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AN EVALUATION OF 148 COMPOUNDS
AS AVIAN IMMOBILIZING AGENTS

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 150

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, ROGERS C. B. MORTON, SECRETARY
Nathaniel P. Reed, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks

Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Spencer H. Smith, Director (Acting)

AN EVALUATION OF 148 COMPOUNDS AS AVIAN IMMOBILIZING AGENTS

By

Edward W. Schafer, Jr. and Donald J. Cunningham

Denver Wildlife Research Center
Division of Wildlife Research
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Denver, Colorado 80225

Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 150
Washington, D. C. • February 1972

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

PROCEDURES 2

RESULTS 3

Initial Screening 3

Anesthetics 3

Sedatives and hypnotics 3

Tranquilizers 3

Myoneural agents k

Miscellaneous compounds h

Advanced Testing k

REFERENCES 5

TABLES

1. Results of initial screening on starlings and

red-winged blackbirds 10

2. Comparative information on the immobilization

activity of 25 compounds on 9 species of birds. . 17

3. The most active immobilizing compounds on each

species 18

APPENDIX

Identification list of all compounds tested 23

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ii

AN EVALUATION OF 148 COMPOUNDS AS AVIAN IMMOBILIZING AGENTS

Abstract , — From 1961 to 1969, some 148 compounds were
tested for immobilization of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius
phoeniceus) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Of these, 25
showed enough promise to warrant advanced testing on seven
additional species of wild birds: the common grackle
(Quiscalus quiscula) , common pigeon (Columba livia) , house
finch (Carpodius mexicanus) , house sparrow (Passer domesticus) ,
mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) , ring-necked pheasant
(Phasianus colchicus), and yellow-headed blackbird (Xantho-
cephalus xanthocephalus) . Although no single compound was
best suited for immobilizing all of the nine species tested,
Banol (6-chloro-3,5-xylyl N-methyl carbamate) Dowco, 161(0-ethyl-
0-2,4-dichlorophenyl phosphoroamidate) , metomidate [methyl
ester of imidazole-5-carboxylic acid; l-(ot-methylbenzyl)] , and
metomidate HC1 possessed exceptional activity on three or more
of the species tested. Of the species tested, redwings and
house finches were the most sensitive to immobilizing agents,
and pheasants the least.

INTRODUCTION

Compounds that anesthetize or immobilize birds are finding increasing
use throughout the world. They are used during surgery on captive wild
birds (1,2,6,^,25,29,30,32,38,43,45,57) and domestic fowl (21,23,34,35,37,
41_ , 5_9 , 62^) , and less potent compounds have been used to promote growth and
reduce antagonistic or cannibalistic tendencies in poultry (36,7 1) . Perhaps
the newest use of avian immobilizing agents, and the one with the most
potential for future development, is in wildlife biology and management.
Not only are these compounds now being used to capture wild birds for banding
and other scientific pursuits (3,11,13,17 , 27,28»29.»^:»^§»J2J53J58I66>72, 74) ,
but also they are being more and more often considered to alleviate agricul-
tural and urban bird problems (4,7 ,8,9, JLO, JL2,14,lj>, _18, 1_9,22^,26,31_,33,47 ,48,
10»51.>54>55'26.'63,69,70,7_5). This latter use will probably expand rapidly
as the hazards of nonselective toxicants are realized.

Although a considerable amount of literature has been published in the
last three decades on the immobilization of birds, a comparative evaluation
of the most effective agents for various avian species has never been made.
This paper presents this information on 148 physiologically active compounds.

We wish to acknowledge the invaluable help of Ronald B. Brunton who

assisted in many of the laboratory studies contained herein, and Ann H. Jones,

Jerome F. Besser, Joseph L. Guarino, and Richard R. West for the help that
they have graciously given in editing this manuscript.

PROCEDURES

In 1961, the Denver Wildlife Research Center began a program of screening
immobilizing agents for possible use in bird damage control. Compounds pur-
chased or solicited from chemical and pharmaceutical companies were first
screened on starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius
phoeniceus) , two species often involved in agricultural and urban bird prob-
lems in the United States. Compounds active in this initial screening were
then tested on other species that commonly or occasionally cause damage--
mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) , ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus),
common pigeons (Columba livia) , common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), yellow-
headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) , house finches (Carpodius
mexicanus) , and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) . Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis), mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) , common crows (Corvus brachyrhyn-
chos ) , brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and white-crowned sparrows
(Zonotrichia leucophrys) were also tested when available.

Three criteria were established to select compounds with the greatest
potential:

1. The median temporary immobilizing dose (TI50) should be 32 mg/kg or less
when a compound was administered orally to redwings or starlings. Temporary
immobilization was arbitrarily defined as the point at which a bird lost com-
plete control over wing and leg movements. We did not further define the
various stages of immobilization as have others (46,49,50,51) .

2. The compound should have a safety factor (SF = TI50/LD50) of at least
3 for the bird species tested.

3. It should be well accepted by birds.

By adhering to these criteria we felt that an effective dose for immobilizing
or capturing small to medium-sized birds (20-100 grams) could be put on one
bait particle so that there would be minimum, acceptable avian mortality in
the field. Larger birds would require multiple baits for immobilization.

Screening tests were conducted by dosing the birds orally as described by
DeCino et al. (16) and Schafer et al. (58). Test birds were wild-trapped and
held in captivity for 2 to 20 weeks before treatment; none were tested more
than once. TIso's and LDso's were calculated by the method of Thompson and
Weil (64,65, 6j3). Confidence limits (<* = 0.05) were calculated whenever possible
but are not listed in the tables in order to conserve space.

RESULTS

INITIAL SCREENING

From 1961 to 1969, 148 compounds were screened for immobilization activity
on redwings and starlings. The test results are given in table 1. For dis-
cussion, they have been grouped into five categories according to the compounds'
gross pharmacological activity on mammals.

Anesthetics

General anesthetics are compounds that reversibly depress the central
nervous system, producing loss of consciousness, analgesia, and muscular relaxa-
tion with minimal depression of vital life functions.

Local anesthetics, when topically applied, reversibly abolish sensory
impulses (i.e., pain) but, because of poor absorption, do not produce signifi-
cant effects on other portions of the body. Thus, the primary use of these
compounds is in local surgery requiring the suppression of pain. Oral inges-
tion of large doses results in anesthetic effects similar to those observed
with general anesthetics.

Of 19 anesthetics screened, four satisfied our criteria on redwings (buta-
caine sulfate, metomidate, metomidate HC1, and phencyclidine) , and one on
starlings (phencyclidine) (table 1). As expected, general anesthetics were
more effective than local anesthetics in producing immobilization; of five gen-
eral anesthetics tested, four showed activity, whereas only one of 14 local
anesthetics did so.

