BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 9999 06317 777 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN LAND TORTOISES (GENUS GOPHERUS) .1 meats JUL 2 b w. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 190 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN LAND TORTOISES (GENUS GOPHERUS) JOHN F. DOUGLASS Archbold Biological Station of The American Museum of Natural History- Route 2, Box 180 Lake Placid, Florida 33852 "^-Vo m\X>'^^ Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 190 Washington, D.C. • 1975 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 SUBJECT INDEX 3? Faleoecology 37 Habitat 37 Morphology Hatchlings and juveniles 38 Sexual dimorphisin J8 Color of iris 39 Anomalies of embryos and hatchlings 39 Limb anomaly 39 Anomalies of plastral bones 39 Anomalies of scutellation 39 Anomalies of coloration. , 39 Genetics Karyology . . » 39 Hybrids 39 Behavior Locomotion o ■ . . . 39 Postures o ho Digging behavior 40 Strength ^■0 Righting response 40 Buoyancy and swimming ability kl Vision. 41 Olfaction <,.... 41 Gustation 4l Audition 4l Tactility 41 Intelligence 41 Temperament and defense reactions » 42 Vocalization 42 Agonistic behavior 42 Interactions with other species in captivity 43 11 Reproduction Age at appearance of secondary sex characters ^3 Age at sexual maturity . . . . o ^3 Sex ratios ^3 Breeding season ^ Courtship and copulation ^ Nesting season. ^5 Nesting behavior ^5 Descriptions of eggs ^5 Clutch size ^6 Incubation ^7 Hatching oo • ^7 Growth Growth rates; size and age data; growth rings; longevity ^7 Age composition of populations ^ Foods Foods and feeding ^8 Scatology ^9 Physiology Body composition 50 Brain chemistry 50 Hematology 50 Serology 50 Cardiology 50 Respiration o 50 Thermoregulation 50 Water balance 51 Bone regeneration 52 Burrows Burrow characteristics 52 Burrow temperature 53 Burrow moisture and humidity, • 53 Burrow occupancy and constancy 53 Burrow associates 5^ Spatial Relations Home range • Dj Population density 5^ Social attraction 55 Migrations 55 Possible territoriality 55 Orientation and homing 55 111 Mortality Factors Diseases ; dietary deficiencies ,.,,,,,,,, 5^ Injuries • • o... 5^ Parasites , general 5^ Viruses 5^ Bacteria 5^ Mold and mildew 5^ Protozoa 5^ Nematodes o 5^ Mites 0.0 57 Ticks 57 Insects 57 Predators 57 Egg predators o . . • 57 Habitat destruction; urbanization 58 Highway mortality 58 Wanton killing 58 Gassing of burrows 58 Economic Values Use as food by humans 58 Use as pets ; care In captivity 59 Other economic Impacts and uses 59 Conservation 60 Techniques Methods of capture o . . 60 Marking systems oO IV INTRODUCTION Land tortoises of the genus Gopherus are an important element of the fauna of southern North America. Information on the four living species is widely scattered in various popular and scientific books and periodicals. An extensive search was made for literature on behavior and ecology of tortoises in this group. This compilation is intended as an aid to her- petologists and conservationists interested in these animals; it is hoped that it will serve as a directory to available information, prevent un- necessary duplication of effort, and help illuminate research needs. Major sources checked for references on Gopherus were the following: Biological Abstracts, through Vol. 59, No. 5(1975). BioResearch Index( including BioResearch Titles), through Vol. 10(l97^). Copeia, through 197^o Herpetologica, through Vol. 30(197^). International Turtle & Tortoise Society Journal, through Vol. 7, No. 2(1973). Journal of Herpetology, through Vol. 8(197^). The Zoological Record, through Vol. 108(l97l). No thorough effort has been made to include papers dealing strictly with morphology, taixonomy, fossil forms, or distribution. Each numbered item in the bibliography has been read and its contents indexed by subject. The references cited in each article have also been checked. A copy of each paper listed is on file in the Library of Archbold Biological Station. Acknowledgments: I thank J. N. Layne for advice and encouragement and Richard Archbold for his generous help. Support for collection and indexing of the literature was provided by the Department of Biology of Harvard Uni- versity through E. E. Williams, by the World Wildlife Fund( Project No. US-19), and by Archbold Expeditions of The American Museum of Natural History. For help and suggestions regarding the bibliography, I also thank W. Auffenberg, M. Brand, R. B. Bury, S. D. Busack, R. W. McDiarmid, F. L. Rose, and G. R. Stewart . This project was supported in part by the National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1, Agassiz, L. 1857. Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Little, Brown and Co., Boston. 452 pp. (Go- pherus berlandieri, G. polyphemus ; p. 44?) 2, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 1972, Rare and endangered vertebrates of Alabama . Division of Game and Fish, (G. polyphemus) 3, Alaimogordo News, 1950* Three years without food. Desert Mag. I4(l); 37, (G. agassizii) 4, Allen, E. R. n, d. The gopher tortoise. All-Pets Mag,, Chicago, (G. polyphemus) 5, Allen, R. I968, (Photograph of hatchling gopher tortoise with 5 legs), Int, Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(2): 26. (G. polyphemus) 6, Allen, E. R., and W. T. Neill. 1953 • Juveniles of the tortoise Go- pherus polyphemus . Copeia 1953! 128, 7, Allen, E. R., and W. T. Neill, 1955. Establishment of the Texas horned toad, Phrynosoma cornutum, in Florida. Copeia 1955'- 63-64. (G. polyphemus, p. 64) 6, Allen, M. J. 1932. A survey of the amphibians and reptiles of Harri- son County, Mississippi. Am. Mus, Novitates 542: 1-20. (G. poly- phemus , p. 19) 9. Anonymous, 1945. Studies habits of tortoise. Desert Mag. 8(6): 30- (G. agassizii) 10. Anonymous. 1967a. Yes: turtles in Chicago. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc, J. 1(2): 36-37. (G. agassizii, p. 37) 11. Anonymous. 1967b, (Photograph of Gopherus polyphemus). Int. Turtle Tortoise SoCo J. 1(2): inside back covero 12. Anonymous. 1967c. Conservation U. S. A. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 1(3): 22-23, 31, 48„ 13. Anonymous, 1967d. (Photographs of Gopherus f lavomarginatus ) . Int, Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 1(3) "• inside back cover. 14. Anonymous. 1967e. Spring is here! Int, Turtle Tortoise Soc, J. 1(4): 10-12, (incubation of tortoise eggs) 15. Anonymous. 1967f. A one way ride from Texas, Int, Turtle Tortoise Soc, J. 1(4): 22-23. (G. berlandieri) 16. Anonymous. 1967g. 196? Turtle & Tortoise Live Show. Int. Tiurtle Tor- toise Soc. J. 1(5): 20-23. (G. agassizii) 17. Anonymous. 1968a. (Photographs of Gopherus agassizii). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(l): inside back cover. 18. Anonymous. 1968b. Bless 'em all. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(2): 6-7. (G. agassizii) 19. Anonymous. 1968c. Nichols' Turtle Haven. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(3): 10-13, 31. 20. Anonymous. 1968d. I968 California Turtle & Tortoise Club Exhibit. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(4): 30-33. (G. agassizii) 21. Anonymous. 1969a. Sugar compress. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 3(2): 37. 22. Anonymous. 1969b. I969 California Turtle and Tortoise Club Exhibit. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 3(4): 20-25, 37. (G. agassizii. p. 22) 23. Anonymous. 1969c. Census of rare animals in captivity. Reptiles. Int. Zoo Yearb. 9: 304-306. (G. berlandieri, pp. 304-305) 24. Anonymous. 1970a. Answers to questions about hatchings and hatch- lings. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 4(3): 4-5. (G. agassizii, p. 4) 25. Anonymous. 1970b. I97O California Turtle and Tortoise Show. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 4(3): 20-27. (G. agassizii, G. flavo- marginatus) 26. Anonymous. 1970c. Conservation U. S. A.: a continuing effort. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 4(5): 14-15, 34. 27. Anonymous. 1971a. (Letter). Int. Tiortle Tortoise Soc. J. 5(2): 14. (G. polyphemus) 28. Anonymous. 1971b. (Letter). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 5(2): 15. (G. agassizii) 29. Anonymous. 1971c. (Letter). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 5(2): 28. (Gopherus sp.) 30. Anonymous. 1971d. (Letter). Into Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 5(2): 28. (G. agassizii) 31. Anonymous. 1971e. Annual Exhibition. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 5(3): 28-29. (G. agassizii) 32. Anonymous. 1972. Turtle notes. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 6(2): 34-36. (G. agassizii) 33" Arata, A. A. 1958 • Notes on the eggs and young of Gopherus poly- pherrius(Daudin). Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 21: 27^-280. 3^. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 197^. Arizona Fishing and Reptile Regulations, Phoenix. (G. agassizll) 35 • Ashe, V. M. 1970. The righting reflex in tiortles: a description and comparison, Psychonomic Sci. 20: I5O-I52. (G. agassizll, G. ber- landieri) 36. Atkin, N. B., G. Mattlnson, W. Becak, and S. Ohno. 19^5 • The com- parative DNA content of 19 species of placental mammals, reptiles, and birds, Chromosoma 17: 1-10. (G. agassizll) 37' Atkins, S., and J. MacMahan. I967. The Zabski site, Merritt Island, Florida. Fla. Anthropol, 20: 133-1^3. (G. polyphemus ) 38. Auffenberg, W. I96I. The fossil tortoises of North America. Year Book Am. Philos. Soc . 