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WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT

1974

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 189

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service

WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT, 1974

Joseph W. Artmann Office of Migratory Bird Management

Fish and Wildlife Service

Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 189

Washington, D.C. • 1975

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract iv

Introduction 1

Wing-collection survey 3

Procedures 3

Results 3

Productivity index ' h

Hunter success index 7

Regional analysis of wing-collection data . . .' 7

Sex and age ratios 7

Chronology of harvest 7

Singing-ground survey 9

Procedures 9

Results 10

Banding activities i . . . 13

Acknowledgments i. . . 13

References ^ . . 15

Appendix 16

in

ABSTRACT

The estimated continental woodcock harvest exceeded 1.5 million birds during the 1973-7** hunting season. Wing-collection data for 1973-7** indi- cated that productivity increased during the previous spring by 15% range- wide, 9% in the Atlantic Region, and 21% in the Central Region. Daily and seasonal hunting success was also greater by 8.7% and 10.0%, respectively. The 197*+ breeding population index increased 6.5% rangewide, 2.h% in the Atlantic Region, and 10.0% in the Central Region. Indices from 196h-lk suggested a declining breeding population in the Atlantic Region and an essentially stable population in the Central Region. Recoveries of 2,950 banded woodcock indicate the existence of two relatively distinct popula- tions. More than 9*+% of the recoveries were made in the Region of banding.

IV

INTRODUCTION

During the past decade, the American woodcock has become an increasingly popular game bird over much of its range. The species still ranks well below waterfowl in terms of harvest, but the ratio of woodcock to waterfowl har- vested has narrowed to 1:3, or less, in several northern States. Thus, the species has advanced from a "specialty" game bird highly regarded by a few hunters to a broader based recreational resource actively pursued by many sportsmen. Owen (1975) estimated that woodcock provide between 2.5 and 3.0 million man-days of hunting recreation annually.

Because no suitable sampling framework is available in the United States for conducting a randomized woodcock harvest survey, the magnitude of the har- vest has been estimated from data derived primarily from the waterfowl hunter questionnaire of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Clark 1972). The esti- mated 1 . U million woodcock harvested during the 1973-7*+ hunting season repre- sent an increase of approximately 70% from the average of the 196^-65 and 1965-66 seasons (Table l) . This is a crude estimate, but it provides some insight into the utilization of the resource. Although over half the harvest occurs in the northern zone (Fig. l) , mid-, and southern zone harvests appear to be increasing.

In Canada, all migratory game bird hunters are required to obtain Federal permits. Thus, in recent years woodcock harvests there have been measured more precisely than in the United States. The 1967-73 Canadian woodcock har- vests have averaged about 105,000 annually. Canadian harvest sampling pro- cedures were changed in 1972, and the resulting harvest estimates are gener- ally lower but they are believed to be more accurate. In 1973, 109,000 wood- cock were harvested (Dobell 197*0. Combining the Canadian and U.S. harvest estimates indicated the continental woodcock harvest exceeded 1.5 million birds in 1973. Relatively little woodcock research has been accomplished and much needs to be learned of the species' potential for meeting further recrea- tional demands.

Two annual surveys presently provide the basis for establishing woodcock hunting regulations in the United States: (l) a wing-collection survey pro- vides data on relative reproductive success during the previous breeding season, hunting success, changes in size and distribution of the harvest by participating hunters; and (2) a singing-ground survey provides an index to the breeding population.

Data collection and analysis have steadily improved in both surveys. Although imperfect, these two surveys produce the best rangewide information currently available for managing woodcock. This report presents data from the 1973-7*+ wing-collection survey, the 197*+ singing-ground survey, and addi- tional information accumulated since publication of the 1973 Status Report (Clark 197*0 .