Sedatives and hypnotics

Sedatives and hypnotics are pharmacologically considered somewhat less
active than anesthetics. Although they act on the higher brain centers like
anesthetics and induce some depression of the central nervous system, they do
not suppress pain. As a rule, these compounds are well absorbed orally; their
effects last for varying lengths of time.

Of 34 sedatives and hypnotics tested, the barbiturates were the most
active. Eight out of 15 met our criteria on redwings (allobarbital, butal-
bital, butethal, mephobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, talbutal, and
thiopental sodium), but none on starlings (table 1). Of the remaining 19 com-
pounds, only four (chloralose, ethinimate, mecloqualone, and phenaglycodol)
met our criteria on redwings, and only chloralose on starlings.

Tranquilizers

Tranquilizers act less on the mammalian higher brain centers than seda-
tives and hypnotics and are generally considered pharmacologically less
potent. Although they primarily affect the lower brain centers and do not

involve conscious thought processes, they are generally active orally and pro-
duce their effects for prolonged periods of time.

Of 33 tranquilizers, only four met our criteria on redwings (chlordiaze-
poxide, diazepam, SKF 10812A, and trif luoperidol) , and none on starlings (table

1).

Myoneural agents

Myoneural agents immobilize by inhibiting the contraction of striated
muscle at the neuromuscular junction. This effect can be produced by three
major mechanisms, but is most often observed with cholinesterase inhibition.
Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in use today rely on this mechanism
for their killing power. Because the reaction at myoneural junctions is a
graded response (the more inhibitor, the more inhibition), there is a possi-
bility of producing immobilization but not death. This is easiest to accom-
plish with reversible cholinesterase inhibitors like the phenyl 2£-methyl
carbamates, because their effects are generally short-lived. Organophosphates,
which inhibit more permanently, are less likely candidates.

Of 47 myoneural agents tested, 13 met our criteria on redwings (ACD 7029,
Banol, Dowco 160, Dowco 161, H 5727, H 9699, matacil, methiocarb, RE 5305, RE
5454, RE 5655, SD 8530, and SD 8786), and 4 on starlings (Banol, Dowco 161,
H 5727, and RE 5454). Although some of these data have previously been reported
(58) , they are repeated here for comparison. Of the 13 active compounds, 11
were phenyl ^J-me thy 1 carbamates.

Miscellaneous compounds

Of 25 compounds tested, only 3 (nicotine sulfate, pentazocine, and tre-
morine) met our criteria on redwings, and none on starlings (table 1).

ADVANCED TESTING

Of the 148 compounds screened on redwings and starlings, 36 fulfilled our
criteria for active avian immobilizing agents. Twenty-five of these were
tested on 7 additional species of wild birds (table 2).

Inspection of the data in table 2 suggested that there was an order among
the species in their sensitivity to immobilizing agents. To test this hypothe-
sis, the Tl5o's for the 17 compounds used on all 9 species were analyzed by
the sum of ranks procedure (24) . For each compound, the most sensitive species
was assigned rank 1, the second most sensitive, rank 2, and so on. The scores
(sums of ranks for the 17 compounds) were as follows: house finch, 38.5; red-
winged blackbird, 45.5; house sparrow, 74.5; yellow-headed blackbird, 79.5;
mallard duck, 86.5; common pigeon, 94.5; common grackle, 102; starling, 111.5;
ring-necked pheasant, 132.5. The mean sum of ranks was 85, and the 95 percent
confidence limits were 54 and 114. Thus, the house finch and redwing were sig-
nificantly more sensitive to immobilizing agents than the other species, and
the ring-necked pheasant was significantly more resistant.

Although only one of the compounds in table 2 (phencyclidine) met our
criteria for all 9 species, several appeared promising for certain species.
At this stage we added two more criteria:

4. Average induction time (time between dosing and immobilization) at doses
between the TI50 and LD50 should be between 5 and 14 minutes.

5. Average duration of immobilizing effects at doses between the TI50 and
LD50 should be between 1% and 3 hours.

Table 3 gives a summary of the most promising immobilizing agents for each
species (including results of limited tests with five species not shown in
table 2). Only compounds that fulfilled the first three criteria are included.
Those marked with one asterisk fulfilled either the fourth or fifth criterion
and should be considered further. Those marked with two asterisks fulfilled
both the fourth and fifth and appear the most likely candidates for field use.

For each of the nine major species except pheasants, there was at least
one compound that met all five criteria. However, no single compound was active
on enough species to be considered an "all-purpose" immobilizing agent. Pento-
barbital met all five criteria for the largest number of species (five) . Two
other compounds, diazepam and chloralose, were active on a wider variety of
species, but had too long an induction time in many cases. Phencyclidine was
also active fairly widely, but its effects generally lasted too long. In
situations where slow action is acceptable, these last three compounds may be
useful for a variety of species at one time. For the best results, however,
it appears that immobilizing agents, like so many other biologically active
compounds, should be chosen for particular situations with a single target
species in mind.

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TABLE 1. Results of initial screening on starlings
and red-winged blackbirds

Starling

Red-winged Blackbird

Compound

TI50
(mg/kg)

^50
(mg/kg)

SF

(UD50/
TI50)

TI50
(mg/^g)

^50
(mg/kg)

SF
TI50)

General Anesthetics

Hydroxydione
Metomidate
Metomidate HC1
Phencyclidine
Tr ibr omoe tbanol

Local Anesthetics - Benzoic Acid Esters

100

> 100

MM

100

> 100

75

> 100

> 1.3

18

56

42

178

4.3

13

100

2.4

242

100

1.3

42

178

> 316

> 1.8

56

320

Butacaine S0^

75

> 100

Butambem

> 100

> 100

2-Chloroprocaine HC1

MM

_-

Prilocaine

> 100

> 100

Procaine

> 953

> 953

Tetracaine

> 100

> 100

Tricaine

> 100

> 100

Zola mine

> 100

> 100

> 1.3

24

100

—

MM

100

MM

> 100

> 100

~

> 100

> 100

•M

75

> 100

—

> 100

> 100

~

> 100

> 100

Local Anesthetics - Other

Dibucaine HC1

Diperidon HC1

Is open tylbydr oc upre ine

Oxethazine

Pramoxine

>
>

100
100

> 100

100

MM

■MM

42

> 100

MM

75

> 100

> 100

MM

> 100

> 100

—

~

75

> 100

> 100

~

> 100

> 100

Sedatives and Hypnotics - Barbituates - Short and Ultrashort Duration

Butalbital
Cyclobarbital

Pentobarbital
Secobarbital
Thiopental Na

42

56
100

56

> 100

> 2.4

24

100

MM

mum

100

> 100

> 100

> 1.8

7.5

75

> 100

—

13

75

> 100

> 1.8

13

133

* 1.0
3.2
7.5

32
5.6

4.2

> 1.3

> 1.3

> 1.3

4.2
> 1.0

10
5.6
10

10

TABUS 1 (Continued)

