BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 06317 806 3 WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT 1971 JUN2 6 1972 DtPusnoKY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 1 53 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT, 1971 Eldon R. Clark Migratory Bird Populations Station Division of Wildlife Research Laurel, Maryland Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 153 Washington, D.C. • 1972 For salo by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Offlco Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 50 cents Stock Number 2410-0315 CONTENTS Abstract iv Introduction 1 Singing- ground Survey- Procedures 1 Results k Wing-collection Survey Procedures 6 Results 7 Comparison of sample source 7 Weighting factors 8 Productivity index 8 Hunter success index 9 Regional analysis of wing-collection data 11 Sex and age ratios 11 Timing of harvest 12 Rangewide Harvest 13 Summary of Research Activities Ik Acknowledgments 18 References 20 Appendix 21 in ABSTRACT Information on the current status and population trends of the American woodcock is provided by annual singing-ground surveys over much of the species ' breeding range and by wing-collection surveys in the eastern United States. The 1971 singing-ground survey showed declines in the breeding population index of 9-7 percent in the Atlantic Region, 7-2 percent in the Central Region, and 8.3 percent rangewide. These indexes are based upon 901 comparable survey routes, all randomly selected — 20 percent more than the 752 routes used in 1970. The wing-collection survey for the 1970-71 season suggested the greatest 1-year change in productivity in the history of the survey — a 25 percent increase. Average daily bag per hunter was unchanged from the previous year, while the average season bag showed a slight increase. There is evidence that the woodcock harvest and the number of hunters participating have increased substantially since 196U, with the U.S. harvest in 1970-71 exceeding 1.3 million birds. Woodcock research is increasing, with present emphasis on more banding on breeding grounds. Limited band recoveries to date suggest little interchange between Atlantic Region and Central Region breeding populations. IV THE STATUS OF AMERICAN WOODCOCK - 1971 INTRODUCTION This report presents data on the American woodcock (Philohela minor) obtained from the singing-ground survey conducted during the spring of 1971, the wing-collection survey conducted during the pre- vious hunting season, and additional information which has accumulated since publication of the 1970 woodcock status report (Clark, 1971). The woodcock is increasing in popularity as a game bird. Although interest in the species is still greatest in northern States and adja- cent Canadian Provinces, more U.S. hunters in the central latitudes and the South are turning to woodcock. Except in the Northeast, most wood- cock were formerly taken incidentally to grouse or quail hunting. More hunters now seek woodcock as a primary game species. Factors contributing to this change include: 1. Greater recognition of the woodcock's sporting qualities. 2. Expansion of bird-dog ownership and greater hunter mobility. 3. More liberal daily bag limits and season lengths in recent years . Members of the rapidly increasing fraternity of birdwatchers also are becoming more cognizant of woodcock. Thus, the importance of the bird is growing in our recreation-conscious society. Most game managers and researchers have given far less attention to woodcock than to waterfowl and resident game bird species. Although woodcock research and management activities are increasing at both Federal and State-Provincial levels, there are many missing links in the chain of knowledge necessary to understand this species and its potential for supplying outdoor recreation. SINGING-GROUND SURVEY Procedures The singing-ground survey, which enumerates singing males heard along predetermined routes, is used as an index to the size of the breeding population. Analysis of these and other data from intensive research on the breeding grounds should increase our ability to relate singing-ground survey results to actual breeding populations. At present, the index is our sole measure of the woodcock breeding population. Between 196^ and 1970, the basis of the survey gradually changed from routes selectively located in woodcock habitat of average or better than average quality (management routes) to randomly located routes covering habitat of all levels of quality ( Clark, 1970). Because the conversion from management routes to random routes was 90 percent com- plete in 1969, the 1970 survey provided comparable random sample data for 2 consecutive years from most of the woodcock's breeding range. Beginning in 1970, comparable breeding population indexes for the breeding range of the woodcock are based entirely upon random routes. In the 1971 