WING-COLLECTION SURVEY

The primary objective of the wing-collection survey is to determine woodcock reproductive success the previous spring as reflected by the age and sex composition of the harvest sample. The survey also produces infor- mation on changes in the temporal distribution of the harvest and daily and seasonal hunter success. Response by hunters to the wing-collection survey has been excellent since its inception in 1959, varying from 8,786 wings that year to 23,112 for the 1973-7^ season and averaging about 15,000 annually.

Procedures

Procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing survey data were described by Clark (1970, 1973). Survey participants are assembled from a variety of sources, including those hunters who cooperated in the survey the previous year, respondents who indicated on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's waterfowl questionnaire and State harvest surveys that they hunted woodcock, and requests by individuals that they or their friends be included in the survey. Clark (1970) discussed biases associated with assembling a survey sample from these sources, but speculated that major changes in pro- ductivity and harvest rates could be detected. When only data from comparable hunters are used, presumably some of this bias is reduced.

Because the number of wings received from each State may not be propor- tional to the woodcock harvest of that State, data used to compute overall productivity and harvest index trends must be weighted. No one has devised a completely satisfactory weighting method because of the lack of a uniform sampling framework. Current weighting procedures are based upon a combination of data from the Service's waterfowl questionnaire survey, duck stamp sales, and State license sales (Clark 1970). Wing totals vary between different tables in this report because incomplete information necessitated exclusion of a few wings from some tabulations. A linear regression model was used to determine long-term trends .

Results

Although 1% fewer hunters were contacted in the 1973-7^ woodcock wing- collection survey, 8% more responded. They contributed 23,112 wings, which is 21$? more than in 1972-73. Distribution of hunter contacts by States and contact codes revealed that the response rate was better in northern States than in southern States and averaged 29% overall (Table 2). To improve the distribution of the wing sample, more hunters in midlatitude and southern States have been contacted in recent years (Table 3). Generally adequate samples are available from northern States .

A State-by-State comparison of the number of cooperators , envelopes returned, and wings received for the past two hunting seasons is shown in Table k. Data on average number of wings per envelope and number of enve- lopes received during 1973-7*+ are not strictly comparable because data from

previous years did not include envelopes in which no wings were submitted. These envelopes represented hunts during which no woodcock were bagged. Hence the decrease in the number of wings per envelope may have been par- tially caused by procedural methods.

Age and sex data from 1963-61+ through 1973-71+ wing Collections show about an equal proportion of adults (1+8.1+$) and immatures (51.6$) in the harvest (Table 5). The immatures were almost equally divided between males and females (50.7$ vs. 1+9.3$), while among adults there was a greater pro- portion of females (59-9$) than males (1+0.1$). The latter difference was statistically significant (P<0.01, t = 3.99). It is not known if this dif- ference is real or caused by the method of data collection. If differential hunting mortality is occurring, then it could affect age ratios in the harvest sample. Data for woodcock banded in Maine indicate that survival rates for adult males and females, and immature females were similar while those for immature males were significantly lower (Krohn et al. 197I+). Hence, immature male mortality apparently occurs between the time the harvest is sampled and males are banded as adults. Further study is needed to determine where and when mortality occurs. Does it occur on the wintering or breeding areas or during migration? Is it a result of weather conditions, predation, or other factors?

Productivity Index

Because woodcock can be aged and sexed by wing plumage characters (Martin 196I+), the ratio of immatures per adult female in the wing survey provides a measure of reproductive success during the preceding breeding season (Table 6). Considerable variation in age ratios occurs among differ- ent harvest areas (States or Provinces) and between years for the same har- vest areas. These variations are probably caused by differences in hunting season dates, weather conditions, hunting restrictions, and possibly a com- bination of differential migration and hunting vulnerability.

