized at the stifle by the hand passed forward on the outer side of that thigh. This end is now pulled back through the vagina, and the other end passed through the cord carrier and passed forward on the inner side of the other thigh until it can be seized at the stifle by the hand passed for- ward outside that thigh. This end is drawn back through the vagina like the first, and is tied around the other so as to form a running noose. The rope is now drawn through the ring until it forms a tight loop, encircling the belly just in front of the hind limbs. On this strong traction can be made without interfering with the full flexion of the limbs on the body, and if the case is a suitable one, and the body of the fetus and the passages are both well lubricated with oil or lard, a successful parturition may be accomplished. A less desirable method is to put a rope around one thigh or a rope around each and drag upon these, but manifestly the strain is not so directly on the spine, and the limbs may be somewhat hampered in flexion. This method being inapplicable, the next resort is to cut off one or both hind limbs at the hip joint. Free incisions are made on the side of the haunch so as toexpose the hip joint, and the muscles are cut away from the head of the thigh bone down to its narrow neck, around which a rope is passed and firmly fixed with a running noose. The joint is now cut into all around, and while traction is made on the cord the knife is inserted into the inner side of the joint and the round ligament severed. The cord may now be dragged upon forcibly, and the muscles 196 DISEASES OF CATTLE. and other parts cut through as they are drawn tense, until finally the whole member has been extracted. Traction on the rope round the other thigh will now suffice to extract, in the majority of cases, but if it should fail the other limb may be cut off in the same manner, and then hooks inserted in front of the brim of the pelvis or in the openings in the bones of its floor (obturator foramina) will give sufficient purchase for extraction. Another method is to insert a knife between the bone of the rump (sacrum) and the hip bone and sever their connections; then cut through the joint (symphysis) between the two hip bones in the median line of the floor of the pelvis, and then with a hook in the open- ing on the pelvic bones (obturator foramen) to drag upon the limb and cut the tense soft parts until the limb is freed and extracted. PRESENTATION OF THE BACK. In this presentation straining may be active, but after the rupture of the water bags no progress is made, and the hand introduced will recognize the back with its row of spinous processes and the springing ribs at each side pressed against the entrance to the pelvis. (Pl. XVII, fig. 6.) The presence or absence of the ribs will show whether it is the region of the chest or the loins. By feeling along the line of spines until the ribs are met with we shall learn that the head lies in that direction. If, onthe contrary, we follow the ribs until they disappear, and a blank space is succeeded by hip bones, it shows that we are . approaching the tail. The head may be turned upward, downward, to the right side, or to the left. The object must be to turn the fetus so that one extremity or the other can enter the passage, and the choice of which end to bring for- ward will depend on various considerations. If one end ismuch nearer the outlet than the other, that would naturally be selected for extrac- tion, but if both ends are equidistant the choice would fall on the hind end, as having only the two limbs to deal with, without any risk of complication from the head. When the head is turned upward and forward it will usually be preferable to bring up the hind limb, since, owing to the drooping of the womb into the abdomen, rotation of the fetus will usually be easier in that direction, and if successful the resulting position will be a natural posterior presentation, with the back of the calf turned toward the rump of the cow. Similarly with the croup turned upward and forward, that should be pushed on for- ward, and if the fore feet and head ean be secured it will be a natural anterior presentation, with the back of the calf turned upward toward the rump of the cow. The womb should be injected with warm water or oil, and the turn- ing of the calf willdemand the combined action of the repeller and the hand, but in all such cases the operator has an advantage that the body of the fetus is wholly within the body of the womb, and there- fore movable with comparative ease. No part is wedged into. the DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 197 pelvic passages as a complication. The general principles are the same as in faulty presentation fore and hind, and no time should be lost in making the manipulations necessary to bring the feet into the pelvis, lest they get in bent or otherwise displaced and add unneces- sary complications. ° With a transverse direction of the calf, the head being turned to one side, the pressure must be directed laterally, so that the body will glide around on one side of the womb, and the extremities when reached must be promptly seized and brought into the passages. Sometimes a fortunate struggle of a live fetus will greatly aid in ree- tifying the position. BREAST AND ABDOMEN PRHSENTED—ALL FOUR FEET IN THE PASSAGES. In this form the calf lies across the womb with its roached-back turned forward and its belly toward the pelvis. All four feet may be extended and engaged in the passages, or one or more may be bent on themselves so as to lie in front of the pelvis. The head, too, may usually be felt on the right side or the left, and if detected it serves to identify the exact position of the fetus. The position may further be decided upon by examination of the feet and limbs. With the limbs extended the front of the hoofs and the convex aspect of the bent pasterns and fetlocks will look toward that flank in which lie the head and shoulders. On examination still higher the smooth, even outline of the knee and its bend, looking toward the hind parts, char- acterize the fore limb, while the sharp prominence of the point of the hock and the bend on the opposite side of the joint, looking toward the head, indicate the hind limb. (PI. XVII, fig. 5.) The remedy for this condition is to be sought in repelling into the womb those limbs that are least eligible for extraction, and bringing into the passages the most eligible extremities. The most eligible will usually be those which project farthest into the passages, indicating the nearer proximity of that end of the calf. An exception may, however, be made in favor of that extremity which will give the most natural presentation. Thus if, owing to obliquity in the position of the fetus, the hind extremities promised a presentation with the back of the fetus turned down toward the udder, and the anterior extremi- ties one with the back turned up toward the spine, the latter should be selected. Again, if the choice for the two extremities is evenly balanced, the hind may be chosen as offering less risk of complication, there being no head to get displaced. Treatment.—The first step in the treatment is to place a running noose on each of the four feet, marking those of the fore limbs to dis- tinguish them from those of the hind. In case it is proposed to bring the anterior extremities into the passage, a noose should also be placed on the lower jaw. Thenrun the ropes attached to the two feet that are to be pushed back through the ring of a cord carrier (Pl. X XI, fig. 5), passing the rings down to the feet, and by the aid of the carrier push 198 DISEASES OF CATTLE. them well back into the womb and hold them there. Meanwhile drag upon the ropes attached to the two other feet so as to bring them into the passage (or in ease of the anterior extremity on the two foot ropes and the head one). The other feet must be pushed back into the womb until the body of the calf is fully engaged in the passages. After this they can no longer find an entrance, but must follow as the body escapes. NEGLECTED AND AGGRAVATED CASES. In laying down the above rules for giving assistance in critical cases of calving it is not intimated that all cases and stages can be success- fully dealt with. Too often assistance is not sought for many hours or even days after labor pains and the escape of the waters intimate the danger of delay, and not seldom the long delay has been filled up with unintelligent and injurious attempts at rendering assistance, vio- lent pulling when resistance is insurmountable without change of posi- tion, injuries to the vagina and womb by ill-considered but too forcibly executed attempts to change the position, the repeated and long-con- tinued contact with rough hands and rougher ropes and hooks, the gashes with knives and lacerations with instruments in ignorant hands, the infecting material introduced on filthy hands and instruments, and the septic inflammations started in the now dry and tender passages >and womb, and not infrequently the death, putrefaction, and bloating of the calf in the womb, rendering the case extremely unpromising, and making it impossible to apply successfully many of the measures above recommended. Thelabor pains of the cow may have practically ceased from exhaustion; the passages of the vagina may be so dry, tender, friable, red, and swollen that it requires considerable effort even to pass the oiled hand through them, and the extraction of the calf or any portion of it through such a channel seems a hopeless task; the womb may be equally dry and inflamed and swollen, so that its lining membrane or even its entire thickness is easily torn; the fetal mem- branes have lost their natural unctuous and slippery character, and eling firmly to the dry walls of the womb, to the dry skin of the ealf, or to the hands of the operator; the dead and putrefying calf may be so bloated with gases that the womb has been overdistended by its presence, and the two adhere so closely that the motion of the one on the other is practically impossible. In other cases reckless attempts to cut the calf in pieces have left raw surfaces with projecting bones which dangerously scratch and tear the womb and passages. In many cases the extreme resort must be had of cutting the fetus to pieces (embryotomy), or the still more redoubtable one of Ceesarean section (extraction through the flank). DISSECTION OF THE UNBORN CALF (EMBRYOTOMY). In some eases the dissection of the calf is the only feasible means of delivering it through the natural passages; and while it is espe- DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 199 cially applicable to the dead calf, it is also on occasions called for in the case of the living. As a rule, the living calf should be preserved, if possible, but if this threatens to entail the death of the cow it is only in the case of offspring of rare value that its presentation is to be preferred. To those acquainted with the toil, fatigue, and disecom- fort of embryotomy, no dissuasion is necessary so long as there is a prospect of suecess from the simple and generally easier method of rectifying the faulty position of the calf. But when the correction of the position is manifestly impossible, when distortions and monstrosi- ties of the fetus successfully obstruct delivery, when the pelvic pas- sages are seriously contracted by fractures and bony growths, when the passages are virtually almost closed by swelling, or when the calf is dead and excessively swollen, no other resort may be available. In many cases of distortion and displacement the dismemberment of the entire calf is unnecessary, the removal of the offending member being all that is required. It will be convenient, therefore, to describe the _various suboperations one by one and in the order in which they are usually demanded. AMPUTATION OF THE FORE LIMB. In cutting off a fore limb it is the one presenting that should be selected, since it is much more easily operated on, and its complete removal from the side of the chest affords so much more space for manipulation that it often makes it easy to bring the other missing limb or the head into position. The first consideration is to skin the limb from the fetlock up and leave the skin attached to the body. The rea- sons for this are: (a) That the skin is the most resistant structure of the limb, and when it has been removed the entire limb can be easily detached; (0) the tough skin left from the amputated limb may be used as a cord in subsequent traction on the body of the ealf; (c) the dissection and separation of the limb are far more safely accomplished under the protection of the enveloping skin than if the operator’s hands and instruments were in direct contact with the walls of the passages or womb; (d) the dissection can be much more easily effected while the skin is stretched by the left hand, so as to form a compara- tively firmer resistant point for the knife, than when it is attempted to cut the soft, yielding, and elastic tissues which naturally offer little solid resistance, but constantly recede before the cutting edge of the instrument. The preservation of the skin is therefore a cardinal principle in the amputation of all parts in which it is at all feasible. The presenting foot is inclosed in a noose and drawn well out of the passages. ‘Then a circular incision through the skin is made around the limb just above the fetlock. From this the skin is slit up on the inner side of the limb to the breast. Then the projecting part of the limb is skinned up to the vulva, traction being made on the foot by an assistant so as to expose as much as possible. The embryotomy 200 DISEASES OF CATTLE. knife may now be taken (Pl. XXI, fig. 2), and a small hole having been cut in the free end of the detached portion of skin, that is seized by the left hand and extended while its firm connections with the deeper structures are cut through. The looser connections can be more quickly torn through with the closed fist, or the tips of the four fingers held firmly together in a line, or with the spud, of which there are several kinds. Much of the upper part of the limb can be skinned more speedily without the knife, but that must be resorted to to eut across tough bands whenever these interrupt the progress. The skin- ning should be carried upward on the outer side of the shoulder blade to the spine, or nearly so. Then with the knife the muscles attach- ing the elbow and shoulder to the breastbone are cut across, together with those on the inner side of the shoulder joint, and in front and behind it so far as these can be reached. Steady traction is now made upon the foot, the remaining muscles attaching the shoulder blade to the trunk are torn through with a crackling noise, and the whole limb, including the shoulder blade and its investing muscles, comes away. If the shoulder blade is left the bulk of the chest is not dimin- ished, and nothing has been gained. Before going further it is well to see whether the great additional space thus secured in the passages will allow of the missing limb or head to be brought into position. If not, the other presenting part, limb or head, is to be amputated and extracted. For the limb the procedure is a repetition of that just described. AMPUTATION OF THE HEAD, The head is first seized and drawn well forward, or even outside the vulva, by a rope with a running noose placed around the lower jaw just behind the incisor teeth, by a sharp hook inserted in the arch of the lower jaw behind the union of its two branches and back of the incisor teeth, or by hooks inserted in the orbits, or, finally, in case the whole head protrudes, by a halter. (Pl. XXI, fig. 4a and 4b.) In case the whole head protrudes, a circular incision through the skin is made just back of the ear, and the cut edge being held firmly by the left hand, the neck is skinned as far as it can be reached. Then the great ligamentous cord above the spine is cut across at the farthest available point, together with the muscles above and below the spine. Strong traction on the head will then detach it at this point and bring it away, but should there still be too much resistance the knife is inserted between the bodies of two vertebrze just behind one of the prominent points felt in the median line below, and their connecting fibrous cartilage is cut through, after which comparatively moderate pulling will bring it away. The detached neck and body at once slip back into the womb, and if the fore limbs are now brought up and pulled they are advanced so far upon the chest that the trans- verse diameter of that is greatly diminished and delivery correspond- ingly facilitated. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 201 If the head is still inclosed in the vagina two methods are avail- able: (1) The removal of the lower jaw and subsequent separation of the head from the neck; (2) the skinning of the whole head and its separation from the neck. To remove the lower jaw the skin is dissected away from it until the throat is reached. Then the muscles of the cheeks and side of the jaw (masseters) are cut through and those connecting the jaw with the neck. When traction is made on the rope round the lower jaw it will usually come away with little trouble. Should it resist, its posterior extremity on each side (behind the grinding teeth) may be cut through with bone foreeps or with a guarded bone chisel. (Pl. XX, fig. 8.) After the removal of the lower jaw the way will be open to separate the head from the neck, the knife being used to cut into the first or second joint from below, or the bone forceps or chisel being employed to cut through the bones of the neck. Then traction is made on the head by means of hooks in the orbits, and the hand, armed with an embryotomy knife, is introduced to cut through the tense resisting ligament and muscles above the bones. The skin and the strong ligamentous cord attached to the poll are the essential things to cut, as the muscles can easily be torn across. Unless there are great difficulties in the way it is well to skin the head from the eyes back, and on reaching the poll to cut through the ligament and then bring the head away by pulling. If it is decided to remove the entire head at once, it may be skinned from the front of the eyes back to behind the lower jaw below and the poll above, then cut through the muscles and ligaments around the first joint and pull the head away, assisting, if need be, in the separation of the head by using the knife on the ligament of the joint. If the calf is a double-headed monster, the skinning of the head must be carried backward until the point has been reached where both heads branch from the single neck, and the separation must be made at that point. The muscles and ligaments are first to be cut through; and if the part can not then be detached by pulling, the bodies of the vertebrae may be separated by passing the knife through the joint. The second head may now be secured by a noose round the lower jaw or hooks in the orbits and brought up into place, the body being pushed back toward the other side by a repeller, so as to make room. It should be added that, excepting in the ease of a double-headed monster, or in case of the head protruding or nearly so, and one or both fore limbs presenting, it is rarely desirable to undertake ampu- tation of the head. The space desirable in the passages can usually be secured by the much simpler and easier procedure of removing one or both fore limbs. 