Starling

Red-winged Blackbird

Compound

TI50
(mg/kg)

^50
(mg/kg)

SF

(»5o/

TI5o)

TI50
(mg/kg)

LD50
(mg/kg)

SF

(0)50/

TI50)

Sedatives and Hypnotics - Barbituates - Intermediate Duration

Allobarbital
Bute thai
Hexobarbital Na
Probarbital Na
T&lbutal
Thiamyl Na

Sedatives and Hypnotics -

Barbital Na
Mephobarbital
Mstharbital
Phenobarbital

> 100

> 100

1+2
2k
1+2
1+2

100
178

> 100

1+2

75

> 100

> 100

> 178

> 100

> 100

1+.2

7.5

2.1+
1.8
3.2
2.4

> 2.1+

> 7.5

> 2.1+

> 2.1+

Sedatives and Hypnotics

- Carbamates and A'.

.cohols

Chlorphenesin car-

bamate

> 100

> 100

--

Encyprate

> 100

> 100

—

Ethchlorvynol

—

—

—

Ethinimate

100

> 100

> 1.0

Mebutamate

> 100

> 100

~

Meprobamate

> 127

> 127

—

Valnoctamide

> 100

> 100

--

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

— -

1+2

21+

178

75

100

56

> 100

7.5
1.3

> 1.8

Sedatives and Hypnotics

- Halogen;

ited Hydrc

>carbons

Chloral

__

•>•

tmmt

Chloral hydrate

> 1+21

> 1+21

Chloralose

13

75

5.7

Chlorobutanol

—

—

—

Sedatives and Hypnotics

- Others

Capuride

> 100

Chlorethate

> 100

Fenchlore tha te

> 100

Glutethamide

> 100

Mecloqualone

100

Paraldehyde

—

Phenaglycod ol

> 100

Trimetozine

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

>
>

100

100

> 1.0

> 100

> 100

10

> 100

100
100
100

75

18
100

32
100

> 100

> 100

32

> 100

>
>
>
>

100
100
100
100
178
100
316
100

3.2

> 1.0

> 1.3
10

10

11

TABIE 1 (Continued)

Starling

Red-winged Blackbird

Compound

TI50
(mg/kg)

^50
(mg/kg).

SF

(i£5o/

TI50
(mg/kg)

^50
(mg/kg)

SF
(LD50/

TI50)

Tranquilizers - Benzodiazepines

Chlord iazepoxide

75

Cyprazepam

> 100

Diazepam

k2

Oxazepam

> 100

Sulazepam

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 1.3

7.5

—

> 100

> 2.k

7.5

—

75

—

75

316

k2

> 100

—

> 316

> k2

> 100

1.3

> 100

> 1.3

Tranquilizers - Phenothiazines and Related Compounds - Alphatics

Chlorpromazine HC1
Chlorpromazine SO^
Desdimethyl chlor-
promazine
Le vomepromaz ine
Phenothiazine
Promazine
Triflupromazine

> Ik

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 335

> 100

> 7k

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 335

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

Tranquilizers - Phenothiazines and Related Compounds - Piperazine or
Piperidine Derivatives

Acetophenazine

dimaleate
Clothixamide
Fluphenazine
Mepazine
Perphenazine
Tr if luoperaz ine

> 100

> 100

100

> 100
562
200
100

> 100

> 100

> 100

75
100

178
32

100

Tranquilizers - Phenothiazines and Related Compounds - Xanthenes and
Thioxanthenes

Chlorprothixene
P U657B
SKF 10810A
SKF 10812A
Xanthiol

> 100

> 100

> 100

k2

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

316

> 100

—

> 100

— M>

> 100

-_

k2

> 7.6

2k

—

> 100

> 100

> 100

316

178

> 100

7.6
7.5

12

TABIE 1 (Continued)

Compound

Starling

"50
(mg/kg)

ID
50

(mg/kg)

SF

(U>5o/
T^50)

Red-winged Blackbird

50
(mg/kg)

ID
50

(mg/kg)

Tranquilizers - Rauwolfia Derivatives

Rescinnamine
Reserpine

Tranquilizers - Other

Compounds

Benperidol

> 100

Benzquinamide

> 100

Droperidol

> 100

Ethoxomane

> 100

ExtellA

> 100

Ex5004

> 100

Hydroxyzine

> 527

Trifluoperidol

75

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 527

> 100

> 1.3

ttyoneural Agents - Phenyl Ij-methylcarbamates

ACD 7029
Aprocarb
Banol
Bay 50282
DRC 33*+0
DRC 33^1
DRC 33^2
DRC 33^3
DRC 3344
DRC 3345
H 5727
H 8717
H 9699
HRS 1422
Matacil
Methiocarb
RE 5305
RE 5454
RE 5655
SD 8530
SD 8786

u 1U5U0

U 17556
Zectran

>

>
>
>
>
>

>

>
>

100
75

100

100

100

1+2

> 100

> 100

MM

■»«*

■1 —

7.5

13

1.8

2.1

11.5

5.6

18

18

—

100

> 100

—

100

> 100

tmmm

100

> 100

--

100

> 100

•Mas

100

> 100

—

100

> 100

—

5.4

17

3.2

83

> 100

> 1.2

45

45

—

75

> 100

> 1.3

38

> 100

MM

> 2.6

mm

mm

5.0

16

3.2

2.4

5.6

2.4

75

> 100

> 1.3

100

> 100

—

100

> 100

~

100

> 100

«M«*

16

32

2.0

32

5.6
1.6
1.8
10
56
56
100
100
100
100

3.2
8.3
4.5
5.6

16
1.00
1.0
1.6
0.75
5.6

13
100

7.5
4.0

100
100

100
100
100
100
100
100

MM

133

32

3.8
5.6

13

75
100
100
100
100
100

10

15

45

10

50
4.63

4.6

9.0

2.4

18

42

100

13

11

SF

^50/

T*50)

1.3

1.3
2.4

4.2

5.6
2.4
3.2
1.3
1.3
1.8

3.2
1.8
10
1.8
3.2
4.6
4.6
5.6
3.2
3.2
3.2

MM

1.8
2.7

13

TABIE 1 (Continued)

Compound

Starling

TI

50

(rag/kg)

ID

50

(mg/kg)

SF

(ID50/
TI5o)

Red-winged Blackbird

TI
50

(mg/kg)

I mg/kg)

SF

(^50/
TI5o)