Some variation has been eliminated by computing the weighted productiv- ity index with only data from hunters who participated in the survey for 2 consecutive years. Before the 1970-71 season, annual changes in age ratios were small when range-wide data were weighted and combined (Fig. 2). Large fluctuations occurred in 1970-71 (25$ increase) and in 1971-72 (26$ decrease). The cause of these unusual fluctuations has not been determined but adverse weather shortly after hatching may be a factor (Clark I97I+). The 1973-71+ index showed a 15$ increase over 1972-73 (Table 7). However, the linear regression model does not show any significant long-term trend in productivity (r = -.1+6).

Separating rangewide productivity data into regional components also failed to show statistically significant long-term trends (Fig. 3). The weighted productivity ratio for the Atlantic Region increased 9$ over 1972-73 while that for the Central Region increased 21$. In the Atlantic Region, the ratio has varied widely, especially since the 1969-70 season. Before 1972-73,

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3. Regional trends in weighted age ratio indices, as determined by woodcock wing-collection survey data from comparable hunters (Base Year - 1969-70)

the ratio of immatures per adult female was generally higher in the Atlantic Region. Fluctuations in the Central Region have been less extreme, with a general decline from 1963-6^+ to 1966-67 and an increase thereafter.

Hunter Success Index

Based on data from comparable hunters, daily and seasonal hunting success, as indicated by average number of wings per envelope and per cooperator, increased by 8.1% and 10.0%, respectively (Table 8). Daily and seasonal suc- cess for the past 11 years are plotted on Fig. k. The curves appear similar but a linear regression analysis indicated a significant decline (r = 0.72, P<0.01) in daily hunting success but not for seasonal hunting success. Common data were used to calculate both success indices; consequently the results should be viewed cautiously.

Daily hunting success is also indicated by the daily bag size distribu- tion. Daily bag size data for the 1973-7^ season and the average daily bag size from 1969 through 197^ are presented in Table 9- The 1973-7^ season was more successful because a larger percentage of hunters attained the daily bag limit than in previous years. Conversely, fewer bags contained only one woodcock.

Regional Analysis of Wing-Collection Data Sex and Age Ratios

An investigation of factors affecting productivity and hunter success was initiated in 1970. Since differential migration by sex and age groups in conjunction with the timing of hunting seasons would materially influence the productivity index, the first step was to analyze regional sex and age ratios by time periods .

Wing-collection data were divided into 10-day segments for regional com- parisons. These segments were subsequently grouped into three major periods so that approximately 50% of the wings were in the middle period and 25% each in the first and last periods. If seasonal trends in sex or age ratios occurred, this broad separation between the early and late seasons should make them more apparent. Because weather probably influences the timing of migration and the availability of woodcock, yearly weather variations make the interpretation of the results difficult. Data for the 1969-70 through 1973- 7U seasons are summarized for the Atlantic and Central Regions (Tables 10 and 11) . Differences have been noted, but the results are not yet conclusive.

Chronology of Harvest

With a season length of 65 days States can generally select a season encompassing the period of greatest woodcock abundance. A few States, how- ever, continue to set woodcock hunting seasons with resident game species in mind. This reduces woodcock hunting opportunity because the period of greatest woodcock abundance may be missed in many years.

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Wing-collection data from 1970 through 1973 were also summarized by 7-day periods beginning with the opening date in each State (Tables ll+ and 15). The shorter period provides better information on the chronology of harvests but makes regional pooling of data more difficult because it accen- tuates State-to-State variations in opening dates. In contrast, it eliminates variation associated with 10-day periods, where the first period may contain from 1 to 10 days and one or two weekends. The effect of weekend hunting varies depending if Sunday hunting is permitted.

The combined data suggest that some States could benefit from earlier or later seasons than those selected in recent years. Although results may be biased by inadequate sample sizes in some States, a high percentage of the total harvest in the first 2 weeks suggests that an earlier season might be desirable. In contrast, concentration of the harvest toward the end of the season suggests that a later season may be appropriate. States having small survey samples may profit by examining data from States in the same general latitude .

