BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 9999 06317 674 5

WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT

1968

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

Special Scientific Report-- Wildlife No. 122

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT 1968

Compiled and edited by

R. Kahler Martinson, Chief James F. Voelzer and Mildred R. Hudgins Branch of Management

DIVISION OF MANAGEMENT AND ENFORCEMENT

in collaboration with DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 122 Washington, D. C. • December 1968

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C 20402 - Price $1.25

CONTENTS

Page

WINTER SURVEY 1

BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS 5

Alaska and Yukon Territory 5

Northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia,

and Northwest Territories 7

Northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, and

Saskatchewan River Delta 10

Southern Alberta lk

Southern Saskatchewan .... 16

Southern Manitoba 19

Montana 22

North and South Dakota 2k

Minnesota 27

Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota 28

Washington 29

Oregon 31

Idaho 32

California 33

Nevada 3^

Utah 35

Wyoming «... 3°

Cologado ..... 37

Nebraska 39

WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY Ul

APPENDIX ^5

A. Waterfowl winter survey tables ... kj

B. Waterfowl breeding ground survey tables k$

C . Waterfowl harvest data tables 136

ii

WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT

A

1968

Data from winter surveys, breeding ground surveys of water- fowl populations and their habitats and mail surveys of hunters play a major role in developing annual hunting regu- lations for waterfowl. This report presents summaries of the 1968 population and habitat surveys and the results of the mail surveys of waterfowl hunters for the 1967-68 season.

Credit has been given to each individual or organization that submitted a report. Although many of the narrative statements have been briefed, and a few tables deleted or shortened if they contained data submitted previously or in another form, the essential information from each report has been retained to the greatest extent possible.

WINTER SURVEY

During the first half of January a survey of winter water- fowl habitat and its effect upon the distribution of ducks and geese was completed by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife with assistance from State fish and game departments, other Federal agencies and private individuals. All important waterfowl wintering areas in the country were covered.

PACIFIC FLYWAY

Weather during the survey was clear in the Southern States but there was snow, sleet, and rain in the Great Basin. Also, in recent years, survey efficiency has been affected by increasing amounts of smog and haze in the Sacramento Valley. Sufficient moisture and adequate food existed in the California rice fields as well as the major- ity of the Flyway wintering areas.

The total waterfowl count for the Flyway was lU percent below 1967. Dabbling ducks were down 10 percent from 1967 but divers were up 15 percent. The survey count of Canada geese was 22 percent below that of 1967, and Ross' geese were down 32 percent from last year. White-fronted and cackling geese showed declines of 62 percent and U9 percent, respec- tively, from 1967. However, it is felt that the 1968 counts of these geese were not a reliable index to population trends because of the poor survey conditions encountered in the Central Valley of California. The population of Pacific brant, which winters primarily along the west coast of Mexico, was about 15 percent lower than in 1967.

CENTRAL FLYWAY

Although below freezing temperatures and winds up to 30 miles per hour prevailed .in the . northern portion of the . Flyway during the survey, no serious operational problems were encountered. The majority of the wintering habitat in all States except New Mexico and Texas was ice covered and much of the food supply was snow covered. Rain, sleet, snow, and overcast skies, operational problems and equipment fail- ure delayed initiation of the survey in Texas and postponed completion of the survey on the gulf coast of that State until February 2.

The total duck index was about 5 percent below that of 1967. Dabbling ducks were 10 percent above last year, while diving ducks were well below last year. The total goose count was 15-16 percent above that of 1967. Canada goose populations appear to be higher than in 1967 while the index for white-fronted geese, a species difficult to survey in this region, was below that of a year ago. Numbers of snow and blue geese were little changed from a year ago.

MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY

The annual winter survey was started throughout the Flyway on January 8, but, because of inclement weather, was not completed until January 22. In Northern States the survey was completed by January 12 under generally favorable condi- tions, except in southern Illinois where the goose count was delayed until January l6. In the South, fog, rain, sleet, and snow handicapped operations during the survey period. Interruptions occurred in all of the Southern States and in Louisiana the delay lasted an entire week.

Weather and habitat conditions were not comparable with past years. Snow and ice had pushed most of the birds out of the Northern States. Lake Erie and St. Claire were reported completely frozen, while ice in Lake Michigan extended farther offshore at the time of the survey than in any other recent year. Birds which chose to remain were concentrated and readily visible. Farther south, extensive flooding caused the birds to disperse throughout the major wintering grounds, and those moving into flooded timber were difficult to see.

The total count of dabbling ducks was about 30 percent below that of 1967. Numbers of diving ducks in the Flyway increased about 80 percent, mostly because of a marked increase in scaup counted in Louisiana. The count of white- fronted geese in Louisiana suggested a hj percent decrease from 1967 but it is thought that this was because of a fail- ure to locate the birds rather than a real population decline. Populations of snow, blue, and Canada geese showed no appreci- able change.

ATLANTIC FLYWAY

The Flyway experienced one of the coldest survey periods in 3^ years. Icebound conditions existed from Maine to Virginia. In addition, poor flying weather, particularly from Maryland south, caused extended breaks or delays in timing of the coverage. In the North, observers felt that the $.ce concen- trated the birds, making them more visible and therefore a higher than usual portion of the birds present were counted. In the South, the breaks in the survey leave a question as to whether birds were missed or counted more than once. Still another consideration, in the Northeast, is that survey crews endeavored to time their surveys with low tides when the birds,

particularly black ducks, are mast visible. ThiSf coupled with the icing conditions in fresh waters and tidal marshes, prob- ably resulted in a more complete count of birds present than has occurred in the past.

Total figures for ducks indicate a 20 to 25 percent decline from 1967. The survey indicates little change in dabbling duck numbers from last year. The important diving ducks declined 25 percent from last year. Numbers of sea ducks counted on the survey were also down from 1967» As occurred last year, large concentrations of scoter and scaup were observed in the ocean off South Carolina and Georgia. None of these birds are included in the table figures. Numbers of snow geese were 15 percent below 1967 while the brant popula- tion was similar to that of 1967. Whistling swans were down about one-third from last year. The count of Canada geese was slightly above last year indicating a continuing high population level.

In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 2,000 waterfowl were recorded, consisting primarily of widgeon, blue-winged teal, scaup, ruddy ducks, and coots.

Tables A-l and A-2 of the appendix summarize the winter survey.

BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS

ALASKA AND YUKON TERRITORY

James G. King, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and

Wildlife

and

Wesley Moholt, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and

Wildlife

Weather and habitat conditions

Weather conditions this year were quite similar to 19&7 with much of the snow evaporating early. There was mod- erate flooding in the Koyukuk and Minto areas but these account for only a small portion of the habitat.

Water levels are low in most areas, a condition that should result in optimum production.

Very little ice was encountered this year except in the Seward Peninsula and Kotzebue areas where spring seems to be extremely late. On seven of the segments in this area the birds were not properly dispersed as of June 9« The optimum conditions elsewhere should easily compensate for poor condi- tions in northwestern Alaska.

Breeding population (tables B-l through B-5)

The Alaska breeding population index of 1.9^6 million ducks is up 73 percent from 1966 and 35 percent above the 10 -year average. This is the highest index in 13 years of comparable surveys. All species showed a sharp increase except goldeneye, bufflehead and eider. The dabbling ducks and canvasback showed the strongest increase but scaup and scoter also are up. Only scaup, bufflehead, and eider are below the 10-year aver- age.

In the Old Crow area, stratum 05, a general increase of 9 percent was noted; however, only pintail showed the dramatic increase found in Alaska and five species decreased. The increases noted in this survey are in excess of what even optimum I967 conditions could provide. It therefore is appar- ent that Alaska has received an influx of birds from other areas. In the interior the increase was 93 percent. In the tundra areas of stratum 37 the increase was only slightly less. The guess is then that Alaska is hosting 1.5 to 2 million ducks displaced from other areas, perhaps the drought stricken Canadian Prairies.

Production (table B-6)

Summer veather has been somewhat hotter than last year. Water levels in the lakes are generally slightly lower than last year creating increased shoreline as bars and islands emerge; increased water temperatures with asso&- iated increases in plankton and aquatic growth; and in- creased density of shoreline cover. The general impression is that the Alaskan habitat is in an optimum condition.

Breeding populations in interior Alaska were up 112 per- cent over 1967. Dabblers and canvasback accounted for the bulk of the increase. In spite of the striking increase in breeding population, the numbers of broods observed increased only moderately, 12 percent at Tetlin and 16 percent at Fort Yukon .

The indications are that Alaska had an influx of birds from other areas that did not necessarily nest with any great degree of success. A few other observations support this thesis. At Tetlin five coots and thirty-five male blue- winged teal were observed. These are the first coots recorded in the area and blue -winged teal are normally seen only rarely. In addition, a redhead brood was encountered, the first since i960. The occurrence of these species is reminiscent of the 1959 and i960 seasons when it was felt drought -displaced ducks were present. At Fort Yukon the presence of displaced ducks was less obvious but a brood of ring-necked ducks was encountered for the first time on the study plots. At Juneau the large pond at the airport usually hosts three to ten broods of mallards and occasionally a brood of green -winged teal. Five broods of gadwall and two broods of widgeon were found here as well as one brood of green -winged teal and six broods of mallards. No blue- winged teal, gadwall or widgeon broods had ever been recorded here before. These were all good- sized broods indi- cating some displaced birds succeed well.

Pintail showed a large increase in breeding population and a slight drop in brood numbers. Vegetation this year was ex- tremely rank and it is felt pintail broods were harder to see than last year so that in fact there is a slight increase in production. Mallard, shoveler, canvasback and particularly widgeon show a very good increase in brood numbers over 1967. Scaup and green-winged teal appear to be much the same as last year. All species combined, this year has the highest number of broods ever recorded on each study area.

On the Yukon Delta, swan, black brant, cackling geese, and white -fronted geese appear to have enjoyed a season very- similar to the good season of 1967. Ducks, no doubt, fared equally well.

NORTHERN ALBERTA NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

Data supplied by Edward G. Wellein and G. Hortin Jensen, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Weather and habitat conditions

Temperatures in March in the mainland sections of the Northwest Territories ranged from 3-15 degrees above normal. Generally, the gradient was from west to east. With this pattern an early spring was in the offing. This trend was arrested somewhat during April with temperatures being near normal in the west, and slightly below normal towards the east. During May temperatures continued near normal westerly in the survey area, and below normal to the east.

At survey time the snow line cut across Great Slave Lake near Port Reliance and then northwestward and across the eastern ends of the transects north of Great Slave Lake, west of Great Bear Lake, and north and then westward across the tundra to the Mackenzie Delta.

The larger lakes reflected this later season being white with ice and with little water around the edges, especially the eastern segments. However, shallow water and streams were open over all the terrain surveyed, and larger lakes to the west were beginning to open.

The Mackenzie River opened in late May, but extensive stretches of the river below Norman Wells were still bank-to- bank with floe ice. The upper Mackenzie Delta was somewhat flooded because floe ice was packed in the main channels below Point Separation. The Peel River was open, but channels to the Mackenzie Delta were blocked by ice.

The sections of waterfowl habitant adjacent to and along $he Mackenzie River were available for occupancy on schedule. In

limited areas waterfowl were excluded because of residual winter conditions.

There was no significant precipitation during the survey- period except in northern Alberta, where some rain fell in late May and early June. These rains were sorely needed to assist in combating extensive forest fires in stratum 13.

Breeding populations (tables B-7 and B-8)

With drought returning to the prairies and parklands of southern Canada, there was expectation of a significant in- crease in birds in the strata to the north. An increase materialized in only three strata. These were strata lk, 15, and 11. Only stratum 15, Athabasca Delta, showed a signifi- cant increase. Other strata had decreases. Those showing ja marked decrease were associated with the colder habitat condi- tions in northeastern segments of the survey area.

A 6 percent increase in dabbling ducks from 1967 resulted from increases in the southern strata and specifically in mallards and pintails. Mallards showed an increase of 51, 102, and 125 percent in strata lk, 15, and 09, respectively. The five remaining strata all showed decreases in mallards ranging from 10-^6 percent. Mallards were 12 percent higher than the 19&7 index and 25 percent below the 10-year average. The pintail increase was reflected throughout all the survey area on a hit-or-miss basis so far as individual strata were concerned.

Diving ducks decreased about 20 percent from 1967. This decrease resulted mainly from losses in scaup, scoter, and oldsquaw. They are principal species, and, as such, can significantly effect changes.

The net result of the breeding pair survey over all strata showed 1968 to have the lowest index in the past 10 years. This index was 2,805,000, and the highest during the past 10 years was 6,^5,000. The current indexes represent a de- crease of 17 percent from 1967, and a 28 percent decrease from 1958-68 average.

The coot index increased phenomenally from 1967 and was 103 percent higher than the 10-year average. This is interpreted as a shift from the droughted prairies and parklands into more favorable habitat farther north.

Canada geese and whistling swan showed little change from 1967 but are below the 10-year average. White-fronted geese occur in only the most northern strata and data on this

species can be erratic so this year's indicated increases may not be real.

The sampling error increased this year to 19 percent of the mean. In I967 i-t v&s 15 percent. The sampling error is based on all segments from the various strata. Small sample size from certain strata make calculation of estimate of error from each strata inadvisable.

Summer weather and habitat conditions

A favorable early season was followed by below normal temperatures in the mainland areas of the Northwest Territories. These below normal temperatures continued in the eastern and central sections with normal temperatures in the west and in the Yukon. The result of this temperature pattern gave a deteriorating gradient in habitat conditions from west to east. Conditions for waterfowl were excellent in the Yukon, good along the Mackenzie drainage, grading to fair along the eastern edge of the sedimentary areas and poor on the precambrian shield. Hard white ice was prevalent north of Great Slave Lake and to the north and west towards Coppermine. Below normal temperatures persisted into mid- July with Hay River and Fort Resolution being 7 below normal.

Precipitation was irregular and generally light throughout the Northwest Territories in May, June, and July. Fort Smith recorded twice the normal rainfall in May. Precipitation was less than one-half inch in June in the central and western areas of the Territories. Rainfall continued below normal in July and Sach's Harbor recorded only .02 of an inch.

In summary, rainfall during the waterfowl season allowed favorable habitat conditions for ducks. Lateness of the season caused by extended below normal temperatures would remove most of the area north and east of Great Slave Lake and north to the Arctic coast at Coppermine from waterfowl production during the past season.

Production (tables B-9 and B-10)

In the past 6 years northern transects for broods have utilized one-fourth mile (l/8 on both sides of the aircraft) standard width transects. This width was continued this year even though the "Standard Procedures" had specified l/8 mile brood transects. This change was initiated several years ago to increase the sample size. Prior to this

duplicate runs were being made on some of the transects. This innovation allows for an increase in the number of transects flown prior to cut-off date (July 27).

