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| U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
SPECIAL REPORT
ON
[DISEASES OF CATTLE
AND ON
CALTLE PH DING,
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
3 Dr. D. E. SALMON,
CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
Drs, MURR‘ Y, ATKINSON, HARBAUGH, LUWE, LAW, DICKSON, TRUMBOWER,
SMITH, AND Prof, HENRY.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1892.
bos DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
|, 56 ,BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
SPECIAL REPORT
ON
DISEASES OF CATTLE
AND ON
SA rLy FEEDING.
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
Dr. D. E. SALMON,
CiIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
BY
Drs. MURRAY, ATKINSON, HARBAUGH, LOWE, LAW, DICKSON, TRUMBOWER,
SMITH, AND Prof. HENRY,
| wane /
OF wasn oer
PSI )9,
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THR SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, >>»
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1892.
PAD LE OF CONTENTS:
; Page.
Leiter of Transmittal,
Bye EO SAuMON,, Chief of Burealh- c.2.< secs wscoen cose Se te eee. 7
Administration of Medicines,
IES yee Ate) Eye VURIVANYE | Mica © 5 Wis Sree ee ee ctare dra ere SS eats Oe 9
Diseases of the Digestive Organs,
yee IVb Aun Or VieiGue 20s su Sci Sr ee a 15
Poisons and Poisoning,
yt heglaten Vig wACTICIN SONG Vis Oaccric seats cee. aot cee ely eee Re ae 63
Diseases of the Heart and Blood-Vessels,
LSP NN a Te oT CASSSTBYA ONG I) SUIS a Re re ee ee eS 77
Noncontagious Diseases of the Organs of Respiration,
Byer TE LTAMG EDR RIB DR Ty OWiec..5 class aoe soos Sole sees ee ee eer 101
Diseases of the Nervous System,
EDymy ects LIAR BAU GHY) Vaiee 226 oc. 525 So ae Ve eee Karate 111
Diseases of the Urinary Organs,
Eipeeenmuisn PAW egies Co WIS! = 2-5 cbt wae Satan ee ee mes Seca 137
Diseases of the Generative Organs,
OPA TTS LIACWee Husa s Cai Vie) eyo eters eit SS oe ie ie eh ee les Es 169
Diseases following Parturition,
terest WANE AM Run ON. Seaeamises scans oats ceteoe ess eho. Sheol aes 235
Diseases of Young Calves,
TBSP LEANNA OSS SBN piggy) EA RO Nats ei ee ee ea 267
Bones—Diseases and Accidents,
En eal cl Cuvee ACTING O Nie Vie cates sm ema oe SS ee OT
Surgical Operations,
By the late Dr. Wi~i1aM Dickson and Dr. WiLLIAM Ilerbert Lown .. 301
Tumors,
Bye eee DAMS BRB MRTG O Wie. eet cfs a wo. ee Sek ci ol Ue 321
Diseases of the Skin,
Se iyeviok wr unto wit D: ViaGe sccm. oe eee SS by, See ae 325
Diseases of the Foot,
Esa as Vesa BEAU AV ECES © WHE STE) NU VPa SS esier est cra ee ne erage Syke ee ot 349
Diseases of the Eye and its Appendages,
yg Vibehae Wy RIUsVEs OWE Ree Da Vis Sis aese oe Somes Sacre slg he eee cals ee 353
Diseases of the Ear,
PS yg Vitel: se Teri O WAPI gD so VistSie i ei ear Oe IE ee eens eer ee 367
Infectious Diseases of Cattle,
Byers) eh OSE MON and ePHnOBALD OMIM. —- 25252425 scess 5-5 371
The Feeding and Management of Cattle,
pe Loner Aro HinNremcnen 6 orice annem ce ot as ak ee ieee ARG
VPLATE Ne
V1T.
¥ III.
vy.
iV.
/VI.
/ VII.
/ VII.
VX.
WON:
Px,
YX,
OL.
/XIV.
PY,
YXVI.
VXVII.
Oanse
XIX.
XxX.
XXI.
/ XXII.
vy XXIII.
JX.
Y XXV.
¥ XXVI.
VXXVII.
¥ XXVIII.
VXXIX.
~WXXX.
¥YXXXI.
JXXXITI.
¥ XXXII.
¥ XXXIV.
USRENER V
v XXXVI.
¥ XXXVII.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
dihespositivonvotsthesrum ens aem eee see ae ore ene etree
Stomach of ruminant
Miscellaneous—Clinical thermometer; simple probang; grasp-
ing or forceps probang; wooden gag; trocar and canula; sec-
tion showing hernia
Microscopic anatomy of the Jiver.........--..---..----.-----=--
Ergot in hay
Ergotism
Diaenamy Obhecincewlatione= eee ee ae ae eee
The position of the lung
Kerdmeygandssemenaisisye)| Oro al Sse aay eee
Microscopic anatonny: ofblie kadmey esse a= 4 oo see eee ae
Caleulivotsla dineya aids) add erases ees eae ee ee eee ee
Fetal calf within its membranes
Prec nalhiuibe nus wlohuc Otyledloms= ae et ae Herero aan
Wessels Gir iin een ores 5 eccedoce caso ceca soba aeuo soesee nose
Normalyposion Ot Calite MmiWbeLOr.-.cee Ne ee sae re er ee
A NHOLM De posiblOnsOleca lian UbeLO seen ees eee ce eae
Abnormal positions of calf im utero_-.--.-.-.2-..2--.-----2----
Twin pregnancy; abdominal dropsy of the fetus; crotchet for-
Cepsepclamp tor Care slem) eters wee, ae eine sas es = eee
INTOM SEROSUULES :aerert ser eee eee eae eee onl #2 anh aa re AN
InsiRuMMeEnmsiuse dein clastic wll belay Oras eee oe ee
Instruments used in difficult labor
SUP POLuS Or prolapsed WbeLss = eee oe eee een eee
SUpPoOLtssrorwprolapsedaubenl Sees sa =e eee ee ae eee
Instrument for opening milk canal; Bistouri caché; spring teat
dilator; ring teat syphon; gutta-percha bougie; truss for
navel hernia; iron clamp for navel hernia
Siceletompone thie: cones cece oe sare a eles Ween es eee ue
Devices for casting cattle
iRracheovouny, andevienese ction a sa- seen 45 5-2 ee ceases
SumeTca lems priments an qis mt mtese ssn men nee eee)
Bacilli and micrococci of contagious diseases .........---.----.-
Uppermsuriaceon themes on theiox e245 2255 5 ease es
Broncho-pneumonia
Contasiousiplenco-pmeumoniaes= 4255-4455 ee eee eee
Infaretions im: pleuro=pneumomnia 2.5.22. 22/5 50222- 2222
Tuberculosis of the lungs
AiniercmlOststOtat ie mitviele nae Se eee toh eke acdc oe Asn
AX Usssany olay BLE WNGL Tema yn ere easel ears eet Seer
Tuberculosis of the omentum (caul)
cS oS o> od
to bk WwW bo
100
‘ Prate XXXVIII.
' XXXIX.
/XL.
/ XI.
VXLII.
* XLII.
v XLIV.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Lymphatic gland of mesentery cut open; omentum or caul —
resting upon the paunch..-...----------------+-----+----- 408
Actinomycosis of the jaw --------------------------------- 416
Actinomycosis of the lungs. ------------------------------- 416
Actinomycosis of the jaw ---.---------------------77777-77- 416
Spleen in health and in Texas fever ----------------------- 438
The liver and the urine in Texas fever. The microérganism
of Mexas fever -2..-.----------2---- 9] = 22-2 === - 438
The cattle tick, the carrier of Texas fever -.--------------- 438
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
Washington, D. C., May 14, 1892.
Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the diseases
of cattle, to which has been added a section upon cattle-feeding, the ©
whole forming the second volume of the series of reports upon the dis-
eases of the domesticated animals. The large demand for and the great
popularity of the report on the diseases of the horse has been an addi-
tional reason for adhering as closely as possible to the plan adopted in
the preparation of that volume. In preparing the illustrations for the
report on diseases of cattle an effort has been made to supplement, as
far as possible, the illustrations which appeared in the report on the
diseases of the horse, so that the two series would together cover the
field of veterinary surgery, which it is important to present to the
reader in a graphic manner. On account of the importance of the ali-
mentation as a factor in the maintenance of health and cure of disease,
as well as in the profitable management of cattle, a section has been
added on cattle-feeding, which has been written both from a practical
and scientific point of view. This may justly be regarded as the clear-
est and most succinct presentation of this subject which has ever been
published, while it is probably the only article of the kind in which the
results of the latest scientific researches have been incorporated.
The writer has seen no reason to change his views, presented in the
letter of transmittal accompanying the report on the diseases of the
horse, as to the value of such publications to the farmers of the coun-
try. On the contrary, many letters have been received testifying that
the writers had saved valuable animals by following the advice given
in that report. In most of these cases it has been stated that no vet-
erinarian was accessible, and that except for the report the animals
would have been without intelligent treatment. In so large a country
as ours there must for years to come be many sections in which no
Skilled veterinarian is located, and, consequently, there must continue
to be many demands from stock-owners for information of this kind.
It is well, however, to remind the reader who has not made a special
study of this subject that it would be absurd for him to conclude that
even with the best of books he can treat his animals as well as they
7
8 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
could be treated by a properly educated veterinarian. Careful study
of the allied sciences and practical experience are as necessary to make
a man successful in the treatment of diseased animals as in the case of
sick people. The employment of a veterinarian is, therefore, advisable
in all cases where a competent one can be obtained. In the many
cases, however, where professional examination of the affected animal
is out of the question, the reader may feel assured that the treatment
here recommended is safe and the best that can be advised for his use.
It is hoped that this volume may have an important influence in
bringing about more intelligent and more humane care and treatment
of animals in health and disease. To this end the writers of the sev-
eral sections have been requested to give a brief description of the
various organs of the animal body, and a statement of their normal
functions. This information is essential to a proper understanding of
the nature of disease or the principles of treatment. When carefully
studied it should do much to prevent the unnecessarily cruel and inju-
rious practices which are still too common in the treatment of sick ani-
mals even in our enlightened country.
It is plain from what has just been said that this report has been
prepared for the farmer and stock-owner rather than for the student or
veterinarian. As much practical information as possible has been
brought together on the subjects treated, butit has been stated in brief
and plain language. Readers desiring a more detailed account of any
subject are referred to the various special treatises. Notwithstanding
the popular character of this work there is no doubt that it will be found
useful to the veterinarian as well as to the farmer. The preceding
volume of the series is found on the shelves of many practitioners who
regard it as the most valuable work in their library, and it is believed
that the accompanying report will be equally serviceable.
Very respectfully,
D. E. SALMON,
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.
Hon. J. M. Rusk,
Secretary of Agriculture.
SIPECIAIL INI OIRIE
ON
DISEASES OF CATTLE AND ON CATTLE FEEDING.
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.
By A. J. MURRAY, M.R.C. V. S., Detroit, Mich.
As medicines may be given in different ways, we will consider in detail
the most common methods of administering them to bovine animals.
BY THE MOUTH.
Medicines may be given by the mouth in the form of draughts or
drenches, powders, electuaries, and balls or pills.
Draughts or drenches.—This is the form in which medicine is usually
given to cattle. The medicine should be dissolved in water, beer, or
any other suitable liquid. Medicines which are soluble should be well
shaken up with the liquid in which they are given, so as to insure their
complete solution. For example, if we are giving an ounce of sweet
Spirits of niter the medicine should be shaken up with at least half a
pint of water before giving it. If instead of doing this we give the
medicine without diluting it, a sore and inflamed condition of the mouth
and throat is produced. The materials which enter into the composi-
tion of some drenches are not soluble, that is, no amount of shaking
will dissolve them in the liquid in which they are given. As examples
of such medicines we may mention powdered ginger, powdered gentian,
and carbonate of iron, but by shaking they may be temporarily sus-
pended in the liquid in which they are given, so that by agitating such
medicines while in the act of giving them they are temporarily mixed
with the liquid and may consequently be given in a draught, though
not quite so easily as medicines that are soluble. In giving drenches
we must always ascertain to what degree the medicine or medicines
composing the drench should be diluted. Carelessness in this matter
9
10 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
may be attended with dangerous and even fatal consequences, and itis
well to make it a rule not to give medicines unless they are prescribed
by some one who is competent to give directions in such matters. Of
course this rule will not apply to those who possess a sufficient knowl-
edge of medicine to prevent a mistake being made. In giving a drench
to an ox the hand should be passed in front of the horns and the fingers
take hold of the septum nasi (partition between the nostrils); the nose
should be raised in a slightly upward direction, and the neck of the bot-
tle should then be introduced at the side of the mouth so as to allow the
medicine to flow gradually out of the bottle. In doing this the animal’s
neck should not be twisted to the side on which the person adminis-
tering the medicine stands, nor should the nose be raised higher than is
necessary to allow the draught to flow easily down the throat. The
neck and head ought to form a straight line of which the nose is the
highest point. When an animal is inclined to resist it is necessary for
an assistant to take hold of the horns so as to steady the head, and in
this way to assist the person giving the medicine. If theanimal tries
to cough the head should be released for two or three minutes.
Powders.—The medicines which are to be given in the form of pow-
der should be pulverized or finely divided, and also should be well
mixed together if there are several ingredients in the powder. Mate-
rials should not be used in making up powders which will exercise a
caustic or irritating action on the mouth, or which are possessed of a
nauseating and disagreeable taste. As powders are usually mixed with
food it is obvious that substances possessing a disagreeable taste will
be refused by the animals to which they are given.
Electuaries are frequently used in treating sore throat, or when an
animal is troubled with a cough. Electuaries are usually composed of
a powder, such as chlorate of potash or alum, which is rubbed into a
thick paste with sirup or molasses and is then smeared on the animal’s
tongue with a flat wooden spoon. Any powder, however, may be given
in the form of an electuary as long as it is not possessed of caustic and
irritating properties, or is not chemically unsuitable for giving in this
way.
Balls or pills, though frequently used in treating the diseases of the
horse, are not well adapted for the treatment of diseases of cattle. As
cattle have four stomachs, solids pass rather slowly through these capa-
cious digestive organs, so that very few veterinary practitioners resort
to this form of administering medicine, which is found to be much less
effectual than when it is dissolved or mixed with liquid.
BY THE BOWEL.
Injections of medicinal agents.—W hen the mouth is swollen or affected
in such a manner that administration of medicine by that way is not
practicable, the agent to be used may, after proper dilution, be given
by the rectum, but it is usual to give a double dose when it is adminis-
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. 11
tered by this channel, as the action of medicine is less prompt and pow-
erful than when given by the mouth. Before giving medicine in this
way the rectum should first be emptied by a warm water injection.
Enemata or injections of hot water are also used in cases of constipa-
tion. It is unnecessary to mention what the temperature of water
should be for giving an injection, as no one ever uses a thermometer to
ascertain the temperature of water which is to be used for this purpose.
When the hand is placed in the water to be used the water should feel
pleasantly warm, and an injection should never be given without first
testing the temperature of the water with the hand. Two quarts is a
sufficient quantity to use as an injection, and if it is desired to render
the injection stimulating a little soap may be added, though it should
be borne in mind that the injection will be retained longer if no soap is
added to it. If it is therefore desired that the injection should be
retained as long as possible it is best not to add soap. We may men-
tion that injections are not so much used, nor do they prove as servicea-
ble in treating the diseases of the ox as they do in those of the horse.
Suppositories.—A. suppository is usually composed of agents which
exercise a soothing and anodyne effect on the part to which it is applied,
and this effect is in time diffused to the adjoining parts. It is depos-
ited in the rectum in the solid form and is usually cone-shaped. The
rectum should be evacuated before introducing the suppository. They
are not frequently used in veterinary practice.
BY THE VAGINA.
inflammation is sometimes set up in the walls of the vagina, which
may be occasioned by the bull during service, or while the calf is being
extracted during difficult labor. In such cases the antiseptic and heal-
ing agent should be dissolved in tepid water and applied once or twice
a day to the affected parts with a syringe. When the cleaning (pla-
centa) has been retained in the womb instead of coming away shortly
after calving, a purulent (mattery) discharge is set up, which is com-
monly known as the whites (leucorrhea). In such cases the womb
should be washed out daily by connecting a long flexible tube with a
syringe, which is passed by the hand into the mouth of the womb so as
to wash out, cleanse, and set up a healing action in the surface of that
organ.
BY THE NOSTRILS.
Inhalation.—Medicinal agents which are volatile—that is, capable
of being diffused in the air—are sometimes administered in this way.
The object may be to diffuse a certain quantity of gas, such as chlorine
or sulphurous acid gas in the air of a stable, which the animals sub-
jected to such treatment must breathe for a certain length of time.
This system of treatment is frequeutly resorted to when the bronchial
tubes of young cattle are infested with worms. Volatile agents, such as
1; DISEASES OF CATTLE.
chloroform and sulphuric ether, are frequently administered in this way.
If a cloth is saturated with chloroform or sulphuric ether and applied to
one of the animal’s nostrils while the other nostril breathes air, the vapor
of either of the before-mentioned agents will pass through the nostrils
into the lungs, but the wet cloth applied to the nostril should be coy-
ered with a dry one, folded several times on itself, so as to prevent the
vapor escaping into theair. This medicinal treatment may also be applied
in verminous bronchitis above mentioned, and it is also employed by
surgeons to prevent an animal feeling the pain which attends an ope-
ration, though in the latter case the administration of the vapor must
be carried to the extent of producing insensibility, and should only be
applied for this purpose by a veterinarian.
Insuffiation.—The agent to be employed in insufflation must be in the
form of a fine powder, which is blown up the animal’s nostrils. This
mode of treatment is seldom employed in cattle diseases.
BY THE WINDPIPE.
The method of injecting medicines into the windpipe should only be
apphed by veterinarians.
BY THE VEINS.
What is termed intravenous injection, or the injection of medicinal
agents into the veins, is not much practiced, and should only be resorted
to by veterinarians.
BY THE SKIN.
Rubbing the agent on the skin.—This method of applying medicine is
practiced chiefly in parasitic diseases, and the end aimed atis to destroy
the parasite whether it be of an animal or a vegetable nature. In mak-
ing such applications that form of ointment which will enable the opera-.-
tor by rubbing to work the medicinal agent thoroughly into the skin
should be preferred. In applying an ointment to the skin of cattle it
is desirable to avoid the use of poisonous materials, such as mercury
and arsenic. Instances have frequently happened in which, when poi-
sonous ingredients have been used in making an ointment, that the ani-
mals have licked themselves after it has been applied, and have conse-
quently been poisoned. Another source of danger when poisonous
ointments or solutions are employed is that animals affected with a skin
disease frequently present raw patches of skin on different parts of
their bodies, and it has frequently been found that when the solution
or ointment is applied on such raw surfaces absorption takes place,
and dangerous and even fatal results are rapidly produced. The treat-
ment of skin diseases not unfrequently is unsuccessful owing to the fail-
ure to wash the skin well with soap and water so as to remove scabs
and thus to allow the ointment to be applied thoroughly to the affected
parts. When animals are affected with neuralgic or irritating forms of
ADMINISTRATION -OF MEDICINES. 13
skin disease, local applications are of great service in allaying irritation
or pains.
Subcutaneous injection.—Medicines are sometimes injected beneath
the skin so that they may be absorbed and pass into the blood. This
method of administering medicine is becoming more extensively used,
and in various forms of disease proves of great service; but the practice
of it is limited to veterinarians, as it requires special instruments and
a special knowledge of the medicines and also of the modes of prepar-
ing them, to administer medicine in this way.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
By A. J. MURRAY, M. R. C. V. S., Detroit, Mich,
It is not proposed to enter into any elaborate consideration of the.
nature and chemical composition of food under this title, but rather to
touch on such general aspects of this subject as are within the experi-
ence of farmers, with the view of indicating what may be done to pre-
vent the occurrence of disease. Itis amatter of general experience that
disorder of the digestive organs is frequently occasioned by defects in
the quality of the food supplied to cattle. Hay which is coarse and
fibrous overtasks the digestive powers, irritates the mucous surface of
the stomachs and bowels, and may lead to a torpid and inactive condi-
tion of the stomachs, or when it acts on the bowels may lead to the de-
velopmentof dysentery. Timothy hay may be of good quality for feeding
to horses, but when fed to cows, especially those which do not get
exercise, it will produce a constipated condition of the bowels. Hay
fed to cattle should always contain a considerable proportion of clover,
which, from its laxative effect, keeps their bowels in a natural condition.
Food which is finely divided, such as corn meal and fine middlings,
fed alone, is not adapted for the digestive organs of cattle. It does not
pass readily through the stomachs, and frequently gives rise to severe
attacks of indigestion. When fine middlings and corn meal are used
they should be mixed up with chopped hay, or what is commonly known
as cut feed, as this tends to prevent those finely divided foods clogging
together and giving rise to fermentation in the stomach, and they should
even then be used in moderate quantity. The chemical composition of
a food is not always a safe criterion for estimating its value. Its digest-
ibility must always be taken into consideration, as the physical charac-
ters may render it liable to disorder digestion. Hay which has been
much exposed to the rain while drying is innutritious and is likely to
produce inflammatory affections of the stomach and bowels, and the
same remark will apply to musty oats. Ergot not only ‘diminishes thé
nutritive value of hay, but has a special effect in producing gangrene
of the extremities, which is best counteracted by feeding roots to cattle
when it is absolutely necessary to feed them on hay made from ergoted
grass. (See Plate v.) Rusty straw is also a dangerous article of food,
and will produce disease if fed to cattle. Smut on corn impairs its
15
16 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
nutritive qualities, and animals which are fed on such corn lose weight,
so it appears also to interfere with assimilation. In some instances the
indigestion which smutty corn produces terminates in inflammation of
the fourth stomach and portions of the intestinal canal. In what
is termed “cornstalk disease,” indigestion followed by delirium and
coma is produced in cattle by feeding them on corn which is supposed
by some writers to be infested by a minute parasitic fungus. These
living organisms are found on the lower leaves of the corn, which, when
invaded by those parasites, has a dwarfed appearance. The diseased
leaves become yellowish-green, then yellow, and then wither away.
Upon closer examination it will usually be seen that there are certain
spots, more especially about the base of the leaf, which is closely
wrapped around the stalk, having a different discoloration. These are
, brown, watery-looking objects at first; then darker, and finally dead.
Occasionally there are livid red spots and patches in the same situa-
tion. These specially affected spots vary in size from mere points to
those of several inches across, often longer, in the direction of the
veins of the leaf or leaf sheath (Burrill). Whenever this disease ap-
pears in a cornfield it is advised that every stalk and leaf in the field
should be burned, and that the field be seeded down to grass. The
writer has observed during some years, and usually after a spell of dry,
warm weather, that cattle grazing on pastures usually considered as
sound and healthy have become affected with indigestion, followed by
delirium and coma, but he has been unable to satisfy himself as to the
causation of such outbreaks of disease. The explanation of such facts
remains a matter of future investigation. Grass growing on wet,
marshy land is favorable to the production of dysentery, and we have
sometimes seen animals die suddenly while grazing on such pastures,
and have traced such deaths to a form of anthrax introduced through
the digestive system. Frozen turnips and potatoes produce very dan-
gerous attacks of indigestion when eaten by cattle, and grass which is
wet by dew or rain, or covered with hoarfrost, should also be regarded
as dangerous. The sudden chilling of the stomachs when a quantity
of such food is eaten arrests digestion and will also occasion cramp of
the stomach and bowels. eet
Causes.—In tracing out the causation of disease we find in not a few
instances that: excess is the disturbing element, instead of quality. For
example, when cattle are turned into a new and rather luxuriant pas-
ture severe attacks of indigestion may result from their eating toe
greedily, and it is well, under such circumstances, to allow them in such
pastures for only a comparatively short time each day, until they
become accustomed to their richer and more tempting herbage. The
same idea may be applied to different kinds of food which, though
wholesome when partaken of moderately, become dangerous when used
to excess.
The manner of eating may also produce indigestion, as food hastily
eaten and consequently imperfectly masticated is not properly prepared
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 17
for the action of the stomachs. Circumstances, of course, must sug-
gest what ought to be done to prevent the injurious action of this
cause.
Water should always be supplied to cattle in sufficient quantity.
Hixcess here may prove very injurious, and may occasion cramp in the
fourth stomach. If animals have access to water at all times, or at
least frequently, there is no danger of their suffering from drinking to
excess. In this connection we may state that it is better for cattle to
have rock salt placed within their reach, so that they may lick as much
as they feel inclined to do, rather than to mix salt in their food, as in
the latter case there is a danger of their getting too much, thus engen-
dering excessive thirst. It has been customary lately to recommend
hot water as the usual drink for cattle during cold weather, and it is
claimed that they are kept in better condition by supplying them with
hot water instead of cold water. The argument is put forward that a
large quantity of heat is lost in raising the cold water drank to the
temperature of the animal’s body, and that this large consumption of
heat must increase the waste of the tissues. This is an exclusively
chemical way of looking at the matter, and we think it should rather
be regarded from the standpoint of what effect such a practice would
have on the future health, endurance, and vitality of cattle. While we
are aware from experience that cramp of the stomach is sometimes pro-
duced by cattle drinking ice-cold water, we think that the other extreme
of supplying them with hot water is not to be recommended, as it must
render them extremely sensitive to any occasional or accidental change
which might take place in this sort of regimen. The question has also
to be decided as to what would be the ultimate effect of such a practice
on the digestive systems. A short experience of this method of water-
ing cattle can not be held to settle the question of its advantages and
disadvantages.
Hard water or water containing a large proportion of inorganic con-
stituents is not to be regarded as good drinking water. We have seen
water which had been rendered hard artificially, by adding a little lime
to it, produce colic to such an extent when it was used for drinking
water that its use had to be abandoned.
A large proportion of organic matter is also a source of danger, and
should be guarded against. It usually is contaminated by a well or
stream being so situated as to receive the drainage of some accumula-
tion of filth, though water in marshy localities frequently contains a
high proportion of organic constituents, and is consequently objection-
able. We need hardly say that water contaminated by the dead bodies,
of animals is to be regarded as dangerous, as here we have the further
danger that it may become the vehicle of communicating specific dis-
eases.
24697——2
18 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. -
WOUNDS AND CONTUSIONS OF THE LIPS.
The lips may become inflamed from contusions, which are some-
times produced by a blow from the horns of another animal, or in the
case of working oxen it may be produced by a blow from the driver.
While cattle are grazing they are sometimes bitten in the lips by ser-
pents, more especially when they are pastured in woods.
Symptoms.—As a result of a contusion the lips become thick and
swollen, and if treatment is neglected the swelling becomes hard and
indurated. This condition renders it difficult for the animal to get food
into its mouth, on account of the lips having lost their natural flexibil-
ity. In such cases an ox will protrude his tongue and endeavor to
bring the food into his mouth with that organ. In cases of snake-bite
the limits of the swelling are not well defined; it is soft and compara-
tively painless.
Treatment.—When we have to deal with a bruise, which is easily dis-
tinguished from a snake-bite by the different train of symptoms which
are produced, the affected part should be bathed steadily for three or
four hours with the following solution: Muriate of ammonia, 1 ounce;
water, 2 pints. In recent cases no other treatment will be required,
but if the swelling is not recent and has become hard or indurated, then
the swollen part should be gently rubbed every second day with oil of
turpentine until the swelling has subsided. In snake-bite a straight
incision penetrating into the flesh or muscle should be made across the
center of the wound, and then a similar incision, but passing crosswise
of the first, should be made. This is what surgeons term a “ crucial”
incision. After this has been done a small wad of cotton batting should
be pressed against the wounds until the bleeding has almost stopped.
Afterwards the following lotion may be applied to the wounds several
times a day: Permanganate of potash, half a dram; distilled water, 1
pint. As snake-bites are usually attended with considerable depression,
which may terminate in stupor, it is advisable to give doses of whisky
at intervals. Half a pint of whisky mixed with a pint of water should
be given, and the dose should be repeated in half an hour if the aaimal
is sinking into a stupefied and unconscious condition. The repetition of
the dose must depend on the symptoms which the animal shows. It
must be borne in mind that the object of treatment is to ward off the
stupor, which is one of the results of snake-bite, and that in adminis-
tering whisky the object is to produce a stimulating and not an intoxi-
cating or stupefying effect.
SALIVATION.
Salivation is a symptom of some general or local disorder. It may,
therefore, be a symptom of a general disease, such as rabies or the foot-
and-mouth disease (epizodtic aphtha), or it may be a purely local trou-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 19
ble, as when copious secretion of the salivary glands is produced by
animals eating irritating plants, such as wild mustard. In cases where
saliva is observed to dribble from the mouth that part must be care-
fully examined by introducing an instrument like a balling-iron into the
mouth, or if such an instrument is not at hand, by grasping the tongue
and partially withdrawing it from the mouth while all parts of the
mouth are exposed to a good light, so that the presence of any foreign
substance may be detected. The cause will sometimes be found to
depend on a short piece of wood becoming fixed on the palate, its two
ends resting on the upper molar teeth of each side; or it may depend
on a needle, thorn, or splinter of wood becoming imbedded in the tongue.
Sometimes a sharp piece of tin or other metal may become partially
imbedded in the inner surface of the cheek. Hay occasionally possesses.
some quality which produces salivation, though only in some animals.
Another cause of salivation is cattle which have been rubbed with
mercurial ointment (see Mercurial Poisons, p. 69), licking themselves.
Such cases, of course, arise from the constitutional action of mercury,
and indicate the danger of using such a preparation externally, om
account of the common habit which the animals have of licking them-
selves.
Treatment.—ff salivation depends on the irritation and inflammation
set up by the ingestion of acid plants, or forage possessing some pecu-
liar stimulating property, a lotion composed of an ounce of powdered
alum dissolved in a quart of water should be syringed into the mouth
twice a day, using half a pint of the solution each time. If, however,
the salivation depends on the presence of a thorn, splinter of wood, or
any other foreign substance imbedded in the cheek or tongue, remove
the offending object and wash the mouth occasionally with a weak solu-
tion of carbolic acid and tepid water. When salivation is produced by
mercurial poisoning or by the foot-and-mouth disease (epizoétic aphtha),
the treatment appropriate to those general conditions of the system, as
well as the local treatment, must be applied.
IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.
Irregularities of the teeth may be occasioned by the unequal wearing
of some of the teeth or by some of the incisors being broken, which may
happen when cattle are pastured on sandy or gravelly soil. The molar
teeth may also show irregular wear from similar causes. Their edges
may become sharp, or it may happen that a molar tooth has been acci-
dentally fractured. It may also occur that a supernumerary tooth has
developed in an nnusual position, and that it interferes with the natu-
raland regular mastication of the food.
Treatment.—The mouth may be examined by grasping the animal’s
tongue with one hand and partially withdrawing it from the mouth, so
aS to expose the incisor and molar teeth to inspection. When it is
20 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
desired, however, to examine the molar teeth with the fingers, so as.to
obtain a more precise idea of their condition, an instrument like the ball-
ing-iron which is used for the horse should be introduced into the mouth)
so as to separate the jaws and keep them apart while the examina-
tion is being made. Any sharp edges of the molars must be removed |
by the tooth-rasp. Any supernumerary tooth which interferes with
mastication or any tooth which is fractured or loose should be extracted.
In performing such operations it is desirable to throw or cast the ox,
and to have its head held securely, so as to enable the operator to do
what is necessary without difficulty.
CARIES OF THE TEETH.
The presence of caries may be suspected if the mouth exhales a bad
odor, and if the animal occasionally stops during mastication as if it
were in pain. The existence of caries in a molar tooth may be ascer-
tained by examining the mouth in the manner already described. If
one of the molars is found to be carious it should be extracted, if the
caries is so extensive as to render other means of treatment impracti-
cable. When the crown of the tooth has been destroyed and only the
stump or root is left, extraction will be impracticable. In such eases it
is best to sell the animal to the butcher.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE JAWBONES—BIG-JAW—LUMP-JAW.
[Plates XXXIX, XLI.]
The disease which we have now to consider is generally known among
farmers and cattle dealers under the two latter designations. Atten-
tion is first directed to the animal by a swelling or enlargement of the
jawbone, and the opinion generally expressed when such a swelling is
observed is that the animal has received some severe contusion which.
has been the starting point of the swelling. It is found, however, that
when a blow or contusion is the starting point of such a swelling it
. rarely if ever ulcerates, and that the continuous application of cold
water checks the growth of a swelling which is merely the result of
mechanical injury. In the disease we are now considering, however,
the application of cold water does not exercise the least influence in
checking its progress. The swelling described may affect either the
upper or lower jaw, or it may affect both at the same time, and pro-
duce considerable swelling of the soft tissues as well as enlargement of
the bony structure. Asa result of the swelling described the molar
teeth of the upper and lower jaws may be pushed out of their natural
position so that they are no longer in apposition, and they.consequently
can not serve the purpose of masticating the food. It may also happen
that from degeneration of the tooth-sockets the teeth drop out. This
result may be suspected when the animal becomes unable to masticate
its food. As a result of ulceration it frequently happens that an open-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 21
ing forms on the external part of the tumor, and frequently a similar
destructive process forms an opening into the mouth itself.
In a recent work, in treating of this subject, I have remarked that
in some cases it will be observed that these swellings, after growing
for a short time, remain in a stationary condition—the growth appears
to be arrested. Such cases will not require treatment, as the arrest of
the growth of the swelling is no doubt caused by the death of the para-
site, which ceases to reproduce itself and thenceforth becomes harm-
less. The living parasite, by rapidly reproducing itself, extends
through the bony tissue, and by setting up inflammation causes a rapid
increase of the swelling. The aim of treatment then is to destroy the
parasite, thereby arresting the growth of the swelling; and this is all
that can be done, where the utmost success practicable is attained. The
importance of early treatment will, however, be understood when it is
remembered that there is a continued and rapid multiplication of the
parasite, and that this multiplication is attended with increasing
damage to the tissues of the animal in which it is lodged.
Treatment.—W hen there is an external opening on the surface of the
swelling it should be injected with tincture of iodine. When there is
no external opening several incisions should be made through the skin
covering the swelling, and portions of the outer plate of the jaw-bone
should be removed with a trephine, and tincture of iodine injected into
the orifices thus made. This treatment should be applied daily, and
may be continued until it is apparent that the growth of the swelling
has been checked. The iodine checks the growth of the swelling by
destroying the parasite whose continuous development is the means of
setting up diseased action in the bone. Other methods have been
applied in treating this disease, such as burning the diseased bone with
the hot iron, which is said to have proved effectual in checking the
progress of the disease. But remedies whose action is diffused exten-
sively through the diseased tissues are to be preferred in treating a dis-
ease of this nature.
INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF MOUTH—STOMATITIS.
The membrane of the mouth may become inflamed by cattle eating
some irritating substance, by eating acid plants, or little vesicles may
form in the mouths of calves when they are affected with indigestion,
constituting what is termed aphtha.
Symptoms.—Vhe saliva dribbles from the mouth, and when it is ex-
amined the surface of the tongue and other parts of the mouth will
appear red and inflamed. When young animals are affected with the
form of disease termed aphtha small red elevations will be observed on
the tongue and other parts of the mouth, having little white points on
their centers, which consist of the epithelium of the mucous membrane
raised into vesicles. These white patches are succeeded by ulcerated
99 DISEASES OF GATTLE,
surfaces, which are exposed by the shedding of the white patches of
epithelium.
Treatment.—W hen there is merely a reddened and inflamed condition
of the mucots membrane of the mouth, it will suffice to syringe it out
several times a day with 4 ounces of the following solution: Alum, 1
ounce; water, 2 pints. When the edges of the tongue and other parts
of the mouth are studded with ulcers these should be painted over once
a day with the following solution until the affected surface is healed:
Todoform, 60 grains; ether, 1 ounce. When indigestion is associated
with an ulcerated condition of the mouth that disorder requires sepa-
rate treatment.
GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS—GANGRENE OF THE MOUTH IN YOUNG
CALVES.
This affection usually appears in young calves about the time when
they are cutting their molar teeth.
Causes.—Insufficient nourishment, the debility resulting from diarrhea
and from inflammation of the umbilicus (navel) predispose animals to
this disease, and, as already mentioned, its development is associated
with disorder of the digestive system resulting from the cutting of the
molar teeth. I may mention, however, that I have seen this disease
affect cows quite severely, though they afterwards made a complete
recovery. This malady then may affect mature animals and may arise
from conditions which at present are unknown. I¢ is asserted by Hill,
in his work on diseases of the ox, that this is a tuberculous disease, but
the fact that animals may recover completely in three or four weeks
renders it surprising that he should have made such astatement. That
the calf of a tuberculous cow may become affected with gangrenous
stomatitis, or that in a few instances traces of tuberculous disease have
been found in the bodies of animals that have died from it, are mere
coincidences, and lend no weight to the opinion that this malady is of
a tuberculous nature, The same writer says this disease may assume
a diphtheritic type, but diphtheria is contagious and is characterized by
the production of false membrane, while the most prominent feature of
this disease is the extent to which death of the affected tissues takes
place, which differentiates it from both tuberculosis and diphtheria.
Symptoms.—In the early stage there is redness of the mouth, from
which the saliva dribbles, but in two or three days a whitish point
appears on some part of the mucous membrane of the mouth. It grad-
ually extends in size and depth, and ared, inflamed zone surrounds the
affected part, which begins to present a yellowish, cheesy appearance,
and then, as it begins to break up and decompose, exhales a fetid, dis-
agreeable odor, Sometimes the entire thickness of a portion of the
tissues composing the cheek becomes gangrenous. If the decayed part
is not removed by the knife itis gradually separated from the surround-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 23
ing living tissues by the process of ulceration. In this way an aperture
will sometimes be formed in the animal’s cheek through which the saliva
is ejected when it is masticating its food. This disease may be compli-
cated by diarrhea setting in, which has an exhausting effect on the
animal, as is shown by its frequently lying down. This malady often ter-
minates in death, and it runs its course in from seven to ten days. In
treating this disease in cows, however, I have observed that complete
recovery does not take place under three or four weeks. Its duration
will vary according to the extent to which the animal is affected.
Treatment.—Sulphate of quinine should be given to calves three
times a day in doses varying from 5 to 10 grains, according to the size
and age of the animal, and should be repeated about four times a day.
Half-ounce doses of lime-water mixed with milk should be given if
diarrhea is present. When the calf shows signs of debility, or diarrhea
is present, whisky or brandy should be administered several times a
day. The stimulant should be mixed with two or three parts of water,
and should be repeated three or four times aday. In the case of cows,
quinine should be given in dram doses. When the animal’s appetite
is poor or when it is weak, whisky or brandy should be given in half-
pint doses two or three times a day, mixed with 2 parts of water. To
cleanse the mouth and remove the fetor it should be syringed out sev-
eral times a day with the following solution: Chlorinated soda, 4 ounces ;
water, 2 pints. When the gangrenous parts have sloughed, then a
lotion composed of sulphate of copper, 2 drams; water, 2 pints, should
be applied every day to the raw surfaces to promote healing. ‘The diet
should be nutritious, and for calves the cow’s milk is to be preferred. The
ganerenous tissue assumes a yellow, cheesy appearance, and the ani-
mal’s recovery will be hastened by. removing dead tissue with the knife
and not waiting until the process of ulceration separates it from the
living parts. During the convalescent stage it is advisable to give
carbonate of iron in combination with quinine. It may be given to
calves in 10-grain doses, and to cows in 2-dram doses. In concluding
we may mention that Longlen, of Arras, was the first veterinarian to
publish an accurate and.clear account of this disease.
INDURATION OF THE TONGUE—ACTINOMYCOSIS.
This disease commences with small patches of a yellow color, which
may appear on the upper or under surface, on the tip, or on the sides
of the tongue. The mucous membrane covering these patches is thick-
ened, and it soon breaks up into a number of pimple-like excrescences
which run together, and it then ulcerates and is cast off, leaving a red
and excavated surface. These patches are found to cover a number of
nodular bodies, most of which are as large as a hemp-seed, though
some are as large aS a cherry or a walnut. These nodules, when cut
into, are seen to be composed of a yellow, cheesy-looking substance,
which, when removed, leaves a sharply-defined cavity or ulcer. The
24 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
nodules may be deep seated, so that they can not be discovered by
examining the surface of the tongue, but in this situation, instead of
producing ulceration and destruction of the mucous membrane, they
set up inflammation in the muscular structure of the tongue, which
terminates in a marked enlargement and wood-like induration of that
organ, which has led to this disease being commonly called ‘ wooden
tongue” in Germany. The enlarged and indurated condition of the
tongue is a great impediment to the animal masticating its food, so
that if the tongue is extensively affected the animal soon becomes
emaciated. Similar nodules may form on the inner surface of the
cheeks, of the lips, on the surface of the palate, and even in some
instances on the mucous membrane lining the nose.
Treatment.— When the nodules are large they may be dissected out
or scraped out, so as to leave nothing but healthy tissue, and afterwards
dressed with tincture of iodine. When this procedure is not practica-
ble an incision should be made into the nodule, which should then be
injected with tincture of iodine. This treatment destroys the micro-
scopic fungus contained in the nodules, and will consequently prevent
its spreading and bring about its ultimate separation from the healthy
tissues. It is obvious that to treat this disease successfully its nature
must be recognized at an early stage. After the muscular portion of
the tongue has become enlarged and indurated it will not be possible
to restore it to its healthy condition.
[Quite recently actinomycosis of the tongue has been treated with
great success in Europe by the administration of iodide of potassium.
According to Nocard, this drug given once or twice a day, in doses of
14 drams dissolved in a pint of water, acts as a specific and is followed
by rapid improvement and the permanent cure of the affected animal.
The results reported are so extraordinary that they justify the trial of
this remedy in all cases of actinomycosis in the tongue or other organs.
D. EH. 8.]
DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX AND GULLET.
PHARYNGITIS—SORE THROAT.
This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the pharynx.
Itis frequently associated with laryngitis and bronchitis, and sometimes
with pleurisy.
Symptoms.—The muzzle is dry, the saliva dribbles from the corner of
the mouth; the animal either does not swallow or swallows with diffi-
culty; occasionally the liquids which it attempts to take come back in
part through the nostrils, and the animal holds its neck in a stiff,
straight position, moving it as little as possible. The eyelids are half
closed, the white of the eye is bloodshot, and the animal occasionally
grinds its teeth. When it attempts to eat hay or grass, after masticat-
ing the food the animal drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 25
pain of swallowing, and also evinces pain when pressure is applied on
the pharynx externally, and tries to prevent such pressure being
applied.
Causes.—Pharyngitis is produced by a sudden cooling of the surface
of the body, as when cattle are exposed to a cold wind or a cold rain.
Treatment.—The throat should be syringed three times a day with
an ounce of the following solution: Nitrate of silver, 14 drams; dis-
tilled water, 1 pint. Bland and soothing drinks, such as linseed tea,
oatmeal and water, should occasionally be offered. Diet should consist
of soft food, such as bran mashes with a little linseed meal mixed in
them. The upper part of the throat and the space between the jaws
should be well rubbed once a day with the following liniment: Liquor
ammonia fortior, 4 ounces; oil of turpentine, 4 ounces; olive oil, 4
ounces. Mix. Under the above treatment the inflammation of the
throat will gradually subside and the animal will be able to swallow as
usual in five or six days. We need hardly say that during its treat-
ment the sick animal should be kept in a comfortable stable.
PAROTITIS.
Inflammation of the parotid gland may arise from the inflammation
extending to it when an ox is affected with pharyngitis or laryngitis,
or the inflammation may commence in the salivary ducts and may
depend on some influence the nature of which is unknown. Parotitis
sometimes arises from a blow or contusion which is severe enough to
set up inflammation in the structure of the gland.
Symptoms.—There is an elongated painful swelling, beginning at the
base of the ear and passing downward along the posterior margin of
the lower jaw. The swelling is sometimes limited to one side, and when
both sides are swollen it is generally larger on one side than on the
other. The secretion of saliva is increased, the appetite is poor, the
neck is stiff so that it is painful to raise the head, and food is swallowed
with difficulty. “In many cases the swelling of those glands, when sub-
mitted to proper treatment, disappears in a comparatively short time.
In other cases, however, the gland remains enlarged, even after the ani-
mal recovers FH appetite.
Treatment.—A warm bran poultice should be Hepliedie on the swollen
gland, and whenever the poultice has cooled it should be replaced by a
new one. This treatment should be continued until an abscess forms,
which may be ascertained by examining the surface of the gland with
the fingers, and when on pressing any part of the surface it is found to
fluctuate or “give,” then we may conclude that an abscess has formed.
It is well not to open the abscess until the fluctuation is well marked,
as at this this stage the pus or matter is near the surface and there is
less trouble in healing the wound than if the pus is deep seated. The
poulticing should be continued for two or three days after the abscess
has been opened. By that time the discharge of pus has ceased or
26 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
become very slight,and the poulticing may be discontinued. The
wound should be sponged with tepid water once a day and a little of
the following lotion afterwards applied: Carbolic acid, 1 dram; water,
8 ounces. In some cases, after poulticing for four or five days, there
will be no indication of softening at any point, and that treatment may
therefore be discontinued, and then the swollen gland should be gently
rubbed once a day with camphorated oil. If this fails to promote
absorption or bring about a gradual dispersion of the swelling, then to
attain this object the swelling may be painted with tincture of iodine
twice a day or rubbed once a day with compound iodine ointment.
When the swollen gland is not being poulticed it should be covered with
a piece of flannel. The diet of the animal should consist of soft food
while it is under treatment.
PHARYNGEAL POLYPI.
Tumors form not infrequently in the pharynx,and when they increase
in Size may give rise to a train of Symptoms varying according to the
situation which they occupy in that part. The tumor may be so situ-
ated that by shifting its position a little it may partially obstruct the
posterior nares (nostrils), when, of course, it will render nasal breath-
ing very noisy and labored. In another situation its partial displace-
ment may impede the entrance of air into the larynx. In almost any
part of the pharynx, but especially near the entrance of the gullet, they
will interfere with the act of swallowing, and this fact is so generally
recognized in some parts of Germany that whenever an animal begins
to lose condition it is said to have a “ growth” in its throat. As these
tumors are frequently attached to the wall of the pharynx by a pedicel
or stalk, it will be seen that they may readily be displaced in different
directions so as to produce the symptoms before described.
Treatment.—The method of treatment followed in such cases is to
separate the animal’s jaws with an instrument termed a gag, and then
after drawing the tongue partially forward to pass the hand into the
pharynx and to wrench or twist the tumor from its attachment. One
veterinarian who has had considerable practice in treating this form of
disease scrapes through the attachment of the tumor gradually with
his thumb nail. In cases where the attachment is too strong to be sey-
ered in this way an instrument like a thimble, but possessing a sharp
edge at the end, might be used to effect the same purpose. As it is
impossible to use a knife in the pharynx the suggestion here made
might in the future be carried out with advantage.
CHOKING.
This accident usually happens from attempting to swallow too large
an object, such as a turnip, potato, beet, or an apple or pear, though in
rare cases choking may occur from bran, chaff, or some other finely
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. oar
divided food lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet. This
latter form of the accident is most likely to occur in animals which are
ereedy feeders.
