ANIGHT & MILLET, PUBLISHERS, BOSTON, MASS Marine Biological Laboratory Received. Sept., 1941 Accession No._ jj Given By ,_. Place,_ 54124 . . ' lov; .- • '-.- -,,.- + • •- ,i.-. .-.r UT ' THE SPIDERS Ol =0 -D <-* o o OF THE NORTHERN STATES BY EDWARD KNOBEL BOSTON: Published by KNIGHT AND MILLET Copyright 1901 BY ED\V. KNOBKI, INTRODUCTION. The particular differences between the lower animals are generally but little observed. It is, there- fore, well, .is introductory to the study <>f a certain set of animal-, to observe the place thty occupy in the systematic arrangement of Natural History. This draws the attention of the student to their peculiarities, and, at the same time acquaints him with all related and resembling famili* •- The animal world has been divided into two parts, — animals without a backbone (Inrerttbrat,c ) and those vith a backbone ( Vcrtcbrattc) . The first part reaches from the lowest infusoria, hardly distinguish- able from plant life, to the most perfect insect. It is divided into severed classes, of which the most highly developed is that of jointed animals (. -Irtli rop^tia ). The bodies of these are encased in a scries of rings, variously grouped and jointed together, which serve instead of bones to keep the bud}' in foiin. This class consists of three orders, — the Myriopoda or Centipedes, with a head and a row of equal rings, many legs and no wings; the Insccta or true insects, with the rings grouped in three parts, head, breast part and body part. All have six legs, a pair of feelers, (antcinuc') in their faces between the eyes, and most of them have wings. The order of the .IracliiiiJa, spider-like animals, is placed between the myriopods and insects. They have eight legs, no feelers between their eyes, but often a pair of leg-like feelers frum their mouth parts (palpi] and no wings. The short-legged mites (Acarina) and long-legged harvestmen ( I'Iialan^i:, '\.'ia. The second group contains the sitting spiders, which weave a net to catch their prey ami remain on or near it, to watch. Kach kind constructs its net on a different plan. The grass spider spins an horixontal (5) close-woven bag net, with a tube leading sideways, or below it, in which he watches for, or eats his victims. If he meets a too formidable customer, he slides out on the other end of the tube and hides in the grass till the danger is passed. This is called a funnel web. The common house spider makes a small, mostly triangular bag net with threads run- ninsj above and Net at Grass SfiJ, Web <;/ ffous. Spider. T below it in all di- > - rections and watches it from some convenient place, hanging back downwards on some threads in the web, which is called a cobweb. Epeira, the orb or wheel-weavers, construct a perpendicular net. It is made of strong threads spread like the spokes of a wheel, covered with fine, adhesive thread, running spiral-like from the center to the outer edge. The spider watches from the center or from some out- side curled-up leaf. Uloborus makes II W' of Efcira. (6) a similar net, but places it horizontally, or slanting. The spiral thread is curly and differently put on. The identification of spiders offers many diffculties. The individuals often vary in color and size. The males are sometimes not half the size of the females, and differ from them in color and markings. The markings are often faint and differ in various moultings. The scientific distinctions are based on the sexual organs; the end knob of the feelers of the male; the number of claws on their feet, — all, objects too minute to serve as distinctions to the every-day observer. The eyes and their position form the principal means of finding the families. They are differently placed in each kind. Some kinds have large and small eyes, others have several protruding eyes, as if raised on warts. The grouping is important, also, as some of the species have all their eyes in a close bunch, or a pair, while others have them scattered far apart. The student must observe the eyes from full front view, and must notice whether they are placed in two or three horizontal rows, also, whether these rows are straight, curved upwards, or bent downwards. -(-\ ,j 9CJ 01 J * O <•> ' Attits. Lvrosa. Dnhmedcs. Agalitia. Epfira. Observe that in At/its the large eyes are in the lower row, while in l.vcosa the small eyes are in this position. In Attus the rows curve upwards; in I.rcosa they are straight; in A.qalfiia the}' are bent down- wards. The difference between Lycosa and Doloinctics is, — in the first, the four large eyes form almost a square; in the second, the two eyes of the upper row arc far apart. In E.peira the two eyes on each side are close together. (7) Next to the eyes the length of the legs gives some aid in identification. The first pair of legs are the longest in some kinds; in others, the fourth pair. The third pair are generally the shortest. Of the small kinds, belonging mostly to the Tlterididie — and easily confounded with the young of others — those of less than ]/% inch have been left out as too minute to recognize. To preserve collected spiders. They are easily killed by the fumes of a sulphur match in a tumbler. They cannot be pinned like other insects, as they shrivel in drying and lose their shape. They may be kept in alcohol but many lose their color and show marks which do not appear when alive. They keep well in an over-strong solution of table salt, in well corked bottles. The drawings of spiders with legs are from the living specimens; those where only the body parts are represented are from different books on spiders. The drawings in these have been made mostly from