SINGING-GROUND SURVEY

Procedures

The singing-ground survey, which involves counts of singing males heard along predetermined routes, is interpreted as an index to the size of the post- mi grational breeding population. Between I96U and 1970, the survey has grad- ually changed from routes located in average or better quality woodcock habi- tat to routes randomly distributed throughout the major breeding range (Clark 1970). Since 1970, the breeding population index has been based solely on random routes which provide better statistical reliability.

The 197*+ index was derived from data collected on 908 routes comparable with those sampled the previous year (Table 16). This number of comparable routes is 135? greater than in 1973. In computing the index, data from each State were weighted according to its proportion of the total land area (inland water area excluded)' in the region or in the range of the species (Table 17).

Routes on which no breeding males were heard at any of the 10 stops for 2 consecutive years under comparable circumstances are placed in the "Constant 0" group. They are included in the number of comparable routes but are not field- checked annually. At 5-year intervals they are rechecked to determine if wood- cock are present.

Because the group of routes paired with comparable routes the preceding year is not necessarily the same group paired with comparable routes the subse- quent year, it is illogical to depict numbers of singing birds heard per route. Conversion to random routes, which averaged fewer birds than management routes, also precludes portraying the average number of birds per route. In order to compare the results, the data were adjusted by the percentage change between years with 1970 as base year (Clark 1973). A linear regression model was used to determine trends.

Results

In 1971+ , the number of woodcock heard per comparable route increased by 6.5$ range-wide, 2.h% in the Atlantic Region and 10.0% in the Central Region (Table 16) . A summary of weighted regional and range-wide changes for the past 10 years follows :

Percentage change from previous year

Year	Atlantic Region	Central Region	Rangewide
1965	-o.i*	-11.1	-6.5
1966	+2.1+	-0.5	+1.7
1967	+1.5	-3.5	0
1968	-8.lt	-U.5	-6.9
1969	+ 1+.2	+12.1	+8.8
1970	0	+ 3.1	+2.1
1971	-9.8	-7-3	-8.1+
1972	+1.6	+ 3.7	+2.7
1973	-6.3	-2.8	-1+.3
197^	+2.1+	+10.0	+6.5

Range-wide data are plotted in Fig. 5, but no long-term trend is apparent. However, differences appear if range-wide data are separated into regional com- ponents (Fig. 6). Overall, the Atlantic Region breeding population index (BPI) declined from I96I+ to 1971+. The linear regression model indicates an annual rate of decline of 2% per year (r = -O.85, P<0.0l). In contrast, the Central Region's BPI declined before 1969 and since then has fluctuated around the mean. The regression analysis indicated an overall increasing BPI at an annual rate of about 0.5% per year; however, the increase was not statistically significant (r = 0.28).

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BANDING ACTIVITIES

Greater banding effort at the northern edges of main breeding areas would provide data for a better understanding of the origins of wintering and migrant populations as well as the timing of migrations. Population origin and migra- tion data are needed to evaluate the influence of weather on reproduction and other factors of vital importance to woodcock management. Banding in southern areas would help to identify local populations, their migrational character- istics, and the impact of late hunting seasons. During 1973, 5>^70 woodcock were banded, 2,9^+7 in the Atlantic Region and 2,523 in the Central Region. Expansion of banding effort during 1961-73 is reflected in Table 18. The increase, particularly evident in preseason banding, is illustrated in Fig. 7-

Comparisons of recovery data for 2,950 banded woodcock show two rela- tively distinct woodcock populations (Table 19) • More than 9&% of the recov- eries for woodcock banded in the Atlantic Region occurred in that Region. Similarly, almost 91$ of the Central Region's recoveries occurred there. Most interregional recoveries were from birds banded near regional borders . The lack of substantial interchange between regions indicates that management by regional units is biologically sound.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Most data in this report would not be available without the cooperation of the Canadian Wildlife Service; Provincial and State conservation departments; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel of Regions 3, h, and 5; and the many individuals who assisted in the surveys.