Myoneural Agents

- Phenyl

Phosphonates

Dowco 101

> 100

Dowco 132

100

Dowco 159

> 100

Dowco 160

7.5

Dowco l6l

3.2

Dowco 169

1+2

Dowco 208

100

Dowco 210

1+2

Dowco 211

> 100

Dowco 217

2k

> 100
100

> 100

18
13

75

> 100

> 100

> 100

56

2.1+
1+.2
1.8
1.0
2.1+

2.1+

Myoneural Agents - Miscellaneous - Reversible Inhibitors

Ambenonium chloride
Carbamic acid, N-butyl

100
75

100
100

1.0
1.3

10

1+2

1+2
2.1+
5.6

10

56

10
1+2
7.5

75
75

18
100

56

10
21+

13
100
21+
75
13

> 100

> 100

Myoneural Agents - Miscellaneous - Irreversible Inhibitors

Azodrin

Dursban

EPN

Famophos

Golphacide

Methomyl

Methyl parathion

Parathion

Phillips 1861

Phosphamidon

Succinyl choline CI

1.0

1.3
10

21+
5.6
1+.2

2.1+
100

3.2

3.2

75

—

7.5

—

1+.2

3.2

18

1.8

1+2

1.8

7.5

1.3

5.6

1.3

h.9

—

5.6

2.1+

1+50

1+.5

MM

1.0

10

13.3

2.1+

3.2

0.75

1.8

-_

1+.2

3.2

10

1+.2

10

-_

2.1+

1.8

2.1+

0.56

1.8

> 100

> 100

Miscellaneous Agents - Anal^

gesics

Acetanilide

> 100

Acetylsalicylic acid

—

Dimefadane

> 100

Fencafamin

> 100

Pentazocine

100

> 100

> 100

> 100
100

100
100

100
21+

> 100
100

75

> 100

560

1.8
2.1+

1.3
1+.2
k.2

1.3
1.8
2.1+
1.8
1.3

> 1.3

> 1.3

1.3
1.3

2.1+

3.2
2.1+

1.3

3.2

22

11+

TABIE 1 (Continued)

Compound

Starling

Red-winged Blackbird

TI
(mg/kg)

^50

(mg/kg)

SF

TI50>

TI
50

(mg/kg)

^50
(mg/kg)

SF
TI5o)

Miscellaneous Agents - Anorexogenics

CL 24055

Miscellaneous Agents - Antiemetics

Buclizine
Dimenhydrinate

Miscellaneous Agents - Antihistamine

Chlorpheniramine

> 100

75

> 100

> 100

> 50

> 100

Miscellaneous Agents - Antitumor

(3-Thiosemicarbazone ,

ethylisatin

> 100

> 100

Thiosemicarbazone, methyl

glyoxol bis-(N-4-methyl]

> 100

> 100

Miscellaneous Agents - Ganglionic Blocking

Nicotine SO^

100

> 100

Trimethidinium metho-

sulfate

> 100

> 100

Miscellaneous Agents - Muscle Relaxants

Chlor me zanone

> 100

> 100

Mephenoxalone

> 100

> 100

Metaxalone

> 100

> 100

Me thocarbamol

> 100

> 100

Miscellaneous Agents - Psychotomimetics

!-

K-Ethyl-3-piperidyl phenyl

cyclopentylglycolate . > 100

iysergide > 32

> 100

> 32

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

13

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

> 100

56
> 100

> 100

75

> 100

> 100

75

> 100

100
1.8

>

100

>

100

>

100

>

100

5.7

15

IABIE 1 (Continued)

Starling

Red -winged Blackbird

Compound

TI50
(mg/kg)

LD50
(mg/kg)

SF
(1^50/

TI50
(mg/kg)

LD50
(mg/kg)

SF
(U>50/

TI50)

Miscellaneous Agents - Spasmotic

> 1.8

32

WW

Tremorine
Miscellaneous Agents - Stimu

56
Lants (CT

> 100

si

100

75

100
6

3.2

Amphetamine, 3,^-dichloro

Caffeine

Pemoline

Strychnine SO^

> 100

> 100

> 100
500

> 100

—

16

o 2

a "j

•s ?

o 3

a ~i

13
i 'i

a s

o 5

s
a s

WW""! Q O u\ H O (DO"

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A A A

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3 ft £ 33

S S^

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3 W W H & 3 J

B CO J

A A A A A

8 | £ | 3 " " 3 83

A A A A A

8 8 pea Sg,

5 *fi *2

S S*. '

a s

a »

a s

3P" £ 3£8£ 3S3 8 8 3 88 S3 3

3

CD

2

:

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3

3 1 "

A

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3

P

CM

5

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3

2

*\

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3

A

8

3

3

3

3

VO

9

3

S

a

3

s

\fi O O \Q

t- So OH

oco a jo

a 8

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A A A A

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Sis

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BBS?

3 ,

IABI£ 3. The most active immobilizing compounds on each species.

Species

SF

TI50

LD50

Average

Average

and

Induction

Duration

Compounds

("V'V

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(Min)

(Hrs)

Mallard Duck

Diazepam*

32

10

> 316

23.6

2.3

Thiopental**

> 18

18

316

9.7

1.9

Phencyclidine

18

U.2

75

22.1

U.l

Metomidate*

18

13

2U2

10.6

l.U

Dowco 210*

13

7.5

100

32.3

1.7

Bute thai*

7.5

13

100

39.8

2.5

Taibutal

7.5

13

100

16.0

3.3

Allobarbital*

5.6

13

75

15.7

2.7

Pentobarbital**

5.6

13

75

7.8

2.7

Secobarbital*

5.6

13

75

16.6

2.3

Metomidate HC1

5.6

2U

133

18.6

3.1

Butalbital*

U.2

13

56

21.9

2.8

Methiocarb

3.2

U.2

13

31.6

3.3

Aprocarb*

3.2

5.6

18

27.3

1.7

Chloralose*

3.2

13

U2

U5.3

2.5

Nicotine SO^*

3.2

2U

75

5.1

0.3

Canada Goose

Phencyclidine

> 10

5.6

> 56

2U.0

1U.0

Ring-necked Pheasant

Diazepam*

> U2

13

> 562

9.5

3.8

Phencyclidine

10

13

133

15.3

8.0

Common Pigeon

Phencyclidine

32

U.2

133

17.3

3.6

Diazepam*

> 2k

13

> 316

17.6

2.0

Mecloqualine*

> 13

2U

> 316

10.8

0.9

Dowco l6l*

10

7.5

75

16.3

3.0

Chloralose*

7.5

2U

178

U2

2.1

Bute thai*

7.5

32

2U2

62.3

3.0

Methiocarb**

5.6

2.U

13

10.0

1.6

Metomidate HC1**

5.6

7.5

U2

8.1

1.7

Pentobarbital**

5.6

2U

133

15

2.8

Secobarbital*

5.6

2U

133

18.8

1.9

Metomidate*

U.2

13

56

U.U

2.2

Taibutal*

U.2

13

56

70. u

2.7

Allobarbital

U.2

2U

100

5U.U

12.5

Banol*

3.2

1.3

U.2

8.0

0.8

Butalbital

3-2

2U

75

105.2

8.1

18

TABI£ 3 (Continued)