pre- served spiders on which the faint patterns have often faded, and other patterns made visible which the living spider does not show. It is necessary to make allowance for variations in different specimens, see for example, Lyccsa nigroventris, and L. mricola ; the three drawings show the same spots and markings, but in different size. In a few other kinds the difference may be still greater. Those who wish to know more about the spiders, I would refer to the publications of Prof. N. M. HEXTZ, J. H. KMERTOX, HKXRY C. McCooK, COUXT K. KEYSEKLINI,, (".. W. and E. G. PECKHAM. (S) CLASSIFICATION OF SPIDERS. The spiders .ire divided into two groups: — I. Spidi-rs with four breathing holes, or lung-slits on the bellies, and their mouth parts with the poison fang-claws working pick-axe like. J. Spiders ,vith two lung-slits on the fore part of their bel- lies and their fang- claws working sideways, pincers-like. fore part up and d< of their wnwai (U laws. FIRST GROUP. The hist group contains Southern spiders, Tarantula and Trap-door spi- ders. Our largest spider, the Tarantula {Mygale lientsii) lives in the Southwest- ern states. This group is represented in the Northern states by one kind only. (9) J\ii\intu!n. A/vftis niger. y^, inch long. Deep black. Head flat and horn-like, marked with three impressed dots. The legs short. It dwells in silk-covered tubular holes underground. Spiders of this group have eight eyes. The Dysderidie form an intermediate group, with four lung-slits ; but the claws working sideways, and only six eyes. They live in silk tubes under stones. Dysdera interita. 5s inch lone. Rust-colored. Pylaris bicolor. 3B inch long. Dark brown. Body part and first two pairs of legs black. Atyfns niger. Dysdera interita. Pylorus bicolor. SECOND GROUP. Eyes unequal in size. in three or four rows. Build no webs to catch their prey on face and forehead. Those of the lower row always the smallest and the four in center the largest. The legs are long and the last pair the t 1 1 longest - - ( Page 13) Lycosidce. (10) the outer eyes far backwards on the side of the head ; the largest eyes in the center of the lowest row. Head broad in front. Legs short; first and fourth pairs longest il'uge23) AttiJu. eyes in two rows. sometimes appearing unequal, the pupils of the outside eyes protruding. The first and second pairs of legs the longest; the two hind pairs short (Page 27) Tho»iisiciriS//>. /•.. Our largest Spiders belong to this family. They build no webs t« catch their prey, and hunt in the grass, under stones, everywhere for their victims, and murder them by sheer force in true highwayman style. Some, however, weave tubes under stones for their dwellings, to change their skins, or for the winter. Lycosa carries her egg-sack along with her on her hunt- ing excursions, fastened to her tail-end, and the young, when hatched, crawl on her back and stay there till large enough to shift for them- selves. If danger threatens, they will disperse, in all directions, but the mother will stay and fight for them to the end. nolouiitics carries her egg-sack in her mouth and weaves a tent for her young. The wolf spiders have long, strong legs, all covered, like their bodies, with thick fur. They are difficult to identify, as their colors are mostly monotonous gray or brown, and their markings often faint and uncertain and only in the colors of the hairs. Sometimes the underside, the breast-plate and some marks on the belly will be of much aid in identification. (13) Chest part longer than wide, spinnerets short. front row eyes small in a straight line, which is longer than the second row. Eyes of second row the largest, their own width apart front row eyes shorter than second ; second row further apart - spinnerets long. second row eyes large and close together ; third row further apart second and third rows of eyes about equal, large and separate, forming a square Chest part but a little longer than broad. eyes of nearly one size ; third row far apart o o oo Chest part as long as wide; head broad and low. eyes of third row large and far apart Eyes in four rows Lycosa. Pardosa. Q o Pirata. OO Aulonia. O O O> Dolomedes. >«><> Oxyopes. (14) L YCOS A . - - Wolf Spider. I. A. caroliiicnsis. I1., in. long. Above nearly uniform gray brown mouse color ; males lighter than females. Under side black. Legs white, with black rings at joints. 2. L. fatifcr,i. I in. long. Bluish black, with a small red wart each side (>l head. Underneath paler. Legs with black rings above and below. • i \ * 3. L. vnlpina. \ in. long. Grayish buff, with dark gray and black marks. Chest part with a narrow white line in the middle and a broad, pale stripe at each side. Belly un- derneath pale-buff with black- patches and dots. Breast dark brown. 4. L. nidifex. 7g in. long. Chest part dark gray with a light stripe, and three or four pairs of white spots. Legs becoming lighter from first pair to the fourth. (16) /.. Ifitta. Jg in. long. Dark blackish brown. Chest part with three waxy, honey-colored stripes. Legs waxy, honey-colored, with black hair, and no rings. Underneath chest and legs honey- colored ; belly black. L. iiila. 34 in. long. Yellowish brown; a light middle line on chest part. Belly light grayish brown, with small black specks. Legs without rings. L. riftiriii. 5;. in. long, Dull brown, with a yellowish brown stripe on chest part, and a few dots on body part. Underneath, chest black; body part light brown with round black dots, some of them continent in irregular marks. Legs yellowish brown with faint bands, dark at both ends. (17) 8. L. piinctulata. 