Special appreciation is extended to the University of Massachusetts Press for permission to reproduce the late Mr. A. Lassell Ripley's etching "Early Woodcock" which again appears on this report's cover.

Also, special thanks are extended to the biologists who worked at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md. , processing over 23,000 wood- cock wings and coding the data for computer analysis. These cooperators and their affiliations are as follows :

Joe Coggin Virginia Commission of Game & Inland Fisheries

Patrick 0. Corr Maine Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Game

Tom Dotson West Virginia Dept. of Natural Resources

William B. Krohn U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Tim Linkkila Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection

Fant Martin U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Robert McKee Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources

George O'Shea U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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Virginia Commission of Game & Inland Fisheries

State University of New York

Vermont Agency of Environmental Conservation

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REFERENCES

Clark, E. R. 1970. Woodcock status report, 1969. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep.--Wildl. 133. 35 pp.

Clark, E. R. 1972. Woodcock status report, 1971. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Wildl. 153. 47 pp.

Clark, E. R. 1973. Woodcock status report, 1972. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Wildl. 169. 50 pp.

Clark, E. R. 1974. Woodcock status report, 1973. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Wildl. 178. 43 pp.

Dobell, J. V. 1974. Current status of woodcock management in Canada. I_n 5th American Woodcock Workshop Proceedings. Athens, Ga . Dec. 3-5, 1974. (Unpaged) .

Krohn, W. B., F. W. Martin, and K. P. Burnham. 1974. Band-recovery distri- bution and survival estimates of Maine woodcock. I_n 5th American Woodcock Workshop Proceedings. Athens, Ga. Dec. 3-5, 1974. (Unpaged).

Martin, F. W. 1964. Woodcock sex and age determination from wings. J. Wildl. Manage. 28(2) :287-293.

Owen, R. B. 1975. American Woodcock (Philohela minor) . In Glen C. Sanderson, ed . Management of Migratory Shore and Upland Game Birds in North America. International Association of Game, Fish and Conservation Commissioners, Washington, D.C. (In press.)

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Table 2. Distribution of contacts and response rate in 1973-7*+ woodcock wing- collection survey (including Code U contacts added during season).

State of residence		Packets mailed contact code'	by 1		Total contacted"	No. of cooperators	Percentage of contacts
1	2	It	7	8	9	responding
Ala.	12	51			k	72	136	16	11
Ark.	7	32					39	It	10
Conn.	132	228	2k		9		388	133	33
Del.	11	29			10		kg	10	20
D.C.	1	1					2	0	0
Fla.	11	k9	1		3	23	85	11	13
Ga.	27	52	1	1	13	158	2l+2	31+	lit
111.	28	1U2	3		1	22	190	27	11+
Ind.	31	102	1			59	191	22	12
Iowa	1	U5	1				hi	9	19
Kans .		22					22	1	5
Ky.	1*	17				12	32	6	18
La.	>+5	253	7		15	293	60k	62	10
Maine	162	21	k	16	55	337	588	239	1+1
Md.	32	88	3	2		106	231	29	13
Mass .	188	169	7		17		376	168	1+5
Mich.	157	111	13			503	Ilk	197	25
Minn.	6k	119	7		1		187	70	37
Miss .	20	91	1		10	79	190	21	11
Mo.	8	32	1	1		83	120	13	11
N.H.	62	160	1+	1		37	259	71	27
N.J.	151	12U	10	19	kk	167	50U	217	1+3
N.Y.	175	233	18		26		1+1+8	206	1+6
N.C.	32	70	1+		3		108	31	29
Ohio	95	156	5			2	25I+	73	29
Okla.	1+	17				5	25	2	8
Pa.	133	376	5				507	158	31
R.I.	20	32	2	11	12	125	186	^5	21+
S.C.	27	57	1		6	16	105	25	2k
Tenn.	8	39	1	3		85	129	lit	11
Tex.	8	29			3	3	1+3	8	18
Vt.	51	101	h			8	163	71	1+1+
Va.	20	67	Ik			3	10U	1+2	1+0
W. Va.	20	25	k			113	151	20	13
Wis.	131	1+6	16		139	3^+9	667	271	1+1
TOTAL	1,878	3,186	162	5k	371	2,660	8,ll+6	2,326	29