202 DISEASES OF CATTLE. AMPUTATION OF THE HIND LIMBS. This is sometimes demanded on the one extended limb when the other can not be brought up and delivery can not be effected; also in ease of monsters having extra hind limbs; in cases where the calf is dead, putrid, and bloated with gas, and in some cases of breech presentation, as described under that head. When the limb is extended the guiding principles are as in the case of the fore limbs. The skin is cut through circularly above the fet- lock and slit up to beneath the pelvic bones on the inner side of the thigh. It is then dissected from the other parts as high as it has been slit on the inner side and to above the prominence (trochanter major) on the upper end of the thigh bone on the outer side of the joint. In this procedure the hands and spud ean do much, but owing to the firmer connections the knife will be more frequently required than in the case of the fore limb. The muscles are now cut through all. around the hip joint, and strong traction is made by two or three men on the limb. If there is still too much resistance, a knife is inserted into the joint on the inner side and its round ligament cut through, after which extraction will be comparatively easy. This accom- plished, it will often be possible to extract the fetus with the other leg turned forward into the womb. If the calf is bloated with gas, it may be necessary to remove the other leg in the same way, and even to cut open the chest and abdomen and remove their contents before extraction can be effected. In the case of extra limbs it may be pos- sible to bring them up into the passages after the presenting hind limbs have been removed. If this is not practicable, they may be detached by cutting them through at the hip joint, as described under ‘*Breech presentation,” page 194. Another method of removing the hind limb is, after having skinned it over the quarter, to cut through the pelvic bones from before back- ward, in the median line below, by knife, saw, or long embryotome (Pl. XX, fig. 1), and then disjoint the bones of the spine (sacrum) and the hip bone (iiwm) on that side with embryotome, knife, or saw, and then drag away the entire limb, along with all the hip bones on that side. This has the advantage of securing more room and thereby facilitating subsequent operations. Both limbs may be re- moved in this way, but on the removal of the second the operator is without any solid point to drag upon in bringing away the remainder of the fetus. DIVISION ACROSS THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY. In eases of extra size, monstrosity, or distortion of one end of the body it may be requisite to eut the body in two and return the half from the passages into the womb, even after one-half has been born. The presenting members are dragged upon forcibly by assistants to bring as much of the body as possible outside. Then cut through the DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 203 skin around the body at some distance from the vulva, and with hand, knife, and spud detach it from the trunk as far back into the passages as can be reached. Next cut across the body at the point reached, beginning at the lower part (breast, belly) and proceeding up toward the spine. This greatly favors the separation of the backbone when reached, and further allows of its being extended so that it can be divided higher up. “When the backbone is reached, the knife is passed between the two bones, the prominent ridges across their ends acting as guides, and by dragging and twisting the one is easily detached from the other. With an anterior presentation the separa- tion should, if possible, be made behind the last rib, while with a posterior presentation as many of the ribs should be brought away as can be accomplished. Having removed one half of the body, the remaining half is to be pushed back into the womb, the feet sought and secured with nooses, and the second half removed in one piece if possible; and if not, then after the removal of the extra limb or other cause of obstruction. REMOVAL OF THE CONTENTS OF CHEST OR ABDOMEN. If the body of the calf sticks fast in the passages by reason of the mere dryness of its skin and of the passages, the obstacle may be removed by injecting sweet oil past the fetus into the womb through a rubber or other tube, and smearing the passages freely with lard. When the obstruction depends on exeess of size of the chest or abdo- men, or thickening of the body from distorted spine, much advantage may be derived from the removal of the contents of these great cavi- ties of the trunk. We have already seen how the haunches may be narrowed by cutting the bones apart in the median line below and causing their free edges to overlap each other. The abdomen ean be eut open by the embryotomy knife or the long embryotome in the median line, or at any point, and the contents pulled out with the hand, the knife being used in any case when especial resistance is encountered. If the abdomen is so firmly impacted that it can not be dealt with in this way, one hind limb and the hip bone on the same side may be removed as described under ‘‘Amputation of the hind limbs,” page 202. This will allow the introduction of the hand into the abdomen from behind, so as to pull out the contents. By intro- ducing an embryotomy knife in the palm of the hand and cutting through the muscle of the diaphragm the interior of the chest can be reached in the same way and the heart and lungs removed. When, in dealing with an anterior presentation, it becomes neces- sary to remove the contents of the chest, the usual course is to cut through the connections of the ribs with the breastbone (the costal cartilages) close to the breastbone on each side, and from the abdo- men forward to the neck. Then cut through the muscles connecting the front of the breastbone with the neck and its hinder end with the 204 DISEASES OF CATTLE. belly, and pull out the entire breastbone. Having torn out the heart and lungs with the hand, make the rib cartilages on the one side over- lap those on the other, so as to lessen the thickness of the chest, and proceed to extract the body. If it seems needful to empty the abdo- men as well, it is easy to reach it by cutting through the diaphragm, which separates it from the chest. DELIVERY THROUGH THE FLANK (CZSAREAN SECTION, OR LAPAROTOMY). This is sometimes demanded, when the distortion and narrowing of the hip bones are such as to forbid the passage of the calf, or when inflammation has practically closed the natural passages and the progeny is more valuable and worthy of being saved than the dam; also in cases in which the cow has been fatally injured, or is ill beyond possibility of recovery and yet carries a living calf. It is too often a last resort after long and fruitless efforts to deliver by the natural channels, and in such eases the saving of the calf is all that can be expected, the exhausted cow, already the subject of active inflamma- tion, and too often also of putrid poisoning, is virtually beyond hope. The hope of saving the dam is greatest if she is in good health and not fatigued, in cases, for example, in which the operation is resorted to on account of broken hip bones or abnormally narrow passages. The stock owner will not attempt such a serious operation as this. Yet, where the mother has just died or is to be immediately sacrificed, no one should hesitate at resorting to it in order to save the calf. If alive it is important to have the cow perfectly still. Her left fore leg being bent at the knee by one person, another may seize the left horn and nose and turn the head to the right until the nose rests on the spine just above the shoulder. The cow will sink down gently on her left side without shock or struggle. One may now hold the head firmly to the ground, while a second, carrying the end of the tail from behind forward on the inside of the right thigh, pulls upon it so as to keep the right hind limb well raised from the ground. If time presses she may be operated on in this position, or if the cow is to be sacri- ficed a blow on the head with an ax will secure quietude. Then the prompt cutting into the abdomen and womb and the extraction of the calf requires no skill. If, however, the cow is to preserved, her two fore feet and the lower hind one should be safely fastened together and the upper hind one drawn back. Two ounces chloral hydrate, given by injection, should induce sleep in twenty minutes and the operation may proceed. In ease the cow is to be preserved, wash the right flank and apply a solution of 4 grains of corrosive sublimate in a pint of water. Then, with an ordinary scalpel or knife dipped in the above solu- tion, make an incision from 2 inches below and in front of the outer angle of the hip bone in a direction downward and slightly forward to a distance of 12 inches. Cut through the muscles, and more carefully DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 205 through the transparent lining membrane of the abdomen (perito- neum), letting the point of the knife lie in the groove between the first two fingers of the left hand as they are slid down inside the membrane and with their back to the intestines. An assistant, whose hands, like those of the operator, have been dipped in the sublimate solution, may press his hands on the wound behind the knife to prevent the protrusion of the intestines. The operator now feels for and brings up to the wound the gravid womb, allowing it to bulge well through the abdominal wound, so as to keep back the bowels and prevent any escape of water into the abdomen. This is seconded by two assistants, who press the lips of the wound against the womb. Then an incision 12 inehes long is made into the womb at its most prominent point, deep enough to penetrate its walls, but not so as to cut into the water bags. In cutting, carefully avoid the cotyledons, which may be felt as hard masses inside. By pressure the water bags may be made to bulge out as in natural parturition, and this projecting portion may be torn or cut so as to let the liquid flow down outside of the belly. The operator now plunges his hand into the womb, seizes the fore or hind limbs, and quickly extracts the calf and gives it to an attendant to convey to a safe place. The womb may be drawn out, but not until all the liquid has flowed out, and the fetal membranes must be sepa- rated from the natural cotyledons, one by one, and the membranes removed. The womb is now emptied with a sponge, which has been boiled or squeezed out of a sublimate solution, and if any liquid has fallen into the abdomen it may be removed in the same way. SSSA. pep NELIOTYPE PRIFTING CO, BOSTOK INSTRUMENTS USED IN DIFFICULT LABOR. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 20% PLATE XX—Continued. Fig. 8. Cartwright’s bone chisel. Including the handle this instrument is about 32 inches in length, the chisel portion is a little more than 2 inches long and 1 to 14 broad. Only the middle portion is sharp, the projecting corners are blunt and the sides rounded. This instrument is used for slitting up the skin of a limb and as a bone chisel when it is necessary to: mutilate the fetus in order to effect delivery. PLATE XXI: Fig. 1. Embryotome, an instrument used when it is necessary to reduce the size of the fetus by cutting away certain parts before birth can be effected. This instrument may be long or short, straight or curved. Fig, 2. Alsoan embryotome. The blade can be made to slide out of or into the handle. The instrument can thus be introduced into or withdrawn from the genital passage without risk of injury to the mother. Fig. 3. Schaack’s traction cord. This is merely a cord with a running noose at one end and a piece of wood at the other, to offer a better hold for the hand. Figs. 4a and 4b. Reuff’s head collar for securing the head of the fetus. Fig. 5. Curved cord-carrier, used in difficult parturition to carry a cord inta regions which can not be reached by the arm. Fig. 6. Blunt hook, used in difficult parturition. Fig. 7. Short hook forceps, used in difficult parturition. Fig. 8. Blunt finger hook. 8267—04——14 DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. By James Law, F. RB. C. V.S., Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University. FLOODING (BLEEDING FROM THE WOMB). Though not so common in the cow as in the human female, flooding is sufficiently frequent to demand attention. It may depend on a too rapid calving, and a consequent failure of the womb to contract when the calf has been removed. The pregnant womb is extraordinarily rich in blood vessels, and especially in large and tortuous veins, which become compressed and all but obliterated under contraction, but remain overfilled and often bleed into the cavity of the womb should no contraction take place. Cox records cases in which the labor pains had detached and expelled the fetal membranes, while the calf, owing to large size or wrong presentation, was detained in the womb, and the continued dilatation of the womb in the absence of the fetal membranes led to a flow of blood which accumulated in clots around the calf. Other causes are laceration of the cotyledons of the womb, or from an antecedent inflammation of the placenta, and the unnatural adhesion of the membranes to the womb, which bleeds when the two are torn apart. Weakness of the womb from overdis- tention, as in dropsy, twins, etc., isnot without its influence. Finally, eversion of the womb (casting the withers) is an occasional cause of flooding. The trouble is only too evident when the blood flows from the external passages in drops or in a fine stream. But when it is retained in the cavity of the womb it may remain unsuspected until it has rendered the animal almost bloodless. The symptoms in such a case are paleness of the eyes, nose, mouth, and of the lips of the vulva, a weak, rapid pulse, violent and perhaps loud beating of the heart (palpitations), sunken, staring eyes, coldness of the skin, ears, horns, and limbs, perspiration, weakness in standing, staggering gait, and finally inability to rise, and death in convulsions. If these symptoms are seen, the oiled hand should be introduced into the womb, which will be found open and flaccid and containing large blood clots. Treatment.—Treatment consists in the removal of the fetal mem- branes and blood clots from the womb (which will not contract while they are present), the dashing of cold water on the loins, right flank, and vulva, and if these measures fail the injection of cold water into 210 DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 211 the womb through a rubber tube furnished with a funnel. In obsti- nate cases a good-sized sponge soaked in tincture of muriate of iron should be introduced into the womb and firmly. squeezed, so as to bring the iron in contact with the bleeding surface. This is at once an astringent and a coagulant for the blood, besides stimulating the womb to contraction. In the absence of this agent astringents (solu- tion of copperas, alum, tannic acid, or acetate of lead) may be thrown into the womb, and one-half-dram doses of acetate of lead may be given by the mouth, or 1 ounce powdered ergot of rye may be given in gruel. When nothing else is at hand, an injection of oil of tur- pentine will sometimes promptly check the bleeding. EVERSION OF THE WOMB (CASTING THE WITHERS). Like flooding, this is the result of failure of the womb to contract after calving. If that organ contracts naturally, the afterbirth is expelled, the internal cavity of the womb is nearly closed, and the mouth of the organ becomes so narrow that the hand can not be forced through, much less the whole mass of the matrix. When, however, it fails to contract, the closed end of one of the horns may fall into its open internal cavity, and under the compression of the adjacent intestines, and the straining and contraction of the abdomi- nal walls, it is forced farther and farther, until the whole organ is turned outside in, slides back through the vagina, and hangs from the vulva. The womb can be instantly distinguished from the pro- truding vagina or bladder by the presence over its whole surface of fifty to one hundred mushroom-like bodies (cotyledons), each 2 to 3 inches in diameter, and attached by a narrow neck. (Pls. XII, XIII.) When fully everted, it is further recognizable by a large, undivided body hanging from the vulva, and two horns or divisions which hang down toward the hocks. In the imperfect eversions the body of the womb may be present with two depressions leading into the two horns. In the cases of some standing the organ has become inflamed and gorged with blood until it is as large as a bushel basket, and its surface has a dark-red, blood-like hue, and tears and bleeds on the slightest touch. Still later lacerations, raw sores, and even gangrene are shown in the mass. At the moment of protrusion the general health is not altered, but soon the inflammation and fever with the violent and continued straining induce exhaustion, and the cow lies down, making no attempt to rise. Treatment.—Treatment will vary somewhat, according to the degree of the eversion. In partial eversion, with the womb protruding only slightly from the vulva and the cow standing, let an assistant pinch the back to prevent straining while the operator pushes his closed fist into the center of the mass and earries it back through the vagina, assisting in returning the surrounding parts by the other hand. In _ more complete eversion, but with the womb as yet of its natural bulk ode DISEASES OF CATTLE. and consistency, and the cow standing, straining being checked by pinching the back, a sheet is held by two men so as to sustain the everted womb and raise it to the level of the vulva. It is now sponged clean with cold water, the cold being useful in driving out the blood and reducing the bulk, and finally it may be sponged over with laudanum or with a weak solution of carbolic acid (1 dram to 1 quart water). The closed fist may now be planted in the rounded end of the largest horn and pushed on so as to turn it back within itself and carry it on through the vagina, the other hand being used meanwhile to assist in the inversion and in pushing the different masses in succession within the lips of the vulva. In case of failure, resort should be had at once to a plan which I have successfully followed for many years, but which has never been described save by a short notice in my Farmers’ Veterinary Adviser, eighth edition. Take a long linen or cotton bandage, 5 or 6 inches wide, and wind it around the protrud- ing womb as tightly as it can be drawn, beginning at the free end and gradually covering the entire mass up to the vulva. By this means the greater part of the blood will be forced out of the organ and its bulk greatly reduced, so that its reduction is much facilitated. An additional advantage is found in the protection given to the womb by its investing bandage while it is being pushed forward into the vagina and abdomen. In manipulating the exposed womb there is always danger of laceration, but when the organ is covered with a sheet it is next to impossible to tear it. The subsequent manipula- tion is as in the other case, by pushing the blind end forward within itself with the closed fist and carrying this on through the vagina into the abdomen with the constant assistance of the other hand. It will often be found convenient to use the edge of the left hand to push the outer part of the protruding mass inside the lips of the vulva, while the right hand and arm are carrying the central portions for- ward through the vagina. An intelligent assistant, pushing with the pablns of both hands on the outer portion of the mass, will also afford material assistance. As the womb is turned within itself the wrap- ping bandage will gradually loosen, but once the great mass has entered the passages it is easy to compel the rest to follow, and the compression by the bandage is no longer so important. When the womb is fully replaced the bandage is left in its interior in a series of loose folds, and ean be easily withdrawn. It is well to meve the hand from side to side to insure that the two horns of the womb are fully extended and on about the same level before withdrawing the arm and applying a truss. When the womb has been long everted and is gorged with blood, inflamed, and friable there is often the additional disadvantage that the animal is unable or unwilling to rise. When lying down the straining can not be controlled so effectually, and the compression of DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 213 the belly is so great as to prove a serious obstacle to reduction, even in the absence of straining. The straining may be checked by 2 or 3 ounces of laudanum or 2 ounces of chloral hydrate, or by inhalation of chloroform to insensibility, and then by raising the hind parts on straw bundles the gravitation of the abdominal organs forward may be made to lessen the resistance. If success can not be had in this way, the cow may be further turned on her back, and if return is still impossible, the hind limbs may be tied together and drawn up to a beam overhead by the aid of a pulley. In this position, in place of the pressure backward of the bowels proving a hindrance, their gravi- tation forward proves a most material help to reduction. In seeking to return the womb the sponging with ice-cold water, the raising on a sheet, and the wrapping in a tight bandage should be resorted tc. Another method which is especially commendable in these inflamed conditions of the womb is to bring a piece of linen sheet, 30 by 36 inches, under the womb, with its anterior border close up to the vulva, then turn the posterior border upward and forward over the organ, and cross the two ends over this and over each other above. The ends of the sheet are steadily drawn, so as to tighten its hold on the womb, which is thus held on the level of the vulva or above, and cold water is constantly poured upon the mass. The reduction is further sought by compression of the mass with the palms applied outside the sheet» Fifteen or twenty minutes are usually sufficient to cause the return of the womb, provided straining is prevented by pinching of the back or otherwise. In old and aggravated cases, with the womb torn, bruised, or even gangrenous, the only resort is to amputate the entire mass. This is done by tying a strong waxed cord around the protruding mass close up to the vulva, winding the cord around pieces of wood, so as to draw it as tightly as possible, cutting off the organ below this ligature, tying a thread on any artery that may still bleed, and returning the stump well into the vagina. Retention of the returned womb is the next point, and this is most easily accomplished by a rope truss. Take two ropes, each about 18 feet long and an inch in thickness. Double each rope at its middle, and lay the one above the other at the bend so as to form an ovoid of about 8 inches in its long diameter. Twist each end of the one rope twice around the other, so that this ovoid will remain when they are drawn tight. (Pls. XXIITand XXIII.) Tie a strap or rope around the back part of the neck and a surcingle around the body. Place the rope truss on the animal so that the ovoid ring shall surround the vulva, the two ascending ropes on the right and left of the tail and the two descending ones down inside the thighs on the right and left of the udder. These descending ropes are carried forward on the sides of the body and tied to the surecingle and to the neck collar. The ascending ropes proceed forward on the middle of the back, twisting 214 DISEASES OF CATTLE. over each other, and are tied to the surcingle and collar. the upper and lower ropes are drawn so tightly that the rope ring is made to press firmly all around the vulva without risk of displacement. This should be worn for several days, until the womb shall have closed and all risk of further eversion is at an end. Variations of this device are found in the use of a narrow triangle of iron applied around the vulva and fixed by a similar arrangement of