5 g in. long. Chest part dark brown, with three whitish stripes. Body part brown, with a dark, light-edged stripe. Underneath light with irregular dark patches. Legs without rings. 9. L. scntitlata. 5S in. long. Like L. pan ctit la ta , but the dark stripe on body broken and spotted. Under side light, without marks. 10. /.. frondicola. fg inch long. Chest part dark brown, with a gray stripe, dark gray underneath. Body part dark brown with wide gray stripe containing darker half-stripe; lighter underneath, with broad dark stripe. Legs gray. i i L. kocliii. 5g inch long. Chest part dark brown, light gray- ish in the middle. Body part grayish dark brown at sides with two rows of white dots. Legs ringed, darker towards the feet. 12. L. polita. '_• inch long. Chest part reddish brown; the head and a stripe lighter; dark underneath. Body part light yellowish with gray or black marks ; under side light with a dark line wider at both ends. Legs short, reddish brown with dark spines. 13. L. pictilis. l/2 inch long. Brown. Chest part with alight stripe. Body part with two black stripes with spots ; the first spots larger and orange colored, the others white. Legs with dark rings. 9. 10. 11. (18) 17- L.cinerea. '_• in. long. Chest part yellowish-white with faint marks; black between the eyes. Body part hairs- with irregular black mark*. Legs with faint rings. /.. rnrici>ltt or nigroventris. '.• in. long. 1 -ight gray or buff with dark bn>wn or black marks which are larger or smaller in different speci- men*, sometimes only spots. Un- derneath a large black mark or its outline. Legs light gray-buff with black spiiu s. /.. />niti-it*is. •; in. long. Yellowish brown and gray with a light stripe and spoi- lt resembles /.. /«///KRS.— .(/'/ The jumping spiders make no webs to catch their prey, but spin nests in some crack or bark of a tree to use over winter, or for changing their skins. They also, when jumping, throw out a thread to avoid falling. They can walk easily sideways or backwards and can jump (]iiite a distance. Their eyes are in three or four rows, — those in the middle of the lowest row being the largest; those of the row before the last sometimes almost invisibly small, and the last row placed far backward, nearly half the chest part. Besides their eyes, their long square bodies and short legs and impudence make these spiders easily recognizable. The length of their legs vary; in some kinds the first pair, in others the fourth, the second and even the third are the longest. In some kinds the first pair of legs are much stouter than tin- othi i Some kinds resemble ants closely in shape and actions; they even walking on six legs by stretching out one pair like feelers. In Sa/fic/is the last row of eyes is as far from the row before the last, as the eyes in this row are from each other. In Attns they are not half that distance apart. LVSSOMANES. , (I-'.vcs in four rows. i . I. L. riridis '4 in. long, (ircen. Chest part with a black line, and body part with six or eight black dots. (23) ATTUS OR SALTICUS. Eyes in three rows. First pair of legs much stouter than the others. First pair the longest. 2. A aitdax. :J in. long. Black. Body part with white spots and lines. 3. A. ntilitaris. ->a in. long. Reddish brown. Chest part with one white spot. Body part with two black stripes with white spots. 4. A. sexpitiictatns. ls in. long. Black with six white dots on the body. Fourth pair of legs the longest. 5. A. nnttalii. }•? in. long. Chest part pitch-like. Body part pale gray with a black stripe containing a white spot. 6. A. castanens. }k in. long. Chest part black. Body part dark brown, with indistinct dots and lines. Legs reddish with bands. 7. A. ticniola. y% in. long. Black with two white stripes on chest part, and two spotted lines on body part. 8. A. elcgans. }-\ in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part metallic green. Thighs of first legs black. Eyes in three rows. Legs equally thick. Fourth pair of legs the longest; the first pair next in length. 9. A. mystaccus. l/2 in. long. Gray with white spots. 10. A. fa tnilia ris. ss in. long. Chest part gray. Body part blackish, Q with a white-edged gray stripe. (24) 11. A. tripunctatus. .;s in. long. Black with three white marks on hind part of body. 12. A. fasciolatns. ,"',; in. long. Black. Chest part with three gray spots. Body part with three white spots and lines. Legs reddish. •/•) 2 ^ji ^ '3- A. rnfns. l{ in. long. Reddish with a white stripe on fore part of the body, and four white dots. 14. A. hcbcs. }i in. long. Chest part brown. Body part white with a green spot and /o \~ t"«'iir black dots and a stripe. V 15. A. ftiri'ns. ,:t(1 in. long. Gray. Body part with six or eight short white lines. Legs reddish and black. if). A. in . in long. Black with yellowish legs ; no marks. -fO Fourth pair of legs the longest: the third p.iir next lon^e.st. 17- A. vittatns. }{ in. long. Black with two white stripes on chest part and three on n body part. Legs reddish with black rings. /V ^ ,,. 18. A. It -npanlit s. '4 in. long. Chest part reddish and black shaded. Body part gray with reddish bands. Legs pale reddish. yV? 0 Third pair of legs the longest : the I'oiirth pair next Inn»c.st. "W 19- A. pnL-x. !s in. long. Pitch-black; gray hairy on head and a few white spots on v its body. 20. ./. mvart white. Body pink. Legs yellow. .0 § First pair of legs the longest; the fourth pair next longest; legs slender. 21. A. canonicus. ->B in. long. Orange. Body with two rows of black dots. Legs with black rings. ^>j| EPIBLEMUM. ^ 22. E. faustuui. ^4 in. long. Pitch-black with white spots and short lines. The male with long 09 3 poison claws. Ant-like Spiders. 