Symptoms.—The symptoms will vary somewhat according to the part
of the gullet or throat in which the obstruction is located. In most
cases there is a discharge of saliva from the mouth; the animal coughs
frequently, and when it drinks the water is soon ejected. These symp-
toms, however, are not always present, as I have seen a case in which
a potato was lodged in the upper part of the gullet, but where there
was a Small space between the wall of the gullet and the obstruction,
so that water given by the mouth passed into the stomach, and in this
case there was neither coughing nor any other symptom of distress.
The potato was so large, however, that there was not space enough to
pass the tip of the finger behind it so as to slide it into the pharynx,
though repeated efforts were made to withdraw it in this way while it
was simultaneously pushed from the outside in an upward direction.
After the lapse of several hours it passed into the stomach of itself.
Treatment.—It is always advisable to put a gag in the animal’s mouth,
and while the head is held in a horizontal direction by two assistants
to pass the hand into the pharynx, and when any foreign body is found
in the pharynx to withdraw it gradually and steadily. When the sub-
stance is lodged in the upper part of the gullet pressure should be
made by an assistant in an upward direction while the operator passes
his hand into the pharynx, and if the assistant can not by pressure dis-
lodge the substance from the gullet the operator may by passing his
middle finger above and partly behind the substance gradually slide
the object into the pharynx and then withdraw it by the mouth. It is
usually stated that irregular shaped objects are more difficult to manip-
ulate. This statement, however, is of doubtful accuracy, as a root with
a smooth surface, which nearly fits the upper part of the gullet, will be
found extremely difficult to move from its position. The presence of
an obstructing substance in the cervical portion of the gullet may be
ascertained by passing the hand along the left side of the neck, when
a hard and painless swelling will be found to indicate the presence of the
foreign body. In such cases we must endeavor by gentle and persever-
ing pressure with the thumb and two next fingers to slide the obstruct-
ing substance gradually upward to the pharynx. ‘To facilitate this itis
well to give the animal a wineglassful of olive oil before the manipula-
tions described are commenced. When the substance has been brought
into or nearly into the pharynx, then the mouth gag should be used,
the tongue drawn partially forward with the left hand, and the right
should be passed forward into the pharynx, so as to withdraw the
obstruction. When bran or chaff causes the trouble it is best to givea
small quantity of oil to lubricate the walls of the gullet and then by
gentle and persevering pressure to endeavor to separate and divide the
mass and then to work it downward toward thestomach, This will be
98 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
assisted by pouring small quantities of oil and water down the animal’s
throat. It is not advisable to use the probang to push down any soft
material such as oats or chaff, as this generally condenses and renders
firmer the obstructing substance by pressing its particles or elements
together, so that it forms a solid, resisting mass which can not be moved.
In some eases the foreign body can not be dislodged from the neck
by pressing and manipulating that part externally. In such an event
we must resort to the use of the probang, or if the foreign body is
lodged in that part of the gullet which passes through the thorax or
chest, there is no way of removing an obstruction so situated except
by using the probang. (Plate 11, Figs. 2,3.) The instrument usually
employed for this purpose is called the probang of Munro, after its
inventor. Before passing the probang a gag is introduced into the
animal’s mouth, and the gag should have an aperture at each end from
which a strap passes and is buckled at the back of the head below the
horns. (Plate m1, Fig. 4.) The probang should then be oiled, and the
head and neck being held in a straight line by two assistants, the tongue
must be partly drawn out of the mouth, the probang cautiously passed
along the roof of the mouth into the pharynx and thence into the gullet,
through which it is passed down. If resistance is met, gentle and
continuous pressure must be employed, under the influence of which
the agent will generally in a short time pass into the stomach. A pro-
bang is a flexible instrument, and adapts itself to the natural curva-
ture of the gullet, so that if it is used cautiously there is not much risk
of injury.
Some writers have advised that when the obstruction is lodged in
the cervical (neck) portion of the gullet it should be struck with a mal-
let, so as to crush it and thus alter its shape so that it may easily slip
down into the stomach. If the obstructing substance is hard, this will
be a dangerous operation, but if soft, as in case of a ripe pear for exam-
ple, this proceeding might be safely adopted.
In all cases where pressure applied on the neck fails to move the
obstruction and the probang also fails to move it, the gullet must
be opened and the obstructing substance removed through the wound.
In such cases the assistance of a veterinarian or a surgeon must be
obtained.
WOUNDS AND INJURIES OF THE GULLET.
Sometimes from the rash and too forcible use of the probang the walls
of the gullet may be more or less lacerated or abraded, and the animal
consequently swallows with pain and difficulty. In such cases dry feed
must be withheld for five or six days, so as to allow the injured parts
to heal, and the diet must be limited to linseed tea, hay tea, and thin
oatmeal gruel. The same kind of diet must be fed after the operation
of cutting into the gullet has been performed.
Sometimes the gullet is ruptured and lacerated to such an extent
that treatment of any kind is hopeless. I have known this to occur
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. nas)
when the handle of a pitchfork has been pushed down a cow’s throat to
remove an obstruction. Where such treatment has been applied it is
best to slaughter the animal without delay, as the flesh may be utilized,
and remedial treatment would be hopeless. In this connection it may
be mentioned that whatever substitute may be used for a probang,
which sometimes is not at hand, it should be flexible and should possess
a smooth surface. The handle of a whip, when it is flexible, may be
used in emergencies.
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.
TYMPANITES, HOVEN, OR BLOATING.
This disease is characterized by swelling of the left flank, and is
caused by the formation of gas in the rumen or paunch. (See Plates I
and II.)
Causes.—Tympanites may be caused by any kind of food which pro-
duces indigestion. When cattle are first turned into young clover they
eat so greedily of it that tympanites frequently results; turnips, pota-
toes, and cabbage may also cause it; middlings and cornmeal also fre-
quently give rise toit. In this connection it may be stated that an
excessive quantity of any of the before-mentioned foods may bring on
this disorder, or it may not be due to excess but to eating too hastily,
Sometimes the quality of the food is at fault. Grass or clover when
wet by dew or rain frequently disorders digestion and brings on tym-
panites ; frozen roots or pastures covered with hoar-frost should also be
regarded as dangerous. When food has been eaten too hastily, or
when it is cold and wet, the digestive process is imperfectly performed
and the food contained in the paunch ferments, during which process
large quantities of gas are formed. The same result may follow when
a cow is choked, as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation
or passing up.of gas from the stomach, so that the gas continues to
accumulate until tympanitis results.
Symptoms.—The swelling of the left flank is very characteristic, as in
well-marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level of
the backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits a
drumlike sound. The animalhas an anxious expression, moves uneasily,
and is evidently distressed. If relief is not obtained in time it breathes
with difficulty, reels in walking or in standing, and in a short time falls
down and dies from suffocation. The distention of the stomach may
become so great as to prevent the animal from breathing, and in some
instances the case may be complicated by rupture of the stomach.
Treatment.—In urgent cases the trocar should be used immediately,
for when the distension of the stomach has become extreme there is no
trying the remedial effect of medicine. The trocar is a sharp-pointed
instrument encased in a sheath, which leaves the sharp point of the
trocar free. (See Plate 111, Figs. 5a and 5b.) In selecting the point
30 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
for using the trocar, a spot equally distant from the last rib, the hip
bone and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebre must be
chosen. Here an incision about three-quarters of an inch long should
be made through the skin, and then the sharp point of the trocar
being directed downward, inward and slightly forward, is thrust into
the paunch. (Plate 1.) The sheath of the trocar should be left in the
paunch as long as any gas continues to issue from it. If the canula
or sheath of the trocar is removed while gas is still forming in the
paunch and the left flank becomes considerably swollen it may be
necessary to insert it again. It is well accordingly to observe the can-
ula closely and if gas is found to be issuing from it, it should not be
removed. In order to be certain on this point I have been in the habit
of placing the palm of my hand about 2 inches above the mouth of the
canula, when if gas is issuing the sensation produced by the current of
gas coming against the skin will enable one to form an accurate opinion.
When gas issues from the canula in considerable quantity the sound
accompanying its escape renders the exact condition obvious. It is
occasionally necessary to keep the canula in the stomach for several
hours. When thisis necessary a piece of stout cord should be passed.
round the neck of the canula immediately below the projecting rim,
and then be passed round the animal’s body and tied in a secure knot.
The rim surrounding the mouth of the canula should be in contact
with the skin. When the canulais secured as described it may remain
in the stomach over night. I have even found it necessary to keep it
in that position for two days. But whenever the person in charge of
the cow is satisfied that gas has ceased to issue from the canula it should
be removed.
The canula is only to be employed in extreme or urgent cases, though
everyone who has had experience in treating indigestion in cattle will
realize that he has saved the lives of many animals by its prompt appli-
cation. When the tympanic animal is not distressed, and the swelling
of the flank is not great, it is best to resort to the administration of
internal medicine. Two ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia should
be given every half hour in a quart of cold water, or half an ounce of
chloride of lime may be dissolved in a pint of tepid water, and the dose
repeated every half hour until the bloating has subsided. It is gener-
ally necessary to give a dose of purgative medicine after bloating has
subsided, as animals frequently show symptoms of constipation after
attacks of indigestion. When the bloating is not too great gentle walk-
ing exercise will facilitate the removal of the gas.
CHRONIC TYMPANITES.
Cattle, especially those which have been kept in the stable all winter,
are liable to suffer from chronic tympanites. In this form the animal
bloats up after feeding, but seldom swells so much as to cause any
alarm. The chronic form of indigestion may also follow an acute attack
like that previously described. |
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 31
Treatment should be preceded by a moderate dose of purgative medi-
cine: one pound of sulphate of magnesia, half an ounce of powdered
Barbadoes aloes, 1 ounce of powdered ginger, 1 pint of molasses. The
powder should be stirred up for a few minutes with two quarts of luke-
warm water, then the molasses should be added, and after all the
ingredients have been stirred together for about ten minutes, the dose
should be administered. It will generally be necessary after the opera-
tion of the purgative to give some tonic and antacid preparation to pro-
mote digestion, which is imperfectly performed in such cases. We
recommend the following for this purpose: Powdered gentian, 3 ounces;
powdered bicarbonate of potash, 3 ounces; powdered ginger, 3 ounces;
powdered capsicum, 1 ounce. Mix and divide into twelve powders, one
of which should be given three times a day before feeding, shaken up
with half a pint of whisky and a pint of water. It is also advantageous
in such cases to give two heaped teaspoonfuls of wood charcoal, mixed
with the animal’s feed three times a day. The animal should also go
out during the day, as want of exercise favors the continuance of this
form of indigestion.
Cases occasionally occur which resist medical treatment. Chronic
indigestion has sometimes been found to arise from enlarged lymphatic
glands pressing on the gullet and preventing the eructation or belch-
ing up of gas which occurs during digestion. Cruzel expresses the
opinion that this form of tympanitis occurs in animals affected with
- tuberculosis, and remarks that the swelling of the flank disappears
when the animal stands, but reappears when it les down.
DISTENSION OF RUMEN OR PAUNCH WITH FOOD.
This form of indigestion is caused by the animal gorging itself with
food, and arises more from the animal’s voracious appetite than from
any defect in the quality of the food supplied to it. In cases of this
kind there is comparatively no great formation of gas, and the gas
which is formed is diffused through the stomach instead of accumu-
lating in a layer in its upper part. On pressing the flank with the
closed fist the indent of the hand remains for a short time in the
flank, as if the rumen were filled with a soft doughy mass. This form
of indigestion should be treated by stimulants, such as have been
described in speaking of the two preceding diseases. Butif the treat-
ment applied fails and the impacted or overloaded condition of the
rumen continues, an incision should be made with a sharp, long-bladed
knife in the left flank, commencing at the point where it is usual to
puncture an ox, and prolonging the incision in a downward direction
until it is long enough to admit the hand. When the point of the knife
is thrust into the flank and the blade of the knife cuts downward, the
wall of the stomach, the muscle and the skin should all be cut through
at the same time. Two assistants should hold the edges of the wound
together so as to prevent any food slipping between the flank and the
32 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
wall of the stomach, and then the operator should remove two-thirds of
the contents of the rumen. This having been done the edges of the
wound should be sponged with a little carbolized warm water, and the
lips of the wound in the rumen being turned inward they should be
brought together with catgut stitches. The wound penetrating the
muscle and the skin may then be brought together by silk stitchesl
which should pass through the entire thickness of the muscle and
should be about 1 inch apart. The wound should afterwards be dressed
once a day with lotion and the animal covered with a tight linen sheet
to protect the wound from insects and dirt. The lotion to be used in
such a case is made up as follows: Sulphate of zinc, 1 dram; carbolic
acid, 2 drams; glycerin, 2 ounces; water, 14 ounces; mix.
LOSS OF CUD.
It is very common among farmers, when a cow or ox is ailing, to say
that the sick animal has lost its cud. If it is meant that the animal,
does not ruminate or chew the cud, and that it consequently must be
sick, no fault can be found with the expression. In most cases, how-
ever, the remark is not intended to convey the idea that the animal
does not ruminate, but that the loss of cud is a disease in itself. We
may here observe that loss of cud is a symptom of suspended rumina-
tion (Plate 11) and shows that the animal’s digestive functions are not
performed as regularly as usual. It is a symptom of a great many
diseases, and when its existence is detected it should lead the observer
to try and discover other symptoms, so that on those he may base a
correct opinion as to the nature of the disease from which the animal
suffers.
VOMITING.
This is not to be confounded with rumination, though some writers
have advanced the opinion that vomiting is merely a disordered and
irregular rumination. It is not of common occurrence in cattle, though
as it sometimes occurs it is well that a description of it should be
given.
Symptoms.—Animals which vomit are frequently in poor condition.
After having eaten tranquilly for some time the animal suddenly
becomes uneasy, arches the back, stretches the neck and head and
then suddenly ejects 10 or 12 pounds of the contents of the rumen.
After having done this, uneasiness subsides and in a short time the
animal resumes eating as if nothing had happened.
Causes.—The causes of this disordered state of the digestive system
in cattle are rather obscure. It is evident that the vomited matter pro-
ceeds from the rumen, and it appears to show some temporary nervous
disorder of that part. It has been found to occur when there was can-
cerous disease of the fourth stomach, and experimentally it, has been,
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 33.
shown that a suspension of digestion or great derangement of the fourth
stomach produces considerable nervous disorder of the rumen and some-
times vomiting or attempt to vomit.
Treatment.—Kasily digested food and plenty of water should be given.
Fear and excitement, chasing or hurrying animals after eating heartily,
are apt to bring on this result. In order to remove the conditions which
produce vomiting the following draft should be given: Hydrate of
chloral, half an ounce; whisky, 8 ounces; water, 1 pint. The dose to
be repeated when the condition of the animal seems to require it.
DEPRAVED APPETITE—PICA.
Cattle suffering from this disease have a capricious and variable appe
tite as regards their ordinary food, but evince a strong desire to lick and
eat substances for which healthy cattle show no inclination. Alkaline
and saline tasting substances are especially attractive to cattle having
a depraved appetite, and they frequently lick lime, earth, coal, gravel,
and even the dung of other cattle. Cows in calf and young cattle are
especially liable to develop those symptoms. Animals affected in this
way lose condition, their coat is staring, gait slow, and small vesicles
containing yellow liquid form under the tongue; the milk given by cows
is thin and watery. Such animals become restless and uneasy, as is
indicated by frequent bellowing. The disease may last for months, the
animal ultimately dying, worn out by fever. Depraved appetite fre-
_ quently precedes the condition in which the bones of cattle become brit-
tle and fracture easily, and which is known by the name of osteomalacia.
Causes.—Bad food, especially food which has undergone changes
which lessen its digestibility and impair its nutritive value, is the com-
mon cause. It has been stated that the food of which animals partake
previous to becoming affected with this disease must be deficient in
some of the constituents required to supply the wear and growth of
the body, and especially that there is a deficiency of lime salts. Cattle
pastured on low, swampy land become predisposed to it. It occasion-
ally happens, however, that one individual in a herd suffers though all
are fed alike; in such cases the disease must arise from the affected
animal not assimilating properly the nutritive elements of the food
which is supplied to it.
Treatment.—The aim in such cases must be to improve the process
of digestion and to supply the animal with a sufficiency of sound and
wholesome food. The following should be given to the cow three times
a day, a heaped tablespoonful constituting a dose: Carbonate of iron,
4 ounces; powdered gentian, 4 ounces; common salt, 4 ounces; pow-
dered fenugreek, 4 ounces; mix. In addition to this three table-
spoonfuls of powdered charcoal should be mixed with the animal’s
food at least three times a day, and a piece of rock salt should be
placed where the animal ean lick it at will.
24697——3
34 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
' HAIR CONCRETIONS. - c
These concretions or hair-balls are produced by animals licking
themselves, or by their licking other animals. Asaresult of this habit
the hairs which are swallowed are carried round by the contractions of
the stomach and gradually assume the form of a small pellet or ball.
These increase in size as fresh quantities of hair are introduced into the
stomach, which become adherent to the surface of the hair-ball. These
hair-balls are found most frequently in the reticulum or second stom-
ach (Plate 11), though sometimes in the rumen. In calves hair-balls
are generally found in the fourth stomach. There are no certain symp-
toms by which we can determine the presence of hair-balls in the
stomach, and therefore no treatment can be recommended for such
cases. In making post-mortem examinations of cattle we have some-
times found the walls of the reticulum transfixed with nails or pieces
of wire, and yet the animal during life had not shown any symptoms
of indigestion, but had died from maladies not involving the second
stomach.
INDIGESTION OF THE THIRD STOMACH—GRASS STAGGERS—DRY MUR-
RAIN—WOOD-EVIL.
The various names which have been applied to this disease indicate
that those who have written concerning it are by no means agreed as
to its nature and cause. Among systematic writers, however, there
seems to be a general agreement that the seat of the disease is in the
third stomach, as they have followed one another faithfully in deserib-
ing that part as the sole seat of trouble. We think it more correct to
regard this as a general disorder of the digestive organs, and that the
third stomach merely participates in the disordered functions of the
other stomachs.
Causes.—Want of exercise predisposes to this disease, or food which
is coarse and indigestible may after a time produce this condition.
Food which possesses astringent properties and tends to check seere-
tion may also act aS an exciting cause. Food in excessive quantity
may also lead to disorder of digestion and to this disease. It is very
likely to appear towards the end of protracted seasons of drought,
therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of the condi-
tions which favor its development. However, we think it best to state
that the causation of this disease is not at present completely under-
stood, and that cases may sometimes occur in which the explanations
offered as to their cause are mere conjecture.
Symptoms.—Diminished appetite, rumination irregular, tongue coated,
mouth slimy, dung passed apparently not well digested and smelling
badly, dullness and fullness of the flanks. It is also frequently stated
that on pressing the fist below the short ribs on the right side the
third stomach will be found as a hard sort of mass in that situation.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 35
The disease may in some cases assume a chronic character, and in
addition to the foregoing symptoms slight bloating or tympanitis of the
left flank may be observed; the animal breathes with effort and each
respiration may be accompanied by a grunt, the ears and horns are
alternately hot and cold, rumination ceases, the usual rumbling sound
in the stomach is not audible, the passage of dung is almost entirely
suspended, and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally.
The patient falls away in flesh and becomes weaker, as is shown by
one frequently finding it lying down. When the animal falls into this
weak and exhausted condition the disease frequently terminates fatally.
On examining animals which have died of this disease a dry and
somewhat hardened condition of the contents of the third stomach is
found. In other cases the stomachs and their contents present a natural
appearance, and we may remark in this connection that in the latter
class of cases the causation of the disease has yet to be explained.
In some cases the brain becomes disordered, no doubtfrom the de-
ranged condition of the stomach reaching the brain through what is
termed reflex action. There is weakness and an unsteady gait, the
animal does not appear to take notice of and will consequently run
against obstacles; after a time it falls down and gives up to violent
and disordered movements. This delirious condition is succeeded by
coma or stupor, and death ensues.
Treatment.—Aromatic and demuleent draughts should be given to
- produce a soothing effect on the mucous lining of the stomachs and to
promote digestion. Two ounces of chamomile flowers should be boiled
for twenty minutes in a quart of water and the infusion on cooling
should be given to the affected animal. This should be repeated about
three times a day. When constipation is present the following purga-
tive may be administered: Sulphate of magnesia, 1 pound; Barbadoes
aloes, half an ounce; powdered ginger, 1 ounce; powdered nux vomica,
1 dram; fluid extract of belladonna, half anounce. The different pow-
ders contained in this prescription should be stirred up in 2 quarts of
lukewarm water, then the fluid extract of belladonna added and the
dose administered. After this purgative has acted, if there is a lack of
appetite and the animal does not ruminate regularly, the powder men-
tioned in remarks on the treatment of chronic tympanitis should be
given according to directions. The diet must be rather laxative and of
a digestible character after an attack of this form of indigestion. Food
should be given in moderate quantities, as any excess by overtasking
the digestive functions may bring on a relapse. 4
INDIGESTION FROM DRINKING COLD WATER—COLIC.
This disorder is produced by drinking copiously of cold water, which
arrests digestion and produces cramp of the fourth stomach, probably
of the other stomachs, and also of the bowels. Cruzel states that it is
frequently observed in working oxen during hot weather.
36 DISEASES OF GATTLE.
Causes.—It is not customary for the ox to drink much water at once.
In fact he usually drinks slowly, and as if he were merely tasting the
water, letting some fall out at the corners of his mouth at every mouth-
ful. He drinks much less in proportion to his size than the horse, and
when fed on green food or at pasture he may pass several days without
drinking. It would, therefore, seem to be contrary to the habits of the
ox to drink largely. But we find that during hot weather, when he has
been working and is consequently very thirsty, if he drinks a large
quantity of cold water he is immediately taken with a very severe colic,
Though Cruzel, a French writer on the diseases of .the ox, is of opinion
that these are the only conditions under which this form of colic arises,
I have known it to affect milch cows quite severely in winter, when they
are let out of a warm stable to be watered. Cows which are fed largely
on dry hay drink copiously, like the working ox, and become affected
in precisely the same manner. But the secretion of milk in the cow is
usually much diminished after such attacks. In such cases I have also
observed that they are seized with a chill or fit of trembling before the
cramps come on.
Symptoms.—There is some distension of the abdomen, but no accumu-
lation of gas. As the distension and pain occur immediately after the
animal has drunk the water there can not be any doubt as to the excit-
ing cause. Cruzel, in speaking of the treatment of this disease, says it
is customary among French farmers to walk or even trot the ox up and
down, and that as a result of this treatment the water passes from the
fourth stomach into the bowel, from which it is soon passed off not much
changed, except that it is slightly colored by the substances with which
it has come in contact in passing through the bowel. Diarrhea then
appears to be a favorable termination of this affection.
Treatment.—The treatment above described should be adopted in a
modified form. It is obviously dangerous to trot an anima! whose
stomach and bowels are largely distended with water, but it appears
rational to walk the animal about for ten minutes before administering
medicine, as this allows time for a portion of the contents of the stom-
ach to pass into the bowel, and renders it safer to give medicine. In
many cases the walking exercise and the diarrhea bring about a spon-
taneous cure of this disorder, but as in some instances the cramps and
pains of the stomachs persist, I have been accustomed to give 1
ounce of sulphuric ether and 1 ounce of tincture of opium, shaken up
with a pint of warm water, and to repeat the dose in half an hourif the
animal is not relieved. In an emergency when medicine is not to be
had, half a pint of whisky may be substituted for medicine, and should
be given mixed with a pint of warm water; or a tablespoonful of pow-
dered ginger may be administered in the same way as the remedies
already mentioned. I have never seen a case of this kind terminate
tatally, but Cruzel mentions that he has witnessed two fatal cases. In
both the fourth stomach was congested, and in one case there was a
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 37
rupture of a part of the small intestine. In both of those cases the ani-
mals were compelled to trot forward and back, and it seems reasonable
to infer that this treatment was the cause of their death,
INDIGESTION IN CALVES—GASTRIC CATARRH—DIARRHEA—WHITE
SCOUR.
Sucking calves are subject to a form of diarrhea to which the above
designations have been applied.
Causes.—Calves which suck their dams are not frequently affected
with this disease, though it may be occasioned by their sucking at long
intervals and thus overloading the stomach and bringing on indigestion.
Jalves which are separated from their dams and which receive consid-
erable quantities of cold milk at long intervals are liable to contract
this form of indigestion. Calves fed on artificial food, which is some-
times used as a substitute for milk, also frequently contract it.
Symptoms.—The milk which passes into the fourth stomach becomes
eurdled and acts as an irritant on the surface of the stomach and bow-
els, so that a catarrhal condition of their mucous surface is set up. The
passages have a thin, yellowish-white appearance and become very fre-
quent. The calf becomes dull, whisks its tail as if in pain whenever
there is a passage from the bowels, loses its appetite, becomes weak,
and unless the disease is checked dies in a few days from exhaustion.
Treatment.—The calf should have from 1 to 2 ounces of castor oil
and a tablespoonful of laudanum.
ae
DLE
iy
Ee
' SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE LUNG
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
By W. H. HARBAUGH, V. S., Richmond, Va.
In a work of this kind anything approaching a detailed description
of the anatomy and pliysiology of this subject is simply out of the
question, as the space it would require forbids the attempt; but a few
of the important points will be noticed so that what follows will be
better understood.
The nervous system is the distinguishing feature of animal life; with-
out it there can be no intelligence, no instinct, no sensibility, no per-
ception; in fact, existence would be nothing more than vegetable life.
The senses—touch, taste, sight, hearing, smell—all depend on the
nervous system. Motion depends on it. A muscle can not contract
without receiving the stimulus from the nervous system. For example,
if a nerve passing from a nerve center to a muscle is severed, the par-
ticular muscle that is supplied by the cut nerve is paralyzed.
In the living animal the muscle is the power; but without the stimu-
lus it receives from the nerves it is powerless. The muscle and the
nerve, in their relationship, may be compared to the powder and the
match in a blast. The hole drilled into the rock may be packed with
giant powder, the fuse may be in readiness, but the powder can not
rend the rock unless the match is applied to the fuse. The nervous
system originates and conveys the stimulus or impulse which excites
the muscle. The contraction of the muscle is the source of movement.
In the description of the blood it is stated that all nutrition and
all vitality depend on the blood and, although the nervous matter
receives its nutrition from the blood, the blood is only capable of
fulfilling its proper functions by the aid of the nervous system
Withoutnervous stimulus the heart can notbeat. All the other systems
in the body are excited and regulated by the nervous system.
The nervous system, for various reasons, is studied in two divisions,
but it must be borne in mind that the two divisions are closely con-
nected one with the other.
The cerebro-spinal division consists of the brain and spinal cord,
nerves, and ganglia. The nerves of this division convey the impulses
of motion and sensation, and supply all parts which are under the con-
111
112 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
trol of the will. For example, the voluntary muscular tissue includes
all the muscles which act as the will directs. Another example, if
anything comes in contact with any part of the skin, the impression is
immediately perceived. All the special senses belong to this division.
The sympathetic division consists of nerves and ganglia. The muscu-
lar tissue which acts independently of the will, as, for example, the
stomach, intestines, womb, blood-vessels, ducts, etc., is called involun-
tary muscular tissue, and receives nervous stimulus from the sympa-
thetic division.
The brain, spinal cord, and the ganglia are the central organs of the
nervous system. Thenervesconductthe nervous influence. Thenerves
terminate differently according to their function. The terminations are
called end organs. The terminal end organs in the skin and other parts
endowed with sensation receive the impressions, which are conveyed to
the brain, where they are appreciated. ‘They are so sensitive that the
most gentle zephyr is perceived. They are so abundant that the point
of the finest needle can not pierce the skin without coming in contact
with them, and the sensation of pain is instantly conveyed to the brain.
The terminal end organs of the nerves that supply the muscles are
different, as they give the impulse which is conveyed by the motor
nerves to the elements which constitute the muscle, and this impulse is
the excitation which causes the muscle to contract. The terminal end
organs of the special senses of taste, smell, etc., receive their respect-
ive impressions, and their respective nerves carry the impressions to
the brain.
There are two divisions of nerves, the efferent and the afferent.
The efferent nerves are those which convey the nervous impulse out-
ward from the nerve centers, and they are further classified according
to the function of their respective centers. For example: Motor fibers
carry the impulse from the nerve center to a muscle to cause contrac-
tion. Vaso-motor fibers carry the impulse to the muscular tissue in
the blood vessels, which regulates their caliber. The secretory fibers
convey the impulse to the cells of the glands, and excite the activity of
the gland, and its particular product is secreted or evolved, as for in-
stance, milkin themammary gland. Inhibitory fibers control or inhibit
the action of the organ to which they are distributed, as, for instance,
the heart.
The afferent nerves are those which convey the impulse to the nerve
centers. All the sensory nerves belong to this division.
Nerve centers may be considered as a collection or group of nerve
cells. Both the cerebro-spinal and the sympathetic divisions have nerve
centers. The centers derive their special names from their functions.
The brain, as a matter of course, is the great center of the nervous sys-
tem, as it is the center of intelligence and perception. The centers of
all the special senses, as well as the centers of various functions, are
located in different parts of the brain. Nerve centers also exist in the
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 113
spinal cord, and in connection with the sympathetic system. Nerve
centers are classed as the automatic and the reflex centers, but these
two divisions are subdivided again according to the function of each
respective center of either of the great divisions. The action of an
automatic center occurs independent of any influence external to the
center itself. To illustrate the action of the reflex centers, the familiar
example of a piece of food accidentally getting into the larynx (or into
the windpipe, as it is popularly termed) may be considered. Nature has
endowed the mucous membrane—the internal surface—of the larynx with
the most exquisite sensitiveness, which is due to the terminal end organs
in the membrane being connected by means of their sensory nerves
with a nerve center. No sooner does the particle of food drop into the
larynx than the terminal end organs receive the extraordinary irrita-
tion it causes, and the impression is conveyed by the fibers of the sen-
sory, or afferent nerve,-to a nerve center in the brain, and from the cen-
ter the nervous impulse is sent by means of the fibers of the motor, or
efferent nerves, to the various muscles, the contraction of which causes
the forcible expulsion of air from the lungs, which dislodges and ejects
from the larynx the offending particle of food. For another example
the sensation of pain will suffice. If a finger comes in contact with fire
the sensation of pain is received by the end organs of the sensory fibers
in the skin of the finger, and conveyed to the brain by the sensory or
afferent fibers, and there is instantly carried by the motor or efferent
fibers to the muscles of the arm the impulse which causes the muscles
to snatch the finger from the fire.
A nerve is a cord consisting of a certain number of fibers, inclosed in
a sheath of connective tissue. This sheath contains the blood-vessels
from which the nerve derives its nutrition. Large nerves are composed
of bundles of smaller ones, each of the smaller contained in its respective
sheath. Nerves divide and subdivide, sending off branches, which
ramify in all parts of the body, and, as they near their terminations,
they contain but one or two fibers.
Nerves are the conductors of the nerve current, or impulse.
The brain and spinal cord are contained within a bony canal, which
forms a protective covering for them.
The spinal column consists of a number of bones, especially articulated
or joined one to the other, extending from the head to the tail. Through
each one of these bones the spinal canal is continued.
The spinal cord, or spinal marrow, lodged within the spinal canal, is
continuous with the brain anteriorly, and terminates in a point in the
sacrum (that part of the spinal column which immediately precedes the
tail). The spinal cord is not of uniform size, it being considerably larger
at the part covered by the last two bones of the neck and the first two
bones of the back than it is immediately before or after this enlarge-
ment. It is again enlarged at the part covered by the bones in the
region of the loins.
24697——8
114 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Along its entire length run two fissures, one above and the other be-
low, exactly in the middle line, nearly dividing the cord in two lateral
halves. The cord is white externally and gray internally. Between
each two of the bones forming the spinal column the cord gives off a
pair of nerves, one nerve emerging from either side of the column. These
nerves (the spinal nerve) arise from the cord by two roots; the superior
root contains sensory fibers, and the inferior root gives the motor
fibers. The union of these roots forms a common nerve, which soon
divides into two branches, containing motor and sensory fibers; the
superior branch to supply the muscles and skin above, and the inferior
branch to supply the parts below, including fibers to form the sympa-
thetic division. The spinal cord conducts nervous impressions to the
brain and impulses from the brain, and is therefore a conductor of
both afferent and efferent currents. It also contains nerve centers, both
reflex and automatic.
The fibers that convey motor impulses decussate or cross from one
side to the other in the part of the brain called the medulla oblongata;
therefore a motor impulse going from the right side of the brain crosses
over to the left side in the medulla oblongata and is carried down the
left sideof the spinal cord; and in like manner, a motor impulse from
the left side of the brain is carried down the right side of the spinal
cord.
The nerves that convey sensory impressions go immediately to the
opposite side of the spinal cord; therefore, an impression of pain re-
ceived on the left hind leg, or any part of the left side of the body, is
conveyed by the sensory nerve fibers to the spinal cord and passes over
to the right side, and is conveyed to the brain by fibers on the right
side of the spinal cord. Thus it follows that if a lateral half of the
spinal cord be cut, all parts posterior to the cut on the same side will
be paralyzed, and all parts on the side opposite to the cut will be de-
prived of sensation.
The weight of the spinal cord in a cow of average size is estimated
to be 72 ounces. The spinal canal is continuous anteriorly with the
cranial cavity.
The cranial cavity, formed by bones of the head, is irregular in shape,
and contains the brain or encephalon.
The brain is continuous with the spinal cord; there is nothing to
mark the place where one leaves off and the other begins. Looking at
the external surface of the brain, on its superior aspect, the larger
mass—the cerebrum—is seen to be divided by a longitudinal fissure in
the median line into two equal parts, called the cerebral hemispheres,
behind which is a smaller mass called the cerebellum, resting on the
part called the medulla oblongata, which is continuous with the spinal
cord. On the under surface of the brain, between the medulla oblongata
and the cerebral hemispheres, there is a prominent part called the pons
Varolii, which consists of transverse fibers running across from one
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 115
side of the cerebellum to the other. Anterior to the pons Varolii are
two white bundles—the erura cerebri. Their continuation with the
medulla oblongata is covered by the pons Varolii; anteriorly they run
into the cerebral hemispheres. At the anterior part of the fissure which
separates the crura cerebri is the pituitary gland and the tuber cinereum.
From the under surface of each of the cerebral hemispheres proceeds
anteriorly an appendage called the olfactory lobe.
The arrangement of the gray and white substances of the brain is, to
a great extent, the reverse of that of the spinal cord, the gray being
external and the white internal, except as regards the medulla ob-
longata, in which the gray matter forms centers in its substance.
The average weight of the brain in cattle as compared to the weight
of the entire body, is estimated as 1 to 860; or, in other words, if the
weight of the animal be 860 pounds, the weight of the brain will be 1
pound. - 2
The cranial nerves are given off by the brain; they are in pairs, as
follows: (1) Olfactory—the nerves of the special sense of smell. (2)
Optic—the nerves of the special sense of sight. (3) Oculo-motor—sup-
ply impulse to all the muscles which move the eyeball, except three.
(4) Pathetici—motor nerve to the muscle which rotates the eyeball in-
ward and upward. (5) Trifacial—nerves of various functions. They
are in three divisions and each division has numerous branches. The
ophthalmic division supplies sensation to the eye and forehead. The
superior maxillary division supplies sensation to the skin of the face, to
the membrane within the nose, and gives to the teeth in the upper jaw
_ their sensitiveness. The inferior maxillary division supplies sensation
to the teeth in the lower jaw, to the tongue, mouth, and the skin over
the lower jaw. Some of the fibers of this pair aid in supplying the spe-
cial sense of taste. This pair also supplies motor fibers to the muscles
which move the jaw in the actof mastication. (6) Abducentes—motor
nerve to the muscle which turns the eyeball outward. (7) Facial—sup-
plies motor impulses to various muscles about the head. (8) Auditory—
the nerves of the special sense of hearing. (9) Glosso-pharyngeal—
contains motor and sensory fibers to the tongue and pharynx. It also
supplies fibers to aid in the special sense of taste. (10) Pneumogas-
tric—sends fibers to the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, eso-
phagus, stomach, heart, and many other parts. Its functions are
humerous and important, being both motor and sensory. A branch
gives to the mucous membrane of the larynx its extraordinary sensi-
tiveness, while another branch supplies motor impulse to the muscles
of the larynx. Another branch is the inhibitory nerve of the heart.
Other branches are thought to participate in exciting the production of
the gastric juice and the bile. The pneumogastric is connected at dif-
ferent parts with the sympathetic division. (11) Spinal accessory—
motor nerves, accessory to the pneumogastric. (12) Hypoglossal—motor
nerves of the tongue, and some fibers to a few other muscles.
116 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
The foregoing review of the cranial nerves and their functions, brief
as it is, will give a superficial idea of thé uses of the nervous system
and the magnitude of its importance.
The meninges are the membranes, three in number, which envelop
the brain and spinal cord, and separate them from the bones which
form the walls of the cranial cavity and spinal canal. These mem-
branes are called the dura mater, external; the arachnoid, middle;
and the pia mater, internal.
The dura mater is composed of very strong and dense tissue. By its
external surface it adheres more or less closely to the bones which form
the walls of the cranial cavity and is continued throughout the whole
length of the spinal canal, but does not adhere to the bones of the
spinal canal to the same extent as in the cranial cavity.
The arachnoid is a serous membrane, and, like all serous membranes,
has two layers, which form a closed sack. The external layer is in con-
tact with the dura mater, and the internal layer is in contact with the
pia mater. The inner surfaces of the arachnoid (the interior of the
sack) are in contact, and are kept moist by the exudation of serum. In
the cranial cavity the external layer is not closely attached to the dura
mater, but in the spinal canal they are closely united.
The pia mater, which is in direct contact with the brain and spinal
cord, is a very thin, delicate membrane, having in its structure many
blood vessels and small nerves. This membrane, being intimately at-
tached to the nervous matter of the brain and spinal cord, follows all
the convolutions, dipping down into the various fissures and inequalities.
The arachnoid does not dip into the inequalities, and consequently
spaces are left between it and the pia mater. These spaces are filled
with a fluid called the subarachnoid fluid, in which the brain and spinal
cord may be said to be immersed. This fluid is of vast importance,
in so far as it, toa great extent, prevents concussion to the nervous
matter of the brain and cord.
The sympathetic, also called the ganglionic, division of the nervous
system consists of two chains of ganglia, reaching from the head to
the tail, situated beneath the spinal column, one on either side. The
presence of the ganglia or enlargements on the cords give them their
chain-like appearance.
As previously remarked, the sympathetic nerves are closely connected
with the cerebro-spinal nerves. In fact, the center for the sympathetic
system is located in that part of the ‘atin called the medulla oblongata,
but the sympathetic nerves are not under the control of the will.
Afferent nerves come from the cerebro-spinal system, as pointed out
when describing the spinal nerves. Efferent nerves go from the ganglia
(or nerve centers) to all the blood vessels, various organs in the neck,
chest, abdomen, etc. The ganglia belonging to the sympathetic system
are numerous, and it is thought by some physiologists that they par-
ticipate in both automatic and reflex acts.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 117
ENCEPHALITIS—STAGGERS.
Inflammation of the brain and its membranes is technically termed
encephalitis, but owing to various symptoms, which no doubt depend
much on the particular part affected, the disease is known by different
names, such as staggers, stomach staggers, mad staggers, sleepy stag-
gers, coma, frenzy, etc.
Inflammation of the nervous matter comprising the brain, without in-
volving the membranes, is a rare disease in cattle, so much so that few
authorities notice it as a distinct affection, and then only to point out
the fact that it is discovered by post-mortem examination. There are
no symptoms exhibited by which it may be positively distinguished
from encephalitis—the disease involving the membranes as well as the
brain—and. therefore it will be included in this description.
Causes.—Severe blows on the head with a hard object, or the head
coming violently in contact with the ground or other hard substance
in a fall, may be followed by encephalitis. Irritation caused by tumors
in the brain may produce inflammation. Food containing deleterious
matters, for example, ergot (see Plate V) and other fungi which con-
tain a narcotic principle, is the most frequent cause of this affection,
and hence it is often called “ grass staggers” and “ stomach staggers.”
In many localities certain plants have the reputation of causing stag-
gers. As, for instance, “ Elliott’s Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia,” edition of 1821, says: “‘ Atamasco—stagger-grass. Gener-
ally supposed to be poisonous to cattle and produces the disease in
- calves called staggers.” The writer can not say that this particular
plant (Atamasco Lily—Amaryllis atamasco, L.) produces the disease,
but he quotes the supposition to add strength to the pvint that it is
generally believed that certain plants do cause it. European authors
describe a variety of the disease ‘‘ arising from the consumption of the
refuse of distilleries.” When the disease is not caused by direct vio-
lence the quality of the food should be suspected.
Symptoms.—The symptoms vary much, but a careful observer will
_ detect a trouble connected with the nervous system without much un-
certainty. The first signs may be those of frenzy, but generally at the
start the animal is dull and sleepy, with little or no inclination to
move about ; the head may be pressed against the wall or fence and
the legs kept moving, as if the animal were endeavoring to walk through
the obstruction ; the body, especially the hind part, may be leaned
against the side of the stall or stable, as if for support. The bowels
are constipated ; the urine, when passed, is small in quantity and
darker in color than natural. There may be trembling and even
spasms of muscles in different parts. In the dull stage the animal may
breathe less frequently than natural, and each breath may be accom-
panied with a snoring-like sound. The pulse may be large and less fre-
quent than normal. If suddenly aroused from the drowsy state the
118 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
beast appears startled and stares wildly. When moving about the an-
imal may stagger, the hindquarters swaying from side to side.
When the delirium ensues the cow is commonly said to be mad. She
may bellow, stamp her feet, run about wildly, grate the teeth, froth at
the mouth. If she is confined in the stable, she rears and plunges;
the convulsions are so violent in many instances that it is really dan-
gerous for one to attempt to render aid. The body may be covered
with perspiration. She may fall; the muscles twitch and jerk; often
the head is raised and then dashed against the ground until blood
issues from the nose and mouth; the eyes may be bloodshot and sight-
less; the limbs stiff and outstretched, or they may be kicked about
recklessly; the head may be drawn back and the tail drawn up; the
urine may be squirted out in spurts; often the ‘“‘ washer” (membrane
nictitans) is forced over the eye. When the convulsions cease they
may be followed by a period of quiet unconsciousness—coma—which is
more or less prolonged, when the animal may gradually regain con-
sciousness, get up on its feet, and perhaps quietly partake of food, if
there be any within reach, ile at other times it arises with much dif.
ficulty and staggers pinay about the stall or field.
It must be remembered that all the foregoing symptoms are not
always seen in the same case. In those cases usually designated sleepy
staggers the general symptoms of drowsiness are presented, while in
other cases the symptoms of frenzy cause the affection to be called mad
staggers. In other cases, when the spinal cord and its membranes are
more or less involved, there are symptoms of paralysis, swaying of the
hindquarters, inability to rise, ete.
The various symptoms increase in frequency and intensity until they
end in death, which is almost invariably the result of an attack of en-
cephalitis in cattle.
It is well to remark that when the disease follows injuries to the
head, the symptoms may not be manifested until two or three days (cr
eee after the accident.
Treatment.—For reasons which are obvious from the description of
the symptoms, treatment of this disease is anything but satisfactory.
Recoveries are rare in spite of careful scientific attention, even in those
cases which are under the most favorable circumstances. To be of any
service whatever the treatment must be prompt and begin with the
disease. In the early stage the pulse is large, and in most cases will
admit of bleeding. Hight or nine quarts of blood should be taken from
the jugular vein. This should be followed immediately by a purgative,
the following, for a cow of average size: Epsom salts, 24 ounces; pul-
verized gamboge, 4 ounce; croton oil, 20 drops; warm water, 3 quarts.
Mix all together and give at once, as a drench.
About 2 quarts of warm water or warm soapsuds should be injected
with a syringe into the rectum (last gut) every three or four hours. It
is best to keep the animal in a quiet, sheltered place, where it will be
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 119
free from noise or other cause of excitement. All the cold water the
animal will drink should be allowed, but food must be withheld, except
bran slops occasionally in small quantities, or grass, if in season, which
may be cut and carried fresh to the patient.
During the convulsions all possible efforts should be made to prevent
the animal injuring itself; the head should be held down on the ground
and straw kept under it. Cold water may be continuously poured on
the head, or bags filled with ice broken in small pieces may be applied
to the head. Different authors recommend different remedies to allay
the convulsions, but for two reasons it will be found extremely difficult
to administer medicines during the convulsions: (1) While the animal
is unconscious the power to swallow is lost, and therefore the medicine
is more liable to go down the windpipe to the lungs than it is to go to
the paunch. (2) The convulsions are often so violent that it would be
utterly useless to attempt to drench the animal. And furthermore it
must be borne in mind that during this stage the functions of digestion
and absorption are suspended, and as a consequence the medicine (pro-
vided it finds its way to the paunch) is likely to remain there unab-
sorbed and therefore useless.
_A blistering compound, composed of mustard, 1 ounce; pulverized
cantharides, one-half ounce; hot water, 4 ounces, well mixed together,
may be rubbed in over the loins, along the spine, and back of the head
on each side of the neck. This is occasionally attended with beneficial
effect, and especially so in those cases when paralysis is present.
If the purgative acts, and the animal shows signs of improvement in
the course of two or three days, 2 drams of iodide of potassium may be
given every night and morning, dissolved in a half bucketful of drink-
ing water, if the animal will drink it, or it may be dissolved in a half
pint of water and given as adrench. Great care must be observed in
regard to the food, which should be nutritive but not coarse, and at
first in small quantities, gradually increased as the patient improves.
After some progress is made towards recovery 14 drams of pulverized
. nux vomica may be given twice a day, added to the iodide of potassium
drench. This should be administered so long as a staggering gait con-
tinues.
In those rare cases when recovery takes place, it is only partial as a
rule, as there is generally a sequel which remains, such as partial pa-
ralysis; however, this is but a slight drawback in cattle, because when
it is seen. to persist, the medicine should be stopped and the animal
fattened for butchering.
Post-mortem examinations discover congestion of the brain.and its
membranes. The pia mater (the vascular membrane) is most congested.
In those cases which have exhibited much paralysis before death, the
pia mater of the cord is congested in the lumbar region (loins). When
the disease has been caused by injury to the head the congestion and
extravasated blood may be found inside of the cavity in the location
120 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
corresponding to the place where the injury was inflicted externally. —
In some cases pus is also discovered. It remains to be said that in all
animals that have died from this affection the lungs are found very
much congested. This leads the nonprofessional to suppose that the
disease was a lung affection, but in fact it is only a natural consequence
when death ensues from brain disease.
APOPLEXY.
That form of congestion of the brain known as parturient apoplexy,
which is so frequently associated with the period of calving, is described
in another part of this work. (See Parturient Apoplexy, p. 247.)
Cerebral apoplexy, not connected with parturition, is a rare disease
among cattle. However, it may be due to degeneration and consequent
rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain; the pressure of the blood which
escapes from the ruptured vessel upon eae nervous substance causes
the alarming symptoms.
The attack is sudden, the animal in most cases falling as if hit on the
head with anax. Convulsions similar to those described as symptoms of
encephalitis may ensue, or the unconsciousness may not be accompanied
with any movements of the head or limbs; the eyes are open and
blindly staring, the mouth frothy, the body cold; the breathing may be
loud or snoring, the pulse frequent and small. There may be remis-
sions in the severity of the symptoms, but the pressure from the con-
tinued escape of blood soon causes death.