1962: 271. (Gopherus spp.) 39 • Auffenberg, W. I962. A redescrlption of Testudo hexagonata Cope. Herpetologica 18: 25-3^. (Gopherus) 40. Auffenberg, W. I963. A note on the drinking habits of some land tor- toises. Anim. Behav. 11: 72-73« (G. agassizll, G. polyphemus ; p. 72) ^-l, Auffenberg, W. 1964a. A new fossil tortoise from the Texas Miocene, with remarks on the probable geologic history of tortoises in eastern U, S. The Pearce-Sellards Series, Texas Mem. Mus. No, 3« 10 pp, (Gopherus) 42. Auffenberg, W. 1964b. Notes on the courtship of the land tortoise Geochelone travancorlca(Boulenger) . J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 6l(2)i 247-253. 43. Auffenberg, W. I965. Sex and species discrimination in two sympatric South American tortoises, Copeia I965: 335-342. (Gopherus, pp. 338-339, 340) 44. Auffenberg, W. I966. On the courtship of Gopherus polyphemus . Her- petologica 22: 113-117. 45. Auffenberg, W. 1969. Tortoise behavior and survival. Biol, Sci. Curric. Study, Patterns of Life Ser., Rand McNally & Co., Chicago. 38 pp. (G. agassizll, G. berlandieri, G. f lavomarglnatus , G. poly- phemus) 46. Auffenberg, W. 1971. A new fossil tortoise, with remarks on the origin of South American testudinlnes , Copeia 1971: IO6-II7. (Go- pherus, pp, 115, 116) A-7. Auffenberg, W., and W. W. Mllstead. I965. Reptiles In the Quaternary of North America. Pages 557-568 in H. E. Wright, Jr., and D. G. Frey, eds. The Quaternary of the United States. Princeton Univer- sity Press, Princeton. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. flavo- marginatus , G. polyphemusT 48. Auffenberg, W., and W. G. Weaver, 1969 • Gopherus berlandieri in southeastern Texas. Bull. Fla. State Mus. 13: 1^1-203. (g. agas- sizii, G. berlandieri, G. f lavomarginatus , G. polyphemus) 49. A., W. G. 1955-1956. Our tortoise family. Mus. Talk 30(4) : 45-49. (G. agassizii) 50. Babudieri, B. 1930* Studi di ematologia comparata. Ricerche sui pesci, sugli anfibi e sui rettili, Haematologica 11: 199-255* (G. agassizii) 51. Baer, T. 196? • The captive care of box turtles. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 1(2): 16-19, 34. (G. polyphemus , p. 18) 52. Baerwald, H. 1971. Battle of the tortoises. Desert Mag. 34(12): 33. (G, agassizii) 53 • Bailey, V. 1928, The desert tortoise, an example of unusual adapta- tion. Nature Mag, 12: 372-374, (G. agassizii) 54. Baker, E. I968, It can happen. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(6): 4-5. (photographs of some Gopherus deformities) ^3' Banks, N. 1904. The Arachnida of Florida. Proc . Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 56: 120-147, (Amblyomma tuberculatum, p. 144) 56, Banks, N. I9O8, A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States. U. S. Dep. Agr,, Bur. Ent,,Tech. Ser,, No. 15: I-6I. (Am- blyomma tuberculatum, pp. 37-39 » Plate Vl) 57, Barker, W. 1964. Familiar reptiles and amphibians of America. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 220 pp. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus ) 58, Bartnick, B. I969, (Letter). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 3(5): 3. (G. agassizii) 59, Bartnick, M. L. 1970. (Letter). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc, J. 4(2): 3. (G. agassizii) 60, Bartram, W. 1791 • Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida. James and Johnson, Philadelphia. 520 pp. (G. polyphemus, pp. 182-183) 61, Baze, W. B., and F. R. Home. 1970. Ureogenesis in Chelonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 3^: 91-100, (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri) 576-689 0-75-2 62. Bellnky, G. K. I968. The 49 Turtle Trip. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(6): 10-11, 35. (G. Polyphemus) 63. Bellnky, G. K. 1970. Robustus. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 4(5): 27-29. (G. Polyphemus) 64. Bellnky, G. K. 1972. Sleepy time turtle. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 6(2): 30-31. (G. Polyphemus . p. 30) 65. Bellalrs, A. d'A. 1968. Reptiles. Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London. 200 pp. (Gopherus, p. 73} 66. Beltz, R. E. 1954. Miscellaneous observations on captive Testudlnlnae . Herpetologica 10: 45-47. (G. asassizii, G. berlandieri, G. poly- phemus) 67. Beltz, R. E. 1958. Eating habits of some captive testudlnes. Her- petologica 13: 272. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri) 68. Beltz, R. E. I962, (Photographs of tortoises). Bull. Phila. Herpetol. Soc. 9(5): 15. (G. berlandieri) 69. Bequaert, J. 1932. On the ornate nymphs of the tick genus Amblyomma (Acarina: Ixodidae). Z. Parasitenk. 4: 776-783« (A. tuberculatum, pp. 778-780) 70. Blshopp, F. C, and H. L. Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31: 1-54. (Amblyomma tuberculatum, pp. 5? 10, Table 2) 71. Bissett, D. 1971. A tortoise by accident. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 5(3): 6-9, 34. (G. agassizii) 72. Bissett, D. 1972. A report on survival. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 6(2): 8-9, 32. (G. agassizii) 73. Bissett, D. 1973. The dented tortoise. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 7(1): 23-25. (G. agassizii) 74. Black, J. D. 1965. Gopher tortoise. Encycl. Amer. 13: 6i. Americana Corporation, New York. (G. polyphemus) 75. Blair, W. F., A. P. Blair, P. Brodkorb, F. R. Cagle, and G. A. Moore. 1968. Vertebrates of the United States, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 616 pp. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. poly- ny 1) phemus 76. Blair, W. F., and J. D. Kilby. 1936. The gopher mouse — Peromyscus f loridanus . J. Mamm. 17: 421-422. (G. polyphemus) 77. Blatchley, W. S. 1902. A nature wooing at Ormond by the Sea. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 2^3 PP. (G. polyphemus , pp. 103-108) 78. Boardman, E. T. 1929. Ticks of the Gainesville area. M. S. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, (Amblyomma tuberculatum, pp. 38-39, 52, 53; Plates XX, XXI, XXIl) 79. Bogert, CM. 1933. Notes on the Snake Dance of the Hopi Indians. Gopeia 1933: 219-221. (G. agassizii, p. 220) 80. Bogert, C. M. 1937. Note on the growth rate of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi. Copeia 1937: 191-192. 81. Bogert, G. M. 195^. Amphibians and reptiles of the world. Pages II9I-I39O in F. Drimmer, ed. The Animal Kingdom, Vol. 2. Double- day & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York. (G. agassizii, G. ber- landieri, G. polyphemus ; pp. 1267-1270) 82. Bogert, C. M., and R. B. Cowles. 19^7. Moisture loss in relation to habitat selection in some Floridian reptiles. Am. Mus . Novitates 1358: 1-3^, (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus) 83. Bogert, G. M., and J. A. Oliver. 19^5» A. preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 83s 301-^25. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus) 84. Bonaparte, C. L. I83O. Osservazioni sulla seconda edizione del Regno Animale del Barone Cuvier. Bologna. (G. polyphemus , p. I52) 85. Booth, K. 1958. Development of eggs and young of desert tortoise. Herpetologica 13: 26I-263. (G. agassizii) 86. Boulenger, E.G. 1914. Reptiles and batrachians. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 278 pp. (G. polyphemus , p. 30) 87. Boulenger, G. A. I889. Catalogue of the chelonians, rhynchocephalians, and crocodiles in the British Museum( Natural History), London. 3II pp. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus ; pp. 155-156) 88. Boyer, D. R. I965. Ecology of the basking habit in turtles. Ecology 46: 99-118. (Gopherus. p. II3) 89. Boynton, K. L. 1970a. The tenacious tortoise. Desert Mag. 33(4): 26-28. (G. agassizii) 90. Boynton, K. L. 1970b. Tortoise tactics. Desert Mag. 33(9): 47. (re- sponse to a letter from Mrs. F. Proescher) (G. agassizii) 91. Boynton, K. L. 1971. Tortoise tidbits. Desert Mag. 3^(9): 42. (G. agassizii) 92. Bramble, D. M. 1973« Evolution and biogeography of gopher tortoises, HISS News-J. 1{U-): 109. (Abstr.) (Gopherus spp.) 93« Bramble, D. M. 197^. Occurrence and significance of the Os transiliens in gopher tortoises. Gopeia 197^: 102-109. (Gopherus spp.) 9^. Brame, A. H., Jr., and D. J. Peerson. 1969. Tortoise ID. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 3(5): 8-12. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. f lavomarginatus , G. polyphemus) 95* Brandt, B. B. 1936. The frogs and toads of eastern North Carolina. Gopeia 1936: 215-223. (G. polyphemus. pp. 220-221) 96. Brattstrom, B. H. I96I. Some new fossil tortoises from western North America with remarks on the zoogeography and paleoecology of tor- toises . J. Paleontol, 35s 5^3-560. (Gopherus spp., G. agassizii, G, berlandieri, G. polyphemus) 97. Brattstrom, B. H. I965. Body temperature of reptiles. Am. Midi. Nat. 73: 376-422. (G. agassizii. p. 383) 98. Brattstrom, B. H., and R. Collins. 1972. Thermoregulation. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 6(5): 15-19. (G. agassizii) 99. Breder, R. B. 1927. Turtle trailing: a new technique for studying the life habits of certain Testudinata. Zoologica 9: 231-243. (G. polyphemus, p. 232) 100. Erode, W. E. 1959. Notes on behavior of Gopherus polyphemus . Her- petologica 15: 101-102. 