0,8 SALTICUS. 24.1 * 23. 5. ephippiatus. H in. long. Chest part yellowish brown. Body part brown in front and . black behind and a white band in the middle. 25. J SYNEMOSYNA. 26. I 24. 5. formica. % in. long. Chest part white and brown. Body part reddish and black, with a yellow spot at each side. SYNAGELES. 25. S. scorpionia. Less than Ji in. long. Brown and white. 26. S. picata. }'% in. long. Black. Legs with reddish rings. 27. S. americana. y& in. long. Light brown with a reddish tint ; white around the eyes. Body part light in front and dark behind with a light band. (26) CRAH SPIDERS.— THOM/SfDsE. These spiders spin no web, but cast a few, stray threads. They live under leaves, in flowers or on fences waiting for their victims. The white, round, flat spider nests on the under side of leaves are their cocoons, which the mother watches till the young are hatched. The two first pairs of legs are longer than the rest; the second being generally the longest, while the two last pairs are very small. Their move- ments are crab-like, backwards and sideways. The Tliiviiisiilie differ considerably in the position and size of their eyes and have been therefore divided into many genera. In Xvsticits, Snitina, Tinants and T/iomisits the outside eyes or lower row are larger, protruding or elevated; in the others the eyes are nearly equal in size, or the two in lower middle row are smaller. EYES OF THOMISID.E. 0 • • 9 Thoinisns. Xvsticus. »'•'» Syiiema. Tinarns. Misinncna. Tibellns Pliilodr out its. Thanatits. Ocypete. (27) TOM1SUS or XYSTICUS. ''•.'•) i. 7". piger. y% in. long. Yellowish brown. Chest part with two brown stripes. Body part with two rows of dots. Paler underneath. ^ if| 2. T. aspcratns. l/\ in. long. Pale brown, covered with bristles. Chest part \^\ with two black stripes. First and second pairs of legs with brown rings. 3. X. stomacliosus. l/i in. long. Chest part light yellow, reddish brown at the edges. Body part dirty white, with black dots. Legs yellow. 4. X. triguttatus. T3if in. long. Chest part reddish brown, with black marks. Body part dark brown, with white markings. Legs yellow. 5. X. emertoni. f6 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown, with white edges and red brown markings. Body part brown above, underneath yellow with red brown dots. Legs red brown. 6. X. gulosus. Y\ in. long. Chest part yellowish gray with brown and black spots. Body part brown gray, whitish at the sides. Legs brown above, under side gray or yellow with black dots. CORIARACHNE. 7. C. versicolor. }{ in. long. Chest part yellow, marbled with red brown and red streaks. Body part dark brown, and whitish. Legs yellow, with red brown feet. SYNEMA i>A 8. S. parviila. */« in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part yellowish with a black band. Hind legs greenish or yellowish. (28) 9. 5. obscnra. ,'4 in. long. Chest part dark red with yellowish edges. Body part black brown with a narrow white band. Legs yellowish brown, upper shanks black. MISUMENA. 10. M.vatia. Y? in. long. Yellowish white; pink around the eyes and a red stripe at each side of the body ; a few impressed dots on the back. i i. J/. ivsea. Y\ in. long. Chest part yellow with red edge and spots. Body part yellow with red dots. Legs light yellow with red dots. The male is only >§ in. long. ,'4' in long. Chest part red brown. Body part white. Legs yellow. 12. M. americana. 13. M. georgiana, }{ in. long. Chest part light yellow. Body part white. Legs light yellow. RUNCINIA. 14. /v. brcndelii. Female -;8 in. long. Male1;-; in. long. Light yellow with brown spots and marks. TMARUS. 15. T. caudatus. K in. long. Blackish. The body part with a small tail and six black- dots. 16. T. ditttoni. Female j£ in. long. Male SB in. long. Pale gray or yellow with red brown dots and a stripe from head to tail. Body long and narrow. (29) PHILODROMUS. 17- 18. Ph. vnlgaris. }{ in. long. Chest part brownish yellow with white edges. Body part red brown with white and brown hair. Legs yellow with dark rings ; feet white. Ph. expnsitns. }{ in. long. Chest part brown with black edge. Body part blackish brown with red stripes. Legs yellow with red brown spots. 19. Ph. infnscatus. J+ in. long. Blue gray with white dots. 20. Ph- imbecilltis. /& in. long. Dirty white with red brown stripes. THOMISID/E belonging to PHILODROMUS. 21. Tli.ferox. K in. long. Pear-shaped. Brownish yellow. Chest part with two dark stripes. Body part with four or six dark brcwn spots. First pair of legs hairy. 22. Th. celer. fV in. long. Pale yellow with a greenish tint about the O .- t5 legs, and two rows of dots on the body part. Th. alcatorius. yb in. long. Greenish yellow ; reddish around the eyes and a few white stripes. Body part yellow with six impressed black dots. The two front pairs of legs waxy brown, the two hind pairs white. (30) SILK SPIDERS, TUBE OR BAG WEAVERS.— DRASSW.E. This family resembles short-legged /jvw/nissii. Amaurobius. Miii'tina. Melanophora. Drassus, Lucia. Clubioiia. Anyphcena. O 0 g « o°°o 12. HERPYLLUS. Swiftly running spiders which make no webs. H. ecclesiastic/is. }? in. long. Black. Chest part with a broad white stripe. Body part with half a white stripe and a white spot. H. bicolor. -^ in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part bluish black with six impressed dots. H. descriptns. -n? in. long. Black with a copper colored half stripe on latter half of body. H. bilineatus. |4 in. long. White with two black stripes from head to tail, and also two black stripes on belly. H. vespa. i/k in. long. Chest part pitchy brown. Body part black with a white ring on forward end. H. ornatus. yV in- long. Copper colored with broken black bands on body. Thighs of two pairs of forward legs black; other legs yellow with black rings. H. crocatus. }i in. long. Chest part pitch brown. Body part black with a yellow stripe. Last pair of legs hairy. . H. variegatus. j^ in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part black with with white bands. Legs reddish with black rings. H. ater. }i in. long. Black ; glossy. H. cntciger. % in. long. Gray with black spots. H. sonarins. }-k in. long. Brown with two short white bands on each side of body. Legs brown and yellow. in. long. Chest part pale reddish, darker at the edges. Body part brown Legs pale, the forward pair and a ring on the second pair black. (32) 6. 