422 RECORDS AND OBSERVATIONS FROM PLANKTON GRID STUDIES OFF BAJA CALIFORNIA, APRIL 1952 SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na 422 fvlarine Biological Laboratory LIBRARY JAN 2 J 1964 WOODS HOLE, MASS. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Stewart L. Udall, Secretary FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Donald L. McKernan, Director RECORDS AND OBSERVATIONS FROM PLANKTON GRID STUDIES OFF BAJA CALIFORNIA, APRIL 1952 by David Kramer United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report- -Fisheries No. 422 Washington, D.C. September 1963 CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Survey design 2 Methods of sampling 2 Sardine eggs 2 Fish larvae 11 Plankton volumes 21 Literature cited 42 Hi RECORDS AND OBSERVATIONS FROM PLANKTON GRID STUDIES OFF BAJA CALIFORNIA, APRIL 1952 by David Kramer Fishery Research Biologist Bureau of Commercial Fisheries U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service La JoUa, California ABSTRACT Data are presented for a grid survey conducted for 5 days in April 1952. The cruise was made by three vessels; one made a daily survey of a square grid of 25 stations spaced 4 miles apart, one maintained an anchor station on this pattern, and one followed a 10-meter drogue drifting through the pattern. The data deal with the eggs and larvae of the Pacific sardine ^Sarrfiraops caerulea) and the larvae of other commercial species; the northern anchovy (EngrauUs mordax), the jack mackerel ^rrac/iurus symmetric us), the Pacific mackerel (Pneumatophoms diego), the hake (M erluc cius productus), and rockfish (Sebastodes spp.). All the above larvae except those of the hake and rockfish are reported by size. Data are also included for the larvae of a deep-sea smelt Lewoglossus stilbius, and a lanternfish Lampanyctus mexicanus, because of their abundance on this survey. Distribution diagrams show the more abundant fish larvae and plankton volumes on the grids. Plankton volumes are reported and differences in day and night collections are discussed. Introduction This paper reports on the data gathered on a special cruise made in April 1952. The work was designed to investigate some of the problems encountered in the sampling techniques of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) in monthly surveys off the Pacific coast of the United States and Baja, California. The CalCOFI are sponsored by the Cali- fornia Marine Research Committee. The co- operating agencies in these investigations are the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the California Department of Fish and Game, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University and the California Academy of Sciences. The data are presented in figures and tables in the same manner as the data re- ported by the Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries Biological Laboratory atLa Jo Ila, Calif., on the sardine eggs and larvae and other fish larvae for 1950-57 (Ahlstrom, 1952, 1953, 1954a, 1958, 1959; Ahlstrom and Kramer, 1955, 1956, 1957). The fish larvae reported for this cruise include the following com- mercial species: Pacific sardine (Sardinops caerulea), northern anchovy (EngrauUs mordax), jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus). Pacific mackerel Pneumatophorus diego, hake (Merluccius productus), and rockfish (Sebastodes spp.). Two other species are included because of their abundance during this survey: a deep-sea smelt (Leuroglossus stilbius) and a lanternfish (Larrpanyctus mexicanus). The report also re- cords the plankton volumes at all the stations on the survey. Plankton volumes are reported annually by this laboratory (Staff, South Pacific Fishery Investigations, 1952 through 1956; Thrailkill, 1957, 1959, 1961); but the plankton data for this special cruise have not been re- ported previously. SURVEY DESIGN The survey was designed with the following objectives: First, to determine short-period (1-day) time changes in distribution and num- bers of planktonic organisms, particularly sardine eggs and larvae. A close-spaced grid (gridiron) in a 16-mile square of 25 "grid stations" (stations 4 miles apart) was estab- lished south of Punta Eugenia, Baja California (fig, 1).