There is described a form of congestive apoplexy, affecting cattle
which are in a plethoric condition. The congestion, or superabundant
quantity of blood in the vessels of the brain, may be followed by rup-
ture of the vessels. It is said to occur mostly in hot weather. In this
variety the symptoms given are somewhat similar to those exhibited
when the affection is due to degeneration of the blood vessels, but
not so violent; the animal may show premonitory signs, such as dull-
ness, staggering, and may only fall to the knees, the muzzle resting
on the ground.
In such cases bleeding should be resorted to immediately, and when
the power of swallowing is not lost purgatives should be administered.
Cold applications to the head, and the general treatment recommended
for encephalitis are indicated.
CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.
Severe blows on the head, striking the head against some hard ob-
ject while running, or falling on the head, may cause concussion of the
brain. The injury may fracture bones of the cranium and produce com-
pression of the brain.
The symptoms vary according to the severity of the concussion. After
receiving the injury the animal may lie prostrate, entirely unconscious
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 121
of all surroundings, with complete loss of sensation and power; how-
ever, there may be some slight convulsive movements, but they are
without any effort of the will.
Death may quickly follow the injury; or, if the injury has not been
very Serious, recovery may take place in a comparatively short time; or
the animal may linger in a more or less unconscious state for a consid-
erable time, or there may be a partial recovery from the injury, followed
within a few days by encephalitis.
The injury which produces concussion of the brain may at the same
time fracture one or more of the bones of the cranium. The fracture
may be simple—a crack in the bone without depression, or the broken
bone may be depressed, the pressure on the brain substance constitut-
ing compression of the brain. The first step in the treatment of com-
pression of the brain from the latter cause is to elevate the depressed
bone, which in some cases may be done with a thin but strong piece of
Steel, like a knife blade. In many cases it is necessary to remove a
portion of bone with a trephine in order to be able to raise the depressed
part. Such cases require the skill of an expert veterinarian, but un-
less the animal is a very valuable one it should be butchered as soon as
possible after the accident, and not allowed to linger until the meat
becomes unfit for consumption.
Compression of the brain may result from an injury without fracture
of abone. A blow on the head may rupture a blood-vessel within the
cranial cavity, and the blood escaping therefrom (either on the surface
of the brain or into the structure of the brain) produces compression
of the brain substance. Or the injury may cause inflammation, the
result of which may be compression due to the formation of pus.
Compression from the escape of blood may be suspected when the in-
sensibility continues. But when due to the formation of pus the animal
partially recovers, and after three or four days have elapsed becomes
again unconscious.
In concussion of the brain, during the first stage, when the surface
of the body is cold, cover the body and legs with warm blankets. It is
useless to attempt to administer medicines while the animal is insensible
and can not swallow. Cold water or crushed ice should be applied to
the head, and when consciousness returns the purgative drench as ad-
vised for encephalitis should be administered. The animal should be
assisted to its feet and put in a comfortable place, free from light and
noise. Only small quantities of food, in the form of bran slops or grass,
should be given for some time. Bleeding should not be performed
unless the case runs into encephalitis, when the general treatment ad-
vised under that head may be followed.
EPILEPSY.
This affection is characterized by the onset of sudden convulsions.
The animal may appear to be in a fair state of health, as a general
122 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
thing, but at any time, in the stable or in the field, it may have an
attack, stagger, fall, and violent convulsions ensue; the urine and dung
may be voided involuntarily during the fit, and the breathing may be of
that snoring description called stertorous. Epilepsy must not be con-
founded with vertigo—the fainting which is an effect of heart troubles.
The exact cause or causes of epilepsy in the majority of cases are
unknown. Post-mortem examinations, in many instances, have failed
to discover any lesion in connection with the brain or nervous system;
while in other instances disease of the brain has been found in the form
of thickening of the membranes, abscesses and tumors; and in some
cases the affection has been manifested in connection with a diseased
condition of the blood. The cause has also been traced to reflex irri-
tation, due to teething, worms, and chronic indigestion.
Treatment.—When the affection is due to the last-named causes
treatment may be successful if the cause is removed. If there are
symptoms of worms or of indigestion, follow the general treatment
advised for those troubles under their proper heads. If due to irrita-
tation caused by teething, the inflamed gums must be lanced. Exami-
nation of the mouth often develops the fact that one of the temporary
teeth causes much irritation by remaining unshed, and thereby inter-
fering with the growth of a permanent tooth. The offending tooth
should be extracted. When the cause of epilepsy can not be dis-
covered, it must be confessed that there is no prospect of a cure in such
cases. However, some benefit may be expected from the occasional
administration of a purgative dose of medicine. A pound of Epsom
salts dissolved in a quart of warm water, for a cow of average size,
may be given as a drench once or twice a month. In addition to the
purgative, 4 drams of bromide of potassium, dissolved in the drinking
water, three times a day, has proved very beneficial in some cases.
SUNSTROKE—PROSTRATION FROM HEAT.
Owing to the fact that cattle are seldom put to work at which they
would have to undergo severe exertion, especially in collars, they are
not frequently prostrated by the extreme heat of the summer months.
When at pasture they select the coolest places in the shade of trees, etc.,
when the heat becomes oppressive, and thereby avoid, as much as
possible, the effects of it. but nevertheless cases are not uncommon
when cattle suffer from the so-called sunstroke.
Cattle that have been kept up for the purpose of fattening, when
driven some distance in very hot weather, are the most liable to be
prostrated, but it must be remembered that it is not really necessary
for the animal to be exposed to the rays of the sun, as those confined
in hot, close places may suffer. This often happens in shipping, when
they are crowded together in cars. ;
Symptoms.—The premonitory signs are those of exhaustion—dullness,
panting, frothing at the mouth, tongue hanging out, irregular gait, un-
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 123
easiness, palpitation, when, if the circumstances which tend to the
prostration are not mitigated, the animal staggers or sways from side to
side, falls, struggles for awhile, and then gradually becomes quiet, or
the struggles may continue, with repeated but ineffectual efforts to
regain a standing position. In serious cases the attack may be very
sudden, unconsciousness occurring without any distressing premonitory
symptoms. The less serious form is known to the colored cattle drivers
as ‘“overhet” (overheated).
Treatment.—At first, when not very serious, removal to a quiet
sheltered place, with a few days on a reduced diet, is all thatneed be
done. When the animal has fallen, apply cold water or ice to the head;
rub the body and limbs with cloths or wisps of straw, and continue the
rubbing for a considerable time. If the power of swallowing is not lost
(which may be ascertained by pouring a little cold water into the
mouth), give 3 drams of liquor ammonia fort., diluted with a quart of
cold water. Be very careful in drenching the animal when lying down.
Repeat the drench in a half hour, and an hour after the first one has
been given. Instead of the ammonia, a drench composed of 3 ounces
‘of spirits of nitrous ether in a pint of water may be given, if more con-
venient, but in all cases the ammonia drench is preferable. If uncon-
sciousness continues, so that a drench can not be administered, the
same quantity of ammonia and water may be injected with a syringe
into the rectum. The popular aqua ammonia, commonly called “ harts-
horn,” will do as well as the liquor ammonia fort., but as it is weaker
_ than the latter, the dose for a cow is about one and a half ounce, which
should be diluted with a quart of water before it is given’) the animal,
either as a drench or an enema. When ammonia can not be obtained
quickly, 2 ounces of oil of turpentine (spirits of turpentine), shaken with
a pint of milk, may be injected into the rectum, and will act beneficially
until the ammonia is procured.
As soon as the animal is able to rise, it should be assisted and
moved to the nearest shelter. All the cold water it will drink should be
allowed. The ammonia or spirits of nitrous ether drench should be
administered every three hours, so long as there is much failure of
strength. The diet should be limited for several days; bran slops and
a little grass. When signs of returning strength are presented, 12
ounces of Epsom salts dissolved in a quart of warm water may be given
in those cases which have been down and unconscious, but do not give
it while much weakness remains, which may be for several days after
the attack. It is hardly necessary to mention that when an animal is
suffering from heat prostration, bleeding should not be resorted to as
a remedial measure. The writer is well aware of the fact that they are
often slaughtered by butchers to save further trouble and probable loss.
INJURIES TO THE SPINAL CORD.
The spinal cord is liable to concussion from blows and falls, and
paralysis, to a greater or less extent, may be the result. Fracture, with
124 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
displacement of the bones (vertebra) which form the spinal column,
by compressing the spinal cord produces paralysis, which varies in its
effect according to the part of the cord that is compressed. If the
fracture is above the middle of the neck death soon follows, as commu-
nication between the brain and diaphragm—the essential muscle of
inspiration—is stopped. The phrenic nerve, which supplies the dia-
phragm with motor impulse, is formed by the union of spinal nerves
below the middle of the neck, and when the cord is compressed between
the origin of this nerve and the brain the diaphragm is paralyzed and
death must result. When the fracture is farther down in the neck,
posterior to the origin of the phrenic nerve, the breathing continues,
but there is paralysis in all parts posterior to the fracture, including the
fore and hind legs. When the fracture is in the region of the loins the
hind legs are paralyzed, but the fore legs are not. If the fracture is in
the sacrum (the division of the spinal column between the loins and the
tail) the tail alone is paralyzed.
As a matter of course, when the back is broken there is no remedy;
the animal should be bled to death and converted into meat at once.
The animal not being able to rise after the accident, together with the -
fact that sensation is lost, as evidenced by sticking a pin into the para-
lyzed parts, should decide the question.
PARALYSIS.
Paralysis, or loss of motion in a part, may be due to a lesion of the
brain, of the spinal cord, or of a nerve. It may also be caused by reflex
jrritation. When the paralysis affects both sides of the body, posterior
to a point, it is further designated by the technical name of paraplegia.
When one side of the body (a lateral half) is paralyzed, the technical
term hemiplegia is applied to the affection. When paralysis is caused
by a lesion of a nerve, the paralysis is confined to the particular part
supplied by the affected nerve.
As already pointed out, paralysis may be due to concussion of the
spine; fracture of a bone of the spinal column with consequent com-
pression of the spinal cord; concussion of the brain; compression of the
brain. An injury to one side of the brain may produce paralysis of
the same side of the head, and of the opposite side of the body hemi-
plegia. Paralysis may occur in connection with parturient apoplexy,
lead poisoning, ergotism, etc.
Paraplegia, like other diseases, has been traced to moldy food. In one
outbreak on record, complete paralysis of the posterior parts of the
bodies of seven oxen was attributed to this cause. Reflex paraplegia,
associated with indigestion and impaction of the rumen, is recognized
by practitioners. This is usually a mild form, and generally passes
away in a few days, especially when the cause—indigestion, impaction
of the rumen—responds to proper treatment. Cows heavy with calf
are sometimes affected with a form of paraplegia, which usually at-
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 125
tacks them from about a month to a few days before calving. Appar-
ently they are in good health in every respect except the inability to
stand up, on account of the paralysis of the hind quarters. This form
is generally attributed to compression of the nerves (and probably the
vessels to some extent) of the hind parts by the enlarged condition of
the womb. As a rule the animal recovers after calving, and requires
only general care, such as good bedding and regular diet, and if the
bowels become constipated at any time two quarts of warm soapsuds
should be injected into the rectum occasionally. Ifthe enemas are not
sufficient to keep the bowels in proper condition, a half pound of Epsom
salts dissolved in a quart of warm water may be given as a drench.
If the cow desires to shift her position from one side to the other nec-
essary assistance should be given. If the paralysis continues for
several days after the calf is born the cow should have a purgative—
1 pound of Epsom salts dissolved in a quart of warm water; also 14
drams of pulverized nux vomica, every night and morning, on the food,
if she will eat it, or with some water as a drench. The blistering com-
pound recommended in the treatment of encephalitis may be rubbed
well over the loins.
The cow is occasionally attacked with a form of paralysis after calv-
ing not connected with parturient apoplexy. It may be associated
with inflammation of the womb, and some authorities say that it is
caused by injuries to nerves while calving. One or both hind legs may
be affected, or more or less of the body may be involved. The treat-
ment is similar to that for the variety occuring before parturition, viz.,
- purgatives, nux vomica, enemas, blistering the loins, and ‘the general
care recommended for the former affection. It is sometimes necessary
to apply a red hot iron in lines over the loins, but it is best to have a
veterinarian perform the operation.
The treatment for the form of paralysis associated with indigestion
or impaction of the rumen (paunch) is much the same as in the forego-
ing cases; but when the paunch is overloaded the purgative should
be more drastic. The following compound is perhaps as good as any:
1 pound of Epsom salts; 4 pound common salt; one ounce of pulverized
gamboge; 1 ounce of pulverized ginger. These ingredients must be
well stirred or shaken with about 6 pints of warm water. The enema of
warm soapsuds should be thrown into the rectum at least every half
hour. If the bowels do not respond to the purgative within twenty-four
hours another pound of Epsom salts may be administered, dissolved in
a quart of warm water. After the bowels respond to the purgative, and
especially in those cases when the gait remains unsteady for a few days,
give the following: pulverized nux vomica, 4 ounces; bicarbonate of
soda, 20 ounces; mix and make 16 powders. Give one every night and
morning. It is often necessary to unload an engorged paunch by an
operation called rumenotony, for the description of which, and for fuller
particulars of the treatment of indigestion and impaction of the rumen,
126 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
the reader is referred to the articles on those subjects, under their
proper heads. (See p. 31.)
There are instances when cows will persist in lying down (in spite of
all efforts that are made to compel them to stand up), when it can not
really be said that they are paralyzed. They have sensation in all
parts; they can move all their feet; they can change their position;
and in fact every function seems to be normally performed, but they
obstinately refuse to rise, or even make an effort to do so. Cases of
this kind have been slaughtered, as it was an utter impossibility to get
the animal on its feet. However, there are instances when a cow after
refusing to rise when all other means had been tried, quickly jumped
to her feet and showed fright when her inveterate enemy, a dog, was
induced to torment her.
Hemiplegia, or paralysis of one side of the body, is a rare affection in
cattle. Prof. Williams records a case in his “‘ Veterinary Medicine”
as follows:
In the case of the cow the attack was of an acute kind. The animal was grazing
in a field with a lot of others, and was left quite well at milking time in the morn-
ing. The field being some distance from the house it was not seen again before
evening. It was then found prostrate on the ground, lying upon its left side, and
was unable to rise. When I saw it I observed the following symptoms: The left ear
was pendulous, left eyelid drooping and closed, the eye squinted outwards. The
left cheek hung down, the angle of the mouth was lower than on the opposite side,
the muscles were loose and flaccid, and the lips drawn to the right side. The tongue
protruded, and when put into the mouth was drawn to the right side. The neck
was twisted and the head drawn to the left side. Deglutition was imperfect, but
the breathing was not especially affected. The superficial blood-vessels of the right
side were engorged with blood, and stood out prominently all over the trunk and
neck. The same side was warm, whilst the opposite side was cold, and the hair was
pin-feathered. In endeavoring to place the animal on a hurdle for the purpose of
removing it to a shed it was observed that it rolled over from the left to the right
side, on which side only could it be made to lie. The bowels were constipated and
the belly tympanitic, the sphincter ani was rather relaxed, the vulva flaccid, and the
vagina protruding. The animal was quite conscious, but inclined to somnolency.
It was bled, a purgative administered, and the back was fomented and dressed with
a strong ammonia liniment. On the following morning it was able to rise, but both
the legs of the right side remained partially paralyzed for some weeks. The aftec-
tion of the face, however, passed away during the first night, and it was able to par-
take of food on the following morning.
The foregoing quotation so fully describes hemiplegia that it is un-
necessary to add any more to it, unless it is to say that, should the
reader have a cow with a similar attack, the treatment is about the
same as described for paraplegia.
TETANUS—LOCKJAW.
Cattle are subject to tetanus, but it is a comparatively rare affection
among this class of animals. The writer practices in a district where
tetanus is almost as common among horses and mules as any other dis-
ease, and in fact it occasionally appears as an enzootic among them;
but it is one of the rarest diseases in cattle he is called to treat.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. PAT)
Tetanus consists of a continued spasm of the voluntary muscles. The
spasmodic contraction of the muscles, although persistent, is sometimes
greater or more severe than the average during the course of the dis-
ease. The exacerbations, or increase of the violence of the spasm, may
occur without any cause other than the nature of the disease itself, but
they are frequently due to noises or the manner of going about the
animal by those in attendance, and to other causes that excite the
patient.
Other technical terms are used to designate the particular forms of
tetanus, but they only refer to the regions of the body that are involved
in the spasm. Thus if the muscles of the head, particularly those
used in mastication (or chewing), are affected, it is called trismus; and
itis this form which gives rise to the popular name “ lockjaw.” When
the muscles of the upper part of the neck and back are affected the
head and tail are elevated, and the name applied is opisthotonos. If
the muscles of one side only are affected, the head is drawn to that
side, and the disease is called tetanus lateralis or pleurosthotonos. If
the muscles on the lower part of the neck and body are affected, the
mouth is drawn towards the breast, when the term emprosthotonos is
applied. In cattle the disease is characterized by the symptoms of
trismus and opisthotonos combined; the other forms have never been
met with in the experience of the writer. f
Two varieties of tetanus have been universally recognized: When the
disease exists in connection with a visible wound, it is called traumatic
tetanus. When no wound is discoverable the affection is called idio-
pathic tetanus. The writer is of opinion that these distinctions are
superfluous, by which he means to infer that in all cases the disease is
from the same cause. In the great majority of instances there is no
difficulty in finding a wound, and in many cases more than one wound.
In the cases called idiopathic one can only say that no wound is dis-
covered; one can not say positively that no wound exists. There may
be a wound in the mouth, or in any part of the intestinal canal. When
it is considered how small the wound is in the foot from the prick of a
nail in so many cases followed by lockjaw in the horse, it is not difficult
to recognize the fact that there may be many small wounds that are
invisible about an animal. It is a familiar opinion often expressed
that there is danger inapin-scratch. One may easily appreciate the fact
that there may be more small scratches than one on the hide of an ani-
mal thickly covered with hair, that will defy detection unless the animal
is shaved. Holding these views, the writer will not differentiate
between the two varieties, but will describe the disease under the gen-
eral name, tetanus. It must be understood that the writer has no
desire to do violence to the opinions of others; nor does he so strongly
assert his own opinions merely for the purpose of airing them; the real
object is that the most careful examination be made in every instance,
so that cases will not be classed as idiopathic simply because a casual
glance over the animal fails to detect a wound.
128 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Causes.—Tetanus has been attributed to many different causes by as
many different writers, and while some of the theories may appear
plausible to one observer, to another they seem ridiculous. To refer to
all the conditions that have been ascribed as causes for this affection is
a greater task than the writer has desire to attempt. However, a few
of them will be mentioned, to convey an idea of the diversity of the
opinions held by those who have written on the subject: Hereditary
predisposition, bad food, exposure to cold and wet, sudden alterations
of temperature, excessive fatigue, overdriving, etc. All authorities
agree on one point, however, and that is, that tetanus is most frequently
met with in connection with a wound.
It should be remarked that it is not only large wounds, nor very pain-
ful wounds, that are followed by tetanus, as the affection is often asso-
ciated with wounds of the most trivial character. The writer has
attended cases where the wounds were so small that they were only dis-
covered after repeated examinations. One case in particular is worthy
of mention. When first examined, trismus was so pronounced that the
teeth could not be forced more than a half inch apart. A thorough
examination failed to find a wound. The next day another examina-
tion was as fruitless. On the third day a small nodule was felt on the
skin of the cheek; the hair was parted, and a little crust or scab picked
off. The hostler then stated, what had escaped his memory until thus
reminded, that about a week before, while putting hay in the manger,
the point of a prong of the fork came in contact with that part, but the
wound was so slight that it was entirely forgotten. Thatsmall sore was
treated antiseptically, and the animal made a good recovery. The
writer has not the least doubt that the cause was in that small wound.
In another instance, after a very careful examination, the case was
about to be put down among the number of those which are generally
called idiopathic, when a few hairs on the base of the neck were
observed to be matted together; and on a closer examination of that
part a small abrasion was found which was treated antiseptically until
it was healed. The animal was discharged sound in two weeks. _
It is a fact (in the experience of the writer) that large or painful
wounds are less liable to be followed by tetanus than are the slighter
injuries, for the reason that the former usually receive attention, while
the latter are neglected. }
A wound in any part of the body may be followed by tetanus. The |
particular place where a wound is located is of small import so far as_ |
the cause is concerned, although it is of the greatest importance when ,
the treatment is considered, as, for instance, a wound that is located
internally can not be topically treated.
Tetanus may ensue within a few days after the infliction of a wound,
but the attack usually occurs between one and two weeks after the ,
injury, when, in many cases, the wound is nearly healed. In instances
where healing is retarded, the wound remaining open, neglected, or ,
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 129
badly treated, the disease may set in at any time. In one case of
which the writer has knowledge the animal was attacked four months
after receiving the wound in the foot.
Operations (as well as accidental wounds) may be followed by teta-
nus. However, it is not now so common a sequel to operations as it
formerly was, for the reason that careful veterinarians use antiseptic
precautions as much as possible.
It has perhaps followed castration oftener than any other operation,
due no doubt, in the great majority of instances, to uncleanliness both
in regard to the instruments used and to the hands of the operator, as
well as the manner of operating. But of course it may follow the
operation in some instances when care has been taken in respect to
cleanliness. In such cases the cause gains access to the wound after
the operation has been performed.
In an instance of which the writer has knowledge the ordinary
operation of tapping for tympany (‘ wind colic”) was followed by lock-
jaw. In this case certainly the disease could not have been due to the
instrument, as it was thoroughly clean and had been immersed in a
solution of carbolic acid in water (1 to 20) before the operation. It is
evident that the cause of tetanus must have either been on the skin at
the time of the puncture, and forced into the wound by the instr ae,
or else it gained access some time afterwards.
There can be no question that a wound has much to do with the cause
of tetanus, but nevertheless the most serious or the most trivial wound
can not in itself produce the affection. Something of a specific nature
must gain access to the wound for the characteristic symptoms of te-
tanus to be developed. Long ago, before a germ having this specific
property was discovered, many scientific veterinarians and physicians
believed in the infectious nature of the disease. Cases frequently oc-
curred in the practice of individual members of the profession that left
no doubt in their minds, and consequently, when it was announced
that a microbe had been found in wounds of persons suffering with the
disease, that would cause the affection in animals when inoculated with
the pus containing the microbes, many points which had been clouded
in mystery were at once made clear. (See Plate xxx, Fig. 5.)
Since this discovery in 1884 many successful experiments have been
performed to verify the fact. The same microbe has been discovered
in earth, and cultivations made from it and injected into animals have
produced the disease. It has been found in dirt taken from floors,
gardens, yards, fields, streets, and animals inoculated with it have
developed the disease. Hence there is not much doubt at present con-
cerning the cause of tetanus, although there are still some eminent
practitioners in both the veterinary and medical professions who refuse
to receive the results of the numerous experiments as conclusive.
The evidence so far goes to prove that tetanus is the same disease in
man and animals, and therefore it is well to bear in mind when attend-
24697——_9
130 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ing an affected animal that the wound may.contain a germ which, if it
gain access to a sore or an abraded surface on yourself, may cause
this dreadful disease.
In summing up the matter it may be said in a very few words that
there is a well-grounded belief that the specific germs of tetanus find
their way into a wound or an abrasion, where they obtain favorable
opportunity for cultivation and increase, and the result of their pres-
ence is a poisonous chemical product which is absorbed into the system
and causes tetanus. In those cases called idiopathic, where no wound
can be found, it does not require a stretch of the imagination to sup-
pose that a wound or an injury exists somewhere in the alimentary
canal sufficient to harbor the germs, which may have been taken in
with the food; and it is even considered possible for the germs to be
taken in with the air inhaled and to lodge on a denuded surface of the
respiratory tract.
In this view of the subject there is nothing to do violence to exist-
ing knowledge, for it is well known that strychnine in poisonous doses
acts on the nervous system in the same manner, causing a Spasm simi-
lar to tetanus.
Cattle lead a quieter life and are less subject to wounds than horses
and mules, and it may be that they are better able to withstand the
effects of the germs, and to these reasons may be due the fact that
tetanus is a rare disease in cattle.
Symptoms.—In the description of the nervous system it was ex-
plained that sensory impressions are conducted to the brain by the
afferent nerves, and the motor impulses are conducted from the nerve
center to the muscle (to cause contraction) by the efferent nerves.
Now, in describing the symptoms of tetanus, it is well to point out the
fact that the motor centers being greatly irritated by the cause of
tetanus, an extraordinary stimulus or current is sent to all the mus-
cles, which produces a persistent violent contraction or spasm of the
muscles. Bearing in mind this fact it is easier to recognize the con-
tracted state of the muscles, which are hard and resistant, and stand
out prominently as lumps or cords under the skin, especially about the
head and neck.
General sensitiveness is also increased; the afflicted beast is ever on
the alert, and is startled by the slightest noise. A harsh voice often
brings on an increase in the intensity of the spasm; a touch of the
hand, however light, excites fear; clapping the hands or the crack of a
whip almost causes the animal to fall.
The first symptom noticed is usually some stiffness in the manner of
carrying the head. The muzzle is elevated—“ poked out;” the ears
are also carried stiffly, and moved very little, if any. The haw or
‘‘washer” (membrana nictitans) is forced over the eye from the inner
corner, and on account of this strange appearance of the eye, many
persons who have for the first time seen an animal affected with lock-
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 131
jaw, imagine that all the trouble is in the eyes. In fact the writer has
known of several instances where persons, ignorant of the real cause,
supposed the animal to be affected with ‘“‘hooks,” and therefore cut out
what they concluded to be offensive. The animal moves very stiffly,
the legs are almost rigid, and when walking they are used like sticks.
When turned the body is kept straight and moves around like a log.
When standing still the legs are propped out, and, were it not for the
breathing, the beast might be compared to a wooden horse. The tail
is elevated and sticks out like a pump handle. The jaws are moved
very stiffly during the first part of the attack, aud there may be grating
of the teeth or champing so long as they can be moved, but at any time
if the hand be placed in the mouth to force the jaws apart, rigidity to
a greater or less extent will be manifest. The animal will eat as long
aS it is possible to open the jaws wide enough to take anything into
the mouth. On account of the general stiffness the urine and dung are
passed with some difficulty. The pulse is usually hard, but does not
vary much from normal in other respects, until some time after the
attack, when it increases very much in frequency. As the disease
progresses all the symptoms become more pronounced. The haw ex-
tends further over the eye, and at any time, if the head is forced up by
the hand, the eye may be entirely hidden as it is drawn back, and the
haw forced over it. The breathing becomes more rapid and difficult;
the nostrils are open to their widest extent, showing the congested
membranes within the nose; the jaws become more or less sec or locked ;
_ swallowing, always accomplished with difficulty, becomes almost or
quite impossible. At times, and especially if the animal is annoyed or
excited by attendants or noises, the intensity of the spasm is increased
so aS to amount to paroxysms. The animal usually remains on its feet
as long as possible, but should it get down after the disease is well
established it is seldom able to rise alone, and in its endeavors to do
so it struggles convulsively, and as a rule the struggles end in death.
Treatment.—Tetanus in every instance must be considered a very
serious affection, but not necessarily always a fatal one. Some cases
have recovered in spite of the most brutal and ignorant methods of
treatment; some have recovered without much treatment of any kind;
and many cases succumb under the treatment of the most eminent prac-
titioners after every measure prompted by science, humanity, and rea-
son has been resorted to. Of paramount importance is to recognize the
affection and begin the treatment before the disease has made much
advance, for when it is well established the effect is not only harder to
overcome, but every aid is more difficult to render.
At the appearance of the first symptoms, when the animal is still
able to swallow without much difficulty, give the following drench:
Epsom salts, 10 ounces; common salt, 10 ounces; calomel, 2 drams; pul-
verized gentian, 1 ounce; warm water, 2 quarts. After the administra-
tion of the foregoing dose there is to be no more drenching.
io2 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Exau.ine closely for wounds; look well betwcen the claws of the feet,
search over the body and legs, and even examine the mouth. Note
well the location of the wounds; do not neglect the smallest scratch.
Place the animal in a darkened, quiet stall, where it will be away from
noises or other cause of excitement. With hot soapsuds and a clean
rag, thoroughly wash away from the wound (or wounds) all the hard-
ened discharges, crusts or scabs, so that a fresh and clean sore is pre-
sented. Then use the following: Bichloride of mercury, 30 grains;
pure carbolic acid, 1 ounce; water, 1 quart; mix. Pour some of this
solution on the wound, and with a clean piece of white cotton or muslin
rub the medicine into all parts of the wound; be certain that it comes
in contact with every portion of the wound; literally scour the wound
with the cotton and medicine, but do no unnecessary injury. Make
soaking wet some absorbent cotton and bind it well on the wound.
Once each day change the dressing; clean the wound with the medi-
cine, and bind on fresh absorbent cotton soaking wet with it. Treat
every wound or scratch that you can find on the animal in the same
manner. If the wound is in the foot, expose it well by cutting away as
much of the hoof as necessary in order that the medicine may come in
contact with all of it. Painful wounds about the feet should be poul-
ticed twice a day with linseed meal for three or four days, but each
time the poultice is changed the wound should be washed with the
medicine; and when the poultices are discontinued the wound must be
dressed with the absorbent cotton and the medicine once a day. Give
the regular food so long as the animal is able to eat it, but when chew-
ing and swallowing become very difficult slops made with bran, corn-
meal and small quantities of linseed meal must be prepared. All the
cold water the animal will drink must be supplied. The stall must be
so arranged that the food and water may be placed within easy reach
of the animal’s mouth, as it must be remembered that it can reach
neither very high nor very low.
Although putting cattle in slings is not a very satisfactory measure
under any circumstances, still it may be advisable to have the animal
in a stall, where arrangements may be made to support it (not suspend)
in canvas. When an animal affected with lockjaw lies down it isa
very difficult matter to raise it, as the body and legs are so stiff that
the beast is not able to help itself, and raising itis something after the
manner of lifting a heavy body with four sticks stuck into it for legs.
If the animal becomes very weak the canvas may be arranged so that
it may rest in the sling.
Do not allow the patient to be an object of curiosity for the neigh-
borhood. The person who is attending to the animal’s necessities should
be the only visitor to the stall; and three visits each day, every eight
hours, will suffice to render all necessary aid. The food, etc., should be
prepared in time to be carried in at the regular visit.
The excitement caused by repeatedly drenching the animal would do
’
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 133
much more harm than could be overcome by all the medicines you could
pour intoit. Therefore do not attempt it. Dissolve 1 ounce of bromide
of potassium in every 2 gallons of water the patient will drink. Leave
a fresh supply of water with the medicine in it before the animal at each
visit, and secure the bucket so that it can not be overturned. Three
times a day inject into the rectum 24 ounces each of the tinctures of
conium and cannabis indica, diluted with 1 pint of warm water.
Everything must be done in a quiet, orderly manner, so as not to ex-
cite the patient. Do not pay any attention to the numerous recipes for
lockjaw advised to be given by different acquaintances. The veteri-
nary expert, governed by the exigencies of the case, is competent to make
changes and substitute measures intended to relieve symptoms, but the
nonprofessional had best confine himself to an outlined course of treat-
ment and abide by the result of it. No doubt you will be advised to
chloroform the animal, or to do one thing or another, to “unlock the
jaws,” ete., but do not follow the advice, as you will only hasten a fatal
termination; all such methods have been tried again and again with no
benefit. Im those cases where no wound is found the treatment must
be the same in all respects, with the exception, of course, that there is
no wound to treat. But if there has been a recent wound which is
apparently healed, bathe the scar well with warm water, and if there
be the slightest sign that it is not entirely healed, use tke medicine
on it as advised for the other wounds.
When improvement is pronounced, the medicine given in the drinking
- water and in the rectum should be gradually discontinued by giving only
two-thirds of the prescribed quantities of each for a few days, then one-
half for a few days longer; then the half doses twice a day, until it is
safe to stop the use of the medicine altogether. But at any time after
the quantities are decreased if unfavorable symptoms are manifested,
the original quantities should be given again as long as necessary. The
treatment prescribed for the wounds should be continued until the
wounds are healed, and for some time after, if the symptoms of tetanus
are still presented.
If the disease is not recognized until after the power of swallowing is
entirely lost there is little to be accomplished by treatment. It is true
that nourishing food, such as gruels, milk, etc., may be given in the
form of enemas, but even if life is prolonged for a short time by this
means, Such cases terminate fatally.
If it be true that tetanus is due to the effects of a specific germ
(Bacillus tetani)—and there is not much doubt about it—then a great
deal may be done to prevent the disease by the antiseptic treatment of
all wounds. If you perform any surgical operations your hands and
instruments should be thoroughly cleansed according to antiseptic
methods, a description of which will be found under its proper head.
It is a fact that an extremely small percentage of wounds are followed
by tetanus, but still it is economical in a general sense to properly treat
wounds,
134. DISEASES OF CATTLE.
LIGHTNING STROKE—ASPHYXIA ELECTRICA.
When an animal is struck by lightning the shock is instantaneously
expended on the nervous system, and as a rule death occurs immedi-
ately, but when. the shock is not fatal animation is suspended to a
greater or less extent, as evidenced by prostration, unconsciousness,
and paralysis.
Symptoms.—W hen not fatal, the symptoms vary much, according to
the severity of the shock. The animal usually falls, as from an apo-
plectic attack, and, as a matter of course, the symptoms are such as are
generally manifested in connection with concussion of the brain. The
muscular system may be completely relaxed; the legs limber; the
muscles flabby and soft to the touch, or there may be convulsions,
spasms, and twitching of the muscles. The breathing is generally
labored, irregular, or interrupted, and slower than normal.
In most instances the electrical fluid leaves its mark by singeing the
hair, or by inflicting wounds, burns, or blisters. ‘Sir B. Brodie tells
a curious story of two bullocks, pied white and red, which were struck
in different storms. In both cases the white hairs were consumed,
while the red ones escaped.”
Treatment.So long as the beating of the heart is perceptible, the
endeavor to resuscitate the animal should be continued. Dash cold
water over the head and body; rub the body and legs; smartly whip
the body with wet towels or switches. Mustard, mixed with water,
should be well rubbed over the legs and back of the head on each side
of the neck. Inject into the rectum 4 drams of liquor ammonia fortis,
or 15 ounces of hartshorn diluted with a quart of warm water. Caun-
tiously hold an uncorked bottle of hartshorn to the nostrils, so that some
of it is inhaled, but care should be taken that too much is not suddenly
inhaled.
In desperate cases, artificial respiration should be tried, as follows:
With both hands spread out to cover a large surface, press on the
abdomen (behind the ribs) and then on the chest (behind the shoulders),
and continue in this manner, first on the abdomen and then on the
chest in regular order, so that the chest and the abdomen are each
pressed on alternately about twenty times a minute. The pressure
should be slow and steady, so that the movement given by it to the
walls of the chest and abdomen will resemble their motion in breathing.
A hand bellows may be used as an aid to the foregoing method, as
follows: Each time after the chest is pressed on the nozzle is inserted
in the nostril and air slowly and gently forced in by the bellows.
When the animal revives sufficiently to be able to swallow, 4 drams
of the liquor ammonia fortis, diluted with a quart of cold water, should
be given as a drench, and the dose should be repeated in an hour. One
and one-half ounces of ordinary hartshorn may be used instead of the
stronger liquor ammonia, but, like the latter, it should be diluted with
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 135
a quart or more of water, and even then care should be exercised in
drenching.
In eases when the shock has not caused complete insensibility recov-
ery may be hastened by the ammoniaand water drench, or 4 ounces of
brandy diluted with a quart of water, or 8 ounces of whisky diluted
with a quart of water. These doses may be given every three or four
hours, if necessary. After recovery from the more serious symptoms,
2 drams of sulphate of quinine should be given twice a day until health
is restored. If any paralysis remains, 1$ drams of pulverized nux
vomica should be given twice a day with the quinine.
The foregoing treatinent is also applicable when the electrical shock
is given by telephone, electric car, or electric light wires, ete. The
wounds, burns, or blisters should be treated according to the antiseptic
method of treating wounds.
TUMORS IN THE BRAIN, ETC.
Tumors of different kinds have been found within the cranial cavity,
and in many cases there have been no well-marked symptoms exhib-
ited during the life of the animal to lead one to suspect their existence.
Cases are recorded where bony tumors have been found in the brain of
cattle that died suddenly, but during life no signs of disease were man-
ifested. Post-mortem examinations have discovered tubercular matter
in the membranes of the brain (see Tuberculosis, p. 403). Abscesses,
usually the result of inflammation of the brain, have been found post-
mortem. For the description of hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain
of calves, the reader is referred to the section on parturition. (See
Water in the Head, p. 200.) |
Chorea, constant twitching and irregular spasmodic movements of
the muscles, has been noticed in connection with, or as a sequel to
other affections, as, for example, parturient apoplexy.
Various diseases, the description of which will be found in other see-
tions of this work, affect the nervous system to a greater or less extent.
For example, ergotism, lead poisoning, uremia, parturient apoplexy,
colic, and other affections associated with cramps or spasms, etc. Dis-
ease of the ovaries, by reflex irritation, may cause .cestromania (see
Excess of Venereal Desire, p. 170), constant desire for the bull.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
By JAMES LAW, F.R.C. V.S.,
Professor of Veterinary Scienee, elc., in Cornell University.
Of the materials that have served their purpose in building up the
animal body or in sustaining the bodily temperature, and that are now
to be thrown out as waste, the greater part are expelled from the system
through the lungs and the kidneys. But the agents that pass out by
either of these two channels differ in the main from those passing by
the other. Thus from the lungs in the form of dioxide of carbon—the
Same gas that comes from burning of coal or oil—there escapes most of
the waste material resulting from the destruction in the system of fats,
sugars, Starch, and such other foods as are wanting in the element nitro-
gen, and do not form fibrous tissues, but go mainly to support animal
heat. From the kidneys, on the other hand, are thrown out the waste
_products resulting from the destruction of the foods and tissues con-
taining nitrogen—of, e. g., albumen, fibrin, gluten, casein, gelatin,
woody tissue, etc. While much of the waste material containing nitro-
gen leaves the body by the bowels, this is virtually such only of the
albuminoid food as has failed to be fully digested and absorbed, and
this has never formed a true constituent part of the body itself or of the
blood, but is so much waste food, like that which has come to the table
and been carried away again unused. Where the albuminoid food ele-
ment has entered the blood, whether or not it has been built up into a
constituent part of the structure of the body, its waste products, which
contain nitrogen, are in the main expelled through the kidneys, so that
these organs become the principal channels for the expulsion of all
nitrogen-containing waste.
_ It would be an error, however, to infer that all nitrogenous food,
when once digested and absorbed into the blood, must necessarily
leave the system in the urine. On the contrary, in the young and
growing animal all increase of the fibrous structures of the body is
gained through the building up of those flesh-forming constituents into
their substance; in the pregnant animal the growth of the offspring
and its envelopes has a similar origin, and in the dairy cow the casein
or curd of the milk is a means of constant elimination of these nitrogen-
containing agents. Thus, in the breeding and, above all, in the milk-
137
138 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ing cow the womb or udder carries on a work in one sense equivalent
to that otherwise performed by the kidneys. Not only are these organs
alike channels for the excretion of albuminous products, but they are
also related to each other structurally and by nervous sympathy, so
that suffering in the one is liable to induce some measure of disorder in
the other.
This nitrogenous waste matter is mainly present in the urine of cat-
tle, as of other mammals, in the form of urea, but also, to some extent,
as hippuric acid, a derivative of vegetable food which, in the herbivora,
replaces the uric acid found in the urine of man and carniyora. Urie
acid is, however, found in the urine of sucking calves which have
practically an animal diet, and it may also appear in the adult in case
of absolute and prolonged starvation, and in diseases attended by com-
plete loss of appetite and rapid wasting of the body. In such cases the
animal lives on its own substance, and the product is that of the wast-
ing flesh.
The other products containing nitrogen are only present in small
umount, and need not be specially referred to. The urine of cattle
contains much less of carbonates than does that of the horse, and effer-
vesces less on the addition of an acid. As the carbonates form a large
proportion of the solid deposits (gravel, stone) from the horse’s urine,
the ox may thus be held less liable; yet even in the ox the carbonates
become abundant or scanty, according to the nature of the food, and
therefore gravel, formed by carbonate of lime, is not infrequent in cat-
tle. When fed on beets, clover hay, or bean straw, carbonates are
present in large amount, these aliments being rich in organic acids and
alkaline carbonates; whereas upon oat straw, barley straw, and, above
all, wheat straw, they are insmall amount. In calves fed on milk alone
no carbonates are found in the urine.
Phosphates, usually in combination with lime, are, as a rule, present
only in traces in the urine of cattle; yet, on a dietary of wheat, bran,
or other aliment rich in phosphates, these may be present in large
amount, so that they render the liquid cloudy or are deposited in solid
crystals. The liquid is rendered transparent by nitric acid.
The cow’s urine, on a diet of hay and potatoes, contained:
Parts
OG =F yi ee ere eet el ae eee Re KOON a Ue ea Aaa ae Se 18.5
Potassic hippurate = 22. 2220 be eee see aise eee 16.5
IAN cemimNe UAC ATES ace 2s sec oi. ee eye me eee ee 17. 2
Potassrmmebicarbonate les. . eae ee cee eee eee ea ae eee 16.1
Maonesium: carbomates:- <2. .2 hss 86s eae see eee eee eee 4.7
MINE TCATOOMALC: fesse oo a SG See Bee ee eee 0.6
otass: sulphate: 2225 2s 22 Le As ee one ae ice eeee 3.6
Wommon Saltese ss a See Re ne eee 1)
ASO LUCE Tee A ees as Sone tt em oe ee ASEAN SRA ENS 20 eh Trace.
Rhosphates 2sAice Css. cot nc ates ONE ae ee ee 0.0
Water and undetermined substances ....-...-..-.------------- 921.3
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 139
The following table after Tereg* gives the different conditions of the
urine, and especially the amount of urea and hippuric acid under dif-
ferent rations. The subjects were two oxen, weighing respectively (1),
1,260 pounds, and (2), 1,060 pounds:
ee la BE d i
so 8 =z aa (3) BS NS te
Food per day, pounds. : = S i: | a gS ies J es
Se eS es lee estes
s eI Bie Mes ec ae EL se eusioip sex tos ee gen
SB fie [oe asp Ss Hib |q
Lbs. | Lbs Pr.ct.|Pr.ct.| Pr. ct.) Per. ct. |Pr.ct.| Ozs. | Ozs
16.90 wheat straw, and 1.30 bean
MMe ae aes eee cee ken ee oe 46. 46 7.40 1036 | 8.41 | 2.66 | 1.33 0.83 | 0.94 | 1.63 | 3.23
14.70 oat straw, and 2.30 bean meal-} 61.10 | 15. 26 1039 | 6.93 | 2.09 | 0. 84 0.55 | 0.49 | 2.2 Bye)
10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, :
0.6 bean meal, and 2.6 starch--.-.| 71.76 | 12.36 1043 | 8.05 | 0.95 | 1.85 0.93 | 0.94 | 3.83 | 1.96
10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay. |
2.7 bean meal, 1.4 starch, and 0.8 |
SUIPMIP sR ccacsoe pore soneuoose ss 80.54 | 12.46 1044 | 8.29 | 0.87 | 2.41 ie aig) jf ate Wah |) By} Zeeks
10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, ;
5 bean meal, and 0.8 sugar...--- 78.96 | 17.62 | 1043 | 8.41 | 0.74 ; 3.12 1.45 | 1.24 | 9.17 | 2.17
10 wheat straw, 10 clover ha , 6.4
bean meal, 1.7 starch, 4 sugar,
and 0.4 rape oil ..-...--.----...- 110.12 | 25.86 | 1038 | 7.00 | 0.31 | 2.49 1.19 | 1.25/10: 9) | 1.33
10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 9.4
bean meal, 3.1 sugar, and 0.4 |
HAD COU Meee es cakes ee 101. 80 | 27. 04 1037 | 7.14 | 0.20 | 2.95 1.39 | 1.58 |13.3 0.9
10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 11.7
bean meal, 2.8 starch, and 0.6
EA POKOW wee eas Ae Nekoe eee 119. 00 | 23. 20 1038 | 7.74 | 0.21 | 4.06 1.91 } 1.69 115.4 | 0.8
17.86 bean straw, and i.6 bean meal-| 54.84 | 12.60 | 1043 | 7.06 | 0.40 | 2.53 VAL a 15) 6B O28}
14°88 bean straw ..-.....----------- 55. 76 | 16. 34 1036 | 5.45 | 0.11 | 1.41 0.67 | 0.64 | 3.83 | 0.3
16.90 meadow hay.....-....-...--- 36.26 | 15.14 | 1042 | 7.91 | 1.30 | 1.738 0.91 | 0.92 | 4.37 | 3.3
The varying amount of urea (from 1.6 to 15.4 ounces) is most sugges-
tive as to the action of the more or less nitrogenous food and the
resulting concentration of the urine and blood. Hippuric acid, on the
other hand, is most abundant when the animal is fed on hay and straw.
The specific gravity of the urine of cattle varies from 1.030 to 1.060
in health, water being 1,000. It is transparent, witha yellowish tinge,
and has a characteristic musky smell. The chemical reaction is alkaline,
turning red litmus paper blue. The quantity passed in 24 hours varies
greatly, increasing not only with the amount of water drunk, but with
the amount of albuminoids taken within the food and the amount of
urea produced. If a solution of urea is injected into the veins the
secretion of urine is greatly augmented. Similarly the excess of salts
like carbonate of potash in the food, or of sugar, increases the action
of the kidneys. Only about 20 per cent of the water swallowed escapes
in the urine, the remaining 80 per cent passing mostly from the lungs,
and to a slight extent by the bowels. The skin of the ox does not per-
Spire so readily nor so freely as that of the horse, hence the kidneys and.
lungs are called upon for extra work. The influence of an excess of
water in the food is most remarkable in swill-fed distillery cattle, which
urinate profusely at frequent intervals and yet thrive and fatten
rapidly.
Among the other conditions that increase the flow of urine is over-
*Encyklop. der Thierheilk., Vol. IV, p. 208.
140 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
filling of (internal pressure in) the blood vessels of the kidneys.
Hence the contraction of the blood-vessels of the skin by cold drives
the blood inward, tends to dilate the blood-vessels of the kidneys,
and to increase the secretion of urine. Nervous disorders, such as
excitement, fear, congestions, or structural injuries to the back part
of the base of the brain, have a similar result. Hence, doubtless, the
— action of certain fungi growing in musty hay or oats in producing pro-
fuse flow of urine, whereas other forms of musty fodder cause stupor,
delirium, or paralysis.
-The amount of urine passed daily by an ox on dry feeding averages
7 to 12 pints, but this may be increased enormously on a watery diet.