7- 9.\ •12 H. alarius. ]4 yellow bands with CLL'BIONA. 16.1 13- 14 16. 17. 1 8. Live in tubes or bags under stones, logs or leaves. C. (Amaiirobiits) obcsa. ]z in. long. Yellowish brown, a darker stripe on its back, darker at joints. Legs r. tranquilla. -;H in. long. Chest part deep reddish pitch brown. Body part grayish black with four impressed dots. C. fiiscatoria. % in. long. Head dark brown. Chest part and legs yellowish brown, waxy. Body part pale buff, silky downy, feebly marked. C. gracilis. -;8 in. long. Yellowish. Chest part with two bluish stripes. Face black brown. Body part with two bands of small red dots. C. inclusa. i\, in. long. Pale yellow. Bod}- part with a faint dark stripe. Legs dark at joints. C. pallens. /i; in. long. Dirty white. Body part with gray spots. Underneath four dots near the spinnerets. (33) 0 ig. C. fallen s. % in. long. Yellowish or reddish. Chest part with two black stripes. II Body part with two dotted stripes enclosing two rows of smaller dots. 20 & 2O- C. saltabunda. ls in. long. Pale brown with a few dark spots on edges. Body with two rows of black dots; dotted underneath. / 20. THE FUNNEL WEAVERS.— AGELENIDJ;.. They spin nets to catch insects, and stay in or near the nets in a convenient place watching for their prey to become entangled. Their webs, closely woven, supported by strong cross-threads running in all directions, are placed horizontally, ending at one side in a tube in which the spider dwells. In shape these spiders resemble Lycosidie, but are easily distinguished from all others by their long, tail-like spinnerets. Tegenaria, the cellar spider, builds his web mostly in dark places, and the tube is generally placed above the web. Agelena, the grass spider, places his web on stumps, shrubs, plants, and in the grass, with its tube below the web ending on the ground, and affording an easy way to escape when a formidable enemy becomes entangled in the web. EYES OF AGELENID.K. Agelena, (34) TEQENARIA. \ T. wciiiciiialis. Y-Z in. long. Pale brown or mouse grey. Chest part with two black stripes. Body part with three stripes of square spots. Legs with many black bands. T. fcrsica. Y? in long. Pale grey. Chest part with two broken black stripes. Body part black in the middle with a row of four pale spots on each side. Legs with many black bands. AQALENA. A. iiicvia. 3 4 in. long. Pale reddish or yellowish, with two black stripes on chest part. Body part blackish brown with two white spot stripes. One of the most com- mon spiders in the United States. (35) THE COBWEB SPIDERS.— THERIDID.E. Mostly small spiders which have their eyes in a close bunch on their foreheads, somewhat distant from their mouth. Their legs are long and slender; the first and second, or the first and fourth pairs being the longest. Their nets consist mostly of a horizontal bag under which they watch, hanging by their legs, back downwards. This bag is connected with all near objects by threads running irregularly in all directions. The net often occupies a considerable space in which they suspend their egg-sacks. Some kinds live in the net by pairs. The family is very large and has been divided into many genera. It contains our smallest spiders. Theridium. Breast part as broad as long. Body part round, globular. Legs long and slender, covered with short hair. Mimetus. Breast part narrower than long. Body part widest in front, pointed behind. Legs long, beset with spines. Era. Breast part highest in the middle. Body part egg-shaped. Legs beset with spines. Steatoda. Breast part broader than long. Body part oval, smooth and shiny. Legs shorter and stouter than Theridiitm. Asagena. Like Steatoda, but body hairy and flattened. (36) Agyrodcs. Body part triangular or odd-shaped. Spiiithanis. Breast part circular. Body part long and pointed. The first and fourth pairs of legs twice as long as the second. i°°t Euryopis. Breast part short and broad. Body part broad, flat and pointed. ^. Erigone. Breast part long. Body part long, oval. Legs short, about as long as body. Linyphia. Breast part long. Body part egg-shaped or oval, thick. Legs long and beset with spines. Stcmonypltantcs, Ilelopliora, Katliypliantes and Microneta like Linypliia. Microneta /f| with shorter legs. THER1D1UM. I. Tk. tepidariontm. }{ in. long. Breast part yellow brown. Body part black or dirty white with black spots. Legs light yellow with brown rings at y / the middle end of joints. (37) 2. Tli. zelotypnm. T3|T in. long. Breast part orange striped in middle and edges. Body part 2 fa black with a white stripe which is reddish in the middle. Legs orange, brown ringed. 3. Tli, miirariiuii. -fs in. long. Breast part gray, striped in the middle and on the edges. Body part gray with a white stripe which is reddish in the middle. Legs gray, dark ringed. 4. Tk. frondfiiin. T\ in. long. Breast part light yellow, striped in the middle and on edges. Body part light yellow, lighter on the back, with or without black marks. Legs light yellow. 