Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER May 19, 1923 SPINNING TESTS OF COTTON COMPRESSED TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES. By Wiuuram R. Meapows, Cotton Technologist, and Witi1am G. Buair, Specialist in Cotton Testing, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. CONTENTS. Page. Page RUT POSOOMTESTS ewe f ohoc Samlase sachin. Saad! 1 | Spinning tests of Rowden cotton of 1-inch Kandi Of palesie saceint ac cpas -teicin se wisapeeerseye <1eic 2 staple—Continued. Conditionstofthe testss-sss-0-c- 2 eee eae 3 Imregulanityxotsyalnsees se ae eee ee 11 Varieties of cotton tested................- 3 Manufacturing properties................ 12 Waste determinations....-.............-- 4 SUmMAMNanydOl CESUSEaee eer eeeree ee eee 12 Mechanical conditions................--. 4 | Spinning tests of Delta cotton of 14-inch IMOIStureCONdIMONSis-e- ce cee eee 4 StADIC he. Ae tea ec eee Stee as 12 Breaking strength and sizing of yarns... 4 iRercentalgerorwastessns. seeneeee ee eee ee 12 Iimnesulanrttiys Of yarnsas 5-2. sees = 5 Moisture conditions.........-- 2 13 Spinning tests of Cleveland Big Boll cotton of Breaking strength of yarns...- ane 13 fifteen-sixteenths-inch staple.............-- 5 linneculanityaor yannseep = sehen 2 ae 14 iRercentag evoiawaste: ans ose ce 5 Manufacturing properties...............- 15 IMOIstuTeconditions®--2) = ase. --.) eee 6 SummanyaOh teSbSesses eee eee 15 Breaking strength of yarns.............-- 7 | Spinning tests of Webber 49 cotton of 14-inch irreswlaRityeOhmy alse 5455-5 ae 7 SYS 0) Vanes tli Ns Sp) Leer ne a cee eC St 5 Ss 15 Manufacturing properties. ..............- 8 Percentaseofiwastelsasssss2s sence os as-ee 15 SUMMARVAOL LEStS tees ote a seeks ee 8 IMoIstuneconditionssssn.s52 ss" eee ee eee 16 Spinning tests of Rowden cotton of 1-inch Breaking strength of yarns..-.-......---- 17 Staple saase shee eee aes hile oa 8 IrresulanitysOnyannsoye- pees eee eee ye iRercentare Olmwastesss--a0e- eee eone. = 8 Manufacturing properties............---- 18 Moisture@onditionsse.-2-5s.-02 se =. see ee 9 SUUAMAMEIA, OF. WEISS 6 cnossoseasesesopes6e 18 Breaking strength of yarns..............- Oia Conclusions s=- 5.2 se tae ee ee eee ee eee 18 | f TIMES of prosperity, when transportation and storage facilities are taxed to the limit, the conservation and utilization of space in freight cars and terminal warehouses becomes of paramount importance. A considerable saving in space and ean charges would be possible if a more compact and. neater package were adopted for cotton. PURPOSE OF TESTS. Does compressing cotton to higher densities than 15 pounds per cubic foot injure the spinning value of the cotton? This is a much discussed question among cotton growers, merchants, brokers, and manufacturers. The spinning tests herein described were conducted for the purpose of arriving at conclusions in regard to this question as definite as could be determined by tests covering a single season’s erowth.' 1 These spinning tests were conducted under the general supervision of William R. Meadows, cotton technologist, and under the direction of William G. Blair, specialist in cotton testing, who was assisted by H.B Richardson, C. E. Folk, and E. S. Cummings, assistants in cotton testing. The Cleveland Bi Boll was spun at the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, Raleigh, N. C.,and the other cottons were spun at the Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson College, S. C. 23243°—23—Bull, 1135——1 2 BULLETIN 11385, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. KINDS OF BALES. At present there are five distinct types of bales: Flat, standard or railroad compressed, high density, round, and ginner’s compress. The first three are of frequent occurrence, while the latter two have varied in amount of use. Flat bale.