The brood index this year was near average but decidedly better than last year. All strata increased from 1967 except stratum 10. In both years in eastern sections all strata were later than previously observed. This year an early, warm spring was followed by lower than normal mean temperatures. Thus, the waterfowl breeding season could have made a good start which should have been more pro- nounced in the sedimentary areas of the Mackenzie drainage, but could have been critical in precambrian parts of the survey area.

The brood size for the survey area was 5-3 compared to 6.5 in 1967- Seventy-three percent of the broods were class II and III with 58 percent being class II.

Data for coots, not a northern bird, are always fragmen- tary. However, northward movements of coots and other prairie waterfowl were noted. The shift resulted from severe drought in southern Canada.

NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, NORTHERN MANITOBA, AND SASKATCHEWAN RIVER DELTA

Data supplied by Arthur R. Brazda and

Robert W. Slattery Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions

The fall of 19^7 was generally dry, except for light rain and a snowstorm which accumulated up to 8 inches in late September. October and November were mild and dry, and moisture in the form of snow was deficient throughout the winter in northern Saskatchewan and most of northern Manitoba. Temperatures in part of April and May were above normal with considerable wind. Rainfall was completely lacking except

10

for scattered light showers and considerable blowing dust was evident in the light-soil farming areas in the Prince Albert district.

Due to the conditions described, there was practically no runoff in Saskatchewan, and rivers and lakes were at their lowest levels of the past 15 years. Conditions were better in Manitoba. The larger reservoir created by the hydro- electric project at Grand Rapids, Manitoba, was down two to four feet, creating the best nesting habitat this area has probably ever had. Hundreds of small islands, bars and miles of irregular shaped shoreline were exposed.

As in Alberta, forest fires begin to flare up over western Saskatchewan starting in mid-May. Many raged out of control for several days, the most serious of which consumed over 160,000 acres of timberland in the Meadow Lake-Green Lake Region.

Rain came to north-central Saskatchewan and Manitoba the last few days in May and continued until June k. Up to three inches were deposited locally in the Prince Albert area with lesser amounts at Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan, The Pas, Flin Flon, and Thompson, Manitoba. Water quality was upgraded somewhat because of this moisture, but by mid-June, most of this had been lost and dry conditions were again evident.

When the Grand Rapids Reservoir was established, the water flooded several thousand acres of willow, dwarf birch and grass-covered meadows. This past spring, much of this area was being extensively used by spawning northern pike. Just what the duckling loss will be to these predators will not be known, but it could be significant in certain areas.

Phenologically, this spring was one to two weeks ahead of 1967, though the ice breakup was only about one week early, and it came rapidly. In I967, the survey was started on May 2U, whereas the survey was commenced May 20 this year. Aspen was beginning to leaf out when the first reconnaissance flight was made about mid-May. However, the ice was still rather firm on all of the larger lakes within 100 miles radius to the north of Prince Albert and many of the smaller water areas had ice on them, also.

Breeding populations (tables B-ll and B-12)

The total duck index increased 30 percent over 1967* and 63 percent over the 10-year average. Dabblers indicated an in- crease of 18 percent over last year and 68 percent over the

11

average; divers were up U5 percent and 67 percent respectively. Mallards and gadwalls showed slight decreases from last year, of 3 percent and 8 percent. All other species with the exception of the mergansers, indicated an increase over last year. These increases ranged from moderate to phenomenal. All species except shovelers and canvasbacks were well above the 10-year average. Shovelers indicated only an 8 percent increase, whereas the canvasback index was the same as the long-terra average.

Of significance were the increases indicated for the widgeon, blue-winged teal, and the pintails. Widgeon increased 133 percent and 200 percent; pintails, 138 percent and kl percent. The four major diver species fared as follows: redheads were 27 percent above last year and 100 percent over the average; canvasback, 38 percent and even; scaup, l6 percent and 52 per- cent; and ringnecks, 31 percent and 68 percent.

The coot index showed a substantial increase in all strata except stratum 18. The coot increase was a fantastic U89 per- cent over 1967 and 286 percent over the 10-year average. As expected, the largest increase was in the Saskatchewan River Delta, stratum 36. However, coots were observed in several areas where they are not normally recorded. Practically all coots were seen as pairs or single birds and many nests were observed.

Overall, Canada geese increased 21 percent over I967 and 10*1- percent over the average. However, as stated in previous reports, the Ontario data is not a reliable indicator of abundance. Disregarding the Ontario data, the Canada goose index was about the same as the previous year.

Summer weather and habitat condtions

Weather conditions were only fair to good during the produc- tion period. Temperatures averaged approximately 5° below normal from mid-June through July, dropping as low as 10 below normal during one period in the second half of July. Unsettled conditions prevailed throughout July with a consider- able amount of thunderstorm and rain activity, plus high 20 to UO miles per hour daytime winds.

In May and June, many of the forest-type potholes and shallow lakes in western Saskatchewan were either dry or greatly reduced from their normal size. By the end of July, however, habitat conditions had improved considerably, though much of the moisture may have come too late to aid in the production effort. The larger lakes did not indicate this improvement

12

and remained two to four feet below normal. The water level near mid-July in Lake Athabasca at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta, was approximately 6.0 feet down from 1967. Habitat condi- tions in eastern Saskatchewan and also in northern Manitoba remained good, as they were in May and June. In the Saskatchewan River Delta, water levels rose after nesting was in progress, possibly creating the situation that caused a decrease of almost 10,000 broods in this stratum from 19&7* Delta #2 was overshadowed by the poor production in Delta #1; the west half of the Delta which lies south of Cumberland House. Here, water levels appeared to have risen after the nesting period was in progress and large areas were void of broods. However, it does not seem that increased water levels alone could have caused the lack of broods and it is suggested below normal temperatures for late June and July may have con- tributed to the; poor production.

Habitat problems of a different and more permanent nature are developing in the Meadow Lake region of western Saskatche- wan. The first drainage ditch was noted west of Meadow Lake around 196k. Since that time the project has been allowed to prosper and with the work completed this year, many hundreds of acres of valuable waterfowl habitat have been eliminated.

Production (tables B-13 and B-lU)

The overall duck brood index for 1968 was 18 percent below 1967, 201,000 as compared to 228,000. However, it was 57 per- cent higher than the 7-year average of 128,000. The coot brood index was 17,000, 70 percent over last year and 89 per- cent above the average which was 9>000. The average brood size was 5«5> one-tenth over both 1967 and the long-term aver- age. The average for six broods of Canada geese observed was 3.8. The duckling index was 1,03^,5^9 or 13 percent lower than the 1967 index of 1,190,U68. Class II and III broods made up 77 percent of the total brood index, compared with 75 percent in 1967 and 80 percent in I966.

The late nesting index for all species, 11^,000, was the lowest recorded since 196l; this was U8 percent below last year and U9 percent under the 7-year average. The dabbling duck LNI was 55,000 which is k2 percent lower than 1967 and 30 percent down from the average. Diving ducks, ^2,000, decreased 63 percent from 1967 and 58 percent from the average .

13

SOUTHERN ALBERTA

Data supplied by K. Duane Norman, Pacific Flyway Biologist, and Michael F. Sorensen, Surveys Biologist

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-15)

Good habitat conditions were few and far between in south- ern Alberta this year. Total precipitation in the Calgary area since last September was about 33 percent below normal and in Edmonton, 26 percent below normal. Habitat conditions are excellent and equal to last year in the Milk River Ridge in the southwest corner of the Province. The number of May ponds in stratum 28 were only slightly below the 10-year aver- age but decreased about 3^+ percent from last year. Data for stratum 26 show 5^ percent fewer ponds than normal and 60 per- cent fewer than last year. Aquatic vegetation was beginning to appear in the ponds around May 12 near Calgary. Northward, the vegetation became more apparent.

Breeding population (tables B-l6 through B-19)

The duck breeding population index, due largely to the loss of breeding habitat, decreased in the lower three strata about *l-l percent from last year. In stratum 13 where the habitat is nearly normal, there are almost 25 percent more birds than were observed last year.

The most startling decrease is that of the pintail which decreased 76 percent from last year.

Mallards showed a decrease of 29 percent in the index from last year. In stratum 13> the mallard index increased about l6 percent.

The data also showed serious decreases in the widgeon, bluewing, and shoveler populations. Almost equal decreases are indicated from the 10-year average. Serious decreases are indicated in the redhead and canvasback populations although increases are shown in stratum 13.

Increases of about l6 percent were indicated for green- wings in the lower three strata and 160 percent in stratum 13 • Because of the receding water levels in the parklands, visi- bility may have been the prime cause for the apparent increase in the index. Gadwall populations increased 21 percent from last year and are nearly 7*+ percent greater than the 10-year

ih

average. The Canada goose population index decreased about 71 percent in the lower three strata and 67 percent in stra- tum 13.

This year's lone drake index of 62 percent was the lowest recorded since 1955 when the index was about 60 percent. This low index, might indicate a late nesting season, but mild weather, the scarcity of available breeding habitat, and the flocking of the birds on the major water areas, suggested that the majority of the ducks did not attempt to nest.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-15)

Temperatures during May in Calgary averaged slightly below normal. Rainfall was slightly below average. In Edmonton, May was the driest since rainfall measurements were initiated in l88l. May was a windy month having average winds in excess of 12 miles per hour.

June was cool, dry, and windy. The last week was warm with temperatures reaching to the mid and high eighties. Total pre- cipitation for the month was about two-thirds of normal. Some frost damage was reported in Calgary on the 13th and l^th.

The first half of July was warmer than normal and quite dry. Less than 2 percent of the rainfall normally received has fal- len in Calgary. Seven percent of the normal rainfall has been received in Edmonton.

Waterfowl habitat conditions in southern Alberta were very poor. Permanent potholes, large lakes, and highly productive marshes were dry. The total decrease in available waterfowl habitat was 37 percent since the May survey and kj, percent since 19^7-

Production (tables B-20 through B-22)

The breeding pair survey data indicated a decrease of h2 per- cent in the breeding population from last year in southern Alberta. The brood index decreased U2 percent from last year and was 52 percent below the 10-year average.

The average brood size decreased nearly 12 percent from last year. In the poorest habitat, strata 26 and 28, the average brood size decreased 29 percent and 37 percent respectively, but increased slightly in the better habitat of stratum 27. The age class composition of the broods in the survey area in- dicated about 30 percent of the broods are class I, hj percent are class II, and 17 percent are class III. The brood compo- sition this year little changed from that of last year.

15

The late -nesting index for southern Alberta decreased 5 percent from last year and is 8l percent below the 10-year average. The dabbler index decreased 17 percent from last year, but the diver index increased ^5 percent. The total late -nesting index remained unchanged for strata 26 and 28 but decreased in stratum 27 from last year.

SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

Data supplied by Rossalius C. Hanson and

R. David Purinton, Bureau of Sport Fisheries

and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-23)

Water conditions throughout the prairies of Saskatchewan this spring were very poor. The pond index for the overall area was down 62 percent from I967 and down 5^ percent from the long-term average. Since 1955, only the years of 1959 and 1961 had fewer ponds . Every stratum was down from last year. Water in many ponds was of poor quality. Many potholes had only a few inches of water, and vegetation was rapidly taking over the basins. The situations that appeared most likely to last out the breeding season were in the parklands. They were found mostly east, north, and west of Saskatoon.

The spring was early and at least a week or 10 days ahead of normal. There was a late snowfall on May 9 that covered southern and southwestern portions of the Province. A few isolated places had U-6 inches. Most other areas had only a trace. It turned warm, and the snow barely lasted out the day. May was generally moderate except for the snow. No cold snaps were reported, and nesting conditions were quite favorable during the month.

Burning was not a noticeable problem in early May. However, the latter part of the month saw extensive burning throughout the parklands. Much of it was in conjunction with land clearing.

16

During the past few years, sporadic land clearing in the parklands was observed. This is the type of clearing where the aspen and willow complex surrounding potholes was knocked down, pushed into piles, and burned. This year, however, clearing of this kind has become widespread throughout the Province and on a noticeably larger scale. There is no ques- tion about the loss of ponds as the fields are opened up, as well as the loss of wildlife habitat in general. This prac- tice now appears to be in full swing, and the resultant det- rimental effect on wildlife will become evident. Expanded large scale clearing of the "bush" in the hinterlands was also evident. This has been a continuous thing over the years, but it now appears to be encroaching on some very poor and infertile lands. Some areas, recently cleared, have little top soil.

Breeding populations (tables B-2^ and B-25)

There was a decline in overall waterfowl populations this year compared to last year and the long-term average. All ducks were down from last year by 22 percent and 33 percent from the long-term average. The noticeable declines were in the puddle ducks with pintails showing the greatest effect of the water shortage. Pintails were down 50 percent from last year and down 57 percent from the average. Surprisingly, mal- lards held their own this year compared to last year but were down 3 percent from the long-term average. Gadwalls showed no change from last year and were up jk percent over the long- term average.

The important diving ducks showed no change from last year but were still down substantially from the average. Buffle- heads, not important numerically, were conspicuous this year by their abundance --more were seen this year than at any time on record.

Coots were up over last year, and the index was better than it had been since i960. A decline was expected in coots with the poor water situations but they congregated in the better watered areas.

The lone drake index for mallards, pintails, and canvasback this year was 78 percent. This figure appears to be low for such an early year and this lower figure may be partially an indication of nonbreeding pairs. Another influencing factor may have been high nest losses because of predation.

17

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-23)

Because of low rainfall in May and June, pond conditions continued to deteriorate. Rainfall was off from 25 to 50 percent from the normal during this period. During July, showers and thunderstorms helped grain crops but did little for duck ponds. The parklands were in better shape than the grasslands, but all were in poor condition. The pond index was lower than all the years except 1961 and 1962--down Ul percent from I967 and down 70 percent from the long-term average. The remaining water was found in the deeper, more permanent sloughs. Even many of the larger marshes had dried up. There were a few exceptions where water conditions were reasonably good and these areas had most of the water- fowl.

Production (tables B-26 through B-28)

The duck brood index was 8l, 500 this July, down 17 percent from 1967 and 58 percent below the long-term average. Years in which brood indexes were lower were 1961 through 1965.

The average brood size was 5-0 which was about normal.

The coot broods were a little better this year than last but still were $k percent below the average.

The brood distribution by age classes was much the same as last year; 75 percent of the broods counted in class I and II. Class I broods made up 3U percent of the total. It was evi- dent that many of the broods were just hatching.

The late -nesting index of "jQ, k-00 was 32 percent under last year and 22 percent below the long-term average, indicating a fairly poor late -nesting effort.

18

SOUTHERN MANITOBA

Data supplied by Morton M. Smith and Richard Droll, Bureau of Sport Fisheries

and Wildlife D. R. Halladay, Canadian Wildlife Service

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-29)

As a result of a dry fall and open winter, there was a moisture deficit in Manitoba this spring. Blowing dust was encountered on May 6 en route to Winnipeg and on May 13 in the vicinity of Shoal Lake. Despite the moisture deficit, enough rain and snow fell in April and May so that growing season pre- cipitation was above normal in southern Manitoba.

