BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

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THE CANADA GOOSE {fiRANTA CANADENSIS)
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

£5/

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 231

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Craven, Scott R.
The Canada goose (Branta canadensis)

(Special scientific report— wildlife ; no. 231)
Includes index.

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.15/3:231
1. Canada goose— Bibliography. I. Title. II. Series.
SK361.A256 no. 231 [Z5333.08] [QL696.A52]

639.9'79'0973s [016.59841] 80-607166

NOTE: Use of trade names does not imply U.S. Government endorsement of commercial products.

THE CANADA GOOSE (BRANTA CANADENSIS)
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Compiled by Scott R. Craven

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Special Scientific Report— Wildlife No. 231
Washington, D.C. • 1981

The Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)— An
Annotated Bibliography

Compiled by

Scott R. Craven1

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit2

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

University of Wisconsin

Madison, Wisconsin 53706

Abstract

This bibliography contains 646 citations that deal entirely or in part with the Canada goose
{Branta canadensis). All aspects of Canada goose biology, research, management, and taxonomy
are included. The literature search was carried through 1977. Citations are listed alphabetically
by author and summarized by subject matter. Most citations are annotated.

This bibliography was produced as an aid in sur-
veying Canada goose literature, to serve anyone— ad-
ministrator, manager, researcher, or layman— who has
an interest in Canada geese.

I emphasize that this bibliography is in no way com-
plete. Many general ornithological texts, bird lists,
and agency reports that mentioned Canada geese only
incidentally, were arbitrarily omitted. Some valuable
work has probably been missed.

Citations used were obtained from the library of the
Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Wis-
consin, Madison; the library of the U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, Region III, Twin Cities, Minnesota; the
Fish and Wildlife Reference Service, Denver Public Li-
brary, Denver, Colorado; computer searches of Dis-
sertation Abstracts, Agricola, and Biosis data bases
from the Steenbock Memorial Library, University of
Wisconsin, Madison; Wildlife Review, and my files. I
included all citations up through 1977; none were ex-
cluded by reason of age. A few historical citations are
listed, but in general this literature is too diffuse and
scattered to be included in the present effort.

Wherever possible, citations were located and veri-
fied. I assume responsibility for all errors in citation,
content, or interpretation, regardless of the source.

'Present address: Department of Wildlife Ecology, 226 Rus-
sell Labs, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.

zThe Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit is jointly
supported by the University of Wisconsin- Madison, Wis-
consin Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and Wildlife Management Institute.

Annotations are included as an aid in determining
the relevancy of a citation to the needs of the user. The
annotations were derived from four sources. First,
when the original author's abstract or summary was
available and of suitable length, it was reproduced as
the best possible annotation. Second, lengthy original
summaries were abstracted. Third, the annotations
available in Wildlife Review were used directly.
Fourth, when none of the previous conditions were
met, I annotated the publication. Because of the dif-
ferent sources, there is great variation in the style and
extent of the annotations. An "A" printed following
the annotation denotes the original author as the sole
or major contributor, and "WR" denotes Wildlife
Review. If the original document was not obtained, it
is marked [ONS]— original not seen. In some anno-
tations I have inserted place names or other useful
information in brackets. A subject index follows the
bibliographic material.

State, Provincial, and Federal agencies are excellent
sources of unpublished reports. Some of these are in-
cluded when they were contained in computer searches
or library collections. The user might find contacts
with individual agencies fruitful.

I extend sincere thanks to D. H. Rusch for advice
and guidance. I am also grateful to M. L. Burwitz,
C. C. Craven, S. A. Dudley, K. L. Lyster, P. S. Myt-
ton, and R. J. Sandler for assistance in literature re-
views, and to the Service's National Wildlife Health
Laboratory and Office of Cooperative Research Units
for secretarial support and publication funds, respec-
tively.

Bibliography

1. Adams, L. W. 1976. Radioactivity levels in Ohio's

resident Canada goose {Branta canadensis)
populations. Ohio J. Sci. 76(4):221-223.

Gross beta and 137cs radioactivity levels were
determined for pectoralis muscle of resident
Canada geese {Branta canadensis) from 3 wild-
life areas in Ohio. The mean 137cs level was
0.9 dpm/g dry wt muscle (0.4 pCi/g), and the
mean gross beta level was 20.4 dpm/g dry wt
muscle (9.2 pCi/g). No differences in gross
muscle radioactivity levels were observed
among three wildlife areas. Bird age appar-
ently did not affect radioactivity level. Var-
iance components between and within birds
were computed and a sampling design, to opti-
mize allocation of resources for future sam-
pling schemes, was determined. A

2. Addy, C. E. 1966. The honker— game bird of the

future? Part 1. Wildl. N.C. 30(7):17-19.

"If we manage migration and wintering habi-
tats properly and keep the kill within certain
limits we can have many more geese in the [At-
lantic) Flyway than we have today." WR

3. Addy, C. E. 1966. The honker— game bird of the

future? Part 2. Wildl. N.C. 30(8):10-11.

"If we want to develop and maintain strong
goose flights and make it possible for hunters
throughout the Flyway to hunt and harvest a
share of the birds, the only sensible solution is
to set state or regional kill quotas in addition
to having delayed opening dates and other gen-
eral regulations. . . . Very likely some sort of
compulsory tagging system could be devised
whereby only so many permits would be issued
per state." WR

4. Addy, C. E., and J. D. Heyland. 1968. Canada

goose management in Eastern Canada and the
Atlantic Flyway. Pages 10-23 in R. L. Hine and
C. Schoenfeld, eds. Canada Goose Manage-
ment. Dembar Educational Research Services,
Madison, Wis. 195 pp.

An overview of Canada goose populations
and management in the Atlantic Flyway. Taxo-
nomic classification; population units; breed-
ing, migration, and wintering habitat; and
magnitude and location of hunting mortality
are discussed. Management recommendations
include expanded research programs, manage-

ment by population unit, and expanded dis-
tribution of wintering flocks.

5. Adler, F. E. W. 1944. Chemical analyses of

organs from lead-poisoned Canada geese. J.
Wildl. Manage. 8(l):83-85.

Four lead-poisoned Canada geese were found
on the shore of Swan Lake, near Portage, Wis-
consin, in April 1940. Two were dead; the
others were unable to fly. All lesions typical of
lead poisoning were observed upon postmortem
examination. Two captive geese were used as
controls. For each of the six specimens the
number of shot, amount of lead (weight),
concentration of lead, and comparative weights
of organs are discussed.

6. Aldrich, J. W. 1946. Speciation in the white-

cheeked geese. Wilson Bull. 58(21:94-103.

Revisionary discussion of Canada-type
geese, dividing them into two species, hut-
chinsi and canadensis, and describing a new
subspecies of each. WR

7. Aldrich, J. W., and others. 1949. Migration of

some North American waterfowl. U.S. Dep.
Inter., Spec. Sci. Rep.— Wildl. 1. 49 pp.

8. Allen, W. R. 1968. Development and manage-

ment of the Blythe Ferry Goose Management
Area, Meigs County, Tennessee. Proc. Annu.
Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm.
21:155-160.

Summary of managed goose hunting on the
525-acre Blythe Ferry area adjacent to
Hiwassee Refuge, Tennessee. Regulations and
harvest characteristics are discussed.

9. Anderson, M. E. 1955. Trends in goose kill and

species composition on private hunting areas
in 1953. South Dakota Department of Game,
Fish and Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-17-R-8. 9 pp.

Covers species composition, chronological
distribution, hunter success, and crippling loss
figures for the goose kill on private land along
the Missouri River and Sand Lake Refuge in
South Dakota for 1953.

10. Anonymous. 1948. The migrant wings turn north.
Wyo. Wildl. 12(l-2):4-ll, 34-36.

This article reports on the increase of Canada
geese in the vicinity of Hawk Springs Reser-
voir, southeastern Wyoming, since 1940. WR

11. Anonymous. 1952. Canada geese benefit winter

wheat. Virginia Commission Game Inland
Fish, Educational Bull. 84:1-2.

Grazing of winter wheat by geese at Hog
Island Waterfowl Refuge did the wheat little
harm and provided considerable fertilization.

12. Anonymous. 1953. Do wild geese injure wheat

crops? Washington Dep. Game, Washington
State Game Bull. 5(3):12.

Reviews Virginia results and adds new
Washington data showing that best wheat
crops were obtained where geese had grazed
young wheat the most closely. WR

13. Anonymous. 1958. The restoration of breeding

Canada goose populations on national wildlife
refuges. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Wildl. Manage.
Ser. Leafl. 15. 21 pp.

The most detailed and comprehensive ac-
count of how to handle Canada geese to build
up new breeding or wintering populations. It
takes up: reasons for past successes and fail-
ures, prerequisites for undertaking goose
restoration on a refuge, planning and construc-
tion of enclosures, age of birds to start with
and how to get them, care and handling of
birds, management of flock in accord with
goose behavior, feeding, predator control, and
how to make and apply brails. The program
should begin with young of the year; adult —
seldom will breed anywhere other than their
accustomed breeding sites. WR

14. Anonymous. 1962. Plattsmouth refuge offers

rest stop and gives boost to gander gunning on
Missouri. Outdoor Nebr. 40(ll):22-23. [ONS|

15. Anonymous. 1965. California wildlife infor-

mation sheet — Canada goose. Outdoor Calif.
29(21:11-12. |ONS|

16. Anonymous. 1966. Too many geese in too few

places. U.S. Dep. Inter. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl.,
Inter. Dep. Rep. |ONS|

17. Anonymous. 1967. Blackflies kill geese at Seney.

Mich. Out-of-Doors 18(5):11. [ONS]

18. Anonymous. 1967. Great society for geese ... it

causes a big flap. Mich. Out-of-Doors 18(8):17.
[ONS]

19. Anonymous. 1967. Naturalist's nook Canada

geese. Wyo. Wildl. 10:15. [ONS]

20. Anonymous. 1967. The great goose chase. Natl.

Wildl. 5(2):14-15. [ONS[

21. Anonymous. 1968. A Minnesota guide— to

raising and releasing Canada geese. Minnesota
Conservation Department, Division Game
Fish. 11 pp.

This publication provides guidelines to
reduce problems and lead to the establishment
of successful private goose flocks under favor-
able conditions throughout Minnesota. In-
cluded are sections on the ecology of Canada
geese, establishing a free-flying flock, nesting
by the flock, hunting, permits, and miscel-
laneous considerations. Procedures for de-
veloping and caring for a flock of Canada geese
are detailed.

22. Anonymous. 1968. The Canada goose. Canadian

Wildlife Service. 6 pp.

A general brochure describing the races,
ranges, migration, nesting areas, and general
behavior of Canada geese. Brief mention of
Canadian Wildlife Service migratory waterfowl
management is included.

23. Anonymous. 1969. Goose project started on Illi-

nois mined lands. Outdoor News Bull. 23(10):4.
[ONS]

24. Arthur, G. 1958. Illinois builds a goose flock.

Naturalist 9(l):43-45.

General discussion of the management in-
volved in the building of the Canada goose
flocks in the Horseshoe Lake area of southern
Illinois.

25. Arthur, G. C. 1968. Farming for Canada geese.

Pages 113-115 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld,
eds. Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services. Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

History, economics, and techniques used in
raising food for Canada geese in southern Illi-
nois are discussed.

26. Arthur, G. C, and D. D. Kennedy. 1972. A perma-

nent site waterfowl trap. J. Wildl. Manage.
36(4):1257-1261.

Design and use of a 50- x 100-foot waterfowl
trap with a concrete foundation is presented.
Since 1966, three such traps have been used to

trap and band more than 83,000 ducks and
geese. A

27. Ashley, H. W. 1966. Where has the wild goose

gone? Fla. Wildl. 19(12):18-21. [ONS]

28. Atkeson, T. Z., and L. S. Givens. 1954. The use of

livestock pastures in southeastern waterfowl
management. J. Wildl. Manage. 18(3):407-408.

Discussion of the role of pastureland in pro-
viding winter food for waterfowl, especially all
species of geese. Vegetative species of im-
portance, care of the pasture, and physical
characteristics of the land are covered.

29. Atwater, M. G. 1959. A study of renesting in

Canada geese in Montana. J. Wildl. Manage.
23(l):91-97.

Renesting Canada geese were studied on 12
reservoirs in Phillips County, Montana, during
1956 and 1957. Twelve females were live-
trapped at their nests during the egg-laying or
incubation stage. Eggs were removed from
these nests to simulate natural nest destruc-
tion. Two of the marked females renested; one
renested twice, the other once. Each took 2 to
2.5 weeks to renest the first time. One started a
third nest within a week after the second nest
had been terminated during incubation. Char-
acteristics and locations of the renests are dis-
cussed.

30. Atwood, E. L. 1948. Goose management at Ken-

tucky Woodlands National Wildlife Refuge.
Ky. Warbler 24(2):23-27.

This refuge was established in 1938 between
the lower Tennessee and Cumberland rivers.
Ducks responded quickly to the shallow im-
poundments that covered 300 acres by 1941.
Goose use began in 1940 with a decoy flock of 8
crippled Canadas and has grown more slowly.
Since 1940 increasingly large acreages of
winter small grains and legumes have been
planted, the decoy flock has been increased,
and more and more geese have wintered. On
February 28, 1948, there were on the refuge
475 Canada geese. WR

31. Bagley, G. E., L. N. Locke, and G. T. Nightingale.

1967. Lead poisoning in Canadian geese in
Delaware. Avian Dis. ll<4):601-608.

"Delaware state waterfowl biologists have
estimated that perhaps as many as
2,000-4,000 Canada geese succumbed to what
appears to be lead poisoning during the winter

of 1965-66. Such losses suggest that lead poi-
soning among Canada geese is probably of
greater importance than the literature would
indicate." WR

32. Bailey, A. M. 1949. Hybrid of snow and Canada

goose. Auk 66(2):197.

A crippled male lesser snow goose, Chen
hyperborea hyperborea, kept with a pinioned
flock of Canada geese, Branta canadensis, on a
game farm in Denver, Colorado, successfully
mated with a female Canada. Two offspring
were produced. A description of these two
young is included with a photograph.

33. Bailey, A. M., and R. J. Niedrach. 1938. Notes on

Colorado geese. Auk 55(3):519-520.

A listing of the species and subspecies of
geese found in Colorado as residents or
migrants, including a description of specimens
found in Colorado collections.

34. Baker, C. M. A., and H. C. Hanson. 1966. Molec-

ular genetics of avian proteins — VI. Evolu-
tionary implications of blood proteins of eleven
species of geese. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
17:997-1006. [ONS]

35. Balham, R. W. 1954. The behavior of the Canada

goose {Branta canadensis) in Manitoba. Ph.D.
Thesis. Univ. Missouri, Columbia. 244 pp.

A modern technical behavior study that
covers such topics as break-up and reconsti-
tution of flocks, pairing of yearlings, time of
mating, incubation behavior, nature and
defense of territory, functions of aggressive
activity, cause and results of social displays,
displacement activities, infrequency of re-
nesting, dominance hierarchy, leadership, flock
integration, and synchronization of molt. WR

36. Balham, R. W., and W. H. Elder. 1953. Colored

leg bands for waterfowl. J. Wildl. Manage.
17(4):446-449.

Instructions for the construction and use of
colored Plexiglas (plastic) leg bands for water-
fowl are presented.

37. Ballou, R. M. 1954. Nesting, distribution, and

mortality studies of Canada geese on the Green
River. Pages 68-82 in Wyoming Game Fish
Commission. PR Rep. Proj. W-50-R-3. [ONS]

38. Ballou, R. M. 1955. Wyoming honkers decrease.

Wyo. Wildl. 19(8):4-5.

39. Ballou, R. M. 1956. Nesting, distribution, and

mortality studies of Canada geese. Wyoming
Game Fish Commission. 31 pp. [ONS]

40. Ballou, R. M. 1957. A brief review of Wyoming's

goose restoration program. Proc. Annu. Conf.
West. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 37:251-255.

A progress report on releases of Canada
geese at eight sites in Wyoming in an attempt
to establish resident breeding flocks. Consid-
erations for acquiring restoration stock, age at
release, and site selection are discussed.

41. Ballou, R. M. 1957. Nesting, distribution, and

mortality studies of Canada geese. Wyoming
Game Fish Comm. 36 pp. [ONS]

42. Ballou, R. M., and F. W. Martin. 1964. Rigid

plastic collars for marking geese. J. Wildl.
Manage. 28(4):846-847.

Rigid plastic collars of one to three colors
proved useful for recognition of individual
Canada geese {Branta canadensis). The collars
did not seem to affect the behavior of the geese,
and there was little mortality caused by their
use. In good light, bright colors are visible
through a 20-power spotting scope for more
than 1 mile. Retention of collars was about 90
percent for 1 year and more than 80 percent for
2 years. A

43. Ballou, R. M., and G. F. Wrakestraw. 1954. More

geese for Wyoming. Wyo. Wildl. 18(10):4-7, 35.

A review of the first year and a half of Wyo-
ming's program to restore resident Canada
goose populations is presented. A brood flock
to provide goslings for restoration stockings
was set up to supplement stockings of trans-
planted full-winged geese. In all cases of plant-
ings, goslings proved to be better suited be-
cause they remained at the planting sites while
yearling birds and adults tended to disperse.
Movements of planted birds as determined by
neckband observations, mortality, and breed-
ing success are traced for each of the restora-
tion sites.

44. Barnston, G. 1862. Recollections of the swans

and geese of Hudson's Bay. Zoologist 20:7831-
7837. [ONS]

45. Barraclough, M. E. 1954. Biology of Canada

geese (Branta canadensis moffitti) in the flat-
head valley of Montana. M. S. Thesis. Montana
State Univ., Bozeman. 91 pp.

Size of breeding population (about 14 of total
population), nesting biology, nesting success
(73% in 1953, 51% in 1954), causes of failures
(weather, disturbance by man, crows), re-
nesting (by about 30% of unsuccessful pairs),
clutch size (2-10, av. 5-6), relationship of clutch
size to various factors, hatching success (about
5 in successful nests, av. of 3.5 over-all in 1953
and 2.2 in 1954), travels of young soon after
hatching (2-10 miles), combined broods,
gosling mortality (0-25%, depending on local
conditions), movements of flocks during hunt-
ing season and their relation to hunting pres-
sure, hunting statistics (cripple loss about
33%), composition of bags (56% juveniles),
band recoveries (20.6% in first year and 33.6%
for geese banded in 1 area), overwintering in
area (winter losses seemed low), status of popu-
lation (level or increasing a bit), management
recommendations for area. WR

46. Barry, T. W. 1967. Geese of the Anderson River

Delta, Northwest Territories. Ph.D. Thesis.
Univ. Alberta, Edmonton. 212 pp. [ONS]

47. Batt, B. D. J., J. A. Cooper, and G. W. Cornwell.

1975. The occurrence of twin waterfowl em-
bryos. Condor 77(2):214.

One twin Canada goose embryo was found
during a field study with records on 3,005 eggs.
It is hypothesized that low temperature may
be the causative agent in twinning.

48. Baylor, L. M. 1971. Banded Canada goose at

Rapid City, South Dakota. Bird Notes 23(4):99.
[ONS]

49. Bednarik, K. E. 1963. Canada goose management

units in Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Re-
sources. Game Res. Ohio 2:244-260.

Captive flocks of Canada geese have been
maintained on three waterfowl refuge areas in
Ohio from 1957 through 1960. The history and
management of these and other goose manage-
ment areas in Ohio are reviewed. Gosling
production and goose harvest from each area
are described. A total of 1,129 goslings are
known to have been produced on these three
areas in the 4-year period; 465 were produced in
1960.

50. Bednarik, K. E. 1964. Geese for Ohio's hunters.
Ohio Conserv. Bull. 28(ll):22-24, 33. [ONS]

51. Bednarik, K. E. 1965. Canada goose management
in Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Re-
sources. Game Res. Ohio 3:180-206.

Summarizes the annual production and har-
vest of the Canada goose, management prob-
lems, and projected management measures on
Ohio's three Canada goose management units,
1958-63. Emphasis is on more recent years,
especially 1963. In 1963, 1,050 goslings were
produced at the Mercer County unit, 350 at
Killdeer Plains, and 211 at Mosquito Creek; a
total of 1,611. Approximately 2,035 Canada
geese were harvested in the vicinity of these
three management units. Data on nest success
and use of nest structures are included.

52. Bednarik, K. E., J. Koerner, and J. Neff. 1970.

Canada goose management investigations.
Ohio Division Wildlife. 48 pp.

Work done on the wildlife refuge gives a 13-
year gosling production summary, 1957-69.
Discusses the effects of upland game hunting
and field trials on the movements of the geese
and the neutron activation analysis of feathers
to determine hatching sites. A vinylite collar
was tested in marking the geese. [ONS]

53. Bell, J. G. 1970. Horicon goose dilemma. Wis.

Conserv. Bull. 35(6):16-17.

A brief review of the crop depredations and
development of satellite goose management
areas associated with a large and expanding
Canada goose population at Horicon Marsh,
Wisconsin.

54. Bell, J. G., L. F. Gunther, and L. R. Jahn. 1956.

Horicon Marsh: The managed goose hunt —
1955. Wis. Conserv. Bull. 21<4):23-25.

For the third consecutive year a managed
waterfowl hunt was held on a portion of the
Horicon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge. The
1955 hunting plan was similar to that of 1954.
The area hunted was very nearly the same with
only minor adjustments of blind locations and
retrieving lines. The number of blinds remained
at 114 and the spacing was slightly over 200
yards apart. There was no change in the length
of the hunting strip. Success of the hunt is dis-
cussed.

55. Bell, J. G., L. R. Jahn, and L. Gunther. 1955.

Horicon's managed goose hunt — 1954. Wis.
Conserv. Bull. 20(31:12-14.

Discussion of the kill, management changes,
and hunters' opinions associated with Hori-
con's 1954 goose hunt.

56. Bell, R. Q., and W. D. Klimstra. 1970. Feeding

activities of Canada geese in southern Illinois.
Trans. 111. Acad. Sci. 63(31:295-304.

Investigation of feeding activity of Branta
canadensis interior during fall and winter,
1953-55. Feeding activity correlated with low
light intensity. Corn, small grains, pasture, and
soybeans were utilized in that order. Major
foods were soybeans, corn, Johnson grass,
various aquatics, and wheat.

57. Bellrose, F. C. 1976. Ducks, geese and swans of

North America. Stackpole Books. Harrisburg,
Pa. 543 pp.

Summary of available knowledge on Canada
geese in textbook format. Headings include
morphometric data, identification, population
status, distribution, migration behavior, breed-
ing, postbreeding, and food habits.

58. Belsom, D. J. 1974. History and present status of

Canada geese in Louisiana. M.S. Thesis. Loui-
siana State Univ., Baton Rouge. 136 pp. [ONS]

59. Bennett, E. 1953. Nesting birds of the shoreline

and islands of Crab Orchard Lake with particu-
lar reference to the Canada goose, Branta cana-
densis (Linnaeus) and the eastern red-wing,
Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus). M.S. Thesis,
Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 42 pp.
[ONS]

60. Bennett, G. F., and C. D. Maclnnes. 1972. Blood

parasites of geese of the McConnell River,
N.W.T. Can. J. Zool. 50(l):l-4.

Of 736 blue, snow, and Canada geese from
the McConnell River, N.W.T. which were exam-
ined for blood parasites only 21 birds (2.9%)
were found to be infected. Of these, 15 infec-
tions were with Leucocytozoon simondi (2.0%)
and 2 each with Parahaemoproteus nettionis,
Plasmodium species, and microfilaria. Both
adults and young of the year were infected. We
suggest that the low incidence is an indirect
result of adaptations of the simuliid vectors to
tundra conditions. It is possible that increased
incidence of L. simondi in the boreal forest is a
factor contributing to the restriction of five of
the six North American goose species to the
tundra nesting habit. A

61. Benson, D., and S. D. Browne. 1966. Canada

goose populations and stocking program in
New York in 1965. New York State Division of
Fish and Game. 15 pp. |ONS]

62. Benson, D., and L. W. Degraff. 1961. Canada

goose stocking in New York. New York State
Division of Fish and Game. 13 pp. [ONS]

63. Benson, R. I. 1967. Migratory waterfowl division

experimental Canada goose repopulation
studies — Lac Qui Parle Wildlife Management
Area, 1966. Minnesota Division of Fish and
Game27(l):8-18.(ONS|

64. Benson, R. I., and A. C. Anderson. 1968. Restora-

tion of the Canada goose. Naturalist 19(3):16-
21.10NS1

65. Bent, A. C. 1925. Life histories of North Amer-

ican wildfowl. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 130:204-
236.

66. Bianchini, M. 1975. The presence of Branta cana-

densis new record in Europe. Riv. Ital. Ornitol.
45(l):75-76.[ONS]

67. Birkebak, R. C, E. A. LeFebvre, and D. G. Rav-

eling. 1966. Estimated heat loss from Canada
geese for varying environmental temperatures.
Minn. Mus. Nat. Hist. Tech. Rep. 11. 25 pp.

Estimates of heat loss at different environ-
mental temperatures were made for two sub-
species of Canada geese, Branta canadensis
parvipes and B. c. maxima. Quantitative
results placed the smaller parvipes under
larger thermal stresses than the maxima.
Implication is that winter energy balance has
been important in establishing winter distribu-
tion-body size relationships. Maxima winters
under colder winter regimes than does par-
vipes, and the subspecies interior is inter-
mediate in both size and winter distribution.
Detailed techniques and calculations are in-
cluded.

68. Bishop, R. A. 1973. Northern nesting grounds

study of EPP of Canada geese. Iowa Conserva-
tion Commission. 57 pp. [ONS]

69. Bishop, R. A., and R. G. Howing. 1972. Re-estab-

lishment of the giant Canada goose in Iowa.
Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 79(1):14-16.

Giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis
maxima) were common nesters in Iowa before
1900 but were exterminated through over-

exploitation about that time. Recent efforts by
the Iowa Conservation Commission to re-
establish these birds have been successful. By
providing protection and nesting areas this
flock has been increased from a few pairs in
1964 to 800-1,000 birds in 1970. The birds have
adapted to the surrounding habitat and estab-
lished a migration tradition. The goal is to in-
crease the flock to 7,000 birds. [Reproductive
data are discussed.] A

70. Blandin, W. W. 1970. Nesting success and brood

survival (Branta canadensis interior, cana-
densis, and maxima). Massachusetts Division of
Fish and Game. |ONS|

71. Blandin, WW., and H. W. Heusmann. 1974.

Establishment of Canada goose populations
through urban gosling transplants. Trans.
Northeast Sect. Wildl. Soc. Annu. Conf. 31:83-
100.

Released live decoy geese in the 1930's pro-
vided a source of Canada goose breeding stocks
in Massachusetts. Three races, Branta cana-
densis canadensis, B. c. interior, and B. c.
maxima were probably represented in the ini-
tial stocks. Expanding nonmigratory goose
populations on the Sudbury Reservoir neces-
sitated a control program. From 1967-73, 322
goslings, 5-10 weeks of age, were transplanted
to selected sites in western Massachusetts.
Although field observations verified successful
nesting attempts at or near release sites by at
least 6 of the 159 released females, establish-
ment of breeding goose flocks was not
achieved. Recovery data is discussed.

Blurton Jones, N.G. 1956. Census of breeding
Canada geese 1953. Bird Study 3:153-170.

"A B.T.O. -aided investigation of the British
breeding population of Branta canadensis,
showed that in July 1953 between 2200 and
4000 adults, non-breeders and goslings were
present. The birds are distributed in isolated
localized groups and there is little attempt at
colonization of new waters. Man appears to be
the only predator of any importance, and at
least one colony has been exterminated by
mass egg-collecting." WR

73. Blurton Jones, N. G. 1960. Experiments on the
causation of the threat postures of Canada
geese. Wildfowl Trust Annu. Rep. 11:46-52.

A pair of Canada geese hand-reared in 1953
were used between 1955 and 1958 to test ex-
perimentally the hypothesis that certain dis-

72.

play postures of this species are caused by a
conflict between tendencies to attack and to
flee from an opponent. Various postures are
discussed.

74. Blus, L. J., and W. D. Klimstra. 1962. Some co-

actions of Canada geese and small mammals.
Trans. 111. Acad. Sci. 55(3-4):191-197.

Discussion of a correlation between goose
utilization of a given habitat and the occur-
rence of a given species of mouse.

75. Bone, T. 1973. Influence of artificial nesting

structures on Canada goose production. Wyo-
ming Fish and Game Commission. 90 pp. [ONS]

76. Bossenmaier, E. F. 1954. Nesting, distribution,

and mortality studies of Canada geese on the
Green River. Pages 45-67 in Wyoming Fish
Game Commission, PR Rep. Proj. W-50-R-3.
[ONS]

77. Boyer, R. L., and M.J. Psujek. 1975. Canada

goose parasitizing mallard nest. Wilson Bull.

87(21:287.

A single Canada goose egg was found in a
mallard nest with a clutch of 11. The mallard
eggs were believed to have hatched success-
fully while the goose egg was later destroyed,
possibly by a raccoon.

78. Brace, R. K. 1972. A study of the nesting ecology,

productivity, and mortality of Canada geese at
Waterhen Marsh, Saskatchewan. M.S. Thesis.
Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. 162 pp. |ONS]

79. Bradshaw, F. 1930. Unusual nesting sites. Can.

Field-Nat. 44(6):149-150.

Record of a Canada goose nesting in a tree
approximately 20 ft from the ground.

80. Bradshaw, J. E., and D. O. Trainer. 1966. Some

infectious diseases of waterfowl in the Mis-
sissippi Flyway. J. Wildl. Manage. 30(3):570-
576.

To establish the presence of selected infec-
tious diseases in a "healthy" wild waterfowl
population, a serologic and parasitologic study
was initiated. Sera from 123 Canada geese (pri-
marily Branta canadensis interior) and 179
mallards {Anas platyrhynchos) were screened
for antibodies against six arboviruses. There
was no neutralizing antibody detected against
western viral encephalitis, eastern viral en-
cephalitis, St. Louis viral encephalitis, Vene-
zuelan viral encephalitis, California viral en-

cephalitis, or vesicular stomatitis. Sera from 55
ducks and 12 geese were negative for agglu-
tinating antibodies to Salmonella pullorum.
Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycoplasma
gallisepticum. Fifty-five duck sera and 11
goose sera were negative for complement-
fixing antibodies of ornithosis. The most sig-
nificant serologic finding was the presence of
Newcastle disease antibody. Forty (17 percent)
of 236 Canada geese were positive for New-
castle disease antibody. Thirty-seven (14
percent) of 267 mallard ducks had antibody
titers for Newcastle disease virus. A limited
study of parasitism revealed a low prevalence
of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and micro-
filariae in both geese and mallards as well as
Plasmodium in wild geese. The significance of
the serological and parasitological findings is
discussed. A

81. Brakhage, G. K. 1964. Canada goose nesting and

management studies on selected areas in Mis-
souri. Missouri Conservation Commission.
26 pp. [ONS]

82. Brakhage, G. K. 1965. Biology and behavior of

tub-nesting Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage.
29(4):751-771.

Results of a 3-year study (1961-64) of a
sedentary flock of Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis maxima) at Trimble Wildlife Area in
Missouri. Most nesting was in elevated wash-
tubs. Productivity, courtships, density of
nests, territorial requirements, renesting, and
behavior of young are discussed.

83. Brakhage, G. K. 1965. Canada goose nesting and

management studies on selected areas in Mis-
souri. Missouri Conservation Commission.
llpp.lONSl

84. Brakhage, G. K. 1966. Tub nests for Canada

geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 30(4):851-853.

Since 1958 Canada geese in Missouri have
used elevated nesting sites. Washtubs
mounted on pipe have proven acceptable.
Spacing, usage, length of service, and nest
losses are discussed.

85. Brakhage, G. K., H. M. Reeves, and R. A. Hunt.

1971. The Canada goose tagging program in
Wisconsin. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour.
Conf . 36:275-295.

Discussion of the 1967, 1968, and 1969
permit and tagging programs used in Wis-
consin to control the harvest of Canada geese.

particularly in the heavy harvest area of the
Horicon National Wildlife Refuge. The primary
goals of controlling statewide kill, distributing
the kill more equitably among the hunters, up-
grading the hunting experience, and gathering
valuable management data as a side benefit
were all met with varying degrees of success.

86. Brazda, A. R., and G. Pospichae. 1966. Coordi-

nated inventory of "small" Canada geese. U.S.
Bureau Sport Fisheries Wildlife Report. 7 pp.
IONSI

87. Brazda, A. R., and J. W. Winship. 1962. Coordi-

nated inventory of "small" Canada geese in
the Central and Mississippi flyways. U.S.
Bureau Sport Fisheries Wildlife Report. 19 pp.
[ONS]

88. Brenner, F. J. 1960. Canada geese nesting on a

beaver lodge. Auk 77(4):476.

89. Bromley, R. G. 1976. Nesting and habitat studies

of the dusky Canada goose (Branta canadensis
occidentalis) on the Copper River Delta,
Alaska. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks.
91 pp. [ONS]

90. Brooks, A. 1914. The races of Branta canadensis.

Condor 16(3):123-124.

Early work based on "Study of a Collection
of Geese" by H. S. Swarth. Revision of the
range of Branta canadensis occidentalis and a
discussion of the taxonomy of B. c. canadensis,
B. c. minima, andB. c. hutchinsii are included.

91. Brooks, A. 1926. Notes on the geese of the Branta

canadensis group. Ibis Ser. 12, 2:339-346.

Discussion of the taxonomy of the Branta
canadensis group regarding assignment of spe-
cific or subspecific status for B. c. canadensis,
B. c. hutchinsii, and B. c. minima. A descrip-
tion of each taxonomic grouping, a review of
available specimens, and morphometric data
are presented.

92. Bryens, O. M. 1940. Some notes on the Canada

goose. Jack Pine Warbler 18:81-82.