The mutual influence of the kidneys and other important organs tends
to explain the way in which disease in one part supervenes on pre-ex- .
isting disorder in another. The introduction of albuminoids in excess
into the blood means the formation of an excess of urea, and a more
profuse secretion of urine, of a higher specific gravity, and with a greater
tendency to deposit its solid constituents, as gravel, inthe kidneys or
bladder. A torpid action of the liver having the albuminoids in transi-
tion forms, less soluble than the urea into which they should have been
changed, favors the onset of rheumatism or nervous disorder, the de-
posit of such albuminoid products in the kidneys, the formation of a
deep brown or reddish urine, and congestion of the kidneys. Any ab-
normal activity of the liver in the production of sugar—more than can
be burned up in the circulation—overstimulates the kidneys and pro-
duces increased flow of a heavy urine with a sweetish taste. This in-
ereased production of sugar may be primarily due to disease of the
brain, which, in its turn, determines the disorder of the liver. Disease
of theright side of the heart or of the lungs, by obstructing the onward
flow of blood from the veins, increases the blood pressure in the kidneys
and produces disorder and excessive secretion. Inactivity of the kid-
neys determines an increase in the blood of waste products, which become
irritating to different parts, producing skin eruptions, itching, dropsies,
and nervous disorders. Sprains of the loins will produce bleeding from
the kidneys and disease of the spinal cord, and determine sometimes
albuminous or milky-looking urine.
The kidney of the ox (Plate 1x, Fig. 1) is a compound organ made up
of fifteen to twenty-five separate lobules like so many separate kidneys,
but all pouring their secretion into one common pouch (pelvis) situated
in an excavation in the center of the lower surface. While the ox is
the only domesticated quadruped which maintains this divided con-
dition of the kidney after birth, this condition is common to all while
at an early stage of development in the womb. The cluster of lobules
making up a single kidney forms an ovoid mass flattened from above
downward, and extending from the last rib backward beneath the loins
and to one side of the solid chain of thebackbone. The right is more
firmly attached to the loins and extends further backward than the left.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 141
Deeply covered in amass of suet, each kidney has a strong outer white,
fibrous covering, and inside this two successive layers of kidney sub-
stance, of which the outer is that in which the urine is mainly separated
from the blood and poured into the fine microscopic urinary ducts.
(Plate x, Fig.1.) These latter, together with blood vessels, lymph vessels,
and nerves, make up the second or internal layer. The outer layer is
mainly composed of minute globular clusters of microscopic intercom-
municating blood-vessels (Malphigian bodies), each of which is furnished
with a fibrous capsule that is nothing else than the dilated commence-
ment of aurine tube. These practically microscopic tubes follow at first
a winding course through the outer layer (Ferrein’s tubes), then form a
long loop (doubling on itself) in the inner layer (Henle’s loop), and finally
pass back through the inner layer. (Bellini’s tubes) to open through a
conical process into the common pouch (pelvis) on the lower surface of
the organ. (Plate x, Figs. 1, 2, 3).
The tube that conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder is like
a white round cord about the size of a goose-quill, prolonged from the
pouch on the lower surface of the kidney backward beneath the loins,
then inward, supported by a fold of thin membrane, to open into the
bladder just in front of its neck. The canal passes first through the
middle (muscular) coat of the bladder, and then advances yerceptibly
between that and the internal coat (mucus), through which it finally
opens. By this arrangement in overfilling of the bladder this opening
is closed like a valve by the pressure of the urine, and the return of
liquid to the kidney is prevented. The bladder (Plate 1x, Fig. 2) is a
dilatable egg-shaped pouch, closed behind by a strong ring of muscular
fibers encircling its neck, and enveloped by looped muscular fibers ex-
tending on all sides round its body and closed anterior end. Stimu-
lated by the presence of urine, these last contract and expel the con-
tents through the neck into the urethra. This last is the tube leading
backward along the floor of the pelvic bones and downward through
the penis. In the bull this canal of the urethra is remarkable for its
small caliber and for the S-shaped bend which it describes in the inter-
val between the thighs and just above the scrotum. This bend is due
to the fact that the retractor muscles are attached to the penis at this
point, and in withdrawing that organ within its sheath they double it
upon itself. The small size of the canal and this S-shaped bend are
serious obstacles to the passing of a catheter to draw off the urine, yet
by extending the penis out of its sheath the bend is effaced, and a small
gum-elastic catheter, not over one-quarter of an inch in diameter, may
with care be passed into the bladder. In the cow the urethra is very
Short, opening in the median line on the floor of the vulva about four
inches in front of its external orifice. Even in the cow, however, the
passing of a catheter is a matter of no little difficulty, the opening of
the uretha being very narrow and encircled by their projecting mem-
branous and rigid margins, and on each side of the opening is a blind
142 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
pouch (canal of Gartner) into which the catheter will almost invari-
ably find its way. In both male and female, therefore, the passage of
a catheter is an operation which demands special skill.
General symptoms of wrinary disorders.—These are not so prominent
in cattle as in horses, yet when present they are of a similar kind.
There is a stiff or straddling gait with the hind limbs and some diffi-
culty in turning, or in lying down and rising—the act drawing forth a
groan. The frequent passage of urine in dribblets, the continuous
escape of the urine in drops, the sudden arrest of the flow when in
full stream, the rhythmic contraction of the muscles under the anus
without any flow resulting, the swelling of the sheath, the coilection of
hard gritty masses on the hair surrounding the orifice of the sheath,
the occurrence of dropsies in the limbs, under the chest or belly, or in
either of these cavities, and finally the appearance of nervous stupor,
may indicate serious disorder of the urinary organs. The condition of
the urine passed may likewise lead to suspicion. It may be white, from
crystallized carbonate of lime; brown, red, or even black, from the
presence of blood or blood-coloring matter; yellow, from biliary color-
ing matter; it may be frothy, from contained albumen; cloudy, from
phosphates ; glairy, from pus; or it may show gritty masses, from
gravel. In many cases of urinary disorder in the ox, however, the
symptoms are by no means prominent, and unless special examination
is made of the loins, the bladder, and the urine, the true nature of the
malady may be overlooked.
DIURESIS—POLY URIA—DIABETES INSIPIDUS—EXCESSIVE SECRETION
OF URINE.
A secretion of urine in excess of the normal amount may be looked
on as disease, even if the result does not lead to immediate loss of con-
dition. Cattle fed on distillery swill are striking examples of such
excess caused by the enormous consumption of a liquid food, which
nourishes and fattens in spite of the diuresis. But the condition is un-
wholesome, and cattle that have passed four or five months in a swill
stable have fatty livers and kidneys, and never again do well on ordi-
nary food. Diuresis may further occur from increase of blood pressure
in the kidneys (diseases of the heart or lungs which hinder the onward
passage of the blood, the eating of digitalis, English broom, the con-
traction of the blood vessels on the surface of the body in cold weather,
etc.); also from acrid or diuretic plants taken with the food (dandelion,
burdock, colchicum, digitalis, savin, resinous shoots, ete.); trom excess
of sugar in the food (beets, turnips, ripe sorghum); also from the use of
frozen food (frosted turnip-tops and other vegetables); and from the
growths of certain molds in fodder (musty hay, mow-burnt hay, moldy
oats, moldy bread, ete.). Finally, alkaline waters and alkaline incrusta-
tions on the soil may be active causes. In some of these cases the
result is beneficial rather than injurious, as when cattle affected with
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 143
gravel in the kidneys are entirely freed from this condition by a run at
grass, or by an exclusive diet of roots or swill. In other cases, how-
ever, the health and condition suffer, and even inflammation of the kid-
neys may occur.
The treatment is mainly in the change of diet to a more solid aliment
destitute of the special offensive ingredient. Boiled flaxseed is often
the best diet or addition to the wholesome dry food, and by way of
medicine, doses of 2 drams each of sulphate of iron and iodide of potas-
sium may be given twice daily. In obstinate cases, 2 drams ergot of
rye or of catechu may be added.
BLOODY URINE—RED-WATER—MOOR-ILL—WOOD-ILL—H AAMATURIA—
HAMAGLOBINURIA.
This is a common affection among cattle in certain localities, above
all on damp, undrained lands, and under a backward agriculture. It
is simple bloody urine or hematuria when the blood is found in clots,
or when under the microscope the blood globules can be detected as
distinctly rounded flattened discs. It is smoky urine—hemaglobinu-
ria—when no such distinct clots nor blood discs can be found, but
merely a general browning, reddening or blackening of the urine by
the presence of dissolved blood-coloring matter. The blooGy urine is
the more direct result of structural disease of the kidneys or urinary
passages (inflammation, stone, gravel, tumors, hydatids, kidney worms,
sprains of the loins), while the stained urine (hemaglobinuria) is usually
the result of some general or more distant disorder in which the glob-
ules are destroyed in the circulating blood and the coloring matter
dissolved in and diffused through the whole mass of the blood and of
the urine secreted from it. As in the two forms, blood, and the ele-
ments of blood, escape into the urine, albumen is always present, so that
there is albuminuria with blood-coloring matter superadded. If due to
stone or gravel, gritty particles are usually passed, and may be detected
in the bottom of a dish in which the liquid is caught. If due to frac-
ture or severe sprain of the loins it is likely to be associated not only
with some loss of control over the hind limbs, and with staggering
behind, but also with a more or less perfect paralysis of the tail. The
blood-stained urine without red globules results from specific diseases,
Texas fever (Plate xLi11, Fig. 3), anthrax, and from eating irritant plants
(broom, savin, mercury, hellebore, ranunculus, convolvulus, colechicum,
oak shoots, ash, privet, hazel, hornbeam, and other astringent, acrid, or
resinous plants, etc.). The Maybug or Spanish fly taken with the food
or spread over a great extent of skin as a blister has a similar action.
Frosted turnips or other roots will bring on the affection in some sub-
jects. Among conditions which act by the direct destruction of the
globules in the circulating blood, may be named an excess of water in
that fluid; the use of water from soils rich in decomposing vegetable
matter, and containing alkaline salts, particularly nitrites, and the
144 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
presence in the water and food of the ptomaines of bacteria growth—
hence the prevalence of “red-water ” in marshy districts and on clayey
and other impervious soils; hence, too, the occurrence of bloody urine
in the advanced stages of several contagious diseases. Some mineral
poisons, such as iodine, arsenic, and phosphorus taken to excess, may
cause hematuria, and finally the symptoms may be the mere result of
a constitutional predisposition of the individual or family to bleeding.
Exposure of the body to cold or wet will cause the affection in some pre-
disposed subjects.
The specific symptom of bloody or smoky water is a very patent one.
It may be associated with fever or not, with the presence or absence of
abdominal tenderness on pressure, with a very frothy state of the milk
or even a reddish tinge, with or without marked paleness of the mu-
cous membranes and general weakness. When direct injury to the
kidneys is the immediate cause of the disease the urine will be passed
often, in small quantity at a time, and with much straining. When
there is bloodlessness (a watery blood) from insufficient nourishment,
fever is absent and the red water is at first the only symptom. When
the active cause has been irritant plants, abdominal tenderness, colics,
and other signs of bowel inflammation are marked features.
Treatment will vary according as the cause has been a direct irritant
operating on a subject in vigorous health or a malarious poison acting
on an animal deficient in blood and vigor. Im the first form of red-
water a smart purgative (1 pound to 14 pounds Glauber salts) will
clear away the irritants from the bowels and allay the coexistent high
fever. It will also serve to divert to the bowels much of the irritant
products already absorbed into the blood, and will thus protect the
kidneys. In many such cases a liberal supply of wholesome, easily
digestible food will be all the additional treatment required. In this
connection demulcent food (boiled flaxseed, wheat bran) is especially
good. If much blood has been lost, bitters (gentian, one-half ounce)
and iron (sulphate of iron, 2 drams) should be given for a week.
For cases in which excess of diuretic plants have been taken, it may
be well to replace the salts by 1 to 2 pints olive oil, adding 1 ounce
laudanum and 2 drams gum camphor. Also toapply fomentations or a
fresh sheepskin over the loins. Buttermilk or vinegar, one-half pint, or
sulphuric acid, 60 drops in a pint of water, may also be employed at
intervals as injections. In cases due to sprained or fractured loins, to
inflamed kidneys, or to stone or gravel, the treatment will be as for the
particular disease in question.
In hematuria from anemia (watery blood), whether from insufficient
or badly-adjusted rations, or from the poisonous products of fermenta-
tions in impervious or marshy soils, the treatment must be essentially
tonic and stimulating. Rich, abundant, and easily digestible food must
be furnished. The different grains (oats, barley, wheat, bran, rye) and
seeds (rape, linseed, cotton-seed) are especially calied for, and may be
DISEASES OF TIE URINARY ORGANS. 145
given either ground or boiled. As a bitter, sulphate of quinia one-half
dram, and tincture of muriate of iron 2 drams, may be given in a pint
of water thrice a day. In some cases one or two teaspoonfuls of oil of
turpentine twice daily in milk will act favorably.
But in this anemic variety prevention is the great need. The drain-
age and cultivation of the dangerous soils is the main object. Until
this can be accomplished young and newly-purchased cattle, not yet
inured to the poisons, must be kept from the dangerous fields and
turned only on those which are already drained naturally or artificially.
Further, they should have an abundant ration in which the local pro-
duct of grass, hay, etc., is supplemented by grain or other seeds. An-
other point to be guarded against is the supply of water that has
drained from marshes or impervious soils, rich in organic matter, as
such is charged with nitrites, ptomaines, etc., which directly conduce
tothe disorder. Fence out from all such waters, and supply from living
springs or deep wells only.
ALBUMEN IN THE URINE—ALBUMINURIA.
In bloody urine albumen is always present as an important constitu-
ent of the blood, and in congested and inflamed kidneys it is present
as a partof the inflammatory exudate. Apart from these albumen in
the urine represents in different cases a variety of diseased conditions
of the kidneys or of distant organs. Among the additional causes of
albuminuria may be named: (1) An excess of albumen in the blood
(after easy calving with little loss of blood and before the secretion of
milk has been established, or in cases of sudden suppression of the
secretion of milk); (2) under increase of blood pressure (after deep
drinking, after doses of digitalis or broom, after transfusion of blood
from one animal to another, or in disease of the heart or lungs causing
obstruction to the flow of blood from the veins); (3) after cutting (or
disease) of the motor nerves of the vessels going to the kidneys, causing
congestion of these organs; (4) violent exertion, hence long drives by
road; the same happens with violent muscular spasms as from strychnia
poisoning, lockjaw, epilepsy, and convulsions; (5) in most fevers and
extensive inflammations important organs, like the lungs, or liver, the
escape of the albumen being variously attributed to the high tempera-
ture of the body and disorder of the nerves, and to resulting congestion
and disorder of the secreting cells of the kidneys; (6) in burns and some
other congested states of the skin; (7) under the action of certain poi-
sons (strong acids, phosphorus, arsenic, Spanish flies, carbolic acid, and
those inducing bloody urine); (8) in certain conditions of weakness or
congestion of the secreting cells of the kidneys, so that they allow this
element of the blood to escape; (9) when the food is entirely wanting
in common salt, albumen may appear in the urine temporarily after a
full meal containing an excess of albumen. It can alse be produced
experimentally by puncturing the back part of the base of the brain
2469710
146 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
(the floor of the fourth ventricle close to the point the injury to which
causes sugary urine). In abscess, tumor, or inflammation of the blad-
der, ureter or urethra, the urine is albuminous.
It follows, therefore, that albumen in the urine does not indicate the
existence of any one specific disease, and excepting when due to weak-
ness or loss of function of the kidney cells, it must be looked on as an
attendant on another disease, the true nature of which we must try to
find out. These affections we must exclude one by one until we are left
to assume the non-inflammatory disorder of the secreting cells of the
kidney. It is especially important to exclude inflammation of the kid-
ney, and to do this may require a microscopic examination of the sedi-
ment of the urine and the demonstration of the entire absence of casts
of the uriniferous tubes. (See Nephritis.)
To detect albumen in the urine, the suspected and frothy liquid must
be rendered sour by adding a few drops of nitric acid and then boiled
in a test tube. Ifa solid precipitate forms then add a few more drops of
nitric acid, and if the liquid does not clear it up it is albumen. A pre-
cipitate thrown down by boiling and redissolved by nitric acid is prob-
ably phosphate of lime.
Treatment will usually be directed to the disease on which it is de-
pendent. Inthe absence of any other recognizable disease, mucilaginous
drinks of boiled flaxseed, slippery elm, or gum may be given, tannic avid
one-half dram twice daily, and fomentations or even mustard poultices
over the loins. When the disease is chronic and there is no attendant
fever (elevation of temperature), tonics (hydrochloric acid, 6 drops in a
pint of water; phosphate of iron, 2 drams, or sulphate of quinia, 2 drams,
repeated twice daily) may be used. In all cases the patient should be
kept carefully from cold and wet; a warm, dry shed or in warm weather
a dry, sunny yard or pasture being especially desirable.
SUGAR IN URINE—DIABETES MELLITUS.
This is a frequent condition of the urine in parturition fever, but-is
practically unknown in cattle as a specific disease, associated with
deranged liver or brain. As a mere attendant on another disease it
will demand no special notice here.
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS—NEPHRITIS.
This has been divided according as it affects the different parts of
the kidneys, as: (1) Its fibrous covering (perinephritis); (2) the secret-
ing tissue of its outer portion (parenchymatous); (3) the connective
tissue (interstitial); (4) the lining membrane of its ducts (catarrhal); and
(5) its pelvis or sac receiving the urine (pyelitis). It has also been
distinguished according to the changes that take place in the kidney,
especially as seen after death, according to the amount of albumen
present in the urine, and according as the affection is acute or chronic.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 147
For the purposes of this work it will be convenient to consider these
as one inflammatory disease, making a distinction merely between those
that are acute and those that are chronic or of long standing.
The causes are in the main like those causing bloody urine, such as
irritant and diuretic plants, Spanish flies applied as a blister or other-
wise, exposure to cold and wet, the presence of stone or gravel in the
kidneys, injuries to the back or loins, as by riding each other, the drink-
ing of alkaline or selenitious water, the use of putrid, stagnant water,
or of that containing bacteria and their products, the consumption of
musty fodder, etc. (See Hematuria.)
The length of the loins in cattle predisposes these to mechanical
injury, and in the lean and especially in the thin working ox the kid-
ney is very liable to suffer. In the absence of an abundance of loose
connective tissue and of fat, the kidneys lie in close contact with the
muscles of the loins, and any injury to these may tend to put the kid-
ney and its vessels on the stretch, or to cause its inflammation by direct
extension of the disease from the injured muscle to the adjacent kidney.
Thus, under unusually heavy draft, under slips and falls on slippery
ground, under sudden unexpected drooping or twisting of the loins
from missteps or from the feet sinking into holes, under the loading and
jarring of the loins when animals ride each other in cases of “heat,”
the kidneys are subjecttoinjury and inflammation. A hard run,as when
chased by a dog, may be the occasion of such an attack. A fodder
rich in nitrogenous or flesh-forming elements (brans, peas, vetches
| Vicia sativa], and other leguminous plants), has been charged with irri-
tating the kidneys through the excess of urea, hippuric acid, and allied
products eliminated through these organs and the tendency to the for-
mation of gravel. It seems, however, that these foods are most dan-
gerous when partially ripened and yet not fully matured, a stage of
growth at which they are apt to contain ingredients irritating to the
stomach and poisonous to the brain, as seen in their inducing so-called
“stomach staggers.” Hven in the poisoning by the seeds of ripened
but only partially cured rye grass (Lolium perenne), and darnel (Lolium
temulentum), the kidneys are found violently congested with black blood.
Also in the indigestions that result from the eating of partially ripened
corn and millet, some congestion of the kidneys is an attendant phe-
nomenon.
Cruzel claims that the disease as occurring locally is usually not
alone from the acrid and resinous plants charged with inducing hema-
turia, but also from stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula) and field
poppy when used in the fresh, succulent condition; also from the great
prevalence of dead caterpillars on the pasture, or from dead Spanish
flies in the stagnant pools of water. The fresh plants are believed to
be injurious only by reason of a volatile oil which is dissipated in dry-
ing. In the case of the stagnant water it may be questioned whether
the chemical products of the contained ferments (bacteria) are not more
148 DISEASES OF CATTLE
frequently the cause of the evil than the elicerd Spanish flies, though
these are hurtful enough when present.
Inflammation of the kidneys may further be a form or an extension of
a specific contagious disease, such as erysipelas, rinderpest, septicemia,
or even of poisoning by the spores of fungi. Rivolta reports the case of a
cow with spots of local congestion and blood staining in the kidney, the.
affected parts being loaded with bacteria. Unfortunately he neither
cultivated the bacteria nor inoculated them, and thus the case stands
without positive demonstration that these were the cause of disease.
The symptoms of nephritis are in certain cases very manifest, and in
others so hidden that the existence of the affection can only be cer-
tainly recognized by a microscopic examination of the urine. In violent
cases there is high fever, increase of the body temperature to 103° F.
and upward, hurried breathing with catching inspiration, accelerated
pulse, dry, hot muzzle, burning of the roots of the horns and ears, loss
of appetite, suspended rumination, and indications of extreme sensitive-
ness in the loins. The patient stands with back arched and hind legs
extended backward and outward, and passes water frequently, in drib-
lets, of a high color and specific gravity, containing albumen and micro-
scopic casts. (Plate x1, Fig.5.) When moved the patient does so with
hesitation and groaning, especially if turned in a narrow circle; and
when pinched on the flank, just beneath the lateral bony processes of
the loins, especially on that side on which the disease predominates,
it flinches and groans. If the examination is made with the oiled hand
introduced through the last gut (rectum) the pressure upward on the
kidneys gives rise to great pain and efforts to escape by moving away,
and by active contractions of the rectum for the expulsion of the hand.
Sometimes there is a distinct swelling over the loins or quarter on one
or both sides. In uncastrated males the testicle on the affected side is
drawn up, or is alternately raised and dropped. In all there is a lia-
bility to tremors of the thigh on the side affected.
In some severe cases colicky pains are as violent as in the worst forms
of indigestion and spasms of the bowels. The animal frequently shifts
from one hind foot to tee other, stamps, kicks at the belly, looks anx-
iously at its flank at frequent intervals, moans plaintively, lies down
and quickly gets up again, grinds its teeth, twists its tail, and keeps
the back habitually arched and rigid and the hind feet advanced under
the belly. The bowels may be costive and the feces glistening with a
coat of mucus, or they may be loose and irritable, and the pauneh or
even the bowels may become distended with gas (bloating) as the result
of indigestion and fermentation. In some animals, male and female
alike, the rigid arched condition of the back will give way to such un-
dulating movements as are sometimes seen in the act of coition.
The disease does not always appear in its full severity, but for a day
or even two there may be merely loss of appetite, impaired rumination,
a disposition to remain lying down; yet when the patient is raised, it
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 149
manifests suffering by anxious looking at the flanks, shifting or stamp-
ing of the hind feet, shaking of the tail, and attempts to urinate, which
are either fruitless or lead to the discharge of a small quantity of high
colored or perhaps bloody urine.
In some recent slight cases, and in many chronic ones, these symp-
toms may be absent or unobserved, and an examination of the urine
will be necessary to reach a safe conclusion. The urine may contain
blood, or it may be cloudy from contained albumen which eoagulates on
heating with nitric acid (see Albuminuria); it may be slightly
glairy from pus, or gritty particles may be detected in it. In seeking
for casts of the uriniferous tubes, a drop may be taken with a fine tube
from the bottom of the liquid after standing and examined under a
power magnifying 50 diameters. If the fine cylindroid filaments are
seen they may then be examined with a power of 200 or 250 diameters.
(Plate x1, Fig. 5.) The appearance of the casts gives some clue to the
condition of the kidneys. If made up of large rounded or slightly
columnar cells, with a single nucleus in each cell (epithelial). they imply
comparatively slight and recent disease of the kidney tubes, the detach-
ment of the epithelium being like what is seen in any inflamed mucous
surface. If madeup largely of the small disk-shaped and nonnucleated
red blood globules, they imply escape of blood, and usually arecent injury
or congestion of the kidney—it may be from sprains, blows, or the in-
gestion of acrid or diuretic poisons. If the casts are made of a clear,
waxy, homogeneous substance (hyaline), without any admixture ot
opaque particles, they imply an inflammation of longer standing, in
which the inflamed kidney tubules have been already stripped of their
cellular (epithelial) lining. If the casts are rendered opaque by the
presence of minute spherical granular cells, like white blood globules,
it betokens active suppuration of the kidney tubes. In other cases the
casts are rendered opaque by entangled earthy granules (carbonate of
lime), or crystals of some other urinary salts. In still other cases the
casts entangle clear, refrangent globules of oil or fat, which may im-
ply fatty degeneration of the kidneys or injury to the spinal cord. The
presence of free pus giving a glairy, flocculent appearance to the urine
is suggestive of inflammation of the urinary pouch at the commence-
ment of the excretory duct (pelvis of kidney) (Plate 1x, Fig. 1), espe-
cially if complicated with gritty particles of earthy salts. This condi-
tion is known as pyelitis. In the chronic cases swelling of the legs or
along the lower surface of chest or abdomen, or within these respective
cavities, is a common symptom. So, also, stupor or coma, or even con-
vulsions, may supervene from the poisonous action of urea and other
waste or morbid products retained in the blood.
In the treatment of acute nephritis the first consideration is the re-
moval of the cause. Acrid or diuretic plants in the food must be
removed, and what of this kind is present in the stomach or bowels
may be cleared away by a moderate dose of castor or olive oil; exten-
150 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
sive surfaces of inflammation that have been. blistered by Spanish flies
must be washed clean with soapsuds; sprains of the back or loins
must be treated by soothing fomentations or poultices, or by a fresh
sheepskin with its fleshy side applied on the loins, and the patient must
be kept in a narrow stallin which it can not turn even its head. The
patient must be kept in a warm, dry building, so that the skin shall be
kept active rather than the kidneys. Warm blanketing is equally im-
portant, and even mustard poultices over the loins will be useful.
Blisters of Spanish flies, turpentine, or other agent which may be
absorbed and irritate the kidneys must be avoided. The active fever
may be checked by 15 drops tincture of aconite every four hours, or by
one-third ounce acetanilid. If pain is very acute 1 ounce laudanum,
or 2 drams solid extract of belladonna will serve to relieve. When the
severity of the disease has passed, a course of tonics (quinia, 2 drams,
or gentian powder, 2 drams daily) may be given. Diuretics, too, may
be cautiously given at this advanced stage to relieve dropsy and give
tone to the kidneys and general system (oil of turpentine, 2 teaspoon-
fuls; bicarbonate of soda, 1 teaspoonful, repeated twice a day). Pure
water is essential, and it should not be given chilled; warm drinks are
preferable.
In the chronic forms of kidney inflammation the same protection
_ against cold and similar general treatment are demanded. Tonics,
however, are important to improve the general health (phosphate of
iron, 2 drams; powdered nux vomica, 20 grains; powdered gentian root,
4 drams, daily). In some instances the mineral acids (nitric acid, 60
drops, or nitro-muriatic acid, 60 drops, daily) may be employed with the
bitters. Mustard applied to the loins in the form of a thin pulp made
with water and covered for an hour with paper or other impervious
envelope, or water hotter than the hand can bear, or cupping may be
resorted to as a counterirritant. In cupping shave the loins, smear
them with lard, then take a narrow-mouthed glass, expand the air
within it by smearing its interior with a few drops of alcohol, setting it
on fire and instantly pressing the mouth of the vessel to the oiled por-
tion of the skin. As the air within the vessel cools it contracts, tend-
ing to form a partial vacuum, and the skin, charged with blood, is
strongly drawn up within it. Several of these being applied at once a
strong derivation from the affected kidneys is secured. In no case of
inflamed or irritable kidney should Spanish flies or oil of turpentine be
used upon the skin.
PARASITES OF THE KIDNEY.
As the kidney is the usual channel by which the bacteria leave the
system, this organ is liable to be implicated when microphytes exist in
the blood, and congestions and blood extravasations are produced.
In anthrax, Southern cattle fever (Texas fever), and other such affec-
tions bloody urine is the consequence. Of the larger parasites attack-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 151
ing the kidney may be specially named the cystic form of the echino-
coceus tapeworm of the dog, the cystic form of the unarmed or beef
tapeworm of man, the diving bladderworm—the cystic form of the
inarginate tapeworm of the dog, and the giant strongyle—the largest of
the round worms. These give rise to general symptoms of kidney dis-
ease, but the true source of the trouble is only likely to be detected, if
the heads or hooklets of the tapeworm or the eggs of the round worm
are found on microscopic examination of the urine.
TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY—HYPERTROPHY—ATROPHY.
The kidney may be the seat of cancerous or simple tumors, and it
may be unnaturally enlarged or reduced in size, but though there may
be signs of urinary disorder the true nature of the disease is seldom
manifest until after death. The passing of blood and of large multi-
nucleated cells in the urine (to be detected under the microscope) may
betray the existence of an ulcerated cancer of the kidney. The pres-
ence of cancerous enlargement of (superficial) lymphatic glands may
further assist and confirm the decision.
RETENTION OF URINE.
Inability to pass urine may come from any one of three conditions:
Ist, spasm of the neck of the bladder; 2d, paralysis of the body of
the bladder; 3d, obstruction of the channel of outlet by a stone (cal-
culus), (see Plate Xr), or other obstacle.
In spasm of the neck of the bladder the male animal may stand with
the tail slightly raised, and making rhythmical contractions of the
muscle beneath the anus (acceleratio urine) (see Plate 1x, Fig. 2), but
without passing a drop of liquid. In the female the hind legs are ex-
tended and widely parted, and the back is arched as if to urinate, but
the effort is vain. If the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum or
vagina, in the early stages of the affection, the bladder may be felt
beneath partially filled, but not overdistended with liquid, and its neck
or mouth firm and rigid. In the more advanced stages of the affection
the organ is felt as a great, tense, elastic bag, extending forward into
the abdomen. In this condition the overdistended muscular coat of
the bladder had lost its power of contraction, so that true paralysis has
Set in, the muscle closing the mouth of the sack alone retaining its
normal contractile power.
In paralysis of the body of the bladder attention is rarely drawn to
the urinary disorder until the bladder has been distended to full reple-
tion, and is almostready to give way by rupture and to allow the escape
of the contained liquid into the abdomen. Overdistention is the most
common cause of the paralysis, yet it may occur from inflammation of
the muscular wall of the bladder, or even from injury to the terminal
part of the spinal marrow. In this last condition, however, the tail is
152 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
likely to be powerless, and the neck of the bladder may also be a
alyzed so that the urine dribbles away continuously.
Causes.—Among the causes of spasm of the neck of the bladder may
be named the lodgment of small stones or gravel, the feeding on irritant
diuretics (see Bloody Urine, Nephzritis), the enforced retention of urine
while at work, or during a painful or difficult parturition. The irrita-
tion attendant on inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder
may be a further cause of spasm of the neck, as may also be inflamma-
tion of the channel (urethra) back of the neck. Extensive applications
of Spanish flies to the skin, the abuse of diuretics, and the occurrence
of indigestion and spasms of the bowels are further causes. So long as
spasmodic colic is unrelieved retention of water from spasm of the neck
of the bladder usually persists.
Treatment will depend largely on the cause. In indigestion the irri-
tant contents of the bowels must be got rid of by laxatives and injections
of warm water; Spanish-fly blisters must be washed from the surface;
a prolonged and too active exertion must be intermitted. The spasm
may be relaxed by injecting one-half ounce solid extract of balladonna
in water into the rectum or by a solution of tobacco. Chloroform or
ether may be given by inhalation, or chloral hydrate 1 ounce may be
given in water by the mouth. Fomentations of warm water may be
made over the loins and between the thighs, and the oiled hand in-
serted into the rectum may press moderately on the anterior part of the
bladder, which can be felt as an elastic fluctuating bag of an oval shape
just beneath.
All other measures failing, the liquid must be drawn off through a
tube (catheter). This is, however, exceedingly difficult alike in male
and female, and we can not expect an amateur to succeed in accom-
plishing it. In the cow the opening into the bladder is found in the
median line of the floor of the generative entrance, about 4 inches in
front of the external opening, but it is flanked on either side by a blind
pouch into which the catheter will pass in 99 cases out of 100 in the
hands of any but the most skilled operator. In the bull or steer the
penis, when retracted into its sheath, is bent upon itself like the letter
S, just above the scrotum and testicles (see Plate rx, Fig. 2), and unless
this bend is effaced by extending the organ forward out of its sheath
it is quite impossible to pass a catheter beyond this point. When, how-
ever, the animal can be tempted by the presentation of a female to pro-
trude the penis so that it can be seized and extended, or when it
can be manipulated forward out of the sheath, it becomes possible
to pass a catheter of small caliber (one-third inch or under) onward
into the bladder. Youatt advised to lay open the sheath so as to
reach and extend the penis, and others have advocated opening
the urethra in the interval between the thighs or just beneath
the anus, but such formidable operations are beyond the stockowner.
The incision of the narrow urethra through the great thickness of
DISFASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 153
muscular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the anus is es-
pecially an operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty. Draw-
ing off the liquid through the tube of an aspirator is another pos-
‘sible resort for the professional man. The delicate needle of the aspi-
rator is inserted in such cases through the floor of the vagina and up-
per wall of the bladder in the female, or through the floor of the rectum
(last gut) and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally through the
lower and back part of the abdominal wall, just in front of the bones of
the pelvis (pubic bones), and thence through the lower and anterior part
of the bladder near its blind anterior end. After relief has been ob-
tained the administration of belladonna in 2 dram doses daily for sey-
eral days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the retention.
When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed by
overdistention, we may seek to restore its tone by doses of one-half a
dram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily, and by mustard plasters
applied over the loins, on the back part of the belly inferiorly, or be-
tween the thighs. Small doses (2 drams) balsam of copaiva are some-
times useful in imparting tone to the partly paralyzed organ.
INCONTINENCE OF URINE—PALSY OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER.
This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of
the spinal cord, or from broken back, and in these cases the tail is
likely to be paralyzed, and it may be also the hind limbs. In this case
the urine dribbles away constantly, and the oiled hand in the vagina
or rectum will feel the half-filled and flaccid bladder beneath, and may
easily empty it by pressure.
Treatment is only successful when the cause of the trouble can be
remedied. After these (sprains of the back, etc.) have recovered,
blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the abdomen, or be-
tween the thighs, may be resorted to with success. Two drams daily
_of copaiva, or of solid extract of belladonna, or two grains Spanish flies
may serve to restore the lost tone. These failing, the use of electric
currents may still prove successful.
URINARY | CALCULI—STONE—GRAVEL.
[Plate x1, Figs, 1, 2,3.]
Stone or gravel consists in hard bodies mainly made up of the solid
earthy constituents of the urine which have erystallized out of that
liquid at some part of the urinary passage, and have remained as small
particles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses (Stone, calculus).
In cattle it is no uncommon thing to find them distending the practi-
cally microscopic tubes in the red substance of the kidney, having been
deposited from the urine in the solid form almost as soon as that liquid
has been separated from the blood. These stones appear as white ob-
jects on the red ground formed by cutting sections of the kidney, and
are essentially products of the dry feed of winter, and most common in
154 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
working oxen which are called upon to exhale more water from the
lungs and skins than are the slop-fed and inactive cows. Little water
being introduced into the body with the food, and a considerable
amount being expelled with the breath and perspiration in connection
with the active life, the urine becomes small in amount, but having to
carry out all waste material from the tissues and the tissue-forming
food, it becomes so charged with solids that it is ready to deposit them
on the slightest disturbance. If, therefore, a little of the water of such
concentrated urine is reabsorbed at any point of the urinary passages,
the remainder is no longer able to hold the solids in solution, and they
are at once precipitated in the solid form as gravel or commencing
stone. In cattle, on the other hand, which are kept at pasture in sum-
mer, or which are fed liberally on roots, potatoes, pumpkins, apples or
ensilage in winter, this concentrated condition of the urine is not in-
duced, and under such circumstances, therefore, the formation of stone
is practically unknown. Nothing more need be said to show the con-
trolling influence of dry feeding in producing gravel and of a watery
ration in preventing it. Calculus in cattle is essentially a disease of
winter, and of such cattle as are denied succulent food and are confined
to dry fodder as their exclusive ration. While there are exceptions,
they are so rare that they do not invalidate this general rule. It is
true that stone in the kidney or bladder is often found in the summer
or in animals feeding at the time on a more or less succulent ration,
yet such masses usually date back to a former period when the animal
was restricted to a dry ration.
In this connection it should be noted that a great drain of water
from the system, by any other channel than the kidneys, predisposes
to the production of gravel or stone. In case of profuse diarrhea, for
example, or of excessive secretion of milk, there is a corresponding
diminution of the water of the blood, and as the whole amount of the
blood is thus decreased, and as the quantity of urine secreted is largely
influenced by the fulness of the blood vessels and the pressure exerted
upon their walls from within, it follows that with this decrease of the
mass of the blood and the lessening of its pressure outward, there
will be a corresponding decrease of urine. The waste of the tissues,
however, goes on as before, and if the waste matter is passed out
through the kidneys it must be in a more concentrated solution, and
the more concentrated the urine the greater the danger that the solids
will be deposited as small erystals or calculi.
Again, the concentrated condition of the urine which predisposes to
such deposits is favored by the quantity of lime salts that may be
present in the water drunk by the animal. Water that contains 20 or
30 grains of carbonate or sulphate of lime to the gallon must con-
tribute a large addition of solids to the blood, and urine as compared
with soft waters from which lime is absent. In this connection it is a
remarkable fact that stone and gravel in the domesticated herbivora
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. £55
are notoriously prevalent on many limestone soils, as on the limestone
formations of central and western New York, Pennsylania, Ohio, and
Michigan; on the calcareous formations of Norfolk, Suffolk, Derby-
shire, Shropshire, and Gloucestershire, in England; in Landes in
France, and around Munich in Bavaria. It does not follow that the
abundance of lime in the water and fodder js the main cause of the
calculi, since other poisons which are operative in the same districts in
causing goitre in both man and animal probably contribute to the
trouble, yet the excess of earthy salts in the drinking water can hardly
fail to add to the saturation of both blood and urine, and thereby to
favor the precipitation of the urinary solids from their state of s¢iution.
The known results of feeding cattle a generous or forcing ration in
which phosphate of lime is present to excess adds additional force to
the view just advanced.’ In the writer’s experience, the Second Duke
of Oneida, a magnificent product of his world-famed family, died as the
result of a too liberal allowance of wheat bran, fed with the view of
still further improving the bone and general form of the Duchess strain
of Shorthorns. Lithotomy was performed and a number of stones re-
moved from the bladder and urethra, but the patient succumbed to an
inflammation of the bowels, induced by the violent purgatives given
before the writer arrived, under the mistaken idea that the straining
had been caused by intestinal impaction. In this case not only the
Second Duke of Oneida, but the other males of the herd as well, had
the tufts of hairs at the outlet of the sheath encased in hard, cylin-
droid sheaths of urinary salts, precipitated from the liquid as it ran
over them. The tufts were in reality resolved into a series of hard,
roller-like bodies, more or less constricted at intervals, as if braided.
When it is stated that the ash of the whole grain of wheat is but 3
per cent, while the ash of wheat bran is 7.3 per cent, and that in the
case of the former 46.38 per cent of the ash is phosphoric acid, and in
that of the latter 50 per cent, it can easily be understood how a too
liberal use of wheat bran should prove dangerous if fed dry. The fol-
lowing table shows the relative proportion of ash and phosphorie acid
in wheat bran and in some common farm seeds:
Phosphoric
acid in the
entire food.
Phosphoric
Ash. acid in ash.
Per ct.| Per cent. Per cent.
ieee 50 3. 65
\Ninaays Tops Suen ee de eed goseos he aapod sonee Seatac Bes oeseHoeSapecias
“MIRE, GRINS 208 eo ach a boesacesause Sopp ESE eboSos = becucuedsadeoodee 3 46, 38 1.3914
MEMO LAL - 3 eeee oe ola a ectniciat abinie cin one anuinaas seus easlesseisewe 2.50 | 26.5 0. 6625
iEailliny, Gavalis sae todas codon pOBOGOEe OF ABR BBBaBore ssnaoe CDE saooecodaar 3.10 39.6 1. 2276
Ca PO TAIN <)o/-/s\<'5 aces «cies sain innasoos cosas besecdosacasdeasconsceeoce 3.10 31.9 0. 9864
Gi GUCTS conse scodoseee 6 deeceasos Babne aD Sau edaceHomaSecsoceoeeSonS 2.75 34.8 0. 957
ERIE, EOI S tae Sees ene EFS Sey hate a ee en oa 36. 2 1. 086
RGTETO GOST, BRODIT conge bocansec oecesdondo apaone cos nnnrnsesescescoca 1 | PREEN Aas on ee Meee mera
156 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
Wheat bran, it will be observed, contains three times as much phos-
phorie acid as is found in any of the other grains, and four times as
much as do oats, beans, peas, or rye; so that if fed in excess it will
readily overcharge the urine with phosphates.
There is another point to be considered, however, in estimating this
danger. Wheat bran contains afar greater amount of albuminoids and
other nitrogen-containing constituents than do the common grains
(these being made up mainly of starch which contains no nitrogen), and
all nitrogen-bearing products contained in the blood and tissues being
expelled from the body mainly through the kidneys in the form of urea
and (in cattle) hippuric acid, it follows that the excess of urea found
when such food is consumed must load the urine with solids and bring
it constantly nearer to the point of saturation, when such solids (or the
least soluble of them) must be deposited.
The following table will show the relative amounts of the nitrogen-
bearing products in wheat bran and some of our common grains:
eee Total
Albuminoids | Woody fiber | _.
(nitrog- (ni a og- nitrogenous-
bearing con-
enous). enous). Sines,
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
iWihea tibramneee ets sass oe, see seein sy ea nee age 16.1 8 24.1
Wiheatworaimess jos see meerks Secs ons e Se aera eel nee een rere 12.5 1.8 14.3
Barley sora. ase eee ns Ra dae ase eRe eS 12.4 2.7 15.1
Oats orains s Aes see ioe ee 2 ue ree eave seni arenas 11.8 9.5 21.3
DIRE, tu eD H ons es Sea ek ger SENN IS Coca en ere tye i LE ae ae 10.6 ez 12.3
ely Gs AMY COMM ete 5 8 AS Ses le en Eile i Se pe es 10.1 1.7 11.8
It will be observed that, with the exception of oats, none of the
grains contain more than two-thirds of the nitrogenous material present
in the wheat bran, while in the case of rye and maize there is practi-
cally but one-half. Even in the case of oats the albuminoids, which are
the more digestible principles, and, therefore, those that are the most
easily and speedily converted into urea, are present only to the amount
of two-thirds of that which exists in the wheat bran. With such an
excess of -ash, of phosphates, and of nitrogenous (urea-forming) con-
stituents in wheat bran, its tendency to favor the formation of calculi
is fully explained. It must not, however, be inferred that wheat bran
is not a valuable food stuff. The inference is only that it should be
fed with an abundance of water, as a sloppy mash or in combination
with an abundance of roots, potatoes, pumpkins, or other succulent
aliment.
In this connection the presence of magnesia in the food or water must
be named as favoring calculous formations in the urinary passages.
The explanation is that while the phosphate of magnesia thrown out in
the urine is soluble in water, the compound phosphate of ammonia and
magnesia is insoluble, and, accordingly, if at any time ammonia is in-
troduced into urine containing the phosphate of magnesia, there is in-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 157
stantly formed the ammonio-magnesium phosphate, which is as promptly
deposited in the solid form. The common source of ammonia in such
cases is from decomposition of the urea in fermenting urine. But in
order to produce this a ferment is necessary, and therefore, as an addi-
tional prerequisite, the presence of bacteria or fungi in the urine is es-
sential. These ferments may make their way from without along the
urinary passage (urethra), and their propagation in the bladder is
greatly favored by the prolonged retention of urine, as in vase of spasm
of the neck of the bladder or obstruction by an already existing stone.
Another mode of entrance of the ferment is an uncleanly catheter used
to draw off the urine.
Another insoluble salt which enters largely into the composition of
many urinary calculi of the ox is carbonate of lime. This is derived
mainly from the lime in the food and water and from the carbon diox-
ide formed by the oxidation of the organic acids in the fodder. These
organic acids, being composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (with-
out nitrogen), are resolved, by the addition of oxygen, into carbon di-
oxide (CO,) and water (H,O). The carbon dioxide unites with the lime
in the blood to form carbonate of lime, and in this state passes into the
urine. Now, carbonate of lime is soluble in water containing free or
uncombined carbon dioxide, but is precipitated whenever the latter is
withdrawn. It is only necessary, therefore, to have in the urine suffi-
cient lime or other available base to unite with all the free carbon di-
oxide in order to bring about the precipitation of the dissolved carbon-
_ate of lime in the solid crystallized form. Hence it is that of all sedi-
ments in the urine of herbivora this is the most frequent and usually
the most abundant.
A less common constituent of urinary caleuli is the insoluble oxalate
of lime. In this case the lime is derived as before from the food or
water, or both, while the oxalic acid is a product of the oxidation of
organic acids of the food, less oxygen having been used than in the
formation of carbon dioxide. The final product of the complete oxida-
tion of these acids is carbon dioxide, but when less oxygen is furnished
owing to some disease of the lungs or a disease of the nerve centers,
which lessens the activity of the breathing, then oxalic acid may be
produced. Then if this oxalic acid comes “a contact with lime it is
instantly precipitated as crystals of oxalate of lime.
Another inorganic substance at times found in urinary calculi is
silica (SiO,). This contributes largely to giving stiffness to the stems
of growing plants, and in most of our cereals and grasses makes up a
large proportion of the ashes of the burnt plant. It is found in the
soluble form in combination as silicate of potash, but at times is dis-
placed by oxalic or other acid and then appears as gritty, sandy particles
in the stem. This gritty, insoluble silica is especially noticeable among
158 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
the horsetails (Hquwisetacee), bamboos, and sedges. The percentage of
silica in the ash of several common fodder plants is given below:
Ash of— Silica.
Per cent.
Wheat straw.-.----- .6
Oats and husk ..-..- 38. 6
Oatistraweoaceeeeeee 35. 4
Barley straw--.----- 73.1
Rye straw .--.------ 64.4
Rye-grass hay--.---- 64. 57
W heat chaff .....--.- 81.2
Oatichatieeees= eee 59.9
Barley awn .....---- 70.7
It is only soluble silica that is taken up into the system, and it is in
this form (usually as silicate of potash or soda) that it enters the urine,
but all that is wanted to precipitate it in crystalline form as a gritty
sand is the presence of oxalic or other acid having a stronger affinity
for its base (potash or soda).
Other conditions, however, enter largely into the causation of stone
or gravel. A high density of urine resulting from a highly saturated
condition is often present for a length of time without any precipitation
of solid materials. Urea and carbonates may be present in excess,
the food may be given dry, and drinking water may be deficient in
amount without any deposition of stone or gravel. The presence of
nonerystalline organic matter in the urine becomes in such cases an
exciting cause. Rainey and Ord have shown experimentally that col-
loid (noncrystallizable) bodies like mucus, epithelial cells, albumen,
pus, blood, hyaline casts of the kidney tubes, ete., not only determine
the precipitation of crystallizable salts from a strong solution, but they
determine the precipitation in the form of globular masses or minute
spheres, which, by further similar accessions, become stones or calculi
of various sizes. The salts that are deposited by mere chemical reac-
tion without the intervention of colloids appear in the form of sharply
defined angular crystals, and hence the rough, jagged crystals of oxa-
late of lime or ammonio-magnesium phosphate. Heat intensifies the
action of the colloids in causing precipitation of the dissolved salts, so
that the temperature of the kidneys and bladder constitute favorable
conditions. Colloids that are undergoing decomposition are also spe-
cially powerful, so that the presence of bacteria or fungi causing fer-
mentation are important factors.