survey, 98 percent of the 990 routes checked were randomly selected (table l). In four States where both management and random routes were surveyed, results from the two types could not be combined. The 1971 indexes are based on 901 comparable routes, 20 percent more than the previous high of 752 in 1970. Thus, the breeding range was more intensively sampled than ever before. In computing the indexes, data from each State were weighted according to the State's proportion of the total land area (inland water area excluded) in the region or the range of the species (table 2) . Some routes had no singing males at any of the 10 stops. Routes showing "0" results for 2 consecutive years under comparable circum- stances are placed on the "Constant 0" list. These are included in the number of comparable routes, but are not field-checked annually; they will be checked at 5-year intervals to determine if woodcock are present. The substantial number of routes converted to "Constant 0" status in 1971 resulted in a decline in routes actually field-checked (table 1) . In past years, singing -ground survey data have been shown for an "Eastern Region" and a "Western Region," but wing-collection survey data were not segregated by regions. In the latest reports, it seemed desirable to examine both wing-collection survey and banding data on a regional basis. To establish regional terminology descriptive for all aspects of woodcock investigations, the terms "Atlantic Region" and "Central Region" are now used in woodcock administrative and status reports. The only boundary change has been placing West Virginia, formerly in the Western region of the singing-ground survey, in the Atlantic Region. Northern recoveries of woodcock banded in West Virginia have been largely in the Atlantic Region, while southern recoveries have been about evenly divided between the Atlantic and Central Regions. Also, from the geographical aspect (fig. l), it seemed logical to include West Virginia with the Atlantic States rather than with the Central States. Because the group of routes paired with comparable routes the preceding year to determine percent change is not necessarily the same group paired with comparable routes the subsequent year, it is not logical to depict graphically the actual number of birds heard per route. Also, the conversion to random routes, which usually averaged fewer birds than management routes, precludes portraying 0) u s u o , r-< Ol > u 3 U) o r^ T3 on C i—i 3 O u M ON 00 O c ON ■r-l i— 1 oo c •r-l en 00 .—i vO CO ON 3 i— l C C CO •~N r- B O 5 r^- ^O U ON ON m .— i r-H T3 1 01 C Vj •r-l CO v£> E , ON ai .— 1 u o> U cu to CO T3 W a) m >H CO N-^ m CO o ON ^ i— i o o u X) o 3 ON i — l Ol .—1 CO s CO 00 vO c ON ■H t— 1 00 c •r-l to CN c O ■r-l ON t— 1 CO T3 c 01 u r— 1 H \D I ON i o ON oo fe o CO o to CNI o CNJ jiBax aseg 03 paixddy st o§ueq3 3uaDj9£ a^qBaediuo3 aad ^oODpooft 30 aaquints! oSeaaAV 460-532 O - 72 Annual changes in the breeding population index have been gener- ally compensative since I96U (fig. 2). Prior to that, the trend was upward. WING-COLLECTION SURVEY A wing-collection survey was initiated in the United States in 1959 to determine the age and sex composition of the woodcock harvest. The primary objective was to obtain data on reproductive success of the species, but the survey also produces information on changes in geographic and chronologic distribution and size of the harvest. Because serially numbered envelopes are used for each day's bag, it is possible to determine both daily and seasonal hunting success per hunter. Response to the wing-collection survey has been generally good since its inception in 1959- Annual submissions of wings have ranged from 8,786 the first year to l8,*+39 in the 1968-69 season, and have averaged lU,08^ per season. A number of wings were received from special study areas in addition to those from the regular survey. Because data from them are not comparable in all respects with data from the operational wing survey, they are not included in the general analysis. They will be used in a later report. Procedures The procedures for collecting and processing wings and analyzing data were the same as for the 1968-69 season (Clark, 1970). Because we lack a uniform method for sampling woodcock hunters, it is necessary to use several sources of names and addresses in assembling a mailing list for participants in the wing-collection survey. To facilitate data analysis, each source is given a code number as follows: Code 1 - Previous years' Code 1, 2, h, 75 and 8 hunters who submitted wings. Code 2 - Waterfowl mail survey hunters who reported hunting woodcock. Code h - Hunters who ask to participate or are proposed by a fellow hunter. Code 7 - Hunters who appear on both Code 1 and Code 9 lists. Code 8 - Previous years' Code 9 hunters who submitted wings. Code 9 - Hunters on a list provided by a State from its kill survey (except