Dates and numbers of Canada geese ob-
served on spring and fall migrations through
Michigan from 1924-39.

93. Buckalew, J. H. 1977. Distribution of Canada

geese. N. Am. Bird Bander 2(2):58-60. [ONS]

94. Bull, J. 1970. A New Jersey specimen of Branta

canadensis parvipes. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.Y.
71:155. [ONS]

95. Burton, B. 1966. Surveying the geese. Md.

Conserv. 43(5):14-18. [ONS]

96. Buss, I. O., and L. D. Wing. 1966. Pre-impound-

ment observations of wintering mallards and
nesting Canada geese on the Snake River,
southeast Washington. Res. Stud. Wash. State
Univ. 34(l):l-36.

Nesting studies of Canada geese were con-
ducted on six islands of the Snake River in
southeastern Washington from 1954 through
1965, except 1962. During 11 annual surveys,
228 nests were studied. The resident goose
population on the study area maintained a level
of approximately 4.5 to 8.5 geese per mile of
river. Variation in nesting density among
islands was high, ranging from 1.5 to 31.6 acres
per nest with an average of 8.4. The average
percentage of the 228 nests that hatched was
between 72.8 and 75.5 and annually the nests
that hatched ranged from 55% to 94%. Data on
clutch size, nesting density, and history of
nests lead to the conclusion that scattered
nests are more successful than crowded ones.

97. Butterfield, W. K., and A. H. Dardiri. 1969. Sero-

logic and immunologic response of wild water-
fowl vaccinated with attenuated duck plague
virus. Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 5(2):99-102.

Herring gulls, Canada geese, and mallard
ducks were orally vaccinated with attenuated
duck plague virus and challenge inoculated
with virulent virus. Geese did not produce anti-
body to attenuated virus and 11 of 12 died
after immunity challenge.

98. Cadwell, L. L. 1969. Behavior study of Canada

geese in southeast Washington. M.S. Thesis.
Washington State Univ., Pullman. [ONS1

99. Caldwell, J. R. 1963. Some records of the Canada

goose breeding in southwestern Saskatchewan.
Blue Jay 210:62-63.

Covers historical records of Canada geese
breeding in Saskatchewan south of the South
Saskatchewan River and west of Swift
Current. Includes Ducks Unlimited brood
counts on selected areas made between 1958
and 1962.

10

100. Caldwell, J. R. 1967. Breeding ecology of the

Canada goose on the south Saskatchewan
River. Saskatchewan Department of Natural
Resources Progress Report. [ONS]

101. Canfield, T. H. 1949. Sex determination of geese.

Minn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 403. 6 pp. IONS]

102. Cannon, D. G. 1938. Some trematode parasites of

ducks and geese in eastern Canada. Can. J. Res.
(Sect. C) 16(9):268-279.

Psilochasmus longicirratus and Echino-
stoma revolutum are reported as parasites
found in the Canada goose.

103. Chabreck, R. H., and H. H. Dupuie. 1976. Alli-

gator predation on Canada goose nests. Copeia
2:404-405.

At the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in Loui-
siana, of 692 Canada goose nests followed over
the period 1961-72, 86 (12.4%) were destroyed
by predators. Alligators were positively iden-
tified as predators on 35 nests (5.1%). Much of
the predation on 44 additional nests (6.4%) was
probably by alligators.

104. Chamberlain, J. L. 1959. Gulf coast marsh vege-

tation as food of wintering waterfowl. J. Wildl.
Manage. 23(1):97-102.

Eight Canada goose gizzards were examined.
Plant materials made up 100% of the contents.
The frequencies (percent) of food items were
seeds, 63; vegetation, 75; and tubers, 25.

105. Champion, B. 1957. Green grass where the wild

goose goes. Outdoor Am. 22(5):4-7.

Discusses farming practices at Kentucky
Woodlands Wildlife Refuge.

106. Chapman, J. A. 1967. Population characteristics,

hunter kill, and productivity of dusky Canada
geese. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State Univ., Cor-
vallis. 82 pp. [ONS]

107. Chapman, J. A. 1970. Weights and measure-

ments of dusky Canada geese wintering in
Oregon. Murrelet 51(3):34-37.

Presents measurements on the morphology
of the dusky Canada goose (Branta canadensis
occidentalis) population wintering in the
Willamette Valley of Oregon during 1965-66,
1966-67.

108. Chapman, J. A., C. J. Henny, and H. M. Wight.

1969. The status, population dynamics, and

harvest of the dusky Canada goose. Wildl.
Monogr. 18. 48 pp.

Describes the population characteristics of
the dusky Canada goose {Branta canadensis
occidentalis) and evaluates the impact of
harvest in the species principal range of south-
eastern Alaska, British Columbia, Wash-
ington, and the Willamette Valley in Oregon.
Includes coverage of all facets of population
dynamics, banding and band returns, bag
checks, questionnaires, tail feather surveys,
aerial surveys, migration data, nesting, dis-
tribution, survival, and life tables. Work was
conducted in 1964-67.

109. Clark, B. 1969. The Lamar-eads Wildlife Area.

Colo. Outdoors 18(6):8-9. IONS]

110. Clark, E. R., and G. T. Nightingale. 1960. Canada

goose management on national wildlife refuges
in the Northeast. Trans. Northeast Sect. Wildl.
Soc. Annu. Conf . 7 pp. (mimeo)

Discusses history of, and programs for, in-
creasing nesting and wintering Canada goose
populations on the following refuges in the
northeastern United States: Brigantine, Mis-
sisquoi, Montezuma, Moosehorn, Parker River,
and Troy Meadows.

111. Cockran, R. 1963. Goose factory. Ohio Conserv.

Bull. 27(5):8-10. (ONS]

112. Cole, D. B. 1974. Canada geese nesting sites on

islands in southern Alberta. Alberta Depart-
ment of Lands and Forests, Fish and Wildlife
Division. 18 pp. [ONS]

113. Collias, N. E., and L. R. Jahn. 1959. Social behav-

ior and breeding success in Canada geese
{Branta canadensis) confined under semi-
natural conditions. Auk 76(4):478-509.

The breeding behavior, vocalizations, and
dominance order of Canada geese {Branta cana-
densis) confined under seminatural conditions
at Horicon Marsh, Wisconsin, are described in
some detail, with special reference to social
interactions between individually marked
birds.

Pair formation depends both on specific pref-
erences and on dominance relations between
individuals. The nest site is selected by the
female of a pair; she is escorted in the search by
the more aggressive male. Repeated attempts
at establishment on suitable nest sites and re-
peated eviction by more dominant birds is the

11

rule for birds of relatively low dominance
status.

When regular incubation begins, copulation
ceases. After hatching, the goslings usually
spend a day in the nest before leaving. During
their first week, goslings are apt to become lost
and are readily adopted into some other family.
However, the early development of aggres-
siveness against strangers by the goslings, as
well as by their parents, tends to preserve the
integrity of each family.

Loss in productivity of the breeding colony
was very largely due to the territorial behavior
of the birds themselves resisting the crowded
conditions. In the breeding season of 1952 at
the Horicon Marsh colony, about 70 percent of
the theoretical or potential increase was lost.
In turn, this loss was traced mainly to (1) fail-
ure of birds to pair effectively, (2) failure to lay
and incubate eggs, and (3) to loss of the clutch
once laid, all generally as a result of domination
of other birds. A

114. Collins, B. D. 1953. A nesting study of the

Canada goose at Tule Lake and Lower Kla-
math National Wildlife Refuges. Proc. Annu.
Conf. West. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 33:172-
176.

Topics include characteristics of nest sites,
cover types of sites, nesting success, causes of
failures, grouping of broods, and total pro-
duction. Of 201 nests observed, 158 hatched,
giving a nesting success of 78.6%. Desertion,
the major cause of nest failure, was attributed
to crowding on islands and consequent intra-
specific strife. Hatching success for successful
nests was 87%, with an average clutch of 5.13
eggs and average hatch of 4.43 eggs. Two
percent of the eggs were infertile and about
9.5% contained dead embryos. Brood counts
indicated that some broods joined with others
in the first week after hatching. Total goose
production at Tule Lake in 1952 was 1,845
young.

115. Cook, R. S., and D. O. Trainer. 1966. Experi-

mental lead poisoning of Canada geese. J.
Wildl. Manage. 30<l):l-8.

Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were
experimentally exposed to known amounts of
lead. The course of the lead and of the disease
in geese was followed, utilizing established
laboratory procedures. Gross signs of lead
poisoning first appeared 5-7 days following
ingestion. The length of time until signs of dis-
ease or death occurred was related to the

amount of lead ingested. Twenty-five or more
pellets resulted in death within 10 days, while
10 or fewer pellets permitted survival as long
as 72 days. Ingestion of large numbers of
pellets resulted in a rapid increase of lead levels
in the blood, acute poisoning, and early death.
Ingestion of fewer pellets resulted in a slower
increase of lead in the blood, chronic poisoning,
and longer survival, with more "typical" lead
poisoning signs and pathology. Lead pellets ap-
peared to erode at a constant rate regardless of
the number in the gizzard. The largest lead
pellet volume (66 percent) was eroded within
the first 3 days after exposure, and it took ap-
proximately 45 days for the remaining volume
to disappear. Normal lead levels of blood for
Canada geese were found to be 0.018-0.037
mg/100 g blood. The lead levels of blood of lead-
poisoned geese reached a peak between the
third and tenth day, and ranged from 0.320-
1.680 mg/100 g. Internal lesions as well as
histopathological changes are described. High
lead levels in blood and liver tissue, typical
signs, and pathological lesions were necessary
to diagnose lead poisoning in geese. The pos-
sible significance and effect of lead poisoning
on the fecundity of geese are discussed. A

116. Cooke, W. W. 1906. Distribution and migration

of North American ducks, geese, and swans.
U.S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 26. 90 pp.

117. Cooper, J. A. 1974. The history and nesting

biology of the Canada geese at Marshy Point,
Manitoba. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Massachusetts,
Amherst. 395 pp. |ONSl

118. Cooper, J. A., and B. D. J. Batt. 1972. Criteria for

aging giant Canada goose embryos. J. Wildl.
Manage. 36<4):1267-1270.

Includes a developmental series presented in
3-day intervals with photographs and a
description including wing, toe, and bill
measurements of the embryo.

119. Cooper, J. A., and J. R. Hickin. 1972. Chronology

of hatching by laying sequence in Canada
geese. Wilson Bull. 84(l):90-92.

Correlation of laying, pipping, and emer-
gence is discussed for nests examined near
Clarkleigh, Manitoba, in 1971.

120. Cowan, A. B., and CM. Herman. 1955. Winter

losses of Canada geese at Pea Island, North
Carolina. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc.
Game Fish Comm. 9:172-174.

12

Examines history and causes of recurrent
excessive mortality in Canada geese wintering
along the outer banks of North Carolina. Field
work indicated that heavy infections of the
gizzard worm (Amidostomum anseris) com-
pounded by malnutrition was responsible.

121. Cowan, I. McT. 1954. An indication of population

mixing in Canada geese. Murrelet 35(3):45.

Two geese banded as juveniles within range
of Branta c. moffitti in B.C. were recovered in
summers of subsequent years in Bathurst Inlet
area of the N.W.T. in range ascribed by Dela-
cour to B. c. parvipes. WR

122. Cowan, P.J. 1973. Parental calls and the ap-

proach behavior of young Canada geese: A
laboratory study. Can. J. Zool. 51(6):647-650.

123. Cowan, P.J. 1974. Individual differences in

alarm calls of Canada geese leading broods.
Auk 91(1):189-191.

Alarm calls of adult Canada geese were re-
corded near Churchill, Manitoba, and con-
verted to spectrograms for analysis. Intrabird
variation in calls was found to be very slight,
whereas differences between birds were judged
sufficient to allow individual recognition by
goslings.

124. Cowan, P.J. 1974. Individual parental calls and

auditory discrimination hearing by young
Gallus pa Hits and Branta canadensis. Ph.D.
Thesis. Univ. Manitoba, Winnipeg. [ONS1

125. Craighead, F. C, Jr., and J.J. Craighead. 1949.

Nesting Canada geese on the upper Snake
River. J. Wildl. Manage. 13(l):51-64.

Geese in the Jackson Hole, Wyoming, area
were studied during the spring of 1947.
Nesting started about 1 April, with the peak
of laying and hatching between 18-23 April and
16-21 May, respectively. Nesting was com-
pleted by 1 June. Nests were distributed over a
40-mile stretch of the Snake River, averaging
about 2 per mile, with marked concentrations
in the wide channel-split expanses of river
bottom. Ninety-five percent of the nests were
located on islands and most sites were elevated
piles of drift or sod situated on or beside gravel
bars. The average distance of 43 nests from
water was 43 feet, the maximum 150 feet, and
the minimum 1 foot. The average clutch deter-
mined from 17 nests was 4.6 eggs per nest; 5
was thought to be a more representative figure.
Eighty-eight pairs of geese either nesting or ex-

hibiting territorial behavior were located, and
this was considered very close to the actual
nesting population. One hundred six goslings
were known to have reached the flying stage.
Mortality and flooding losses are discussed
and management suggestions are presented.

126. Craighead, J., and F. Craighead. 1957. Bright

dyes reveal secrets of Canada geese. Natl.
Geogr. 112(6):817-832.

127. Craighead, J. J., and D. S. Stockstad. 1956. A

colored neckband for marking birds. J. Wildl.
Manage. 20(3):331-332.

The use, construction, and effectiveness of a
plastic neck marker used on Canada geese in
Montana are described. A single- or double-
tailed strip of polyvinyl chloride tape was hung
from the bird's neck.

128. Craighead, J. J., and D. S. Stockstad. 1956. Meas-

uring hunting pressure on Canada geese in the
Flathead Valley. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf.
21:210-238.

During 1953, 1954, and 1955, data were gath-
ered on Canada goose numbers, goose move-
ment, hunting pressure, and goose kill in the
Flathead Valley of Montana in order to eval-
uate the dynamics of hunting pressure. Rela-
tionships among all these variables are exam-
ined. Management applications are included.

129. Craighead, J. J., and D. S. Stockstad. 1958. Gos-

lings descend from aerial nest. J. Wildl.
Manage. 22(2):206-207.

Observations on Canada goose goslings de-
scending 15 feet from an artificial nesting plat-
form to the water are presented. All three gos-
lings made the descent unharmed. Other obser-
vations and brood counts confirmed that arti-
ficial platforms placed in trees for nesting do
not present a hazard to the goslings.

130. Craighead, J. J., and D. S. Stockstad. 1961. Eval-

uating the use of aerial nesting platforms by
Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 25(4):363-372.

During a 5-year-period (1953-58) an average of
73 aerial platforms were available to Canada
geese. The availability of aerial sites appar-
ently caused a decrease in ground nesting.
Aerial nesting, both natural and on the pro-
vided platforms, increased from 5% in 1953 to
18% in 1958. Distribution of nesting pairs and
productivity of platform nesters are also dis-
cussed.

13

131. Craighead, J. J., and D. S. Stockstad. 1964.
Breeding age of Canada geese. J. Wildl.
Manage. 28(l):57-64.

This study was designed to determine what
percent of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old wild geese
(Branta canadensis moffitti) nest in a popu-
lation of limited size; to compare results with
similar information from captive flocks; and,
by applying the breeding-age data obtained, to
determine the percent of breeding geese in the
Flathead Valley population. Five hundred
forty-eight known-age Canada geese in the
Flathead Valley population were color-marked
during four breeding seasons, and the sur-
vivors were observed for breeding activity over
a 5-year period. Most of the marked known-age
geese were located prior to nesting; then the
number of nesting birds in each age group was
determined by censuses throughout the breed-
ing seasons. A similar experiment was con-
ducted on two captive flocks. No 1-year-old
birds nested in either the wild or the captive
populations. Between 27 and 36 percent of the
2-year-old wild geese nested, but only 17
percent of the captive 2-year-olds did so. All of
the 3-year-old wild birds nested, but only 64
percent of the captives nested. Since the pro-
portion of birds breeding in captive and in wild
flocks appears to be markedly different, the
breeding data from captive flocks cannot be
used to determine the breeding age or the
percent of breeding birds in a wild population.
The breeding-age statistics obtained from the
wild population, when applied to life-table
data, showed that during a population-turn-
over period of 5 years only 10.2 percent of a
generation of geese in the Flathead Valley,
Montana, attained breeding age and survived
to nest. This calculation was made on the
assumption that one-third of all 2-year-old
geese nest. A

132. Crider, E. D. 1967. Canada goose interceptions in
the southeastern United States, with special
reference to the Florida flock. Proc. Annu.
Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm.
21:145-155.

Relates band recoveries of Canada geese
banded in Florida to the decline of geese
wintering in Florida and other southeastern
States. Indications are that large refuges with
grain farming along the traditional migration
routes have intercepted the Canada geese
enroute to Florida. Problems of these inter-
ceptions are discussed.

133. Crider, E. D. 1967. Oral narcotic capture tech-

nique for Canada geese. Florida Game Fresh
Water Fish Comm. 3 pp. |ONS|

134. Crider, E. D., and J. C. McDaniel. 1967. Alpha-

chloralose used to capture Canada geese. J.
Wildl. Manage. 31<2>:258-264.

During field trials in the winters of 1965 and
1966, 573 Canada geese (Branta canadensis)
and 5 blue geese (Chen caerulescens) were
caught with alpha-chloralose, an oral hypnotic
administered on bait. The mortality rate was
2.6 percent of 475 geese captured with 0.25 g of
the drug mixed with each cup of bait. Heavier
dosages produced higher mortality rates. An
effective capture technique based on alpha-
chloralose is described. A

135. Crissey, W. F. 1968. Informational needs for

Canada goose management programs. Pages
141-147 ill R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld, eds.
Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services, Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

The author feels that the Canada goose is the
waterfowl species most likely to supply hunt-
ing recreation far into the future. To accom-
plish this end over a wide geographic area, five
data collection programs are recommended: a
periodic fall and winter census, a survey to
measure size and distribution of the kill, a
survey to measure age ratio in the kill, a pre-
season banding program, and a postseason
banding program. The greatest single informa-
tional need for management is data on the
population dynamics of individual wintering
concentrations.

136. Critcher, S. 1950. Renal coccidiosis in Pea Island

Canada geese. Wildl. N.C. 14(1):14-15, 22.

"Approximately 500 Canada geese died on
the Pea Island Migratory Waterfowl Refuge
during February, March and April of 1949."
There was a shortage of food and extremely
unsanitary conditions. All of the birds exam-
ined were less than 1 year old. Their death ap-
peared to be due to renal coccidiosis, caused by
Eimeria truncata. Snow geese and ducks appar-
ently were not affected. WR

137. Crow, J. H. 1971. Earthquake initiated changes in

the nesting habitat of the dusky Canada goose.
Pages 130-136 in K. B. Krauskopf, chairman.
The great Alaska earthquake of 1964. National
Academy of Science, Washington, D.C. [ONS|

14

138. Damaske, N. 1952. Greenwood refuge: Home of
honkers. Wis. Conserv. Bull. 17(4):3-6.

Covers the early history of the Greenwood
Refuge near Hancock, Wisconsin. Includes a
description of the area, ownership, feeding pat-
terns for both migrant and wintering geese,
and utilization of the Refuge by goose hunters
and goose watchers.

139. Dardiri, A. H., and P. Gailiunas. 1969. Response

of Pekin and mallard ducks and Canada geese
to experimental infection with duck plague
virus. Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 5(31:235-247.

Canada geese were infected by oral inocu-
lation or contact exposure to duck plague
virus. Clinical signs and pathologic changes are
discussed. The mortality rate was high in
Canada geese.

140. Davis, F. H. 1954. The Horseshoe Lake flock of

Canada geese and some of its management
problems. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 9 pp. (mimeo)

A brief history of the development of the
Horseshoe Lake, Illinois, flock and the prob-
lems associated with a large concentration of
geese.

141. Davis, M. 1945. Blue X Canada goose hybrid.

Auk 64(4):636.

Report of two progeny of blue-Canada cross
received at the National Zoological Park in
Washington in 1945.

142. Davison, D. W. 1925. Nesting of the Canada

goose in a tree. Can. Field-Nat. 39(91:197-198.

143. Dawe, N. K., and B. D. Davies. 1975. A nesting

study of Canada geese on the George C. Reifel
Migratory Bird Sanctuary, British Columbia,
Canada. Syesis 8:1-7. [ONS]

144. Dawson, W. L. 1897. Nesting of the larger white-

cheeked goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis)
in Okanogan Co., Wash. Auk 14(11:87-88.

A description of a nest found in May 1896 on
a shelf of rock overlooking a fast-flowing
stretch of the Columbia River in Washington.
Four goslings were present.

145. Day, A. M. 1946. Goose business. Outdoorsman

88(31:20-21, 57-58.

History of goose concentration at Horseshoe
Lake, Illinois, and the need for its manage-
ment.

146. DeAngelis, D. L. 1976. Application of stochastic

models to a wildlife population. Math Biosci.
31(3-41:227-236. [ONS]

147. Debbie, J. G. 1971. Hemagglutination-inhibition

antibody titers against Newcastle disease
virus in Canada geese. N.Y. Fish Game J.
18(11:64-65.

Sera from juvenile, yearling, and adult
Canada geese from two New York wildlife
management areas were tested for hemagglu-
tination-inhibition antibody titers against
Newcastle disease virus. Positive tests varied
with age class, area, and year. Test results are
presented in tabular form.

148. Delacour, J. 1951. Preliminary note on the taxon-

omy of Canada geese, Branta canadensis. Am.
Mus. Novitates 1537. 10 pp.

"Drawing heavily on the unpublished mate-
rials of the late James Moffitt, the author pro-
poses a taxonomic system for the white-
cheeked geese recognizing a single species with
12 subspecies, two of which are previously
undescribed." WR

149. Delacour, J., and E. Mayr. 1945. The family ana-

tidae. Wilson Bull. 57(l):3-55.

150. Dennis, R. H. 1964. Capture of moulting Canada

geese in the Beauly Firth. Annu. Rep. Wildfowl
Trust 15:71-74.

Thirty-nine of a flock of 153 flightless adult
Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were cap-
tured. Some of the captured birds had been
earlier banded, and the first evidence of "moult
migration" in Canada geese was thus obtained.
Weights and measurements are given. WR

151. Dery, A. 1938. Migration automnale de la grande

oie blanche. (Autumn movements of greater
snow geese from Cap Tourmente, Quebec to
New Inlet, North Carolina). Pages 120-133 in
the Annual Report of the Provancher Society
Natural History Canada. [ONS]

152. Desser, S. S., and A. K. Ryckman. 1976. The de-

velopment and pathogenesis of Leueocytozoon
simondi in Canada and domestic geese in
Algonquin Park, Ontario. Can. J. Zool.
54(51:634-643.

The development of Leueocytozoon simondi
was studied in naturally and experimentally in-
jected Branta canadensis maxima, Branta
canadensis interior, and Anser domesticus. The
number of mature round gametocytes in the

15

peripheral blood of the Canada geese increased
between days 9 and 15 post exposure (PE) and
decreased rapidly thereafter. Mean peak para-
sitemias recorded on day 13 PE were (per 1000
red blood cells (RBQ): 8 gametocytes in B. c.
maxima, 16 gametocytes in B. c. interior, and
17 gametocytes in A. domesticus. About 3
weeks PE, gametocytes disappeared from the
peripheral circulation and were not observed
again during the autumn, winter, and spring in
birds kept in the laboratory.

Hematocrit determinations in the Canada
geese revealed a low fluctuating anemia during
the primary infection which subsided by day 21
PE. A more severe anemia was recorded in A.
domesticus with a mean low packed RBC value
of 18% on day 11 PE. Immature and mature
hepatic schizonts were observed in the Canada
and domestic geese between 3 and 8 PE.
Neither megaloschizonts nor elongate gameto-
cytes were seen. Clinical signs, pathology, and
mortality commonly associated with L.
simondi infection in ducks were not observed.
Hypotheses are advanced to explain reports of
severe pathogenesis associated withL. simondi
infections in Canada geese in other localities. A

153. Devine, T„ and T. J. Peterle. 1968. Possible dif-

ferentiation of natal areas of North American
waterfowl by neutron activation analysis. J.
Wildl. Manage. 32<2>:274-279.

The possibility of using neutron activation
analysis to differentiate sources of North
American waterfowl was investigated by irra-
diating rectrices and wingbones of birds col-
lected in several localities, and comparing
characteristic gamma-ray spectra. Canada
goose (Branta canadensis) rectrices from
Oregon specimens could be distinguished from
those taken in Wisconsin and Colorado based
on higher levels of Mn.

154. Dey, N. H. 1960. Color marking and field observa-

tion of Canada geese to determine breeding
territorialism, family organization, and popu-
lation dynamics. Utah Wildlife Resources Div.
8pp.|ONS|

155. Dey, N. H. 1964. Canada goose production and

population stability, Ogden Bay waterfowl
area, Utah. M.S. Thesis. Utah State Univ.,
Logan. 38 pp. IONS]

156. Dill, H. H., and W. H. Thomsberry. 1950. A

cannon-projected net trap for capturing water-
fowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 14(2):132-137.

Description of the use and construction of a
projection-type net trap used to capture geese
at Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Mis-
souri. Success, limitations, and operating hints
are discussed.

157. Dill, H. H., and F. B. Lee, editors. 1970. Home

grown honkers. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 154 pp.

Technical information for establishing small
breeding flocks of giant Canada geese in home
areas is presented. Details for acquiring breed-
ing stock, pen facilities needed, food and water
requirements, management of breeding pairs,
incubation, and brooding and rearing of gos-
lings are provided. Special problems such as
disease are also considered. Work by federal,
state and private agencies in goose restoration
during the past 20 years is reported. WR

158. Dimmick, R. W. 1968. Canada geese of Jackson

Hole — their ecology and management. Wyo.
Game Fish Coram. Bull. 11. 86 pp.

Study conducted in 1961-64 to describe the
flock of Great Basin Canada geese (Branta
canadensis moffitti) in Jackson Hole with re-
spect to its seasonal distribution, local move-
ments, migration, natality, and mortality. A
complete description of the annual cycle of this
flock is included with population dynamics
data and recommendations for future manage-
ment.

159. Donahue, J. M., and L. D. Olson. 1969. Survey of

wild ducks and geese for Pasteurella spp. Bull.
Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 5(3):201-205.

Nasal pharyngeal swabs were taken from 400
waterfowl and 37 feral pigeons (Columba livia)
and cultured for the presence of Pasteurella
multocida, the causative agent of fowl cholera.
Blood samples were also taken from these birds
and tested for antibodies for P. multocida. Pas-
teurella multocida was not isolated from any of
the birds. However, two of the waterfowl had
antibodies for P. multocida. The nasal
pharynges of 50 Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis) were also cultured for Pasteurella anati-
pestifer, the causative agent of anatipestifer in-
fection. Pasteurella anatipestifer was isolated
from 4 of these geese. Experimental inocu-
lation of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)
demonstrated that they are susceptible to
anatipestifer infection. A

160. Donaldson, D. 1968. Honkers avoiding Arkansas,

but why? Ark. Game Fish 2(l):23-26. [ONS|

16

161. Donnelly, J. 1962. The Canada goose at Mc-

Clintic. W. Va. Conserv. 26(4):16-19.

A brief description of the growth and de-
velopment of a resident breeding flock of
Canada geese at the McClintic Wildlife Station
near Point Pleasent, W. Va. Includes a short
life history section.

162. Douville, C. H., and C. E. Friley, Jr. 1957.

Records of longevity in Canada geese. Auk
74(4):510.

Six records of longevity in Canada geese
(Branta canadensis) were secured from banded
birds killed during the 1951, 1954, and 1955
hunting seasons at Swan Creek Wildlife Ex-
periment Station in southwestern Michigan.
All six birds were banded at the Jack Miner
Bird Sanctuary, Kingsville, Ontario, Canada.
The birds were at least 12, 13, 15, 18, and 23
years old. Sex and weight data are included.

163. Dow, J. S. 1943. A study of nesting Canada geese

in Honey Lake Valley, California. Calif. Fish
Game29(l):3-18.

Case histories were obtained for a total of
418 Canada goose nests during 1939 and 1940
at Honey Lake, California. For both years,
nesting began around 1 March, reached a peak
by 15 April, and ended by 10 May. In 1939, 140
nests contained 713 eggs, an average clutch of
5.09; in 1940, 215 nests contained 1099 eggs,
an average of 5.10. In 1939, 52.5%, and in 1940,
60% of the nests were successful. In 1940,
hatching success of 697 eggs was 93%. Nest
site selection, cover preference, and nest losses
are discussed. Management recommendations
include predator control, particularly of
coyotes, regulation of water levels, and control
of fires.

164. Dresser, C. V. 1955. The goose hangs high. Am.

For. 61<12):28-29, 59-60.

What the states and federal government are
doing to establish new breeding colonies of
Canada geese in the U.S. and how they are
going about it. WR

165. Drewien, R. C. 1969. Cry of the wild gets a

helping hand. S. Dak. Conserv. Digest 36(1):16-
19.|ONS|

166. Drewien, R. C. 1969. Investigations into rearing

and restoration of breeding Canada geese
(Branta canadensis) in South Dakota 1967. S. D.
Dep. Game Fish Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-75-R-
10.10 pp.

Report of project activities directed toward
establishing a free-flying flock of breeding
geese in South Dakota. Outlines success of pre-
viously introduced geese and plans for further
releases.

167. Drewien, R. C, and R. R. Johnson. 1968. Coop-

erative study of the northeastern South
Dakota resident Canada goose population,
1964-1967. S. D. Dep. Game Fish Parks and
U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. 28 pp.

A 4-year study of the status of a resident
nesting population of reintroduced giant
Canada geese. Production, success, and mor-
tality were evaluated. Introduction of nesting
platforms and banding programs were carried
out. Management recommendations are in-
cluded.

168. Duffy, M. 1964. What has happened to the

Canada goose. La. Conserv. 16(1 & 2):2-4.

As a result of artificial feeding at refuges and
of increased availability of waste corn asso-
ciated with mechanical harvesting further
north, the number of Canada geese wintering in
La. has declined markedly in the past 15 years
to 6000-8000 birds. In an effort to build up a
resident population in La., 2000 birds were
trapped in Mo., wing-clipped, and released on a
fenced area in La. Some 350,000-400,000 blue
and snow geese annually winter in La. WR

169. DuMont, P., and M. H. Swenk. 1934. A sys-

tematic analysis of the measurements of 404
Nebraska specimens of geese of the Branta
canadensis group formerly contained in the
D. H. Talbot collection. Nebr. Bird. Rev. 2:103-
116.[ONSl

170. Durant, A.J. 1956. Impaction and pressure

necrosis in Canada geese due to eating dry
hulled soybeans. J. Wildl. Manage. 20(41:399-
404.

Impaction and pressure necrosis in Canada
geese due to eating dry hulled soybeans has
been observed for several years at Swan Lake,
Missouri. The occurrence of this malady begins
about October 15 and ends about November 15
each year. It is estimated that approximately
1% of 50,000 geese are affected annually, the
number of deaths depending on drought condi-
tions occurring during the critical period. The
symptoms and progression of the disease are
discussed. Illustrations are included. It is
recommended that on refuges where soybeans
are grown by sharecroppers, the fields should

17

be disked or plowed immediately after harvest
so that shattered soybeans will not remain
available to geese.

171. Dutcher, W. 1885. The Canada goose. Auk

2(1):111.

Brief presentation of information on age at
maturity, nesting behavior, and gosling de-
velopment supplied by a New York Canada
goose breeder.

172. Dzubin, A. 1965. Population dynamics and migra-

tion of Richardson's Canada goose. Can. Wildl.
Serv. Unpubl. Rep. 1188 |ONS]

173. East, B. 1950. The Canada goose can be brought

back. Outdoor Life 105(21:38-40, 96.

The story of the development, since 1934, of
the Seney National Wildlife Refuge in the
Upper Peninsula of Michigan; and how, from a
flock of 300 pinioned geese in 1936, the locally
raised population increased to 1,860 in the fall
of 1946. WR

174. East, B. 1954. The truth about Cairo. Outdoor

Life 113(3):33-35, 118-122. IONS]

175. East, G. 1968. A new home for honkers. Colo.

Outdoors 17(2): 16-19.

176. Elder, W. H. 1946. Age and sex criteria and

weights of Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage.
10(2):93-111.

The study was conducted at Horseshoe Lake,
Alexander County, Illinois, and at Bright Land
Farm, near Barrington, Illinois. The geese were
caught in baited traps, and measurements and
observations were made. Included are figures
on weight, plumage, and cloacal characteristics
that could be used for sex and age-class deter-
mination.

177. Elder, W. H. 1946. Implications of a goose

concentration. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf.
11:441-446.

Brief history of the development of the goose
concentration at Horseshoe Lake, Illinois, in
the early 1940's and the unprecedented goose
kill that followed.

178. Elder, W. H. 1946. What happened to the geese at

Horseshoe Lake? Missouri Conserv. 7(7):10-13.

Discussion of the effect of Horseshoe Lake
Refuge on the migratory geese of the Mis-
sissippi Flyway with respect to heavy hunting

kills, loss of inherent wariness, and food short-
age resulting from the concentration of geese.

179. Elder, W. H. 1947. Canada goose populations.

Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Conf., Paper 7. 5 pp.
(mimeo)

A discussion of band returns and subsequent
computed mortality for a nonmigratory popu-
lation breeding in the Bear River Marshes in
Utah and for 2,300 geese banded at Horseshoe
Lake, Illinois, from 1940-43.

180. Elder, W. H., and N. L. Elder. 1949. Role of the

family in the formation of goose flocks. Wilson
Bull. 61(3):133-140.

