Kellerman. ^^«'«'^'^^''^'^''i'^'''^'i^^ -J / / / :.-e^<-i>^Cj? *" SPRING Flora of Ohio CONSISTING OF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY NATIVE FLOWERING PLANTS, WITH KEYS FOR THEIR IDENTIFICATION; ALSO A KEY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE STATE BY THEIR LEAVES AND FRUITS BY W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. Professor of Botany in the Ohio State University ' ICAL PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR COLl'MBrS, OHIO J. L. TRAUdER, PRINTKR AND PfBLISHER 1895 SEQUENCE OF ORDERS. Coniferse. Aracese. Coraraelinacese. Liliacepe. Sniilacefe. Amar\'llidacese. Dioscoreacese. Iridacese. Orchidacese. X. Juglandacese. XI. Myricaceae. Salicacea;. Betulaceaj. Fagacese. Ulraacese. Moraceffi. Loranthacese. Sautalacese. Aristolochiacese. PoU-gouacese. Aiziodacese. Portulacaceae. XXIII. Carj-ophyllacese. XXIV. N\-niph£eacese. Magtioliaceje. Anonacese. Ranunculacese. Berberidacese. CaU-cauthacea?. Lauraceie. Papaveracese. Cruciferte. Saxifragaceaj. Haniamelidacea^. Platanacefe. Rosacea". Leguminosse. Gerauiacea. Oxalidacea?. Rutace». SiniarubaceEe. Polygalacese. Euphorbiacepe. Callitrichacepe. Liniuan ihacese. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. x\nii. XIX, XX. XXI. XXII. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. Anacardiacete. XLVII. Aquifoliacea?. XLVIII. Celastracefc. XLIX. Staphyleacese. L. Acerace». LI. Hippocastanacese LII. Rhamnacew. LIII. Vitaceae. LIV. Tiliacese. LV. Malvaceae. LVI. Hypericace;e. LVII. Cistacea?. LVIII. Violacese. LIX. Passifloracea?. LX. Thj-inelajacese. LXI. Elaeagnacese. LXII. Lythracese. LXIII. Araliacew. LXIV. Umbellifera?. LXV. Cornaceae. LXVI. Ericaceae. LXVII. Primulaceae. LXVIII. Ebenacete. LXIX. Oleacea? LXX. Geiitianace;t. LXXII. 'PoTen^oniacese. LXXIII. Couvolvulacete. LXXIV. Hydrophyllacea?. LXXV. Boraginacea?. LXXVI. Labiatie. LXXVII. Solanacea;. LXXVIII. Scrophulariaceae. LXXIX. Lentibulariaceae. LXXX. Orobanchace;e. LXXXI. Bignoniaceae. LXXXII. Pedaliaceae. LXXXIII. Acaiilhace£e. LXXXIV. Plautaginacete. LXXXV. Rubiace». LXXXVI. Caprifoliace;ie. LXXXV II. Valerianacese. LXXXVIII. Campanulaceae. LXXXIX. ComposiUc. XC. Cichoriacea?. INDEX TO ORDERS AND GENERA. PAGE Acanthacese 110 Acer 77 Aceracea; 77 Achillea IJ) Aconituni 41 Actaea 44 Adopogon 121 Aesculus 7(1 Ailanthus 73 AizoidaceK 37 Allium 20 Alnus 32 Alsine 39 Amelanchier 02 Amaryllidaceae 24 Ampelopsis SO Auacardiaceee 7-') Aiiagallis !•"> Andromeda 92 Anemone 4o Anemonella 46 Angelica S7 Anonacete 42 Antennaria 119 Anthemis 120 Anychia 41 Aphyllon 108 Aplectrum 27 Apocynaceee 97 Apocynum 98 Aquifoliacese 76 Aquilegia 44 Arabis o6 Aracese 18 Aralia 86 Araliacese So Arctostaphylos 93 Arenaria 40 Arisa^ma 19 Aristolochiacese 37 Aronia 62 PACE Aruncus 61 SS"^.' ■•.'•;'{ fe Asparagus 21 Azalea 91 Barbarea 53 Batrachiuin 47 Baptisia 69 Belamcanda 2o Benzoin 50 Berberidacese 48 Berberis 49 Betula 32 Betulacese 31 Bicuculla 51 Bignonia WJ Bignoniacete 108 Boraginace£e 100 Brunell^ 104 Buda 40 Buettneria 49 Bursa 55 Callitrichaceae 74 Callitriche 75 Caltha 43 Calycanthaceae 49 Calycanthus 49 Camassia 21 Campanula 118 Campanulaceae 118 Capnoides 51 Caprifoliacese 113 Capsella 55 Cardamine 54 Carpinus 31 Carja . 28 Cary-ophyllacese 38 Cassandra 92 Castalia 41 Castanea So Castilleja 107 PAGE Catalpa 109 Caulophyllum 49 Ceanothus 79 Celastracese 76 Celastrus 77 Celtis o6 Cephalanthus 112 Cerastium 39 Cercis 69 Chserophyllum lus ..J _^ 3L CratKgus'^'^^^^:Vf^^^. . ! 63 ' Cruciferse 51 Cynoglossum 101 'a^\ 4 Spring Flora of Ohio. to only so far generally as is necessary to contrast and identify our species. The constant aim has been to select the most obvious and striking available characters which the beginner can in no case fail to comprehend readily. The names have been divided into syllables and the accented syllables marked, thus making the correct pronun- ciation of the supposed difficult names an easy and simple matter. The scientific names of the plants are here given as they have recently been agreed upon by North American botanists. The names used have been determined according to the principle of priority. This principle is, briefly stated, that the oldest, /. e. the first, name given to a species should invariably stand — in no case (unless pre- occupied) be replaced by another name thereafter. Thus for instance the generic name HicoRi.\ was given by Rafinesque to the Hickories in 1808. To the same genus Nuttall, in 1818, applied the name Carya, which has since been used in the Manuals in this country. In this case the name Hicoria is to be retained, Carya being cited merely as a synonym. Similarly Nas- turtium is replaced by Roripa ; A^ieinonella by Syndksmon ; Des- modium by Meibomi.\ ; Liatris by Lacinaria, etc. The specific names of the plants also have been treated in the same manner, the names retained or restored that properh' belong to them. Thus the Kentucky Coffee-tree is called Gymnocladus Dioicus (L.) Koch, instead of Gymnocladus canadensis Lam.® as heretofore printed in the Manuals. The "L." in parenthesis indi- cates that this specific name was first applied by Linnaeus — though he placed it in the wrong genus (namely Giiilandina't) \ the author whose name (or abbreviation) follows the parenthesis is responsible for its present generic status. Similarh- the name of the Sugar Maple, AcKR saccharum (Marsh.) Britt. replaces Acer saccharinu'>n Wang. ; for our Silver Maple the name Acer s.\cch.\rinum L. replaces Acer dasycarptnn Ehrh.; S.\SSAfras sassafr.\s (L.) Karst. replaces Sassafras officinale Nees; Castanea dentata (Marsh) Sudw. replaces Castanea sativa var. americana Wats. & Coult., etc. The corrected names for all the plants growing in the North- eastern United States can be seen in the " Li.st of the Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta " edited by a committee of the Botanical Club (Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci.) and published by the Torrev Botanical Club, Columbia College, New York City. This List has been fol- lowed in the printing of the names in this work. * 178:5. tl">-!- Preface — To Teachers. 5 It has not seemed best, however, to follow the plan there em- ployed of capitalizing certain specific names. The simpler, and I think the proper method — that now followed by very many if not most leading botanists — of entire decapitalization, has been fol- lowed. To avoid the possibility of any confusion when reference to or comparison with the names as given in Gray's Revised Manual (6th edition) is made, the necessary synonyms are given in paren- theses. The "Catalogue of Ohio Plants" by Kellerman and Werner, pub- lished in the Geology of Ohio, Vol. VII, part II, pp. 56-406, has been followed in selecting the species that are given in the follow- ing pages. This Flor.v is not designed to accompany any particular text- book on botany. It can be used equally well in connection with anv one of the numerous botanical text-books found in the various schools throughout the State. It is suggested, however, that instead of the ordinary plan of text-book use, either the laboratory method be employed (in which case Spaldhigls "Introduction to Botany;" or Arthur, Barnes and Coulter's "Plant Dissection" could be advantageously used); or the instruction be giyen orally by the Teacher. The main points in the structure, organography and physiology of plants could be given if such a plan were followed. Blackboard outlines, figures and illus- trative specimens should be efficient aids. The work could be properly adjusted to the ability and needs of each member of the class. The study could be a real study of the plants, their organs, functions, etc., to the exclusion of redundant terminology. The only book required on the part of the pupils would be this Flora, by which they could identify the native plants. The Teacher could use for the selection and arrangement of the topics, an}- one of the more comprehensive text-books, as Bessey's " Essentials of Botany," Bastin's "Elements of Botany," Vine's "Student's Text-book," Beli- ren's "Text-book of General Botany," Kellerman's "Elements of Botau}-," Gray's botanical works, etc. Any suggestions from the teachers of the State in reference to an improved edition will be most thankfully received. W. A. K, Ohio State University, Columbus. January^ 1895. COPYRiaUT, 1S9.1, BY W. A. Kellkrmax. PREFACE.=TO TEACHERS. HIS Florula has been compiled in response to a de- mand for a book simpler and briefer than the extant Manuals that include the entire flora of a very large portion of the United States. To place before the pupils descriptions of the plants that do not occur in their region and which, therefore they will not see, much less handle, not merely entails a useless expense in the purchase of a large book when a smaller one would answer the purpose, but it also requires him, as it were, to thresh over a large amount of chaff for the few grains obtained. The object of placing a book with keys, descriptions, etc., in the hands of the pupil should be, to aid him by inciting to farther observation and study of the plants in his neighborhood. Its pur- pose is to introduce him to the numerous and perhaps hitherto un- noticed plants, to present their names, which will lead in the great majority' of cases to a real and protracted acquaintance. This will in time awaken the interesting and important questions as to mi- nute structure, functions, affinities, origin, etc. The al^ridgement here presented takes cognizance of the plan, that is quite prevalent or indeed universal in the schools of the State, which provides that the work in elementary botany begin after the Holidays and close the latter part of May or early in June. The plants whose flowers usually appear in this period of time are included. Difficult groups however, as Grasses, Sedges, etc., which beginners never attempt, are excluded. All the woody plants (trees and shrubs) are included, regardless of their time of flowering, and an anal3'tical key is added for their especial identification — based on the characters exhibited by theii" leaves and fruits. The generic diagnoses are not exhaustive but enumerate a few and only those characters which most plainly separate the genera as occurring in our flora. The specific characters are likewise referred spring Flora of Ohio. PAGE Cypripedimii 26 Delphiiiiiiin 44 Dentaria 55 Desciirainia 56 Dicentra 51 Diervilla 116 Dioscorea 25 Dioscoreacese 25 DiospjTos 95 Dirca 85 Bisporiim^^ ^2 DfaM^f^:'r'^^^r-^r •.:.•.■. %i EbenaceEe 95 Elieagnacere 85 Epigasa 92 Ericacea; 90 Erigenia 88 Erigeron 119 Erodiuin 72 ETythroniiim 21 Eiionynius 76 Euphorbia 74 EuphorbiacesE 74 Fagacese 32 Fagus 33 Ficaria 48 Floerkea 75 Fragaria 65 Fraximis 96 Galium 112 Gaultheria 92 Gaylussacia 93 Gemmingia 25 Gentianacese 97 Geraniaceie 72 Geranium 72 Geum 66 Glechoma 103 Gleditschia 69 Gymiiocladus 69 Habenaria 27 Hamamelidacete 59 Hamamelis 60 Helianthemum 82 Hepatica 45 Heracleum 87 Heuchera 58 Hibiscus 81 Hicoria 28 PAGE Hippocastanaceie ... 78 Houstonia Ill Hydrangea 59 Hydrastis 43 Hydrophyllaceffi 100 Hj'drophyllum 100 Hypericace« Pinus 17 Platanacese (iO Platamis CO Plantaginacere 110 Plantago 110 Podophyllutn 4S Pogonia 27 Polemoniaceae 98 Polenioniiim 98 Polygala 74 PoU'galaceiE 74 Polygonacete S7 Polygonatum 22 Populus 29 Portulaca 38 PortulacaceEe 38 Potentilla 65 Priiiiulaceae 95 Prunella 104 Pruiius (58 Ptelea 73 Pyrus 62 Quercus 33 RaminculacesE 42 Ramuiciilus 46 Khaninacese 79 Rhainiuis 79 Rhododendron 91 Rhus 75 Ribes 59 Robinia 71 Roripa 53 Rosa 67 Rosacese 60 Rubiaceie Ill Rubus 64 Rudbeckia 119 Rnellia 110 Rumex 37 PAGE Rutacese 73 Salicaceae 29 Salix 30 Salvia lO:! Sambuciis 114 Sanguinaria 50 Sanicula 87 Santalacete 37 Sassafras 49 Saxifraga 58 Saxifragacese 57 SchoUera 94 Scrophulariaceae 105 Scutellaria 103, 5 xjot-vt-.,.^ j> / Senecio 120 Shepherdia 85 Silene 38 Siniarubacese 73 Sisymbrium 52 Sisyritichiuni 25 Smilaceie 24 Smilacina 22 Smilax 24 Solanaceae 104 Solanum 105 Solea 84 Sorbus 62 Spathyema 18 Specularia 118 Spergula 40 Spiraea 61 Staphylea 77 StaphyleacecC 77 Stellaria 39 Stenophragnia 56 Streptopus 22 Stylophorum 50 Sullivantia 58 Symphoricarpus 115 Symplocarpus 18 Synandra 104 Syndesnion 45 Syringa 96 Taxus 18 Taraxacum 121 PAGE Tecoma 109 Thalesia 108 Thaliclrum 48 Thaspium 87 Thelypodium 53 Thuya 18 Thymelaeaceae 85 Tiarella 58 Tilia 81 Tiliacese 80 Tissa 40 Toxylon 36 Tradescautia 19 Trautvetteria 4() Trientalis 95 Trifolium 70 Trillium 2:^ Triosteum 115 Trollius 43 Tsuga IS Tussilago 120 Ulmaceie 35 Uhnaria 67 Ulmus 35 Umbelliferee 86 Unifolium 22 Utricularia 108 Uvularia 20 Vaccinium 93 Vagnera 22 Valeriana 117 Valerianacece 117 Valerianella 117 Veronica 106 Viburnum 114 Vicia 71 Vinca 97 Viola 82 Violaee^e 82 VitacesE 79 Vitis 80 Waldsteinia 66 Wistaria 71 Xanthoxylum 73 Zizia 88 14 Spring Flora of Ohio. CYmVvJv^'u/' PAGE 70. Leaves punctate with translucent and dark dots Hypei-icacece. 81 70. Leaves not puctate with dots 71 . 71. Sepals 5, very unequal or only '•'< Cistacecr. S2 71. Sepals and petals 4, stamens (i Ciuiifeicc. 'A 71. Sepals and petals 5; Stamens "> or 10 72y. 72. Ovarj- and stamens raised on a stalk Pas>,iJ{vracecF. S4 72. Ovary not raised on a stalk Saxifiagacetr. .')7 73. Flowers irregular 74'. 7o. Flowers regular or nearly so (78,. 74. Anthers opening at top, (>-8, 1-celled ; ovary 2-celled Polygalacea. :'>7 74. Anthers opening lengthwise 7.'i . Ti. Stamens 12; petals 0, on the throat of the caly.v Lythracecr. S.') 7"). Stamens 5-8 or 10; petals nearly or quite hypogynous ,70 . 76. Ovary .S-celle"d ; leaves digitate Hippocastauacfcr. 78 7G. Ovary o-celled ; leaves trifoliate Staphyleacea. 77 7(;. Ovary o-celled (77j. 77. Flowers 5-merous ; leaves more or less lobed or divided. .Ccraw/ac^rr. 72 77. Flowers 3-merous ; leaves pinnate, alternate Limnanthacecr. 7') 77. Flowers 5-merous ; leaves trifoliate; styles .5 Oxalidaceer. Tl 78. Stamens neither just as many, nor twice as many as the petals 79 . 78. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals 81'. 79. Stamens united by their filaments in :> sets; petals o Hypei-icacctr. 81 79. Stamens distinct, 4 long and 2 short rarely 2 or 4) ; petals \.. .Crnciferir. 51 79. Stamens distinct and fewer than the 4 petals; trees or shrubs Oleaceic. !)(i 79. Stamens distinct and more numerous than the petals 80 . 80. Leaves digitate ; flowers irregular Hippocastanacecr. 78 80. Leaves simple or pinnate ; fruit winged Aceracrtf. Ti 80. Leaves trifoliate; fruit a bladdery inflated pod Staphyleaceir. 11 81. Ovules only 1 or 2 in each cell ;82). 81. Ovules several or many in each cell 8() . 82. Herbs; flowers inonoecious in a cup-like involucre Etiphnrhiacecr. 74 .82. Herbs; flowers perfect and symmetrical 8:!). 82. Shrubs or trees 84 . 83. Flowers 5-nierous ; leaves more or less lobed or divided. .frVrrtw/acc^r. 72 83. Flowers 3-merous: leaves pinnate and alternate Limnanthaceo'. 75 83. Flowers 5-merous ; leaves trifoliate ; styles 5 Oxalidacea-. 72 84. Leaves palmately veined ; fruit 2-winged Aceracecr. 77 84. Leaves pinnately veined; fruit not winged 85. 85. Pods colored, seeds in a pulpy aril Cclaatracecr. 76 85. Fruit a berry-like drupe; caly.x minute Aqiti/oliaceir. 70 86. Stipules between the opposite and the compound leaves, but cadu- cous S/apJiylcacecP. 77 86. Stipules none when the leaves are opposite 87 . 87. Stamens united by their filaments at base, leaflets '.'<... .OxalidacfiO'. 72 87. Stamens' distinct, free from the caly.x (88 . 87. Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx 89 . 88. Style undivided Ei icacnr. 90 88. Styles 2-5, separate Caiyophyllacccr. 38 89. Styles 2 (or 3) or splitting into 2 in fruit Saxifragacecr. 67 Key to the Orders. 15 PACtE S!i. Style 1, pod in the calyx and 1-celled at maturity Lythracecp.' Sf) '.10. Ovules more than one in each cell iS)l . ;iO. Ovules only one in each cell (93). vn. Ovary 1-celled; niany-ovuled from the base Poitnlacacecr. 3S 91. Ovarj- 1-celled; placentas 2 or ;5, parietal Saxi/ragaieie. hi 91. Ovary 2-several-celled 92 . 92. Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary; shrubs Celastracea. 7(i 92. Stamens inserted on the calyx; styles 2-3, distinct Saxifyagacecr. .'iT 93. Stamens 10 or .') ; fruit a pome; styles 1-many Rosacea". (iO 93. Stamens 4; styles and stigmas 1; chiefly shrubs Coinacea". cS9 93. Stamens -'> ; fls. in umbels; styles 2; fruit dry i'mhelirffrce. SO 9:!. Stamens, etc., as the last ; styles usually more than 2, fr\nt a drupe -Iraliaretr. s") GAMOPETALOUS GROUP. 94. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the torolla (9.');. 94. Stamens fertile as many as and opposite the coroWaAohes. .Pi- iniii la rea. 9.'> 94. Stamens fewer than, or as many as, and alternate with the corolla-lobes 99. 9.'). Ovary 1-celled, with one parietal placenta Legiitniiioscr. (& 9.1. Ovary 2-celled, with a single ovule in each cell Polvgalacecr. 7cS 9.'). Ovary 3-many-celled 96 . 9r). Stamens nearly or quite free from the corolla; stj'le ■i^\\\%\c . . . . F.iicacece. 90 9(i. Stamens free from the corolla; styles -i 97. 9fi. .Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla 9.S . 97. Leaves more or less lobed or pinnately divided GcianiacecF. 'I'l 97. Leaves trifoliate Oxalidacecr. I'l 95. Silaments ujjited into a tube; anthers 1-celled Malvacecp. lucaceiT. 41 46. Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous RuniDintlacecr. ?**■*? 47. Leaves punctate under a lens, with transparent dots ..Hypcricacecc. 81 47. Leaves not punctate with transparent dots (48). 48. Ovary simple, l-celled, 2-ovuled Rusacetr. (iO 48. Ovary simple, l-celled, mauy-ovuled, placenta parietal 49. 48. Ovary compound, l-celled, placenta central Porlitlacacecr. 38 48. Ovary compound, l-celled, placentas 2 or more, parietal .50 . 48. Ovarj' compound, several-celled (51). 49. Leaves 2-o-ternately decompound or dissected Rauunculaci-ic. ftiV.^ 49. Leaves peltate and lobed Berbcridacccc. 48 Key to the Orders. 13 PAGE 00. Calyx caducous ; juice milky or colored Papaveracea^. 50 .')(). Calyx persistent; of :'. or five sepals, juice not as above Cistacece. 82 .')1. Calyx persistent; stam. monadelphous, anthers \-cft\\in\. . .Malvacecp. 81 ■'>1. Calyx persistent ; stamens distinct ; aquatic plants .Xvmplia-acea'. 41 •")!. Calyx deciduous ; stamens distinct ; trees Tiliacea. 80 hi. Ovary 10 to.SO-celled; ovules many; aquatic plants \'ynipha-acccr. W 52. Ovary 2 to 5-celled ; leaves alternate, with stipules Rosacea-. fiO 52. Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules arising from the base Por/iilacaceer. :!.S 5;>. Ovary 1-celled, anthers opening by uplifted valves Berheridaceo' 48 .")3. Ovary 1-celled ; anthers not opening as above 54). 5;!. Ovary 2 to 4-celled 55 . 54. Style and stigma one Primuhxcece. 95 54. Style 1, stigmas 3, sepals 2 PoilulacacecP. o8 55. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete, petals valvate Vilarr/r. 79 55. Calyx 4 to .5-cleft, valvate in the bud, petals involute Rlnniiiia . 1. Stems exogenous. Ivs. mostlj- netted-veined : fls. usually .Vparled 2 . 2. CaU-x and corolla both present 3 . 2. Corolla and sometimes also the calyx wanting 11 . o. Corolla of separate petals 40 . 3. Corolla of more or less united petals ;94). GYMNOSPERMOUS PLANTS. 4. Trees or shrubs: leaves scale, awl or needle-shaped Coniferce. 17 ANGIOSPERMOUS PLANTS. MONOCOTYLS. •">. Kls. on a spadi.x : Ivs. petioled. mostly netted-veined Aracaa. IS 5. Flowers not on a spadi.x 6 6. Perianth adherent to the inferior ovary 7 . 6. Perianth free from the superior ovary ;9i. 7. Flowers dioecious or polygamous ; stem twining Dioscoreacea:. 25 7. Flowers perfect: stems not twining s. 8. Stamens united with the pistils: fls. irregular Oichidacece. 2ti 8. Stamens three: leaves 2-rauked IridacecE. 2-J 8. Stamens six: flowers on a scape from a bulb Ainaryllidacea. 24 i*. Anthers 1-celled : fls. dioecious: plants tendril-bearing Smilaceee. 24 9. Anthers 2-celled : plants not tendril-bearing 10. 10. Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored : or of ;> foliaceous sepals and 3 colored, persistent petals Liliacecc. 19 10. Perianth of 3 persistent sepals and 3 ephemeral petals. Co»iinelinaceer. 19 DICOTYLS. APETALOUS GROUP. 11. Flowers not in catkins 20 . 11. Flowers, one or both sorts, in catkins 12 . 12. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads 13 12. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads l-i 13. Fertile flowers in a short catkin or head VoiaceiT. 3H 13. Fertile flowers, single or clustered, the sterile in catkins 14 . Key to the Orders. 11 PAGE 14. Leaves pinnate; fruit [walnut or hickor>--nut naked Juglandacea. 27 11. Leaves simple: fertile flowers and fruit in an involucre or cup. ./^aj-ac^t?. 32 1-3. Ovary 1-celled, many-seeded: seeds with a down Salicacete. 29 1.'). Ovary l-'J-celled, each cell 1-ovuled : fruit 1-seeded (16. If). Parasitic on trees: fruit a berry Loranlhacece. 36 111. Trees or shrubs, not parasitic 17 17. Calyx of the fertile flowers succulent in fruit Moracecr. 36 17. Calyx none or rudimentarj- or scale-like ,18) 18. Style and stigma, one, simple : the flowers in heads Plalanacecc. 60 18. Styles or long stigmas two [19 . 19. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin or each in a sac or with bractlets Betulaccer. .'A 19. Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets naked, waxy-coated or drupe-like Myricacetr. 29 20. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules 21 . 20. Ovary or its cells containing 1-2 rarely 3-4 ovules 22. 21. Ovary one and inferior: or 2 or more separate ovaries Z'l,. 21. Ovar\- one, superior: or the calyx entirely wanting :38 . 22. Pistils more than one, distinct or nearly so ,23,. 22. Pistil one, either simple or compound 2•^). 23. Stamens on the calyx ; leaves with stipules Rosacea. 60 23. Stamens inserted on the receptacle 21 . 24. Leaves punctate with translucent dots Riitaceer. 97 24. Leaves not dotted : calyx often petaloid Ranuncnlacecs. 42 2."). 0\-arj- half inferior. 2-celled : styles 2, pod 2-beaked, -woody . Haiiiaineltdacece. .59 "2.'). Ovarv" wholly inferior in perfect or pistillate flowers 26 . 2.J. Ovarj' reallj- free but invested by the cal>-x tube Rosacea. (K) 25. Ovary plainly free from the calyx, or calyx wanting 29 . 26. Aquatic herbs ; ovary 4-cened Callitricliacece. 74 26. Woody plants or herbs : ovary 1-2-celled 27 . 27. Stigmas running down one side of style Cornacecr. 89 27. Stigmas terminal, with or without a stj'le 2.H . "28. Parasitic on branches of trees: anthers sessile Loranlhacece. 36 28. Not parasitic above ground: anthers on filaments Sanlalacea. 37 2'.i. Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes :!0 . 2VI. Stipules none, dr not sheathing the stems 31 . 30. Tree: calyx none: flowers monoecious in heads Platanaccce. 60 :jO. Herbs : calyx present, usually petaloid PolygonacccE. 37" 31. Aquatic herbs : leaves opposite, entire Callitrichaccir. 74 31. Herbs, not aquatic 32 . 31. Shrubs or trees 33 . 32. Ovary 3-celled ; juice usually railk\-, fls. in an in\-o\ucrt. £up/iordiacea. 74 :-i2. Ovary 1-celled: juice not milky, stipules scarious. ... Caryop/iy//acea. 34 33. Ovules a pair or several in each cell of the ovarj- \M . :>;. Ovules single in each cell of the ovary '3.') . 34. Fruit a 2-celled, double .samara Aceiacece. 77 ;>1. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded samara or drupe Oleacecr. 96 Z\. Fruit a 2-beaked, woody capsule Hamamelidaceee. .59 35. Ovary 3-celled : branches often thorny Rhamnacecr. 79 35. Ovary 1 to 2-celled: styles or stigmas 2-cleft (36;. 16 Spring Flora of Ohio. PAGfi 107. Seeds few, borne on hooks or projections of the \)\&ce:\\\.?i'-,.AcanthacecE . lOo 107. Seeds mostly many, not on hooks Scrnpliulariaceo'. 10-j 108. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla 10!' . 108. Stamens feiver than thcjpbe jtamens feiver tliM thcAobe.^of the corolla J17. u_«..t,^^ _/ Ion.' Ovaries T, se parateTCi^^IJIZIlIl^'^t^iiiiiiiJfet'. '• . . ... T ■ifocynace^. 97 109. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed around the style, Ivs. alternate, .lioruninacea. 100 109. Ovary 1, not divided nor lobed 110 . 110. Ovary 1-celled, ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentas 111 . 110. Ovary 2-10-celled 112). 111. I.,eaves entire, or the leaflets entire Gentianacctx. 97 111. Leaves toothed, lobed or pinnately compound HydrophyllacecE. 100 112. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, style 1 Ericacccr. 90 112. Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none AqnifoliacecT. 70 112. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla 11;^ . 113. Stamens 4, pod 2-celled, circumscissile Phuilaginacro'. 110 113. .Stamens 5, rarely more 114 . 114. Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets Boraginacrcc. 100 114. Fruit a few-seeded pod ll")!. 114. Fruit a very many-seeded pod or berry 110 . ^x-v.vv^ glaucous leaves in fives; scales of the long cone slightlv thickened at the end, without prickle or point. Pi'-nus rig'-i-da Mill. Pitch Pine. —Leaves in threes, o-o in. long from short sheaths; scales of the cone with a short stout recurved prickle. Pi'-nus vir-gin-i-a'-na Mill. (P. iuops Ait.) Jersey Pine; Scrub Pine.-- Leaves in twos, short, l!2-<> in. long; scales of cone tipped with a straight or rectirved prickle; a shrub or tall tree. 2. Genus LAR'-IX. — Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, many in a fascicle ; cones Yz-^i in. long, scales few, rounded. Lar'-ix lar-i-ci'-na (Du Roi) Koch. (/,. ainericana Mx.) Tamarack ; American Larch : Black Larch. — A slender tree, growing chiefly in swamps. Northward. 18 Spring Flora of Ohio. 3. Genus TSU'-GA. — Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, somewhat 2-ranked; cones pendulous, scales thin, persistent. Tsu^-ga can-a-den^-sis (L.) Carr. Hemlock: Hemlock Spruce; Spruce. — Leaves petioled, short, linear, obtuse, Yz in. long; cones oval, of few thin scales. 4. Genus THU'-YA. — Leaves small, closely imbricated, persistent, awl-shaped on some branchlets, on others scale-like, blunt, short and adnate; branchlets very flat; cone small, scales few. Thu'-ya oc-ci-den-ta'-lis L. Arbor Vitae. — Leaves appressed, imbri- cated, in four rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the cones pointless. 5. Genus JU-NIP'-ER-US. — Trees or shrubs with awl-shaped or scale-like leaves; cones fleshy, of 3-6 coalescent scales, when mature berry-like, bluish-black with white bloom. Ju-nip'-er-us com-mu'-nis L. Common Juniper. — Shrub or small tree; leaves in whorls of three, linear, subulate, rigid y^-]i in. long. Ju-nip'-er-us vir-gin-i-a'-na L. Red Cedar : Savin. — Upright shrub or tall tree; leaves mostly opposite, some scale-shaped, others awl-shaped. 6. Genus TAX'-US. — Leaves flat, rigid, mucronate; fruit a nut-like seed, nearly enclosed by a red fleshy berr3--like cup. Tax'-us mi'-nor (Mx.) Britt. (7". canadensis Willd.) American Yew; Ground Hemlock. — A low irregularly spreading bush; leaves linear, green both sides. II. Order A-RA'-CE-/E. ARUM FAMILY. — Plants with acrid juice; leaves simple or compound, veiny; flowers on a spadix subtended by a spathe. Flowers perfect, covering the globular spadix Spathyema. 1 Flowers moncecious or dioecious, only on base of spadix Arisccma. 2 1. Genus SPATH-Y-E'-MA. [SymplocaypHS.)'-Y\&-a\.s with skunk- like odor, leaves very large, broad, entire, veiny, preceded in early spring by the nearly sessile spathe. B. L U Spath-y-e'-ma foeMI-da (L.) Raf {Symplocarpus fcvtidus Salisb.)-^-^^' Spathe purple spotted and striped, incurved at the apex. Monocotyls or Endogenous Plaiits. 19 2. Genus AR-I-SAE'-MA. — Spatlie mostly arched above; leaves divided; scape simple, from a ver}- pungent tuberous root-stock or corm. Ar-i-sae'-ma tri-phyr-lum (L.) Torr. Indian Turnip. — Leaves mostly 2, •^V/J leaflets 3; spadix club-shaped, obtuse, shorter than the spathe. Ar-i-sae'-ma dra-con'-ti-um (L.) Schott. Green Dragon; Dragon-root; Indian Turnip. — Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 leaflets; spadix tapering to a long and slender point. III. Order COM ME-LI-NA'-CE-ZE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. - Stems jointed, leafy ; sepals :!, persistent ; petals .3, ephemeral ; stamens 6; ovary 2-.'3-celled, superior. 1. Genus TRA-DES-CAN'-TI-A. — Sepals 3, persistent, herbaceous, petals 3, ephemeral; stems mucilaginous, leafy, the leaves keeled. Tra-des-oan'-ti-a vir-gin-i-a'-na L. Common Spiderwort. — Plant more or less glaucous; leaves linear. Tra-des-can'-ti-a pi-lo'-sa Lelim. {T. virginica var. flexuosa Wats.) Hairy Spiderwort. — Stout and dark green ; leaves large, linear-lanceolate, pubescent. IV. Order LIL-I-A'-CE-/E. LILY FAMILY. — Flowers perfect, regu- lar, stamens (i, opposite the segments; ovary 3-celled, superior. Flowers in spikes, racemes, corymbs or panicles (a). Flowers in umbels (e). Flowers solitary (c). Flowers terminal, few or many, not as above 'd). Flowers axillary i . a. Plants with radical leaves, flowers on scapes g . a. Plants with leafy stems b . b. Flowers perfect, very large, segments recur\'ed or spreading f). b. Flowers perfect, small, white, not spike-like k \ b. Flowers dicecious, small, white, in a spike-like raceme. . . ChaiiitTlirium. 1 c. Leaves oblong, alternate, sessile-clasping or perfoliate Uvulatia. 2 c. Leaves three in a whorl at the summit of the stem 'ni. c. Leaves in 2 whorls, ;i-9 in each whorl ni . c. Leaves 2, elliptic-lanceolate, shining, mostly mottled (f ;. c. Leaves ovate, closely sessile, plants downy 1). d. Leaves oblong, alternate, sessile-claspwig or perfoliate (c, above). d. Leaves ovate, closely sessile, plants downy Ij. d. Leaves in 2 whorls of 3-9 each (mj. e. Perianth 6-parted, odor alliaceous Allium. 3 f. Stem scapel with a pair of mottled leaves, flower nodding. ^ry/^/owz^w. 4 20 Spn'//o Flora of Ohio. g. Leaves 2, oblong, long sheathing petioles, raceme 1-sided in . S- Leaves linear, flowers blue or greenish-white h . h. Flowers light-blue, G-parted, long racemose Camassia. 5 h. Flowers greenish-white, G-parted, sub-corymbose Ornithofialum. G h. Flowers deep-blue, small, urn-shaped, in a dense raceme Muscari. 7 i. Much branched, the thread-like branchlets appear as leaves Asparagus. 8 k. Perianth 6-parted, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled Vaifiiera. 9 k. Perianth 4-parted, stamens 4, ovary 2-celled Unifolium. 10 1. Flowers axillary, on bent pedicels, anthers sagittate, acute Disporum. 11 I. Flowers few in umbels (or solitary], anthers oblong, obtuse Siieptopus. 12 ni. Stems leafy, flowers axillarj', perianth cylindrical Polygonal iini. 13 m. Leaves 2, oblong, raceme, 1-sided, flowers bell-shaped Convallaria. 14 m. Leaves in 2 whorls, flowers umbellate or solitary Medeola. 