5. Tk. difference. }'% in. long. Breast part orange brown, not striped. Body part red brown, with a white stripe which is reddish in the middle. Legs orange brown darker at the joints. fi & ^' ^'' sP'''al£- *'& 'n- l°ng- Breast part brownish orange, indistinctly striped. Body part yel- lowish gray, lighter in the middle. Legs yellow, darker at the joints. 7. |j 7. Tk. montanuin. ls in. long. Breast part orange, dark at the edges. Body part yellow gray, lighter in the middle. Legs yellow, darker towards the feet. A 8. Tk. pitncto-sparsum. }'% in. long. Breast part dark yellow, brown striped in the middle and on the edges. Body part dark gray with white spots. Legs yellow with dark rings. Less than ig of an inch long. Tli. rupicola. Resembles Tepidariorum in color. Tk. globositin. Dark gray with a white spot on the back . Tk. unimaculatum. White with black spot on the back. Tk. sexpunctatum. Yellow with six black patches on the back. Theridula spharula. Gray with a yellow spot on back and short legs. (38) MIMETUS. 9. M. intcrfcctor. '4 in. long. Breast part whitish. I lead brown. Body part gray brown. Legs light yellow with dark brown rings and spines. IO. Jf. f/>i'iivi(/fs. long. Breast part light yellow with four lines on the head. Body part /// :i j light yellow with lighter bands. Legs light yellow not ringed. ERO. \\ i I. ]'.. tlioracica. 3g in. long. Breast part light yellow with two dark stripes. Body part white with brown spots and stripes covered with stiff brown hair. Legs yellow, brown ringed. STEATODA. 12. S. marmorata. ]\ in. long. Breast part yellow brown. Body part whitish with black lines and spots. Legs yellow brown, variable. 13. .S\ borcalis. J4 in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part dark brown with three white short lines on fore part. Legs brown, faintly ringed. 14. 5. triangitlosa. i\- in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part yellowish gray with light and dark spots and stripes. Legs slender, light yellow with faint rings. Less than '8 of an inch long. .S". gitttata. Yellow brown or black with white spots. .S'. iii^ra. Black. (39) -/.3.« ASAGENA. -. 15. A. americana. fa in. long. Breast part dark red brown. Body part dark brown with two ^A(ji white spots. Legs yellow brown with spines. AROYRODES. XT' 16. A. fictilimn. % in. long. Breast part light yellow with three stripes. Body part silvery with a dark stripe. Legs light yellow. //~._^J 17. A trigonntn. ]a in. long. Breast part light yellow with three brown stripes. Body part light yellow, sides reddish. Legs light yellow. Less than '8 of an inch long. Lasicola canccllata. Black with white marks abruptly narrowed at the end. Ulesanis americana. Light brown like a clump of earth. Pholcomma. Dark brown, hairy. SP1NTHARUS. 18. S.flavidits. T3B in. long. Breast part light yellow. Body part gray above and yellow below (Q with red and white stripes. Legs light yellow, shanks of first and fourth pairs orange. EURYOPIS. n 19- E.funebris. Y% in. long. Breast part yellowish gray, black around the eyes. Body part dark gray or black, bright silvery on the hind part. Legs yellow with black rings. ERIQONE. This genus contains numerous small spiders hardly TV inch long, and therefore difficult to recognize, except some Ceratinella and Ceratinopsis, which are bright orange red colored. (40) 20.} LINYPHIA. 20. L. phrygiana. % in. long. Breast part light yellow, with a forked black line and edges. Body part whitish with a brown spot-stripe. Legs light yellow with black rings. 21. L. marmorata. }± in. long. Yellowish white with black marks. Legs green- ish. Bell\- black with two rows of yellow spots, three in a row. 22. L. mar^inata. -*$ in. long. Breast part yellow with white edges. Body part white with a black spot-stripe. Legs light yelloiv with black spines. 24. S3 23. L. conuniinis. \(, in. long. Breast part yellow brown. Bod)' part dark brown with a white band at each side. Legs dull yellow. 25. fy 24. L. inaiitlibnlata. -*„ in. long. Breast part yellowish brown. Boil}- part dark brown with yellowish white spots. 0/7(1 25. L. clntlirata l,i in. long. Breast part yellow brown with a dark stripe. Body M i *) part light yellow with brown markings. Legs orange. S TEMONYPHA NTES. 26. .S\ bitcciilcntns. '4 in. long. Breast part yellowish gray with three black stripes. Body part yellow gray with three rows of black dots. Legs yellow gray with black spots. HELOPHORA. 27. //. ins/^n/x. ':; in. long. Breast part light yellow. Body part gray or white with no markings. 22. (4D BATHYPH ANTES. B. nebnlosa. ^ in. long. Breast part brownish yellow with a forked strJpe and edges. Body part dark spotted and striped. Legs brown yellow, ringed with black. 29. B. ininnta. l/& in. long. Breast part yellowish brown with darker edges. Body part gray with white marks. Legs yellow brown, ringed. Less than '„ of an inch long. />. zebra. Gray with white bands. B. alpina. White and black striped. B. formica. White. Legs long, shiny black and feet white. B. complicata. Gray. Breast part and legs orange. MICRONETA. 30. M. discolor. y& in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part brown gray, white below. Legs orange. 31. M. quinquedentata. yi in. long. Breast part yellow brown, edges dark. Body part dark gray. 32. M. crassiuianns. Ys in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part gray. These six-eyed genera are related to Theridida'. SCYTODES. 33. 5. tlioracica. ]•{ in. long. Breast part light yellow with irregular black marks. Body part white with several rows of black spots. Legs light yellow with black rings. Only six eyes. (42) PHOLCUS. 