Species

SF

TI50

^50

Average

Average

and

Induction

Duration

Compounds

(ID50/TI50)

(mg/kg)

(rag/kg)

(Min)

(Hrs)

Mourning Dove

Metomidate HC1*

56

2.1+

133

12.6

6.1+

Phencylclidine*

10

7.5

75

13.1

8.0

Chloralose

5.6

7.5

k2

22.6

l+.l

Starling

Phencyclid ine*

100

2.1+

21+2

1U.5

5.3

Chloralose

5.6

13

75

21.0

3.7

Banol**

5.5

2.1

11.5

8.7

1.6

Dowco l6l**

k.2

3.2

13

11.3

2.2

Common Crow

Phencyclid ine*

32

7.5

21+0

7.3

16.0

Aprocarb*

5.6

2.k

13

7.0

0.8

Chloralose

5.6

7.5

1+2

38.0

6.5

Nicotine SO^

3.2

13

1+2

U.5

0.8

Brown-headed Cowbird

Nicotine SO^*

10

3.2

32

3.5

2.5

Common Grackle

Phencyclid ine*

1+2

3.2

133

13.3

k,5

Diazepam*

18

18

> 316

21.5

2.3

Pentobarbital**

7.5

2k

178

11+.8

2.2

Banol*

5.6

0.32

1.8

16.6

2.7

Methiocarb*

5.6

1.8

10

18.1+

2.0

Chloralose*

5.6

13

75

19.0

2.2

Aprocarb*

k.2

3.2

13

6.1+

3.3

Dowco 210*

k.2

13

56

23.6

3.0

ACT) 7029

k.2

2k

100

18.6

3.1

19

TABLE 3 (Continued)

Species

and
Compounds

SF

(IB50AI50)

TI50
(mg/kg)

LD50
(mg/kg)

Average
Induction
(Min)

Average
Duration
(Hrs)

Red-winged Blackbird

Diazepam

Chlordiazepoxide

Phencyclid ine **

Pentazocine

Mephobarbital

Phenaglycodol*

H 9699
Pentobarbital*

Thiopental Na*
Oxazepam*
Metomidate HC1*
Bute thai
SKF 10812A
Ethinimate**

RE 5^5*+*

ACD 7029**

Nicotine SO^

Secobarbital**

Methiocarb*

RE 5305*

RE 5655

Dowco 160*

Dowco l6l**

Butalbital

Butacaine SO^**

Allobarbital**

Trifluoperidol

Phosphamad on*

Banol*

H 5727**

Me thorny 1*
Chloralose
SD 8786*
Metomidate**
Talbutal**
Tremor ine

> 1+2

7.5

> 316

18.3

k.l

> 1+2

7.5

> 316

20.1

3.5

32

1.3

k2

13.6

' 3.0

2l|

2k

562

35.U

3.2

> 13

2k

> 316

15.5

7.3

> 10

32

> 316

27.0

2.3

10

k.2

k2

22.0

3.5

10

7.5

75

21.7

1.7

10

13

133

20.8

2.6

10

18

178

10.3

3.5

7.5

13

100

6.3

1.1*

7.5

2k

180

17.6

3.6

7.5

2k

178

21.6

18.6

7.5

2k

178

5.6

2.5

6.3

1.6

10

k.3

1.8

5.6

5.6

32

11.2

2.3

5.6

13

75

2.3

0.1+

5.6

13

75

12.3

2.5

h.e

1.0

k.6

16.5

2.9

1+.6

1.0

k.6

16.3

1.8

k.2

0.75

3.2

21.6

1.3

k.2

2.k

10

5.3

0.9

k.2

5.6

2k

13.3

2.5

k.2

2k

100

l*+.6

3.5

lf.2

2k

100

8.5

1.5

1+.2

2k

100

12.6

2.5

1+.2

32

133

18.1

h.5

3.2

O.56

1.8

15.6

1.5

3.2

1.8

5.6

16.1

3.0

3.2

3.2

10

7.k

2.9

3.2

3.2

10

1U.5

3.2

3.2

10

32

26.3

6.3

3.2

13

k2

13.7

*U5

3.2

18

56

5.1

2.7

3.2

2k

75

11+.3

2.6

3.2

32

100

16.1

1.3

20

TABI£ 3 (Continued)

SF

TI50

LD50

Average

Average

Species

and

Induction

Duration

Compounds

(LD5o/TI50)

(rag/kg)

(mg/kg)

(Min)

(Hrs)

Yellow-headed Blackbird

Diazepam**

100

3.2

316

8.5

2.7

Phencyclidine*

13

2.k

32

10.1

k.3

Metomidate*

10

7.5

75

3.6

2.2

Chloralose

10

13

133

23.0

3.1

Allobarbital

10

13

133

20.3

3.6

Butalbital

7.5

7.5

56

15.5

3.k

Probarbital Na*

7.5

2k

178

29.8

2.1

Dowco l6l**

5.6

1.8

10

13.6

2.2

Secobarbital**

k.2

2k

100

10. k

1.8

Banol**

3.2

0.U2

1.3

10.0

2.1

Methiocarb*

3.2

1.0

3.2

18.6

2.3

Metomidate*

3.2

2k

75

3.2

2.2

House Finch

Diazepam**

> U21

0.75

> 316

6.6

2.1

Nicotine SOi,.

133

0.75

100

^.3

0.9

Phencyclidine*

75

1.0

75

10.6

k.3

Chlord iazepoxide*

18

18

316

12.2

1.3

SKF 10812A*

18

18

316

31.1

1.6

Mecloqualone

18

18

316

17.2

0.7

Chloralose*

10

5.6

56

16.6

2.8

Pentobarbital**

10

13

133

1U.0

1.9

Talbutal*

10

13

133

12.5

3.8

Butacaine SO^

10

2k

2U2

1U.3

1.9

Metomidate HC1**

7.5

7.5

56

7.8

2.k

Butalbital*

7.5

18

133

8.0

3.1+

Thiopental*

7.5

2k

178

11.0

k.l

Ethinimate*

7.5

32

2U2

20.0

1.5

Aprocarb**

k.2

1.8

7.5

11.6

1.5

Butethal*

k.2

32

133

18.8

3.0

White-crovmed Sparrow

Diazepam

> 5.6

18

> 100

k.O

1.2

Chloralose*

3.2

18

56

15.0

k.O

Metomidate HC1*

3.2

18

56

7.0

0.1

21

TABI£ 3 (Continued)