* This square represented a statistical area of 400 square miles (20 miles to a side), one-fourth of that assigned to a station (stations 40 miles apart) on the regular CalCOFI pat- tern. Second, to observe the hydrographic and biological changes at a fixed point. An "anchor station" marked by a fixed buoy was placed at grid-station 3, which is also the regular CalCOFI station 123.40. Third, to observe a single water mass, its movements and its constituents. A "drogue station" was established with a 10-meter drogue attached to a buoy. Its position was determined by currents at that level, and observations at times designated for stations were made at the buoy wherever it was found. METHODS OF SAMPLING The survey was made April 18-23 by the research vessels the Black Douglas of the Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries and the Crest and Horizon of the Scripps Institution of Ocean- ography. The Black Douglas and the Crest al- ternated on the grid pattern and anchor station, the former covering the pattern on the first, third, and fifth days. The Horizon sampled at iThe grid location was determined by two consecutive surveys of the CalCOFI pattern of f central Baja California during late March and early April. Final observations on the last cruise were taken only 2 days before the survey began. the drogue stations for the full time of the investigation. Hydrographic and biological observations and collections followed the standard proce- dure of the CalCOFI cruises (Ahlstrom, 1952). At grid stations these included one 200-meter net tow for plankton, one 10-meter hydro- graphic cast for temperature and salinity, one 900-foot bathythermograph (BT) cast, and observations of meterological data. Drogue and anchor stations were made every 4 hours. These observations and collections were the same as those of the grid stations, but with standard hydrographic casts to 600 meters. Additional data from the drogue stations in- cluded Dacteriological samples collected with Johnson-ZoBell (J-Z) bottles on the hydro- graphic casts. The drogue ship also conducted current observations (GEK) in the intervals between stations. Station data are shown in table 1. The 25 stations on the grid covered on the first day will be referred to as Grid I (GI-1 to GI-25), those of the next day. Grid II (GII-1 to GII-25), etc., for a total of 125 stations during the 5-day survey. During the same period, 30 drogue stations (D-1 to D-30) and 30 anchor stations (A-1 to A-30) were occupied. The 10-meter drogue drifted in a southerly current for about 75 nautical miles from its northernmost station, D-2 (fig, 1). The anchor-station buoy broke loose after the first six observations. This station was then maintained by navigation, placing most of the following observations within 2 or 3 miles of the original position. An error in navigation placed the last six stations about 7 miles south of the original position (table 1). SARDINE EGGS Sardine eggs, listed by age in days (as described by Ahlstrom, 1943), are reported as numbers of normal eggs and total number of eggs (table 2). The totals in excess of the numbers of normal eggs include abnormal eggs that had stunted, discolored, and mis- shapen embryos. Unclassified eggs are those too deteriorated for aging. / NATIVIDAD PTA EUGENIA 1 15°00 II4°30 -27°30' 27-00 26°30 GRID STATIONS AND DAILY TRACK I 1 4° 30 Figure 1. Drogue trajectory and stations, grid perimeter and anchor station covered on three-ship survpy, April 18-23, 1952. Lisert:- -stations and track followed on grid coverage. 