May mean temperatures were below normal at Winnipeg and this was typical of the entire survey area. The month was generally cool and wet.

In contrast to the very late, cold season of 19^7 May 1968 was a near normal year. Potholes were open on May h and the southern part of lake Manitoba had substantial open water May 5. Snow covered the ground at Brandon on May 8 but melted off the same evening. Aspens were leafing when surveys started on May 5 and emergents were showing in the shallower ponds. The phenology this May was about two weeks ahead of the 19^7 season. Farm .field operations proceeded rapidly this spring in contrast to the delayed season of 1967 •

Much of extreme southern and western Manitoba has few ponds and little or no brood water. The May ponds counts in stratum 2h are 62 percent below the 1967 figure and-im stratum 25 ponds are down 56 percent. The pond index for southern Manitoba in 1968 is the lowest May count recorded in l6 years. There was fair to good water in the vicinity of Minnedosa and the south and west slopes of the Riding Mountains but the total area is of limited size.

Burning was widespread last fall and again this spring. The spring burning in 1967 and 1968 is the most widespread. The result is the destruction of many duck nests, either directly by fire or indirectly through the increased activity of preda- tors. Fall plowing was extensive during I967. The scene this spring was of large cultivated areas with little or no • cover. Many pond basins were plowed through last fall or burned off.

19

Aspen clearing continues and the usual procedure is to push the downed trees and brush into the nearest basin — wet or dry. Permanent drainage of pond basins is accelerating and becoming more efficient.

The spring rains, which were a boon to farmers, have been of little benefit to waterfowl. Most of the moisture entered the soil and there was little runoff into the ponds.

Breeding populations (tables B-30 and B-31)

Duck numbers in southern Manitoba in 1968 are much below the I967 count and approach the all-time low recorded in 1953 • The 1968 duck index is 38 percent below I967 and ^0 percent below the 15 -year average. With very minor exceptions all species of ducks showed a decline in the I968 count. The mal- lard was down 31 percent from the 1967 count and 50 percent below the 15 -year average. Blue -winged teal were down kh percent from last year and *i-8 percent from the long-term-average. The pintail and every diving duck except the ruddy showed sub- stantial declines in southern Manitoba in 1968.

An intensified and expanded aerial survey was conducted in the Inter lake region in 1968. The results are not included here but it should be noted that the duck indexes obtained in this expanded count were no greater than those given in this report.

Coot numbers showed an increase this year in the survey area. Many of the coots were in rather sizeable flocks and may not have been breeders.

The lone drake index is considered a barometer of the progress and intensity of the nesting effort. The 1968 lone drake figure of 73 percent is below the long-term average. We believe, how- ever, that the aerial surveys covered the period of peak nesting. There was some flocking of ducks in May and this tended to reduce the lone drake index. Ground studies indicate that nesting activ- ity in 1968 was near normal as to timing and certainly earlier than in the late season of I967.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-29)

April and May were relatively wet and the accumulated growing season precipitation, since April 1 was above normal at the end of May. June was drier and the accumulated precipitation was about 12 percent below normal at the end of the month. July has been a cool month with frequent scattered thunder showers, but growing season precipitation was still below normal in southern Manitoba on July l6th.

20

The pond count in stratum 2U(A) was 52 percent lower than that of 1967 and 76 percent below the average of the last Ik years. Pond counts in stratum 25(B) are a third lower than last year and 53 percent below the long-term average. The pond count for the southern Manitoba unit is the second lowest in 15 years of surveys — only 1962 had fewer ponds during July. The only good brood water in the survey unit lies in a rela- tively narrow band below and to the west of the Riding Mountains. Some local areas have received heavy rains from recent thunderstorms but this water was too late for duck pro- duction in most instances.

Production (tables B-32 through B-3*0

The 1968 brood index was the lowest ever recorded. The esti- mated number of broods in the Province is less than half that of 1967 and 5^ percent below the long-term average production. The coot brood index is 77 percent below the 1967 count and 66 percent below average.

The phenology of the spring in southern Manitoba was consid- ered normal in 1968 and the start of nesting was also normal. Yet nearly half of the known age broods this July were recorded as class I. In view of the normal spring we inter- pret this as evidence of substantial renesting following the loss of first nests. A high percentage of young broods is not desirable so late in a dry season but in some areas the recent rains have increased their chances for survival.

The 1968 index to late nesting, which is a measure of "broods to come," is the lowest ever recorded since surveys started. Over wide areas in southern Manitoba virtually no breeding waterfowl remained in July. Flocks of ducks of mixed sexes and species were a common sight on the larger water areas this July. In addition, occasional flocked ducks were feeding in field sheet water left by recent thundershowers . None of these flocked ducks gave any evidence of being late nesters.

21

MONTANA

Data supplied by Alva E. Weinrich, Ash ton W. Brann, Raymond J. Buller, and Donald W. Combs, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-35)

Precipitation averaged about 5 inches or 35 percent below normal this year through the survey period in the Montana area. Snowfall was very light during the winter and spring. In general, the permanent type waters changed the least because of size and depth. No spring flooding occurred and very few residual snowbanks were observed in coulees and creeks. The natural potholes in northeast Montana east of the Sweet Grass Hills that had good water last year in May were mostly dry this year. These potholes are usually dry in July. Water surface acreage is greatly reduced this year in pothole and lake types.

Breeding populations (tables B-38 and B-39)

Pintail decreased about 65 percent followed by mallards kh percent, blue-winged teal k-2 percent, and gadwall 19 percent for an overall decrease of dabbling ducks of 38 percent from the U-year average. Scaup, the most important diver, decreased 17 percent. Total ducks decreased 36 percent from the aver- age which closely parallels the 3U percent decrease in water areas from the average.

A slight reduction occurred in the mallard and pintail lone drake index from last year. For mallard and pintails, nesting progress was about normal; however, many of the other species of ducks were late migrating compared to last year and some large flocks of birds, indicating no nesting efforts, were observed.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-35)

Generally, the precipitation in May was down about 30 percent from I967. Temperatures varied from highs at Miles City of 103 to lows of U7 at Cut Bank. Generally, the highs ranged 80-90 degrees and the lows 50-60 degrees. Winds were generally not strong.

22.

Rain fell in spots during June causing much variance in range conditions, stock dam levels, and crop production. Generally, the area around Culbertson, Sidney, Glendive, Circle, Roundup, Billings, and Lewistown looked better than the north and northwestern areas around Plentywood, Scobey, Malta, Havre, Cutbank, and Great Falls. July rains were almost nonexistant until midmonth when one to two inches fell in eastern Montana from the 15-19 • During this same period, some very locally severe hailstorms occurred, killing at least one cow near Lewistown and numerous chickens. Hay, grain, and property were likewise destroyed.

Many contradictions in water levels occurred. Lake Mason, near Roundup had more water than it has had for several years. Some stock dams on the Roundup study area had higher water levels than in May. Lake Thibadeaux in the Havre study area was nearly dry with no waterfowl and much aquatic vegetation. Many overwater nests were observed in the vegetation of coots or grebes but no birds sighted. Woody Island, Coulee Lakes were dry as was the Big Marsh along the Canadian border.

Production (tables B-38 through B-Ul)

The duck brood index dropped 6 percent from last year and 17 percent from the average. The average brood size decreased 11 percent from last year and 10 percent from the average. Brood indexes were based on observations of 67 duck broods and 1 coot in stratum k-0. These were composed of 8 class I, 30 class II, and 29 class III. Stratum Ul was based on 210 duck broods and 7 coot broods composed of k2 class I, 86 class II, and 82 class III.

The total duck late-nesting index decreased l6 percent from last year and 2 percent from the average. Coot late nesting increased a large amount from last year and the average; but, is not significant because of so few birds involved as is also the case with the diving ducks. Of the dabblers, only the blue -winged teal late -nesting index increased over last year and the average. All other dabblers decreased.

The trends in the Canada goose population during the nesting season in the Helena Unit are given in table B-^0. Results of the production survey trends in the same areas are outlined in table B-kl.

23

NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA

Data supplied by Gerald Pospichal and Donald Frickie Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-^2)

Total precipitation for 19&7 was below normal. March was relatively dry in North Dakota and though above average pre- cipitation was received in April it was not enough to offset the potholes deficiencies. North Dakota temperatures for the period September 1967 to April 1968 were generally above nor- mal. Although the monthly winter precipitation in South Dakota was below normal, the span between actual and normal was not as wide as in North Dakota. Central and eastern South Dakota received heavy snows and rains in March and April which greatly improved pothole levels and habitat con- ditions but the western part of the State remained dry. North Dakota ponds were down 37 percent from 19&7 and South Dakota ponds were down 22 percent. In the two central strata (30 and 33) > total ponds were down 27 percent from 1967 but were up 15 percent from the long-term average. The greatest decreases occurred in North Dakota where water levels last year were above average. Water quality in May was poor in the North Dakota ponds but fair to good in South Dakota.

Cold spring weather delayed the leafing-out of trees and slowed the growth of pond emergents. Visibility was not ham- pered in this regard, in fact it was better than in 19&7* Visibility was, however, affected by the low water levels and old vegetation, particularly in the large shallow bulrush - cattail type potholes. Vegetation was not as flattened out as in a normal winter and the shallow water created numerous small openings which made observation of many species dif- ficult.

Breeding populations (tables B-^-3 through B-U5)

Total ducks showed a decrease 30 percent from 1967 and were down 15 percent from the average with dabblers down 31 percent from 1967 and down l6 percent from the average. North Dakota showed a decrease- in total ducks of 52 percent while South Dakota showed an increase of 9 percent. Coot populations were

2k

approximately the same as in 19^7 in North Dakota but were up 3U percent in South Dakota, a further indication of the better water conditions in that State.

It is important to note that in late May, although coots were observed on nests, many were still observed in large flocks (a hundred or more birds) on some of the larger lakes and flocks of gadwalls were common.

The area lone drake index of 70.25 is below that of 1967 (78. h) but higher than the years 196^ through 1966. It indicates a fairly normal progress in the nesting, partic- ularly in the mallard as noted in the breakdown by species and State. An abnormally large number of paired pintails were observed during the survey which may have been an indi- cation of a renesting effort. Although the weather temper- ature was normal in May, and some heavy snow in southern North Dakota and northern South Dakota that may have adver- sely affected the early nesting pintails. Early June rains were heavy in central and eastern North Dakota and pothole levels in some areas exceeded those of early May. With normal precipitation the late nesters and renesting may be significant.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-U2)

June and July weather in the Dakotas was generally unstable. High winds, thunderstorms with heavy rain in some areas, tornadoes, hail and days of low ceilings and fog were common. Rainfall during June and July was adequate over both States to make this year one of bumper crops in corn, small grains and hay. The dry pothole conditions so obvious in May remained unchanged in eastern and northwest North Dakota and south and southeastern South Dakota; even though rains were heavy enough to produce excellent crops and pasture. Rains were heavy in central, southcentral, and southeast North Dakota (six to ten inches above normal) and fair in the northcentral part of the State. Weather conditions in these areas were improved over May. Northern South Dakota (east of the Missouri River), including the Leola Hills, and the northeast part of the State had precipitation enough to hold spring water levels. Total July ponds in the two Dakotas showed a decrease of 19 percent from 1967. The long-term comparisons for strata 30 and 33 (the areas that received the heaviest rainfall in June and July), showed a decrease of only h per- cent from 1967 but still remained 23 percent above the long- term average. The water conditions in the central Dakotas in

25

July of 1968 are very similar to 1967 which was 30 percent below 1966. The small grain harvest was underway by July 15 with hay cutting about completed by the 25th.

Production (tables B-U6 through B-hQ)

In strata 30 and 33 North and South Dakota, duck broods were down 39 percent from the long-term average. The coot brood index was down 58 percent from 1967 and down 15 percent from the average. North Dakota was the hardest hit and showed respective declines of ^5 and 63 percent for broods of ducks and coots as compared to 1967- In South Dakota duck broods dropped 9 percent from 1967* while coots declined 28 percent. The I968 survey was completed one week later than normal so these declines are of concern. These declines were also noted during ground surveys and by the banding crews which were having difficulty locating bandable ducks. Large flocks of nonbreeding ducks of mixed species and sexes as well as flocks of 200 to 300 coot were common throughout the area. The dry conditions in April and May in the central and eastern Dakotas which improved with heavy rains in local areas in June and July caused late population shifts of ducks and coots, and apparently disrupted the nesting.

Strata 30 and 33 indicated a late-nesting index of 66 per- cent below I967 and 5h percent below the long-term average. Long-term trends in brood and late-nesting indexes, strata 30 and 33 show 1968 the lowest late -nesting index since i960. Mallards, gadwall, and blue-winged teal, the three major dab- bler species, showed decreases of 32 percent, 50 percent, and 97 percent from the long-term average and similar large de- clines from 1967* Redhead and ruddy ducks showed declines of 77 percent and l6 percent from 1967? and 78 percent and 25 percent from the average.

It is possible that this late-nesting evaluation may be low because of the large flocks of what appeared to be non- breeding birds, but, large numbers of birds were also noted in 1967 when the data also indicated the second largest late- nesting index since i960.

26

MINNESOTA

Data supplied by Robert Jessen Minnesota Department of Conservation

Weather and habitat conditions

A dry, mild spring in April and early May was followed by cool, vet weather in late May and June.

The Minnesota census was started on May 15 and completed on June 3- Suitable flying weather permitted completion of aerial transects in the southern, western, and central por- tions of the State by May 22. High winds and rain delayed the northeastern transects, primarily those in stratum h, until early June. The early warm weather and late flying period hampered observations in the wooded portion of the State where foliage growth was advanced.

A review of the I967 survey showed that the variability in the data was quite large and an improved sampling procedure was needed. It was also concluded that error could be re- duced by using one aerial census crew throughout the State and increasing the number of air: ground visibility transects. Based on the premise that duck numbers are related to the den- sity of water areas, an elaborate stratification was designed based on the number of basins within townships. Strata were divided into quarter-mile, east-west transects of lengths varying from 5 to ^3 miles. A random sample of these tran- sects was drawn with the objective of maintaining sampling error within 20 percent at the 95 percent level of confidence for estimates of total ducks.

The May pond index (the total estimated number of all strata) was 172,000. This is substantially less than the 327,000 esti- mated within the I967 sample strata.

Breeding populations (tables B-U9 and B-50)

Pair densities indicated breeding pairs and groups of birds were tallied on sample transects and these values expanded for each stratum. The unadjusted population index for mallards was 5^,000 and for blue-winged teal 66,000. The breeding pop- ulation index for all ducks was 186,000. State-wide estimates when compared to the 1967 survey indicate a decline in breeding ducks in Minnesota. Total ducks declined in the general magni- tude of 20 percent, with mallard and blue-winged teal down 30

27

to 't-0 percent. However, it is important to recognize that changes in the routes censused beginning in 1968 and limited air: ground visibility corrections may mean that our state- wide estimates are subject to considerable error.