In looking, therefore, for the immediate causes of urinary calculi, we
must accord a high place to all those conditions which determine the
presence of excess of mucus, albumen, pus, blood, kidney casts, blood
coloring matter, etc., in the urine. A catarrhal inflammation of the pel-
vis of the kidney, the ureter of the bladder, generating excess of mucus
or pus; inflammation of the kidneys causing the discharge into the
urinary passages of blood, albumen or hyaline casts; inflammation of
‘DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 159
the liver, lungs, or other distant organ resulting in the escape of albu-
men in the urine; disorders of the liver or of the blood-forming fune-
tions resulting in hematuria or hemoglobinuria; sprains or other in-
juries to the back, or disease of the spinal marrow which cause the
escape of blood with the urine; the presence in the bladder of a bac-
terian ferment which determines the decomposition of the mucus and
urea, the evolution of ammonia and the consequent destruction of the
protecting cellular (epithelial) lining of the bladder; or the irritation
caused by the presence of an already formed calculus may prodace the
colloid or uncrystallizable body that proves so effective in the precipi-
tation of stone or gravel. It has long been known that calculi will
almost infallibly form around any foreign body introduced into the
kidney or bladder, and I have seen a large calculous mass surrounding
a splinter of an arrow that had penetrated and broken off in the body
of a deer. The explanation is now satisfactory—the foreign body
carries in with it bacteria which act as ferments upon the urine and
mucus in addition to the mechanical injury caused by its presence.
If such a body has been introduced through the solid tissues there is
in addition the presence of the blood and lymph derived from the
wounded structures.
CLASSIFICATION OF URINARY CALCULI.
Urinary calculi are most conveniently divided according to the local-
ity in which they are found. Thus we find first renal calculi, formed
in the kidney (Plate x1, Fig. 1), and which for cattle must be again
divided into calculi of the wriniferous tubes, and calculi of the pelvis.
The second class are named wretral calculi, because they are found in
the duct leading from the kidney to the bladder (ureter). The third
class are the vesical calculi, from the bladder or vesicle in which they
are found. The fourth class are the wrethral calculi, and are found in
the duct leading outward from the bladder through the penis (urethra).
The fifth and last class are the preputial calculi, since they are found
within the sheath of the penis (prepuce).
Calculi may also be classed according to their chemical composition,
and this has the advantage of suggesting the special cause of each as
found in the food, water, soil, or general condition of health. This
classification affords no guide to their location nor symptoms, as calculi
of the same chemical composition may be found at any part of the uri-
nary passages, as those formed in the kidney may pass on through all
the various passages outward, unless it is found at any point of their
progress that they have grown so large that the passage will not admit
them. The following are among the concretions found in the various
parts:
(1) Coralline calculi.mThese are of a dull white color and irregular
Surface, like coral. They are made up of hard and resistant layers
evenly deposited around a central nucleus. (Plate x1, Fig. 3.) Their
160 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
specific gravity is 1760, water being 1000, and they contain 74 per cent
of carbonate of lime with some carbonate of magnesia, organic matter,
and a trace of carbonate of iron. Yellowish-white, smooth, round e¢al-
culi of the same chemical composition are met with.
(2) Pearly calculi.mThese are more frequent than the first named
variety. They are very hard and smooth on the surface, reflecting a
play of various colors after the fashion of a pearl. This peculiarity
appears to be caused by the thinness and semi-transparency of the
superposed layers. They have a specific gravity of 2109 to 2351, and
nearly the same chemical composition as the coralline variety. Golding
Bird found a specimen of this kind formed of carbonate of lime and
organic matter only.
(3) Green caleuli—Metalloid caleuli.These are usually small and
numerous, as they are exceedingly common. They are of a very hard
consistency, and have a clear, polished, greenish surface of almost
metallic brilliancy. They have a specific gravity of 2301, and a compo-
sition almost identical with the second variety.
(4) White calculi.—Pure, white, smooth, lustrous calculi are rare.
They have a specific gravity of 2307, and contain as much as 92 per
cent of carbonate of lime with carbonate of magnesia and organic
matter.
(5) Ammonio-magnesium calculi.—These are of a grayish color and a
very rough erystalline surface, which proves very irritating to the
mucous membrane. They have a specific gravity of 1109 to 1637, and
are composed chiefly of ammonio-magnesium phosphate, oxalate of
lime, and organic matter, with some little carbonate of lime and mag-
nesia.
(6) Siliceous calculi.—These are clear, smooth, and hard, and usually
spherical. They have a specific gravity of 1265 to 1376, and contain
57 per cent of silica with carbonates of iron and magnesia, organic
matter, and traces of iron. In other specimens of siliceous calculi there
was a Specific gravity of 3122, and there was 79 to 85 per cent of car-
bonate of lime together with carbonate of magnesia, and iron, silica,
and organic matter. Others are almost exclusively made of silica.
(7) Oxalate of lime calculiirm~Mulberry calculi (Plate x1, Fig. 2)—These
are characterized by their extremely rough, angular surface, formed by
the octahedral crystals of oxalate of lime. Their specific gravity may
be 3441, and they contain oxalate of lime to the extent of S1 per cent,
together with carbonates of lime and magnesia and organic matter.
(8) Gravel.—Pultaceous deposits—Simple crystals may be met with
at any point from the kidneys to the external opening at the end of the
prepuce (sheath), and they may appear singly, as crystals, or they may
accumulate in masses of fine spherical crystals almost like dirty pow-
dered chalk suspended in water. In the ox this is especially common
as a collection in the sheath, distending that into a soft doughy swelling.
“DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 161
FORMS OF CALCULI IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS.
Apart from the rough crystalline surfaces of the calculi of oxalate of
lime and ammonio-magnesium phosphate, the general tendency is to a
smooth, round outline. At times, however, they show more or less flat-
tening with rounded angular edges, caused by the contact and mutual
friction of two calculi. Sometimes two or more stones lying together
become united into one by a new external deposit, and the resulting
mass then shows rounded swellings on opposite sides. The large eal-
culi occupying the pelvis of the kidneys usually shows a central part
having the outline of the main cavity of the pelvis and two or more
projections that have been molded into corresponding branches or chan-
nels which lead to corresponding lobes of the kidney. In winter and
spring small concretions in the form of plates are often met with in the
branches of the pelvis, having been formed and molded in the confined
space between the projecting papilla and the surrounding cup-like
branch of the pelvis. Finally, the pulp-like deposits in the sheath and
elsewhere are made up of globular masses, individually so small as to
be often practically microscopic.
STONE IN THE KIDNEY—RENAL CALCULI.
[Plate x1, Fig. 1.]
In an animal leading the quiet, uneventful life of the ox, stones of
large size may be present in the kidney without producing any disorder
appreciable to the people about him. In cattle fattened on dry food in
winter, on our magnesian limestone of New York, it is exceptional to
find the substance of the kidney free from calculi about the size of a
grain of wheat or less, and standing out as white objects in the general
red of the cut surface of the organ. Similarly around the papilla in
the cup-like arms of the pelvis we find minute flattened or more or less
rounded yellowish-white concretions. Even the large concretions may
prove apparently harmless. I have a calculus several ounces in weight
filling the entire pelvis of the kidney, which was found by accident in
a fat carcass while being dressed. In work oxen, however, such concre-
tions may give rise to symptoms of kidney disease, such as stiffness of
the loins, shown especially in the acts of rising or turning, weakness of
the hind parts when set to pull a heavy load, an irritability of the kid-
neys, shown by the frequent passage of urine in small quantity, tender-
ness of the loins, shown when they are pinched or lightly struck, and it
may be the passage of blood or minute gritty masses with the urine.
If the attack is severe, what is called renal colic (kidney colic) may be
shown by frequent uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, shaking or twist-
ing of the tail, looking round at the flanks, and lying down and rising
again at short intervals without apparent cause. The frequent pass-
age of urine, the blood or gritty masses contained in it, and perhaps
the hard stony cylinders around the tufts of hair of the sheath, show
that the source of the suffering is the urinary organs. In bad eases act-
ive inflammation of the kidneys may set in. (See Nephritis.)
24697-——11
162 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
URETERAL CALCULI.
These are small stones which have passed from the pelvis of the
kidney into the canal (ureter) leading from the kidney to the bladder,
but being too large to pass on easily have blocked that canal and forced
the urine back upon the kidney. The result is the production of symp-
toms more violent than in renal calculi, though not varying, save in
intensity, from those of renal colic. In case of complete and unrelieved
obstruction, the secretion of the kidney on that side is entirely abolished,
and it becomes the seat of passive congestion, and it may even be
absorbed in greater part or as a whole, leaving only a fibrous sac con-
taining fluid with a urinous odor. In small cattle, in which the oiled
hand introduced into the last gut may reach the affected part, the dis-
tended ureter may be felt as a tense, elastic cord, extending forward
from the point of obstruction on the lateral wall of the pelvis and
beneath the loins toward the kidney. If relief is obtamed by the
onward passage of the stone a free flow of urine usually follows, in
the midst of which may often be found gritty masses. If the outlets
from both kidneys are similarly blocked, the animal becomes poisoned
by the retention in the blood of the elements of the urine, and by their
reabsorption after secretion.
Treatment of renal and ureteral calculi.ilreatment is not very suc-
cessful, as only the smallest calculi can pass through the ureter and
enter the bladder, and even if they should do so they are liable to a pro-
gressive increase there, so that later they may cause the symptoms ot
stone in the bladder. Fortunately, ordinary dairy, growing, or fatten-
ing cattle rarely show evident symptoms of illness, and though they
should do so they can usually be fattened and slaughtered before the
health is seriously impaired. In work oxen the case is different, and
acute symptoms may develop, but even then the animal may often be
fitted for the butcher. When treatment is demanded it is primarily
soothing and antispasmodic. Fomentations with warm water over the
loins should be persisted in without intermission until relief has been
secured. The soothing effect on the kidney will often relieve inflam-
mation and irritation, should the stone be in that situation, while if in
the ureter the warm fomentations will at once soothe irritation, relax
spasm of the muscular coat of the canal, and favor an abundant secre-
tion from the kidney, which, pressing on the obstructing stone, may
slowly push it on into the bladder. Large doses of laudanum (2 ounces)
or of solid extract of belladonna (2 drams) will not only soothe the pain
but relax the spasm and favor the onward passage of the calculus. The
animal should be encouraged to drink large quantities of cool water to
favor the free secretion of a very watery urine, which will not only serve
to obviate irritation and continued deposit caused by a highly concen-
trated urine, but will press the stone onward toward the bladder, and
even in certain cases will tend to disintegrate it by solution of some of
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 163
its elements, and thus to favor its crumbling and expulsion. This is a
principle which must never be lost sight of in the treatment of calculi:
The immersion of the stone in a liquid of a lower specific gravity than
that in which it has formed and grown tends to dissolve out the more
soluble of its component parts, and thus to destroy its density and
cohesion at all points, and thereby to favor its complete disintegration
and expulsion. This explains why cattle taken from a herd on our
magnesian limestone in spring, after the long dry feeding of winter,
usually furnish renal calculi, while cattle from the same herd in the
fall, after a summer’s run on a succulent pasture, are almost aways free
from concretions. The abundance of liquid taken in the green food and
expelled through the kidneys and the low density or watery nature of
the urine have so opened the texture and destroyed the density of the
smaller stones and gravel that they have all been disintegrated and
removed. This, too, is the main reason why benefit is derived from
a prolonged stay at mineral springs by the human victims of gravel.
If they had swallowed the same number of quarts of pure water at
home, and distributed it at suitable intervals over each day, they
would have benefited largely without a visit to the springs.
It follows from what has been just said that a succulent diet, includ-
ing a large amount of water (gruels, sloppy mashes, turnips, beets,
potatoes, apples, pumpkins, ensilage, succulent grasses), is an lmpor-
tant factor in the relief of the milder forms of stone and gravel.
Prevention of calculus especially demands this supply of water and
watery rations on all soils and in all conditions in which there is a
predisposition to this disease. It must also be sought by attempts to
obviate all those conditions mentioned above as causative of the malady.
Sometimes good rainwater can be furnished in limestone districts, but
putrid or bad smelling rainwater is to be avoided as probably more
injurious than that from the limestone. Unsuccessful attempts have
been made to dissolve calculi by alkaline salts and mineral acids respect-
ively, but their failure as a remedy does not necessarily condemn them
as preventives. One dram of caustic potash or of hydrochloric acid
may be given daily in the drinking water. In diametrically opposite
ways these attack and decompose the less soluble salts and form new
ones which are more soluble and therefore little disposed to precipitate
in the solid form. Both are beneficial as increasing the secretion of
urine. In cases where the diet has been too highly charged with phos-
phates (wheat bran, etc.), these aliments must be restricted and water
allowed ad libitum. Where the crystals passed with the urine are the
sharp angular (octahedral) ones of oxalate of lime, then the breathing
should be made more active by exercise, and any disease of the lungs
subjected to appropriate treatment. If, the crystals are triangular
prisms of ammonia-magnesium phosphate or star-like forms with feathery
rays, the indications are to withhold the food or water that abounds in
magnesia and check the fermentation in the urine by attempts to destroy
164 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
its bacteria. Inthe latter direction plenty of pure water, diuretics, and
a daily dose of oil of turpentine in milk, or a dose thrice a day of a
solution containing one-tenth grain each of biniodide of mercury and
iodide of potassium would be indicated.
In considering the subject of prevention it must never be forgotten
that any disease of a distant organ which determines the passage from
the blood into the urine of albumen or any other colloid (uncrystalliz-
able) body is strongly provocative of calculus, and should, if possible,
be corrected. Apart from cases due to geological formation, faulty
feeding, and other causes, the grand preventive of calculus is a long
summer’s pasturage of succulent grasses, or in winter a diet of ensilage
or other succulent food.
The calculi formed in part of silica demand special notice. This
agent is secreted in the urine in the form of silicate of potash and is
thrown down as insoluble silica when a stronger acid displaces it by
combining with the potash toitsexclusion. In cases of siliceous calculi,
accordingly, the appropriate chemical prevention is caustic potash,
which being present in the free state would attract to itself any free
acid and leave the silica in its soluble condition as silicate of potash.
STONE IN THE BLADDER—VESICAL CALCULUS—URETHRAL CALCULUS.
Stone in the bladder may be of any size, but in the ox does not
usually exceed half an inch in diameter. There may, however, be a
number of small calculi; indeed, they are sometimes so small and
numerous as to forma small pulpy magma by which the bladder is
considerably distended.
The symptoms of stone in the bladder may be absent until one of the
masses escapes into the urethra, but when this occurs the escape of
urine is prevented, or it is allowed to pass in drops or dribblets only,
and the effect of such obstruction becomes manifest. The point of
obstruction is not always the same, but it is most frequently at the
S-shaped curve of the penis, just above the testicles or scrotum. In
cows and heifers the urethra is so short and becomes so widely dilated
during the urination that the calculi easily escape in the flow of liquid
and dangerous symptoms practically never appear.
Even in the male the signs of illness are at first very slight. A close
observer may notice the cylinders of hard earthy materials encircling
the tufts of hair at the opening of the prepuce. It may further be
observed that the stall remains dry and that the animal has not been
seen to pass water when out of doors. The tail may at times be gently
raised and contractions of the muscle (accelerator urine) beneath the
anus (Piate Ix, Fig. 2) may take place in a rythmical or pulsating man-
ner. But as a rule no symptom is noticed for a couple of days, only the
animal is lacking in his usual spirits. By this time the constantly
accumulating urine has distended the bladder beyond its power of
resistance and a rupture occurs, allowing the urine to escape into the
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 165
cavity of the abdomen. Then dullness increases; the animal lies down
inost of his time; he becomes stupid and sometimes drowsy, with red-
dish brown congestion of the lining membrane of the eyelids; pressure
on the abdomen causes pain, flinching, and perhaps groaning, and the
lowest part of the belly fluctuates more and more as the escaping urine
accumulates in greater and greater amount. If at this stage the oiled
hand is introduced into the rectum (last gut) the animal flinches when
pressure is made downward on the floor of the pelvis, and no round
distended bladder is felt. If the same examination is made prior to
the rupture the rounded, tense, elastic bladder is felt extending for-
ward into the abdomen containing one or two gallons of liquid. There
may be uneasy shifting of the hind limbs and twisting of the tail, also
frequent lying down and rising, but these symptoms are exceptional.
When the obstruction is low down between the thighs (at the S-
Shaped flexure), the line of the pulsating urethra from the anus down-
ward may be felt distended with liquid, and though it is seldom easy
to distinguish the exact seat of the stone by the hard swelling of the
urethra, yet there is usually tenderness at the point of obstruction, and
from this it may be accurately located.
The treatment of stone in the bladder or urethra consists in the
removal of the stone by incision and the use of forceps. (Plate xt, Fig. 4.)
When the stone has been arrested at the S-shaped flexure just above
the scrotum, the patient being lean, the thickened tender part of the
penis may be seized between the fingers and thumb of the left hand,
while the calculus is exposed by a free incision with the knife held in
the right. If there is no other obstruction between this point and the
bladder, and if the latter has not yet ruptured, a flow of urine should
take place from the opening. If there is no escape of liquid a catheter
or sound, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, must be passed up through
the canal (urethra) until it is arrested by the next stone, on which a
similar incision should then be made to effect its extraction. In case
the stone has been arrested in the portion of the urethra which is in
front of the arch of the hip bone and inside the pelvis, it can only be
reached by making an opening into the urethra beneath the anus and
over the arch of the hip bone, and from this orifice exploring the urethra
with fine forceps to the neck of the bladder or until the stone has been
reached and extracted. The operation requires a very accurate knowl-
edge of the parts, owing to the small size of the canal (urethra) to be
opened and the great thickness of erectile tissue to be cut through,
while the free flow of blood is blinding to the operator. A staff should
always be passed up through the urethra from the lower wound if such
has been made, or, in case of its absence, through the whole length of
the penis, that organ having been drawn out of its sheath until the
S-shaped curve has been effaced and the course of the canal rendered
straight. Upon the end of this staff the incision can be made with
far more confidence and certainty. The operation can only be under-
166 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
taken by a skilled veterinary anatomist,’ but the hints given above
may be valuable in showing the stock owner when he is being properly
served in such a case. ;
In outlying districts, where no skilled operator can be had, a trans-
verse incision may be made with a clean sharp knife through the root
of the penis, just over the arch of the hip bone, when the urine will
flow out in a full stream. The attendant bleeding may be ignored, or
if profuse it may be checked by packing the wound firmly with cotton
wool for some hours. The urine will continue to escape by the wound,
and the ox should be fattened for the butcher.
The immediate relief is not to be looked upon as a permanent cure,
as the calculi in the affected ox are usually numerous, and later attacks
are, therefore, to be looked for. Hence it is desirable to fatten and
kill such cases after a successful operation. If a breeding animal is too
valuable to be killed he should be subjected to preventive measures, as
laid down under Stone in the Kidney.
It should be added that when the bladder is filled with a soft magma
a catheter may be introduced through the whole length of the urethra,
to be employed in pumping water into the bladder. This water is
extracted through the same channel when it has been charged with
the suspended solids by manipulations of the bladder with the oilep
hand introduced through the rectum.
Calculi or gravel in the prepuce or sheath.—This is usually a collection
of gravel, or a soft putty-like material which causes a distinct swelling
of the sheath and gives it a soft, doughy feeling when handled. It may
be removed in part by the oiled fingers introduced into the cavity,
assisted by manipulation from without, or a tube may be inserted
behind the collection and water pumped in until the whole mass has
been evacuated. Should even this fail of success the sheath may be
slit open from its orifice back in the median line below until the offend-
ing matter can be reached and removed. In all such cases the interior
of the sheath should be finally lubricated with sweet oil or vaseline.
It is unnecessary to stitch up the wound made in the sheath. (See
Inflammation of the Sheath.)
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE IX:
Fig. 1. Kidney of the ox. Taken from Handbuch des Vergleichenden Anatomie des
Haus Sdugethiere, Vol. 7, 1890: A, renal artery carrying blood into the kid-
ney; V, renal vein carrying blood from the kidney back to. the heart; H,
ureter, the tube carrying the urine from kidney to bladder. Itis formed by
the union of a number of branches which begin as cups (calices), each
inclosing the tip of a conical mass of tissue from which the urine exudes.
1, Showing such papilla through the cups or calyx surrounding it; 2, papil-
le with the cups inclosing them cut in half to show their relation to each
other.
Fig. 2. The male genital organs of the ox. Taken from Leisering, Mueller &
Ellenberger, Handbuch des Verg. Anat. des Haus Siiugethiere: 1, scrotum, or
the pouch containing the testicles; 2, tunica vaginalis, the serous membrane
enveloping the testicles; 3’, right testicle, outer view; 3’, left testicle, inner
view; 4, epididymis, or the beginning of the excretory canal of the testicle;
4’, globus major, or the head of the epididymis; 4’’, globus minor, or the tail
of the epididymis; 5, vas deferens, the duct through which the seminal
fluid reaches the ejaculatory ducts; 5’, pelvic dilatation of the vas deferens;
6, vesicula seminalis. The vesicule seminales are two oval pouches, which,
in addition to their own secretions, receive the semen conveyed by the sem-
inal ducts and hold it in reserve until copulation; 7, membranous or intra-
pelvic portion of the urethral canal covered by Wilson’s muscle; 8, part of
the prostate gland covered by Wilson’s muscle; 9, Cowper’s gland. This
gland, like the prostate gland, secretes a fluid which is thrown into the
urethral canal in abundance immediately before ejaculation; the expulsion
of the semen is by this means facilitated; 10, ejaculator seminis, or accel-
erator urine muscle; 11, penis; 11’, cut portion of same; 12, cut suspensory
ligaments of penis; 13, sheath, or prepuce laid open; 14, retractor muscles
of sheath; 15, cremaster muscle cut at superior extremity; 16, duplicature
of peritoneum; 17, ureters carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
PLATE X:
Fig. 1. In this figure the minute apparatus for the secretion, collection, and dis-
charge of the urine into the pelvis of the kidney (see preceding plate) is
shown. The course is as follows: The urine is secreted from the blood-ves-
sels in the little round bodies called glomeruli (12), and by the minute cells
in the curved tubes (11, 9, 10, 8), and passes through the convoluted and
straight tubes (7, 6) into the larger tube (1), and then out into the pelvis,
thence through the ureters into the bladder. The fluid and salts dissolved
in the urine are taken from the blood, and the minute blood vessels are there-
fore very abundant in the kidneys, as is shown by the branches and network
on the left of the figure. The blood passes into the kidney in the artery
(13), then divides into branches which pass into the glomeruli (12) and also
167
168 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
PLATE X—Continued.
form networks around the secreting tubules (11,9). The urine and salts
pass from these vessels through the cells lining the tubules into the latter,
and are discharged as described above. The blood is again collected in veins
drawn black in the figure. ;
Fig. 2. Illustrates the manner in which the blood is distributed in the glomeru-
lus f, and also to the secreting tubules (e).
Fig. 3. Shows the relation between the blood vessel in the glomerulus (e) and
the tubule which conducts the urine therein secreted from the blood vessel;
(c) represents a glomerulus from which the urinary tubule has been removed.
PLATE XI:
Fig. 1. Calculus or stone from the kidney. These are located in the pelvis or
portion of the ureter receiving the urine. The prolongations are casts of
the branches of the pelvis. See the plates of the kidney for further descrip-
tion.
Fig. 2. Calculus made up of oxalate of lime magnified 215 times.
Fig. 3. Phosphatic calculus containing a nucleus of uric acid, sawn through to
show concentric layers.
Fig. 4. Straight forceps used in removing stones from the bladder.
Fig. 5. Casts of the minute tubules of the kidney found in the urine in various
kinds of kidney disease. Highly magnified.
KIDNEY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.
X.
PLATE
_HetioryPe PRINTING Co. Boston.
-MICROSCOPIC
Geo. Marz, after D’Arboval.
IDNEY.
{
OF THE I
ANATOMY
PLATE XI.
Hetiorrre PRINTING Co. Boston.
Haines del.after Hurirel D’Arboval.
CALCULI OF KIDNEY AND BLADDER.
‘
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
By JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S,,
Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University.
Diseases of the generative organs are practically confined to animals
which are kept for reproduction and the dairy. The castration of the
buil condemns these organs to inactivity and protects them from the
many causes of injury attendant on the engorged blood-vessels in the
frequent periods of sexual excitement, on the exposure to mechanical
violence, and on the exposure to infective inoculation. In three
respects the castrated male is especially subject to disease: (1) To
inflammation and tumefaction of the cut end of the cord that supported
the testicle and of the loose connective tissue of the scrotum; (2) to
inflammation of the sheath and penis from the accumulation of gravel
in the former, from which the penis is not usually protruded in passing
water; and (3) to bruising, abrasion, and inflammation of the sheath
and penis during suspension in the stocks for the purpose of shoeing. -
Apart from these the ox is practically almost exempt from the inflam-
mations and injuries of the genital organs. The same applies to the
castrated heifer. Inflammation may occur in the broad ligament of the
womb whence the ovary has been removed, or inflammation in the
abdominal cavity (peritonitis) in case the operation has been performed
through the flank, as it usually is in the young heifer. Apart from
these the castrated heifer is practically immune from any trouble of the
generative apparatus. Even the virgin heifer is little subject to such
troubles, though she is not exempt from inflammations, and above all,
morbid growths in the ovaries which remain in place and are function-
ally very active after the first year, or in precocious animals after the
first few months of life. The breeding cow on the other hand is sub-
jected to all the disturbances attendant on the gradual enlargement of
the womb, the diversion of a large mass of blood to its walls, the con-
stant drain of nutrient materials of all kinds for the nourishment of the
fetus, the risks attendant and consequent on abortion and parturi-
tion, the dangers of infection from the bull, the risks of sympathetic
disturbance in case of serious diseases of other organs, but preémi-
nently of the urinary organs and the udder, and finally the sudden
extreme derangements of the circulation and of the nervous functions
169
170 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
which attend on the sudden revulsion of a great mass of blood from the
walls of the contracting womb into the body at large immediately after
calving.
In reviewing this class of diseases, therefore, we have to note, first,
that they are almost exclusively restricted to breeding animals; and,
second, that in keeping with the absolute difference of the organs in the
male and female we find two essentially distinct lists of diseases affect-
ing the two sexes.
EXCESS OF VENEREAL DESIRE—SATYRIASIS IN MALE—NYMPHOMANTA
IN FEMALE.
This may occur in the male from too frequent sexual intercourse, or
from injury and congestion of the base of the brain (vaso-dilator center
in the medulla), or of the posterior end of the spinal cord, or it may be
kept up by congestion or inflammation of the testicles or of the mucous
membrane covering the penis. It may be manifested by a constant or
frequent erection, by attempts at sexual connection, and sometimes by
the discharge of semen without connection. In bad cases the feverish-
ness and restlessness lead to loss of flesh, emaciation, and physical
weakness. ;
It is, however, in the female especially that this morbid desire is
most noticeable and injurious. It may be excited by the stimulating
quality of the blood in cows fed to excess on highly nitrogenous food,
as the seeds of the bean, pea, vetch, tare, wheat bran, middlings, ete.,
especially in the case of such as have no free exercise in the fields, and
are subject to constant association with a vigorous young bull. A more
frequent cause is the excitation or congestion of some part of the geni-
tal organs. Disease of the ovaries is preéminently the cause, and this
may be by the formation of cysts (sacs containing liquid), or of solid
tumors or degenerations, or, more commonly than all, the deposition of
tubercle. Indeed, in case of tuberculosis attacking the abdominal
organs of cows the ovaries or the serous membranes that support and
cover them (the broad ligaments of the womb) are peculiarly subject
to attack and the animal has constant sexual excitement, incessantly
riding or being ridden by other cattle, having no leisure to eat nor chew
the cud, but moving restlessly, wearing the flesh off its bones and grad-
ually wasting. In some localities these cows are known as “ bullers,”
because they are nearly always disposed to take the bull, but they do
not conceive, or if they do they are subject to early abortions. They
are therefore useless alike for the dairy and for the feeder, unless the
removal of the ovaries subdues the sexual excitement, when in the
absence of tuberculous disease elsewhere they may be fattened for the
butcher.
Among the other sources of irritation charged with causing nympho-
mania are tumors and cancers of the womb, rigid closure of the neck of
the womb, so that conception can not occur and the frequent services
ae -
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 171
by the male stimulate the unsatisfied appetite, and inflammation and a
purulent discharge from the womb or vagina.
The treatment in each case will vary with the cause, and is most satis-
factory when that cause is a removable one. Overfeeding on richly
nitrogenous food can be stopped, exercise in the open field secured, dis-
eased ovaries may be removed (see Castration, p. 317), catarrhs of the
womb and passages overcome by antiseptic astringent injections (see
Leucorrheea), and tumors of the womb may often be detached and
extracted, the mouth of that organ having been first dilated by sponge
tents or otherwise. The rubber dilator (impregnator) though some-
times helpful in the mare is rarely available for the cow, owing to the
different condition of the mouth of the womb.
DIMINUTION OR LOSS OF VENEREAL DESIRE—ANAPHRODISIA.
This will occur in either sex from low condition and ill health. Long
standing chronic diseases of important internal organs leading to
emaciation and weakness, or a prolonged semi-starvation in winter,
may be a sufficient cause. It is, however, much more common as the
result of degeneration or extensive and destructive disease of the secret-
ing organs (testicles, ovaries), which elaborate the male and female
sexual products respectively. Such diseases are therefore a common
cause of sterility in both sexes. The old bull, fat and lazy, becomes
sluggish and unreliable in serving, and finally gets to be useless for
breeding purposes. This is not due to his weight and clumsiness alone,
but largely to the fatty degeneration of his testicles and their excretory
duets, which prevents the due formation and maturation of the semen.
If he has been kept in extra high condition for exhibition in the show
ring this disqualification comes upon him sooner and becomes more
irremediable. :
Similarly the overfed, inactive cow, and above all the show cow, fails
to come in heat at the usual intervals, shows little disposition to take
the bull, and fails to conceive when served. Her trouble is the same
in kind, namely, fatty degeneration of the ovaries and of their excretory
ducts (Fallopian tubes), which prevents the formation or maturation of
the ovum, or when it has-formed; hinders its descent into the womb.
Another common defect in such old fat cows is a rigid closure of the
mouth of the womb, which prevents conception, even if the ovum
reaches the interior of that organ, and even if the semen is discharged
into the vagina.
The true preventive of such conditions is to be found in a sound
hygiene. The breeding animal should be of adult age, neither over nor
under fed, but well fed and moderately exercised; in other words, the
most vigorous health should be sought, not only that a strong race may
be propagated, but that the whole herd, or nearly so, may breed with
certainty. Fleming gives 79 per cent as the general average of cows
that are found to breed in one year. Here more than a fifth of the
172 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
progeny is sacrificed, and a fifth of the product of the dairy. With
careful management the proportion of breeders should approach 100
per cent. The various local and general obstacles to conception should
be carefully investigated and removed. The vigorous health which
comes from a sufficiently liberal diet and abundant exercise should be
solicited, and that comparative bloodlessness and weakness which
advances with undue fattening should be sedulously avoided. In bull
or cow which is becoming unduly fat and showing indications of sexual
indifference the treatment must be active. Turning out ona short pas-
ture where it must work hard for a living will often suffice. The bull
which can not be turned out to pasture may sometimes be utilized in
the yoke or tread power, or he may be kept a part of his time in a field
or paddock chained by the ring in his nose to a strong wire extending
from one side of the lot to the other, attached securely to two trees or
posts. The wire should be higher than the back of the bull, which will
move from end to end at frequentintervals. If he is indisposed to take
sufficient exercise in this way he may be safely driven. An instance of
the value of exercise in these incipient cases of fatty degeneration is
often quoted. The cow “Dodona,” condemned as barren at Earl Spen-
cer’s, was sold cheap to Jonas Webb, who had her driven by road a
distance of 120 miles to his farm at Wilbraham, soon after which she
became pregnant. In advanced cases, however, in which the fatty
degeneration is complete, recovery is impossible.
In case of rigid closure of the mouth of the womb the only resort is
dilatation. This is far more difficult and uncertain in the cow than in
the mare. The neck of the womb is longer, is often tortuous in its
course, and its walls so approximated to each other and so rigid that it
may be all but impossible to follow it, and there is always danger of
perforating its walls and opening into the cavity of the abdomen, or
short of that of causing inflammation and a new rigid fibrous formation
which, on healing, leaves matters worse than before. The opening must
be carefully made with the finger, and when that has entered the womb
further dilatation may be secured by inserting a sponge tent or by
careful stretching with a mechanical dilator. (Plate xx, Fig. 6.)
STERILITY FROM OTHER CAUSES.
The question as to whether a bull is a sure stock-getter and whether
a cow iS a breeder are so important that it would be wrong to pass over
other prominent causes of sterility. Breeding at too early an age
is a common source of increasing weakness of constitution which
has obtained in certain breeds. Jerseys have especially been made
the victims of this mistake, the object being to establish the highest
milking powers in the smallest obtainable body which will demand the
least material and outlay for its constant repair of waste. With suc-
cess in this line there has been the counterbalancing disadvantage of
impaired vigor, with too often lessened fertility as well as increased
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 173
predisposition to disease. When the heifers of the race have for gener-
ation after generation been bred under a year old, the demand for the
nourishment of the fetus is too great a drain on the immature animal,
which accordingly remains small and stunted. As it fails to develop
in size so every organ fails to be nourished to perfection. Similarly
with the immature bull put to too many cows; he fails to develop his
full size, vigor, or Stamina, and transfers his acquired weakness to his
progeny. An increasing number of barren females and an increasing
proclivity to abortions are the necessary results of both courses. When
this early breeding has occurred accidentally it is well to dry up the
dam just after calving, and to avoid having her served again until full
grown.
Some highly-fed and plethoric females seem to escape conception by
the very intensity of the generative ardor. The frequent passage of
urine accompanied by contractions of the womb and vagina and a pro-
fuse secretion from their surfaces, leads to the expulsion of the semen
after it has been lodged in the genital passages. This may be reme-
died somewhat by bleeding the cow shortly before putting to the bull,
so as to diminish the richness and stimulating quality of the blood; or
better by giving a pound and a half of Epsom salts a day or two before
she comes in heat, and subjecting her at the same time to a spare diet.
Should the excessive ardor of the cow not be controllable in this way
she may be shut up for a day or two, until the heat is passing off, when
under the lessened excitement the semen is more likely to be retained.
The various diseases of the ovaries, their tubes, the womb, the tes-
ticles and their excretory ducts, as referred to under Excess of Genera-
tive Ardor, are causes of barrenness. In this connection it may be
named that the discharges consequent on calving are fatal to the vitality
of semen introduced before these have ceased to flow, hence service too
soon after calving, or that of a cow which has had the womb or genital
passagesinjured so as to keep up a muco-purulent flow until the animal
comes in heat, is liable to fail of conception. Any such discharge should
be first arrested by repeated injections as for leucorrhcea, after which
the male may be admitted.
Feeding on a very saccharine diet, which greatly favors the deposition
of fat, seems to have an even more direct effort in preventing conception
during such regimen. Among other causes of barrenness are all those
that favor abortion, ergoted grasses, smutty wheat or corn, laxative or
diuretic drinking water, and any improper or musty feed that causes
indigestions, colics, and diseases of the urinary organs, notably gravel;
also savin, rue, cantharides and all other irritants of the bowels or
kidneys.
Hermaphrodites are barren, of course, as their sexual organs are not
distinctively either male or female. The heifer born as a twin with a
bullis usually hermaphrodite and barren. But the animals of either sex
in which development of the organs is arrested before they are fully
174 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
matured, remain as in the male or female prior to puberty, and are barren.
Bulls with both testicles retained within the abdomen may go through
the form of serving a cow, but the service is unfruitful; the sperma-
tozoa are not fully elaborated. So I have examined a heifer with a
properly formed but very small womb, and an extremely narrow vagina
and vulva, the walls of which were very muscular, that could never be
made to conceive. A post-mortem examination would probably have
disclosed an imperfectly formed ovary incapable of bringing ova to
maturity.
A bull and cow that have been too closely inbred in the same line for
generations may prove sexually incompatible and unable to generate
together, though both are abundantly prolific when coupled with animals
of other strains of blood.
Finally a bull may prove unable to get stock, not from any lack of sex-
ual development, but from disease of other organs (back, loins, hind
limbs), which renders him unable to mount with the energy requisite to ~
the perfect service.
CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES—ORCHITIS.
This usually results from blows or other direct injuries, but may be
the result of excessive service or of the formation of some new growth
(tumor) in the gland tissue. The bull moves stiffly, with straddling
gait, and the right or left half of the scrotum in which the affected tes-
ticle lies is swollen, red, and tender, and the gland is drawn up within
the sac and dropped down again at frequent intervals. It may be treated
by rest, 1$ pounds Epsom salts given in 4 quarts water, by a restricted
diet of some succulent food; by continued fomentations with warm
water by means of sponges or rags sustained by a sling passed around
the loins and back between the hind legs. The pain may be allayed
by smearing with a solution of opium or of extract of belladonna.
Should a soft point appear indicating the formation of matter it may
be opened with a sharp lancet and the wound treated daily with a selu-
tion of a teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a half pint of water. Usually,
however, when the inflammation has proceeded to this extent the gland
will be ruined for purposes of procreation and must be cut out. (See
Castration, p. 316.)
INFLAMMATION OF THE SHEATH.
While this may occur in bulls from infection during copulation and
from bruises, blows, and other mechanical injuries, the condition is
more common in the ox in connection with the comparative inactivity
of the parts. The sheath has a very small external opening, the mucous
membrane of which is studded with sebaceous glands secreting a thick
unctuous matter of a strong, heavy odor. Behind this orifice is a dis-
tinet pouch, in which this unctuous matter is liable to accumulate when
the penis is habitually drawn back. Moreover, the sheath has two mus-
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 175
eles which lengthen it (protractors) passing into it from the region of
the navel, and two that shorten it (retractors) passing into it from the
lower surface of the pelvic bones above. (Plate rx, Fig.2.) The protract-
ors keep the sheath stretched so that it habitually covers the penis,
while the retractors shorten it up in the act of service, so that the penis
can project to its full extent. In stud bulls the frequent protrusion of
the erect and enlarged penis and the retraction and dilatation of the
opening of the sheath serve to empty the pouch and prevent any accumu-
lation of sebaceous matter or urine. In the ox, on the other hand, the
undeveloped and inactive penis is usually drawn back so as to leave
the anterior preputial pouch empty, so that the sebaceous matter has
space to accumulate and is never expelled by the active retraction of
the sheath and protrusion of the erect penis in service. Again, the ox
rarely protrudes the tip of the penisin urination, the urine is discharged
into the preputial pouch and lodges and decomposes there so that there
is a great liability to the precipitation of its earthy salts in the form of
gravel. The decomposing ammoniacal urine, the gritty crystals pre-
cipitated from it, and the fetid, rancid, sebaceous matter set up inflam-
mation in the delicate mucous membrane lining the passage. The mem-
brane is thickened, reddened, rendered friable and ultimately ulcerated,
and the now narrowed sheath is blocked by the increasing mass of
sebaceous and urinous material and the decomposing mucus and pus.
The penis can no longer be protruded, the urine escapes in a small
stream through the narrowing sheath, and finally the outlet is com-
_ pletely blocked and the urine distends the back part of the sheath.
This will fluctuate on being handled, and soon the unhealthy inflam-
mation extends on each side of it, causing a thick, doughy, tender
swelling under the belly and between the thighs. The next step in the
morbid course is over-distension of the bladder, with the occurrence of
colicky pains, looking at the flanks, uneasy movements of the hind limbs,
raising or twisting of the tail, pulsatory contractions of the urethra
under the anus, and finally a false appearance of relief, which is caused
by rupture of the bladder. Before this rupture takes place the dis-
tended bladder may press on the rectum and obstruct the passage of
the bowel dejections. Two mistakes are therefore probable: first, that
the bowels alone are to be relieved, and, second, that the trouble
is obstruction of the urethra by astone. Hence the need of examining
the sheath and pushing the finger into its opening to see that there is
no obstruction there, in all cases of retention of urine, over-distended
bladder, or blocked rectum in the ox. The disease may be acute or
chronic, the first by reason of acute adhesive inflammation blocking
the outlet, the second by gradual thickening and ulceration of the
Sheath and blocking by the sebaceous and calculous accretions.
The treatment of this affection will depend on the stage. If recent
and no instant danger of rupture of the bladder, the narrow opening of
the sheath should be freely cut open in the median line below, and the
176 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
sac emptied out with a finger or spoon, after which it should be thor-
oughly washed with tepid water. To make the cleansing more thor-
ough a catheter or a small rubber tube may be inserted well back into
the sheath, and water may be forced through it from a syringe or a fun-
nel inserted into the other end of the tube and considerably elevated. A
fountain syringe, which should be found in every house, answers admira-
bly. The sheath may be daily washed out with tepid water, with a
suds made with castile soap, or with a weak solution of sulphate of zine
(one-half dram to a quartof water). If these attentions are impossible,
most cases, after cleansing, will do well if merely driven through clean
water up to the belly once a day.
In case the disease has progressed to absolute obstruction, with the
bladder ready to rupture any moment, no time must be lost in opening
into the urethra with a sharp knife over the bony arch under the anus,
where the pulsations are seen in urinating. This incision is best made
in the median line from above downward, but in the absence of a skill-
ful operator a transverse incision with a sharp knife over the bone in
the median line until the urine flows with a gush is better than to let
the patient die. Considerable blood will be lost and the wound will
heal tardily, but the ox will be preserved. Then the slitting and cleans-
ing of the sheath can be done at leisure as described above. In case
the bladder is ruptured the case is hopeless.
INFLAMMATION OF THE SHEATH AND PENIS FROM BRUISING.
This also is an affection of work oxen, caused by the pressure
and friction of the sling when the animals are held in the stocks for
shoeing. This crushing of both sheath and penis for half an hour or
more leads to the development, some hours later, of a hard, hot, and
painful swelling, extending from the scrotum as far as the opening of
the sheath. Fever sets in, with dry muzzle, red eyes, hard, full, rapid
pulse, accelerated breathing and elevated temperature. The ox stands
obstinately with his hind legs drawn apart and urine falling drop by
drop from the sheath. Appetite and rumination are suspended. In
twenty-four hours there may be indications of advancing gangrene
(mortification), the swelling becomes cold, soft, and doughy; it may
even crack slightly from the presence of gas, a reddish brown fetid
liquid oozes from the swelling, especially around the edges, and if the
animal survives it is only with a great loss of substance of the sheath
and penis.
The prevention of such an injury is easy. It is only necessary to see
that tke slings shall not press upon the posterior part of the abdomen.
They must be kept in front of the sheath.
Treatment, to be effective, must be prompt and judicious. Put a
strap around the patient with soft pads in contact with the affected
parts, constantly soaked in cold water for at least twenty-four hours.
A pound or two of Epsom salts in 4 quarts of hot water should also be
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 1
given. The second day the parts may be washed with 1 quart of witch-
hazel (extract), 2 drams sugar of lead, and 1 ounce laudanum, or the
cold water irrigations may be continued if the active inflammation per-
sists. In case the swelling continues hard and resistant it may be
pricked at the most prominent points to the depth of one-third of
_an ineh, with a lancet first dipped in dilute carbolic acid, and the
whole surface should be washed frequently with chlorine water or
other antiseptic.
When softening occurs in the center of a hard mass and fluctuation
can be felt between two fingers pressed on different parts of such soft-
ening, it should be freely opened to let out the putrid pus and the cavity
should be syringed often with chlorine water. ‘
In bad cases extensive sloughs of dead skin, of the whole wall of the
sheath, and even of the-penis, may take place, which will require ecare-
ful antiseptic treatment. The soaking of the urine into the inflamed
and softened tissue, and the setting up of putrefactive action not only
endangers great destruction of the tissues from putrid inflammation,
but even threatens life itself from a general blood poisoning (septice-
mia.) Every case should have skillful treatment to meet its various
phases, but in the severe ones this is most urgently demanded.
INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA—GONORRHGA.
Like other males, the bull sometimes suffers from inflammation of the
canal which conveys the urine through the penis, and forms a conse-
quent whitish muco-purulent discharge. It may have originated in
eravels, the excitement of too frequent service, infection from a cow
with leucorrheea, or from extension of inflammation from the sheath.
Beside the oozing of the whitish liquid from the end of the penis and
Sheath, there is tenderness and pain when handled, and while there is
no actual arrest of the urine, its flow is subject to frequent voluntary
checks, as the scalding liquid irritates the tender surface. If recognized
before the discharge sets in a dose of 14 pounds of Epsom salts, and
local warm fomentations would be appropriate. After the onset of the
whitish discharge a daily injection into the penis of a solution of 20
grains of permanganate of potash in a pint of water will be beneficial.
WARTS AND PAPILLARY GROWTHS ON THE PENIS.
These are not frequent in bull or ox. They may interfere with the
protrusion of the organ from its sheath or with service, and always give
rise toa bad smelling discharge. They may be twisted off with the
thumb and forefinger, or cut off with a pair of scissors and the seat
burned with a pencil of lunar caustic. To get hold of the penis in the
bull bring him up to a cow. In the ox it will be necessary to push it
out by manipulation through the sheath. In difficult cases the narrow
opening of the sheath may be slit open.
24697——12
178 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
WOUNDS OF THE PENIS.
The most common wounds are those sustained by blows of horns,
sticks, ete. The blood-vessels and sacs are ruptured to a greater or less
extent and considerable swellings filled with coagulated blood and
inflammatory products occur, leading to distortion of the organ, and it
may be to the impossibility of protruding it. A lotion of a dram of
alum in a quart of water may be applied (injected into the sheath, if
necessary), anda large sponge constantly irrigated by a stream of cold
water may be kept applied by means of a surcingle to the outer side
of the sheath. Incisions are rarely applicable to an organ of this kind,
but in case of the existence of an extensive clot which is unlikely to
be absorbed the lancet may be resorted to.
If the injury leads to paralysis of the penis and hanging out of its
sheath, it should be supported in a sling and astringents used freely
until inflammation subsides. Then the restoration of power may be
sought by a blister between the thighs, by the use of electricity, or by
the careful use of nerve stimulants, such as strychnia (2 grains daily).
ULCERS ON THE PENIS.
Sores on the penis of the bull may result from gravel or sebaceous
masses in the sheath, or from having served a cow with leucorrhea.
They may be treated by frequent injections into the sheath of a lotion
made with 1 dram sugar of lead, 60 drops carbolic acid and 1 quart
water.
POLYPUS OF THE VAGINA OR UTERUS.
A polypus is a tumor growing from the mucous membrane, and often
connected to it by a narrow neck. A definite cause can not always be
assigned. If growing in the vaginaa polypus may project as a red-
dish, rounded tumor from the vulva, especially during the act of passing
water. It can be distinguished from descent of the womb by the
absence of the orifice of that cavity, which can be felt by the oiled
hand beyond the tumor in the depth of the vagina. From a vaginal
hernia caused by the protrusion of some abdominal organ enveloped
by the relaxed wall of the vagina it may be distinguished by its per-
sistence, its firm substance and the impossibility of returning it into
the abdomen by pressure. A hernia containing a portion of bowel gur-
gles when handled and can be completely effaced by pressure, the gut
passing back into the abdomen.