15 II. Leaves 3 in a whorl at the summit of the stem Tiilliiim. IG 1. Genus CHAM-^-LIR'-l-UM. — Smooth, stem rather slender, from a bitter thick root-stock; spiked raceme 4-12 in. long. Cham-ae-lir'-i-um lu'-te-um (L.) Gr. {C. caroliniamnn\\'\\\t\..) Blazing Star; Devil's-bit. — Leaves lanceolate, the lowest spatulate; stem 1-4 ft. 2. Genus U-VU-LA'-RI-A. — Stems from a root-stock ; leaves sessile- clasping or perfoliate; perianth narrow campanulate. U-vu-la'-ri-a per-fo-li-a'-ta L. Bellwort. — Glaucous throughout, stem terete ; l-^) leaves below the fork, perfoliate, oblong or ovate-lanceo- late, glabrous. U-vu-la'-ri-a gran-di-flo'-ra Sm. Bellwort. — Not glaucous; stem terete, naked or a single leaf below the fork; leaves as in the last, but whitish pubescent beneath. U-vu-la'-ri-a ses-sil-i-fo'-li-a L. {Oakesia scssilifolia Wats.) Bell- wort.— Stem acutely angled; leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping. 3. Genus AL^-LI-UIVI. — Strong scented and ptingent, stemless herbs; the leaves and scapes from a bulb ; spathe scarious, 1-3 valved. A. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate , Al'-li-um tri-coc'-cutn Ait. Wild Leek. — Scape 4-12 in. high, umbel erect, many-flowered; leaves 5-9 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, appearing in early spring and dying before the flowers are developed. A. Leaves linear, flat, channeled or terete. Monocotyls or Endogenous Plants. 21 Arii-um cer'-nu-um Roth. Onion. — Scape angular, ;^-2 ft. high, nodding at the apex, sepals oblong-ovate, acute, rose-color; capsule crested. Al'-li-um can-a-den'-se L. Wild Garlic. — Scape 1 ft. high or more, H})ibel densely bulbifcrous or fcio fioiccrcd; sepals narrowly lanceolate. Ar-li-um vin-e-a'-le L. Field Garlic. — Scape slender, l-o ft. high; leaves terete and liottow; umbel often bulbiferous. 4. Genus ER-Y-THRO'-NI-UM. — Nearly stemle.ss; leaves 2, smooth, shining, flat, elliptic-lanceloate, tapering into a petiole, usually mottled; scape 1 flowered, from a deep bulb. Er-y-thro'-ni-um a-mer-i-ca'-num Ker. Yellow Adder's-Tongue.— Leaves (i\t'''' - - / mottled with purplish and whitish; perianth light yellow, stigmas united. Er-y-thro'-ni-um arbi-dum Nutt. White Dog's-tooth Violet. — Leaves /< y less or not at all mottled; perianth pinkish-white; stigmas spreading. /".' 5. Genus CA-IVIAS'-SI-A. — Scape and linear keeled leaves from a coated bulb; flowers pale-blue, in a raceme. Ca-mas'-si-a fra'-se-ri (Gr.) Torn Wild Hyacinth ; Eastern Camass ; Quamash. — Scape 1 ft. high or more; bracts longer than the pedicels. 0. Genus OR-NI-THOG'-A-LUM.— Scape and linear channeled leaves from a coated bulb; flowers corymbed, perianth of 6 white spreading sepals. Or-ni-thog'-a-lum um-bel-la'-tum L. Star of Bethlehem. — Scape 4-9 '\n. /P\! ; ^. / j/ high; flowers on long spreading pedicels. Escaped from gardens. ' ' ^ 7. Genus MUS-CA'-RI. — Leaves and early scape from a coated bulb; flowers small in a dense raceme, perianth ^irn-shaped or globular. Mus-ca'-ri bo-try-oi'-des (L.) Mill. Grape Hyacinth. — Leaves linear, 3-4 lines Inroad. Escaped from gardens. 8. Genus AS-PAR'-A-GUS. — Stems much branched from thick matted root-stocks; flowers small, greenish, axillary, branchlets (called leaves) thread-like, the true leaves being small scales. As-par'-a-gus of-fic-i-na'-lis L. Garden Asparagus. — PVequently escaped from gardens. 22 Spri7ig Flora of OJiio. •J. Genvxs VAG'-NE-RA. — Stems simple, from a creeping or thickish root-stock, leaves alternate, mostly sessile; flowers (i-parted, white, in simple or branched racemes. Vag'-ne-ra ra-ce-mo'-sa (L.) Mor. (Smilacina racemosa Desf.) False Soloman's Seal ; False Spikenard. — Flowers in a terminal racemose pan- icle ; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Vag'-ne-ra stel-la'-ta (L.) Mor. [Smilacina stellata Desf.) False Soloman's Seal. — Flowers in a simple few-flowered raceme; leaves 7-11, oblong-lanceolate. Vag'-ne-ra tri-fo'-li-a (L.) Mor. {Smilacina trifolia Desf.) False Soloman's Seal. — Flowers as in the last; plant dwarf (2-6 in. high); leaves 3 (or 2-4) tapering to a sheathing petiole. 10. Oenus U-NI-FO'-LI-UIVI. — Like the last genus but the perianth 4-parted, stamens 4, stigmas 2-lobed. U-ni-fo'-li-um can-a-den'-se (Desf) Greene. {Maiaiiihcinian caua- dense Desf.) Two-leaved Soloman's Seal.— Plant 3-5 in. high, leaves 2 or 3, lanceolate to ovate, cordate at base, sessile or shortly petiolate. 11. Genus DIS'-PO-RUM. — Plants downy, branched above, having closely sessile ovate thin leaves; flowers greenish-yellow, drooping, solitary or in pairs. Dis'-por-um lan-u-gin-o'-sum (Mx.) Britt. Downy Disporum. — Sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, about !i in. long. 12. Genus STREP'-TO-PUS. — Herbs with forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper-pointed clasping leaves and small flowers, solitary or in pairs on slender pedicels bent or contorted near the middle. Strep' to pus am-plex-i-fo'-li-us (L.) DC. Twisted Stalk. — Leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath; flowers greenish-white; stigma entire. 13. Genus PO-LYG-O-NA'-TUM. Herbs with simple erect or cun-- ing stems, naked below from creeping thick and knotted root-stocks; leaves alternate; flowers axillary, nodding, greenish, perianth cylin- drical, oblong. . Po-lyg-o-na'-tum bi-flo'-rum (Walt.) FU. Soloman's Seal.-- Stem 1-3 -vcC / S> ft. high, peduncles mostly 2-flowered; perianth 4-(i lines long. Monocotyls or Etidogoioiis Plants. 23 Po-lyg-o-na'-tum bi-flo'-rum com-mu-taMum (R. and S.) Mor. Great . Soloman's Seal. — Stem mostly tall Ci-ii ft.), peduncles 2 to 8-flowered; ^ ff^-f^xL J perianth 5-9 lines long. 14. Genus CON-VAL-LA'-RI-A.— Plant low. stemless, leaves 2, ob- long, their long petioles enrolled one within the other; scape angled; raceme 1-sided; flowers white, nodding, sweet-scented. Con-val-la'-ri-a ma-ja'-lis L. Lily of the Valley. — Cultivated, perhaps occasionally escaped. 15. Genus ME-DE^-O-LA. — Stem simple, 1-3 ft. high, from a hori- zontal tuberous white root-stock; leaves 5-9 in a whorl near the mid- dle, also a whorl of usually 3 at the summit. Me-de'-o-la vir-gin-i-a'-na L. Indian Cucumber-root. — Flowers in a sessile umbel, or solitar}-, recurved. 15. Genus TRIL'-LI-UM. — Low stout plants with a whorl of 3 leaves at the summit, netted-veined ; flower solitary. A. Ovary 6-angled and more or less winged. b. Floxver sessi/e.i Tril'-li-um ses'-si-le L. Sessile Trillium. — Leaves sessile, ovate or^'Tz/^yztl 7» rhomboidal; sepals spreading, petals sessile. ^ Trir-li-um re-cur-vaMum Beck. Reflexed Trillium. — Leaves contracted below into a petiole, ovate-oblong or obovate ; sepals reflexed, petals pointed, the base narrowed into a claw. {b. Floiuer pedicelled.'' TriK-li-um e-recMum L. Purple Trillium. — Pedicel longer than the flower, usually more or less inclined or declinate; petals ovate to lanceolate, brown-purple, or often white or greeni.sh ; stigmas distinct, spreading or recurved. Tril'-li-um gran-di-flo'-rum (Mx.) Salisb. Large-flowered Trillium. — (y^ih-g-rcL.^^ Pedicel longer than the flower, erect or ascending; petals oblanceo- late, white, turning rose-color; stigmas erect, somewhat cohering. Tril'-li-um cer'-nu-um L. Nodding Trillium. — Pedicel short, recurved or strongly declinate; petals white or pink, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, wavy, recurved-spreading; stigmas stout, recurved. A. Ovary ?>-/of>ed or angled 7iot ivinged. 24 Sprmg Flora of Ohio. Tril'-li-um ni-va'-le.Riddell. Snowy Trillium. — Leaves oval or ovate^ obtuse; petals oblong, obtuse, white, equalling the peduncle. TriK-li-um un-du-laMum Willd. [T. erythrocarpum Mx.) Paintetf Trillium. — Leaves ovate, taper-pointed; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, white, painted at the base with purple stripes, shorter than the peduncle. V. Order SMI-LA'-CE-ZE. GREEN BRIER FAMILY.— Mostly shrubby plants; leaves ribbed and netted-veined, simple; a pair of tendrils ou the petiole; flowers small, dioecious, greenish; ovary inferior. 1. Genus SMI'-LAX. — Flowers small, greenish, regular, the peri- anth segments distinct; stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile, A. Stems herbaceous, not prickly. Jto^uers carrion-scented. SmI'-lax her-ba'-ce-a L. Carrion-flower.— Stem somewhat climbing. 3-15 ft. high, ivith tendrils; peduncles elongated, 3-4 in. or more in length, umbel 20 to 40-flowered. Smi'-lax e-cir-rha'-ta (Englm.) Wats. Carrion-flower. — Erect ^-3 ft, high, ?t';V//(7/// feiidrils or only the uppermost leaves tendril-bearing;, peduncles about equalling the petioles, 1-2 j^ in. long. A. Stents 7Voody, often prickly. h. PedjDicles longer than hut seldom ticice the length of the petiole., Smi'-lax ro-tun-di-fo'-li-a L. Green Brier. — Leaves green both sides,, ovate or round-ovate, peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles; branchlets more or less 4-angular. Smi'-lax glau'-ca Walt. Green Brier. — Leaves glaucous beneath., ovate, abruptly mucronate, peduncles longer than the short petiole. Smi'-lax bo'na-nox L. Green Brier. — Leaves varying from round- cordate or slightl}^ contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and halt)red-shaped or 3-lobed, green and shining on both sides. 1). Peduncles 2 to 4 times as lo>ig as the petioles. Smi'-lax his'-pi-da ]Mulil. Green Brier. Stem below beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles; leaves membranous and decidu- ous; peduncles \l4-'2 inches long. VI. Order AM-A-RYL-LI-DA'-CE-yE. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. - Flowers. regular, stamens (!; leaves linear, flat, radical; ovary 3-celled. Monocotvls or Endogenous Plants. 25 1. Genus HY-POX'-IS.-- Perianth persistent, (l- parted ; flowers 1-4, yellow inside, umbellate; leaves linear, grassy and hairy. Hy-pox'-is hir-su'-ta (L.) Willd. (//. erccta 1,.) Star Grass. A low grass-like plant with conspicuous flower. VII. Order DI-OS-CO-RE-A'-CEyE. YAM FAMILY. Flowers small stamens 6 ; pod 8-celled, .']-winged, seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. 1. Genus DI-OS-CO-RE'-A. — Flowers dioecious, in axillary panicles or racemes; capsule .'i-celled, ^J-winged. Di-os-co-re'-a vil-lo'-sa L. Wild Yam -root. -Slender, twining over bushes, leaves cordate, !) to 11 -ribbed. VIII. Order l-RI-DA'-CE-/E. IRIS FAMILY.—Flowers perfect; ovary inferior, 3-celled, stamens 3, style single, stigmas o. Perianth regular, stigmas not petaloid a . Outer divisions recurved, inner erect, stigmas petaloid Iris. 1 a. Stigmas dilated ; filaments distinct; rhizome creeping Gemmingia. 2 a. Stigmas thread-like ; filaments united ; root fibrous Sisyi-iitchiuyii. 3 1. Genus I'-RIS. — Perianth (]-cleft, stamens distinct, the anthers covered by the over-arching petaloid branches of the style. T-ris ver-sic'-ol-or L. Common Blue Flag. — Flowers violet-blue, vari- egated; stem leafy, 1-3 ft. high, stout, angled on one side; leaves ^% in. wide. T-ris cris-ta'-ta Ait. Crested Dwarf Iris. — Stems :>-() in. high; the ottter perianth segments O'csted, but beardless. 2. Genus GEM-MIN'-GI-A. —Perianth segments widely spreading, orange-yellow, mottled above with purple spots, stamens tinited only at the base. Gem-min'-gi-a chi-nen'-sis (L.) Ker. [Bt'lauicanda chinensis Adans.) Blackberry Lily. — Occasionally escaped from cultivation. 3. Genus SIS-Y-RIN'-CHI-UM. Perianth (i-parted; stamens united; leaves grassy or lanceolate; stems 2-edged or winged; flowers small, blue, purplish (or white), from a two-leaved .spathe. Sis-y-rin'-chi-um ber-mu-di-a'-na L. {S. attgustifoliuvi Mill, and .S". anceps Cav.) Blue-eyed Grass.- -In moist meadows, common. 26 Spring Flora of Ohio. IX. Order OR-CHI-DA'-CE->E. ORCHIS FAMILY.— Flowers perfect, irregular ; ovary inferior, ovules innumerable ; pistil and stamens united into a column; pollen tisually in masses with a pedicel; the lower modified petal is called the lip. Plants leafless, brownish, yellowish, or purplish c . Plants with one or two leaves, not evergreen b . Plants with one leaf, persistent through the winter d . Plants with leafy stems a . a. Flowers solitary or terminal or a few axillary, lipcrested b . a. Flowers terminal, the lip a very large inflated sac Cypripcdium. 1 b. F'lowers in spikes, showy ; fleshy fibrous roots Orchis. 2 b. Flowers in spikes and otherwise like the preceding except that the two glands or viscid disks on the column formed by the union of the pistil and stamens are not enclosed in a common pouch, but are approximate or widely separated Habetiaria. 3 b. Flowers solitary^, terminal or a few axillary, root fibrous or with oblong tubers Pogonia. 4 c. Root-stocks much-branched and toothed coral-like Coiallorhiza. 5 d. The 3 or 4 corms connected horizontally Aplectrum. G 1. Genus CYP-RI-PE^-DI-UIVI. — Lip a very large inflated sac; leaves large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at base. A. Stems leafy. Cyp-ri-pe'-di-um can'-di-dum Willd. White Lady's Slipper. — L,ip white, striped with purple inside. Cyp-ri-pe'-di-um par-vi-flo'-rum Salisb. Yellow Lady's Slipper. — Lip bright vellow, flattish from above, 1 in. long or less. Cyp-rf-pe'-di-um hir-su'-tum Mill. (C. pubcscens Willd.) Larger Yel- low Lady's Slipper. — Lip pale yellow, flattened laterally, very convex and gibbotis above, 1^-^-2 in. long. A. Scape )iaked, '1-Ieaved at base. Cyp-ri-pe'-di-um a-cau'-le Ait. Stemless Lady's Slipper. — Scape 8-12 in. high with a green bract at top; lip rose-purple, rarely white, droop- ing, a fissure in front. 2. Genus OR'-CHIS. — Flowers ringent, showy, in a spike, the lip tinned downward ; the two glands or sticky disks of the stigma in a pouch or hooded fold. Or'-chis spec-tab'-il-is L. Showy Orchis. — Leaves 2, oblong obovate ; the lip undivided. Monocotyls or Endogoioiis Plants. 27 Or'-chis ro-tun-di-fo'-ii-a Ph. Round-leaf Orchis.— Leaf 1 at the base of stem, orbicular or oblong; the lip o-lohed. 3. Genus HAB-E-NA'-RI-A. — This includes a large number of species of Rein Orchis, some of them flowering in June, but too difficult for the beginner to identify, therefore not enumerated. 4. Genus PO-GO'-NI-A. — Lip crested or 3-lobed; stems ><-l ft. high ; leaves few or small. Po-go'-ni-a o-phi-o-glos-soi'-des (L.) Kerr. Adder's-tongue Pogonia. — Stem 6-9 in. high, an oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely with 1 or 2 others with a flower in the axil. Po-go'-ni-a tri-an-thoph'-o-ra (Sw.) B. S. P. (/*. pendula Lindl.) Drooping Pogonia. — Stem 3-8 in. high; leaves 3-4, X~/^ i"- long, alter- nate, ovate, clasping; flowers drooping, in upper axils. Po-go'-ni-a ver-ti-cil-la'-ta (Willd.) Nutt. Whorled Pogonia. — Stem •6-12 in. high, with scales at the base and a whorl of mostly 5 sessile leaves at the summit. 5. Genus CO-RAL-LO-RHl'-ZA. - Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred; plants destitute of green foliage. Co-ral-lo-rhi'-za co-ral-lo-rhi'-za (L.) Karst. [C. innafa R. Br.) Coral- TOot. — Lip somewhat hastateh- 3-lobed above the base, flowers .")-12. Co-ral-lo-rhi'-za o-don-to-rhi'-za (Willd.) Nutt. Coral-root.— Lip en- tire or nearly denticulate, with a claw-like base, flowers 6-2U. Co-ral-lo-rhi'-za mul-ti-flo'-ra Nutt. Coral-root. — Lip deeply 3-lobed, flowers 10-30. This species blooms later. 6. Genus A-PLEC'-TRUM. — Lip free, 3-ridged in the palate, not spurred or saccate; leaf single, produced in autumn but persisting through the winter. A-plec'-trum spi-ca'-tum (Walt.) B. S. P. [A. hyemale Nutt.) Putty- root ; Adam and Eve. Flowers rather large, dingy, raceme loose. X. Order JUG-LAN-DA'-CE-/E. WALIMUT FAMILY. — Trees ; leaves alternate, pinnate; sterile flowers in catkins, the fertile single or clustered. 28 Spring Flora of Ohio. F'riiit witli an iiidehisccnl pericarp; pith in plates .Ju,u:la>is. 1 P'ruit with a l-w.Ived dry exocarp Hicoria. 2 1. Genus JUG'-LANS. — Sterile flowers in lateral catkins from the wood of the preceding year; stamens 12-40; fertile flowers solitary or several at the end of the branches. Jug'-lans cin-e'-re-a L. Butternut; White Walnut.— Leaflets 5-8 pairs, downy especially beneath ; petioles and branchlets down}' with clammy hairs ; fruit oblontj. Jug'-lans ni'-gra L. Black Walnut.- Leaflets 7-1 1 pairs, the petioles and underside of leaflets minutely downy; fruit spherical. 2. Genus HIC-O'-RI-A. [Carya.) — Sterile flowers in slender lateral clustered catkins, stamens ;l-10; fertile flowers 2— t in a cluster or short spike at the end of the branch. A. Husk nf fruit thick and woody, splittiiitr promptly. b. Bark .vZ/a.^rsf 1' or I'.v/'o/iirtii/ i;- in strips or fi/ates.'; Hic-o'-ria o-va'-ta (Mill.) Britt. {Ca/ya a/ba Xutt.) Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. — Leaflets 5-7, the lower pair much smaller; fruit globular or depressed, nut white, flattish-globular, the shell thinnish. Hic-o'-ria la-cin-i-o'-sa (Mx. f) Sarg. [Carya sulcata Nutt.) Big Shell-bark: Kingnut. - r^eaflets 7-1'; fruit oval or ovate, the husks very thick; nut large, 1 '4-2 in. long, tisually angular, dull-white or yel- lowish, thick-walled. 1). Bark close, not exfoliating ^, Hic-o'-ria alba (L.) Rritt. (Carya touioito.m Nutt.) Mocker-nut; White-heart Hickory; Black Hickory. — Catkins, shoots and lower surface of leaves foiitotfose when young, resinous scented ; leaflets 7-!) ; fruit globular or avoid, with very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridged toward summit. Hic-o'-ri-a mi-cro-car'-pa (Xutt.) Britt. [Ca/ya microcarpa Nutt.) White Hickory. - Bark, buds and foliage like the next, fruit small, subglobose with rather thin husk, nut thin-shelled, not angled. A. f/iisk //nil, \-7'a/re(/ /o uiiddle or /ardily /o near base : hark no/ ex/otia/ing. Hic-o'-ria glab'-ra (Mill.) Britt. (Carya porcina Nutt.) Pig-nut: Brown Hickory. — Shoots, catkins and leaves glabrous or nearly so, leaflets 5-7, fruit pear-bhaped, oblong or oval ; nut oblong or oval, l}4-~ in. long, with a thick, bony shell. Dicotxis or Exogenous' Plants. 29 Hic-o'-ri-a min'-i-ma (Marsh.) Britt. {Carya amara Nutt.) Bitter- nut; Swamp Hickory. — Buds yellowish, leaflets 7-11, lanceolate: fruit globular, narrowlv (i-ridged; nut globular, short pointed, white, thin- walled. XI. Order IWYR-I-CA'CE/E. SWEET GALE FAMILY. - Shrubs; flowers in short scaly catkins; leaves resinous, sometimes fragrant; fruit a nut-like drupe. Leaves pinnatifid with many rounded lobes Comptonia. 1 Leaves entire, or somewhat serrate Myiica. '1 1. Genu'^ COiVIP-TO'-NI-A. — Low shrub; fertile catkins globular, ovary surrounded by 8 linear subulate persistent scales. Comp-to'-ni-a per-e-gri'-na (L.) Coult. {Myrica asplenifolia Endl.) Sweet Fern. — Leaves sweet scented, fern-like, linear-lanceolate, stipules semi-cordate. 2. Genus IVIY-RI'-CA.— Shrub, 3-8 ft. high; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary with "2-4 scales at the base. IVIy-ri -ca ce-rif'-er-a L. Bayberry: Wax Myrtle. — Leaves oblong lance- olate, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant; sterile catkins scat- tered. XIL Order SAL-I-CA -CE ^E. WILLOW FAMILY.— Trees or shrubs; flow'ers in catkins; fruit a 1-celled, 2-valved pod; seeds with silky down. Bracts lacerate, stamens numerous, stigmas elongated Populiis. 1 Bracts entere, stamens few, stigmas short Salix. 2 1. Genus POP'-U-LUS. — Flowers with a cup-shaped disk, obliquely lengthened in front; stamens 8-30 or more; buds scaly; trees with broad leaves. A. styles zuiih 2 or 3 nairo'M filiform lobes. (b. Petioles laterally fattened ; brads silky.. Pop'-u-lus al'-ba. White Poplar. — Younger branches and under sur- face of the oval sinuate-toothed, acute leaves, white tomentose. Cul- tivated, sometimes escaped. Pop'-u-lus trem-u-loi'-des Mx. American Aspen. — Leaves roundish cordate, teeth small, somewhat regular; scales cut into 3-4 linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. 30 Spring Flora of Ohio. Pop'-u-lus gran -di- den -ta'-ta Mx. Large-toothed Poplar.— Leaves roundish ovate with large and irregular sinuate teeth ; scales cut into 5 or (5 unequal small divisions, slightly fringed, b. Pi'tioles terete, bracts not silky. Pop'-u-lus het-er-0-phy'l-la L. Downy Poplar: Swamp Poplar. — Leaves ovate, crenate, white woolly when young, at length nearly smooth. A. Styles ■zvith dilated lobes. Pop'-u-lus bal-sam-if -er-a L. Balsam Poplar: Tacamahac. — Buds cov- ered with fragrant resin ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradualh- tapering and pointed, crenate ; petioles terete ; stamens 20-30. Pop'-u-lus bal-sam-if'-er-a can'-di-cans (Ait.) Gray. Balm-of-Gilead. — Like the last, but the leaves broader and more or less cordate; petiole commonl}- hairy. Cultivated. Pop'-u-lus mo-nil-if'-er-a Ait. Cottonwood; Carolina Poplar. — Leaves broadly deltoid, acuminate, with crenate serratures; petioles flattened^ stamens 00 or more. 2. Genus SA'-LIX. — Flowers with small glands, stamens mostly 2 (2-10) ; buds with a single scale; trees or shrubs. The species are very- numerous and extremely difficult to determine; onh' a few of the commoner ones here given. A. Ca/kiiis on short, lateial leafy branches. b. Leaves closely serrate 7uith injiexed teeth) Sa'-llx ni'-gra Marsh. Black Willow. — Leaves narrowly lanceolate> very long attenuate from near the roundish or acute base to the usually curved tip, greet! both sides. Common and variable. Sa'-lix a-myg-da-loi'-des Anders. Amygdaloid Willow. — Leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, attenuate cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath. Sa'-lix al'-ba L. White Willow. — Leaves ashy-gray or silk-white on both sides except when old. The variet}- vitellina (L.) Koch, with yellow twigs, is ver}' common. Sa'-lix bab-y-lon'-i-ca Tourn. Weeping Willow. — Commonly culti- vated; easily recognized by its pendulous branches and linear lanceo- late leaves, glaucous beneath. b. Leaves remotely denticulate ivith projccti>ig teeth) Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 31 Sa'-jix lon-gi-fo'-li-a Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Leaves linear- lanceolate 'l-\ in. long, tapering to each end, nearly sessile ; Catkins linear cyndrical ; shrub, along streams. |b. Leaves sharply serrate, finely denliciilalrd or snbeittire.' Sa'-llx cor-da'-ta Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. — Leaves oblong-lance- olate or narrower, green both sides or scarceh- paler beneath ; stipules usually large and conspicuous; catkins rather slender. A. Catkins in earliest spring before the leaves. Sa'-lix dis'-col-or Muhl. Glaucous Willow. — Catkins closely sessile, thick, oblong-cylindrical; leaves oljovate or elliptic-lanceolate; ir- regularly crenate-serrate, bright green above, glaucous beneath. XIIL Order BET-U-LA'-CE-/E. BIRCH FAMILY. — Trees or shrubs; flowers in catkins, or the fertile sometimes in a head or very short catkins; involucre to the nut none, or foliaceous or sac-like. Fertile flowers with a foliaceous involucre or bladdery bag a). Fertile flowers with no calyx and no involucre b). a. Nut small, subtended by an elongated leafy bractlet Carpinus. 1 a. Nut small included in a bladdery or enclosed bag' Ostrya. 2 a. Nut large, with a leafy coriaceous involucre Corylus. 3 b. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous, stamens 2 Betula. 4 b. Fertile scales thick, entire, persistent, stamens 4 Alnus. 5 1. CAR-PI'-NUS. — Trees (or tall shrubs) with smooth, close gray bark, the involucre-like bractlet open, enlarged and foliacious. Car-pi'-nus car-o-li-ni-a'-na Walt." Blue or Water Beech: Hornbeam; Iron-wood. — Leaves ovate or oblong, sharply doubly-serrate, soon nearly smooth. 2. Genus OS'-TRY-A. — Tree with brownish furrowed bark; bract- lets tubular, becoming a closed bladdery bag very much larger than the small nut. Os'-try-a vir-gin'-i-ca (Mill.) Willd. Hop-Hornbeam; Leverwood ; Iron- wood. — Leaves oblong-ovate, sharply doubly-serrate, downy beneath. 3. Genus COR'-Y-LUS. — Shrubs or small trees; leaves thinnish, doubly-toothed, fertile flowers, several in a scaly bud. Cor'-y-lus a-mer-i-ca'-na Walt. Wild Hazel-nut. — Leaves roundish cordate; involucre open above and foliaceous, below^ coriaceous and downy. 32 Spring Flora of Ohio. Cor'y-Ius ros-tra'-ta Ail. Beaked Hazel-Nut. — Leaves ovate or ovate- oblonj^, somewhat cordate; the invohicre proloiifjed into a narrow tubular beak. 4. Genus BET'-U-LA. — vSterile catkins sessile, long and drooping, flowers opening with or in advance of the leaves; fertile catkins ob- long or cylindrical, peduncled; outer bark usually separable in sheets. A. Trees; leaves sen-ate or obscure/y lohed. 'b. Bark bro'a'n or yellow gray, more or less s^eeet aroiiiafic. Bet'-u-Ia len'-ta L. Sweet. Black. Cherry or Mahogany Birch. Bark of trunk close, outer layer scarcely laminate; leaves oblong-ovate, sub-cordate; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical, the scales with short divergent lobes. Bet'-u-la lu'-te-a :Mx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch. — Bark of trunk yel- lowish gray or silvery gray, detaching in filmy layers; twigs less aromatic than the preceding; leaves ovate-elliptical, ^scarcely or not at all cordate; fruiting catkins oblong-ovoid, the scales with narrow, barely spreading lobes. b. Bark reddish or broivn, becoming in young tiees conspicuously very loose and /or)i, and finally i>i old trees rough like that of the Black Cherry.\ Bet'-u-la ni'-gra L. River Birch: Red Birch. — Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate or obscurely, 9-1 (> lobed. A. Shrubs, leaves crenate, roundish or cuneate. Bet'-u-la pu'-mi-la L. Low Birch. — Stems 2-8 ft. high, not glandu- lar; young branches and }Oung leaves beneath mosth' soft downy; leaves obovate, roundish or orbicular, j4-l '4^ in. long, pale beneath. 5. Genus AL'-NIIS. — Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong, the scales thick and woody in fruit, persistent; shrubs or small trees. Al'-nus in-ca'-na (L.) Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. — Leaves broadly oval or ovate, roundish at base, whitened and mostly downy beneath. Al'-nus ru-go'-sa (Ehrh.) Koch. (./. serriilata Willd. 1 Smooth Alder. — Leaves obovate, acute at base, green both sides. , XIV. Order FA-GA'-CE-yE. OAK FAMILY. — Trees or shrubs; ster- rile flowers in catkins ; fertile flowers in a cupule of indurate bracts. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plajits. 33 sterile flowers in small heads, cupule 4-valved, nuts triangular Fagus. 1 Sterile flowers in slender catkins, cupule a prickj' bur Caslanea. 2 Sterile flowers in slender catkins, cupule scaly, fruit an acorn Quercus. 3 1. Genus FA'-GUS. — Tree with a close smooth ash-gray bark; leaves strongly straight-veined, from slender tapering buds. Fa'-gus at-ro-pu-nic'-e-a (Marsh.) Sudw. {F.ferruginea Ait.) Beech. — Leaves oblong-ovate acuminate, distinctlj- and often coarsely toothed. 2. Genus CAS-TAN'-E-A. — Trees or shrubs; sterile flowers in long cylindrical showy white catkins, fertile flowers few in an ovoid and very prickly involucre. Cas-tan'-e-a den-ta'-ta (Marsh.) Sudw. [C. satava van americana Gr.) Chestnut. — A very large tree, leaves oblong -lanceolate, long acuminate, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, smooth and green both sides. Cas-tan'-e-a pu-mi-la (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. — A spreading shrub or small tree; leaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, luhite downy beneaili. Reported in southern Ohio. 3. Genus QUER'-CUS. — Mostly large trees; the fertile flowers scattered or somewhat clustered, the ovary enclosed in a scah- bud- like involucre which becomes a cup around the acorn. A. White Oaks. Leaves lyi-ate oi- simialr pinnatifid. Quer'-cus al'-ba L. White Oal(. — Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or linear or obtuse, mostly entire lobes; cup saucer-shaped, rough and naked, inuch shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn (1 inch long.) Quer'-cus mi-nor (Marsh.) Sarg. [O. stellata Wang.) Iron Oak ; Post Oak. — Leaves grayish or yellowish-downy beneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately cut into 5-7 rounded, divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often truncate or 1-3 notched; cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one-third or one-half the length of the ovoid acorn C/z-H inch long.) Quer'-cus ma-cro-car'-pa Mx. Bur Oak. — Leaves obovate-oblong, lyrate pinnatifid or deeply sinuate lobed or nearly parted, sometimes nearly entire, downy or pale beneath, the lobes sparingly or obttisely toothed or the'smaller ones entire; acorn broadly ovoid, 1-1 j4 inches long, half immersed or enclosedr»by the fringed cup. 34 Spriiig Flora of Ohio. A. Chestnut Oaks. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed — or sfis^ht/y lohed or rather piniiatifid lit the S7caii!p White Oak. Quer'-cus plat-a-noi'-des (Lam.) Sudw. (Q. bicolor Willd.) Swamp White Oak. — L/eaves obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate, or often rather pinnatifid, usually soft downy and white hoary beneath; fruiting peduncle much longer than the petiole; acorn scarcely 1 inch long, cup fringed or the upper scales pointed. Quer'-cus pri'-nus L. Chestnut Oak.— Leaves thick, obovate or ob- long to lanceolate, undulately crenate- toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath ; fruiting peduncle shorter than the petioles ; cup Yz inch wide, mostly tuberculate with hard and stout scales; acorn large,. sometimes 1-1 X inches long. Quer'-cus itiuh-len-ber'-gi-i Englm. Yellow Oak.— Leaves slender-peti- oled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or pointed, mostly obtuse at base, almost equall}' and rather sharply toothed; cup shal- low, thin, of small appressed scales, 5-7 lines broad; acorn globose or obovate, 7-9 lines long, sweet, hence the common name of the species Sweet Oak. Quer'-cus pri-noi'-des Willd. Scrub Yellow Oak. — Like the last, but low, usualh' 2-4 feet high, with smaller and more iindulate leaves. Reported for southern Ohio. A. Black Oaks, ll'ood porous and brittle, acorns maturing the second year. ,b. Leaves piyinatifid or lobed, not coriaceous^, ((c. Mature leaves glabrous both sides or nearly jo.)) Quer'-cus ru'-bra L. Red Oak. — Cup saucer-shaped or flat, %-\ in. in diameter, acorn oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal, 1 in. or less in length; leaves moderateh' (rarely deeply) pinnatifid. Quer'-cus coc-cin'-e-a Wang. Scarlet Oak. — Cup top -shaped or hemispherical with a conical base, 7-!> lines broad, coarselj^ scaly, covering half or more of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn, the scales mostly appressed and glabrate, acorn Yz-^/i in. long; leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; bark of trunk gray, the interior reddish. Quer'-cus ve-lu-ti'-na Lam. (Q. coccinea van tinctoria Gr.) Black Oak ; Quercitron Oak. — Somewhat resembling the preceding, but the leaves with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat Dicotyls or Exogenoiis Plants. 