-—Most of the cotton ginned in this country on saw gins is put up in the form of a rectangular package known as the flat bale. (Pl.1, Fig. 1.) This bale has a density varying from 12 to 15 pounds per cubic foot. It is covered with all the different types and grades of burlap, has six ties or hoops, and varies in weight anywhere from > 300 to 750 pounds. Standard or railroad compressed bale.—The standard or railroad compressed bale (PI. I, Fig.2) is made by applying great pressure to the ordinary flat bale from which the ties have been removed and to which patches have been added to cover the cuts in the burlap where samples were drawn. Pressure is applied only to the top and bottom of the bale, thus allowing the cotton to spread slightly sidewise and endwise. This spreading and the speed with which the bales are handled make a very irregular package. A well-organ- ized crew of press hands may compress as many as 120 bales per hour. The density of this type of bale is from 22 to 28 pounds per cubic foot and varies with the amount of cotton in the bale. The bale has usually eight ties when it leaves the compress. - High-density bale—After the ties have been removed and patches added to cover the cuts in the burlap where samples were drawn, the flat bale is placed in the press, the side doors are raised, and steam pressure is applied to the bottom or movable platen. The cotton is compressed between the top and bottom platens. As the side doors prevent any side spreading of the bale, the cotton can spread only endwise. The addition of the side doors makes the high-density bale (Pl. II, Fig. 1) more uniform in shape than the standard bale with the same pressure. High-density bales are compressed at a much slower rate than are the standard density bales because of the use of the side-door attachment, the rate being about 70 bales per hour for the high-density compared with 120 bales per hour for the standard density. It is an easy matter to detect the high-density bale because of its much more uniform shape and because of the nine ties fastened by a high-grade buckle: -The high-density attachment is used when cotton is to be exported or shipped by water. The density of the bale is from 28 to 40 pounds per cubic foot, varying with the amount of cotton in the bale. Round bale-—The round bale (PI. II, Fig. 2) is made by taking the loose cotton from the gins and winding it in a continuous sheet around a core and at the same time applying pressure through other rolls, thus making a very compact cule Ieearshaped bale of small size. This bale averages about 250 pounds in weight, has no ties, and is usually covered with a higher grade of burlap than any other type of bale with the possible exception of the Egyptian bale. The density per cubic foot averages about 35 pounds. ‘This bale does not have an extensive domestic distribution, but some foreign firms specify this type of bale when ordering cotton shipped from this country, | SPINNING TESTS OF COTTON. 3 Gunners’ compress bale.—A ginners’ compress bale (PI. IID) is made in exactly the same manner as the flat bale only greater pressure is applied. The gin box and apparatus are made more rugged to with- stand the greater pressure when, compressing the loose cotton to this higher density. This type of bale usually has six ties. Its density varies from 25 to 30 pounds per cubic foot, depending upon the amount of cotton in the gin box. This type of bale was not included in this study because of the » small numbet of gin compresses in use and inability to secure a pure strain of cotton from such a compress. CONDITIONS OF THE TESTS. The general conditions of the tests follow, and specific information regarding details of results are found under the descriptions of the separate tests. VARIETIES OF COTTON TESTED. The varieties of cotton tested consisted of pure strains of Cleveland Big Boll, Rowden, Delta, and Webber 49 grown by men of reputa- tion for their plant- -breeding work. The Cleveland Big Boll, Delta, and Webber 49 cottons were grown during the season of 1920 under normal weather conditions up to the time of picking. At this