A polypus in the womb is less easily recognized. At fhe time of
calving it may be felt through the open mouth of the womb and recog-
nized by the educated touch (it must be carefully distinguished from
the mushroom-formed cotyledons (Plate x11, Fig. 2), to which in rumi-
nants the fetal membranes are attached). At other times, unless the
womb is opened in the effort to expelit, the polypus can only be detected |
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 179
by examining the womb with the oiled hand introduced through the
rectum.
Polypi may cause a muco-purulent discharge, or they may only be
suspected when they prove an obstacle to parturition. The best way
to remove them is to put the chain of an ecraseur around the neck or
pedicel of the tumor and tear it through; or the narrow neck may be
torn through by the emasculator, or in an emergency it may be twisted
through by rotating the tumor on its own axis. The removal of the
tumor will allow calving to proceed, after which the sore may be treated
by a daily injection of one-half dram sulphate of zinc, 1 dram carbolic
acid, and 1 quart milk-warm water.
SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.
If a cow remains for three or four weeks after service without show-
ing signs of heat (bulling) she is probably pregnant. ‘There are very
exceptional cases in which the well-fed cow will accept the bull weeks
or months after actual conception, and others equally exceptional in
which the well-thriven but unimpregnated female will refuse the male
persistently, but these in no way invalidate the general rule.
The bull, no matter how vigorous nor how ardent his sexual instinct,
can not be made to pay any attention to a cow which is not in heat;
hence indications of pregnacy can be had from both the male and female
side. Whenshehas conceived the cow usually becomes more quiet and
docile, and lays on flesh and fat more rapidly, especially during the first
four months of gestation. The stimulus to digestion and nutrition
created by the demands of the growing fetus, added to the quieter and
more uneventful life, contributes to this result. Some feeders avail of
this disposition to prepare heifers and cows speedily for the butcher.
The enlargement of the abdomen, and its dropping so that it bulges
below and to each side, while it falls in at the flank, between the outer
angle of the hip bone and the last rib, are significant features which,
though they may be caused by abdominal tumor or dropsy, are usually
marks of pregnancy. From the same increasing weight of the abdomen
the spine in the region of the loins sinks so that the bones of the croup
seem to rise, especially back towards the root of the tail. In the early
stages of pregnancy the udder develops slowly, and towards its comple-
tion quite rapidly. For a long time there is merely a sense of greater
fullness when handled; the wrinkles in the skin become shallower and
are effaced, and the teats are materially enlarged. Beginning a few
weeks after conception, this tends to a steady development, though
slight alternations in the sense of successive growth and shrinkage are
not uncommon. In milking-cows this does not hold, as the milk usually
tends to a steady diminution and the udder shrinks slowly until near
the completion of the period, when it undergoes its sudden remarkable
development, and yields at first a serous liquid and then the yellow
colostrum, which coagulates when heated. As pregnancy advances the
180 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
mucous membrane lining the vulva becomes swollen and of a darker
bluish red hue, and the mucous secretion increases, becoming very
abundant just before calving. When the feeding has not been altered
nor restricted a steady diminution of the salts of lime, excreted in the
urine, is an attendant on pregnancy, the lime being demanded for the
growing body of the fetus.
After the fifth month the movements of the calf may often be observed
in the right flank, nearly in front of the stifle, when the cow is drinking
cold water. The sensation of cold on the side of the first stomach,
which lies to the left and directly below the womb (Plate I), stimulates
the calf to active movements, which are detected on the sudden jerking
outward of the abdominal wall as if from blows delivered from within.
In a loose pendant abdomen in the latter months of gestation the skin
may often be seen pushed out at a sharp angle, irrespective of the
period of drinking.
Another mode of examination through the flank is by touch. The
palm of the hand is pressed strongly inward, about 8 inches in front of
the stifle and a little below, several times in succession and is then
brought to rest with the pressure maintained. Presently there are
felt distinct and characteristic movements of the fetus, which has been
disturbed and roused to action. Another mode is to press the closed
fist strongly inward in the same situation and hold it so, forming a deep
indentation in the abdominal wall. Presently the knuckles are felt to
be struck by a solid body, which is no other than the fetus that had
been displaced to the left by the push of the hand, and now floats back
in its liquid covering (amniotic fluid—see Plate x11) downward and to
the right.
Of all the modes of examination by touch, that done through the
rectum gives the earliest satisfactory indications. The hand and arm
well oiled are introduced, and the excrement having been removed if
necessary, the palm of the hand is turned downward and the floor of
the pelvis carefully examined. There will be felt in the median line
the pear-shaped outline of the bladder, more or less full, rounded or
tense, according to the quantity of urine it contains. Between this and
the hand will be felt a soft, somewhat rounded tubular body, which
divides in front into two smaller tubes or branches, extending to the
right and left into the abdomen. This is the womb, which in its virgin
or unimpregnated condition is of nearly uniform size from before back-
ward, the main part or body being from 14 to 2 inches across, and the
two anterior branches or horns being individually little over an inch
wide. Immediately after conception the body and one of the horns
begin to enlarge, the vacant horn remaining disproportionately small,
and the enlargement will be most marked at one point where a solid
rounded mass indicates the presence of the growing embryo. In case
of twins both horns are enlarged. Atamore advanced stage, when
the embryo begins to assume the form of the future animal, the rounded
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 181
form gives place to a more or less irregular nodular mass, while later
still the head, limbs, and body of the fetus may be distinctly made out.
The chief source of fallacy is found in the very pendant abdomen of
certain cows, into which in advanced gestation the fetus has dropped
so low that it can not be felt by the hand in the rectum. The absence
of the distinct outline of the vacant womb, however, and the clear indi-
cations obtained on external examination through the right flank will
serve to prevent any mistake. The fetus may still be felt through the
rectum if the abdomen is raised by a sheet passed from side to side
beneath it. i
Still another sign is the beating of the fetal heart, which may be
heard in the latter half of pregnancy when the ear is pressed on the
flank in front of the right stifle, or from that downward to the udder.
The beats, which are best heard in the absence of rumbling, are about
120 per minute, and easily distinguished from any bowel sounds by
their perfect regularity.
DURATION OF PREGNANCY.
From extended statistics it is found that the average duration of
pregnancy in the cow is 285 days.
OSS
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SUPPORTS FOR PROLAPSED UT.
PLATE XXII.
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PLATE XXIV.
SEEN In TTR IDES UN TESIAH
ANNI
Hetjotvre PAINTING Co. Boston.
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES.
By JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S.,
Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University.
SUSPENDED BREATHING.
The moment the circulation through the navel string is stopped the
blood of the calf begins to get overcharged with carbon dioxide (CO,),
and unless breathing is speedily established death promptly follows.
Fortunately the desire to breathe, roused by the circulation of the venous
blood and the reflex action from the wet and chilling skin, usually at
once starts the contractions of the diaphragm and life is insured. Among
the obstacles to breathing may be named suffocation before or during
birth from compression of the navel cord and the arrest of its cireula-
tion; the detachment of the fetal membranes from the womb before
the calf is born; a too free communication between the two auricles of
_ the heart (foramen ovale) by which the nonaérated blood has mixed too
abundantly with the aérated and induced debility and profound weak-
ness; a condition of ill health and debility of the calf as a result of
semi-starvation, overwork, or disease of the cow; fainting in such de-
bilitated calf when calving has been difficult and prolonged; the birth
of the calf with its head enveloped in the fetal membranes so that it
has been unable to breathe; and the presence of tenacious phlegm in
the mouth and nose, acting in the same manner.
Beside the importance of proper care and feeding of the cow as a
preventive measure, attention should be given at once to relieve the
new-born calf of its investing membrane and of any mucus that has
collected in mouth or nostrils. Wiping out the nose deeply with a
finger or feather excites to sneezing, hence to breathing. Blowing into
the nose has a similar effect. Sueking the nostril through a tube applied
to it is even more effective. Slapping the chest with the palm of the
hand or with a towel dipped in cold water, compression and relaxation
alternately of the walls of the chest, may start the action, and ammonia
or even tobacco smoke blown into the nose may suffice. Every second
is precious, however, and if possible the lungs should be dilated by
forcibly introducing air from a bellows or from the human lungs. As
the air is blown in through bellows or a tube the upper end of the wind-
- pipe must be pressed back against the gullet, as otherwise the air will
267
268 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
go to the stomach. Ina large dairy a piece of elastic tubing one-third
of an inch in bore should be kept at hand for sucking and blowing in such
cases. :
BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.
This may occur in two conditions, when the cord is cut off too close
to the navel and left untied, and when it tears off at the navel (Plate
xIv). It may also bleed when torn across naturally, if it is sucked by
the dam or another calf. In an animal with little plasticity to its blood .
it will flow under almost any circumstances. Where any cord is left it
is always safe to tie it, and it is only when it is swollen and may possi-
bly contain a loop of the bowel that there is danger in doing so. By
pressing upward any bulky contents such danger is avoided. If torn,
or cut too close to be tied, the bleeding may be checked by applying
alum, copperas, or for a fraction of a second the end of an iron rod at a
dull-red heat. If much blood has been lost it may be requisite to trans-
fuse several ounces of blood, or of a weak common-salt solution, into the
open umbilical vein.
URINE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE NAVEL—PERSISTENT URACHUS.
Before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube
through the navel and navel-string into the outer water-bag (allantois)
(Plate x11). This closes at birth, and in the calf the tube is drawn in
toward the bladder. It is only in the bull calf that it is likely to
remain open, doubtless because of the long narrow channel through
which the urine must otherwise escape. The urethra, too, is sometimes
abnormally narrow, or even closed in the male. If part of the cord
remains, tie it and allow the whole to wither up naturally. If the cord
has been removed and the tube (urachus) protrudes, discharging the
urine, that alone must be tied. If there is nothing pendent the urachus
must be seized, covered by the skin, and a curved needle being passed
through the skin and above the duct it may be tied along with this
skin. A blister of Spanish flies, causing swelling of the skin, will often
close the orifice. So with the hotiron. If the urethra of the male is
impervious it can rarely be remedied.
INFLAMMATION OF THE URACHUS (NAVEL URINE-DUCT).
This may originate in direct mechanical injury to the navel in caly-
ing, or shortly after, with or without the lodgment of irritant and sep-
tic matter on its lacerated or cut end. The mere contact with healthy
urine, hitherto harmless, can not be looked on as becoming suddenly
irritating. The affection is usually marked by the presence of redness
and swelling at the posterior part of the navel and the escape of urine
and a few drops of whitish serous pus from the orifice of the urachus.
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 269
In those cases in which urine is not discharged a tender swelling, like
a thick cord extending upward and backward from the navel into the
abdomen, may be identified. The navel enlargement may be consider-
able, but it is solid, does not gurgle on handling, and can not be done
away with by pressing it back into the abdomen as in a case of hernia.
In cases at first closed the pus may burst out later, coming from the
back part of the navel and the swelling extending backward. In other
cases whitish pus may pass with the urine by the ordinary channel,
showing that it has opened back into the bladder. In other cases the
umbilical veins become involved, in which case the swelling extends
forward as well as backward. Thus the disease may result in destruc-
tive disorders of the liver, lungs, and, above all, of the joints.
The disease may usually be warded off or rendered simple and com-
paratively harmless by applying antiseptics to the navel-string at
birth (carbolic acid 1 part, water and glycerine 5 parts each, or wood
tar). Later, antiseptics may be freely used (hyposulphite of soda 4
drams, water 1 quart) as an application to the surface and as an injec-
tion into the urachus, or even into the bladder if the two still commu-
nicate. If they no longer communicate, a stronger injection may be
used (tincture of perchloride of iron 60 drops, alcohol 1 ounce). Sey-
_eral weeks will be required for complete recovery.
ABSCESS OF THE NAVEL.
As the result of irritation at calving or by the withered cord, or by
_licking with the rough tongue of the cow, inflammation may attack the
loose connective tissue ot the navel to the exclusion of the urachus
and veins, and go on to the formation of matter. In this case a firm
Swelling appears as large as the fist, which softens in the center and
may finally burst and discharge. The opening, however, is usually
small and may close prematurely, so that abscess after abscess is
formed. It is distinguished from hernia by the fact that it can not be
returned into the abdomen, and from inflammations of the veins and
urachus by the absence of swellings forward and backward along the
lines of these canals.
Treatment consists in an early opening of the abscess by a free incision
and the injection twice a day of an astringent antiseptic (chloride of
zine 4 dram, water | pint).
INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL VEINS—UMBILICAL PHLEBITIS.
In this affection of the navel the inflammation may start directly
from mechanical injury, as in either of the two forms just described,
but on this are inoculated infective microbes, derived from a retained
and putrefying afterbirth, an abortion, a metritis, a fetid discharge
from the womb, an unhealthy open sore, a case of erysipelas, from over-
270 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
crowding, from filthy floor or bedding, or from an offensive accumula- —
tion of manure, solid or liquid. As the microbes vary in different cases,
given outbreaks will differ materially in their nature. One is erysipe-
las; another purulent infection with the tendency to secondary abscesses
in the joints, liver, lungs, etc.; another is due toa septic germ and is
associated with fetid discharge from the navel and general putrid
blood poisoning. In estimating the causes of the disease we must not
omit debility of the calf when the mother has been underfed or badly
housed, or when either she or the fetus has been diseased.
The symptoms will vary. With the chain-form germs (streptococci)
of erysipelas the navel becomes intensely red, with a very firm, painful
swelling ending abruptly at the edges in sound skin, and extending
forward along the umbilical veins. The secondary diseases are circum-
scribed black engorgements (infarctions) or abscesses of the liver, lungs,
kidneys, or other internal organs, and sometimes disease of the joints.
With the ordinary pus-producing germs (Staphylococcus pyogenes
aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes), the local inflammation in the navel
causes a hot, painful swelling, which rapidly advances to the formation
of matter (pus), and the raw exposed surface, at first bright red,
becomes dark red or black, soft, friable, and pultaceous. If the pus is
white, creamy, and comparatively inoffensive in odor, the secondary
formations in internal organs and joints are mainly of the same purulent
character (secondary abscesses).
If, on the other hand. the discharge is very offensive and the pus
more serous or watery or bloody, there is reason to suspect the presence
of some of the septic bacteria, and the results on the general system are
a high fever and softening of the liver and spleen, and no tendency to
abscesses of the internal organs. Diarrhea is a common symptom, and
death ensues early, the blood after death being found unclotted.
Complicated cases are common, and in all alike the umbilical veins
usually remain open and can be explored by a probe passed at first
upward and then forward towards the liver.
Prevention is sought by applying a lotion of carbolic acid to the
navel string at birth, or it may be smeared with common wood tar,
which is at once antiseptic and a protective covering against germs.
In the absence of either a strong solution of oak bark may be used.
Local treatment consists in the application of antiseptics to the sur-
face and their injection into the vein. As a lotion use carbolic acid, 1
ounce in a quart of strong decoction of oak bark, or salicylic acid or
salol may be sprinkled on the surface. The interior of the vein should
be swabbed out with a probe wrapped around with cottonwool and
dipped in boracic or salicylic acid.
If complications have extended to the liver or other internal organs,
or the joints, other treatment will be demanded. In acute cases of
general infection an early fatal result is to be expected,
aia choad
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 271
PYHMIC AND SEPTICAIMIC INFLAMMATION OF JOINTS IN CALVES.—
JOINT-ILL.
This occurs in young calves within the first months after birth; it
persists in the joints when once attacked, and is usually connected with
disease of the navel. Rheumatism, on the other hand, rarely occurs in
a calf under a month old. It tends to shift from joint to joint and is
independent of anynaveldisease. Rheumatism, again, affects the fibrous
structures of the joints, and rarely results in the formation of white
matter, while the affection before named attacks the structures outside
as well as inside the joints and above all the ends of the bones, and
tends to the destruction and crumbling of their tissue, and even to the
formation of open sores through which the fragile bones are exposed.
The microbes from the unhealthy and infected wound in the navel pass
into the system through the veins, or, in the case of the erysipelas germ,
through the lymphatics, and form colonies and local inflammations and
abscesses in and around the joints.
The symptoms are swelling of one or more joints, which are very hot and
tender. The calf is stiff and lame, lies down constantly, and cares not
to suck. There is very high fever and accelerated breathing and pulse,
and there is swelling and purulent discharge (often fetid) from the navel.
There may be added symptoms of disease of the liver, lungs, heart, or
bowels, on which we need not here delay. The important point is to
determine the condition of the navel in all such cases of diseased and
swollen joints beginning in the first month of life, and in all cases of
general stiffness, for beside the diseases of the internal organs there
may be abscesses formed among the muscles of the trunk, though the
joints appear sound. Cases of this kind, if they do not speedily die,
tend to become emaciated and perish later in a state of weakness and
exhaustion.
Prevention must begin with the purity of the umes and the navel,
as noted in the last article.
Treatment is in the main antiseptic. The slighter forms may be
painted daily with tincture of iodine; or an ointment of biniodide of
mercury (1 dram) and lard (2 ounces) may be rubbed on the affected joints
daily until they are blistered. In case of swellings containing matter
this may be drawn off through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and
the following solution injected: Compound tincture of iodine, 1 dram;
distilled (or boiled) water, 2 ounces. Internally the calf may take 5
grains quinia twice daily and 15 grains hyposulphite of soda, or 20
grains salicylate of soda three times a day.
UMBILICAL HERNIA—BREACH AT THE NAVEL.
- This may exist at birth from imperfect closure of the muscles around
the opening; it may even extend backward for a distance from two
sides failing to come together. Apart from this the trouble rarely
Py (24 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
appears after the calf has been some time on solid food, as the paunch
then extends down to the right over the navel, and thus forms an
internal pad preventing the protrusion of intestine.
The symptoms of umbilical hernia are a soft swelling at the navel,
with contents that usually gurgle on handling, and can be entirely
returned into the abdomen by pressure. The diseases of the navel
hitherto considered have not gurgling contents, and can not be com-
pletely returned into the abdomen. The only exception in the case of
the hernia is when the walls of the sack have become greatly thickened ;
these will, of course, remain as a swelling after the bowel has been
returned; and when the protruding bowel has contracted permanent
adhesions to the sae it is impossible to return it fully without first sey-
ering that connection.
Treatment is not always necessary. A small hernia, like an egg, in a
new-born calf, will usually recover of itself as the animal changes its
diet to solid food and has the paunch fully developed as an internal pad.
In other cases apply a leather pad of 8 inches square attached around
the body by two elastic bands connected with its four corners, and an
elastic band passing fom its front border to a collar encircling the neck,
and two other elastic bands from the neck collar along the two sides of
the body to the two bands passing up over the back. (Plate xxty,
Fig. 6.)
For small hernias nitric acid may be used to destroy the skin and
cause such swelling as to close the orifice before the skin is separated.
For amass like a large goose-egg one-half ounce of the acid may be
rubbed in for three minutes. No more must be applied for fifteen days.
For large masses this is inapplicable, and with too much loss of skin the
orifice may fail to close and the bowels may escape.
The application of a clamp like those used in castration is a most
effective method, but great care must be taken to see that all the con-
tents of the sack are returned so that none may be inclosed in the
clamp. (Plate xxIv, Fig. 7.)
Another most effective resort is to make a saturated solution of com-
mon Salt, filter and boil it, and when cool inject under the skin (not
into the sack) on each side of the hernia a dram of the fluid. A band-
age may then be put around the body. In ten hours an enormous
swelling will have taken place, pressing back the bowel into the abdo-
men. When this subsides the wound will have closed.
DROPSY OF THE NAVEL.
A sack formed at the navel, by contained liquid accumulated. by rea-
son of sucking by other calves, is unsightly and sometimes injurious.
After making sure that it is simply a dropsical collection it may be
deeply punctured at various points with a large-sized lancet or knife,
fomented with hot water aud then daily treated with a strong decoc-
tion of white-oak bark.
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. | 273
THE BLUE DISEASE—CYANOSIS.
This appearing in the calf at birth is due to the orifice between the
two auricles of the heart (foramen ovale) remaining too open, allowing
the nonaérated (venous) blood to mix with the aérated (arterial) blood,
and it is beyond the reach of treatment. It is recognized by the blue-
ness of the eyes, nose, mouth and other mucous membranes, the cold-
ness of the surface, and the extreme sensitiveness to cold.
CONSTIPATION.
At birth the bowels of the calf contain the meconium, a tenacious,
gluey, brownish-yellow material largely derived from the liver, which
must be expelled before they can start their functions normally. The
first milk of the cow (colostrum, beestings), rich in albumen and salts,
is nature’s laxative to expel this now offensive material, and should
never be withheld from the calf. If, for lack of this, from the dry
feeding of the cow, or from any other cause, the calf is costive, strain-
ing violently without passage, lying down and rising as in colic, and
failing in appetite, no time should be lost in giving relief by an ounce
dose of castor oil, assisting its action by injections of soapsuds or oil.
Whatever meconium is within reach of the finger should be carefully
removed. It is also important to give the cow a sloppy laxative diet.
INDIGESTION.
This may occur from many different causes, as costiveness, a too
liberal supply of milk; too rich milk; the furnishing of the milk of a
cow long after calving to a very young calf; allowing a calf to suck the
first milk of a cow that has been hunted, driven by road, shipped by
rail or otherwise violently excited; allowing the calf too long time
between meals so that impelled by hunger it quickly overloads and
clogs the stomach; feeding from the pail milk that has been held over
in unwashed (unscalded) buckets, so that it is fermented and spoiled;
feeding the milk of cows kept on unwholesome food; keeping the calves
in cold, damp, dark, filthy or bad smelling pens; feeding the calves on
artificial mixtures containing too much starchy matters; or overfeeding
the calves on artificial food that may be appropriate enough in smaller
amount. The licking of hair from themselves or others, and their for-
mation into balls in the stomach will cause obstinate indigestion in the
ealf.
The symptoms are dullness, indisposition to move, uneasiness, eructa-
tions of gas from the stomach, sour breath, entire loss of appetite, lying
down and rising as if in pain, fullness of the abdomen, which gives out
a drumlike sound when tapped with the fingers. The costiveness may
be marked at first, but soon it gives place to diarrhea, by which the
offensive matters may be carried off and health restored. In other
24697——18
Di Ase DISEASES OF CATTLE.
cases it becomes aggravated, merges into inflammation of the bowels,
fever sets in and the calf gradually sinks.
Prevention consists in avoiding the causes above enumerated, or any
others that may be detected.
Treatment consists in first clearing away the irritant present in the
bowels. For this purpose one or two ounces of castor oil with 20 drops
of laudanum may be given, and if the sour eructations are marked a
tablespoonful of lime-water or one-fourth ounce calcined magnesia may
be given and repeated two or three times a day. If the disorder con-
tinues after the removal of the irritant a large tablespoonful of rennet,
or 30 grains of pepsin, may be given at each meal along with a tea-
spoonful of tincture of gentian. Any return of constipation must be
treated by injections of warm water and soap, while the persistence of
diarrhea must be met as advised under the article following this. In
ease of the formation of loose hair-balls inclosing milk undergoing
putrid fermentation temporary benefit may be obtained by giving a
tablespoonful of vegetable charcoal three or four times a day, but the
only real remedy for these is to cut open the paunch and extract them.
At this early age they may be found in the third or even the fourth
stomach; in the adult they are confined to the first two, and are com-
paratively harmless.
DIARRHEA (SCOURING) IN CALVES—SIMPLE AND CONTAGIOUS.
As stated in the last article, scouring is a common result of indiges-
tion, and at first may be nothing more than an attempt of nature to
relieve the stomach and bowels of offensive and irritating contents. AS
the indigestion persists, however, the fermentations going on in the
undigested masses become steadily more complex and active, and what
was at first the mere result of irritation or suspended digestion comes to
be agenuine contagious disease, in which the organized ferments (bacte-
ria) propagate theaffection from animal to animal and from herd to herd.
More than once I have seen such epizootic diarrhea starting on the
head waters of a creek, and traveling along that stream follow the water-
shed and attacking the herds supplied with water from the contamin-
ated channel. In the same way, the disease once started in a cow stable,
is liable to persist for years, or until the building has been. thoroughly
cleansed and disinfected. It may be carried into a healthy stable by
the introduction of a cow brought from an infected stable when she is
closely approaching calving. Another method of its introduction is by
the purchase of a calf from a herd where the infection exists.
In enumerating the other causes of this disease we may refer to those
noted above as inducing indigestion. Asa primary consideration any
condition which lowers the vitality or vigor of the calf must be accorded
a prominent place among factors which, apart from contagion, contrib-—
ute to start the disease de novo. Other things being equal, the strong,
vigorous races ave the least predisposed te the malady, and in this
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 275
respect the compact form, the healthy coat, the clear eye, and the bold,
active carriage, are desirable. Even the color of the hair is not unim-
portant, as in the same herd I have found a far greater number of vic-
tims among the light colors (light yellow, light brown) than among
those ofa darker tint. This constitutional predisposition to indigestion
and diarrhea is sometimes fostered by too close breeding, without tak
ing due account of the maintenance of a robust constitution, and hence
animals that are very much inbred need to be especially observed and
cared for unless their inherent vigor has been thoroughly attested.
The surroundings of the calf are powerful influences. Calves kept
indoors suffer to a greater extent than those running in the open air and
having the invigorating influences of sunshine, pure air, and exercise.
But close, crowded, filthy, bad-smelling buildings are especially caus-
ative of the RoRIGaRE The presence in the air of carbon-dioxide, the
product of breathing, and of the fetid gaseous products of decompos-
ing dung and urine diminish by about one-fourth of their volume the
life-giving oxygen, and in the same ratio hinder the aération of the
blood and the maintenance of vigorous health. Worse than this, such
fetid gases are usually direct poisons to the animal breathing them,
forexample, sulphuretted hydrogen (hydrogen sulphide 2 SH,), and vari-
ous alkaloids (ptomaines) and toxins (neutral poisonous principles) pro-
duced in the filth fermentations. These lower the general health and
stamina, impair digestion, and by leading to the accumulation in stom-
ach and bowels of undigested materials they lay the foundation for
offensive fermentations within these organs, and consequent irritation,
_ poisoning, and diarrhea. They further weaken the system so that it
can no longer resist and overcome the trouble.
The condition of the nursing cow and her milk is another potent
cause of trouble. The food of the cowis important. The influence of
this is shown in the following tables:
Becquerel and Vernois.
| ster: | ari
and ex- | Mi
Character of feed. Water-| tractive | su gar. Butter. | Salts.
matter. |
= — es eS eee ee ene
a i
Cows on winter feed: Partsin| Bon ae im | Par tsin| Parts in |Partsin
Trefoil or lucerne, 12-13 pounds; oat straw, 9-10 | 7,000. | 1,000. 1,000. 1,000.
pounds; beets, 7 pounds; water, 2 buckets........ 871. 26 81 |
33. 47 42. 07 | 5. 34
Cows on summer feed:
Green trefoil, lucerne, maize, barley, grass, 2 buckets |
BWV cL LO Eee ee ee oe ge eyed seLisera pete hatelees oc 859. 56 54.7 36. 38 42.76 | 6. 80
Goat’s milk on ditferent feed:
On straw and trefoil. - 47.38 | 35.47 52. 54 5. 93
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THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 447
Before passing to the next division of the subject, let us review
briefly how animals grow and live. All animals live directly or indi-
rectly on foods furnished by plants. The plant grows through the
union of chemical compounds taken from the air and soil and brought
up into its structure, through that mysterious principle called life, by
the energy of the sun. The sun pouring its rays day after day in sum-
mer time, furnishes the energy which welds the simpler compounds into
the more complex ones of the plant organism. In summer time our
animals crop the grasses of the fields, and in the fall man gathers plants
and their seeds into barns and storehouses that in winter time he may
pass them over to his farm animals for sustenance and growth. The
compounds in the plant substance are separated in the laboratory of
the stomach and digestive tract and carried about the body, where
they are built up into the body tissues or stored up as fat, or they may
be burned up at once if needed to give out energy and warmth. Dr.
Armsby has happily used the figure of a coiled spring to illustrate this
wonderful phenomenon. The energy of the sun in summer time winds
up the spring in the plant, and when the animal consumes the plant
the spring is unwound and exhibits just as much energy in the unwind-
ing as was used in winding it up.
In studying these plant compounds we have divided those which
need especial attention into three groups, under the heads protein, car-
bohydrates, and fat. As already shown, the protein compounds are
that portion of the food material which may go to build up the mus-
cular portion of the animal body. Among the list of food articles used
by man rich in protein are the lean part of meat, the white of egg, the
cheese of milk, and the gluten of wheat; of stock foods rich in pro-
tein we have cotton-seed meal, oil meal, pease, wheat bran, clover, and
alfalfa hay. The first great use of protein is in building up the muscu-
_ lar portion of the body, but we should not forget that it also gives off
heat and energy in being broken down to simpler compounds, and may
also be converted into fat and stored up in the tissues of the body for
future use.
Since the carbohydrates contain no nitrogen they can not go to build
up the muscular portion of the body, but nevertheless they are of
great importance and form the largest part of foods used by our farm
animals. The first great use of carbohydrates is to furnish fuel for
warming the body and enabling it to perform work. Of human foods
_Tich in carbohydrates we have sugar and starch, both almost chemi-
cally pure, while the grain of wheat and corn are both very rich in car-
bohydrates. In animal foods corn, oat straw and cornstalks are all
rich in carbohydrates. As the protein compounds may be called the
muscle-formers, so the carbohydrates may be called the fuel or energy
givers of the body. The fats in foods serve the same purpose as the
carbohydrates, but are more potent, giving off more heat in burning.
A pound of fat is generally regarded as 2.2 times as valuable as a pound
of sugar or starch in food.
448 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS REQUIRED BY OUR FARM ANIMALS.
The next step in our study is to ascertain the amount of the several
constituents in feeding materials required by different farm animals
under varying conditions for maintenance, growth, and fattening.
Since the weights of our animals vary according to age and breed it is
well to take some simple standard of weight, and for convenience it has
been placed at a thousand pounds. The needs of growing animals dif-
fer from those that are mature, and the requirements of work animals
are not the same as those at rest or taking on fat. In Table II is sum-
marized the amount of digestible nutrients required by a thousand
pounds, live weight, of farm animals.
To study this table let us take the first case—that of an ox at rest
in his stall. This ox is supposed to weigh 1,000 pounds, and to be kept
perfectly comfortable as to temperature and environment, and to do no
work, neither gaining nor losing in weight. The amount of food
required under these conditions will be the minimum for such an animal,
of course. It will be found when we have furnished this ox with the
digestible nutrients required that the total organic substance, which is
the weight of the fodder, less the water and ash it contains, will amount
to 17.5 pounds. Every beat of the heart, every respiration, the tension
of the muscles while standing, all mean wear and destruction of mus-
cular tissue. Indeed, every manifestation of life means the consump: -
tion of food to repair the waste of some portion of the body. The
Germans have held that 0.7 of a pound of crude protein is necessary to
make good this loss. For warming the body and running its machin-
ery, if we may so speak, there are required 8 pounds of digestible car-
bohydrates and 0.15 pounds of ether extract. Adding the digestible
protein, carbohydrates, and ether extract together, we get a total of
8.85 pounds of total nutritive substance. If we multiply the digestible
ether extract by 2.2 and add it to the digestible carbohydrates the sum
is 8.33, which, divided by 0.7, gives a quotient of 12 in round numbers.
That is, for every 1 pound of crude protein required by the ox, he needs
12 pounds of digestible carbohydrates or their equivalents in fat.
Investigations by several American experimenters have shown that the
anount of nutrients stated by the Germans as only sufficient to maintain
a thousand-pound ox is more than sufficient for that purpose under our
conditions, and that the ox will make a small gain therefrom. Our
work, however, has not progressed far enough to reconstruct even this
portion of the table, so that we shall have to let it stand as stated by
the Germans.
In the same table we learn that the ox heavily worked requires 2.4
pounds of digestible protein per day, or three times as much as when
at rest. We are not surprised at this, for when performing labor the
muscles must be worn down much more rapidly than when an animal
is idle. A milch cow of the saine weight requires more protein and
THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 449
almost as much carbohydrates as the heavily worked ox. Though there
is little tax on the muscles, yet a large amount of protein is needed for
the cheese portion of the milk. To elaborate this, as well as the sugar
and fat, makes a heavy demand for food by the dairy cow.
Table II is compiled by the German scientist, Dr. Emil Wolff, and
gives the amount of digestible substances he considers necessary by
our farm animals: j
TABLE I1.—Feeding standards. (According to Wolff.)
{Per day and per 1,000 pounds, live weight.]
ane
Total ure Ue (dieestible) Total
ee at organic t nutritive! Nutri-
Animals, etc. sub- 3 sub- jtive ratio.
stance.| Crude | Carbohy-| Ether | gtances.
protein.| drates. jextract.
Pounds. Pounds.| Pounds. |Pounds.\ Pounds.
1. Oxen in rest in stall .......----.--.--------- Te ® 0.7 8.0 | 0.15 8. 85 1:12.0
2. Wool sheep, coarser breeds ....------------ 20.0 1.2 10.3 0. 20 11.70 1:9.0
Wool sheep, finer breeds ...---------------- 22.5 1.5 11.4 0. 25 13.15 1:8.0
3. Oxen moderately worked......-..------.--- 24.0 1.6 11.3 0. 30 13. 20 1:7.5
Oxen heavily worked.....--.--.-----.------ 26.0 2. 4 13. 2 0. 50 16. 10 1:6.0
4. Horses moderately worked .-..-----.------- 21.0 1.6 10.0 | 0.50 12. 10 17.0
Horses heavily worked......--.------------ 23.0 2.5 12.1 0. 70 15. 30 1:5.5
5. Milch cows -.------.------------------------ 24.0 2.5 12.5 0. 40 15. 40 igiaye:!
6. Fattening oxen, Ist period ......--..------- 27.0 2.5 15.0 0.50 18. 00 1:6.5
Fattening oxen, 2d period..-...-.-..---.--- 26.0 3.0 14.8 0.70 18. 50 1:5.5
Fattening oxen, 3d period....--..--.------- 25.0 2.7 14.8 | 0.60 18.10 1:6.0
7. Fattening sheep, 1st period ...............- 26. 0 3.0 15.2] 0.50 18.70 e535
Fattening sheep, 2d period................. 25.0 3.5 14.4 | 0.60 18. 50 1:4.5
= os
8. Fattening swine, 1st period ..-...........-. 36.0 5.0 97.5 39 50 eR R
Fattening swine, 2d period..-.-.---.---...- 31.0 4.0 24.0 28. 00 1:6.0
Fattening swine, 3d period.-....-.-..------ 23.5 20 17.5 20. 20 ieGss
9. Growing cattle: |
Average
live weight,
Age, months. per head.
2s MGSWlbs esses i- 22.0 4.0 13.8 2.0 19.8 1:4.7
3—6 SEXO SSeS cocoosce 23.4 3. 2 13.5 1.0 17.7 1:5.0
6—12 DoOMbSPeseesreee 24.0 2.5 13.5 0.6 16.6 1:6.0
12—18 TM) Woe nagao cease 24.0 2.0 13.0 0.4 15.4 1:7.0
18—24 S40 abs seeclecissi- 24,0 1.6 12.0 0.3 13.9 1:8.0
10. Growing sheep:
5—6 G2 bs isesccceccee 28.0 3.2 15.6 0.8 19. 6 1:5.5
6—8 : Ma MDS sess access 25.0 2.7 3.3 0.6 16.6 1:5.5
8—11 S4UlbS ee 2c cetecie 23.0 2.1 11,4 0.5 14.0 1:6.0
11—15 SONS eee sce: 22.5 Ue Ff 10.9 0. 4, 13.0 be)
15—20 Way Nsesesusocease 22.0 1.4 10. 4 0.3 12.1 1:8.0
11. Growing fat pigs:
2—3 5Selibses sasessoes: 42.0 7.5 30.0 37.5 1:4.0
38—5 MMO Mb seessemacee sc 34. 0 5.0 25. 0 30. 0 1:5.0
5—6 Gy WS SA ecdascnbs 31:5 4.3 23.7 28.0 1:50
6—8 GG Us caenmaeeere 27.0 3.4 20. 4 23.8 1: 6.0
8—12 Alowlibs ee oe eee: 21.0 2.5 16. 2 18.7 1:6.5
_. From Tables I and II we are now in position to calculate a ration for
a fattening steer or a dairy cow. Let us form a ration for a dairy cow
weighing 1,000 pounds and yielding a full flow of milk. Suppose we have
at hand the following common feeding stufts: Corn fodder, clover hay,
bran, corn meal, and cotton-seed meal. By the last table we find the
requirements for a cow weighing 1,000 pounds to be 2.5 pounds diges-
tible protein; 12.5 pounds digestible carbohydrates, and 0.4 pound
digestible ether extract.
24697 29
450 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
We place these amounts at the head of our table at A:
TABLE III.—Showing how to construct a ration for a dairy cow.
Digestible.
VF F i f feed. Organic
Nature and weight of feed Para ene Cannone maine
‘| drates. | extract.
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
A. Wequired by standard..........-..------,---2------00---- 24. 2.5 | 12.5 0.4
( 14 pounds fodder corn --.----.---..-------.------------- 7.71 | 0. 39 4.13 0. 14
Gppowadls Gower ly sonass doseseccossssscapoansessoescs 4.71 | 0. 39 2.09 0.10
B | 5) FOURAGKS WON ETP WENN ocsacoseseso soos bdsoas.Sscasodenoas 4.12 0. 63 2. 20 0.15
Fo) Fs TOOTS AarOWIGl OH Se coosecasacdssoanoscasnseHe oAcese 4.38 0.36 3.14 0. 21
Mins tibhialerati ony eae ecmere sem tesa ee ReKe eras | 20.92 aLyizit 11.56 0. 60
2 pounds cotton-seed meal .......-..--.-.--.-.--------- 1. 69 | 0. 74 | 0. 36 0, 25
Cc.
SECON chia GTO Meee eee lela eaeee ete aaire 22. 61 | 2,51 11. 92 0. 85
In order to properly distend the rumen the feed should have a cer-
tain bulk, and will amount on theaverage toabout 24 pounds of organic
matter, which sum is placed in the first column. This portion of
the table can vary more than any other without serious detriment.
Having the requirements before us in the table, let us approxi-
mate it by combining several food materials from our list. For
trial we will take 14 pounds of corn fodder. By adding the water
given in Table I to the ash and subtracting from 100, we have the
total organic matter in 100 pounds of fodder corn. For 14 pounds of
fodder corn the amount of organic matter is 7.71, which we place under
the column headed ‘Organic matter.” By Table 1, again, we learn
that the digestible crude protein of field-cured fodder corn is 2.8 per
100 pounds; for 14 pounds it is 0.39. The digestible carbohydrates in-
the fodder corn is 29.5 for 100 pounds, and for 14 pounds 4.13. The
ether extract in 100 pounds of fodder corn is1 pound, and in 14 pounds
is 0.14. We place these sums in their respective columns, which gives
the total organic matter and digestible material for 14 pounds of fodder
corn. In the same manner we find the organic matter and digestible
nutrients in 6 pounds of clover hay, then in 5 pounds of bran, and,
finally, 5 pounds of ground corn, all of which is summarized under B of
the table. We next add the several columns to ascertain the tetal con-
stituents. The sums are found under the first trial ration. We now
compare this trial ration, which is the sum of the items under B, with
the required ration at A. We notice the organic matter is a little more
than 3 pounds short of the requirements, and there is still about three-
fourths of a pound of protein and a pound of carbohydrates lacking,
while the ether extract is already 0.2 of a pound in excess. Our ration
is short of the requirements, and to bring B still nearer A we add to
the trial ration as given 2 pounds of cotton-seed meal, choosing this
feed because we must add some substance rich in protein. Determin- -
ing the nutrients in 2 pounds of cotton-seed meal we place them at C,
and adding the items to the first trial ration, or B, we get. the second,
THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 451
trial ration. In the second trial ration we observe that the organic
matter is 1.31 pounds short of the requirements, the protein .01 of a
pound in excess, the carbohydrates 0.58 of a pound short, while ether
extract is 0.45 pound in excess of requirements. We have learned that
the ether extract is worth 2.2 times as much as the same weight of
carbohydrates. We multiply the excess, 0.45 by 2.2 and find that the
excess is equal to 0.99 of a pound of carbohydrates. This sum brings
the carbohydrates above the required standard. Our second trial ra-
tion is, therefore, slightly lacking in organic matter, but contains the
full amount of protein required and a slight excess of carbohydrates or
their equivalents. We find the nutritive ratio of this ration by multi-
plying the ether extract 0.85 by 2.2, adding it to the carbohydrates and
dividing by 2.51, and obtain the nutritive ratio of 1:5.5, or about
the requirements given in Table II. This is as close as we can expect
to work in practice.
Having studied this problem over carefully, the student is in position
to use Tables I and II in a study of the requirements of his stock and
the feeds he has at hand. Witha little patience feed combinations can
be made which will conform to the requirements. I have gone over
this problem carefully in order to show just how the tables are used.
The student can select from the first table such feed stuffs as he has at
hand or can secure, and from these construct rations to meet the wants
of his particular case. The exercise will prove not only interesting,
but profitable, for it will throw much light on the proper combinations
of food to best meet the wants of our farm animals.
CONCLUSIONS IN REGARD TO THE GERMAN SYSTEM.
In presenting the German system I have followed it closely, so that
the reader may be able to make practical use of it. About 1880 Prof. J.
W. Sanborn objected to the feeding standards as laid down by the
Germans, and especially to Table II, claiming that an ox weighing 1,000
pounds, when fed with the nutrients stated by Wolff, as required for
mere maintenance, might actually show considerable gain in weight.
Results at Cornell University and other experiment stations in this
country go to sustain Prof. Sanborn’s objections. Inquiries sent out
from this station to successful, intelligent dairymen, bring information
which shows that some are feeding rations which correspond very closely
to the requirements laid down by Wolff, while others are giving less
protein than in the standard. Practical experience seems to show that
good results may be obtained with less protein than 24 pounds per day
per thousand pounds of cow. In many rations I think if the amount
is 2 pounds it will be ample for the dairy cow. The total amount of
digestible substance should not vary materially from the standard.
_ These tables may be compared to a crude and often incorrect map of an
unknown country, which is better than nothing, though far from satis-
factory. It is well for the reader to familiarize himself with them, for
their teachings are very helpful in the practical work of feeding,
452 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
PRACTICAL FEEDING—THE CALF.
In successful stock management we must start with a strong, vigor-
ous calf. This means good blood in both sire and dam, and that there
has been liberal feeding and good care for generations back. Where
cattle are reared under practically natural conditions, the rule that
young stock come in the spring must continue, but I am not so sure that
spring is the best time for the dropping of calves in the older settled
portions of the country. Spring calves are incapable of receiving much
benefit from grass during the first season, because for some time after
birth the ruminating stomach is undeveloped, and between summer heat
and pestering flies the thin-skinned creature has a sorry time of it.
Winter comes on with its dry food just when good progress has coim-
menced, and this is apt to check growth, so that the animal is a full
year old before it starts on its career untrammeled. Our experience at
this station corresponds with that of thousands of farmers who are
strong advocates of having calves dropped in the fall. There is then
much time to give them the little attentions needed, and since they live
largely on milk they are easily managed in barn or shed, and occupy
but little room. When spring comes the youngsters are large enough
to make good use of the pasture, and the result is good progress from
the start, and when fall comes they return to the barn large enough to
make good use of the feed there provided. Cows fresh in the fall yield
a good flow of milk during the winter, if wellfed and comfortably housed ;
just when the milk flow begins to decrease materially comes the favor-
able change to grass, under the stimulus of which the yield is increased
and held for some time. From our experience I put the annual yield of
milk at from 10 to 15 per cent greater from cows fresh in fall than those
which calve with the springing of the grass. Breeders of pedigreed
cattle will find an equal advantage with dairymen, I think, with fall
calves, for the six months gained make stock a year from the next
spring of sufficient age to show up in finestyle and preaches command
the prices of two-year-olds.
FEEDING THE CALF.
Where the calf is allowed to run with the dam few precautions are
needed, the most important being to see that it does not get too much
milk, which may cause indigestion. If the calf remains with the dam
the cow’s udder should be stripped out clean night and morning. Any
neglect in this particular may result in soreness to the teats and udder.
If the calf scours, the cow should be stripped three times a day; in
other words, reduce the quantity of milk the calf gets. A young calf
had better be a little hungry than gorged. After two or three months
separate the calf from the dam and allow it to suckle three times a day,
afterwards twice. The greatest danger under this system comes at
weaning time, when, if the calf has not been properly taught to eat solid
THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 453
food, it is apt to pine and shrink in weight, or at least make little gain.
Teach the calf early to eat grain, using ground corn, bran, oil meal, and
fine cut hay. The system of allowing calves to take the milk direct
from the cow can only be practiced with the very best representatives
ot beef breeds, where the most rapid and perfect development is desired,
either for making early matured beef or for developing fine pedigreed
stock.
I believe no breed of cattle can be continued as a first-class dairy
breed where the calves run with the cows. ‘There is something about
hand milking which causes a cow to give more milk and for a longer
period than when it is drawn by the calf. Fine calves, even for beef
purposes, can be made where the calves drink full milk from the pail,
but the stockman will usually choose to have the calf do its own milk-
ing, or, if not, to subsist on skimmed or partly skimmed milk.
In dairy districts few calves are raised except on skim-milk, and very
satisfactory dairy stock can be made by this process if a few simple rules
are intelligently followed. The young calf should be taken away from
the mother not later than the third day, and for two weeks given from
10 to 15 pounds of full milk, not less frequently than three times a day.
At the end of two weeks some skim-milk may be substituted for a por-
tion of the full milk, making the change gradually until in three or four
weeks skim-milk only is fed. Full milk of the Jersey or Guernsey cow
is often too rich for the calf, and part skimmed milk should be used
from the very start. At the end of a month or six weeks the calf will
do nicely on two feeds per day. Feeding Table I shows that the cow’s
_ milk has a nutritive ratio of 1 to 3.7. In skim-milk the ratio is 1 to 2.1,
Skim-milk contains all the elements of full milk excepting the fat, and
we can in a measure make up for this with cheaper substitutes. Proba-
oly the best simple substitute is flaxseed, which should be boiled until
reduced to a jelly, and a small quantity given at each feed stirred in the
milk. Oil meal is cheaper than flaxseed, more easily obtained, and
serves practically the same purpose. Keep each calf tied by itself with
a halter in comfortable quarters, with a rack in front for hay and a box
for meal. For feed use either whole or ground oats, bran, oil meal, or
a mixture of these. By the third week have a mixture containing the
grain feed at hand, and as soon as the calf is through with the milk slip
a little meal into Hg mouth. It soon learns the taste, and, following
that instinct so strongly marked, takes kindly to the meal in the box,
_ and in a few days eats with the regularity of an old animal. Have the
meal boxes movable, and place the meal in them sparingly, emptying
out all that remains before each feeding time. Change the kind or
combination of grain if the calves seem to tire with what is given..