CHIPPEWA NATIONAL FOREST MINNESOTA

Data supplied by Jay Janecek, Robert Chesness, Leon Johnson, Roger Lehmann, and Robert Craig Minnesota .Depart-aeit ot Conservation John Ma this en U.S. Forest Service Lew Cowardin, David Gilmer, Irvin Ball, and Bill Ellerbrock Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Habitat conditions

The water level in the Mississippi flowage had been drawn down to approximately 8.2 feet as of April 1 but 13.2 inches of rainfall, of which 7 inches was recorded in June, made the area about 5 feet above normal at the time of the census. Ex- cessive discharge of water from Lake Winnibigoshish and Leech Lake created water conditions 11 inches above normal for the Mud Lake area.

Submergent vegetation was not as heavy as last year. Hard stem bulrushes were quite heavy in some areas. Wild rice growth appeared to be good to excellent. The Third River area continues to have numerous small islands of cattail bogs making numerous openings and channels throughout the area.

Breeding populations and production (tables B-51 and B-52)

The six main species of breeding ducks on the Chippewa National Forest area have been the mallard, widgeon, golden- eye, blue-winged teal, ring-necked duck, and wood duck.

28

Other ducks include merganser, redhead, Scaup, and green- winged teal.

The brood average of class III mallards for the total survey- area in 1968 is 7-1 as compared to the all time average of 6.6. Incomplete broods and maternal hens have not been in- cluded.

The 1968 waterfowl survey indicated a 57 percent decrease as compared to the par year 1939-^0 and down from last year since Mud Lake was included this year. The adult population increased slightly over last year.

Several factors influenced the count. Excessive water was present on most areas, sloughs and potholes adjacent to the census areas and surrounding country contained water, heavy rains in June appeared to have caused some nest destruction, and changing the census of the Third River count from before noon to afternoon can be considered.

WASHINGTON

Data supplied by Robert G. Jeffery and Ellis L. Bowhay. Washington State Game Department

Weather and habitat conditions

Some of the pothole areas of central Washington received more runoff during the winter and spring, and improved per- ceptibly in duck production capabilities. However, the once important potholes in the far-eastern part of the State con- tained the least amount of water in the history of the survey. The number of potholes counted in the May sample was 19 per- cent below the average of the dry-cycle years, 1962-67. In other breeding habitats, water and weather were adequate for average or better waterfowl production.

29

Breeding populations (table B-53)

In I968 there were over 120,000 adult ducks on the breeding grounds of Washington. This represented a 9 percent decrease from the I967 index. Dabblers, except for mallards, gadwall, and widgeon, increased, while diving ducks were uniformly below I967. Most of the decrease in duck pairs took place in the pothole habitat.

Production (table B-5'0

Estimates of duckling production were based on brood counts. Brood pair ratios were compared with long-term averages to determine nesting success values. The State production index for all ducks was 307,300. The index was 5 percent below that of I967. Young ducks made tip 6l percent of the index, a ratio that has remained unchanged for 3 years. Duck production in the far-eastern potholes was down 32 percent. Most other im- portant areas were either static or improved in productivity, with the irrigated lands showing a 29 percent increase over the 1967 index. Mallards, gadwall, and widgeon, and diving ducks as a group, all showed decreases. The three teal species, shovelers, pintail, and wood ducks offset the decline to a con- siderable extent.

The production index for Canada geese was 11,650, up 3 per- cent from 1967. More nests were found on the survey, and im- proved nesting success offset some locally heavy losses to predators. A joint project of State and Federal agencies resulted in the salvage of 1,250 Canada goose eggs before inun- dation of nesting islands behind the John Day dam on the Columbia River. From these, 920 goslings were raised for release on the river or for nuclei in the establishment of management flocks of geese.

30

OREGON

Data supplied by Chester E. Kebbe Oregon State Game Commission

Weather and habitat conditions

The mild winter of 1967-68 was one of the driest on record for southeastern Oregon, the region containing the major waterfovl production marshes in the State. Relatively little precipitation fell, either as rain or snow, during the winter or spring months. As a result many of the small marshes and potholes went dry before the start of the breeding season and water levels of the large marshes, reservoirs, lakes, and streams were drastically reduced. The drought continued into the summer period further shrinking the amount of waterfowl production habitat.

Production (tables B-55 and B-56)

Goose production in Oregon declined 28 percent from the peak production year in 1967* an& 13 percent from the previous 6-year average. The decline is due primarily to the loss of habitat. There was little apparent shift of breeders from drought-stricken regions to permanent water areas.

In spite of the loss of considerable marsh habitat in south- eastern Oregon duck production on a statewide basis is up 2k percent from the low production year of 1967. A major shift of breeding birds occurred from areas of drought to permanent water areas, with increased production recorded on most tran- sects. Production of dabblers increased 7 percent, with teal and wood ducks showing substantial increases and gadwalls a marked decline.

All divers showed striking increases in production with a major shift of breeders to the Klamath Basin quite apparent. An increase in production of redheads, canvasbacks, and ruddy ducks of 73 percent from an extremely poor productive season in 1967^ was recorded.

31

IDAHO

Data supplied by Elmer R. Norberg Idaho Fish and Game Department

Weather and habitat conditions

Comparatively dry weather conditions prevailed in Idaho during the winter and spring of 1968. As a result, the snow pack in the mountains was well below normal resulting in a reduced spring water flow. Conditions were further aggravated during the early spring months when unseasonably warm weather prevailed which removed the snow pack early at the middle and low elevations and reduced the soil and moisture. As a result, the stream flow in most Idaho streams was well below normal and did not fluctuate as greatly as during most years. Draw- down of reservoirs began earlier than usual as a result of the reduced water supply.

Breeding populations (table B-57)

Aerial counts of breeding Canada geese in southern Idaho indicated that these populations were down 13 percent from 19&7 but still up approximately 10 percent from the long-term aver- age. In general, the breeding population in southwestern Idaho appeared to be holding up somewhat better than the one in eastern Idaho.

Production (table B-58)

Canada goose production based on nest surveys indicates a 10 percent reduction from that of 1967 and 11 percent reduction from the long-term average.

Duck production based on one trend route, Blackfoot Reservoir, was the lowest on record and 8l percent below the long-term average.

32

CALIFORNIA

Data supplied by J. R. LeDonne, F. M. Kozlik, Harry George, and H. McKinnie California Department of Fish and Game

Weather and habitat conditions

Water and habitat conditions in northeastern California were well below the excellent water year of 19^7 • ^e perma- nent water impoundments and marshes were showing signs of the lack of runoff. Conditions were spotty with some areas at normal level and other areas almost dry. The temporary water areas that produced waterfowl last year were dry this year as a result of the dry winter and mild, warm spring.

The Central Valley received" below normal amounts of rainfall, although more important to production in this area is the weather and rain during the late winter and spring months which affects farming operation. This area is composed mostly of artificial and regulated water impoundments such as rice fields, gun clubs, grasslands and pastured areas. The rice and associated vegetation was earlier than in 1967 due to the warm and dry weather that occurred during the spring months.

The late winter and spring months were dry with the northern migration of waterfowl on schedule. The majority of the birds departed from the wintering grounds by the first part of April.

Most of the waterfowl production occurring in California is found in northeastern California and on the rice lands of the Sacramento Valley. Other areas covered by this survey are: The Suisun Marsh, the grasslands, and rice and pasture areas of the Central San Joaquin Valley. Other smaller areas pro- duce some ducks, but the accumulated total is of little signi- ficance this year.

Breeding populations and production (tables B-59 and B-60)

Pairs of geese showed a U5 percent increase with a similar 3h percent increase in the fall population index. This con- trasted with the overall figure for northeastern California which showed a decrease in breeding pairs and fall population index.

Breeding pairs of ducks were up 25 percent and the fall popu- lation index was up 17 percent.

33

Coots were up 18 percent in pairs and 27 percent in the fall population index.

NEVADA

Data supplied by Fred E. Wright Nevada Fish and Game Commission

Weather and habitat conditions

Weather was generally good for waterfowl production as the spring warmed earlier than last year and the temperatures have been averaging higher. Water conditions were good in west central Nevada due to carry-over but are deteriorating due to evapotranspiration. Conditions in northern Nevada are generally poor, although the northeast improved due to late rains. Habitat in eastern Nevada is good.

Breeding populations (table B-6l)

Total population of all species was down 3^ percent, except that geese are the same as last year. Pairs recorded were about the same as the low of 1962. When examining the production figures, it is difficult to explain the drop in pairs observed.

Production (table 62)

Production recorded this year is the highest since 1959 when 26,lkk young were classified, however, average brood size has changed very little. One key area reports that hatching success has been found to be about double of that previously estimated.

3^

UTAH

Data supplied by John E. Nagel Utah Fish and Game Department

Weather and habitat conditions

The winter of 1967-68 provided Utah with above average amounts of precipitation. Spring storms and heavy runoff created optimum nesting conditions for vaterfowl throughout the State. All managed marsh areas were in excellent condi- tion when breeding waterfowl returned this spring. Natural marsh areas around the Great Salt Lake and wetland areas in eastern and southern Utah also were enhanced by heavy amounts of precipitation and runoff. Wetland habitat throughout the State remained in excellent condition throughout the spring and early summer.

Continued periods of rain through the end of June has placed little demand on waters stored in irrigation reservoirs. This resulted in sustained high flows into managed marsh areas in northern Utah and slower than average deterioration of natural wetland habitat throughout the State should remain in good to excellent condition throughout the rest of the summer and into the fall hunting season.

Breeding populations and production (tables B-63 through B-66)

Aerial surveys indicate a fairly substantial increase in breeding ducks on northern Utah trend areas. Ground counts on managed marsh areas indicate little or no increase in breeding birds from 1966 levels. However, better habitat conditions throughout the State and especially in areas immediately adja- cent to developed marsh areas accounted for significant in- creases in the number of birds utilizing these areas and in the amount of habitat available to breeding waterfowl. This is essentially the same situation experienced in both 1966 and 1967.

Breeding populations of mallards, redheads, gadwall, ruddy ducks, and shovelers on major census areas can be considered as normal. No major shift in species composition between northern and southern breeding areas was noted.

Canada goose brood counts made during this spring indicate above average production of Great Basin Canada geese throughout

35

the State. Major production areas in northern Utah including Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge indicate a substantial in- crease in numbers of breeding pair and goslings. Production areas throughout the remainder of the State with the exception of southern Utah reflect the same upward trend.

WYOMING

Data supplied by George Wrakestraw Wyoming Game and Fish Commission

Weather and habitat conditions

Water conditions were average. A good carry-over of water areas from 1967 was observed and precipitation amounts were adequate throughout the State to maintain existing water areas.

Spring appeared to arrive early, but cold weather in April and May delayed the growing season by as much as two to three weeks. Waterfowl were apparently undaunted by the change in seasons and nesting got underway in many localities at an extremely early date. Hatching was two weeks earlier in these areas. In the southern part of the State, from the Laramie mountains to western Wyoming, and all of the higher elevations, snow storms and frozen streams and ponds were found the third week of May and birds were not yet on these areas. It is certain that many ducks were "sitting out" the weather at lower elevations and, if the survey areas had been open then, many more birds would have been recorded. Thus, the reported in- crease in birds would have been much greater than that recorded.

Weather and habitat conditions were ideal for Canada geese and only a limited number of nests were effected by weather and run- off.

Breeding populations (tables B-67 and B-68)

The estimated duck breeding pair population for 1968 shows an increase of 31 percent from 1967 and an increase of 67 percent from the long-term average. All species were found in greater

36

abundance, with the exception of shovelers and ruddy ducks. The total number of ducks observed during the 1968 survey- shows an increase of 35 percent from 1967 and an increase of 70 percent from the 1955-1967 average.

Coots and mergansers were also in greater abundance this year.

The trend of breeding geese is steadily upward and con- tinues to fulfill management objectives of filling vacant nesting habitat. Total geese observed represents a 15 per- cent increase from 19&7 and a 105 percent increase from aver- age. The 1968 count reflects twice as many geese on the survey areas as found in 1953* the peak year between 1952 and I962. Production surveys at Ocean Lake, Bear River, and in Goshen County indicate good goose production for 1968.

COLORADO

Data supplied by Richard M. Hopper Colorado Game, Fish and Parks Department

Weather and habitat conditions

Weather conditions favorable for waterfowl nesting existed in Colorado during the spring and early summer of 1968. Winter snowpack, heavy in some areas, was delayed in melting because of a cool spring. Water supplies were generally good, with about normal precipitation and reservoir storage hold- over. Water conditions were less desirable on the eastern plains in I968 than in I967. The reverse situation appeared to be true for the mountain parks and valleys.

Breeding populations and production (tables B-69 and B-70)

Breeding pair estimates for 1968 were larger than for 1967 in most areas. The San Luis Valley and Yampa Valley showed

37

slight decreases. The large increase in North Park in 1968 was because of a change in methods of projecting the estimate; thus, 1968 figures for this area and the total estimate are not comparable to 1967 and the lU-year average. For all years prior to 1968, a standard visibility ratio of 0.'+5 was applied to aerial counts of all species in North Park. Air: ground comparison studies in the United States and Canada have shown that the various species of ducks are not equally visible from the air. Studies in the San Luis Valley indicate that a visi- bility ratio of O.U5 is too large, even for the mallard. The similarity in habitat between North Park and the San Luis Valley prompted the application of San Luis Valley visibility ratios to North Park aerial counts in 1968. A more realistic estimate by species now seems apparent, particularly for gad- walls, pintails, and teals. This new method produced little change in the mallard estimate for North Park.

Comparisons between 1968 figures and the other two sets of figures are not valid because of the change in methods of pro- jecting estimates for North Park in 1968, as noted above. This change reduced the percent species composition for mallard in 1968 and raised the percentages of pintails, gadwalls, and green -winged teals to a more acceptable level.

Total flock size of geese and production in I968 represent a considerable increase over 1967 and are the highest ever recorded in the 13-year history of the survey. This situation is mostly the result of the large increase in goose use and production at Brown's Park National Wildlife Refuge along the Green River, brought about by greatly improved habitat condi- tions. The Yampa River still contributes the greatest produc- tion and total number of geese, but the Green River has now surpassed the Little Snake in both categories and promises to continue its increase.

High water appeared to have little effect on goose production. Snowpack in the high country in 1968 was normal or above normal, but cool spring weather delayed runoff until most nests had hatched. Little evidence of nest flooding could be detected.

38

NEBRASKA

Data supplied by John T. Sweet Nebraska Game, Forestation and Park Commission

Weather and habitat conditions

Water conditions throughout the Sandhills were fair to poor at the time of the May surveys. The extreme western area and a narrow band along the northern edge of the Sandhills re- ceived good April rains and were in good to excellent condi- tion. The May water index was 10 percent above the 1967 May index.