Evidence is presented that a small goose
flock is usually a family and that larger flocks
are frequently multiples of families rather than
mere aggregations of individuals. On this basis
it is thought that counts of several hundred
small flocks arriving in fall migration might be
a good index to the success of that year's
hatch. It is shown that Canada geese have a
relatively constant reproduction from year to
year while blue geese produce few or no young
in some years. It was thought probable that a
comparison of small flock sizes before and after
the hunting season might give a measure of
shooting pressure sustained by a particular
population. WR

181. Elgas, B. 1970. Breeding populations of Tule

white-fronted geese in northwestern Canada.
Wilson Bull. 82(4):420-426.

A 1 -week-old white-fronted gosling was col-
lected which was following an adult lesser
Canada goose and presumably had been
adopted.

182. Elgas, B., and others, n.d. Keeping and raising

wild geese in captivity. International Wild
Waterfowl Association, Salt Lake City, Utah.
69 pp. IONS]

183. Ellarson, R. S. 1969. Canada goose problems and

control on farms. University of Wisconsin
Extension Service, Madison. 6 pp.

An informational pamphlet for Wisconsin
farmers providing a description of Canada
geese in Wisconsin, potential damage problems
to crops, damage control, and payments if
damage occurs. Practices recommended to pre-
vent serious goose damage are (1) harvest corn
as soon as it is ripe and as quickly as possible;
(2) do not open fields prior to the main harvest,

18

if possible; (3) protect opened fields with a low
(18- to 24-inch) single-strand wire fence with
brightly colored flagging or other frightening
devices; (4) try to locate fields other than in the
open on high land; and (5) use scaring devices
such as automatic exploders and shell crackers.

184. Ellis, J. W., and J. R. Frye. 1965. Utilization of

sugar beets by Canada geese. J. Wildl.
Manage. 29<2):396-397.

In the fall of 1963, browsing Canada geese
(Branta canadensis) on the Shiawassee Refuge
in Michigan were observed for the first time
feeding almost exclusively on sugar beet roots
and crowns, apparently because the corn
harvest was delayed and local goose browse
had been made unpalatable by drought. A

185. Enyeart, G. 1963. Goose nesting project. N. D.

Outdoors 25(10):5-7.

Fifty-eight washtub nests were placed in
trees along the Garrison Reservoir in hopes of
increasing goose nesting sites.

186. Evermann, B. W. 1919. Large set of eggs of the

Canada goose. Condor 21(3):126.

187. Ewaschuk, E. 1970. The influence of territorial

behavior on nesting success in a population of
Canada geese. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Alberta, Ed-
monton. 60 pp. [ONS]

188. Ewaschuk, E., and D. A. Boag. 1972. Factors

affecting hatching success of densely nesting
Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 36(41:1097-
1106.

Factors affecting the hatching success of
densely nesting Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis) were studied from 1967 to 1969 on a 16-
acre island in Dowling Lake, Alberta. In the
last year, intensive observations of behavior
were included. Densities varied from 8.0 to 10.7
to 9.2 nests per acre in 1967, 1968, and 1969,
respectively. Nest success varied over the same
period from 60 to 27 to 69 percent. Desertion
was the major factor involved in loss of
clutches; predation may also have been im-
portant in 1968. Small territories, large
numbers of territorial and nonterritorial geese,
and high densities of nesting pairs resulted in
high and constant levels of agonistic behavior
throughout the nest season of 1969. Pairs that
were successful in hatching all or part of their
clutches always won more interactions than

they had lost with neighboring pairs and non-
territorial geese. For most unsuccessful pairs,
this situation was reversed. The presence of the
gander in the territory was the key factor in-
volved in the outcome of interactions. The ab-
sence of the gander led to the harassment of
the goose by neighboring ganders and even-
tually to desertion of the nest. Both size of
territory and frequency of interaction were in-
versely correlated with an index of vegetation
density, based on height and cover around the
nest site. A

189. Fabricius, E. 1970. Kanadensiska Nybyggare.

Zool. Revy. 32<l):19-25.

A survey of the Canada goose (Branta cana-
densis) in Sweden.

190. Fabricius, E., and T. Radesater. 1971. Aggressiva

element I kacklingsceremoning ontogeni hos
kandagasen preliminar rapport. (Agonistic ele-
ments in the ontogeny of the cackling cere-
mony in the Canada goose — a progress report).
Zool. Revy. 33(3-4): 60-69. [ONS]

191. Fabricius, E., A. Bylin, A. Ferno, and T. Rade-

sater. 1974. Intra- and interspecific territorial-
ism in mixed colonies of the Canada goose
(Branta canadensis) and the greylag goose
(Anser anser). Ornis. Scand. 5(l):25-35.

The nesting of the Canada Goose and the
Greylag Goose was studied in some archi-
pelagoes in the Straits of Kalmar. Compared
with the Greylag Goose, the Canada Goose
nests in more open terrain, claims a larger terri-
tory, and shows a more pronounced territorial-
ism. Most attacks were intraspecific, but the
Canada Geese often attacked Greylag Geese as
well, although they tolerated these at closer
distances than conspecifics. In some instances
Canada Geese seemed to prevent Greylag
Geese from nesting within their territories, but
on the whole it is possible for the Greylag
Goose to breed successfully with the larger and
stronger Canada Goose. Both species have
shown a numerical increase in the investigated
area. A

192. Fannin, J. 1894. The Canada goose and osprey

laying in the same nest. Auk 11(4):322.

An account of a Canada goose laying in an
active osprey nest in British Columbia. Of two
osprey eggs and three goose eggs present, all
but one goose egg were collected. The osprey
incubated the remaining goose egg until it, too,
was collected.

19

193. Farr, M. M. 1958. Three new species of coccidia

from the Canada goose, Branta canadensis. J.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 43<10>:336-340. [ONS]

194. Farr, M. M., and V. G. Blankenmeyer. 1956.

Trichobilharzia brantae n. sp. (Trematoda:
schistosomatidae) from the Canada goose
(Branta canadensis L.). J. Parasitol. 42(3):320-
325. [ONS]

195. Ferguson, W. 1969. Growth rates in certain

captive wild ducks. Game Bird Breeders Gaz.

18(2):12.[ONS]

196. Figgins, J. D. 1920. The status of the subspecific

races of Branta canadensis. Auk 37(1):94-102.

197. Figgins, J. D. 1922. Additional notes on the

status of the subspecific races of Branta cana-
densis. Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4(31:1-18.
[ONS]

198. Fjetland, C. A. 1973. Long-term retention of plas-

tic collars on Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage.
37(2): 176-178.

Analysis of retrapped Canada geese (Branta
canadensis maxima) at Seney National Wildlife
Refuge showed that only 30 percent of the
birds retained flexible plastic collars after
6 years. Retention was higher among females
than among males. Fading, brittleness, and
loss of the number-letter combination of the
collars are discussed. A

199. Flath, D. L. 1970. Reproductive success of

Canada geese in the Bitterroot Valley, Mon-
tana. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Montana, Missoula.
67pp.[ONS[

200. Flath, D. L. 1972. Canada goose-osprey inter-

actions. Auk 89(2):446-447.

201. Florschutz, O., Jr. 1961. Second year survey of

waterfowl populations, hunting pressure, and
kill at Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina,
1960-61. North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission. 39 pp.

Includes periodic waterfowl inventories;
determination of kill and hunting pressure,
Canada goose age composition, and factors
affecting kill and hunting pressure; and anal-
ysis of banding data.

202. Florschutz, 0., Jr. 1962. Third year survey of

waterfowl populations, hunting pressure, and
kill at Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina,

1961-62. North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission. 33 pp.

203. Florschutz, O., Jr. 1966. Toward better goose
hunting at Lake Mattamuskeet. Wildl. N. C.
30(21:16-19.

Factors such as age ratios in the goose flock,
weather, moon phases, human disturbance,
and regulations are discussed as related to
hunter success. Hunting pressure is then dis-
cussed, followed by a list of methods which
could be used to increase kill and hunter

204. Florschutz, O., Jr. 1968. Canada goose popu-

lations, hunting pressure, kill, crippling loss,
and age ratios at Mattamuskeet, North Caro-
lina. Pages 53-57 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoen-
feld, eds. Canada goose management. Dembar
Educational Research Services, Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

Wintering populations at Lake Matta-
muskeet have been declining since the early
1960's. Extensive data on hunter numbers,
success, and crippling losses are presented.
Average loss to hunting was 13.9% of the in-
season goose population. Juvenile to adult-
yearling age ratios determined from 14,000
sets of tail feathers averaged 50.7:48.1.

205. Folz, S. D., and A. C. Todd. 1967. Transfer of a

Plasmodium from Canada geese to domesti-
cated geese and turkeys. Am. Microscop. Soc.
85(21:279-283. [ONS1

206. Fowler, R. M. 1972. Investigation of Missouri

River Canada geese, 1970-71, South Dakota.
South Dakota Department of Game Fish
Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-75-R-13. 38 pp.

A study of the composition, by subspecies, of
the Canada geese using the Missouri River
during fall migration. Measurements of
culmen, tarsus, and weight were made on
hunter kills; the birds were then classified as
small or large Canada geese. Sex and age
ratios, and percentage of harvest for each of
the two groups are discussed.

207. Fowler, R. M. 1973. Investigation of Canada

geese, using Missouri River impoundments in
South Dakota— 1972-73. South Dakota Depart-
ment of Game Fish Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-75-
R-14. 21 pp.

208. Fowler, R. M. 1974. Investigation of Canada

geese, using Missouri River impoundments in

20

South Dakota— 1973-74. South Dakota Depart-
ment of Game Fish Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-75-
R-16. 15 pp. [ONS1

209. Fowler, R. M. 1975. Investigation of Canada

geese, using Missouri River impoundments in'
South Dakota— 1974-75. South Dakota Depart-
ment of Game Fish Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-75-
R-17. 12 pp. [ONS]

210. Fried, E., and S. Browne. 1971. Fate of duck eggs

laid in goose nests. N.Y. Fish Game J. 18(1):72.

Five of 94 Canada goose nests located on the
Wilson Hill Wildlife Management area con-
tained one or two mallard or black duck eggs.
One duckling apparently hatched and left the
goose nest while the goose continued to incu-
bate her nonviable eggs. A second egg was de-
stroyed by a predator after the goslings
hatched and left. The fate of the other three
was undetermined.

211. Friley, C. E., Jr. 1959. Controlled goose shooting

at Michigan's Swan Creek Highbanks. Trans.
N. Am. Wildl. Conf . 24:245-260.

Hunting at Michigan's publicly owned
"Highbanks" is on a daily permit basis. Geese
provide pass shooting as they fly from a refuge
marsh to a feeding area 8 miles away. From
1953 to 1957 nearly 53,000 daily permits were
issued. Hunters shot 6,618 of the large Canada
geese, 22 Hutchin's geese, 13 blue geese, and 1
snow goose; hunted more than 180,000 hours;
and fired nearly 450,000 shotgun shells.

212. Friley, C. E., Jr. 1960. The Canada geese of Michi-

gan's Swan Creek Highbanks, 1953-1957. J.
Wildl. Manage. 24(l):97-99.

Sex and age distributions, weights, and sea-
sonal weight variations are discussed for
Canada geese of the Mississippi Valley flock
utilizing the Swan Creek Highbanks in south-
western Michigan. The average weight of 6,550
geese checked was 7.97 pounds. Age-class
weights, variations from year to year, and sea-
sonal changes are included. The sex ratio in
5,540 geese was nearly even. Wide variation in
the age ratios occurred through the 5 years
around a mean of 87.6 immature birds per 100
adults. Extremes were 58.4 immatures per 100
adults in 1953 and 119.8 in 1957.

213. Friley, C. E., Jr. 1961. Food habits of the Canada

geese in the Swan Creek Marsh. Michigan
Department of Conservation. 9 pp. [ONS|

214. Fuller, R. W. 1964. Canada goose establishment

and management. Vermont Fish Game Depart-
ment. 7 pp. |ONSl

215. Funk, H. D. 1962. The baited cannon-net trap-

ping technique as an indicator of Canada goose
population characteristics. M.S. Thesis.
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. [ONS]

216. Funk. H. D., and J. R. Grieb. 1965. Baited can-

non-net sampling as an indicator of Canada
goose population characteristics. J. Wildl.
Manage. 29(2):253-260.

The reliability of sex and age ratios for
Canada geese (Branta canadensis) caught in
baited cannon-net traps and the percentage of
geese carrying embedded shot were investi-
gated on wintering areas in southeastern Colo-
rado during the winters of 1961-62 and
1962-63. A comparison of population char-
acteristics between geese captured in baited
and in unbaited traps indicated that age ratios
were similar between trapping methods and
periods in the Two Buttes area. Also, no dif-
ference was found between sex ratios obtained
during the study, regardless of trapping
method. Percentages of adult geese with shot
during 1962-63, increases in percentages of
young geese with shot throughout the 1962-63
hunting season, and posthunting season per-
centages of young geese with shot were similar
between baited and unbaited samples. We con-
cluded that, within the limits of this study, the
baited technique of gathering these data is a
reliable sampling procedure. A

217. Geis, M. B. 1955. Honkers' winter haunt. Mont.

Wildl. 5(11:8-10.

Short popular account of studies made on
Canada geese in Flathead Valley, Mont.,
1953-54. Courtship was underway in mid-
winter and egg-laying began in March. All gos-
lings were flying by July. About 200 pairs
nested in the Valley. Also present were
400-600 geese that were 1-2 years old, too
young to breed. There were 2-10 eggs per
clutch, usually 5-6. About 50-75% of pairs
hatched at least some young. The 200 breeding
pairs produced about 800 goslings in 1953 and
about 600 in 1954. Broods left nest sites within
two days; many broods traveled 8-12 miles to
brood rearing grounds. In 1953, about 625 gos-
lings reached shooting age, and in 1954, about
500. Hunters killed some 365 geese in the
Valley in 1953 and crippled about 120 more.

21

Band returns indicated that approximately 280
of these were locally reared, and that 20% of
the 1,400 geese present in July were shot. Pos-
sible management measures are outlined. WR

218. Geis, M. B. 1956. Productivity of Canada geese in

the Flathead Valley, Montana. J. Wildl.
Manage. 20(41:409-419.

A study of productivity of a local population
of Canada geese was conducted in 1953 and
1954 in the Flathead Valley of Montana. In
1953, there were 800 geese in the study area,
400 of which were breeding birds. In 1954,
there were 1,075 geese in the area, 432 of which
were breeding birds. In 1953, 225 nests were
located, 25 of which were believed to be re-
nests. In 1954, 254 nests were located and 38 of
these were designated renests. Data indicated
that 30-40% of unsuccessful pairs made re-
nesting attempts. Over 90% of all nests were
on islands; small islands supported a greater
nesting density per acre than did large islands.
In 1953, 73% of 199 known fate nests were suc-
cessful, and in 1954, 51% of 224 such nests
were successful. Taking renests into consid-
eration, it was estimated that 82% of breeding
pairs were successful in 1953, and 60% of
breeding pairs were successful in 1954. Further
discussion on causes of nest failure, hatching
rate, and observations of color-marked broods
is included.

219. Gibson, L. W., and I. O. Buss. 1972. Reactions of

Canada geese to reservoir impoundment on the
Snake River in Washington. Northwest Sci.
46(4):301-318. [ONS1

220. Glasrud, R. D. 1976. Canada geese killed during

lightning storm. Can. Field-Nat. 90(4):503.

A six-bird family group of Canada geese was
killed during a lightning storm in Saskatche-
wan. The birds fell from an altitude of
150-200 m. There was no external evidence of
damage.

221. Glazener, W. C. 1946. Food habits of wild geese

on the gulf coast of Texas. J. Wildl. Manage.
10(41:322-329.

Food habits of all species of geese wintering
in the coastal region of Texas are examined.
Canada geese are discussed individually with
respect to feeding habits and behavior. Food
materials from 117 geese were entirely plant
materials, including 31 species of flowering
plants and algae. More than 66% of the identi-
fied material was grass. Rice, corn, and grain

sorghums were the cultivated crops most com-
monly and extensively taken. Saltgrass, water-
cress, and panic grass were the native species
most extensively utilized.

222. Goethe, F. 1964. Uber die Deutsche Bucht heim-

ziehende Kanadaganse {Branta canadensis).
(Canada geese {Branta canadensis) flying home
over the German Bay area.) Vogelwarte
22(3/41:275-276. [ONS1

223. Gore, J. F. 1967. Canada goose production and

history of the Comer estate in middle Ten-
nessee. Tennessee Game Fish Commission.
9 pp. [ONS]

224. Gore, J. F. 1973. Forcing Canada geese into ele-

vated nesting structures. Proc. Annu. Conf.
Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 27:324-
328.

Canada goose nests were manually trans-
ferred from normal ground position into a
metal tub. Nesting success for transferred
geese was 68.5 percent. Three years average
hatchability of disturbed eggs was 62.0 percent
while that of undisturbed eggs was 67.5 per-
cent. A

225. Gore, J. F., and C. J. Barstow. 1969. Status of a

free flying, resident flock of Canada geese
(Branta canadensis) in Tennessee. Proc. Annu.
Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm.
23:101-104.

226. Gould, L. L., and F. Heppner. 1974. The vee

formation of Canada geese. Auk 91(31:494-506.

The angle between the legs of the vee for-
mation of Canada geese and measurements of
the distances between birds in formation aid in
the resolution of the question of aerodynamic
advantage in vee formation flights.

227. Graham, R., and F. Thorp, Jr. 1931. A laryngo-

tracheitis syndrome in wild goose associated
with pneumomycosis. Am. Vet. Assoc. J.
79(11:90-94. IONS]

228. Gram, A. 1964. The fight to restore a species.

S. D. Conserv. Dig. 31(61:22-24.

Description of the first phases of the giant
Canada goose restoration project at Sand Lake
National Wildlife Refuge.

229. Grau, C. R., T. Roudybush, J. Dobbs, and J.

Wathen. 1977. Altered yolk structure and
reduced hatchability of eggs from birds fed

22

single doses of petroleum oils. Science
195(42801:779-781.

Canada geese given 2 g of bunker C oil pro-
duced eggs with abnormal yolk rings.

230. Green, W. E., H. K. Nelson, and C. W. Lemke.

1963. Methods for determining cumulative
goose kill on special areas. U.S. Fish Wildl.
Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.-Wildl. 72. 43 pp.

A brief history is given of the growth of the
Mississippi Valley population of Canada geese.
Intensive kill surveys were conducted on
managed hunting areas and near areas of goose
concentrations, and suggestions were offered
for application of survey methods to other
areas. Close correlations between results ob-
tained in the Area Ground Survey and in the
Mailed Questionnaire were found for 1960 and
1961 data. WR

231. Greenwood, R. J., and W. C. Bair. 1974. Ice on

waterfowl markers. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 2(3):130-
134.

Wild and captive giant Canada geese (Branta
canadensis maxima) and captive mallards
(Anas platyrhynchos) accumulated ice on neck
collars and/or nasal saddles during winter
storm periods in 1971 and 1972. Weather
conditions associated with icing were docu-
mented, and characteristics of icing are dis-
cussed. Severe marker icing occurred during
subfreezing weather when the windchiU reached
approximately -37 °C. Birds appeared able to
de-ice nasal saddles in most instances. A

232. Grice, G. D., Jr., E. L. Tyson, and E. B. Cham-

berlain, Jr. 1956. An unexplained mortality of
Canada geese in north Florida. J. Wildl.
Manage. 20(31:330-331.

In February 1954 112 dead geese, 10 geese
active but not capable of flight, and 25 geese
able to fly for short distances, were discovered
in the vicinity of a 5-acre pond 12 miles north of
Tallahassee. No causes of the mortality were
evident; however, there was a heavy bloom of a
dinoflagellate (Peridinium volzi) in the pond.
Experimental exposure of chicks and guinea
pigs to the dinoflagellate caused no ill effects.
Two birds were sent to the Patuxent Research
Center for examination, and fowl cholera was
suggested. No unusual death of chickens or
farm fowl had occurred in the area, however.

233. Grieb, J. R. 1958. The Arkansas Valley geese.

Colo. Outdoors 7(61:10-14. [ONS|

234. Grieb, J. R. 1968. Canada goose populations of

the Central Flyway — their status and future.
Pages 31-41 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld,
eds. Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services, Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

Central Flyway Canada geese are subdivided
into small white-cheeked and large Canada
geese. The subspecies involved in this sub-
division and their association by population
are discussed for the Tallgrass Prairie, Short-
grass Prairie, Western Prairie, and Highline
Canada goose populations.

235. Grieb, J. R. 1970. The Shortgrass Prairie Canada

goose population. Wildl. Monogr. 22. 49 pp.

An extensive monograph on the Shortgrass
Prairie Canada goose population of the Central
Flyway. Included are discussions of taxonomy,
range, characteristics of harvest and hunting,
population status, mortality, and a population
model.

236. Grieb, J. R., and G. I. Crawford. 1967. Nesting

structures for Canada geese. Colo. Game Fish
Parks Dep., Game Inf. Leafl. 48. 4 pp. |ONS]

237. Grieb, J. R., and M. G. Sheldon. 1958. Investi-

gation of the Arkansas Valley wintering goose
flock. Pages 1-36 in Colorado Game Fish Parks
Dep., Federal Aid Quarterly Report. [ONS]

238. Grieb, J. R., M. G. Sheldon, and D. J. Neff. 1961.

Investigations of the Yampa Valley and
Brown's Park nesting goose flock. Pages 7-23
in Colorado Game Fish Parks Dep. PR Rep.
W-88-R-5. (ONS]

239. Grieb, J. R., M. G. Sheldon, and D. J. Neff. 1961.

The nesting Canada geese of Moffat County,
Colorado. Proc. Annu. Conf. West. Assoc.
State Game Fish Comm. 41:136.

A detailed study conducted during 1956-59
of "the last segment of a once widespread
breeding goose population" in Colorado. Birds
nesting in this area have a high production
potential except in years of early flood crest of
the Yampa River. Clutch and brood sizes are
large compared to studies in other areas. There
is a lack of conflict between this flock and agri-
cultural and ranching activities. A manage-
ment program which includes an annual
census, a seasonal bag limit instead of daily
bag and possession limit, and the construction
of nesting structures on islands to combat the
threat of floodwaters is recommended.

23

240. Grimm, W. C, and R. M. Sickles. 1948. The geese

of Pymatuning. Pa. Game News 18(12):3, 22, 31.

A flock of Canada geese was established at
the Pymatuning Reservoir in Pennsylvania
with the release of 30 pinioned geese in August
of 1936 and 30 more in October of 1938. Nests
were first located in the spring of 1937. Win-
tering behavior and a migration pattern
became established and the flock increased
steadily to 750 birds by 1947-48.

241. Gulden, N. A., and L. L. Johnson. 1968. History,

behavior and management of a flock of giant
Canada geese in southeastern Minnesota.
Pages 59-71 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld,
eds. Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services, Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

The flock of giant Canada geese wintering at
Rochester, Minnesota, has been studied since
1962. The flock has increased from 250 in 1951
to 8,650 in 1966-67. Trap samples and family
group counts indicate that production of young
to post-hunting season age was usually be-
tween 2.0 and 2.5 per year. Band recovery anal-
ysis and fluoroscopy results are included.
Concern about disease in the Rochester mu-
nicipal area has been unwarranted.

242. Hall, L. 1966. Down at Possum Trot call of wild

geese is summer's requiem. Def. Wildl. News
41(4):317. [ONS]

243. Hall, L. C, and F. B. McGilvrey. 1971. Nesting

by a yearling Canada goose. J. Wildl. Manage.
35(41:835-836.

A free-flying Canada goose {Branta cana-
densis interior), known to be just under a year
old, laid a clutch of four eggs at the Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center. At least half of the 2-
year-old females nest at Patuxent, and almost
all of the 3-year-olds nest. As far as we know,
this is the first record of nesting by a yearling
Canada goose. A

244. Hamilton, W. J. Ill, and M. C. Hammond. 1960.

Oriented overland spring migration of pinioned
Canada geese. Wilson Bull. 72(4):385-391.

Adult pinioned Canada geese escaped or were
released at several National Wildlife Refuges in
Minnesota, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, well
south of the natural breeding range of this
population. Subsequent sightings and recov-
eries indicate an accurate northward move-
ment of these earth-bound birds during and

after the period of normal goose migration.
Overland movements up to 24.8 air miles were
recorded. The rate of progress was more or less
uniform throughout the season, ranging from
.31 to .74 miles per day. The cues guiding the
birds northward are not known, but some
possibilities are discussed. WR

245. Hammond, M. C, and G. E. Mann. 1956. Water-

fowl nesting islands. J. Wildl. Manage.
20(4):345-352.

A discussion of the construction of nesting
islands at Lower Souris National Wildlife
Refuge, North Dakota, and their subsequent
use by ducks and Canada geese. Costs and con-
struction techniques are included.

246. Hankla, D. J. 1968. Summary of Canada goose

transplant program on nine National Wildlife
Refuges in the Southeast, 1953-1965. Pages
105-111 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld, eds.
Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services, Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

From 1953-65, 20,734 geese were live-
trapped and transferred to nine National Wild-
life Refuges in the Southeast. Most were re-
leased with the primary feathers pulled in one
or both wings. With regard to the goal of re-
storing and enlarging wintering concentra-
tions, the project was unsuccessful.

247. Hankla, D. J., and R. R. Rudolph. 1967. Changes

in the migration and wintering habits of
Canada geese in the lower portion of the At-
lantic and Mississippi Flyways — with special
reference to National Wildlife Refuges. Proc.
Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish
Comm. 21:133-144.

Discussion of wintering population decreases
in Florida, North Carolina, Mississippi, Loui-
siana, and Arkansas. Increases occurred in
South Carolina, Maryland, Alabama, Ten-
nessee, and Kentucky. Georgia and Virginia
registered no appreciable change. Suggested
causes for these changes are as follows: (1) a
change in goose food habits, (2) waterfowl
management areas, (3) hunting pressure, and
(4) disturbance.

248. Hansen, H. A. 1961. Loss of waterfowl produc-

tion to tide floods. J. Wildl. Manage. 25(3):242-

248.

Tidal activity and its relation to waterfowl
production were studied on the Yukon- Kusko-
kwim Delta in 1951. Hatching success of 1,017

24

eggs produced in 194 successful Canada goose
nests was 83.5%. The greatest loss from flood-
ing was due to a lowered viability of the eggs
rather than to total destruction of nests.

249. Hansen, H. A. 1962. Canada geese of coastal

Alaska. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 27:301-320.

The migration, mortality, and management
implications for two coastal races of Canada
geese nesting in Alaska are described. Basic to
the study are 1,129 recoveries from 3,943
Branta canadensis occidentalis banded on the
Copper River Delta between 1951 and 1960 and
164 recoveries from 3,593 B. c. fulva banded in
and near Glacier Bay between 1956 and 1960.
B. c. fulva, a sedentary race wintering near its
breeding area in southeastern Alaska, is very
lightly hunted and requires no special atten-
tion at this time. B. c. occidentalis winters in
the Willamette Valley of Oreg. and is heavily
harvested, particularly late in the season. The
primary management measure recommended is
to terminate hunting Canada geese in five
counties of the Willamette Valley soon after
Christmas of every year. In conjunction with
an early hunting closure, establishment of well-
dispersed food patches might also be worth
considering as a management practice. WR

250. Hansen, H. A. 1968. Pacific Flyway Canada

goose management — federal and state coop-
eration. Pages 43-49 in R. L. Hine and C.
Schoenfeld, eds. Canada goose management.
Dembar Educational Research Services,
Madison, Wis. 195 pp.

251. Hansen, H. A., C. W. McNeil, and M. D. Priebe.

1957. Mortality of Canada geese with impacted
gullets in eastern Washington, 1949-1954. J.
Wildl. Manage. 21(11:96-98.

From 1949 through 1954, 134 Canada geese
were found dead on and near the Turnbull Na-
tional Wildlife Refuge, all of which were se-
verely emaciated and had impacted gullets.
Lead poisoning was in evidence but not proved
to be lethal. Gizzard worms, Amidostomum an-
seris, were present in above-average numbers
compared to normal birds examined and prob-
ably were contributory to the death of the
geese. Preliminary tests indicated that normal
Canada geese had an average of 8.3 milligram
per cent uric acid in the blood. [General para-
sitology of the examined birds is also dis-
cussed.] A

252. Hansen, H. A., and H. K. Nelson. 1964. Honkers

large and small. Pages 109-124 in J. P. Lin-
duska, ed. Waterfowl tomorrow. U.S. Depart-
ment of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 770 pp.

253. Hansen, H. A., and W. H. Oliver. 1951. The

status of resident Canada geese in south-
central Washington, spring, 1950. Murrelet
32(l):2-7.

Covers a survey of the Columbia River along
a 150-mile stretch with respect to the nesting
population of Canada geese (Branta canadensis
moffitti). Number of nests, nesting cover, nest
density, and numbers of breeding and non-
breeding geese are discussed.

254. Hanson, H. C. 1949. Methods of determining age

in Canada geese and other waterfowl. J. Wildl.
Manage. 13(21:177-183.

Based on data obtained from 3,994 geese
handled at Horseshoe Lake, Illinois, criteria
are presented for aging Canada geese by exam-
ination or measurement of tail feathers, bursa
of Fabricius, naked area covering the anal
sphincter muscle, penis, and oviduct. A table of
these criteria is included.

255. Hanson, H. C. 1949. Notes on white spotting and

other plumage variations in geese. Auk
66(21:164-171.

Census and trapping operations of the flock
of Canada geese wintering at the Horseshoe
Lake Game Preserve in Illinois afforded the
author an opportunity to observe atypical plu-
mage patterns. White spotting on various body
parts, melanism, and somatic mutations are
discussed. White spotting was the most com-
mon aberrant plumage observed, usually oc-
curring as a white forehead patch, white neck
ring, flecking on the neck stocking, or a piebald
appearance. Photographic examples are in-
cluded.

256. Hanson, H. C. 1949. Trapping and handling

Canada geese. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes
20. 8 pp.

Presents a summary of trapping and han-
dling techniques as carried out at Horseshoe
Lake, Illinois. Included are photographs and
diagrams of three trap designs— two types of
drop-curtain traps, and one operating with
swinging doors. Design and use of holding
boxes are also described. Additional hints
involve a banding table, use of camouflage,
baiting techniques, and use of a cord curtain
for funneling geese from trap to holding box.

25

257. Hanson, H. C. 1951. A morphometrical study of

the Canada goose, Branta canadensis interior
Todd. Auk 68<2):164-173.

Description of the measurements of tail
length, wing length, and length of exposed
culmen as criteria for distinguishing the sub-
species of the Canada goose. Measurement dif-
ferences associated with age and sex are dis-
cussed. Tables of measurements are included.

258. Hanson, H. C. 1953. Inter-family dominance in

Canada geese. Auk 70(1):11-16.

It was observed that a peck-order system
exists among the Canada Goose families win-
tering at Horseshoe Lake, Illinois. The limited
number of observations available have further
indicated that the main factor influencing
dominance among Canada Goose families con-
taining different numbers of individuals is
simple superiority of numbers. A

259. Hanson, H. C. 1956. A three year survey of Or-

nithofilaria sp. Microfilariae in Canada geese.
J. Parasitol. 42(5):543.

Three hundred sixty-nine immature geese
from Horseshoe Lake, 111., had infection rates
of between 19-29% in different years. Time of
infection and effect on health should be
studied. WR

260. Hanson, H. C. 1957. Our wild geese— an inter-

national heritage. 111. Wildl. 12(4):2.

From his own experiences in the North,
Hanson tells what the goose resource means to
the Cree Indians, what the muskeg breeding
areas of Canada geese are like around Hudson
Bay and James Bay, how the adult and young
Canadas live and behave, and how different
local populations of these birds consistently
use particular flyways and winter in traditional
areas. Most Canada geese winter on refuges
where they can be managed and kills can be ob-
served and regulated. Sport shooting is the
critical factor, not killing for food by Indians.
The population is high and headed upward and
the breeding grounds seem safe. WR

261. Hanson, H. C. 1958. Studies of the physiology of

wintering and of molting Canada geese {Branta
canadensis interior). Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Illi-
nois, Urbana. 125 pp.

Growth and condition of geese wintering on
111. refuges were determined by periodic samp-
ling of weights of body, pectoral muscles, and
various organs as well as by studies of blood

constituents, histology of femur, and growth of
primary feathers. Comparisons were made also
between molting and non-molting geese. Year-
ling geese weighed about 1 lb. more than imma-
tures and adults about Va lb. more than year-
lings. Weights were affected by amount of food
available. "... in the fasting goose, muscle
tissue must be degraded to provide oxalace-
tate, the catalyst required for the utilization of
depot fats. Adequate protein stores, i.e. muscle
tissue, appear, therefore, to be nearly as im-
portant as fat stores for survival in time of
inadequate food intake. While molt represents
a heavy stress, its chief physiological char-
acteristic is a deficit nitrogen balance." WR

262. Hanson, H. C. 1959. The incubation patch of wild

geese: its recognition and significance. Arctic
12(3):138-150. [ONS]

263. Hanson, H. C. 1962. The dynamics of condition

factors in Canada geese and their relation to
seasonal stresses. Arct. Inst. N. Am. Tech.
Pap. 12. 68 pp.

Body weights of adult Canada geese at or
near the end of spring migration exceed that
attained at any other period of the year, with
the possible exception of the fall migration
period. Minimum adult weights are attained in
the non-flying stage of the molt. Yearling and
incubating females lose weight soon after arri-
val on the breeding grounds. Gain and loss of
fat is the chief cause of weight variation, but a
goose in good condition has both fat and pro-
tein reserves. Maximum reserves of both fat
and protein are carried during migration, and
minimum reserves of both are carried during
the molting period. The leg and breast muscles
vary greatly in size in relation to activity
periods, with changes being reciprocal. During
the flightless period of the molt, leg muscles in-
crease in size and breast muscles decrease;
during the migration period breast muscles in-
crease in size and leg muscles decrease. The
study revealed that 9 9 are stressed more
than cp a , and it is postulated that the com-
bined effects of the molt and the reproductive
process may be the primary reason for fewer
females than males in autumn waterfowl popu-
lations. It was found that body weights of win-
tering geese are directly affected by manage-
ment practices on refuges, food supplies, and
the relative size of the wintering goose popu-
lation. The use of pelleted domestic hays
combined with corn and other cereals is sug-
gested as a means of increasing output of food

26

on refuges. Planting of sunflowers for geese is
also recommended as a means for supplying
sulfur amino acids needed for replacement of
feathers lost after arrival on the wintering
ground.— From summ. WR

264. Hanson, H. C. 1965. The giant Canada goose.

Southern Illinois University Press, Carbon-
dale. 226 pp.