ropes, sur- cingle, and collar (Pl. XXIII, fig. 3), a common crupper similarly lield around the vulva (Pl. XXII, fig. 1), stitches through the vulva, _and wires inserted through the skin on the two hips (PI. XXIII, fig..2), so that they will cross behind the vulva; also pessaries of various kinds inserted in the vagina. None of these, however, presents any advantage over the simple and comparatively painless rope truss described above. Such additional precautions as keeping the cow in a stall higher behind than in front, and seeing that the diet is slightly laxative and nonstimulating may be named. If straining is persistent, ounce doses of laudanum may be employed twice a day, and the same may be injected into the vagina. If the womb has been cut off, injections of a solution of a teaspoon- ful of carbolic acid in a quart of water should be employed daily, or: more frequently, until the discharge ceases. ‘ EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. - A genuine eversion of the bladder is almost unknown in the cow, owing to the extreme narrowness of its mouth. The protrusion of the bladder, however, through a laceration in the fioor of the vagina sus- tained in calving, and its subsequent protrusion through the vulva, is sometimes met with. In this case the protruding bladder contains urine, which can never be the case in a real eversion, in which the inner surface of the bladder and the openings of the ureters are both exposed outside the vulva. The presence of a bag containing water, which is connected with the floor of the vagina, will serve to identify this condition. If the position of the bladder in the vulva renders it impracticable to pass a catheter to draw off the urine, pierce the organ with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe, or even a very small trocar and canula, and draw off the water, when it will be found an easy matter to return the bladder to its place. The rent in the vagina ean be stitched up, but as there would be risk in any subsequent calving it is best to prepare the cow for the butcher, RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER. This has been known to occur in protracted parturition when the fetus finally passed while the bladder was full. The symptoms are those of complete suppression of urine and tenderness of the abdo- men, witha steady accumulation of liquid and fluctuation on handling DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 915 its lower part. If the hand is introduced into the vagina it is felt to be hot and tender, and perhaps slightly swollen along its floor. Asa final test, if the lower fluctuating part of the abdomen is punctured with a hypodermic needle, a straw-colored liquid of an urinous odor flows out. The condition has been considered as past hope. The only chance for recovery would be in opening the abdomen, evacuat- ing the liquid, and stitching up the rent in the bladder, but at such a season and with inflammation already started there would be little to hope for. RUPTURE OF THE WOMB. When the womb has been rendered friable by disease this may occur in the course of the labor, but much more frequently it occurs from violence sustained in attempting assistance in difficult parturition. It is also liable to occur during eversion of the organ through efforts to replace it. If it happens while the calf is still in the womb, it will usually bleed freely and continuously until the fetus has been extracted, so that the womb can contract on itself and expel its excess of blood. Another danger is that in case of a large rent the calf may escape into the cav- ity of the abdomen and parturition become impossible. Still another danger is that of the introduction of septic germs and the setting up of a fatal inflammation of the lining membrane of the belly (peritoneum). Still another is the escape of the small intestine through the rent and on through the vagina and vulva, so as to protrude externally and receive perhaps fatal injuries. In case of rupture before calving, that act should be completed as rapidly and carefully as possible, the fetal membranes removed and the contraction of the womb sought by dash- ing cold water on the loins, the right flank, or the vulva. If the calf has escaped into the abdomen and can not be brought through the natural channels it may be permissible to fix the animal and extract it through the side, as in the Cesarian section. If the laceration has happened during eversion of the womb it is usually less redoubtable, because the womb contracts more readily under the stimulus of the cold air sorecently applied. In ease the abdomen has been laid open it is well to stitch up the rent, but if not it should be left to nature, and will often heal satisfactorily, the cow even breeding successfully in after years. LACERATIONS AND RUPTURES OF THE VAGINA. Rupture of the floor of the vagina has been already referred to as allowing the protrusion of the bladder. Laceration of the roof of this passage is also met with as the result of deviations of the hind limbs and feet upward when the ealf lies on its back. In some such cases the opening passes clear into the rectum, or the foot may even pass out through the anus, so that that opening and the vulva are laid open into one. 216 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Simple superficial lacerations of the vaginal walls are not usually serious, and heal readily unless septic inflammation sets in, in which case the cow is likely to perish. They may be treated with soothing and antiseptic injections, such as carbolic acid, 1 dram; water, 1 quart. The more serious injuries depend on the complications. Rupture of the anterior part of the canal, close to the mouth of the womb, may lead to the introduction of infecting germs into the cavity of the abdo- men, or protrusion of the bowel through the rent and externally, either of which is likely to prove fatal. If both these conditions are escaped the wound may heal spontaneously. Rupture into the bladder may lead to nothing worse than a constant dribbling of urine from the vulva. The cow should be fattened if she survives. Rupture into the rectum will entail a constant escape of feces through the vulva, and, of course, the same condition exists when the anus as well has been torn open. I have successfully sewed up an opening of this kind in the mare, but in the cow it is probably better to prepare for the butcher. CLOTS OF BLOOD IN THE WALLS OF THE VAGINA. During calving the vagina may be bruised so as to cause escape of blood beneath the mucous membrane and its coagulation into large bulging clots. The vulva may appear swollen, and on separating its lips the mucous membrane of the vagina is seen to be raised into irregular rounded swellings of a dark-blue or black color, and which pit on pressure of the finger. If the accumlation of blood is not extensive it may be reabsorbed, but if abundant it may lead to irri- tation and dangerous inflammation, and should be incised with a lancet and the clots cleared out. The wounds may then be sponged twice a day with a lotion made with 1 dram sulphate of zinc, 1 dram earbolie acid, and 1 quart water. RETAINED AFTERBIRTH. The cow, of all our domestic animals, is especially subject to this accident. This may be partly accounted for by the firm connections established through the fifty to one hundred cotyledons (Pl. XIII, fig. 2) in which the fetal membranes dovetail with the follicles of the womb. It is also most liable to occur after abortion, in which prepa- ration has not been made by fatty degeneration for the severance of these close connections. In the occurrence of inflammation, causing the formation of new tissue between the membranes and the womb, we find the occasion of unnaturally firm adhesions which prevent the spontaneous detachment of the membranes. Again, in low conditions of health and an imperfect power of contraction we find a potent cause of retention, the general debility showing particularly in the indisposition of the womb to contract, after calving, with sufficient DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. eb lit energy to expel the afterbirth. Hence we find the condition common with insufficient or innutrious food, and in years or localities in which the fodder has suffered from weather. Ergoted (Pl. V), smutty, or musty fodder, by causing abortion, is a frequent cause of retention. Old cows are more subject than young ones, probably because of diminishing vigor. A temporary retention is sometimes due to a too rapid closure of the neck of the womb after calving, causing strangu- lation and imprisonment of the membranes. Conditions favoring this are the drinking of cold (iced) water, the eating of cold food (frosted roots), and (through sympathy between udder and womb) a too prompt sucking by the calf or milking by the attendant. Symptoms.—The symptoms of retention of the afterbirth are usu- ally only too evident, as the membranes hang from the vulva and rot away gradually, causing the most offensive odor throughout the build- ing. When retained within the womb by closure of its mouth and similarly in cases in which the protruded part has rotted off, the decomposition continues and the fetid products escaping by the vulva appear in offensively smelling pools on the floor, and mat together the hairs near the root of the tail. The septic materials retained in the womb cause inflammation of its lining membrane, and this, together with the absorption into the blood of the products of putrefaction, leads to ill health, emaciation, and drying up of the milk. Treatment.— Treatment will vary according to the conditions. When the cow is in low condition or when retention is connected with drinking iced water or eating frozen food, hot drinks and hot mashes of wheat bran or other aliment may be all sufficient. If, along with the above conditions, the bowels are somewhat confined, an ounce of ground ginger, or half an ounce of black pepper, given with a quart of sweet oil, or 13 pounds of Glauber’s salts, the latter in at least 4 quarts of warm water, will often prove effect- ual. A bottle or two of flaxseed tea, made by prolonged boiling, should also be given at frequent intervals. Other stimulants, like rue, savin, laurel, and carminitives like anise, cumin, and coriander are preferred by some, but with very questionable reason, the more so that the first three are not without danger. Ergot of rye, 1 ounce, or extract of the same, 1 dram, may be resorted to to induce contrac- tion of the womb. The mechanical extraction of the membranes is, however, often called for; of this there are several methods. The simplest is to hang a weight of 1 or 2 pounds to the hanging portion, and allow this, by its constant dragging and by its jerking effect when the cow moves, to pull the membranes from their attachments and to stimulate the womb to expulsive contractions. But in the neglected cases, when the dependant mass is already badly decom- posed, it is liable to tear across under the added weight, leaving a portion of the offensive material imprisoned in the womb. Again, this uncontrolled dragging upon a relaxed womb will (in exceptional 218 DISEASES OF CATTLE. cases only, it is true) cause it to become everted and to protrude in this condition from the vulva. A second resort is to seize the dependant part of ine afterbirth between two sticks, and roll it up on these until they lie against the vulva; then, by careful traction, accompanied by slight jerking move- ments from side to side, the womb is stimulated to expulsive contrac- tions and the afterbirth is wound up more and more on the sticks until finally its last connections with the womb are severed and the remainder is expelled suddenly en masse. It is quite evident that neglected cases with putrid membranes are poor subjects for this method, as the afterbirth is liable to tear across, leaving a mass in the womb. During the progress of the work any indication of tear- ing is the signal to stop and proceed with greater caution or alto- gether abandon the attempt in this way. The third method (that with the skilled hand) is the most promptly and certainly successful. For this the operator had best strip and dress as for a parturition case. Again, the operation should be under- taken within twenty-four hours after calving, since later the mouth of the womb may be so closed that it becomes difficult to introduce the hand. The operator should smear his arms with earbolized lard or vaseline to protect them against infection, and particularly in delayed cases with putrid membranes. An assistant holds the tail to one side while the operator seizes the hanging afterbirth with the left hand, while he introduces the right along the right side of the vagina and womb, letting the membranes slide through his palm until he reaches the first cotyledon to which they remain adherent. In ease no such connection is within reach, gentle traction is made on the membranes with the left hand until the deeper parts of the womb are brought within reach and the attachments to the cotyledons can be reached. Then the soft projection of the membrane, which is attached to the firm fungus-shaped cotyledon on the inner surface of the womb, is seized by the little finger, and the other fingers and thumb are closed on it soas to tear it out from its connections. To explain this it is only necessary to say that the projection from the membrane is coy- ered by soft conical processes, which are received into cavities of a corresponding size on the summit of the firm mushroom-shaped cotyle- don growing from the inner surface of the womb. To draw upon the former, therefore, is to extract its soft villous processes from within the follicles or cavities of the other. (PI. XII, fig. 2.) If it is at times difficult to start this extraction it may be necessary to get the finger nail inserted between the two, and once started the finger may be pushed on, lifting all the villi in turn out of their eavities. This process of separating the cotyledons must be carefully eonducted, one after another, until the last has been detached and the afterbirth comes freely out of the passages. I have never found any evil result from the removal of the whole mass at one operation, but Shaack DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. VAL, mentions the eversion of the womb as the possible result of the nee- essary traction, and in cases in which those in the most distant part of the horn of the womb ean not be easily reached, he advises to attach a cord to the membranes inside the vulva, letting it hang out behind, and to cut off the membranes below the cord. Then, after two or three days’ delay, he extracts the remainder, now softened and easily detached. If carefully conducted, so as not to tear the cotyledons of the womb, the operation is eminently successful; the cow suffers little, and the straining roused by the manipulations soon subsides. Keep- ing in a quiet, dark place, or driving a short distance at a walking pace, will serve to quiet these. When the membranes have been with- drawn, the hand, half closed, may be used to draw out of the womb the offensive liquid that has collected. If the case is a neglected one, and the discharge is very offensive, the womb must be injected as for leucorrhea. INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA (VAGINITIS). This may occur independently of inflammation of the womb, and usually as the result of bruises, lacerations, or other injuries sustained during calving. It will be shown by swelling of the lips of the vulva, which, together with their lining membrane, become of a dark-red or leaden hue, and the mucous discharge increases and becomes whitish or purulent, and it may be fetid. Slight cases recover spontaneously, or under warm fomentations or mild astringent injections (a teaspoon- ful of carbolie acid in a quart of water), but severe cases may go on to the formation of large sores (ulcers), or considerable portions of the mucous membrane may die and slough off. Baumeister records two eases of diphtheritic vaginitis, the second case in a cow four weeks calved, contracted from the first in a newly calved cow. Both proved fatal, with formation of false membranes as far as the interior of the womb. In all severe cases the antiseptic injections must be applied most assiduously. The carbolic acid may be increased to one-half ounce to a quart, or chlorine water, or peroxide of hydrogen solution may be injected at least three times a day. Hyposulphite of soda, 1 ounce to a quart of water, is an excellent application, and the same amount may be given by the mouth. LEUCORRHEA (MUCOPURULENT DISCHARGE FROM THE PASSAGES). This is due to a continued or chronic inflammation of the womb, or the vagina, or both. It usually results from injuries sustained in ealv- ing, or from irritation by putrid matters in connection with retained afterbirth, or from the use of some object in the vagina (pessary) to prevent eversion of the womb. Exposure to cold or other cause of disturbance of the health may affect an organ so susceptible as this at the time of parturition so as to cause inflammation. Symptoms.—The main symptom is the glairy white discharge flow- 220 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ing constantly or intermittently (when the cow lies down), soiling the tail and matting its hairs and those of the vulva. When the lips of the vulva are drawn apart the mucous membrane is seen to be red, with minute elevations, or pale and smooth. The health may not suffer at first, but if the discharge continues and is putrid the health fails, the milk shrinks, and fiesh is lost. If the womb is involved the hand introduced into the vagina may detect the mouth of the womb slightly open and the liquid collected within its cavity. Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum may detect the outline of the womb beneath, somewhat enlarged, and fluctuating under the touch from contained fluid. In some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural, but the animal rarely conceives when served, and, if she does, is likely to abort. Treatment.—Treatment with the injections advised for vaginitis is successful in mild or recent eases. In obstinate ones stronger solu- tions may be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream of tepid water until it comes clear. A rubber tube is inserted into the womb, a funnel placed in its raised end, and the water, and after- wards the solution, poured slowly through this. If the neck ef the womb is so close that the liquid can not escape, a second tube may be inserted to drain it off. As injections may be used chloride of zine, one-half dram to the quart of water, or sulphate of iron, 1 dram to the quart. Three drams of sulphate of iron and one-half ounce ground ginger may also be given in the food daily. INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB (METRITIS, INFLAMMATION OF WOMB AND ABDOMEN, OR METROPERITONITIS). Inflammation of the womb may be slight or violent, simple or asso- ciated with putrefaction of its liquid contents and general poisoning, or it may extend so that the inflammation affects the lining membrane of the whole abdominal cavity. In the last two cases the malady isa very grave one. Causes.—The causes are largely the same as those causing inflam- mation of the vagina. Greater importance must, however, be attached to exposure to cold and wet and septic infection. Symptoms.—The symptoms appear two or three days after calving, when the cow may be seen to shiver, or the hair stands erect, espe- cially along the spine, and the horns, ears, and limbs are cold. The temperature in the rectum is elevated by one or two degrees, the pulse is small, hard, and rapid (70 to 100), appetite is lost, rumination ceases, and the milk shrinks in quantity or is entirely arrested, and the breathing is hurried. The hind limbs may shift uneasily, the tail be twisted, the head and eyes turn to the right flank, and the teeth are ground. With the flush of heat to the horns and other extremi- ties, there is redness of the eyes, nose, and mouth, and usually a dark redness about the vulva. Pressure on the right flank gives manifest —— DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 221 pain, causing moaning or grunting, and the hind limbs are moved stiffly, extremely so if the general lining of the abdomen is involved. In severe cases the cow lies down and can not be made to rise. There is usually marked thirst, the bowels are costive, and dung is passed with pain and effort. The hand inserted into the vagina perceives the increased heat, and when the neck of the womb is touched the cow winces with pain. Examination through the rectum detects enlargement and tenderness of the womb. The discharge from the vulva is at first watery, but becomes thick, yellow, and finally red or brown, with a heavy or fetid odor. Some cases recover speedily and may be almost well in a couple of days; a large proportion perish within two days of the attack, and some merge into the chronic form, terminating in leucorrhea. In the worst cases there is local septic infection and ulceration, or even gangrene of the parts, or there is general septicemia, or the inflammation involving the veins of the womb causes coagulation of the blood contained in them, and the washing out of the clots to the right heart and lungs leads to blocking of the vessels in the latter and complicating pneumonia. Inflamma- tions of the womb and passages after calving are always liable to these complications, and consequently to a fatal issue. Franek records three instances of rapidly fatal metritis in cows, all of which had: been poisoned from an adjacent cow with retained and putrid afterbirth. Others have had similar cases. Treatment.