The Sandhills production area has remained dry throughout the spring and summer. Some local rainfall helped to main- tain water levels in some areas but many areas were extremely dry at the time the July brood surveys were made. Only the extreme western and northern portions remained in fair to good condition. The 1968 July water index was 27 percent below the I967 index.

The southcentral Rainwater Basin production area of the State was quite dry at the time of the May surveys. July brood surveys were not made because of the lack of water and habitat in the area.

Weather conditions were relatively cool during the spring and early summer with only a few days of very high tempera- tures. Extremes of both high and low temperatures were expe- rienced during the month of June, however.

Breeding populations (table B-7l)

Breeding pair transects were flown in the Rainwater Basin area on May 10, 1968, and over the Sandhills area during the period May 20 through May 25. The 1968 Rainwater Basin breeding population index was ll,2Uo. Surveys were not made in 1967 because of the lack of habitat. The 1968 Sandhills breeding population index of 100, 069, all species combined, was k percent above that of I967.

Production (table B-72)

Aerial brood transects were flown over the Sandhills area during the period July 15 through July 21, 1968.

39

A total of 3^ broods were observed. Good counts -were obtained on 29 broods with l6l ducklings. The total number of broods observed was the same as for 1967- The number of ducklings was k percent below that of 1967- There were 5.55 ducklings/brood as compared to the 19&7 figure of U.91.

Surveys indicate that the hatch in Sandhills area is con- siderably later than normal and somewhat irregular. Class I pintail broods were common past mid-July. The size of many broods would indicate first nesting attempts. Age class per- centages for the ducklings sighted on the aerial survey were hf, UU, and 9, respectively, for the age classes I, II, and III.

1*0

WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY

Data supplied by Elwood M. Martin, Samuel M. Carney, and Robert L. Croft Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Scope and Methods

This report presents estimates of waterfowl hunting acti- vity and success, including bag by species, for the 1967 waterfowl season and compares each estimate with its 1966 season counterpart (Special Scientific Report -- Wildlife No. 111). These estimates are based on information obtained through the Bureau's annual Cooperative Waterfowl "arts Collection and Mail Questionnaire Surveys of United States Waterfowl Hunters. Duck stamp sales figures were provided by the Post Office Department. Preliminary estimates, based on reports of duck stamp sales through the third quarter of fiscal year 1968, were made available for the annual water- fowl regulations meetings in early August in Administrative Report 157. Final estimates, based on total sales for all four quarters, are presented here.

Sampling, hunter contact, stratification, junior hunter expansion, and bias correction procedures are comparable to those used previously (Special Scientific Report -- Wildlife No. 99). As usual, all hunting activity and harvest esti- mates have been assigned to the State in which the hunter purchased his duck stamp, except as otherwise indicated (Washington, D. C). In most cases, this is also the State in which the hunting occurred but, when it is not, the indi- cated distribution of hunting effort among States may be slightly disproportionate.

Species composition figures for the States having late black duck or extended sea duck seasons have been refined by adding information obtained in the questionnaire surveys to that obtained in the parts collection surveys. For more detailed species composition data by State, see Administrative Reports 150 (ducks) and 151 (geese). The latter report also contains information on goose age ratios, while additional data on the duck bag appears in Administrative Reports 152 (age ratios) and 153 (sex ratios). Administrative Report 154 contains estimates of the Illinois and Wisconsin Canada goose bags obtained independently of questionnaire survey figures.

'H

Estimates of waterfowl hunting activity and success during the experimental October season in Colorado's San Luis Valley, the September teal season in 21 States in the Mississippi and Central Flyways, and the whistling swan season in Utah are not included in this report. For information on these special seasons refer to Administrative Reports 155 (teal season), 148 (swan season), and 158 (San Luis Valley season). Hunting activity and harvest figures for the experimental late black duck season in Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, and for the extended sea duck season of 108 days in nine States of the Atlantic Flyway are included in the estimates pre- sented here, which, therefore, represent total waterfowl hunting effort in these areas.

Results

Table C-l summarizes bias -adjusted duck and coot bag esti- mates by species for each flyway and Alaska, together with unretrieved and total kill figures for ducks and coots. Table C-2 presents information on retrieved, unretrieved, and total goose kill in the same manner. Approximately 12,353,000 ducks were bagged in the United States during the 1967 season, 5 percent more than during the previous season. Increases were registered for each of the four major species in the bag -- the mallard (up 9 percent), the pintail (up 27 percent), the green-winged teal (up 24 percent), and the American widgeon (up 1 percent) . Changes for other species of special interest were: black duck, down 4 percent; blue- winged and cinnamon teal in combination, up 23 percent; wood duck, down 24 percent; redhead, up 10 percent; and canvasback, down 47 percent. The number of coots bagged during the 1967 season is estimated to have been about 755,000, 21 percent fewer than during the previous season. The total 1967 season bag of 1,135,000 geese is 19 percent below the 1966 figure, a decrease to which all four major species of geese -- the Canada goose (down 6 percent), the snow goose (down 42 percent), the blue goose (down 15 percent), and the white-fronted goose (down 22 percent) -- contributed. Both species of brant also showed decreases in total bag.

k2

Daily duck bag and possession limits, season lengths, and estimated numbers of potential adult waterfowl hunters, together with average and total numbers of days hunted and ducks and geese bagged, unadjusted for response bias, are presented by State for each flyway beginning with Alaska and the Pacific Flyway in table C-3. Duck stamp sales records, together with figures showing their breakdown into nonhunters and active and successful waterfowl hunters, are also summa- rized by State for each flyway beginning with Alaska and the Pacific Flyway in table C-4. Final reports indicate that 1,926,613 duck stamps were sold in 1967, 7.2 percent more than in 1966, and that waterfowl hunting provided about 12,050,000 hunter-days of recreation in 1967 for an increase of 6 percent from the previous season.

A brief resume of hunter activity and success by flyway for 1967, showing degree of change from the previous year, follows.

Alaska

Duck stamp sales totaled 10,358 (-3 percent) and 69,800 ducks (+34 percent), 500 coots (-44 percent), and 11,000 geese (+49 percent) were bagged during 52,500 hunter-days afield (+43 percent). Those persons buying duck stamps for hunting hunted an average of 4.8 days (+49 percent) and bagged a total of 8.3 ducks (+39 percent) and 1.2 geese (+52 percent) each. The estimates for Alaska are contained in tables C-l, C-2, C-3, and C-4.

Pacific Flyway

An estimated 4,373,800 ducks (+25 percent), 151,800 coots (-9 percent), and 318,900 geese (-28 percent) were bagged in 2,614,200 hunter-days (+7 percent), with 381,583 duck stamps (+1,785 stamps) being sold. Potential adult hunters reported averages of 6.4 hunter-days (+6 percent), 13.9 ducks bagged (+24 percent), and 0.9 geese bagged (-29 percent). Pacific Flyway estimates are shown in tables C-l, C-2, C-3, and C-4.

^3

Central Flyway

Duck stamp sales totaled 359,938 (+16 percent), with 2,033,100 ducks (+5 percent), 64,300 coots (+53 percent), and 277,100 geese (-34 percent) having been bagged in 2,316,200 hunter-days (+9 percent). Potential adult hunters hunted an average of 6.0 days (-7 percent) for a total retrieved kill of 7.2 ducks (-10 percent) and 0.9 geese (-43 percent) each. Figures for the Central Flyway are shown in tables C-l, C-2, C-5, and C-6.

Mississippi Flyway

With duck stamp sales standing at 813,797 (+7 percent), 4,522,500 ducks (-6 percent), 437,100 coots (-31 percent), and 334,900 geese (-4 percent) were bagged in 5,160,300 hunter-days (+5 percent), and averages of 6.0 days (-3 per- cent), 6.9 ducks bagged (-13 percent), and 0.5 geese bagged (-13 percent) per potential adult hunter were recorded. Esti- mates for the Mississippi Flyway appear in tables C-l, C-2, C-7, and C-8.

Atlantic Flyway

Totals of 1,371,600 ducks (-4 percent), 101,600 coots (-8 percent), and 192,700 geese (+6 percent) were bagged during 1,906,600 hunter -days (+5 percent), with averages of 5.1 days (-3 percent), 4.2 ducks bagged (-12 percent), and 0.7 geese bagged (-1 percent) being registered per potential adult hunter as duck stamp sales reached 360,937 (+7 percent). The Atlantic Flyway figures are recorded in tables C-l, C-2, C-9, and C-10.

kk

APPENDIX

A. WATERFOWL WINTER SURVEY TABLES

TABLE A-l, — Survey of waterfowl on their winter habitat, January 1968

/nearest hundreds/

Species	Pacific	Central	Mississippi	Atlantic	Total
	Flyway	Flyway	Flyway	Flyway
Ducks: Dabblers t
Mallard	1,847,700	2,454,100	2,200,500	150,500	6,652,800
Black duck	—	—	135,500	336,600	472,100
Mottled duck	—	7,400	63,000	1,700	72,100
Gadwall	35,000	59,800	812,700	31,900	939,400
American widgeon	768,200	128,600	643,100	94,000	1,633,900
Green-winged tea]	. 349,800	176,600	573,800	53,200	1,153,400
Blue-winged teal	5,500	8,900	164,700	8,700	187,800
Shoveler	317,600	21,000	169,200	20,900	528,700
Pintail	1,378,500	391,700	829,400	134,100	2,733,700
Tree duck	«a	1,000	—	—	1,000
Wood duck	3,000	—	— —	—	3,000
Subtotal	4,705,300	3,249,100	5,591,900	831,600	14,377,900
Divers :
Redhead	4,100	124,700	58,700	172,800	360,300
Canvas back	69,200	7,200	36,700	94,100	207,200
Scaup	162,100	57,900	785,800	526,000	1,531,800
Ring-necked duck	5,100	4,100	105,800	65,700	180,700
Goldeneye	44,300	4,900	12,600	60,200	122,000
Bufflehead	26,600	5,600	6,800	41,800	80,800
Ruddy duck	112,300	4,900	36,000	26,600	179,800
Subtotal	423,700	209,300	1,042,400	987,200	2,662,600
Miscellaneous:
Eider and Scoter	99,900	—	—	189,600	289,500
Oldsquaw	—	~	MH	3,100	3,100
Merganser	21,000	90,500	—	44,300	155,800
Subtotal	120,900	90,500	—	237,000	448,400
Unidentified	56,000	11,400	38,800	34,000	140,200
Total ducks	5,305,900	3,560,300	6,673,100 2	,089,800	17,629,100

«5

TABLE A-l. --Survey of waterfowl on their winter habitat, January 1968-- continued

Species	Pacific Flyway	Central Flyway	Mississippi Flyway	Atlantic Flyway	Total
Geese: _ Snow goose 505,800 Blue goose (3) White-fronted goose 70,900 Canada goose 171,700 Cackling goose 63,600	164,200 97,800 12,200 275,200	58,000 305,000 24,400 445,300	50,500 1,200 615,200	778,500 kGH, 000 107,500 1,507,400 63,600
Total geese Brant t Swans : Whistling swan Trumpeter swan	812,000 154,300 35,600 700	549,400 100	832,700	666,900 213,500 45,600	2,861,000 367,800 81,200 800
Total swans Coots t	36,300 755,700	100 101,900	694,500	45,600 300,200	82,000 1,852,300
Grand total 1 = — _	7,064,200	4,211,700	8,200,300	3,316,000	22,792,200

Includes west coast of Mexico , Includes Ross' goose Combined with Snow geese

46

TABLE A -2. --Distribution of wintering waterfowl, 1968

^nearest hundreds/

State	Ducks	Geese	Brant	Swans	Coots	Total
Itecific Flyway:
Washington	l,260,8O0	68,1+00	15,700	1,1+00	1+2, 600	1,388,900
Oregon	286,200	63,200	900	7,700	W+,500	1+02,500
Idaho	525,000	5,100	--	1+00	25,700	556,200
Nevada	21,-900	If, 500	—	300	8,000	3^,700
California	3,038,800	662,1+00	1,700	26,000	597,000	1+, 325, 900
Utah	18,200	1,300	—	300	1,1+00	21,200
Arizona	1*4,200	l+,6oo	—	200	27,700	76, 500
Montana	82,700	2,200	--	100	8,300	93,1*00
Wyoming	^,500	200	—	--	500	5,300
Colorado	17,000	100	—	—	—	17,100
New Mexico	6,600	—	—	--	100	6,700
Mexico (west coast	)	--	136,000	--	--	136,000
Flyway total	5,305,900	812,000	15^,300 36, Uoo	755,,800	7,o6i+,i+oo
Central Flyway:
Colorado	333,500	65,900	—	—	—	399 ,U00
Nebraska	358,100	7,800	—	—	—	365,900
Kansas	709,600	23,600	--	--	—	733,200
Oklahoma	395,000	1+3,700	—	—	6,000	l+l+l+,700
New Mexico	101,200	12,000	--	--	2,1+00	115,600
Texas	1,366,200	383,000	--	—	93,500	1,81+2,700
Montana	1+6,000	1,000	—	--	-_	1+7,000
Wyoming	28,700	300	--	--	--	29,000
North Dakota	2,300	.--	—	—	--	2,300
South Dakota	220,000	12,100	— —	100	— —	232,200

Flyway total

3,560,600 5^9, UOO

100 101,900 1+, 212,000

1+7

TABLE A -2.— Distribution of wintering waterfowl, 1968— continued

/nearest hundreds/

State	Ducks	Geese	Brant	Swans	Coots	Total
Mississippi Flyway	:
Minnesota	8,700	8,800			—	—	17,500
Wisconsin	17,900	4,300		—	—	—	22,200
Michigan	61,300	2,800			—	—	64,100
Iowa	107, 4oo	1Q0			—	—	107, 500
Missouri	186,700	129,400		«	—	1,000	317,100
Illinois	17^,800	178,200		--	—	—	353,000
Indiana	14,700	900			—	—	15,600
Ohio	33,000	10,100		—	--	—	43,100
Arkansas	971,300	6,500		--	—	33,300	1,011,100
Mississippi	378,600	1,700		—	--	19,500	399,800
Louisiana	4,235,600	376,900			—	621,900	5,234,400
Alabama	91,200	46,800			—	7,900	145,900
Kentucky	34,900	10,700			—	200	45,800
Tennessee	357,ooo	55,500		™~	— *	10,700	423,200
Flyway total	6,673,100	832,700		~	~	694, 500	8,200,300
Atlantic Flyway:
Maine	67,300	300		--	--	--	67,600
New Hampshire	2,200	1,900			—	—	4,100
Vermont	2,900	--		«	—	—	2,900
Massachusetts	149, 500	9,500		100	—	--	159,100
Connecticut	22,000	500		--	--	--	22,500
Rhode Island	.21,400	500		—	—	--	21,900
New York	164,900	3,600	15;	,4oo	—	--	183,900
New Jersey	164,900	5,500	182.	,000	100	100	352,600
Pennsylvania	11,600	6,100		—	—	—	17,700
Delaware	4i,ioo	38,800	1.	,500	—	100	81,500
Maryland	314,900	403,300		600 26,000	2,700	747,500
Virginia	89,100	74,6oo	13;	,500	2,300	4,200	183,700
West Virginia	4,300	100		--	—	100	4,500
North Carolina	205,600	100,300		300 17,200	92,200	415,600
South Carolina	366,400	15,800		100	—	61,300	443,600
Georgia	81,700	4oo		—	—	3,700	85,800
Florida	380,000	5,700		mm	~~	135,800	521, 500
Flyway total	2,089,800	666,900	213,500 45,600	300,200	3,316,000