Rediscovery of Branta canadensis maxima
in 1962 serves as a basis for a review of all
information on the subspecies. Topics of dis-
cussion: History of the discovery; Physical
characteristics; Breeding range; Migration;
Wintering grounds; Nesting; Growth, develop-
ment, and flightless periods; Characters of age,
sex, and sexual maturity; Foods and feeding
habits; Endoparasites; Physiology; Behavior;
Productivity and regulation of populations;
and Management. WR

265. Hanson, H. C. 1967. Characters of age, sex, and

sexual maturity in Canada geese. 111. Nat. Hist.
Surv. Biol. Notes 49. 15 pp.

The following criteria are discussed as a
means of establishing sex or age class in
Canada geese; plumage characters— tail feath-
ers, primaries, breast, and belly feathers; wing
span; cloacal characters— sphincter muscle,
bursa of Fabricius, oviduct, and penis; and de-
velopmental series. Photographs accompany
each description.

266. Hanson, H. C, and C. Curie. 1957. The kill of wild

geese by the natives of Hudson-James Bay
region. Arctic 10(4):21 1-229.

Recent increases in the numbers of Canada
geese in the Mississippi Flyway have been of
some benefit to the Indians of northern On-
tario, but the importance of the Indian kill of
these geese relative to their numbers decreased
between 1946-47 and 1954-56. The Indian kill,
not considered a major mortality factor in con-
trolling population levels in the 1940's, is now
of even less consequence to over-all population
trends of these Canada geese. A

267. Hanson, H. C, and R. E. Griffith. 1952. Notes on

the South Atlantic Canada goose population.
Bird-Banding 23(l):l-22.

Discusses the breeding grounds, migration
routes, wintering range, and annual harvest of
the South Atlantic Population of Canada geese
of the Atlantic Flyway. Data from the banding
and recovery records of the Jack Miner Migra-

tory Bird Sanctuary near Kingsville, Ontario,
were utilized with questionnaires sent to fur
trade posts by the author, and files of the
Branch of Refuges, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.

268. Hanson, H. C, and R. L. Jones. 1976. The biogeo-

chemistry of blue, snow, and Ross' geese. 111.
Nat. Hist. Surv. Spec. Publ. 1. 281 pp.

Appendix 1 deals with the feather mineral-
ogy of the Canada geese of the Belcher Islands.

269. Hanson, H. C, N. D. Levine, and V. Ivens. 1957.

Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeridae) of North Amer-
ican wild geese and swans. Can. J. Zool.
35(6):715-733.

270. Hanson, H. C, N. D. Levine, and S. Kantor. 1956.

Filariae in a wintering flock of Canada geese. J.
Wildl. Manage. 20(l):89-92.

During the winter of 1953-54, Canada geese
(Branta canadensis interior) were examined at
Horseshoe Lake Refuge, Illinois. Microfilariae
of Ornithofilaria sp. were found in the blood of
28.8% of 153 juvenile Canada geese, 21.4% of
42 yearlings, and 11.7% of 111 adults. Microfil-
ariae of Sarconema eurycerca were found in
none of the juveniles, 9.5% of the yearlings,
and 4.5% of the adults. A description of the fil-
ariae is included.

271. Hanson, H. C, and R. H. Smith. 1947. Prelimi-

nary report on the Canada geese of the Missis-
sippi Flyway. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes
18. 17 pp.

Since 1932 many of the geese that formerly
wintered from southern Illinois to Louisiana
have concentrated in the vicinity of Horseshoe
Lake in southern Illinois. In recent years, the
number wintering there has dropped and the
kill has been heavy. This led to closing all the
states in the Mississippi flyway to goose hunt-
ing in 1946. Since 1939, neither refuges nor
hunting regulations have been very effective in
maintaining this population. Lack of food at
Horseshoe Lake and a decrease in the wariness
of the birds makes it imperative that they be
scattered to islands and bars of the Mississippi
River, and that contact with humans be
reduced. WR

272. Hanson, H. C, and R. H. Smith. 1950. Canada

geese of the Mississippi Flyway, with special
reference to an Illinois flock. Bull. 111. Nat.
Hist. Surv. 25 (3):59-210.

27

This detailed and illuminating report is illus-
trated with many good maps and photos of the
country from southern Hudson Bay to the Gulf
of Mexico. It contains a wealth of information
on the breeding range, migration, goose behav-
ior, goose hunting in Illinois, other mortality
factors, productivity, and survival. The main
breeding range lies west of James Bay. The
wintering flock at Horseshoe Lake near Cairo,
Illinois comprises about 50% of the Mississippi
Valley population. Hunting at Horseshoe Lake
was for several years greatly in excess of what
the flock could stand. "Increased protec-
tion . . . plus certain other management prac-
tices resulted in an appreciable gain in the
population by the fall and winter of 1948-49."
WR

273. Hanson, R. 1967. Canada goose management.

Naturalist 18(2):8-11. [ONS]

274. Hanson, W. C, and R. L. Browning. 1959.

Nesting studies of Canada geese on the
Hanford Reservation, 1953-56. J. Wildl.
Manage. 23(2):129-137.

Complete histories were made on 1,032 nests
during 1953-56 in southeastern Washington.
Nesting density on the islands varied from
0.003 to 4.0 nests per acre. Seventy-one percent
of the nests hatched, 13% were destroyed by
predators, 11% were deserted, and 3% were
flooded. Hatchability of eggs in successful
nests averaged 92%; 6% contained dead em-
bryos, and 2% of the eggs in successful nests
were infertile. Average clutch sizes were 5.3 in
1953 and 1955, and 5.5 in 1954 and 1956. Peaks
of hatching occurred from the third week of
April to the first week of May, and varied with
the average daily temperature during the
4 years. Total length of the nesting season was
12 weeks in 1953, 11 weeks in 1954 and 1955,
and 10 weeks in 1956. The breeding population
of approximately 300 territorial pairs produced
an estimated 810-980 young per season.

275. Hanson, W. C, and L. L. Eberhardt. 1971. A

Columbia River Canada goose population,
1950-1970. Wildl. Monogr. 28. 61 pp.

A population study of the western Canada
goose, Branta canadensis moffitti, conducted
since 1950 on the Hanford Atomic Energy
Commission Reservation in southeastern
Washington. Intensive nesting studies were
conducted during 1953-70. The nesting popu-
lation increased from about 200 pairs in 1950
to a maximum of 300 pairs during 1953-56,

and then declined to about 200 pairs in
1964-70. Nonbreeders numbered 50-150 each
year. Chronology of nesting, productivity,
banding results, survival, mortality, and
management considerations are also discussed.
A model of island goose populations is in-
cluded.

276. Harrison, G. H. 1965. Geese harvested at Pyma-

tuning Management Area. Pa. Game News
36(2):40.

The Pymatuning Management Area in Craw-
ford County, Pennsylvania, produced a harvest
of 2,069 Canada geese with 700 more taken in
the surrounding area during the 1964 season.
The age ratio in the kill was 1 adult to 1.26
immature birds, and the sex ratio was 1 male to
1.32 females.

277. Harrison, G. H. 1965. Management pays off. Pa.

Game News 36(2): 1.

An editorial praising the success of manage-
ment practices at the Pymatuning Waterfowl
Area. Controlled shooting from State blinds,
limited numbers of hunters per blind, use of sil-
houette decoys, pursuit of cripples, and lim-
ited shooting hours are credited with in-
creasing the quality and quantity of Canada
goose hunting at Pymatuning.

278. Helm, L. G. 1951. Effects of Canada geese on

crops and soils in central Missouri. M.A.
Thesis. Univ. Missouri, Columbia. [ONS]

279. Helm, L. G. 1955. Plastic collars for marking

geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 19(2):316-317.

A plastic neck collar made from upholsterer's
fabric (Koroseal) is described. In use at Swan
Lake, Missouri, the collar tended to become
brittle and fall off after 4-6 months of ex-
posure. Modifications and applications are dis-
cussed.

280. Henderson, B. M., and R. W. Winterfield. 1975.

Case report — acute copper toxicosis in the
Canada goose. Avian Dis. 19(2):385-387.

Acute copper toxicosis resulted in Canada
geese (Branta canadensis) following ingestion
of copper sulfate at about 600 mg/kg from a
small man-made pond on a game farm. The
lesions were those associated with copper toxi-
cosis in other avian species. The primary
pathologic change was necrosis and sloughing
of the proventriculus and gizzard. A greenish
discoloration of the lungs also occurred. A

28

281. Henny, C. J. 1967. Estimating band-reporting

rates from banding and crippling loss data. J.
Wildl. Manage. 31(3):533-538.

A new method for estimating band-reporting
rates (proportion of bands recovered by hunt-
ers that are reported to the Bird Banding
Laboratory) is described. This method is de-
pendent upon components obtained from band-
ing data (direct recovery rate, annual mortality
rate, and annual natural mortality rate) and
crippling loss information. These data are to a
large degree already available for waterfowl.
The results obtained in my example, involving
data from the dusky Canada goose (Branta
canadensis occidentalis), are in close agree-
ment with band-reporting rates determined for
other subspecies of geese in 1966 by Martinson
and McCann who used a mail questionnaire
survey. The band-reporting rate for the sub-
species studied has declined significantly from
49.1 percent for the period 1953-60, to 33.2
percent in 1962 and 1963. A

282. Herman, C. M. 1951. Blood parasites from Cali-

fornia ducks and geese. J. Parasitol. 37(3):280-
282.

Four Canada geese {Branta canadensis cana-
densis) and four cackling Canada geese {B. c.
minima) were found to be negative in a blood
parasite investigation.

283. Herman, C. M. 1966. Some disease problems in

Canada geese. Second Annual Canada Goose
Ecology Seminar, Seney, Mich. 3 pp. (mimeo)

Leucocytozoon is discussed with respect to
its transmission by black flies (Simulium sp.)
and its 4-year cycle of losses. Also covered are
the roundworm of the proventriculus (Tetra-
meres), trypanosomes, and the true malaria,
Plasmodium. Directions for future research
and management in the field of disease control
are presented.

284. Herman, C. M., J. H. Barrow, Jr., and I. B.

Tarshis. 1975. Leucocytozoonosis in Canada
geese at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge. J.
Wildl. Dis. 11(3):404-411.

285. Herman, C. M., J. O. Knisley, Jr., and E. L.

Snyder. 1966. Subinoculation as a technique in
the diagnosis of Avian Plasmodium. Avian
Dis. 10<4):54!-547.

In two successive years, 1964 and 1965,
blood subinoculated from wild Canada geese,
negative for Plasmodium by examination of

peripheral blood smears, into 5-day-old do-
mestic geese produced 60% infection in the
recipients. Prepatent and patent periods, as
well as intensity of parasitemia showed much
variation. Intramuscular inoculation produced
the same prevalence as the intravenous route,
but longer prepatent periods and less intensity
of parasitemia. WR

286. Herman, C. M., J. H. Stennis, and E. E. Wehr.

1955. Causes of winter losses among Canada
geese. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 20:161-165.

Unexplained mortalities of Canada geese
wintering on the South Atlantic coast, espe-
cially on Pea Island, North Carolina, were in-
vestigated. Gizzard worms and nutritional
factors were concluded to be important factors
in the die-offs, but no final conclusion was
reached.

287. Herman, C. M., and E. E. Wehr. 1954. The occur-

rence of gizzard worms in Canada geese. J.
Wildl. Manage. 18(4):509-513.

Amidostomum anseris, a roundworm which
occurs under the horny lining of the gizzard in
birds, is a widely distributed parasite in
Canada geese. It is also reported from snow
geese (Chen hyperborea). Although the extent
of erosion of the gizzard wall by these worms is
not precisely correlated with the number of
worms present, it is usually severe in Canada
geese when 150 or more worms are present.

Gizzard worm infection is considered a con-
tributing factor to low weights, poor condition
and to losses among the Canada geese which
winter at the Pea Island National Wildlife
Refuge in North Carolina. The mean number of
gizzard worms per bird is considerably higher
for Pea Island than for areas where winter
losses have not been reported. A

288. Hess, Q. 1943. Canada geese summering in North-

ern Ontario. Can. Field-Nat. 57(2-3):46.

Geese were located and apparently were
nesting in an area of muskeg near the Matta-
gami River in northern Ontario.

289. Heyland, J. D. 1970. Aircraft supported Canada

goose banding operations in arctic Quebec.
Trans. Northwest Fish Wildl. Conf. 27:187-198.
[ONS]

290. Higgins, K. F. 1968. Evaluation of techniques for

estimating fall age ratios of Canada and snow
geese. M.S. Thesis. South Dakota State Univ.,
Brookings. 70 pp. [ONS]

29

291. Higgins, K. F. 1969. Bursal depths of lesser snow
and small Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage.
33(4):1006-1008.

Bursa of Fabricius depths of 88 lesser snow
geese (Anser c. caerulescens) and 69 small
Canada geese (Branta canadensis hutch-
insii/parvipes complex) were measured. Bursal
depths were unreliable indicators of age-classes
of lesser snow geese and small Canada geese;
previously, the same had been found to be true
for large Canada geese (B. c. interior). Regres-
sion in size or closure of the bursa first oc-
curred at 17-20 months of age (yearlings) in
lesser snow geese and small Canada geese; but
at 29-32 months of age (2-year-olds) in large
Canada geese. A

292. Higgins, K. F., R. L. Linder, and P. F. Springer.
1969. A comparison of methods used to obtain
age ratios of snow and Canada geese. J. Wildl.
Manage. 33(4):949-956.

The validity of group counts, cannon-net
catches, and hunter-bag checks for estimating
productivity of lesser snow geese (Anser caeru-
lescens caerulescens) and small Canada geese
(Branta canadensis hutchinsii-parvipes
complex) was studied at Sand Lake National
Wildlife Refuge during the falls of 1965 and
1966. Age ratios of snow geese obtained from
net-trapped samples were significantly higher
(P .0.01) than from group counts at the same
site. Immature snow geese were shot in a sig-
nificantly greater (P. 0.01) proportion than
they existed in the population as determined
by group counts. Cannon-net catches and
hunter-bag checks of snow and Canada geese
yielded age ratios which were biased because of
behavioral characteristics of the geese. Imma-
tures of both species were less wary of trap
equipment and immature snow geese were
more vulnerable to the gun than adults. It was
believed that age ratios from group counts of
snow geese were more representative of the
population than those from net catches and
hunter-bag checks. Sex ratios of net-trapped
geese showed a preponderance of males for
adult Canada and adult and immature snow
geese, whereas females were predominant in
the immature segment of Canada geese.
Hunter selectivity of blue- or white-phase snow
geese was not observed at Sand Lake Refuge.
Differential vulnerability to hunting between
snow and Canada geese resulted from dif-
ferences in feeding-flight behavior. A

293. Higgins, K. F., and L. J. Schoonover. 1969. Aging

small Canada geese by neck plumage. J. Wildl.
Manage. 33(1):211-214.

The neck plumage method, a new technique
for separating immature from adult Canada
geese (Branta canadensis) in the hand, was
evaluated by comparison with the notched tail
feather and cloacal examination methods. Two
(1.4 percent) of 141 geese examined were mis-
aged, resulting in a 6 percent error in the imma-
ture-adult ratio obtained by the neck plumage
method. The neck plumage method is a rapid
aging method and reasonable accuracy (94
percent) can be obtained. It can also be used to
differentiate immatures from adults on the
ground at distances up to 175 yards, but was
almost impossible to use when geese were in
flight. As yet, the neck plumage method has
only been tested on the subspecies (B. c. hutch-
insii-parvipes complex) in the Tall-Grass
Prairie population of small Canada geese. A

294. Hinz, T. C. 1974. Seasonal activity, numbers, and

distribution of Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis) in the Lower Yellowstone Valley, Mon-
tana. M.S. Thesis. Montana State Univ.,
Bozeman. 97 pp. IONS|

295. Hook, D. L. 1972. Production and habitat use by

Canada geese at Freezout Lake, Montana. M.S.
Thesis. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 61 pp.
[ONS]

296. Hornocker, M. G. 1969. Goslings descend from

aerial nest, attacked by Bald Eagle. Auk

86(4):764-765.

A brood of gosling Canada geese (Branta
canadensis) jumped or fell to the ground from
their nest about 50 ft. up in a tree. A bald eagle
(Haliaetus leucocephalus) made an unsuc-
cessful attempt to capture the goslings after
they had reached the ground. WR

297. Howard, W. J. 1934. Lead poisoning in Branta

canadensis canadensis. Auk 51(4):513-514.

A male Canada goose was captured in St.
Clair County, Michigan, on 23 May 1934 and
was examined by the author. The bird was
weakened, could not fly, and was emaciated. A
light green fluid came from the throat and the
feces were light green and watery. The proven-
triculus was greatly distended with plant mate-
rial and contained seven lead shot pellets. The
gizzard contained nine lead shot. Examination
and shot content of seven other Canada geese

30

found dead in other locations are discussed. In
these birds pellet content ranged from 2 to 20.

298. Howell, J., and W. Wishart. 1969. Strychnine

poisoning in Canada geese. Bull. Wildl. Dis.
Assoc. 5(2):1 19.

A case of mortality in Canada geese in
Alberta is reported. The geese consumed
strychnine-treated gopher bait.

299. Howley, J. P. 1884. The Canada goose (Bernicla

canadensis). Auk 1<4):309-313.

Early ecological observations on the Canada
goose in Newfoundland.

300. Hubbard, J. A. 1976. Social organization, dis-

persion, and population dynamics in a flock of
pen-reared Canada geese. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ.
Tennessee, Knoxville. 134 pp. [ONS]

301. Huber, W. 1931. Hutchins' goose in Maryland.

Auk 48(2):259.

A male specimen of Branta canadensis hutch-
insii was shot on 31 January 1931 on the Bo-
hemia River, Cecil County, Maryland, and pre-
sented to the collection of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences of Philadelphia.

302. Huey, B. 1965. Goose project progress report.

N. M. Wildl. 10(6):4.

In 1958, 85 goslings were released on the La
Cueva Refuge in eastern New Mexico in an
attempt to establish a nesting flock. Addi-
tional releases were made in subsequent years.
Production first occurred in 1961 (2 goslings)
and varied in success peaking in 1965 (29 gos-
lings). Management plans and a banding and
marking program are discussed.

303. Hughlett, C. A. 1957. Refuge farming practices

and Canada goose management. M.S. Thesis.
Univ. Wisconsin, Madison. 25 pp.

Farming practices used in goose manage-
ment at Horicon National Wildlife Refuge are
discussed. Canada geese utilized green plants
heavily early in the fall and switched to corn
and buckwheat as the fall progressed. Indi-
vidual geese consumed 0.58 to 0.70 pound of
corn per day when feeding solely on corn.
Knocking down standing corn was effective at
holding geese on the Refuge.

304. Hunt, R. A. 1964. Hunting Horicon honkers. Wis.

Conserv. Bull. 29(5):15-16.

With 2,300 bagged of the 50,000 Canada

geese on Horicon Marsh in 1954 and
7,000-12,000 of the 100,000 annually bagged in
recent years, the Canada goose population has
increased under management. This article is an
account of how the increase was attained. WR

305. Hunt, R. A. 1966. Lead poisoning wastes water-

fowl. Wis. Conserv. Bull. 31(6):18-19.

Review of lead poisoning: history in Wis-
consin, importance, pathology, and possible
solutions, including nontoxic shot and better
shooting habits.

306. Hunt, R. A. 1968. Shell limits and other regu-

lations used in managed goose hunting. Pages
123-139 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld, eds.
Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services. Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

Use of a shell limit to curb "sky busting" is
evaluated through data on managed hunts at
Horicon Marsh. An extensive table compares
other regulations used in managed goose
hunting at other concentration areas in the
United States to improve the quality of the
hunting experience. Harvest data, hunter
success, goose populations, and a general
description of the management scheme are
included for each area.

307. Hunt, R. A., and J. G. Bell. 1973. Crop depre-

dations by waterfowl in Wisconsin. Pages 85-
101 in Proceedings of the 6th Bird Control
Seminar, Bowling Green State Univ., Bowling
Green, Ohio.

308. Hunt, R. A., J. G. Bell, and L. R. Jahn. 1962.

Managed goose hunting at Horicon Marsh.
Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 27:91-106.

Canada goose populations increased during
1949-61 from 12,000 to 100,000. By 1952, 60%
of the hunter trips and 32% of the kill occurred
along roads and railroad tracks. Hunters aver-
aged 6.5 trips per year, 2 hours per trip, 0.08
geese per trip, and fired 27 shots per goose
bagged. In 1953 a managed hunting unit was
established on the periphery of the federal
refuge. During 1953-1959 the managed unit ac-
counted for 46.1% of the hunter trips. During
1958-61 hunters in the managed unit averaged
0.52 geese per trip. Regulations evaluated in
the managed unit included: (1) season bag limit
of 2 Canada geese (1953-55), (2) season limit of
3 trips per hunter, (3) mail-type reservation
system, and (4) restricting the daily bag limit
to 1 goose of any species (1960-61). Regu-

31

lations established on private lands included:
(1) prohibiting hunting on road and railroad
tracks, (2) moving blinds 75 yards back from
the refuge boundary, and (3) requiring a 200-
yard spacing of blinds. Two regulations effec-
tive in increasing the harvest in the years
1957-59: (1) a delayed opening to mid-October,
and (2) a 2:00 p.m. daily closing in a zone sur-
rounding the refuge. The increasing kill at
Horicon Marsh resulted in the development of
a harvest quota system for the Mississippi
Valley Canada goose population. WR

309. Hunt, R. A., and H. C. Hanson. 1975. The spring

Canada goose migration in Wisconsin. Wis.
Conserv. Bull. 40<2):7-9.

Canada geese migrating through Wisconsin
in the spring are associated with the Mis-
sissippi Valley Goose population. Timing and
influence of weather on the migration are dis-
cussed. Annual weight changes for adult geese
are presented.

310. Hunt, R. A., and L. R. Jahn. 1966. Canada goose

breeding populations in Wisconsin. Wis.
Conserv. Dep. Tech. Bull. 38. 67 pp.

Year-round hunting, stealing of eggs and
young, and habitat destruction had largely
eliminated the breeding population of Canada
geese in Wisconsin by about 1900. The Wis-
consin Conservation Department began
Canada goose restoration attempts in 1946.
The only success has been in projects started
with proven breeders confined in pens. Free-
flying progeny from such projects have re-
sulted in self-perpetuating migratory flocks at
Horicon Marsh, Crex Meadows, and to a
limited extent at Powell Marsh. Other restora-
tion projects, goose flocks in Wisconsin, and
management and research implications are dis-
cussed.

311. Hunt, R. A., and C. W. Lemke. 1961. Canada

goose quotas. Wis. Conserv. Bull. 26(5):8-9.

The procedures involved in determining
harvest quotas for Wisconsin and in general
are discussed. These include wintering popu-
lation surveys and the percentage of breeding-
age geese in the population. The major factors
used to determine the quota partitioning be-
tween Wisconsin and Illinois are presented.
Questionnaire and survey techniques used to
monitor the closure time necessary to remain
within the quotas are presented with overall
success and public opinion of the program on a
Wisconsin basis.

312. Hunt, R. A., D. R. Thompson, A.J. Rusch, and

G. F. Martz. 1963. Some results of goose hunt-
ing regulations at Horicon Marsh, Wisconsin,
in 1963. Midwest Wildlife Conference. 7 pp.
(mimeo)

313. Hutt, A. 1967. Canada goose story. Fla. Wildl.

21(1):18-21. [ONS]

314. Hyde, R. K. 1958. Florida waterfowl band recov-

eries 1920-1957. Florida Game Fresh Water
Fish Commission. 57 pp.

Includes a report on the distribution of band
returns from Canada geese banded in Florida
and recovered elsewhere (45) and banded else-
where and recovered in Florida (11). Also men-
tioned are the fates of a number of geese
trapped, banded, and released at Chassa-
howitzka National Wildlife Refuge in an at-
tempt to establish it as a wintering area.

315. Hyer, R. R. 1970. Survival of released pen-reared

Canada goslings. Indiana Division of Fish and
Game. 3 pp. [ONS]

316. Imber, M.J. 1968. Sex ratios in Canada goose

populations. J. Wildl. Manage. 32(4):905-920.

In a New Zealand population of Canada
geese, 45.5% of 14,379 banded adults were
males. The proportion of males decreased with
age. Mean annual mortality rates were (from
recaptures) 31.2% of males and 28.5% of
females. Reasons for the excess vulnerability of
males are discussed. An implication is that,
since sex ratios among juvenile waterfowl are
normally equal, these, and perhaps other,
Canada goose populations contain more adult
females than adult males.

317. Imber, M. J. 1971. Canada goose. Pages 44-47 in

New Zealand Wildlife Service, Wildlife Review.
1971. [ONS]

318. Imber, M. J. 1971. The identity of New Zealand's

Canada geese. Notornis 18(4):253-261.

Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) became
established in New Zealand following the intro-
duction of 50 from central or eastern U.S.A. in
1905. In 1920 ten more were brought from
western Canada. Examination of plumage,
weights and measurements of the present pop-
ulation shows that it belongs predominantly to
the giant race B. c. maxima Delacour. There is
a possibility that B. c. canadensis interbred to
a limited extent with it. Behaviourally and eco-

32

logically maxima appears very well suited to
the South Island habitats in which it multi-
plied quickly. A

319. Imber, M. J., and G. R. Williams. 1968. Mortality

rates of a Canada goose population in New
Zealand. J. Wildl. Manage. 32<2):256-267.

Between 1957 and 1967 inclusive, 14,435
Canada geese were banded in molt at Lake
Ellesmere, New Zealand. The majority of the
birds were 1 year and older nonbreeders of a
migratory population. The first year recovery
rate of geese shot from 1957-62 was 4.1%;
mean annual mortality was 17%, approxi-
mately 10% natural and 7% by hunting. From
1963-66, recovery rate was 13.6%, and mean
annual mortality was 33% for birds over 3
years of age. Productivity of both groups, and
additional mortality breakdowns, are dis-
cussed.

320. Jahn, L. 1955. Canada geese listed as "vermin" in

New Zealand. Mod. Game Breed. Hunt. Club
News 26(51:15.

Introduced Canada geese thrive in N. Z. and
they are nonmigratory. The objection to them
is that they compete with sheep for grass. They
occupy rather inaccessible lake country and are
seldom taken by hunters. Drives occasionally
are organized to control the geese. WR

321. Jahn, L. R., L. Gunther, and J. G. Bell. 1954. The

managed goose hunt — Horicon Marsh, 1953.
Wis. Conserv. Bull. 19(31:6-11.

Justification and explanation for the Horicon
Marsh managed goose hunt in 1953. Harvest
and derivation of hunters are discussed.

322. Jahn, L. R., and R. L. Hine. 1952. What about

goose refuges? Wis. Conserv. Bull. 17(121:12-13.

Wisconsin has found that creation of new
goose refuges does not lessen use of previous
refuges but simply causes more geese to stop in
the state. About 40,000 Canadas now pause in
Wisconsin for varying periods. "The honkers
will probably hold their own in the Mississippi
flyway states if refuges established for them
are not gunning traps, if they furnish sufficient
feed to last the flock until freezing weather
pushes them south, and if the harvest of geese
both in the north and in the south does not
exceed 20 per cent of the total flyway popu-
lation." WR

323. Jarvis, R. L. 1969. Ecological and physiological

aspects of soybean impaction in Canada geese.

Ph.D. Thesis. Southern Illinois Univ., Carbon-
dale. 118 pp.

Impactions form only when large quantities
of soybeans are ingested; only then is the pres-
sure generated by the swelling soybeans
exerted against the esophageal wall. Feeding
patterns and behavior of geese may be con-
ducive to ingestion of large quantities of food
in early fall. Drinking was not essential to
impaction formation since secretions from
mucous glands provide sufficient water for
maximum swelling of soybeans. Chronic impac-
tions resulted when soybeans distended the
fusiform crop region of the esophagus. The
pressure exerted against the esophagus pro-
duced necrosis because of restriction of local
blood flow, and the blocked esophagus resulted
in starvation. WR

324. Jarvis, R. L. 1976. Soybean impaction in Canada

geese. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 4(41:175-179.

Acute and chronic soybean impaction in
Canada geese are discussed. At Crab Orchard
National Wildlife Refuge, mortality was influ-
enced by October rainfall, corn harvest chron-
ology, and goose migration chronology. An-
nual mortality averaged about 7% of the Octo-
ber population.

325. Jenkins, D. W. 1944. Territory as a result of des-

potism and social organization in geese. Auk
61(11:30-47.

Six Canada geese were included in a study of
social organization and territory.

326. Jennings, D. M., P. J. Bunyan, P. M. Brown, P. I.

Stanley, and F. J. S. Jones. 1975. Organophos-
phorus poisoning: A comparative study of the
toxicity of carbophenothion to the Canada
goose, the pigeon and the Japanese quail.
Pestic. Sci. 6(31:245-257. [ONS]

327. Jewett, S. G. 1949. The nesting population of the

Canada goose in the Pacific Northwest. Trans.
N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 14:87-94.

An estimate of 8,600 pairs of nesting geese is
presented for California, Oregon, and
Washington.

328. Joanen, T., and H. Dupuie. 1968. Home grown!

Cajun Canadas. La. Conserv. 20(7&8):4-5. [ONS|

329. Johnsgard, P. A. 1968. Waterfowl: Their biology

and natural history. University Nebraska
Press, Lincoln. 138 pp.

33

330. Johnson, C. S. 1947. Canada goose management,

Seney National Wildlife Refuge. J. Wildl.
Manage. 11(11:21-24.

Ten years of study and management of the
Canada goose at the Seney National Wildlife
Refuge yields the following conclusions: (1)
Nesting birds cannot be crowded; not more
than one nesting pair to each half acre or acre
of nesting territory has been found desirable.
(2) Seney-bred geese move mainly along the
Mississippi Flyway, but are of most im-
portance to local hunters. (3) Birds produced on
the refuge return to the area of origin following
their southern migration, but further banding
is needed to determine the percentage that
returns. [A description of the Seney area and
its early development is included.] A

331. Johnson, L. L. 1972. Characteristics of the

Canada goose harvest on the Roseau River
Wildlife Management Area in the fall of 1971.
Minn. Dep. Nat. Resour. Q. Rep. 31(41:245-250.
[ONS]

332. Johnson, S. 1977. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus

albicilla attacking Canada goose Branta cana-
densis. Var. Fagelvarld 36(11:54. |ONS|

333. Johnson, W. C. 1967. Peripheral blood analysis as

an index to reproductive condition in the
Canada goose. M. S. Thesis. Michigan State
Univ., East Lansing. 81 pp. |ONS|

334. Jones, R. D., Jr. 1963. Buldir Island, site of a rem-

nant breeding population of Aleutian Canada
geese. Annu. Rep. Wildfowl Trust 14:80-84.

Recent observations of the once abundant
Aleutian Canada Goose Branta canadensis
leucopareia are reviewed. The introduction of
Blue Foxes to the breeding grounds and in-
creased hunting pressure are suggested as
reasons for the decline of the race, with a note
concerning the production potential of the Blue
Fox. An expedition to Buldir Island, where no
fox introduction has been made, is recounted
along with a discussion of the island's topog-
raphy, climate, avian and mammalian popu-
lations. Reestablishment of the Sea Otter at
Buldir Island is noted. A breeding population
of B. c. leucopareia was observed and the condi-
tions of the habitat are discussed. A

335. Jones, R. N., and M. Obbard. 1970. Canada goose

killed by Arctic loon and subsequent pairing of
its mate. Auk 87(21:370-371.

A male small Canada goose was killed by a
single bill thrust from an Arctic loon at the
McConnell River, Northwest Territories, on 10
June 1967. The female remained at the same
nest site and copulated with a new mate.

336. Joselyn, G. B. 1961. Some aspects of the eco-

nomics of the Canada goose in southern Illi-
nois. M. S. Thesis. Southern Illinois Univ.,
Carbondale. 122 pp. [ONS1

337. Kaczynski, C. F., and E. B. Chamberlain. 1968.

Aerial surveys of Canada geese and black
ducks in eastern Canada. U.S. Fish Wildl.
Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.— Wildl. 118. 29 pp.

Information for Canada geese gathered
during the summers of 1956 and 1962-66 is
presented. Canada geese show extreme varia-
tions in density in eastern Canada. The esti-
mated number of geese in Canada east of
James and Hudson bays approximates the
number accounted for by Atlantic Flyway
winter survey and kill estimates. Included are
survey methods, goose density strata, esti-
mates of confidence limits and optimum
sample allocation for the stratified goose
survey, Canada goose summer indexes com-
pared with winter survey and kill statistics,
Canada goose summer survey and hunting
regulations, and Canada goose breeding popu-
lation and production survey.

338. Kaminski, R. M., and J. M. Parker. 1976. Investi-

gations of nesting giant Canada geese in south-
eastern lower Michigan. Mich. Dep. Nat.
Resour., Wildl. Div. Rep. 21 pp. IONS)

339. Katz, M. 1941. Selected publications on water-

fowl and gallinaceous game birds — with special
reference to propagation and management.
U.S. Dep. Inter., Wildl. Leafl. 192. 42 pp. [ONS1

340. Kear, J. 1970. The experimental assessment of

goose damage to agricultural crops. Biol.
Conserv. 2(31:206-212.

Effects of goose grazing on cereal and grass
crops in Britain are examined. Canada geese
are compared to the greylag and pinkfooted
geese. Several American studies involving
Canada geese are reviewed.