101. Brown, B. C. 1950. An annotated check list of the reptiles and am- phibians of Texas, Baylor University Press, Waco. 259 pp. (Go- pherus spp., G. berlandieri, G, polyphemus , pp. 235-236) 102. Brown, D. A. 1964. Nesting of a captive Gopherus berlandieri(Agassiz) . Herpetologica 20: 209-210. 103. Brown, J. L., and G. H. Orians. 1970. Spacing patterns in mobile animals, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1: 239-262. 104. Brown, P. R. I968. Residents of the Golden State. Int. Turtle Tor- toise Soc. J. 2(6): 28-29. (C. agassizii, pp. 28-29; G. berlandieri, p. 29) 105. Bumpus, H. C. 1885. Reptilia. Pages 345-468 in J. S. Kingsley, ed. The Standard Natural History, Vol. 3. S. E. Cassino and Co., Boston. (G^. agassizii, p. 453; G. polyphemus, pp. 453-454) 106. Burke, T. J. 1970. Hypovitaminosis A. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 4(3):8-9. (Gopherus s p.) 107 • Burton, M. 1973 • The world of reptiles & amphitians . Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 128 pp. (Gopherus spp., G. polyphemus; p. 62) 108. Bury, R. B. 1973. North American tortoises: conservation issues, HISS News-J. 1(4): 109. (Abstr.) (Gopherus spp,) 109. Bury, R. B., and R. W. Marlow. 1973. The desert tortoise: will it survive? Nat. Parks Conserv. Mag. ^■7(6)'. 9-12. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. f lavomarginatus , G. polyphemus) 110. Byrnes, I. M. I969. (Letter). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 3(1 )s 27. (G. agassizii) 111. Caballero y C, E, 19^a. Nematodes de los reptiles de Mexico. IX. Descripcion de Atractis impura n. sp, y consideraciones acerca de las especies conocidas que parasitan a los reptiles (l), (English sum- mary). Ann, Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac . Mexico 15(l): 79-86. (Gopherus sp.) 112. Caballero y C, E. 19^b. Nematodos de los reptiles de Mexico, X. Un representante del g^nero Tachygonetria Wedl., 1862 en una tortuga ter- restre del Valle de Mexico (l). Ann. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Mexico 15(2): 379-382. (Gopherus sp.) 113. Cagle, F, R. 1939. A system of marking turtles for future identifi- cation. Copeia 1939: 170-172. 114. Cagle, F. R. 19^4. Home range, homing behavior, and migration in tur- tles, Misc, Publ. Mus, Zool, Univ, Mich. 6I: 1-34-. (G. agassizii, p. 5) 115. Cagle, F. R. 1953. An outline for the study of a reptile life history. Tulane Stud. Zool. l(3): 31-52. 116. California Turtle & Tortoise Club. I969. Live Turtle & Tortoise Club Show, Int. Turtle Tortoise Soco J. 3(2): 28, (G. agassizii) 117. Camp, C. L. I9I6. Notes on the local distribution and habits of am- phibians and reptiles of southeastern California in the vicinity of the Turtle Mountains. Univ, Calif. Publ. Zool. 12: 503-544. (G. agassizii. pp. 512-515; G. polyphemus, p. 513) 118. Camp, C. L. 1917. Egg-laying of Testudo agassizii, Lorquinia l(ll): 85-86, 119. Campbell, H. W. I967. Stop, look, listen: acoustic behavior of turtles. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 1(4): 13-14, 44. (Gopherus spp., p. 14; G. agassizii, pp. 14, 44) 120. Campbell, H. W. I969. Adaptation & perception. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc, J. 3(1): 6-9. (Gopherus sp.) 121. Cajnp'bell, H. W., and W. E. Evans, 196?. Sound production In two species of tortoises. Herpetologlca 23'- 204-209. (G. agasslzii, G. poly- phemus ) 122. Carpenter, S. J., R. ¥. Chamberlain, and L. Peeples. 19^6. Tick collec- tions at Army installations in the Fourth Service Command, Ent. News 57: 71-76. (G. polyphemus) 123. Carr, A. F., Jr. 19^0. A contribution to the herpetology of Florida. Univ. Fla. 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(G. agassizii) 132. Clarke, S. I968. Brand new tortoises. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(5): 6-7, 24. (g. agassizii) 133- Clements, B. W., Jr. 1956. The biology and life history of the go- pher-tortoise tick Amblyomma tuberculatum Maxx. M. S. Thesis. University of Florida. 86 pp. 134. Clifford, C. M., G. Anastos, and A. Elbl. I96I . The larval ixodid ticks of the eastern United States (Acarina - Ixodidae). Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Am. 2: 213-237. (Amblyomma tuberculatum, pp. 222-223) 135. Cochran, D. M. 1952. Nature's tank, the turtle. Nat. Geogr. 101: 665-684. (G. agassizii, G. polyphemus) 10 136. Cochran, D. M., and C. J. Goin. 1970. The new field book of reptiles and amphibians. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 359 pp. (G. agas- sizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus) 137. Cole, M., B. Link, and G. Belch. I969. On the shores of Withlacoochie. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 3(6): 14-17. (G. polyphemus , p. I5) 138. Conant, R. 1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians. 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(G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus) 425. Sullivan, B., and A. Riggs, 1967c. Structure, function and evolution of turtle hemoglobins. III. Oxygenation properties. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23: 459-474. (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus) 426. Swingler, R. 1969» (Photograph of Gopherus agassizii hatchlings). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 3(1): 20. 427. Sydenstrlcker, V. P., R. Oliver, B. M. Chandler, and 0. Sydenstricker, 1956. Electrophoretic behavior of some animal hemoglobins, Proc, Soc, Exp, Biol, Med, 93: 396-397- (G. polyphemus) 428. Tanner, W. W., and C. D. Jorgensen. I963. Reptiles of the Nevada Test Site, Brigham Young Univ, Sci, Bull, Biol, Ser, 3(3): 1-31. (G. agas- sizii, p. 6) 429. Taylor, D. J. 1951, The distribution of ticks in Florida. M. S. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville. 124 pp. ( Amblyomma tuberculatum) 430. Telford, S. R., Jr. 1952. A herpetologlcal survey in the vicinity of Lcike Shipp, Polk County, Florida. Quart. J. Fla, Acad. Sci. 15: 175-185. (G. polyphemus. pp. 175, 185) 431. Telford, S. R., Jr. 1959. A study of the sand sklnk, Neoseps re y no Ids 1 Stejneger, Copeia 1959: 110-119. (G. polyphemus , p. 111) 432. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, n, d, Texas protects its turtles & lizards from exploitation, 2 pp, (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus ) 433. Thorpe, W. H. I963. Learning and instinct in animals. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London, 558 pp, (G. agassizii, p, 333) 434. Thorsen, T. L. I968, (Letter). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 2(6): 3. (G. agassizii) 30 435 • Thorson, T. B. 1963« Body fluid partitioning in fresh-water, marine and terrestrial chelonians. Am. Zool. J: 529» (Abstr.) (G. polyphemus ) 436. Thorson, T. B. I968. Body fluid partitioning in Reptilia. Copeia I968: 592-601. (G. polyphemus) 437. Tomko, D. S. 1972. Autumn breeding of the desert tortoise. Copeia 1972: 895* (G. agassizil) 438. Tripp, V. 1953. And he can't run away. Desert Mag. 16(6): 27. (G. agassizii) 439 • Trotter, J. 1973* Incubation made easy. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 7(1): 26-31. (G. agassizii) kkO, True, F. W. 1882. On the North American land tortoises of the genus Xerobates . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 4: ^34-^*49. (G. agassizii, G. ber- landieri, G. polyphemus) 441. Tucker, D. 1963» Physical variables in the olfactory stimulation pro- cess. J. Gen. Physiol, 46: 453-489. (G. polyphemus) 442. Tucker, D. I968. Functioning of olfactory receptors without cilia. Proc. Int. Union Physiol. Sci, 7(24): 442. (G. polyphemus) 443. Turner, F. B., and R. H. Wauer, I963. A survey of the herpetofauna of the Death Valley area. Great Basin Nat. 23: 119-128. (G. agassizii, pp. 122, 123-124) 444. Van Denburgh, J. 1922, Reptiles of western North America, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 10: I-I336. (Gopherus. pp. 986-987; G. agassizii, pp. 987-993) 445. Van Hyning, 0. C. 1931 • Reproduction of some Florida snakes. Copeia 1931 : 59-60. (G. polyphemus . p. 60) 446. Viosca, P. 1927. Note on Gopherus berlandieri in Louisiana. Copeia 1927(164): 83-84. 447. Vogel, Z. 1964, Reptiles and amphibians: their care and behaviour. The Viking Press, New York. 228 pp. (Gopherus spp., G. polyphemus ; p. 186) 448. Walsh, J. C. 1972. (Letter) 0 Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 6(2): 27, 38. (G. agassizii) 449. Walton, A. C. 1927. A revision of the nematodes of the Leidy collec- tions. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 79^ 49-163. (G. polyphemus) 450. Watson, D. M. 1953. A passive defense in tortoises, Herpetologica 9^ 167. (G. polyphemus) 31 451. Watson, G. E. I962. Notes on copiilation and distribution of Aegean land tortoises. Copeia 1962: 317-321. (G. aisassizii, p. 3I8) ^■32, Weaver, W. G. 1970. Courtship and combat behavior in Gopherus ber- landieri. Bull, Fla. State Mus. 15: 1-^3. (G. agassizii, G. ber- landieri, G, f lavomarginatus , G. polyphemus) 453. Wendell, M. C. I967. Txirtlesville . Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J. 1(4): 38-42. (G. agassizii) 454. Wermuth, H., and R. Mertens. I96I. Schildkroten - Krokodile - Bruckenechsen. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 422 pp. (Go- pherus spp., pp. 172-174) 455 • Williams, E. E. 1950. Testudo cube ns is and the evolution of Western Hemisphere tortoises. Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 95= 1-36. (Go- pherus spp.) 456, Williams, E. E. 1952. A new fossil tortoise from Nona Island, West Indies, and a tentative arrangement of the tortoises of the world. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 99: 541-560. (Gopherus spp.) 457, Williams, T. 1972. (Letter). Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc, J. 6(2): 38. (G. f lavomarginatus ) 458, Wilson, N., and W. W. Baker. 1972, Ticks of Georgia(Acarina: Meta- stigmata) . Bull, Tall Timbers Res, Sta. 10: 1-29. (G. polyphemus , pp. 6-8, 23) 459 • Woodbury, A. M. 1931 • A descriptive catalog of the reptiles of Utah. Bull. Univ. Utah, Biol. Ser. 1(4): 1-129. (G. agassizii. pp. 121-123) 460. Woodbury, A. M. 1952. Hybrids of Gopherus berlandieri and G. agas- sizii, Herpetologica 8: 33-36, 461. Woodbury, A. M. 1953 • Methods of field study in reptiles, Her- petologica 9: 87-92. (G. ag:assizii, p. 89) 462. Woodbury, A. M. 1954, Study of reptile dens. Herpetologica 10: 49-53. (G. agassizii, p. 5l) 463. Woodbury, A. M., and R. Hardy. 1940. The dens and behavior of the desert tortoise. Science 92: 529. (G. agassizii) 464. Woodbury, A. M., and R. Hardy, 1948a, Studies of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, Ecol. Monogr, 18: 145-200, 465. Woodbury, A. M., and R. Hardy. 1948b. Studies of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, Biol, Abstr. 22: 2016-2017. (Abstr.) 32 466. Woodruff, R. E. 1973« Arthropods of Florida and neightoring land areas, Vol. 8, The scarab beetles of Florida(Goleoptera: Scarabaeidae) . Part 1. Fla. Dep. Agr. and Consumer Serv., Div, of Plant Ind., Bur. Ent. Contrib, No, 260. 220 pp. (G. polyphemus ) 46?, Yamagutl, S. I96I, Systema helmlnthum. Vol. 3« The nematodes of ver- tebrates(in two parts). Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. I26I pp. ( Gopherus sp., G. polyphemus ; pp. 134, 143-144, 149) 468. Yerkes, R. M. 1904. Space perception of tortoises. J. Comp. Neurol. 14: 17-26. (G. polyphemus) 469. Young, F. N., and C. C. Goff. 1939. An annotated list of the arthro- pods found in the burrows of the Florida gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus (Paudin) . Fla. Entomol. 22: 53-62. 470. Zim, H. S., and H. M. Smith. 1953 • Reptiles and amphibians. Golden Press, New York. 159 PP» (Gopherus spp., G. polyphemus ; p. 27) 471. Zug, G. R. 1971 • Buoyancy, locomotion, morphology of the pelvic girdle and hindlimb, and systematics of cryptodiran turtles. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 142: 1-98. (G. polyphemus) 472. Zug, G. R. 1972. Walk pattern analysis of cryptodiran turtle gaits. Anim. Behav. 20: 439-443. (G. polyphemus) 473. Anonymous. 1973 • Desert tortoise decline being studied by BLM. B. L. M. News Beat(Bur. LandMgmt., Calif. State Office, Sacramento), November 1973: 1-2, 4, 6, 8-9. (g. agassizii) 474. Auffenberg, W. 1974a. Checklist of fossil land tortoises(Testudinidae) . Bull. Fla. State Mus., Biol. Sci. Ser., 18: 121-251. (Gopherus spp.) 475- Auffenberg, W, 1974b, Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus (Paudin) . Manuscript submitted for publication in Inventory of Rare and En- dangered Plants and Animals, in preparation by Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. 7 pp. 476. Behler, J. L. 1974„ Tortoises - Part II. Anim. Kingd. 77(3): inside back cover, (G. agassizii, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus ) 477. Berry, K. H. n, d. Reasons why captive tortoises should not be re- leased in the wild. Unpublished MS. 2 pp. (G. agassizii) 478. Berry, K. H. 1972o (Letter to Mr, J. R. Penny). 8 pp. (G. agassizii) 479. Berry, K. H. 1974. The effects of sheep grazing on the desert tortoise in the proposed Desert Tortoise Preserve, eastern Kern County, Cali- fornia, Unpublished MS. 22 pp. (G. agassizii) 33 480. Blair, W. F. 1958. Distributional patterns of vertebrates in the southern United States in relation to past and present environments. Pages ^■J'}-^68 in G. L. Hubbs, ed. Zoogeography, Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Publ, No. 51. 509 pp. (G. agassizil, G. berlandieri, G. polyphemus ; pp. 457» 458) 481. Braddock, J. E. I962. A gopher named "Tuffy". Fla. Nat, 35: 46. (G. polyphemus) 482. Bramble, D. M. 1973. Media dependent feeding in turtles. Am. Zool, 13: 1342. (Abstr.) (Gopherus) 483. Bury, R. B., and G. R. Stewart. 1973. California protects its herpeto- fauna. HISS News-J. 1: 43-4?. (Gopherus spp,, G. agassizii) 484. Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee, n. d. Desert Tortoise Preserve, (descriptive brochure). (G. agassizii) 485. Dixon, J. R. 1967. Amphibians and reptiles of Los Angeles County Cali- fornia, Los Ang, Co, Mus. Sci, Ser, 23(Zool. No, lO) : 1-64. (G. agas- sizii, p. 31 ; G« berlandieri, p. 34) 486. Fitch, H. S. 1949, Outline for ecological life history studies of rep- tiles. Ecology 30: 520-532. (G. agassizii, p. 521) 487. Hill, H. R. 1948. Amphibians and reptiles of Los Angeles County. Los Ang. Co, Mus, Sci, Ser. 12(Zool. No. 5): 3-30. (G. agassizii, p, 28) 488. Jackson, C. G., Jr., C, M. Holcomb, and M. M. Jackson, 1974, Aortic calcification, serum calcium, magnesium, sodium and cholesterol in Go- pherus polyphemus. Comp, Biochem. Physiol, 49A: 603-605, 489. Jackson, C. G., Jr., C. M. Holcomb, S. Kleinbergs-Krisans, and M. M. Jackson, 1974, Variation in strontium-90 exoskeletal burdens of turtle s(Rept ilia: Testudines) in southeastern United States, Her- petologica 3O: 406-409 o (C. polyphemus) 490. Knipling, E. F. 1937. The biology of Sarcophaga cistudinis Aldrich (Diptera), a species of Sarcophagidae parasitic on turtles and tor- toises, Proco Ento Soc, Wash. 39? 91-101o (G. polyphemus ) 491 0 Patterson, R. 1971. Possible record size desert tortoises, Tortuga Gazo 7(8): 5» (C. agassizii) 492 0 Patterson, R, 1973. The os transiliens in four species of tortoises, genus Gopherus , Bull, So, Calif, Acado Sci. 72(l): 51-52. 493,, Patterson, R. G. 1973. Vocalization in the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi. SSAR-HL Meeting, I3-I6 August 1973, Pacific Lutheran Uni- versity, Tacoma, Washington, (Abstr,) 34 k^^■, Selander, R. K., R. F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and G. G. Raun. I962. Ver- tebrates from the Barrier Island of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist, 12: 309-3^5. (G. berlandieri. p. 31^) 495 • Shaler, N, S. 1888. Habits of the great southern tortoise. Pop, Sci. Monthly 3^: 37-^2. (mounds of Geomys pinetis mistaken for work of Go- pherus polyphemus) 496, Speake, D. W., and R. H. Mount. 1970. Preliminary results of gassing tests on gopher tortoises and other organisms inhabiting gopher bur- rows. J. Ala, Acad, Sci, M(3)! i53« (G. polyphemus) 497. Speake, D. W., and R. H. Mount, 1973. Some possible ecological effects of "rattlesnake roundups" in the southeastern Coastal Plain, Contrib. Ala, Coop, Wildl, Res, Unit, 13 pp. (G. polyphemus) ^98, Switak, K. H. 1973 • California's desert tortoise. Pacific Discovery 26(5): 9-15. (G. agassizii) 499. Winokur, R. M. 1973. Adaptive modifications of the buccal mucosae in turtles. Am, Zool, 13: 13^7-13^8. (Abstr,) (Gopherus) 500, Zug, G. R. 1966, The penial morphology and the relationships of crypto- diran turtles, Occ, Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich, 647: 1-24, (Gopherus, pp. 9-10; G. polyphemus , p, 7) Listed below are additional references which may contain information on behavior and ecology of Gopherus but which I have not examined, Boyles, J. M. I9660 Zoogeography of the herpetofauna of central Florida, Ph, D. Thesis, University of Alabama, University. 220 pp. Bramble, D. M. 1971. Functional morphology, evolution, and paleoecology of gopher tortoises, Ph, D. Thesis, University of California, Berke- ley, Crocker, N. S. 1971. First report on the movement and survival of cap- tive desert tortoises released in the Colorado Desert of California, California State Polytechnic College, Pomona, Karmanova, I. G., M. G. Belekhova, and E. V. Tchurnosov. Specifics of behaviouraJ. and electrographic patterns of natural sleep and wake- fulness in reptiles. Fiziol, Zh, SSR 57: 504-511, (in Russian) Knight, M. 1970, Tortoises and how to keep them, Brockhampton Press Ltd., Leicester, England, 105 pp. 35 Naegle, S. R., and W. G. Bradley. 197^. Oxygen consumption of the desert tortoise in relation to size and age, J. Ariz, Acad, Sci, 9(Suppl,): 17-18, (G. agassizii) Raun, G. G., and F. R. Gehlback, 1972. Amphibians and reptiles in Texas, Dallas Museum of Natural History, 6i pp. Rotermundt, J. W. 1953* Gopherus berlandieri(Agassiz) , ein interessante schilpad voor het huitenterrarium, Lacerta ll(l2): 86-88, Rust, H. T. 1938, Die Gopherschildkroten, Blatt, Aquar, Terrar. 2; 22-25, Schlogl, H, 1969. Bemerkungen zu Gopherus polyphemus berlandieri . Die Aquarian Terrarien Z., Heft 7: 223. Shibuya, T. 1969. Activities of single olfactory receptor cells. Pages IO9-II6 in C. Pfaffman, ed. Olfaction and taste; proceedings. Rocke- feller University Press, New York. 648 pp. Streaker, J. K. 1915 • Reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Baylor Univ. Bull, 18: 1-82, Sullivan, B. I966. Structure, function, and evolution of turtle hemo- globins. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, 384 pp, Wermuth, H. I969. Gopherschildkroten. Die Aquarlen Terrarien Z. 22: 152-153. 