in New Jersey, where list was from woodcock hunting stamp purchasers ) . The distribution of contacts by States is shown in table 3. A total of 7>^7 hunters was contacted in the 1970-71 woodcock survey, 5 percent less than in 1969-70. The greatest decline occurred in Code 9 hunters. Hunters who cooperated in previous years (Code l) submitted the most wings and were the sole source of comparable data. Lists of hunters' names and addresses obtained from State kill surveys (Code 9) probably produce the least biased samples within each State; however, procedural variations between States introduce new biases. Also, many States either have no kill survey or do not inquire about woodcock in their questionnaires. The number of Code k names added annually at the request of survey participants or their friends is relatively small. The list of woodcock hunters from the Bureau's waterfowl mail survey (Code 2) is the largest source of names but the number of wings submitted per contact is very low. A significant bias in this source is the large State-to-State variation in the ratio of waterfowl hunters to total hunters. For example, both Louisiana and Pennsylvania are important woodcock harvest States. However, only one Pennsylvania hunter in 20 purchases a duck stamp; in Louisiana, one-third of all hunters purchase duck stamps. It is evident that precise analysis of a survey sample originating from such varied sources is impossible. However, it is believed that major changes in woodcock productivity and in harvest rates can be detected. Results The number of wings received increased slightly from 17,9^0 in 1969-70 to 18,385 in 1970-71. Wing totals vary slightly between different tables because incomplete information necessitated excluding a few wings from some tabulations. A listing by States of the number of cooperators, envelopes, and wings received for the past three hunting seasons is shown in table k. Numbers of envelopes are shown because each envelope represents 1 day's hunt by one hunter, consequently the bag per successful day. Comparison of sample source. — The response rate and wings con- tributed in the three principal categories of hunters are shown in table 5- Code 1 and Code 9 data overlap slightly because both include Code 7 data. Weighted averages in this comparison were similar to those from the 1968-69 and 1969-70 seasons, as indicated in the following summary: Code 1 Code 2 Code 9 Percent response 1968-69 61.1 18. k 13.9 1969-70 58.6 16.5 1U.3 1970-71 58.8 1*K0 13.1 Wings received per 1968-69 8.0 0.9 0.7 contact 1969-70 6.3 0.7 0.7 1970-71 6.6 0.6 0.8 Wings received per 1968-69 13.2 It. 8 h.9 contributor 1969-70 10.8 k.O 5.2 1970-71 11.3 k.o 6.2 The variability in data from the three principal sample sources is illustrated in table 6. As in the previous season, data from New Jersey- Code 9 hunters differ from those of Code 9 hunters in otuer States. This is because the New Jersey hunters are from lists of purchasers of a special stamp required for woodcock hunting prior to the regular small game season. Four States provided representative sample hunter lists for the third consecutive year. Data from wings contributed by tnese hunters, when compared with data provided by other hunters, showed inconsistent results. Additional years' data are needed to clarify the effects of source of hunters' names on survey results. More State lists have been solicited for the 1971-72 season. Weighting factors. — Because the number of wings received from each State usually was not proportional to the woodcock harvest in that State, it was necessary to weight data, used in computing overall productivity and harvest index trends. Since we lack a uniform sampling frame for woodcock hunters, a completely satisfactory weighting method has not been devised. The crude procedure currently used is based upon a combination of data from the Bureau's waterfowl mail survey, "duck stamp" sales, and State license sales (Clark, 1970). The derivation of weighting factors .for computing productivity and ha.rvest indexes for the 1970-71 season is shown in table 7. Productivity index. — In this report reproductive success is used as a measure of productivity. Woodcock can be aged and sexed by wing plumage characters (Martin, 196k). The ratio of immatures to adult females in the harvest, as determined from the wing-collection survey, provides a measure of reproductive success during the preceding breed- ing season (table 8). Considerable variation occurs in immature-adult female ratios between different harvest areas (States or Provinces), and between different years for the same harvest areas. These variations are probably caused by differences in hunting season dates, weather con- ditions, hunting season restrictions imposed by emergency situations such as fire hazard, and possibly differential migration coupled with differential vulnerability to hunting among sex and/or age