time, the rainfall delayed the opening of the bolls so that the number of pickings was reduced. The climatic conditions during the season of 1921, under which the Rowden cotton was grown, were normal for the first half of the season followed by an extended drought which seemed to have the effect of shortening the length of staple. All of the bales of the same variety of cotton were picked at the same time, ginned on the same day on the same battery of gins, and compressed on the same day with the exception of the round bale of the Rowden variety which was ginned on a different gin than the rectangular bales. The reason for securing pure strains and proceeding as described, was to eliminate as many variables as possible with each variety, | thus placing the variable of compression to different densities upon a strictly comparative basis. The test on each variety is therefore a separate test. Detailed information regarding the cotton selected for the tests is shown below.? Stored Variety. Grown at— Sea- Grade. Staple. | in bale. Inches. Months. 6 Cleveland Big Boll:-.-.-:=.| Hartsville, S. C.........] 1920...| Middling.......=...... BR ROW GenE soars Ske eee ee Wills Point, Tex... 1. 1921... inet igghine 1 6 Deltas See oss FSI SGOLGVUISSaes see 1920... i 2 AE ee ae 14 12 Webber AQtet acc sac. csnee Hartsville, SinGeueu cae 1920... Middling pee Ate LZ lt 9 2 The cotton was classed by members of the board of examiners, a committee authorized to class cotton at the future exchanges under the provisions of the United States cotton futures act. 4 BULLETIN 1135, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WASTE DETERMINATIONS. Accurate weighings were made of the net amount of cotton fed to and delivered by each cleaning machine and of the net amount of waste discarded by each. From these weighings, the percentage of visible, invisible, and total waste was determined. The per- centage of waste for each variety is in the description of each test. MECHANICAL CONDITIONS. The cotton from the bales of different densities of the same variety was run under mechanical conditions which conformed to average mill conditions for the length of staple used. No changes were made except those necessary to maintain the desired weight or sizing of the stock in process. | MOISTURE CONDITIONS. The moisture conditions under which the cotton is machined affect its spinning properties in a number of ways. The amount of invisible waste varies with the amount of moisture in the cotton as well as with differences in the character of the cotton. The moisture content depends upon the weather conditions to which the cotton has been exposed before reaching the mill and upon the relative humidity under which it is machined. Controlling the relative humidity in the mill tends to bring the cotton to a certain moisture level and thus reduces the varying factor of invisible waste caused largely by fluctu- ations in the moisture content of the cotton. Controlling the humid- ity also makes possible more accurate weighings or sizings and thus gives more even running work. The cotton also spins and weaves better under proper humidity conditions. The humidifiers were regulated by hand as closely as possible to give a relative humidity of 50 per cent in the picker room, 60 per cent in the card room, and 70 per cent in the spinning room. At Raleigh, N. C., there were no humidifiers in the picker room, but as damp weather prevailed at the time the stock was on the pickers the humidity was above the desired amount at this point. There was no way to dehumidify in any of the tests. On excessively moist or dry days, it was not always possible to maintain the humidity conditions at the desired level. The actual conditions which prevailed are given under each test. Samples of the raw stock from the bale, finisher picker lap, card sliver, final processes of drawing and roving, and yarn were collected for moisture determinations. ‘The results are included under each