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I ■a o -p ra 0) I ■a -p ra 0) 10 Age categories, A to D, into which sardine eggs are classified, are as follows: A- 1 dayold. Eggs spawned within 24 liours of collec- tion. B- 2 days old. Eggs spawned between 24.1 to 48 hours of collection. C- 3 daysold, Ei;gs spawned between 48.1 to 72 hours of collection. D- 4 days old. Eggs spawned between 72.1 to 9b hours of ci^Uection. Unclassified (unci.). Deteriorated eggs. A dash (-) in table indicates an age category which could not be present because temperatures were high enough to have hatched the eggs before they reached that age. A zero (0) value indicates tliat although no eggs were taken they could havebeenpresent according to tempera- ture and time of collection. Sardine eggs were collected at every drogue station with the greatest numbers per haul occurring in the grid area (table 2a). New spawning occurred throughout the range of the drogue trajectory. Ten-meter tempera- tures ranged from 15.71°to 16.26° C. which allowed for a maximum embryonic period of only 3 days, except at station D-28 where a few 4-day-old eggs were collected and at station D-29, where, although no eggs were collected, 4-day-olds could have been present, although temperatures at these stations were 16.23° C. and 16.19° C. respectively. Four- day-olds at station D-28 were present either because the eldest category was just over 3 days from spawning (in fact only one-quarter of an hour over) or they might have been taken from colder regions below the 10-meter level and had a longer period of development. The possibility of 4-day-old eggs at station D-29 can be reasoned only on the basis of time of collection. Samples at the anchor station were collected from water that had been transported southward to that area. Egg col- lections during the first 3 days showed that very little new spawning was occurring. On the fourth and fifth days of collection, how- ever, new spawning became heavy (table 2a, stations A-19 and A-29). Temperatures ranged from 15.67° to 16.23° C., allowing for only 3 days from spawning to hatching. Sardine eggs, 1 to 3 days old, were collected every day on the grid pattern. The greatest concentrations were usually in the eastern (inshore) half of the grid (fig. 2). On the first 3 days of coverage there were no eggs at some of the stations. On the fourth and fifth days, eggs were found at all stations. These were primarily 1 -day-old eggs on Grid IV and 1- and 2-day-old eggs onGridV (table 2b). The current through the grid, as demon- strated by the drogue trajectory, probably changed the egg and larval population once each day. Thus, each day's older eggs were those spawned in areas north of the grid. When collections were begun at 0800 hours on each day, both 1 -day-old eggs and previously spawned eggs were present in the grid and north, of it. By the time the ship reached the western section of the grid at 2000 hours, new spawning had begun. The eggs, which had been to the north at the beginning of the day's sampling run had moved into the grid, were 12+ hours older and had entered their next age category. Because sampling the grid was an attempt to obtain each day's eggs as a single unit, these advanced eggs were listed by their spawning day and consequently in the same age category as those collected earlier, as though they had been collected simultane- ously over the entire grid. Eggs spawned after 2000 hours in each day's grid collections are listed only under a date of spawning in the age category columns (table 2b). When col- lections began again on each following day, those eggs were out of the grid, but the 1 -day- old group from north of the grid was being sampled in that day's collections and were thus listed as 1-day eggs. FISH LARVAE The differences in numbers of the different species of larvae in this survey reflect both differences in the relative numbers of adults in the area and the relation of the time of the survey to the time of peak spawning for each species. Of the larvae, sardines were the most abundant, for they represented about 71 percent of all larvae taken by all ships during the 5-day survey, 67 percent of all larvae taken in the five grids, 79 percent of all larvae taken on the anchor stations, and 81 percent of all larvae taken at the drogue stations (table 3; fig. 3). 