Species

and
Compounds

SF

(LD5o/TI5o)

T*50

(mg/kg)

LD50
(mg/lig)

Average
Induction
(Min)

Average
Duration
(Hrs)

House Sparrow

Phencyclid ine*

100

1.3

133

6.1

3.5

Diazepam*

> k2

13

562

18.3

■ 1.6

Chlordiazepoxide**

> 13

2k

316

15.0

3.0

Talbutal**

10

13

133

6.3

2.3

ACD 7029**

7.5

k.2

32

8.6

2.0

Allobarbital

7.5

2k

173

17.1

3.6

Methiocarb**

k.2

k.2

18

5-0

1.6

Metomidate HC1**

k.2

7.5

32

7.2

1.6

Chioralose*

k.2

10

k2

29.2

1.8

Thiopental**

4.2

2k

100

12.2

2.6

Banol**

3.2

1.3

k.2

8.5

1.0

Pentobarbital**

3.2

2k

75

13.5

2.5

* Marginal
** Recommended for further trials

22

APPENDIX

The following list identifies all compounds tested. Product or chemical
names listed are those commonly accepted by the USP (United States Pharma-
copeia) , NF (National Formulary), USAN (United States Adopted Name Council),
or ISO (International Standards Organization) , or are other officially
accepted names . Following the name and the chemical description (by American
Chemical Society nomenclature) is the company from which the compound was
obtained .

ACD 7029 Carbamic acid, methyl, 3-isopropyl-U-methylthiophenyl ester (Allied)

ACEIANILIDE N-Phenyl acetamide (Aldrich)

ACETOPHENAZINE DIMALEATE Phenothiazin-2-yl, methyl ketone, 10-{3-[1+-(2-hydroxy-
ethyl)-l-piperazinyl]-propyl}-, dimaleate (Schering)

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (Aldrich)

ALLOBARBITAL Barbituric acid, 5,5-diallyl (CIBA)

AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE Diethylammoniuui chloride, [oxalyl bis(irainoethylene)], bis
[(o-chlorobenzyl)] (Winthrop)

AMPHETAMINE 3,U-DICHL0R0 2-Propylamine , d-l-phenyl-S^-dichloro- , (Aldrich)

APROCARB Carbamic acid, methyl, o-isopropoxy phenyl ester (Chemagro)

AZODRIN Phosphoric acid, dimethyl ester with 3-hydroxy-N-methyl-cis-crotonamide (Shell)

BANOL Carbamic acid, methyl, 2-chloro-l+,5-xylyl ester (Upjohn)

BARBITAL SODIUM Barbituric acid, 5,5-diethyl, sodium salt (Sandoz)

BAY 50282 Carbamic acid, methyl, 3,5-dimethyl-U-diallyl aminophenyl ester (Chemagro)

BENPERIDOL 2-Benzimadazolinone, l-{l-[3-(p_-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-i|-piperidyl}-, (McNeil)

BENZQUINAMIDE 2H-Benzoquinolizine-3-carboxamide, N,N-diethyl-l,3,1+,6,7,llt-
hexahydro-2-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxy-, acetate (Roerig)

BUCLIZINE Piperazine, l-(p_-chlorobenzhydryl)-'+-(p_-tert-butylbenzyl)-, (Pfizer)

23

BUTACAINE SULFATE jD-Aminobenzoate , 3-(dibutylaciino)-l-propyar.ol-, (Abbott)

BUTALBHAL Barbituric acid, 5-allyl-5-isobutyl (Sandoz)

BUTAMBEM j>-Aminobenzoate, n-butyl-, (Abbott)

BUTETHAL Barbituric acid, 5-butyl-5-ethyl-, (Abbott)

CAFFEINE Xanthene, 1,3,7-trimethyl (Aldrich)

CAPURIDE Urea, 2-ethyl-3-methylvaleryl (McNeil)

CAEBAMIC ACID n-BUTYL

CHLORAL Ethane, 2,2,2-trichloro (Aldrich)

CHLORAL HYDRATE 1,1-Ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro (Aldrich)

CHL0RAL03E or-D-Glucochloralose (Aldrich)

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE 3H,l,^-Benzodiazepine-l^oxide, 7-chloro-2-methylamino-5-
phenyl (Roche )

CHLORETHATE Carbonate, bis 2,2,2-trichloroethyl (SKF)

CHLORMEZANONE te-l,3-thiazin-^-one , 2- (p_-chlorophenyl) tetrahydro-3-methyl-l,
1-dioxide (Winthrop)

CHLOROBUTANOL 2-Propanol, l,l,l-trichloro-2-methyl-, (Park«-Davis)

2-CHL0R0PR0CAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Benzoic acid, 2-chloro-U-amino, 2-(diethyl-
amino)ethyl ester HC1 (Strasenburgh)

CHLORPHENESIN CARBAMATE Carbawic acid, 3-(p_-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl
ester (Upjohn)

CHLORPHENIRAMINE Pyridine, 2[p_-chloro-a(2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzyl]maleate
(Hexagon)

CHLORPROMAZINE Phenothiazine, 2-chloro-10- [3- (dime thylamino) propyl] HC1 (SKF)

CHLORPROMAZINE SULFATE Phenothiazine, 2-chloro-10-[3~(dimethylamino)propyl]
S0k (SKF)

CHLORPROTHIXENE Thioxanthene , -A9,a-propylamine-2-chloro-N,N-dimethyl HC1
(Hof f man-LaRoche )

CL 2i+055 Acetanelide, V-dimethyltriazino (American Cyanamid)

2k

CLOTHLXAMIDE Piperazine propionaraide , l-U[3-(2-chlorothioxanthen-9-ylidene)
propyl]]-N-methyl dimaleate (Pfizer)

CYCL03ARBIIAL Barbituric acia, 5-ethyl, 5-(l-cyclohexenyl) (Winthrop)

CYPRAZEPAM 3H-l,4-Benzodiazepam-l-U-oxide, 7-chloro-2-[(cyclopropylmetnyl)-
amino]-5-phenyl (Warner-Lambert)

DESDIMETHYL CHLORPROMAZINE Phenothiazine, 2-chloro-10-(3-aminopropyl) (Lakeside)

DIAZEPAM 2H,l,4-Benzodiapepin~2-one, 7-chloro-l,3-dihydro-l-methyl-5-phenyl-,
(Hof f man-LaRoche )

DIBUGAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Cinchoninamide, 2-butoxy-Ki-(2-diethylaaiinoethyl) HC1
(CIBA)

DIMEFADANE 1- Indanamine , N,N-dimethyl-3-phenyl, (SKF)