341. Kennard, F. H. 1912. A peculiar plumage of the

Canada goose. Auk 29(31:391.

On 29 November 1911 a male Canada goose
was shot near Plymouth, Massachusetts. The
bird's head was entirely black, with the excep-

34

tion of a few lighter colored feathers on its
throat.

342. Kennedy, D. D., and G. C. Arthur. 1974. Sub-

flocks in Canada geese of the Mississippi
Valley population. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 2(1):8-12.

Differential harvest rates of early- and late-
migrating Canada geese (Branta canadensis)
derived from harvest records and aerial inven-
tories from the southern Illinois quota zone
correlate with the population of each segment
and with the population at separate refuges.
On these relationships a working hypothesis is
proposed of an early-migrating segment and
refuge subflocks with the Mississippi Valley
Population in southern Illinois. An early seg-
ment, migrating in October and early No-
vember to southern Illinois refuges, consti-
tutes approximately one third of the winter
population. Other population segments,
remaining in Wisconsin until severe weather
forces their exodus, are affiliated more with
Horseshoe Lake and Union County state
refuges than with Crab Orchard National Wild-
life Refuge. Subflocks associated with each of
the concentration points exist in the early
segment. Low annual harvest rates (about two
percent) of the early segment at the Crab
Orchard have permitted an increase in that
subflock. Harvest rates on the early-segment
subflocks at Horseshoe Lake and Union
County averaged 11 and 10 percent respec-
tively from 1968-1971; these areas do not show
population increases. A

343. Khalili, A. 1969. Optimal economic management

of wildlife, over time, with special reference to
Canadian geese of the Swan Lake Wildlife
Refuge. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Missouri, Colum-
bia. 189 pp. [ONS1

344. Kiehlbauch, W. 1938. Geese easy to raise. S. D.

Conserv.Dig.5(ll):6-8.

Account of rearing the birds on "three city
lots." In preparation for the breeding season,
oats both whole and sprouted with a little corn
are fed. First clutches of 6-8 are removed and in
about ten days the females again start laying
and produce 5-6 more eggs. The young are fed
some oatmeal but they and the adults as well
subsist largely upon grass. Contrary to the
usual experience, this breeder found that some
geese losing mates will pair again in a short
time. WR

345. Kiracofe, J. 1964. Aleutian Island Canada

goose — progress in its survival. Game Bird

Breeders Gaz. 13(2):12-13.

Sixteen goslings were captured and raised in
1963 for breeding stock from which surplus
birds may be re-introduced in the Aleutians.
WR

346. Klopman, R. B. 1958. The nesting of the Canada

goose at Dog Lake, Manitoba. Wilson Bull.
70(2):168-183.

Geese began nesting while lake was still
frozen in 1954 and 1955. Start of nesting was
about 43 days later and the season was shorter
than reported from ne. Calif. Of the 104 nests,
94% were on islands, most of which were small.
Breeding densities were high, up to 15 nests on
1/6 acre. Minimum distance between active
nests was 9 yards. Earliest nests on islands
were not as far apart as possible, and nearest-
neighbor distance decreased as number of
nests increased. Site selection apparently was
influenced by social interactions between pairs.
Nest success was 61% in 1954, 35% in 1955.
Flooding caused more than half of nest failures.
Predation and desertion together accounted for
about 40% of nest failures. Main predators
were foxes, gulls, and men. Desertion was
caused mainly by friction with other species of
nesting birds. Hatching period extended from
May 28 to June 17 in 1954 and from May 15 to
June 8 in 1955. Mean clutch size was 5.0 ± 2.5
eggs in 1954, 5.2 ± 2.5 in 1955. Number of
young per successful nest increased from 4.8 to
5.5, but number of young believed to have left
nests dropped from 129 to 115. WR

347. Klopman, R. B. 1959. Certain aspects of the

social behavior of the Canada goose (Branta
canadensis canadensis). Ph.D. Thesis. Cam-
bridge Univ., Cambridge. |ONS|

348. Klopman, R. B. 1961. The greeting ceremony of

Canada geese. Mag. Ducks Geese 12(ll):6-9.

The greeting display may be seen in 3 dif-
ferent behavioral situations: (1) in close asso-
ciation with attack and related behavior, (2) as
an aftermath of some general disturbance, and
(3) when an individual returns to the group
after a period of separation from it. Compari-
sons are made between threat, attack, and
greeting displays. Descriptions are given of the
various displays and their accompanying
vocalizations. Greeting has survival benefit for
the species because it contributes to the
solidarity and synchronous behavior of the
group. Greeting is also closely tied to the
aggressive force which prevents intrusion by
non-group members. WR

35

349. Klopman, R. B. 1962. Sexual behavior in the

Canada goose. Living Bird 1:123-129.

The study was conducted in Norfolk, Eng-
land, with a semiwild concentration of Canada
geese; descendants from introductions of both
Branta canadensis canadensis and B. c. in-
terior. Behavior associated with periods before,
during, and after copulation are discussed.
Other displays of Canada geese are mentioned.

350. Klopman, R. B. 1968. The agonistic behavior of

the Canada goose (Branta canadensis cana-
densis). I. Attack behavior. Behaviour 30(4):287-
319.

Canada geese used were taken from a wild
resident population in England. The attack
behavior of these captive geese was then
studied in winter. An analysis of responses
deals mainly with the head and neck units and
utilizes evidence from several independent
sources.

351. Knight, E. T., and D. Dominick. 1967. The egg

express. Colo. Outdoors 16(6): 16-17. [ONS]

352. Koerner, J. W. 1971. Fall movements of Canada

geese near southwestern Lake Erie. M. S.
Thesis. Ohio State Univ., Columbus. 150 pp.
[ONS]

353. Koerner, J. W., T. A. Bookhout, and K. E. Bed-

narik. 1974. Movements of Canada geese color-
marked near southwestern Lake Erie. J. Wildl.
Manage. 38(2):275-289.

Canada geese utilizing the marshes of south-
western Lake Erie were observed in 1969-70 to
ascertain their local movements, flight pat-
terns, area of use, and relationship to the Ten-
nessee Valley Population of Canada geese.
Three subflocks identified on the basis of roost-
ing and feeding locations corresponded to the
three trapping sites where they were marked.
Population data, effects of weather on hunting,
and wintering areas are discussed.

354. Kondla, N. G. 1973. Canada goose goslings

leaving cliff nest. Auk 90(4):890.

Account of five goslings descending from a
nest on an ironstone outcropping of a cliff 50
feet above level ground. All five goslings sur-
vived without apparent injury.

355. Kortright, F. H. 1942. The ducks, geese and

swans of North America. American Wildlife
Institute, Washington, D.C. 476 pp.

356. Kossack, C. W. 1947. Incubation temperatures of
Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 11(2):119-126.

The study was initiated in 1944 on the Bright
Land Farm in Cook County, Illinois. A flock of
about 250 Canada geese were maintained. Ten
of 76 eggs obtained from abandoned or flooded
nests were hatched in an electric incubator
with temperatures maintained at 99.5 °F at the
upper egg surface and 93 °F at the lower egg
surface. The poor hatching success was investi-
gated as a function of improper incubator tem-
perature. The natural average incubation tem-
perature of the embryo was found to be
101. 3°F; the breast temperature of the incu-
bating goose 101.1 °F. The electric incubator
top temperature should be raised 1.5° to 2°.

357. Kossack, C. W. 1950. Breeding habits of Canada
geese under refuge conditions. Am. Midi. Nat.
43(3):627-649.

Breeding biology is discussed for a captive
flock of Canada geese at the Bright Land Farm,
Barrington, Illinois, from 1944 to 1948. All
birds were numbered and color-coded. Few
geese nested when 2 or 3 years old. Most pairs
were of the same age. Sixteen birds separated
from their mates selected new mates. Three
cases of polygamy were recorded but desertion
was rare. Nest selection, site preference, and
building materials are discussed. Laying starts
11 to 14 days after a territory is claimed and
the nesting period lasts about 60 days. Clutch
size ranged from two to eight eggs. Incubation,
hatching, and gosling behavior are discussed.

358. Kozicky, E. L. 1949. An abnormality in a Canada

goose. Auk 66(2):197.

An emaciated Canada goose was captured in
Tuckahoe, New Jersey, on 1 April 1948.
Autopsy revealed that the lower esophagus
and proventriculus were severely impacted
with a mixture of sand and vegetable material.
No parasites were found.

359. Krapu, G. L. 1976. Experimental responses of

mallards and Canada geese to tribromo-
ethanol. J. Wildl. Manage. 40(1): 180-183.

Tribromoethanol-treated grain was tested on
wild-captured, penned Canada geese to deter-
mine its effectiveness as a waterfowl capture
technique. Because of problems with partially
anesthetized birds escaping from a bait site, its
use was not recommended. Dosages and other
problems are discussed.

36

360. Kuck, T. L. 1970-1977. Investigations into

rearing and restoration of breeding Canada
geese (Branta canadensis) in South Dakota,
1968-1977. South Dakota Department of Game,
Fish and Parks. 1970 PR Rep., Proj. W-75-R-
11; 1971 PR Rep., Proj. W-75-R-12; 1972 PR
Rep. Proj. W-75-R-13; 1973 PR Rep. Proj. W-75-
R-14; 1974 PR Rep. Proj. W-75-R-15 & 16; 1975
PR Rep. Proj. W-75-R-17; 1976 PR Rep. Proj.
W-75-R-18; and 1977 PR Rep. Proj. W-75-R-19.
IONS]

361. Kuck, T. L. 1973. Analysis of waterfowl band

recoveries, 1972-73. Recovery analysis of the
Waubay Canada goose flock 1961-71, South
Dakota. South Dakota Department of Game,
Fish and Parks. PR Rep. W-75-R-14. 23pp.
[ONSj

362. Kuck, T. 1974. Fight to restore giant Canadas in

South Dakota. South Dakota Department of
Game, Fish and Parks. PR Rep. W-075-R.
16pp.|ONS|

363. Kurtz, J. E. 1962. An analysis of gizzard contents

from migrant geese in southwestern Michigan.
M.S. Thesis. Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
52pp.|ONS|

364. Kuyt, E. 1962. Northward dispersion of banded

Canada geese. Can. Field-Nat. 76<3):180-181.

Initial evidence of a molt-migration of Great
Basin Canada geese (Branta canadensis mof-
fitti) to the District of Keewatin, Northwest
Territories, based on several band recoveries
and color-band observations is presented.

365. Kuyt, E. 1966. Further observations on large

Canada geese moulting on the Thelon River,
Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 80<2):63-
69.

Discussion of the races, origin, and migration
routes of the Canada geese which molt on the
Thelon River, Northwest Territories. Weight
data, recaptures in the Northwest Territories,
and recoveries of banded birds from the North-
west Territories are included.

366. LaMarche, E. D. 1972. Radar monitoring of the

departures of Branta canadensis from the Hori-
con Refuge Area, 1970 fall migration. M. S.
Thesis. St. Mary's College, Winona, Minne-
sota. 53 pp.

A radar screen at an FAA radar installation
in Mayville, Wisconsin, was monitored 24 h a
day with 16mm time-lapse photography during

fall goose migration periods. Magnitude of
migration, directional orientation, temporal
patterns, and weather correlations are dis-
cussed.

367. Lamprecht, J. 1977. A comparison of the attach-

ment to parents and siblings in juvenile geese,
Branta canadensis and Anser indicus. Z. Tier-
psychol. 43(4):415-424.

Ten hand-reared goslings of each of the
species Branta canadensis and Anser indicus
living in a flock of mostly 8-10 individuals until
2.5 to 6.5 days of age, were tested for their
reactions to a 5-minute separation from their
human foster parent or from one sibling. They
showed signs of great distress (distress calls,
increased locomotion) when separated from the
parent, whether a sibling was present or not.
Separation from a sibling caused distress only
when the parent was also absent, and only in a
test room in which the goslings had little pre-
vious contact with the parent. The results indi-
cate that under normal conditions a gosling
would be distressed by the absence of its
parents, but not by the absence of its siblings.
This suggests that proximity to siblings is not
the consummatory situation the gosling is
aiming at, but that the young gosling uses its
siblings as a means to maintain or restore con-
tact to the vitally necessary parent. A

368. Lebret, T. 1956. Are group size counts of wild

geese an index of productivity? Ardea 44:284-

288.

Data on group counts from several species
and sources produced the following conclu-
sions: (1) In wild geese small groups are not
necessarily identical to families, "pseudo-fam-
ilies" being a regular phenomenon. (2) Group
size counts therefore cannot be used as an
index for productivity or shooting pressure. (3)
Only true family counts can be used for this
purpose. (4) Counts of this type can only be col-
lected in those species where juveniles can
easily be distinguished in flight. A

369. Leek, C. F. 1968. A possible hybrid between the

Canada goose and the pink-footed goose.
Cassinia 50:9-11.

370. Lee, F. B., A. D. Kruse, and C. H. Schroeder.

1973. Canada goose restoration in North
Dakota. N. D. Outdoors Mag. 35(81:18-21.

Discusses liberation of 900 juvenile giant
Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) in

37

North Dakota during the summer of 1972 as
the first part of a 5-year program to restore
nesting geese to many parts of the State.
Management practices and goals involved are
discussed.

371. LeFebvre, E. A., and D. G. Raveling. 1967. Distri-

bution of Canada geese in winter as related to
heat loss at varying environmental tempera-
tures. J. Wildl. Manage. 31(31:538-546.

By means of thermal modeling, the heat loss
of an organism under varying conditions can be
calculated. This paper utilizes this technique
and discusses the heat balance for two dif-
ferent sized races of Canada geese (Branta
canadensis maxima and B. c. parvipes). We
conclude that the northernmost limits of dis-
tribution for these subspecies can be predicted
from the calculated heat losses and the ex-
tended maintenance level of energy intake at-
tained under natural environmental conditions.
The relationship between body surface heat-
generating potential helps explain the role of
temperature as a factor limiting animal dis-
tribution, as illustrated by Bergmann's rule.
Some management implications are discussed
with regard to the factors limiting northern
wintering distributions in the Canada goose. A

372. Lehman, L. 1970. Effects of nesting Canada geese

on raccoon activity and density. Indiana Divi-
sion of Fish and Game. 5 pp. (mimeo) [ONS1

373. Lengkeek, D. L. 1973. Evaluation of giant

Canada goose restoration in western South
Dakota. M.S. Thesis. South Dakota State
Univ., Brookings. 66 pp. |ONS]

374. Lenzer, G. 1972. Canadian geese in June near

Hiddensee. Falke Monatsschr Ornithol. Vivar-
ienkd. Ausg. A. 19(8):283. [ONS|

375. Levine, N. D. 1952. Eimeria magnalabia and Tyz-

zeria sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the
Canada goose. Cornell Vet. 42(2):247-252.

376. Levine, N. D., and H. C. Hanson. 1953. Blood

parasites of the Canada goose, Branta cana-
densis interior. J. Wildl. Manage. 17(21:185-196.

In a study of blood smears from 353 Canada
geese (Branta canadensis interior) collected at
Horseshoe Lake Game Refuge, Illinois, Leuco-
cytozoon simondi was found in 32 (9.1%),
Haemoproteus sp. in 5 (1.4%), Plasmodium sp.
(probably P. circumflexum) in 1 (0.3%) and
microfilariae in 4 (1.1%). Two types of un-

sheathed microfilaria were found, one 65 and
the other 332 microns long. Leucocytozoon was
found in 27.6% of 76 juvenile geese, 5.4% of
112 yearlings, and 3.0% of 165 adults. Haemo-
proteus was found in no juveniles, 0.9% of the
yearlings, and 2.4% of the adults. Microfilariae
were found in 1.3% of the juveniles, 0.9% of the
yearlings, and 1.2% of the adults. A

377. Lieff, B. C. 1967. The feeding behavior of geese in

the McConnell River Delta, Northwest Terri-
tories. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Western Ontario,
London. 81 pp. [ONS]

378. Lieff, B. C. 1973. The summer feeding ecology of

blue and Canada geese at the McConnell River,
Northwest Territories. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ.
Western Ontario, London. 203 pp. [ONS]

379. Lieff, B. C, C. D. Maclnnes, and R. K. Misra.

1970. Food selection experiments with young
geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(2):321-327.

Young Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and
blue geese (Chen caerulescens) were tested
experimentally for food preferences among six
species of grasses and sedges. Fifty-square-
centimeter sods of two plant species were pre-
sented to two goslings in a test enclosure. The
time intervals that individual birds spent
feeding on each sod during a 90-minute test
were recorded. Two pairs of goslings of each
species were tested against all pair combi-
nations of the six plants. Each species shows
significant preference for some plants over
others, and the preferences of the two species
were demonstrably different. Faults in experi-
mental design are discussed, and it is shown
that results cannot be extended directly to
free-ranging wild geese. A

380. Lish, J. W., and J. C. Lewis. 1975. Status and

ecology of bald eagles wintering in Oklahoma.
Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game
Fish Coram. 29:415-423.

381. Lloyd, H. 1923. Observations on the wintering

flocks of Canada geese in Nova Scotia. Can.
Field-Nat. 37(2):26-28.

382. Locke, L. N. 1963. Multicentric neurofibro-

sarcoma in a Canada goose, Branta canadensis.
Avian Dis. 7(2): 196-202.

A case of a probable multicentric neurofibro-
sarcoma is reported from a wild-trapped female
Canada goose captured on the Eastern Shore of
Maryland. WR

38

383. Locke, L. N., and G. E. Bagley. 1967. Case report:

Coccidiosis and lead poisoning in Canada
geese. Chesapeake Sci. 8(l):68-69.

Four dead Canada geese (Branta canadensis
L.) collected at the Prime Hook National Wild-
life Refuge, Delaware were found to have both
marked duodenal lesions of coccidiosis and
high levels of lead in the liver. Although only
one goose had lead shot in the gizzard, all four
had levels of lead in the liver suggestive of lead
poisoning. WR

384. Locke, L. N., G. E. Bagley, and L. T. Young. 1967.

The ineffectiveness of acid-fast inclusions in
diagnosis of lead poisoning in Canada geese.
Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 3<4>:176.

"It thus appears that birds, particularly
Canada geese, receiving a large exposure to
lead may succumb without the formation of
intranuclear acid-fast inclusions in the kidneys.
The authors believe that a period of exposure
of several days is required before the bird can
respond by producing these inclusions." WR

385. Low, S. H. 1935. A coastal group of Canada

geese. Bird-Banding. 6(2):67-68.

Recoveries of 26 Canada geese banded
during black duck banding operations in
Massachusetts are discussed; all were recov-
ered in the Canadian maritime Provinces or on
the eastern coast of the United States.

386. Lowe, P. R., and others. 1941. International wild-

fowl inquiry. Vol. 1. Factors affecting the gen-
eral status of wild geese and wild duck. Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
123 pp. [ONS]

387. Lumsden, H. G., and D. G. Raveling. 1968. Kinoje

Lake Canada goose nesting study. Ontario
Department of Lands Forests Progress
Report. 11pp. [ONS]

388. Lynch, J. J. 1961. Age-group as an indicator of

productivity in Canada geese. Pages 12-14 in
J. J. Lynch. 1961 reproductive success in North
American geese. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl.
[ONS]

389. Maclnnes, C. D. 1960. The Canada geese (Branta

canadensis) of the McConnell River. M.S.
Thesis. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 77 pp.
[ONS]

390. Maclnnes, C. D. 1962. Nesting of small Canada

geese near Eskimo Point, Northwest Terri-

tories. J. Wildl. Manage. 26<3):247-256.

Small Canada geese of the hutchinsii-
parvipes group nested on sphagnum-covered
islets in the flat coastal sedge marshes near the
McConnell River. A total of 119 nests were
studied, in an average density of 6.5 per square
mile. A large colony of blue geese in the same
area contained as many as 1,000 nests per
square mile. The nesting period approached the
minimum possible (30 days). This is the short-
est recorded for any of the subspecies of the
Canada goose. Normal clutch size was five.
Incubation required 24 or 25 days. Parasitic
jaegers and herring gulls caused egg losses of
20 percent in 1959 and less than 5 percent in
1960. The difference was due chiefly to reduced
jaeger predation in 1960, apparently the result
of high lemming population. Production was 64
percent of maximum in 1959, and 81 percent in
1960, comparing favorably with that reported
for other subspecies in more southern breeding
areas. A

391. Maclnnes, CD. 1963. Interaction of local units

within the eastern Arctic population of small
Canada geese. Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, N.Y. 128 pp. IONS]

392. Maclnnes, CD. 1966. Population behavior of

eastern arctic Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage.
30(31:536-553.

The Canada geese (hutchinsii-parvipes com-
plex) which nest in arctic Canada east of
104° W have developed a complex system
which enables the population to survive and
expand its range under the changing ecological
conditions of its present breeding grounds.
Migration patterns, pairing, interchange of
birds from different nesting areas, measure-
ments of morphological characters of pairs,
and environmental influence on production of
young are all discussed. It is proposed that the
transfer of individuals between local nesting
areas, coupled with selective mating and indi-
vidual variation, are mechanisms which may
improve the average survival of Canada geese
in a variable and fluctuating environment.

393. Maclnnes, CD. 1967. Neckbanded snow, blue

and Canada geese— The McConnell River
project. N. D. Outdoors 29(9):2-6. [ONS]

394. Maclnnes, C. D., R. A. Davis, R. N. Jones, B. C.

Lieff, and A. J. Pakulak. 1974. Reproductive
efficiency of McConnell River small Canada
geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 38(4):686-707.

39

395.

Small Canada geese (hutchinsii-parvipes
complex of Branta canadensis) nesting at
McConnell River, Northwest Territories, were
studied intensively from 1965-71. Changes in
mean clutch from year to year were due to
changes in the nature of the underlying dis-
tribution, not to shifts in the mean of a com-
mon distribution. Comparison of changes in
shape of clutch distributions between McCon-
nell River and Cape Churchill, Manitoba indi-
cated that variations occurred synchronously.
Records from 58 marked females whose nests
were found in two or more seasons at McCon-
nell River yielded no significant effect of either
individuals or years. Each year some adults
known to have nested previously failed to nest.
Minimum estimates of nonbreeding ranged
from 6 to 22 percent, while maxima were from
18 to 41 percent of the potential breeding popu-
lation. No renesting was observed in 10 years
of study. Predation, of which about half was
due to human disturbance, resulted in loss of
13-31 percent of eggs. Seven to 26 percent of
eggs or young goslings disappeared between
the last observations before hatching and the
appearance of families on the summer feeding
areas about a week after hatch. In late seasons,
losses from six-egg clutches at this stage were
greater than from smaller clutches. Once fam-
ilies reached the feeding areas, survival was
high.

Dates of egg-laying were correlated with
dates of disappearance of snow. Mean size of
broods was negatively correlated with date of
thaw, but mean clutch was not, indicating that
delayed thaw adversely affected events after
egg-laying. Comparison of estimates of repro-
ductive efficiency obtained from direct obser-
vation of marked geese with statistics obtained
from the whole population showed that proce-
dures for estimating population statistics were
accurate.

The data were used to provide indirect
support for the hypothesis that clutch size and
success at incubation were functions of stored
reserves. The nesting schedule of geese was
timed so that the young would develop during
the period of maximum plant growth. Repro-
ductive efficiency (not including nonbreeding)
at McConnell River was as high as that re-
ported for Canada geese on the Columbia River
(Hanson and Eberhardt 1971), mean values
being 60 and 57 respectively. A

Maclnnes, C. D., and B. C. Lieff. 1968. Individual
behavior and composition of a local population
of Canada geese. Pages 93-101 in R. L. Hine and

C. Schoenfeld, eds. Canada goose management.
Dembar Educational Research Services. Madi-
son, Wis. 195 pp.

Preliminary report on a continuing study on
the Canada geese nesting at the McConnell
River, Northwest Territories. Neckband ob-
servations suggest that considerable immi-
gration and emigration occurs between nesting
concentrations.

396. Maclnnes, C. D„ and R. K. Misra. 1972. Preda-

tion on Canada goose nests at McConnell
River, Northwest Territories. J. Wildl.
Manage. 36(21:414-422.

Predation losses from nests of small Canada
geese {Branta canadensis) were observed from
1965 to 1969, on a 62-square-km study area at
the mouth of the McConnell River, Northwest
Territories. The lack of significant regression
of logarithm of clutch size at first observation
on date indicated that partial loss of a clutch
did not occur in the absence of disturbance by
humans. Partial clutch losses comprised 55
percent of all eggs observed lost after repeated
visits to individual nests. The proportion of
nests completely destroyed did not vary
among years, but the proportion losing some
eggs did change significantly. The latter dif-
ference was due to changes in the activity of
predators, or of their interaction with humans,
and not due simply to changes in human activ-
ity. The number of eggs lost per visit was the
same (0.65 egg per visit) for all clutch sizes
except six, which lost 0.26 egg per visit. This
resulted in greater total destruction of small
clutches, because the eggs lost represented a
higher proportion of the initial clutch. It was
concluded that in the absence of human dis-
turbance, predation losses of eggs would have
been small (approximately 10 percent) and
would have varied little from year to year
despite demonstrated changes in predator
activity. A major exception to this might occur
because of a high arctic fox {Alopex lagopus)
population, which was not observed in the
course of this study. A

397. Maclnnes, C. D., J. P. Prevett, and H. A. Edney.

1969. A versatile collar for individual identifi-
cation of geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 33(2):330-335.

The construction and use of an aluminum
collar colored and lettered with "Scotch
Brand" plastic film tape are described. Prob-
lems were encountered when these collars were
applied to blue geese (Chen caerulescens).
Advantages and disadvantages of plastic and
aluminum collars are discussed. A

40

398. Malecki, R. A. 1976. The breeding biology of the

Eastern Prairie Population of Canada geese.
Ph.D.Thesis. Univ. Missouri, Columbia. 160 pp.
[ONS]

399. Manny, B. A., R. G. Wetzel, and W. C. Johnson.

1974. Annual contribution of carbon, nitrogen
and phosphorus by migrant Canada geese to a
hard water lake. Proc. Int. Assoc. Theor. Appl.
Limnology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 19. 4 pp.
(mimeo)

400. March, G. L., T. M. John, B. A. McKeown, L.

Sileo, and J. C. George. 1976. The effects of
lead poisoning on various plasma constituents
in the Canada goose. J. Wildl. Dis. 12(1):14-19.

Plasma glucose, free fatty acid and uric acid
levels were measured in lead-poisoned Canada
geese (Branta canadensis). Although plasma
glucose levels were only slightly elevated, uric
acid was significantly higher and free fatty
acids were significantly lower. Altered plasma
levels were attributed to increased protein
catabolism and perhaps renal disfunction.
Plasma level of growth hormone and prolactin
was assessed by radioimmunoassay. Growth
hormone remained unchanged while prolactin
was unusually high. The increased prolactin
levels may reflect an effort to stabilize free
fatty acids. A

401. Marquardt, R. E. 1960. Smokeless powder

cannon with light-weight netting for trapping
geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 24(41:425-427.

Improvements in net-trapping equipment for
Canada geese are discussed.

402. Marquardt, R. E. 1961. Albinism in the small

white-cheeked geese. Auk 78<1):99-100.

Description of an immature female Canada
goose, tentatively identified as Branta cana-
densis hutchinsii, as an example of incomplete
albinism. The specimen was captured at the
Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge in Okla-
homa in 1959.

403. Marquardt, R. E. 1962. Ecology of the migrating

and wintering flocks of the small white-
cheeked geese within the south central United
States. Ph.D. Thesis. Oklahoma State Univ.,
Stillwater. 179 pp.

Small Canada geese prefer exposed feeding,
resting, and roosting places. Feeding was most
often observed in fields of more than 100 acres.
Small Canada geese migrate southward over

two relatively distinct routes, designated tall-
and short-grass prairie routes. Route names
imply no ecological relations of the birds. WR

404. Marquardt, R. E. 1962. Identification of age

classes of Canada geese in field flocks. J. Wildl.
Manage. 26(l):96-97.

Use of differences in breast plumage in sepa-
rating immature from adult age classes in the
field is discussed. With the unaided eye, this
method proved accurate at distances up to 50
feet.

405. Marquardt, R. E., and C. Pribil. 1962. The Anser

leucopareius of brandt. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci.
42:274-279. [ONS]

406. Martin, F. R. 1955. Red fox food habits in the

vicinity of a vulnerable captive goose flock. J.
Wildl. Manage. 19(41:496-497.

Description of activities of red fox in and
around a 22-acre enclosure for Canada geese at
the Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge,
North Dakota. No predation on the geese was
recorded, although fox did hunt mice within
the goose pen.

407. Martin, F. R. 1963. Colored vinylite bands for

waterfowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 27(21:288-290.

Easily attached and readily visible leg bands
for Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were
made by heat-forming 1- x 6-inch strips of
colored vinylite around a slotted 3/4-inch elec-
trical conduit, then rolling them into conforma-
tion on a steel rod of the desired diameter and
sealing them with acetone. An experienced
operator can fabricate 40 bands per hour. A

408. Martin, F. W. 1957. Color marking and field ob-

servation of Canada geese to determine breed-
ing territorialism, family organization, and
population dynamics. Utah Division of Wild-
life Resources. 16 pp. [ONS]

409. Martin, F. W. 1958. Territorialism in Canada

geese. Utah Fish Game 14(101:14-15. [ONS]

410. Martin, F. W. 1963. Behavior and survival of

Canada geese in Utah. Ph.D. Thesis. Utah
State Univ., Logan. 98 pp. [ONS]

411. Martinson, R. K., and J. A. McCann. 1966.

Proportion of recovered goose and brant bands
that are reported. J. Wildl. Manage. 30(4):856-

858.

41

A few more than one-third of the goose and
brant bands recovered by hunters were re-
ported to the Bird Banding Laboratory (a rate
of 0.361) during the 1962-64 hunting seasons.
[Problems associated with band reporting rates
near goose concentrations are discussed.] A

412. McCabe, T. R. 1977. Productivity and nesting

habitat of Great Basin Canada geese; Umatilla
National Wildlife Refuge. M.S. Thesis. Oregon
State Univ., Corvallis. 85 pp. [ONS]

413. McDaniel, J. 1966. Wild goose roundup. Fla.

Wildl. 20(71:20-21. [ONS]

414. McDougle, H. C, and R. W. Vaught. 1968. An

epizootic of aspergillosis in Canada geese. J.
Wildl. Manage. 32(21:415-417.

An epizootic in Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis) occurred at the Swan Lake National
Wildlife Refuge, Chariton County, Missouri, in
1966. Approximately 2,000 geese died during
the first 18 days of October. Losses were local-
ized and did not spread to 75,000 other geese
on the refuge. Respiratory distress was
common among the few sick geese that were
observed in the field. All except two geese
examined at the laboratory had varying de-
grees of pulmonary aspergillosis. Three dis-
tinct phases of mycotic pneumonia were re-
corded. A

415. McFarland, L. Z., and H. George. 1966. Pref-

erence of selected grains by geese. J. Wildl.
Manage. 30(1):9-13.

The preference of 12 livetrapped adult geese
for several grains was tested over a 49-day
period. [Three western Canada geese (Branta
canadensis moffitti) and two cackling geese
(B.c. minima) were involved. Grain consump-
tion, preferences, and associated factors are
discussed.] A

416. McKinley, D. 1961. History of the Canada goose

in Missouri. Bluebird 28(3):6-12.

A synthesis of historical records of Canada
geese breeding in Missouri. The native goose
belonged to the large subspecies Branta cana-
densis maxima, and records go back as far as
Lewis and Clark in the summer of 1804. The
majority of the accounts are from the 1800's
and the last breeding record mentioned is
around 1920.

417. McKinley, D. 1964. Slaughter at Swan Lake.

Audubon Mag. 66(31:144-145.

Swan Lake Federal Waterfowl Refuge was
established in 1937. In 1955, one-tenth of the
refuge was made available to the Mo. Conserv.
Comm. for use as a public shooting area, and
the area chosen consisted of a narrow strip
around the refuge. Dead and crippled birds
may not legally be retrieved if they fall within
the area closed to public shooting. In a survey
of about 10% of the refuge perimeter the
author found 470 dead and crippled geese. "As
a biologist, I visited Swan Lake to study the
impact of the newly-allowed shooting season
there. . . . Sometimes I wonder if it might not
be better if 'game' management were forgotten
altogether and a form of poultry husbandry
were instituted instead." WR

418. McLandress, R. M. 1970. Observations of nesting

Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) on
the islands of Dog Lake, Manitoba. Can. Wildl.
Serv. Unpubl. Biol. Rep. 5 pp. [ONS]

419. Merrill, J. C. 1883. Nesting habits of the Canada

goose (Bernicla canadensis). Bull. Nuttall Orni-
thol. Club 8(21:124-125.

A description of the nesting locations and
nest construction of Canada geese along the
Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and Big Horn
rivers in Montana.

420. Mershon, W. B. 1925. Big geese. Field and

Stream 34:26-27, 63-64. [ONS]

421. Mershon, W. B. 1928. Canada goose migration at

Saginaw, Mich. Auk 45(1):93.

A large night migration of Canada geese over
Saginaw, Michigan, is discussed.

422. Mickelson, P. G. 1975. Breeding biology of cack-

ling geese and associated species on the Yukon-
Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Wildl. Monogr. 45.
35 pp.

An extensive study of the breeding biology
of cackling geese (Branta canadensis minima).
An average of 204 pairs nested on the 4-square-
mile study area each year. Cackling geese pre-
ferred to nest on islands. Average clutch size
for successful nests was 4.3. Nesting success
averaged 67.6% and brood size 3.7. During the
brood season, cackling geese preferred sedge
meadows for feeding and resting areas. Young
geese reached flight stage in 6 to 9 weeks, and
families migrated south 1 or 2 weeks after the
young gained flight. Predation was the cause of
65.8% of all goose and eider egg losses. Species
interrelationships are discussed.