48

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TABLE B-2.~ Alaska - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population indexes by species and stratum, 1967-1968

^index numbers in thousands/

						Percent change
Species	Stratum 37	Total	Average 1959-08	:	from**
	1967	1968	1967	Average
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard	16	60	te	76	67	* 81	♦ 13
American widgeon	ko	93	59	133	hi	+125	♦183
Green-winged teal 16	29	2k	^5	12	+ 88	♦275
Shoveler	k	28	6	32	10	+^33	♦220
Pintail	362	260	2U7	622	386	+ 152	♦ 6l
Subtotal	U38	kfO	378	908	522	+ 1^0	♦ 7^
Divers :
Canvasback	1	k2	15	1*3	17	+ I87	♦153
Scaup	186	312	31^	U98	518	♦ 59	. k
Goldeneye	19	16	38	35	21	_ 8	♦ 67
Bufflebead	1	20	30	21	28	- 30	- 25
Subtotal	207	390	397	597	584	♦ 50	+ 2
Miscellaneous:
Scoter	166	135	250	301	235	♦ 20	♦ 28
Eider	7	—	16	7	17	- 56	- 59
Oldsquaw	97	36	87	133	&k	+ 53	♦ 58
Subtotal	270	171	353	1*1	336	♦ 25	♦ 31
Total ducks	915 1,031	1,128	1,9*6	1,1*2	* 73	* 35

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TABLE B-5. — Old Crow Flats, Yukon - comparative status of waterfovl breeding population indexes by species, 1968

^index numbers in thousands/

					Percent	change
Species	Stratum 05	Total	Average 1958-68	from —
	1967	1968	1967	Average
Ducks: Dabblers :
Mallard	2	3	2	2	- 33	—
American widgeon	13	15	13	8	- 13	* 63
Green-winged teal	1	Tr	1	1	+100	~
Shoveler	1	--	1	—	—	—
Pintail	2k	9	2k	13	+167	+ 85
Subtotal	kl	27	kl	2k	+ 52	+ 71
Divers :
Canvasback	1	8	1	k	- 87	- 75
Scaup	33	38	33	3k	- 13	- 3
Goldeneye	7	k	7	2	* 75	+250
Bufflehead	Tr	Tr	Tr	—	--	—
Subtotal	kl	50	kl	ko	- 20	* 3
Miscellaneous:
Scoter	kl	39	kl	k2	+ 21	+ 12
Olds qua w	10	10	10	1	--	+ U3
Subtotal	57	k9	57	k9	♦ 16	* 16
Total ducks	139	126	139	113	+ 9	* 23

Note: 1959 data missing

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TABLE B-9 . — Northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and

Northwest Territories - long-term trend in duck brood indexes, July 1961-68

/in thousands/

	8 -year average				Year
Stratum	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966	1967	1968
15	15	6	3	19	9	11	21	20	29
06	283	55	133	158	709	364	505	55	283
07	122	111	93	58	3.14-7	172	114	47	128
09	41	43	27	36	79	38	50	12	41
10	291	347	282	183	378	270	304	293	273
11	54	73	28	9	27	50	78	64	102
Total	806	635	566	463	1,3^9	905	1,072	491	856

Note: Dummy comparison. Stratum 06, data lacking for 1968.

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TABLE B-l 3 /--Northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba and

Ontario - long-term trend in waterfowl brood and late-nesting indexes by species, July 1962-1968

Species		1962	1963	1964	1965	1966	1967	1968
Broods :
Duck brood index ■,	82	75	152	59	100	228	201
Average brood	size	4.	8 6.	4 5.	0 5.	1 5.	4 5.	4 5.5
Coot brood in<	lex lex:	6	2	9	6	10	10	17
Late-nesting inc
Dabblers :
Mallard		79	83	73	42	35	71	43
Gadwall		2	4	9	3	1	2	2
American widgeon	—	—	—	—	—	4	2
Green-winged teal	2	7	3	1	—	1	1
Blue-winged	teal	3	4	5	4	1	2	3
Shoveler		5	1	1	2	3	3	1
Pintail		5	9	5	4	6	10	3
Black duck							3	—
Subtotal	96	108	96	56	46	96	55
Divers :
Redhead		4	4	7	4	3	3	2
Canvasback		11	2	2	3	2	2	Tr.
Scaup		65	93	68	31	32	68	25
Ring-necked	duck	20	26	24	37	37	28	10
Goldeneye		12	7	7	Tr.	1	2	Tr.
Bufflehead		4	9	7	6	5	9	5
Ruddy duck		2	2	2	3	2	—	—
Subtotal	118	143	117	84	87	112	42
Miscellaneous	ducks il	87	79	56	31	27	8	15
Grand tots	301	330	269	171	155	216	112

1

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67

TABLE B-15. --Southern Alberta - long-term trend in pond indexes by strata with comparisons to average and previous year - May and July 1968

/index numbers in thousands/

Year		26	Stratum		Total
	37	28
May: 1959		lk6	253	99	U98
i960		287	5^9	159	995
1961		213	1^32	56	701
1962		132	3^5	k9	526
1963		189	601	59	8U9
196U		153	366	113	632
1965		299	637	103	1,039
1966		282	U90	72	8UU
1967		260	361	lUo	761
1968	1958-67	103 22U	307	92	502
Average	kke	95	765
Percent	change
from !	L967	-60 A	-15.0	-3^-3	-3^-0
Percent	change
from 1	average	-5k. 0	-31-2	- 3-2	-3U.lt
July:
1959		1CA	Ihi	60	311
i960		93	262	^7	U02
1961		56	153	30	239
1962		72	257	39	368
1963		162	U71	60	693
1961+		87	162	59	308
1965		260	1+85	111	856
1966		187	23^	66	U87
1967		182	280	92	55U
1968	1958-67	90	159	66	315
Average	136	273	61	U70
Percent	chnage
from	1967	-50.5	-U3.2	-28.3	■43.1
Percent	change
from average	-33-8	-in. 8	+ 8.2	-33.0

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70

TABLE P-17 . —Southern Alberta - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population indexes by species and stratum, 1968

/Index numbers in thousands/

							Percent change
Species	Stratum	Tota	Average 1958-67	from — 1967 J
	26~	27	28	1967	1966	\verage
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard	93	277	7*	628	1*1*1*	823	-29.3	-1*6.0
Gadwall	hi	132	9	152	10k	106	+21.0	+73.6
American widgeon	21	60	22	171	103	168	-39.8	-38.7
Green-winged teal	5	kl	1*	*3	50	37	♦16.3	*35.1
Blue -winged teal	1*	56	12	161	82	130	-1*9.1	-36.9
Shoveler	2k	81	22	215	127	186	-»*0.9	-31.7
Pintail	h3	52	1*9	607	ikk	1*39	-76.3	-67.2
Subtotal	243	699 192	1,977	1,13^	1,889	-U2.6	-1*0.0
Divers :
Redhead	k	13	3	60	20	*5	-66.7	-55.6
Canvasback	3	19	2	i*o	2k	50	-1*0.0	-52.0
Scaup	27	110	18	188	155	238	-17.6	-3M
Ring-necked duck	1	3	—	12	1*	3	-66,7	♦33.3
Goldeneye	—	1	—	—	1	2		50.0
Bufflehead	Tr	10	1	19	11	18	-1*2.1	38.9
Ruddy duck	3	k	10	26	17	19	-3U.6	10.5
Subtotal	38	160	3*	3*5	232	375	-32.8	-38.1
Miscellaneous:
Scoter	1	19	1	21	21	33	—	-36.1*
Merganser	--	--	Tr	1	Tr	1	— —	— —
Total ducks	282	878 227	2,3^	1,387	2,298	-1*0.8	-39.6
Geese:
Canada goose	1	Tr	1	7	2	2	-71 A	--
Coots:
American coot	16	33	1*	119	53	77	-55.5	-31.2
Grand total	299	911 232	2,1*70	1,1*1*2	2,377	-1*1.6	-39.3

71

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TABLE B -19.— Southern Alberta, stratum 13 - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population indexes by species, 1968

^index numbers in thousands/

				percent change
	Total	Average 1958-67	from — 1967
Species	1967	1968	Average
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard	92	102	181	+ 10.9	+ +3.6
Gadwall	5	ik	6	+180.0	+133.3
American widgeon	19	32	kl	■+ 68. k	- 22.0
Green-winged teal	13	18	18	+ 38.5	N.C.
Blue -winged teal	11	5	26	- 5+. 5	- 80.8
Shoveler	15	6	19	- 60.0	- 36.8
Pintail	2k	18	U5	- 25.O	- 60.0
Subtotal	179	195	336	+ 8.9	- U2.0
Divers :
Redhead	5	10	16	+100.0	- 37.5
Canvasback	7	7	15	N.C.	- 53.3
Scaup	107	168	161+	+ 57-0	+ 2.k
Ring-necked duck	k	2	15	- 50.0	- 86.7
Goldeneye	2	2	36	N.C.	- 9^
Bufflehead	36	25	1+9	- 30.6	- U9.0
Ruddy duck	5	k	7	- 20.0	- U2.8
Subtotal	166	218	302	+ 31.3	- 27.8
Miscellaneous :
Scoter	16	16	5^	N.C.	- 70. u
Merganser	6	7	26	+ 16.7	- 73.1
Total ducks	367	h36	718	+ 18.8	- 39.3
Geese:
Canada goose	k	Tr	k	—	—
Coots:
American coot	3	29	23		+ 26.1
Grand total	37^	U65	7U5	+ 2U.3	- 37-6

Note: Transect 03 data used to obtain the index for that portion not censused during 1968.

7k

TABLE B-20. — Southern Alberta - long-term trend in waterfowl brood and late-nesting indexes by species, July I96O-68

^in thousands/

Species	i960	1961	1962	1963	196^	1965	1966	1967	1968
Broods :
Duck brood index	185	213	132	201+	190	107	172	165	95
Average brood size^	6.	0 5-7	6 6.	0 6.	0 6.	l 6.6 5.S	» 5.2
Coot brood index	**	1+8	1?	!?	18	17	35	25	2
p Late -nesting index:
Mallard	3	1	1	2	3	12	15	15	Ik
Gadwall	1	1	T	1	1	8	7	7	8
American widgeon	T	T	T	T	1	5	2	2	1+
Green-winged teal	—	T				T	2	6	2
Blue -winged teal	1	1	T	T	T	7	5	3	1+
Shoveler	1	T	T	1	1	8	5	7	3
Pintail	1	1	—	T	T	8	12	9	5
Subtotal	7	h	1	1+	6	1+8	1+8	1+8	1+0
Divers :
Redhead	T	--	T	T	T	2	1	1	1
Canvasback	--	--	T	--	--	T	T	--	1
Scaup	5	2	1	1	3	lU	10	8	9
Ring-necked duck	T							T	--
Goldeneye						T	T	—	1
Bufflehead	--	T
Ruddy duck	k	1	1	2	1	5	7	2	1+
Subtotal	9	3	2	3	k	21	18	11	16
Grand total	16	7	3	7	10	69	66	59	56

1 Class II and III broods only.

2 As indicated by adult pairs and singles,

75

TABLE B-21, — Southern Alberta -waterfowl brood and late nesting indexes by stratum compared to previous year and long-term average > 19o°

/index numbers in thousands/

Species

Stratum

Total

Average

Percent change from

26 27 28 1967 1968 1958-1967 1967 Average

Broods :

Duck brood index Average brood size Coot brood index

27 62 6 165 95 198

4.5 5.7 3.7 5.9 5.2 5.9

1 1 — 25 2 36

-42.4 -52.0 -11.9 -11.9 -92.0 -94.4

te-nesting Index
Dabblers:
Mallard	4	6	4	15	14	7
Gadwall	3	5	Tr	7	8	3
American widgeon	1	2	1	2	4	1
Green-winged teal	—	2	Tr	6	2	1
Blue-winged teal	2	1	1	3	4	2
Shoveler	1	1	1	7	3	3
Pintail	2	2	1	9	5	3
Subtotal	13	19	8	49	40	20

-16.7 +100.0

Divers : Redhead Canvasback Scaup Ring-necked Goldeneye Buf f lehead Ruddy duck	duck	1 1 5 1 1	Tr 2 2	Tr Tr 2 1	1 8 Tr 2	1 1 9 1 4	1 Tr 7 Tr Tr Tr 3
Subtotal	9	4	3	11	16	11	+45.4	+45.4
Grand total	22	23	11	60	56	31	- 5.1	+80.6
\ Class II and	III	broods	only,	i

As indicated by adult pairs and singles

76

TABLE B-22. — Southern Alberta - lone drake index: long-term trend expressed as a percentage of total drakes, 1959-68

Year Mallard Pintail Canvasback Total

1959 I960 1961 1962

1963 1964

1965 1966

1967 1968

70.66	73-26	42.84	71.00
84.92	82.02	72. Ok	84.00
77.10	74.22	63.89	76.OO
82.39	83.98	5k. 32	82.00
84.99	85.25	80.08	84.86
85.28	88.14	52.65	84.57
82.07	72.17	65.02	77.85
80.97	74.99	56.09	77.94
83.60	64. Ik	70.60	79.63
6U.ll	62.13	27.78	62.46

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TABLE B-28„ —Southern Saskatchewan - lone drake index: long-term trend expressed as percentage of total drakes, 1955- Year Percent of lone drakes

1955 82.3

1956 78.5

1957 80.7

1958 80.2

1959 73.0

1960 84.7

1961 71.9

1962 47.3

1963 82.6

1964 83.5

1965 81.9

1966 82.9

1967 83.8

1968 77.9

1

Lone drakes include only mallards, pintails, and canvasbacks.