35 pubescent beneath ; cup-scales large and loosely imbricated or squar- rose when dry, pubescent ; bark of trunk darker colored and rougher, thicker and internally orange. Quer'-cus pa-lus'-tris Du Roi. Pin Oak: Swamp Spanish Oak. — Cup flat, saucer-shaped, fine-scaled, 5-7 lines broad, very much shorter than the usually globose or depressed acorn which is 5-7 lines long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes. In low grounds. c. Mature haves soft-doiuny beneath'.}: Quer'-cus il-i-ci-fo'-li-a Wang. Bear Oak ; Black Scrub Oak.— Dwarf and straggling, 3-8 ft. high; leaves 2-4 in. long, thickish, obovate, cuneate at base, 3 to 7-lobed, white -downy beneath; acorn ovoid, globular, 5-6 lines long. This species may occur in southern Ohio. b. Leaves entire or 'iuith a fe-M teeth or someivhat lobcd at the summit, coriaceous^ Quer'-cus ni'-gra L. Black Jack; Barren Oak. — Leaves broadly wedge- shaped, sometimes rounded at base, luidely dilated and usually some- what .3-lobed at the summit, rusty pubescent beneath, 4-9 in. long; cup top-shaped. Quer'-cus im-bri-ca'-ri-a Mx. Laurel Oak ; Shingle Oak. — Leaves en- tire, lanceolate-oblong, shining above, down}' beneath. A h3'brid between this species and O. coccinea, often called Quer'ciis lea'^ia Nutt. (Lea's Oak), occurs sparingly in southern Ohio; its leaves are usually somewhat irregularly and often bristly lobed. XV. Order UL-MA'-CE-ZE. ELM FAMILY.— Trees ; flowers polyga- mous or dioecious-polygamous, not in catkins ; fruit a winged samara or a drupe. Flowers preceding the leaves, fruit winged Ulmus. 1 Flowers appearing with the leaves, fruit a drupe Cellis. 2 1. Genus UL'-MUS. — Calyx 4-5-cleft, fruit a samara, winged all around ; leaves strongly straight-veined, oblique at base. Ul'-mus pu-bes-'cens Walt. (U. fulvaM-K.) Red Elm ; Slippery Elm.— Buds before expansion soft downy with rusty hairs ; leaves very rough above, soft downy or slightly rough beneath ; branchles downy ; inner bark mucilaginous. 36 Spring Flora of Ohio. Ur-mus a-mer-i-ca'-na L. White Elm: American Elm.— Buds and branchlets glabrous ; leaves 2-4 in. long, soft pubescent beneath or soon glabrous ; floivers in close fascicles. ur-mus ra-ce-mo'-sa Thomas. Rock Elm : Cork Elm.— Bud scales downy ciliate, these and the young branchlets somewhat pubescent ; branches often with corky ridges ; leaves as in the last or the veins more simple and straight ; floivers racenied. 2. Genus CEL'-TIS. — Calyx 5 to 6-parted, persistent; fruit a globu- lar drupe ; leaves 3-nerved at base and somewhat oblique ; bark of trunk ridged, the furrows discontinuous. CelMis oc-ci-den-ta'-lis L. Hackberry; Sugarberry: Nettleberry. — Leaves reticulated, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate. XVI. Order MO-RA'-CE-ZE. MULBERRY FAMILY. — Flowers race- mose, spicate or capitate ; calj'x becoming flesh}' in fruit ; trees or large shrubs, with milky juice. Leaves serrate, sometimes lobed, ?)-iier\-ed Moius. 1 Leaves entire, shining, feather-veined Toxylon. 2 1. Genus MO'-RUS. — Flowers in catkin-like spikes, calyx of the fertile spikes succulent, making a jitic}-, berry-like, oblong fruit; trees. Mo'r-us ru^-bra L. Red Mulberry. — Leaves rough above, downy beneath, those of the young shoots often lobed ; fruit dark-purple. Mo'-rus al'-ba L. White Mulberry. — Leaves smooth and shining, sometimes lobed; fruit whitish. Occasionalh- adventive. 2. Genus TOX'-Y-LON. {Madura) — Staminate flowers in loose short racemes, the pistillate in dense globose heads ; trees (or tall shrubs) with milky juice and entire shining leaves. Tox'-y-lon po-mif'-er-um Raf [Madura aiirantiaca Nutt.) Osage Orange. — Cultivated for hedges, rarely escaped. XVIL Order LO-RAN-THA'-CE-/E. MISTLETOE FAMILY. — Shrubby plants with coriaceous, greenish foliage ; parasitic on trees ; fruit a globose berry. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 37 1. Genus PHO-RA-DEN'-DRON.— Yellowish-green woody parasites on various deciduous trees ; leaves thick, firm, persistent ; berry globose, white. Pho-ra-den'-dron fla-ves'-cens (Ph.) Nutt. False Mistletoe.— In south- ern Ohio. XVIII. Order SAN-TA-LA'-CE-yE. SANDALWOOD FAMILY. — Herbs with entire leaves; calyx-tube adherent with the 1-celled ovary. 1. Genus CO-MAN'-DRA.— Cah'x bell-shaped or urn-shaped; low smooth perennial herbaceous plants with greenish white flowers. Co-man'-dra um-bel-la'-ta (L.) Nutt. False Toad -Flax.— Leaves oblong, 1 in. long ; fruit globular urn-shaped. XIX. Order A-RIS-TO-LO-CHI-A'-CE->E. BIRTHWORT FAMILY.— Herbs; flowers perfect, apetalous, the caU^ conspicuous, cohering with the 6- celled ovary. 1. Genus AS'-A-RUM.— Calyx regular, bell-shaped, the limb 3-cleft or parted ; rootstocks creeping, aromatic. As'-a-rum can-a-den'-se L. Wild Ginger. — Soft pubescent; a single pair of large kidne3'-shaped leaves ; calyx brown-purple inside. XX. Order PO-LYG-0-NA'-CE-/E. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. — Herbs; flowers apetalous ; stipules in the form of sheaths (called ochrecs) ; joints of the stem swollen. 1. Genus RU'-MEX.— The 3 inner sepals enlarged after flowering (in fruit called valves) veiny, often with a grain-like tubercle on the back; flowers small, mostly green, in panicled racemes. Ru'-mex a-ce-to-sel'-la. Field or Sheep Sorrel. — Low, 6-12 in. high; leaves narrow lanceolate or linear, the lowest halbred-form. XXL Order AI-ZOI-DA'-CE-/E. INDIAN CHICKWEED FAMILY.— Leaves opposite, exstipulate ; petals wanting ; low herbs. 1. Genus MOL-LU'-GO. — Sepals 5, white inside, petals none, sta- mens 5, stigmas 3, capsule 3-celled; prostrate plants. 38 Spring Flora of Ohio. Mol-lu -go ver-ti-cil-la'-ta h. Indian Chickweed ; Carpet Weed. — Leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints. XXII. Order POR-TU-LA-CA'-CE->E. PURSLANE FAMILY.— Herbs; leaves more or less succulent, entire ; flowers regular, sepals usually fewer than the 5 petals or sometimes none. Stamens 5, plants upright, not fleshy Claytonia. 1 Stamens 7-20, plants fleshy Portulaca. 2 1. Genus CLAY-TO'-NI-A. — Sepals 2, distinct, persistent, stamens 5, style 3-cleft; simple stems from a deep tuber. Clay-to'-ni-a vir-gin'-i-ca L. Spring Beauty. — Leaves linear-lanceo- late," elongated, .3-6 in. long. Clay-to'-ni-a car-o-li-ni-a'-na Mx. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty.— Leaves spatulate oblong, or oval-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long. 2. Genus POR-TU-LA'-CA.— Calyx 2-cleft, the tube cohering with the ovar}' below; style mostly 3-8 parted, stems prostrate, fleshy. Por-tu-la'ca o-le-ra'-ce-a L. Purslane. — Leaves obovate or wedge- shaped; beginning to bloom in June. XXIII. Order CAR-Y-0-PHYL-LA-CE-yE. PINK FAMILY.— Herbs, the stems usually swollen at the joints; leaves opposite, entire; stamens distinct. Flowers with petals (a). Flowers apctalous e . a. Sepals distinct or nearly so b . a. Sepals united into a tube or cup Silinif. 1 b. Stipules none (c" . b. Stipules present (d^. 0. Petals 2-cleft or none, styles mostly 3 (rarely 4 or .5 pod short Alsine. 2 c. Petals notched or 2-cleft, stj-les 5, pod cylindrical Ccraslium. 3 c. Petals entire, styles usually 3, pod short Arenaria. 4 d. Styles 5, pod 5-valved, leaves whorled Spergula. 5 d. Styles .", pod 3-valved, leaves opposite Tissa. 6 e. Styles usually 4, pod many-seeded (c, above). e. Stigmas 2, sessile, pod 1-seeded Anrchia. 7 1. Genus SI-LE'-NE. — Calyx 5-toothed, styles 3, rarely 4, petals crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 39 Si-le'-ne car-o-li-ni-a'-na Walt. [S. pennsylvanica Mx.) Wild Pink. — Stems low (4-8 in.); petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink. Si-le'-ne vir-gin'-i-ca L. Fire Pinic Catch Fly. — Stems slender, 1-2 ft. high; petals oblong, 2-cleft, deep crimson. 2. Genus AL-SI'-NE. [Stellaria.) — Sepals 4-5, petals 4—"), stamens 8, 10, or fewer, styles o, rarely 4 or o. A. Stems spreading, flaccid, -ivit/i i or 2 pubescent lines. Al-sl'-ne me'-di-a L,. [Stellaria media Sm.) Common Chickweed. — I/Ower leaves on hairy petioles; petals shorter than the calyx, stamens 3-10. Al-si'-ne pu'-be-ra Mx. Great Chickweed. — Leaves all sessile; petals longer than the calyx, stamens 10. A. Stems erect or spreading, luholly glabrous. (b. Petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the caly.v, bracts scaly^j Al-si'-ne lon-gi-fo'-li-a (Muhl.) Britt. (Stellaria longifolia Muhl.) Long-leaved Stitchwort. — Leaves linear, acutish at both ends, spreading; the slender pedicels spreading; seeds smooth. Al-si'-ne lon'-gi-pes (Goldie) Coville. (Stellaria longipes Goldie.) Long-stalked Chickweed. — Leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lan- ceolate, broadest at the base ; the long pedicels strictly erect, seeds smooth. Al-si'-ne gra-min'-e-a (L.) Britt. (Stellaria graininea L.) European Chickweed. — Resembling the last, but the leaves linear-lanceolate, broadest above the base ; the pedicels wddely spreading; seeds strongly rugose. (b. Petals 2-parted, small or none, bracts foliaceotis. Al-si'-ne bo-re-a'-lis (Bigel.) Britt. (Stellaria borealis Bigel.) North- ern Chickweed. — Leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong. Reported for Northern Ohio. 3. Gxenus CE-RAS'-TI-UM.— Sepals 5, rarely 4, petals 2-lobed or cleft, styles equal to the number of sepals; pod usually elongated, opening at the apex by as many teeth as there are styles. A. Leaves ovate or obovate or oblong-spatulate. 40 Spring Flora of Ohio. Ce-ras'-ti-um vis-co'-sum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Nearly erect, 4-9 in. high, flowers small ; pedicels in fruit not longer than the acute sepals; petals shorter than the calyx. A. Leaves linear, lanceolate or oblong. Ce-ras'-ti-um vul-ga'-tum L. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Stems spreading; leaves oblong; flowers larger (sepals ■!-?> lines long) the earlier fruiting pedicels much longer than the obtuse sepals; petals equalling the calyx. Ce-ras'-ti-um lon'-gi-pe-dun-cu-la'-tum Muhl. [C. nutans Raf.) Nod- ding Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Stems slender, erect, grooved, difl"usely branched, (1-20 in. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; petals longer than the calyx; pods nodding on the stalks, curved upward, thrice the length of the calyx. Ce-ras'-ti-um ar-ven'-se L. Field Chickweed. — Stems ascending or erect, tufted, 4-8 in. high, naked and few-flowered at the summit; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx; pods scarcely longer than the calyx. Ce-ras-'ti-um ar-ven'-se ob-lon-gi-fo'-li-um (Torn) Britt. Mouse-ear Chickweed.— Like the last, but usually taller, leaves narrowly or broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, and pod about twice longer than the calyx. 4. Genus AR-E-NA'-RI-A.— Sepals .< (rarely 4); petals 5 (rarely 4), entire or barely notched, rarely wanting; low plants with sessile leaves. Ar-e-na'-ri-a ser-pyl-li-fo'-li-a L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Leaves ovate, acute, small ; plant "J-lj in. high. Ar-e-na'-ri-a lat-er-i-flo'-ra L. Sandwort. Parts of the flower some- times in fours; leaves oval or oblong, ^4-1 in. long; plant erect, branched. 5. Genus SPER'-GU-LA. — Sepals, petals and styles each 5, stamens 5 or 10; pod 5-valved, leaves in whorls. Sper'-gu-la ar-ven'-sis L. Corn Spurry. — Leaves numerous, thread- shaped, 1-2 in. long, whorled. 6. Genus TIS'-SA. [Biida.) — Sepals 5, petals 5, entire, stamens 2-10, styles and valves of pod 3 (rarely 5) ; leaves linear, opposite. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 41 Tis'-sa ru'-bra (L.) Britt. (Buda rubra Dumor.) Sand Spurry. — Corolla small (\yi lines long), pink-red, scarcely equalling or exceed- ing the calyx. 7. Genus A-NYCHM-A. — Sepals 5, petals wanting, stamens 2-3, rarely 5, stigmas '1, sessile; plants small, many times forked. A-nych'-i-a di-chot'-o-ma Mx. Forked Chickweed. — More or less pubescent, short jointed, low and spreading; flowers nearly sessile. A - nych'- i - a can - a - den'- sis (L.) B. S. P. (A. capillacea DC.) Forked Chickweed. — Smooth, longer jointed, slender and erect; leaves broader and longer, 5-15 lines long; flowers more stalked. XXIV. Order NYIH-PH/E-A'-CE/E. WATER-LILY FAIV1ILY.— Aquatic, with horizontal perennial rootstocks, leaves peltate or cordate, flowers solitary, large. Petals adnate to the ovary, large Castalia. 1 Petals very small and stamen-like Nymphesa. 2 1. Genus CAS-TA'-LI-A. [Xyvipho'a.) — Sepals 4, green outside; petals numerous, the innermost gradually passing into stamens. Cas-ta'-li-a o-do-ra'-ta (Dry.) Wv. & \Vd. [Nymphcea odorata Ait.) White Water-Lily. — Leaves orbicular, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole; flower white, very sweet scented. 2. Genus NYIM-PH^'-A. (Xupfiar.) — Sepals 5 or 6 or more, colored or partly green outside, roundish concave ; petals numerous, scale-like or stamen-like. Nym-phae'-a ad'-ve-na Soland. (Nuphar advena Ait. f) Yellow Pond- Lily; Spatter Dock. — Sepals 6, unequal; leaves roundish to ovate or almost oblong. XXV. Order IVIAG-NO-LI-A-CE-/E. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.— Trees; the leaf buds covered by stipules; the flowers large, more or less tulip-like. Leaves oblong, pointed Magnolia. 1 Leaves lobed, truncate or notched Liriodendron. 2 1. Genus MAG-NO'-LI-A. — Tree; buds conical; pistils cohering,, forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit. 42 Spring Flora of Ohio. Mag-no'-li-a a-cu-mi-na'-ta L. Cucumber Tree. — Flower oblong bell- shaped, glaucous-green tinged with yellow ; fruit 2-3 in. long; leaves oblong. n. 2. Genus LIR-I-O-DEN'-DRON. — Tree, buds flat, pistils flat and ■^ /4 scale-form, long and narrow, cohering into an elongated dry cone. Lir-i-o-den'-dron tu-lip-if'-er-a L. Tulip Tree; Yellow Poplar: White Wood. — Corolla bell-shaped; leaves very smooth, appearing as if cut off" abruptly by a broad shallow notch. XXVI. Order A-NO-NA -CE-/E. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. — Trees or shrubs; sepals 3, petals 6, filaments short; leaves large, alternate. 1. Genus A-SIM'-INA. — Petals (5, dull purple; stamens in a globu- lar mass; the flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leaves. A-sim'-i-na tril'-o-ba (L.) Dunal. Papaw. — Leaves thin, obovate- lanceolate, pointed ; fruit oblong, pulpy, edible. XXVII. Order RA-NUN-CU-LA'-CE-/E. CROWFOOT FAMILY. - Plants with sepals, stamens and pistils free (except in one species), petals sometimes absent; sepals often petalloid. IvCaves alternate or radical, the upper often opposite or whorled a . I,eaves all opposite, sepals -1, styles elongated in fruit (h). a. l,eaves 2, 5-7-lobed ; sepals 3, falling when the solitary flower open s Hydrastis. 1 a. Leaves round and cordate or reniforni : flowers many, yellow, petals none Callha. 2 a. Leaves 5-7-parted : flower 1, large, yellowish or whitish, sepals 5-15. . Trollius. 3 a. Leaves 5-11-lobed. flowers corymbose, white i . a. Not as above b" . b. Petals with a spot, pit or scale at the base (k . b. Petals not as above or wanting I'c^ . c. Leaves alternate, 2-3-ternately compound, leaflets 2-3-lobed, flowers axil- lary and terminal ; no involucre ; root tuber-bearing Isopvrutii. 4 c. Leaves trifoliate, radical, evergreen, root bright yellow Coptis. 5 c. Not as above (d. d. Flowers in a single short raceme, sepals caducous, filaments white, petals 4-10, small, spatulate leaves 2-o-ternate Acttza. 6 d. Flowers in long racemes, sepals caducous, filaments white, leaves 2-3-ternate, petals 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at apex. . .Cimicifuga. 7 d. Not as above e). e. Flowers regular, petals 5, with long spurs, se])als colored Aguilegia. 8 e. Sepals petal-like, the upper one spurred; petals 4 'rarely 2j, the upper pair with long spurs enclosed in the spur of the sepal Delphitiivm. 9 Dicotyh or Exogenous Plants. 43 €. Sepals petal-like, the larger upper one hooded and covering- the 2 long- clawed small petals AccDii/mii. 10 €. Not as above '{, . f. All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled I'g . f. Leaves alternate :i . g-. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flovv'er, peduncles \-^o-wcreA. . .Anemone. 11 g. Involucre close to the flower, calyx-like, leaves simple, 3-lobed Hepatica. 12 g. Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers Syndestnon. 13 h. Sepals 4, leathery, leaves pinnate ; woody vine Clematis. 14 i. Leaves palmately-lobed, the lobes cut and toothed, flowers corym- bose TrautTettei'ia. 15 i. Leaves, etc., not as above 1 . k. Petals "1, j^llow, each with a scale at base Ranunciilns. 10 k. Petals 5, white, a spot or naked pit at base Ba/rackium. 17 k. Petals 8-9, yellow ; sepals 3 Ficaria. 18 1. Flowers panicled, leaves decompound, petioles dilated at base. . . . Thalictrum. 19 1. Flowers in a leafy involucre, leaves finely divided \igella. 20 1. Genus HY-DRAS'-TIS.— vSepals 3, petal-like, falling off when the flower opens in earl}- spring; a single radical leaf and simple stem with two leaves. >-s / Hy-dras'-tis can-a-den'-sis L. Golden Seal. — Ovaries becoming a head ^ . of crimson berries. -'' "' 2. Genus CAL'-THA. — Sepals (i-l), petalloid, petals none; leaves round, glabrous; stems hollow, furrowed. Cal'-tha pa-lus'-tris ^^. Marsh Marigold. — In swamps and wet meadows. 3. Genus TROL'-LI-US. — Sepals 5-15, petals 1-lipped, small, ntimer- ous; leaves palmately parted ; flowar solitary, large. Trol'-li-us lax'-us Salisb. Globe Flower. — In deep swamps. 4. Genus l-SO-PY'-RUM.— Sepals 5, petal-like ; leaves alternate, 2 to S-ternatel}' compound, leaflets 2 to o-lobed. i-so-py'-rum bi-ter-na'-tum (Raf) T. & G. — Root thickened here^/^'^«- /^ and there into little tubers. 5. Genus COP'-TIS. — Sepals 5-7, petal-like; scape 1-flowered; plant low, smooth, perennial ; leaves evergreen, shining, leaflets .'5. CopMis tri-fo'-li-a Salisl). Goldthread. — Root of long, yellow, bitter fibres. 44 Spring Flora of Ohio. 6. Genus AC-T^'-A. — Sepals 4-5, falling off when the flower ex- pands; leaves 2 to o-ternately compound, leaflets cleft and toothed; fruit a many-seeded berry. Ac-tae'-a ru'-bra (Ait.) Willd. {A. spicata var. rubra Ait.) Red Bane- berry.^ Raceme ovate, pedicels slender; berries cherrj^-red (or some- times white), oval ; petals rhombic, .spatulate, much shorter than the stamens. Ac-tae'-a al'-ba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry.— Raceme oblong, pedicels thickened in fruit, red; berries white, globular oval ; petals slender, mostl}' truncate. 7. Genus CIM-I-CIF'-U-GA. — Sepals 4 or 5, falling off as soon as the flower expands ; flowers in elongated racemes ; leaves 2 to 3-ter- nately divided. Cim-i-cif'-u-ga ra-ce-mo'-sa (L.) Nutt. Black Snakeroot: Black Cohosh. — Stem ,')-S ft. high; racemes in fruit l-o ft. long. 8. Genus AQ-UI-LE'-GI-A. — Sepals o, colored like the spurred petals; leaves 2 to 3-ternately compound ; flowers large and showy. Aq-ui-le'-gi-a can-a-den'-sis L. Wild Columbine.— Spurs nearly straight. Aq-ui-le'-gi-a vul-ga'-ris L. Garden Columbine. — Spurs hooked. Some- times escaped from cultivation. 9. Genus DEL-PHIN'-I-UM. — The upper sepal prolonged into a spur and enclosing the spurs of two petals ; leaves palmately divided or cut ; flowers in terminal racemes. Del-phin'-i-um tri-cor'-ne Mx. Dwarf Larkspur. — Pistils 3; raceme few-flowered, loose ; flowers bright blue, sometimes white ; pods strongly diverging. Dei-phin'-i-um car-o-li-ni-a'-num Walt. {D. azureum Mx.) Larkspur. — Pistils 3 ; raceme strict ; flowers sky-blue or whitish ; pods erect. Del-phin'-i-um con-soK-i-da L. Field Larkspur. — Pistil single, petals 2, united into one body ; leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes. Introduced and flowering later. 10. Genus AC-O-NI'-TUIVI. — The upper (larger) sepal hooded, con- cealing two small spur-shaped, clawed petals ; leaves palmately cleft ; flowers blue, showy, in racemes. Dicotyls or Exogeyious Plants. 45 Ac-o-ni'-tum nov-e-bor-a-cen'-se Gr. Aconite; Monkshood: Wolfsbane. — Plant 2 ft. high, erect, leafy, the sunmiit and the loosely fiowered raceme pubescent; the broadly-cuneate divisions of the leaf o-cleft and incised. Ac-o-ni'-tum un-ci-na' -turn L. Aconite; IVlonlase.'i I ,( ^7/ Ra-nun'-cu-lus ab-or-ti'-vus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot.— /"/a;// gla- }>roiis; the primarj' root -leaves round -cordate or reniform, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted; petals pale yellow, shorter than the reflexed calyx; carpels in globose heads. Ra-nun'-cu-lus mi-cran'-thus Gr. (R. abortiviis var. viicranthus Gr.) Small-flowered Crowfoot. — Plant pubescent, otherwise much like the preceding, but root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped. Ra-nun'-cu-lus scel-er-a'-tus L. Cursed Crowfoot. — Glabrous, root- leaves 3-lobed; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx; head of carpels oblong or cylindrical ; stem thick and hollow. ;b. Leaves variously cleft or divided) [[c. Achenes with long recurved beak)) Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 47 Ra-nun'-cu-lus re-cur-va'-tus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. — Hirsute; leaves long-petioled, deeply ;5-cleft, large ; petals shorter than the reflexed. cal\-x, pale. c. styles long and attenuate, stigmatose at /lie tip}] Ra-nun'-cu-lus fas-cic-u-la'-ris Muhl. Early Crowfoot. — Pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; lateral divisions of the radical leaves sessile; carpels scarcely margined. Ra-nun'-cu-lus sep-ten-tri-o-na'-lis Poir. Northern Crowfoot. — Hairy or nearly glabrous; leaves J^-divided, the divisions usually stalked ; carpels strongh' margined. c. style subulate, stigmatose along the inner inargin.)) Ra-nun'-cu-lus re'-pens I,. Creeping Crowfoot. — Closely resembling the last species ; leaves often white-variegated or spotted ; com- mencing to flower somewhat later. Ra-nun'-cu-lus penn-syl-van'-i-cus L,. f. Bristly Crowfoot. — Stout, erect; hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs ; leafy to the top ; 2 ft. high; flowers inconspicuous; head of carpels oblong. Ra-nun'-cu-lus his'-pi-dus Mx. Hispid Crowfoot. — Resem1)ling the last but the ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, not always hirsute . head of carpels globo.se or oval. A northern species reported for Ohio, Ra-nun'-cu-lus bul-bo'-sus Iv. Buttercups: Bulbous Crowfoot. — Hairy' stem erect, 1 ft. high, from a bulbous base; radical leaves 3-divided, the lateral divisions sessile ; peduncles furrowed. Ra-nun'-cu-lus ac'-ris L. Buttercups; Tall Crowfoot. — Hairy, stem erect, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves 3-divided, the divisions all sessile ; peduncles not furrowed. 17. Genus BA-TRA'-CHI-UM. — Sepals 5, the 5 petals each with a spot or naked pit at base, white or only the claw yellow ; aquatic or sub-aquatic plants with the immersed leaves repeatedly dissected into filiform divisions. Ba-tra'-chi-um di-var-i-ca'-tum (Schrk.) Wimm. (Ranunculus circina- tus Sibth.) Stiff White Water Crowfoot. — Leaves sessile, the divisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, not collapsing when withdrawn from the water. 48 Spring Flora of Ohio. Ba-tra'-chi-um tri-cho-phyl'-lum (Chx.) ]k)sscli. [Ranunculus aquatilis van trichophyllus Gr.) Common White Water Crowfoot. — Leaves mostly petioled, their divisions rather long and soft, collapsing more or less when withdrawn from the water. 18. Genus FI-CA'-RI-A. — Sepals o ; petals S-9, yellow ; peduncles scape-like ; leaves roundish-cordate, roots tuberous thickened. Fi-ca'-ri-a fi-ca'-ri-a (L,.) Karst. [Ranunculus ficaria L.) — Occasion- ally escaped from gardens. 19. Genus THA-LIC'-TRUIVl. — Sepals 4-5, usualh- caducous, petals none ; leaves alternate, 2 to 3-ternateh' compound, the petioles dilated at base ; flowers dioecious. Tha-lic'-trum di-oi'-cum I.. Early Meadow Rue. — Stems 1-2 ft. high, smooth and pale or glavicous ; leaves all with general petioles. Tha-lic'-trum pur-pu-ras'-oens L. Purplish Meadow Rue. — Stems 2-4 ft. high, usually purplish ; stem leaves sessile or nearly so. 20. Genus NI-GEL'-LA.- — Calyx of 3 colored sepals; petals 5, cleft; the ■") ovaries united below ; leaves finely divided. Ni-gel'-la dam-as-ce'-na L. Fennel Flower: Ragged Lady. — Flower bluish, surrounded b}- a finely-divided leafy in\olucre. Introduced. XXVIII. Order BER-BER l-DA'-CE-/E. BARBERRY FAMILY.— Shrubs or herbs; petals 6-9, stamens G-IS; anthers usually opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. Petals 0-9, stamens (i-lS ; frviit manj--sc-eded ^a . Petals 6, stamens 6 : frnit few-seeded b . a. Petals G-9, stamens 12-18, anthers not opening by valves Podophyllum. 1 a. Petals and stamens usually 8, anthers opening by valves .Jeffersonia. 2 b. Herbs with greenish flowers, petals thick and short Caulophyllum. 3 b. Shrubs with yellow flowers and wood, petals with 2 glands Berberis. 4 1. Genus POD-O-PHYL'-LUM.— Creeping rootstock; stem 2-leaved, 1-flowered ; sepals (i, fugacious ; fruit a large flesh}- berry. Pod-o-phyl'-lum pel-ta'-tum L. May Apple; Mandrake. — Leaves peltate, 5 to 9-parted ; flower white, large. 2. Genus JEF-FER-SO'-NI-A.— Sepals usually 4, fugacious; pod pear- shaped, opening by a lid ; leaves radical, with 2 half-ovate leaflets. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 49 Jef-fer-so'-ni-a di-phyl'-la (L.) Pers. Twin-leaf. — Scapes 1-flowered; /, flower white, 1 in. Ijroail. ' 3. Genus CAU-LO-PHYL'-LUM.- Stem with a tri-ternately compound sessile leaf and terminated by a small raceme or panicle of yellowish- ^reen flowers. Cau-lo-phyrium tha-lic-troi -des (L.) Mx. Blue Cohosh : Pappoose root. — Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. 4. Genus BER'-BER-IS. — Shrub; yellow flowers in drooping racemes; berries oblong, scarlet. Ber'-ber-is vul-ga'-ris L. Barberry. Somewhat spiny. Often escaped from cultivation. XXIX. Order CAL-Y-CAN-THA'-CE->E. CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.— Shrubs with opposite, entire leaves; the sepals and petals similar and indefinite ; the fruit like a rose-hip. 1. Genus BUETT-NE'-RI-A. {Calycanthiis). — Calyx of many sepals united below, lurid purple; petals similar; stamens numerous; leaves •opposite, entire ; shrubs. Buett-ne'-ri-a flor'-i-da (L.) Kear. (Calycanthiis floridus\,.) Sweet- scented Shrub: Carolina Allspice : Calycanthus. — Leaves oval, soft-downy ' underneath ; cultivated. Buett-ne'-ri-a fer'-til-is jWalt.) Kear. {Calycanthus Icevigatus Willd. and Calycanthus glaucus Willd.) — Leaves oblong, oblong-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, green and glabrous both sides, or glaucous-white beneath. XXX. Order LAU-RA-CE-/E. LAUREL FAMILY.— Aromatic trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple; anthers opening by valves; ovary free from the colored calyx, 1-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves, anthers 4-valved ; trees Sassafras, t Flowers appearing^ before the leaves, anthers 2-valved : shrubs lipmnin. 2 1. Genus SAS'-SA-FRAS. — Trees with spicy-aromatic bark and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; flowers in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes. 50 Spring Flora of Ohio. Sas'-sa-fras sas'-sa-fras (L.) Karst. {S. officinale Nees.) Sassafras. — Leaves ovate, entire or some of them o-lobed. 2. Genus BEN-ZO'-IN. — Shrvibs, spicy; flowers in umbel-like almost sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves. Ben-zo'-in ben-zo'-in (L.) Coult. [Lindera benzoin Blm.) Spice-bush; Benjamin-bush: Wild Allspice. — Leaves oblong-ovate, pale underneath. XXXL Order PA-PAV-ER-A'-CE->E. POPPY FAMILY. — Herbs witk milky or colored juice; sepals fugacious, ovary 1-celled; placentas 2. or more, parietal. Flowers regular 'a) Flowers irregular c) a. Flowers j-ellow, petals 4, leaves pinnately parted b . a. Flowers white, petals 8-12, leaves palmateU- lobed Sa/igiitnajia. 1 b. Pod bristly, style distinct, stigmas 3-4 StyJophorum. 2. b. Pod linear, smooth, style almost none, stigmas 2 Chelidonium. 3 c. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred Bicuculla. i c. Corolla with but one petal spared Capnoides. 5- 1. Genus SAN-GUI-NA'-RI-A.— Sepals 2, petals 8-12; rootstock thick, containing red-orange acrid juice; leaf single, round, palniately lobed. San-gui-na'-ri-a can-a-den'-sis L. Blood-root. — Flower single on a scape, white. ♦ 2. Genus STY-LOPH'-O-RUM. — Sepals 2, hairy, petals 4; stems naked below, 2-leaved or 1 to o-leaved above, and 1 — few-flowered at the summit ; juice yellow. Sty-loph'-o-rum di-phyl'-lum (Mx.) Nutt. Celandine Poppy. — Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, o-7-sinuately lobed ; flowers deep yellow, 2 in. broad. 3. Genus CHEL-I-DO'-NI-UM. — Sepals 2, petals 4; biennial herb^ stems brittle, juice saffron-colored; leaves pinnately divided or 2-pin- natifid and toothed or cut. Chel-i-do'-ni-um ma'-jus L. Celandine. — Flowers small, yellow, in a pedunculate umbel ; buds nodding. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 51 4. Genus BI-CU-CUL'-LA. (/J/W'w /;-«).— Petals 4, slightly cohering, forming a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla; filaments slightly united in two sets; leaves compound-dissected. Bi-cu-cul'-la cu-cul-la'-ri-a (Iv.) Millsp. {Dicentra citctiUaria DC.)/ji. q, Dutchman's Breeches. Bulb granulate; corolla with 2 divergent spurs fv'^^''^^ '^ longer than the pedicel ; raceme simple. Bi-cu-cul'-la can-a-den'-sis (Goldie) Millsp. {Dicentra canadensis , ^ DC.) Squirrel-corn. — Subterranean stems with scattered grain-like' '/ ,' - J I tubers; corolla nearly heart-shaped, the spurs very short and rounded; raceme simple. Bi-cu-cul'-la ex-im'-i-a (Ker.) Millsp. {Dicentra exiniia DC) Ear- Drop. — Subterranean shoots scaly; raceme compound, clustered ; flowers oblong, spurs very short. o. Genus CAP-NOI'-DES. {Coryc{alis). — Q.oxo\\a. 1-spurrcd at the base, deciduous, style persistent; flowers in racemes; plants pale or glaucous ; leaves compound. Cap-noi'-des sem-per-vi'-rens (L.) Borck. (Corydalis glauca Ph.) Pale Corydalis. — Stems strict; flowers purplish or rose color with yel- low tips ; racemes panicled. Cap-noi'des flav'-u-lum (Raf) Kuntze. {Corydalis flavulaVi^.] Yel- / low Corydalis. — Low, ascending ; outer petals wing-crested on the back; corolla pale yellow, 8-4 lines long ; spur very short. Cap-noi'-des au'-re-um (Willd.) Kuntze. [Corydalis aitrea Willd.) Golden Corydalis. — Corolla golden yellow, Yz in. long, the .slightly de- curved spur about one-half as long, shorter than the pedicel ; outer petals merely carinate on the back, not crested. XXXII. Order CRU-CIF'-ER-/E. MUSTARD FAMILY.— Herbs with cruciform flowers, sepals 4, petals 4; stamens 6 (rarely only 2 or 4), 4 long and 2 short ; fruit a silique or silicle. Flowers white, purple, etc., but not yellow (a). Flowers yellow, yellowish or greenish-yellow (b;. a. Pod obcordate-triangular, many-seeded :d:. a. Pod roundish, flattened, notched at the top, 1 seed in each cell Lepidium. \ a. Not as above c;. b. Pod elongated, terete, close-pressed to the stem ; leaves runci- nate Sisymbrium. 