34- P. phalangioides. -'a in. long. Pale whitish. Legs ij~ inches long. Side eyes bunched in threes ; the middle ones almost invisibly small. 35. Sfenna/'/iora incridioiialis. ^ in. long. Pliolcus, but has onlv six eves. Resembles a miniature THE WHEEL OR ORB-WKB SPIDERS. The most observed and best known of the spiders. Their eyes are widely spread over their foreheads ; the two outside pairs of eyes are far from the two centre pairs. The legs are generally short and stout, the first and second pairs usually the longest. Their circular nets are placed perpendicularly, the threads spreading from the centre like the spokes of a wheel, and covered by an adhesive, sticky thread wind- ing spiral-like from near the centre to the outer edge. The spider watches the net from the centre or in a tent, curled leaf, or crevice con- nected by threads with the web. (43) Epcira. Breast part short and low. Body part round or slight oval. Cyrtarackne has a very short body, broader than long, and spines on breast part. Cyclosa has a bump on back. Singa. Breast part longer and body oval. Meta and /.ilia are similar, but differ in construction of web. i*-*{ Acrosoma. Breast part small. Body large and flat and several spines on the edges. /- -A 0 o Argwpe has a long oval body pointed at the end. Argyroepeira has a long, oval body rounded at the end, and very long legs. (44) The EPEIRA. following six have two bumps or corners on the fore part of their bodies. The first four resemble each other. 1. E. angulata. 58 in. long. Breast part dark brown with a yellow line underneath. The body is dark brown and lighter, with yellow marks; underside black with yellow spots. Legs with dark brown rings. 2. E. solitaria. 58 jn. long. Chest part dark brown, black beneath. Body part black with yellow spots; under side black. Legs dark ringed. 3. E. corticaria. }{ in. long. Chest part brown, darker in the middle and on edges. Body part dark reddish brown and lighter; under side dark brown. Legs dark ringed. 4. E. silvatica. 5s in. long. Chest part dark brown with a darker line in the middle and at each side. Body light brown with yellow spots ; underneath dark brown. Legs brown with dark rings. E. nordmanni. }'•> in. long. Chest part gray; underneath light brown or black. Body part white, gray and black; under side black with four yellow spots. Legs dark ringed at the joints and faintly in the middle. E. cavatica or cinerea. Y\ in. long. Chest part gray with long white hairs; /- under side with a dark stripe, with yellow edge marks. Legs gray faintly ringed. (45) 5. 6. 8.1 II The next three resemble each other. 7. E. sclopetaria. 5« in. long. Chest part dark brown or gray, with no lines; underneath dark brown with alight spot. Body part dark brown and yellow covered thickly with gray hairs. Under side with a dark mark surrounded with semi-circular yellow spots. Legs ringed. 8. E.patagiata. '3/s in. long. Resembles E. sclopetaria but is lighter with a reddish shade. 9. E. cornuta-strix. 2a '"• l°ng- Chest part reddish brown with three dark stripes. Body part dark brown with a light stripe. Legs yellow brown with dark rings. 10. E. trifolium. 1/4 in. long. Chest part white with three dark brown lines ; underneath dark brown, sometimes with a white stripe. Body part reddish brown, or gray with white marks; underneath dark brown. Legs white with dark brown rings. 11. E. conspiccllata-mat'morea. 3-8 in. long. Chest part dull yellow with indistinct lines; underneath dark brown with a faint light spot. Body part white, yellow or orange, and gray or brown ; under- neath dark with two semi-circular yellow spots at sides. Legs white with orange or brown rings; thighs orange. (46) 10. 12. E. insularis. Y\ in. long. Chest part dull yellow with faint lines ; under side bright yellow with brown edges. Body part bright yellow or orange and dark brown or purplish black. Legs are white with black rings at joints and in the middle. Thighs bright orange. 13. E. obcsa. Y± in. long. Chest part wax-like, reddish. Body part light orange, lighter on back, with faint white spots and black line marks. Legs waxy white with reddish bands. Body very inflated. 14. E. thaddt'iis. '4 in. long. Chest part yellowish white, some- times with black spots at the edges. Body part white or yellow with two dark stripes; underneath a light before a black spot. Legs dull yellow with faint rings. These last five are more or less related to each other, and the next three re- semble each other closely. 15. E. trivittata. K in. long. Chest part light yellow with three dark stripes ; underneath bright yello\v in the centre. Body part dark brown and light yellow; under side with four or six yellow spots. Legs light yellow with brown rings. 16. E. pratensis. ;H in. long. Chest part dull yellow with three faint stripes; underneath brown with a yellow line. Body part brown with yellow lines and six pairs of black spots ; under side dark with two curved yellow marks and two spots. Legs light yellow, darker at joints. (47) 23 1 \j . Benjauiinea donricillornin. 3's in. long. Chest part brown with three dark stripes; under side black with a yellow line. Body part brown and lighter ; underside dark with four to six yellow spots. Legs brownish yellow without rings. 1 8. E. cnciirbitiiia-displicata. -'s in. long. Chest part brownish yellow. Body part light yellow or crimson with three pairs of black dots. Legs brownish yellow without rings, but darker towards the feet. 19. E.junipcri. }i in. long. Chest part light brownish yellow. Body part green, with three white stripes. Legs yellowish brown without rings. 