36 SUBJECT INDEX Following is an index to the contents of numbered items in the bibli- ography. Subject categories reflect contexts in which information has most often been presented. Relevant page nvimbers are given in parentheses fol- lowing reference numbers. Nomenclature follows that of Ernst and Barbour (1972). PALEOEGOLOGY: 38; 39; M; ^5', ^6; 4?; 92; 93; 96; 1Z^", 452; 455; 456; 474. HABITAT Gopherus spp.; 4?; 48; 93(10?); 96(552),; i6l(439); 196; 286(230); 358(236); 480. G. agassizii; 16(23); 17; 45; 48; 49(46); 53(372); 57(114); 81(1267); 93(107); 96(552-553); 104; 109(9); 117(513); 124(324-325); 130(9); 135(681); 140(83); 1^; 145; 178(185); 1-94; 214(200); 223; 252; 254(258); 255(231); 257; 260(276, Table 2); 284(71); 287(255); 290; 291; 297(226); 303(172); 304(22, 23, 362); 310(22); 335; 358(239); 359(104); 4l0(l80); 411(87); 413(208); 414; 428; 434; 440(438, 447); ^3; 444(989, 990); 459(122, 123); 464(169-171, 194-195); 465(2016); 478; 479(2, 14, 16, 19); 484; 485; 487; 498(9, 11, 12). G. berlandieri; 45; 48; 57(115); 81(1268-1269); 93(107); 96(552); 124(331); 136(156); 138(66); 178(192); 207(441); 216; 219; 269(31-32); 286(231); 314; 321; 358(246); 359(104); 378; 418(189); 452(5); 494. G. f lavomarginatus ; 45; 47; 48; 93(107); 109(9); 279(342); 281(26-27); 346(20). G. Polyphemus ; 6; 7; 11; 45; 47; 48; 6o(l82); 74; 77(103); 81(1269); 82(12, 33); 84; 93(107); 96(552); 105(453); 117(513); 123; 124(335-336); 126(247); 128; 136(157); 138(66); 150(258); 152; 160(292); 161(441); 165; 178(201); 181(291, 293); 183(46, 48); 187; 211; 217(12); 218; 220(353); 225(27); 2ic7(i73, 179, 180, 230); 235(44); 236; 242(57); 249(20); 251 ; 275(98); 285; 286(231); 288; 289; 294; 321; 330(82); 358(248-249); 359(104); 36O; 361 ; 362(195); 373(51); 374(10-11); 375(288-289); 383(24); 37 384(207); 391(276); 401; 409(521); 413(209); 430(185); 431; ^0(444); 466(65); ^75; 488(603); 495; 497(2). HATCHLINGS AKD JUVENILES Gopherus spp.; l6o(292). G. agassizii: 32(36); 33(277); 48(l66, 167, 200); 57(116); 85(262-263); 89(28); 130(9); 132; 178(189); 202(228); 206(40l); 255(228); 272(7); 279(338); 303(174); 304(362, 364-365); 308(193-194); 309(113-115, 118, Plate I); 323; 324(30); 327(69); 328(141, 143); 355(15, 16); 358(238); 396; 397(22); 4l0(l80); 411(87); 422(6l); 426; 439(29-31); ^0(437, 44o); 444(Plate 125); 459(123); 464(164-166, I96); 473(4, 6); 479(17-18); 484; 498(12, I3). G. berlandieri ; 1; 48(l66-l68, 200); 57(plate); 138(66); 178(196); 207(441); 208(30); 279(338); 323; 355(15, 16); 358(246); 440(437, 441). G. berlandieri X G. af;assizii hybrids: 48(166); 460. G. f lavomarsinatus ; 48(l66); l66(l47); 279(338); 281(29); 346(23). G. Polyphemus ; 6; 33; 48(l66, I67, 200); 138(66); 178(204); 183(47); 249(22); 279(338); 323; 358(248); 375(289); 440(437); 475; 481. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM Gopherus spp.; 66(46); 154; 197(68); 281(36); 333(229); 452(9); 500. G. agassizii: 17; 57(ll6); 83(398); 124(324, 327); 136(156); 178(184, I87, 189); 202(225); 205; 206; 257(186); 272(5); 303(172); 304(362); 309(116, 118); 342; 35l(ll); 358(238); 377; 396; 398; 4lo(l8o); 411(87); 464(154-155, 156, 162-163, 167, 187, 195, 196); 465. G. berlandieri: 48(l68, 200); 83(398); 124(330-331); 178(191, 193); 281(31); 314; 377; 4o4; 452(20). G. f lavomarginatus ; 281(30, 31, 35-36); 342(24); 377. G. polyphemus ; 83(398); 105; 124(334); 156(ll); 178(200); l83(5l); 197(68); 224(22); 235(^5); 358(248); 377; 500. 38 COLOR OF IRIS Gopherus agassizii; 117(513); 178(184); 202(226); 25^(263); 255(227); 309(114). G. berlandierJ! 178(191). G. f lavomarKlnatus ; l66(l46); 279(338); 281(30); 3^6(22, 23). G. polyphemus; 178(200); 235(^3). ANOMALIES OF EMBRYOS AND HATCHLINGS Gopherus agassizii; 73; 204; 473(6); 479(19). G. polyphemus ; 33(277). G. polyphemus X G. a^assizii hybrids: 245. LIMB ANOMALY Gopherus polyphemus ; 5. ANOMALIES OF PLASTRAL BONES Gopherus agassizii; 66(46); 203; 337. ANOMALIES OF SCUTELLATION Gopherus sp.; 54. G. agassizii: 131; 202(225-226, 228); 203; 204; 205; 206; 229; 309(114-115, 118); 422(62); 464. G. f lavomarsinatus : 279(339). ANOMALIES OF COLORATION Gopherus agassizii: 202(225-226); 309(118). G. polyphemus : 305. KARYOLOGY Gopherus agassizii; 36; 4l6. G. berlandieri: 4l6. HYBRIDS Gopherus berlandieri X G. agassizii; 301; 362(195); 460. G. polyphemus X G. agassizii; 245. LOCOMOTION (gaits, speeds, tracks, climbing ability) Gopherus spp.: 464(151). G. agassizii; 57(115); 89(26); 109(9); 117(51^); 127; 130(9, 10); 161(443); 178(190); 202(226); 254(259); 255(229, 231); 260(277); 272(7); 284(71); 286(230); 303(172, 173); 304(363); 310; 39 333(99, 102); 355(1^); 358(2/^0); 396; i^iO(l^, 15, I6); 422(61); W^(99l); 459(122); 464(173-174, 196); 473(8); 487; 498(11). G. berlandieri; 207(448); 355(1^); ^52. G. f lavomar^lnatus ; l66(l46). G. polyphemus ; l6l(44l); 178(206); 181(293); 183(51); 286(230-231); 333(99, 102); 358(249); 471(10, 12-18); 472; 481. POSTURES (basking and sleeping postures, gaping) Gopherus agassizii; 66(47); 127; 178(201); 202(226); 304(363); 358(24o); 498(10). G. berlandieri; 66(47); 178(201). G. polyphemus ; 64; 66(47); 178(201); 183(48); 481. DIGGING BEHAVIOR Gopherus spp.; 45(34); 178(293); 182(327); 207(44-1); 208(29, 30) ; 244(302-303); 324(18); 359(104); 440(444). G. agassizii; 45(25); 89(27); 117(51^); 124(326); 178(185); 255(231); 256(87-88); 260(276); 303(174); 310(23); 327(66-67); 358(241); 444(992); 459(122); 464. G. berlandieri; 45(23); 48; 178(192); 207(^2, 447-448); 208(29); 386; 440(446). G. flavo- marginatus ; 253(6). G. polyphemus ; 86; 217(15); 218; 220; 242(57); 249(21, 22); 285; 330(82-83); 358(250-252); 359(105); 391(276); 440(444); 469(55); 495(38-39). STRENGTH Gopherus agassizii; 202(226) ; 255(227); 271(5); 303(172); 358(239-240). G. f lavomarginatus ; 166(146); 279(342). G. polyphemus ; 60(l83); 105(453-454); 124(334); 150(258); 161(441); 178(206); 183(46, 48); 187; 217(15); 235(^5); 268(16); 275(99); 358(239, 249); 375(291); 440(436, 445); 495(38, 39). RIGHTING RESPONSE Gopherus agassizii; 35; 89(26); 127; 254(261-262); 26o(277); 303(174); 358(240); 464(172-173, 196); 473(2, 4); 498(13). G. berlandieri; 35; 207(448), 40 BUOYANCY AND SWIMING ABILITY General: l6l(439); 176. Gopherus asasslzii; 130(9); 207(^2); 310(22); 344; 351(11); 464(174, 194). G. berlandieri; 207(442); 344. G. flavo- marginatus: l66(l47); 344. G. polyphemus ; 82(12); 96(558-559); 100(102); 124(338); 178(206); 207(442); 3^; 375(290); 471(33). VISION General: 43; 45; 120; 170; 303(172). Gopherus spp.: 45(13, 35). G. agassizii: 91; 306; 335; 339; 464(175). G. berlandieri; 48(188-189, 201); 170; 207(4^, 447); 286(230); 292(301); 339. G. polyphemus : 171; 199; 200; 339; 358(249-250); 468. OLFACTION General: 43; 45; 120; 170. Gopherus spp.: 45(35). G. agassizii: 73(24); 85(263); 117(51^); 170; 202(226); 272(6); 397(22); 444(991); 498(13). G. berlandieri; 170; 207(444, 447); 452. G. f lavomarginatus ; 170; 457. G. polyphemus ; 170; 199; 200; 213; 296; 399; 400; 441; ^42. GUSTATION Gopherus berlandieri ; 207(444, 447). AUDITION General: 119; 120; 121„ Gopherus agassizii: 153(21); 255(232); 272(6, 8); 303(172); 335; 351(10). G. polyphemus: 242(57); 481. TACTILITY General: 120; 303(172). Gopherus spp.: 45(35); 339. G. agassizii: 117(51^); 444(991). G. polyphemus : 199; 200; 358(249-250); 468. INTELLIGENCE Gopherus agassizii: 127; 130(lO); 135(681); l6l(442); 202(226); 255(227); 41 272(8); 310(23); 355(1^). G. berlandlerl; 1^6; 364. G. polyphemus i I6l(/441); 183(51); 225(27); 2^9(21); 375(288); 481; 495(^2). TEMPERAMENT AND DEFENSE REACTIONS Gopherus spp.; I96; 358(236). G. agassizil: 53(372, 373); 85(263); 109(9); 117(513, 51^); I3O; 144; 178(189); 202(226, 227, 228); 254(259-260, 263); 255(227, 229, 230); 265(6, 7); 271(5); 272(5); 278(62); 303(172, 173); 308(197); 310(22); 351(10); 358(239, 240, 241, 243); 396; 438; 439(30); W+(990, 991, 992); 459(121); 464(165, 172, I96); 498(14). G. berlandieri; 124(332); 23I; 355(1^); 358(246); 419; 432; 452(5). G. f lavomarginatus ; 166(146). G. polyphemus; 4; 77(l04); 8l(l269); 124(339-3^0); l6o(293); 178(202); 183(46, 47-48); 202(227); 235(^); 242(57); 249(21, 24); 268(17-18); 289; 330(83); 3^9(19^-195); 358(249, 254); 375(288, 290); 402; 440(444); 45O; 481; 495(38, 41-42). VOCALIZATION General: 43(339); 119. Gopherus spp.: 119(14). G. agassizii: 57(ll6); 117(513, 515); 119(14, 44); 121; 124(327); 178(187-188); 202(226); 254(259-260, 263); 255(229); 260(277); 272(6); 304(364); 309(115); 327(68); 351(10); 358(242); 397(22); 4lo(l83); 437; 444(991, 993); ^51; 452(17-18); ^59(123); 464(168, 172); 493; 498(10, I3). G. berlandieri: 241; 452(13, 17, 22). G. flavomarsinatus; l66(l46). G. polyphemus ; 77(104); 8l(l269); 121(204, 205); 124(339); l6o(293); l6l(442); 178(294); 183(47); 217(11); 249(23); 266(229); 289; 358(249, 253). AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR General: 43; 45(l0); 48(197); 103(256); 114; 330(52). Gopherus spp.: 43(338, 3^0); 44(117); 170(7); 302(131); 376. G. agassizii: 43(338); 42 48(197); 49(^7); 52; 57(ll6); 66(45-46, 47); 71(8-9, 34); 81(1268); 117(514-515); 124(327); 127; 140(83); 178(187, 190); 202(226); 255(227-228); 272(6); 303(173-174); 308(197); 310(23); 341; 351 (H); 358(243-244); 377; 444(992); 452; 464(160, 168-169, 196); 465(2017); 473(2); 477; 493; 498(10, 12, 13). G. berlandieri! 