test. BREAKING STRENGTH AND SIZING OF THE YARN. The yarns were tested for strength and size in the cotton testing laboratory at Washington, which is equipped with a modern auto- matic humidity and temperature regulating system which controls the humidity at 65 per cent and prevents the temperature from fall- ing below 70° F. Twenty-four skeins of 120 yards from each number and-twist of yarn were reeled and placed on a specially constructed rack and allowed to condition at least 24 hours under 65 per cent relative humidity before breaking and sizing. Each skein ‘was then broken and sized in rotation. This method assures breaking and sizing the yarn of the different lots under identical moisture conditions. > eo ee Bul. 1135, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE lI. Fiag. 1.—FLAT OR UNCOMPRESSED BALE, TOP, SIDE, AND END VIEWS. DENSITY, 12 TO 15 POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT. APPROXIMATE DIMEN- SIONS, 54 BY 27 By 48 INCHES. FiG. 2.—STANDARD OR RAILROAD COMPRESSED BALE, SHOWING TOP, SIDE, AND END VIEWS. DENSITY, 22 TO 28 POUNDS PER CUBIC FooT. APPROXI- MATE DIMENSIONS, 56 BY 28 BY I8 INCHES. Bul. 1135, U. S. Depi. of Agriculiure. PLATE II. 3 Fic. |.—HIGH-DENSITY BALE, TOP, SIDE, AND END VIEWS. DENSITY, 28 To 40 POUNDS PER CUBIC FooT. APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS, 59 By 24 By I9 INCHES. FiG. 2.—ROUND BALE, SIDE AND END VIEWS. DENSITY, 28 POUNDS PER CUBIC Foot. APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS, 35 BY 20 INCHES (DIAMETER). Bul. 1135, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III. GINNER’S COMPRESS BALE, SHOWING TOP AND SIDE OF BALE. DENSITY, 25 TO 35 POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT. APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS, 52 By 25 BY 20 INCHES. - Seas 3 Cae a ee = aa SPINNING TESTS OF COTTON. 5 IRREGULARITY OF YARNS. The irregularity or the quality of the yarns was determined by three methods: By photographing the yarn, testing for evenness on a Moscrop single strand tester, and calculating the average deviation of the sizings and strengths obtained in the skein-breaking strength tests. SPINNING TESTS OF CLEVELAND BIG BOLL COTTON OF FIFTEEN- SIXTEENTHS-INCH STAPLE. The Cleveland Big Boll cotton was compressed into four bales: A flat bale, a standard or railroad compressed bale, a high-density bale, and a high-density bale compressed while wet. The latter bale was made by wetting a flat bale with water from a hose for a day and then compressing it to high density in the usual manner. PERCENTAGE OF WASTE. Table 1 gives the percentage of visible, invisible, and total waste obtained from the different types of bales. TABLE 1.—Percentage of waste from Cleveland Big Boll cotton of fifteen-sixteenths-inch staple; grade, Middling. | : High High TESTDOOU Sree & 2 eae elie cre ee eee a Sen eo See Flat. |Standard. density. eceaty PICKER WASTE.! Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. @pener-breaker motes and. fly sa. . jee denen eect enenesses- 0. 96 1.20 0.98 1.50 IN SHEN OLeal Gyre cter 8a oie tones Sade amance was ee . 43 02 45 | . 66 BBO ellavAS Le meme ets tees emery, one eR roe a oe 1.39 1.72 1.43 2.16 ISTH LEE Gees a RA Be ee aE tne ae ee Sede eT ESS 94 1.02 . 96 1.46 Rotalavisibleandaunwisibles- sss. scciasesoks ccicc owe ecees <2 2.33 | 2.74 2.39 | 3. 62 : CARD WASTE.? INR Sina Soyo Se ed aot ae ga Rae 2.59 3.00 2. 69 3.17 Cyilindemandid oftermsthipse ccs. tee canwceek en sacs see le scene eer .70 - 83 69 88 Ma teslaricehlivarsa setae ace ome Mee OR as ee Rae scence 1.53 1.65 1.19 DAYS SWCCDIN OS Samet metres meena acon oo oa ode Suis coc s ce sweaecer eee .10 slit .09 S12 ER Gfalevisibleeeee ete Ge | eee i ate ean eee et Se aS 4.92 5.59 4. 66 6. 34 LENT OB se ye we SS Soe DSS SES OS SAIS eS ES Ss ee ee caems ci 3) il .09 = il . 62 Ropalevisible anGganviSibles. =cSs_ -< s-— AVERAGE STRENGTH | COU 0886 aE fafa Riteb ae eo eC ee Deg tcl PN, | 12 iauiniirinait Fic. 1.