DIMENHYDRIHATS 8-Chlorotheophillinate , 2-(benzohydryloxy)-M,H-dimethylethyla-
mine (Searle)

DIPERODON HYDROCHLORIDE 1,2 -Propanediol, 3-piperidino uicarbanilate ester HC1
(Merrill)

DOWCO 101 Phosphoric acid, dimethyl, (2,U,5-trichlorophenyl) (Dow)

DOWCO 132 Phosphoroamid ic acid, methyl, 4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl
ester (Dow)

DOWCO 159 Phosphoroamid ic acid, ethyl, niethyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ester (Dow)

DOWCO 160 Phosphoroamid ic acid, ethyl, 2,i+,5-trichlorophenyl ester (Dow)

DOWCO l6l Phosphoroamid ic acid, ethyl, 2,^-dichlorophenyl ester (Dow)

DOWCO 169 Phosphoroamid ic acid, N,N'-dimethylphenyl ester (Dow)

DOWCO 208 Phosphoroamid ic acid, ethyl, 2,1+,5-trichlorophenyl ester (Dow)

DOWCO 210 Phosphoroamid ic acid, ethyl, ethyl-2,l+,5-trichlorophenyl ester (Dow)

DOWCO 211 Phosphoroamid ic acid, sec-butyl, ethyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ester (Dow)

DOWCO 217 Phosphorothioic acid, 0,0-dimethyl, 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)
ester (Dow)

DRC-33^0 Carbamic acid, methyl, 3,5-xylyl ester (Schafer)

DRC-33!+l Carbamic acid, methyl, 3-tolyl ester (Schafer)

DRC-33^2 Carbamic acid, methyl, l+-chloro-3 , 5-xylyl ester (Schafer)

25

01*033^3 Carbamic acid, methyl, U-chlorophenyl ester (Schafer)

DRC-33*A Carbamic acid, methyl, 4-chloro-3-tolyl ester (Schafer)

DRC-33^5 Carbamic acid, methyl, phenyl ester (Schafer)

DROPERIDOL 2-Benz imidazolinone , 1- {l- [3- (£-f luor obenzoyl) pr opyl]-l, 2 ,3,6-
tetrahydro-^-pyridyl]- , (HciJeil)

DURSBAIm Phosphorothioic acid, 0,(>-diethyl 0-3>5>6-trichloro-2-pyridyl ester
(Dow)

EWCYPRATE Carbamic acid, N-benzylcyclopropane ethyl ester (Abbott)

EPN Phosphonothioic acid, phenyl-, O-ethyl, 0-p_-nitrophenyl ester (duPont)

ETHCHLORVYNOL l-Chloro-3-ethyl-l-penten-U-yn-3-ol (Abbott)

ETHINAMATE Carbamic acid, 1-ethynylcyclohexyl ester (Lilly)

ETHOMOXANE 1,14-Benzodioxan, 8-ethoxy-2-(n-butylaminomethyl)-, HC1 (Lilly)

ETHYL AMINOBENZaATE p_-Aminobenzoic acid, ethyl-, (Aldrich)

N-ETHYL-3-PIPERIDYL PHENYLCYCLOPENTYLGLYCOLATE Mandelic acid, &> eye lope ntyl- ,
l-ethyl-3-piperidyl ester HC1 (Lakeside)

EX 1+211-A 1,2,3-Benzothiaaiazine, 4-hydrazino-l,l-dioxide HC1 (Lakesidt)

EX 500U 2H,l,2,U-Benzothiadiazine, 6-chloro-3,i^-dihydro-3-(3-oxo-n-propyl)-7-
sulfamyl-3yl-dioxide phthalazone-azine (Lakeside)

FAj.iOPHOS Phosphorothioic acid, 0_,0-Dimethyl ester 0 ester with p_-hydroxy-M-
N-dimethyl benzenesulfonamide "(American Cyanamid)

FENCAMFAMIN 2-Norbornanamine , N-e thyl-3-phenyl (Lakeside)

FENCLORETHATE Carbamic acid, ethyl, p_-acetamidophenyl-2,2,2-trichloro ester (3KF)

FLUPHENAZINE 1-Piperazine ethanol, 4-{3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-phenothiazin-10-
yl]propyl}diHCl (Squibb)

GLUTETHLMIDE Glutarimide, 2-etbyl-2-phenyl (CIBA)

GOLPHACIDE Phosphoroamidothioic acid, O,0-bis(£-chlorophenyl)acetinidoyl
ester (Chemagro)

H 5727 Carbamic acid, methyl, m-isopropyl phenyl ester (Hercules)

H 8717 Carbamic acid, methyl, m-(2-propynyloxy)phenyl ester (Hercules)

26

H 9699 Carbamic acid, methyl, o- (2-propynyloxy) phenyl ester (Hercules)

HEXOBARBITAl SODIUM Barbituric acid, 5-(l-cyclohexen-l-yl)-l,5-dimethyl sodium
salt (Winthrop)

HRS 1422 Carbamic acid, methyl, 3,5-diisopropylphenyl ester (Hooker)

HYDROXYDIONE 5 B-Pregnane-3,20-dione-21-hydroxy sodium hemisuccinate (Pfizer)

HYDROXYZINE Ethanol, 2- {2- [U- (]>-chloro phenylbenzyl)-l-piperazinyl]ethoxy}
diHCl (Roerig)

ISOPENTYLHYDROCUPREINE Hydrocupreine, ether isopentyl (White)

LEVOMEPROMAZINE Phenothiazine , 10- (3-d imethylamino-2-methylpropyl) -2-methoxy
(Lederle)

LYSERGIDE Lysergamid, N,N-diethyl (Sandoz)

MATACI1 Carbamic acid, methyl, 4-dimethylamino-3-tolyl ester (Chemagro)

MBBUTAMATE Carbamic acid, 2- see-but yl-2 -methyl trimethylene ester (Wallace)

MECLOQUALONB U(3H)-Quinazolinone, 3-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl (Warner-Lambert)

MEPAZINE Phenothiazine, 10-[l-methyl-3-(piperidyl)methyl] HC1 (Warner-Chilcott)

MEPHENOXALONE 2-0xazolidinone, 5- [(o-methoxyphenoxy) methyl] (Lakeside)

MBPHOBARBITAL Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-l-methyl-5-phenyl (Winthrop)

MBPROBAMATB Carbamic acid, 2-methyl-2-propyl trimethylene ester (Wyeth)

METAXALONE 2-0xazolidinone, 5-(3,5-dimethylphenoxymethyl) (Robins)

METHARBITAL Barbituric acid, 5,5-diethyl-l-methyl (Abbott)

METHIOCARB Carbamic acid, methyl, 4-methylthio-3,5-xylyl ester (Chemagro)