48(198); 138(66); 178(193-194); 347(35); 376; 377; 386; 452. G. f lavomarslnatus ; 170(7); 281(27, 28); 347(35); 377; 452. G. pol.YTDhemus; 4^^(113, 117); 124(337, 338); 178(202); 183(46, 51-52); 347(35); 376(577); 377; 452; 495(42). INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SPECIES IN CAPTIVITY Gopherus afiassizii; 66; 89(28); 153(21); 178(187); 368; 370. G. ber- landieri ; 129; 178(187); 320; 370. G. f lavomarginatus ; 347. G. polyphemus ; 66(47); 178(187); 329; 347; 481. AGE AT APPEARANCE OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS Gopherus agassizii; 124(324); 178(187, I89) ; 202(225); 206(400); 309(ll6, 118); 358(238); 464(162). G. berlandieri; 48(l68, 200) ; 178(193). G. polyphemus ; 197(68). AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY Gopherus a^assizii; 24; 109(9-10); 124(327); 178(187); 252; 272; 297(226); 303; 309(116, 118); 437; 439(26); 464(167, 196); 465(2017); 473(4); 478; 479(4-5, 18); 484. G. berlandieri; 15(22); 48(l69); 178(193); 432. G. f lavomarginatus ; 281(35) „ G. polyphemus ; 266(228); 403(1218); 475; 488(604), SEX RATIOS Gopherus a^assizii; 178(190); 464(163); 479(6, 7, 14). G. berlandieri: 48(168, 200); 178(198). 43 BREEDING SEASON Gopherus spp.; 377(8'^8). G. agassizli: 49(46); 66(46); 7i(9); 8l(l268); 89(28); 124(327); 130(lO); 140(83); 178(18?, 188); 202(22?); 24l ; 255(22?, 228); 265(6); 2?2; 284(?l); 303; 304(364); 308(197); 327(6?-68); 328(142-143); 358(242); 410(183); 437; 46o(33); 463; 464(l6?-l68, I85, 195); 465(2017); 4?3(4); 4??; 4?9(8); 498(lO). G. berlandieri; I?8(l94); 207(442, 448); 216; 219; 241; 386; 452; 460(33). G. polyphemus ; 44(113); 1?8(202, 203); 249(22); 266(228). COURTSHIP AND COPULATION General: 42; 43; 45(9, lO-ll); l?0(l, 2); 330(52). Gopherus spp.: 44; 45(11-12); 66(46); 125(84); 170(7); 333(229, 273); 376(577); 4o4; 500. G. agasslzil: 44; 49(46-4?); 57(ll6); 66(46, 4?); 7l(9); 8l(l268); 89(28); 117(514, 515); 124(327); 140(83); 170(?); 1?8(184, 18?-188); 202(226); 241; 252; 255(232); 265(6, ?); 2?2; 28l(3l); 297(229); 303(172-174); 304(364); 308(197-198); 309(116, 118); 310(23); 327(65, 67-68); 328(142-143)? 342; 35l(ll); 358(241, 242); 370; 377; 4lo(l83); 4-37; 444(992-993); 451; 452; 459(123); 46o(33); 463; 464(167-168, I69, I85, 196); 465(2017); 473(4, 6, 8-9); 477; 479(8, 10); 493; 498(10, 12, 13). G. berlandierl: 44; 66(46); 124(332); 170(7); 178(191, 193-195); 219; 241; 252; 281(31); 342(24); 370; 376; 377; 386; 4o4; 440(441); 452; 460(33). G. f lavomarsinatus ; ^M■^, 166(14?) ; 1?0(?); 281(28, 3I); 377; 452. G. poly- phemus; 44; 45(11); 66(46, 47); 124(338, 339); l6l(^2); 1?0(7); 1?8(200, 202-203); 266; 275(98); 281(31); 342(24); 3?6(57?); 377; 440(441, 445); 452; 500. ¥^ NESTING SEASON Gopherus asassizii; l^(lO); 19(il); ^9(^6, 4?); 57(ll6); 66(46); 8l(l268); 85(261); 118(86); 124(32?); 178(188); 202(22?); 2^5; 252; 255(228); 2?2(6); 278; 290; 303(17^); 304(364); 308(l89, 190, 193); 309(115, 118, Plate I); 327(66, 68, 69); 328(141, 142); 358(242); 396; 397(21); 410(183); 411(8?); 422; 439(29); 46o(33); 464(163-164, 196); 465(201?); 4?3(4); 4?9(5, 1?); 484. G. berlandieri; 48(159-164, 200); 102(209); 1?8(195. 196); 20?(442, ^5); 355(15); 380. G. Polyphemus; 1; 124(338); 156(ll); 178(203); 192(372); 21?(16, 1?); 242(57); 249(22); 251; 266(228); 358(253); 440(445); 464(163); 488(603, 6o4). NESTING BEHAVIOR (nest sites, nest construction, egg-laying behavior) Gopherus spp.i 359(105). G. agasslzii: 14(10); 49(47-49); 5?(ll6); 66(46-47); 81(1268); 85(261, 262); 89(28); 102(210); 117(513); 118(86); 124(327); 130(10); 178(188-189); 202(22?); 206(400); 245; 255(228, 232); 265(7); 272(6-7); 278; 284(71); 297(229); 303(1?^); 304(364); 308(189-191, 193); 309(115, 116, 118, Plate I); 310(22, 23); 327(68-69); 328(141-142); 338; 351(11); 355(1^); 358(242); 396; 397; 410(183); 422; 439; 4fj4(99l); ^59(123); ^60; 464(163, 196); 473(4); 479(1?); 485; 498(13). G. ber- landieri; 48(158-163, 199, 200); 81(1269); 102; 124(332); 1?8(195-196) ; 207(442); 252; 261; 355(1^); 358(246); 38O; 419. G. polyphemus ; 1; 33; 45(16); 81(1270); 100(102); 105(454); 124(338-339); 156(11); 161(442); 178(203-204); 181(292); 183(4?); 18?; 192(372); 21?(l4, 1?, 18); 242(5?); 249(22); 251 ; 266; 358(253); ^0(^5); 464(163); 475. DESCRIPTIONS OF EGGS Gopherus agassizii: 16(23); 48(l66); 49(48); 5?(ll6); 8l(l268); 83(399); 45 85(261-262); 102(210); 117(513); 118(86); 124(327-328); 130(10); 178(189); 202(227-228); 206(400, 40l); 207(^1, 442, ^3); 208(29, 30); 255(228); 271(5); 272(6); 278(64, 65); 284(71); 29O; 303(174); 304(364); 308(189, 191-192); 309(115); 310(22, 23); 327(69); 351(11); 355(14); 358(238-239); 359(104); 396; 397(22); 410(183); 422; 439(29, 3l); 4tj4(99l); 459(123); 464(152, 160, 163, 195); 498(13). G. berlandieri; 48(l66); 8l(l269); 83(399); 102(209, 210); 124(332); 178(196); 207(441, 442, 443, 445); 208(29, 30); 261; 348; 355(14, 15); 358(246); 359(104); 38O; 419; 421; 440(^6); 464(152). G. f lavomarginatus ; 281(28-29). G. polyphemus ; 1; 33; 48(166); 60(183); 8l(l270); 83(399); 105(454); 124(338); 150(258); 178(204); 183(51); 192(372); 207(^1, ^2); 208(29, 30) ; 217(l6, 17-18); 235(45); 242(57); 249(22); 266(229); 358(248, Plate 88); 359(104); 403(l2l8); 4^0(445); 464(152); 488(604). G. polyphemus X G. agassizii hybrids: 245. CLUTCH SIZE (number of eggs per clutch, number of clutches) Gopherus agassizii; 24; 48(l64, I66) ; 49(48, 49); 57(ll6); 66(46); 72(8); 81(1268); 85(261); 89(28); 102(210); 109(9-10); 117(513); 118(86); 124(327); 143(31); 178(188, 189); 202(227, 228); 206(400); 252; 255(228); 265(7); 272(6); 278(64); 29O; 297(229); 303(174); 304(364); 308(189, 190, 193. 201); 309(115, 118); 327(66, 68, 69); 328(141, 142); 351(11); 354(32); 355(14); 358(242); 359(104); 396; 397(22); 4l0(l83); 422; 439(26, 29); 444(991); 459(123); 460; 464(160, 163, 164, 195, 196); 473(4); 478; 479(5, 18); 485; 498(13). G. berlandieri; 48(158, I60, I6I, I63, l64, 200); 8l(l269); 102; 124(332); 178(196); 207(4^2); 252; 26l; 348; 355(1^, 15); 357; 358(246); 380 ; 419. G. berlandieri X G. agassizii hybrids: 30I; 460. G. flavo- marginatus : 281(28-29). G. polyphemus : 1; 33; 45(l6); 46(l66); 100(102); 46 105(^5^); 12M338); 156(11); 178(203-204); 181(292); 183(4?, 51); 192(372); 217(16, 17, 18); 242(57); 249(22); 266(229); 358(253); 359(104); 440(445); 464(163); 475. G. polyphemus X G. afiassizii hybrids: 245. INCUBATION (conditions required, incubation periods, recommended techniques) General: 14; 430(175). Gopherus agassizii; 14(10); l6(23); 19(ll); 24; 49(46, 49); 57(ll6); 81(1268); 85(261-262); 89(28); 124(327); 130(l0); 178(189); 265(7); 271; 272(7); 284(71); 297(229); 303(174); 304(364); 308(191, 192); 309(115, 116, 118); 310(22, 23); 327(69); 328(141, 142); 351(11); 355(14, 15); 357; 358(242); 396; 397(20, 22); 410(183); 422; 439; 464(164); 465(2017); 498(13). G. berlandieri: 178(196); 26l; 355(14-15, 16); 357. G. berlandieri X G. agassizii hybrids: 460, G. polyphemus : 1; 33; 124(339); 217(17, 18); 249(22); 440(445); 475; 481. G. polyphemus X G. agassizii hybrids: 245. HATCHING (descriptions of hatching, hatching season) Gopherus agassizii; l6(23); 32(36); 57(ll6); 72(8); 8l(l268); 85(262); 89(28); 130(10); 132(7); 178(189); 202(227, 228); 206(400); 252; 255(228, 232); 265(7); 271; 272(7); 297(229); 308(192-193); 309(115-116, 118); 327(69); 328(141, 142); 354(32); 358(242); 396; 397(20, 22); 4l0(l83); 422; 439; 464(164, I96); 465(2017); 473(4). G. berlandieri X G. agas- sizii hybrids: 460. G. f lavomarginatus : 281(28). G. polyphemus ; 33; 100(102); 178(204); 183(47). G. polyphemus X G. agassizii hybrids: 245. GROWTH RATES; SIZE AND AGE DATA; GROWTH RINGS; LONGEVITY Gopherus spp.: 136(156); 492. G. agassizii; 9; l6(22); 17; 22; 25(21); 49(45); 53(373); 57(116); 66(46); 80; 89(26); 9O; 104(28); 109(9); 117(513); 124(322, 324, 327); 130(9); 131(12); 132; 135(681); 136(156); 139; 140(83, 47 84, 91); 1^5; l6l(^2); 178(184, 189); 190(600); 202(228); 207; 209; 252; 254(262); 255(228-229, 232); 257(186); 259; 260(276); 262; 265(6); 272(5); 274(1); 281(34); 284(71); 286(230); 297(226); 303(172, 174-175); 304(362); 308(194-195. 