88

TABLE B-29«— Southern Manitoba - long-term trend in pond indexes by strata with comparisons to average and previous year, May and July, 1968

/index numbers in thousands/

Year Stratum A Stratum B Total A and B

May:

1954 258 428 686

1955 315 428 743

1956 391 615 1,006

1957 262 404 666

1958 352 264 616

1959 160 482 642

1960 324 295 619

1961 158 263 421

1962 135 295 430

1963 298 331 629

1964 398 331 729

1965 327 478 805

1966 372 515 887

1967 JIS 547 862

1968 119 238 357

Average 1954 through 1968

Percent cnange from 1968-

1967

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283	399	682
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339	271	610
425	411	836
241	260	501
163	341	504
96	325	420
164	212	376
41	86	129
97	135	232
145	178	323
201	182	383
129	260	389
167	240	407
100	174	274
48	116	164

July: 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

Average 1954 through 1968 199 247 446

Percent change from 1968-

1967 -52 -33 -40

1968 from 1954-1968 average -76 -53 -62

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TABLE B-34 . —Southern Manitoba - lone drake index: Long-term trend expressed as a percentage of total drakes, 1953-68

Year Mallard Pintail Canvasback Percent lone drakes1

1953 70.1

1954 79.6

1955 87.5

1956 79. 1+

1957 88.9

1958 81.9

1959 70.0

1960 86.5

1961 67.5

1962 62.0

1963 83.7 1961* 78.0

1965 73.8

1966 84.6

1967 83.1+

1968 73. 4 66.0 7.4 72.5

-•■- Lone drakes include only mallards, pintails, and canvasback.

98

TABLE B-35. — Montana - long-term trend in pond indexes by strata with comparisons to average and previous year, May and July, 1965-1968

^index numbers in thousands/

	Stratum 1+0		Stratum 1+1
Year Stock dam	Pothole	Stream	Stock dam	Pothole	Stream	Total
May: 1965 1966 1967 1968	1+6. 9 33.9 25.3 21.1	16.8 3.8 5.2 5-7	1+7-1+ 59-9 1+5. 0 37.7	23.1 30.0 19.0 15.8	5^-3 33.6 1+1.7 16.6	36.1 1+6.0 31-6 21.1+	221+.6 207.2 I67.8 118.3
Average 1965-68		179.5
Percent change from 1967		-30
Percent change from average		-3*
July: 1966 1967 1968	19.9 26.5 23.5	l.fc 3.5 3.0	1+1. 7 37.^ 31.0	11+.8 15.9 16.3	10.3 12.5 6.3	37.6 28.1 20.0	125.7 123.9 100.1
Average 1966-68		116.6
Percent change from 1967		-18.2
Percent change from average		- 6

99

TABLE B-36. — Montana - trend in waterfowl breeding population indexes by species, 1965-68

/Index numbers in thousands/

Species	1965	1966	1967	1968
Ducks :
Dabblers :
Mallard	233,3	362.8	172.7	126.0
Gadwall	52.1	60.0	35.8	38.0
American widgeon	24.7	29.7	38.1	47.9
Green-winged teal	7.7	10.2	11.7	10.9
Blue-winged teal	29.4	33.2	17.6	13.8
Shoveler	29.7	24.6	33.6	28.6
Pintail	163«3	162.5	128.3	44.4
Subtotal	540.1	683.0	437.8	309.6
Divers:
Redhead	2.0	4.5	9.4	1.6
Canvas back	2.0	.5	1.7	2.6
Scaup	10.6	17.1	21.6	13.1
Ring-necked duck	—	~	3.5	1.4
Goldeneye	—	~	—	—
Bufflehead	~	M	.9	1.0
Ruddy duck	—	—	.1	1.2
Subtotal	14.6	22.1	37.2	20.9
Miscellaneous:
Scoter	—	—	MM	— -
Merganser	—	~	MM	mm
Other	2.4	3.5	3.2	.4
Total ducks	557.1	708.6	478.2	330.9
Geese:
Canada goose	—	—	7.3	5.5
Coots :
American coot	—	—	6.0	15.4
Grand total	557.1	706.8	491.7	351.8

100

TABLE B-37o --Montana - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population indexes by species and stratum

/Index numbers in thousands/

								Percent	change
Species		Stratum	Total	Average 1965v-1968	from
	40	1968	41	1967	1968	1967 Average
Ducks :
Dabblers j
Mallard		49.9		76.1	172.7	126.0	223.6	- 27	- 44
Gadwall		7.3		30.7	35.8	38.0	46.4	+ 6	- 19
American widgeon	14.6		33.3	38.1	47.9	35.1	+ 25	+ 36
Green-winged	teal	7.0		3.9	11.7	10.9	10.1	- 7	+ 7
Blue-winged '	teal	5.7		8.1	17.6	13.8	23.5	- 12	- 42
Shoveler		10.8		17.9	33.6	28.6	29.1	- 15	- 2
Pintail		11.4		33.1	128.3	44.4	124.6	- 66	- 65
Subtotal	106.7		203.1	437.8	309.6	492.6	- 30	- 38

Divers

Redhead	~	1.6	9,	.4	1,	,6	4.3	- 83	- 63
Canvasback	• 9	1.7	1,	,7	2,	.6	1.7	+ 52	+ 52
Scaup -|	3.8	9.3	21,	.6	13,	.1	15.6	- 40	- 17
Ring-necked duck Goldeneye ■,	—	1.4	3,	,5	1.	►4	~	- 60	—
~	~	■■i				—		*■»•■»
Bufflehead^	.6	.4	(	.1	1,	.0	.5	+900	+100
Ruddy duck	.9	.3	t	,9	1,	► 2	1.0	+ 33	+ 20
Subtotal	6.2	14.7	37,	.2	20,	► 9	22.8	- 44	- 8
Miscellaneous : Merganser
.4	•»	3,	,2	)	,4	1.8	- 87	- 78
Total ducks	113.3	217.8	478,	,2	331,	.9	518.7	- 31	- 36
Geese: ^
Canada goose	.5	5.0	7,	,3	5,	► 5	6.4	- 25	- 14
Coots	1.4	14,0	6,	.0	15,	.4	10.7	+156	+ 43
Grand total	115.1	236.8	491,	.7	351,	,8	525.8	- 29	- 33

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TABLE B-39. — Montana - lone drake index: long-term trend expressed as a percentage of total drakes, 1965-1968

Year	Mallard	Pintail	Total
1965	69.7	76.1	72.3
1966	79-1	85.9	81.2
19671	78. k	87.2	82. k
1968	72.0	83.7	75-2
"recalculated and	corrected.

16k

TABLE B-40. — Montana, Helena Unit - Canada goose population trend during nesting season, 1967-1968

Area	P	1967 S G	T	P	1968 S G	T
Canyon Ferry Res. Missouri River Lake Helena	27 13 33	13 2 8	15 4 3	82 32 77	26 26 28	14 8 8	15 20 13	81 80 77
Totals	73	23	22	191	80	30	48	238

1

Townsend Bridge to Toston Dam,

TABLE B-41. — Montana, Helena Unit - Canada goose production survey, 1967- 1968

1967 1968

Area

NB	Adult	Young	Total	NB	Adult	Young	Total
38	46	93	177	13	18	70	101
2	10	17	29	—	2	5	7
2	58	81	141	—	66	145	211

Canyon Ferry Res , Missouri River Lake Helena

Totals 42 114 191 347 13 86 220 319

Townsend Bridge to Toston Dam.

105

TABLE T$-h2. — North and South Dakota - long-term trend in pond indexes by strata and comparisons to average and previous years, May and July 1968

^index numbers in thousands/

Year Strata

30 and 33

May:

1959 2°9

i960 397

1961 105

1962 3^8

1963 *H3 196U 207

1965 338

1966 U75

1967, 523

19681 38^

Average 1959-1967 335 Percent change 1968 from average 1^.6

Percent change 1968 from 1967 26.6

July:

1959 110

i960 311

1961 108

1962 231

1963 275 1961* 211

1965 2U5

1966 U71 1967, 328 1968 31^

Average 1959-1967 255 Percent change 1968 23.1

Percent change 1968 from 1967 h.

Adjusted for stratum boundary changes.

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108

TABLE B-k1*-. --North Dakota - comparative status of waterfowl population indexes by species and stratum, 1968

/index numbers in thousands/

						Percent
Species		Stratum		Total		change
	29	30	31	1967	1968	from 1967
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard	5-0	81.9	27.1	275-5	llU.O	-58.6
Gadwall	1.1	9^.1	1.3	15^.8	96.5	-37-7
American widgeon	—	• 3	k.6	13.6	k.9	-63.9
Green-winged teal	--	2.2	--	10.0	2.2	-78.0
Blue -winged teal	1.1	79-5	k.6	1^0. 9	85.2	-39-5
Shoveler	.h	33-3	3.6	91.5	37-3	-59.2
Pintail	--	39-2	8.8	155-fc	U8.0	-69.I
Subtotal	7-6	330.5	50.0	8ia. 7	388.1	-53.9
Divers :
Redhead	—	17. k	—	25.2	17. 1+	-30.9
Canvasback	--	9-9	--	16.1	9-9	-38.5
Scaup	—	8.9	—	10.9	8.9	-18.3
Ruddy duck	—	5.7	—	9.3	5-7	-38.7
Subtotal	—	ki.9	—	61.5	U1.9	-31-9
Total ducks	7.6	372 A	50.0	903.2	U30.0	-52 .k
Coots	—	90.5	1.6	91.6	92.1	* .5
Grand total	7.6	1+62.9	51.6	99^.8	522.1	-1*7.5

109

TABLE B-l*5.-- South Dakota - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population indexes by species and stratum, 1968

/index numbers in thousands/

						Percent
Species	Stratum		Total		change
	32	33	3^	1967	1968	from 1967
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard	23.0	60.8	7^.3	1U6.9	158.1	+ 7.6
Gadwall	8.6	U0.3	13-7	50.3	62.6	+ 2l*.l*
American widgeon	.3	.8	11.2	20.3	12.3	-39.^
Green-winged teal	• 9	1.8	k.O	3-6	6.7	+86.1
Blue -winged teal	13.8	38.6	13.1	1*7-5	65.5	+ 37.9
Shoveler	3.9	16.0	18.7	2U.7	38.6	+ 56.3
Pintail	1*.8	23. U	ll*.7	71.2	U2.9	-39.7
Subtotal	55-3	181.7	1^9.7	36U.5	386.7	+ 6.1
Divers :
Redhead	1.1	6.0	--	3.9	7.1	+ 82.1
Canvasback	.6	1.2	--	2.5	1.8	-28.0
Scaup	2.5	5.5	3.7	5-9	11.7	+ 98.3
Ring-necked duck				.6	--	—
Bufflehead				.6	—	--
Ruddy duck	.9	.8	1.6	—	3-3	—
Subtotal	5-1	13.5	5-3	13.5	23.9	+ 77-0
Total ducks	60. h	195.2	155.0	378.0	1*10.6	♦ 8.6
Coots	9.2	1*6.8	1.8	13.1	57.8	+ 3^.1
Grand total	69.6	2U2.0	156.8	391.1	l*68.U	+ 19.8

110

TABLE B- ^6. --North and South Dakota - waterfowl brood and late -nesting indexes by strata and compared to 1967 &n& the long-term average, 1968

^index numbers in thousands/

	Strata 30	and 33.	Percent	Percent
			Long--	change	change
			term	from —	from —
	1968	1967	average	1967	average
Broods :
Duck brood index	26. k	*3-5	38.9	- 39-3	- 32.3
Average brood size-	1 6.0	5.5	6.0	+ 9-1	--
Coot brood index	6.5	15.3	7-6	- 57-7	- 14.5
Late -nesting index^
Dabblers :
Mallard	12.8	25.6	18.8	- 50.0	- 31-9
Gadwall	7.0	22.9	1U.0	- 69. h	- 50.0
American widgeon		.6	.h	—	—
Green-winged teal —	.8	.k	—	~
Blue -winged teal	l.k	17. k	13-6	- 92.0	- 97-1
Shove ler	—	.8	1.0	—	—
Pintail	--	2.k	1.3	--	--
Subtotal	21.2	70.5	^9.5	- 69.9	- 57-2
Divers :
Redhead	.3	1.3	l.U	- 76.9	- 78.6
Canvasback	--	.h	.2	--	--
Scaup	—	.k	.1	--	—
Ruddy duck	5-1	6.1	6.8	- I6.h	- 25.0
Subtotal	5.U	8.2	8.5	- 3^.2	- U6.5
Grand total	26.6	78.7	58.0	-66.2	- 5*.i

Class II and III broods only. As indicated by adult pairs and singles. * Long-term averages for strata 30 and 33 only.

Ill

TABLE B-V7. --North and South Dakota - waterfowl brood and late -nesting by stratum compared to 1967 and the long-term averages, 1968

/index numbers in thousands/

		Strata		Total	Total	Percent
	29	30	31	change
	and	and	and	All strata	all	from —
	32	33	34	1968	1967	1967
Broods :
Duck brood index	1.0	28.8	20.5	50.3	74.5	- 32.5
Average brood size1	k.O	5.9	4.5	5.4	5-3	+ 1.9
Coot brood index	• 7	7.*	~~	8.1	I8.5	. 56.2
Late -nesting index^
Dabblers :
Mallard	• 7	Ik.k	6.8	21.9	38. 4	- U3.0
Gadwall		8.1	2.6	10.7	28.1	- 61.9
American widgeon	• 5	--	3.2	3-7	3.6	+ 2.8
Green-winged teal	—	—	—	—	1.6	—
Blue-winged teal	• 5	1.5	.6	2.6	22. 4	- 88.4
Shoveler	--	--	.6	.6	1.3	- 53-9
Pintail	--	--	--	__	8.3	"•
Subtotal	1.7	24.0	13.0	39.5	103.7	- 61.9
Divers :
Redhead	--	.4	—	.4	1.4	- 71.4
Canvasback	—	--	—	—	.4	—
Scaup	--	--	--	—	1.0	—
Ruddy duck	--	5.8	— —	5.8	7-8	- 25.6
Subtotal	—	6.2	—	6.2	10.6	- 41.5
Grand total	1-7	30.2	13.8	45.7	114.3	- 60.O
Ponds	83.9	314.0	103.5	501. If	621.1	- 19.3

1 Class II and III broods only. As indicated by adult pairs and singles.

112

TABLE B-kQ. — North and South Dakota - lone drake index: expressed as percentage of total drakes, 1959-68

Year Percent lone drakes1

-i " ' ' ■■ ■ ■ ■■■ ■ ■■■ i ■■ - ■ ■ ■■ i « ■■ ■■ ■ ■ - ii —i- ... - ■ i ■ -in- ■ —ii ■■■■■- -■■ ■ ■■

1959 ^5.5

1960 73.3

1961 67.I

1962 73-9

1963 77-7 196U 67.6

1965 66.6

1966 69.6

1967 78. h

1968 70.3

1 Lone drakes include only mallards, pintails, and canvasback

113

TABLE B-49. — Minnesota-waterfowl breeding population indexes for selected areas, 1968

Species		Stratum	1		State
	1 and 2	3	4	5	total
Ducks :
Dabblers:
Mallard	21,520	23,485	455	8,318	53,778
Gadwall	621	939	—	—	1,560
American widgeon	569	1,074	90	879	2,612
Green-winged teal	155	—	—	--	155
Blue -winged teal	39,470	24,961	~	1,406	65,837
Shoveler	2,017	2,147	—	—	4,164
Pintail	724	—	—	—	724
Wood duck	2,328	1,610	104	88	4,130
Subtotal	67,404	54,216	649	10,691	132,960
Divers :
Redhead	5,070	1,879	—	—	6,949
Canvasbaek	724	2,684	—	—	3,408
Scaup 2	13,915	7,515	—	264	21,694
Ring-necked duck	5,897	2,818	90	234	9,039
Ruddy duck	466	11,541	—	—	12,007
Subtotal	26,072	26,437	90	498	53,097
Total ducks	93,476	80,653	739	11,489	186,057
Coots	45,109	32,208	—	—	77,317
Total	138,585	112,861	739	11,189	263,374