A prime requisite to success in calf feeding is regularity; let the
calves be fed at the same time and in the same order each day. Next
to regularity, regard the amount of milk fed. While 15 to 18 pounds
of full milk is a ration, with skim-milk from 18 to 24 pounds may be
454 ‘DISEASES OF CATTLE.
fed, depending on the ability of the calf to assimilate its food. More
skim-milk calves are killed by overfeeding than underfeeding. Milk
should be fed at blood temperature, say 98° to 100° F., and a thermom-
eter should be used in ascertaining the temperature. The feeding
pail should be kept scrupulously clean by scalding once a day, a pre-
caution often neglected.
Scouring, the bane of calf rearing, usually indicates indigestion, and
is brought on by overfeeding, irregular feeding, giving the feed too
cold, or the animal getting chilled or wet. Prevention of disease by
rational feeding and systematic good care is far better than poor care
and unskillful feeding, followed by attention and solicitude in giving
medicines. To check indigestion we have found the use of a table-
spoonful of limewater in each feed very satisfactory. Successful man-
agement of the calf lies at the very foundation of the stock business,
and calls for regularity of attendance, discerning at once all the little
wants of the animal, and a generous disposition to supply every need
as soon as apparent.
FEED AND CARE OF YOUNG STOCK.
With well-bred calves, thrifty and sleek coated, the foundation of a
good herd is laid. Though the subject will be discussed more fully
later on, it is well to remind the reader at this point that gain is never |
so cheaply made as with the calf, and that for financial reasons if no
other it should be pushed ahead as rapidly as possible. Our table of
feeding stuffs shows that milk contains a large amount of protein or -
muscle-making food, and it also contains a large amount of ash for build-
ing up bone. From the composition of milk, nature’s food for the
young avimal, we get a hint at the formation of rations for young ani-
mals. Pasture grass has a nutritive ratio by the table of 1:4.9, so that
it is also high in muscle elements. But nature put a large amount of
fat in cow’s milk, and calves reared on full milk show a very consider-
able development of fat. They should not grow poorer after weaning
time, but the first fat, as the stockman calls it, should be kept on all
representatives of the beef breeds, whether intended for breeding pur-
poses or for beef. This can be accomplished with oil meal and corn; a
little oats will do no harm. Counteract the tendency of the grain foods
to making a rigid dry flesh, by using roots or silage, which, combined
with grain, make the animal growthy while keeping it plenty fat. For
roughage use cornstalks, clover or alfalfa hay. The dairy calf should
never be allowed to become as fat as those intended for beef, yet this
does not mean that it should be the sorry representative that we often
find it. Very little corn should be used in its ration, and the propor-
tion of oil meal stinted, while oats should form a larger part of the
ration. This, with silage or roots and plenty of roughage in winter
and pasture in summer, will give animals of the desired quality. Calves,
like colts, pass through a period of growth when they are not particu-
THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 455
larly attractive, nor do they need very close attention at this time;
yet the watchful eye of the master should note the development from
day to day and see that all the wants are fully supplied.
STEER FEEDING—PASTURES.
There are two theories in regard to the proper time of turning steers
to pasture, each of which seems based on good reasons. That gener-
ally advocated by agricultural writers is to keep the stock in the barn
and yard on the same food as given during the winter months until the
pastures are well along and able to furnish an abundance of nutritious
grass. Often when stock are turned on such pastures the ration of the
feeding stable is cut off at once. The other system is to turn to pasture
just as the grass begins to shoot, when the sparse blades are watery
and furnish very little nutriment. The lack of food in the pasture
forces the stock to rely mainly on what is obtained in the stable to sat-
isfy hunger. The first grass is washy and has little nutriment, but has
its effect on the digestive system and gradually prepares the animal for
the change from grain to pasture. It is a fact that stock often shrink
badly when changed from stable to pasture, and I suspect the practice
of early turning to grass, at the same time keeping up heavy stable
feeding, is better than holding the cattle longer and then turning at
once to full pastures. If stock is turned to pasture early, and in any
event, let food in abundance be offered them at the stable. Itis trouble-
some to bring them back to the barn each night, yet it is little atten-
tions like these that pay.
‘The question of large or small pastures is one frequently discussed.
I believe the majority of experienced American feeders are in favor of
single ranges rather than numerous small pasture lots. The grasses,
both in variety and quality, are never quite the same all over a large
pasture, and cattle soon learn to detect the little differences and satisfy
their like for variety by ranging from one sort of feed to the other.
The habit of the herd in large pastures becomes very regular; they
will be found in the morning on this side in the valley, a little later
over on the hillside, while at noon they are resting at still a third point.
Continuity of habit in grazing and feeding conduces to comfort and
quiet, and are of great importance to profitable returns. Where the
pastures are cut up into several lots of course the fresh bite which
comes with changing from one lot to another is tempting, but this leads
to irregularity and unrest.
GAINS OF STEERS ON PASTURE.
Prof. Morrow, of the Illinois Experiment Station, has made some inter-
esting studies on this point. He reports the gain per head of steers
maintained wholly on pasture during the season from May 1 to Novem-
ber 1 to be as follows:
456 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Yearlings.
Pounds.
4 head of steers showed an average gain of -.....---.-.---------------- 332
10 head of steers showed an average gain of -......----.---.---------!-- 285
2 head of steers showed an average gain of ...-. Ree eee aoa boo. 440
Two-year-olds.
t Pounds
7 head of steers showed an average gain of ...-...----.---------.------ 466
8 head of steers showed an average gain of ......-...---.-.------------ 384
4 head of steers showed an average gain of ...-.........--------.------ 406
I think these figures are very satisfactory, and probably up to the
average which can be attained on good pastures by grade steers in fair
flesh when turned to pasture. No doubt animals in thin flesh when
turned to pasture will show larger gains. An interesting phase of the
same question is the amount of gain made by steers from an acre of pas-
ture land. In different trials Prof. Morrow obtained returns of 246, 206,
and 1388 pounds of increase live weight per acre from steers on pasture.
The average of these gains shows that when beef brings a reasonable
price such pastures have a value of something like $100 per acre.
TEEDING GRAIN TO STEERS ON PASTURE.
J. D. Gillett, Mlinois’s great stock-feeder of the last generation, used
to say that he could not afford to fatten steers in winter. His cattle
were mostly summer and fall fed, getting their grain from boxes in the
pasture fields. Unfortunately we have little accurate data at command
to show the value of grain feeding on pastures. Prof. Morrow has made
several trials, but the results so far do not seem to confirm the state-
ments of Gillett and others. Prof. Morrow sums up the experience at
the Illinois Station as follows:
The results from two years’ trial indicate that a grain ration to young steers on
good pastures is not usually profitable. The value of the increase in weight by the
grain-fed steers over those having grass only will hardly repay the cost of food and
labor. The increased value of the animals from earlier maturity and better quality
may make grain feeding profitable. :
While his results to date do not show very favorably for grain feed-
ing on good pasture not overstocked, he strongly advocates the addi-
tion of grain or other feed before grass fails in the fall.
INDIAN CORN FOR STEER FEEDING.
Corn is the great fattening food of America, and no other grain is so
cheaply raised or equals it in the economical production of wholesome
meat. Our stockmen long ago learned this fact, and have used corn so
exclusively that not always the most economical results have been
obtained. With the almost continual plethora of grain careless habits
have been acquired in handling the crop, some of which will cost much
to unlearn. The roughage of the corn crop, the stalk portion, has been
largely wasted through ignorance of its real value and how it should
THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. ADT]
be fed to stock. Dr. Armsby has made some very careful studies of
the corn plant, and some of his results are given in Tables IV and V.
Table [IV shows the proportion of ears to stover. By stover is meant
all of the dried corn plant less the ear, or practically shock corn with the
ears removed.
TABLE IV.—Showing the actual weights of ear corn and stover at four experiment
stations.
Name of experiment station. Ears. Stover.
Pounds. | Pounds.
WOW dIGHREY oo soe soooseooseaeds coeSos coeds suesese ssa Seo comet ce socupaoSssEooeoaouase 4,774 4, 041
COMINACHTIOM ocosokss5sosesdobco ssadneasedoes so sdonesos anne dco SSoo un reese se boseoudEad 4, 216 4, 360
AVAISCONLSIM Ree ese ro stores eine cites Sa re ees Ree NEY See see eacteecmeeaase 4, 941 4, 490
TP OD NVINFARNIE). oso ones Sopooossasce ose orcs aces ososedce sp pe sanehaoesscosecedssecanoe 3, 727 2, 460
J SIGNAGE) s2b so 5055s3ee co eben sss socse sous sco ASbcenonsSecsaosaceudeashsonsases 4,415 3, 838
We see that nearly half of the weight of a corn crop is in the stalk,
husk, leaf, and top. In Table V is given the digestible portions of —
the ear and stover.
TaBLE V.—Showing the yield of digestible matter in pounds per acre.
i : Eine Total
Constituents. Fars. Stover. crop.
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
244 83
Brother’ (imeludina ami des))ee. a. .= 1 emi = a= eee me oinaeee ise = 327
(Cait OU GUMS. ow se pou aac oeescoceoss sacs Sosa og Seo boonedsonodscoboeabe 2, 301 1, 473 3, 774
TPBiho sods cage toes pouacesgaoucosesbooeo sone ogc aus sesoUSoUscaubedsoaeguons 125 22 147
TOE coon os coo og sspeoecocoasaocedos cseconopecoacosonoosEeoRSepEae 2, 670 1,578 4, 248
This table shows that of the digestible matter in an acre of corn 2,670
pounds are in the ears and 1,578 pounds are in the stover or cornstalks.
On many farms the stover is almost wholly wasted, or at least but poorly
saved and carelessly fed. Can the farmers of the Mississippi Valley
much longer afford to waste 37 per cent of this great crop after they
have gone to the expense of producing it? Of course I do not hold
that all the cornstalks produced in a corn crop can be fed to fattening
steers, for this would mean the consumption of too much roughage in
proportion to grain. But there are always on the farm horses, cows, and
young things that can well be maintained on the surplus stover of the
corn crop. That farm which can not utilize all of the cornstalks pro-
duced should change its management.
I do not think the heavy corn-feeding commonly practiced at the
West nearly so wasteful as many have thought. The cornis fed with
a prodigal hand, but this does not necessarily mean a heavy loss when
the cost of material and the economical conditions under which it is
often fed are all duly considered. But now that the price of beef is
lower and the price of land and corn rising, it is time for a careful
study of the problem in order to save as much as possible. Corn may
458 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
be fed to a steer as the only grain for a couple of months, with excellent
returns, even without grinding or shelling, providing the grain is not
too hard or the ears too large and good shotes follow the steers to
utilize the waste corn in the droppings. But steers can not be fully
fattened on corn alone with profit, for the concentrated grain soon burns
out the digestive tract and the steer comes to make poor use of his
food. Whole corn may be fed early in the period, but generally, and
always later on, it should be crushed or ground into meal. I think
crushed corn or coarsely ground meal will be found preferable to that
which is finely ground. In all cases where much meal is fed care is
needed lest the animal get off feed. Some oil meal or bran should be
fed to lighten the ration, starting with 1 pound of oil meal and gradually
increasing the amount until, toward the close of the period, as much as
5 pounds may be fed. In the same manner from 2 to 8 pounds of bran
may be fed. The effect of oil meal is to give good handling qualities and
a fine, glossy coat of hair, besides affording much real nutriment. Bran
is likewise cooling and lightens the heavy corn very materially. Roots
or silage have much the same effect. I know objections will be raised
that if all feeders were to use oil meal there would not be enough to go
round, but why be solicitous when in 1890 we shipped $8,000,000 worth
of oil meal to the feeders of the Old World?
With the grain there must always be fed coarse feeds in order to
_ properly distend the rumen, and nothing is better for this purpose than
good corn stover. Most stockmen know how satisfactory shocked corn
is for steers. That portion of the stover not needed for the steers
Should be given to other farm stock.
BALANCED RATIONS.
In order to show what sort of a ration a steer should receive if fed
according to the German standard, two rations are here presented
which conform fairly near to the requirements. The first is one which
may well be used in the corn belt where corn is cheap and oil meal
close at hand. The second presents more variety, and has silage and
cotton-seed meal for two of its constituents.
TABLE VI.—Showing rations for fattening steers.
RATION NO. I.
Digestible—
Character of rations. Organic —___.
matter. Protein, | Catbehy-| Ether
‘| drates. | extract.
Re quinedibyastand ardesees sence spear een ay 27.0 2.50 15. 00 50
CWornpfodder(Sipounds*seeese seen ee ene eee ee 4,41 . 22 2. 36 . 08
Clovershaiys(2 mo anid Semen er ae ee ete eet nye ge 1.57 13 -70 - 03
Corn (maize) aAaipound sees soe eee ae iin 12. 31 - 98 8. 88 -55
Orlsmeal Fou. poun ds yee eee ee ee ae ee epee Se 3. 41 1.13 1,29 . 28
Ss
THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 459
TaBLE VI.—Showing rations for fattening steers—Continued.
RATION NO. II.
Digestible—
Character of rations. Organic
matter. | protein Carbohy-| Ether
‘| drates. | extract.
NOISES IN LEO OL] OMG Sees te clei > oanysa Ay
Cred UL0}8[0H,
tt eeeeees opie:
seerees- Koga pe
teeeeeees Opes
Seeescece op----
ec eee nee Opgeas
Bie ureyetoH|
“poorg
ooo OO te - &
“-eluvA[Asuueg
woesse=- Bpeuey
seer -e°= SUITTT
"(BAO
-04)) YIOX MON
"*""* TESTOOST AA
"10174
A478 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
The value of milk is mainly dependent upon its fat content, and a
given weight from different herds varies greatly in actual value. For
this reason in the last column of the table the amount of fat actually
found in the milk is reported. It will be seen that this varies from 3.25
pounds in one case to 5.44 in another. The wide variation is an admi-
rable example in showing how important it is for the dairyman to ana-
lyze the milk and learn just what his cows are doing. It shows us how
little we know of the value of the herd when we stop short with merely
weighing the milk. By weighing the feed occasionally and weighing
the milk regularly and analyzing it from time to time the dairyman is
in position to know just how his business is running.
FEED WITH A GENEROUS HAND.
All through this chapter I have endeavored to convey the impression
that the calf, the steer, and the cow are living machines for the concen-
tration of hay, grains, and grasses into human food. The successful |
operation of these machines depends upon the manager and is con-
trolled by inviolable laws. Often it would seem from appearances as
though the stockman was hostile to his cattle, and regarded every
pound of feed given them as so much material filched from the feed bin
to his personal loss. The man who wrote in a letter that he had a wife,
3 children, and 6 cows to support, doubtless took just this view of the
situation; had cruel fate thrust 10 or 20 cows upon him he would have
broken down entirely under the burden. With some the greatest effort
in conducting feeding operations seems to be the study of how to save
a little feed and still keep the animals in existence.
The successful feeder works on exactly the opposite principle. He
fully appreciates the fact that an animal in order to be profitable must
be liberally fed. He understands that first of all it must have suffi-
cient food to carry on the bodily functions and maintain life, and that
no returns can come to the owner if only this amount of food is sup-
plied, and that all increase in weight, fat, and all yield of milk come
through the excess of food over the wants of the body. This leads
him to breed and select animals with large consumptive power, a strong
digestion, and to feed them up to their limit so long as they are useful.
If our farmers only fully understood this first great law of stock-
feeding and acted intelligently thereon, our stock interests would be
revolutionized.
THE EYE OF THE MASTER FATTENS HIS CATTLE.
I wish the above legend could be written over the door of every feed-
ing stable in the land, for it expresses a most important truth in concise
form. If a man has no natural liking for the stock business, it is really
useless for him to attempt that vocation, for the art can only be acquired
by students having a certain natural adaptation. If one has this love for
THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. AT9
the business, then by patience and study the details can be successfully
worked out. First comes a love of order and regularity, which are of
. prime importance at all times. Stock must be fed with great regularity
and in the same order, day by day, and all possible violent changes in
feeding and handling avoided. The feeder should move among his
animals quietly and in a way to win their confidence, which is easily
acquired and as easily lost. As he passes among them daily in his
round of duties he should have a quick eye to scrutinize every member
of the herd and detect any little irregularity or trouble. He avoids
disasters or serious accidents by constantly studying the little comforts
and individual wants of the animals under his care. He feeds with a
liberal hand, and none of his animals lie down hungry or discontented.
The successful mwunagement of live stock is dependent upon good
judgment in handling the cattle. If one lack this, all his other quali-
fications count for but little. He may understand the theory of cattle-
breeding and how to compound rations from a scientific standpoint;
he may know the chemistry of the foods he handles and of the bodies
of the animals to which they are fed; he may have the literature of the
stock business at easy command, but, if he lacks sympathy for his
animals and judgment in handling them, all his knowledge is of no
avail.
INDEX.
MBM OMEN CISLENULONDLie 2. ccc sme ecco dee cc ee eeeweceeewk we
CB UO) UTS CO re re ener ae
BWOUNGS Olesen sates Senses oe seals ono wed Reena ie
PM ORGTONS ata sees ae see cae a hae ees esac seeace Deets ee HEC
CONCAPIOUS, CAUSC Ofe- 4225 ose a-ak 528 25s tees chee es
noncontagious, treatment of-.........-.---.--------
PLOVCOUOMOPCONLACLONS (sn vesa he secs aon See Se ceed Bee
PSN MINLOMIS Ot nese m ae a is Sh BRN eeu Uae aa gas BM tate
Meat CMDR O bite aes ek ytd a ree me A ied
AGATIOSIS 2505 65 SSRI SESE SCTE eee eat area er
ANONG) SF XOHSI ONS Ss ASME eae ne co ene ea
MERU ROBO MUN OT 7 isons so So saee awk 2a eee ee kbs et eeas
PNGHIMOMNY COSIBeeatr te esis eso. Se wee Gee els ei es ae We
Olsjaw: DOMES sass fe es ee Pee
Wis WOMAN) ones oanew eee ene eee
AfienhinbhretentlonsOtess: Soe eae ie ses See eo eee eee.
- JAiie IU). WON 656 Secocns sacusoers S60 SoSeeE De Sebean So peee mo Sn ee
EMicaihime POISONS <1. (eae see we tmie es Jato ewe Gee esau ces wa,
PAITAUILOSIS esse Se eiaere er binie he sats See et ee eel a SI Ss oT
Anaphrodisia ...-.-.--- Me age ch asain eeu A eee em eS Stee LN ope
AMMA SAM GB is) sacs se S151 "leone acl s ee nt eet ias 4 ONS
SYMP PLOMUe bier =e asa) ere) Saye ty che Seine
ADO plexyjj CONC DTA lena semanas lah arsine eels Sari eels aos 3
TOCILEAD ED KSLd ce Cie ae te ie ee eel a ee
ACOA CP IZOOUIC eens eee a ser aainres sts ace ss eee eae eS
AGG ue MC eplAVeOsceewacsor tas nec lasses otncs aye nye
ATSENLCH POLS ONIN se a Sersneey see car ae pose a ee eee Sao eS
Artery atabionro tcoam Ofsesae 1a sae Sale ee ese se ree
Pakimo pups see aan ele oe erm ee ene ee ee ee eee se
24697 ol
482 INDEX.
Page
Arteries: janasbomoses Of< ss scee meet lee eo eeee eee ee eee ee eee ee 83
and Veins, wounds of. 1.22: - Sa ees e sees 2 sheers ene bee a eee 94
charactenand func niOns Ofer asse ee eee aoe eee ee 80
derenerationtot coatsioteseeesr epee ee = eee one eee eee 96
IAISCIES' 2) Sisto ci Se mnie ieisi Se em cienele oie ere wee rena era eee eee 59
Asphyxia electrica,. 02 ised ese eee nes ee ee 134
Aspirator, useloL in relievamcatine) bladder asso ee ee 153
Atrophy of she heart 25220. Socboes seek esa oe ee se Sek ee ee 94
kadney): << oti weretee 2 os. Sk eee eee eee 151
Auscultation ose sn ce ele ed es ea dad aoe Ae ee 102
Back, ‘spraim Of S25. 222cce 2b seek. ee ek a 284
Bacteria, Cetimitonvandseliaracieh seeps eee aa. es. = eee ee eee eee 372
Ballsior pills; administiaphion of 22252255 eee esss-- eee ae wlio ois Ate bee ys ene 10
Bandage. splasver ofvamis tor dicac hie yey oy Pease ae a 286
SUG VUWig soe Snr, oe eee Se teapre me A ol tiara i) el oe 20, 409
Black eos wks ns Sore Se aie Mees ul Sis or ee 423
AES eahee Voce (UR EATS GC Te se Te 8) Su VAS Seer I Ll Babe po 2. DL ees 423
Bladder eversion.ote se ue See Cae ee ee 239
palsyiof meck Of. ee Sa ne ee 153
pacalysisvofi. Ase sVe eles sce c et ele Ce ee Boe OO ne 151
TUP PUR Oh CoN e Le oer ore plodins bss cite hee ecco 239
spasm of neck Of. oo 2. Get cote cn cpieeue gaara Stu 151
SbOME UN ss! Veiga eek Sad ee Soi Sete iS 164
Bleedinetirom) thelcalts maveleessass 32 se ene se = eee ae eee 268
MUMS i Sess. o eS cooks gS oa Eee agen eee 109
NOSE 22 sd SA NSS se eke gaeele 22 Soe ee eee 104
WOMB c22 See ote Ose cinen cee) Soe tea ee eee 235
how to:check 2-2... iss! sleek ohn oi et oe ee 95
Bloabe as abe ace Gee ee es HS ay a Ribs des So cls Rene ee 29
ot unbormicalif sojj22 soe ke se ot eee ee ee ee ee 202
Bloodkclotsaninwaills\of vaeimar ss. se5 5-2 ae pases eee ee 241
Its COMPOSItlON Ameetscsid ccssse aoe eee ees eee 83
letting, Operations 2.25565 0252 22. buses a eee Se Se ee 317
vessels, fumetions/of 2522252. oe beet PSs oes he Soe ee ee eee 77
Bloody Mux. 2 e525 oo see eee oon 5 ee eee eee 40
MWS 2 Sek See CoS ee Sela Ys lee HSER ee Set ee ee 261
WEIN 2 apes Melee nk eke ake ee ce ee sie cee Gee 143
Blaeidisease si = =. Visas 4 sess 52s ee 273
Boils; nature and ‘treatment Of 2.5... 0255. 14.2 ae eee 334
Bones, anatomy of 2.606 ee jo i a a 281
MOT ONC Toye ayesha eee aie e/a apne A ee ied paki sees 28
compoundurachune ot: = Ae eee oe eae 289
diseases and accidents: o.252 0. 524s yek 2 20s es eee eee 281
dislocation Of. 222 sc... 22)2 sen, e sob aGeediete ade ket eee eee eee 295
of an ox, numberof se. o 26 Ao skeen a ee 281
the face, fractures Of. 25055. 32k. Soke eee eee eee 290
Bowels, diseases of 2505 2. 0S.) e ee a oe 39
hemorrhage Of... 5. S258 oooh ee SUE ee eet ee eee 42
inflammation: Of 22%. 3.0 2 eho in ee eeeee eee 41
INVAGINALION OF <5. 2/5. ok ae cei eee we see Oe ee ee eee 43
twisting’ Of oo... sk ck eee oot eee eee eee eer ee eee 44
WOLMS IW o.08 See gees se seo ee en ee ee eee Ad
Brain, COMPLEssion Of j 2-5-2 ese ee es ee ee eons eee ee eee eee 121
CONCUSSION Of 222 3 ose ee oka te Hae eee Se ee eee ee eee eee 120
COMSESUON: Of 2 52 78 ss Sse oes Soe ae oe ee
INDEX. 483
Page.
BAIN ESCROW OL cee Rao ns acta So PIS Sony on eee eee ea 114
ATE ATATT AL TOWN Ostigpetel ay neers eae ar kee ear sca Sle Puael uals ye EI I Nar eA 117
SERTEDOOESS UTD ere erect etave alsa esas ols Spe Sie Se cis lca cr yaa 135
Bae Re divas CabuletOOO aaecr coe serosal cco aes Soa ee OS soe 155
Breathing, suspended, in new-born calves --.............-..---.---.--------- 267
Broken bones. (See Fractures.)
SEED E TIRGLATAN IS eG Se BI pate ae Rigel Rd Ar AO A RE te TRC DE 105
Pune Moneta L MOCSCEUP VION: Ofc ams acca Gone vase te Saas ae sees ce aes Hecke aae 341
UUTSICOLEN EAC Gr eer Sem a es ear a es ante eee ie ate tetra UC eeAtyE 342
WRG Oe WARY IW\iaecsouoSsaces deccesoouDag Dosesouaudas Booas 343
peu lem IPO MUMUO LUI See ressira eye eyelets stage one ore a oe AS Save he Tia ee ee eRe 303
IETS) GG OTTO AE AA EPS mer tea eae anne ts Nae een oe eee eee ele 347
CELIOTMy IMDS CHcdo Casco ton Seo CMe a ees Seen TE Cerca aria nin Hv amine rast 161
TM HOD SMCOUINSEY Aes aa aiaeer merce aren teuhn ION UG ae Meta me ratag a eae -. 166
TREND oS 6 Se SEE OE eae Cee Re eee ce PO ee tls near ae See ee 161
URGE SSO eS Se oe Se a I ete ane Ne re le i eg 162
PUR ULDTRE R ae ae R ea ee ave RC aR 164
RPIMBIAY caso cdtcchanos bes eee Eee en S DOCU EEE ee Gm Sei eine ireenet res = 153
VLE STC eV lie ere rates stearey ane eae a Mere SL aecin te ee Seu e hiee Ray tas eu Se 164
ODL, USOdHNe. cade Sosa6s05 addsee sue ocqdEeedss 5 He Ses CaS UEOe les He eno Aneaeacss 542
ie MeN MC OMA pAtLOM Mn 80 oct ja oscil Fe Sa oe io Sw hes se ae eae 273
Bbeieeasesioliyounss os koe Me es 267
SAMO MEMEO MON Masses sts sists oe acs See we ua ee ee ee 22
RETO GI WN Saco eee ene emanate snaces noon CUnG se weber soeemassae clae 37
AMD AMNION Oh VOLNUSHIN 2552 onc a h~ 2s ot ws dceclecne he P oare goose es 271
SHS PEMA CO UOLE DOMINO Ole actin a ais ake 2 OU cee ale fa eee eae ce 267
Galvin sdounery through themfanls-. o5.2 2.52225 oe. forens eg bees ss 227
MissectlonOLamMbormmicalh posse yee se eles spose ee A oe See eno?
OXCESSIVO/ ta lrAMVODSUACIO LOlaasjeee oe eo ea ae tense es sG2 See 199
natural presentation -.....- Gosoose bud esooes sneeos Sanaeaee cous aces 195
neslected and agvpravated Cases -..-.2--. 21-0552 55-5 oes e sens. cele-- 221
CIMIOOIES Wakes ee ees Aenean ares aaa CEs Gente ee meas Ceaser ee abe 195, 199
[DELS CRANE oee pe pee See our Hee Sree ernie Hee onan Aare ee or ate 55a Pe 253
Te TREVTNCO OU (EVIOVOVSS (6) a ie Sie aS CoA Co Hinge erste eS a aru ea ge 194
LEvaLndedubyeNeTVOUSNESS esate ecion semis cece a a eee ee 199
iE DISET) ES ee eee em ree Sense moins an ies Soe serene eee pm cta a 194
tap leroiawiLOneapresenbablOnsire= oes see oe ase ee see 205
(CESR@GP Sacc6G Sees Goee Soe aS Bene Hee ROE Bos Goss Moe TEN ieeeres ceeetoe ie amen el 323
CEmpOliC=ACldspOlsSONiN Gee cepa eles ee eee ae lena oe eer gata ee ye 70
(CITE TYG Soe ee remEeocseeme ns GRU Ube aege ODASE ee Gass soOb Ua SOHO una enoeSude 422
CaneiMmomla Orican Cel eee een seta ete teen ah totaee sonic tas oe i eas 323
Garitlace of the ear, excessive growth Of © 2-22.22. 226.225 b eee eee Se cece 369
LOCK OST SUO teers mI pens fee ea Te AG pt aire Lh RN a can 369
Gera OEENORVRIU NOES sae 78 eee eee ea ake ke, DE oe eee oe ee 236
Was tration ChNOUS yee se Saas on enls salar anes ee Seis) Wr en Ses eee 316
COMAIEE Sct coe se pee tagede obmeee CoS OSE Soe One Oba ee Mea Swe ar anre agra ais 103
HUNG C RS co cecnctcasecaos qoduae soe cos coaUe coe Bbadenas Sebaneuccaesse 426
Cafarmhaliconjunctivitises-- sees ceee ere cece eee ey Saas Me wey age 357
(SPU MGR, WRG (Ti Soe ee cec pee de asus eoose cease cece cose hacoene deer Scsesec desae 152
Gattlewintectiousidiseases Of 25 = apes ona a ayaie ts Sie ie cei ed ee 371
COLON eer a yo Ate aoa itera eee aS See 5 aN Sp Soe sees 338
OSS LICENSE TS EROUT OTS let = ce ees eae A ts et rg ae Se a 227
(OUI DO 6 cs Sar Soci APO RSI Te Ps Meee xa ey Orie ore aie os ean eer eet EL 417
GHESINGTOMSY 20 la sna) sae see ain fo 5a, Tcteyers Se Unter paras ice Soe ise eee Sak Ee 109
484 INDEX.
Page.
Circulatory apparatus, structure -..--...-.----------- Peeesscogee sacs ener 17
@ oal=oilspolsomin gy ee eee ee ase le ee = ae ee 70
@old in the head 222. -22.- 22... 5-2 ----nenee =e ere 2 ee 103
(OME SEAS een CoCo Sa HotcceHaGe stone Heat p BORE DEEEM seas sbansnc ScaaSesscs2c 2 35
Compound fracture of bone .-.----------- -- 2-2 sn oe wo 289
(OWE TSSLOMMO farts emp ea eee eee te ea 120
Congestion of the liver -.-...-.--..:----.2--2-- ---- 525222522 es 52
IDM). Seas cn S556 seco ssEouS coneodiaues SSGsh5655sc25c0c2e222 109
Ges ticles soe niese aan eeee = as ene ee ee ete eet 174
WUMGIOE s5ess Gags sa55 pho sostoSeco cosas Ones esecesseccsszs- 253
Conjunctivitis, catarchal ---_-.----------- 2-2-3222. 22 2 ee 357
Constipation 2222--- 2 s-so see — cles. ese me eee nl 44
IM CAVES ee Sates eae ene ate e eins See ee ee eee eee 273
Contagious abortion, cause of --------------- 5-22 = a= oe 190
treatment Ofs:.c2. 22288 A052 cs a nee eee 193
TAPING goocog cues ossese 6s04 sb55 cone 006 Sons Sema code Sone sccce7= 256
pleuro-pheumonia = 22s. seen eee eee ee ee eee 377
Copper poisonS....--.-.------------- +--+ 222-22 ene ee ne ne eee eee eee 67
@ornealidenmatom ayes. ee eee ea eee Bee Sees 361
GOmnGhiS aossasbooeas sseecse ace see oaigse gee ose aoodeaSeauegsers sececeososcs 358
Clormsinlllic GIEGRES 505 bdssca s6ce coec boas] soe ospcs coco uoseso sodas sessed enece: 16
Corrosive!sublamate poisoning so. asses =e eee ale ae 69
OGRITNTONGES coad6 cand couess So55 beso bec5 See CoSD Dosa anseaa does Saassaccsese css: 273
in’ young calves 2252. od. S2-c ee 2222 te) eee Vee 44
Cow, dairy... ele cie. 2). Sone ee 466
TANTO, Ol acs paocdoeseees cosets cb05 cubed codecs Gans Onc ea a Sssesese0" 468
THAN SROs coccos cooSasodsonn 6dosoqdcobos Oo dScapsonsaceacso santas ea5e25 467
@owpox 2225226 - eon nee e ence ne ole Sees cee eile an ieee coe 259
Cows, food for dairy ....-..-..-.-----.------++---+--+------------------------ 473
Tol GAVLY, WEANING Oooo 6 665686 cscs 55 so Soo sess Sone poems seeccsssessse- 182
precautions in purchasing’ ....-.------------------2=-- ©2232 -2-2-ee 259
shelterstor tinea sess te oe ae ee eee ene ee eee ee 469
Cramp (colic ss ces 2. soe. 2 2 ante ee eee ee ee en 53
Cramps of the hind limbs -.....-.----.----------+---------------+----------- 183
TM OrMiCalliite=ho- seas eee ene hase eee eee ere 202
Cid MOssiOG cep: Seca ean Se eee oe 32
@YANOSISs2 22 soe soca = eee oe oe eee ce ae ae eee ee 273
Cysts (dermapilous and sebaceous) .-.-.-.---.------------------------------- 335
Dairy manarement, | scc.c8 4c.) s ee Leek Ae re 469
recording and analyzing milk im .--..-.---: —:.-22222-2252- 92555 470
Tegulatiny, ame leimGiness Wie. ee) cee ae is eee 469
Silapie yin: ee see ee eee eee ecg den eee 475
IDRNAGhEih Sek BOSS Hanes Sous een eb es seSMeobeuseyseaaecennosdesisescs> cons - 334
PDOWORMING ea ene ees eee eee lee oor, See ei ors ee see 290, 304
Diabetes insipidus .-....---...---.---.--- SHOUD ert Pe em leet ese Le ee eee 142
mellitus’. 2.02 Le Ee se GAS Se
Diarrle awe eee ee ee ee SOO Na eae ee See ee 39
AM CAIVIOSE ooosee es eak fess Be ey See ee oie 37, 274
IDNs jORMEUDONIO MN. ooo o Ses Saco s5 coos casas dcssss soe ssce5s25 paseocede 195
Digestive organs, diseases of .----....-...--.-.------------------------------ 15
Diseases, infectious, of cattle ........-..-----.-----------+----) -i=:--------"= 371
(it) NOMS Wesoewee sas seer eseses esos uecusensousacutce Ree mine oot 282
the WO wells) 225 22s ses ae asin ee ela ais Me a ne nr 39
fOOG aoe Bese SAS eee este Meese eee 349
INDEX. 485
Page.
Wine TSeceOretherlnverand Spleeiy =... 2.0 >-0c hac s0c aces cases camdecee bond 52
TLOTVOUSHS SUOMI eras che sie reas eee ewes Sea ea 111
PORICOME NIE Sem eee choi Mines Seah Los eee eae neee ae 57
Phanynx andvoull tis s sso 2ces see fad ecey as a oe ee 24
BI GETIS Seiten yar ele ct er iiss lee ae ad mer TRG ara cia ay 325
PUIG ATVs OR aN Sy io Sens ntert ene gu cais Legs 5 Lament Mt ata at 137
RARER ATIUS BH OW, LOLS O he ra. <5 peace: steers cere, oc a eee o Oued ee a 375
BT Me LON HAM CHGS Ofte aia iain Ss aioe ios Se cds elaine se 2S AA Eel Qu dete ae ae 375
LTR EOVBE NITION ce Brg eS ae Mh PRU he Ua eee AD Wy Pope NN ce NCE 295
OSE SUITS S Opa LP ee SM aa Rad A Nr De NS 295
LD MIRGSNS LSA SS URS He PIE erase eee ec ng nlf nett eee UN GR araeek SrA UBE MOreN 142
Draugshts or drenches, how administered .........-..-.-. =... 2--22+-022 22-2 ee 9
Hmmicmecoldiwater, indigestion from =. 6222 37524222552 22.2 2.de ee 22s eee 35
LOPE CORSE ete aera ae ges peg ane Biren crate IRN on Sen yn 17
Mransysotitherabdoment een esis e le een eae ee ee Noe 59
Ola @ aU eas ere ersere tle esac snes Ame Su utes i coat 201
CNG GS ea SSSR RENE GH Oe ae moe hn Daea pon erally ee Sei Tuer 109
moi elimi sie sree oe A oe) 2 al i ice een ie 183
TAIN OAMNGYS OE WAS WAS sons conc secacs souecocsos beoSncneuenune 183
SERENE 5 St eos es ete SUR ae eta hae nag ree A age Rp 272
BVO MIDs e ya sept afar cS cestele eee see clei cc anes vg eps ec) SIMs optraraoe 183
LOUD SEITE C8 Se Stehes Ne eat en tee Ieee mie BAS ree ay eee re ae Teva 34
LONSVSEINISHS?. oO Saigo ee rae ee OE ete a es OS ee me pe 40
HarscartilacemdiSCasejOh. x0 Sire Ne sectors ae ee eee ao ete Ae oe ee ee urea aie 369
CHSGREOS Ol SSNS Seeise ele eee eI ete Sm mE aatS ANI ates el amare eyaea ena a 367
Ie ONO ROT Ty OB 4 ey fans lance ee a See eS i cele keer a 369
HOT OTTO ONES AM raya eto nse stefan oiataisiae Sa lcie S hein pee ee nolo a, Guu ey None nee een rae 368
LIPD ISIE LSEDAS 3 SA aia a ese esas epee aes ek Se grep eat pea ae ea eget wed Te 368
PETTTNeHOL Cu OM ONG SS OM) srr cer cre OS A tel ose oe ie 54 ela Ria ey eeamee nay, 368
inflammation of internal-...-.-- Reise slays eis iaermentel See sesi ie anaMich gee aie Pes aera sy a Oe 367
PRCGHAGIOMY Oli en closers ats olin Seaicisie a aKa) omnes aie ees Seco mis ao eS 369
SOTIEGT oS SEIS SS oe Ee rae le ete een) Sena A etree nl ue es opt hiras NE aga ate cee 368
Karly maturity, advantages of ........-....-------- A enna ata rele ah. Siete es 465
12) 510) DYING) SSeS eo aC Be ep epee sees eee me A Se ONS a A eae 333
LUGO DION cacesied sce doc obs beenaeease ce doug seneione en Sa Sen Ac een ee ooae Abas 363
TBH GTIND BRS pap ae ER Ca eRe Sas el al ee ae eg mn Men ea 330
LE COUATIES shONveC ON OSE U ae eit sala cena eet eye aria oe ian dee AB 10
] SUS) PITGTUTEIS Bere o So GaSe aicig ee Sie A LPR ances ee a eR ARN eRe Noe ey 335
1 DETR OLS OW OO) So GRA Bens Saee Ce ee Ste SOs Ber Scat Ais Meee po scene Net he ae 222
Bien ny S Oma, Me AVES eee ea aoe oor sie sah ieic aneiin ae Moa Sees uae oy tera ee 108
WAC errb erste see ee eels eee caw as Se ale 348
ISTAG 2 INN RB Se isc ee Opie EEe SA eae eA eee ey ttt ae Seen RET Saye pa 117
EPMO CALOMLIS eS ctarem Saae re eats rec ee Eo are aoe Rise is cme es ro 92
PMS MIe ba ONIN SC HONS ca Seria aeta sa Soe See ths ce te ai iay none BS eRe 11
nlaroementiOn Che Meath incass te fsa ce( ee nee el eee te Me ee Selma mer 93
PnbeLibis, ironmmIsplacement ob bowelsi=ss4 sess ss eee ace os eee ese eee 43
CMOUTN ACI Cys eee ee eee eines oe eee Se ee oe Scie ce yee ieee 42
TAT GE UA Tol ad seat gp ayaa) ae alee ay Stee a ray ey Baleares Mewpers ea eee, Me crs fee iae uc 42
SITU O spree etree ce ctre eet Oe arene sia a wii SN, ieee OM erent rs 41
VOHEY ARE) DOLE CR ae ese en a ae rene UR et LR oer = eae Re A HeLa 362
ID USIY Sache bbe eas cane se OSoc coneseesp one aane sueaco ese cas cos SuseeedooqneaeE 121
INGISIBESG soe aneahsooe 5 oo ce Se See he GRE Ca SOG MEARS OR ati elas ite rate ae as 104
JEON Se abe oaes eons Sac Cee eee cn DEBE E Ie Oe pie nee ee ean ea seeks epee Ar 73
DID OOS STUNG) SUA Sige meets tice ae Ce ie Ee ee a een 329
J WAV UNG Scie coSainsds ose Haag SEE ApoE BERET aise e OB SMOTOD Ses —eoeeros ama Ae 328
486 INDEX.
Page
‘Hiverston of ‘the bladder 22222022 2. \ck shies foes oe eee cnen sen ee eee 239
RA OLIUl| opr raeMbNe orient apace ns GAS diel ecimes nay Sia 3 Se ee 236
xcess(of food and‘drink:.tc2: 50.23 J2 S250. aes soe opens eee eee eee 16
‘Extracuterine gestation 2. 0c) o025- 25222 2. tc ss eisie sea a ces ee eee eee 184
ID\7@y QSOS OM! 25 os a555 060055 o20ges sees ssasde Sasgsa desese gees sees ese sece 364
anatomy (Of 2205 4c 5ess8 esate seen soe See ones oe eee ee eee 353
foreign DOES IN 5222 a2 seme ee ce eee see na 363
fracture of the orbit 2.22 c5-55. 32 foes. es oe eee see eee 364
tumors: of ‘the orbit) 222s 222 fe sn ate ke oe nan se eee 365
ulcers Of a2 S52) 2 cece sie en eee er ecee ae eae ee 359
WORM IW = oo eiccele ke Set dace Secs Sees aniatis Salam a oes eee eee eee 361
Hyeball; dislocation, Of soc. 2 22 - ane Seem lee eee ee 366
inflammation: Of... 222s o5008 5. oie ie ee selon eee. Heese eee eee 357
OUT OT NOME Foes or hee es hn ees a hs ace co un nan paren 6 5 360
hairy: 2202. eb lc Sle aoe eck See eee 361
Eyelashes; inversion Of: 25 ~ j222 jo. 2 s<.o+ eo niecine ses Se an) Se eee 362
Byelid;eversion Of 22. 305.22 sen. vse e siete seni Se ee 2 Geiss Soon 2 eee 36
INVETSION Of: 2 eo Sosa ose 2 ee tues thee peso e a See eee 362
daceration: Ofy. 3 sot SSS lit See oici veces nee cee 363
tumorssott. 22h ae SS eee eee se cen ae se cele sone 363
Watby dereneration’of the heart. <2 0225. -222 5-s24ce22 es ee ee 94.
Heed and careiot youn Stocks. --25-5 45 2-4-2 e eee ee eee eee ABA
cutting for animals 2250 25.252. 2 . isd 23 Scns 2528 2-5 See 472
Feeding and management <2. 5222-22222... se. Soto eee 439
methods of for dairy. 202..52-43i2 a5 320: ae ee ee 471
standards; table of os...0.V oo so occ28 5525 lt oe eae eee ee 449
stuffs, average composition of ..........-...-----.-----.------------ AA4
tHe7calf Coo ae ciemieine eres SSee sae sine eemee ete ee 542
Meet: deformities of. 22 2.22. 3.5) 2 Seo ess gs dees 2 oes ae ee eee 252
pricks and wounds:of (0250022202 cde ss ES Se ceo sts ee ee eee 352
WIMOES OD 2 sec eee sie ore Se Sate die rere erie oe as on Se oe © ee 35).
Fetlock. sprain of. 00222255222 22822. fe cso ess sees He ee eee 283
Fever, milk (parturient)! 22.222 255724 ce Sods feel oe eee ee be eee eee 247
splenetic; or Nexas. ss... 05 Soe se ls oils eee itn ce = eta ee eee 428
Ribroma, fibrous bumor ss. se a2 2 ask aha. 2. SSR ee See rs Se eee 321
inberdigital es solace ios eee eres gece sieve eC eee 351
Pilaria Ocul jc ecl sles ces. kee ie ote Sek Ss RES she Sse eee eee eee 361
Pustula in teat. soo.. S2 Seeds Hoes aos ee a ew net wes ane aa 264
MGR Siao oes eles cata oe thea ach Glens cbse Seecnon kee ee ees 345
Hlies;and=mosquitoss:s.c22- 252 S02 h cece eee ot Soe aes ok eer 345
Plooding in the Cow sas et ee ee Saas Hees cue beac 2. See eee eee 235
HMUIKe GIS€G8O Bi Poth e shee ha ele oe ee ee Sa ee ee 55
Foodmaterials for) dairy Cows -22--- 222.5552 oes Sao eee eee 473
GONMM NING MN Oil 5ooaceo5do00 doosasesdaces nee ns es oo Deas 441
IMPrOpPer® 222 ese Lee we ea Sa he ae ee eee 15
required to produce 100 pounds of milk...-......-...-.-..----------+--- ATT
Foot-and-mouth disease ..-......--.------------------ Uh eal Se ees 391
Boot diseases: of -s2-2. 22 8 sel el oe sees oe eee eines eG a ae 349
POb iii dace woe islee eae. ue See aa Se cee eee eee 350
SOLCNESS 0k Schack wes S clslse ewe Se ee oe OO ee ee 349
Moulin fO0b 2s isco ce sams aedk pauses hee oe ae eae: Oe ee eee 350
PROUT Or ee eee ee census Cie eee gence aoe os SAE eee ~ 349
JDC HERS} NETS BHaVGl CAWISES CLE SASGsSn5G0 condoe sone boas onsG50 sacascacose cdse 284
INDEX. 487
Page.
Prmetrrcsroh tnenvones Of the taco: -.!)-!2.ss-e Sace sae ss sone eee eee eek 290
mips yrs S hee MUSA tee ay See ee eh omen ele h 294
AJ ehywslo ONC) a tears tee oe soy hie sa PTS 2) eee ORY AY 291
LES SVEHIG HINGE) ee ces See ee Sica are am Mime RMT ae bade Rods thi 294
EUG SSA Aw ee re See ee OE ee amet emo Mem sce nae wea ts 27k 292
OMG LS Cen Ip L323 Stee lee ei tee ete ele ne eg ea 293
HUN) Sew eRe SSNs Mesa SL Re ee ee TEE ANON Shy Ak eae ce ke 293
JANE OSA OUT SEISL Sia RE Rs Bie A I Re a yc ep QR Ve Sana becN ere nA 294
SUSU Ss ie AS BeBe a eee Meee a Ree SAME E det de wh tut 291
SIMA EC OMe ees Nera ae ey ease nts os a CR AL ed a ae ee PN 291
Shi] DUOWNS Ola sas coon Saou eoes anes saas Sooo MeO e EA amiadaauenmeuae dadan 285
URE AUTO TNO) Otis ne cee ee tee SA nt Bat eee te ee 285
LJPROSRMIO ceckae os Guighe Coe ROSS ee eeeiyd Saree tee = eee mere steamer nies rahe sete mii § 348
TIO SEDI UCMNE ATSig pater serie este Or etter. ater ote as eee ae ce se Wate sein Sn LE eae yt 368
RO ZEMelOOUMme te CUS Oba et aeepero eee s choles Spent) Syne We Sane. Dea An wae 16
J CINIMCUIUMG 2 5e4 hoes BSS S ES SABE OE Ce aM e ia Same eee mnie esc NMar: Mumma tis Cs 5H 334.