2 52 Spring Flora of Ohio. b. Pod elongated, somewhat 4-sided, valves nerved: lower leaves lyrate Barbai-ea. 3 b. Not as above e' . c. Flowers purplish, stem-leaves auricled, pods 1-1!2 in- long lodanthus. 4 c. Flowers white or yellow, leaves pinnate, pinnatifid or ver\^ large and crenate. pod oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so, seeds in two rows in each cell Roripa. 5 c. Flowers white or purple, stems leaf\% leaves simple or pinnate, pod linear, flattened, seeds in a single row in each cell Ca>damine. 6 c. Pod, etc.. like the last: stem simple, leafless below, bearing 2 or o petioled compound leaves above the middle : flowers large, white or purple, in corymbs or short racemes Dentaria. 7 c. Not as above d . d. Pod obcordate-triaugular. flowers small, white Bursa. 8 d. Pod oval, oblong, or linear, flat ; plants low Draba. 9 d. Pod long-linear, flattened : valves l-nerved or veiny f . e. lyeaves pinnate, pinnatifid, or very large and crenate c, above . e. Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and toothed Descni-ainia. 10 e. Leaves not as above f . f. Pod somewhat 4-sided, leaves obovate or oblong, not clasp- ing Stenophragnia. 11 f. Pod flattened, leaves simple or compound, often clasping at \i2.'s>&.A>abis. 12 1. Genus LE-PID'-I-UM. — Pods roundish, notched at the top, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, the valves keeled; flowers small, white or greenish. A. Leaves all with a lapeihig base. Le-pid'-i-um vir-gin'-i-cum L. Pepper-grass. — Pod marginless or ob- scurely margined at the top ; petals present. Le-pid'-i-um in-ter-me'-di-um Gr. Pepper-grass. — Pod minutely wing- margined at the top ; petals usually mintite or wanting. Le-pid'-i-um ru-der-a'-le L. Pepper-grass. — Pods smaller, oval; petals always wanting ; plant more diffuse. A. Stem-leai'es 7viih a sagillate base. Le-pid'-i-um cam-pes'-tre (L.) Gr. Pepper-grass. — Minutely soft- downy; pods ovate, winged. 2. Genus SIS-YIVl'-BRI-UIVI.— Pods terete, upright and close-pressed to the stem, flowers ver\- small, pale yellow. Sis-ym-bri-um of-fic-i-na'-le (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard.— Very branch- ing, 2-3 feet high ; leaves runcinate. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 53 3. Genus BAR-BA-RE'-A. — Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves keeled by a nerve ; flowers yellow. . Bar-ba-re'-a bar-ba-re'-a (L.) Macm. {B. vulgaris R. Br.| Winter Cress: Yellow Rocket. — Smooth, lower leaves lyrate, the terminal di- vision large and round, flowers yellow. 4. Genus l-O-DAN'-THUS. {Tljelypodiian)~Vod terete or nearly so, valve l-nerved, seeds one row in each cell; stout plants, with large purplish flowers. l-o-dan'-thus pin-na-tif'-i-dus (Mx.) Prantl. (Thelypodium plnnatifi- diiui Wats.) Rocket Cress. — Root-leaves round or cordate, stem leaves auricled. 5. Genus ROR'-IP-A. {Xasttirtium.) — Pod short, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so, valves nerveless ; seeds mostly in two irregular rows ; aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers. A. Petals -ccJu'lc, hvice the length of calyx ; leaves pinnate. Ror'-ip-a nas-tur'-ti-um (L.) Rusby. [NastiirtiuDi officiiiale R. Br.) True Water Cress. — Perennial, stems spreading and rooting; leaflets 8-11, pods 0-8 lines long. In brooks and ditches. A. Petals yelloie 01- yelloii'ish, small. b. Pods longe>- than the pedicels.] Ror'-ip-a ses-sil-i-flo'-ra (Nutt.) Hitch. {Nasturtiinn sessiliflornm Nutt.) Water Cress. — Leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elongated-oblong, 5-6 lines long. Ror'-i-pa ob-tu'-sa (Nutt.) Britt. [Nasturtium obtiiston Nutt.) Water Cress. — Leaves pinnatel}- parted or divided, the divisions round- ish and obtusely toothed or repand ; pod linear-oblong to short oval. b. Pods mostly shorter tha>i the pedicels] Ror'-i-pa pa-lus'-tris (L.) Bess. [Nasturtium palustre DC.) Marsh Cress. — Leaves pinnately cleft or parted or the upper laciniate, the lobes oblong, cut-toothed; pods oblong, ellipsoid. Ror'-i-pa his'-pi-da (Desv.) Britt. [Nasturtium palustre var. hispi- diim Gr.) Marsh Cress. — Like the last, but the pods ovoid or globular. rsC y 54 Spring Flora of Ohio. A. Pctah "vhi/c, Ifai'fs undivided, 0}pinnatifid. Ror'-ip-a a-mer-i-ca'-na (Gr.) Britt. (Nasliir/iidii laciistre Gr.) Lake Cress. — Aquatic; leaves oblong, entire, serrate or pinnatifid, the immersed ones dissected into capillary divisions ; pod ovoid, a little longer than the style; flowering later than the preceding species. Ror'-ip-a ar-mo-ra'-ci-a (L.) Hitch. {Nasturtium armoracia Fr.) Horse-radish. — Root-leaves very large, oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate ; pods globular (.seldom formed.) (). Genus CAR-DA-MI'-NE. — Pod linear, flattened, the partition and placentas thick, seeds in a single row in each cell ; flowers white or purple. A. Leaves simple. Car-da-mi'-ne bul-bo'-sa (Schreb.) B. S. P. [C. rhomboidea DC.) Spring Cress. — Stems simple, upright, from a tuberous base, the slen- der rootstock bearing small tubers; root-leaves round, often cordate, f lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, the upper sub-lanceolate / and sessile ; flowers large", white. Kii Car-da-mi'-ne doug-las'-si (Torr.) Britt. [C. rhoniboidca var. pur- purea Torr.) Purple Spring Cress. — Low, -l-C) in. high, usually sub- pubescent; flowers rose-purple, appearing very early. \\ Car-da-mi'-ne ro-tun-di-fo'-ii-a Mx. Mountain Water Cress. Stems branching, weak or decumbent, making long runners, root fibrous; leaves roundish, angled, often cordate, .petioled; flowers white, not large. A. Leaves pinnate. Car-da-mi'-ne pra-ten'-sis L. Cuckoo-Flower. — Flowers showy, petals thrice the length of the calyx ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, those of the upper oblong or linear. Northward ; perhaps in- correctly reported for Ohio. Car-da-mi'-ne hir-su'-ta L. Small Bitter Cress. -Flowers small, white; stems o-'iO in. high, erect or spreading from the spreading cluster of root-leaves; pedicels nearly or quite erect and the pods appressed. This species has been reported for Ohio, but it is very rare according to Prof. Britton, and it is likely that the following has been mistaken for it. Dicotyls or Exogoioiis Plants. 55 Car-da-mi'-ne penn-syl-van'-i-ca Muhl. Bitter Cress. — Differs from the last in being large and very leafy, often 2 ft. high; the leaf-segments larger, narrowed rather than rounded at the base as in C. hirsuta, and they have a decided tendency to be decurrent on the rachis, are thin- tier and more lobed, and the pedicels somewhat spreading. Car-da-mi'-ne ar-e-nic'-o-la Britt. Bitter Cress. — This, much resemb- ling the preceding two species, is much branched at base, the numer- ous ascending or erect leafy stems ()-12 in. high; leaves nearly erect, divided into linear or linear-oblong segments; fruiting pedicels as- cending and the pods strictly erect. Grows in open, sandy, moist soil. 7. Genus DEN-TA'-RI-A. — Pod lanceolate, flat, seeds in one row; rootstocks long, horizontal, fleshy, of a pleasant pungent taste ; the simple stems with 2 or '?> compound leaves ; flowers large, w'hite or purple in a corymb or short raceme. Den-ta-ri'-a di-phyl'-la h. Pepper-Root; Toothwort. — Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, leaflets rhombic-ovate or ob- long-ovate. Den-ta-ri'-a la-cin-i-a'-ta Muhl. Pepper-Root. — Rootstock tuberous,/ more or less monoliform, tubers deep-seated ; stem-leaves 3-parted, / the lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or less toothed. 8. Genus BUR'-SA. — Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened, flowers small, white; raceme liecoming much elongated. ,-_, Bur'-sa bur'-sa-pas-to'-ris (L.) Weber. [Capsclla biirsa-pasforis^ nT'*^ Moench.) Shepherd's Purse. — Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed, stem-leaves sagittate and clasping. 9. Genus DRA'-BA. — Pod oval, oblong or even linear, flat; seeds in 2 rows in each cell; low plants with entire or toothed leaves, and white flowers; pubescence often stellate. Dra'-ba in-ca'-na ar-a-bi'-sans (Mx.) Wats. Draba. — Hoary-pubescent, leafy-stemmed ; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline ones lanceolate to ovate ; pod glabrous, acuminate or acute, twisted, beaked with a dis- tinct style. Dra'-ba car-o-li-ni-a'-na Walt. Draba. — Small, 1-5 in. high; leaves obovate, entire; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the as- cending pedicels ; raceme short or corymbous in fruit. o6 Spring Flora of Ohio. Dra-ba ver'-na L. Whitlow Grass. — Leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; scapes 1-."! in. high, petals 2-cIeft. 10. Genns DES-CU-RAI'-NI-A.— Pods oblong, club-shaped, or ob- long-linear, shorter than the mostly horizontal pedicels; seeds 2- ranked in each cell; leaves 2-pinnatifid, often hoary or downy, the di- visions small and toothed. Des-cu-rai'-ni-a pin-na'-ta (Walt.) Britt. {SisymbriiDU canescens Nutt.) Tansy Mustard. — Not common. 11. Genus STEN-O-PHRAG'-MA.— Pods linear, somewhat 4-sided,, longer than the slender spreading pedicels; leaves obovate or oblong ;^ plant slender, branched. Sten-o-phrag'-ma tha-li-a'-na (L.) Celak. {Sisymbrium thaliana Gaud.) Mouse-ear Cress. — Introduced from Europe; not common. 12. Genus AR'-A-BIS. — Pod linear, flattened, the valves more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny; flowers white or purple. A. Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so ; plants diffuse or erect.. b. Low, diffuse or spreading from the base^ Ar'-a-bis vir-gin'-i-ca (L.) Trel. [A. liidoviciana Meyer.) Rock Cress. — Leaves pinnatel)- parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions; flowers small, white; pods rather broadly linear,, spreading, flat. Southern Ohio. b. Stems erect, simple, leafy ; pods erect or ascending. Ar'-a-bis pa'-tens Sulliv. Rock-cress. — Downy with spreading hairs,, erect, 1-2 ft. high; stem-leaves oblong, ovate, partly clasping by the cordate base; petals white, 4 lines long, twice the length of the calyx ^ pedicels slender, spreading. Ar'-a-bis hir-su -ta iL.) Scop. Rock-cress. — Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, 1-2 ft. high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, clasping by an arrow-shaped or cordate base; petals greenish-white, small, but. longer than the calyx; pedicels and pods strictly upright. b. .'^tenis erect, simple, leafy ; pods recurved, spreading or pendulous.) Ar'-a-bis laev-i-ga'-ta (Muhl.) Poir. Rock-cress. — Smooth and glau- cous; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear ; pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 57 Ar'-a-bis can-a-den'-sis L. Sickle-pod. — Stem upright, smooth above; steam-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, sessile, the lower toothed; pods very flat, scythe-shaped, hanging on rough, hairy pedicels. t A. Seeds not so bruad as the paylition, in tcvo more or less distinct i-oivs in each cell ; erect and leafy-stemnted plants. Ar'-a-bis per-fo-li-a'-ta Lam. Tower Mustard.— Tall, 2-4 ft. high, glaucous; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals yel- lowish white, little longer than the calyx. Ar'-a-bis brach-y-car'-pa (T. & G.) Britt. {A. conjinis Wats.) Rock Cress. — Scarcely glaucous, l-.'j ft. high, pubescence below finely stel- late ; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, 1-2 in. long, entire, with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed ; petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx. A. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small ; plants branching from the base. Ar'-a-bis ly-ra'-ta L. Rock Cress. — Mostly glabrous except the lyrate ' pinnatifid root-leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed or entire; petals white, much longer than the yellowish calyx. Ar'-a-bis den-ta'-ta T. & G. Rock Cress. — Roughish pubescent, slender, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed, those of the stem numerous, half-clasping and eared at the XXXIII. Order SAX-I FRA-GA'-CE-/E. SAXIFRAGE FAIMILY.^Herbs or shrubs ; leaves opposite or alternate ; stamens mostly definite and with the petals on the calyx. Herbs a; Shrubs b) a. Ovary 2;rarely 3;-celled, or with 2 or 3 nearly distinct carpels b . a. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas c . b. Petals •"), stamens o Sjillivantia. 1 b. Petals ."), sta:nens 10 Saxifraga. 2 c. Petals entire, stamens 10 Tiarella. 3 c. Petals small, entire, stamens 5 Henchera. 4 c. Petals small, pinnatifid, stamens 10 Mitella. .5 c. Petals none, stamens 8-10 Chrysosplenium. 6 d. Leaves opposite, frnit a capsule Hydrangea. 7 d. Leaves alternate, fruit a berrv Ribes. 8- ^8 Spring Flora of Ohio. 1. Genus SUL-LI-VAN'-TI-A. — Plants low, reclined-spreading; leaves rounded, cut-toothed, or slightly lobed ; flowers small, white, in a branched loosely-cymose panicle on a nearly leafless stem ; petals 5, oblanceolate, stamens 5. Sul-li-van'-ti-a sul-li-van'-ti-i (T. & G.) Britl. [S. ohioiiis T. & G.) Sullivantia. — On shaded cliffs; common. 2. Genus SAX-IF'-RA-GA. — Herbs with clustered root-leaves, those of the stem alternate ; calyx free or cohering with the base of the •ovary; stamens 10. Sax-if'-ra-ga vir-gin-i-en'-sis Mx. Early Saxifrage. — Low, 4-9 in. high; leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, crenate-toothed ; lobes of the caWx not half as long as the white petals. Sax-if'-ra-ga penn-syl-van'-i-ca L. Swamp Saxifrage. — Large, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves oblanceolate, 4-8 in. long, obscurely toothed, narrowed at base into a short and broad petiole ; lobes of the calyx about the length of the greeni.sh small petals. 3. Genus TI-A-REL'-LA. — Calyx bell-shaped, petals o, with claws; stamens 10, long and slender; flowers white in a simple raceme. Ti-a-rel'-Ia cor-di-fo'-li-a L. False Mitre-wort. — Leaves heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, downy beneath; stem leafless or rareh- with 1 or 2 leaves. 4. Genus HEU'-CHE-RA. — Calyx bell-shaped, petals 5, .spatulate, small; leaves round-cordate, principally from the rootstock; flowers small, greenish or purplish, in a long and narrow panicle. Heu'-che-ra a-mer-i-ca'-na L. Alum-root. — Stems 2 or .> ft. high, glandular; the spatulate petals not longer than the calyx-lobes. 5. Genus MI-TEL'-LA. — Calyx short, petals 5, slender, pinnatifid, stamens 10, included; flowers small in a slender raceme or spike. Mitella diphylla L. Mitre-wort: Bisiiop's Cap. — Hairy; leaves cordate, acute, somewhat 3 to 5-lobed, those of the stem 2, opposite, nearly -sessile; flowers white, numerous. Mi-tel'-la nu'-da L. Naked Mitre-wort, — Small and slender; leaves rounded or reniform, deeply and doubly crenate, stem usually leafless; flowers few, greenish. Northward ; reported for Ohio. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 59 6. Genus CHRY-SO-SPLE'-NI-UM.— Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the blunt lobes 4—"), yellow within; petals none, stamens 8-10. Chry-so-sple'-ni-um a-tner-i-ca'-num Schw. Golden Saxifrage. — Small, ■decumbent; leaves principally opposite, roundish or sub-cordate; flowers inconspicuous, nearly sessile; in springs or streams. 7. Genus HY-DRAN'-GE-A.— Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10 ribbed, petals ovate'; flowers in compound cymes, the marginal flowers usually sterile and radiant, consisting of a dilated colored calyx. Hy-dran'-ge-a ar-bo-res'-cens L. Wild Hydrangea. — Shrub, 1-8 ft. high. 8. Genus RI'-BES. — Low, sometimes prickly shrubs with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves; calyx coherent with the ovary, petals perig}-nous. A. Mostly with thorns and prickles. b. Peduncles 1 to ?y-ftowered, leaves 3 to h-lobed. Ri'-bes cyn-os'-ba-ti L. Wild Gooseberry. — Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube ; berries mostly prickly ; • stamens not longer than the bell- shaped calyx. Ri'-bes ro-tun-di-fo'-ii-um Mx. Wild Gooseberry. — Calyx-lobes longer than the short tube; peduncles short; filaments long, somewhat ex- ceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes; fruit smooth. Ri'-bes ox-y-can-thoi'-des L. Wild Gooseberry. — Calyx-lobes as in the last; peduncles ver^- short; stamens usually scarcely exceeding the rather broadly-oblong calyx-lobes ; fruit smooth. b. Flowers several in a nodding raceme, leaves 3 to 'y-parted. Ri'-bes la-cus-tre (Pers.) Poir. Wild Gooseberry. — Voung stems with bristly prickles and weak thorns; fruit bristh-, small. A. U'ithout thorns or prickles. Ri'-bes flor'-i-dum L'Her. Wild Black Currant. — Racemes drooping, downy ; fruit black ; leaves lobed, doubly serrate. Ri'-bes ru'-brum L. Red Currant. — Racemes from lateral buds dis- tinct from the leaf-buds, drooping, fruit red ; leaves lobed and serrate. XXXIV. Order HAIVI-A-IVIE-LI-DA-CE-/E. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.— Shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, simple ; flowers clustered in spikes or heads ; the calvx cohering with the base of the ovary. 60 Spring Flora of Ohio. Petals 4, strap-shaped, perfect stamens and scales each 4 Hamamelis. 1 Petals none, calyx rudimentary, stamens numerous Liquidamber. 2 1. Genus HAM-A-ME'-LIS. — Flowers in little axillar}- clusters or heads, yellow, petals lon^ ^nd narrpw; tall shrubs. Ham-a-me'-lis vir-gin-i-a'-na L.,— Leaves obovate or oval; blossom- ing late in autumn, the seeds mattiring the next summer. 2. Genus LIQ-UID-AIVI' BER. — Flowers usually monoecious, in globular clusters; fruit a spherical hard catkin or head. Liq-uid-am'-ber sty-ra-cif'-lu-a. Sweet Gum: Bilsted. — Leaves deeply 5 to 7-lobed, smooth and shining. A large tree of extreme southern Ohio. XXXV. Order PLAT-A-NA'-CE->E. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. Trees; leaves large, palmately lobed, alternate; flowers in spherical heads. 1. Genus PLAT'-A-NUS. — Flowers monoecious in naked spherical heads, destittite of calyx and corolla; leaves palmately lobed. Plat-anus oc-ci-den-ta'-lis L. Sycamore. — Our largest tree; on alluvial banks; the bark deciduous in brittle plates. XXXVI. Order R0-SA'-CE-;E. ROSE FAMILY. - Flowers with 5 petals (rarely wanting) and numerotis distinct stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves alternate, stipulate. Ovary superior and not enclosed in the calyx-tube at maturity (a'. Ovaries inferior or enclosed on the caly.x-tube d . a. Herbs c . a. .Shrubs or trees [b . b. Shrub ; leaves palmately lobed, pods inflated Opulaster. 1 b. Shrub ; leaves simple, pistils about "), pods not inflated Spircea. 2 b. Shrub: leaflets -i-", crowded, petals yellow i . b. Biennial soft woody stems; Ivs. simple or co^iipound, pistils numerous (h). b. Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, pistil solitary, fruit a drupe k . c. Leaves thrice pinnate, flowers in a long compound panicle Antncits. 3 c. Leaves, etc., not as above (ij . d. Leaves pinnate ;f). d. Leaves simple (e). e. Cymes simple and umbel-like, fruit a fleshy pome, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk, carpels 2-.5, papery or cartilaginous, 2-seeded Pyrus. 4 e. Not as above (g) . f. Pistils becoming achenes, enclosed in the fleshy caly.x-tube ;k). Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 61 f. Carpels 2-5, forming a berry-like pome Sorbtis. o g. Flowers cymose, fruit berry-like, small Aroma. 6 g. Flowers racemose, pome berrj'-like, lO-celled Amelanchier. 7 g. Flowers corymbose, pome drupe-like, 1-5 bony seeds Cratirgus. 8 h. Pistils numerous, fleshy in fruit Rubus. 9 i. Leaflets 3, obovate-cuneate, coarsely serrate, leaves radical, flowers white Frafraria. 10 i. Leaflets 3-21, leaves radical and cauline ; flo%vers yellow or white, calyx 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets at the sinuses, styles deciduous Poteiiiilla. 11 i. Leaflets 5-7, petals purple, short ; calyx dark-purple inside with 5 bractlets Comarxim. 12 i. Leaflets 3, broadly cuneate, cut-toothed, leaves radical ; flowers yel- low W 'aldsteiuia. 13 i. Root-leaves simple and rounded with minute leaflets on the petiole below, or 3 to 5-lobed, or pinnate, 3-5 leaflets ; styles long and per- sistent ; calyx with 5 bractlets Geiim. 14 i. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet large, 7 to 'J-parted, calyx 5-cleft, no bractlet I 'hnaria. 15 k. Leaves compound, calyx-tube urn-shaped, fleshy in fruit Rosa. 16 k. Leaves simple, calyx deciduous after flowering Primus. 17 1. Genus OP-U-LAS'-TER. — Carpels l-o, inflated ; leaves roundish, somewhat ."J-lobed ; flowers white in umbel-like corymbs. Op-u-las'-ter op-u-li-fo'-li-us (L.) Kuntze. ^Physiocarpiis opiilifolius Maxim.) Nine Bark. — Shrub 4-10 ft. high, with long recurved branches; pods purplish, conspicuous. 2. Genus SPI-R^'-A. — Petals o, obovate ; follicles (pods) ')-8, not inflated; flowers white or rose-color, in corymbs or panicles; leaves simple; shrubs. Spi-rae'-a cor ym-bo'-sa Raf {S. bettiUefolia var. corynibosa Wats.) Meadow Sweet. — Nearly smooth, 1-2 ft. high; leaves oval or ovate, cut- toothed toward the apex ; corymbs large; flowers white. Spi-rae'-a sal-i-ci-fo'-li-a L. Common Meadow Sweet. — Nearly smooth, 2-3 ft. high; leaves cuneate-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; flowers in a crowded panicle, white or flesh color. Spi-rae'-a to-men-to -sa L. Hardback ; Steeple-Bush. — Stems and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves ve^'y woolh-; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, or occasionally white. 3. Genus A-Rl)N'-CUS. — Flowers dioecious, whitish, in many slender spikes, disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves 3- pinnate ; pedicels reflexed in fruit. 62 Spring Flora of Ohio. A-run'-cus a-run'-cus (L.) Karst. {Spircra aruncus L.) Goat's^ Beard. — A smooth, tall, perennial herb. 4. Genus PY'-RUS. — Trees or shrubs, with flowers in corymbed cymes, large, fragrant, rose color in the native species ; pome globular. Besides the species named below the genus also includes the cultivated Apple (Pyrus nialus I/.) and the Pear [Pyriis conuiiiinisY,.) Py'-rus cor-o-na'-ri-a L. Crab-Apple. — Leaves ovate, often sub-cor- date, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous; styles luiited at base. Py'-rus an-gus-ti-fo'-li-a Ait. Crab-Apple. — Resembling the last, but / the leaves oblong or lanceolate, often acute at base, mostly toothed, glabrous; styles distinct; blooming earlier. {XA^y*" » /^ 5. Genus SOR'-BUS. — Trees or tall shrubs with flowers in com- pound cymes; styles separate, pome berry-like, small; leaves pinnate, leaflets rather numerous. Sor'-bus sam-bu-ci-fo'-li-a (C. & S.) Roem. (Pyrus sanibucifolia Ch. & Schl.) Mountain Ash. — Leaflets oblong, oval or lanceolate ; berries 4 lines broad. 0. Genus A-RO'-NI-A. — Shrub, leaves simple, the midrib glandular along the upper side; cymes compound, fruit berry-like, small. A-ro'-ni-a ar-bu-ti-fo'-li-a (L.) Ell. {Pyrus arbittifolia L. f) Choke- berry. — Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, finely glanditlar-serrate, to- mentose beneath ; cyme tomentose ; fruit small, red or purple. Swamps and damp thickets. A-ro'-ni-a ni'-gra (Willd.) Britt. {Pyriis arhutifolia var. melanocarpa Hk.) Chokeberry. — Differs from the preceding in being nearly smooth throughout; with larger black fruit. 7. Genus AM-E-LAN'-CHI-ER. — Calyx-lobes downy within, petals oblong, elongated; the pome berry -like, 10-celled; small trees with sharply serrate leaves and white racemose flowers. Am-e-lan'-chi-er can-a-den'-sis (L.) Medic. Shad-bush; Service-berry; June-berry. — Tree 10-.30 ft. high; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, mostly sub-cordate at base, 1-3 j'^ in. long; flowers in drooping racemes, petals 6-8 lines long. S}hrr. Dicotyls -or Exogenous Plants. 63- Am-e-lan'-chi-er bo-try-a'-pi-um (L.f.) DC. [A. canadensis var. oblon- gifolia T. & G.) Shad-bush; Service-berry; June-berry.— Smaller tree or shrub, 6-10 ft. high ; leaves oblong or sometimes rather broadly-ellip- tical, mostly rounded at base, 1-2 in. long; flowers in denser and shorter racemes; petals 3-4 lines long. 8. Genus CRA-T/E'-GUS. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves; petals roundish; pome drupe-like,, containing 1-5 bony seeds. A. Leaves broad. Cra-tae'-gus coc-cin'-e-a L. Scarlet Haw; White Thorn. — Branches reddish, spines stout, villous-pubescent on the shoots, glandular peduncles and calyx; leaves on slender petioles, round-ovate, cuneate ^ ^ or sub-cordate at base, glandular-toothed, sometimes cut-lobed; _/?ozf- ' ' ers Yz in. broad ; fruit coral-red, globose or obovate, yi in. broad. Cra-tae'-gus ma-cra-can'-tha Lodd. {C. coccinea var. viacracantha Dudle3\) Large-spine Hawthorn. — Differs from the preceding in hav- ing longer, bright chestnut-brown spines, thicker leaves, sub-coriace- ous, cuneate at base, on stout petioles, often deeply incised; cymes- broader, flowers and fruit rather larger. Cra-tae'-gus mol'-lis (T. & G.) Scheele. {C. coccinea var. uiollis T. & G.) Black Thorn ; Scarlet Haw. — Shoots densely pubescent, leaves large, broadly ovate, more or less pubescent beneath ; flozvers 1 in. broad or more; fruit bright scarlet with alight bloom, 1 /;/. broad; blooming very early. Cra-tae'-gus to-men-to'-sa Iv. Black Thorn. — Branches gray; shoots^ peduncles and calyx villous-pubescent; leaves large, pale, prominently veined, densely pubescent beneath, contracted into a margined petiole • flowers small, ill-scented ; fruit dull red, j4 in. broad ; blooming late. A. Leaves narrotver. Cra-tae'-gus punc-ta'-ta Jacq. Black Thorn. — Leaves mostly wedge- obovate, not shining, attenuate and entire near the base, unequally toothed toward the apex, rarely lobed ; fruit globose, 1 in. broad. Cra-tae'-gus crus-gal'-li L. Cockspur Thorn. — Thorns slender, often 4 in. long; leaves thick, coriaceous, dark-green, shining above, wedge- obovate and lanceolate, serrate above the middle. 64 Spring Flora of Ohio. 9. Genus RU'-BUS. — Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets; achenes usually many on a spongy or succulent receptacle; perennial herbs or somewhat shrubby. A. Fruit falling off whole from the dry receptacle when ripe, or consisting of fezv grains ivhich fall separately. (b. Leaves simple, floivers large, prickles tione. Ru'-bus o-do-ra'-tus L. Purple- Flowering Raspberry. — Leaves 3-5- lobed ; flowers showy, 2 in. broad, purple rose-color. b. Leaflets j-j, petals small, erect, 7chitr, Ru'-bus a-mer-i-ca'-nus (Pers.) Brit. (A', (rijlonts Rich.) Dwarf Rasp- berry.— Stems ascending (()-12 in. high) or trailing, not prickly; leaf- lets 3 (or 5), acute at both ends, coarsely doubly-serrate, thin ; peduncle 1-3-flowered. Ru'-bus stri-go'-sus Mx. Red Raspberry. — Stems upright, beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; petals as long as the sepals; fruit light-red. Ru'-bus oc-ci-den-ta'-lis L. Black Raspberry. — Glaucous all over; stems recurved, with hooked prickles, not bristly ; petals shorter than the sepals ; fruit purple-black. A. Fruit not separating from the Juicy, prolonged i-eceptacle. (c. Stems upright or reclining, hranchlets and loiver suiface of leaves hairy and glandular. Ru'-bus vil-lo'-sus Ait. Common or High Blackberry. — Stems furrowed, 1-6 ft. high, armed with stout, curved prickles ; flowers racemed, numerous , petals obovate-oblong. Ru'-bus vil-lo'-sus fron-do'-sus Torn Blackberry. — Differs from the last in being smoother, much less glandular, flowers more corymbose^ bracts leaf}', petals roundish. c. .Stems trailing 01- piocunibent ; leaflets nearly O)- guile smooth. Ru'-bus can-a-den'-sis L. Dewberry; Low Blackberry. — Shrubby, ex- tensively trailing, slightly prickh-, leaflets 3 (or 5 or 7), oval, or ovate lanceolate. Ru'-bus his'-pi-dus L. Running Swamp-Blackberry. — Stem slender, scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles; leaflets obovate, obtuse; fruit of a few grains. ;c. Stems upright, branchlets and loiuer side of leaves whitish-7voolly'. Dicotyh or Exogenous Plants. 65 Ru'-bus cu-ne-i-fo'li-us Ph. Sand Blackberry. — Shrubby, 1-3 ft. high, armed with stout, recurved prickles ; peduncles 2-4-flowered ; petals large. 10. Genus FRA-GA'-RI-A. — Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and ■conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet ; leaves radical ; leaflets 3, coarsely serrate. A. Achenes imbedded in the deeply-pitted fruiting receptacle. Fra-ga'-ri-a vir-gin-i-a'-na Mill. Wild Strawberry. — Receptacle usually "with a narrow neck, calyx becoming erect after flowering, and conni- vent over the hairj- receptacle when sterile ; leaflets firm ; hairs of the scape and especially of the pedicels silky and appressed. Fra-ga'-ri-a vir-gin-i-a'-na il-li-no-en'-sis Prince. Wild Strawberry. — A coarser or larger plant, the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading. A. Achenes not sunk ifipits, siiperjicial on the glabrous i-eceptacle. Fra-ga'-ri-a ves'-ca 1,. Strawberry. — Calyx remaining spreading or reflexed ; hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed; leaflets thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. Fra-ga'-ri-a a-mer-i-ca'-na (Porter) Rritt. Strawberry. — Much like the preceding, but plant softly villous, scape and peduncles slender, flowers small; fruit of a light pink color. 11. Genus PO-TEN-TIL'-LA. — Herbs or rarely .shrubs; leaves com- pound, flowers solitary or cymose ; calyx 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets, ap- pearing 10-cleft ; receptacle dry. A. Petals whitish or cream-color, broad, sttrpassing the calyx. Po-ten-til'-la ar-gu'-ta Ph. Cinque-foil : Five-finger. — Stems erect, 1-4 ft. high, leaflets 7-11, downy beneath. A. Petals pale-yellow, not surpassing the calyx. Po-ten-til'-la mon-spe-li-en'-sisL. {P.norvegica'L.) Cinque-foil; Five- finger. — Stout, erect, hirsute, j-^-2 ft. high; leaves ternate, calyx large. A. Petals bright or ligiit-yelloTV, larger than the lobes of the calyx. b. Inflorescence cymose^ Po-ten-til'-la ar-gen'-te-a L. Silvery Cinque-foil.— Leaves palmate, leaflets 3-5 ; white woolly ; herb. 66 Spring Flora of Ohio. Po-ten-til'-la fru-ti-co'-sa L. Shrubby Cinque-foil. — Stem erect, shrubby, 1-4 ft. high; leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate, entire. Po-ten-til'-la rec'-ta Willd. European Cinque-foil ; Five-finger.— Coarse, erect, simple, hairy, 1-3 ft. high; leaflets 5-7, narrowly wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed ; stipules large, cleft. b. PrdiiHcles axillary, solitary, j-floivei-ed. Po-ten-til'-la an-se-ri'-na L. Silver-weed. — Spreading by slender, many-jointed runners, white tomentose and silky villous; leaves all radical, pinnate. (/. Po-ten-tli-la can-a-den-sis Iv. Common Cinque-foil or Five-finger. — Stems slender and decumbent or prostrate, or sometimes erect ; leaves ' ternate, but the lateral leaflet parted, appearing quinate. 