—Treatment in the slight cases of simple inflammation does not differ much from that adopted for vaginitis, only care must be taken that the astringent and antiseptic injections are made to penetrate into the womb. After having washed out the womb a solu- tion of chloride of lime or permanganate of potash (one-half ounce to 1 quart of water), with an ounce each of glycerin and laudanum to ren- der it more soothing, will often answer every purpose. It is usually desirable to open the bowels with 15 pounds Glauber’s salts and 1 ounce ginger in 4 quarts of warm water and to apply fomentations of warm water or even mustard poultices or turpentine to the right flank. In the violent attacks with high temperature and much prostration, besides the salts agents must be given to lower the temperature and counteract septic poisoning. Salicylate of soda one-half ounce, or quinia 2 drams, repeated every four hours, will help in both ways, or ounce doses of hyposulphite of soda or dram doses of carbolie acid may be given at equal intervals until six doses have been taken. Tincture of aconite has often been used in 20-drop doses every six hours. If the temperature rises to 106° or 107° F., it must be met by the direct application of cold or iced water to the surface. The animal may be covered with wet sheets and cold water poured on these at intervals until the temperature in the rectum is lowered to 102° F. In summer the cow may be allowed to dry spontaneously, while in winter it should be rubbed dry and blanketed. Even in the absence 229 DISEASES OF CATTLE. of high temperature much good may be obtained from the soothing influence of a wet sheet covering the loins and flanks and well cov- ered at all points by a dry one. This may be followed next day by a free application of mustard and oil of turpentine. When the animal shows extreme prostration alcohol (1 pint) or carbonate of ammonia (1 ounce) may be given to tide over the danger, but such cases usually perish. In this disease, even more than in difficult and protracted parturi- tion or retained placenta, the attendants must carefully guard agaimst the infection of their hands and arms from the diseased parts. The hand and arm before entering the passages should always be well smeared with lard impregnated with carbolic acid. MILK FEVER (PARTURITION FEVER, PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, OR PAR- TURIENT COLLAPSE). This disease is not only peculiar to the cow, but it may be said to be virtually confined to the improved and plethoric cow. It further occurs only at or near the time of calving. Indeed, these two factors, calving and plethora, may be set apart as preeminently the causes of this disease. It is the disease of cows that have been improved in the direction of early maturity, power of rapid fattening, or a heavy yield of milk, and hence it is characteristic of those having great appetites and extraordinary power of digestion. The heavy milking breeds are especially its victims, as in these the demand for the daily yield of 50 to 100 pounds of milk means even more than a daily increase of 2 to 3 pounds of body weight, mainly fat. The victims are not always fat when attacked, but they are cows having enormous powers of digestion, and which have been fed heavily at the time. Hence the stall-fed, city dairy cow, and the farm cow on a rich clover pas- ture in June or July, are especially subject. The condition of the blood globules in the suffering cow attests the extreme richness and density of the blood, yet this peculiarity appears to have entirely escaped the notice of veterinary writers. I have never examined the blood of a victim of this disease without finding the red-blood globules reduced to little more than one-half their usual size. Now, these globules expand or contract according to the density of the liquid in which they float. If we dilute the blood with water they will expand until they burst, whereas if solids, such as salt or albumen, are added they shrink to a large extent. Their small size, therefore, in parturi- tion fever indicates the extreme richness of the blood, or, in other words, plethora. Confinement in the stallis an accessory cause, partly because stabled — cattle are highly fed, partly because the air is hotter and fouler, and partly because there is no expenditure by exercise of the rich prod- ucts of digestion. High temperature is conducive to the malady, though the extreme se DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 293 colds of winter are no protection against it. Heat, however, conduces to fever, and fever means lessened secretion, which means a plethoric state of the circulation. The heats of summer are, however, often only a coincidence of the real cause, the mature rich pastures, and especially the clover ones, being the greater. Electrical disturbances have an influence of a similar kind, disturb- ing the functions of the body and favoring sudden variations in the circulation. A succession of cases of the malady often accompany or preeede a change of weather from dry to wet, from a low to a high barometric pressure. . Costiveness, which is the usual concomitant of fever, may in a case of this kind become an accessory cause, the retention in the blood of what should have passed off by the bowels tending to inerease the fullness of the blood vessels and the density of the blood. : Mature age is avery strong accessory cause. The disease never occurs with the first parturition, and rarely with the second. It appears with the third, fourth, fifth, or sixth—after the growth of the cow has ceased and when all her powers are devoted to the produe- tion of milk. Calving is an essential condition, as the disturbance of the circula- tion consequent on the contraction of the womb and the expulsion into the general circulation of the enormous mass cf blood hitherto circulating in the walls of the womb fills to repletion the vessels of the rest of the body and very greatly intensifies the already existing plethora. If this is not speedily counterbalanced by a free secretion from the udder, kidneys, bowels, and other exeretory organs, the most dire results may ensue. Calving may thus be held to be an exciting eause, and yet the labor and fatigue of the act are not active factors. It is after the easy calving, when there has been little expenditure of muscular or nervous energy, and no loss of blood, that this malady is seen. Difficult parturitions may be followed by metritis, but they are rarely connected with parturition fever. All these factors coincide in intensifying the one condition of pleth- ora, and point to that as a most essential cause of this affection. It is needless to enter here into the much-debated question as to the mode in which the plethora brings about the characteristic symptoms and results. As the results show disorder or suspension of the nery- ous functions mainly, it may suffice to say that this condition of the blood and blood vessels is incompatible with the normal functional activity of the nerve centers. How much is due to congestion of the brain and how much to bloodlessness may well be debated, yet in a closed box like the cranium, in which the absolute contents can not be appreciably increased or diminished, it is evident that, apart from dropsical effusion or inflammatory exudation, there can only be a given amount of blood; therefore, if one portion of the brain is con- gested another must be proportionately bloodless, and as congestion 294 DISEASES OF CATTLE. of the eyes and head generally, and great heat of the head are most prominent features of the disease, congestion of the brain must be accepted. This, of course, implies a lack of blood in certain other parts or blood vessels. The latest developments of treatment indicate very clearly that the main cause is the production of poisonous metabolie produets (leuco- mains and toxins) by secreting cells of the follicles of the udder, act- ing on the susceptible nerve centers of the plethoric, calving cow. Less fatal examples of udder poisons are found in the first milk (colos- trum), which is distinctly irritant and purgative, and in the toxie qualities of the first milk drawn from an animal which has been sub- jected to violent overexertion or excitement. Still more conclusive as to the production of such poisons is the fact that the full distention of the milk ducts and follicles, and the consequent driving of the blood out of the udder and arrest of the formation of depraved prod- ucts, determines a speedy and complete recovery from the disease. This does not exclude the other causes above named, nor the influ- ence of a reflex nervous derangement proceeding from the udder to the brain. Synptoms.—There may be said to be two extreme types of this dis- ease, with intervening grades. In both forms there is the characteris- tie plethora and more or less sudden loss of voluntary movement and sensation, indicating a sudden collapse of nervous power; but in one there is such prominent evidence of congestion of head and brain that it may be called the congestive form, par excellence, without thereby intimating that the torpid form is independent of congestion. In the congestive form there is sudden dullness, languor, hanging back in the stall, or drooping the head, uneasy movements of the hind limbs or tail; if the cow is moved, she steps unsteadily, or even stag- gers; she no longer notices her calf or her food; the eyes appear red and their pupils dilated; the weakness increases and the cow lies down or falls and is thenceforward unable to rise. At this time the pulse is usually fulland bounding and the temperature raised, though not invariably so; the head, horns, and ears being especially hot and the veins of the head full, while the visible mucous membranes of nose and eyes are deeply congested. The cow may lie on her breastbone with her feet beneath the body and her head turned sleepily round, with the nose resting on the right flank; or, if worse, she may be stretched full on her side, with even the head extended, though at times it is suddenly raised and again dashed back on the ground. At such times the legs, fore and hind, struggle convulsively, evidently through unconscious nervous spasm. By this time the unconsciousness is usually complete; the eyes are glazed, their pupils widely dilated, and their lids are not moved when the ball of the eye is touched with the finger. Pricking the skin with a pin also fails to bring any wincing or other response. The pulse, DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. DON at first from 50 to 70 per minute, becomes more accelerated and weaker as the disease advances. The breathing is quickened, becom- ing more and more so with the violence of the symptoms, and at first associated with moaning (in exceptional cases, bellowing), it may, before death, become slow, deep, sighing, or rattling (stertorous). The temperature, at first usually raised, tends ‘to become lower as stupor and utter insensibility and coma supervene. The bowels, which may have moved at the onset of the attack, become torpid or completely paralyzed, and, unless in case of improvement, they are not likely to operate again. Yet this is the result of paralysis and not of induration of the feces, as often shown by the semiliquid pultaceous condition of the contents after death. The bladder, too, is paralyzed and fails to expel its contents. A free action of either bladder or bowels, or of both, is always a favorable symptom. The urine con- tains sugar, in amount proportionate to the severity of the attack. In nearly all cases the torpor of the digestive organs results in gas- tric disorder; the paunch becomes the seat of fermentation, produe- ing gas, which causes it to bloat up like a drum. There are frequent eructations of gas and liquid and solid food, which, reaching the par- alyzed throat, pass in part into the windpipe and. cause inflammations of the air passages and lungs. In the torpid form of the disease there is much less indication of fever or violence. There may be no special heat about the horns, ears, or forehead, nor any marked redness or congestion of the eyes or nose, nor engorgement of the veins of the head. The attack comes on more slowly, with apparent weakness of the hind limbs, dullness, drowsiness, suspension of rumination and appetite, and a general indifference to surrounding objects. Soon the cow lies down, or falls: and is unable to rise, but for one or two days she may rest on the breastbone and hold the head in the flank without showing any disor- derly movements. Meanwhile there is is not only loss of muscular power and inability to stand, but also considerable dullness of sensa- tion, pricking the skin producing no quick response, and even touch- ing the edge of the eyelids causing no very prompt winking. Unless she gets relief, however, the case develops all the advanced symptoms of the more violent form, and the animal perishes. In advanced and fatal eases of either form the insensibility becomes complete; no irritation of skin or eye meets any response; the eye becomes more dull and glassy; the head rests on the ground or other object; unless prevented, the cow lies stretched fully on her side; the pulse is small, rapid, and finally imperceptible; the breathing is slow, deep, stertorous, and the expirations accompanied by puffing out of the cheeks, and death comes quietly or with accompanying struggles. For such fatal disease prevention is of far more consequence than treatment. Among the most efficient preventives may be named a 8267—04——15 226 DISEASES OF CATTLE. spare diet (amounting to actual starvation in very plethoric, heavy- milking cows) for a week before calving and at least four days after. A free access to salt and water is most important, as the salt favors drinking and the water serves to dilute the rich and dense blood. Iced water, however, is undesirable, as a chill may favor the onset of fever. A dose of Epsom salts (1 to 2 pounds) should be given twelve to twenty-four hours before calving is due, so that it may operate at or just before that act. In case calving has occurred unexpectedly in the heavy milker, lose no time in giving the purgative thereafter. A most important precaution in the fleshy, plethorie cow, or in one that has been attacked at a previous calving, is to avoid drawing any milk from the bag for twelve or twenty-four hours after calving. Breeders on the island of Jersey have found that this alone has almost abolished the mortality from milk fever. If Epsom salts is not at hand use saltpeter (1 ounce) for several days. Daily exercise is also of importanee, and, excepting in midsummer, when the heat of the sun may be injurious, the value of open air is unquestionable. Even in summer an open shed or shady grove is incomparably better than a close, stuffy stall. A rich pasture (clover especially), in late May, June, or July, when at its best, is to be carefully avoided. Better keep the cow indoors on dry straw with plenty of salt and water than to have access to such pastures. Old treatment.—lf the cow is seen before she goes down, the abstraction of blood is demanded, and may usually be earried to the extent of 4 or even 6 quarts. The fullness and force of the pulse must determine the amount; if it is weak and rapid or searcely per- ceptible the vein must be instantly closed, and it may even be neces- sary to give ammoniacal stimulants. If the cow is lying down, unable to rise, and, above all, if no winking is caused by touching the eyeball, bleeding must be done, if at all, with great precaution. drawn back. This may be passed again and again to sufficiently. 8267—04-—_16 949 DISEASES OF CATTLE. enlarge the passage, and then the passage may be kept open by wear- ing a long dumb-bell bougie, a thick piece of carbolized catgut, or a spring dilator. If the passage can not be sufficiently opened with the sound it may be incised by the hidden bistoury. (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2.) This is a knife lying alongside a flattened protector with smooth rounded edges, but which can be projected to any required distance by a lever on the handle. The incisions are made in four directions and as deep as may be necessary, and the walls can then be held apart by the spring dilator until they heal. In case the constriction and thickening of the canal extend the whole length of the teat, it is practically beyond remedy, as the gland is usually involved so as to render it useless. CLOSURE OF THE MILK DUCT BY A MEMBRANE. In this form the duct of the teat is closed by the constriction of its lining membrane at one point, usually without thickening. The clos- ure usually takes place while the cow is dry; otherwise its progress is gradual, and for a time the milk may still be pressed through slowly. In such a ease, if left at rest, the lower part of the teat fills up and the milk flows in a full stream at the first pressure, but after this it will not fillup again without sufficient time for it to filter through. Thisis to be eut open by the hidden bistoury (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2), which may be first passed through the opening of the membrane, if such exists. If not it may be bored through, or it may be pressed up against the membrane at one side of the teat and opened toward the center, so as to eut its way through. Incisions should be made in at least two opposite directions, and the edges may be then held apart by wearing the spring dilator until healing has been completed. In all eases of operations on the teats the instruments must be thor- oughly disinfected with hot water, or by dipping in carbolic acid and then in water that has been boiled. OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE TEAT (MILK FISTULA). This may occur from wounds penetrating the milk duct and failing to close, or it may be congenital, and then very often it leads to a dis- tinet milk duct and an independent portion of the gland. In the first form it is only necessary to dissect away the skin leading into the open- ing for some distance down, to close the orifice with stitches, and to cover the whole with collodion. ) os “ wet a Fig. 4 aU YULIUS BIEN A CO.NLY TEXAS FEVER. ae . ¢ A an 1 af kal “7h va DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE XLVIII Fis. 7 BIEN & CO.N.Y Haines del THE CATTLE TICK-THE CARRIER OF TEXAS FEVER. DISEASES OF CATTLE. PLATE XLIX. PoRTION OF A STEER’S HIDE, SHOWING THE TEXAS-FEVER TICK (BOOPHILUS ANNULA- TUS) OF THE UNITED STATES. NATURAL SIZE. ORIGINAL. DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE L Haines del ; 4 JULIUS BIEN & CO.NY Figs.l}and 2 DORSAL AND VENTRAL VIEWS OF MALE TEXAS FEVER TICK.{( BOOPHILUS ANNULATUS ) Figs.3 and4 DORSAL AND VENTRAL VIEWS OF REPLETE FEMALE TEXAS FEVER TICK.( BOOPHILUS ANNULATUS ) DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE LI. JULIUS BIEN & CO. LITH.N.Y. BOUNDARY LINE OF THE DISTRICT INFECTED WITH TEXAS OR SOUTHERN CATTLE, FEVER. il INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 469 bred cattle into infected districts that they may be used to improve the quality of the native cattle already there. Previous to the dis- covery of the cause of Texas fever it was found to be well-nigh impos- sible to introduce purebred cattle from the North into any of the infected regions without suffering great loss, sometimes as high as 90 per cent, within a few months of their arrival at their Southern desti- nation. At first it was thought that the fatalities were due to climatic changes, but later the discovery was made that Texas fever was in reality causing these numerous deaths. It has now been found practicable to immunize this class of cattle so perfectly that the losses which follow their transportation to a tick- infested region are reduced toa minimum. Young animals 8 to 12 months old should, so far as possible, be selected for this purpose, as they are more readily immunized than adults, are more easily handled, and the dangers which may arise from pregnaney while undergoing the immunizing treatment are thus avoided. Immunity in these cattle is obtained by introducing the micro- parasite of the blood into their systems. It may be done by direct artificial inoculation, or by placing virulent young ticks upon the animals and allowing them to perform the inoculation in the nat- ural manner. The subcutaneous injection of a small amount of defibrinated virulent blood has been found, by means of prolonged experiment the preferable method, as the number of microorganisms introduced can be more accurately gaged from the syringe than by allowing the infection to be produced by the bites of ticks. Two or three inoculations if repeated at intervals of three weeks are accom- plished with greater safety to the animal than would be possible by means of a single inoculation. The amount first injected should be small, and then gradually increased in the following treatments: The late summer or fall months have been proved to be the most suitable seasons of the year for making these inoculations, and the eattle should then be shipped South in December or January, for the reason that natural infection with the ticks of the region will be less severe at that season of the year than at any other. The inoculation always results in a more or less serious attack of Texas fever upon the animal treated. There is fever, great diminu- tion of red-blood corpuscles, and at times a fatal termination, but the proportion of deaths resulting from the inoculation is small when compared with the fatalities among animals taken directly into infected districts. Instead of a loss of 90 per cent among breeding stock taken South it has been shown that by this method of immuniza- tion 90 per cent can be saved. In no case should treatment of this nature be undertaken by a person who is not fully versed in the pathology and clinical course of the disease. Treatment.