Canvrene oi mouunyOrsyOlUn oy Calves; janes soon ee ae ye eee 22
SHPO S ced ecod. cons + ane pocs Soasioed sore Sea Ticn og Seo OU ONE Ae eae ene areas Je Ae 253
SEUNAMIO, CDURTMED, 2S Saeed ca cl es eae ee ne ee Ym age cel nt ee de hr A 37
CPS BUO=CILUGANS) Be Aa a ae em Crate ee Sen eS LA IR BE a SOA leet ats ra 37
Generamyeoroans diseases (Obst a. 060 ee Ua ae nt oe er eee ae 169
Cemraorouns vesicwlar eruption Of .- 29-2 ees oat Sot oe ee 395
GH DINENDAT, THETA UY OW Tasca ese ae oe ened ee yee ele fee a ele pall 440
SHEEN 5 GOS EDIT TC) BUT) ioe ee SN Sr eae ae Nee errr a A aga 184
MEHIGC A Ol MOLTCOW Stes oe een Saye ee eee nee ae see Nears Wiahesee ae 181
STMCMEMD. Uo eed ices tS Sees Reece oe aes a 8 ee Se ofl ates Beale 177
SoLaimeawur food retects: Of 28. \) cence oe it Bee eee eae Buf
SUESS HELENS 2 - sons soSeeseedses esas Sas6 socees cones edeeceencses 525855 cGeanE ot
Gravel. (See Calculi.) _
Grualbringthelskamis 25-6. - 22. == se PSP EERE Tac cM E fee ave apes SL 339
Gorilla aerul eb beye se sie area anya ei oe eens = eer as tee a ce ee yy eee 309
WVOMUMCS an Osun UTLCS Oe nates ay Sec see ise ae wee oe 28
CUUAMO, ss2oce se dba seedings Seetedegs ode sees canes cet comeasGen saad sites eee 50
Vee iron Oat Nal ahi eee rn als eats ee tee eG Aeeee a ec one Denese an eten ene 143
LE. CBI Sete aoe be aoaoeeicap sey cebsn toon eae enme Sao eMenaaesan aan 148
TE [earned ARS Aseria eas es eet eee es rer ae A ee RRA Die Rie take he 109
Earp atl sbineuh ers bom ac Wess see ee maemen penne 5 Nato he Cemetary a near oe 34
Htea yp tinh Am a DLOI Olle pane 8 ey Ay WRU ann sma ad OTe Te a ee 366
Hardawater OL demos MEpOSES seas ee see eae ee ete eee ees 17
enh an abomycan dep My siOlo Og Olea srs ee eras eee ete) ee ee ie 17
UTR) ON Oil ibe reectade s omceranb com Sbioenn ab ane eae ie eee aire gh 94
CIBC AS Ops es Coen eet ner ea Ue ine ee re nee Lit us oa ager ebay 87
SnilareOulemliOnese Re tok te waynes Nora enon ee NE OF aes eens 93
fabiyad eS eneratOn Obits a) acme meee ns noe SSL elspa Kae aay ers oe aes 94.
inflammation of membrane surrowiding ---_--.---....._...._.-..-..-- 92
IMP CO My OLrelon: DOMES as As eeee at ces hee eh OPE Ey NE ae 89
MMS PlACEMONU Oh Mesa snes siete = cee eae Re oe Comyn Sele hae metas avers 2 yh 94.
PAL PU APLOMEO LHe min salsa t a eee CEA LEN pct Se ed Nd aie oe ae 88
(SOTA ses GRE ee Ree ee pe eae eee ee ere Sh aae Es aise Mae Sell oT, 87
LUM OLSEN craps ae es As wees Rn Ao ee ene onda. epee ioe oe ees es 93
SVU LVICS| Olitsrers so craps sama arse pane iti aint, Ste cites = Seka adie ee BE 93
TLS bm LOSULA POM MLON Was tae tain Mave eer Pa Sad 2 ee MSGI eRe eae 122
IRICEN TOS SESS Se pee Se SRE e e Stra SIA tome ace Rene EC CPS Riera ae aera ea 108
488 INDEX.
; Page.
Hemiplegiagtentenemeecse some nce 2 cn Sees ie eer oo eet ee 126
IsI@MINO PANES 55 = eso end sce so cco 5so sopess so sesounSScoud cose ceases creeccece- 95
AEST 1H COTETE Ee OH CM IN TONG TS eee 42
IS pam EEE Se ea cos sao e sees nee sa sace Osaebeneerisc2ocs5Ssa2cce0 2527 53
itermiarot theo wells ae see. eects arate ler ai arora ok eet oie tea ee 46
rennet/or fourth stomachi-522- ---- se see eee eee eee 46
THUONG sosGnescadcocce trasiersin cena ate sana erate aieiclet One Rie 45
Wl Rte Soa Oe SE cn eno mene Og aeoumomonUn Geseeosadadesoccos tse 183
OGIO) coe os ocek soca pesos S403 c00s esas Sees so Sacocess aces Seteetees 50
mm bulicalesas saa ee oe oo seis ince oo See ee eince = eae ae 48
WOMEN ene eS sablssea cos seesud cau adeseuT Scam 2ac.couNssecs pees cess eoe: 45
EMI, SWEAT OL oe aa a aw aw aw nw 284
IBIGOLE JORIS (lis 6 555255 5 sabe ese ae cocosnne SeSr esac sere aos eese sss seiezs-222-2- 350
Sole sotse costa caso done decor guess Cocoseeedaasetoe sl kse5cb5e 152257222: 351
Talon thy (Elian) REPEL) = 55555 2205 5505 2556 999559505550 5055 S560 554555 5-5- 343
Telovene), eNOWall Oils 2326 coca decane cs eese sesaee soSsas Sessa so S255 2225222: 290
ot waber,imjCChlONS (Of. 225-2) a= eee soe ati aoe eee ee 1
TEIOWEMoocs cans coos ecco es soso sssses cos5 Secs 8955 5855 sa5e S55 50055 see e25555-- 29
Humane: treatment of animals-ee 22 -ieteh cs es ee ee eee 301
Hydrocephalus of calf......---..---- igo. eee etek. J.ctee 200
ISK yGby NNO se acas sos sce s5Sess ossese seen sass ces S554 sSscce 565225 252552-- 396
Hydrothorax ....------ pe Seee bene chee 35505 0Sndas S605 Sases Sees ceolsesee5cce° 109
TBI ENGIN Cit Wns) |OREOWMNN COW soos coe sae coscog noes aaSaes 3505 96555555 255555552- 181
IBhweeanger sony OE Wie) MEERA a pee coo esee soos dsds Hess decoss Stee sced aosc acs 2255+ 93
kidney sist ssc sian cise cee oe ee eee wisiees S46: Roe ees 151
Impeticolarvalis and albialisys. 227 scenes ser ase) ote eee 332
Incontinence.of urine 2 .2s 822520 6 hee ices ee ce ee eee 153
Indianvcornitor feedine steers s=— esas ee ae eee eee 456
Indigestion from drinking cold water 7---4---- 0 =-- <== sa ee 35
Im calves 2 Ssss2 cess hoe Besse c Scan solos ne een eee 36, 273
third stomach :....-2 jf. 08 eee ee ee eee 34
Infectious disease, definition) Of {22-52-22 5 45- 22s 2) =e eee eee eee 371
diseases ofeatile.. . 3222 sce cc Ss. See ete See eee 371
Inflammationiot arteries 2 2225252 .caee se ae eae eee eee eee 96
ithe bowels. c2fs28 soos ceeds c ste n sess ee eee Al
DTA Set ee ee se te das ee ee 117
GOINGS 2252 beh 2 Soe Bas Se ee es we eee 358
aha. 28 chee e a ieces hehehe oto nen ee 366
Nealb 25.355 5268 Leas ss. ae ee eee eee 92
heart-cases. 5. .s.seo sk Soa bso e aera 90
internal ears 6-228 ses Lee ee eee 367
VOUS 2 See aac ete ee lace See eee eee 296
in calves: 2s less sst eae oe ee 271
kidneys sso ee he esac ss a eee 146
inimie memibrane Ofheaih sos ess see ees nae 92
Vier Scone Vee eos ee he ee eee 53
WUM OS) os Soo el Sal Ce Se ee 107
mouths ots ks eS Shad Se eee 21
Mavel veins.) 25.22.0222 secu: Cee eee 269
parotidv@land 222255. s8t.e eee See eee 25
OCIS THROM, OVENS Ss See cons sees code ceese ee 176
sheath’ 2.0252 ate seat; ee ee ee 174, 176
Sloimid a Sia sei Se Wage Be Ss Re 328
Spleens sess fos eee See Be Soe 2 ee eee eee 55
FSVo) Vee) bier ee eee a a Re Noreen ar ees Ure Phat ee ea GaUSoS 37
INDEX. A489
: Page.
litem aban Ob ther testicles 2. = 6. 2s. oe ec nee sce eclee cree s secees «acieer 174
MOM ery seins wae a 2 sylacals wee aoe eeu so Seas nee eee 253
COMUAPVOWUSR oe sh aoe else ee chra sae crete aay oie cata veeien 256
MOU AC HUIS eee eee as ois eSNG Se, S)scu oidigicre ie, e Sie ates Aue pera 268
COU Ores eR Ps A ep ero A ere meee mrES SURG Nes 177
VA OUMEN sate etacayaial caper sls ui iate revenue 2 Mims Cees ge Ue yeasty 244
SMOMN Ba rete Majeh orelaeeuresuls settee NER ENS cence eres 97
WOMD sees ss ccetretod secede ce deat Sam seam ehen as 245
Inflammatory diseases of the skin ..---. --..-2-- 2222-2. -s2--+ coe e ce eee nee eee = 328
HpmheneitiOnvOLe Me WCINES: sc) etesejc cca Sees creas ek asians a Ss de ee 11
Injections by the vagina ..............-.-. pes eiel ise ais in sents SADT a ayn tes 11
Ob medicinalrarenbseesacsuas ess Sees ee eine Saar Taree eee ee ass 10
NOUR Abe eeerce ce eee ee ay ans ee te acter tases we. gale teens 11
| SUIC@WINSOUS c2 26 ce osbees coeeos occas canecs ease cesosansoeoeansss= 13
MinpULE Ss bOub ey spIM al COnG een, ere cies elayei stele ole ora Aas aya aye creek asi cieie se mina nia 123
Inocmlationy provecthve, ftOramb Tae n-ne eer eyelets seis Serene 422
insuiilationiof medicimal agents se a2 -\)-)- 82-2 2 = sees se ayes a cceiincne see 12
MME ROMO AL yO OM Mee apace alas 2) erste, sais ane Sie cacie ava sini Siviarcte nie Ciscie sien cicis a jee tle veer 351
Intestines. (See Bowels.) ,
Mnvasinabtionsot the DOWelS: co 2s5. ses - oss wiaciocin sce soso ecisk eee cele aapte ne 43
Iodide of potassium as a remedy for actinomycosis....-.....----..-------.--- 414.
THGD o 068.4 SR See Eee ae ee Be toate ac 7e =e aici, ee ee OG
IONEINIMN@ . .525 oasbibbasosge bee oogeepee co Soe Gos ones eas coenibedc cute epac hese aos 327
HBO LE Spee eee 8 ete tere ere widleyay areiacl Sey Sa ce SE ca De asia open fataialaatejeisleliais/ se isle aia aie 345
(AinNC® cases de ade Soe See be a orc r es acm r ene ee oo marian NaMenecs 52
en yMONe str ACLUTEY Ole = arose eiala lols /o lee wiayavotsiaininy ciate =e Sicicis) eel cee yee olahel ieee oe 291
RNYGHDIMNO Oies saeboacksocuss So6escoes pesosens pond apoo secu auus Seoaes 20
«signed tin CHING USAR Oke ASSO ee eee Sasa coe ise Aon emer aca ie eras Nae amram ee 271
Tigi MR, IMRT RS) CONE is Seats Pattee etre SM goto rie eee un ule ea Ur oi 296
TEGBUNIS) leo ee Sg Ae eee ae ee nae SE DEEP Sy a a mae cg oe eal ea 336 ©
INGIMMTLNG cosodede son abu Hace ogee Secoes sabeacne Shoe esgcnocs Hoos cleEos dodo asec 358
AGGIE VA OLDE: OX asia er favemisiavscais sles slats eeeminicce west se Gis ies maielele Sie mine, seine eyes 140
DALASILES| Oey oe sess a ste aielom cians ea loci Su ce cece ewaeiie neha Sema miee Suess 150
SOM WN ssscelsé sooo ucos bog ber ooeposeos case couscous eonououD ade ED Oase 161
HUMIOUS, Cll Seo ae ties soko Sab cas oedes GoouedoU Asse enao epUnecon sone seenes 151
Krdneys eintlammationsy Oi ta. 22 ene cease e sicecieei See arni ss eens 1 AG
ILeiloore FORME [OEioTS WAS MUI Baones cosabanacanoe Hoos bso oE bonnes cn eb aeEnanesose 196
Racerations and ruptures of the vagina .----.-..-:--22 22-52-22. 2-52-2-------- 240
WaMUiMIGISs = 1 =i ate ies arenas eta area nip Siae) sikeeane aS ayateret ere eee SIGE 349
IDET ORIOUOMIOY conc cedu ceeds caso: coabov eos ooodes pee sas Sse San enue chek seneec 227
ILERA OPH sce Spee eSe CoeGe Coe Bee sae ORD Re Ce IOe es Pn Oe nena Settee in eree 104
IL@HGl jNOMSOMONNG Hsacics seas qeoces sogueensee sudo baboodos sees duorened soGese bods 66
PIGCUCOLTEN Cena at= cece ears aisle eee eee 3 Sols See syste wie A Sadia ia mepec ee 244
TEs GS) um y: CORT CS sea Ns yy ee ee ae CU eer ay Re eee pe ee ca es ede em 338
longa &, WIGOt eae eo See eos eaten dae Cn ese co Bee ans coneun Senece a oom 96
Iba MFA GMOS LSaosegedé copes anes eds soos Sooo oss Bede nse caseadnos soaoccr 134
ILA DONATE) OL TANT AULIONO? caoodSaadocss cdo caso s5e5 => 9ecesS psooeeenos cons osa5 322
IOUS, WYOWUAG EV EHAG! COM HOON 65455 5555 Shee ocs Ss so5d bod soso eeee coco bose nose 18
VEE COMES DLOMMO Tes septs eee cyee ayer yates tala aster aveuedore Sayavey = cel ep etidue Sys Aran elas 52
GING ASO SRO les eess otc ear tee ay Giere ese e caee BE ienoe ays Mesa e pate 52
TMi ETAT NH OVO! 4 so 5a bes 4854 soa secbooo Seenne scan esooRe ssaseacueodess 53
IGG CRI NOON cacao ands Saco Bem umes soared See aera seed seen enerceracd bare 74
UOC Socmacaaos aban coagansuen clas HaeScens BeSbeeed ceccem eapebe seem sane .acar 126
IED EEG), THIS CLUEKOES) ae Saw ee eee Ee aa nee con Sere See aerate 73
HOSTS TELE SS Berea ep apee eet e eeteenes Diawr cou ay ay ee Mey rie MeN iy Aa te Io cite (eye ar ea 338
490 INDEX.
: Page.
TUM Py qjaw ooo acces eclca cele oe js oe re ae ee tre ne aes aise eis cla a Nr eee ene 20, 409
IGM G8; AWSCESS OL 2/2 oe 6a ese 2 2s re 366
Mecurial poisoning...-..-..---.-.--- Pe ae a et ea ashe “pin wie ae) ye aoe oe 69
Me britis ce SS ee EO eS oo ee eae ent atone er 245
Wetrosperibonitise sss ine a Mila ee ee 245
Milk asa medium for conveying disease...............-------+---------------- 257
bloody 22.25. eee oo ode Ses S cae ee ee Se ee eee eee 261
blue Sis Se. ogee chee a eo ee eee en ee 261
duet, closureiok Stee ieee ee oe Se 2 ee eee 263
constriction Of 2.0 3222505 Seek oss oa eos oes eee 264
FEVER) soto cee wes cee ek ee oe Ses Eaeube soe ee Gee eee ee eee ee 247
DKS) RO Ee enor ae eave ee eee Rena re eer Se bp acme adc 264
food required to produce 100 pounds of --......------------------------- ATT
from tuberculous :cOwSs2..\32 2202 0.2 Ses see oes sae ee oe eee eee 407
TUTE TEIN CK) OME WOME) COMPAS WOOC! CIN, So oe scan gong sees codon eo5g5d coeoceensconce 275
SUING Yo oe AOL A ee ee ae 261
SUpPpPressiom Of ee ee es te ee a ees ee 261
Monstrosity imithe calf. 2:22. ae es Xe a ee 203
CAUSES Ofc 0 Ue A 204
INGYOT aU I Agenda ne ie gat Wee Aer an See cos ooo lcs 143
Morphine poisoning 2.22 0025..2 2.20 j5 eset eel ee ee 71
Mouths @iseases Of 2. ate ooo os ee ee ie 18
INA AMAMATIOMVOL assess eee ase cles os = Hee Se "Al oy are 21
Murra), diy sie eee eeepc eee Beye steep ee a 34
bo) 0 Mente interes hy Sek NG reer eee IMM ENE Mun eM RNC DS Sob oaacoc¢ 40
Musty fodderialcause of abortion) 22252-2456 eee eee eee eee eee 188
May OCATGItIS! 22.2 Sol 8 So Se se ee Oe eh eI IY Ea 92
Navel;abscess of the oo. oo clos see ee re 269
bleedinio. onimiew-bornicalites ees eee eee ee ees 268
dischargevotiurine throughs aes e= ness see eee eee ee 268
GTOPSY Of sso ee eas ee a pA ee Ee he 272
String displaced im calvin esas. seen ee ene eee 200
WEN), UATE HTTTIMANMOM: OE cancasoscssadacaccoucs bSocesoscsace ale Ae 269
Necrosis‘of:the bony orbit: 24252 5 ee Oe) 365
Needles ini¢ow’s heart:...22 02s. S202 ee ee eee 90
ING PHTIGIS So cise Sa eS SAR ae a ey 146
Nerves, atterent and jetterent: 45.2... 5222. eee ee 112
he nenamial ieee ee ee oe ee te et orev ane a 115
INDEX. 491
Page
NGIRUNIBISVISLOM, CSC ASCSION oocato- S ee cass oe silences. cece ae ete. Sees (11
INGUUIG PIBN B55 baStaSSS GOGH RC OEE e A Enh AS ae melted aes etd RU AE Eos ae ee AG Cees 329
INCRE NGOEL. eS HES ISOS AS Set Ae Mette eA ON Me Bet a ee ae aad be eae PU oe MOD fala 104
Nminentsrequired for farm animals. 2... 2.2/2 os eee 448
Ls) WEDD CIEEE hSOG OR EOC ASD Seema eat ala a Ame tell Se Re eos Tele ais 170
EOS TPE CCID 101 CSE RASS Se Bm eee eee epee a i A ee i Poe lw iba a Gk 262, 263
LEUEI. ¢53 SORES AP SE Ae a aha See ee au en Bee Ae eas Bl 335
‘ESOP NEOUS EAS GE eae A aera ae he Aa ae MALATE Semin clin ie Oi ene Taal 309
SUT co SESSA Ret ee ees age reins Sr LEC en UA ey eee 339
Sep aeeS ITO eee Cree Se a es See our SATUS ll Fy ue aan 857
IS) DIG INS SRS Se eerie Sener NE ce Re hates Sea em ete ean ee aaa 357
SOOM POTS ONIN ON Soper ee a ea soca ce ee sake eas audi uaa Saey 71
OrinirareanGspertorntaleaDSCessh. "sre seen er Wetter cre ke Whe Lm 364
Wrbiigorube eye sracuurerOn etc Qo oes ect ees Me 364
TNE COSTS! Oboe ree ee tose CA Mae Wed Ses Dee 365
UUTMOTS ROL eer eee tele eter Me a. WN et) Ea 365
CHGS acu SRS SESS Se aes eis Mw ee teresa al Bee pho em iee eee Ona ie Mee yt 174
wo RIDD SENOS SedScocdadesecou conn ooes Gone nur Ee ASebS Ano ote Sane kOe ase Nelsen ae. 323
DIS .c sooaqb Sc 5S: SES GROG SS RE Crane perishes rainy Seeratnue nea ener sal eel ION ON 367
UAL, HNC OSOS ode hens bse See raap as Oe eRe Oa Soe eeernbe merit ce Mamiya OE en 202
CEREMNG, GUGGL POOMS CITT Oe ets ies ieee eae NE ae cn seem Poe ean a PSI ORT a oe 69
WO xceumsmnctca Opera biOns OM ens 00.) 5-2-2 ca nee eee ci ees ane 302
PREACH POL LO ls Cal C WIN pe eterno eels iay se eee te ae Seale Fe UO Saat ae 162
LPRINTETION, 6 So g5 GSSS SSS COTS ees Cae te ea nents ete UNS Sen pA aes SAY 2 88
al Sy@aiberuca vam Orsi) sens noccc escrisceice nc cee Aue aaa Uae jee wees Dy 953
Ofeneckrot bladders Gee hed ane cere a ets Sobre oS Ne a 153
Papillary orowiths on the penis. —...222 22. .22-2 --- +--+ .25- 22 bet be eels 177
PRATER ooococudeecboe psadoQdeOnss Eebe Seeeecense sand beckedua dake sdadeaucdee 124
OMONE SIGE OL UDO diye see ee ee Ne OL ee a 126
CHLINS) UNG NSIS) alate a A alee liege tery A eapee Mae cee hen wa Ak SAA whe Oe 151
TO EPAtS ANgP LE OM AMC ye see etree oe tte ele eee tues 184.
MOTVELOtsSUOMb ee see a eee ee aes cer CN Ae nD nee 861
[ERRDIGEN ooo dodson bus gocsceu acces paocme eeduas cacges See oes ehes sock asus seus 124
PALAsitestor Une sLOnNeygs esa sacs oc) sence be Os ee AL Nee tee ate Oe ce 150
1 BUDA RO ITH ENS ccs 2 esl Sees She he SEIN Pa eaten ye ee eee ae ola eee AGN A a MS 95
EMULE Heh 1 OTLONAYE Mele ene miei mia co (eres ater ia) =p SS ena et ee ee mn 247
EAT PONTO I TC Ub beara e staraie| =) afat che ese ein MOE ee eis ents Se eter ee eke 195
LP SUS (LTRS, UES) OW oes Sonses cong doodes uedGesea65 Gaes O44 Someone Kas onecioons 455
ate lal atlOmeOtey eee ste eee eyes Ge eee oan cn Nhs CRS RU Hy 995
aa CHMCLIS UOTMLT OMY Ogura ME LOOM: maria e ee cle te yee ee ie ce het apnea 31
GAS) Wl bod enctodauos ateur son eoncesconogaokeeen Cans cme wma an ae be ae 29
PSTN II OF O Liege age orm eyeietetey se 2 ecevete pega e lame ence fies cm BT We a A VEAL 310
’ J HG), Oe CUTRO OSE eee er pear Cn ee BoeB ee aene Ses eee or aa erie P urea nn 292
HOCISMAM LONpPASSPa Cale Meaty nae erlee et Sei a eae a See ee ea ea 199
LPH DANES) patel eseeoe mEboaaceenelaeaear coe cheat eos nea eaua Oe nana ans tae 333
POMS SNME MM OVOL cei lube se) nnic Mine Sepia care malate ees toilnce Se Aaa Ban eM 178
MICO TS) Olle merrier heres ac Ameo pas wan Cre gees sane ga yt bares vee a 178
AN AEUUSI DLO he ee ene Ea a Re pe ae ie on Pam ey SS eyo ek ren a A 177
NOUNS 1 Liesstate cen sata cere 2 apace melee ei re Sear era ar Cem Wm A EIN 178
J PSROISOM ESS 6 Boat hs SS ecient Le Da tle Be i A see oA ER ROC 102
PORICATGIMTNOte Neamt CASE. aaa rion yale aan reise as oy eee ata re re en 79
RETA GOL IS Sree eat ea etal eshte ie terse re ete gee Ie hel EAR Yh ot 90
1 PGI IOI NIST S SA CEE Soe SSE AAs A chet SEE ete SOO a Or Cae ee Nara Ne ye 57
ARS LNeA Nay ATS ayers een ape mya epee rE Sim. Sey, crest ayae ee see ete an sitis a Ries ns ce eng 24
Phanynxs an dsp tlle t diseases Ole s 2) nss te = a= ae eee. se elas ees ye ane 24
492 INDEX.
Phlebitis 20. onc loess ce ee eee ee
Phosphorous poisoning-.- 222 )\2 2 sess en oa a oer oe ieee eee eee eee
Phthiriasis <5. see en eee cece ee ee ee ee ee ee
Pityrasis.s. o2eeeele eee e eat toe eee ae eee eee
PIGUTIBY: 2. 22h twee suc Us Secs coe oot ceee Seen es ee toe eee
Pleuro-pneumonss, Cause Of 22-6 5-2 --* tee = eee lee ae ee
COMtASIOUS!: |= S-(. aac) see sees ee = eee eee
incubation. 6522. .22/cc soc ewseeces eee ee eee
post-mortem appearances ---.-_.....--.-- - 222-2222) eae
prevention and treatment of -:-22. 2.22222.
Poisoning, aconite 2250.5 Weiss es be ooh ose SOs cbse toe eee eee ee eee
ATSCNIC 322 Mace) ac eelencs Cotes e cals seh Soca one eee
general symptomsofi-- 2 eaete eee eros see e eee eee
treatment Of S22. 1... eke cee ee eee. see Oe eee
OPIUM. Boo eet So ee ee eee ee sie Ske we ema eee eee
suryehnine 205. ooeee Seon le ee aoe oe eee
POISONS, ACIO coos cece oa Beene safe -inees SOE eee one eee |
DACHION OF Sowa eevee ete eee es ee ky ae
alkaline. c2ce ehh cece cages sigecses shee eWe eee aoe
COPPCP sass see eee es ee el eee US Ss ee ee ee
dietetic soe S 2a r oh ee ee eee Se eo ee
TVERO UPNUNGh cries oa ec ane as Gee Niece ee ee see
phosphorus, “22522 5: ec hee cts eee ese eee Reina eet
vecetable.c cee. eee ee ee eS os
pharyngeal Po suo.2 oe eee Betee ss, Re oe
Pohypus oni the vagina oruteruse a= se see eee ae eee ee eee
Powders; medicinesan! form) Of ie. = 2422-42 eee nee eee eee eee
Premnancy, durationiof..-524 =. 22 2.51.5...) bic ete
SIONS. Of so Stee Soe ee ocak dee eos eee Or
Presnanticows Myeiene Obese see ee ee ee eee eee Eso cece
Premonitions:ofscalvin'e a2. S22. 22 2oc ae ile ek eee eee
Presentations of the calf) wione <= 92252-2522 2 eee eee eee
Pricksyand wounds of the feet. 2222-242 fees nee ee es oo eee
Prolapsus VAC Cs cet eee
Proloneediretention of the tetus=--4- se 5-22 sae ee eee eee
Protozovot Mexastevers 20. v5.0 o.oo eee
IPRUTIbIS oe eee ese Ske ee ak eR Oe ee ee ee ee
IPSOTIASIS ase ia Seat ceicawiceee secs ade ccs oak aeeE Eee eee eee ee eae
Piiery ome ee Na oes ee a Sob cae Goa ee oe ene ee
Pulmonary coneestion e222 fs y558 2 ee eS ee eee
Pull Seba sate mae ee las Ses se Se nee bak wiale isis aha eo meee See oe eee
ATEGUENCY Olea eos ees aot ones See aren eee eee eee
UO UT ee ee pee Se on eS ae eS a ae
willenecbovfee ee eae tc Sie ie ee eR
Babies seers eee eee se ees Pa eee ee eee
INDEX. 493
Page.
hironsOn dative cows balblevote. ssa22 222. 5-54 coe aah tt eth eee see cee 450
ra OTI Sm) MATT @ ipemys yer ee epee mie Sioateeee 2c ika eee ch Se pe we sere 458
eRe COMUNE UNM pse eee ers eee ee Ma Sil uk hI eed pews ean Cow Re 40
WENIGIE Sale olds Sin As BERN ee ei tenen ae ane tig eg tee eRe oad ceca eR ne PR aE 148
eralecall Culnmecpee cn stream cr aae nese Phi cicin Ne Me wen ON es Dk ee ee cette 161
HES IEALOMyMONS ANS USC ASES Olen eens jase eee seis o te ase eee eee ee Se Eee rae 101
EU IMeO man ben DLEU MMe okt ae eva | oS e te mine e/e Se UUM Wale he ame 241
PeenoneomineMe nus, qplOlOM COG yaaa. ee ene sence ec eee ent) Lee eee 185
SD SUITE SID Se PRN eg lc aA eg te et le ec ca na 297
PR EU SBINIBE A VES eens crtys Sere re Se sie 2 Ae OMe ener Nan Se Sk Ew Pe Ry an 280
IMG eTNeSUree ese ates ease he tees s sea Saat fe fara aera epee Oat Serge Meath Nees pa eee ane ye 389
J SSUES AUG? 10) OXS). “LOCO Le el se les fees mde eu egeae se Alec) EAU Cn ae eee US Sd eA SE Ry 303
RT AOL eee ere ae eA oe mie te ey eI ue ie ae RENAE es eee ee ey 345
Roberts, Prof. Isaac P. sue Off covenedsyandseaeee seen ea soe homer ae ae eerae 469
Rumenotomy -----.- Bes ere Se ers Oe ent ara arsine ee nee Ce eae aor See er GOO
Rumen, puncturing, AC inven LES Sb Heese RA AAP OS RE Rem Smee een eeee aie Cer ermliges 310
Rupture (See Hernia).
Olshneyb AM Le Tees es ee eee marae Bee ei Se na Wee eee WE Re 1 ak NS 239
TIVE! Sn oJieaot ou oo ose caus sea dono eaasionos congue dodo no cnes aoa ten AE
VRID: Se Se en ie Ue es IE EIT a Ae Ee 240
SVVODIUIID rece teyar seme ens a) Sree y 5 Seep oe pcla ore ere Se SA te 240
Si OMM AM WOEL telG.. C1EClOM CalV@S2\ss: come oe cnn den oe Se ers oe Soon Gee Sa ODD
SHUBNVANTIOM. 553 Goa eS hese See Eee Mee Ee Slee H ene Creams Neparine Mea ne Cooma hs 18
Saminny resulations tor Southern cattle: -- 25-2202 22-555225552- 2s eee 437
SERIES 525 2 De diag se Sae yee Aegean) ee eh ee eed ate ennttaimar a4 amie ee ntl)
SORTS 2255 ce Soh RSS EEARE SORE CEE ete ele Clim On IRI saR near ae; ae ee 337
SOOWINS TY CHINES SSH 5 Gs OSs tates tet ete ee en eh rie ene aan SR er dS ica a 274
SHIRE 5 b25e 2220 BS CORB BE Ee ets e Ieee eae ea Rene esr ens Siang ser Belin ia. paces 334.
SORUEY G205 22s sc 0s t6d0css2 sees cesenes os Sed oss acee esos cscaos seco cseseaon) | Bie)
SGUOME 5 occ sees Sededoddes Bo ssau ppb aueine neon euuErS sseues seo eeeGecren seca near 308
Shear hpunitl amma von ty scien loiaatayo set yeere See see ieei ats Saree oper RUE poem 174, 176
Sirelitersroneracinea mim] Gus. sce ssass aoe oes Ry ome ee Demi 2 Batts Ue me eee em 468
Sila ceMosrooustortee dium ane aitley soe cer see eats ro ae oper eer 459
HOTREO CUNT CALULCd 2m een Ae eae este fais de Ua oe ee pee ee ae 459
Ui G0) CN es Ck sabe a cas een rae eka tel tese pees amet dey ity seee ll Ma Part ger 475
SUEDUIIN JOOCIAEAION sen seas sec abS sshe Genees cane soo6 sada mesons cece eee ese sse 341
Skeletonrotmulneradimlonb owseieeee en eae Sa ee ee ee hee 981
ShanraMasAL Ca, Olt a2 yamine ese nese a SeLAe tS Se Sie ha aoe Aas Bie done ay Re Lee 335
ap yin EMS MICINES Omen anne ne as Menem akan nen nA sot eee son Ane a 12
GUEGASOS: cosa baud cbasucsbeags sbganSe soeo so euos Seog uaa ne bebeeNonee tose ce 325
ECLUP PONS Ole aes Meee ee Sa ayo een ocroe sie ae SAS ae toe Aas aes a ees 329
faulty secretions and abnormal growths of ..-...-.--:--:....---..----- 334
EL aT ey OTA O Beate tees overeat se Mes la be ae a ete) ue patie Me a 328
Pals MSCAsestOhe sos cae. aa ater a he se sees ce ete eas leah wee 337
PUSUMESHONE sss scam Aas eos esa aoe ewan oe OS oan aeea ce eceet soe eee 333
ALEU CHUTE ANG HUNG UIONS Ol san ras fos Seen ae as ae ie arate ene eee 325
LILO! RENT ONE? OY Cc SG oo biae Sa wamp itor eee Cee Ae aera tone ee eae a an. 335
VMI GIN Me Tey Stara ie stole oer e nia = Na ictotaialnd, tot onta Ao Sal ha) aisles etetats wees aoe 348
WOU BROfe = stn cins ase Sas acces ee a ee saa ose cence 2 cicc nen oe a meieeerniats 346
Skull Miracturevot, see ane ace mecsa cee Neca wiee se neo 56 hes Seas eae eeee 291
SlimemotOxen Mor snOem sys. 4.0 a5 5 Ne ane scse 2525 22 sete ce nee oe tee aces 176
SUING: Gir AS CaN ose bens Geeee cast Cob eae bad octe bop eeer eeeeccEs See esuroeS 185
SIUC tyACOLMEAS HOGG amet seis tay S Sore Vyas eysre rato ews le iayaoe aver oraycd wines ss cron ea spaneraneederar 16
Snaketpites== cer ase sane ocbe wae ec ace se ees Soeat seen seas se woe ame bie Seca 74, 346
Soremomwbhy tas ssaqs-eee ees tie Sessa escsee teucls meee tone Sees seenees cae ea 18
CHROAO asses ssc e SA oa eee ba wie bee SRR GER SAS Che cbee a eee cbse a sedetaseects 24
494 INDEX.
Page.
Southern cattle fever 22.22.,.2.22- 2 52sec se teeeece: atos cen sone ee eee oe eee 428
Spasm-of neck of bladder 052% 522 ee ee eo es wees Sore ee Sn eee ee ee 151
SPavisss eres sac or ee eerie cee osc eeiee eee mele ce any ane eee 296
bloodsorcbO sy sac cececcs ese Se aetna ses Soa se ele See ee 297
PONE ant ese see ese Gace Pee Lest ceed tee 2h oe ee ee 297
SJORMVINNE? ooo 6 nooo potas sace den See sco sen coed cdos aogeee coat ssoeet els scoSesese 317
Spinal columm, dractuwe Of 2. 2 2ser see asin ape oe ae 3 ee 291
COR. S22 Sse eiee soe ees ees wind bo Ganeeee ech os core Soe eee 113
TAY WRAMYS WO) so dasdooooesacoseg Ses Spa tnas Sess ere Hao neaaa! Sos5e4 Soa0~ 123
Spole@rl, GUSGHRGS Ol ossaecss ossabscs sessed se sses soosas esse acs s2se2=e26 Sees 52
Inflammation Of. = Soa. 25 3255 so2se ce ose nase. Se shee eee ee 55
SOM 46 456 sccesa poSs0s coe5ea sose S255 088s Hosa coeuaasescotes do222022255- 5D
(Sion NGOS bo ooe Ss ses eke a ese o se seeds ese n es od esos ee awe tee siesot esse see e- 2. 351
[S(OMUUNS . 525 s3o556 5095 2055 s3005 05000 225952 000565 sas ecosessec Sasees52 5525272 282
OL ble) backs = stg ac) case sei hers 2 oe eee ee ee 284.
fetlock oc. o. gee 22 ae os eee ee ee eee es ee eee eee 283
INOS oaeceo eons saso cone coue cece cous osod oecKogeson Scat fens tsc-= 284
Staggers -.-.---------- +--+ --- + +--+ +2 2222 ree eee ee eee eee ee eee eee +--+ --- IGI/
Staphyloma.-...-..-------------------+-- +++ +++ 2-2-2222 22 rere cree eee eee: 360
Steer feeding ---.------------------- Se ie 4955
Sterility, causes ------------------------------------+--------+-------------- 172
Stifle, pseudo-luxation of -...--...--.------------------------+-----+---+-++-- 295
Stings of imsects and reptiles oe oe ee 347
Stomach, diseases of .--.---------------- ----------2- --+- 02-222 22222 = e eee 29
COO Geos Seon se ees pas 2a een peso nae Oe Seo esS5 cess saS Scns sasc55 29
HMNYOR MNOS OLE = 95525 so45 seq ese ssa 545500 $255 Sa5os5 soss2225252222--- 30
SiROMTMRRHMNE) coo0 coc aso ce06 Saco cases edd eo sbon Sees Seg ecb coeSs ooscoSsse5cescse 21
gangrenous -----.------------------+----------------------------- 22
Stone (See also Caleuli).
inthe bladdercs6 224425. ease Veet eee ecsge See oe eee 164
sheathi22 S202. eae eke 2 See cee tesa eee ee 166
WEbOT Zee ete ees eke in coe ee eon eee Ck ete 162
MmethTajs oes oes oars See loess ee ee s SE eEE el een ee eee 164
QVPAUDISMMIS) socecc e550 cocc5s cesses ecesse oS 2555 455556 see6 sees ese asses sec2ces- 362
Strychnine poisoning.-.---------.----..-- suiee hase oe dee 5 72
Siibcubaneouspinye ChlOM =e se eae eee ee tae ee ae 13
Sugar in urine.----.---------------------------+ +--+ +--+ ++---+ +--+ ---------- 146
Sins GROG. saeco es cisis wise ore oslo ais aici = Ceiaeenc ates ere te eee 122
Suppositories, how MSC) ae hl Oso Sees Seoh asses seh aoc eee 11
Suppression of milk---.---..---..--.---.------------------ +++ 2225-2222 215k
Simei cogase Caos con onadcueses 60605055 5650 SodG Saoo senses Soscocesccesssec=- 329
Surgical operations ---.------------------------------ whoo sas. eee eee 301
Tables of tooduconstibuents 222 722222542. oSee a see~ Soe eee eee 444
Meat olockeduy, calculus. o2 2/612 2 22)- a= )= ee ce eee ere or 263
GASOINN 2 332 6 oes ees a SEES BE a See Se ae eee 262
Ayo eimmbates TaN SNOW) Oooo eee eas son casS 5 ee ses sss Seos a4 s055=5 555 slsosee sence 264
Teats, chapped .----.---.-----------------------+ +--+ - +--+ +--+ - 2-5 - +--+ +2 =: 262
WEIS Oiles 5566556065 cose 5555 cogce 55500 soos ec osos caus saca seco cesses 262
een, iereyend PREG OS soea56 one coedas esee ass ascn Sasc se onda cscssecs25220=-- 19
CATICS OF 25,45 soe seh s.ce ss oe eb s.nl sje niecsasee See ee ee 20
Temperature, how to ascertain ......--...------------------------ a2 eee 86, 102
Testicles, congestion and inflammation of .........-..----------------------- 174
TIRING dao sacasSdose osbaua Souseces sop aoo pads das ocgS Obes conSeesccUnsssse cs 126
WU MRORNG, SOUS So54 5454 o5o565 coke coeoeo cosa Seca pcobeass Sepe Sbonsedeseccos Seca: 24
GM uceusin son SMCS CAINCS 265 seco sees oseees coon Saccosooss cecocesccs sees srec< 280
INDEX.
ZS) CALE Oe SOWUMIGIAN INE Gaede agusaeoacadscdce sou0 Gee
Tinea tunsurans and tinea favosa ....-.-.....--.---..---.----
Monaterinduration Of 0. ssc. 220225 te ects bese oe sees ecee ce
irAchcotonny,Operavion Of=. 52. ...- 2226 secs 2-2 see aeeleces oe
‘TETENG SUIS) Se eS re Se Rea eS ne ee te et Pra ert
Tuberculosis, bovine, and the public health............-..----
OVE HEU RE) O Benes ea Ra i ie len pe tera ee = Nee
S\MpPLOMS | Ofte ae eA Gee eee meee eth eee ee
MA MOMO fe AMMATLELY: = es aiec e secie cee. fei eee oes oe
OUD HIN): Cyt) Oe NEES es heey eee eee Ae aa SNe
eyeballonmonrbibeessessee eee eee es eee eae
VEN NG hey eS ok BONS ea as oe ae ree geo
ING AT ese ele ce eee ae ere i a Ae aie es
DAT Mxe ee relat i an an ee eee be we ales
VOM QUC Wee jase os ease Races cease ee eee
OMRON OTM RCA aster ae ee ae eee rie em ene Se ee sin
ORS C OUS errr rape tere eh ai se nic AS Sere cra iee de see pei ears sen ed
aiwiicalvesainienlt birth Of ss o2555.62 cee eeeccsse eee. see
PPT ANNE R ween el cen oe oe ea Deke ee ee Seek ao es
Wedlerscongestioni Of sses. acces o.oo s se ee sent neiee aoe sea oee
contagious inflammation of -........--.---.--..-------
MDE L Cull ATO SCASCLORe ssa ese hem sen eri= ee ae
liilcenahionboteulesheele ease. wanes tee nates oo nee eases
(UWilcenstorguneicorne amass 4 Sar ee ere ee ee ae sate came eon
Umbilicus. (See Navel.)
(Wiachiums persiStenbie2s cece cme ascae oak cen ciee cic ea see
etenalac al cil scree es apres ce a ee Ps Mn a
Wrechra mM ammeablonvoieec ee eee eee eae see a een
Once ti laren cc call tail US eee ete ee ese ew Sees ee RE a
Urinary calculi -.--..- Ae cet ftp I st Aa rcs ee tas te ya YS
disorders, general symptoms .-......---.-..--..------
ORS anise CISCASCS OD pe sane eo ape e a hy eu eet aan An
Wenmes cb UMeN sere eae See ies aye aN aed ales eee «oe See
LOVIOOXONY SE ERRES Seciete a yi SIRS te icra tener eet
COMPOSblONyOly COWES rse ees se ane eee ee ee ee
escape of through’ cali’s mavell =2222-2.22--22--2.-------
ORORIIITE) XCCUIOM OF sco dscuuad onauioascumesdsoouecuase
AN COMbUTCIC sO feet eresens sean eine arias an eed a ears
LE LOTUULOUMAO tamer e eats Senter yas alerts re eee ore ae ee
SUPA TIME eee aces eae ye Sochereay SCE A coe ae rps yl
AW LICATI ae eee sacra ase ta we em ca al oN. chen Ce cote nts
(Wicecust breaeheo tyes Aaa at ai CEE Nl Ne oe Biel 2
Vagina and uterus, polypus on ..---.......-......----.----.>-
Dloodeclotsanewalls (oles ..\02 52 -cseces see cee Seo
496 INDEX.
Page.
Varina, inflammation of 2222-22. 1 eee aa dey oe eee 244
lacerations andruptures0f--2e 28 252 ee een ee eer ee 240
protrusion’ of = 2. sie. 20 eats eee See eee: Seer eee ae eee 183
Vaoimitiss 22222522. One Bo eS OSE ath ERS eee A Ni 244
Valvesof the heart®s2- 32. ese ao A eS AS eee 93
WValiGOse: VEINS... 222-6 Se! s bites SecA ee ete eee 97
Venereal desire, diminution or loss of ----- Sacele Ue deel lie eae ce 171
EXCESS HO foe See ei ae ein eee ee 170
Veins, aia 220252 Se8 Ys os Paes ak Sh a eee 98
inflammation Of: -=s)s25-22 32S is se ee oe see se ee eee 97
Werniiea oe eee SS ee Bie Sho oe oa ah a, en 336
Vertebra; fracture fs 32 jo. sees ae nos Gone Sse sole See eee 291
Vomiting 2 scbi es soe iseic csc e ses foe econ oe eee ee eee eee 32
Vesical calenlussssvt res eS or soos a ee ane: 164
Mesicular eruption.of, cemitalWorgams 2222-522 222942 22s eee 22 ee eee 395
WW iar blest sage eee eet Ue I BL ake at oN Opt Sh a tie ee 339
Wartsitos2. foes oo es ee SNe ess Be Oe NS So 321, 336
onjthespenis 22252. 258 23 eee Gees 2s 177
LSP TTS ee Stes eh BEBE te Se ae erate leer Abacos cc 2222267: 262
Water blisters: 332. 3:5. aes oe Se ale bas Se ee eee 333
in head of calf ...-- Se RS SER ea 200
Wiens sea Sele Sessa eae a SI tac eet ee 335
White Scour in calvess. 022.224 2-5. on ee eee 37
Wind (colic: sake sos Se oe es eS I 29
under the skin: ss.052 222 eee oe oe ee ee 348
Windpipe; cutting imt0z =. 525252 s2ss- ot eee ee ee 308
Withers; casting theses 2252 322s Stan jee odie k erste oe ene ee 236
Womb, diseased, induration of mouthof.---2--=2-. 2222222 - 2 ee 197
OLOPSY Of... 5 S25 Sees St ees a Sa Dain Se see ees PE ee 183
OVEVSLON OF cccisse/s Hes SEES ASL Sea RS DOS oe eee 236
E@xCiSION Of) 2 jog faces eee NES Se Seed seks dee ooo ee ee ee eee 238
Nooding OF Sie 2. 22k Ee Gs Ses ee) ee 235
inflammation Of oss 2) S503 sesadee Sols cae tee Se eee 245
ruptureiof the: s.2: W225 cis o285 Ses ee SE eee 240
twisting of the meck:0fs 22.505 Ges ses ioc 2 sce eee 197
FSW ooden-lon Ue) <2 un fas Se els Bs es 23
Wioodeevil {occ cco ok Soe ite es ai7s aye aa es Sar ies a SS Wa 2 es 34
Woodall 2 s205 22 ee ees ee Lok on SES RS Se SSE Aa 143
Wormin the eye. sis 22508. aes sree sia te ease as Se ee eee 361
Worms; Hurkere: 2320 eee ee eS ce a2 ee es en ale. 55
UTNE OS GUM eaM si es ee ee ly Sanh Ne le a 2s eee ee aera GE oe os 44
Wounds and contusion of the lips . ----.--- Sides co cee eee 18
dressing and care Oft2.so2.io 22550 --S. e e 314
INCISEO seco oke Sth oodadee bet REUSE et ANS Ss loca, eee 312
lacerabed ees 25 osccie cue see te SI Be See ee set eh eee eee eee 314
punctiredisssss. Hos ese sete oh sae eee Re a ee 313
of the:abdomen. 152.22 Sacn2 Sew ae ee eee eee ee 52
Woundsof the arteries and Veins! 22222- soe. ee seen eee eee eee 94
Sulléts 20 S85 oo eS ee eee 28
PENIS ee se ee Le ee ee 178
icinds Sir Otem ODT USisIC OWELE Caesar ae ear eae ee oT 469
MEM OWS! Moco sags eecnse les Loe SAS Oe San et se oe se 52
Young stock, feed: amd: care Of 2.25 2230-225 2o2 2 2 eee 454.
ZNCR OISONS)aaa\ecsisicicas sess bbc SPORES SHUeES wa SOS Se eS eee 67
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