—Irregularity of 22’s yarn spun from Cleveland Big Boll cotton compressed to different densities. SUMMARY OF TESTS. The results of this test indicate that compressing cotton in a dry or normal condition does not injure its spinning value. Compressing cotton to high density while wet increased the waste approximately 2 per cent, and it also caused a decrease in the break- ing strength of the yarn of about 12 per cent. SPINNING TESTS OF ROWDEN COTTON OF 1-INCH STAPLE. The Rowden cotton was compressed into four types of bales: A flat bale, a standard or railroad compressed bale, a high-density bale, and a round bale. PERCENTAGE OF WASTE. Table 5 gives the percentage of visible, invisible, and total waste obtained from the different types of bales. Bul. 1135, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. CLEVELAND BIG BOLL - 15/16" COMPRESSION TEST 2o*s Yarn JULY 1921 35¢ Fic. 1.—PHOTOGRAPH OF 22’S YARN SPUN FROM CLEVELAND BIG BOLL COTTON COMPRESSED TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES. RODEN Bs MESOLUN TEST . PRIL 1922 ¢ tie ih4 ds FiG. 2.—PHOTOGRAPH OF 22’S YARN SPUN FROM ROWDEN I-INCH COTTON COMPRESSED TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES. Bul.1135, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V. DELTA - 1 1/8" COMPRESSION TEST FEBRUARY 1922 __ 40's Yarn 12# (2) FiG. I1.—PHOTOGRAPH OF 40’s YARN SPUN FROM DELTA I%-INCH COTTON COMPRESSED TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES. COMPRESSICN TEST DECEMBER 1921 50's Yarn 35+ 354 Yet i a 204-3 2] a-: ee: } : i] i ~ = | i Perret ; FIG. 2.—PHOTOGRAPH OF 50’S YARN SPUN FROM WEBBER 49 COTTON COM- PRESSED TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES. SPINNING TESTS OF COTTON. 9 TABLE 5.—Percentage of waste from Rowden cotton of 1-inch staple; grade, Strict Middling. Stand- High USUPE Cua a ee ee ee ee oe ee Flat ail density. Round. PICKER WASTE.! Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Oponerpreaker Mm Obes anGdly <=. = -sec.ccccssceceswenceascacsss 0. 95 0. 77 0. 76 0. 68 Finisher motes and fly...........-. ee ci ea eee eee ca ~ «89 . 78 ~92 - 81 CRS INGIN DES Sees 8 ee ee 1. 84 1.55 1.68 1.49 LUDSTINT DD oo se per eae co a ee ee ee ee ee - 85 46 77 .14 Euialvismioand i yisible. .. .26-.+..csccacces< hae andes 2. 69 2. 01 2. 45 1. 63 CARD WASTE.? eee LE TESTR CY OSS Stee SEs pe ES as ee 1.85 17s 1. 68 1. 76 eyiinderand GOner Stumps A. = = 25 ee ee i 5. 19 } 5. 57 | 4.90 5. 50 Gard slivers 22. Ses ee ae oe = ee eee eee i 5. 32 | 3. 57 | 4.95 5. 82 53 grain finisher drawing. ...-......---- QO Ce OPE! | 5.65] 5.85 4.79 6. 04 eran tiisher Gra wine. = 6 soe a ee ee 5. 82 | 5.87 5.45 5.79 Roving frames: re | 5. 76 | 5. 81 | 5. 09 5. 4 6.10; 610] 6.43 6. 38 6.43} 6.49] 6. 49 5.76 3. 93 | 6.15 | 5. 09 6. 10 6, 49 5. 59 | 6.78 6. 49 7.35 7.18 | 7.70 7. 06 6. 66 6. 89 | 6.3 5.4 6.72 6.38| 6.72 | 6.72 i i BREAKING STRENGTH OF YARNS. The cotton of each compression was spun into 16’s, 22’s, 28’s, and 36’s yarn with twists equal to 4.25, 4.50, and 4.75 times the square root of the number spun. The average breaking strengths of these yarns are shown in Table 8. TABLE 8.—Breaking strength, in pounds, per skein of 120 yards of yarn spun from Rowden cotton, 1 inch staple. Type of bale. New =< No. of yarn- Draper Pwist standard} ™u!tpher. High ensity. | | | Flat. |Standard.| d Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds f £25] 108) 13 | 141.9 diction Pt ed ee ib. | eae 4.50 ISR 81> 1428 oe | 4.75) 17) 7-0.) -rs —————_—_ ——_|____. Average..| 134.4 14.4] 1391) 1310 j 4.25 92.0 99.4, 949 87.3 Dae RP ee Sen og eae eae oR 7 ee 4. 50 92.7 7.5 94.1 89.3 | || 475) 89.9 94.9 95.7 | 87.3 | | Average! 91.5 97.3| 94.9] 88.0 j SS J 4.25 68. 0 ue 70. 3 63.3 Fo cia Ae TR De fx Ne ae a Was 2 Gents 4.50 67.4 72.9 71.3 64.4 | 4.75 65.7 70.8 68.0 63.7 | Average... 67.0| 722| 69.9] 63.8 | 4.95 48.3| 51.0 50. 6 | 44.2 al i ne gee See SS Se eee 4.50 7.6} 50.9 50. 5 | 46.2 ees 7.0| 507) 49.5| 487 Average... 