198-199, 202, Plate 11); 309; 324(30); 327(65); 328(l4l); 340; 3^3; 345; 351(10); 358; 359(104); 362(195); 368; 370; 379(502); 396; 397(22); 398; 410(180, 181); 411(87, Plate I5); 4l2(l62); 422; 439(31); 440(438, 443); 444(988); 459(121); 464; 465(2017); 473(2, 4, 8, 9); 478; 479(4-6, 17-19); ^85; 487; 491; 498(10, I3, 14, I5). G. berlandierl; 15(22); 48; 68; 124(330, 331); 136(156); 138(66); l6l(W^); 178(191, 197); 207; 274(2); 280(69); 286(230); 3^5; 358; 359(104); 36O; 362(195); 370; 432; 440(443); 446(83). G. f lavomar^inatus ; l66(l47); 173; 274(2); 279(341-342); 281(33-35, 36); 3^5; 3^6(22); 362(195). ^. polyphemus ; 1; 6; 33; 60(182); 74; 77(104); 105(453); 124(332, 33^, 338); 126(247); 135(682); 138(66); 139; 160(292, 293); 161(^0-441, 442); I65; 178(200, 204-205, 206); 183(48); 187; 192(371); 197; 211; 218; 224(22); 225(27); 235(^2, 44); 242(57); 243(302-303); 249(21); 25O; 25I; 274(2); 275(98, 100); 281(34); 285; 286(230); 305(231); 323; 330(82); 3^5; 3^9; 358; 359(104); 36O; 362(195); 375; 403(1218); 408; 440(443, ^5); 464(167); 475; ^81; 488(603, 6o4, 605); 495(37). AGE COMPOSITION OF POPULATIONS Gopherus agassizii; 109(lO); 464(187); 479(6-7, 19-20). FOODS AND FEEDING General: 19(12); l6l(439); 363(24). Gopherus spp.; 45(13); 117(513); 136(156); 196; 286(230); 324(18); 358(236); 359(104); 36O; 470; 492; 499. G. agassizil: 45(29); 49(45-46); 53(373); 57(115); 67; 71; 72; 73; 81(1267); 48 85(262); 89(27); 91; 93; 96(553); 10^; 117; 124(328); 130(10); 131(12, 14); 132; 135(680); 136(156); l4o(83, 84); 144; 145; 153(21); l6l(^3); 178(189); 180; 190(602); 194; 202(227, 228); 207(448); 241; 254(258, 263); 255(227, 232); 256(87); 260(277); 262; 264; 265; 271(4); 272(5, 7, 8); 278(63); 280; 284(71); 286(230); 291 ; 297(226); 303(172, 174); 304(9, 363); 308(194, 196-197); 310(22); 311; 313; 327; 328(141, 144); 335; 351(10); 354(32); 358(242, 244); 362(195); 367; 370; 392; 393; 396; 406; 410(182); 411(87); 414; 422(61); 438; 439(30); 44o(438, ^6); Wi(989, 991, 992); 459(122-123); 464(166, 168, 174-175, 179, I85-I86, 195); 465(2016); 473(4, 8); 478; 479; 485; 487; 498(9, 11, 13-14, 15). G. berlandlerl ; 15(22); 48; 61(98); 67; 93; 124(332); 129; 136(156); 138(66); 178(197, 198, 199); 207(^1, ^2, W^, 447); 23I; 280; 286(230); 292; 314; 355(15); 358(246-247); 367; 386; 418(189); 432; 440(446). G. f lavomarfiinatus ; 13; 93; I66; 173; 253(35); 279(342); 280; 281(27); 346(36). G. polyphemus ; 1; 33(275); 45(l6); 62(35); 63; 74; 77(104); 81(1269); 93; 100(102); 105(453); 107; 123(106); 124(337, 339); 133(62); 135(677, 682); 137; 138(66); 142(239); l6o(293); l6l(44l, 442); 178(205); 181(291-292); 183; 187; 192; 199(68); 217(12); 218; 225(27); 235(^); 240(130); 242(57); 249; 25O; 275(99); 280; 285; 288; 329; 330(83); 349; 358(253, 254); 367; 374(12); 375(290); 391(276); 402(39); ^0(445); 47O; 475; 481; 482; 489(408, 409); 495(39); 497(2). SCATOLOGY Gopherus a^assizii; 53(373); 117(51^); 255(229); 260(277); 335; 341; 444(992); 464(175). G. berlandieri; 341. G. f lavomarginatus ; 28l(27). G. polyphemus ; 100(l02); 178(201); 199(l4, 15); 217(12); 220(359); 243(304). 49 BODY COMPOSITION Gopherus agassizil: 1^0. G. berlandieri; 378. G. polyphemus ; 436; 488; BRAIN CHEMISTRY Gopherus berlandieri ; 364« HEMATOLOGY Gopherus spp.: 157(^2). G. agassizii; 50j 423; ^24; 425. G. berlandieri ; 23O; 423; 424; 425. G. f lavomarginatus ; 157(28). G. polyphemus ; 157(8, 43); 164; 228(86); 423; 424; 425; ^27; 436; 488. SEROLOGY Gopherus agassizii; 188(536); 283. G. berlandieri; 188(536, 539, 5^0); 189(101, 103); 283. G. f lavomarginatus ; 295. G. polyphemus ; 188(536); 394; 436; 488. CARDIOLOGY Gopherus spp.: 332. G. berlandieri; 378. RESPIRATION General: 228(83). Gopherus spp.: 157(42). G. agassizii; 89(26); 255(228); 425. G. berlandieri; 425. G. polyphemus ; 157(8, 43); 425. THERMOREGULATION (activity rhythm, effects of temperatiire and rain) General: 19(12); 82; 88; 97; 363; 462; 464. Gopherus spp.: 39(32, 33); 45; 47(564); 48; 88(113); 196; 220(353). G. agassizii: 32(35, 36); 39(32); 45; 47(564); 48; 49(45-46); 53(372-373); 57(115, II6); 58; 81(1267, 1268); 85(262); 89(26, 27); 96(553, 556); 97; 98; 109(10); 117(51^); 124(325-326); 125(21); 127; 130(10); 132; 135(680); 136(156); 140(83, 84); 143(32); 161(443); 178(186); 194; 202(228, 229); 206(400); 207(448); 248; 50 25M 258-259); 255(227, 229); 256(8?); 257(102); 260(276-277); 265(6); 267; 271(5); 272(5, 7, 8); 278(62); 284(71); 286(230); 297(227, 229); 298; 303(172, 174); 304(364); 308(195, 196, 202); 310; 313; 324(18); 327(65, 67, 68); 328(143-144)'; 333(127, 132); 335; 341(215); 351; 355(14); 358(240, 241, 245); 368; 396; 409; 410(180, 182, 183); 414; 428; 433; 434; 438; 444(990, 991, 992); 459(122); 462(51); 463; 464(168, 177-187, 195-196); 465(2016); 473(4); 478; 479; 487; 498(11, 12, 13, 14, 15). G. berlandieri; 45; 47(564); 48; 124(331); 136(156); 138(66); 178(192, 194); 207(442, 447); 231; 248; 324(18); 355(14); 358(246, 247); 378; 386; 418; 452(20, 26). G. flavomar^inatus; 47(564); l66(l47); 279(342); 346(21, 22, 23). G. poly- phemus ; 1; 45; 47(564); 48; 62(11, 35); 63(27-28); 77(104); 8l(l269); 82; 86; 96(553); 100; 105(453); 107; 124(335, 338); 125(87); 133(11, 12); 135(677, 682); 136(157); 138(66); 150(258); 160; 161(441, 442); 178(201, 206); 181(292); 183(47, 50); 187; 192(372); 199; 200; 201; 217(ll); 225; 235(44-45); 242(57); 248; 249(22, 23); 263(196); 268(16); 269(30); 275(99); 285; 289; 302(122); 324(18); 330(83); 333(127-128, I32, 191); 358(249, 250); 363; 402(39); 409; ^0(44!+, 445); 441(455); 481; 497(8). WATER BALANCE (moisture requirements, drinking, water loss) General: 82; 88; 304(9); 464(175). Gopherus spp.: 45(29-30, 34); 48(l9l); 61; 88(113); 246; 344(374); 499. G. agassizli: 3; 9; 28; 32(34); 40; 45(29-30); 48(197); 49(46); 53; 57(115, II6); 61; 72(9); 73(24); 82; 89(26, 27); 109(10); 117(514); 124(326-327); 125(21); 130(lO); 132(6, 7); 136(156); 140(84, 85, 92); 144; 147; 148; 149; l6l(443); 177; 178(186, I87); 180; 190; 202(227, 228); 207(4^8); 254(257, 262); 255(229-230); 256(88); 260(276); 272; 284(71, 103); 297; 302(71); 303(172); 304(lO, 12, 363-364, 365); 51 308(194, 196, 201-202); 309(115); 310(22); 311; 312; 313; 328(1^1, l¥^); 3^(374); 351(10); 35^; 355; 358(243); 362(195); 389; 390; 396; 409(517); 410(182-183); 411(8?); 439(30); 440(446); 444(990, 991-992); 459(122); 464(147, 160, 175-176, 178, I85-I86, 195, 196); 465(2016); 479(17); 498(10). G. berlandieri; 48(197); 61; 124(331-332); 178(192-193); 207(448); 219; 231 ; 269(32); 317; 355; 358(246); 418(190). G. f lavomarginatus ; 281(27); 317; 346(23). G. polyphemus; 40; 48(192); 82; 124(337, 338); 157(8); 160(293); 161(442); 167; 177; 178(201-202, 206); 183(52); 213(512); 217(12, 14, 15); 220(355, 356); 225(27); 249(20); 263(l90); 285; 349(194); 358(254); 402(39); 409(516, 517); 435; 436; 440(444); 481. BONE REGENERATION Gopherus agassizii; 464; 465(2016). G. berlandieri ; 233« BURROW CHARACTERISTICS Gopherus spp.; 45; 65; 96(553); 107; 161(439); 196; 346(20); 358(236); 452(4). G. a^assizii; 19(12); 45; 48; 49(45); 53(373); 57(115); 8l(l268); 83(399-400); 89(27); 104(29); 109(lO); 117(513); 124; 130(9); 136(156); 178; 194; 202(227); 255(227, 230-231); 256(87); 260(276, 277); 286(230); 291 ; 297(227); 303(174); 304(362-363); 308(196); 310(23); 327(66-67); 358(241); 359(104); 4l0(l82); 411(87); 444(990-991); 452(4); 459(122); 462; 463; 464; 465(2016); 473(6); 479(2, 10-12, 1?); 498(10, 11, 14, 15). G. berlandieri; 45; 48; 83(400); 96(553); 124; 136(156); 138(66); I78; 208(29); 324(18); 378; 386; 452(4). G. f lavomarKinatus ; 45; 48; 28l(27); 346(20, 21-22); 452(5). G. polyphemus ; 1; 4; 6; 8; 11; 45; 48; 57(117); 60(l83); 63(27); 74; 76(421); 77(103, 104-105); 81(1269); 82(12); 86; lOO(lOl); 105(453); 107; 117(513); 123(106); 124; 135(677, 682); 138(66); 150(258); 52 160; 161(441); 172; 178; I8l(29l); 183(49-50); 187; 192(371); 199(14-15); 202(227); 217; 220; 227(230); 242(57); 243(302-303); 249(22, 23); 251; 268(16); 275(98-99); 286(230); 289; 302(122); 333(110, 158); 358(250-252); 359(104-105); 36O; 362(195); 375(289); 383(25); 384(207); 391(276); Zj40(444); 447; 452(4); 466(65, 73); 469(54-55); ^70; 475; 495; 497(2, 7). BURROW TEMPERATURE Gopherus agassizii; 89(27); 96(556); 124(326); 178(186); 464; 465(2016); 479(11). G. Polyphemus; 86; 125(87); 172; 178(201); 199(2); 242(57); 243(308); 251 ; 466(65); 490(94). BURROW MOISTURE AND HUMIDITY Gopherus agassizii; 89(27); 178(186); 202(227); 272(8); 303(172); 358(241); 464(176, 186); 479(11). G. polyphemus ; 45(l6); 48(l9l); 74; 77(l04); 82(12, 32); 124(336, 337); 172; 178(201); 183(49, 50); 199(2); 202(227); 242(57); 243(308); 25I; 289; 358(248-249, 250); 359(105); 383; 466(65); 469(55); 475. BURROW OCCUPANCY AND CONSTANCY Gopherus agassizlJ! 45(25-29); 48; 49(45); 65; 8l(l268); 89(27); 104(29); 109(10); 124; 130(9-10); 136(156); 140(83); 178; 194; 202(227); 255(227, 230-231); 260(276); 297(227); 303(174); 308(196); 327(66-67); 328(144); 358(241); 359(104); 410(182); 411(87); 433; 434; 452(4); 462; 463; 464; 465(2016); 473(4, 6); 477; 479(10-12, 17). G. berlandieri; 48; 136(156); 178; 452(4). G. f lavomarginatus ; 346(21); 452(4). G. polyphemus ; 1; 8; 27; 45(20); 48; 81(1269); 86; 100(101, 102); 105(453); 124; I6O; 178; 183(47, 50); 186; 192(371-372); 199(14-15, 112); 220; 242(57); 243(303); 249(22); 330(83); 333(110, 158); 358(251); 359(104); 36O; 375(289); 440(444); 452(4-5); 469(54); 475. 