groups. How- ever, the annual change in age ratios usually is small when rangewide data are weighted and combined. The 1970-71 hunting season was an exception, with the sharpest 1-year change in the age ratio to date-- a 25 percent increase. This reversed the downward trend in productivity which occurred from 1959 to 1969. When age ratios are graphically depicted using annual percent change, with 1969-70 as the base year, the 1969-70 age ratio marks the low point, while the 1970-71 figure is the high (fig. 3). It should be understood that variation in the productivity index due to differences in hunters sampled has been eliminated by using only data from comparable hunters (hunters who participated in the survey both years) in computing the change in weighted index (table 9)- Hunter success index. — An appraisal of trends in the woodcock har- vest— both daily and seasonal success — has been attempted by showing annual percent change in the number of wings submitted by hunters who participated in the survey for 2 consecutive years (table 10). Average daily harvests have changed little from year to year. The trend was downward from 1963 to 1966, upward from I966 to 1968, down slightly in the 1969-70 season, and unchanged in 1970-71. Seasonal harvest has shown slightly greater annual percent changes than daily harvest. The general trend has been upward, but there was a slight decline in the 1968-69 season, a sharper decline of 11.1 percent in the 1969-70 season, and an insignificant increase of less than 1 per- cent in the 1970-71 season (fig. 3). The distribution of daily bag sizes according to wing-collection data showed little variation between 1969-70 and 1970-71: 1969-1 '0 1970- ■71 Successful Percent S.uccessful Percent Bag S ize Hunts of Total 39-7 Hunts of Total 1 2,822 3,086 1+0.1 2 1,533 21.6 1,637 21.2 3 1,0U2 1U.7 1,081 li+.O k 733 10.3 8U2 10.9 5 ess ful 976 13.7 1,060 13.8 Total Succ Hunts 7 , 106 100.0 7,708 100.0 xapuj jg^uriH a ad jsbajbh jFUosBas pauqSxaft o o o in CN -N^ o 1-^ CD ^~N 3 O C 1 CO o> o 1 g CT\ o .-1 ON M-l 1 cu ca i c a) •H >, 6 00 S-i 01 0) CO 4-1 CO CU CQ O0 1 CO CO cfl J-i cu r-~ », 4-1 O co C 0) 3 CU 13 CU I ■H X> cfl u u CU Cfl j-1 a CO c o S 6 3 O co cfl cu * g 01 o j-i 00 c CO cfl a) 4-> 1 •H e 3 > cfl U T3 cfl 0) i CO ^ C 3 n O CO ^D CO cfl C cu o CO -H m 4-1 i id a Ci QJ CM cfl iH ^O iH O O •H u 4-1 1 CN Cfl GO | U G •H .—1 CU |3 <*D 00 cfl ,m O T3 O ,-H 0) CJ | 4-1 13 & O O 00 O vD ■H 3 CU 1 O l 1 co ON u-l CU U 3 00 ■H aXBiuaj 3xnPV Jsd ssan^Biuuii :xapu]r ot^b^ a§y pauil3T3M 10 Greater variations were evident in regional summaries of the data (table 11). However, annual variations were small when samples totaled over 1,000 hunts. Hunter success needs further study before hunting pressure can be related to woodcock population trends. A correlation may be revealed by information obtained through a uniform sampling frame such as the proposed Federal migratory upland game bird hunting permit, and from accumulating banding data. Regional analysis of wing-collection data Sex and age ratios. — An investigation of factors affecting produc- tivity and hunter success was initiated in 1970. Since differential migration by sex-age groups in correlation with the timing of hunting seasons would materially influence the productivity index, the first step was an analysis of regional sex and age ratios by time periods. Recent band recovery data suggest that within the woodcock range there may be less intermingling of woodcock from the Central and the Atlantic Regions than was formerly supposed. Thus, data from the two regions were analyzed separately. Within each region, three sub-units were established (fig. l) . The criteria used in selecting these were: 1. Northern sub-unit — States with relatively high density woodcock breeding populations where the harvest consists of a high proportion of locally reared birds. 2. Middle sub-unit — States with moderately low density breeding populations where the harvest consists more of migrant woodcock. 3. Southern sub-unit — States with small breeding popula- tions where the harvest consists primarily of wintering and migrant woodcock. Naturally, there is overlapping of characteristics between these sub- regions. Although State boundaries do not accurately delineate the criteria described, they serve our present purposes. The woodcock harvest, as represented by the wing collection, was divided into 10-day periods for regional comparisons. These minor periods were grouped into three major periods for each subregion. Grouping dates were selected that placed approximately 50 percent of the wings in the middle period and 25 percent each in the first and third periods. If seasonal trends in sex or age ratios occur, the broader separation between early and late season should make them more apparent. Data for the 1968-69, 1969-70, and 1970-71 seasons are summarized for the Central Region in table 12, and for the Atlantic Region in table 13- 11 In some States the wing sample was adequate for the same compari- son as in the subregions. For individual States it was possible to pinpoint the three harvest periods more precisely, except in southern subregions where it was necessary to pool States in principal winter- ing areas. Data are summarized for two States and a wintering area group in the Central Region (table lU) and the Atlantic Region (table 15) Each table was designed to present the data in a north-to-south manner. In view of the effect of weather on timing of migration, and sub- sequently the availability of woodcock for harvest, conclusive results could not be expected from only 3 years' data. Inconsistencies will be noted in sex and age ratios in the tables. However, we believe that accumulating data may reveal enlightening trends. Timing of harvest. — Distribution of the harvest as shown by 10-day wing-collection periods provides some insight into timing of the fall migration. Inasmuch as substantial numbers of woodcock are produced in Canada, the harvest in even the northern States includes some migrants. It is possible, with a season length of 65 days, to encom- pass the period of greatest abundance of woodcock within a particular State. In those few States where the most advantageous hunting season for resident game birds is the prime consideration in determining the opening date of the woodcock season, the period of greatest woodcock abundance may be missed in many, if not most, years. A north-to-south distribution of the 1968-69, 1969-70, and 1970-71 harvests is shown for the Central Region (table 16) and Atlantic Region (table 17). Although larger samples are needed for some States, the tables pro- vide some indication of the chronology of fall migration as reflected by birds available for harvest. No adjustment was made in either table for periods in which the beginning or end of the season occurred, and which encompassed less than 10 days of hunting. Heavier hunting pressure on the opening day or first weekend may partially compensate for a shortened period at the beginning of the season. However, concentration of hunting effort and harvest on the opening day of the season probably is not as great for woodcock as for other game birds . The wing-collection survey data were summarized by 7-day periods as well as by 10-day periods. Distribution of the harvest by 7-day periods beginning with the opening date in each State provides better information on the timing of harvests in individual States (tables 18 and 19). The shorter period makes regional pooling of data more diffi- cult because it magnifies problems of State-to-State variation in opening dates. However, it eliminates variation in hunting opportunity which occurs with 10-day periods where the first period may cover from 1 to 10 days and some periods include two weekends. The effect of weekend hunting varies materially, depending upon whether or not Sunday hunting is permitted. 12 The woodcock hunting season in some northern States may be short- ened by weather conditions or conflict with the deer hunting season when use of bird dogs may be undesirable. However, most of those States still enjoy good woodcock harvests. Tables 18 and 19 suggest that some States could benefit from earlier or later seasons than those selected in 1969-70 and 1970-71. Although results may be biased by inadequate sample size, unduly high percentages of the harvest in the first 2 weeks suggest that an earlier season should be selected. Concentration of the harvest toward the end of the season indicates the need for a later season. States having small samples in the survey may profit by examining data from other States, in the same latitude, north, or south, as may be available. RANGEWIDE HARVEST No single uniform sampling frame is available for measuring wood- cock harvest. Since 196U , the Bureau's waterfowl hunter mail survey has provided data on the woodcock kill by waterfowl hunters. Because that survey is the only source of data having rangewide comparability, recent woodcock harvest figures derived from that survey (MacDonald and Martin, 1971) were examined for trends. Tables 20, 21, and 22 list (l) number of waterfowl hunters in States where woodcock are hunted, (2) number of waterfowl hunters who hunted woodcock, and (3) woodcock harvest by waterfowl hunters. Data are available for the 7-year period 196H-65 through 1970-71. In view of the substantial annual variations, the average of the first 2 years was compared with the average of the last 2 years to show a trend over a period of 7 years. Although waterfowl hunters in States within the woodcock's range increased ^6.3 percent, waterfowl hunters who hunted woodcock increased 73.0 percent. A smaller increase in woodcock har- vested by those hunters ,(5^.5 percent) is not surprising since most of the additional hunters are novices