12. Genus CO'-MA-RUIVI. — Petals 5, much smaller than the sepals; calyx deeply 5-cleft, bractlets 5 ; receptacle ovate, spongy. Co'-ma-rum pa-lus'-tre L. {Potcntilla paliistris Scop.) Marsh Five- finger. — -Petals purple, calyx 1 in. broad, purple inside; stems ascend- ing from a decumbent base ; leaflets 5-7. 13. Genus WALD-STEI'-NI-A. — Calyx-tube inversely conical with 5 often minute and deciduous bractlets; achenes 2-5; leaves chiefly radical, leaflets 3, broadlj^ cuneate, cut-toothed. Wald-stei'-ni-a fra-ga-ri-oi'-des (Mx.) Tratt. Barren Strawberry. — Flow- ers small, yellow, on bracted scapes. 14. Genus GE'-UM. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses; achenes numerous, the long persistent styles either straight or jointed; leaves pinnate or lyrate. Ge'-um can-a-den'-se Jacq. {G. album Gmel.) Avens. — Petals white or pale greenish-yellow; styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous and mostly liairj- ; head of fruit sessile in the calyx. Ge'-um ver'-num (Raf.) T. & G. Avens. — Petals yellow, about the length of the calyx; styles smooth; head of fruit conspiuously stalked in the calyx. Ge'-um ri-va'-le L. Water or Purple Avens. — Petals dilated-obovate; purplish-orange; styles jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose ; head of fruit stalked in the brown purple cal3'x. >^/4 Dicotyls or Exogerioiis Plants. 67 15. Genus UL-MA'-RI-A. — Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose flowers; stipules kidney-form; calyx 5-cleft, short; pods 5-8. Ul-ma'-ri-a ru'-bra Hill. [Spircra lobata Jacq.) Queen of the Prairie. — Plant 2-8 ft. high; flowersideep peach-blossom color, the petals and sepals often four. 16. Genus RO'-SA. — Calyx- tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit; ovaries hairy, becoming bony in fruit ; shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves. A. Styles cohering in a protruding column. Ro'-sa se-tig'-e-ra Mx. Climbing or Prairie Rose. — Stems climbing^ armed with nearh' straight scattered prickles ; leaflets 3-5, ovate. A. St vies distinct, sepals connivcnt after floieeving, persistent. Ro'-sa blan'-da Ait. Wild Rose, — Stems 1-3 ft. high, wholly un- armed (or rarely with prickles) ; leaflets 5-7, cuneate at base, serrate. A. Styles distinct, sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous. (b. Leaflets mostly finely many-iooihed.) Ro'-sa car-o-li'-na L. Carolina Rose. — Stems usually tall, 1-7 ft. high; spines stout, straight or usually more or less curved; leaflets 5-9, usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end, or broader. (b. Leaflets coaisely toothed) Ro'-sa lu'-ci-da Ehrh. Wild Rose. — Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 0 ft.); spines stout and usually more or less hooked; stipules more or less dilated ; leaflets mostly 7 ; outer sepals frequently with 1 or 2 lobes. Ro'-sa hu'-mi-lis Marsh. Wild Rose. — Stems usually low, 1-3 ft. high and more slender, less leafy; spines straight, slender, spreading or sometimes reflexed; stipules narrow, rarely somewhat dilated; outer sepals always more or less lobed. (b. Leaflets doubly serrate.) Ro'-sa ru-bi-gin-o^-sa Iv. Sweet Brier. — Stems with stout recurved spines; leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic ; the short pedicels and pinnatifid sepals hispid. 68 Spring Flora of Ohio. 17. Genus PRU'-NUS. — ^ Calyx o-cleft, petals 5, spreading; stamens 15-20, pistil solitary; drupe fleshy with a bony stone; trees or shrubs. Besides the species named below, this genus also includes the culti- vated Plums, Cherries, Peach, Apricot, etc. A. Fknuers with or preceding the leaz'es in 7imhel-like clusters. Pru'-nus a-mer-i-ca'-na Marsh. Wild Yellow or Red Plum. — Tree thorny, 8-'20 ft. high; leaves conspicuously pointed, coarsely and doubly serrate, very veiny; fruit Yz-^i in. in diameter. Pru'-nus penn-sy!-van'-i-ca L,. f. Wild Red Cherry. — Tree 20-30 ft. high; leaves pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining green and smooth both sides ; fruit light red, very small, sour. A. Flo7vers in racemes, appearing after the leaves. Pru'-nus vir-gin-i-a'-na L,. Choke Cherry. — A tall shrub or occasionally a tree ; leaves oval, oblong or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply, often doubly serrate with slender teeth, thin ; petals roundish. Pru'-nus se-rot'-i-na Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. — A large tree ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, shining above; petals obovate. XXXVII. Order LE-GU-IHIN-O'-S/E. PEA FAMILY.— Flowers mostly papilionaceous, or sometimes regular; stamens 10 (rarely 5 or many), distinct or united by their filaments ; pistil simple, free ; fruit a legume. Trees or shrubs (a). Herbs (c). a. Leaves compound (b). a. Leaves simple, round-cordate ; flowers preceding the leaves Cercis. 1 b. Trees thorny , leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets small ; calyx short, 3 to 5-cleft ; flowers not papilionaceous Gleditschia. 2 b. Trees not thorny ; leaves all doubly pinnate, very large ; cah'x elongated-tubular below, 5-cleft ; flowers not papilionace- ous Gyninocladiis. 3 b. Trees and shrubs, leaves pinnate; flowers papilionaceous f;. c. .Stamens (lO) distinct, pod inflated Baptisia. 4 c. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1) (d). d. Leaves palmate (digitate), leaflets 7-11 Lupinus. 5 d. Leaves trifoliate ie). d. Leaves abruptly pinnate (g). e. Flowers racemed or spiked, pods curved or coiled Medicago. 6 e. Flowers racemed, pods coriaceous, wrinkled Melilotus. 7 €. Flowers in heads, pods membranaceous Trifolium. 8 f. Woody twiner, pod thickish Kraunhia. 9 f. Trees or shrubs, pod flat Robinia. 10 g. Leaves terminated by a bristle or tendril. Vicia. 11 Dicotyls or Exogenous Pla?its. 69 1. Genus CER'-CIS. — Flowers red-purple, preceding the leaves; leaves round-cordate, pointed. Cer'-cis can-a-den'-sis L. Red-bud. — Small trees in rich soil, f-^fyd- . 2. Genus GLE-DITSCH'-I-A.— Thorny trees, with abruptly l-'2-pin- nate leaves ; flowers inconspicuous, in small spikes. Gle-ditsch'-i-a tri-a-can'-thos L. Honey Locust. — Pods linear-elon- gated, \-\yz ft. long. 3. Genus GYM-NOC'-LA-DUS. — Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular ; petals 5, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube ; a large tree with stout branchlets and large, iineqally 2-pinnate leaves. Gym-noc'-la-dus di-oi'-cus (L.) Koch. [G. canadetisis Lam.) Kentucky Coffee-tree. — Leaves 2-3 ft. long; pod 2-10 in. long, 2 in. broad. 4. Genus BAP-TIS'-I-A.> — Calyx 4-5-toothed ; stamens 10, distinct; pods stalked in the persistent cah-x, roundish or oblong ; leaflets 3. Bap-tis'-i-a tinc-to'-ri-a R. Br. Wild Indigo. — Smooth and slender, rather glaucous; racemes many, short and loose; flowers yellow; stipules minute. Bap-tis'-i-a leu-can -tha T. & G. White False Indigo.^ Smooth, tall and stout; raceme elongated, 1-2 ft. long, erect,'flowers white; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles. Bap-tis'-i-a aus-tra'-lis R. Br. Blue False Indigo. — Resembling the last, but flowers indigo-blue and the stalk of the pods only about the length of the calyx ; flowering later. 5. Genus LU-PI'-NUS. — Calj-x deeply 2-lipped; stamens mona- delphous ; leaves palmate ; flowers showy, in a long, terminal raceme. Lu-pi'-nus per-en'-nis L. Wild Lupine. Flowers purpli.sh-blue, rarely •pale ; stem erect, 1 ft. high ; leaves soft-downy. 6. Genus MED-I-CA'-GO. — Flowers nearly as in Trifolium (Clover), but in racemes or spikes ; pods scythe-shaped, incurved or coiled. Med-i-ca'-go sa-ti'-va L. Lucerne ; Alfalfa.— Upright, smooth ; flowers purple, racemed ; pods spirally twisted. 70 Spring Flora of Ohio. Med-i-ca'-go lu-pu-li'-na L. Black Medick; Nonesuch. — Procumbent, pubescent; flowers yellow, in short spikes; pods kidney- form. 7. Genus MEL-I-LO'-TUS.— Flowers nearly as in Trifolium (Clover), but small and in spike-like racemes ; pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled. Mel-i-lo'-tus of-fic-i-na'-lis Willd. Yellow Melilot; Sweet Clover.— Up- right, 2-4 ft. high ; leaflets obtuse ; corolla yellow. Mel-i-lo'-tus al'-ba Lam. White Melilot: Sweet Clover. — Leaflets truncate ; corolla white. 8. Genus TRI-FO'-LI-UM.— Cal>-x 5-cleft, the teeth bristle - form ; the claws of the petals more or less united below with the stamen- tube. A. Flowers sessile, not rejiexed, in dense heads or spikes, purple, purplish, rose- ate or whitish. Tri-fo'-li-um ar-ven'-se L. Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover. — Annual, silky, 5-10 in. high; calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla; leaflets oblanceolate. Naturalized from Europe. Tri-fo'-li-um pra-ten'-se L. Red Clover. — Stems ascending, somewhat hairv; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched; calyx shorter than the tubular corolla. Tri-fo'-li-um in - car -na'- turn L. Crimson Clover. — Leaflets ovate, orbicular, obtuse or obcordate, crenate, villous; spike oblong, pedun- culate. Cultivated and often escaped. A. Flowers pedicelled, in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short pedicels rejlexed when old; corolla white or rose-color, persistent. Tri-fo'-li-um sto-len-if'-er-um INIuhl. Running Buffalo Clover. — Leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate ; flowers white, tinged with purple ; pods 2-seeded. Tri-fo'-li-um re'-pens L. White Clover. — Leaflets inversely heart- shaped or merelv notched; corolla white; pods about 4-seeded. Tri-fo'-li-um hy'-bri-dum L. Alsike Clover. — Resembling White Clover {T. repens), but the stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers rose-tinted. A. Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old; corolla yellow ; annuals, not flowering early. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 71 Tri-fo'-li-um pro-cutn'-bens L. Low Hop Clover. — Stems spreading or ascending; leaves pinnately 3-foliate, leaflets Jwedge-obovate, notched at the end ; stipules ovate. 9. Genus KRAUN'-HI-A. [Wistaria) — Flowers large, showy, lilac- purple, in dense racemes ; pods elongated ; leaflets 9-13 ; woody twiners. Kraun'-hi-a fru-tes'-cens (L.) Greene. {Wistaria frjitescens Yo\r) — Cultivated; indigenous southward. 10. Genus RO-BIN'-I-A. — Cah^c slightly 2-lipped ; trees or shrubs, often with prickh- spines for stipules; flowers showy in hanging axillary racemes. Cultivated and sometimes escaped. Ro-bln'-i-a pseu-da-ca'-ci-a L. Common Locust. — Branchlets naked; racemes slender, loose, flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth. Ro-bin'-i-a vis-co'-sa Vent. Clammy Locust. — Branchlets and leaf- stalks clammy; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose- color. Ro-bin'-i-a his'-pi-da L. Bristly Locust. — Shrub 3-8 ft. high; branch- lets and stalks bristly, or sometimes nearh- naked; flowers large and deep rose-color. 11. Genus VI'-CI-A. — Herbs, mostly climbing by the tendril at the end of the pinnate leaves; stipules half-sagittate; wing of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel ; not flowering early. A. Annual ; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, or elongated peduncles Z-& flowered. Vi'-ci-a sa-ti'-va L. Common Vetch or Tare. — Flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, notched or mucronate at apex. Introduced from Europe. Vi'-ci-a hir-su'-ta Koch. Hairy Vetch. — Peduncles 3-6-flowered; leaf- lets 6-8 pairs, truncate. Naturalized from Europe. A. Perennial, indigenous species ; peduncles i-nianyflo7c'e}-ed. Vi'-ci-a crac'-ca L. Vetch.— Downy-pubescent ; leaflets 20-24, oblong- lanceolate, strongly mucronate; spikes denseh' many-flowered, 1-sided; flowers blue, turning purple. Vi'-ci-a car-o-li-ni-a'-na Walt. Vetch. — Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-24, oblong, obtuse, scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely-flowered; flowers whitish, the keel tipped with blue. 72 Spring Flora of Ohio. Vi'-ci-a a-mer-i-ca'-na Muhl. Vetch.— Glabfous; leaflets 10-14, ellip- tical or ovate-oblong, very obtuse ; peduncles 4-8-flowered ; flowers purplish, 8 lines long. XXXVIII. Order GE-RA-NI-A'-CE->E. GERANIUM i FAMILY.— Herbs; flowers regular, o-merous ; stamens somewhat united ; ovary deeply- lobed ; carpels 5, separating from the styles when mature ; leaves lobed or divided. stamens 10 rarely 5), base of styles recurving, naked inside Geranium. 1 Stamens with anthers 5, styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded. £;-orf/j<>«. 2 1. Genus GE-RA'-NI-UM. — Stamens all with perfect anthers, the o longer with glands at their base (sometimes onl}' 5 stamens). A. Flozcers large; rootstock perennial. Ge-ra'-ni-um mac-u-la'-tum L,. Wild Cranesbill. — Leaves about 5- parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, lobed and cut at the end ; petals entire, light-purple, bearded on the claw.' A. Floiuers small ; root biennial or annual. b. Leaves ternately much-dissected ; heavy-scented. Ge-ra'-ni-um ro-ber-ti-a'-num L. Herb Robert. — Diffuse, strong- scented ; sepals awned, shorter than the red-purple petals. (b. Leaves palmately-lohed or dissected. Ge-ra'-ni-um car-o-li-ni-a'-num L. Cranesbill. — Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from the base ; leaves about o-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into oblong-linear lobes ; sepals awn-pointed ; variable. The following European species are occasionally found : G. dissectum more slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to the crowded leaves, seeds finely and deeply pitted' ; G. rotundi/olium with the habit of the next but seed of the last^ villous with long white hairs ; G. pusillum ;stems procumbent, slender, the leaves round-kidney form, sepals awnless, seeds smooth; ; G. tnolle like the last) more pubescent, seed slightly striate;, and G. cohimbinum with peduncles and pedicels filiform and elongated, seeds nearU' as in G. dissectum). 2. Genus E-RG'-DI-UM. — The o shorter stamens sterile or want- ing; styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded inside. E-ro'-di-um ci-cu-ta'-ri-um L'Her. Storks^-bill. — Stems low, spread- ing; leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile, 1-2-pinnatifid. XXXIX. Order OX-AL-i-DA-CE-/E. WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.— Herbs; leaves trifoliate; flowers -j-merous; fruit a 5-celled pod. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 73 1. Genus OX'-A-LIS. — Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5, sometimes united at base ; stameus 10, monadelphous at base; styles 5, distinct; leaves radical or alternate; juice sour. A. Stetnless, leaves and scapes from a bulb. Ox'-a-lis vi-o-la'-ce-a L. Violet Wood-sorrel. — Scapes umbellately several-flowered, 5-t( in. high; petals violet. A. Stems leafy, branching, pediiyicles axillary, Jlowers yellow. Ox'-a-lis cor-nic-u-la'-ta L. Wood-sorrel. — -Erect or procumbent ;^ strigose-pubescent; stipules round or truncate, ciliate. Ox'-a-lis stric'-ta L. Wood-sorrel. — Stem erect, like the preceding,, but stipules none ; variable. Ox'-a-lis gran'-dis Small. [O. recm'va Gray's Man.) Large Wood- sorrel. — Differs from the preceding in having leaflets larger; ^-1>^ in. broad, usually with a brownish margin ; flowers larger, 6-8 lines long, XL. Order RU-TA'-CE-/E. RUE FAMILY. -vShrubs; leaves trifoliate or pinnate ; flowers polygamous or dioecious ; pistils 2-5, separate or united. Flowers dioecious, pistils 2-5, separate, pods fleshy Xantho.tyluni. 1 Flowers polygamous, ovary 2-celled, fruit winged all around Ptelea. 2 1. Genus XAN-THOX'-Y-LUIVI. — Shrubs or trees with pinnate leaves, the stems and often leafstalks prickly; flowers small, greenish or ■whitish. Xan-tliox'-y-lum a-mer-i-ca'-num Mill. Prickly Ash ; Tootiiache Tree. — Flowers appearing before the leaves ; bark, leaves and pods very pun- gent and aromatic. 2. Genus PTEL'-E-A. — Shrubs with trifoliate leaves, and greenish- white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. Ptel'-e-a tri-fo-li-a'-ta L. Hop Tree; Shrubby Trefoil. — Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when j-oung; fruit a samara, nearly orbicular. XLL Order SI-MA-RU-BA -CE-/E. AILANTHUS FAMILY. — Trees; leaves pinnate; sepals •">, flowers panicled; fruit a samara. 1. Genus AI-LAN'-THUS. — Sepals o, more or less united at base, petals 5; fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded samara; leaves pinnate, 2-4 ft. long. 74 Spring Flora of Ohio. Ai-lan'-thus glan-du-lo'-sa Desf. Chinese Tree of Heaven. — Cultivated and occasionally escaped. XLII. Order PO-LYG-A-LA'-CE-/E. MILKWORT FAMILY. — Flowers irregular, hypogj-nous, stamens 4-8, diadelphous or monadelphous. 1. Genus PO-LYG'-A-LA. — Flowers very irregular; 3 of the sepals small, petals 3, stamens 6 or 8; bitter, low plants. A large genus, most of our species blooming late. Po-lyg'-a-la pau-ci-fo'-li-a Willd. Fringed Polygala. — Flowers showy, rose-purple (rarely white), conspicuously crested; flowering stems 3^ in. high. Po-lyg'-a-la sen'-e-ga L, Senega Snake-root. — Flowers white, in a solitary close spike; several stems from thick and hard knotty root- stocks. XLIII. Order EUPHORBIA -CE-/E. SPURGE FAMILY.— Herbs with milky juice; staminate and (single) pistillate flowers enclosed in a cal5rx-like involucre; ovary 3-celled. 1. Genus EU-PHOR'-BI-A. — Flowers monoecious, included in a cup- shaped, 4 to 5-lobed involucre resembling a calj-x or corolla and usually bearing large, thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses ; fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre consist- ing of a o-lobed and 3-celled ovary. Eu-phor'-bi-a ob-tu-sa'-ta Ph. Spurge. — Erect, 1-2 ft. high; leaves oblong and spatulate, upper ones cordate at base, floral ones ovate. Eu-phor'-bi-a cy-par-is'-si-as L. Garden Spurge. — Stems densely clustered, 6-10 in. high; stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart- shaped. Escaped from cultivation. Eu-phor'-bi-a cotn-mu-ta'-ta Englm. Spurge. — Stems branched from a commonly decumbent base, (5-12 in. high; leaves obovate, the upper all sessile, the floral ones roundish, dilated, broader than long, umbel 3-forked. XIJV. Order CAL-LIT-RI-CHA'-CE-yE. WATER STARWORT FAMILY. — Aquatic plants; leaves opposite; flowers axillary, monoecious, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Dicotyh or Exogenoiis Plants. 75 1. Genus CAL-LIT'-RI-CHE. — Flowers monoecious, solitar}^ or 2 or 3 in the axils, wholly naked ; plants low, slender, and usually tufted ; floating leaves obovate and 3-nen-ed, the submersed ones linear. Cal-lit'-ri-che pa-lus'-tris L. (C verna L.) Water Starwort. — Fruit ^ line long, higher than broad ; stigmas shorter than the fruit. Cal-lit'-ri-che het-er-o-phyl'-la Ph. Water Starwort. — Fruit smaller, as broad as or broader than high; stigmas as long as the fruit. XLV. LIM-NAN-THA'-CE-ZE. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY. —Low, ten- der annuals; flowers 3-merous; sepals persistent; carpels nearly dis- tinct, with a common stj-le, 1-ovuled; leaves pinnate. 1. Genus FL(ER'-KE-A. — Sepals 3, petals 3, shorter than the calyx, stamens 6, ovaries 3 ; flowers minute, solitary on axillary peduncles. Floer'-ke-a pro-ser-pin-a-coi'-des Willd. False Mermaid. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, sometimes 2-3-cleft; a small plant in marshes and on river- banks. XLVL Order AN-A-CAR-DI-A'-CE-yE. CASHEW FAMILY. — Trees or shrubs ; flowers small, regular ; ovary 1 -celled, but styles or stigmas 3. 1. Genus RHUS. — Trees or shrubs with resinous or milky, acrid juice; flowers small, regular; juice or exhalations often poisonous. A. Flowers in a terminal, thyrsoid panicle ; fruit crimson. Rhus hir'-ta (L.) Sudw. {R. typhina L.) Staghorn Sumach. — Branches and stalks densely-velvety hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath. Rhus glab'-ra L. Smooth Sumach.— 5wc(V/?, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath. Rhus co-pal-li'-na L. Dwarf Sumach. — Branches and stalks downy; petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 leaflets; flowering later than the preceding one. A. Flowers in loose, slender, axillary panicles ; fruit whitish. Rhus ver'-nix L. [R. vettetiata DC.) Poison Elder. Sumach or Dogwood. — Shrub tJ-18 ft. high; leaflets 7-13, entire; the most poisonous species; growing in swamps. 76 Spring Flora of Ohio. Rhus rad'-i-cans L. (/?. toxicodendroti L.) Poison Ivy; Poison Oak. — Climbing by rootlets or sometimes low and erect; leaflets 3, variously notched, sinuate or cut-lobed; poisonous. A. Flo7cers in solitary or clustered spikes or heads in early sprins;. Rhus ar-o-mat'-i-ca Ait. {R. canadensis Marsh.) Aromatic Sumach. — A straggling bush, 3-7 ft. high ; leaflets 3, unequally cut-toothed. XIvVII. Order AOUI-FO-LI-A'-CE/E. HOLLY FAMILY. — Trees or shrubs; flowers axillary, greenish, 4 to 8-merous; calyx minute, stamens on base of corolla. Petals oval or obovate, pedicels mostly clustered Ilex. 1 Petals linear, pedicels solitary llicioides. 2 1. Genus I'-LEX. — Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous; petals oval or obovate ; fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 4r-6 small nutlets. I'-lex o-pa'-ca Ait. American Holly. — Small tree with deep-green, somewhat glossy leaves, evergreen, armed with spiny teeth; fruit red. I'-lex ver-ti-cil-la'-ta (L.) Gr. Black Alder; Winterberry. — Shrub with oval, obovate or wedge-lanceolate, pointed leaves, acute at base, ser- rate, not evergreen; fruit red. 2. Genus l-LI-CI-OI'-DES. [Nemopanthes.) — Flowers polygamous^ dioecious; petals oblong-linear; drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets. l-li-ci-oi'-des mu-cro-na'-ta (L,.) Britt. (Nemopanthes fascicularis Raf.) Mountain Holly. — Shrub, much branched; leaves oblong, entire or slightly toothed. Damp, cold woods, rare. XLVIII. Order CE-LAS-TRA'-CE-/E. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Shrtibs; flowers small, regular; stamens 4-5 on a disk in the bottom of the calyx. Erect shrubs, leaves opposite Euonymus. i Shrubby climber, leaves alternate. Celastrus. 2 1. Genus EU-ON'-Y-MUS. — Flowers perfect; petals romided; shrub with 4-sided branchlets; flowers small, in loose cymes or axillary pedi- cels. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 77 Eu-on'-y-mus at-ro-pur-pu'-re-us Jactj. Waahoo : Burning Bush. — Up- right, ()-l-i ft. high; leaves petioled, oval oblong. Eu-on'-y-mus ob-o-va'-tus Nutt. [E. americanus var. obovatus T. & G.) — Trailing with rooting branches; flowering stems 1-2 ft. high; leaves obovate or oblong. fYVn m 2. Genus CE-LAS'-TRUS. — Flowers poh'ganio- dioecious; petals crenulate ; pod glol)Ose, orange-color, opening by 3 valves, displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds. Ce-las'-trus scan'-dens L. Climbing Bitter-sweet: Wax-work. — Leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate; a twining shrul). XLIX. Order STAPH-Y-LE-A'-CE->E. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.— Shrubs with opposite, pinnate, stipulate leaves; sepals and petals each 5, colored; fruit an inflated pod. 1. Genus STAPH-Y-LE'-A. — Calj^x deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish; petals 5, erect, spatulate; pod large, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled. Staph-y-le'-a tri-fo'-li-a L. Bladder-nut. — Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed; branches greenish, striped. L. Order A-CER-A'-CE-ZE. MAPLE FAMILY.— Trees or shrubs; flowers small, regular, petals often wanting; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; fruit 2- •winged. 1. Genus A'-CER. — Flowers polygamo-dioecious, calyx colored, petals present or wanting; fruit a double samara; trees or shrubs; 'eaves opposite, palmataly lobed or pinnate. A. Leaves simple, %-h-lobed. (b. Flowers in i-acemes, appearing after the leaves ; shrubs or small trees) A'-cer penn-syl-van'-i-cum L. Striped Maple. — Leaves 3-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply doubly-serrate ; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate; fruit with large divergent wings. A'-cer spi-ca'-tum Lam. Mountain Maple. — Leaves downy beneath, 3 (or 5)-lobed, coarsely serrate; racemes upright, dense; petals linear- spatulate; fruit with small or divergent wings. 78 Spring Flora of Ohio. b. Flo'ccers in umbellate corymbs, appearing with the leaves. A'-cer sac-char'-um Marsh. {A. saccharinum Wang.) Sugar or Rock Maple. — Bark gray; internodes mostly slender and elongated, com- nionl}- glossy and reddish ; buds gray, conical, slender and acute ; no stipules; leaves 5-lobed (a few 3-lobed) with narrow sinuses, 4-7 in. broad, base truncate or slightly cordate with open sinus, light green above, grayish below. A'-cer sac-char'-um bar-baMum (Mx.) Trel. Sugar or Rock Maple. — Bark gray to almost black; internodes often shorter and stouter, com- monly dull but reddish ; buds gray pubescent or dark, conical ovoid, often obtuse; no stipules; leaves o-lobed with open sinuses (lateral lobes often with dilatations), usually about 4 in. broad, somewhat glossy above, pale or glaucous (often downy) beneath. A'-cer ni'-grum Mx. f. {A. saccharinum var. nigrtcnt T. & G.) Black Sugar-Maple. — Bark nearly black; internodes stout, sometimes short, dull, buff; buds dark, ovoid, often obtuse; stipules adnate triangular or oblong, foliaceous ; leaves o-5-lobed, usually 5-6 in. broad, with drooping sides, often cordate with closed sinus, dull and dark green above, clear green and usually downy below. b. Flo~Luers in umbel-like clusters, much preceding the leaves.) A'-cer sac-cha-ri'-num L. [A. dasycarpmn Ehrh.) White or Silver Maple. — Leaves very deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with large divergent tPFth. ivt^^ A'-cer ru'-brum L. Red or Swamp Maple. ^Leaves 3-5-lobed with acute sinuses, whitish underneath, the lobes irregularly serrate and notched; petals linear-oblong; fruit smooth, on prolonged, drooping pedicels. A. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets .3-5. A'-cer ne-gun'-do L. [Negundo aceroides^lc£:VLc\\) Box Elder; Ash- leaved Maple. — Flowers dioecious, petals none, sterile flowers on capil- lary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes ; tree, the twigs light- green. LI. Order HIP-PO-CAS-TAN-A'-CE->E. BUCKEYE FAMILY.— Flowers mostly unsymmetrical and irregular ; leaves opposite, exstipulate, digitate. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 79 1. Genus AES'-CU-LUS.— Calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5; stamens 7 (or 6 or 8) ; fruit a leathery pod ; trees or shrubs. Aes'-cu-lus glab'-ra Wilkl. Fetid or Ohio Bucliatifid. Vi'-o-la tri'-col-or L. Pansy: Heart's-ease. — Petals variable in color, large. Introduced. Vi'-o-la te-nel'-ia Muhl. (/'. tricolor van arvensis Gr.) Petals shorter, or little longer than the calyx, yellowish-blue, spotted with purple. '2. Genus SO'-LE-A. — Sepals not prolonged at the base; the lower petal larger and gibbous or saccate at the base ; stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary. So'-le-a con'-col-or Ging. Green Violet. — Plant 1-2 ft. high, leafy to the top ; l-o small greenish flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. LIX. Order PAS SI-FLO-RA'-CE->E. PASSION FLOWER FAMILY.— Herbaceous, climbing by tendrils ; flowers perfect, stamens 5, mona- delphous; ovary stalked, 1-celled, placentas 3 or 4. 1. Genus PAS-SI-FLO'-RA. — Sepals 5, crowned with a fringe; petals 5, on the throat of the calyx ; stamens ">, united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary ; plant climbing by tendrils. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 85 Pas-si-flo'-ra lu'-te-a L. Passion-flower. — Leaves obtusely :Mobe(l at the summit, the lobes entire; flowers i^reenish-yellow. LX. Order THY-IVIE-L>E-A-CE-/E. MEZEREUM FAMILY.— Shrubs with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark ; flowers perfect, ovary superior, 1-celled. 1. Genus DIR'-CA. — Shrub, much branched; leaves oval-obovate, alternate ; flowers light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a clus- ter ; calyx tubular, stamens and style exserted. Dir'-ca pa-lus'-tris J.. Leatherwood : Moosewood. — The wood white and soft, but the fibrous bank exceedingly tough. Damp, rich woods. LXI. Order EL-/E-AG-NA'-CE-/E. OLEASTER FAMILY. Shrubs with silvery-scurfy opposite leaves, and small nearly sessile axillary flowers. 1. Genus LE-PAR-GY-R^'-A. {Shepherdia.) — Flowers dioecious, calyx 4-cleft, becoming berry-like in fruit. Le-par-gy-rae'-a can-a-den'-sis (L.) Greene. [Shepherdia canadensis Nutt.) Shepherdia. — Leaves elliptical or ovate, silverj-- downy and scurfy with rusty scales beneath. LXII. Order LY-THRA'-CE-/E. LOOSE-STRIFE FAMILY.— Herbs; the calyx enclosing (but free from) the ovary and membranous capsule ; flowers often dimorphic. 1. Genus LY'-THRUM. — Slender herbs; leaves opposite or scat- tered ; calyx cylindrical, striate, 5-7-toothed with little processes in the sinuses, petals 0-7. Ly'-thrum a-la'-tum Ph. Loose - strife. — Branches with margined angles ; petals deep purple. LXIIL Order A-RA-LI-A'-C/E. GINSENG FAMILY.- Herbs or shrubs; flowers in umbels, styles more than 2 ; fruit a drupe. Flowers inoncecioiisly polygamous or perfect, styles 5, fruit black or purple Alalia. 1 Flowers diceciously polygamous, styles 2 or o, fruit bright red or yel- lowish Panax. 2 86 Spring Flora of Ohio. 1. Genus A-RA'-LI-A. — Umbels usually in corymbs or panicles; flowers white or greenish ; styles or cells of the fruit, stamens and petals each ■"). A-ra'-li-a spi-no-sa L. Hercules" Club; Angelica Tree.— Shrub or a low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly; umbels in a large com- pound panicle. A-ra'-li-a his'-pi-da Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla; Wild Elder. — Stem bristh, leafy, 1-2 ft. high, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels. A-ra'-li-a nu-di-cau -lis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. — Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single, long-stalked leaf (1 ft. high) and a shorter naked scape with "2-7 umbels. 2. Genus PA'-NAX. — Stem simple, low, bearing a whorl of 3 pal- mately 3 to 7-foliolate leaves and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle. Pa'-nax quin-que-fo'-li-a L. {Aralia quinquefolia Dec. & PI.) Gin- seng.— Root large and spindle-shaped, often forked, 4-9 in. long, aro- matic ; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5 ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red. Pa'-nax tri-fo'-li-a L. [Aralia trifolia Dec. & PI.) Dwarf Ginseng; Ground-Nut. — Root or tuber globular, deep in the ground, not aromatic; leaflets 3-5, sessile ; styles mostlv 3 ; fruit yellowish. LXIV. Order UM-BEL-LIF'-ER-ZE. PARSLEY FAMILY.— Herbs; flow- ers in umbels; ovary inferior, styles 2; fruit of 2 seed-like, dry carpels (mericarps.) Flowers white or greenish a . Flowers yellow c . a. Stems 4-S ft. high ; stout, coarse plants b . a. Stems very low, or 1-3 ft. high d . b. Glabrous, leaflets mucronate-serrate Angelica. 