aCode 1 - Previous year's Code 1, 2, 1+ , 7, and 8 hunters who submitted wings, Code 2 - Waterfowl mail survey hunters who reported hunting woodcock. Code 1+ - Requested participation or proposed by fellow hunter. Code 7 - Appeared on both Code 1 and Code 9 lists. Code 8 - Previous year's Code 9 hunters who submitted wings. Code 9 - From list provided by State, primarily from State kill survey.

Excluding packets not deliverable.

18

Table 3. Changes in regional distribution of hunter contacts, 1968-69 to

1973-74.

REFERENCE AREA

1968-69

1970-71

1972-73

1973-74

6-Year

percent

change

North Central	1,894	1,757	1,061	1,628	-14
Mid-Central	542	721	795	985	+82
South Central	286	454	939	1,037	+263
REGION TOTAL	2,722	2,932	2,795	3,650	+34

North Atlantic	2,836	2,304	2,982	2,408	-15
Mid-Atlantic	1,424	1,764	1,872	1,548	+9
South Atlantic	264	447	616	540	+105
REGION TOTAL	4,524	4,515	5,470	4,496	-1

Northern Zone	4,730	4,061	4,043	4,036	-15
Mid-Zone	1,966	2,485	2,667	2,533	+29
Southern Zone	550	901	1,555	1,577	+187

U.S. TOTAL

7,246

7,447

8,265

8,146

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Table 5. Summary of woodcock wing survey age and sex data from 1963-6U

through 1973-71+. a

Hunting		ADULT			IMMATURE		Total
season	Male	Female	M/F	Male	Female	M/F
1963-61+	2,1+10	3,636	.6628	3,1+19	3,292	1.0385	12,757
196U-65	1,965	3,030	.61+85	2,785	2,650	1.0509	10,1+30
1965-66	2,386	3,1+69	.6878	2,762	2,719	1.0158	11,336
1966-67	2,550	3,633	.7018	3,338	3,091+	1.0788	12,615
1967-68	3,203	l+,l+25	.7238	3,828	3,591	1.0659	15,01+7
1968-69	3,1+18	5,021+	.6803	l+,667	l+,l+29	1.0591	17,538
1969-70	3,552	It, 961+	.7155	K 1+1+3	1+.272	l.Ol+OO	17,231
1970-71	2,961	U,6UU	.6375	5,069	5,023	1.0091	17,697
1971-72	3,607	5,678	.6352	4,636	l+,803	0.9652	18,721+
1972-73	3,617	5,639	.61+11+	14,780	l+,l+00	1.0863	18,U36
1973-7^	h, 135	6,397	.61+61+	5,787	6,01+9	O.9566	22 , 368
Total	33,80U	50,539		l+5,5ll+	l+l+,322		174,179
X	3,073	l+,595	.6687	1+,138	l+,029	1.0270
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35

Table 16. Woodcock breeding population indices as indicated by singing-ground surveys in 19 73 and 19 74 (random routes only)3

State or Province

Number of routes conducted

19 73

19 74

Comparable routes"

Woodcock heard per

c ompa r ab le r out e

19 73 19 74

ATLANTIC REGION

Connecticut

Delaware

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

New Brunswick

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

Nova Scotia

Pennsylvania

Prince Edward Island

Quebec

Rhode Island

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

9	10
1	2
50	47
15	16
16	15
58	45
14	14
12	12
57	60
41	30
40	38
9	8
26	16
2	2
20	21
31	25
20	22