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Sardine eggs: distribution and relative abundance on Grids I - V, April 18-23, 1952. species (anchovy, jack mackerel. Pacific mackerel, hake, and rockfish) were relatively few in numbers (table 3). Tables 4 through 7 are records of all hauls containing larvae of sardine, anchovy, jack mackerel, and Pacific mackerel reported by numbers per size class per station. Tables 8 and 9 are records of all hauls containing hake and rockfish larvae re- ported by numbers per station. Noncommercial species of fish larvae (table 3) were best represented by the deep-sea smelt, Leumglossus stilbius, and the lantern- fish, Lampanyctus mexicanus, which together ac- counted for about 80 percent of "other fish larvae" collected on the grid, drogue, and anchor stations. These are reported by num- bers per station in tables 10 and 11. The dis- tribution diagrams for these larvae on the grids (figs. 4 and 5) show that the greater numbers were usually located offshore. This may indi- cate one of two types of distribution: First, that each of these species was normally greater in numbers offshore (as the sardine larvae were inshore, fig. 3); or second, that these greater offshore numbers were an indi- cation of diurnal migration of the larvae that made them more available to the net at night, as in the case of other plankton discussed below. The latter seems more probable in view of the findings of Ahlstrom (1959) who reported that these two species showed evidence of diurnal migration in replicate (day and night) vertical distribution series. He found that 5.0 times as many Leumglossus stilbius larvae and 3.6 times as many Lampanyctus mexicanus larvae were caught by night as by day. Differences in day and night collections on the grid stations were determined by weighting the numbers of larvae per haul in the daily collections and finally by 5-day ratios based on larvae per haul for all groups of data; five grids and 5 days each on drogue and anchor stations. Each grid was divided into night 19 Table 3. — Fish larvae collected at all grid-survey stations. Drogue Anchor Grid _2 Grid II Larvae N Percent N Percent N Percent N Percent Sardine 10,199 81.32 12,316 78.75 23,847 82.30 9,944 67.46 Anchovy 28 0.22 48 0.31 113 0.39 113 0.77 Jack mackerel 250 1.99 234 1.50 350 1.21 316 2.14 Pacific mackerel 71 0.57 40 0.26 221 0.76 57 0.39 Hake 128 1.02 283 1.81 323 1.11 256 1.74 Rockfish 49 0.39 191 1.22 110 0.38 138 0.94 Other fish larvae (including: Leuroglossus stilbius and Lampanyctus nexicanus) 1,817 114.49 2,527 16.16 4,010 13.84 3,916 26.57 Total 12,542 100.00 15,639 100.01 28,974 99.99 14,740 100.01 Leuroglossus stilbius Lampanyctus mexica/ius 676 842 5.39 6.71 1,008 1,214 6.45 7.76 1,577 1,642 5.44 5.67 1,235 1,954 8.38 13.26 Grid III Grid IV Grid V Total Percent of total Larvae N Percent N Percent N Percent fish Larvae Sardine 3,937 47.54 1,105 26.09 1,050 29.38 62,398 70.92 Anchovy 74 0.89 61 1.44 18 0.50 455 0.52 Jack mackerel 180 2.17 61 1.44 21 0.59 1,412 1.60 Pacific mackerel 0 0 11 0.26 0 0 400 0.45 Hake 181 2.19 117 2.76 151 4.22 1,439 1.64 Rockfish 102 1.23 106 2.50 42 1.18 738 0.84 Other fish larvae (including: Leuroglossus stilbius and Lampanyctus mexicanus) 3,908 45.98 2,774 65.50 2,292 64.13 21,144 24.03 Total 8,282 100.00 4,235 99.99 3,574 100.00 87,986 100.00 Leuroglossus stilbius 1,084 13.09 927 21.89 738 20.64 7,245 8.23 Lampanyctus mexicanus 2,121 25.61 1,424 33.62 863 24.15 10,060 11.43 20 SARDINE LARVAE GRIDS I - V I - 6 7-60 61 - 600 over 600 Figure 3. Sardine larvae: distribution and relative abundance on Grids I - V, April 18-23, 1952. and day stations, omitting the ones occupied at or one-half hour before and after sunset (Ahlstrom, 1954b). Final ratios on the grids showed that 1.88 times as many Leuroglossus stilbius larvae and 2.66 times as many Lampanyctus mexicanus larvae were collected at night than in the day (table 12). Collections on drogue and anchor stations were either day or night; none were omitted. Five-day ratios of Leuroglossus stilbius larvae per haul showed 2.38 and 2.22 times as many collected at night as in the day on the drogue and anchor stations respectively (table 13). The 5-day ratios for Lampanyctus mexicanus larvae per haul on the drogue and anchor stations re- spectively showed 1.82 and 1.44 times as many collected at night as in the day (table 14). PLANKTON VOLUMES The plankton volumes reported in table 1 are based on milliters of "wet" plankton per 1,000 cubic meters of water strained. The procedures for measuring plankton were the same as those described in the reports on the annual collections by this laboratory al- ready referred to above. Relative concentrations of plankton volumes are depicted for the grids by light and heavy shading (fig. 6). The categories of these vol- umes are: (1) "very light", 33 ml, or less; (2) "light", 33-100 ml.; (3) "moderate", 100- 300 ml,; (4) "heavy", 300-900 ml,; and (5) "very heavy", more than 900 ml. Histograms are used to show the plankton volumes of successive samples taken at drogue and anchor stations (fig. 7). Plankton volumes in the grids were generally in the light category. When very light concen- trations occurred they were usually in the eastern half of each day's pattern. Greater concentrations, in moderate to very heavy categories, usually occurred in the western sections. 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O CM ON m in ^ b- CO 3 u N^ to c^ C-- C^ vD CM N^ CM r^ cd CO 2 d) Q o ft > 4:5 bo o 3 -J 0 rH cd cd > rH in vD C^ t> 1> C!N r- •vD O •H ■P U ON ON C!N r\i ON to tO ON in rH O cd vO I> C^ to r^ v£) 0^ Nf r^ r^ rH H H 3 ^ n u M lA in r^ m r^ in r^ m Nf m OJ PJ rH CM T-\ CM ^^ CM H CM r-\ C\J ft 5 •H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cu -P cd cd r-\ I> rH in r-K in ,-K m rH l> > -p r-^ r-^ rH r-^ rH u CO cd o o m o O O in o O O Cm ^ m rH Nf rH m CM NT CM O 0 ?- o !> CM I> CM [> CM !> rH r-\ O rH O H O H O rH O 0 a; •H •H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cd fH o in o o o m o m o in ^1 H o H O H Nt H H rH CM to ON to ON to to to ON to CTN l>5 O rH O H O rH o ,-^ O H cd • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• 1 Q 2; Q Z Q Z Q 2 Q S m TJ 1— 1 hH M !> > •H M M M 5 hH +3 0 CO 0 +^ tM cd cd 0 o Cm 0 O ^ Cm rH Cd ^ I 0 C o •H -p •H u +3 0 cd ft C 0 0 cd ^& P> cd Cm •H Cm n ID (1) ^1 H-" 0) +-> ^ H ■^ 0 PI (1) CI) H H en C ^ ,Q a C) 01 Cd 0 +J H-> •H T) +J 0) 0) (1) cd CO (1) 0) H-i cd t/J W W w H CM n ^ 36 C o •H -p (d •p ca f< O o +^ cd ■p CO 0) o 3 -p Q 3 CM '3 cd z cd (l> 3 0) cd ft ;« a> cd o •H cd -p CO 3 ■< a 0) cd ft^ •9 ^ ^ S 0) cd 3 ft43 C O •iH -p cd -p W >5 0-— - H -H Q •H -p\ cd cd Z a u^ CO r-l cd J3 -P 3 cd Q bo fn cd D Ph rH 0) > P ft 5 CO bo (U cd ^ fn H fh a e ^ CNJ in t> \0 nJ- t> Nf ^ r^ in c^N CM to r^ Ni- co o m (^ St Nf sj- in vO \D [>- to c\J c^ Nf r\j c\j CM to 0^ O CM CM en o o O cn rn rn en m m m in o r^ n r\j C-- VO rH CM CM nJ- vo St rn C-- en CM rH CM H rH C^ Nt !>■ to C> cn Nt m C^ O rH tH CM CM in \o t> CM CM CM ON to CM CJN St en en o o o o St o o o CM o o to in m CM C~~ to vD CO CM m en in en CM en O i-l H iH en ■H .H Z St St m CM H CM O en St St m vo O H CM vD t> to CM en st CM CM CM to O O CM CM en en en st m en en en m CM CM -.0 in CM c-l o ^ ^0 t ;^a:J iH CM en o to c> nst m rH CM CM in vo [> CM CM CM O vD en en O st O CM to CM m CM CU Fh & Xi O O Q cd > cd Q cd -P O Eh 37 C^ rH ITl rH vO CM m -d" Cd (d z • • rH rH • • • rH H H Q ^.^ 01 0 0 CM CM 0 cd (1) i-t 0 vO. (M CM 0 U fi U 7l • • • • ■ Oi 8 ID as ITl to sf CM 0 ^^ > 3 cx; H sf t> to rH z^ << c Fh 03 0 rn c\J rri ,-H CM C\J -NfC- OC3>H CMOOO ^H tOCMCM HrHCM in ^ a 0) cd C\i rH rH OJ t> m \0 rH o S 3 Qt^ K-{ rH 0 X3 ■z -P R ■P S^ 0 Cd W •rH -f> •H -P Sf m vD 0 rH CM ^D [>tO CMfMNl- tacj^o m Z Cd -P H rH H rH ^ .