The strata given here represent the following: 1&2 - high density water area of State

3 - moderate water density area

4 - infertile lake region of various water densities

5 - Roseau and Red Lake bog region of northwestern Minnesota

Scaup are not considered resident breeding ducks

114

TABLE B-50. — Minnesota - adjustments of population indexes for birds not seen by aerial census for major ducks breeding in Minnesota, 1968

Species	Unadjusted population index	Visibility rate	Adjusted population index
Mallard	53,778	0.U9	110,000
Blue -winged teal	65,837	O.Ul	160, 000
Ring-necked duck	9,039	O.78	12,000
All ducks	186,057	O.kQ	390,000

115

TABLE B-51. — Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota - Trend in waterfowl breeding populations by area, 1962-1968

Area	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966	1967	1968
Bowstring	242	238	245	301	178	138	277
Burns	24	107	109	87	93	114	41
Kitchie	34	112	204	162	160	163	200
Lower Pigeon	10	117	90	54	33	6	25
Mud Lake	151	251	141	150	170	~	120
Raven Lake	.10	-17	11	8	—	8	15
Round Lake	207	327	729	445	283	511	262
Third River	133	141	178	365	201	142	72
Lake Winnibigoshish	154	568	309	300	210	220	247
Rabideau	46	247	247	178	211	181	150
Total	1,013	2,125	2,263	2,050	1,539	1,483	1,409

TABLE B-52.— Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota - adult: juvenile ratios by species for all ducks, 1967-1968

Species

1967

Adults

1968

Juveniles Ratio Adults Juveniles Ratio

Mallards	220
American widgeon	85
Goldeneye	51
Blue-winged teal	8
Ringneck	17
Wood duck	56
Other	12

518	1:2.3	229
169	1:2.0	64
184	1:3.6	53
11	1:1.4	16
38	1:2.2	22
107	1:1.9	76
7	1:0.6	24

474	1:2.0
136	1:2.0
121	1:2.3
18	1:1.1
40	1:1.8
104	1:1.4
32	1:1.3

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TABLE B-5U.— Washington- waterfowl production index - 1967 and 1968

Species		1967	1968	Percent change
Ducks :
Dabblers :
Mallard		134,200	113,700	- 15
Gadwall		14,500	7,900	- 46
American wi<	igeon	30,500	19,900	- 35
Green-Twinged teal	4,500	8,400	+ 87
Blue-winged	teal and	36,200	64,100	+ 77
cinnamon	teal
Shoveler		9,800	13,600	+ 39
Pintail		3,800	6,700	+ 76
Wood duck		11,600	14,700	♦ 27
Subtotal	245,100	249,000	+ 2
Divers :
Redhead		19,200	18,500	- 4
Canvasback		—	400	a*w
Scaup		20,000	15,900	- 21
Ring-necked	duck	13,000	2,000	- 85
Goldeneye		9,400	7,600	- 19
Bufflehead		100	200	+100
Ruddy duck		13,300	10,200	- 23
Subtotal	75,000	54,800	- 27
Mergansers :
American merganser	700	400	- 43
Hooded merganser	1,900	3,100	+ 63

Subtotal

Total ducks

Geese:

Canada geese

Coots

2,600

3,500

322,700

11,300 26,100

307,300

11,650 31,600

+ 35

- 5

+ 3

* 20

119

TABLE B-55. — Oregon duck production index by species, 1967 and 1968

( 14 Transects )

Species

Number Young 1967 1968

Percent Change

Mallards Gadwall

American widgeon Blue-winged teal Green-winged teal Shovel er Pintail Wood duck

Subtotal

Redhead Canvas back Ruddy duck

Subtotal

Miscellaneous

Total

1,502

2,238

172

242

25

93

138

112

1,394

70

160

1,624 131

1,605

1,278

122

1,302

53

95

141

233

4,522 4,829

1,727 544 547

2,818 149

+ 6.9

- 42.9

- 2.9 +438.0 ♦112.0 4 2.2 + 2.2 +108.0

+ 6.8

+ 23.9 +677.1 +241.9

+ 73.5 + 13.7

6,277 7,796

+ 24.2

120

TABLE B-56.-- Oregon - goose production index, 1967 and 1968

	Total	broods	Total	young
Transect	1967	1968	1967	1968
Klamath River	250	188	1,132	8U8
Sprague River	—	18	--	80
Spring Lake	5	k	2U	16
Nuss Lake	22	28	97	127
Agency Lake	70	85	323	38U
Wocus Bay-	13	*9	58	222
Howard Bay-	18	59	79	266
Summer Lake	21	36	93	165
N. Lake County	50	12	211	»H
Columbia River	11	2	k9	7
Wickup Reservoir	10	1	38	5
G. I. Ranch	12	21	56	85
Jefferson County	2	1*	9	13
S. Lake County	27	2	109	7
Ladd Marsh	5	5	20	27
Hanks Marsh	2k	22	108	100
Malheur Refuge	.Wf	222	2,000	1,000
Klamath Forest Refuge	» 67	6k	300 U,706	290
Total	1,051	822	3,683

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TABLE B-6l. — Nevada - aerial waterfowl nesting pair surveys, 1965-68

Species I965 1966 1967 1968

Ducks: Dabblers :

Mallard 1,271 1,373 1,571 6U9

Gadwall 982 966 669 682

Cinnamon teal 1,524 1,389 2,134 1,217

Shoveler 228 154 84 87

Pintail 685 628 257 275

Subtotal 4,690 4,510 4,715 2,910

Divers :

Redhead 2,328 1,983 1,962 1,311

Canvasback 100 82 38 71

Ruddy duck 1,008 827 393 309

Subtotal 3,436 2,892 2,393 1,691

Miscellaneous 136 164 107 128

Total ducks 8,262 7,566 7,215 4,729

Geese 637 658 383 l8l

126

TABLE B- 62. —Nevada - waterfowl production index, by species, 1965-68

Broods Young

Species 1965 19"55 1967 19EB I965 1966 1967 19^

Docks:

Dabblers :

Mallard 100 73 h& 23^ 677 hgh 305 1,390

Gadwall 183 216 113 336 1,1*05 1,591 589 2,251

Green-winged teal k k 15 12 25 27 85 72

Cinnamon teal 255 192 139 6h8 1,806 1,560 968 U,027

Shoveler 38 10 . 8 1*1 271 25 52 221

Pintail 125 hO 42 125 852 237 280 671

Subtotal

705 535 365 1,396 5,036 3,93^ 2,279 8,632

Divers:

Redhead 215 160 12k 395 1,502 1,141 916 2,796

Canvasback 8 5 63 59 — 31 421

Ruddy duck 1+9 25 32 122 277 148 129 1*94

Subtotal 272 185 161 580 1,838 1,289 1,076 3,711

Total ducks 977 720 526 L,976 6,874 5,223 3,355 12,343

Geese:

Canada goose ~ — — 101 789 930 — 689

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TABLE B-6U.--Utah - species composition of breeding populations of waterfowl as determined from ground survey data, 1967-68

/index numbers in thousands/

Species		Northern	Utah	Southern Utah
	1967	1968	1967	1968
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallards		12.3	11.3	15.2	13.3
Gadwall		13.0	12.U	1^.5	15.2
American widgeon		1.0	Tr	1.7	1.3
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Shoveler		6.9	7.1	6.8	7.1
Pintail		7.7	8.3	10.2	10.1
Divers :
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Scaup		—	—	1.5	1.8
Bufflehead		--	--	0.5	__
Goldeneye		—	--	--	--
Ruddy duck		11. u	13-1	10.9	10.3
TABLE B-65.— Utah - Canada	geese production index,	1967-68
			Number of
Area			breeding pairs	Number	of young
			1967	1968	1967	1968
Cutler Reservoir			25	23	106	ll+0
Public shooting grounds			7	13	32	65
Bear Rivery Refuge and vie	inity	201	315	1,021+	1,1+86
Ogden Bay Wildlife Management	Area	85	1^3	373	61+1+
Farmington Bay Wildlife Management Area	78	75	360	359
Scipio Reservoir			2	5	12	26
Redmond Lake			10	5	57	26
Gunnison Reservoir			1+	5	19	29
Clear Lake Wildlife Management		7	8	31	38
Mona Reservoir			7	3	26	13
Wales Reservoir			9	3	1+1+	21
Rich County (Bear River)			83	lll+	11U	525
Total			518	712	2,1+78	3,372

129

TABLE B-66. — Utah - dike -line breeding pair counts of waterfowl on four State refuges, 1967-1968

Species 1967 1968

Ducks: Dabblers :

Mallard 603 375

Gadwall 750 38U

American widgeon 17 k

Green-winged teal 21 8

Blue-winged teal 28 31

Cinnamon teal 901 6kk

Shoveler 277 208

Pintail klk 281

Total ducks

Geese:

Canada goose

Subtotal 3,011 1,935

Divers : Redhead Canvasback Scaup Goldeneye Bufflehead Ruddy duck

Subtotal

1,198 2 10	1,268 3
1 381	332
1,592	1,603
M03	3,538
177	167

130

TABLE B-67. — Wyoming - trend in waterfowl breeding populations, 1965-68

					Percent	Percent
					change	change
Species	1965	196b	1967	1968	from-- 1967	from — Average
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard	168, 0U1	117,27^	120, 139	168,669	+ ko	+ <^k
Gadwall	23,597	I2,l8k	33,510	39,806	- 19	+181
American widgeon 29,135	11,276	11,205	30,032	+168	+202
Teal	39,638	23,928	*a, 968	3^,070	- 19	+ 53
Shove ler	10,708	7,872	16,068	lk, 196	- 12	+ 32
Pintail	23,091	13,616	17,810	30,90k	+ 7U	+ 22
Subtotal	294,210	186, 150	2^0,700	317,677
Divers :
" Redhead	2,U70	k2k	53i	2,127	+301	+ 62
Canvasback	510	1,272	53i	1,530	+188	+ 96
Scaup	3,272	5,052	2,271	5,570	+IU5	+262
Goldeneye	163	1,596	953	1,090	+ Ik	+ 8k
Bufflehead	163	320	--	218	--	—
Ruddy duck	U90	108	1,7^6	U,695	+I69	+221
Subtotal	7,068	8,772	6,032	15,230
Miscellaneous :
Merganser	9,281	9,306	7,031	9,718	+38	+ 96
Total ducks	310, 559	20k,228	253,763	3^2,625
Coots	6,083	6,U&	5,759	lk,Vf2	+151	+212

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Table B-69. — Colorado-duck breeding population by species, and the 14-year average, 1968

Number of Species 1968	breeding pairs 9 1954-1967 1967 Average	Species comp percent 1968 1967	1 losition, Average
Ducks :
Dabblers:
Mallard	36,644	34,829	28,099	50.4	57.0	62.1
Gadwall	8,425	5,850	3,825	11.6	9.6	8.5
American widgeon	343	1,008	562	0.5	1.6	1.2
Green-winged teal	5,411	3,692	1,318	7.4	6.0	2.9
Blue-winged teal	and
Cinnamon teal	6,463	6,449	4,078	8.9	10.6	9.0
Shoveler	3,645	2,105	1,652	5.0	3.4	3.7
Pintail	7,970	4,093	2,973	11.0	6.7	6.6
Divers :
Redhead	2,063	1,383	1,648	2.8	2.3	3.6
Others	1,750	1,691	1,095	2.4	2.8	2.4
• Totals	72,714	61,100	45,250	100.0	100.0	100.0

A change in methods of projecting estimates in North Park in 1968 affects the comparability of the figures between 1968 and 1967, as well as the 14-year average.

San Luis Valley averages, included here, are for the years 1964- 1967 only.

133

TABLE B-70<> --Colorado - summary of duck breeding ground population estimates by area, and the 14- year average for comparison, 1968

	Total estimated breeding pa	irs	-yeai 1954-
Area			1968	1967	14	: average •1967
San Luis Val] North Park South Platte Cache la Pouc Yampa Valley Browns Park	Ley Valley Ire Valley	27,611 19,777 14,000 7,403 2,985 938	29,143 13,722 8,813 5,735 3,246 441		27, 6, 5, 2, 2,	,5«2 ,187 ,130 ,177 ,915 154
Total	72,714	6.1,100		44,	,108

Aerial corrected by species from visibility ratios obtained in the San Luis Valley in 1968. San Luis Valley averages are based on results of 1964-1967 only. The much less intensive coverage of previous years is not included in the calculations „

134

TABLE B-71. — Nebraska, south-central -ground and aerial duck species composition, 1968

				Grounc	I	A§	^rial
Species	Number1	Percent	Number *	Percent	Populatior
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard			226		14.07	34	16.19	2,314
Gadwall			50		3.11	—	—	—
American	widgeon	30		1.87	—	—	—
Green-winged	teal	52		3.24	—	—	—
Blue-winged	teal	769		47.88	149	69.94	7,400
Pintail			143		8.90	5	2.31	231
Shoveler			310		19.30	25	11.56	1,295
Divers :
Redhead			6		.37	~	—	—
Scaup			18		1.12	—	—	—
Ruddy d u<	:k	1	2		.12	—	—	—
Totals	,606		100.00	213	100.00	11,240

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2

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TABLE B-72. — Nebraska-sandhills-species composition and breeding population comparison, 1968

		Stratum	1968 Total	Percent composition	1967 Total	Percen
Species	A	B	chan;
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard		21,532	3,475	25,008	25.0	27,615	- 9.4
Gadwall		10,542	590	11,132	11.1	13,553	-17.9
American widgeon	—	—	—	0.0	679	—
Green-winged	teal	179	~	179	0.2	170	+ 5.3
Blue-winged	teal	20,459	3,475	23,934	23.9	22,721	+ 5.3
Shoveler		17,154	1,159	18,313	18.3	17,124	+ 6.9
Pintail		6,522	2,027	8,549	8.5	6,277	♦36.2
Divers :
Redhead		5,450	—	5,450	5.4	679	+702.7
Canvasback		1,161	—	1,161	1.2	764	+52.0
Scaup		447	—	447	0.5	2,971	-85.0
Ruddy duck		5,897	—	5,897	5.9	3,650	+61.6
Totals	89,343	10,726	100,070	100.0	96,203	+ 4.0

135

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158

A U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1969 0 — 332-000

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re- sources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources."

The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States — now and in the future.

CONSERVATION PLEDGE

1 give my pledge

as an American to save

and faithfully to defend from

waste the natural resources of

my country— its soil and

minerals, forests,

waters, and

wildlife.

4