1 b. Woolly, leaflets irregularly cut-toothed, outer flowers usually larger radiant and 2-cleft _ Heracleum. 2 c. Leaflets serrate, crenate or toothed, lowest leaves sometimes simple : fruit glabrous or nearly so; ovoid to oblong: involucels 3- leaved Thaspium. 3 c. Leaves palmate, fruit covered with hooked prickled Sanicula. 4 c. Leaflets entiie. plant glaucous, fruit glabrous Pimpinella. -5 c. Leaflets sharply serrate or crenately toothed ; fruit ovate to oblong: involucels of small bractlets e . Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 87 d. Leaflets pinnatifid ; plant decumbent or assurgent : fruit narrowly oblong', glabrous Chcerophyllniii. fi d. Leaflets variously toothed ; plant l-o ft. high ; fruit linear or linear-oblong, attenuate at base, with bristly ribs Osniorrhiza. 7 d. Plants low, nearly acaulescent, flowers few ; fruit nearly orbicular (e^ . e. Plants 1-3 ft. high, flowers yellow Zizia. 8 e. Plants nearly acaulescent, flowers few, white Erigcnia. 11 1. Genus AN -GEL'- 1 -CA.— Calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit flattened dorsally, having a double-winged margin ; leaves ternately or pfn- nately compound ; umbels large; flowers white or greenish. An-gel'-i-ca at-ro-pur-pu'-re-a L. Angelica. — Stem dark-purple ; leaf- lets 1-1 V2 in. broad, sharply mucronate-serrate. 2. Genus HER-A-CLE'-UM.— Calyx-teeth minute ; fruit broadly-oval ■orobovate, leaves ternately compound ; umbels broad; flowers white; petals obcordate, the outer ones commonly larger and '2-cleft. Her-a-cle'-um la-na'-tum Mx. Cow Parsnip. — Woolly stem, 4-8 ft. liigh ; leaflets broad. 3. Genus THAS'-PI-UM. — Calyx-teeth conspicuous ; fruit ovoid to oblong; stems ^l-'^ ft. high; leaves ternately-divided (or the lower simple) ; flowers yellow. Thas'-pi-um tri-fo-li-a'-tum au' re-urn (Xutt.) Britt. (77/. aureum var. irifoliatum Coult. & Rose.) Meadow Parsnip. — Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate or crenately toothed, stem leaves simply ternate (or rarely biternate) ; flowers deep yellow. Thas'-pi-um bar-bi-no'-de (Mx.) Nutt. Meadow Parsnip. — Pubescent on the joints; leaves 1-o-ternate ; flowers light yellow. Thas'-pi-um bar-bi-no'-de an-gus-ti-fo'-li-um Coult. & Rose. Meadow Parsnip. — Like the last but narrower and more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent. 4. Genus SA-NIC'-U-LA. — Calyx-teeth manifest; fruit thickly clothed with hooked prickles; leaves palmately-lobed or parted; flowers greenish or yellowish. Sa-nic-u-la mar-y-lan -di-ca L. Sanicle; Black Snake-rpot. — Sterile flowers many and long pedicelled; the styles longer than the prickles. 88 Spn'nq; Flora of Ohio. Sa-nic'-u-la can-a-den'-sis L. Sanicle; Black Snake-root. — Sterile flowers comparatively few and sliort-pedicelled ; the styles shorter than the fruit. o. Genus PIM-PI-NEL'-LA. — Calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit oblong to ovate; leaves 2 to ;!-ternate, leaflets entire; flowers vellow. Pim-pi-neria in-te-ger'-ri-ma Benth & Hook. Golden Alexanders. — Glaucous, 1-.'] ft. high; flowers yellow. (i. Genus CH/E-RO-PHYL'-LUM. — Calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit nar- rowly oblong; leaves ternateh- decompound, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong, obtuse lobes; flowers white; annual, in moist ground. Chae-ro-phyl'-lum pro-cum'-bens (L.) Crantz. Chervil. — More or less hairy, stem slender, spreading; flowers white; umbel few-raved. 7. Genus OS-MOR-RHI'-ZA. —Calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit linear to linear-oblong with caudate attenuation at base, very bristlv; thick aromatic roots; leaves ternately compound; flowers white. Os-mor-rhi'-za ciay-to'-ni (Mx.) B. vS. P. [O. brcvistylis DC.) Sweet Cicely. — Villous-pubescent, styles short, '4 in. long. Os-mor-rhi'-za lon-gis'-ty-lis UC. Sweet Cicely. — Glabrous or slightly pubescent ; styles longer, ] line long or more. 8. Genus ZIZ'-I-A. — Calyx-teeth prominent; fruit ovate to oblong, flowers yellow, the central fruit of each uniljel sessile. Ziz'-i-a au'-re-a (L.) Koch. Meadow Parsnip. — Leaves (except the uppermost) 2 to o-ternate ; fruit oblong, about 2 lines long. Ziz'-i-a cor-da'-ta (Walt.) DC. Meadow Parsnip. — Radical leaves, mostly long-petioled, cordate or even rounder, crenately toothed, ver}' rarely lobed or divided ; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, fruit ovate, 1 Yz in. long. y. Genus ER-I GE'-NI-A. — Calj-x-teeth obsolete, petals obovate or spatulate ; fruit nearly orbicular and laterally flattened ; small glabrous vernal plants, a simple stem from a deep round tuber and bearing one or two 2-3-ternately divided leaves; flowers few, white. Er-i-ge'-ni-a bul-bo'-sa (Mx.) Nutt. Harbinger of Spring. — Stem 3-9 in. high ; leaf segments linear-oblong. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 8& LXV. Order COR- NA-CE-^E. DOGWOOD FAMILY. - Trees or shrubs; leaves simple; ovary inferior, style one; calyx-limb minute. Flowers perfect, 4-parted, leaves mostly opposite Coinus. I Flowers diceciously polygamous, o-parted, leaves attenuate y-yssa. i 1. Genus COR'-NUS. — Flowers perfect; calyx minutely 4-toothed, petals 4, oblong-spreading, stamens 4; fruit a small drupe; leaves entire, and opposite except in one species; flowers small, in cymes or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. A. Flowers suiioiDnird by a large \-leaved corolla-like 7v/iite hivoliicre. Cor'-nus can-a-den'-sis L. Dwarf Cornel; Bunch-berry. — Stems 5-7 in, high, leaves of the involucre ovate, fruit globular; leaves crowded into- a whorl, ovate or oval. Cor'-nus flor'-i-da L. Dogwood. — Tree 12-40 ft. high; leaves of the involucre obcordate, 1 '/2 in- long; fruit oval; leaves ovate- pointed. .\. I'lotvers 7chite. in flat cymes : no involucre. b. Pubescence 'woolly or more or less s/>readini;-. Cor'-nus cir-ci-na'-ta L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. - Shrub 0-10 ft. high; branches greenish, warty-dotted; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, wooll}- beneath, 2-5 in. broad; fruit light blue. Cor'-nus a-mo'-num Wind. {C. sericea h.) Silky Cornel ; Kinnikinnik. — Shrub 3-10 ft. high; branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical-pointed leaves silky- downy (often rusty), pale and dull; fruit pale blue. Cor'-nus as-per-i-fo'-li-a Mx. — Branches brownish, the branchlets, etc. rough, pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and downy under- neath ; fruit white. b. Pubescence closely oppressed, straight or silky or none. Cor'-nus sto-len-if'-er-a Mx. Red-osier: Dogwood. — Branches, espe- cially the osier-like shoots of the season, bright red-purple, smooth; leaves ovate, rounded at base, abruptly short pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both sides, whitish underneath. Cor'-nus can-di-dis'-si-ma Marsh. [C. paniculata L'Her.) Panicled Cornel. — Shrub 4-8 ft. high, much branched : branches grav, smooth, leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, actite at base, whitish beneath but not downy; cymes convex, loose, often panicled; fruit white. 90 Spring Flora of Ohio. Cor -nus al-ter-ni-fo'-li-a L. f. Alternate- leaved Cornel. — Shrub or tree, 8-25 ft. high ; branches greenish, streaked with white ; leaves alternate, clustered at the ends, ovate or oval, long pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath; fruit deep blue, on reddish stalks. 2. Genus NYS'-SA. — Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit of axillary peduncles; staminate flowers numerous in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles; pistillate flowers solitary or 2-8, sessile in a bracted cluster; fruit an ovoid or oblong drupe. Nys'-sa a-quat'-i-ca L- {N. sylvatica Marsh.) Sour or Black Gum ; Tupelo; Pepperidge. — Middle-sized tree with horizontal branches; leaves oval or obovate, alternate but mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets. LXVI. Order ER-I-CA'-CE-/E. HEATH FAMILY.— Shrubs, sometimes herbs; flowers regular or nearly so; petals 4-5; anthers i;sually ap- pendaged or opening at the apex. Calyx free from the ovary a . Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary h . a. Corolla funuel-form or campanulate with spreading lobes ib . a. Corolla between rotate and companulate, the anthers in depressions or pits fc). a. Corolla urceolate, ovoid, ovate, cylindric or globular, lobes small d'. a. Corolla salver-form, the tube hairy inside ; very fragrant (f). a. Corolla of 5, obovate, spreading, distinct petals : leaves rusty-woolly beneath Ledum. 1 b. Stamens 5 rarely more , long exserted, corolla funnel-form. ..Azalea. 2 b. Stamens 10 rarely fewer , exserted, corolla bell-shaped. /?Aorft(rff);rf;oH. 3 c. Evergreen mostly smgoth shrubs, leaves entire or coriaceous Kalmia. 4 d. Fruit fleshy g . d. Fruit dry, capsular e\ e. Shrubs, low ; corolla urceolate ; capsule globular Andromeda. 5 e. Shrubs, low ; much branched ; corolla cylindric-oblong ; capsule de- pressed Chamcrdaphne. (5 e. Tree ; corolla ovate, 5-toothed ; capsule oblong-pyramidal Oxydendron. 7 f Prostrate or trailing, scarcely shrubby ; leaves evergreen . . . Epigaa. 8 ' g. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped ; flowers in terminal racemes or clusters (i). g. Corolla cj'lindric-ovoid or slightly urn-shaped ; flowers few or single in the axils Gaulthevia. 9 h. Petals 4, short, spreading : berries white Chiogenes. 10 h. Petals 4, narrow, reflexed ; berries red 1 . h. Petals 5 ik). i. Trailing, leaves thick and evergreen, entire Arctosfapliylos. 11 k. Ovary 10-celled, 10-seeded Gaylussacia. 12 k. Ovary 4-5-celled, many-seeded Vaecinhim. 13 1. Stems very slender ; leaves small, evergreen Sehollera. 14 Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 91 1. Genus LE'-DUM. — Shrubs, l-.'5 ft. high ; leaves persistent, oblong or linear-oblong, with rust}- wool beneath, entire, margins revolute ; petals distinct, spreading; flowers white, small, in terminal, umbel- like clusters. Le'-dum groen-lan'-di-cum Oedr. (Z. latifolium Ait.) Labrador Tea. — In cold bogs and mountain woods. 2. Genus A-ZA'-LE-A. — Calyx mostly small or minute ; the 5 (some- times 10) stamens and the style more or less exserted and declined ; leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate. A-za'-le-a vis-co'-sa L. [Rhododendron z'iscosum Torr.) Clammy Azalea; White Swamp-Honeysuckle. — Leaves oblong-obovate, the margins and midrib, also the branchlets bristly; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes ; flowers appearing after the leaves. A-za'-le-a nu-di-flo'-ra L. [Rhododendron nudiJJormn Torn) — Purple Azalea: Pinxter-flower. — Leaves downy underneath; tube of the corolla scarceh- longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; flowers from flesh color to pink and purple, appearing before or with the leaves. A-za'-le-a lu'-te-a L. [Rhododendron calendidacenm Torn) Flame- colored Azalea. — Leaves hairy; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy; flowers large, orange usually turning to flame color, ap- pearing with the leaves. ?>. Genus RHO-DO-DEN'-DRON. — Calyx mostly small or minute, the 10 stamens rarely exserted; leaves coriaceous and persistent. Rho-do-den'-dron max'-i-mum L. Great, Laurel. — Leaves 4-10 in. long, very thick, smooth, with somewhat revolute margins; corolla bell- shaped, 1 in. broad, pale rose-color, or nearly white; blooming in July. 4. Genus KAL'-MI-A. — Calyx 5-parted; corolla with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are lodged; leaves evergreen, coriaceous. Kal'-mi-a lat-i-fo'-li-a L. Mountain Laurel ; Calico Bush: Spoonwood. — Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong; flowers rose-color or nearly white, in terminal corymbs. Kal'-mi-a an-gus-ti fo'-li-a L. Sheep Laurel : Lambkill; Wicky. — Leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light- green above, narrowly-oblong ; flowers more crimson and much smaller than in the last; corvmbs lateral. 92 Spring Flora of Ohio. 5. (jenus AN-DROM'-E-DA. Calyx of '> nearh- distinct sepals; corolla urceolate, o-toothed, 10 stamens, anthers fixed near the middle, opening by a terminal pore; capsule globular. An-drom'-e-da po-li-fo'-li-a L. Wild Rosemary. — Glabrous, 6-8 ft, high; leaves thick and evergreen, linear to lanceolate - oblong, strongly revolute, white beneath. 6. Genus CHAM-ZE-DAPH'-NE. (Cassandra.)— ^aXyi^ of o, distinct rigid, ovate and acute sepals; corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak; low and much-branched shrubs; leaves coriaceous, scurfy, especially beneath; flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves. Cham-ae-daph'-ne ca-lyc-u-la'-ta (L.) Moench. (Cassandra calyculata Don.) Leather Leaf. — Leaves oblong-obtuse; flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves. 7. Genus OX-Y-DEN'-DRON. — Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals; corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent, stamens 10, linear, tapering up- ward; capsules oblong-pyrimidal ; flowers white, in long one-sided racemes; leaves like the peach. Ox-y-den'-dron ar-bo'-re-um (L.) UC. Sorrel Tree; Sourwood. — Tree, 15-40 ft. high. 8. Genus EP-I-G^'-A. — Sepals ovate-lanceolate; corolla salver- form; anthers 10, opening lengthwise; plant prostrate, scarcely shrubby, bristly with rusty hairs; leaves evergreen, rounded and cordate ; flowers rose-colored. Ep-i-gae'-a re'-pens L. Ground Laurel: Trailing Arbutus. — Flowers in early spring, very fragrant. !>. Genus GAUL-THE'-RI-A. — Corolla cylindric-ovoid or slightly urn- shaped, 5-toothed; anther-cells each '2-awned at the summit; fruit enclosed by the thickened, fleshy, red calyx, appearing like a globular berry; shrubby or almost herbaceous. Gaul-the'-ri-a pro-cum'-bens L. Wintergreen. — Stems creeping on or below the surface, the flowering branches ;!-5 in. high ; flowers in the axils, nodding; the bright-red berries and the obovate or oval leaves spicy-aromatic. Dicotxls or Exogoioiis Plants. 93 10. Genus CHI-OG'-E-NES.— Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4-parte(l, persistent; corolla bell-shaped, -1-parted, stamens 8; berry white, globidar; plant trailing, creeping, with scarcely woody stems; leaves small, ovate; margin revolute, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid, rusty bristles. Chi-og'-e-nes his-pid'-u-la (L.) T. & G. (C serpyllifolia Salisb.) — Creeping Snowberry. — Growing in peat-bogs and mossy woods; not common. 11. Genus ARC-TO-STAPH'-Y-LOS. — Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with short, revolute, 5-toothed limb; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back; trailing shrubs. Arc-to-staph'-y-los u'-va-ur'-si (1^.) Spreng. — Bearberry. — Leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth ; fruit red. 12. Genus GAY-LUS-SA'-CI-IA. — Corolla tubular, ovoid or bell, shaped, the 1)order 5-cleft, anther cells tapering upward, opening by a chink at the end ; branching shrubs, commonly sprinkled with resin- ous dots. Gay-lus-sa' ci-a du-mo'-sa (Andr.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. — Some- what hairy and glandular, 1-5 ft. high, bushy; leaves obovate, oblong, mucronate, green both sides; bracts leaf-like, oval; fruit black, insipid. Gay-lus-sa'-ci-a fron-do'-sa (L.) T. & G. Blue Tangle; Dangleberry. — Smooth, 3-6 ft. high, branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate, oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous betieat/i ; bracts oblong or linear; fruit dark blue with a white bloom. Gay-lus sa'-ci-a res-in-o'-sa (Ait.) T. & G. Black Huckleberry.— Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate or oblong, clothed as well as the flowers with shin- ing resinous globules ; bracts small, reddish and deciduous ; fruit black without bloom. The common Huckleberry. 13. Genus VAC-CIN'-I-UIW.— Corolla limb 4-5-cleft, revolute; sta- mens 8 or 10, anthers sometimes 'i-awned, the cells separate und pro- longed upwards into a tube ; shrubs, flowers solitary, clustered or racemed. 94 Spring Flora of Ohio. A. Corolla opr)i-ca>i!/>a>ni!alt', anthers l-aivned on the back. Vac-cin'-i-um stam-i-ne'-um L. Deerberry; Squaw Huckleberry. — Dif- fuse!}' branched, 'J-o ft. high ; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish beneath ; anthers much exserted. A. Corolla cylindraceoiis to eampanulate, b-toothed ; anthers awnless. fb. Plants dwarf or loiv, ^^-1% ft. high) Vac-cin'-i-um penn-syl-van'-i-cum Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. — Dwarf, 6-15 in. high, smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides. Vac-cin'-i-um can-a-den'-se Kalm. Blueberry, — Low, 1-2 ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides as well as the crowded branchlets; otherwise like the last. Vac-cin'-i-um va-cil'-lans Soland. Low Blueberry. — Low, l-"2>4 ft. high, glabrous, branchlets yellowish-green ; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous (at least underneath), minutely ciliolate- serrulate or entire. b. Plants tall. 5-10 ft. high. Vac-cin'-i-um cor-ym-bo'-sum L. Common or Swamp Blueberry. — Leaves ovate, oval, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, with naked entire margins, pubescent or glabrous. In swamps and low thickets. Vac-cin'-i-um pal'-li-dum Ait. (/'. corynibosum var. pallidum Gr.) Common or Swamp Blueberry. — Differs from the preceding in leaves being mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially under- neath, serrulate with bristly teeth. Vac-cin'-i-um at-ro-coc'-cum (Gr.) Heller. (V. corymhosuni var. atrococciim Gr.) Common or Swamp Blueberry. — Differing from the preceding in leaves being entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets. 14. Genus SCHOL'-LE-RA. — Stems very slender, creeping or trail- ing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, evergreen ; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding ; corolla 4-parted ; berries red, acid. Schol'-le-ra ox-y-coc'-cus (L.) Roth. {Vaccinium oxycoccus h.) Small Cranberry. — Stems very slender, 4-9 in. long; leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins, 2-3 lines long. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 95 Schol'-le-ra ma-cro-car'-pon (Ait.) Britt. (Vacciniiiiu macrocarpon Ait.) Large or American Cranberry. — Stems elongated, 1-4 ft. long; leaves oblong, obtuse, less revolute, 4-() lines long. LXVII. Order PRIM - U - LA'-CE->E. PRIMROSE FAMILY.— Herbs ; flowers regular, symmetrical ; stamens opposite the petals ; ovary 1- celled ; style and stigma undivided. Leaves opposite ; stem erect, simple ; flowers yellow Xaumbergia. 1 Stem leafy only at the summit ; flowers white, star-shaped Tiietitalis. 2 Leaves opposite ; plant spreading; flowers red, blue or white. . ./4wa^a///j. 3 1. Genus NAUM-BER'-GI-A.— Corolla very deeply 5(or (i-7) -parted into linear divisions, somewhat purplish-dotted, with a small tooth in each sinus ; flower-clusters on axillary peduncles. Naum-ber'-gi-a thyr-si-flo'-ra (L.) Duby. [Lysimachia thyrsiflora L). Tufted Loosestrife. — Flowers light yellow, in head-like or spike-like clusters, with short peduncles from one or two middle pairs of the leaves. 2. Genus TRI-EN-TA'-LIS. — Calyx mostly 7-parted, the divisions linear - lanceolate ; corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading; plant low, smooth, with a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Tri-en-ta'-lis a-mer-i-ca'-na Ph. Chickweed Wintergreen. — Peduncles one or more, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. 3. Genus AN-A-GAL'-LIS. — Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, 5-parted longer than the calyx; stamens 5, filaments bearded; leaves opposite or whorled, entire ; flowers solitary on axillary peduncles ; plants low spreading or procumbent. An-a-gal'-lis ar-ven'-sis L. Pimpernel. — Leaves ovate sessile; petals obovate, fringed. , ■ /> :" ,- IvXVIII.'^^ EB-EN-A'-CE->E. EBONY FAMILY.— Tree, leaves alternate, entire; flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous; frtiit a berry. 1. Genus DI-OS-PY'-ROS.— Calyx and corolla 4-6-lobed; stamens commonly 16 in the sterile and 8 (imperfect) in the fertile flower; tree with alternate entire leaves. ^6 Spri)ig Flora of Ohio. Di-os py'-ros vir-gin-i-a'-na L. Persimmon. — Leaves ovate-oblong, thickisli; corolla pale yellow, Vz-- -f, in. long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in sterile ; fruit plum-like, ver}' astringent, sweet and edible after exposure to frost. LXIX. Order 0-LE-A-CE-/E. OLIVE FAMILY.— Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, pinnate, or simple; flowers sometimes apetalous; ovary 2-celled. Leaves simple, fruit a fleshy drupe or berr>' (a". Leaves simple ; fruit a dry, 2-celled capsule Svringa. 1 Leaves pinnate ; fruit a winged samara Fraximts. 2 a. Corolla-lobes long, linear : fruit a fleshy drupe Chionanthus. :5 a. Corolla-lobes short : fruit a berry Lignstrjim. 4 1. Genus SYR-IN'-GA. — Calyx small, 4-toothed; corolla salver- form, stamens short, included; leaves simple, entire; shrubs. Syr-in'-ga vul-ga'-ris L. Common Lilac. — Leaves cordate-ovate; flow- ers showy, lilac, purple or white. Cultivated; occasionally escaped. 2. Genus FRAX'-I-NUS. — Calyx small and4-cleft; corolla absent; fruit a samara, wanged at the apex; trees, with pinnate leaves. \. Leaflets zcith short petioles. Frax'-i-nus a-mer-i-ca'-na L. White Ash. — Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7-9, ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, pale beneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate. Frax'-i-nus penn-syl-van'-i-ca Marsh. (P. pnbescetis ham.) Red Ash.— Branchlets and petioles velvety-ptibescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath. Frax'-i-nus lan-ce-o-la'-ta Borck. (F. viridis Mx.) Green Ash. — Glab- rous throughout; leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge- shaped at base and serrate above, bright-green both sides. Frax'-i--nus quad-ran-gu-la'-ta Mx. Blue Ash. — Branchlets square at least on vigorous shoots ; leaflets 7-9, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, shar])ly serrate, green both sides. A. Lateral leaflets sessile. Frax'-i-nus ni'-gra Marsh. (/". saiiibiici/o/ia Lam.) Black Ash. — Branches and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7-11, sessile, oblong-lanceo- late, serrate, obtuse or rounded at base. In swamps and wet places. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. !>7 ;!. Genns CHI-O-NAN'-THUS.— Calyx 4-parted, very small ; corolla of 4 long and linear petals; shrub with entire petioled leaves and panicles of showy white flowers. Chi-0-nan -thus vir-gin'-i-ca L. Fringe-tree. — Cultivated; native far- ther south. 4. Genus LI-GUS'-TRUM. -Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, decid- aious; fruit a 2-celled berry ; shrubs with entire leaves and small white flowers, in terminal panicles. Li-gus'-trum vul-ga'-re L. Privet or Prim. — Leaves very sinooth ; Jjerries black. Cultivated ; sometimes naturalized. LXX. Order GEN-TI-AN-A'-CE-/E. GENTIAN FAMILY.— Herbs ; flow- ers perfect and regular; calyx persistent; ovary 1 -celled; stamens inserted on the corolla. Leaves simple, sessile : corolla 4-lobed Obvlaiia. \ Leaves S-foliate : corolla o-cleft, bearded inside Mtniyaiitlirs. 2 1. Genus OB-O-LA'-RI-A. — Calyx of 2, spatulate, spreading sepals; corolla tubular-bellshaped, 4-cleft; a ver}^ smooth purplish-green plant, .'i-S in. high, with opposite, obovate leaves. Ob-o-la'-ri-a vir-gin'-i-ca L. Obolaria.— Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like: flowers ■, in. long. •1. Genus MEN-Y-AN'-THES. — Calyx o-parted; corolla short, fun- nel-form, 5-cleft, the upper surface white-bearded; flowers racemed on the naked scape; leaflets W, oval or oblong. Men-y-an'-thes tri-fo-li-a'-ta I.. Buckbean. — In bogs. LXXI. Order A-POC-Y-NA'-CE-/E. DOGBANE FAMILY.— Herbaceous or woody; flowers perfect, regular, 5-nierous; carpels 2. Shrubs, the corolla-throat .")-augled / 'inca. 1 Herbs, erect, corolla campauvilate Aporyinmi. _' 1. Genus VIN'-CA. — Calyx o-parted; corolla funnel-form or salver- form, the orifice "j-angled; leaves opposite, evergreen; trailing shrubs. Vin'-ca mi'-nor L. Periwinkle. — Flowers solitary, axillary, violet varying to purple or white; stems procumbent, several feet in length. 98 Spri)ig Flora of Ohio. 2. Genus A-POC'-Y-NUIVI. — Calyx very small; corolla canipanulate, the lobes short; follicles long, sub-linear; herbs with opposite, entire, mucronate leaves. A-poc'-y-num an-dro-sae-mi-fo'-li-um L. Spreading Dogbane.— Branches divergently forking; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled; cymes loose, spreading; corolla with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the calyx-lobes. Flowering in June. A-poc'-y-num can-nab'-i-num L. Indian Hemp. — Stem and branches upright or ascending, terminated by erect and close, many-flowered cymes ; leaves oval or oblong and even lanceolate, short petioled or sessile ; corolla with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the calyx-lobes. Flowering later. _ ■/ ' f JL ..„^ji^J^'^ iJ ^^XxSlL^^C^derfPOL^-MO-NI-A'-CE-yE. PHLOX FAMILY. -^Flowers perfect, regular; ovary 3-celled; calyx persistent; plants herbaceous. Corolla salver-forni : leaves opposite and entire P/i/o.r. 1 Corolla open bell-shaped; leaves alternate, pinnate I'ltlriiKDiiitin. 2 1. Genus PHLOX. — Calyx narrow; corolla salver-form with a long tube; leaves opposite, sessile, entire, flowers cyniose. Many of the species are cultivated. Those blooming in the Spring are the follow- ing: Phlox pi-lo'-sa L,. Hairy Phlox. — Stems slender, 1-1 '2 ft. high, usually hairy, as are also the lanceolate or linear, 1-4 in. long, leaves ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like; lobes of the pink-pur- ple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire. Phlox di-var-i-ca'-ta L. Wild Phlox.— Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base, 0-1 S in. high; leaves oblong-.ovate or lanceo- late, or the lower oblong-lanceolate, ly^ in. long; calyx-teeth slender, awl-shaped; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire. Phlox sub-u-la'-ta L,. Ground or Moss Pink. — Depressed in broad mats, evergreen ; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate or narrowly linear, %-y2 in. long; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker center (sometimes white), lobes notched, rarely entire. 2. Genus POL-E-MO'-NI-UM. — Calyx l)ell-shaped ; corolla open bell-shaped or funnel-form; leaves alternate, pinnate, the upper leaflets -sometimes confluent. Dicotvh or Exogenous Plants. 99 Pol-e-mo -ni-um rep'-tans L. Greek Valerian. — Stems weak, spreading, 6-10 in. high; leaflets o-lo; corolla light blue, about Yz in. wide. LXXIII. Order CON-VOL-VU-LA' CE /C. MORNINC GLORY FAMILY.— Generally twining or trailing; flowers regular and perfect; calyx per- sistent. stigmas 2, liuear-filiforni to subulate or ovate Convolvulus. 1 Stigma capitate or 2-8-globose Ipomcea. 2 1. Genus CON-VOL'-VU-LUS. — Corolla funnel-form to campanulate; sometimes 2 leafy bracts at base of calyx ; plants twining, erect or prostrate. Con-vol'-vu-lus spi-tha-mae -us L. Upright Convolvulus. — Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending, (i-l'i in. long; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy bracts ; stigmas oval to oblong ; corolla 2 in. long. Con-vol'-vu-lus se-pi-um L. Hedge Bindweed. — Glabrous or more or less pubescent ; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively ; cal^'x enclosed in 2 broad leafy bracts ; stigmas oval to oblong; corolla l|^-2 in. long. Con-vol'-vu-lus ar-ven'-sis L. Bindweed. — Stem procumbent or twin- ing and low ; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx ; stigmas fili- form ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped; corolla j^ in. long. 2. Genus IP-0-IV!(E'-A. — Otiter sepals commonly larger; corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted in the bud ; ovary 2-3- celled or often more in cultivated species. Ip-o-moe'-a pur-pu'-re-a Lam. Common Morning Glory. — Lobes of stigma o; sepals long and narrow, bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel- form, 2 in. long, purple, varying to white; cultivated and wild. Ip-o-moe'-a pan-du-ra'-ta (L.) Meyer. Man-of-the-earth ; Wild Potato- vine. — Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; sepals smooth, ovate-oblotig, very obtuse; corolla open fun- nel-form, 3 in. long, white with pitrple in the tube ; stigma 2-lobed or entire. Ip-o-mce'-a la-cu-no'-sa L. Small Morning Glory. — Annual, rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slender; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hair}-; corolla white, ^-ji in. long; stigma 2-lobed or entire. ./.f4 100 spring Flora of Ohio. LXXIV. Order HYDRO PHYL-LA -CE /E. WATERLEAF FAMILY. — Flowers regular, stamens •'>, inserted on base of the corolla, alternate; stvles "2; plants herbaceous. Ovary with dilated fleshy placentas enclosing the ovules. . . .Hydrophylliiiii. 1 Ovarj- with narrow parietal placentas Phacc/ia. 2 1. Genus HY-DRO-PHYL'-LUM. ^Corolla bell-shaped, .Vcleft; fila- ments more or less bearded; anthers linear; capsule ripening 1-4 seeds. ; ^ ' ■ t "• ' Hy-dro-phyrium vir-gin'-i-cum L. Waterleaf. — Leaves piunately di- vided, divisions -VT, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly "J-parted, the uppermost confluent. Hydro phyl'-lum can-a-den'-se L. Waterleaf.— Leaves palmately 5 to 7-lobed, rounded, unequally toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2-0 small leaflets; often minute teeth in the sinuses of the calyx. Hy-dro-phyl'-lum ap-pen-dic-u-la'-tum Mx. Waterleaf. — Calyx with a siiiall reflexed lobe in each sinus; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided. 2. Genus PHA-CE'-LI-A. — Corolla open bell-shaped, o-lobed; fila- ments slender, bearded; anthers ovoid or oblong; capsule 4 to 8- seeded. Pha-ce-li-a bi-pin-na-tif -i-da Mx. Bipinnate Phacelia.— Corolla cam- panulate with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire, bright blue, y, in. broad; seeds 4; plant upright, 1-2 ft. high. South- ern Ohio. Pha-ce'-li-a pursh'-i-i Buckl. Miami-mist. — Corolla almost rotate with fimbriate lobes and no appendages within; light blue, varying to white ; seeds 4. Pha-ce'-li-a du'-bi-a (L.) Small {P. parviflora Ph.) Small-flowered Phacelia. — Corolla open, campanulate, with entire lobes aud no ap- pendages, bluish white, ^.'i-Yi in. broad; capsule globular, 6-12 seeded; plant diffusely spreading, o-8 in. high. LXXV. Order B0-RA-GIN-A-CE-;E. BORAGE FAMILY.— ]\Iostly sca- brous or hispid-hairy herbs; flowers regidar, stamens epipetalous; ovary deeply 4-parted. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 101 The 1 nutlets iiuarnied. mostly smootli aud shining a . The I nutlets armed with barbed prickles Cynoglossum. 1 a. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue Mcrlensia. 