47.6 | 50.9 | 50.2 | 45.4 Thnk + SPINNING TESTS OF COTTON. Jil Referring to Table 8 and comparing the breaking strength of the yarn spun from the cotton of the different types of bales, it is seen that the strongest results were obtained from the standard bale, followed in order by the high density bale, flat bale, and round bale. All the 16’s and 22’s yarn broke stronger than the new Draper standard. All the 28’s yarn, with the exception of that spun from the round: bale, broke practically as strong as the standard strength for this number. The 36’s yarn spun from all the types of bales was weaker than the standard strength for this number. On an average, the yarns spun from the round bale were about 7 per cent weaker than the yarns spun from the other types. IRREGULARITY OF YARNS. The following figures give the irregularity of the sizings and break- ing strengths of the yarns from the different types of bales: Sizing Break (per cent). (per cent). SE eiteg oil OP ames ak tt Ce eee NS tee 2 Ae ore race 1. 98 4.15 Standard or railroad compressed bale..........--.----- 1.93 3. 87 oh densi vabalen s.r. sae eee ee ah tetas al 1 il SHY Evo una Ogden eens. a Camere ee hel Nee ced Bo les 2. 22 4. 66 These figures indicate that there is practically no difference in the irregularity of the sizings or strengths of the yarn spun from the first three types of bales but the yarn from the round bale was shghtly more uneven. , The results of the calculations of the irregularity of the yarns are verified by tests on the Moscrop single-strand tester. Figure 2 is a photograph of a chart made by this tester when break- ing 22’s yarn spun from the Rowden cotton compressed to different densities. Ea Noe smecunn (Ben EA MUNI CIDI TICINO [o Tio] ts [90 [7s | ao Fa] coves [eo Tes [e3/ 45) 70] 78] 80] DUOMO OoOmoOoMAae DOWORODOOOOOaaDo a SS ea (DOD OG 0 QPCR EE EEEEEEEEC CECE EE COE se inmate steer) - fa EECCA Cee seesauaereesasaed (4 GSnEEHEEEECCC ceo (evoec ;aeesbuaenel/ceneaece see FEE EC EH EHEC Hn poi tatoo toto det tata] y PREER EEE ECEEEEE Er ee me D ise ett !_ ig’ v OC, Ges SSaes PERCE ECE eH ALGAE Meme Segre Aor aenannareyae rare a fp saetel ag IS Sears te as ahd Pepe et Peet te] 2 An eon aD Sal eit AER EEE eee Peel eet tt Po CPt | 12 POPE En faa a hata 1] e CO oo 1 BEESES 005035 Oi Peo neo eee seo = ale [elated er SS eee.” ee a(eeisjesiaeteaieieisets) 4 (el ean eeeeieiet | 4 eee eee inle Ph Pe er ener] 4 Fic. 2.—lrregularity of 22’s yarn spun from Rowden 1” cotton compressed to different densities. Each dot.of figure 2 represents the breaking strength of a single strand of yarn 12 inches ine. The greater the distance these dots are from a horizontal line, the more irregular the yarn. Plate IV, Figure 2, is from a photograph of 22’s yarn spun from the Rowden cotton which shows practically no difference in the quality of the yarn spun from the different types of bales, 12 BULLETIN 1135, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURING PROPERTIES. There was no noticeable difference in running the rectangular bales. A mill attempting to run round bales continuously must use special opening equipment. SUMMARY OF TESTS. The results of this test show that compressing cotton does not affect the amount of waste discarded in the manufacturing process. On an average, the yarn spun from the round bale was about 7 per cent weaker than that spun from the other’ types of bales. SPINNING TESTS OF DELTA COTTON OF 1 1-8 INCH STAPLE. The Delta cotton was compressed into three types of bales: A flat bale, a standard or railroad compressed bale, and a high-density bale. PERCENTAGE OF WASTE. Table 9 gives the percentage of visible, invisible, and total waste obtained from the different types of bales. TaBLE 9.—Percentage of waste from Delta cotton of 14 inch staple; grade, Middling. | High ihype of bale-cissgets2 522425 cod SSE a San Ca ee eee Flat. (Standard. density. PICKER WASTE.! Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Opener-breaker motes and fly =< == Sa ee os ee eee 1.00 0.95 0. 