-^ CMCMCM CMCMCM U CO O JU (U o bO fH [> n 0 CM ^ ^ cd D rH \0 CM 0 CM '^ U » U Ti a • • • • , — ^ (u a 0) cd H CM m in rH Q > 3 P<-a H rr\ m in rH 0] <; c ^H rH 0) H CM St- to in CM 0 CM (M CJN Nf -nI- to rH Nf to 1* a Q) cd rH rH CM CM CM lA 0 [> !>■ rH CM Ov 3 P..C rH st c Q 0 •H +J Cd HCMCM t>tOC^ CMsfiA OOH mvO[> +J H rHrH HCMOJ CMCNJCM CO eg !>5 0 ^-^ m rM to 0 CM H tH Q CO CM CM vD Nf •H -P \ • • • • • cd cd 2 0 H CM 0 rH 0 U-— r^ (U bO tH 0 0 !> 0 0 cd 0) rH 0 m vD 0 0 • • • • • ^-^ 0) a Nf Z > 3 p< ^ CM H CM m m CO m vD CO 0 ^CM COs^-C:^ CTNCMrH 0 B a 0) cd CM CM CM rH rH 2: CM CMCM CMI>vO t>Nfr« Nf 3 PtO CMCMsT tOCJ^O +j Cd r-\ ^^ <-\ rH rHrH CMCMCM CMCMCM w P CO 0) .verage ,iamber per haul 0 c- 0 CM r- 0 ^ 0 CM ^O '^ • • CM in [> CO < c ^ rH -g 0) Cd CM 0 0 rH ^ to vO CM 0 ^D to CM 0 CM rH (>J rH t> H rH rH CM !-*. CM CM m 0 3 J P.X CM 0) 4:5 ^ Ca C3N CM sfm cT^OrH invDo +J rH r-\ •-\ rHCMCM CMCMCM Cd p CO rH Cd >) -p jj rH CM CM ■vl- m 0 ( H CM sf to ^ I I U o o 0) ^ ■z. cd ^ fn cd CU Xi ft U U 0) (U ft ^ 1) g cd c > U A 0 cu CO •H H G -P ^ 0 0 Cd cd z U HJ ■a cu 1 >, CU CO cd CD cd to T3 CO cq 2 38 MILLILITERS OF PLANKTON PER 1000 M3 OF WATER STRAINED GRIDS l-V 33 or less ■ 33 - 100 I 100 - 300 1 300- 900 ■ over — 900 IV Figure 6. Plankton volumes: relative concentrations on Grids I-V, April 18-23, 1952. 150- DROGUE STATIONS TIME 150- ANCHOR STATIONS 100- s 1 2 5 6 7 9 10 U 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 STATION Figure 7. Plankton volumes (ml./l.OOO m. ' water strained) on drogue and anchor stations, April 18-23, 1952. Times are idealized to the 4-hour intervals discussed in the text. (See table 1 for actual times). 39 TABLE 15. --Night (N) and day (D) collections of plankton volumes-'- on Grids I-V. Cumulative Plankton Daily Ratio^ Grid Time Stations^ Plankton volume volumes per haul ml. ml. N/D T D: 0810 - 07^40 1-15 696 46.40 5.34 X N: 1905 - 0050 17 - 25 2,209 245.44 II D: 0810 - 1715 1-13 590 45.38 1.87 N: 1900 - 0240 15 - 25 935 85.00 III D: 0810 - 1710 1-13 662 50.92 2.12 N: 1845 - 0250 15 - 25 1,186 107.82 IV D: 0810 - 1735 1-13 480 36.92 2.30 N: 1915 - 0240 15 - 25 935 85.00 V D: 0810 - 1720 1-14 1,038 74.14 1.09 N: 1925 - 0100 17 - 25 730 81.11 5 -day ratio ml. per haul N/D: 2.38 ■"■ Small organisms only (see table 1) ^ Stations omitted if taken at or one-half hour before or after sunset -^ Based on plankton volimie per haul volumes, and these were near the center of the grid. Ratios of night and day hauls were deter- mined for the plankton volumes by dividing the grid stations in the same manner as was done for the larvae of Leuroglossus stilbius and Lampanyctus mexicanus . The 5-day ratios of volumes on the grids showed 2.38 times as much plankton collected at night as in the day (table 15), while the same ratios on the drogue and anchor stations respectively showed 1.47 and 1.46 times as much plankton collected at night as in the day (table 16). The histograms for the drogue and anchor stations (fig. 7) show the changes in volume caused by diurnal migration; generally in- creasing to a maximum at night and decreasing to a minimum in the day. 40 •H " -^ ^ r-i ~ O rn IS en ^ O rn MD U B U :^ (D f— i CD cd "^ vO CM O Nf CM Z > O ftj:: ^ ^ \0 I> O w cu 3 ^H a rH 0) cd ~«0rHO rHrHvD sTvDO sfC^CM CMCMsf to SmsJ-^ vDv£)^ vDiAvO !>!>!> !>t>t>- ^ w ^ O aj3 c^ c > o -p J3 g -P cd •H -p z •H -P Cd ^u-\v£> OrHCNJ vOC-tO CMcnsf tOCJNO rHrHrH rHrHrH CMCMCV CMCMC^ o o +J W 0) CU) 0) [> vD O !> O cd E rH u B u zi _J ^ \0 O vO O ^ O t> O vO -st ,_^ 4) rH 0) cd Q W ct) > O P,43 CM sf m in Ni- •[>0(M inr^ivo i>rn[> otacM inc3Nto H 3^2 "^rH-vl-cn s^sf^r^ N^cncn !>-iANf Nfmst m H 0) cd ^0 5 P<-C g •H ■P rHCMCn l>t»0 mstm CJNOrH iri\D[> Cd ■-{ r-{ r-i rHCMCM CMCMCM +J W n to [> vD o Ca O vO \D rH en S: CM H rH rH rH (1) en o o o t> M 0) cn m o o vD cd S rH • • • • ■ fH 3 ^^ ::j O !