3 a. Corolla short salver-form, mostly blue, the throat crested Myosotis. '\ a. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, mostly yellow, naked or lo\v crested Litliospt'r»iii>ii. \ 1. Genus CYN-O-GLOS'-SUM. — Corolla funncl-fonn, the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; nutlets oblique, covered with barbed or hooked prickles. Cyn-o-glos -sum of-fic-i-na'-le L. Hound's -tongue. — Clothed with short, soft hairs, leafy ; corolla reddish-purple. Cyn o-glos'-sum vir gin'-i-cum I,. Wild Comfrey. — Roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem 2-o ft. high, few-leaved; stem leaves clasping by a cordate ba.se; corolla pale-blue. 1. Genus MER-TEN'-SI-A. — Corolla trumpet-shaped, longer than the calyx, naked or with small appendages in the throat ; nutlets fleshy; leaves pale, entire; flowers purplish-blue, rarely white. Mer-ten'-si-a vir-gin'-i-ca (I,.) DC. Lung-wort; Blue Bells; Virginia Cowslip. — Corolla 1 in. long, the limb spreading, nearh- entire; leaves obovate. 3. Genus MY-O-SO'-TIS. - Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx ; the throat with o small and blunt arching appendages. A. Caly.v npt-ii hi finit. its liairs appressfd. i/oiw hooked of glandular. My-o-so'-tis pa-lus'-tris (L.) Relh. Forget-me-not. — Stems ascending, smoothish; leaves rough-pubescent; calyx-lobes n;uch shorter tLan its tube: limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue with a yellow e3'e. My-o-so'-tis lax'-a Lehm. Forget-me-not.— Stems very slender, de- cumbent, pubescence all appressed ; calyx-lobes as long as its tube; limb of corolla 2 or 3 lines broad, paler blue. A. Calyji: closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some minutely hooked or gland-tipped, corolla small. My-o-so'-tfs ar-ven'-sis Hofi"m. Forget-me-not.— Hirsute with spread- ing hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the ba.se and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white ; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the o-cleft, equal calyx. 102 Spring Flora of Ohio. My-o-so'-tis ver'-na Null. Forget-me-not. — Bristly-hirsute; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, Or the lower spatulate-oblong; racemes leafy at the base; corolla very small, white; pedicels in fruit erect, rather shorter than the deeply o-cleft, unequal, very hispid calyx. 4. Genus LITH-O-SPER'-IWUM.— Corolla funuel-form or sometimes salver-shaped, the open throat naked or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each spreading lobe. A. Autlets 7-ough, gray and dull : throat of thr twarty ii'hiti' corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages. Lith-o-sper'-mum ar-ven'-se L. Corn Gromwell. — Stems erect, ()-12 in. high ; leaves lanceolate or linear ; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. A. .\iitlets sinoolh and shining, white : corolla greenish-ichite or pale yellow, small, with 'i distinct pubescent scales in the throat. Lith-o-sper'-mum of-fic-i-na'-le L. Common Gromwell. — Leaves thin- nish, broadly lanceolate, acute ; corolla exceeding the calyx. Lith-o-sper'-mum lat-i-fo'-li-um Mx. Puccoon. — Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper - pointed ; the root-leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx. A. yutlets white, smooth and sliining ; corolla large, salver-form or nearly so, deep orange-yello'w, the tube much exceeding the calyx and the th I oa t appendaged. b. Corolla-tube one-half to lit'ice longer than the calr.r. Lith-o-sper'-mum gmel-i'-na (Mx.) Hitch. {L. hirtniii Lehni.) Puc- coon.— Hispid with bristly hairs; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside; flowers distinctly peduncled; fruiting calyx '/< in. long. Lith-0-sper -mum ca-nes'-cens (Mx.) Lehm. Puccoon. — Softly hairy and more or less hoary; flowers sessile, corolla naked at the base within ; fruiting calyx % in. long. (b. Corolla lube •J-4 times the length of the caly.r, its lobes erose-toolhed ; but the later Jtoicers small and cleistogamons.. Lith-o-sper'-mum an-gus-ti-fo'-li-um Mx. Puccoon. — Minutely rough- strigose and hoary; leaves linear; the early flowers large and showy, the corolla-tube S-18 lines long, the later (on more diff"usely branch- ing plants) with small and pale corollas. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 103 LXXVI. Order LAB-I-A'-T/E. MINT FAMILY.— Ovary deeply 4- parted; stems square; corolla mostly labiate, stamens 2-4; herbs. Stamens -1 a . Stamens '1 ; anthers with a long connective Salvia. 1 a. The upper inner pair longer : plants creeping and trailing Glechnma. 2 a. The stamens, etc., not as above b . b. Calyx bilabiate with rounded entire lips, closed in fruit Sciitrllaria. :> b. Calyx not as above ; with 4 or 5 lobes or teeth (c). c. Calyx reticulated-veiny, closed in fruit, upper lip flat Piunrlla. \ c. Calyx thin, inflated, almost equally 4-lobed, open Syiiandra. 5 c. Calyx firmer, about .Vnerved, Vtoothed ; corolla-tliroat dilated Laminvi. 6 1. Genus SAL'-VI-A. — Calyx "J-lipped ; corolla deeply 2-lipped, rin- gent; stamens "2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated, trans- verse connective, the upper end bearing a linear, 1 -celled anther; flowers large and show} . Sal'-vi-a ly-ra'-ta L. Lyre-leaved Sage. — I^eaves mostly lyrately-lobed or pinnatifid; corolla bhie-purple. 2. Genus GLE-CHO'-MA. (AV/>r/(7.)— Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely ")-toothed; corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, notched or 2-cleft. Gle-cho'-ma he-der-a'-ce-a L. [Nepeta glechouia Benth.) — Ground Ivy; Gill -over -the- Ground. — Leaves round kidney - shaped, crenate; corolla light-blue. ?y. Genus SCU-TEL-LA'-RI-A.— Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped, the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper with a helmet-like, enlarged appendage on the upper sepal ; corolla with an elongated, curved, as- cending tube, 2-lipped, the upper lip arched. Scu-tel-la'-ri-a par'-vu-la Mx. Skull-cap. — Subterranean stolens moniliform-tuberiferous; minutely downy, 8-6 in. high, branched and spreading; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, ti-8 lines long; corolla 2-4 lines long; nutlets wingless. Scu-tel-la'-ri-a ga-ler-ic-u-la'-ta L. Skull-cap. — Subterranean stolens not tuberiferotis; smooth or a little downy, erect, 1-2 ft. high, simple; leaves serrate, 1-2 in. long; corolla 8-!l lines long; nutlets wingless. Scu-tel-la'-ri-a ner-vo'-sa Ph. Skull-cap.— Nutlets conspicuously -winged, each raised on a slender base; stem 10-20 in. high; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, sub-cordate, 1 in. long; corolla bluish, 4 lines long. 104 Spring Flora of Ohio. 4. Genus PRU-NEL'-LA. (/y/v/;/^7/(7.) — Calyx tubular bell-shaped, somewhat lU-uerved and reticulated veiny, flattened on the upper side; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with .'i short teeth, the lower 'i-cleft; corolla '2-lipped, upper lip erect, arched, entire; the filaments "i-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearincr the anther. Pru-nel'-la vul-ga'-ris L. Common Self-heal or Heal-all. — Stems nearly sim])le, flowers in a close spike or head. •'i. Genus SY-NAN'-DRA. — Cahx bell-shaped, inflated, membranous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 4-toothed; corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat. Sy-nan'-dra his-pid'-u-la (Mx.) Britt. [S. grandijiora Nutt.) Synan- dra. — Corolla XYz in. long, }-ellowish white; leaves broadly ovate, cor- date, crenate. (). Genus LA'-MI-UIVI. — Calyx with 5, nearly equal teeth; corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip arched, narrowed at the base; middle lobe of the lower lip notched, contracted as if stalked at the base, the lateral ones small ; low^est leaves small and long-petioled, the middle ones cordate and doubly-toothed. A. Loii' : flowers small, pnrplr, i>i friv zvhorU or heads. La'-mi-um am-plex-i-cau'-le L. Dead Nettle. — Leaves deeply crenate- toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping. La'-mi-um pur-pu'-re-um L. Dead Nettle. — Leaves crenate-toothed, all petioled. .\. Taller: flozeers larger, lit se-eeral axillary whorls. La'-mi-um al'-bum L. Dead Nettle. — Corolla white, the tube curved upward, obliquely contracted near the base, a ring of hairs inside. La'-mi-um mac-u-la'-tum L. Dead Nettle. — Like the last but flowers purplish, the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique. LXXVIL Order SO-LA-NA'-CE-/E. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. — Com- monly rank-scented, flowers perfect, regular, ovary superior, 2-celled, seeds numerous. Corolla fiuniel-forni or tiibuL-ir, anthers opening' lengthwise.... Lyeiinii. 1 Corolla wheel-shaped, anthers opening at tlie apex ^olaiiiiiii. 2 Dicotyls or Exogenous P/a)ils. 106 ]. Genus LY'-CI-UIVl. -- Shru1)l)y, sometimes spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary, small flowers. Ly'-ci-um vul-ga'-re Dun. Matrimony Vine. — Shrub wnth long re- curved-drooping branches ; corolla short funnel-form, greenish purple. '1. Genus SO-LA'-NUM. — Corolla wheel-shaped, stamens exserted, filaments very short, anthers converging. A large genus, mostly of warm climates, including the Potato (S. tuberosum), the Egg-plant [S. '^ileIongcna)\ closely related is the Tomato [Ly coper sic um es- culentuui). So-la'-num dul-ca-ma'-ra L. Bittersweet. — Climbing and twining, not pricklv; flowers purple or blue in small cymes; leaves ovate- cordate, thtr upper halberd-shaped or with two lobes or leaflets at base. So-la'-num car-o-li-nen'-se I,. Horse-Nettle. — Hirsute or roughish- pubescent with 4-8-rayed hairs; prickles mostly numerous, yellowish, stout; leaves oblong or ovate, toothed, lobed or pinnatifid; flowers in racemes, larger. LXVIII. Order SCROPH -U - LAR - 1 - A' CE -/E. FIGWORT FAMILY.— Herbaceous; flowers perfect; corolla labiate or nearly regular; sta- mens didynamous or diandrous; ovary '2-celled. Leaves opposite (a). Leaves alternate bi. a. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate above Colli iisia. 1 a. Corolla tubular, sterile stamens about as long as the rest Pi'nlsh'inoii. li a. Corolla wheel-shaped, almost regular, 4-parted »l 'cronica. :!^ b. Calyx tubular, flattened, colored, concealing the corolla-tube. .CaiVzy/^ya. 4i b. Calyjc split in front, oblique, capsule flat Pcdicularis. ■> 1. Genus COL-LIN'-SI-A. — Corolla declined, deeply "i-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style; flowers partly colored, in umbel-like clusters. Col-lin'-si-a ver'-na Nutt. Innocence. — Corolla blue and white, twice the length of the calyx. 2. Genus PENT-STE'-MON. — Corolla tubular and more or less in- flated or bell-shaped, more or less 2-lipped ; flowers mostly showy, thyr- soid or racemose-panicled. 106 Spring Flora of Ohio. Pent-ste'-mon hir-su'-tus (L.) Willd. [P. pubescens'exA.) Beard-tongue. — Stem 1-2 ft. high, viscid-pubescent (at least in the inflorescence) ; thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous - bearded palate ; sterile filament densel}- bearded. Pent-ste'-mon pent-ste'-mon (L.) Britt. (/'. hcvigatiis vSol.) Beard- tongue. — Stem 2-4 ft. high, mostly glabrous, except the inflorescence; thyrse broader; corolla white (commonly tinged with purple), abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above. Pent-ste'-mon dig-i-ta'-lis (Sweet) Nutt. [P. hcvigatus var. digitalis Gr.) Beard-tongue. — Stem sometimes 5 ft. high; corolla white, larger and more abruptly inflated ; otherwise like the last. 3. Genus VE-RON'-I-CA. — Corolla 4(rarely 3 or 5)-parted, wheel- shaped ; stamens 2, exserted ; stigma single ; capsule flattened ; leaves mostly opposite. A. Flowei-s in axillary racevirs. I). Capsule tui-gid, orbicular. Ve-ron'-i-ca an-a-gal'-lis L. Water Speedwell. — Leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate, lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire. Ve-ron'-i-ca a- mer-i-ca'-na Schw. American Brooklime. — Leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly cordate. b. Capsule s/7-o>ig-/y flattened^ Ve-ron'-i-ca scu-tel-la'-ta L. Marsh Speedwell. — Smooth, slender and weak; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes, sev- eral, very slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered ; pedicels elongated. Ve-ron'-i-ca of-fic-i-na'-lis L. Common Speedwell. — Pubescent, stem prostrate, rooting at base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate, elliptical or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely, many-flowered; pedi- cels shorter than the calyx. A. Flo7vers i>i a trriiiiiial i aeriiie. Ve-ron'-i-ca ser-pyl-li-fo'-li-a L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell.-- Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate or oblong Dicotyls or Exogoious Plants. 107 obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded; recenie loose; corolla whitish or pale blue with deeper stripes. A. Flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly alternate. c. Flowers short-pedicelled : Jloral leaves reduced.: Ve-ron'-i-ca per-e-gri'-na L. Neckweed ; Purslane Speedwell. — Glan- dular-puberulent or nearly smooth ; lowest leaves oval oblong, toothed, thickish, the others sessile; the upper oblong-linear, longer than the almost sessile whitish flowers; capsule orbicular, slightly notched. Ve-ron'-i-ca ar-ven'-sis L. Corn Speedwell. — Hairy, lower leaves ovate, crenate. the uppermost sessile, lanceolate ; capsule inversel}' heart-shaped. c. Flowers long-pedicelled, in axils of ordinary leaves) Ve-ron'-i-ca a-gres'-tis L. Field Speedwell. — Leaves round or ovate, crenate-toothed ; flower .small ; capsule nearly orbicular, sharply notched, many-ovuled, but 1-2 seeded. Ve-ron'-i-ca by-zan-ti'-na (Sib & vSm.) B. S. P. {V. buxbaumii Ten.) Speedwell. — Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-toothed, 73-I in. long; flower large, nearly ]A in. wide, blue; capsule obcordate-tri- angular, broadly notched, 16-24 seeded. Ve-ron'-i-ca he-der-se-fo'-li-a L. ivy-leaved Speedwell. — Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3 to 7-toothed or lobed; flowers small; capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2 to 4-seeded. 4. Genus CAS-TIL-LE'-JA. — Calyx tubular, flattened, tube of the corolla included in the calyx, its upper lip long and narrow; lower lip short; anther-cells unequal; the floral leaves usually dilated, colored and more showy than the j'ellow or purplish-spiked flowers. Cas-til-le'-ja coc-cin'-e-a (L.) Spreug. Painted Cup. — Root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, those of the stem incised, the floral :> to 5- cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely yellow) : corolla pale- yellow. 0. Genus PE - DIC - U - LA'- RIS.— Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, flattened, anther cells equal; flowers rather large, in a spike; leaves chiefly pinnatifid. Pe-dic-u-la'-ris can-a-den'-sis L. Lousewort ; Wood Betony.— Upper lip of the dull-greenish-yellow and purplish corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex ; capsule flat. 108 Spri7ig Flora of Ohio. LXXIX. Order LEN-TIB-U-LA-RI-A'-CE-/E. BLADDERWORT FAMILY.— Growfng m water or wet soil; cah'x and usually corolla bilabiate ovary 1-celled; placenta central. 1. Genus U-TRIC-U-LA'-RI-A. — Aquatic plants, immersed, with cap- illary dissected leaves, bearing little bladders, rarely with few or no leaves or bladders; flowers on scapes; calyx and corolla ^-lipped. U-tric-u-la'-ri-a vul ga'-ris L. Bladder-wort. —Leaves crowded, 2-3- pinnately parted; capillary, bearing many bladders. U-tric-u-la'-ri-a in-ter-me'-di-a Hayne. Bladder-wort. — Leaves crowd- ed, 2-ranked, 4—') times forked, rigid, the bladders borne on separate leafless branches. U-tri-u-la'-ri-a cor-nu'-ta ]Mx. Bladder-wort. — Growing in peat-bogs or sand}- swamps, stem strict ; leaves entire, rarely seen. LXXX. Order OR-0-BAN-CHA' CE /E. BROOM -RAPE FAMILY.— Destitute of green foliage; root parasitic; stamens didynamous ovary 1-celled. Flowers thyrsoid-spicate, stamens included ThaU'sia. 1 Flowers densely spicate, stamens e.xserted Coiiopliolis. 2 1. Genus THA-LE'-SI-A. (:-^//m'//c«.) — Corolla somewhat i-lipped; stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform , plants brownish or whitish ; the yellowi.sh or purplish flowers and the naked scapes minutely glandular pubescent. Tha-le'-si-a u-ni-flo'-ra (L.) Britt. [Aphyllon iinifloniui Gr.) One- flowered Cancer-root. — Scapes 3-5 in. high, 1-flowered. 2. Genus CO-NOPH'-0-LIS.~ Flowers in a thick, chestnut-colored or yellowish, scaly spike, the scales becoming dr\' and hard ; corolla tubular, swollen at base; strongly 2-lipped; stamens protruded. Co-noph'-o-lis a-mer-i-ca'-na (L. f) Wallr. Squaw-root: Cancer-root. — Growing in clusters among fallen leaves. LXXXI. BIG-NO-NI-A'-CE-/E. BIGNONIA FAMILY.— Trees or shrubs ; flowers large, showy; corolla more or less labiate; seeds flat, usually winged. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 101* Leaves compound, tendril-bearing Bi^umtia. 1 Leaves compound, not tendril-bearing- Tfcnma. '1 Leaves simple : fertile stamens only 'J : trees Caf(.i/pa. '.\ 1. Genus BIG-NO'-NI-A. — Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped ; stamens 4, often a rudimentary fifth ; woody climbers. Big-no'-ni-a cru-cig'-e-ra L. [B. capreolata L.) Cross-vine. — Leaves of 1* ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often a pair of stipule-like leaves in the axils; corolla orange, "_' in. long. 2. Genus TEC'-O-MA. -Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irreg- ular; stamens \\ woody plants, climbing by aerial roots. Tec'-o-ma rad'-i-cans (L.) DC. Trumpet Creeper. — Leaves pinnate; leaflets 9-11; corolla orange and scarlet, 2 '2-0 in. long. '.^. Gentis CA-TAL'-PA. — Trees; leaves simple, entire ; calyx deeply 2-lipped ; corolla Ijell-shaped, the undulate, ^-lobed, spreading border irregtilar, 2-lipped ; capstile very long and slender; seeds winged on each side. Ca-tal'-pa spe-ci-o'-sa Warder. Western Catalpa. — Leaves truncate or subcordate at base, slenderly acuminate, soft-downy beneath, inodor- otis; flowers larger than in the next; lower lobe of the corolla emar- ginate or deeply notched; pod terete, 8-20 in. long, 17-20 lines in cir- ctimference. Ca-tal'-pa ca-tal'-pa (L.) Karst. {C. bignonioides Walt.) Southern Catalpa: Indian Bean. — Leaves cordate, pointed, downy beneath, dis- agreeable (almost fetid) when touched ; flowers showy ; corolla 1 J4 in. long, white, tinged with violet, dotted in the throat with yellow and ptirple; lower lobe entire; pod S-10 in. long, 1)-12 lines in circumfer- ence. LXXXIL Order PE-DAL-I-A'-CE-/E. — Herbs; leaves mostly oppo- site, or upper alternate; flowers as in the preceding Order; seeds not ■winged. L Gentts MAR-TYN'-I-A. — Cah-x 5-cleft; corolla gibbous, bell- shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped; the frtiit with a woody beak, which splits into 2 hooked horns; low, clammy-pubescent annual. 110 spring Flora of Ohio. exhaling a heavy odor; flowers racenied, large, white or purplish, or spotted with yellow and purple. Mar-tyn'-i-a lou-i si-a'-na Mill. (J/ prohoscidea Glox.i Unicorn-plant. — Leaves heart-shaped, entire or undulate, the up])er alternate. LXXXIII. Order A-CAN-THA'-CE/E. ACANTHUS FAMILY. — Leaves opposite; flowers labiate or irregular; stamens 2-4; ovary 2-celled. L Genus RU-EL'-LI-A. — Calyx ^-parted; corolla funnel-form with spreading, ample border ; flowers rather large, blue or purple, mostlv in axillary clusters. Ru-el'-li-a cil-i-o'-sa Ph. Ruellia. — Hirsute, with soft, whitish hairs; leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong, 1-2 in. long; tube of the corolla fully twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes. The other species iR. strepens L.) nearlj' or quite glabrous; leaves narrowed at base into a petiole; tube of the corolla slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes ; blooms later July to Sepieniber.) LXXXIV. Order PLAN-TA-GIN-A-CE-/E. PLANTAIN FAMILY.— Mostly acaulescent; leaves radical, riljV^ed; flowers spicate; corolla scarious; ovary free; style filiform. 1. Genus PLAN-TA'-GO. — Calyx of 4 persistent sepals, mostly mem- branaceous margins; corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod; stamens exserted; leaves ribbed. A. Flo',L'i')-s all f>i'i-fect : corolla not closed oTcr thr fi-m't. ^b. Bracts shorl ; leanes la)iceohitr or broad, strongly ribbed. , c. Ribs of the broad leaves rising /ro)ii I lie midrib. Plan-ta'-go cor-da'-ta Lam. Cordate Plantain. — Tall, glal)rous; leaves cordate or round-ovate, 3-8 in long, long-petioled. I'c. Ribs of thr leaf free to the contracted base.]) Plan-ta'-go ma'-jor L. Common Plantain. — Leaves ovate, oblong-oval or slightly cordate, often toothed; spike dense, obtuse; capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8 to lU-seeded ; seeds reticulated. Plan-ta'-go ru-gel'-i-i Dec. Common Plantain. — Differing from the last as follows: spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex; capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4 to !)- seeded; seeds not reticulated. Dicotyls or Exogenous P/ants. Ill Plan-ta'-go lan-ce-o-la'-ta L. Rib-grass: Ripple-grass; English Plan- tain. — Scapes at length much longer than the lanceolate or lance-ob- long leaves ; spike dense ; seeds 2. b. Brads linear, 2 or 3 tinirs as long as the jlowers ; leaves narrower}^ Plan-ta'-go ar-is-ta'-ta Mx. (P. patagonica var. aristata Gr.) Awned Plantain. — Loosely hairy or green, or becoming glabrous; bracts nar- nowly-linear, elongated; spike >^-4 in. long. A. Flowers siib-dia'cious or polyganio-cleistogamotis ; corolla of the fertile flower closed over the maturing capsule forming a kind of beak; sniall annuals' or biennials. Plan-ta'-go vir-gin'-i-ca L. Plantain. — Hairy or hoary-pubescent, 2-9 in. high; leaves oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, o to -j-nerved ; spikes 1-2 in. long. LXXXV. Order RU-BI-A'-CE->E. MADDER FAMILY.— Leaves simple, entire, opposite or verticillate; ovary inferior; stamens epipetalous. Leaves opposite ; fruit a pod, small plants Houstonia. 1 Leaves opposite or whorled ; fruit a pod ; large shrub Cephalanthus. 2 Leaves opposite: frjiit a 2-eyed berry, plant creeping Milchella. 3 Leaves whorled; fruit twin, of 2 1-seeded carpels ; herbs Galium. 4 L Genus HOUS-TO'-NI-A. — Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; corolla salver- form or funnel-form ; ovary 2-celled, 4-20 seeds in each cell ; stipules short, entire, connecting the bases of the leaves; flowers dimorphic. A. Small, delicate: peduncle l-flozvei-ed, corolla salver-form. Hous-to'-ni-a cae-ru'-le-a L. Bluets; Innocence. — Leaves oblong- spatulate, ;^>-4 lines long; corolla light-blue, pale-lilac or nearly white, with a yellowish eye. A. Flowers i>i small terminal cymes or clusters ; corolla funnel-form. Hous-to'-ni-a pur-pu'-re-a L. Houstonia. — Pubescent or smooth, 8-15 in. high; leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, :\-o ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the half-free, globtilar pod. Hous-to'-ni-a cil-i-o-la'-ta Gr. [H. purpurea va.r. ciliolata Q,x.) Hous- tonia.— Leaves only Yz in. long, thickish, the cauline oblong-spatulate, the radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-ciliolate. Hous-to'-ni-a lon-gi-fo'-li-a Gsertn. [H. purpurea var. longifolia Gr.) Houstonia. — Mosth' glabrous, thinner-leaved ; leaves oblong-lanceolate 112 Spriiio Flora of Ohio. to linear, (i-^O Hues long, the radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, not ciliate. Hous-to'-ni-a ten-u-i-fo'-li-a Nutt. (//. purpurea var. tenuifolia Gr.) Houstonia. — Slender, diffuse, 6-12 in. high, with loose inflorescence and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline leaves all linear, hardly over 1 line wide. 2. Genus CEPH-A-LAN'-THUS. — Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothe(l; corolla tuljular, flowers in spherical, peduncled heads, white; shrubs, with ovate or lanceolate-oblong leaves. Ceph-a-lan'-thus oc-ci-den-ta'-lis. Button-bush. — Growing in swamps and along streams. 3. Genus MITCH-EL'-LA. — Flowers in pairs with their ovaries united; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes densely bearded inside ; a smooth, trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining, petioled leaves. Mitch-el'-la re'-pens L. Partridge-berry. — Flowers white, tinged with purple; the scarlet berries remaining over winter. 4. Genus GA'-LI-UM. — Calyx-teeth obsolete, corolla 4(rarely o)- parted, wheel-shaped; stamens 4 (rarely .i), styles 2; flowers small, c^mose, stems square, leaves whorled. A. Leaves ahnni S in a ii'hur!. fi nit ivi/h haoked prickles. Ga'-li-um a-pa-ri'-ne L. Cleavers; Goose Grass.— Stem weak and re- clining, bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceo- late, rough on the margins and midrib, 1-2 in. long. A. Leaves in \s, cninpai-ativcly /arge and firoad. moie i/r /ess distinc/ly o- nerved ; JiiiH liooked-hristly. b. Flowers diiU-puiple to yello7i.'ish-7vhile : peduncles '?i-several-flo7verrd. Ga'-li-um pi-lo'-sum Ait. Hairy Cleavers. — Hairy, leaves oval, 1 in. long, the lateral nerves obscure ; peduncles 2-o-forked, the flowers all pedicelled. Ga'-li-um cir-cae'-zans Mx. Wild Licorice.- Smooth or downy; leaves oval or ovate-oblong, ciliate, 1-1)4 iii. long; peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and divergent. Duotyls or Exogenous Plants. 118 Ga'-li-um lan-ce-o-la'-tum Torr. Wild Licorice. — Nearly glal)rous; leaves (except the lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taperinj; to the apex, 2 in. long. b. Flou'cn bi iglil -a'liitr, iniiiirrdiis in a iimifiact panicle.' Ga'-IJ-um bo-re-a'-le L. Northern Bedstraw. -Smooth, 1-2 ft. high; leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. A. Li'aiies in \s-KiS. small. X-nciiwd. fruit smooth cxcefit in tlir last spi'cies. c. Leai'es pointless. Ga'-li-um tri'-fi-dum L. Small Bedstraw. — Stems weak, ascending, •1-20 in. high, mostly roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves in whorls of 4-(), linear or oblanceolate ; peduncles scattered, 1-7-flow- ered ; corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3. Ga'-li-um con-cin'-num T. & G. Cleavers. — Stems low and slender, 6-12 in. high, with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in Hs, linear, slightly pointed, the margins upwardly roughened ; peduncles 2-H times forked, diffusely panicled. c. Leaves cuspidalely mm lonate or acuminate. Ga'-li-um as-prel'-lum Mx. Rough Bedstraw. — Stems much branched, rough backw'ards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes, o-5 ft. high ; leaves in whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, with almo.st prickly margins and midrib. Ga'-li-um tri-flo'-rum Mx. Three -floweredj Bedstraw. Stem l-o ft. long, bristly-roughened backward on the angles ; leaves elliptical- lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with slightly-roughened margins, 1-2 in. long ; peduncles o-flowered, the flowers pedicelled, greenish. LXXXVI. Order CAP-RI-FO-LI-A'-CE-yE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.— Mostly shrubby; leaves opposite; ovary inferior; stamens inserted on the tube or base of the corolla. Corolla wheel-shaped or uni-shaped, regular ,a\ Corolla tubular, often irregular b . a. Leaves pinnate, fruit berry-like Satnhnciis. 1 a. Leaves simple, fruit a 1-seeded drupe Viburnum 2 b. Herbs, flowers axillary Triosteum. :! b. Shrubs, erect or climbing (c . c. Corolla regular, bell-shaped ; berry 2-seeded Symphoricarpus. 4 c. Corolla more or less irregular, tubular; berry several-seeded Loniceia. '> c. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular: pod 'J-celled, many seeded. . .Diervilla. (> 114 Spring Flora of Ohio. 1. Genus SAM-BU'-CUS. — Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading, o-cleft limb; shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves and small, white flowers in compound cymes. Sam-bu'-cus can-a-den'-sis L. Elder, — Leaflets oblong, the lower often .'>-parted; cymes flat; fruit black-purple. Sam-bu'-cus pu'-bens Mx. {S. raceuiosa h.) Red-berried Elder. — Leaf- lets ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes pauicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright-red. '1. Genus VI-BUR'-NUM. — Calyx ")-toothed; corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed; flowers white, in flat, compound cymes; shrubs, with simple leaves. A. Till' iiiai ghial Jiozufrs neutral, coro//as grt'a/ly enlarged and flat. Vl-bur'-num al-ni-fo'-li-um Marsh. (/'. lantanoides Mx.) Hobble- bush. — Leaves 4-8 in. across, round-ovate, abruptl}- pointed, closely serrate ; the veins and veinlets beneath and the stalks and branchlets verv rustv-scurfy ; a straggling shrub. Vi-bur'-nutti op'-u-lus L. Cranberry-tree. — Nearly smooth, upright, 4-10 ft. high; leaves .S-o-ribbed, strongh' 3-lobed. The Snow-ball is a cviltivated form of this species, the whole cyme consisting of sterile flowers. A. .\'(^ i')ilari>i-d marginal flo7uers. b. Leaves H-ridfied, soniew/iat :\-lobed, st/fiitles hristle-sliaped. Vi-bur'-num a-cer-i-fo'-li-um L. Dockmackie: Arrow-wood. — Shrub 3-6 ft. high; leaves soft-downy 1:)eneath ; cymes small, slender-peduncled. 1). I.ca-rcs Loarsclv tootlird, />hinalelv Tr/ned. stifinles narrorvlv subulate) Vi-bur'-num pu-bes'-cens (Ait.) Ph. Downy Arrow -wood. A low, straggling shrub ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface, and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young. Vi-bur'-num den-ta'-tum L. Arrow-wood. — Smooth, 5-15 ft. high, bark ash-colored ; leaves V)roadly ovate, very numerously sharp - toothed and strongly veined. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plajits. 115 b. Leaves finely sen-ate or entire, f^riglil i;reeii, stipides )inne. Vi-bur'-tium cas-si-noi'-des L. Withe-rod. — Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, margins irregularly crenulate- denticulate or sometimes entire; cymes peduncled, about o-rayed. Vi-bur'-num len-ta'-go L. Sweet Viburnum: Sheep-berry.— Leaves ovate, strongly pointed, closely serrate, cymes compound, sessile. Vi-bur'-num pru-ni-fo'-li-um L. Blaci( Haw.— Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, fineh^ serrate, smaller than in the preceding, 1-2 in. long; cymes compound, sessile. 3. Genus TRI-OS'-TE-UIVI. — Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, scarcely longer than the cal3rxf coarse hairy perennial herbs, the leaves tapering to the base, and connate around the simple stem. Tri-os'-te-um per-fo-li-a'-tum L. Feverwort ; Horse-Gentian. — Softly hairy; leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below, downy beneath, flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered. Tri-os'-te-um an-gus-ti-fo'-li-um L. Feverwort: Horse-Gentian. — Bristly hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers greenish cream-color, mosth- single in the axils. 