—Wren the disease has broken out, all animals, the sick as well as the healthy, should at once be removed to another non- 470 DISEASES OF CATTLE. infeeted pasture. While this may not cut short the disease, it may save the lives of some by removing them from the possibility of being attacked by more young ticks. Removalfrom infected pastures like- wise prevents a second later attack in October or early in November, which is eaused by another generation of ticks. It is true that sick natives infeet with a new generation of ticks the pasture to which they are removed, but these usually appear so late that they have but little opportunity to do any damage. Hence, sick natives do not, as a rule, cause visible disease in other natives. It is of importanee to remove all ticks, as far as this is possible, from sick animals, since they abstract a considerable amount of blood and thereby retard the final recovery. Medical treatment of the sick has generally been unsatisfactory, although in chronie cases and those occurring late in the fall bene- ficial results have followed. If the animal is constipated, a drench containing 1 pound of Epsom salts dissolved in 1 quart of water should be administered, followed by the sulphate of quinine in doses of 30 to 90 grains, according to the size of the animal, four times a day until the system is well saturated with it. Tincture of digitalis one-half ounee and whisky or alcohol 2 ounees may be combined with the quinine, according to indications of individual cases. An iron tonie containing reduced iron 2 ounces, powdered gentian 4 ounces, powdered nux vomica 2 ounces, powdered rhubarb 2 ounces, and potas- sium nitrate 6 ounces will be found beneficial in the convalescent stage when the fever has run its course. This tonie should be given in heaping-tablespoonful doses three times a day in the food. Good nursing is essential in treating these cases, and the animal should be given a nutritious laxative diet, with plenty of clean and cool drinking water. Sanitary regulations.—The disease, outside of the infected district, may be prevented by proper regulations governing the movement of cattle from that district during the season of the year that infection is possible. Such regulations are now made yearly by the Secretary of Agriculture. They define the boundary of the infected district, and this year provide that no cattle shall go out of it except for immediate slaughter during that portion of the year included between the dates of February 1 and October 31. At the present time cattle may be moved from said quarantined district for purposes other than immediate slaughter from November 1 to January 31, inclusive, into the noninfected area within the States of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and California, and to the States of Missouri and Kansas, and the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico, as may be provided for in the regulations of these States and Territories, and after inspection and upon written permission by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, or a duly authorized inspector of the State or Territory to which the cattle are destined. From November _— INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. A471 1 to December 31, inclusive, cattle from said district may be moved to the noninfected area in the Territory of Oklahoma after inspection and upon the written permission of an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry. All eattle from the quarantined district destined to points outside of the States and Territories above named may be shipped without inspection between November 1 and January 31, inclusive (the open season), without restrictions other than may be enforced by local regulations at point of destination. Cattle from the infected district going to slaughter during the closed season can not be driven, but must be shipped by rail or boat. The waybills and cars are marked “Southern cattle” when they cross the boundary line, and when they are unloaded for feeding, watering, or sale they are placed in pens set apart for such animals and into which native stock is not allowed to go. The ears and boats which have transported such cattle must be cleaned and disinfected before native stock can be carried. By these simple regulations the disease has been practically pre- vented in the noninfected district during the past several years, and little or no hardship has been caused to those shipping or handling cattle from the infected district. This suecess is one of the best illustrations of the value of proper regulations made in accordance with the principles of veterinary science and intelligently adminis- tered. NAGANA. Nagana, also called tsetse fly disease, is an infectious fever occur- ring chiefly in horses and cattle, characterized by alternating par- oxysms and intermissions and produced by a specific flagellate proto- zoan (Trypanosoma Bruce?) in the blood. It is probably transmitted from animal to animal solely by the bites of the tsetse fly. This insect is something like a large house fly, and when it settles on a diseased animal sucks the blood and infects its proboscis, it is enabled on biting a second animal to infect the latter by direct inoculation. This disease is found throughout a large portion of Central and Southern Africa, along the low-lying and swampy valleys. It has never occurred in the United States, nor is it known to be present in the Philippines, but its relation to surra and the possibility of its “appearance in one of our island dependencies are the reasons for including a few remarks at this time. Symptoms.—The chief symptoms in addition to the fever, which is usually about 104° to 105° F., are the muscular wasting, progressive anemia, and loss of power, together with the edema most marked about the head, legs, abdomen, and genital organs. The urine is yellow and turbid, and occasionally contains albumen and blood. There is paralysis of one or both of the hind legs, difficult urination and defecation, labored breathing, discharge from the eyes and nose, 472 DISEASES OF CATTLE. extreme thirst, and gradual extension of paralysis to other parts of the body. The disease runs a chronic course, lasting from three to six weeks in horses, and from one to six. months inecattle. Besides these animals, the mule, ass, buffalo, antelope, hyena, camel, and dog contract the disease naturally, and sheep, goats, cats, and small laboratory animals succumb to artificial inoculation. Lesions.—The spleen and lymphatic glands are enlarged. There are sero-fibrinous exudates in the body cavities, the liver is enlarged and engorged, heart flabby, and a catarrhal condition is present in the respiratory passages. Pathological changes occur in the spinal cord. The finding of the trypanosoma by microscopic examination of the blood will be conclusive evidence for diagnosis. Treatment.—Treatment has not proved satisfactory. Quinine, arsenic, methylene blue, and other drugs have been used, but without success. Endeavors thus far made to produce immunity from this disease have likewise been unavailing. CATTLE FARCY. This is a chronic disease of cattle occurring in France and the island of Gaudeloupe, West Indies. It is characterized by caseating nodular swellings, first of the skin and afterwards of the superficial lymphatic vessels and glands, finally proving fatal within a year by extension to the viscera. The swellings rupture and discharge a purulent yellowish fluid, which contains the causative organism. This affection, called farcin du boeuf by the French, resembles cutaneous glanders or farey of horses, but is caused by an entirely different organism, the streptothrix of Nocard. Moreover, cattle are immune from glanders and for this reason the name, unfortunately applied to this disease, should not lead to any confusion with the cutaneous glanders or farey of horses. Although the disease has only been described as occurring in Gaudeloupe and France, the pos- sibility of its occurrence in our new possessions warrants its mention in this chapter. Treatment.—Treatment consists in making incisions into the swell- ings and syringing them out with 5 per cent ecreolin or ecarbolic acid. The cavities may then be packed with cotton soaked in 5 per cent zine chloride solution. The swollen lymphatics may also be bathed or covered with cloths wrung out in this solution. NOTE. The following are also infectious diseases of cattle, a discussion of which will be found in previous chapters: Page. Tetanus oii eel es Be eh ee eerert id allel ca A 9 areas Seana 000 White scour of Galyess-c8. 6 et i ee 000 Contagious:abortion! .2 2340.62 es ee eee 000 Infectious ophthalmia (pink eye). -jc<2. .. a. tno eee ee ee ee eee 000 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. By Cu. WARDELL STILES, Pu.D.¢ In a short article of this kind it will be best to arrange the para- sites according to the organs they infest, rather than according to their zoological order. It is, however, necessary to state that the parasites of cattle belong to different groups in the animal kingdom, which may be distinguished as follows: (1) The protozoa are minute animals which are usually not visible to the naked eye. In cattle parasitic protozoa are reported from the stomach, intestine, liver, vagina, muscles, and blood. In some cases the farmer will be able to recognize the diseases which these small organisms cause, but he will seldom be able to recognize the parasites themselves unless he understands how to use a microscope. (2) Flukes, or trematodes, occur chiefly in the liver, stomach, lungs. and blood. They are visible to the naked eye and look like a leaf or a leech. It will be a rare exception if the farmer is able to recognize them unless he examines the organs of a dead animal. (8) Larval tapeworms, larval cestodes, or bladder worms, are bladder-like struc- tures and may occur in any organ except the intestinal canal; they are found more particularly, however, in the muscles, lungs, liver,and attached to the caul (omentum) in the abdominal cavity. The farmer will be able to recognize them only by examining the organs of a dead animal. (4) Adult tapeworms (adult cestodes) look like a piece of tape and are seg- mented. They live in the small intestine, and are sometimes found in the drop- pings. (5) Roundworms, or threadworms (nematodes), look like a piece of thread or wire, and some of the larger forms look something like a white or yellow lead pencil. They occur especially in the stomach, intestine, and lungs, but are also found in the abdominal cavity, eye, spleen,and elsewhere. They are occasionally seen in the droppings. (6) Bloodsuckers are elongate worms, much like earthworms, but possess a sucking disk at one end. They are occasionally parasitic in the mouth, nose, pharynx, and larynx. (7) Tongue worms are not true worms, but are related to the ticks. They occur in cysts in the mesenteric glands and in the lungs, but will probably rarely be recognized by farmers. (8) Mites are small animals which possess three pairs of legs when young, but four pairs when older. They are parasitic on the skin and cause mange. Some forms are found in the ear. (9) Ticks are similar to mites, but much larger. They are parasitic on the skin or in the ear. «Formerly zoologist, Bureau of Animal Industry, but transferred, August 16, 1902, to United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, as Chief of Division of Zoology. 473 474 DISEASES OF CATTLE. (10) Insect larvx, grubs, or bots, are young stages of flies and are found encysted in the esophagus or under the skin and in other parts of the body. (11) Adult insects have three pairs of legs, and are usually provided with wings, except in the case of lice and fleas. TREATMENT OF PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. We may lay down the following general rules regarding treatment: (1) External parasites, except ticks and hair follicle mites, can usu- ally be killed by dipping. (2) Parasites which are free in the stomach ean be killed or expelled with drenches of a 1 per cent solution of creosote, or with gasoline. Drenching tubes (fig. 1) are more con- venient than drenching bottles, and, when administering a dose, it is better to have the animal standing or kneeling than lying down. (3) Fic. 1.—A drenching tube, made from an ordinary 10-cent tin funnel, a piece of rubber hose, and a piece of brass pipe, one-fourth natural size (original). Some of the parasites which are free in the intestine can be expelled _ with powdered thymol or with drenches. (4) There is no satisfactory medical treatment for any of the animal parasites found in the mus- cles, bones, nervous system, lungs,@ liver, spleen, panereas, or kid- neys, or for the parasitic worms which are encysted in the wall of the stomach or of the intestine. (See Stiles, 1901b.) (5) In connection with the parasitic diseases of cattle, therefore, we must rely chiefly upon prevention. PREVENTION OF PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. Parasitie diseases may be greatly lessened if certain general hygienic rules are followed as indicated below: . (1) Every ranch should have a hospital pasture situated on high, dry ground, well drained, and without any pools or ponds; it should aSee, however, Verminous bronchitis, p. 492. = ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. AT5 be supplied with raised troughs for watering and feeding, and the water supply should come from a well or a spring. This pasture should not drain into any pasture in which healthy stock are feeding. (2) As soon as any sick animal is noticed in the large pasture it should immediately be separated from the healthy stock and taken to the hospital pasture. To allow sick animals to run at large with healthy stock means deliberately to permit the spread of infection in the pastures and thus to endanger the healthy animals. (3) Proper watering places should be supplied in the large pastures by digging wells and erecting windmills to pump the water into tanks. These tanks should be raised above the ground, so that they can not become contaminated by the washing of animal droppings into them by rains and floods. (4) Select high, sloping ground for pasture when this is possible. Low pastures should be properly drained. (5) Burn the pastures regularly, thoroughly, and systematically. The heat from the burning grass will kill many of the eggs and young worms on the grass, the ground, and in the droppings. (6) As parasites are more fatal to young animals than to old stock, a liberal supply of oats or some similar food will aid in giving to young animals strength, which will enable them to withstand the infection. A daily allowance of, say, half a pound of oats per lamb ought to reduce the mortality. At first the animals may not be inclined to eat it, but they will soon become accustomed to it. This simple precaution is reported as very effectual in New Zealand. (7) Keep plenty of salt accessible to animals. Some men add slaked lime to the salt. Asa matter of experience, salt kills many young worms. (8) Kill all stray and ownerless dogs, and kill all wolves, coyotes, and other wild canines. These animals transmit several serious diseases to live stock as well as to man. (9) Prevent the fodder and drinking water from contamination with human feces, and never build privies near stock pens or stock yards. (10) Encourage the breeding of toads, frogs, and carp in districts which are subject to floods and overflows. These animals will decrease liver fluke disease by destroying the parasites in their young i stage and by feeding on snails, which serve as intermediate hosts. LITERATURE ON ANIMAI PARASITES OF CATTLE PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. As this article is necessarily very short, references for the more important parasites are given to other publications issued by the Department of Agriculture and:in which the parasites in question are described in more detail. Some ef these publications are now out A6 DISEASES OF CATTLE. of print, but can be consulted in the State experiment stations and various libraries. CURTICE, COOPER. 1890.—The animal parasites of sheep. 222 pp., 36 pls. 8°. (U. S. Dept. Agric.) [W*.]¢ [Edition exhausted. ] HICKMAN, RICHARD WEST. 1902a.—Description and treatment of scabies in cattle : eee Line \ Cy 4 a a n ., Dale ; vs a he wif e aarie 7, ra Re i aed ; mS i “‘ - Fi 5 ,) 2) a ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 493 PARASITES OF THE CHEST CAVITY. THREADWORMS. Threadworms (Filaria cervina) occur in both the chest and the abdominal cavity, but no serious trouble has been attributed to them. (See also ‘‘ Parasites of the eye,” p. 482.) Treatment.—There is no treatment. PARASITES OF THE BLOOD. BLOOD FLUKES. Blood flukes (Schistosoma bovis) cause bloody urine. These para- sites are about one-half to three-fourths inch in length and live in the large veins. They are not known to occur in North American cattle. (See Stiles, 1898, pp. 58-64.) PROTOZOA. Texas fever (p. 481) is caused by a protozoon named Piroplasma- bigeminum, and several other diseases of cattle, such as surra and nagana (fortunately not present in North America) are caused by parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. (For Texas fever, see Smith & Kilborne, 1893; for surra, see Salmon & Stiles, 1902.) PARASITES OF THE MUSCLES, CON- NECTIVE TISSUE, AND FAT. LARVAL TAPEWORMS, MEASLY BEEF. Small larval tapeworms (Cysti- cercus bovis) about the size of a pea are found in the muscles, es- pecially the muscles of the jaw, tongue (fig. 12), and heart of cat- tle. These parasites represent the larval stage of the common large tapeworm of man. Cattle become infected from fodder or water Fic. 12.—Section of a beef tongue heavily in- fested with beef measles, natural size (orig- which is contaminated by the — jnaj), feces of persons harboring the adult tapeworm. It is rare that an infection can be recognized in live cattle, but occasionally this is possible by examining the under surface of the tongue. Treatment.—Treatment is impossible. Prevention.—Do not place human feces where they can contaminate the fodder or water. (See Stiles, 1898, pp. 71-89.) 494 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ROUNDWORMS., Trichiniasis is very rarely present in cattle, and can be practically ignored when dealing with these animals. It is contracted by eating meat containing the larval stage of the parasite (Trichinella spiralis). A peculiar roundworm (Gnathostoma hispidum), which is parasitie in the stomach of hogs, has been reported once from the fat of cattle. PROTOZOA. Elongate protozoa, belonging to the group Sarcosporidiida, are com- mon in the skeletal and heart muscles of cattle, but are not known to produce any serious symptoms. PARASITES OF THE BONES. LARVAL TAPEWORMS. These are rare in the bones of cattle. (See p. 488, under ‘‘ Parasites of the liver and gall bladder.’’) PARASITES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL COLUMN. LARVAL TAPEWORMS. Bladder worms (Caenurus cerebralis) inhabit the brain and cause ‘‘oid,” or turn-sick, but I have never seen any specimens of this parasite collected in the United States. These cysts represent the larval stage of a tapeworm found in dogs. Treatment.—The only treatment is by cutting out the parasite, and this operation should be done by a veterinarian only. (See Stiles, 1898, pp. 108-112.) GRUBS. Grubs are occasionally found in the spinal canal or in the brain cavity of the skull of animals. The recognition of their presence in living animals is practically impossible. MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE.’ By JoHN R. Monier, A. M., V. M. D., Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry INTRODUCTION. Regularly, during the summer and fall of the past five years, numerous letters have been received by this Bureau relative to the existence of a disease affecting the mouths and feet of cattle in cer- tain Eastern and Central Western States. These reports have been unusually frequent this season and indicate that the malady has made its appearance in the Southwest, where it has caused much alarm among the stockmen owing to its similarity to the foot-and-mouth disease of Europe and to the fear that the contagion of this latter disease had spread to them from the recent outbreak in New England. The disease, which is to be discussed under the name of mycotic stomatitis, has been carefully investigated by this Department on various occasions, and it is with the view of giving the results of these clinical investigations as well as to assert its noninfectiousness and to differentiate it from the virulent foot-and-mouth disease, which it so closely simulates, that this article is prepared. NAME AND SYNONYMS. The name stomatitis signifies that there is present in the affected animals an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. This inflammation, which quickly develops into ulcers, is one of the principal and most frequently observed lesions. Mycotie stomatitis refers to that form of stomatitis which results from eating food con- taining irritant fungi. Thus the name not only suggests the cause of the disease, but also indicates the location of the earliest and most prominent symptoms. Other names which have been applied to this disease by different writers are sporadic aphthze; aphthous stomatitis; sore mouth of cattle; sore tongue; benign, simple, or noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease; mycotic aphthous stomatitis; and sporadic stomatitis aphthosa. “This article was also issued as Circular No. 51, Bureau of Animal Industry. The necessity for this information appeared too late to allow of its inclusion in its proper place in this volume. 