42

423. Miller, A. W., and B. D. Collins. 1953. A nesting

study of Canada geese on Tule Lake and Lower
Klamath National Wildlife Refuges, Siskiyou
County, California. Calif. Fish Game 39(3):385-
396.

During the spring of 1952, a nesting study of
Canada geese was carried out on Tule Lake and
Lower Klamath National Wildlife refuges. A
sample of 201 complete nest histories was ob-
tained. Muskrat houses (38%) and islands
(36.6%) were the preferred nest sites chosen
with respect to visibility, protection, proximity
of other nesting geese and distance to water.
Cover type appeared to be incidental to site
selection. One hundred fifty-eight nests
(78.6%) were successful. Desertion and flood-
ing were the major cause of losses. Eight hun-
dred ten eggs in successful nests produced 705
young (87%). The average clutch was 5.13 and
average hatch per clutch, 4.43. Of eggs in suc-
cessful nests, 1.9% were infertile and 9.4% con-
tained dead embryos. The length of the nesting
period was about 83 days, with the peak of the
hatch occurring between 23 April and 12 May.

424. Miner, J. 1937. The weight of our Canada geese.

Field and Stream. Pp. 5-6. [ONS]

425. Miner, M. F. 1931. Migration of Canada geese

from the Jack Miner Sanctuary and banding
operations. Wilson Bull. 43(l):29-34.

An account of early recoveries of Jack Miner
bands from Indians on the coast of Hudson
Bay. Banding operations are discussed.

426. Moffitt, J. 1931. The status of the Canada goose

in California. Calif. Fish Game 17(l):20-26.

A popular account of the distribution, num-
bers, and life history of the Canada goose in
California.

427. Moffitt, J. 1937. The white-cheeked goose in Cali-

fornia. Condor 39<4):149-159.

An account of specimen collecting and taxon-
omy of Canada geese in California.

428. Moffitt, J. 1939. Notes on the distribution of the

lesser Canada goose and cackling goose in Cali-
fornia. Condor 41(4):164-166.

429. Moffitt, J. 1939. Notes on the distribution of

whistling swan and Canada goose in California.
Condor 41(3):93-97.

A summary of nesting locations and win-
tering areas for Canada geese in California.

430. Mohler, L. L. 1945. Lead poisoning of geese near

Lincoln. Nebr. Bird Rev. 13(2):49-50. [ONS]

431. Moser, J. 1972. Breeding ecology of Canada

geese. West Virginia Division of Game and
Fish. 10 pp. [ONS]

432. Moser, J. D. 1973. Ecology of Canada geese at

McClintic Wildlife Station. M.S. Thesis. West
Virginia Univ., Morgantown. 81 pp. [ONS]

433. Munro, D. A. 1960. Factors affecting repro-

duction of the Canada goose (Branla cana-
densis). Proc. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 12:542-556.

Discussion of the interrelationships and rela-
tive effects of some of the factors influencing
the early stages of the reproductive period in
certain British Columbia populations of
Canada geese. The nature of the habitat and of
water conditions determines losses to flooding
and can result in crowding, also with resultant
losses. An interspersion of dense brushy cover
with open feeding areas favors gosling sur-
vival. Predation has little effect on reproduc-
tion while desertion has a major effect on suc-
cess. A population model based on different fig-
ures for survival and production is presented
with a figure tying together population status
with different environmental parameters.

434. Nagel, J. n.d. Banding the breeds. Utah Fish

Game 19(7):20-21.

Summary of the Utah waterfowl banding
program with particular attention to local
Canada goose flocks.

435. Nagel, J. E., and G. F. Wrakestraw. 1968. The

impact of season limits on Great Basin goose
harvests. Pages 117-121 in R. L. Hine and C.
Schoenfeld, eds. Canada goose management.
Dembar Educational Research Services.
Madison, Wis. 195 pp.

Season bag limits and other harvest restric-
tions in Utah, Wyoming, Montana, and
Nevada implemented to reverse a decline in the
Great Basin goose flock are evaluated. It was
concluded that season bag limits could reduce
total harvest, particularly when implemented
by requiring use of a certain number of tags.

436. Nass, R. D. 1964. Sex- and age-ratio bias of

cannon-netted geese. J. Wildl. Manage.

28(3):522-527.

Age ratios of Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis), derived from catches in cannon traps,
are of questionable value unless time on bait is

43

taken into account. Findings were based on
examination of 2,879 geese caught in 46 timed
catches at Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge
in 1961 and 1962. The proportion of adults in
the catches increased with length of time on
bait. No significant differences were found in
sex ratios as time on bait increased. A

437. Naylor, A. E. 1953. Production of the Canada

goose on Honey Lake Refuge, Lassen County,
California. Calif. Fish Game 39(11:83-94.

The goose nesting season of 1951 was exam-
ined at Honey Lake, California. The peak of
laying came between 25 March and 10 April
with the peak of the hatch between 15 April
and 30 April. Hardstem bulrush, islands, and
ditchbanks comprised 75% of the total nest
sites. A total of 360 nests produced 1,904 eggs
for an average clutch size of 5.53 eggs. Of the
360 nests, 68.3% were successful. Hatching
success was 82.6%. Desertion accounted for
23.9% of the unsuccessful nests and destroyed
nests accounted for 7.8%. Management recom-
mendations for increasing the goose flock were
preseason predator control, construction of
islands, and control of vegetation.

438. Naylor, A. E., and E. G. Hunt. 1954. A nesting

study and population survey of Canada geese
on the Susan River, Lassen County, California.
Calif. Fish Game 40(11:5-16.

A study of the Canada goose population on
the Susan River and Honey Lake Refuge
during the 1952 nesting season suggested that
the river was primarily a nonbreeding area and
secondarily a nesting area. Nesting density
along the river was 3.6 nests per mile with
ditchbanks being the preferred nest sites. On
the Susan River, nesting success was 79.3%; at
Honey Lake success was 64.9%. The popu-
lation on the Susan River was estimated to be
1,100 to 1,300 during the nesting season.

439. Neff, D. J. 1957. Vanishing geese. Colo. Outdoors

6(61:5-8.

Colo, is in danger of losing its last major
flock of breeding Canadas. Geese nesting along
the Yampa and Green Rivers are in serious,
rapid decline, as census figures show. Studies
in 1956 revealed good reproduction success on
the breeding islands. Trouble appeared to be
too much shooting locally and further s. in
flyway. Seasons were reduced, but decline con-
tinued in 1957. Also, in 1957, reproduction was
much affected by floods. Local hunting was
stopped. Improvement of breeding islands was

begun. Geese nested on ground where visibility
was good. Improvements were provisions of
nesting structures and clearing of vegetation.
WR

440. Neilson, D. E. 1960. Study on the use of captive

or pinioned Canada geese in establishing breed-
ing populations in new areas. Utah Division of
Wildlife Resources. 3 pp. [ONS]

441. Nelson, H. K. 1952. Hybridization of Canada

geese with blue geese in the wild. Auk 69(4):425-

428.

Two geese killed at the Sand Lake National
Wildlife Refuge in South Dakota during the
1950 hunting season were identified as crosses
between one of the small Canada geese and the
blue goose. Two other oddly colored specimens
were observed but not confirmed. A descrip-
tion of both specimens is included with a
survey of other known examples of hybridi-
zation.

442. Nelson, H. K. 1962. Recent approaches to Canada

goose management. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Spec. Sci. Rep.-Wildl. 66. 25 pp.

The classification and ranges of the Canada
geese in the management programs of the Mis-
sissippi and Central Flyways are briefly pre-
sented. Trends in the four major populations
are shown by means of tables. Management
procedures are outlined and a harvest quota
system discussed, with modifications sug-
gested for the eastern prairie population.
Future needs in goose management are out-
lined. WR

443. Nelson, H. K. 1963. Restoration of breeding

Canada goose flocks in the North Central
States. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour.
Conf. 28:133-150.

The use of captive flocks of Canada geese to
serve as decoys for migrants or to establish
breeding flocks is discussed for the North Cen-
tral States. The production by resident Canada
goose flocks on 13 National Wildlife refuges in
the North Central region during the period
1936-62 totaled 22,300, with annual production
averaging 1,500 to 2,000 birds during the past
5 years. Production on the major State
projects cited reached 2,600 in 1962. Collec-
tively, State and Federal areas in the North
Central States produced 4,000 to 4,500 geese
annually as of 1963. Management techniques
and recommendations are presented.

44

444. Nelson, R. C. 1976. Age determination of Canada

geese (Branta canadensis maxima) by layers in
the periosteal zone. M.S. Thesis. Ohio State
Univ., Columbus. 50 pp. [ONS1

445. Nelson, U. C. 1953. Cliff-nesting Canada geese on

the arctic slope of Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage.
17(4):536.

An account of one nest and several indi-
viduals (Branta canadensis leucopareia) ob-
served on inaccessible cliffs on the arctic coast
in 1949.

446. Nelson, U. C, and H. A. Hansen. 1959. The

cackling goose — its migration and manage-
ment. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 24:174-187.

The breeding range and migration route of
the cackling goose {Branta canadensis minima)
are discussed. Harvest and mortality data are
presented with life tables of adult and juvenile
cackling geese banded on the Yukon Delta.
Population estimates place the cackling goose
population between 250,000 and 300,000 birds.

447. Neth, J. W., III. 1971. Identifying natal areas of

Ohio-hatched Canada geese by neutron acti-
vation analysis. M.S. Thesis. Ohio State Univ.,
Columbus. 57 pp. [ONS]

448. Nulle, C. W. 1970. The giant Canada goose in

South Dakota. Mod. Game Breed. 6(8):13-14, 27.

Presents management techniques for captive
breeding of giant Canada geese. Endeavors of
landowner cooperator projects are reported.
WR

449. Olsen, D. L. 1964. The effects of weather on har-

vest and movements of the Canada goose
(Branta canadensis interior). M.S. Thesis.
Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 36 pp.
[ONS]

450. Olson, S. T. (nd) Gull-waterfowl relationships in

the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Pages 53-61 in
Alaska Game Commission, PR Rep. Proj.
(W)3R-6(1 LIONS]

451. Ordal, N.J. 1971. Canada goose repopulation

studies, Roseau River Wildlife Management
Area. Minn. Dep. Nat. Resour., Game Res. Q.
Rep. 31(3):154-158. [ONS]

452. Otis, R., W. Johnson, and D. Cowan. 1975. Domi-

nance behavior in Canada geese when popu-
lation density is increased. Am. Zool. 15(3):820.
(Abstract!

Dominance behavior in three groups of semi-
wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis) was
measured at a food trough over a period of one
year. Each group consisted of three wing-
pinioned breeding pairs maintained in one of
three identical fields (each 45 by 60 m). Base-
line observations were made in Phase I (4
months duration). In Phase II (4 months dura-
tion), two of the groups were combined,
thereby doubling the population density. The
dominance hierarchy remained linear and
transitive under the higher density condition
but access to the food was not restricted ac-
cording to dominance rank, resulting in all
birds eating at the same time. In Phase III, the
groups were replaced in their separate fields,
causing food access to be once again ordered
according to rank, as it was in Phase I, indi-
cating that dominance hierarchies may become
inefficient social-organizing forces under
certain increased density conditions in geese. A

453. Pack, A. B. 1967. Spring migration of waterfowl

in New York and the weather/Canada geese
pick a stormy day in 1965. Kingbird 17(1):7-13.
IONS]

454. Page, C. A. 1958. Antibody response of the

Canada goose to the Newcastle disease virus.
Avian Dis. 2(3):365-369.

The sera of 33 wild Canada geese were exam-
ined for SN titers to Newcastle disease. The
average SN titers was 1.2 with the titers
ranging from 0 to 2.5. Nineteen birds had titers
greater than 1.0. When ten of the birds were
exposed to Newcastle disease virus of chicken
origin, no symptoms or deaths occurred. Serum
titers increased from 1.2 to 4.2 logs within two
weeks. By ten weeks titers virtually dropped to
zero. A second virus exposure at ten weeks pro-
duced a prompt increase in average titers to 5.9
after one week. A

455. Pakulak, A. J. 1969. Nesting ecology of Canada

geese of the Churchill area, northern Manitoba.
M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Fort Col-
lins. IONS]

456. Pakulak, A.J. 1970. Little Seal River Canada

goose investigation. Manitoba Dep. Mines Re-
sources Environmental Management, Re-
search Branch, Unpublished Biological Report.
26 pp. [ONS|

457. Palmer, S. F., and D. O. Trainer. 1969. Serologic

study of some infectious diseases of Canada
geese. Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 5:260-266.

45

A serologic study was conducted to investi-
gate the exposure of captive and free-flying
Canada geese {Branta canadensis) to five arbo-
viruses, chlamydiae, and Mycoplasma galli-
septicum. Of more than 1200 serums screened
in the metabolic-inhibition test (MIT), no
serums neutralized eastern encephalitis virus
(EEV), less than 1% neutralized western
(WEV), or Venezuelan (VEV) encephalitis
viruses, 2% neutralized St. Louis encephalitis
virus (SLEV), and 29% neutralized California
encephalitis virus (CEV). Supplementary sero-
logic procedures indicated that a nonspecific
inhibitor probably caused inhibition of CEV in
the MIT.

Fifty-six percent of 197 serums had hemag-
glutination-inhibition titers of 1:80 or higher
against M. gallisepticum and were considered
"positive." Two hundred and eight serums
were negative for complement-fixing antibody
against chlamydiae. A

458. Palmer, S. F., and D. O. Trainer. 1970. Serologic

evidence of Newcastle disease virus in Canada
geese. Avian Dis. 14(31:494-502.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemaggluti-
nation-inhibition (HI) titers of 1:20 or higher
were detected in 31% of 3,010 sera from migra-
tory and nonmigratory Canada geese (Branta
canadensis). HI titers ranged to 1:1280, and
virus neutralization (VN) titers ranged to
106.3 + . Reactor-prevalence was 1% among
flightless juveniles and higher in older geese.
Prevalence of NDV reactors did not differ con-
sistently between migratory and nonmigratory
Canada geese or between sexes. The correlation
of NDV HI and VN titers and the predominant
resistance of the Canada goose HI substance to
heat-trypsin-periodate treatment suggested
that a reasonable indication of previous ex-
posure of Canada geese to NDV is an HI titer
of 1:20. A probable isolation of NDV was made
from the spleen of a wild Canada goose. WR

459. Patterson, I. J. 1976. The role of social behaviour

in limiting the size of wildfowl populations and
their output of young. Wildfowl 27:140-141.

460. Patterson, R. L. 1954. Restoring the Canada

goose. Wyo. Wildl. 18(7):12-15.

A report on the status and plans of Wyo-
ming's Canada goose restoration project.

461. Patterson, R. L., and R. M. Ballou. 1953. The

status of the Canada goose in Wyoming. Wyo.
Wildl. 17(8):4-14, 36.

The majority of Wyoming's breeding flocks
were located on western slope and Great Basin
drainages as of 1953. The paper deals with
management directed toward improving the
already established flocks and introducing resi-
dent flocks to areas recently improved for
geese as a result of water development and
agricultural activities.

462. Perry, R. F. 1949. Spring geese at Oak Orchard.

N.Y. State Conserv. 3(5):16. [ONS)

463. Petschow, D., I. Wuerdinger, R. Bauman, J.

Duhm, G. Braunitzer, and C. Bauer. 1977.
Causes of high blood oxygen affinity of
animals living at high altitude. J. Appl.
Physiol. 42(2):139-143. [ONS]

464. Phillips, J. C. 1910. Notes on the autumn migra-

tion of the Canada goose in eastern Massachu-
setts. Auk 27(3):263-271.

Arrival dates, hunting kill, flight route,
direction and magnitude, weather factors, and
"races" of geese are all discussed for the
eastern Massachusetts migration of Canada
geese in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

465. Phillips, J. C. 1911. Two unusual flights of

Canada geese noted in Massachusetts during
the fall of 1910. Auk 28(31:319-323.

An unusually early migration of Canada
geese on 3 and 4 October 1910, and a very late
migration on 28 November of the same year are
described. The relation of these flights to
weather conditions in Eastern Canada and
New England is covered.

466. Phillips, J. C. 1913. A crested Canada goose. Auk

30(4):578.

On 15 February 1913 three Canada geese, all
with a peculiar crest of feathers, were shot
from the same flock of geese near Pea Island,
North Carolina. Possible explanations are dis-
cussed and a sketch is included.

467. Phillips, J. C. 1916. Two problems in the migra-

tion of water fowl. Auk 33(l):22-27.

Geese migrate in family parties and groups
of families. The usual size of a family is 6 or 7,
often it is 5, and occasionally 8. A

468. Phillips, J. C. 1921. Massachusetts geese. Auk

38(2):271-272.

An exceptionally large fall migration was ob-
served in Massachusetts in 1920. The goose kill

46

reflected this increase in numbers.

469. Phillips, J. C. 1928. Another "swoose" or swan X

goose hybrid. Auk 45<l):39-40.

The product of a union between a male black
Australian swan [Chenopsis atrata) and a
female Canada goose is discussed. The hybrid
survived for about IV2 years. Photographs are
included.

470. Pindar, L. O. 1886. The breeding of Branta cana-

densis at Reelfoot Lake, Tenn. Auk 3(4):481.

An observation of breeding Canada geese on
Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, in 1886.

471. Pirnie, M. D. 1938. Restocking of the Canada

goose successful in southern Michigan. Trans.
N. Am. Wildl. Conf . 3:624-627.

Since 1928, a captive flock of Canada geese
has nested at the W. K. Kellogg Bird Sanc-
tuary near Battle Creek. At first, the young
were pinioned to add to the captive flock. Since
1931, less than two dozen of the young have
been allowed to fly as they please. Since about
1930, full-winged escaped birds have been
nesting in this vicinity with an annual yield of
young in excess of those produced inside the
sanctuary.

472. Pirnie, M. D. 1943. The W. K. Kellogg Bird Sanc-

tuary in wildlife researches. Mod. Game Breed.
13(7):6, 13. [ONS]

Account of successful colonization of Canada
geese at the Kellogg Sanctuary.

473. Pirnie, M. D. 1954. The grazing of dormant

winter wheat by wild geese. Mich. Agric. Exp.
Stn., Q. Bull. 37(1):95-104.

Quantitative study of plots in southeastern
Michigan that were grazed by wild or captive
geese. Geese clip and graze but seldom pull up
the plants. Effects on yield, scare devices, and
interactions of geese with other factors are dis-
cussed.

474. Plath, L. 1975. Noteworthy observations from

the Lower Warnow River Region. Falke
22(4):122-123.[ONS)

475. Preston, F. W. 1953. The shapes of birds' eggs.

Auk 70(21:160-182.

The dimensions of Canada goose eggs from
the Preston collection are included in Table 5,
page 178.

476. Prevett, J. P., B. C. Lieff, and C. D. Maclnnes.

1972. Nest parasitism at McConnell River,
N.W.T. Can. Field-Nat. 86(4):369-372.

Records of blue geese and common eiders
laying in Canada goose nests and Canada geese
laying in common eider and blue goose nests.

477. Prevett, J. P., and CD. Maclnnes. 1973. Ob-

servations of wild hybrids between Canada and
blue geese. Condor 75(1):124-125.

Detailed descriptions were recorded for 10 of
30 blue goose-Canada goose hybrids observed
in the field and some features were recorded for
another 10. Status and frequency of the
hybrids are discussed.

478. Radesater, T. 1974. Form and sequential associa-

tions between the triumph ceremony and other
behaviour patterns in the Canada goose
{Branta canadensis L.) Ornis. Scand. 5(2):87-101.

Hostile and triumph ceremony behaviour of
the Canada Goose was studied 1970-1973.
Threat and triumph display postures are
briefly described. The form of the triumph cere-
mony postures indicates that the initiating
part (rolling), and probably also the termi-
nating part (cackling) are related to agonistic
behaviour patterns. The sequential organiza-
tion of the patterns also reveals an association
between hostile behaviour and the triumph
ceremony. It is concluded that the triumph dis-
play and agonistic behaviour in this species
have motivating factors, internal or external to
the animal, in common. The variation in
amount and proportion between the triumph
display components shows that rolling prevails
in pre-attack performances and when strange
geese are close to the pair in the territory, while
cackling prevails in post-attack performances
and in displays without connection with overt
hostile encounters. A

479. Radesater, T. 1974. On the ontogeny of orienting

movements in the triumph ceremony in two
species of geese (Anser anser L. and Branta
canadensis L.). Behaviour 50(1-2):1-15.

480. Radesater, T. 1975. Biting in the triumph display

of the Canada goose. Wilson Bull. 87(4):554-555.

Significantly more bites were delivered when
the birds were meeting frontally than when
they adopted more laterally oriented positions.
Male biting in the ceremony seemed to be more
likely in some situations than others, obviously
depending on the relative rank of the intruder

47

eliciting the display. It does not seem improb-
able that a ritualized male bite and a female
appeasing signal might serve to allow expres-
sion of activated aggressive tendencies in a
peaceful way when such tendencies are in-
hibited from a natural outlet.

481. Radesater, T. 1975. Interactions between cr and

9 during the Triumph Ceremony in the
Canada Goose [Branta canadensis L.). Z.
Tierpsychol. 39:189-205.

The sequential order of behaviour patterns in
the Triumph ceremony of the Canada goose is
described. Besides rolling and cackling— the
two main displays during a ceremony— 5 other
patterns, or groups of patterns, occurred with
enough frequency to make statistical treat-
ment possible. In both intra- and inter-indi-
vidual sequences the [behavioural] acts do not
appear at random. Male attack and threat
behaviour appear so frequently immediately
upon female threat during the ceremony that
the similarity to the inciting behaviour of
ducks is striking. A

482. Radesater, T. 1976. Individual sibling recognition

in juvenile Canada geese (Branta canadensis).
Can. J. Zool. 54(7):1069-1072.

Results from choice experiments indicate
that a juvenile Canada gosling is able to recog-
nize members of its own sibling group when
only a few days old.

483. Raveling, D. G. 1966. Factors affecting age ratios

of samples of Canada geese caught with
cannon-nets. J. Wildl. Manage. 30(41:682-691.

Widely differing opinions are held concern-
ing the reliability of age-ratio statistics derived
from samples of Canada geese trapped with
cannon-nets. The 95 percent confidence limits
of an age-ratio estimate of 41.3 percent imma-
ture derived from 35 catches involving 2,451
geese were 35.3-50.5 percent immature. These
data indicate the potential for error when such
data are used to analyze population dynamics.
Based on a study of behavior of marked
Canada geese of all ages and sexes and family
units, utilizing radio telemetry, reasons are
suggested for age-ratio fluctuations of cannon-
net trap samples. Important interrelated
factors causing such cannon-net trap age-ratio
differences are time of year, time of day, food
availability, behavior changes, length of time
on bait, and weather. When these factors cause
Canada geese to crowd densely onto a baited-

trap site, a higher percentage of adults would
usually be obtained than when trap catches
represent different levels of aggression, family
defense, and less crowded conditions. Alterna-
tive explanations are offered of data that led
Funk and Grieb (1965) to conclude that age
ratios from baited-trap samples reliably indi-
cate population structure— a conclusion dif-
ferent from that reached in this paper. A

484. Raveling, D. G. 1966. Reality of goose families

and the questions of brood mixing. Midwest
Fish Wildl. Conf. 20+ pp. (mimeo). [ONS]

485. Raveling, D. G. 1967. Sociobiology and ecology of

Canada geese in winter. Ph.D. Thesis. Southern
Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 263 pp.

Families remained intact all winter, forming
subflocks with specific roost and feeding areas.
Rank orders of large family > smaller family
> pair > single adult > single immature were
maintained by individual recognition, and by
intensity and amount of threat display. Ago-
nistic displays are identified and described.
WR

486. Raveling, D. G. 1968. Can counts of group sizes

of Canada geese reveal population structure?
Pages 87-91 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld,
eds. Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services. Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

Observations of radio- and color-marked
Canada geese during winter proved family
unity in daily activities, but revealed that size
of functional groups could not be regularly or
accurately measured by counts of geese at the
moment of take off or in steady flight. How-
ever, group size could be identified at the
moment of landing. A

487. Raveling, D. G. 1968. Weights of Branta cana-

densis interior during winter. J. Wildl. Manage.
32(2):412-414.

Based on weights of Branta canadensis in-
terior obtained from three sampling periods
during winter 1964-65 at Crab Orchard Na-
tional Wildlife Refuge, Illinois, the following
results and conclusions emerged: adults ex-
pectedly lost weight in late winter; yearlings
and immatures did not lose weight through the
winter: geese at Crab Orchard were usually
heavier and did not show as many nor as large

48

weight losses as reported from other southern
Illinois localities, probably because of the rela-
tionships of numbers of geese and available
food; Crab Orchard geese appeared to be in
excellent condition throughout the winter. A

488. Raveling, D. G. 1969. Preflight and flight behav-

ior of Canada geese. Auk 86(4):671-681.

Behavior associated with the coordination of
flight in Canada geese was observed in a large
winter flock at Crab Orchard National Wildlife
Refuge, Illinois. The functions of, and re-
sponses to, head tossing are discussed with
changes in vocalization and other aspects
serving to coordinate flight activities.

489. Raveling, D. G. 1969. Roost sites and flight pat-

terns of Canada geese in winter. J. Wildl.
Manage. 33<2):319-330.

Observation of a large wintering flock of
Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior) re-
vealed the existence of relatively exclusive sub-
flocks which consistently utilized specific areas
for roosting and maintained recognizable pat-
terns of flight direction. Roost and feed-field
locations of radio-marked geese showed that
consistent patterns were a result of habitual
use of areas by families whereas single geese
were more variable. Habitual patterns are
apparently motivated by fear of unfamiliar sit-
uations and function to enable family members
to reunite after separation occurs, to aid effi-
cient use of food, and to minimize the amount
and intensity of aggressive conflicts within a
flock. Roost and flight patterns of singles
varied because of their following nature and
submissive rank position within the flock. It is
suggested that some subflocks represent a con-
tinued association of geese from the same local
nesting area rather than just local stratifica-
tion after migration. Subflock formation in
some cases could affect local (or even total)
harvest and interpretation of banding and
other sampling data in the study of goose
populations. A

490. Raveling, D. G. 1969. Social classes of Canada

geese in winter. J. Wildl. Manage. 33<2):304-318.

Seventy-seven Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis interior) were marked with transmitters,
nasal disks, and dye to allow recording of their
locations and observation of their behavior
during winter. Marked geese included all or
parts of 10 families, 2 pairs, and 35 yearlings.
Behavior was not substantially affected by

marking. Families remained intact all winter
and reassembled if separation occurred. Of 26
yearlings whose social status was identified, 19
were singles, 4 were members of families, 2
were a sibling pair, and 1 was paired. Two
single yearlings were closely associated in loca-
tions and movements. Bonds among adult and
immature survivors in families disrupted by
mortality did not appear to be affected. Year-
lings in families were probably more loosely at-
tached to the parents than were immatures. A

491. Raveling, D. G. 1970. Dominance relationships

and agonistic behavior of Canada geese in
winter. Behaviour 37(3-41:291-319.

The study was conducted at Crab Orchard
National Wildlife Refuge, Illinois, during the
winters of 1963-64 and 1964-65. The paper
reports results of victories and losses in
aggressive conflict situations and describes the
postures associated with those results. A dis-
cussion of the function and evolution of ago-
nistic postures in relation to the stable, func-
tional dominance hierarchy exhibited by
Canada geese is included. Postures and dif-
ferent agonistic situations are discussed indi-
vidually.

492. Raveling, D. G. 1970. Survival of Canada geese

unaffected by withdrawing blood samples. J.
Wildl. Manage. 34(4): 941-943.

Approximately 3 cc of blood were removed
from each of 20 adult and 83 young (approxi-
mately 7 weeks old) Canada geese. These bled
geese, as well as 43 unbled adults and 218
unbled goslings, were marked with individually
identifiable plastic neckbands. Observations
between 2 and 5 weeks after capture and bleed-
ing revealed that survival was not affected by
taking blood samples.

493. Raveling, D. G. 1976. Migration reversal: A regu-

lar phenomenon of Canada geese. Science
193(4248):153-154.

Documentation and discussion of 28 cases of
reverse migration of Canada geese from their
Manitoba nesting ground to wintering areas in
Minnesota and back again during the same
autumn. Geese were marked with individually
coded neck collars.

494. Raveling, D. G. 1976. Status of giant Canada

geese nesting in southeast Manitoba. J. Wildl.
Manage. 40(2):214-226.

Surveys and banding between 1967 and 1970
delineated most of the nesting range of the

49

giant Canada goose (Branta canadensis
maxima) in Manitoba, which is occupied by
three population segments with different
migration routes. Canada geese nesting south-
east, and perhaps east, of Lake Winnipeg
occupy a small range of marginal habitat and
number about 3,000 to 4,000. About one-third
of this total congregates at the Alf Hole Sanc-
tuary in autumn. The population during the
study was relatively stable with indications of
limitation because of delayed breeding and not
because of mortality. Recaptures (88) demon-
strated a high fidelity of adults to their breed-
ing area and a delayed entry of birds of poten-
tial nesting age into the banding site nesting
population. Lowered body weights were asso-
ciated with poor reproductive success in 1 year.
Distribution of band recoveries revealed a
strong association with the Rock Prairie of
southeast Wisconsin, and some geese were
recovered in southern Illinois and vicinity.
Southeast Manitoba and southeast Wisconsin
together accounted for 69 and 82 percent of 58
direct and 85 indirect band recoveries, respec-
tively, the majority being taken in Wisconsin.
Yearling geese were recovered in a wider dis-
tribution than adults or immatures. A higher
proportion of geese banded in autumn was
directly recovered outside the main Mani-
toba-Wisconsin recovery area as compared to
geese banded as flightless birds in July, indi-
cating that a segment of the population has a
migration path bypassing the main Wisconsin
wintering area. Immatures were 1.56 times
more likely to be shot than adults, but vulnera-
bility did not vary by geographic area. A

495. Raveling, D. G. 1977. Canada geese of the
Churchill River Basin in north-central Mani-
toba. J. Wildl. Manage. 41(11:35-47.

Nesting and molting Canada geese (Branta
canadensis) were studied along and near the
Churchill River, Manitoba, between Southern
Indian Lake and the Hudson Bay Lowlands in
1969 and 1970. This was west of the known
major breeding range of B. c. interior and may
be altered by hydroelectric developments.
Geese were continuously distributed on back-
water lakes and on ponds in drainage systems
directly connected to the river. Their distribu-
tion was contiguous with geese in the Hudson
Bay Lowlands, and they were morphologically
indistinguishable from B. c. interior. Band
recoveries indicated that the study area lay in a
zone of transition between geese migrating to
Missouri from the Lowlands and geese mi-

grating through the Central Flyway. Geese
from the Churchill River, especially west of
Fidler Lake (96° 52' W longitude) contribute a
relatively small number of birds compared to
production in the Lowlands, but there is likely
a significant portion of large Canada geese
using the eastern Central Flyway. Nesting was
on low profile sedge-willow (Carex-Salix)
islands on the river and on marsh and fen bor-
dered ponds on creek drainages. Densities of
geese diminished rapidly away from the
Churchill River. Brood rearing habitat was
sparse and limited mainly to sedge growth
along shorelines and backwater bays. A

496. Raveling, D. G., W. E. Crews, and W. D. Klim-

stra. 1972. Activity patterns of Canada geese
during winter. Wilson Bull. 84(3):278-295.

Based on daily observation of the activities
of a large wintering flock of Canada Geese and
specific records of radio-marked families and
individuals, the times and nature of flight pat-
terns of these geese are described along with
the environmental variables associated with
these patterns. Characteristics of flight pat-
terns were: regularity of onset of morning and
evening flights in relation to light intensity
under similar weather conditions: regularity of
onset of the heavy flight with respect to the
first geese which flew and the prevailing light
levels, usually at or just after sunrise in the
mornings and between sunset and civil twilight
in the evenings; variability of individuals and
families within the regularity exhibited by the
flock as a whole; delay of flight under com-
pletely cloudy conditions; longer periods of
time spent in feeding areas when cloudy, but
not when cold provided it was not too cold to
prevent flight; considerable delay in flight time
or usually cessation of flight when below 15° F.
The motivation and probable adaptive nature
of goose responses to roosting on or near water
during clear weather or in fields during stormy
weather and their cessation of activity in cold
periods are discussed. A

497. Reed, A. 1976. Geese, nutrition and farmland.

Wildfowl 27:153-156. [ONS]

498. Reeves, H. M., F. G. Cooch, and R. E. Munro.

1976. Monitoring arctic habitat and goose pro-
duction by satellite imagery. J. Wildl. Manage.
40(3):532-541.

Spacecraft imagery is being used to evaluate
snow and ice conditions encountered by arctic
nesting geese to recognize years of cata-
strophic or very good production. Management

50

use in the setting of regulations and detailed
techniques are discussed.

499. Reeves, H. M., H. H. Dill, and A. S. Hawkins.

1968. A case study in Canada goose manage-
ment: The Mississippi Valley Population.
Pages 150-165 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld,
eds. Canada goose management. Dembar Edu-
cational Research Services. Madison, Wis.
195 pp.

A case study of the Mississippi Valley Popu-
lation of Canada geese traced from market
hunting in the late 1800's through refuge de-
velopment and protection in Illinois in the
1930's and 1940's to quota and tagging
systems implemented in Wisconsin and Illinois
in the 1960's. Population data, behavioral
changes, and a review of the 1966 hazing pro-
gram at Horicon National Wildlife Refuge are
discussed.

500. Reneau, W. J., and W. Rudersdorf. 1976. The sex,

age and weight structure of the Canada goose
flock of Ballard County, Kentucky, USA.
Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 37<3-4):91-93.

501. Reynolds, W. A., and G. Gavutis, Jr. 1974.

Starvation in a group of Canada geese. Avian
Dis. 18(1):149-150.[ONS]

502. Richmond, M. L. 1972. Duped by a raven. Colo.

Field Ornithol. 12:15. [ONS]

503. Rienecker, W. C. 1971. Canada goose nest plat-

forms. Calif. Fish Game 57(2):113-123.