20. E. alboventris. Y& in. long. Chest part white. Body part white with a triangular purple spot. Legs white without rings. 21. E labyrinthea. }-\ in. long. Chest part dark brown, white around the eyes; underneath dark brown, and a white line. Body part dark brown and white; a white line underneath. Legs white with narrow dark rings. 22. E. triaranca. '4 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown, darker at sides of head and a dark line in the middle ; underneath yellow. Body part brownish with four large white, yellowish or reddish spots, and underneath two black spots on the spinnerets and cross-bar mark in the middle. Legs yellowish brown with rings in the middle and on joints of first two pairs of leg?, — only at joints in the last two pairs, — the thighs of the last pair are half black. 23. E. curb onar iii. ;o in. long. Chest part black, head lighter. Body part black with six pairs of white spots above and a white line below. Legs white with broad black rings. (48) 24. 25- 28. E. plac(da. J,8 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown, with three stripes and black around the eyes. Body part white and brown ; underside black with two white stripes and dots. Legs yellow brown with long, dark spines, with- out rings. E. giblierosa. v<; in. long. Chest part dull yellow with a narrow dark stripe. Body part gray with yellow spots; under side black with two lines and six light spots. Legs dull yelloiv with black spines and narrow lengthwise stripes. E. parvtila. f?, in. long. Chest part light gray. Body part dark gray with two white spots; underneath lighter gray. Legs gray with faint rings. E.foliata. ,':( in. long. Chest part gray or greenish. Body part gray with white; under side yellow. Legs gray or green, darker at joints, the fourth pair the shortest. E. ( Afar.i-ia ) stcllata. l/2 in. long. Chest part brown, a light stripe under- neath. Body part angular, light and dark brown. Legs brown ringed. E. infumata. ,'4 in. long. Dark brown with black and white marks. Chest part underneath bright yellow with black edges. Body part black below. Legs yellow with irregular ring-like spots. CYCLOSA. 30. C. turbinata. }\ in. long. Chest part dark gray or black. Body part white or gray, with a bump on back ; under side black. Legs white with dark rings. (49) 29. SINGA. 31. 31. -5. inanra. % in. long. Variable. Chest part orange or light yellow with a brown or black head. Body part black or light brown with two or three white stripes. Legs yellow, darker at joints. 32. S. maculata. l/§ in. long. Orange. The head and marks on body part black. ZILLA. A section of the web, about -$, left without cross-threads. 33. Z. montana. }^ in. long. Chest part yellowish white with dark edges and a gray stripe; underneath dark with a yellow stripe. Body part white and black ; under side a black and two yellow stripes. Legs yellowish white with dark rings. 34. Z. X notata. l/{ in. long. Like the last but three black lines on chest part, and only a black stripe under body. 35. C. bisaccata. 36. 37- CYRTARACHNE. in. long. Chest part light brown ; underneath white. Body part light brown and white with four brown spots. Under side and legs white. ACROSOMA. A. gracile. % in. long. Chest part with three black stripes. Body part dull yellow with black spots and five pairs of spines. A. sagittatum. '4 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown with white edges. Body part triangular, bright yellow with three pairs of spines, red with black points. (50) 38. A. rfiinriann»i. & in. long. Chest part brownish yellow. Body part white or yellow with a dark spot forward and behind and two pairs of spines. Legs brownish yellow. MET A. .]/. menardi. 5£ in. long. Chest part brownish yellow. dull yellow; under side brown with two yellow stripes. ARGIOPE. 40. A. copliinaria. "/% in. long. Head black. Chest part cov- ered with silvery hair ; under- neath black with a yellow stripe. Body part black with yellow marks: under side four spots and two yellow stripes. Legs black. Thighs reddish or yel- low. Sometimes dark rose red instead of black. Body part dark brown and Legs yellow with dark rings. (51) 41. 42. A. argyraspis. 24 in. long. Chest part dark, thickly covered with silver}' hair. Body part white or yellow with black cross-bars. The young cov- ered with silvery hair. Under side like Cophin- aria. Legs light yellow with black rings. ARQYROEPE1RA. A. veinista. '4 in. long. Chest part green or yellow with two black lines. Body part silvery with a black or yellow stripe. Underneath black with green spots. Legs green with black rings. (52) THK WATER Sl'IDKRS.— T/-TK. -\C.\A Til. I. They have long bodies and long, slender legs which they stretch in front and behind when sitting on the web. The web resembles Epcira's but is placed inclined or horizontal. The eyes are in two parallel rows. 7. elongata. '_• in. long. Breast part brownish yellow with three stripes. Body part light and dark brown. Legs brownish yellow with spots. T. cxtctisa. -;;-; in. long. Colors like T. elongata. 3. T. laboriosa. }\ in. long. Chest part light yellow. Body part silvery white with transparent marks, sometimes green. Under side dark with two light stripes. Legs light yellow. PACHYQNATHA. Does imt spin a web to catch insects. It lives under leaves and stones, on dry Kind with a 7'/v/7(//,v/«-like shaped Imtly and eve-.. 4. /'. I'rt'i'is. '4 in. long. Brownish yellow with three dark stripes on chest part and a gray and white stripe on body part. Under chest part dark red brown. Under both' part gray with two yellow stripes. Legs light yellowish brown. 5. /'. iintniiinalii. ' t in. long. Like />V