495 496 DISEASES OF CATTLE. CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE. Mycotie stomatitis is a sporadic, or noninfectious, disease which affects cat.» of all ages that are on pasture, but more especially milch cows. It is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth, producing salivation and inappe- tenee, and secondarily affecting the feet, which become sore and swollen. Superficial erosions of the skin, particularly of the muzzle and of the teats and udders of cows, may also be present, with some elevation of temperature and emaciation. CAUSKE. This disease, as its name indicates, results from the eating of forage containing fungi or molds. It is probable that more than one fungus is involved in the production of this disease, but no particular species has been definitely proved to be the causative factor. Several attempts have been made by the writer to determine the exact cause and also to transmit the disease to other animals by direct inocula- tion, but with negative results. Suspicion, however, has been directed by various observers to the Uromyces and the red and black rusts that oceur on eclovers. These fungi cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth, producing sometimes a catarrhal, at other times an aphthous, and oceasionally an ulecerous stomatitis. The fungus of rape, ete. (Polydesmus excitiosus), is very irritating to the mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and in some instances producing symptoms that have been mistaken for foot-and- mouth disease. The fungi (Penicillium and Pueecinia) found on grasses have also been credited with the production of stomatitis. The fact that this disease disappears from a locality at a certain time and reappears at irregular intervals would suggest the probability that certain climatic conditions were essential for the propagation of the causative fungi, since it is well known that the malady becomes prevalent after a hot, dry period has been followed by rain, thus furnishing the requirements necessary for the luxuriant development of molds and fungi. Owing to this fact the disease is observed in one locality during one season and in an entirely different section another year, but reappears in the former center when favorable conditions prevail. In this way the affection has occurred at irregular intervals in certain sections of both the United States and Canada. SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS. Among the first symptoms observed in mycotic stomatitis are ina- bility to eat, suspension of rumination, frequent movements of the lips with the formation of froth on their margins, and in some cases a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. There is a desire to eat, and fre- quent attempts to take food are made, but prehension is very difficult. MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE. 497 If, however, food is placed on the back of the tongue it is readily masticated and swallowed. If the mouth is examined at this time it will be found red and hot, and exceptionally small blisters will be seen, which, however, quickly become eroded and develop into’active uleers varying in size from one-eighth to 1 inch in diameter. Where several ulcers have coalesced a large and irregularly indented patch is formed. These erosions are most frequently found on the gums around the incisor teeth, on the dental pad, inside the lips, and on the tip of the tongue, but they also oceur on the cheeks, interdental space, and dorsum of the tongue. The ulcers have a hemorrhagic border, a depressed suppurating surface, and contain a brownish or yellowish colored débris, which is soon replaced by granulation tissue. As a result of this sloughing of the tissues and the retention of food in the mouth, a very offensive odor is exhaled. The muzzle becomes dry and parched in appearance, which condition is shortly followed by erosions and exfoliations of the superficial layer of the skin. Adherent brownish crusts and scabs form over the parts, and similar lesions are seen around the nostrils and external surface of the lips. In some cases there are associated with these alterations a slight swelling and painfulness in the region of the pasterns, at times affect- ing the fore feet, at other times the-hind feet, and occasionally all four feet. In a few cases the swelling may extend above the fetlock, but it has never been observed above the knee or hock. The skin around the coronet may occasionally become fissured and the thin skin in the cleft of the foot eroded and suppurated, but without the formation of vesicles. As a result of these feet lesions, the affected animal may assume a position with its back arched and the limbs propped under the body as in a case of founder and will manifest much pain and lameness in walking. If it lies down the animal shows reluctance in getting up and, although manifesting no ineli- nation to move about, when forced to do so there is more or less stiff- ness and a tendency to kick orshake the foot as if to dislodge a foreign body from between the claws. In some outbreaks the milch cows have slight superficial erosions on the teats which at times extend to the udder. The cracks in the skin are filled with serum and form brownish colored scabs. The teats become tender and the milk secretion diminishes; in some eases it dis- appears. . RE Ds ANE EES Ree SEE JV RY J 33 Achorion schonleinti, fungus causing Tinea favosa ____...-_-------------- 332 Acids— mineral, poisoning, description and treatment ___..______.___._-__-_-- 59 DoIsOnine deseription‘and treatments 22 eee = te eee 59 vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment_-.___.__.___-_--__--__- 60 Aconite poisoning, description and treatment- -__.._-____.----------.------ 64 Actinomycosis— description, prevention, and treatment ______---..--_.--2-----.--.- 427-436 InTrelatlonetOspubliG healuhome et. oe ose ee eee Se eee ae 434 of jawbones, description and treatment_-____._____..---.-----.---.4-.- 18 Sys PUOTaS Ale: TROALITC He soot ek > RAE a OO > AD 21 AT EeNOMaA Md CSErip TON CN ei aN ae ey ee wey ao AE) ee dll Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson _____________._- 9-13 Afterbirth, retained, causes, symptoms, and treatment._________--___.___- 216 Agriculture, Department, literature published on animal parasites of cattle. 475 Air— or gas under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment__-_-___-__- 333 tubes of lungs, parasites affecting, description and treatment ____-_-___ 492 Albumen in urine, description and treatment -._.._--_-.---.---2---2-2.-2: 119 Albuminuria, description and treatment-_-_____._.--__- Sle eS 119 Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment---..--..---.---.------------ 60 502 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Page Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment_-_______________-_- PoE = rere 348 Amphistoma tuberculatum of small intestine -___-_.--..-_---------------- 486 Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and,treatment ----.--.-.---------------- 146 Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment_______-_____-____- 329 Anesthesia, uses in.operationss.i2 22: = 9 See 285 Anonurism, description... 22.5226 soe eo eee 82 Anpioma tumor, deseripilonys 2c. 222222 22a. ee ee 310 Animal— parasites of cattle, chapter by Ch. Wardell Stiles _______________---- 473-494 parasites of cattle, literature published by the Department of Agricul- turers... 2 Sse ee ee ee eee 475 products, poisonous, description and treatment--_-___ ._-- Mie il ela 67 Anthrax— Cause, SymplLoms eb. 2223-222 a sao Se ee 437-443 in Man, CESCriptiOn: =... 220-4. esa ee ee 443 symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc___-_----_.---------- 444 448 Aphtha— in young calves, description and treatment _______..___.__-_-_--___--- 259 parasite (Saccharomyces ablicams),, cause=----- -2--= += =25255--2 8 --2 260 Aphthous— fever. (See Foot-and-mouth disease. ) stomatitis, reference:.=-- 4c. ve ce ae eee ee eee 495 Apoplexy— cerebral, description and treatment! 2222-225 ee ee eee 104 description and: treatments. -232s) be ae ee 104 parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment_-_-__.--_.---...------ 222 Appetite, depraved, description, causes, and treatment_-_--.__-------- ---- 31 Aqueous humor of eye, description <--: $24. 4scohoa.sn- Sethe ee eee 341 Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment ___.__--_-_------ 56 Arteries— and veins, wounds, description and treatment-__.._-.._..-.---.-------- 80 obstruction, description and treatment_-__-__.....-.-.----.---.._-..---- 82 Ascaris vitulorum, description and treatment!) 22s 22222) ee eee eee 485 Ascites— causes; symptoms; and treatment. 552-5545 ee ee 48 description and treatmentics <2 4... S24. et) eases) eee ee 177 Asepsis'in) surgical operations... 4 ae hee eee 285 Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment_-__.________________-___----- 263 Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and treatment --__-_-._--------- apes ce 108 Atkinson, V. T.— chapter on ‘‘ Bones: Diseases and accidents”’ __.._..._...- ----.---. 261-284 chapter on ‘‘ Poisons: and poisoning” _ 2... 2-1 32.54 see 2 eee 53-69 Atrophy descriptions. 22's = See Se 6 a ee 79, 125 Auscultation,, definition 3.23! fae a5 ese ae eee ee = 89 Bacillus— cyanogens, parasite.causing. blueamille- eee eee 239 tuberculosis, causing tuberculosis “S252. 23). ee 398 Back. sprain, causes.and treatment: =2-44 5. 2 3s 2 ee 267 Bacteria— CADSING ADSCOSS' = - 2 ob ee eee 235 WenmitoON. 54.0254 22 eRe ee eee eee eet Pee er eee 358 Bacterium bovis septicum, causing hemorrhagic septicemia _-_._.-.------- 389 Balliofeye: Gescription . =.= 2222.2 ose bee eee eee 340 INDEX. 503 Page. Balissas;method of administering medicines. -...-2-- 2... =... =-i---.- 10 Bee and wasp stings, description and treatment_-___-.._-_---.------------- 68 Seer EIEMEOT A, CE OCT ED ULON: on ea Saeki 307 Big jaw. (See Actinomycosis. ) ESGES) GME OGLE Se Sea EN ee ater aie. . SN Semel ne er nis a 333 Blackles, description, cause, and treatment__._..----..---.-=----=-----=- 444-448 Blackquarter. (See Blackleg.) Bladder— ANG eka GNOYS.«pWalasltes atl OGtimne tol ae ee See ee Se oe ee ee 491 eversion. description-and treatment) 22 2.52.5 5222) 22 =e ee 214 or rectum, full} as obstruction to parturition) = ____.--.__._-2_.._2__- 176 alsyrot neck, cause,and treatment -- 5.55225] = ee a ee ee ee 127 akalkysis (Causes and treatment, ota s- ese ee ey ea ee 12 PLOLOZOa AllECUIN Es | See. aN ere ae Be ee Soo ae ant aes Ae see 491 rupture, symptoms -_-_-_-_--- ory EN ply eS et Far eh eee on 214 spasms. descripponjand treatmentinse=- 2-22 225- 5252555 oon eee 125 Stonersyilptomssand treabmenbti a? (ese aoe oo Le ay 139 WOLMS qitechINoy brain. Creaumemb se se.) 2 ee eee) a le a ee 494 WUOITES OES Cia ULOMN Shoat Muah cecil Nel 2 eo Me tei tee Al ly oath Ree 473 worms, description and treatment_____. ___- SN ere ae ERR ee oe 488 worms, thin-necked, description and treatment ______-----.._________- 489 _ Bleeding— GeESGTapD ONY sie Set el Se ee a ehee ese s Sel ea ne (ae ge aS 290 Geseriplonvand. STCALMOENMD 22 255). sees eae Sa eo ie ee oe 80 fromplune ss GOSeriptiOn) Ande brea biel Ue sees eee eee 96 EOMENAVe a Catse.dn Opbrea tI Clit eee y ae ee see ee ee ee 245 EFOMy NOSE, Cause ane. brea tment aes ame eee 32 Pee kee a ea 90 from womb, description, symptoms, and treatment __________________- 210 Blisters. waves, syamptoms:and: treatmentese so. ee ee 828 Bloating, causes, symptoms, and treatment.................---.---------- 2) Blood— clots on walls of vagina, description and treatment __...____....._-... 216 coagulated, under vaginal walls after calving, treatment -__-_-___- Sc ee TO description and aniinence: Of f00d 2. Awe 2.8 ones ee ee 72 fumkesa(SChtSLOSOMG OOUIS)), NOLn 222) oes ones seo ee ae ERC nd AE 493 HebuIMN OMG eSGIp GLOIe = meee Pe See ere ae REN Ur iatahe Seti wees 290 Patasibes atrectiaie. irerem( Kinds oo ooo 0 pe Ree 493 PEOLOZOALATCC COLNE pie cts eee ce Seley ga pek Se Ns naa ge a 493 VOSSEL SMa Cl OILS emp te aN iyel np MSR neg paren Lt Vpn or tee Seon ee sae ae yal vessels, heart, and lymphatics, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh__ 70-80 Bloodsuckers— GESCRUD iO lems ete one eee eee Le Nee te ne oe ees ee ees es A73 CeEScrippoOn. an dC breabhin CNG = ses oe ee OL Seen een ete oe ee 483 TREN EVILS OYCLS ye URS RRR Sa Nese SPT ee ei ear eee USN ts 492 Bloody— Tea CAM SOuaIM Ge LEOAUIMLOND 2 ce pe eee ee gael naan eae ne fer ner kl ei eS 239 unmc Cansed by mlood. flakes: i. 02 oe7 seek ed oe uncle ee ls 493 urine, description, symptoms, and treatment._______________________-- ily? Bn erasse nse A CANGO eo hacne he 5 Ne A al ee Pee ee Beet AL Me Whe SU Se oe 250 Blue lice (Hematopinus eurysternus and H, vitali), description _________- 480 ipinepmilik CAauso anorbreaLmMonb = 8c =e es sees ee he 239 504 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Bones— Page. broken, description of kinds and treatment ____. .-.____.-_-___-1__-. 268-279 diseases and accidents, chapter by V. T. Atkinson _______._________. 261-284 dislocations, description and treatment 222 22 so) ee ee 279 face stracthure, Gescriptionangstrea time mbes] ee a ee ee 27. larval tapeworms atlectine sof! 0 sr 2s Sa eee 494 luxations: description and treatment’) 79255. ee ee 279 manner ot nounishments. 25). Sk ae ee ee £61 nim. ber and description: 2.22 ano 24 ee Se es 261 parasites affecting ----------- FE See ne Do Se eee 494 shapes ClasseSice. . ees ne ae ine one Ones aera ee See ee £62 Bony tumor, deseniption and tr eatment ea AN lent ah I oe os 315 Boophilus— annulatus, Texas: fever ticks. 2222 ee eee eee 481 bovis: cattle tick 2o- AUN eso tien he An fae es ee ee 464 Bots— GeSCriptiOn’ foe 22 se oe Pee Se Cane Ce eee eee ope ee eee AT4 description and treatment “12h! S02 28! So ee eee ee eee 478 TELELENCO Soe he ee ee Se ee eed or tee ene a Se ee 483 Bowel hernia, dese pte and treatment sgl ead eam bite SER Ree eh tot ed Ln 40 Bowels— diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment _.__._____ .____.__-- 86-45 obstruction resulting from invagination, symptoms and treatment -_._- 37 twisting and knotting, symptoms, postmortem appearance, and treat- MVCN G eee eee ee eR ee re a ge ee 37 Brain— and its membranes, inflammation, causes. symptoms, and treatment __ 101 and spinal column, parasites affecting, treatment_______________-_--.- 494 bladderwormsattecting. treatment 222-2 een eee 494 Caviny and spinal canal’ scrubs altectime =") sess oe ee 494 Gonurus cercbralis atrectine, treabmemy 9255 - ee 494 concussion, cause, symptoms, and treatment.______._-___--_-.--- seco OS Concestion= description and thea ume my ee ee ee eee 104 GESCTIPRION Praha ne See See er ee ee ree ee ee 100 THIMOrs; Gescription S222 52 552225258) 22 Pe eee eee 110 Breach— abmavel. symptoms and treatmentha--— ose sete aa a ee 248 of titerus) cause and treatment =o! 5220. oe ae ee 158 Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion_-_____-__---------------- 244 Breeze tly (LOCO USIAtTOLUS) Ol Captle snes sa 2 oe eee ee ee 477 IBTONCHIAIECUDOS, DATASIGSS athe tlle te ee aa ree eae A477 Bronchitis— description, symptoms, and! treatmrembic. sp a a a 92 VOrminous. Cause aNd streabMemto 99 ye an ee ee ee 492 verminous, description, symptoms, treatment, and prevertion_-_-__-_-_-- 97 verminous, parasite (Strongylus micrurus), cause_-_---------------.--- 97 Buffalo gnats— description anid: remod yor 22s ra oe ane Seen eae ee ee eee 478 (Simulium pecuarum, S. occidentale) _......-.---.---------------4-- 332, 477 Bull, ringing: description’ 2-22-0522 ten a ae eee 287 Burns and scalds, causes and treatment 2s. = eee 333 Calculi— coralline, pearly, green (metalloid), white, ammonio-magnesium, silice- ous; Oxalate of lime; eravel, descriphionss=s>2ss-s0 == eee eee 135 INDEX. 505 Calculi—Continued. Page, FOLINE Wn diiterent: SlouahlONS= -2. so see S wee oe ee bee eee eS ees 135 mepropuee, or sheath, treatment? - 0. 2 2t 2 22S ee sc Sel 22 else 141 renal: description and treatments 232222 = See so a. Poe eee 136 mrethral description: and) treatment 222229_2 ees ae eee eee 136 MEITAT Ye CLASSiCAMOU, 25 2- e! c ome Hee eS Se Set ee eee eee shee eae 134 iMminainy. Cescriptionand Causesees- sess sees oe ee oe eee ee eee 128 murmany, ettect of different feeds’). 022. 22222. 8: eee Ss eee 130 Calculus— Mockins teats, treatment: 2-2. 2c 22 Doe ee eae Se 241 prevention. -_--_--- NE ee ee ee 1S vesical, or aorta potetoniat ana treatments: s. . 22 eee oe. 139 Calf— attention necessary at-birth 2202 2322.03.22. 8: 2222 eee eee 244 diphtheria, description, symptoms, and treatment --.._----.--------- 448, 453 dropsy of abdomen, description and treatment ----.------------------- bare Pas cause of Swolline treatment Yar, Deen Tae) SY See ee 178 weneral dropsy, cause'and treatment. {0.22.07 SEES Ae ces 178 monstrosities, descriptions, causes, and treatment------------------- 179-205 muscles, rigid contraction, cause and treatment. --_-_-----.------------ 178 slinkanowsdeseripiion. 222222 22-2 5232: PS Eee eee eee eee 161 tumors amecting, description and treatment 22222222" - S222 2-2) == eee 179 Calves— congenital imperfections, kinds’ 22-2_ 22-5 :see2. 2522: SIP 259 indigestion affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment -._____-------- 34 newborn, acute scouring, description, prevention, and treatment ------ 257 pyemic and septicemic inflammation, symptoms and treatment ------.-- 248 white scour aiecting 02-5 Psu le sass soe Se 2s SE ee eee 472 young, aphtha, or thrush, affecting, description and treatment_______- 259 young, constipation affecting, cause and treatment ____-_-------------- 250 young, diseases affecting, chapter by James Law --_-_-_--------------- 244-260 young. rickets affecting, description and treatment ____ _.------ .-- 2 tell) young, ulcers in mouth, causes, symptoms, and treatment ----_------- 20 Calving— dropping and palsy following, description and treatment __---------.-- 231 retardedby nervousness== 2 iL oss) Pee a a eee ZONE A ICETS. STE 176 PUVAUE DEL 2 et Se woe hs ss oe Se Seed Se ee ee See ee ees 17 @Wancer description and treatment= 222222222: See Saree ae 316 Papoleer eye Gecscripion.: 50-25 2) as 62 et Le) OR Ge ee a ee 342 Capsules as method of administering medicines. .---------------------- Lz 10 Carbolic-acid poisoning, description and treatment. --------.-------------- 61 Marocgnele, description {222 eer... O88 een rye Sit eh) see, ae 443 Carcinoma, description and treatment== 2 8=- sss -5 2 ee eee ee eee 316 aries of the teeth; description’. =). 2/922 es Ee eee 18 Carpus, description and treatment 222! '222) Were 2 28 Ss os Se Sees 278 Marhiiace Of Car, NECTOSIS directing =o 2o eos ewe See ee eee es eee 356 @arunculs lachrymalis of eye, deseription’: 2.22222. P 2 ce 222 eee 343 Casein concretions blocking teats, cause and treatment.-..---------------- 240 Casting the withers, cause and treatment 2222 . 22-222 22 2222522 2S 82 211 Castration— Of the female, description’ of Operation. == 2-2-2220 2 Use 2 eS eess ese 301 Gitihe male, description of Operation. -- 9 sJ2. US S°20 22s. 2 lS eee 300 Cataract, causes, symptoms, and treatment-____-.-.--.--..---------------- 348 Catarrhal fever, infectious, description, symptoms, and treatment Soe 453-456 506 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Catarrh— Page. description, symptoms, and:treatment.....- - . <2 2.222.252 22282 c5 eoee 90 gastro-intestinal, causes, symptoms, and treatment -.-----.----------- 82-84 malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment_-__------.--------- 453-456 nasal, description, symptoms, and treatment----_----.----------------- 90 Cattle— animal parasites affecting, chapter by Ch. Wardell Stiles-___-...---- 473-494 animal parasites affecting, literature published by the Department of of Agriculture =: 222... 2222222 ens See at ee eee 475 farcy, description and treatment -....2.._...... 49:s485224- 53 peeeeeeeee 472 fever, Southern, description, symptoms, etc -_._._-..---------------- 458-471 infectious diseases, chapter by D. E. Salmon and Theobald Smith -__ 357-472 Northern, immunization against Texas fever, manner ----_------------- 468 parasites, recognition, 220s. 222 Jon 2. 22 35 ES ee 477 parasitic diseases, preventiomw.<) 52. - 2=4etes2es Jee aoe eee 474 rabies affecting, description, symptoms, etc_..-...-.----=--=-----+-- 394-397 rules for treatment, of parasitic diseases 22,.q ac a4. o2.8!os80 See ee tumors affecting, chapter by John R. Mohler -__---_..-----.--.--.---- 304-319 Cecum:, parasites affecting 422.4 =242 isa eee eae i See 488 Cerebral apoplexy, description and treatment. --_-_--.---------------------- 104 Cerebro-spinal division, description... .: =. --.-.--1-_52 482-34 eee 99 Cestodes— adult; description. 4. .26.42- heseseb ees. testes eh eee 473 larval, description: 22: . 2s 2ece42ee Jo et Sees ee eee eee 473 larval, reference 4saeets nee Se eee eee ee sees Bee eee 491 Chapped teats, cause and treatment -...---------+----------- ee 240 Charbon— (See also Anthrax.) cause; symptoms, eter.ed see )).2 sete. Se eee ee ee 437-443 symptomatique, description, cause, and treatment _--.-------------- 444-448 Chest, dropsy affecting, description and treatment -__-___------------------ 97 Chicken mite (Dermanyssus galline) affecting the ear ____-_.------------- 482 Choking; symptoms and :treatmentjih iso ssece Sek. 429-8 eee 24, 292 Chorioptes symbiotes bovis, mite causing chorioptic mange --_-.------------- 481 Chorioptic mange, location and treatment. -_:-.-.22=.--<-_2 -32--2 eee 481 Choroid: coat lof thereyes description {tes ==. ae eee 342 Chrondroma tumor, description and treatment ------ -_--- se copay tee ae ee Sale 314 Chronic.tympanites, cause and treatment =....-....--2-..=--.-=22- 24229 28 Coal-oil poisoning, description and treatment ---_-------------------------- 61 Coccidium oviforme of intestine.and livers. o2-52--.--2- 4222.25.48 = 3-24 486 Cenurus cerebralis affecting brain, treatment -_--_------------------- ----- 494 Coital exanthema, description, symptoms, and treatment --_----.