Six different designs of Canada goose
{Branta canadensis) artificial nest platforms
were tested on the Honey Lake Wildlife Area,
Lassen County, California, during 1966-1970.
The split drum platform design is the most
promising of those tested for acceptance by the
geese, low cost, stability, hauling and assembly
in the field. Size and location of the platform
are the main factors which determine whether a
platform will be utilized or ignored. All of the
large platform designs are readily accepted as
nesting sites if they are located in areas fa-
vored by the geese. High winds, wave action
and shifting ice are the major causes of plat-
form damage. Platform use increased from
15% at the end of the first year of the study to
35% the second year, 44% the third year and
53% the fourth year. This increasing annual
use of artificial nest platforms seems to be a
normal process of learning by Canada geese.
During this study period 104 goose nests were

built on test platforms. Of these nests, 102
(98%) had hatched eggs and 2 (2%) were de-
serted. A

504. Rienecker, W. C, and W. Anderson. 1960. A

waterfowl nesting study on Tule Lake and
Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuges,
1957. Calif. Fish Game 46(4):481-506.

Duck, coot, and Canada goose nesting were
examined during the 1957 season. Hatching
success for geese was 78.7%, with 12.7% of the
nests deserted, 7.1% destroyed, and 1.5%
flooded. The average number hatched was 4.8.
The nesting period lasted approximately 79
days, with the peak of the hatch from 22 April
to 2 May.

505. Robards, F. C. 1960. Construction and operation

of a portable goose trap. J. Wildl. Manage.
24(3):329-331.

Trap design, construction, technique, and
success are all discussed for a portable drive
trap utilized at Glacier Bay, Alaska.

506. Robbins, R. L. 1957. Trends in goose kill and

species composition on private hunting area in
1955. South Dakota Department of Game Fish
and Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-17-R-11. 9 pp.

One of a series of South Dakota reports on
the goose kill in the Sand Lake Refuge and Fort
Randall Reservoir areas.

507. Rudersdorf, W. J. 1962. Canada goose investi-

gations in the vicinity of the W. K. Kellogg
Bird Sanctuary, Kalamazoo County, Michigan.
Ph.D. Thesis. Michigan State Univ., East
Lansing. 208 pp.

Northward migration was from late March
to mid- April when local birds were incubating.
Band recoveries from the James Bay area were
chiefly from the western shore. A larger
proportion of the banded birds wintered on the
Atlantic Coast in the period 1954-58 than in
the period 1949-53. Data from a 3-year study
indicated no difference in vulnerability be-
tween adults and juveniles. Sixty-eight pairs of
geese raised 74 goslings to the first hunting
season. Mortality rate of goslings was 63.4%
until fall migration. A 50:50 sex ratio was ob-
served. Blood parasites found were Leucocyto-
zoon, Microfilaria and Haemoproteus. Ecto-
parasites collected were Ornitholobius, Trino-
ton, Menopon, and Anatacola. The average
hunter spent $74.64 per season on goose
hunting, each goose cost $49.42, hunters spent

51

40.5 hours per season, and 24 shells were fired
for each bird bagged. Most farmers believed
that Canada geese caused no crop damage. WR

508. Rutherford, W. H. 1963. Evaluation of the effec-

tiveness of artificial nesting structures for
Canada geese on Colorado breeding grounds.
Cent. Mt. Plains Sect. Wildl. Soc. Conf . 8. 5 pp.
[ONS]

509. Rutherford, W. H. 1965. Description of Canada

goose populations common to the Central Fly-
way. Central Flyway Waterfowl Council Tech-
nical Committee Report. 20 pp. (mimeo) IONS)

510. Rutherford, W. H. 1965. The Canada geese of

Larimer County. Colo. Outdoors 14(2):16-19.
[ONS]

511. Rutherford, W. H. 1967. Arkansas Valley goose

flock management studies. Pages 61-73 in Colo-
rado Game Fish Parks Department, Game Re-
search Report, 1967. [ONS]

512. Rutherford, W. H. 1968. Arkansas Valley goose

flock management studies. Pages 77-97 in Colo-
rado Game Fish Parks Department, Game Re-
search Report, 1968. [ONS]

513. Rutherford, W. H. 1968. Differential mortality of

juvenile Canada geese in the Arkansas Valley
of Colorado. Proc. Annu. Conf. West. Assoc.
State Game Fish Comm. 48:288-293.

There was no difference between subsequent
adult and juvenile mortality rates for post-
season bandings. For preseason bandings,
calculated first year mortality rates were 53%
for juveniles and 36% for adults. Incidence of
body shot by age class and the relationships of
juvenile vulnerability to firing line versus field
hunting are discussed.

514. Rutherford, W. H. 1970. The Canada geese of

southeastern Colorado. Colo. Div. Game Fish
Parks Tech. Publ. 26. 65 pp.

A synthesis of current knowledge concerning
the portion of the Shortgrass Prairie Canada
goose population wintering in southeastern
Colorado, currently numbering over 100,000
birds. Included are descriptions of the Ar-
kansas River wintering area and the Short-
grass Prairie Canada goose population in gen-
eral, the ecology of Colorado's wintering popu-
lation, trapping, banding and band recovery
analysis, hunting pressure analysis, as well as
a management discussion. The Arkansas River

Valley flock, as it is known, has shown steady
and uninterrupted growth since the late 1940's.

515. Salter, R. L. 1956. Canada goose nesting studies

in Idaho. Proc. Annu. Conf. West. Assoc. Game
Fish Comm. 36:191-194.

How production is determined, how large
production has been on 7 areas (1952-56), and
how difficult it is at present to correlate aerial
survey data with numbers of nests and pro-
duction. Local studies of this type are im-
portant because they show what populations
need more protection and how populations are
responding to changes of regulations. Ex-
amples are given. WR

516. Salter, R. L. 1958. Canada goose nesting studies

in Idaho. Idaho Wildl. Rev. 10(6):7-9.

Nesting studies were conducted in 1952-58
on six management units in Idaho. Each area
was checked in the same fashion each year.
Number of nests, number of successful nests,
average hatch, estimated production, and man-
agement implications are discussed.

517. Salyer, J. C. 1953. Management of captive

Canada goose flocks. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Wild. Manage. Series II. 11 pp. [ONS]

518. Samson, F. B. 1971. Migration of resident and

migrant Canada geese banded at Necedah Na-
tional Wildlife Refuge. Bird-Banding 42(2):115-
118.

An analysis of band returns of geese banded
at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge indicated
a distinct migration route for the resident flock
different from the migrant geese. A similarity
exists in migration direction between the Nece-
dah flock and the Great Basin Bear River geese
from which the Necedah flock was obtained.
The use of celestial cues could explain this. A

519. Saul, R. 1970. Measure [of] the influence of arti-

ficial nesting platforms and tubs on Canada
goose nesting activity and success. Wyoming
Game and Fish Commission. 21 pp. [ONS]

520. Schettler, C. H. 1971. Goose virus hepatitis in the

Canada goose and snow goose. J. Wildl. Dis.
7(3):147-148.

Seven Canada goose goslings and one snow
goose gosling died suddenly and were pre-
sented for diagnosis. Gross and microscopic
lesions of hepatitis were observed in all birds.

52

A virus was isolated in embryonated goose
eggs which, on the basis of complement fixa-
tion and immunofluorescence tests, was iden-
tified as goose hepatitis virus.

521. Schiller, E. L. 1954. Studies of the helminth fauna

of Alaska. XVIII. Cestode parasites in young
anseriforms on the Yukon Delta nesting
grounds. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 73(2): 194-
201.

A description of cestodes of the genus
Hymenolepis taken from 27 cackling geese
{Branta canadensis minima).

522. Schoonover, L. J., and H. M. Reeves. 1966.

Geese — more or less? N. D. Outdoors 29(3):6-8.
[ONS]

523. Schroeder, C. H. 1961. Homeward bound. N. D.

Outdoors 23(10):4-7. [ONS]

524. Schroeder, C. 1967. Why only one Canada goose?

N. D. Outdoors 30(5):l-2. [ONS)

525. Scott, R. E. 1968. Canada Goose taking over and

hatching Mallard's eggs. British Birds
61(111:526.

A female goose, building a nest five yards
from a mallard nest, took over the mallard nest
with an incomplete clutch of six eggs, drove off
the female mallard, and hatched four of the
eggs. The ducklings died from unknown
causes.

526. Shanks, C. E. 1952. Ecological study of Canada

geese. Missouri Conservation Commission.
llpp.[ONS|

527. Shaver, R. A. 1967. Land use for the wild goose.

Pa. Game News 38<1):7-13.

A general discussion of land use and manage-
ment practices as related to producing or main-
taining nesting, brood, and migration habitat
for Canada geese. The ecology of Canada geese
is included to illustrate the basic needs of the
birds.

528. Sheldon, M. G. 1957. A new nest for honkers.

Colo. Outdoors 6(6):26-27.

Colorado's nesting platforms for Canada
geese are supported by steel fence posts and
topped with bales of straw. These platforms
are expected to help with problems of flooding
and nest predation. WR

529. Sheldon, M. G. 1959. Investigation of the Arkan-

sas Valley wintering goose flock. Pages 51-66
in Colorado Game Fish Dep. Fed. Aid Quar-
terly Rep., 1959. [ONS]

530. Sheldon, M. G., and JR. Grieb. 1961. Investi-

gation of the Arkansas Valley wintering goose
flock. Pages 25-36 in Colorado Game Fish Dep.
Fed. Aid Quarterly Rep., 1961. [ONS[

531. Sherwood, G. A. 1965. Recent modifications in

banding equipment for Canada geese. J. Wildl.
Manage. 29(31:640-643.

Specialized banding equipment for Canada
geese {Branta canadensis) was constructed and
used at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge.
The equipment included holding cages, a re-
volving banding table with band-dispensing
turret and holding funnels, and a weighing
tripod. Use of the equipment significantly
reduced handling and injury to the geese. [Con-
struction directions are included.] A

532. Sherwood, G. A. 1966. Flexible plastic collars

compared to nasal discs for marking geese. J.
Wildl. Manage. 30(41:853-855.

Construction of a flexible plastic collar for
marking geese is described. The usefulness of
the collars, tried on 468 Canada geese (Branta
canadensis) at the Seney National Wildlife
Refuge from 1963 to 1965, was compared with
that of nasal discs attached to 361 Canada
geese at Seney in 1961 and 1962. The collars
were superior to the discs in visibility, reten-
tion, and ease of placement, and injury to the
geese was eliminated. There was no evidence
that the collars affected breeding behavior. A

533. Sherwood, G. A. 1967. Behavior of family groups

of Canada geese. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat.
Resour. Conf . 32:340-355.

Behavior relative to pair bonds and family
relationships in a wild population of Canada
geese {Branta canadensis maxima) were
studied at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge
in Michigan's Upper Peninsula from June 1962
to August 1965. Numbered plastic collars were
placed on 468 geese, largely family groups.
Findings were based on observations of geese
so marked.

It was found that; (1) a productive pair bond
could be developed in a matter of hours in
older, acquainted geese; (2) pair bonds were
permanent so long as both members remained
alive; (3) pairing took place on the nesting
grounds; (4) ganders raised the brood alone fol-

53

lowing death of the goose; (5) yearlings fre-
quently returned to the nesting grounds with
their parents; (6) yearlings often rejoined their
parents after the nesting season; (7) brood
mates retained strong ties well into the second
year; (8) about 75 percent of the two-year-old
females nested and contributed about 33
percent of the hatch; (9) 2-year-old females at-
tempted to nest close to their natal home; and
(10) brood mixing occurred and 2-year-old
females were most vulnerable in losing their
goslings to older, aggressive pairs.

Family groups of Canada geese contained
from two to 21 members. The composition of
such groups was influenced by mortality,
brood mixing, yearlings rejoining parents and
unions of two families. These assemblages
represent a potential source of bias in deter-
mining productivity in Canada geese by fall
counts of family groups. Such biases cannot be
overcome by "average group count" methods
currently in use. A

534. Sherwood, G. A. 1966. Canada geese of the Seney

National Wildlife Refuge. Ph.D. Thesis. Utah
State Univ., Logan. 321 pp.

Some significant findings, based on observa-
tions of marked geese were as follows: (1) Pair-
ing, copulation, nest site selection, and defense
of territory did not necessarily constitute pos-
itive evidence of a nesting attempt. (2) Family
ties were extremely fragile the first three or
four weeks of the goslings' lives, and a brood
unit could be shattered at the slightest extra-
ordinary event. (3) The intolerance of breeding
pairs to other pairs during the nesting period
placed an upper limit on nesting density. (4) A
productive pair bond was established in a
matter of hours in a pair of older geese that had
lost their respective mates. (5) Pair bonds
became a life-time pact so long as both mem-
bers remained alive. (6) Ganders were capable
of raising their brood alone when the goose
died. (7) Brood mixing was common. The
largest mixed brood contained 23 goslings, 21
of which were raised to flight by the adult pair.
(8) About 75 percent of two-year-old females
nested. They contributed about 25 percent of
the total 1965 hatch. (9) Following the molt,
many yearlings rejoined their parents and new
brood and apparently all members migrated as
a unit. Management recommendations were
presented. WR

535. Sherwood, G. A. 1968. Factors limiting produc-

tion and expansion of local populations of

Canada geese. Pages 73-85 in R. L. Hine and C.
Schoenfeld, eds. Canada goose management.
Dembar Educational Research Services. Madi-
son, Wis. 195 pp.

Major factors limiting production and expan-
sion of a wild flock of Canada geese at Seney
National Wildlife Refuge included predation,
disease, and hunting mortality. Predators,
principally coyotes and raccoons, destroyed
194 nests and 874 eggs during the 1963 to 1965
breeding seasons. They also killed a minimum
of 12 adults and 175 goslings. Disease, prob-
ably Leucocytozoon, claimed 500 goslings in
1964. Habitat improvement efforts are
discussed.

536. Sickles, R. 1963. What happened at Pymatuning?

Pa. Game News 34(3):18-23.

A report on the first season of controlled
waterfowl hunting in 1962 at Pennsylvania's
Pymatuning Goose Management Area. Proce-
dures for controlling use of State blinds and
hunter success are discussed.

537. Sickles, R. M. 1964. Pymatuning wrap-up/1963.

Pa. Game News 35(31:12-15.

Despite a 2 weeks' hunting ban because of
fire hazard, more waterfowl were bagged in
1963 at the Pymatuning Goose Management
Area than were bagged in 1962. A harvest of
1383 geese was made by 3002 hunters in 1963.
WR

538. Sileo, L., R. N. Jones, and R. C. Hatch. 1973. The

effect of ingested lead shot on the electro-
cardiogram of Canada geese. Avian Dis.
17(21:308-313.

Myocardial degeneration and necrosis is a
common finding in lead-poisoned waterfowl.
An attempt was made to detect this damage
electrocardiographically. The lead-II electro-
cardiograms of six Canada geese were recorded
daily for 2 weeks before five of the birds were
dosed with lead shot via stomach tube. The
ECG's were recorded daily until the poisoned
birds died. Myocardial necrosis was demon-
strated histologically in three of the geese. The
ECG's of two of these geese contained abnor-
malities consisting of increased R-wave ampli-
tude, changes in ST-segment elevation and
shape, and T-wave inversion. A

539. Simmons, K. E. L. 1965. Bathing behaviour of

Canada geese. British Birds 58(21:58-60.

Somersaulting is described as a component

54

of bathing behavior. It is postulated that
somersaulting increases the wetting effect in
water-bathing. WR

540. Skinner, R. W. 1963. Albinism in a Canada goose.

Auk 80(3):366.

A female Canada goose taken in Jackson
County, Alabama, in 1958 is reported as an
example of imperfect albinism. Measurements
and a description of the plumage are included.

541. Smith, D. 1960. Canada geese, prize of the

wetlands. Utah Fish Game 16(11):20-21. [ONS1

542. Smith, H. J. 1970. Chigger infestation in a

Canada goose. Can. J. Comp. Med. 34(3):277.
IONS]

543. Smith, J. D., and F. H. Davis. 1958. Canada geese

of the Mississippi Flyway. Naturalist 9(1):13-
17.

A general description of history and develop-
ment of the Mississippi Flyway Canada goose
population.

544. Speller, S. W. 1969. Arctic fox attacks on molting

Canada Geese. Can. Field-Nat. 83(1):62.

Two records of arctic fox attacks on Canada
geese are discussed.

545. Spencer, D. L., U. C. Nelson, and W. A. Elkins.

1951. America's greatest goose-brant nesting
area. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 16:290-295.

The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region is dis-
cussed as a waterfowl nesting area. Some band
recoveries and weight data are presented for
the cackling Canada goose.

546. Staebler, A. E. 1959. Subspecies of the Canada

Goose in Michigan. Wilson Bull. 71<4):344-347.

From examination of migrant Canada geese
and specimens at the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, the following subspecies
were identified as having been recorded in
Michigan: Branta canadensis interior, B.C. mof-
fitti, B.c. parvipes, B.C. taverneri, B.C. hutch-
insii, and B.c. canadensis.

547. Starky, E. E. 1972. A case of interspecific homo-

sexuality in geese. Auk 89(2):456-457.

A pair bond was formed between a male
Canada goose and a male snow goose.

548. Steel, P. E., P. D. Dalke, and E. G. Bizeau. 1957.

Canada goose production at Gray's Lake,

Idaho, 1949-1951. J. Wildl. Manage. 21<1):38-41.

On a 22,000-acre lake in southeastern Idaho,
Canada geese commence nesting activities
before the marsh is free of ice and snow. The
peak of nesting was a week earlier in 1951 than
in 1950. Seventy-seven per cent of all goose
nests were located on muskrat houses; four-
fifths were built in cattail, bulrush, or a combi-
nation of these two major cover types. The
degree of success for 361 goose nests was 80
per cent. Land nests and marsh nests were
equally successful. Fifteen per cent of all termi-
nated nests were deserted for unknown causes.
The average clutch size for the three-year
study was 5.2. Following spring censuses of
about 800 and 1,000 breeding and nonbreeding
geese in two different years, the calculated
hatch amounted to 990 and 1,010 goslings. A

i

549. Steenis, J. H. 1952. Plastic neck bands on Canada

geese. Eastern Bird Banding Assoc. News 15:4-
5. [ONS]

550. Stephenson, J. D., and G. Smart. 1972. Egg

measurements for three endangered species.
Auk 89(1):191-192.

Egg measurements for the Aleutian Canada
goose (Branta canadensis leucopareia) are pre-
sented.

551. Sterling, R. T. 1963. Wascana goose summers on

the Arctic Prairies. Blue Jay 21:134-135. [ONS]

552. Sterling, T., and A. Dzubin. 1967. Canada goose

molt migrations to the Northwest Territories.
Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 32:355-
373.

Molt migrations of large-type Canada geese,
from their midcontinent breeding ranges to the
subarctic tundras of the Northwest Territories,
primarily along the Thelon-Back River basins,
are documented. The major molting grounds
were previously covered by post-glacial lacus-
trine inundation. Most geese are found molting
between 15 June and 30 July and the estimated
summer molting population may approach
30,000 Canada geese, in an area between 60 °N
to 66 °N and 96 °W to 106 °W. The summer
movement northward is restricted to portions
of the subadult, nonbreeding and unsuccessful
breeding components of various Mississippi
and Central Flyway populations of B. c.
maxima, B. c. moffitti and more rarely B. c. in-
terior. Records of similar migrations for other
races and populations are presented. Popu-

55

lation segments use the same sites annually
but in varying numbers. Molt migrations to
isolated tundra areas are believed to have some
survival value during this period of increased
vulnerability. Some of the management and re-
search implications that the phenomena pre-
sents are discussed. These are concerned with
differential mortality rates, need for sanc-
tuaries, significance of summer population
mixing and potential supplementary aids to
productivity measurement. A

553. Streckfuss, J. 1967. Prefab goose homes. S. D.

Conserv. Dig. 34(3):17-18. [ONS]

554. Sturdy, J. C. 1972. Production of forage and its

utilization by Canada geese at the Salt Plains
National Wildlife Refuge. M.S. Thesis. Okla-
homa State Univ., Stillwater. 67 pp. [ONS]

555. Sturm, H., and J. Fischer. 1973. The Canadian

goose Branta canadensis at the Unstrut River.
Beitr. Vogelkd. 19<l):77-78. IONS)

556. Surrendi, D. C. 1970. The mortality, behavior,

and homing of transplanted juvenile Canada
geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(4):719-733.

During the summers of 1967 and 1968, 273
flightless 7- and 8-week-old Canada geese
{Branta canadensis maxima) were transplanted
about 100 miles from their natal lakes near
Brooks, to release sites northeast of Hanna,
Alberta. All transplants received leg bands and
colored neck collars for field identification. A
preflight mortality of 4 percent was calculated.
Postflight locations, identity, and behavior of
transplants were recorded. Feeding was the
major daily preflight activity of transplants,
and occurred most intensively at sunrise and
sunset. Resident geese were dominant over
transplants. Non-breeding resident geese were
more tolerant of transplants than were breed-
ing pairs. The postflight movements of trans-
plants were localized and as a unit under the
leadership of resident birds. Transplants on re-
lease sites unoccupied by resident geese dis-
persed from these lakes in small groups imme-
diately after attaining flight. From 68 birds of
each sex (136) transplanted in 1967, 13 homing
female yearlings were recorded in the spring of
1968. In the spring of 1969, 22 females and 22
males were observed on the area from a poten-
tial of 64 males and 73 females transplanted
the previous summer. Homing of yearling
females was significantly (P < 0.05) higher
than for yearling males. Eighty-five and 86

percent of the initial sightings of yearling
females in 1968 and 1969 respectively, were on
or within 1 mile of their release sites. In 1969,
32 percent of the initial sightings of yearling
males were on or within 1 mile of their release
sites. Eighty percent of the homing yearling
females formed pair relationships during 1968
and 1969, with 68 percent occurring on the
study area. Females appeared attracted to
their release sites whether they were paired or
unpaired. Sixty-eight percent of the yearling
males showed pairing tendencies in 1969.
Twenty-seven percent of these pair associa-
tions occurred on the study area. Of the year-
ling males returning, only those forming pair
associations remained on the study area for 30
days or longer. Apparently the males were
more attracted to the females in the pair asso-
ciations than to their release sites. The pair
bonds of some of the yearling females appeared
to become unstable just prior to the summer
molt migration. No 2-year-old males were
known to home to the area. Five 2-year-old
females homed to and paired on their release
sites. One 2-year-old female nested and suc-
cessfully raised a brood of 5 goslings. A

557. Sutton, G. M. 1927. Cackling Goose (Branta cana-

densis minima) in southeastern Michigan. Auk
44(4):559.

A small Canada goose shot in the winter of
1925-26 in Monroe County, Michigan, is
described.

558. Swarth, H. S. 1913. A study of a collection of

geese of the Branta canadensis group from the
San Joaquin Valley, California. Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool. 12<l):l-24. [ONS]

559. Swarth, H. S. 1920. The subspecies of Branta

canadensis (Linnaeus). Auk 37(2):268-272.

Mr. Swarth 's paper is a response to a paper
titled "The Status of the Subspecific Races of
Branta canadensis," by Mr. J. D. Figgins in
the January 1920 issue of The Auk (pp. 94-102).
Mr. Swarth takes issue with the wording of Mr.
Figgins' paper, feeling that he was misquoted
and misinterpreted. No new information is pre-
sented.

560. Szymczak, M. R. 1967. Breeding biology of

Canada geese of the Metro-Denver area. M.S.
Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins.
83 pp. IONS]

56

561. Szymczak, M. R. 1971. Studies of Canada goose

populations in Colorado transplant areas.
Pages 165-189 in Colorado Game Fish and
Parks Department, Federal Aid Game Re-
search Report. IONS]

562. Szymczak, M. R. 1972. Studies of Canada goose

populations in Colorado transplant areas.
Pages 77-103 in Colorado Game Fish and Parks
Department, Federal Aid Game Research
Report. [ONS]

563. Szymczak, M. R. 1973. Experimental studies on

improving the status of Canada goose popu-
lations. Pages 33-42 in Colorado Game Fish
and Parks Department, Federal Aid Game Re-
search Report. [ONS1

564. Szymczak, M. R. 1973. Nonhunting mortality

investigations of Canada geese in southeastern
Colorado. Pages 77-82 in Colorado Game Fish
and Parks Department, Federal Aid Game Re-
search Report. [ONS]

565. Szymczak, M. R. 1973. Studies of Canada goose

populations in Colorado transplant areas.
Pages 53-75 in Colorado Game Fish and Parks
Department, Federal Aid Game Research
Report. [ONS]

566. Szymczak, M. R. 1975. Canada goose restoration

along the foothills of Colorado. Colo. Dep. Nat.
Resour. Wildl. Div. Tech. Publ. 31. 65 pp.

567. Tangen, H. I. L. 1974. Introductions of Canada

geese in Norway. Fauna 27(3):166-176. [ONS]

568. Tarshis, I. B. 1971. An unusual fatality of a year-

ling Canada goose. Jack Pine Warbler

49(4):128.

A mass of vegetation entangled on fishing
line suffocated a yearling Canada goose when it
lodged in the bird's throat.

569. Tarshis, I. B., and CM. Herman. 1965. Is

Cnephia envenusta (Walker) a possible im-
portant vector of Leucocytozoon in Canada
geese? Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 1:10-11. [ONS|

570. Tautin, J., and J. B. Low. 1975. Harvest trends of

Canada geese in Utah. Trans. N. Am. Wildl.
Nat. Resour. Conf . 40:334-345.

Despite the declining proportion of Utah
birds in Utah's harvest, both State and Federal
estimates indicate total annual harvests have
not decreased. It may be that the total annual
harvest in Utah is being sustained by an in-

creased take of geese from elsewhere in the
Intermountain West. It is unlikely that the
harvest is being sustained by an increasing
population, for flyway-wide winter inventories
do not reflect any increase in the Great Basin
Canada geese (Jensen 1973). [Survival rates
calculated from band recoveries and produc-
tion of young on Utah refuges are discussed.] A

571. Taverner, P. A. 1922. Adventures with the

Canada Goose. Can. Field-Nat. 36<5):81-83.

572. Taverner, P. A. 1929. A study of Branta cana-

densis (Linnaeus) the Canada goose. Pages 29-
40 in Annual Report, National Museum of
Canada, 1929.

The subspecific differences and nomen-
clature of Canada geese are discussed as of
1929. Plumage, distribution, and morpho-
logical characters are included. The classifi-
cation as given is: Branta canadensis (Lin-
naeus), the Canada goose; B.c. canadensis (Lin-
naeus), the honker or eastern Canada goose;
B.c. occidentalis (Baird), the western Canada
goose; B.c. leucopaeria (Brandt), the lesser
Canada goose; Branta minima (Ridgway), the
cackling goose; Branta hutchinsii (Richardson),
Richardson's goose.

573. Taylor, W. H. 1957. Utilization, preference, and

nutritional value of winter-green agricultural
crops for goose food. M.S. Thesis. Virginia
Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg. 102 pp.

[ONS]

574. Thomas, V. G., and J. C. George. 1975. Plasma

and depot fat fatty-acids in Canada geese in
relation to diet, migration and reproduction.
Physiol. Zool. 48(2):157-167.

Adult male and female Canada geese of the
Eastern Prairie Population were collected at
the premigrant, postmigrant, and post-repro-
ductive stage of the life cycle. Adipose tissue,
blood, ingesta, and eggs were taken, and the
fatty acid composition of the lipid fractions
determined. Differences in fatty acid com-
position between male and female geese were
not significant at the premigrant and post-
migrant stages, but significant differences in
the levels of 18 carbon fatty acids and ara-
chidonic acid occurred between male and
female post-reproductive geese. The fatty acid
composition of pre- and postmigrant geese
lipids was similar. Differences between the
lipid composition of post-migrant and post-
reproductive geese are attributed to the fatty

57

acid composition of ingested food. Variations
in lipid composition between male and female
post-reproductive geese could be tentatively
explained by suggesting that females syn-
thesize oleic acid de novo and divert linoleic
and arachidonic acids into egg yolk lipids.
Canada geese can be considered similar to
other wild birds studied to date in that the
composition of the depot lipids may be influ-
enced by that of the diet, but physiological
processes which place heavy demands upon fat
reserves may also modify lipid composition. A

575. Timm, D. E., and R. G. Bromley. 1976. Driving

Canada geese by helicopter. Wildl. Soc. Bull.
4(41:180-181.

Documentation of capture technique in-
volving helicopter-driving of flightless Canada
geese into a corral trap, including cost analysis.

576. Todd, W. E. C. 1938. A new eastern race of the

Canada Goose. Auk 55(4):661-662.

The taxonomy of specimens of Canada geese
collected in eastern Canada as far west as the
east coast of Hudson and James bays is dis-
cussed. A distinction between Branta cana-
densis canadensis and B. c. interior is at-
tempted.

577. Trainer, C. E. 1959. The 1959 western Canada

goose {Branta canadensis occidentalis) study of
the Copper River Delta, Alaska. U.S. Bur.
Sport Fish. Wildl. Annual Waterfowl Report,
Alaska, (mimeo) |ONS]

578. Trainer, D. O., and R. A. Hunt. 1965. Lead poi-

soning of waterfowl in Wisconsin. J. Wildl.
Manage. 29(1):95-103.

The presence, prevalence, and significance of
lead poisoning as a mortality factor of wild
waterfowl in Wisconsin is reviewed. Since
1940, more than 1,700 Canada geese (Branta
canadensis) have succumbed to lead poisoning
in Wisconsin. This surpasses the total Canada
goose mortality due to lead poisoning reported
in the literature for North America. Although
the majority of lead poisoning outbreaks
among geese occurred in the spring, total mor-
tality was equally distributed between fall and
spring outbreaks. Lead poisoning mortality
among whistling swans (Olor columbianus) in
Wisconsin annually takes a small number of
the spring migrating population. Seven duck
species were known victims of lead poisoning in
Wisconsin, but this disease was not considered
an important mortality factor of ducks in the

state. The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) was
the major target of the disease. Some of the
ecological factors found to be involved with
lead poisoning of waterfowl in Wisconsin were
climate, water levels, soil types, diet, and the
timing of waterfowl migrations. The signs,
pathological lesions, epizootiology, and signifi-
cance of lead poisoning of waterfowl in Wis-
consin were considered and discussed. A

579. Trainer, DO., C. S. Schildt, R. A. Hunt, and

L. R. Jahn. 1962. Prevalence of Leucocytozoon
simondi among some Wisconsin waterfowl. J.
Wildl. Manage. 26(2):137-143.

A total of 26 Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis), 2 years of age or less, native to the
Crex [Meadows] area were examined for blood
protozoa. One goose (4 percent) was infected
with Leucocytozoon anseris. Haemoproteus
was present in 4 birds (15 percent), and micro-
filaria was present in 2 geese (8 percent). All
parasitemias were of low magnitude. A

580. Truett, E. A., Ill, and J. A. Bailey. 1973. Ob-

servations at the nest of a giant Canada goose
at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge. Miss.
Kite 3:6-11. [ONS]

581. Tufts, R. W. 1932. Annual convention of winter

geese. Can. Field-Nat. 46(3):51-53.

582. Turner, L. B. 1953. A rapid method of sexing

Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 17(4):542-543.

A quick method of sexing Canada geese is de-
scribed. The sexual difference in the profile of
the goose's head between the tip of the bill and
the junction of forehead and crown is used. The
male has a more wedge-shaped bill and fore-
head, while the female has a more distinctly
concave profile. A straight edge can be placed
against the bill and forehead to determine sex.
The male also has a callosity or rounded protu-
berance that develops on the anterior edge of
the wing at the wrist joint. The female lacks
this feature, but does have relatively smoother
tarsi and metatarsi than the male. Using these
criteria sexing accuracy is comparable to
cloacal examination and is much faster. It is
less reliable with juvenile birds than with
adults.

583. Turner, L. B. 1956. Improved technique in goose

trapping with cannon-type net traps. J. Wildl.
Manage. 20(2):201-203.

Improvements in the technique and con-
struction of the Dill cannon-type net trap are

58

discussed. Trap position, bait, use of blinds,
blasting cap wiring system, charge types, and
other hints are covered.

584. Twedt, C. M. 1968. Investigations into rearing

and restoration of breeding Canada geese
{Branta canadensis) in South Dakota, 1966-67.
South Dakota Department of Game Fish and
Parks. PR Rep. Proj. W-75-R-9. 7 pp.

Progress report on South Dakota's project to
restore free-flying resident geese in suitable
habitat throughout the State.

585. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1965-1972. Wild-

life administrative reports. U.S. Fish and
Wildl. Serv., Migratory Bird Population
Station.

No. 75. 1965. Distribution of Canada goose
band recoveries among states and provinces,
based on bandings 1959-1963 in eastern North
America. (Prepared by J. A. McCann and R. I.
Smith.) 16 pp.

No. 76. 1965. Distribution and degree of
registration of the Canada goose kill in Wis-
consin and Illinois, 1963 and 1964. (Prepared
by A. D. Geis and S. M. Carney.) 7 pp.

No. 93. 1965. Effects of the 3-goose bag limit
on the kill of Canada geese in the Atlantic
Flyway. (Prepared by J. A. McCann.) 2 pp.

No. 94. 1965. Canada goose recovery rates
and relative recovery rates from bandings in
eastern North America during 1959-64. (Pre-
pared by J. A. McCann.) 10 pp.

No. 105. 1966. Canada goose surveys in
eastern Canada— progress report, 1956,
1962-65. (Prepared by C. F. Kaczynski and
E. B. Chamberlain.) 16 pp.

No. 108. 1966. Winter banding of mallards,
black ducks, wood ducks, and Canada geese;
1966. (Prepared by R. K. Martinson.) 11 pp.