53 BURROW ASSOCIATES (commensals and obligates) Gopherus spp.; 45(3^-35); 65. G. agasslzli: 45(2?, 28); 48(195); 89(27-28); 124(325); 140(83); 178(185); 198(143); 202(227); 260(276); 291; 304(363); 464(171, 172, 179, 182, 185, 191-192, I96); 498(11, I5). G. berlandieri; 48. G. f lavomarginatus ; 45(22). G. polyphemus ; 4; 45(18-19, 20, 32); 57(117); 76; 77(105-108); 86; 95; lOO(lOl); 124(335, 336-337, 337-338); 125(84, 87); 133(11-12); 138(66, 303-304, 305); 142(240); I5I; l6l(44l); 172; 178(201, 205, 206); 181(291); 183(47, 49); 187; 191; 198(143); 202(227); 217(18-20); 225(28); 226(719-720); 227(230); 242; 243; 2^; 249(22, 23); 268(16); 273; 276; 277; 286(230); 289; 302(122); 315; 316(15-16, 66); 319; 333(158); 350; 358(252-253); 359(105); 362(195); 375(289); 383; 391; 407; ^0(444-445); 445; ^7; 466; 469; 475; 496; 497. HOME RANGE General: 114. Gopherus afiassizii; 9; 45(24-27); 48(173, 193, 197, 198); 65; 89(26); 109(10); 114; 124(326); 130(9, 10); 135(682); 161(^3); 178(190); 199(12-13); 255(229); 293; 303(173); 304(362); 308(202); 333(110); 358(240-241); 4l0(l82); 433; 452(4); 463; 464(187-191, 196); 465(2017); 477; 478; 479(8, 9-10, 12); 498(14). G. berlandieri; 45(23); 48(l4l, 172-176, 180, 198, 200-201); 178(198); 207(447); 378; 452(4, 5). G. flavo- marginatus: 45(22); 48(193); 346(21). G. polyphemus : 45(l6, 27); 48(191, 197, 198); 100(102); I6O; 178(205); 187; 199; 200; 217(11); 249(22); 333(110); 374; 452(5); 475. POPULATION DENSITY Gopherus spp.; 346(21). G. agassizii; 252; 26o(276); 291; 341; 464(147, 149, 187, 196); 465(2016); 473(9); 477; 478; 479; 484. G. berlandieri; 54 48(171-172, 198, 200, 201); 178(198); 202(227); 219; 378. G. flavo- marglnatus: 3^6(21). G. polyphemus ; 33(27^); 7^; 8l(l269); 105(453); 124(337); 152; l6l(44l); 181(291); 183(46-47, 48, 50); 217(12, 13); 235(^); 249(23); 358(250); 36O; 475; 495(38, 40). SOCIAL ATTRACTION (see also BURROW OCCUPANCY AND CONSTANCY) Gopherus spp.i 347(35). G. agassizii: 53(372); 89(27); 255(232); 278(62-63); 327(67, 69); 341; 462; 463; 464(169, 191, 196); 465(2017); 477; 498(10). G. berlandieri; 341; 355(l4); 452(39). G. polyphemus; 27; 124(337); 183(46-47); 235(44); 36O; 452(37); 475- MIGRATIONS General: 114. Gopherus agassizll; 9; 45(25, 26); 48(193, 195); 65; 81(1268); 109(10); 124(325); 136(156); 178(190); 303(172); 333(110); 433; 452(4); 463; 464(186-187). G. berlandieri; 48(l8o); 124(331-332); 178(198); 202(227); 219; 269(31-32); 358(246). G. polyphemus ; 235(44); 333(110). POSSIBLE TERRITORIALITY (see also AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR) General: 45(l0); 48(197); 103(256); 114; 330(52). Gopherus spp.: 44(117); 302(131); 452. G. agassizii: 48(197); 49(47); 57(ll6); 71(8-9, 34); 81(1268); 117(514-515); 178(187, 190); 255(228); 303(173); 308(197); 341; 351(11); 358(243-2^14); 444(992); 464(168-169, I87, 196); 465(2017); 498(13). G. berlandieri; 48(198); 377(850); 452. G. f lavomarginatus ; 281(27); 347(35). G. polyphemus; 44(117); 178(202); 347(35); 452(37). ORIENTATION AND HOMING General: 48(197); 114(6); 175; 199. Gopherus spp.: 45(25, 35). G. agassizii: 202(226-227); 473(8). G. berlandieri; 48(l77-l80, I98, 201); 55 178(198); 202(227); 207(^7). G. polyphemus ; 175; 178(205-206); 183(50); 195; 198(157-158); 199; 20O; 201; 37^. DISEASES; DIETARY DEFIGIENGIES General: 2^6; 330(l05); 363. Gopherus sp.: 21; 29; IO6. G. agassizii: 3; 49(^6); 58; 59; 72; 85(263); 132(7, 2^); 180; 190; 272(5, 8); 308(199-200); 309(117); 310(22); 337; 351(11); 369; ^39(30); ^64(193); ^77; ^8^^; ^98(15). G. berlandieri; 176; 386. G. f lavomarslnatus ; 253. G. polyphemus ; 161(^2); 222; ^03. INJURIES General: 246. Gopherus a^assizii: 71; 89(26); 206(400) ; 308(199, 202); 327(65); 328(143); 351(11); 410(182); 464; 465(2016). G. polyphemus; 250 ; 322; 402. PARASITES GENERAL: 88; 98; 246; 363. VIRUSES Gopherus polyphemus: 234; 263. BACTERIA Gopherus sp.: 385. G. agassizii= 30; 385. G. berlandieri: 300; 385. G. polyphemus : 385 • MOLD AND MILDEW Gopherus agassizii; 178(288); 354(32); 464(193). PROTOZOA Gopherus polyphemus ; 179 • NEMATODES Gopherus sp.: Ill; 112; 353; 467. G. agassizii: 464(175, 195); 465(2016). 5^ G. berlandieri; 178(288); M8(i90). G. polyphemus ; 282; 353; ^^9^, ^6?. MITES Gopherus polyphemus; 178(288); 2^2(58); 358(253-254). TICKS Amblyomma tuberculatum( parasitic on Gopherus polyphemus); 55» 56; 69; 70; 78; 122; 133; 13^; 1^1; 1^2; 178(288); 181(291); 237; 238; 239; 2i^0; 2/^2(58); 243(306); 2^(300, 30l); 2^7(64); 263(19^, 199); 3l6; 318; 325; 326; 371; 372; 373; 429; 458; 469(57-58); 490(93, 98). Other ticks; Gopherus a^assizii; 89(28); 178(288); 202(227); 221; 379; 464(192-193, 196). G. polyphemus; 78; 122; 178(288); 221; 243(306); 244(300, 301); 247(46); 358(254); 458; 469(57). INSECTS Gopherus a^assizii; 110; 178(288); 327(65); 464(193). G. berlandieri X G. agassizii hybrids; 460. G. polyphemus ; 51; 490; 496. PREDATORS (see also EGG PREDATORS and USE AS FOOD BY HUMANS) Gopherus a^assizii; 53(373); 89(26); 109(10); 117(515); 135(680, 68I); 178(190); 202(228); 206(400) ; 254(260-26l) ; 255(230); 26o(276); 267; 271(5); 272(7); 303(175); 304(328, 365); 308(197, 201); 356; 358(243); 410(183); 412(162); 4l4; 428; 439(30); 444(993); 459(123); 464(155, I62, 164, 165, 171, 173, 192, 193-194, 196); 473(6); 479(19); 493; 498(13, 15). G. berlandieri: 48(189, 201); 178(197); 356. G. pol.yphemus ; 48(l89); 125(87); 178(205); 183(46); 242(57); 375(290). EGG PREDATORS Gopherus sp.; 356(27). G. agassizii: 109(lO); 327(66); 338; 35l(ll). G. berlandieri; 48(l62-l65, 200, 201); 178(197). G. berlandieri X G. 57 a^assizii hybrids: 460. G. f lavomarginatus ; 281(28), G. polyphemus ; ^8(162); 74; 105(45^); 124(338); 178(205); 183(47); 217(19); 235(45). HABITAT DESTRUCTION; URBANIZATION General: 47(563). Gopherus spp.: 108; 476. G. agassizii: 53(372); 89(27); 109; 252; 274(1); 464(194); 473(8, 9); 478; 479; 484; 498(15). G. berlandieri: 48(190, 201); 178(198-199); 252. G. f lavomarginatus : 45(32); 281(27). G. polyphemus: 2(38-39, 48); 7; 45(32, 33); 178(205); 475; 489. HIGHWAY MORTALITY Gopherus spp.; 108. G. agassizii; 109; 178(l90); 252; 255(230); 256(88); 274(1); 303(175); 308(200-201); 35l(ll); ^38; 464(194); 473(6, 8); 478; 498(15). G. berlandieri: 48(l90); 124(332); 178(198); 219. G. poly- phemus ; 178(205). WANTON KILLING Gopherus spp.: 108. G. agassizii; l6(23); 109; 252; 255(230); 299; 334; 336; 479(7, 14, 20); 484; 498(15). G. berlandieri: 48(190); 178(198). GASSING OF BURROWS Gopherus polyphemus; 2(48); 45(32); 178(205); 407; 496; 497. USE AS FOOD BY HUKANS (consumption of flesh, eggs, and bladder water) General: 47(563). Gopherus spp.: IO8. G. agassizii: 49(46); 53(373, 374); 96(551); 117(515); 124(328); 140; 144; 145; 178(190); 202(227); 254(260, 263-264); 303(175); 308(200, 201); 310(23); 351(11); 358(245); 412(161, 162); 414; 440(438, 4^6); 444(989, 993); 459(123); 464(194); 498(10). G. berlandieri: 252; 44o(447) . G. f lavomarginatus ; 45(32); 182(328); 279(342); 281(27, 28); 346(36). G. polyphemus; 11; 37(138); 58 45(32); 60(183); 7^; 77(104); 105(^54); 124(339); 136(157); 138(66); 145; 150(258); 178(205, 206); 181(292-293); 183(52); 187; 217(12); 218; 227(230); 235(^, ^5); 242(57); 249; 275(99); 288; 289; 333(19); 358(254); 362(195); 366; 375(290); 420; 440(438, 447); 475; ^81. USE AS PETS; CARE IN CAPTIVITY (not all accounts of captives Included) Gopherus spp.; 45(32); 108; l63; 447; 476. G. agasslzii: 10; 15(23); 16(23); 18; 19; 20; 22; 25(21); 31; 45(32-33); 49; 81(1267-1268); 109(12); 116; 117(51^); 124(328); 127; 130(lO); 132; 143(31); 153; 161(442-443); 178(187, 190); 182(327); 202(225, 226); 207(448); 252; 254(263); 255(230, 232); 256(88); 259; 262; 265(6, 7, 8); 272(5, 8); 274(l); 278; 299; 303(173, 175); 308(200-201); 309(116); 310(23); 328; 351(10, 11); 35^; 355(1^); 358(244, 245); 382; 396; 438; 444(992); 453; 464(194, 196); 473(6); 478; 479(7, 20); 483; 484; 485; 498(15). G. berlandleri; 15; 23; 45(33); 48(190); 94(8); 146; 178(198); 182(327); 2l6; 231; 252; 274(l); 320; 355(1^); 358(246); 382; 386; 432; 483; ^85. G. f lavomarglnatus ; 25(25); 166; 173; 174; 457. G. Polyphemus; 11; 62(11, 35); 63; 86; l60(293); 161(442); 178(205, 206); 183(50, 51); 225(27); 235(^); 249(24); 263(190); 270; 275(99); 285; 3^9(195); 358(254); 38I; 401; 402; 440(447); 481. OTHER ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND USES Gopherus spp.: 45(32); 352; 476. G. agassizii: 53(374); 79; 124(328); 178(190); 202(227); 272(5); 310(23); 351(11); 358(245). G. berlandleri; 207(442); 216. G. f lavomarsinatus ; 279(342); 346(20, 36). G. poly- phemus ; 1; 74; 77(l04); 105(453); 124(339-3^0); 155; 156; 178(206); 181(291); 235(44); 242(57); 275(99); 285; 289; 358(254); i]4o(445); 490(94, 98). 59 CONSERVATION (legislation, recommendations) Gopherus spp.: ^5(35); 108; 109(10, 12); 252; ^8; 476; ^^83. G. agas- sizii: 9; 12; 15(23); 22; 25; 26; 3^; ^5(32); ^9(^1-6); 89(28); 90; 9^8); 10i^(29); 109(10, 12); 127; 1^3; l62; l69; 178(190); 182(327); 206(399); 23I; 232; 252; 265(7, 8); 271(4); 27^(3); 286(231); 303(173); 308(202); 336; 358(245); 382; 396; 415; ^38; 464(194, 196); 473(6, 8, 9); ^77; ^78; 479; ^83; 484; 498(15). G. berlandleri; 2(48); 12; 15; 26; 45(33); 48(190); 94(8); I58; l62(2l); I68; l69; 178(198); 182(327); 231; 252; 274(4); 382; 432; 485. G. flavomarsinatus ; 45(32); 94(8); 281 (27); 346(36). G. Polyphemus; 11; 12; 26; 9^8); 124(340); I8I; 184; 185; 227(230); 274(4); 475; ^97(2, 12-13). METHODS OF CAPTURE Gopherus agassizii; 53(373); 117(513); 178(185-186); 202(229); 464(149, 151). G. berlandleri: 446(83). G. f lavomarfiinatus ; 281(27). G. poly- phemus; 1; 45(32); 105(453); 133(10-11, 12-13); 142(239); l6l(44l); 181; 183(49); 192(372); 217(11); 227(230); 249; 358(254); 362(195); 440(445-446). MARKING SYSTEMS General: 99; 113; 175(60-62); 46l(89-90). Gopherus agassizii; 143(31-32); 202(228); 309(116-117, 118); 46l(89); 463; 464(147, 149-151, 195); 465(2016); 473(1, 8); 486. G. polyphemus; 99; 142(239); 217(11). 60 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1975 O - 576- As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interi )r has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural res )urces. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv- ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out- door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsi- bility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH ANO WILDLIFE SERVICE WASHINGTON. D. C. 202<»0 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR INT 423