---------- 392 Cold in the head, description, symptoms, and treatment. -_------------ ---- 90 Colic, causes; symptoms, .and treatment).s: 222 Se eo ee 34 causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment------_-----.---------. 251-257 Dickson, William, and William H. Lowe, chapter on surgical operations. 285-303 Dicroceliuim PAancrealiCuim-—nOte) 32 a aan eee eee ee See 490 Dietetic poisons,descriptionie2¢ 2+ exGsossge: Suse eee eee 65 Digestive organs, diseases affecting, chapter by A. J. Murray --_.--------- 14-52 Dilatation and hypertrophy of heart, description --_--.----------------+-<=-- 79 Droctophyme renale. treatment: 526s 50 oe ee ee 491 Diphtheria of calf, description, cause, treatment, etc__--._-_ .----------- 448-453 Disinfection, methods... .....--222 2 fees: See eee ee eee ee eee 361 Dislocation of eyeball, cause and! treatment: S222 223 45"5= 42-8 ee 353 Dislocations of bones, description and treatment ____. ..----.-------=------- 279 Distention of rumen with food, description and treatment__-___-_--_--_---- 29 DiuTesis,.causes and. treatment. 2 nas) ees2 224. Bees eee ee 116 IDracuneulius medinensis, NOt. 2... 34 ee en ee 482 Dropping following calving, description and fread nity jie 9!fers) Bath eeu 231 Dropsy— general, of calf, cause and treatment _.-_-------- A apts apatite 178 of abdomen, causes, symptoms, and treatment --------------=--------- 48 of abdcmen of calf, description and treatment —_.__-_ _ 22222228 eee Lia otichest, description and treatments {e222 55 sn eee ee eee 97 of hind limbs and between thighs, during pregnancy, cause ----_------- 158 of membranes of fetus, description and treatment_-_______--_---------- 159 of navel, description and! treatment = 95 ee esse =e a ee ere 249 Of womb: descriptioncand treatments ere eee 158 Dysentery— and diarrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment (see also Gastro-intes- tinal i¢atarrh): 322-2 es eee ak es a ee Ee ween et eee ees 36 red, description, cause) anditreatmen tia: a2 h= 2222 - s a ee 486 Dyspepsia. causes, symptoms, and treatment-._-----.--.--2+-= =-2--2+-<=-- 32 Ears— abscess affecting, treatment __-____--252--2-42-J225-= gp eh re Peespaake eens 304 cartilage, necrosis affecting... 2-2... 2. 3-525. ee ee 356 diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower ----------.----=----- 354-356 enchrondroma, description and treatment - +. 2~ 522242224552 28 -4e-=- 356 foreign bodies lodging in, symptoms and treatment-.----------------- 355 frostbite, symptoms and treatmentess=4 _fa—- eee ss se See eee 399 fungoid srowths, cause and treatment 22 925-2 22a. ee eee 354 internal inflammation, symptoms and treatment---------------------- 354 lacerations, cause.and treatment = Sess ee ee ees 356 INDEX. 509 Page. Ears—Continued. parasites affecting, treatment ..---.----.------- sembherweeaeeidae eae 482 PRUmer ens Ane wrOatMonbs © 2625 ooo ee ogee eee ee oe leo = sere 355 BeEnnso bie k A OCNE, NOLO Mus.) ..tnesttew elo. abaqgobycis malice eet 482 Wiehamococcus, polymorphus, treatment....<- = 2. =+-4)-s=--- -2- pscvete seek et 489 Ectropion of the eyelid, description and treatment ._._..------ .---------- 350 Eczema— description, causes, symptoms, and treatment -_--...----.------------ 325 eEpizootle. TOLOTeNCe. =) = - Loe See wce wee oso te on pees eee ee 380 Edema— Gauses, symptoms, and treatment) =.= 2 =e see eb) jae eee 329 malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment ____._---.---.--.--. 456 Eel worms (Ascaris vitulorum), description and treatment_____----------- 485 Eimeria stiedea— causing red dysentery, description and treatment -___-_-._------------ 486 OtAntestine, OF LIVED 2... iene tenek Bee Goda cece hh ane Bt sé See ee ae 486 POR G ay Sipe netics Sut ot eet tags 5. Bary ieee eh. ote eet ee 490 Elephantiasis, description .._____. - es RI a th Fe nh ee ees 2 329 mmpliysema, description and treatment, ..-....-..2---..-<-2-+---o A222)... SRR aye eae ee a ees eke ee 47 DICLOCHEIMUM ANG NCRCALCUAN |NO LC panera ee = See ere as he ee 490 Gifieremby kad se 22 3 F8 oe ee e E s, eee 484 Gio lood emotes Pape} Ge wo replay oe Ria Recaro? hal enclt ye IRL agate 493 ofmiver. description anditreatment) 22 2) = ss yee es ee eee 489 MELCREH Ge eae Ak Biles brig at ela ae cule rien ree Bay uate . ayeh pheewaays igs 491 Foods and feeding, character, effect on digestive organs___________.______- 14 Foot— diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower___-____-___-________- 335-839 foul, causes, Symptoms, and treatment ________-222 2-2 22252_-2 2-248 336 soreness; description) and treatment! 4. ssy22 42-28 5. ee 335 Foot-and-mouth disease— benren. simple sor nonimtechouses..--2.- 4.2 =__ eee ee See eee description, causeysymaptoms, ete A: eve leds aides Sassen ahs ete 380-387 Foot rot, causes, symptoms, and treatment _______._____-----_-_----__-_--. 336 Forage, insects on, description of poisonous effect ___________- Ug npn ope 68 BloTestinies) (E7ppobosca),, aftecting cattle ea 595.2405 Dae se seh 77 Foul in foot, causes, symptoms, and treatment_____.._ .-.-------_--------- 336 Founder, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment_____--____----____- 335 Fractures— below hock and fetlock, description and treatment_-__-_____-____------ 278 compound, comminuted, and complicated, general symptoms ___.-._--- 269 description of different kinds and treatment ___-_._---.-------------- 268-279 Peneralmneahmem tts 4s ee A ote a ol ee ee a 269 of face bones. description and treatment _------ ie Na NR Rae eeeseeny, 27 of hip point. causesand treatment ==) Se ee) Fe eee 277 OLihorns description and treatments 5 sass see eee See eee 27 of limbs, description and appliances for treatment __.________-_-___- 278, 279 519 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Fractures—Continued. Page. of lower jaw, cause-and-treatment......--2 APS ee ee ee 275 of metacarpus and metatarsus, description and treatment -_----------. 27 of pelvis, description and treatment... __._.._ eee 175, 276 ofribs,-causeand treatment .-3_42 +... 4 ee ee ee eee ee 278 of spinal column. description and treatment -------.------------------ utd of ‘vertebra, description and treatments 2932 2U2_2 oe eee 275 special, descriptions and treatment - ----------.---.------------------- 268 Frostbites— of ears, symptoms and treatment-_--_..-.-_------ haste a Oe 355 treatment a4. ee eo i en eee 33: Funei, poisonous; description Of poisoning, --2___--- <---> 67 Fungoid growths of the ear, cause and treatment - ---------------.-------- 354 Fungus hematodes— e Gausetandtreatm enito2ess3 a5 er se oe ee 352 description 4538 2 as~ See eos eo Saat seh SE Se 316 Furunculus, causes, symptoms, and treatment_-__--._. .--- ---.----+------- 328 Gadfly. Tabanus atratus) offeattile ts: (GS Salni ll es pe a eee 47 Gall bladder and liver, parasites affecting, kinds and treatment -_--_------- 488 Gamasus auris affecting the ear ---.------.------ Hp LAs | LAR. Se 482 Ganglionic division of the nervous system --_-_.._-_------------------------ 101 Gangrenous septicemia, symptoms and treatment-__--_-------------------- 456 Garget, description‘and treatment lee! 2 22 a os ee 231 Gas— in) calf: cause or swellings treatment. 222 _2 2222-54-58 eee eee ae 178 or air under the skin, symptoms and treatment ----:.-.--------------- 333 Gastro-enteritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment ---.-...-.-----.2---.---- 35 Gastro-intestinal catarrh, causes, symptoms, and treatment ---.----------- 82, 34 Generative organs— diseases, Chapter by James Waw 2.15. .22.5.225 5.62 ee 144-209 discussion 2s, Ss) Se a Se he Rotter dae pee gee 144 Genital organs, vesicular eruption affecting, description, symptoms, and treatments 2. 2. SO ee en SS TS ee eee 392 Gestation, extra-uterine, description and treatment ----------------------- 159 Glands: of the skin, location andtuse S_= 2.26 -25_ aa eee 321 Globe of: theeye; description: _-_.-2 . yee sags Se eee ee 340 Gnathostoma hispidum of stomach of hog/t2go U2 20. 22e8 S22 2922 2es 0. eee 494 Gnats, buffalo— description and remedy. - 2 282.22 See. Te ee ee 478 (Simulium. pecuarum, S. occidentale). 2 sent ste teases ee 832, 477 Goiter, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment __--_-.---.-.---------- 311 Gongylonema scutatum affecting esophagus ~----------------------------- 483 Gonorrhea, description and treatment- 2220522 22 2st =e. 522 eee ee = ase ee 152 Gravel— description-and:causesesele Tot Lule . 1S2 eC EES - SE Cee 128 effectio£ difkerenbifeed staat Sy s50 eee. ee 8 ee ee 130 in prepuce, or sheath, treatment _ soc 020.2202. 22 2c ee See eae 141 Grubs— description. doeus..lk2 dete 0 ee ae AS SES Sete Be See 474 in-the:skine cee. tol See SE eee ee eee 331 note 2 2b 2c25. bee kee ea ee. Dae ee eee eee 478 of brain and spinal canal; mote:---2- 2-2 ees ee » Seas: See HAS 494 Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis), note---.------------------------ 482 INDEX. bis Gullet— Page. and pharynx, diseases affecting, description, symptoms, and treatment. 21-26 wounds and injuries, cause and treatment _._._........_...-.___.--._.. 26 Chins, Tolle aXo Sh opehepe ievh etsy: 1a Rel 6) rh 4: ee ea eee, ee ee 448 Gut tie, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment ___________________- 43 Hematobia serrata— Menaren LIC OMGnFOI Oy 2-220 Sth Ae salen NG Lass apes) SL 477 ONE CA Le SE coer eres Seen Se ee. ee teas seamen Me 332, 477 Hematopinus eurysternus and H, vituli, description and treatment ______. 480 Hemonchus— contortus, description and treatment __...._-.---._-----:_-- (Seen oe 484 Gsnerecg., description. and, treatment: <2 oo 22) ec eee soe 483 Peraiodes, LUNs, Cescriptlon)=su.c.A. Go tgerlas su ase eeen ease cece 316 Hemopiysis, description and. treatment. 2.522.425. - S oo 9 Hair— balls, icause 5.5222 se Nae eet la pee se ESE So Od al 3 COCTE PAD Us ieee eee ee a re ek Se Nae Se OSES. 31 CIES COUT. 0 a a Oe ee eee en ape nee Pe eee MEE, PB 320 Harbaugh, W. H.— chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics”? ___.____ 70-83 chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of the nervous system’”’.________.--22-._------- 99-110 Haw, inflammation and enlargement, description and treatment _________- 353 eal vAeepUp Ie relation Of aAchiOMmyCOsis) = o-—ss a= ee ee eee ae 434 Heart— blood vessels, and lymphatics, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh__________- 70-80 PES IA IOM: Ase wih ob Po ee oil ore AA Rae ee ES eS 7 dilation.and ‘hy pertrophy,,.deseriptiony, 2222-2 22-2 25 een oe i LS 7 fathy dereneration, deseri ptione es aneee eee eB ff ENA OMeRATINUNO 02. ces. ie) ee ali seh ah tT Ny re injury by foreign bodies, description, symptoms, and treatment__-_____ 75 MID lAceHIenL,CLEserip tion > 2: area DL RE ae bee og a oye 79 muscles, protozoa (Sarcosporidiida) affecting_________-_ SEEN see? 494 Palpitations descrip tloniwsos- Le Yea ee Se Ne eee es a 74 GHEE OD COSC TEI IOLL) <5. a i oh Vee SR Pe ec eel 79 valves, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment ______.___________- 78 Heat prostration, symptoms and treatment__-_-_-_--_-._.-.. 2.22222 4..---2. 105 Peawensacserpiion-ang-Areatment 2. 225.2222 2.20.22. cede ce ee 96 fveiaies (la yoodernia 001s) Of cattle... 2 2b ATT eel, ulcerations, causes, ‘and treatment. ._.... 2 ..~ 2. 2225 224132 2eenek eee 337 Hemaglobinuria, description, symptoms, and treatment___________________ 117 Hematuria, description, symptoms, and treatment _____.___. _.__.________- 117 iamopiysis, description and-treatment \ 2. . 222-9. coe eee 336 split, deseription-and-treatmrent <2: *.5 2* +2222 s22s2i 22 eae) eee 338 wall, fissure affecting, description and treatment_______________-.___-- 338 wounds-and pricks; treatment: #222 222 tw. les 552 eo ee ee eee 338 Hornily (ac@matobia serrata), teterencen. aera a eee 332, 477, 478 Hortis, fracture, description ‘and ‘treatment. _* 222 22-__ 120-22 _ ee 27 Hoven, causes, symptoms, and treatment-____-_- een au i re ia 26 Hydatids— ; and flukes affecting ‘the lungs: refercwtce: S222 2222 ee sae eee 492 description, and treatment?. 2222) 22 122 See eee ee eee eee 488 ireainment) = . 22200 ey SAP ESS ee ee ee ee 489 Hydrocephalus, description and treatment __-___-+-._.._-_--:_22.+-L-t2 2. 17 Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.) ; Hydrothorax, deseriptiomand treatment. --"2 9) 22a) coon oe eee 97 EPyciene or premmantcOw 22222202 & Shes = oo ee eee ee ee 156 Hycromatas deseriptionand treatment 2 = 928 eee oe a eee 317 Ely perplasias reference: 222 i2iicle:. {ft tsccsee2 ee eee 304 Hypertrophy— andvatrophy;:déscription’ 22224: 226242 222 ss = ee ee eee 125 and dilatation*of the heart, deseription 9222225522 225 eo ee ee Ta Hypoderma— bovis: and Hs lineatasreference- 202 oe oe er eee 47 reference pir) 25. SS rs eee se ee 483 Immunization of Northern cattle against Texas fever, manner ________--__- 468 Impetigo, description, causes; and*treatmiemt - 922252) = an- one ee 327 Incised wounds; description and treatment 2 !__ ==" ee ee 295 Incontinence-of urine cause and treatmenhe 222 16 oe ee ee ee ne eee 27 Incubation period of infectious diseases _________________- oe ae Ae ate i 359 Indigestion— caused by distension of ramen with food, description and treatment- -- 29 causes; symptoms; and treatment) 222022 22.22 ee ee 32 from drinking cold water, causes, symptoms, and treatment ----_----- 33 in calves, causes, symptoms; and treatment_-.-.-...-2-2----222--2222- 30 in young calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment -___..---.---- ee eee 250 Induration— of mouth of womb, description and treatment ___.______..__-._-__---- 173 of tongue; symptoms-and: treatment == +. 2222225222 32 eee ee 2 Infectious— aphtha, reference catarrhal conjunctivitis, symptoms, treatment, and prevention -__--_--- 344 INDEX. 515 Infectious—Continued. Page. catarrhal fever, description, symptoms, and treatment-----_--------- 453-456 diseases, difference in symptoms and lesions _--.....------.----.------- 358 MIREMeeSmconenral GiISCUSSION! 98 an ee se pee ee ee ee eee B07 diseases of cattle, chapter by D. E. Salmon and Theobald Smith aoe 307-472 Meese ese periomw OF IMCHDAGION, 282 520.00. (ees aoa toe a ee ae 309 MASEASESUnGALINGN b= ee ees oe ete were eee See ee © Cele eee 360 pee PEPOTONCE™ == ea oak So sete De tee ee ee dee 72 Renee OLmecdicinies: mManmmtenr- 2" PST a ee oe SE ee ae i Inflammation— and congestion of testicles, description and treatment---.--------.---- 149 and enlargement of the haw. description and treatment -___----------- 353 contagious, of the udder, description, prevention, and treatment ------ 234 of brain and its membranes, causes, symptoms, and treatment--------- 101 of internal ear, symptoms and treatment __--.--.----...--------:------ 304 of kidneys, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment -_.-.--_----- 121 Driver, symrpporrs and treabmrenrt lt LL 46 of mucous membrane of mouth, symptoms and treatment-__----------- 19 of navel veins, description, symptoms, and treatment --____----------- 246 of sheath and penis from bruising, prevention and treatment .----- ---- 151 OF Shreauh=causesandr brea LHOn bt se ee rN Sale Pee eee eee 149 Bisamleon ese EiGNOh. 95m eo ao eee ere a Saas OS eee 7 of udder, description, symptoms, and treatment --_-.-..--------------- 231 Of ummehus= Ccausesiand: treatment =. 72222 eee eee ee eee 245 oLuretira, deseriptiom and-treatimente 295 922-22 2 eee ee 152 mir Vaeina. Causes ane, Treatmenin 2 2 2ees) = ae 8 2) eee ek ee eee 219 OL ves. descriptiontand: treatment.) 22-25 5-— 22 2e eee 2 ee eee 82 of womb, causes; Symptoms, and treatment ==-—------- 22-22-2222 220 pyemic and septicemic, of joints of calves, symptoms and treatment... 248 traumatic, of the stomach, cause, symptoms, and treatment----------- 36 Inflammatory diseases of the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment. 323-329 Thus HEBUU TE Te ype sep tO Es 1 8 SG TL mag lee let nef a ese Po ae ule ta a A74. Insects— Su BIKES Sup 0 kod qlee een ie ei plete ice et Sd ER ea Ae base Se R he Nec 474 Geena cen CeseripnionOf POIsOMNne 2. leo ee a ers eee 68 Intercostal muscles, rheumatism affecting, description and treatment ----- 98 Interdigital- fibroma, description and treatment. -_...-...-.-.-------------- 338 Intestinal— iachipatashedamecwme, treatment —- ==. hss t te ee ee 483 DUELS sp Tan Ber Sia 2s 15 Gro sng Se a le ie Di Sea pct eas nck et a pk 39 intestine; small, parasites affecting, treatment _._.----.--.-..--=2--<. ----- 485 Intestines, roundworms affecting, kind and treatment-_________------------- A85 Intussusception, causes, symptoms, postmortem appearance, and treatment. 37 Invagination, cause of obstruction of bowels, symptoms, and treatment... -. 37 Inversion— Or eyelashes, treatment... 2.2 2.-.5-2--- RW EAE AS 2 ENS RS 349 of eyelat. description and-treatment: ~~) 2. .--.2- 2-52 22-2 226-2222 300 cer Gesernniten- lt ptt blared as me. SEE Bigniee 2 OME a Os 341 Itch— RGHEEEM COME ier Bete ees Sho, io Se Seer ee SP ee sae Se Cees 331 scab, mites, and mange, description and treatment -__-__-_-------------- 480 ens earia anid premmmernt. oo! Se ee Pe ee eae 322 INU OSEORIS® EOLCTOR COT t= ohh ! 2 ae ee 168 Noncontagious diseases of organs of respiration, chapter by William H. 520 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Page Noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease, reference __..-.------------.------- 495 Nose— bleeding icause-and.treatmentaes eee eae ee a 91 parasites affecting ;~ 22.22.22 24s eet eee ee ee 492 Nostrils, method of administering medicines Bae eee eee Ae eee eT 12 Nymphomania in female, cause and treatment--.----:-.-.-.-------------- 145 Obstruction— of arteries; description and treaiments=-== sees = =—— ae 82 of bowels, resulting from invagination, causes, symptoms, etc __-__----- 37 to parturition; by full bladder.ormectum_-----<* 5242-2 ee ee 176 to parturition, by masses of fat, cause ------ Li aie aah han ae Sn 175 (Hsophagostoma columbianum, parasite causing nodular disease, treatment. 485 Oidium albicans, parasite causing aphtha, or thrush -.......-----..------- 259 Operations— asepsis, important ::.2s2c2 eC Sas soes Jae see eee see eS eee 285 surgical, chapter by. William:Dickson 422222 225.235 sess 25 == 285-303 surgical, manner of Securing the animals —- 222-235 286 uses, ofaniesthesia»... 2: s2e.682: eee ee ee eee eee 285 Ophthalmia— infectious reference = 3425... ss52b 2 te eae eee eee 472 simple, causes, Symptoms, and treatment 22s: 925-2324 344 specific, symptoms, treatment, and prevention ---.-.-..------------3--- 344 yerminous tréatment.s S256 2a Be ee eee 482 Opium and morphia poisoning, description and treatment) 2-3) =5-=-=- === 63 Orbit— bony, necrosis affecting, cause and treatment -._--.----.---=----==24-- 302 fractune,.causerand treatment. = 0. 4s) ee ee eee 302 tumors, cause and treatment... 2222-2 23s ee ee eee 352 Orbital— and periorbital abscess, symptoms and treatment ------_------.-------- 351 cavity of-thoreye, descriptions. - 2232 8tee2s22e5- se ee=- eee eee 342 Orchitis; description and treatment... 2220-4: 2p eeess ake ee 149 Ornithodoros: Meonint, tueabmente: = 22> 22 =e eee eee eee 482 Osteitis, description and treatment. .-22.. 2.52 222 -6e ee ee 262 Ostéoma, description and) treatment 2. esl oon eee ee ee 315 Osteomalacia, description, symptoms, and treatment--.-.-.---------------- 264 Osteo-myelitis, description and treatment... 22... 22. - == eee o ee 263 Otitis; Symptoms and treatment .-- 2-2 2223-22526 --- gee ee 354 Ovariotomy, deseription of the operation 524... =... -22.----- ee 301 Ovum; inclosed, description and treatment..2s 2.2.2 206 <=2-5e25-2 eee 179 Oxuwarblessmeference: >. 2su 22M Yate Seeker ee Pains: labor wbetore relaxatlonlot passes Css se a= ee 173 Palpitation ofheart, deseriptiona.cs2: 36 Se oes eee 74. Palsy— following calving, description and treatment. .:.=-.=-=--=------------= - 231 of necks otibladder. causeland treatment. 22 een 127 Pancreas and spleen, parasites affecting, description and treatment ---. ---- 490 Papillary growths and warts on the penis, treatment----_------------------ 152 Papilloma, description and treatmient: 2-222 226 2 45 ee ee il Paralysis— description... 2208 Bae Se se ie 107 of bladder.causes andetneatmento.._2-sesso ss aeor ae ee eee 126 INDEX. 5Q1 Page. Paralysis—Continued. of hind parts during pregnancy, cause and treatment -.._--------. ---- 159 of rear parts of body, symptoms and treatment --......------.-------- 107 Paramphistomid=%, parasite affecting cattle __.........-...-.-.------------ 484 Beeamierda. Symptoms and treatment. ....-.......52- --2 .--- 228 ease. 107 Parasites— animal, of cattle, chapter by Ch. Wardell Stiles_-__________________-- 473-494 animal, of cattle, literature published by the Department of Agricul; (AULERG) ae, la Sipe eae ee ete) Ay oh Ets ie ois Se. em ee SA AE dc 2 475 Oracnlocomaine leads yap kaTiGS® 2. oa eee eo ae ees re 2 elo eee 491 of air tubes of lungs, description and treatment_.____._._..__-...-._._- 492 Gia puiNndgemi OL COCUM 2.0. tena Sencha eee ce eee spot ee eee 488 DMOlOOM MEANS es 2. ease Ser ed | eee a ee OLS aa ae oe ee 493 COME [AN ee eric aT ale ge ee ee cei Dame a Re Se age BE ial aes 3 * 239 COAE | OVOVES SISA aN 4 ge aes ca a ad ale ea le RE ee De 494 . of brain and spinal column, kinds and treatment -_-___--_____--- 2 ae OA Omenilen recOembOn= —- 2.22 2 | See pv BF ie OA an oe 2 el 477 Cigcar Manas anGetkeahmMenbes = 22. sce Saray ee ase 482 GhesODHaACUS ESGrptlOne oS. 5255.20 sa0eneeassseeen en eau. =e eee 483 GiVeyewkinds:andethkeatMmenteee= S905. 5 heme ae eee BS ree 482 Olinmiestinalitrach. .......-.--.-..-----=.-- 64 pencral.symptoms and treatment... 22252222. -22 225. 