9	2.11	2.22
3	0.66	0.66
46	3.83	3.72
9	0.33	0.22
17	2.41	2.17
41	4.90	5.41
13	3.46	4.85
16	2.63	2.13
73	2.42	2.48
35	2.14	2.66
67	1.21	0.87
9	2.67	3.00
16	2.44	2.88
4	1.25	0.75
14	2.14	2.29
70	0.31	0.47
47	0.87	0.70

REGIONAL TOTAL, & WEIGHTED AVG.C REGIONAL INDEX CHANGE

421

383

489

2.49

2.55 +2.41%

CENTRAL REGION

Illinois

Indiana

Mich igan

Minnesota

Ohio

Ontario

Wisconsin

17	16
22	23
19	90
43	38
45	47
49	43
68	65

26	0.19	0.15
45	0.33	0.29
94	3.79	4.39
51	1.41	1.69
73	0.89	0.78
29	6.38	6.97
101	2.06	2.10

REGIONAL TOTAL &
WEIGHTED AVG.C	363	284	419	3.00	3.30
REGIONAL INDEX CHANGE					+10.00%
RANGEWIDE TOTAL &
WEIGHTED AVG.C	784	667	908	2.75	2.93
RANGEWIDE INDEX CHANGE					+6.55%

Survey forms received after deadline for this report will be included in a later update.

blncludes routes carried as constant zero routes.

cWeighted averages are sums of products of woodcock heard per comparable route

and the corresponding State or Province percentage of the total land area

sampled. States or Provinces excluded where one comparable route represents

more than 2,000 square miles or where the 2-year average is less than 0.5 birds

per route.

36

Table 17. Computation of woodcock singing-ground survey weighting factors,

	Land area"	Comparable	Sq.mi .per	Weightii	g factor
Survey areaa	(Sq. mi. )	routes	comp . rt .	Regional	Rangewide
ATLANTIC REGION
Connecticut	^ 870	9	5Ul	.0202	.0099
Delaware	1,982	3	661	.0083	.001+1
Maine	30,933	h6	658	.1289	.0633
Massachusetts	7,833	17	1+61	.0327	.0160
New Brunswick	27,835	Ul	679	.1160	.0S70
New Hampshire	9,033	13	695	.0377	.0185
New Jersey	7,532	16	1+71	.031!+	.0155
New York	^ 7, 869	73	656	.1995	.0982
Nova Scotia	20,1+02	35	583	.0850	.01+18
Pennsylvania	1+5,025	67	672	.1877	.0923
Prince Edward Island	2,l8U	9	2l+3	.0091	.001+ 1+
Rhode Island	1,0^9	1+	262	.001+1+	.0021
Vermont	9,27i+	ll+	662	.0386	.0190
West Virginia	2U,o8^	1+7	512	.1003	.01+93
REGIONAL TOTAL	239,905	39!+	609	• 9998
CENTRAL REGION
Michigan	56,818	9h	601+	.2291	.1165
Minnesota0	1+6,503	51	912	• 1875	.0953
Ohio	1*1,018	73	562	.1653	.081+0
Ontario0	1+9,220	29	1,697	.1981+	.1008
Wisconsin	5M6U	101	539	.2196	.1117
REGIONAL TOTAL	21+8,023	31+8	713	1.0000
RANGEWIDE TOTAL	U87,928	7l+2	658		• 9997

aExcluding States and Provinces where each comparable route represents more than 2,000 square miles or where fewer than 0.5 birds are heard per route.

"^Land area only (inland water excluded) as listed in 1970 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide - Rand-McNally & Co.

cExcluding sections of Minnesota and Ontario outside of survey area.

37

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S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1975 0 - 576-337

39

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv- ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out- door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsi- bility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration.

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

WASHINGTON. D. C. 2024O

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

INT 423

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1	2
50	47
15	16
16	15
58	45
14	14
12	12
57	60
41	30
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26	16
2	2
20	21
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26	16
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20	21
31	25
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