4. Genus SYIVI-PHOR-I-CAR'-PUS. — Calyx-teeth short, persistent; corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4— ')-cleft; low and branching upright shrubs with oval and short-petioled leaves. Sym-phor-i-car'-pus sym-phor-i-car'-pus (L.) Macm. (S". vit/garisM-s..) Indian Currant: Coral-berry. — Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves, in short dense clusters; style bearded; fruit red. Sym-phor-i-car' pus ra-ce-mo'-sus Mx. Snowberry. — Flowers in a loose and somewhat leafy interrupted spike; style glabrous; fruit white. 5. Geniis LON-I-CE'-RA. — Calyx-teeth very short ; corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at base, irregularly or sub-regularly 5-lobed ; leaves entire. A. Upright bushy slirnhs; pedum les a.trittary; flowers yelloivisti. Lon-l-ce'-ra cil-i-a'-ta Muhl. Fly-Honeysuckle. — Branches straggling, 3-5 ft. high ; leaves oblong-ovate, often cordate, petioled, thin, downy beneath ; filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves. '^/^ 116 Spring Flora of Ohio. Lon-i-ce'-ra cae-ru'-le-a L. Mountain Fly- Honeysuckle. Low, 1 -'2 ft_ hi.i,di, hrancliL-s upright; leaves oval, down)- when young; peduncles very short. Lon-i-ce -ra ob-lon-gi-fo -li-a (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle. — Shrub,, 2-5 ft. high, branches upright; leaves 2-3 in. long, oblong; downy when young, smooth when old ; peduncles long and slender. A. Txi'iiiing shrubs with the florvt'rs in sessile, 'whorled chisteis fruiii I lie axi/s of the {often connate iippe?- leaves. b. Coi olla trunipet-sliaped, alinoit regtilar. Lon-i-ce'-ra sem-per-vi'-rens Ait. Trumpet Honeysuckle. — Flowers in -somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2 in. long, red outside, yel- Jowish within; leaves oblong, the uppermost pairs connate. b. Corolla ringent, the loiver Up >iarro7t'. the upper \-lobedl^ [ c. Corolla-titbe 1 in. loii^. glabrous inside.) Lon-i-ce'-ra gra'-ta Ait. American Woodbine. — Leaves smooth, glau- cous beneath, obovate, the 2 or .i upper pairs united. ((c. Corolla hairy within, the tube Vi in. long or less.)) Lon-i-ce'-ra hir-su'-ta Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle. — Leaves deep-green above, downy-hairy beneath, dull, broadly-oval, the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; corolla orange-yellow, clammy-pubescent. Lon-i-ce'-ra sui-li-van'-ti-i Gr. Sullivant's Honeysuckle. — At length much whitened with glaucous bloom, 3-6 ft. high, glaVjrous; leaves oval or obovate-oblong, 2-4 in. long, sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems; filaments nearly glabrous. Lon-i-ce'-ra glau'-ca Hill. Small-flowered Honeysuckle. -GlaVjrous, or lower leaf-surface sometimes puberulent, 3-") ft. high; leaves oblong, 2-3 in. long, glaucous, but less whitened than the last, the 1—1 upper pairs connate; corolla tube only 3-4 lines long within, and also the style and base of filaments hirsute. 2. Genus DI-ER-VIL'-LA. — Calyx-tube tapering at the summit, the lobes slender, persistent; corolla funnel-form, almost regular; leaves ovate or oblong, petioled, serrate. Di-er-vil'-la di-er-vil'-la (L.) Macm. {D. trifida Mtench.) Bush Honeysuckle. — Peduncles cymosely about 3-flowered, terminal or from the upper axils. Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 117 LXXXVII. Order VALERIAN A'-CE/E. VALERIAN FAMILY.— Herbs; leaves opposite, exstipulale ; corolla somewhat irregular; stamens epipetalous ; ovary inferior ."S-celled, but 1-seeded. Limb of calyx consisting of inrolled, plumose bristles / 'alrn'aiia. 1 I,im.b of calyx obsolete or merely toothed / 'ali'i-iauella. 2 1. Genus VA-LE-RI-A'-NA. The inrolled pappus -like plumose- bristles (representing the limb of the calyx) unroll and spread as the seed-like, 1 -celled fruit matures; perennial herbs with thickened, strong-scented roots and simple or pinnate leaves. Va-le-ri-a'-na ed'-u-lis Nutt. Valerian. — Stem straight, 1-4 ft. high, few-leaved ; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into .'>-7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow panicle, nearly difjecious ; corolla whitish. Va-le-ri-a'-na syl-vat'-i-ca Banks. Valerian. — Root-leaves ovale or oblong, rarely with "J small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3-11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate, nearly entire leaflets ; cymes at first close, man)' flowered ; corolla % in. long, rose-color or white. Growing northward ; reported for Ohio. Va-le-ri-a'-na pau-ci-flo'-ra Mx. Valerian. — Root leaves ovate, cor- date, toothed, sometimes with '1 small lateral divisions; stem-leaves pinnate, leaflets .■)-7, ovate, toothed. 1'. Genus VA-LE-RI-AN-EL'-LA. — L,imb of calyx obsolete; fruit o- celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. A. Corolla bliiixli. Va-le-ri-an-el'-la lo-cus'-ta (L.) Bettke. [l'. alitor ia Poll.) Corn Salad; Lamb-Lettuce. — Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell ; empty cells as large as the fertile, contiguous. A. Corolla white. Va-ie-ri-an-eria chen-o po-di-fo'-li-a (Ph.) DC. Corn Salad; Lamb- Lettuce. I'ertile cell broader than the empty ones, beaked, cross- section of frtiit triangular. Va-le-ri-an-el'-la ra-di-a'-ta (L.) Dnfr. Corn Salad; Lamb-Lettuce. — Fertile cell broad as the empt}' one, beaked ; cross-section of fruit quadrate. 118 Spring Flora of Ohio. Va-le-ri-an-el'-la wood-si-a'-na pa-tel-la'-ri-a (SuU.) Gr. Corn Salad; Lamb-Lettuce. — Fertile cell much the narrowest; fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, winged by the divergent cells. LXXXVIII. Order CAIV1-PAN-U-LA'-CE-/E. CAMPANULA FAMILY.— Herbs, leaves simple, alternate; corolla regular, stamens ■'>, mostly distinct; ovary inferior. Calj-x mostly 5-cleft : filaments broad at base Campanitla. 1 Caly.x-tube elongated ; filaments hairy, shorter than anthers Legou~ia '1 1. Genus CAM -PAN'- U - LA. — Calyx 5-cleft; corolla bell-shaped, stamens "> ; filaments broad and membranous at base. Cam-pan'-u-la ro-tun-di-fo'-li-a L. Harebell. — Slender, branching, 5-12 in. high; root leaves round-cordate or ovate, long petioled, early withering away ; stetn leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, smooth. Cam-pan'-u-la a-par-i-noi'-des Ph. Marsh Campanula. — Stem simple and slender, weak, S-2U in. high, somewhat o-angled, rough backward on the angles as are the edges and midriVj of the linear lanceolate leaves. 2. Genus LE-GOU'-ZI-A. {Specular ia).—^2\yyi 5 (or 3-4)-lobed ; cor- olla wheel-shaped, stamens 5. Le-gou'-zi-a per'-fo-ii-a'-ta (L.) Britt. [Specularia perfoliafa A. DC.) Venus's Looking-Glass. — Leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the cor- date base, toothed, flowers sessile, solitar} or 2-3 in the axils, blue or purplish. LXXXIX. Order COM-POS'-l-TyE. SUNFLOWER FAMILY.— Flowers in heads surrounded by a scaly involucre, corolla tubular in the per- fect flowers and ligulate in the marginal or ray-flowers; anthers united in a tube; ovary inferior; calyx-limb represented by (pappus) a cup, teeth, scales, awns or bristles. Heads with no ray ligulate -flowers (c;. Heads with ray-flowers a . a. Pappus capillary b . a. Pappus a short crown or none d . b. Ray-flowers white or purple or flesh-color Eiigeron 1 b. Ray-flowers \ellow f . c. Heads dinecious ; floccosc-woolly plants Aiiti'intaiia. "2 Dicotyls or Exogenous Plants. 119 d. Rays yellow, disk dull brown Rudberkia. 'i d. Rays white e . e. Receptacle chaffy ; heads small, the rays few AchiUea. 4 e. Receptacle not chaffy except at summit : heads rather large Anthrmis. "> e. Receptacle naked, rays many : heads large Clirysanthetmim. (> f. Leaves all radical ; heads solitary- on scaly scapes Tussilago. 7 f. Leaves not all radical ; heads corymlied Senecio. S 1. Genus ER-IG'-ER-ON. — Heads man3'-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical, the narrow rays very numerous; involucral scales narrow, equal and little imbricated; achenes flattened; pappus a single row of capillary bristles. A. Rays white. Er-ig'-er-on an'-nu-us (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane. — Stem beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed, the lowest ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate. Er-ig'-er-on ra-mo'-sus (Walt.) B. S. P. [E. strigosus Muhl.) Daisy Fleabane. — Roughish, with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the lowest oblong or spatulate, the upper lanceolate. A. Rays purp/isli or flesh-color. Er-ig'-er-on pul-chel'-lus Mx. {E. bellidifolins Muhl.) Robin's Plan- tain.— Stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large heads; rays about ■')(), rather broad, light bluish-purple. Er-ig'-er-on phil-a-del'-phi-cus I^. Common Fleabane. — Stem leafy, corymbed, having several small heads; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color. '1. Genus AN-TEN-NA'-RI-A. — Heads many-flowered, dioecious; flowers all tubular; involucre dry and scarious; achenes terete or flattish ; leaves entire, heads corymbed, rarely single. An-ten-na'-ri-a plan-ta-gin-i-fo'-li-a (L.) Rich. Everlasting. — Low, 3-18 in. high, spreading by off'sets and runners. 3. Genus RUD-BECK'-I-A. — Heads many-flowered, radiate; scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading; chaff short, con- cave; achenes 4-angular, flat on top. Rud-beck'-i-a hir'-ta L. Cone-flower.— Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; heads large; leaves nearly entire. O /. 120 spring Flora of Ohio. . -1. Genus A-CH I L-LE'-A.— Heads nian3-flowered, radiate, rays few; I "^ invokicral scales imbricated, with scarious margins; receptacle chaffv; / achenes flattened, oblong. A-chil-le'-a mil-le-fo'-li-um L. Yarrow: Milfoil. -^Leaves twice pin- nately parted, the divisions linear, o-o-cleft, crowded ; corymb of heads compound. 5. Genus AN'-THE-MIS. — Heads many-flowered, radiate ; involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated, dry and scarious scales ; receptacle conical, without chaff near the margin. An'-the-mis cot'-u-la L. May-weed; Dog-fennel. — Leaves finelv .'i-pin- uately dissected ; plants ill-scented. I>. Genus CHRY-SAN'-THE-MUM. — Rays numerous; involucre I)road and flat, the scales with scarious margins, imbricated; receptacle naked ; disk-corollas flattened ; achenes striate ; pappus none. Chry-san'-the-mum leu-can'-the-mum L. Ox-eye Daisy: White-Weed. — Stem erect nearly simple, naked above, bearing a single large head. 7. Genus TUS-SI-LA'-GO. — Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate; involucre nearly simple; achenes cylindrical-oblong; pappus copious, soft and capillary. Tus-si-la'-go far'-fa-ra L. Coltsfoot.— The scapes scaly, 1 -flowered, preceding the rounded-cordate, angled or toothed leaves. S. Genus SEN-E'-CI-O. — Heads many-flowered, flowers yellow, in- volucre simple or with a few bractlets at the base, receptacle flat, naked; pappus of numerous soft capillar}' bristles. A. Roof ainiiial. Sen-e'-ci-o lo-ba'-tus Pers. Butter-weed.— Leaves somewat fleshy, ly- rate or pinnate, the divisions crenate or cut-lobed ; rays G-1"J. A. Root pficiniial. , Sen-e'-ci-o au'-re-us L. Golden Ragwort; Squaw-weed. — Leaves ^ \ thin, the radical simple and rounded, the larger ones mostlv heart- shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled; lower stem-leaves Ivrate, up- per ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping. Dicotvls or Exogenous Plants. 121 Sen-e'-ci-o ob-o-va'-tus Miihl. [S. aureus var. obovatus T. & G.) Golden Ragwort: Squaw-Weed. — Differs from the precediug in having^ the root-leaves thicker, round-ovate, with a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. Sen-e'-ci-o bal-sam'-i-tae Muhl. [S. aureus var. halsamitcc T. & G.) Golden Ragwort; Squaw-Weed. — Compared with the preceding less glab- rate; root-leaves olilong, spatulate or lanceolate, narrow^ed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-piunatifid; heads rather small and numerous. XC. Order CI-CHO-RI-A -CE /E. CHICORY FAMILY. — Flowers in heads surrounded Ijv a scaly involucre ; corolla ligulate in all the flowers; anthers, calyx and ovary as in the preceding Order; herbs with milky juice and alternate leaves. Heads small terminating the naked scapes or branches Adol>o;j,iiii. 1 Head large and solitary, on a hollow scape Taraxaciini. '1 1. Genus AD-O-PO'-GON. [Krigia). — Heads several-many-flow- ered, corollas all ligulate; involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin ; achenes short and truncate ; pappus double, the outer of thin chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles. Ad-o-po-gon car-o-li-ni-a'-num (Walt.) Britt. [Krigia virgiuiea Willd). Dwarf Dandelion. - Pappus of o-7 short roundish chaff and o-7 alternating bristles ; stems becoming branched and leafy ; earlier leaves rounded and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid. Ad-o-po'-gon vir-gin'-i-cum (L.) Kuntze. [Krigia aiuplexicaulis Nutt.) .Dwarf Dandelion. — Pappus 10-15 small oblong chaff and 10-15 bristles; stem leaves 1-3, oval or oblong, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones often toothed rarely pinnatifid. 2. Genus TA-RAX'-A-CUIW. — Head many-flowered, large, solitary,, on a slender, hollow scape ; corollas all ligulate ; involucre double, the outer of short scales ; apex of the achene prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious, soft white bristles. Ta-rax'-a-cum ta-rax'-a-cum (L.) Karst. [T. oJficiua/eWeh.) Dande- /^ ./ lion. — Leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. ilj~^ 7 /G KEY TO TREES AND SHRUBS. Coiie-bearing plants, or the so-called "evergreens" (li. Plants not cone-bearing; usually deciduous 4. page 1. Leaves needle-shaped, 2-o in a sheath Finns. 17 1. Leaves not in a sheath, very many in a cluster, deciduous Laiix. 17 1. Leaves scale-like and adnate or free, and awl-shaped ;2 . I. Leaves not as above, scattered 3 . 2. Leaves 2-ranked, fruit a cone with few scales Thuya. 18 2. Leaves not 2-ranked, fruit a berry-like cone .Juniperous. 18 :>. Leaves green both sides, 2-ranked Ta.vu.s. 18 o. Leaves whitened beneath, petioled Tsiiiin. 18 4. Leaves simple 25 . 4. Leaves cojupound o . 5. Leaves of 2 leaflets and a branched tendril: tall climber Bignoiiia. 109 T). Leaves tri-foliate or pinnately compound 7 . •^. Leaves palmately compound ;t> . (). Tree, leaves opposite, fruit large, dry ^^_^ .'Esciiliis. 1\) 0. Vine, leaves alternate, fruit small berries.-. ^»Axt-!V.x.»*<«fT-.'g I^rin's. 80 (i. Half shrub stems biennial , leaflets )! or .') Riibiis. (i4 7. Leaves all trifoliate 9;. 7. Leaves pinnate a few of them may be trifoliate 11 . 7. Leaves hipinnate or decompound (a few may be simply pinnate ;s . 8. Shrubs or small tree, the umbels in a large panicle 4ralia. Mi 8. Tree, thornj-, leaflets small, leaves often pinnate Gleditschia. 09 8. Tree not thorny, leaflets large, leaves very large Gymtiocladus. 09 9. A climbing vine, sometimes small and erect; leaves alternate Rhus. 75 9. A climbing vine; fruit plumose; leaves opposite Cleviatis. 4(i 9. Half shrub biennial , trailing or nearly erect; leaflets o lor 5 Ruhiis. (U 9. A straggling bush, leaves aromatic when crushed; leaflets ciU- toothed . Rh us. 75 9. Strictly upright shrubs 10. 1(1. Leaves opposite, fruit a bladdery pod, flowers in drooping racemes, white: branches greenish-striped..' Staph vlea. 77 10. Leaves alternate, fruit surrounded by a wing; flowers in cymes ; branches not as above Piclca. 73 II. More or less thorny or prickly 12 . 11. Not at all thorny or prickly 14 . 12. Shrub; bark, leaves and pods aromatic, leaflets .5-9 Xauthoxyhiiii. 73 12. Bark, etc., not pungent-aromatic 13 . 13. Large tree with large mostly-branched thorns, fruit a po([. . .(j'liy»nis. 76 28. Leaves all deeply or slightly lobed 29 . 28. Leaves lobed or wavy-toothed only on young shoots, the others en- tire Syinphoi icarpus. 115 28. Leaves entire or serrate, not lobed 30;. 29. Fruit a double samara, in umbellate clusters or racemes Ari'r. 77 29. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, in flat cymes / 'ibniiiiivi. 114 30. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, sometimes in 3s or alternate Kahin'a. 91 .'50. Leaves deciduous 31 . 31. Leaves serrate; shrubs (32 . 31. Leaves entire; shrubs or trees 33 . 32. Fruit a drupe with soft pulp, in flat cymes / 'ibtninon. 114 32. Fruit, a 2-valved pod, in upper axils or terminal Diertnlla. 116 32. Fruit crowned with 2-4 diverging styles, in flat cymes Hydrangea. 59 o2. Fruit a 3-5-lobed pod, seeds in a red aril; peduncles axillary . .y??/o;M'w«,?. 76 33. Tree with very broad leaves ; pods elongated Catalpa. 109 33. Small tree ; leaves ovate ; fruit a red drupe Corints. 89 33. Shrubs, upright, spreading or twining 34 . 124 Spring l-lora of Ohio. PAOE o-I. Twilling; iipptniiosl leaves connate Laiiiccja. 115 34. Not as above ;>") . 35. Fruit in spherical, peduncled heads, dry and h&rd. . . .Cffiha/aiilhiis. 112 35. Fruit like the rose-hip; bark and foliage aromatic Biiflhifiia. 1!> 35. Fruit black, berries in terminal panicles Liguslrii))!. 97 35. Fruit fleshy, drupes, lateral in drooping panicles CluDiiantliKS. it7 35. Fruit on axillary peduncles, 2 berries, sometimes united. . ./."w/ccra. 115 35. Fruit red or white globose berries, in close, short axillary spikes or clusters Sv»ipli(iiicarpi 35. Fruit yellowish-red oval berries, single or clustered in the axils Lepargyrtra. 85 :\'i. Fruit 1-seeded drupes with soft pulp, compressed stone ; in flat cymes / 'ihiinniiii. 11 1 35. Fruit fleshy, white, blue or red drupes; stone 2-seeded ; in cymes or close heads Coi>itis. SU 35. Fruit a dry pod, not as above 3I> . 3(5. Pod 3-celled ; branchlets often 2-edged ; leaves narrow Hypniciim. 81 .36. Pod 2-celled ; leaves cordate-ovate; flowers showy; cultivated Syriiiira. .lift 37- Shrubs or small tree; more or less prickly or thorny :W. 37. Not at all prickly or thorny 44 . 38. Leaves only spinj', or reduced to spines 3'.i . 38. Branches and sometimes also the fruit prickly or spiny 4ii . 39. Leaves obovate-oblong, bristly-toothed, in axils of sharp mostly branched spines Bcrberis. Vy 39. Leaves evergreen, oval, margins wavy and with scattered spiny teeth Ilex. 7(). 40. Vine with tendrils from the stipules; fruit a herr>- Suiilax. 24 40. Not as above 41 . 41. Leaves palmately lobed, often fascicled on the branches Ribcs. .5i1. 41. Leaves not palmately lobed 42 . 42. No spines except stunted branches 43 . 42. Stout axillary spines, leaves shining; juice milky Tovyloii. 'My 43. Pome drupe-like containing 1-5 bony stones ; Ivs. lobed or wedge-obovate Ciatirirus. ('>;J. 43. Drupe fleshy with bony stone ; leaves coarsely or doubly serrate Priiniis. lis 43. Pome fleshy, the carpels or cells papery or cartilaginous; leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, cut-serrate, toothed or lobed Pyrus. i\'l 43. P'ruit a 2-celled berry; leaves oblong-lanceolate or spatulate- lauceolate Pycimii. 10.5. 44. Creeping or trailing evergreen shrubs 45 . 44. Shrubs not creeping (46) . 44. Small or large trees !57i. 45. Leaves small, ovate or oblong; margins revolute ; whitened beneath Scholli-ra. 94 45. Leaves small ; margins revolute ; the lower surface with rigid, rusty bristles Cliiofieues. 93 15. Leaves thick, obovate or spatulate, entire, sn\ooi\\. . .Aicloslapliylos. 9.> Key to Trees and Shnibs. 125 45. Leaves ohovatt or oval, obscurely serrate ; flovvciiiig branches p.^c.e ei-ect Gaitl/hi'iia. '.12 45. Leaves roinided, cordate, bristly, with rusty hairs F.piircra. !t2 4(>. Tendril-bearing vines, with berries in a thyrse / 'His. M) 4(1. Not tendril-bearing, twining; pods orange-colored, aril-scarlet. .CV'/rt.f/r«i'. 77 4(i. Shrub; leaves evergreen; margins not revolute, green t)eneath . .A'a/h/zV?. '.H 4r). Shrub ; leaves e\ergreen; margins stronglj- revolute, whitened beneath Aiidroiiirda. '.t2 4li. Leaves nearly evergreen, ferruginous-scurfy beneath ; plant low and much branched CliaDurciaplnir. ".12 4(3. Not as above 47 . 47. Leaves pinnatifid, with many rounded lobes Comploiita. 2'.i 47. Leaves crenate, obovate, roundish or orbicular, pale beneath . .A'/V«/«. ;!2 47. Leaves serrate, toothed or lobed 4.s . 47. Leaves entire 5;> . 48. Leaves roundish, somewhat palmately lobed and cordate; pods purpli.sh Ofiiilastcr. (il 48. Leaves sometimes cut-lobed ; pome drupe-like ; seeAs \-\,ho\\\ . .Cratirgiii. (v. 48. Leaves not palmately lobed 4!t . 4y. The fruit nut naked, bon}i-, incrusted with white wa.x Myiiia. 29 4'.t. The fruit berries or berry-like 52 . 40. The fruit a fleshy pome or drupe: trees, often thorny 51 . 40. The fruit dry 50 . 50. Leaves long and usually pointed; buds covered liy a single scale; fruit a 1-celled pod; seeds numerous, furnished with silky down ; shrubs or trees Sa/i.v. oO 50. Leaves more or less distinctly .'i-ribbed at base, broadly or nar- rowly oval or ovate ; fruit o-lobed ; small shrubs Craiiolhiis. 79 50. Leaves oval, ovate, wedge-lanceolate or oblong; fruit 5-S follicles in corymbs or panicles ; shrubs, not large Spircra. til .50. Leaves broadly-oval or ovate or obovate ; stipules oval or oblong- lanceolate ; scales of the orbicular or ovate catkins woody ; jf large shrubs Alniis. 32 5L Leaves ovate or sub-obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doublj' serrate; very veiny; fruit Vi-Vi in. in diameter, the stone smooth Piidiiis. 68 51. Leaves ovate, siib-cordate, oblong or lanceolate, toothed or cut-serrate or lobed; the 2-5 carpels or cells papery or car- tillaginous Pyrits. t)2 51. Leaves round-ovate, sub-cordate or cuneate, sometimes cut- lobed, large, or smaller and wedge-obovate and oblanceo- late ; pome with 1-5 bony seeds Cratcrgus. Cr? 52. Leaves oblong, mostly entire or slightly toothed ; shrub with ash- gray bark and mostly solitary, axillary, peduncled, light- red drupes, with 4-5 bony nutlets Ilicioidrs. 7(i 52. Leaves serrulate, with bristly teeth, or minutely ciliolate-serrulate ; berry 5-celled, or more or less 10-celled ; low shrubs. ../ ai (■/;//««/. 93 52. Leaves oval, obovate or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at base, serrate; fruit bright-ixd, in sessile clusters or .solitary Iliw. 7<5 ^..tJjUJ^ ■ - -5 — •OO- [^ ,y-fr-C,rv^t^ ,y~X^ (^^Ir'y^oCt^ttj, J-^o-^^-JC-^ - X.v-,ri^^i^^J~J^ 126 Spring Flora of Ohio. 52. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute or acuiiiiiiate, finely glandn- pace lar-serrate, tomentose beneath or nearly smooth ; fruit red or black -iniiiia. (>'2 52. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, oblong or broadly-elliptical, rounded or sub-cordate at base, pointed, very sharply or finely ser- rate ; large shrub or tree ■Xinclaiuhirr. (Vi 52. Leaves oval, oblong, or ovate, abruptly pointed, veiy sharply often doubly serrate with slender teeth, thin : fruit in racemes red, turning to dark crimson ; tall shrub, sometimes tree- like PiHuus. 68 52. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, actite or on flowering shoots ob- long or obtuse, serrate or finely serrulate; drupe black, 2-;5-seeded ; shrub low or tall Rlia»niHs. 70 .53. Twigs, etc., spicy aromatic: leaves oblong -obovate, pale be- neath Benzoin. .50 .i.i. The fruit incrusted with white wax ; leaves oblong-lanceoate, entire or wavy-toothed toward the apex, shining and resi- nous dotted Mviicii. 29 5:!, Shrub with white, soft, very brittle wood, but the fibrous bark remarkably tough: leaves oval-obovate, short petiolate Dii-ca. 85 .5o. Not as above, but leaves nearly or quite evergreen 54 . 54. Leaves very thick, persistent, elliptical or lance-oblong, margins somewhat revolute ; capsule .5-celled Rhododendron. 91 54. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, persistent, clothed with rusty wool beneath, the margins revolute: slightU- fragrant when bruised Lcdii>n. 1)1 54. I/Caves oblong-obtuse, nearly evergreen, scurfy especially beneath : capsule depressed, 5-celled : low, much-branched Chamcrdapline. 92 54. Not as above 55). 55. Leaves entire or slightly toothed, oblong: a niuch-branched shrub with ash-grey bark and mostly solitary, axillary, peduncled, light-red drupes with 4-5 bonj- nutlets Ilicioides. 76 ■55. Large shrub or tree : branches greenish, streaked with white : leaves clustered at the ends, ovate or oval, long-pointed whitish beneath : the cyme of white flowers and deep blue fruit broad and open Corn us. Sl» 55. Shrub with long, recurved, drooping branches : leaves oblong- lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole : flowers and oval orange-red berries fascicled in the axils Lyciuni. 105 55. Leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolatd, hairy or bristly, or some- times downy beneath : flowers large and showy ; shrubs mostly smallish ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved Azalea. 91 .55. Flowers small, fruit dark blue or black, and otherwise not as above 56!. 5(1. Fruit a 10-celled berry containing 10 seed-like nutlets : shrubs much , resembling the next, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots Gaylussacia. 93 ■56. Fruit a 4-.5-celled berry or imperfectly S-10-celled by false parti- tions , many-seeded ; flowers and fruit solitary, clustered or in leafv-bracted racemes Vacciniiiin. 93 Key to Trees and Shrubs. I'll 57. Leaves very broad, sharply lobed, palniately veined : bark ex- page foliating from young trunks and branches annually in plates ; branches greenish-white P/a/aiiKs. GO 57. Leaves few-lobed, truncate at the appex with a very l)road shallow notch L/itodt-iidrnii. 42 57. Leaves star-shaped with -3-7 long lobes, shining, glandular-ser- rate ; the bark of branchlets usually with corky ridges. Ligicidaiiift//-. liO 57. Leaves not as above, entire .'iS . 57. Leaves not as above, denticulate or serrate (il . 57. Leaves not as al)ove, lobed liO . 58. Bark spicy-aromatic and very mucUaginous ; leaves often lobed . . Sassa/'/-as. 4it 58. Not spicy-aromatic; leaves thin,^pvate-lanceolate, pointed, 5-10 in. long, 2—1 in. wide, very smooth As/miiia. 12 58. Not spicy-aromatic ; leaves thin, oblong, pointed, green and a little pubescent beneath, .5-10 in. long ' Magiio/ia. 41 58. Not spicy-aromatic and not as above ;59 . 59. Leaves large, round-cordate, pointed : flowers preceding the leaves Ccrcis. 6i) 59. Leaves ovate, pointed, pale beneath, veiny Cormis. S9 59. Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, 2-5 in. long Xvssa. 90 59. Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong or elliptic, abruptly acuminate, glaucous beneath, :!-5 in. long; petioles, veins and margins puberulent Diospyrus. 95 59. I„eaves lanceolate-oblong, thickish, smooth and shining above, downy beneath ; fruit an acorn Qitcrcus. 33 60. Bark spicy-aromatic and very- mucilaginous ; some \e3.ves entire. Sassafras. 49 60. Leaves broad, cordate-ovate, serrate, on young shoots mostly lobed. .Aforits. 36 60. Leaves cut-lobed at the apex, round-ovate or ovate-oblong; pome drupe-like, containing 1-5 bony-seeded stones; large shrub or small tree CratcPgus. 63 60. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute at base or often rather cordate, cut-serrate or lobed ; pome with 2-5 papery or car- tilaginous carpels ; small tree Pvriis. 62 60. Leaves variously lobed ; fruit an acorn ; large trees Qttei-cus. 33 61. Leaves finely serrate or denticulate 62 . 61. Leaves sharply, coarsely, doubly, or siuuately serrate 63 . 62. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrulate, on slender petioles ; the white flowers and oblong ■5-celled pods in long, 1-sided racemes clustered in panicles O.irdfii droit. 92 62. Leaves ovate to oblong or broadly elliptical, acute or pointed, very sharply or finely serrate ; the flowers and the several or 10- seeded berry-like fruit racemose Amelaticliier. 62 62. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, oval or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, pointed ; flowers and 1-seeded fruit in clusters or racemose Pruniis. 68 62. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, tomentose beneath or nearly smooth ; fruit berr>'-like, 2-5-celled, each 2-seeded Aronia. 62 62. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, denticu- late or sub-entire; shrubs and trees, mostly along streams. ..S"(r//.i-. 30 128 Spring Flora of Ohio. fi'J. Leaves broad niul more or less cordate or ovate, serrulate, serrate, page or coarsely toothed ; trees with soft, white wood Pufiiilus. -J'.i ly. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed; fruit an acorn (J/im/is. :',:; t)o. Leaves serrate with coarse pointed teeth: ntits in a spiny involucre Cas/anea. :)■■', 63. Leaves, etc., not as above (54 . 64. Leaves broad, cordate-ovate, serrate, usually lobed on young shoots, rough, or smooth and shining above; wood hard, yellow- ish Morns. ;l(i (A. Leaves broad, cordate, mucrouately-serrate ; the inner bark very strong; flowers and woody cap.snles cymous ; the peduncle adnate to a large leaf-like bract I'iHa. 81 <14. Leaves rhombic- ovate, acutish at each end, irregularly doubly- serrate or obscurely 9-l;?-lobed, whitish beneath ; bark of young trunks and limbs lacerate-laminate, whitish or ish or reddish tinged Hrlnla. -IJ ()4. Leaves long, narrow, serrulate or serrate; trees or shrubs growing especially along streams; pod 1-celled, seeds with silky down Sali.x . ?M 64. Leaves, etc.. not as above (>'> . 65. Leaves strongly straight-veined 68 . 65. Veins from the midrib not prominently straight and parallel as above (66 . 65. Veins triple at base, somewhat irregularly reticulate Crltis. 36 6(). Trees not at all thornj-; leaves broad and more or less cordate or ovate, teeth small and somewhat regular, or sinuate-toothed or creuate PofiKlu.s. 2i> 66. Trees not at all thorny; leaves much longer than broad, serrate or serrulate •. Prinins. 6S 66. Trees more or less thorny 67 . 67. Thorns conspicuous ; leaves round-ovate or more or less wedge-shaped CraUriiiis. 63 67. Somewhat thorny by stunted branches ; leaves toothed, cut- serrate or lobed Pyi us. 6'J 6s. Twigs and leaves more or less spicy-aromatic ; bark somewhat lam- inate or detaching in thin filmy layers; leaves ovate or ob- long-ovate, coidatr (II- rounded at base Bclida. 32 6,s. Not as above 6it . •I'.i. Leaver oblong- ovate, taper- pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; nuts sharplj- 3-sided, in a soft prickly coriaceous involucre ; tree with close, smooth, ash-gray \>2iX\^.Fasius. 33 69. Leaves sharply, often doubly serrate ; fruit, etc., not as above 70 . 711. Large trees; bark deeply furrowed; leaves serrate, unequal at base; the flowers 'preceding the leaves and winged fruit in fas- cicles or racemes / 'hnns. :!5 7(1. .Small trees; bark finely furrowed with narrow longitudinal divi- sions ; fruit resembling that of hops Osliva. 31 70. Small trees; bark smooth, light-gray or ash-colored: a nut at the base of each enlarged scale of the leafy catkin Carfiinns. 31 7 New York Botanical Garden Library QK 161 .K2 gen Kellerman, William/Spring flora of Ohio 3 5185 00130 9978