No. 123. 1966. Effectiveness of the quota
system in controlling the harvest of Missis-
sippi Valley Canada goose flock. (Prepared by
A. D. Geis and S. M. Carney.) 5 pp.

No. 124. 1966. A preliminary estimate of the
Canada goose kill during the first three days of
the 1966 Wisconsin goose season. (Prepared by
S. M. Carney and A. D. Geis.) 3 pp.

No. 146. 1968. Observations on the size and
rate of hunting kill of the Mississippi Valley
Goose Population in 1966. (Prepared by S. M.
Carney and A. D. Geis.) 18 pp.

No. 154. 1968. Observations on the size of
the hunting kill of the Mississippi Valley
Canada Goose Population in 1967. (Prepared
by S. M. Carney.) 3 pp.

No. 167. 1969. An estimate of the effects of
change in the daily bag limit of Canada geese
and white-fronted geese for the 1967 hunting
season in the Central Flyway. (Prepared by
S. M. Carney and R. L. Croft.) 5 pp.

No. 184. 1970. Summaries of species com-
position and age ratio estimates for geese
bagged during the 1969 compared to 1968
hunting season. (Prepared by R. L. Croft and
S. M. Carney.) 9 pp.

No. 187. 1970. Effects of the 3-goose limit
during the 1969 Canada goose season in the At-
lantic Flyway. (Prepared by S. M. Carney.)
2 pp.

No. 191. 1970. Observations on Canada
goose daily bag limits and season length in se-
lected counties of Oklahoma. (Prepared by
S. M. Carney.) 4 pp.

No. 202. 1971. Species composition and age
ratios of geese bagged during the 1969 and

1970 hunting seasons. (Prepared by R. L. Croft
and S. M. Carney.) 9 pp.

No. 217. 1972. Species composition and age
ratios of geese bagged during the 1970 and

1971 hunting seasons. (Prepared by M. F.
Sorensen and S. M. Carney.) 10 pp.

586. Van Den Akker, J. B., and V. T. Wilson. 1949.

Twenty years of bird banding at Bear River
Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah. J. Wildl.
Manage. 13(4):359-376.

Includes banding data for Canada geese
banded at Bear River Refuge, 1929-48. Goose
returns are discussed in a separate section.

587. Vaught, R. W. 1960. Geese by the tub-full. Mo.

Conserv. 21(7):6-7, 10. [ONS]

588. Vaught, R. W. 1962. Canada goose kill statistics,

Swan Lake Public Hunting Area. Missouri
Conservation Commission. 11 pp. [ONS]

589. Vaught, R. W. 1968. Problems and economics of

Canada goose management in the Mississippi
Flyway. Pages 25-29 in R. L. Hine and C.
Schoenfeld, eds. Canada goose management.
Dembar Educational Research Services. Madi-
son, Wis. 195 pp.

590. Vaught, R. W. 1970. Study of migration and mor-

tality of geese in Missouri. Missouri Conserva-
tion Commission. 49 pp. IONS]

591. Vaught, R. W. 1970. Canadian nesting ground

studies of Canada geese. Missouri Conserva-
tion Commission. 16 pp. [ONS]

59

592. Vaught, R. W., and G. C. Arthur. 1965. Migration

routes and mortality rates of Canada geese
banded in the Hudson Bay lowlands. J. Wildl.
Manage. 29(21:244-252.

A total of 454 Canada geese (Branta cana-
densis interior) were banded along coastal
areas of western Hudson Bay during 1955,
1956, 1960, and 1961, to obtain data on hunt-
ing mortality and migrational patterns. Sec-
ondary objectives involved capturing tech-
niques and measurement of production.
Banding returns show that geese which nest
between the Owl and Machichi rivers are asso-
ciated with the Eastern Prairie population that
winters in Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge
in north-central Missouri. Geese that nest in
the coastal lowlands between the Mistigoken
and Shagamu rivers are associated with the
Mississippi Valley population that winter in
southern Illinois. First-year hunting mortality
for 1955, 1956, 1960, and 1961 bandings were
12.8, 15.6, 10.4, and 5.4 percent, respectively.
Total hunting mortality of the 1955 and 1956
bandings were 26.9 and 21.9 percent, respec-
tively. Production as indicated by stream cen-
sus in 1956 was later reflected by population
trends at Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge.
A

593. Vaught, R. W., and L. M. Kirsch. 1966. Canada

geese of the Eastern Prairie Population, with
special reference to the Swan Lake flock. Mo.
Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. 3. 91 pp.

At Swan Lake Wildlife Refuge, management
resulted in population increases from a com-
plete absence of geese in 1937 to a peak of
133,000 in 1955. Annual banding was begun in
1948 to gain information needed for sound
management. The report is primarily an anal-
ysis of the 3,762 band recoveries reported from
18,707 Canada geese banded from 1948 to
1960. A history of goose management at Swan
Lake, some management techniques, and
recommendations for future management are
also included.

594. Vaught, R. W., A. J. Pakulak, and J. P. Ryder.

1970. Canadian nesting ground studies of
Canada geese. Missouri Conservation Com-
mission. 78 pp. |ONS|

Three parts: one is a Canada goose nesting
ground study of the Eastern Prairie Popu-
lation, the second is nesting distribution and
banding opportunities of Canada geese in
northern Manitoba, and the last is an analysis

of the 1968-69 Canada goose band recoveries
from the Churchill area.

595. Vermeer, K. 1970. A study of Canada geese,

Branta canadensis, nesting on islands in south-
eastern Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 48(2):235-240.

Canada goose clutches situated on islands in
Dowling Lake and Lake Newell, Alberta, were
checked from laying to hatching. Egg-laying
intervals averaged 1.87 days and incubation
periods 26.8 days. The distribution of nests
showed a significant deviation from random-
ness in the direction of uniform spacing. Causes
of extensive hatching failure at Dowling Lake
were predation and desertion. Predation by
coyotes was facilitated by low water levels. A
preference for nesting on islands appears to be
a mechanism to counteract mammalian pre-
dation. A

596. Waddell, B. 1966. The giant Canada goose

project. Izaak Walton 31(4):4-5. [ONS]

597. Waggy, CD. 1973. Breeding ecology of the

Canada goose at the McClintic Wildlife Sta-
tion. M.S. Thesis. West Virginia Univ.,
Morgantown. 81 pp. [ONS]

598. Wagner, R. 1963. Banding the Canada. Wyo.

Wildl. 27(91:29-33. [ONS]

599. Warhurst, R. A. 1974. Characteristics of giant

Canada geese gang broods near southwestern
Lake Erie. M.S. Thesis. Ohio State Univ.,
Columbus. 133 pp. [ONS]

600. Wehr, E. E., and C. M. Herman. 1954. Age as a

factor in acquisition of parasites by Canada
geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 18(21:239-247.

Examination of 46 Canada goose goslings
yielded 14 species of parasites including five
Protozoa, four Nematoda, two Cestoda, and
three Trematoda. Evidence indicates that gos-
lings acquired most of these infections during
their first week of life. Some parasites, Prostho-
gonimus sp., occurred only in younger birds.
Others, Leucocytozoon simondi, were evident
only during the initial course of infection, while
still others remained evident in older geese.
Parasites with a direct life cycle appeared to be
more prevalent than those requiring interme-
diate hosts. Among 29 birds from a refuge in
Michigan [Seney], 14 species of parasites were
found; while in 17 goslings from a Utah refuge
[Bear River], only five species occurred. A

60

601. Weigand, J. P. 1960. Breeding characteristics of a

captive flock of Canada geese. M.S. Thesis.
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. 45 pp.
[ONS]

602. Weigand, J. P., M. J. Pollok, and G. A. Petrides.

1968. Some aspects of reproduction of captive
Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 32<4):894-905.

An attempt was made to gather basic infor-
mation on the behavior, nesting density, and
productivity of a captive Canada goose (Branta
canadensis maxima) flock in south-central
Michigan. The 45.5-acre study area included
28.2 acres of land, a small stream, and an 8.3-
acre impoundment. During the 1959 nesting
season 110 pairs of Canada geese were studied.
Territorial behavior, relationships with un-
mated geese, and re-mating of widowed geese
are discussed. Geese preferred islands, floating
platforms, and ditchbanks for nesting. Deser-
tion of nest sites was believed due primarily to
overcrowding. Average clutch size for the
period 1953-61 was 5.6 eggs. Seventy percent
of the geese renested after the first clutch was
taken for artificial incubation. No significant
difference was found between sizes of first and
second clutches. Hatching success for incu-
bator and naturally hatched eggs was 37.6 and
66.1 percent, respectively. Reproductive suc-
cess of birds induced to lay two clutches was
depressed by low incubator-hatching rates.
Remedial suggestions for management and
future studies are presented. A

603. West, D. L. 1976. Nesting habits of resident

Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) in
Jackson County, Tennessee. Tenn. Wildl.
Resour. Tech. Rep. 76-1. 77 pp.

A study of a resident, free-flying flock of
Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) on
the Cumberland River (Jackson County, Ten-
nessee) was conducted from February, 1975
through January 31, 1976. Certain aspects of
nesting behavior of this population were ex-
plored.

The geese inhabited the Cordell Hull Wildlife
Management Area within Free State Com-
munity which borders the Cumberland River.
The flock was separated into the family flock
and non-paired birds. Five nests were found
during the study and produced a total of 10
goslings. Nests were constructed by the female
who appeared to favor elevated nesting sites.
During incubation, the female was absent from
the nest for only 4-10 minutes during the after-
noon. Turning or changing positions on the

eggs occurred every 20-30 minutes. The terri-
tory was comprised of the nest and surround-
ings and was established by the male at the
time incubation began, varying in size until the
young left the nest. Social displays and terri-
torial behavior patterns heightened the
female's urge to incubate. Young did not return
to the nest. A

604. Wickware, A. B. 1941. Notes on miscellaneous

diseases of geese. Can. J. Comp. Med. 5:21-24.

[ONS]

605. Wilfrid, Rev. Brother. 1924. Notes on the Canada

goose in captivity. Can. Field-Nat. 38(7): 124.

606. Will, G. C. 1969. Productivity of Canada geese in

Larimer County, Colorado, 1967-1968. M.S.
Thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins.
144 pp. [ONS]

607. Will, G. C, and G. I. Crawford. 1970. Elevated

and floating nest structures for Canada geese.
J. Wildl. Manage. 34(3):583-586.

Two types of goose nesting structures have
been designed by the Colorado Division of
Game, Fish and Parks. These structures are
being used successfully by a resident flock of
Canada geese {Branta canadensis) in north-
central Colorado, primarily Larimer County.
The two types of structures are: (1) an elevated
single-pole structure which consists of a nest
box mounted on a 9-foot post, and (2) a floating
canoe-like platform which supports a nest box.
The materials, construction, and suggestions
for erecting both types of structures are dis-
cussed. A

608. Williams, C. S. 1946. Rare egg-laying date for the

Canada goose. Auk 63(3):438.

A fully developed egg was found in a Canada
goose shot on 3 November 1945 on Maryland's
eastern shore.

609. Williams, C. S. 1967. Honker. D. Van Nostrand

Co., Princeton, N.J. 179 pp.

610. Williams, C. S., and W. H. Marshall. 1937. Goose

nesting studies on Bear River Migratory
Waterfowl Refuge. J. Wildl. Manage. l(3-4):77-
86.

The April and May Canada goose nesting
period of 1937 on the Bear River Migratory
Waterfowl Refuge, Utah, was studied. Ninety-
five nests were found on 5,000 acres, 2,000
acres of which had emergent vegetation of

61

potential value for nesting cover. Nest site
selection, vegetative cover, and proximity to
water are discussed. In 84 nests with complete
records, 410 eggs were laid, of which 81%
hatched. Of the remaining 19%, 6% were infer-
tile, 4% were deserted, 4% preyed upon, 2%
flooded, and 2% destroyed by other causes.
The effect of predation on goose nesting was
found to be negligible. Management sug-
gestions are included.

611. Williams, C. S., and W. H. Marshall. 1938. Sur-

vival of Canada goose goslings, Bear River
Refuge, Utah, 1937. J. Wildl. Manage. 2(1):17-
19.

Counts of 2,599 broods were made during
May and June 1937. These suggested an
average brood size of 4.87 and 4.73 for May and
June, respectively, with these means being
based on approximately 70% of the broods.
Observations on brood behavior and mortality
are included.

612. Williams, C. S., and M. C. Nelson. 1943. Canada

Goose nests and eggs. Auk 60(3):341-345.

One hundred and seventy-four eggs and more
than 100 nests of geese breeding in northern
Utah were measured. Nest construction, site
selection, and egg observations are discussed.
Depth, cup diameter, and overall diameter of
the nests, and length and width of the eggs are
recorded in tables.

613. Williams, C. S., and C. A. Sooter. 1940. Canada

goose habitats in Utah and Oregon. Trans. N.
Am. Wildl. Conf. 5:383-387.

"The environment most important to geese
is that required for breeding. It must not only
meet the needs for nesting but must also con-
tain within a comparatively limited area ac-
ceptable conditions for molting, brooding,
resting, and feeding." A tabulation gives the
number and percentage of nests in various
types of cover in both States; they were most
numerous in hardstem bulrush. Muskrat lodges
were important as foundations for goose nests.
Other preferences and habits of the birds, and
how they may be catered to in management,
are pointed out. WR

614. Williams, J. E. 1965. Energy requirements of the

Canada goose in relation to distribution and
migration. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Illinois, Ur-
bana. 112 pp.

The present study determined that by per-

forming northward and southward migrations,
the population of Canada geese maintains
about the same level of existence requirements
throughout the year. Although the population
is apparently physiologically capable of winter-
ing on the breeding grounds, the absence of
winter food makes southward migration neces-
sary. Since northward migration in spring does
not gain a more favorable energy balance for
the geese, factors other than energy economy
must therefore be responsible for this species'
northward migration and distribution. WR

615. Williams, J. I., and D. O. Trainer. 1971. A

hematological study of snow, blue and Canada
geese. J. Wildl. Dis. 7(4):258-265.

Hematological values, including erythrocyte
counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin values, and
total and differential leucocyte counts, were
measured at approximately 30-day intervals
during a calendar year in adult snow [Chen
caerulescens), blue (Chen caerulescens) and
Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior).
Blood samples from approximately 10 birds
(range 3-14) of each type of goose were exam-
ined at each bleeding period. Erythrocyte
counts for snow and blue geese were very simi-
lar and slightly higher than those recorded for
Canada geese. Seasonal trends were evident for
erythrocyte, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
measurements. The highest erythrocyte counts
occurred during the winter and spring; the
lowest during the summer. Hematocrit and
hemoglobin values were highest in the winter
and early spring and at their lowest level in
the fall. Total and differential leucocyte counts
revealed no obvious species or seasonal varia-
tions. There were no hematological differences
detected between males and females. This is
the first report of a detailed hematological
study of snow, blue, and Canada geese. A

616. Williams, T. C, T. J. Klonowski, and P. Berkeley.

1976. Angle of Canada Goose V flight forma-
tion measured by radar. Auk 93(31:554-559.

Variability of the V formation of Canada
geese under almost identical weather condi-
tions lead to the conclusion that the V for-
mation is probably not the result of a simple
aerodynamic relationship but may have be-
havioral components as well.

617. Wise, G. A. 1967. Canada goose mortality at

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge. M.S.
Thesis. Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale.
44 pp. [ONS|

62

618. Wood, J. S. 1964. Normal development and

causes of reproductive failure in Canada geese.
J. Wildl. Manage. 28(21:197-208.

This is a 4-year study of reproductive de-
velopment, the effects of hormonal treatments
on development, and the influence of reproduc-
tive suppression by adverse environmental
conditions in 148 semidomesticated Canada
geese [Branta canadensis). Chicken pituitaries,
diethylstilbestrol, pregnant mare's serum, and
photoperiod variation were used in several
combinations to mature 2-year-old geese arti-
ficially and also to stimulate nonreproducing
adults. Reproductive maturity normally occurs
in the third year, but a small percentage of
geese mature in the second year. A single sub-
cutaneous injection of 2-year birds with 1.5
chicken pituitaries per bird resulted in marked
follicular development but no oviductal de-
velopment. Increased dosage did not change
this response significantly. When these geese
were placed under crowded conditions, the
reproductive organs of nonreproducing 3-year-
old geese matured normally and maintained a
stimulated condition without ovulation.
Administration of additional exogenous
gonadotrophins had no further maturation
effects. Subsequent release from crowding
resulted in nesting within a few days without
significant reduction in clutch size. It was
postulated that reproductive failure resulted
from a lack of ovulatory peaks in the secretion
rate of the luteinizing hormone. Progesterone
treatment of nonreproducing adult females did
not induce ovulation. A

619. Wood, J. S. 1965. Some associations of behavior

to reproductive development in Canada geese.
J. Wildl. Manage. 29(21:237-244.

In the semidomesticated Canada goose
{Branta canadensis), reproductive maturity is
normally attained in the third year. A small
percentage of geese become mature in the
second year, and probably all first-year birds
are immature. The onset of behavioral charac-
teristics normally associated with maturity is
not necessarily coincidental with physiological
reproductive maturity. The behavioral display
patterns in Canada geese may occur partly in
response to neural stimulation, and this may
account for their occurrence in immature indi-
viduals. Pairing occurs among physically
immature birds and is not limited to periods of
gonadal stimulation. Pairs containing imma-
ture individuals or pairs formed during periods
of gonadal quiescence do not appear to be less

stable than those between mature individuals
or those formed during periods of gonadal
stimulation. Territorial defense occurs in three
phases. The first two phases were observed in
both fruitful and unfruitful pairs. The third
phase, when it occurred, always preceded an at-
tempt to nest within 7 days. Territorial defense
may be undertaken by physically immature
individuals and does not necessarily indicate
sexual maturity. A

620. Wooldridge, D. 1960. Geese in a tub. Mo. Con-

serv. 21(71:8-9. [ONS]

621. Wrakestraw, G. F. 1961. Season bag restriction

of Canada geese. Wyoming Game and Fish
Commission Report. 7 pp. [ONS1

622. Wrakestraw, G. 1969. Room and board for geese.

Wyo. Wildl. 33(4):26-27. IONS|

623. Wuerdinger, I. 1970. Erzeugung, ontogenie und

funktion der lautausserungen bei vier, (Gan-
searten Anser indicus, A. caerulescens, A. albi-
frons und Branta canadensis): Production, de-
velopment, and function of the vocalization of
four goose species (Anser indicus, A. caeru-
lescens, A. albifrons, and Branta canadensis). Z.
Tierpsychol. 27(3):257-302.

The mechanisms of sound production, the
ontogeny of calls in relation to the de-
velopment of anatomical structure, and the
correlation between calls and actions or sit-
uations were investigated. A

624. Wuerdinger, I. 1975. Comparative morphological

studies on the development of young Anser
spp. and Branta spp. J. Ornithol. 116(11:65-86.
[ONS]

625. Yancey, R. K. 1954. The future of Louisiana's

Canada goose. La. Conserv. 6(91:10-11.

Reviews decline of Louisiana goose flocks
and lays blame directly on shortstopping in
northern areas like Horseshoe Lake, Illinois.

626. Yeager, L. E., and W. H. Elder. 1945. Pre- and

post-hunting season foods of racoons on an Illi-
nois goose refuge. J. Wildl. Manage. 9(11:48-56.

The effect of the abundance of crippled or
dead Canada geese on the food habits of rac-
coons around the Horseshoe Lake Refuge, Illi-
nois, was studied by examining scats. One hun-
dred sixteen pre-hunting-season scats and 107
post-hunting-season scats were analyzed. By
bulk, the pre-hunting (early autumn) food was

63

33.8% animal materials, of which 30% were
insects. In the post-hunting (winter) sample,
72.1% was of animal origin, of which 65.1%
were Canada geese. Carnivores other than rac-
coons utilizing the geese included red foxes,
grey foxes, opossums, minks, skunks, and
feral dogs.

627. Yelverton, C. S. 1956. Food habits of the Canada

goose, Branta canadensis Linnaeus, at Lake
Mattamuskeet, North Carolina. M.S. Thesis.
North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh. 201 pp.
[ONS]

628. Yelverton, C. S., and T. L. Quay. 1959. Food

habits of the Canada goose at Lake Matta-
muskeet, North Carolina. North Carolina Wild-
life Resources Commission. 44 pp.

The food habits of Canada geese wintering at
Lake Mattamuskeet were studied through
analysis of 263 gizzards and 31 crops collected
during the hunting seasons of 1951-52 and
1953-54. Sedges (Cyperaceae) constituted 63%
of the total food volume and grasses (Gra-
minae), 33%. Animal matter totaled only
0.01%. Tables list all species consumed, total
frequency and volume, and percent frequency
and volume figures.

629. Yocom, C. F. 1952. Techniques used to increase

nesting of Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage.
16(41:425-428.

A survey of breeding Canada geese [Branta
canadensis moffitti) in Washington State is
presented. An area sportsmen's association
supplemented the available nest sites by
placing woven basket-type structures made of
willow twigs in trees and dead snags along
rivers used for nesting. Different types of the
basket nest structures are discussed along
with the estimated value and production from
their use.

630. Yocom, C. F. 1956. Man-made homes for Canada

geese. Audubon Mag. 58(31:106-109, 127.

Description of the construction and place-
ment of basket nests of woven willow twigs for
use by Canada geese in the State of Wash-
ington. These woven baskets, along with gal-
vanized washtubs, have proven very successful
in attracting nesting geese when placed high in
trees along waterways. Man-made nest use and
gosling production are discussed.

631. Yocom, C. F. 1961. Recent changes in Canada

goose populations in geographical areas in

Washington. Murrelet 42(2):13-21.

Presumably resulting from man-caused
habitat changes, the Canada goose nesting
population has markedly increased in recent
years in eastern Washington. Nesting densities
of four to five pairs per mile were found along
the Columbia River as early as 1950.

632. Yocom, C. F. 1962. History of the Great Basin

Canada goose in the Pacific Northwest and
adjacent areas. Murrelet 43(l):l-9. [ONS1

633. Yocom, C. F. 1964. Of men and geese. Pac. Dis-

covery 17(2):2-9.

This well-illustrated article is an account of
the recent expansion of the breeding range of
the Canada goose in northwestern U.S. Nine
factors are cited as being related to this range
expansion and population increase. WR

634. Yocom, C. F. 1965. Estimated populations of

Great Basin Canada geese over their breeding
range in western Canada and western United
States. Murrelet 46(2):19-26.

There may have been over 17,000 breeding
pairs of Great Basin Canada geese in the breed-
ing range, including British Columbia, Alber-
ta, southwestern Saskatchewan, Washington,
Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota,
Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, north-
eastern California, and Oregon. In the fall of
1951, there may have been over 120,000 total
geese, including 61,450 young of the year,
34,300 breeding adults, and 34,000 1- and 2-
year-old geese. Each State or Province is dis-
cussed on an individual basis.

635. Yocom, C. F. 1967. Where the goose nests. Pac.

Discovery 20(61:26-30.

Management practices that may contribute
favorably to the welfare of Branta canadensis
moffitti in the western states and provinces are
outlined. WR

636. Yocom, C. F. 1970. The giant Canada goose in

New Zealand. Auk 87(4):812-814.

The Canada geese of New Zealand are iden-
tified as Branta canadensis maxima. Descrip-
tion and photographs are included.

637. Yocom, C. F. 1972. Weights and measurements of

Taverner's Canada geese and Great Basin
Canada geese. Murrelet 53(21:33-34. |ONS|

64

638. Yocom, C. F., C. L. Buechele, and S. W. Harris.

1956. Great Basin Canada goose nesting popu-
lations at the former Lake Lenore National
Wildlife Refuge, Washington. Murrelet
37(2): 14-17.

The nesting population of the Great Basin
Canada goose (Branta canadensis moffitti) on
Lake Lenore was studied 6-8 April 1952 and 6-9
April 1953. A detailed description of Lake
Lenore is included. It was estimated that about
50 pairs of geese nested annually at Lake
Lenore.

639. Yocom, C. F., and S. W. Harris. 1965. Plumage

descriptions and age data for Canada goose
goslings. J. Wildl. Manage. 29(41:874-877.

Eight stages of plumage development and
the equivalent age in days are presented for
goslings of great basin Canada geese (Branta
canadensis moffitti), which permit the field-
aging of Canada geese broods between the time
of hatching and the time of flying. A

640. Yocom, C. F., and S. W. Harris. 1966. Growth

rates of Great Basin Canada geese. Murrelet
47(21:33-37.

Growth rates and growth curves are pre-
sented for Great Basin Canada geese for the
first 11 weeks of life. Six to nine different
measurements were taken. Weight, length of
exposed culmen, and length of tarsus were se-
lected for analysis.

641. Yokota, Y., K. Hoshiko, M. Takeishi, and T.

Nishide. 1976. The migration course of geese
wintering at Lake Izunuma. Part 2 — origin of
the flocks in Ishikari Plain Hokkaido, Japan.
Misc. Rep. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 8(11:38-
52. [ONS]

642. Yokota, Y., and T. Nishide. 1974. On the migra-

tion course of geese wintering at Lake Izu-
numa. Misc. Rep. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol.
7(31:309-323. [ONS]

643. Zicus, M. C. 1975. Capturing nesting Canada

Geese with mist nets. Bird-Banding 46U'):168-
169.

A successful technique for capturing nesting
female Canada geese by flushing them into
mist nets is fully described.

644. Zicus, M. C. 1975. Loon predation on a Canada

Goose gosling. Auk 92(31:611-612.

645. Zicus, M. C. 1976. Fall flock behavior of Canada

geese resident at Crex Meadows, Wisconsin.
Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis.
92 pp. [ONS]

646. Zinkl, J. G., J. J. Hurt, J. M. Hyland, N. Dey, D.

Studnicka, and D. D. King. 1977. Treatment of
captive giant Canada geese affected by avian
cholera. J. Wildl. Dis. 13(31:294-296. IONS]

65

Subject Index

Age and sex determination, 57, 101, 118, 131, 176,254,
264, 265, 290, 291, 292, 293, 329, 355, 404, 444, 582,
639

Age and sex ratios, 57, 65, 106, 108, 131, 135, 180, 204,
206, 212, 215, 216, 241, 261, 264, 272, 290, 291, 292,
316, 329, 355, 368, 388, 436, 483, 484, 486, 490, 500,
513, 514, 534, 585, 586, 593, 634

Aesthetics, Art, Cultural and Photography, 16, 53,
140, 168, 242, 260, 264, 266, 320, 589

Banding, Marking and Capture, 26, 36, 42, 48, 126,
127, 133, 134, 150, 154, 156, 198, 215, 216, 231, 256,
272, 279, 281, 289, 314, 353, 359, 361, 397, 401, 407,
411, 483, 505, 531, 532, 549, 575, 583, 585, 586, 593,
598, 643

Behavior, 35, 57, 65, 73, 74, 82, 98, 113, 122, 123, 124,
149, 171, 178, 180, 187, 188, 190, 191, 222, 244, 247,
258, 264, 272, 300, 325, 329, 347, 348, 349, 350, 355,
367, 377, 391, 392, 395, 409, 410, 449, 452, 459, 478,
479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 488, 490, 491, 496, 533, 539,
547, 556, 619, 623, 645

Census reports, Density distribution, Introduction
and Status, 39, 41, 58, 61, 72, 76, 93, 132, 160, 168,
189, 234, 247, 264, 267, 294, 318, 386, 426, 428, 429,
494, 509, 567, 585

Climate and Weather effects, 120, 137, 220, 248, 261,
263, 309, 366, 371, 449, 465, 487, 496, 498

Depredations and Control, 11, 12, 28, 105, 183, 184,
221, 278, 303, 307, 320, 340, 473, 497, 499, 573

Disease and Parasites, 5, 17, 31, 39, 60, 80, 97, 102,
115, 120, 136, 139, 147, 152, 159, 170, 193, 194, 205,
227, 229, 232, 241, 251, 259, 269, 270, 280, 282, 283,
284, 285, 286, 287, 297, 298, 305, 323, 324, 326, 355,
358, 375, 376, 382, 383, 384, 400, 414, 430, 454, 457,
458, 501, 520, 521, 535, 538, 542, 564, 569, 578, 579,
600,604,615,617,646

Ecology, Habitat, Home Range and Territory, 22, 45,
57, 78, 89, 100, 137, 142, 153, 154, 187, 188, 191, 264,
294, 295, 325, 329, 355, 378, 403, 409, 431, 432, 455,
485, 489, 526, 545, 556, 595, 613

Economics and Human Food, 16, 25, 53, 140, 260, 266,
336, 343. 399, 499, 589

Enemies, Predators and Predation, 57, 103, 264, 329,
332, 335, 355, 372, 380, 396, 406, 450, 476, 502, 535,
544, 626, 644

Evolution, Paleontology, Genetics, Taxonomy, No-
menclature and Hybrids, 6, 32, 33, 34, 39, 43, 44,
141, 148, 149, 169, 196, 197, 250, 257, 264, 318, 329,
355, 365, 369, 120, 427, 477, 479, 509, 546, 558, 572,
576, 636

Feeding, Foods, Nutrition, Water and Grit, 28, 56, 57,
65, 104, 170, 213, 221, 251, 264, 303, 307, 329, 355,
363, 377, 378, 379, 415, 473, 497, 501, 554, 573, 614,
627, 628

Growth, Plumage, Morphology and Physiology, 47,
57, 65, 67, 107, 118, 131, 153, 162, 169, 176, 195, 229,
254, 255, 257, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 291, 293,
309, 323, 329, 333, 341, 355, 356, 371, 402, 404, 425,
444, 447, 466, 469, 487, 492, 500, 540, 574, 582, 600,
614, 618, 619, 623, 624, 637, 639, 640

Harvest, Hunting Statistics, Regulations and
Treaties, 9, 37, 39, 41, 54, 55, 85, 106, 108, 128, 174,
177, 201, 202, 204, 211, 230, 235, 266, 272, 276, 281,
304, 306, 308, 311, 312, 321, 331, 417, 435, 449, 499,
506, 514, 537, 570, 585, 588, 593, 621

Historical, 27, 33, 38, 44, 138, 145, 160, 168, 173, 178,

223, 240, 241, 264, 272, 299, 381, 416, 426, 465, 468,
632

Hunting and Hunting Methods, 2, 3, 14, 54, 55, 174,
203, 211, 260, 272, 305, 308, 417

Interspecies Relationships, 32, 35, 77, 103, 141, 181,
191, 200, 211, 332, 369, 372, 406, 422, 441, 450, 469,
477, 544, 547

Lead Shot and Poisoning, 31, 115, 297, 305, 383, 384,
400, 430, 538, 578

Life History (general), 15, 22, 57, 65, 116, 149, 171,
252, 264, 329, 355, 609

Literature, Bibliographies and Reviews, 46, 57, 58, 65,
149, 158, 234, 235, 249, 252, 264, 272, 275, 329, 355,
386, 446, 461, 494, 495, 499, 509, 514, 543, 589, 609

Management (general), 4, 8, 23, 24, 30, 49, 51, 52, 53,
81, 83, 110, 135, 140, 167, 203, 206, 207, 208, 209,
214, 237, 238, 241, 246, 250, 264, 272, 273, 277, 308,
321, 322, 440, 442, 498, 499, 511, 512, 517, 527, 529,
530, 585, 593

Migration, Movements and Orientation, 7, 10, 57, 92,
93, 116, 132, 151, 168, 172, 244, 247, 264, 272, 288,
309, 342, 352, 353, 364, 366, 392, 403, 420, 425, 449,
453, 464, 465, 467, 468, 474, 493, 496, 552, 556, 581,
590,592,641,642

Mortality, Survival and Crippling, 9, 38, 39, 41, 45, 57,
78, 106, 108, 158, 201, 202, 204, 232, 234, 235, 251,
264, 266, 272, 275, 315, 319, 329, 355, 410, 492, 513,
514, 556, 564, 570, 590, 592, 593, 611, 617

Nests, Nesting, Eggs and Broods, 29, 35, 37, 39, 41,
45, 46, 47, 51, 57, 59, 68, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82,
83, 88, 89, 96, 99, 100, 103, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113,
114, 117, 119, 125, 129, 130, 142, 143, 144, 155, 158,
163, 167, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 199, 210, 218, 223,

224, 229. 239, 243, 245, 253, 262, 264, 272, 274, 275,
295, 296, 310, 327, 329, 334, 338, 346, 351, 354, 355,
356, 357, 372, 387, 390, 394, 396, 398, 416, 418, 420,
422, 423, 431, 433, 437, 438, 445, 455, 456, 459, 470,
475, 476, 495, 504, 508, 515, 516, 519, 525, 533, 534,
545, 548, 550, 560, 580, 587, 594, 595, 597, 599, 601,
602, 603, 606, 608, 610, 611, 612, 618, 619, 629, 635,
638, 639, 643, 644

66

Pesticides, Pollution and Poisoning, 1, 5, 31, 115, 229, 228, 246, 264, 302, 315, 339, 334, 360, 362, 370, 373,

280, 297, 298, 326, 383, 384, 400, 430, 578 440, 443, 460, 471, 517, 556, 561, 565, 566, 567, 584,

Population Dynamics, Fluctuations and Longevity, 596,601,605

27, 38, 57, 108, 160, 162, 168, 172, 247, 264, 272, 392, Research (general), 63, 135, 153, 158, 167, 206, 207,

439, 486, 593, 634 208, 209, 225, 237, 249, 268, 342, 356, 360, 371, 399,

Propagation, Captivity, Release and Restoration, 13, 411, 447, 451, 507, 529, 530, 563

21, 40, 43, 61, 62, 69, 71, 113, 164, 166, 173, 182, 214, Survey and survey methods, 86, 87, 146, 337

GPO 859 - 054

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the
Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public
lands and natural resjurces. This includes fostering the wisest use of
our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv-
ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and
historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out-
door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral
resources and works to assure that their development is in the best
interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsi-
bility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who
live in island territories under U.S. administration.

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

EDITORIAL OFFICE

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