6-22 een eee 55 OTE COS ay Meee tor a a Pe, go A a ee ee kL oe ee 53 Poisonous— Eat OOsGCELU MOM. Of OMORIIE: = 22252 SL ee a Se ee 67 Danis Ad ESCH RONGIapOISONIM Oo ae se a oe eee ou eee 66 Poisons— and poisonimne..chapter by Vv. UT. Atkinson 22.22.22 2.22 ee 53-69 LES ORE C ROIBE (e110 11 en a oe eee pean es pee ia eds Se Sete eee Meena ee 54 Rae eR E IL TOIE Se Se SL Ce a. ee Lege, gat mee este Coane, 65 mu OT A ese ripe OM 8 Leese es bi ss ape 2 ea ee 56-59 ROS CIAO TNT as MOGIGINO- 2. - kent eS Sue ee el oes oo 63-67 PUG CEILS CLCUOIS,: ClLeCb.ON CAatiLO cae. oo. S22 oe oe ee Oe ee ee 14 Polypi, pharyngeal, description and treatment______.____-____._.....____- 23 Pabyps deseription and treatment -_...- 52. 2-2 ee 314 Polypus of the vagina or uterus, description and treatment ___________._.- 153 EER ORCTUNE bTU; OLE, Elleek ON Chios asses Pie ee a 15 Paigunia causes and treatment. <<" seston oo 8 ee 116 Poverty jaw and scours, caused by twisted wireworm, treatment_________- 484 Pregnancy— erannps Of nana Jim psd unin oi Causel ne 52) eee 158 Guratione 2.3. - ae By EI Si IO ep ple is Day Ry IE oR ae ae eS 156 (SUAS seo ee cs 2 ee ae ae ae 2 Ie ME Pea sae yy a 154 eee ah LETC BUN ON CTO) i... 4. ee Boe on oe ee eee 156 iEbnepuce .caleuls aiectine. treatment 222-222 ek 141 presentation Manural 9. 2 Ses ays hs eee Nie ee saad at SN ee eae afl Ericks and wounds of the hoof, treatment _...........-.2......22_-2 <-.2- 338 Prolapsus vagine, description and treatment ___._______.___.____.-_[_._-- 158 Proliferation cysts, description and treafment ......._...-.....-.- 2... - 319 Prostration from heat, cause, symptoms, and treatment__________________- 105 Protrusion of the vagina, description and treatment _..._____________.___- 158 Protozoa-— CEE DE AES 1S La ea nee em ee sD, he er MA, a a en ee nN Ay 473 CLSIANTT CAV Oe Res SAN ISS 55 Ey RS Ve SO Tge eR RRR ORS NTR 308 DCSE EPSRC. Ne ZNSE es eon St Gey ORR ep Oe MOIR A 485 BIE GIANG 6 KET AMA 0009772 RU ag Rea ee eT ein 2 he oe Oe Onl A er oes 491 (ONE [DELGyaYs LS TAVOKW 2\E Sie oe MUN END ele Reape Pee args Ph is OO Wale ete eer Cy 493 CMRF ET PRIMES LES TOGO noc ae age en tee are rte a a eee 494 BYE IRENE SS OVO 102 oe eS ee PPE TT NL) nue AAP te AeA SOE 488 TLE ETS DeS TCC 5 2) Seta ge ee A et Ae ae Gao AL aR, 5 Vly 492 Omsrieal Lm bes hiMO sKINGS = Sao = oe oe on ae ee 486 RunthiarecUsesial GibeOatmenies = os. vie hak ge Pee eee ee ee 322 Mee ICIP SEEEORONCO! 0 2c 20 = oS eg eee A IN eek 304 Psoroptes communis bovis, mite causing common mange __________-.-_---- 480 524 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Page. Psoroptic mange, description and treatment ---_.......-----------------. . 480 Pucinnia arundinacea, P. coronata, P. graminis, P. straminis, effect on GAttl. .ccwncosackoste se gee ee eae ee ee Sree a 14 Piles irritans, reference... 2 2. foe oo ee oe es ee ee ee ee 332 Pulmonary congestion; treatment <2 =.= = a ee 96 Pulse— description. 25. 3 s- cee ees tees oe oe See 2 eee fi examination: 2226... =) 2S 8 Seana ose Ie ee mean 88 Puncta lachrymalia of the eye, description >—..-. =-2222---=- =. ~~ === 343 Purulent periostes, description and treatment. ----_------------------------ 263 Pustule— description, 2. 2.6, 2st22 2 -ceee o nae oe oe ee oe oe a 443 description, causes, and treatment. 2. .- 22 2- = een oe ae eee ee 2) Se Pterysium, description.and: treatment,-—-- -222 02.92 2s eee 349 Pyemia and septicemia, causes, symptoms, and treatment---__---------... 387 Pyemic and septicemic inflammation of joints in calves, description, symp- toms, and treatment): 22222 2s. 22a as oe ee eee 248 Quarter-ill, description, cause, and treatment----_---------------------- 444-448 Rabies of cattle, description, symptoms, etc -->- ===> 2-222) == 2222 eee 394-397 Rachitis, description and treatment. 2..2-22-- 502 22222 264 Rauschbrand, description, cause, and treatment _-__.__..---------------- 444-448 Rectal injections, uses and methods .2- 222 s2 2 e2¢224 = ego oe ee 11 Rectum— TOaVeyel NOLL OVE AKShaaunanieyRevebaver TONVelONOaC Se oe we oe ee hoe eee e eS ens. 11 or bladder, full, obstruction {to parturition: =... 22-225. = eee 17 Red dysentery, description, cause, and treatment ---.-----------.---------- 486 Red water, description, symptoms, and treatment —__-__--.-.- 2.0 = __ = Heli, Renal -caleuli,.description and treatment.) =.= 52 2222-2. 2 ee a ee 136 Rennet, hernia affecting, description and treatment-.--..----------------- 40 Respiration— how? tovexamMine.. 22. oo. Seco See ee ee 87 organs, noncontagious diseases affecting, chapter by William H. Lowe_ 85-98 organs. methods.of diagnosis: 22-22 os ose ee 85 Retina of thereye, description 222 3-2 san: Sas ee ee eer 342 Rheumatism— articular and muscular, symptoms, prevention, and treatment- -------- 283 of intercostal muscles, description and treatment --_.---------. -------- 98 Ribs, fracture, cause and treatment 2-----2- 222-2. ------ eee See 27 Rickets— description and.treatment..2:.--0 2 -2--moe. eee eae ee ee 264 in young calves, description and treatment -_---_----.------------------ 260 Rinderpest, description, cause, symptoms, etc ___.---.---------- ee gees 375-380 Ringing the bull, descripiion. =~ ---- 22-262 eee ee ee 287 Ringworm, description, symptoms, and treatment ---_--- .. -.-------------- 332 Roundworm (Gnathostoma hispidum) of stomach of hog ----------------- 494 Roundworms— description: o.. 2522.6 Actes ee ne ee ee ee 73 of eye, treatment, 2. ook eee see bes Se ee 482 of intestine, nds. and treatment . 2..-=-- 22-28-22 cee See ee 485 of larynx. 62< set be aeons een Sa eee ee a 492 of stomach, description. |. £2262. -hec cesses ee eee 483 of stomach (Strongylus filocollis, S. retortefermis, S. Harkeri, S. oncophorus, S. Curticer) treatmont . - <2 2-22 ase ee 484 . INDEX. B25 Page. Roundworms—Continued. FI Mie Ce eR IIE EE ype ee et nh es a eR ees 494 CSpioprera Tenicwlata) in pancreas, Note 2 98. 222 2 ee 491 CSO OMUSILGTUNLGEUS) -TnlamyiliKe ose v= ee ee ee ee 492 Rumen— distention with food, description and treatment______________________- 29 hermiawd es Crip clOncan dl Causes eek. ees ne eee ee eee 39 DUM C hia Om ESCIND WONG se he Ste re pa ee ee 293 ESTA OTOL O UN Y CEST Tot O I a2 See ee a ee ee ee a 293 Rupture— OimnladderusyanptOM spe 2. - eka Se oe ee ees Bn ee ee 214 SNOatE, G@SSCEID OM 68 eo seh Aa a Oop Ns tae i OfswOmMbp scauselandsorestmentee 4 5-., o55 0) joes ae ooo ee eee 215 Ruptures— and lacerations of the vagina, description and treatment ____________-- 215 WESer HONPANUMCA USO utr ety ee Ot oe en eee ey eee ee 39 Saccharomyces albicans, parasite of aphtha, or thrush_________.__________- 260 SAliVAhOMTGAUISe Symptoms. and treatment 2-9-2955. 055525) 00) 0. see Wi Salmon, D. E., and Theobald Smith, chapter on ‘‘ Infectious diseases of CEU TG FeaE feeE aT Aare SL a eS Pape ee aS LI Dep Speen ge ely ENE a 3857-472 Salt, common, poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment___________ 62 Saltpeter poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment ___.____________ 62 Sarcoma cuIMmoer, Gescription and treatment .-.-5- 232 2 315 Sarcopsylla penetrans— DLO LC eee 2 orn pai soo ok Ls Fes See Ne Sg ari i Reet a = BE a 480 RGHCT EN CO nse ease Se Ace a ae eS Sd yy eo ae tenn ds eine 332 Sarcoptes scabiei, mite causing sarcoptic mange -______--__-..._--.__---_-- 481 Sarcoptic mange, description and treatment .....-......-..--.--....-.___- 481 Earcosporidida, protozoa of heart muscles .-.--2.........-2-.+- -22------5 494 Bapytiasis an, male. causerand treatmente 985405925) oo) ee eee 145 Scab, mites, mange, itch, description of kinds and treatment_____________- 480 SOD OID WER Re Na Sa a een a mm en SS lite A en Rr ye a Oe Sees 240 GTO SRELORON CCH 5 cep gestn. | ya Malem e gang eins Moe apo Se ete 331 StaldsiinGsputrnge Calses andotheatimentyssa. 4a: aoe a5 oe oe eee 333 SEhIShOSONG VOUS Gallse: Olablood yy) WrINe = =. = 22 eee ee ee 493 Pee eM CN CELp iON... 2-2) 22)... 22 Seis lek. oo ons oo eee ee 329 Bealetonc membrane Of eye, description _..:--.--2- = 2<-- 2a£---1 seh --2 eae 341 Scouring— acute contagious, in newborn calves, description, prevention, and treat- TEOVETA Ge Ss Sele eS ee eS eee ee ee eld a A 257 causes, Symptoms, prevention, and treatment__..._....._......_____.. 231-257 Scours— and poverty jaw, caused by twisted wireworm, treatment____.________ 484. catisess symptoms, and treatment) 2-2-2222) 52-2 2 bd MADER RI CIENC HMO 205 <0 te) D0 a bol ae arerey iet s e Sg R 472 Screw worms— descripion and remedy ——_2_- 9225. See se ee eee Se 5 47 Ge aN ae Ps ec 3s cS Ue a eae ey eee Ae ge a a oe aed 47 pcurt. Gauses: symptoms, and treatment.._.__-_.........------2+.~ 2-5-6. 329 ScuEsycars, causeiand treatment=,» 25 -24- o0. 20 ee oace eee ee eee eee 3090 Sebaceous— and dermoid cysts, description and treatment_______--__-------------- 330 AEM SLO Gab OMS a6 ie Sa oe eas a eS eRe cer 321 IT 26 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Page.. Seborrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment -._-__------.-- Sia ae oe ae 329 Secretions; how ‘toexamine: 252 ws oss ee eee ee ee 97 Septicemia— and pyemia, causes, symptoms, and treatment .--.--_-.--------------- 387 gangrenous, description, symptoms, and treatment _____-.-----_._____- 456 hemorrhagic. CAUSES. Sy GONNS iC tte ae ee 389-392 Septicemic and pyemic inflammation of joints in calves, description, symptoms,'and treatment. <== 5552-2 3-252 Soe as eee 248 Serous cysts; description and treatitient: °2-- =. 22 ee eee ee es 318 Setoning description and sess. 22.2 2 en ee ne ee 291 Sheath— and penis, inflammation from bruising, prevention and treatment - _-_- 151 calculihatkectinie treatmentherss 2. so ee 2 ae ae ee ee een 141 INHAM Malone CASES amo sbreabmOmin: = 52 se = es 149 Shoulder jomtsspraim: causesvand treatments.) see a 266 Simulium— meriavonatleomeabtle. HEEnENCCs = 422 42 = sae ee ATT penlarumietateronee oes eee Pa ee aed Se ae 382 necnarum and 'S. occidentale, references _ = 22 2222252555400 o see oe 477 Skeleton; number of DPones 223" oes pe on ee 261 Skin— deseription: Si sas seats PONS ee ee ie Se ee 320 diseases! chapter bya. ys Weusn O Vy eis ae oe eee ee 320-334 gas OL ail under) symptoms and treatment. sa 4955 so) ae ee ee 333 clandst location and useee lie See eee ee Se er Ne a av prubs aAiectiny es 22. Sly SO Re ee See es ce ee bbl inflammatory diseases, causes and treatment_-___--_..-_---------------- 323 method of administers, MmedelMesy sae. os eae e eee tee 12 parasites atiecting 2. YS is fe eS oe Se ee ee 477 secretions and growths, description, causes, and treatment__-_-_-_-____- 329-331 wounds, Kinds, description,-and treatment. -22 2-2-2 = = ee 338, 3384 Skull* fracture. description andstreatment). 4225 os6) a= see ae eee 279 Shnkino the. calf descriptions 2 2 32 eee 161 Smith, Theobald, and D. EK. Salmon, chapter on ‘‘ Infectious diseases of Gabler sea oc cook elie ap re earch A ae a eS 3857-472 Snake bites— and wounds of mouth, symptoms and treatment ____________.___-_---- 16 description, symptoms, and treatment ..=__.-____2 =_-_- = 67 teference: . -2 see ae ae Se he Se Ae eee, ee 333 Sore— mouth oficatile; reference: 422.2 AL Ape 2 eee 495 throat cause'and treatments. Blo se) eee ee ee 21, 9 tongeué; FeLeTeNnCe = 2 Sec ee ee 495 Soreness of the foot, description and treatment ___..........-----.-------- 535 Southern cattle fever, description, symptoms, etc -___--_.--------------- 458-471 Spanish-fly poisoning, description and treatment .__.____._---------------- 69 Spasm of the neck of the bladder, description and treatment .._-_-__------ 125 Spavin, symptoms and treatm ont asec ee ee ee ee 281 Spaying: description of Gperdionsees) = 2 oe ee 301 Spix.al— canal and! brain cavity,;erubsiatlectine: 225. 2 eee 494 column and brain, parasites affecting, treatment--_-_--...------------.- 494 colunin, fracture, description and treatment _-2_-- = =) === ee 275 INDEX. 527 he Page, Spinal—Continued. Ole enG CSCMUD ULOM = 5p eer arate eter eee ee 5b LE eae yee 100 cord, congestion, description, symptoms, and treatment._-._ ...__.---- 107 EOLOMBIGILTICS TO CSCTEDULOMc. am te eth oe ae oats = ee ee 107 Reiss Gat nici. BT CAUMIONE no Seq ees a+ 4 REE Oe 482 Beeoprecra reviculate in, pancreas, note... -.....+..---=-.-----Asesoskee 491 Spleen— and liver, diseases, causes, symptoms, and treatment---_---_--------.-- 45-AT and pancreas, parasites affecting, description and treatment--___--_--- 490 iniianimM ON QeSCh WON 227.252 25406 -S se. 2 ee ey ee eee 7 myenetic fever, description, symptoms, ete -_.---2-_ 22225225 22 ee se 458-471 RSIS mCLeSGTID WON. =2- 2. cee Se See ers. See eee See oe 7 Ah OoL, description and treatment) 9235 )-be5. 2550-28 ss5-- 5 ee 338 Sporadic— SO mune s TOLCKGN COpa aes ae eos ee ee eon, Saeki eg e e 495 SiomiatiicrgpMinosd. FOLeOrenee =... json eet eee eG Nob sae oe 495 Sprain— Omtcnock causes and! treatment... 2234.85.22 222s wee eel 266 Oahipnwexuse and. treavmMent 2 2.22255 4.28, Souec esas aes eee 267 ol: shoulder joimt..causes and treatments =-- 2-222" 22. = eee eee 266 Maciins. Gescripion and treatment 22.2. —- 53-2. 2-52 Se ee ee 265 PEMEMIO. GCESCEID MOM \ 5 = 2s eee SEL Sel oak a eae eee 349 Stable flies (Stomoays calcitrans), affecting cattle __...------------------- 477 Staggers, causes, symptoms, and treatment --_---_---.-.------<=-2225---5-+5 101 Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and S. pyogenes citreus, bacteria of abscess. 235 Staphyloma, description, symptoms, and treatment -___-.----------------- 347 MPS CAUSES! jac 2 < Sse sete ea earn ee ee 407 treatment 222 2 eon ee Se ae ee eee ee ee 415-425 Tumor— ‘ bony, description: and:treatment< 22/2 22552222225 eee bem embeett os 315 chrondroma, description and treatment-_____-__.___-_---_..._.-....._. “814 fibroma, Gescription-and treanment= 2255225) == See ee eens 2 312 hairy, on eyeball, description and treatment _____-.___-__-__ 2-2 == 349 > lipoma; description;and treatment=--- 20. - 822s oe 314 malionantiand benien,deseription— 952222226. 22 ee 307 sarcoma, Gescription aird treatment 925 2s Se ee eee 315 Tumors— affecting cattle; chapter by, johm R. Mohler. <= 2°22)" - "= 822s ae 304-319 andievats::deseriptionse ss 2228922 ses vs eer eee eee 308 Classificatibon = Sco eS 5 oo) op SE EO Es ee ee ee 306 deseriptionas3 2252255: tee: soe Seo ee Nene eee oe 304 description oflkinds <2 %5 eee eee oe ee Oe 316 GigenMOSsinias 1s 2 sees ete ke Se bape ee ee NL Bale di! SP pele eel ye 309 definition andidescription: .-=» 2 re ee eee 304 peneral treatment. >. 0.22 ee ee 309 of cali description and treatment === ae eee 179 of eyelids, description andtreatment= 232222222 ee of dudney.,,.deseription:" 22 522452 6S eee eee ee ee eee 125 of, orbit.cause and treatment: 22925 2255.00 By See eee 352 of pharynx; description-and: treatment. !2 2-8 2e2 ee oe eee 23 on: thesbrain. descriptlon.- 253.19 te ee 110 Turkey gnats of cattle (Simuliwm meridionale), reference ae te 2 ee ATT Turpentine poisoning, symptoms and-treatment--.-.-.----.-------.-------- 65 Twisted wireworms, description and treatment ________---.-------------:- 484 Twisting— - and knotting of the bowels, causes, symptoms, postmortem appearance, and treadiniont.:.2 s25s=tete tacos ie Skee See ees eee 37 of the neck of the womb, fr ass and treatment. = e's ae 174 Tympanites— acute, causes, symptoms, ao treatment 2-223 se eee 26, 32 chronie}icauses ‘and: treatment sto es cee ee eee eee 28 Udder— congestion, description and treatment): 22. 2222552 - 5222552) eee 231 contagious inflammation affecting, description, prevention, and treat- ment ) 2 scsee22 53 26 ee ae ee eee ee 234 inflammation, description, symptoms, and treatment------------------ 231 method of adniinistering medicies:~ 02 222 See eee 11 Ulceration ofthe heel, causes and treatment. 22) 522 a eee 337 Ulcerative stomatitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment. --.---------------- 20 Ulcers— in mouths of young calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment _--------- 20 of cornea, cause, symptoms, and-treatment’____-.- 22220-22228 eee 346 on penis, canse- and treatment —°. 2222 ora se ee ee 153 Umbilical— hernia, description, causes, and treatment _.......--25.222525----=--—- 41 hernia, symptoms and treatment: =* «set nse eee 248 phlebitis, description, causes and treatment. --___--------------------- 246 INDEX. 53-1 Urachus— Page. inhammmnatons causes amd treatiment. 25222222252 55250 te 245 persistent, description and treatment - ---- --- SR ie he ere eae ee 245 Ureteral calculi, description and treatment ___________- SPREE Ti 136 Urethra, inflammation affecting, description and treatment ______._______- 152 Wrethral-calculus, symptoms and treatment __..- 2 2 2 138 Urinary— cu MAC AMIGOS t= nis 8 8 et Os ee fe he ee ey ie es 33 CcMlcanenclASsih Ce bTOM =o. 5 SER. Soe Bee ee | ree eee as ee ae 134 GALemnMeseri phoma Catses: =a. 2.9. eee es Le See ees eee 128 calemiisetec ofdirerent feeds: Lo 2s 2 Saas eee 130 Gisenteanrs sy toMms: = 2 2 Ne er ee oe eee eee 116 Organs diseases. chapter by James Waw 922.5... -2 220-2 e ee 111-148 Pas eeel ey MOUPTRGECROE 2 et en ee ee So ae ce ee 111 Urine— albumen, desermption amd treatment —9 oe ee T19 SEAL TEPRMMPEHT SSC UTERO ee ee eee eae 114 AnAahyses UNGerGiiterentTanONs:. 2 oes. se ks oe eee ee 118 bloodyr causedspyplood fukes|]- 920s 2222 eee Jip Sa 493 blootty, description; symptoms; andctreatment -._- 0-8 7 2 eee 7 discharged through navel, description and treatment_________________- 245 excessive secretion, cause and treatment’ __-_-2_.-_-_2__--2--_________- 116 iNCoOMmUNnence ;ecAuUseranu treatment.=..2cec 22502 212 osee aoe a eee 127 IM COW APAN ANY SIS = 2.20)... 2° iS oS Se cee ee CE ee 112 ieetrReeaeneNNORIN: Sve Sc SE ee eee ee ea ee 113 Tretenvion. .ettect. cause, and treatment 2°22 252° 8. ee 125 RUrEam waserappions 5-2! “5. Sam heh Wire Ee eos ae | See ee 120 Uterus— hermmnarattechms, tcanse:and-breatment:s.-- ..--2.0--2---2 See 158 polypus affecting, description and treatment_____________________- Pee in) lt5,65 miicarma, description, causes:and-treatmrent.____ =. 2-2-2 ee 324 Vagina— clots of blood on walls, description and treatment__-____- keoape, Bi te ee ee 216 InGammr ati On. "Causes amd: treavMreMmh 2-222) 2S oe ee ee ee 219 lacerations and rupture, description and treatment_____._____________- 215 mMecimod OF administering medicines <2. $20- 2 5225 .22202 272 eee iil polypus affecting, description and treatment_________.______.____._.-- 153 Dromusron-deseription and treatment 2-220 i eae 158 Vagine prolapsus, description and treatment_____.._._..._-______-.2.---- 158 Vaginal walls, affected with coagulated blood after calving, treatment__.__ 176 Pein weoines ame -hierimMneny i. ek ne eee 219 Valves of heart, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment _____________- 7 Variola, description, symptoms, and treatment _.___..__.___________---_-- 425 Vegetable— acids, poisoning, description and ‘treatment. -_-__:.2..-.L-..2-_--_-__- 60 poisons as a medicine, description, symptoms, and treatment___._.___- 63-67 PED DS SS Sn ees Sg CA SO a eA ee AD tt oN A ER DS 63 Veins— and arteries, wounds, description and treatment___________.______- aoe 80 inflammation, description and treatment __..............-.--.-------- 82 Venereal desire— diminution or loss, cause, preventive, and treatment________.__.-___-- 146 exucrusivoausosand-treatmrents. 222 2no se eee. ee er ees see 145 514 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Page. Venomons.stings, reference! 42 4-2 6p 25 see eee 333 Ventral hernia, desermptionvandcatises say ee eee oe 39 Verminous— bronchitis; cause and streahment =o ee 492 bronchitis, description, symptoms, and prevention ___________________- 97 ophthalmia, caused by roundworms, treatment--__-_---...-_-------.--- 482 Verruca— acuminata and yverruca vulgaris, description ___-____-2._2227__ 2. 330 description, causes, and treatment?- 22) =5_-222---'2_ 2) = i222 eee 330 Vertebra, fracture, description and treatment _-__-______-_-----_..-_---_-= 275 Vesical calculus, symptoms and treatment: _-=_-.2-2=_.-3.-- eee 139 Vesicular— eruption of genital organs, description, symptoms, and treatment___._ 392 exanthema, symptoms and treatment-____-________- 2 Lo eee eee 392 Vitreous humor of the eye, description _________________---__- Ore St Ae 342 Vomiting symptoms, cause,.and treatments a-- 225-2) 5222) pe ee eee 30 Wall of hoof, fissure, description and treatment_____-_____.___-___-_-.--_- 338 Warbles— description and! treatments 275 oes Ose eee, ee eee 478 NOLO Sees a5 8 a ee Ee ee ae 478 OX, TelerenCe) 6 4. byte a a Se te Se 483 POTETONC Oe A PSs Hyde a Se nS gs 4s ee ee 331 Warts— and papillary growths on the penis, treatment .___________-----___.--- 152 description anditreatment 2.26.2 552 ee Pe get ee ee 313 description, causes, and treatment ots SS ee Ws oe ee 330 onthe: teats, treatment)... =... 54-2 = eee eee ee 240 Wasp and bee stings, description and treatment __-____-___-_---_-_----_-- 68 Water— blisters, symptoms amd) treatment se a en 328 cold, drinking, a cause of indigestion, symptoms and treatment___-___- 388 in the head of calf, description and treatment _______--__.------.-_--- 176 Wiens, descriptionvand treatment: 2... 06-8 ee 330 Whipworms of the blind -2ut,or.cecum .. (2-2 5 see ee 488 Wehiteiscomrioficalves\. 220 22228 so 85.5 240 2c ee ee cre ee 472 Wireworm, twisted, description and treatment-__.________-.._.=--_____---- 484 Withers. Castine. Camse arial tec time Tbe eee 211 Womb— and abdomen, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment_______- 220 bleeding from, description, symptoms, and treatment_.__...--_____-_- 210 dropsy,, description and treatment. .- . sos. = 498 sss 159 eversion. Gauseiand rea time mites. | eye ee eee eee 211 fetus developing outside, description and treatment_-__-_---- ees of atee 159 inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment ___.-__---.----------- 220 mouth, induration, description and treatment _____-..-.------------.- 173 Tupiure scausevand treat 2