> CM rH !> ^ ^ 0) rH 0) cd r- !> c^ cjN CM 2 CO M 0 P,^ rH n tOOtO OCJNNt [>CJNt> to :3 3 t-i d --vDvOtO tOvOCO tOOC^ OOtO CMrnrH a^ d H (1) Cd e Z H H H CM CO xi o ax; rt > H o -p x; c +J bo o Cd CO 2 •H Cd stunvO OrHCM vDI>tO CMcnsf tOCJNO r-i r-t r-\ rHrHrH CMCMCM CMCMCn -p 0) CO :3 bO 0) g Q tUJ (1) cd B rH U 3 U :3 :^ O O rn o ^ vD o o en o Q 0 rH a; cd ^ St vD in to to en sf >n r~ o (U CO H 3 ^^ 3 rH cM cMOcn oovo oovo ^ ■SCMen-.t -J'sl-sl- lAcn^ inenst C^CJ\C3^ en (S O P,^ '= rH C3N ^ & > « Q o •H -P Cd +J CO HCMCn I>tOC^ <^sj-in C^OrH Lf^vOO rHrHH HCMCM CMCMCM H ^ H CM en si- cri •p o o E-i Sf St I I 0) U =) O box; O o cd x; u CD ft -p cd U cd 4i LITERATURE CITED AHLSTROM, ELBERT H. 1943. Studies on the Pacific pilchard or sar- dine. 4. — Influence of temperature on the rate of development of pilchard eggs in nature. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report No, 23, 26 p. 1948. A record of the pilchard eggs and larvae collected during surveys made in 1939 to 1941. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report No. 54. 76 p. 1952. Pilchard eggs and larvae and other fish larvae, Pacific coast, 1950. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien- tific Report — Fisheries No. 80, 58 p. 1953. Pilchard eggs and larvae and other fish larvae. Pacific coast, 1951. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien- tific Report—Fisheries No. 102, 55 p. 1954a. Pacific sardine (pilchard) eggs and larvae and other fish larvae. Pacific coast, 1952. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, Special Scientific Report — Fish- eries No. 123, 76 p. 1954b. Distribution and abundance of egg and larval populations of the Pacific sardine. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin 93, vol. 56, p. 83-140. 1958. Sardine eggs and larvae and other fish larvae. Pacific coast, 1956. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 251, 84 p. 1959. Vertical distribution of pelagic fish eggs and larvae off California and Baja California, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, Fishery Bulletin 161, vol. 60, p. 107-146. AHLSTROM, ELBERT H., and D. KRAMER. 1955. Pacific sardine (pilchard) eggs and larvae and other fish larvae. Pacific coast, 1953. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 155, 74 p. 1956. Sardine eggs and larvae and other fish larvae. Pacific coast, 1954. U.S. AHLSTROM, ELBERT H.. and D. KRAMER.— Cont. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien- tific Report — Fisheries No. 186, 79 p. 1957. Sardine eggs and larvae and other fish larvae. Pacific coast, 1955. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien- tific Report — Fisheries No. 224, 90 p. STAFF, SOUTH PACIFIC FISHERY INVES- TIGATIONS. 1952. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1951. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 73, 37 p. 1953. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1952. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 100, 41 p. 1954a. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1949-50. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 125, 54 p. 1954b. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1953. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 132, 38 p. 1955. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1954, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 161, 35 p. 1956. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1955. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 177, 31 p. THRAILKILL, JAMES R. 1957. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1956, U.S, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No, 232, 50 p. 1959. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1957. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 326, 57 p. 1961. Zooplankton volumes off the Pacific coast, 1958. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report- Fisheries No, 374, 70 p. 42 MS #1149 GPO 929-28 1 5 WHSE 01549