86 intermediate aotes anditly.,. © 225 6-ee Sed oe Pe ee ee eee eee -93 1.17 1.16 Rinisher mbtesiand yt Seek ee oe ee ee ee ee eae 58 “94 | 76 Oba WISUDICN 32 oe et ee Se a RS ee eee ee ee ee ee iL 3.06 Qual Trassatstd 0} Pe ers oe at Oe out Ses shakes Ae EACES Ue Sie oR oe ees eh poe ee 1.29 1.46 1. 26 Total visible and LVAISIDIC. cao ae an eee ee ee eee 3.80 | 4.52 4.04 CARD WASTE.? | HLA LISLTIpS-oe hee ee aS ec Se ee ee ee el pe 2. 63 2.58 | 2.81 Gylinder,andidofier str pose = eee a ee ce eee te ace e ees 1.10 ia 122 Motesimmnak: fly cons san secs Se ae ae Ca wie owe oa oe Se eee ee eee eteeee 2.04 1.99 | DAT, Siyee Di Gs eo eben ts oben ta. Si ee ee ee th Se ee eee .10 12 | . 08 otal vasiple==- 2 = SES aes ae RRS beat oes POS A AEA BE SOBA yO 5.87 5.81 6. 28 (nwisibles S752 ee ee ee ee SR eee se eee eee a eee 1.50 1.08 1.34 Rotal-visiblie:and iw wisible. = s-. 5. see ee ee ee eee eee 7.37 6.89 7.62 PICKERS AND CARDS.1 MOtaVISIDIG 5. 2< = oo oe oe Bay see ete base eek een Cee See 8.15 8. 61 8.81 Totalinvisible 23323 -e ses Se PORE Lee eos oes wie men eee ane 2.74 2.49 2.00 'Totalvisiblie-andiunwasible: ae. ee cee te eee oan Ca eee aoe 10. 89 11.10 11.36 1 Based upon net weight fed to bale-breaker. 2 Based upon net weight fed to cards. Referring to Table 9 and comparing the percentages of waste optained from the different types of bales, it is seen that there is practically no difference between the amount of visible waste dis- carded, the figures being: Per cent. Patcbales 2.300 25.2 obs eee ee ee eee 8.15 Standard’ or-railroad compressed bale-=-—-- 2352222. -- 52 ae ee 8. 61 High-density bale 3 -— 422 eee ee 8.81 | : SPINNING TESTS OF COTTON, 13 MOISTURE CONDITIONS. Table 10 gives the average temperatures and relative humidities under which each type of bale was tested. TaBLE 10.—Average temperatures and relative humidities during the testing of Delta cotton of 14-inch staple. Myperen baleseces | sSsetesi. tence ne cen Flat. Mom-= Bae perature. midity STAGE °F. Per cent Wihleniop en ede aa ese ecaeciescinccisicd melee 74 Finisher picker es 72 51 (CDT te spent etre fae ae | cata se ara ctok 72 60 Drawing frames, 50 grain sliver............ 76 61 Roving frames: G:G6yhamike him etinames: oes see sea cee 68 55 SOOhankeeeelkatrain eases s--eec cae 72 56 Piensa nike yaAckstramess o= Rog) tite) i fat ata it Mi 4 | Pe bbl Lt ie ae a Bits} © a ry z an a NEE r | a oe HEAR aeseasea BEEBE SALoEseBer Qa Fi Noha nne g As he) a! COPCCCLEELLELLLLIs COCO CEE CELL LeeLee CeCCeC ees Cee ete Srseeereaee-0 CSCS CP : Fia. 4.—Irregularity of 50’s yarn spun from Webber 49 cotton compressed to different densities. SUMMARY OF TESTS. The results of this test show that compressing cotton in a dry or normal condition does not injure its spinning value.« Compressed cotton to high density while wet increased the waste approximately 2 per cent, but did not materially affect the breaking strength. CONCLUSIONS. All of these tests showed that compressing cotton to standard or high density when in a dry or normal condition is not injurious to its spinning value. Compressing wet cotton to high density either increases the per- oe of waste or reduces the breaking strength of the yarn, or may Oo both. Compressing cotton into a round bale with a hard core reduces the strength of the yarn about 7 per cent. If the round bale were to be run continuously in a mill, special opening equipment would be required. Poa ~ ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NAR TOT 128] Bs 0 ay 1) 2 a a ae ae, ee see ee Henry C. WALLACE. BSE SIIEING INCETOLOR Sens kn ks pe oS C. W. PuesLey. PRCA OP SCE GeW OT G22 25. 5 8. 2) ee: K. D. Batt. pnacetor-of Jemulatory Work. -—- .- 2.2224, 52. DUCE CR PRA ECOND Narre Sa ke oe na ones ote CHARLES F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Economics........-.------- Henry C. Taytor, Chief. rrr o, Animal Imdusiry - :. 2222.0. 222 Joun R. Mouter, Chief. IEPIRECHLUEN | PULTE EE MNQUSTEY. s