METHOCARBAMOL 1,2-Propanediol, 3- (o-methoxyphenoxy)-

METHOMYL Acetimidothioic acid, methyl, N-methylcarbamoyl ester (du Pont)

METHYL PARATHION Phosphorothioic acid, 0,0-dimethyl 0-p_-nitrophenyl (Stauffer)

METOMIDATE Imidizole, 5-carboxylic acid, l-(a-methylbenzyl)methyl ester (McNeil)

METOMIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE Imidazole, 5-carboxylic acid, l-(a-methylbenzyl)methyl

ester HC1 (McNeil)

27

NICOTINE SULFATE Pyrrolidine, l-methyl-2-(3-pyr idyl) sulfate (Aldrich)

OXAZEPAM 2H,1,U- Benzodiazepine 7-chloro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-l,3-dihydro-2-one
(Wyeth)

OXETHAZAINE Oxaine, N ,N-bis (N-methyl-M-phenyl-tert-butylacetamide ) -g-hydroxy-
ethylamine (Wyeth) "

PARALDEHYDE (Aldrich)

PARATHION Phosphorothioic acid, 0,0-diethyl 0-p_-nitrophenyl e3ter (Stauffer)

PEMOLINE 4-Oxazolidinone, 2-imino-5-phenyl (Abbott)

PENTAZOCINE 3-Benzazocin-8-ol, l,2,3,U,5,6-hexahydro-6,ll-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-
2-butenyl)-2,6-methano-, (Winthrop)

PENTOBARBITAL Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-(l-methylbutyl) (Abbott)

PERPHENAZINE 1-Piperazineethanol, l*-[3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]
(Schering)

P-1+657-B Thioxanthene , 2-dimethylsulfamyl[9-(U-methyl-l-piperazinyl)-propylidine]
(Pfizer)

PHENAGLYCODOL 2,3-Butanediol, 2-(p_-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl (Lilly)

PHENCYCLIDINE Piperidine, l-(l-phenylcyclohexyl) HC1 (Parke-Davis)

PHENOBARBITAL Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl (Winthrop)

PHENOTHIAZINE Parke-Davis)

PHILLIPS 1861 Pyridine, 4-amino (Phillips)

PHOSPHAMIDON Phosphoric acid, dimethyl ester, ester with 2-chloro-N,N-diethyl-
3-hydroxy crotonamide

PRAMOXINE Morpholine, U- [3- (p_-butoxyphenoxy) propyl] HC1 (Abbott)

PRILOCAINE £-Toluidide, 2-propylamino propiono HC1 (Astra)

PROBARBHAL SODIUM Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-isopropyl sodium salt (Squibb)

PROCAINE p_-Aminobenzoic acid, 2-diethylaminoethyl HC1 (Parke-Davis)

PROMAZINE Phenothiazine, 10-(3-dimethylamino propyl) HC1 (Wyeth)

RESCINNAMINE (Aldrich)

RESERPINE (Aldrich)

28

RE 5305 Carbamic acid, methyl, 3- se c -butylphenyl (Ortho)

RE 545U Carbamic acid, methyl, 2-chloro-5-tert pentylphenyl (Ortho)

RE 5655 Carbamic acid, methyl, 2-chloro-5-sec butylphenyl (Ortho)

SD 8530 Carbamic acid, methyl, 3,^,5-trimethylphenyl (Shell)

SD 8786 Carbamic acid, methyl, 2,3,l+-trimethylphenyl (Shell)

SECOBARBITAL Barbituric acid, 5-allyl-5-(methylbutyl) (Lilly)

SKF 10810A Methylxanthene, 9(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-2-trifluoro HC1 (SKF)

SKF 10812A Methylxanthene, trans-9-(3-diethylaminopropyl)-2-trifluoro HC1 (SKF)

STRYCHNINE SULFATE (Aldrich)

SUCCINYL CHOLINE CHLORIDE (Abbott)

SUIAZEPAM l+-Benzodiazepine-2-thione , 7-chloro-l,3-dihydro-l-methyl-5-phenyl
(Warner-Chilcott)

TALBUTAL Barbituric acid, 5-allyl-5-sec-butyl (Winthrop)

TETRACAINE p_-Butylaminobenzoic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester HC1 (Winthrop)

THJAMYL SODIUM Barbituric acid, 5-aHyl-5-(l-methylbutyl)-2-thio sodium salt
(Parke-Davis)

THIOPENTAL SODIUM Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-(l-methylbutyl)-2-thio sodium salt
(Abbott)

P-THI03EMICARBAZ0NE ETHYLXSATIN (Nutritional Biochem.)

THIOSEMICARBAZONE METHYL GLYOXOL BIS-(N-!+-METHYL)(Nutritional Biochem.)

TREMORINE Dipyrrolidine, l,l'-(2-butynylene) (Abbott)

TRIBROMOETHANOL (Winthrop)

TRICAINE m-Aminobenzoic acid, ethyl-, methane sulfonate salt (Sandoz)

TRIFLUOPERAZINE Phenothiazine, 10-[3-(U-methylpiperazin-l-yl)propyl]-2-trifluoro-
methyl diHCl (SKF)

TRIFLUOPERIDOL Buterophenone , V-fluoro U-[U-hydroxy-4-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-
piperadino (McNeil)

TRIFLUOPROMAZINE Phenothiazine, [l0-(3-dimethylamino)propyl]-2-trifluoromethyl HC1
(Squibb)

29

TRIMETHIDINIUM METH0SULFA1E l,3,8,8-Tetramethyl-3-azoniabicyclo[3,2,l]octane,
3-L3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-methylsulfate methosulfate (Wyeth)

TRIMETOZINE Morpholine, ^-(3,^,5-trimethoxybenzoyl) (Abbott)

U 14560 Carbamic acid, methyl, 2,4-dichloro-3,5-xylyl ester (Upjohn)

U 17556 Carbamic acid, methyl 2,4-dichloro-5-ethyl m-tolyl ester (Upjohn)

VALNOCTAMIDE 3-Methylvaleramide, 2-ethyl (McNeil)

WY 52kh 2,5-Benzodiazocine, l-(£-chlorophenyl)-l,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro HC1 (Wyeth)

XANTHIOL 1-Piperazine propanol, 4-[3-(2-chlorothioxanthen-9-yl)propyl] diHCl'
(Roerig)

ZECTRAN Carbamic acid, methyl, 4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl ester (Dow)

ZOIAMINE Biiazole, 2-[(2-dimethylaminoethyl) (£-methoxybenzyl)amino] (White)

30

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O-460-529

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department
of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife,
mineral, land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Ter-
ritorial affairs are other major concerns of this department of
natural resources.

The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing
all our resources so that each shall make its full contribution to
a better United States now and in the future.

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

WASHINGTON. D. C. 2O240

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR