BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 06317 781 8 MOURNING DOVE STATUS REPORT n /s/3: 1973 /U merits UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 186 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service MOURNING DOVE STATUS REPORT, 1973 Compiled by James L . Ruos Office of Migratory Bird Management ^WHJ*-** Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 186 Washington, D.C. . 1974 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Offic Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 85 cents Stock Number 2410-00398 CONTENTS Abstract iv Introduction 1 Procedures 1 The Call-Count Survey 1 Quality Checks of Field Data 2 Randomization of Call-Count Routes 2 Breeding Density Index 2 Determination of Population Changes Determination of Changes in Factors Associated With the Survey . . 6 Statistical Evaluation of Data 6 Determination of Population Distribution 6 Findings 6 Status of the United States Dove Population 7 1973 Population Distribution 7 1972 to 1973 Population Changes 7 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends 7 Status of the Eastern Management Unit Population 12 1973 Population Distribution 12 1972 to 1973 Population Changes 12 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends 18 Status of the Central Management Unit Population 18 1973 Population Distribution 18 1972 to 1973 Population Changes 18 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends 20 Status of the Western Management Unit Population 20 1973 Population Distribution 20 1972 to 1973 Population Changes 20 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends 21 Statistical Significance of Data 21 1972 to 1973 Population Changes 21 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends 22 Acknowledgments 22 References 23 Tables 24 ABSTRACT Mourning dove population indices, as determined from the nationwide Call- Count Survey, decreased from 1972 to 1973 by J% in the Eastern Management Unit and Q% in the Central Management Unit, hut increased Q% in the Western Manage- ment Unit. The change in the Central Unit was statistically significant (p<.05). The 1973 indices were below the 10-year means (1963-72) by 9% in the Eastern Unit, 6% in the Central Unit, and k% in the Western Unit. Regression analyses of the call-count data for 1963-73 indicate a statistically significant downward trend in dove breeding populations in all management units; mean rates of annual decline were 1% in the Eastern Unit, 2% in the Central, and h% in the Western. Changes in population indices are described by State and physiographic region. The 1973 indices were higher than in 1972 over one-third of the Nation, especially in the southern Atlantic coastal States, southwestern desert regions, and in several widely distributed areas of the northwestern and north-central States. However, population indices were lower in those regions which repre- sent the remaining two-thirds of the U.S. land area. Regression analyses of 11 years' data, 1963-73, showed statistically significant upward population trends in nine midlatitude States representing 17% of the Nation's land area. Trends were significantly downward in 15 States comprising 35% of the land area, particularly in the mid-Atlantic, northern Great Plains, and Pacific border regions . INTRODUCTION Management of mourning doves in the United States essentially involves regulating hunting to achieve proper harvest. The Call-Count Survey, conducted annually since 1953 by Federal, State, and independent observers, provides popu- lation index data upon which wildlife administrators rely in setting annual regulations. This report describes the methods employed to obtain and analyze these data and presents the status of the "breeding population of mourning doves in 1973. Two versions of the dove status report, one preliminary and one final, are prepared annually . In 1973 the preliminary report was mailed to members of the Dove Regulations Committee a week before the June regulations meeting in Washington, D.C. This timely distribution was made possible by the promptness of cooperators in sending their data directly to the Office of Migratory Bird Management at Laurel, Maryland, immediately after completion of their surveys. The present report is the final version and contains additional survey data analysis . Basic data gathering and analyzing procedures used in this report were similar to those used in 1972 (Ruos 197*0- PROCEDURES The Call-Count Survey Field studies have demonstrated the feasibility of the Call-Count Survey as a method for detecting annual changes in mourning dove breeding populations (Foote and Peters 1952). Since 1953, these surveys have been conducted through- out the United States on more than 800 established routes . Each call-count route has twenty 3-minute listening stations spaced at 1-mile intervals; the routes are usually on lightly traveled secondary roads. Each route is conducted once between May 20 and June 10. Beginning in 1972, cooperators were instructed to run their routes between May 20 and May 31. An extension to June 10 was provided to cooperators unable to complete their assignments during the desired survey period. Intensive studies in the eastern United States (Foote and Peters 1952) indicated that dove calling is relatively stable during the survey period. Call-count surveys are not made when wind velocities exceed 12 miles per hour or when it is raining. Records are kept of all doves seen or heard calling along the routes. The numbers of doves heard calling during the 3-minute listening periods are used for determining the population index. The numbers of calls per dove, and num- bers of doves seen, are not currently used in the index calculations, but they are recorded. A detailed analysis of these supplementary data from past call counts has been completed (manuscript in preparation) . Routes on which no doves were heard or seen for 2 successive years are identified as Automatic Zero Routes . Once designated, these routes are no longer run annually. Nevertheless, they continue to be included in the survey analysis. Automatic Zero Routes are subject to periodic reexamination. Population indices derived from the Call-Count Survey are believed to be biologically and statistically sound for detecting major year-to-year changes in breeding population levels for management units and for determining impor- tant long-term population trends for States and management units . Additional field research is needed to more accurately relate changes in the survey index to changes in the mated population. Specific relationships between calling doves and breeding pairs have been difficult to establish (Stone 1966)-. Quality Checks of Field Data As in previous years, all 1973 survey reports were examined for accuracy, completeness, and data comparability between identical routes run in both the current and preceding years. Indices presented in this report since 1967 have been derived from data meeting the 1972 standardized criteria for quality (Ruos 191k) . Randomization of Call-Count Routes The original Call-Count Survey routes, established between 1951 and 1956, were frequently selected in areas of high dove density. These were gradually replaced by more than 900 randomly selected routes between 1957 and 1970 in all kQ conterminous States (Ruos 1972). Breeding Density Index The mean number of doves heard calling per route represents the Breeding Density Index (BDl) . Before 1966, State indices were represented by unadjusted values. Management unit (Fig. l) indices, however, were adjusted by the propor- tional area of dove habitat that each State represented within a management unit. Beginning in 1966, State BDI's were determined from indices within each physio- graphic region (Fig. 2) weighted by the proportional land area that the region represented within a State. Management unit indices were then obtained from State BDI's adjusted for differences in land area that each State represented within the unit. Current weighting values for States and physiographic regions within management units are shown in Tables 3 and k. Determination of Population Changes Year-to-year changes in breeding population levels were determined from comparable data (Table l) . Routes run under acceptable conditions by the same observer in successive years were deemed comparable and data from different observers were accepted when changes in number of doves heard did not exceed expected values between years (Ruos 1972). ^m »-— *— ■ *~~ ^v^^rf^TUv • r s. rf 1 \/7 * \ 3 6-^ 1 \ •* ^"""V \ r ■" N***'^^'^^1^. * i r"v 1 4 \ ) 1 \ H &\ |?t? \ . _ 4L 2 H KCi \ i *i r i s v g X 1 3 i i i hJ 2S ^i 3 £ I £ Z 1 i o g l 1 I 1 z Pd Ixl S ft _„ 2£ 3 3 w O -^ 3 4J 3 y 22 c u as « o t- : o o o o ° 5 e 2 c u O f ■-i a) « m y ^ c a. - > S ' n, « — — — « ~ o o > £ *iC ) V c E > - -< o >. a •-< o o c: aj u d *j > X u 3 32 2x2 Z C1433HQO »> U Z 2 " o o >. 3 O i -a 1-1 M iOOOOOO" O Q OO OO O OOOO OO O ' £ P4 aj q c 0.19 0. e Q > > cu r ^ c c _ « tfi *.u 3 .£ ou h^ « , *j -^ *J O* CUT3CCOO -JW— ift)!UOC*J-«CCoCC M^M W W ._« 0 -^ U-^U*J Gfi>D.Ql-(U'U-'« "JO* « U ^ -2 -£ *> ^ i* h^. c ■* « i o. « ^. o 3 J o. <« «i a -on _ "?. w £ *2 zzmwo. 3ft h(J G.0iC0>W< Z < 3 < < Long-term population trends were determined by applying the percentage change in the BDI between successive years to a Base Year (BY) index. The year 1967 was selected as the BY for all States except Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The BDI's for this BY were obtained by taking the mean of comparable routes run in 1966 and 1967 (Tables 1, 3). The four excepted States were assigned a 1971 BY index, representing the mean BDI of comparable routes run in both 1970 and 1971- Data from these four States are included, for the first time, in the Eastern Management Unit and the United States weighted means (Table 3) . Long-term trend data have also been determined for each physiographic region. Yearly BDI's for regions were adjusted to a 1969 BY index representing the mean BDI for routes accepted in 1968, 1969, and 1970 (Table k) . Determination of Changes in Factors Associated With the Survey Annual changes in the mean survey date, temperature at the start of the survey, and the percentage of route listening stations with high disturbance are presented in Table 2. Analysis of these factors was similar to those described for determining year-to-year changes in the BDI (Ruos 1972) . Statistical Evaluation of Data The Call-Count Survey was designed to detect major-year-to-year changes in the breeding population index within each management unit (Foote 1959) • In recent years, analysis of data revealed that observed differences of about 8, 9, and 13% between years within the Eastern, Central, and Western Management Units, respectively, would be statistically significant at the 5% level. Although the survey was not designed to detect a change in the BDI between years within States or physiographic regions, data from these areas were also sub- jected to statistical analysis. Long-term BDI's, adjusted to a BY for all physiographic regions, States, and management units, were examined to determine whether significant trends were present. Trends were determined by linear regression analysis. Determination of Population Distribution The geographic distribution of dove densities has been determined from a study of BDI values adjusted to a BY for each physiographic region and State. For graphic presentation, the 1973 data have been assigned to one of five den- sity classes. Changes in the adjusted BDI's greater than 10% between 1972 and 1973 within physiographic region and State also were determined. FINDINGS Decreases in indicated dove breeding population levels between 1972 and 1973 occurred over a wide area of the United States . The population indices decreased by 7% in the Eastern Unit and Q% in the Central Unit, but increased by Q% in the Western Unit. All management unit indices for the 11-year period, 1963-73, are represented by statistically significant (p<.05) downward trends. All 1973 management unit values are below the preceding 10-year means , with the Eastern Unit index at a 20-year low. Current Central and Western Unit indices are above their 20-year lows established in 1971. Status of the United States Dove Population 1973 Population Distribution The density distribution of mourning dove populations in the United States is presented by States (Fig. 3) and by physiographic regions (Fig. k) . The most extensive area of high dove density was in the central States, especially in the eastern Great Plains, Central Lowlands, and in the lower Mississippi River plain. High densities were also observed in the Upper Atlantic Coastal Plain. A mean of ^0 or more doves were heard calling per route in Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. 1972 to 1973 Population Changes The United States BDI decreased 5-0% from 19.6 doves heard per- route in 1972 to 18.6 doves heard per route in 1973 (Table l) . Population indices increased in physiographic regions (Fig. l) representing 33$ of the U.S. land area, decreased in 65$ of the land area, and showed no change in 2% of the land area. In all management units, areas of increase were associated with lower mean population indices than for areas of decrease. Changes greater than 10$ in the BDI are illustrated by State (Fig. 5) and physiographic region (Fig. 6). The 1973 indi- ces were generally higher in regions of the southern Atlantic Coastal States and in Arizona. Lower population levels were prevalent over much of the United States. From 1972 to 1973, the combined hunting States index decreased 5.h% and the combined nonhunting States index decreased 3-9$- The 1973 nonhunting States index of 15 . 5 doves heard per route is the lowest value reported since initiation of the survey in 1953. Analyses of several factors associated with the 1972 and 1973 surveys show no important yearly differences in mean survey date, temperature at the start of the survey, or the percentage of survey stops with disturbance great enough to jeopardize the hearing of calling doves (Table 2). In both 1972 and 1973, about 9$ of the survey route stops were subject to high disturbance. 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends The 1973 indices for the United States and combined hunting States are above their 1971 record lows. The nonhunting States index, however, declined in 1973 to a 20-year record low. All 1973 indices are below their preceding 10-year means, the United States index by 6%, the combined hunting States index by 2%, and the combined nonhunting States index by 15$ (Table 3) . t 10 11 Adjusted BDI's plotted in Figs. 7 and 8 reflect the trend in population indices since 19&3. Linear regression analyses of these data (Table 3) are' shown in Fig. 9. The indices declined at an average annual rate of 1.7% in the United States, 1.3$ in the hunting States, and 3.0% in the nonhunting States. This study reveals a significant overall decline in nationwide dove breeding populations between 1963 and 1973. Population trends as determined from linear regression analyses are shown by State (Table 3, Fig. 10) and physiographic region (Table h, Fig. 11 ) . From 1963 to 1973, statistically significant downward trends exist throughout parts of the mid-Atlantic and Gulf Coastal States, northern Great Plains, and Pacific border States. Trends are significantly upward in eight widely distributed, though predominately midlatitude, States. Status of the Eastern Management Unit Population 1973 Population Distribution The Eastern Unit represents 30% of the land area and contains 26% of the total United States dove breeding population. Sixteen of the Unit's 27 States permit dove hunting (Fig. 2). These hunting States represent 66% of the land area and contain 72% of the total breeding population in the Eastern Management Unit. Highest dove population densities in the Unit were in the west-central section, especially in the Central Lowlands, and in portions of the Upper Coastal Plain and Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Densities were generally low in the Appalachian Highlands, northern uplands, and the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain (Fig. k) . States represented by a mean of 30 or more doves heard per route included Indiana, South Carolina, and Mississippi (Table 1, Fig. 3). 1972 to 1973 Population Clianges The Eastern Unit BDI decreased 6.8% from 17.it doves heard per route in 1972 to 16.2 doves heard per route in 1973 (Table l) . This was the greatest propor- tional change between years ever reported for the Eastern Unit. Population indices increased in those physiographic regions (Fig. l) representing 25% of the total land area, decreased in 69% of the area, and showed no change in 6% of the area. The 1973 indices were higher than in 1972 in the southern Atlan- tic Coastal States and northern Wisconsin. Population indices were broadly lower throughout the remainder of the Eastern Unit (Figs. 5, 6). From 1972 to 1973, the combined hunting States index decreased it. 3%, and the combined non- hunting States index decreased ll.it% (Table l) . The mean survey date was May 28 in 1973 and May 26 in 1972 in the Eastern Unit (Table 2) . No significant change occurred in mean temperature at the start of the surveys or in the percentage of high disturbance recorded per route between 1972 and 1973. The Eastern Unit had the greatest proportion of survey route stops affected by high disturbance (12%) of any unit in 1973. 12 131W3G ooii 3inoy y3d ownitfD ayy3H 53aoq 30t/y3Ay 13 •• £ -J 2 a: > en 0 VO T5 c^ rH M G A •H HI a 01 u 4-1 0 at 0 4-1 e un M to a a •H •H X) 4J (1) CJ 0) 3 <4-l T3 CO Cfl I3iy3s ooi) 3inoy y3d owrnya ayy3H 93aqo 3oyy3AH 14 z. o _l •o F! O 60 a •H 1 g rr 3 o § 00 •H myjs 30ii 3Lnoy y3d owrny3 ayy3H s3aqq 3oyu3Ab 15 or 0) H c m 3 ca cfl O fi b o C 4-1 C •H g M W O ■U 13 •H c C M-l cfl 0) ■H o M C •H H tu m 16 c w 9) 0) 4-1 CD U 1 II i_— o 0) a a n w .H aj „ sz U) C X! .2 5 giudq 301) 3inoy y^d ONiiiyG oyysH s3aoq 3oyy3AH 19 Ho important changes occurred between the 1972 and 1973 mean dates the surveys were run or mean temperatures at the start of the surveys or in the percentage of high disturbance recorded per route (Table 2) . 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends The Central Unit BDI has declined during 6 of the last 7 years . Although the index declined to 22.3 doves heard per route in 1973, the current index is well above the record low of 20.8 doves heard per route in 1971 (Table 3, Fig. 7) Analyses of the 1963-73 long-term data show that the 1973 combined hunting States index declined from its 1972 high, whereas the 1973 index for the com- bined nonhunting States approximated its 1972 record low (.Table 3, Fig. 12). Current Central Unit and combined nonhunting States indices are below their preceding 10-year means by 6% and 20%, respectively. The combined hunting States index is above its long-term mean by 2%. The 1973 combined hunting States index represents the only index currently above the preceding 10-year mean for any unit or subunit in the Nation. Regression analysis shows that a significant downward trend in dove popula- tion indices occurred from 1963 to 1973 in the Central Unit. A similar downward trend was observed for the combined nonhunting States. No significant trend in the population indices was shown for combined hunting States (Table 3, Fig. 9) • Annual rates of change in the BDI's were determined as follows: Central Unit, down 1.5%, combined hunting States, up 0.2%, and combined nonhunting States, down U.8%. The annual rate for nonhunting States represents the greatest rate of decline of any unit or subunit. Significant upward population trends were evident in Arkansas, Colorado, and Kansas, representing 17% of the Unit's land area; downward trends occurred in Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, and New Mexico, representing 35% of the area (Table 3, Fig. 10) . Status of the Western Management Unit Population 1973 Population Distribution The Western Unit represents 2U% of the land area and contains 19% of the total United States dove breeding population. All of the Unit's seven States permitted dove hunting in 1972 (Fig. 2) . High mourning dove densities were generally restricted in the Western Unit to portions of the Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Sonoran-Mojave Desert. Densities were low throughout much of the Great Basin and in the northwestern section of the Unit (Fig. h) . Two States, Arizona and Idaho, were represented by a mean of 20 or more doves heard per route (Fig. 3) . 1972 to 1973 Population Changes The Western Unit BDI increased 7.6% from 13.6 doves heard per route in 1972 to lh.6 doves heard per route in 1973 (Table l) . Population indices increased in those physiographic regions (Fig. l) representing 37% of the land area, decreased in 62% of the area, and showed no change in the remaining 1% of the 20 land area. Important population increases occurred in the Sonoran-Mojave Desert and in the northern Columbia Plateau (Fig. 6). Elsewhere, regional population levels in 1973 tended to be at least 10$ lower than in 1972. The increase in the Western Unit's index from 1972 to 1973 can be attributed to the exceptional 66$ increase in Arizona's index. Excluding Arizona data, the Unit's index would have declined 8$ between 1972 and 1973. No important changes occurred between 1972 and 1973 mean dates the surveys were run or mean temperatures at the start of the surveys . The 1973 survey routes were run under slightly higher disturbance conditions (Table 2) . 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends The 1973 Western Unit BDI increased for the second successive year from its record low index established in 1971 (Table 3, Fig. 7). The current population index is k% below the preceding 10-year mean (Fig. 7), and represents the least departure of any unit. Nevertheless, regression analysis shows a significant downward trend in the dove population index from 1963 to 1973. The BDI declined at an average annual rate of 3.5$ — the greatest rate of decline of any unit (Table 3, Fig. 9). Significant upward population trends were determined for Idaho and Nevada, representing 27$ of the Unit's land area, with downward trends in California and Oregon, comprising 36$ of the area (Table 3, Fig. 10). Statistical Significance of Data 1972 to 1973 Population Changes A significant (p<0.05) decrease occurred in the BDI of the Central Manage- ment Unit between 1972 and 1973 (Table l). The population index for the com- bined hunting States in the Central Unit also showed a significant decrease. None of the indices for the other combined hunting States or combined nonhunting States differed significantly (p<0.05) between these years. Although not designed to detect population changes within States, the survey showed a sig- nificant increase in Arizona. Significant decreases occurred in Missouri and Tennessee (Table l). A study of the data from physiographic regions within management unit revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase from 1972 to 1973 in the Piedmont Province (Region OUl) of the Eastern Unit (Fig. l) . Significant decreases from 1972 to 1973 occurred in Dissected Till Plains (125) and Uinta Basin (212) of the Central Unit. In the Western Unit, significant increases were determined for the Mexican Highland (22*+) and Middle Cascade Mountains (232), and a signif- icant decrease in the California Coast Ranges ( 2U6 ) . The analyses of several factors associated with the Call-Count Survey showed that the Survey was run later in 1973 than in 1972 (p<0.05) for both the Eastern Management Unit and the combined hunting States of the Eastern Unit (Table 2). No other statistically significant differences occurred between years for any unit or subunit in the analysis of mean survey date, temperature at start of survey, or percentage of high disturbance along survey routes. 21 1963 to 1973 Long-term Population Trends Linear regression analyses of the 1963-73 data revealed significant (p<0.05) downward trends in BDI's for all management units, as well as for the combined hunting States of the Eastern Unit, and combined nonhunting States of the Central Unit (Table 3). No significant trend was established for the combined nonhunting States of the Eastern Unit or combined hunting States of the Central Unit. Analyses of long-term data by State (Table 3) revealed that nine States representing 1"J% of the Nation's land area had significant (p<0.05) upward population trends between 1963 and 1973. Fifteen States, representing 35$ of the land area, had significant long-term downward population trends (Table 3, Fig. 10). From 1965 to 1973, lh of 79 physiographic regions, represented by 15% of the total land area, had significant (p<0.10 upward trends, and 20 regions, with 28% of the land area, had significant downward trends (Table U, Fig. 11). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report would not be possible without the cooperation of the State conservation departments and the many individuals who conscientiously assisted in collecting data. Preparation of this report represents a combined effort; special recognition is extended to Mr. Frederick R. Fiehrer for programming assistance, Mrs. Kit Munson for secretarial support, and to Mr. Charles R. Wolfe, Jr., for assistance in quality -checking field data and for cartographic services. 22 REFERENCES Fenneman, N. M. 1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 534 pp. Foote, L. E. 1959. A sampling design for mourning dove call counts. A report to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service, from The Wildlife Management Institute. (Unpublished re- port.) December. 47 pp. + 24 tables + appendix. Foote, L. E. , and Harold S. Peters. 1952. Introduction. Pages 1-3 in Investigations of methods of appraising the abundance of mourning doves. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. , Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. 17. Ruos, J. L. 1972. Mourning dove status report, 1971. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. 158. 40 pp. Ruos, J. L. 1974. Mourning dove status report, 1972. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. 176. 35 pp. Ruos, J. L. , and Duncan MacDonald. 1968. Mourning dove status report, 1967. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. 121. 23 pp. Stone, C. P. 1966. A literature review on mourning dove song as related to the coo-count census. Colo. Dep. Game Fish Parks, Spec. Rep. 11. 29 pp. 23 TABLE L. — CHANGES IN MOURNING DOVE BREEDING DENSITY INDICES ON 20-STOP CALL-COUNT SURVEY ROUTES, 1972-73 EASTERN MANAGEMENT UNIT MEAN NUMBER OF DOVES HEARD PER ROUTEa AiLilJiIEi2_.WIIlH.LU_Y.JLaE _____I___I_____£__.__E PERCENT _I_I_______I£_ L_JL_ L22_ L_2_ L973 CH ANSEL HUNTING STATES ALA. 26 20.2 17.9 19.8 17.5 -11.4 DEL. 1 6.0 14.0 4.6 10.7 133.3 FLA. ZO 10.3 10.0 7.0 6.8 -2.4 GA. lb 24.3 26.3 10.6 11.5 8.2 ILL. 15 22.1 21.9 27.7 27.5 -0.8 KY. 18 20.6 19.9 28.0 27.0 -3.7 LA. 14 7.4 5.5 8.4 6.2 -25.9 MD. 11 21.6 19.3 26.6 23.8 -10.4 20.2 17.9 6.0 14.0 10.3 10.0 24.3 26.3 22. 1 21.9 20.6 19.9 7.4 5.5 21.6 19.3 29.1 27.0 19.3 24.5 6.6 5.3 9.5 10. 0 21.5 28. 1 30.3 22.4 15.5 18.6 MISS. 19 29.1 27.0 35.0 32.5 -7.2 N.C. Id 19.3 24.5 11.7 14.8 26.6 PA. 11 6.6 5.3 7.0 5.6 -19.4 R.I. 2 9.5 10. 0 1.9 2.0 5.3 S.C. 16 21.5 28.1 25.5 33.3 30.8* TENN. 18 30.3 22.4 38.6 28.6 -25.9** VA. 8 15.5 18.6 11.2 13.4 19.8* _*__A_ H ___ __2 __I z__-_l ___.I_I_L_____ 1___ ___£ __:__. NONHUNTING STATES 5.5 0.0 36.8 -11.5 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 -24.2* 4.4 107.7 23.1 -9.3 5.7 -10.4 22.0 -20.0 0.0 0.0 22 ±___ ___._- ____j_*__ IDIAL _2_ 12__ _____ _____ CONN. 1 IND. 14 MASS. 3 MAINE 4 MICH. 15 N.H. 3 N.J. 3 N.Y. 12 OHIO 8 VT. 2 1_ 1.0 1.0 5.5 39.6 35.1 41.6 6.3 6.3 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 6.7 15.4 3.2 6.6 2.1 27.1 24.6 25.5 12.3 11.0 6.4 37.7 30.1 27.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 12____ _______ _ . __U2 24 TAriLt i. — CHANGES IN MOURNING DOVE BREEDING DENSITY INDICES UN 20-STOP CALL-COUNT SURVEY ROUTES, 1972-73 — CONTINUED CENTRAL MANAGEMENT UNIT COLU. 14 KANS. 13 MO. 16 N. MEX. 12 OKLA. 13 S. DAK. 17 17.4 16.7 62.5 58.0 45.1 33.8 17.0 9.8 31.0 30.0 1973 CHANGE0 25.5 5.8 19.7 -3.9 57.2 -7.2 29.9 -25.0** 4.9 -42.6 42.2 -3.3 MEAN NUMBER OF DOVES HEARD PER ROUTE3 A£J!&I£Q_ailtLlu_Y.fM AfiJi&I£fi_IQ_fiAS£=IEAB PERCENT STATfcS—liUUI£S 1972 1212 1972 HUNTING STATES ARK. 9 19.6 20.8 24.1 20.5 61.6 39.9 8.6 43.6 37.8 40.7 37.7 40.5 7.5 I£A* 2Q Zl*3. LiUS 2AmSl Lfi.a. r£1^5*__ £iitiIUIA.L__12.4. Z3 ±Z 15,3. -11A3**_ NONHUNTING STATES 19.6 18.2 -7.0 13.1 11.7 -10.5 . 4.7 3.8 -18.2 17.9 23.2 29.4 47.8 48.6 1.6 ._2^ ^3 -^a. IOWA 13 MINN. 11 MONT. 10 N. DAK. 12 NEBK. 20 HIHj, 2. 26.0 24.1 14.9 13.4 10.6 8.7 25.9 33.5 38.6 39.2 16.2 15.1 SUtilUI A.L 1 5. 16.A 5. 16.6 Q^ IQIAL 122 2.4.^3. 11*3. rfi^5**_ 25 TABLE 1. — CHANGES IN MOURNING DOVE BREEDING DENSITY INDICES ON 20- STOP CALL-COUNT SURVEY ROUTES. 1972-73 — CONTINUED WESTERN MANAGEMENT UNIT MEAN NUMBER OF DOVES HEARD PER ROUTEa AiiiiiiI£Q_J(iIIHJ.N_I£M A&lU£I£12-IQ-£ A S E-lfAS PERCENT STAI£S.—R,miI£5 121Z L2U 121Z 1211 CHANNEL HUNTING STATES 15.0 25.0 17.5 11.8 29.4 6.6 11.2 9.2 -fl*£ 3^ IZm.0. U*6 Huh Z^-. ARIZ. 31 CALIF. 54 IDAHO 13 NEV. 14 OREG. 16 UTAH 12 KASti.* 2fl IQIAL __16.fl 29.1 66.4** 11.1 -6.0 25.8 -12.4 5.4 -18.7 11.3 1-2 7.9 -13.7 12.9 .7,5. UNITED STATES SUMMARY MEAN NUMBER OF DOVES HEARD PER ROUTEa ADJ.i&I£0_JiIItLLtt_¥£AR AJLliiSIfQ_IQ_fiASE=I£A& PERCENT -S_LAi£i__iiQui££ 1312, 1212 1212 1211 CHANGEb. HUNT 504 21.0 19.9 -5.4* NONHUNT 154 16. 1 15.5 -3.9 IQIAL 6.5.8. L2x6 L&*£ r^2*. aindlces ubtained from comparable, randomized route data adjusted for variation in the land area of each physiographic region are presented within year. state data adjusted to a base-year are shown here and in table 3. unit and subunit means are derived from state oata adjusted to a base-year and weighted by total state land area values. 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(- ,_ u < D I o a 1— • •— ■ Cl z a Ul z o o z I/O ►-< K z Z3 ^ • ^ O LU D cr < d l_H o < Z > lu LU 5: i— ■ X c *-• o U a #— < cr. h- LL' «« ^«. z o LU i- u. C LLI -J <\J a. or o i/i cc CO CC . «*« x u. a cr LU CO a a • C; o \— ■cr C' z O a LL o •— ' 2" z z z o • i— . to u to ^ ct o X u. V < LU z h- < U o X c 1 OL a to I Ui H to rr> .— . z LO • > r a «o Ci X z X u _j 1- a Z h- 3. >-< h- o >— cc to 36 r U.S. GOVEHN.'ULVi As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv- ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out- door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsi- bility far American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE WASHINGTON. D. C. 2O20O POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR INT 423