in the sport. Only 10 percent of all hunters buy "duck stamps." Therefore, the Bureau's mail survey of stamp purchasers does not reach all woodcock hunters. There is no way of determining the exact number of woodcock hunters excluded from the survey, but a comparison of mail survey data for certain States with data from State game harvest surveys in those States offers a basis for an estimate. Table 23 compares results of the two surveys in Michigan and New York. These States rank highest in woodcock harvested during the 196U-69 period, and both conduct good surveys. Also, the percentage of their licensed hunters that hunt waterfowl is near the average for States in the woodcock range. There- fore, they provide reasonably representative samples for comparing the woodcock harvest reported by waterfowl hunters with that reported in State kill surveys. Unfortunately, this comparison cannot be made for all States. 13 460-532 O - 72 - 3 Assuming that Michigan and New York results are representative, table 23 shows that, over a period of years, less than 50 percent of the total U.S. woodcock harvest can be attributed to waterfowl hunters. Thus, it appears that a conservative estimate of the U.S. woodcock harvest can be obtained by doubling the woodcock harvest projection from the waterfowl mail survey. This indicates that the total wood- cock harvest in the United States during the 1970-71 season was approximately 1,375,000. Unlike the United States, Canada has a migratory game bird hunting permit which provides a suitable sampling frame for measuring the Canadian woodcock harvest. This survey indicates an increase in the Canadian woodcock kill from approximately 90,000 in 1967-68 to 100,000 in 1968-69 and 116,000 in 1969-70 (Benson, 1968, 1969, 1970). SUMMARY OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Ohio completed second-year checks of randomly selected woodcock singing-ground survey routes, and additional routes were activated in Illinois. Also, 10 new random survey routes were checked in Quebec. All significant portions of woodcock breeding range will be sampled on randomly selected survey routes when the necessary additional routes in Illinois and Quebec are established. Emphasis on woodcock research has now shifted to breeding ground banding and to studies of specific problems. Federally funded woodcock projects in progress in the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1971 are listed In table 2U. Banding is a particularly pressing need, and pilot banding projects have begun in several States and Provinces. Since several newly developed techniques are involved, additional training sessions are needed before a comprehensive banding program can be implemented. Many different organizaitons at the Federal and State-Provincial level are involved. While this somewhat complicates coordination of plans for training, it will increase the output of banded woodcock for the limited funds and manpower that each organization can allot to this species. Expansion of banding effort in the 10-year period, 1961-70, is reflected in table 25. The increase, particularly evident in preseason banding, is graphically shown in figure h. Comparisons of recovery locations of woodcock banded in the Atlantic Region with those banded in the Central Region (table 26 and fig. 5) add to existing evidence that, except for the shearing effect of the Atlantic coastline, principal woodcock migration routes have north- south orientation. Mixing on the wintering grounds of birds reared in Atlantic and Central Regions is suggested by recoveries of winter- banded birds in the northern parts of both regions. 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O CM co -d" rH O o o CO .-I -d- -d- -d- 1 > dt rH rH rH CO rH CM ^-\ r-i CO P-< m VO mD C/3 o> o> 1 rj\ 53 z f« ■H rH CO CO CN m rH (M 00 r-1 r4 ^ r-i -dr CM o CJ\ o hH S •-i -; -d" rH CM H H <■ (N vD U~\ ^ tr, CM ,_! r-i ,-t CO m St r- r- u 2: H H 1 CM z. X r-f rH CM 3 Z H pq nn h ^r rH .-h co >-i ro h h O rH >-{ •-i ro m m 2 to rH i-HrHCO CTv CM -d" CM CN (M (N H -T -d- ^-i r4 CM o to CO •-i 1 i— i •—\ 1 r^ 'O rH CO rH rH rH r*. 2 c_> 4-1 u CO o u o M . 0J . nj r"l -J XI 4-1 C u aPrHro • -h • w to x 'n >i u w • qj cj • . D 2 ro -M rH -U 3 j: C W O rtj ■ c • • 3 o (U -H QJ C/) ■ • CJ G (0 .-HrH4JCXC0 W H <-> > OS JuQ-hO^S2ZZ22ZZC40'W>>3 H rH |J rH C O >s re) -H t4 -h o j:^ c 01 01 -h ffl o Z < < M H H ^j^sssooohhs W O. o < u 47 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 O - 460-532 As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Ter- ritorial affairs are other major concerns of this department of natural resources. The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so that each shall make its full contribution to a better United States now and in the future. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE WASHINGTON. D. C. 20240 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR