LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF Class ©F THE 'university^ Of INDIAN HEAD, EAGLE BLUFF— DOOR COUNTY STATE PARKS FOR WISCONSIN REPORT OF JOHN isroixEisr BY STATE PARK BOARD ^ALIFO ^ ^ ■|Y. b>^ av MEMBKRS OF THE STATE PARK BOARD OF WISCONSIN i^ADISON B3. n. BROTVNBJ ■WA.CrPA.OA. ■W. H. MIoITHmtlDGEJ BARABOO 180909 "^^ OF THE [university OF . '^ JCALIFOB^ K H d o o to u H < > to ^ S) K H >— 1 o CQ CO Z H § H ^ H O a 0 o CO ra M > > ?; Z d n o cc o z Cd o M O ta CO O CONTENTS PAGE I. Justification of State Parks . . , _ ] II. State Parks for Wisconsin , . - _ 9 III. Requirements of State Parks - - - - 12 IV. Available Sites 16 V. Recommendations - - - - - 26 APPENDIX Letters Concerning State Parks ----- 45 PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS The Dalles of the St. Croix The Dells of the Wisconsin Proposed Devil's Lake Reservation Proposed State Park in Door County Proposed State Park on the Mississippi River near Wyalusing "In Wildness is the preservation of the World. . . . The story of Romulus and Remus being suckled by a wolf is not a meaningless fable." — Henry D. Thoreau. "The tendency nowadays to wander in wildernesses is delightful to see. Thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountains is going home ; that wildness is a necessity ; and that mountain parks and reservations are useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life. Awaken- ing from the stupefying effects of the vice of over-industry and the deadly apathy of luxury, they are trying as best they can to mix and enrich their own little ongoings with those of Nature, and to get rid of rust and dis- ease."— John Muir. '"^'oF THE fuNlVERStTY OF . -' CALIFOB^^ 'i^ .:'ii 'f^<^f^_ VISOR LEDGE— DELLS OF THE WISCONSIN NAVY YARD— DELLS OP THE WISCONSIN REPORT OF THE BOARD To his Excellency, JamES O. DAVIDSON, Governor of Wisconsin. Sir: The state park board, appointed in conformity with chap- ter 495, laws of 1907, to investigate and report to you, "regarding proposed parks, and make recommendations regarding the acquire- ment of any new parks, etc.," beg leave to report as follows: We have visited the different places suggested as appropriate places for the establishment of state parks and were accompanied by Mr. John Nolen, Landscape Architect of Cambridge, Mass., a man of national reputation, and have gathered information from many sources. We have had the hearty cooperation of the leading citi- zens in the different localities where the proposed park sites were sit- uated and also of prominent citizens of the state, who have shown a great interest in the subject of state parks, and a willingness to loan any assistance to this board within their power. The park board have attempted to sound the sentiment of the people of the state in regard to the establishment of state parks and find, among all classes of people, a strong, abiding sentiment in favor of the state establish- ing parks and thus preserving the great natural beauties with which [7] State Parks of Wisconsin this state has been endowed, from commercial vandalism or private ownership. We believe that the state should act while the property desired can be purchased at a reasonable figure and at a price which would prove an excellent investment from a purely money standpoint, and that if action is postponed, it will be more difficult each year to ac- quire these beauty spots that are already beginning to attract the at- tention of wealthy lovers of nature all over the world. We submit herewith the more detailed report of Mr. John Nolen, Landscape Architect of Cambridge, Mass., and heartily concur in his report and recommendations. Dated, Madison, Jan. 13, 1909. T. E. Brittingham W. H. McFetridge Edward E. Browne [8] State Parks of Wisconsin Cambridge, Mass., 9 January, 1909. The State Park Board, Madison, Wisconsin. Gentlemen — I present below my report on State Parks: I. JUSTIFICATION OF STATE PARKS To justify the State of Wisconsin in establishing a system of State Parks, a clear and convincing statement should be presented as to their purposes and value, and the reasons for their acquisition at this time. No question before the American people today is of greater im- portance than the conservation of our natural resources and the preservation of all those means of health and happiness which through selfishness or thoughtlessness are so likely to be destroyed. "We declare our firm conviction," said the Governors of the States in the recent White House Conference, "that this conservation of our natural resources is a subject of transcendent importance, which should engage unremittingly the attention of the Nation, the States and the People in earnest cooperation. These natural resources in- [9] State Parks of Wisconsin elude the land on which we live and which yields our food; the liv- ing waters which fertilize the soil, supply power and form great avenues of commerce ; the forests which jaeld the materials for our homes, prevent erosion of the soil, and conserve the navigation and other uses of the streams; and the minerals which form the basis of our industrial life and supply us with heat, light and power." On the economic side Wisconsin is fully awake to the importance of these questions. It is quite natural, therefore, that the State should now show itself equally ready to consider natural resources on other sides, — those related even more directly to the physical and moral health and the happiness of the people. The White House Con- ference appreciated this aspect of our natural resources as well as the economic, and declared, "we agree that the land should be so used that the beauty, healthfulness and habitability of our country should be preserved and increased ; that sources of national wealth exist for the benefit of the people and that monopoly thereof should not be tolerated." The value of parks in general is being better and better understood and as a result we have a steadily increasing acreage in National, City and State Parks. The purposes of these parks under various jurisdictions overlap somewhat, and yet in each case they are more or less distinct and different. The greatest confusion perhaps is be- tween forests and parks. Forest lands, it should be remembered, are selected and afterwards maintained primarily with regard to the [10] State Parks of Wisconsin growth of timber and the protection and regulation of the water sup- ply,— purposes of immense importance to permanent prosperity. Other purposes than these are incidental and, if considered at all, are subordinate. In the case of parks, however, the main purposes are the preservation and enhancement of natural beauty and the pro- vision for recreation. Park purposes other than these may be taken into account but they must be quite incidental. Thus the minor pur- poses of forests may correspond somewhat with the major purposes of parks, and vice versa ; but the main and essential purposes of each are altogether different from the main and essential purposes of the other and any confusion of them is sure to lead to waste and disap- pointment. Forests and parks should supplement and complement each other. Both are indispensable. Our National Parks are great tracts in the far West set aside by the Federal Government because of their uncommon interest and beauty. From the comparatively small area in the Yellowstone, proclaimed by President Harrison in 1891 , we now have five great National Parks, the Yellowstone, the Yosemite, General Grant, Sequoia, and Mt. Ranier, which include within their boundaries more than 40,000,000 acres. Because of their immense size and of the interest of the whole country, rather than of one locality in their preservation, they have become National rather than State Parks. "The wildest health and pleasure grounds," says John Muir, "ac- cessible and available to tourists seeking escape from care and dust State Parks of Wisconsin and early death, are the parks and reservations of the West. There are five National Parks, the Yellow^stone, Yosemite, General Grant, Sequoia, and Mt. Ranier, all within easy reach, a magnificent realm of woods, most of which by railroads and trails and open ridges is also fairly accessible, not only to the determined traveller rejoicing m difficulties, but to those (may their tribe increase) who, not tired, not sick, just naturally take wing every summer in search of wild- ness." In addition to these parks the fifty-nine forests possessed by the Government occupy more than 150,000,000 acres, — -an illus- tration of the extent to which the Nation at large believes in both forests and parks. Better known than our National Parks are City Parks. Every city worthy of the name has them. They are now recognized as a necessity of city life. More than any other feature they contribute to the health and pleasure of urban populations, and furnish the most necessary and available antidote to the artificiality, confusion and feverishness of life in cities. These parks, however, in order to serve their purposes effectively must be near the homes of the people and, on account of the high value of the land, they are usually very limited in area and commonplace in topography. Between these two classes of parks — National Parks and City Parks — there is a gap, a field for profitable public action which until recently has been almost unoccupied. There are thousands of people in every section of the country in need and in search of the [12] State Parks of Wisconsin wild and beautiful places of Nature, and in almost every State of the Union there are places fitted to supply their need and reward their search. It would seem like a clear case of demand and supply. Most of these places are not of such a character as to form National Parks, nor are they so situated as to serve the needs of a single city. The result is, under our present foolish system, that they are either being ruthlessly destroyed or are gradually drifting into private hands for purely private uses. Some States, it is true, have appreciated the logic of this situation before it was altogether too late. Massachusetts, ever a leader in matters affecting the common welfare, awoke to the importance of this matter nearly a score of years ago. In 1 892 a body of public- spirited men petitioned the legislature as follows: "The under- signed petitioners respectfully represent that the seashores, the river banks, the mountain tops, and almost all the finest parts of the natural scenery of Massachusetts are possessed by private persons, whose private interests often dictate the destruction of said scener>' or the exclusion of the public from the enjoyment thereof. In the opinion of the undersigned, the scenes of natural beauty to which the people of the Commonwealth are today of right entitled to resort to for pleasure and refreshment are both too few in number and too small in area ; and, therefore, your petitioners respectfully ask that an inquiry be instituted by your honorable bodies for the purpose of as- certaining what action, if any, may be advisable in the circum- [13] State Parks of Wisconsin stances." The inquiry instituted as a result of this petition is full of suggestion and warning to newer or more sparsely settled places. The agent appointed to investigate possible public holdings on the ocean shore, to quote his own words, "found everywhere recent changes in the ownership of land, and a movement of people of means from the cities and the interior of the country to the shore re- gions of the State. I found leagues and leagues together of the shore line to be all private holdings, without the intervention, in these long reaches, of a rod of space on the shore to which the public has a right to go. I walked across the domain of one man who owns about six miles of shore line. I found a great population inland hedged away from the beach, and all conditions pointing to a time, not remote, when nobody can walk by the ocean in Massachusetts without payment of a fee, as we formerly had to pay for a glimpse of Niagara. I could see that the movement for more open spaces of public resort — for the use and enjoyment of the people — has most vital relations to civilization, and that it has been instituted in re- sponse to a pressing need." Resulting from this and similar move- ments Massachusetts has already acquired large and valuable hold- ings, first, through direct action of the State appropriating money for the purchase of park lands ; secondly, through State appointed com- missions, like the Metropolitan Park Commission; and, thirdly, through the creation of a Board entitled the Trustees of Public Reservations. The holdings thus secured of mountain tops, lakes, [14] State Parks of Wisconsin seashore, river banks and woodland ensures to the people of the Bay State for wholesome recreation a variety of well-located grounds of incalculable value. The achievements of some other States are equally encouraging. New York has a notable, even if inadequate, possession at Niagara Falls, one that annually adds fame to the State; it has a great park in the Adirondack Mountains; the Palisades of the Hudson, Wat- kins Glen, Stony Point, and a large and beautiful tract bordering the great gorge of the Genesee River, the munificent gift of William Pryor Letchworth. When Governor Hughes signed the bill ac- cepting Letchworth Park he described the gift as an "act of generos- ity which fitly crowns a life of conspicuous public usefulness and en- titles the donor to the lasting regard of his fellow citizens." Other men of wealth in other States have become convinced of the peculiar opportunity that such gifts of land afford for helping and blessing their fellowmen. California, not content with the great National Parks within its borders, has invested $250,000 in the 3,800 acre tract near Boulder Creek styled California Redwood Park. It combines unexcelled natural beauty with unrestricted freedom at an expense within the means of all classes. President Jordan of Stanford University writes: "The California Redwood Park is a leaf from the virgin forest, a sample of the redwoods as they have been for ten thousand years and one which may be preserved for all times. Besides this it [15] State Parks of Wisconsin is a botanical garden, where the Wax Myrtle, the California Nut- meg Tree, the California Whortleberry, the Clintonia, the Oxalis, and all the other plants which follow the redwoods may be likewise saved for our descendants." Other progressive States — Minnesota, Michigan, Kansas, Pennsylvania and New Jersey — have shown similar regard for their resources and their people by making suitable reservations. While still other States, many of them the natural playgrounds of the Nation — Maine and New Hampshire, for ex- ample— through a lack of public spirit have permitted their entire area to pass into the hands of private individuals. New Hampshire has no State Parks at all. Its nine principal cities hold altogether less than 600 acres in parks. And yet one syndicate has a private park near Concord, the State capital, of 25,000 acres. Such a situ- ation is a disgrace to any self-respecting State and a shirking of re- sponsibility to future generations. [16] ■ ^■1 ^^^^^H^A ^mm. 3 iSL ^^HH ^^^H ^^n nl f pi ^jlv^^^^^^^^ -^ ^V^^^^^^^^^^^^K L^J^^^B ;^ _^ ^9lvH 1 ^' ■': ' v> ^'^'HlV ^^H n - 1 j| 1 "^ 8 •5 CO p H O CO K Q «5 Z o CO H o 72 H Q I H O >^ < o OF THE .university] OF State Parks of Wisconsin A CHANCE IN THE OPEN FOR ALL "It seems to me that thoughtful men should not be accused of exag- gerated fears when they deprecate the wealth-mad rush and struggle of American life and the consequent neglect of out-door recreation, with the impairment of that mental and physical vigor absolutely essential to our national welfare, and so abundantly promised to those who gratefully rec- ognize, in Nature's adjustment to the wants of man, the care of the good God- who 'made and loveth all.' " Manifestly, if outdoor recreations are important to the individual and to the nation, and if there is danger of their neglect, every instrumentality should be heartily encouraged which aims to create and stimulate their in- dulgence in every form." — Grover Cleveland. [17] State Parks of Wisconsin II. STATE PARKS FOR WISCONSIN If other States have found it desirable and advantageous to have State Parks, why should not Wisconsin? Has the State nothing worthy of preservation? Is Wisconsin too poor? Does it not ex- pect increase of population. Has Wisconsin nothing worth while — a State with an area of 35,000,000 acres; a coast line of 500 miles, parts of it rivalling in picturesqueness and beauty the coast of Maine; with precipitous and romantic bluffs on the banks of rivers and lakes ; with an inland lake much larger than Winnepesaukee in New Hampshire; with 2,000 or more minor lakes ; with some still remaining illustrations of the original heavy forests of oak, maple and hickory, pine, hemlock and spruce ; with hills, peaks and ridges comparable to the Berkshires; and with unmatched and unique river scenery, culminating in the bluffs of the Mississippi and the Dells of the Wisconsin. Wiscon- sin, surrounded by prairie States and States monotonous in topog- raphy, has in its beautiful and refreshing scenery and in its invigorat- ing climate, resources that it can ill afford to neglect. Is Wisconsin too poor — a State that has a property valuation of over $2,478,561,786.00 and no bonded indebtedness; that has $400,000,000 invested in manufacturing; that spends over a half [18] State Parks of Wisconsin million dollars a year on its normal schools, more than a million on its great University, that disburses in all nearly $10,000,000 annu- ally. No, the State has ample wealth to supply any feature that is needed for the present or the future. Has Wisconsin no future to provide for — a State with a popula- tion of but 30,000 in I840„a million and a half in 1890, two mil- lion in 1 900, and at least two and a half million today ; that can sup- port, even with the present system of agriculture, six and a half mil- lion people ; that has the geographical position, the natural resources, the climate, the enterprise that must inevitably attract a large popula- tion. It seems certain that the State will win to its borders even more than its share of the natural and normal increase of the country' at large. The question resolves itself into this: Is Wisconsin going to fol- low the example of the more populous Eastern States and wait until action is difficult, if not impossible, or is it going to learn from their mistakes? In the investigation of 1892 it was found that "Massa- chusetts, as a whole, is shamefully lacking in open spaces reserved expressly for enjoyment by the public. The mountain tops of the interior, the cliffs and beaches of the seashore, and most of the inter- vening scenes of special beauty are rapidly passing into the posses- sion of private owners, who hold these places either for their own private pleasure or for the profit which may be reaped from fees col- lected from the public. Moreover, as population increases, the final [19] State Parks of Wisconsin destruction of the finest remaining bits of scenery goes on more and more rapidly." What is true of Massachusetts is true of New York, where the State paid a milHon and a half dollars to recover a poor portion of the great tract at Niagara Falls which it had formerly owned. The coast of Maine, the mountains of New Hampshire and Vermont, the natural treasures of other States — all enforce this lesson of lost opportunity, a failure to recognize and provide for the necesssities of the many as against the privileges of the few. Strik- ing examples could be taken from Wisconsin itself, in the history of Lake Geneva, Lake Oconomowoc, the Dells of the Wisconsin, and Devil's Lake. While the State of Wisconsin is large, the amount of natural scenery suited in character, location and extent for public parks is relatively limited and the best is apt to be taken first by pri- vate individuals. The population is steadily increasing; attractive open spaces are as steadily decreasing in number and increasing in value ; therefore, unless action is taken in time, there is a grave dan- ger of what may be called physical and moral suffocation. [20] State Parks of Wisconsin "A man's eyes cannot be so much occupied as they are in large cities by artificial things, or by natural things seen under obviously artifi- cial conditions, without a harmful effect, first on his mental and nervous system and ultimately on his entire constitutional organization. . Relief from this evil is to be obtained through the enjoyment of pleasing rural scenery." — Frederick Law Olmsted. («ll State Parks of Wisconsin III. REQUIREMENTS OF STATE PARKS State Parks, like other parks, have definite purposes to serve and therefore should have definite requirements. Their main purpose is to refresh and strengthen and renew tired people, to fit them for the common round of daily life. Practically National Parks have a similar purpose, but on account of their limited number and location they are available only to persons living in certain sections or to the few people who can afford the time and money necessary for a long journey. The City Parks may be thought to serve this purpose also, but it is not to any great degree. In the first place, only large cities can afford large parks and even then they are too small, as a rule, for broad scenic effects; secondly, cities are located for commercial, business or transportation reasons and seldom possess invigorating climate or natural features of special beauty or interest, — or, if they do, the demands of commerce are such, or are thought to be, that the preservation of these features is not considered practicable. Apply these statements to Wisconsin. There would be little justification for establishing a National Park in Wisconsin ; within the State at the present time there is but one city with a population of over 50,000; the largest park in the State is only a few hundred acres and all the parks of the State together contain but little over a thousand [22] '"'l^ii'j State Parks of Wisconsin acres. Therefore, if the people of Wisconsin are to have the ad- vantage of large parks — and who can doubt that they are? — they cannot look successfully to the Nation or the cities to provide them ; they must come from the State. What are the requirements of State Parks? They may be con- veniently summarized under five heads. ( 1 ) They should be large ; otherwise they could not be used by great numbers of people without destruction of the very qualities most essential to their pur- pose. On account of the influence of topographical features it is hardly practicable, nor is it necessary, to fix an acreage for State Parks, but, as a working basis, it may be said that it is desirable that State Parks should contain at least two or three thousand acres and five thousand are even better. (2) State Parks should be access- ible— not to the degree that City Parks are, but accessible by train or boat or vehicle within reasonable time and at reasonable expense. Accessibility, however, should not be interpreted too narrowly, nor should it be measured by present facilities alone. The establish- ment of a park in one section or another will inevitably lead to an in- crease of travelling accommodations, as will also the mere lapse of years, bringing with it an increased density of population. (3) The air and climate of sections within which State Parks are located should be salubrious, and the situation healthful. Especially should the climate of the summer months, the period that most people have for vacations, be agreeable. In the course of years [23] State Parks of Wisconsin State Parks are likely to be more or less visited at all seasons, as Na- ture offers a reward in every month to her visitors. But the empha- sis for the present must fall on the mid-summer season with some con- sideration of spring and autumn. (4) The property for State Parks should be reasonable in cost. Cities average about a thou- sand dollars an acre for park land, but hope for a comprehensive sys- tem of State Parks must be founded on a much lower cost, and ex- cept in the case of densely populated States, States that have waited too long before taking action, there is every prospect of securing the most suitable and fit land at almost nominal rates. The parks ac- quired by States so far have not averaged in cost much more than twenty-five dollars an acre, I believe. Seldom would a State be justified in paying an average of over a hundred dollars an acre for a tract of any considerable size. Not only should the first cost be low but the property should be of such a character as to require relatively small expenditures for construction and maintenance. It should be a "natural" park, one of such intrinsic beauty as to require little out- lay for improvements (except for roads, paths and other features necessary to its use) and up-keep. (5) Finally, the site for a State Park should, above all, have a decidedly uncommon charm and beauty, a distinction among landscapes, an irresistible appeal to the Nature lover. Here there should be no room for doubt, for fail- ure in this point means complete failure ; and on no other point, nor on all other points together, can justification rest. State Parks must [24] State Parks of Wisconsin be unmistakably beautiful ; they must present to the enjoyment of all some consistent, unspoiled type of landscape; they must offer freely the glory of lake or mountain, the picturesqueness of shore or bluff, the beauty of hill and vale. In these five points we have a brief summary of the general re- quirements of State Parks for such a commonwealth as Wisconsin. They should be kept constantly in mind in the attempt to estimate the value of the sites now under consideration or other sites that may be considered later. [25] State Parks of Wisconsin "We live for the most part in a very iron mask of forms. Our daily ways are at bottom so joyless, so trite, so compulsory, that we must be free and simple sometimes, or we break. Our present world is a world of re- markable civilization, and of very superior virtue, but it is not very natural and not very happy. We need yet some snatches of the life of youth — to be for a season simply happy and simply healthy. We need to draw sometimes great drafts of simplicity and beauty. We need sometimes that poetry should not be droned into our ears, but flashed into our senses. And man, with all his knowledge and his pride, needs sometimes to know nothing and to feel nothing, but that he is a marvellous atom in a marvel- lous world." — Frederic Harrison. [26] OF THE '^UNlVERSlTY, OF o < f a H H a 00 fa td w O < State Parks of Wisconsin IV. AVAILABLE SITES At the invitation of the State Park Board I have visited the Dells of the Wisconsin River at Kilbourn, Devil's Lake near Baraboo, various properties in Door County and the bluff land at the conflu- ence of the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers in Grant County. In an attempt to outline something like a well-balanced system of State Parks for Wisconsin it should be kept in mind that the prin- ciple has already been accepted and a start already made in the In- terstate Park of the Dalles of the St. Croix. More than a decade ago, by joint action of the legislatures of Wisconsin and Minnesota, a park property near Taylors Falls, in many respects ideal, was se- cured and set aside as an Interstate Park. No description of this reservation is here called for, but it is not amiss to say that, notwith- standing Wisconsin's neglect of the property, its inadequate area and illogical boundaries, it has been an important factor in attracting favorable public attention to the State and its resources. If it were right and good for the State of Wisconsin to secure the Dalles of the St. Croix, how much more reason there was for taking possession of the Dells of the Wisconsin. At the time the Dalles of the St. Croix were secured, the Dells of the Wisconsin were equally [27] State Parks of Wisconsin available, far more accessible to Wisconsin's population, and met in a more marked degree the highest and most exacting requirements of State Parks. Indeed, a vote either of the people at large or of park experts could hardly fail to pronounce in favor of the Dells, as Wis- consin's most characteristic and precious possession in the form of natural scenery. They are unique. For picturesqueness, roman- tic scenery, for alternative suggestions of mystery and majesty, the Wisconsin River scenery at the Dells is seldom surpassed. The features of interest are numerous and varied — The Narrows, Ro- mance Cliff, Stand Rock, The Navy Yard, these and many other rock features, richly clothed in verdure, surprise and charm the vis- itor at every turn of the river. But after all these are details and do not constitute the main contribution to our joy and refreshment — it is the total scene, the broad appeal of out-door beauty to our emotions, the quickening of our whole life as we move silently through this wonderland. But this is what the Dells are today. What they will be when the dam now under construction is completed, when the water is raised permanently eighteen to twenty feet above the present level, it is not easy to say. Will there be sufficient beauty and interest remaining to warrant the State in making it one of the permanent pleasure grounds of the people? It is hard to answer this question with confidence and, in view of the uncertainty as to what will remain, as well as its cost, it would probably be wiser to postpone definite action on the Dells, taking steps, however, to pre- [88] State Parks of Wisconsin vent further damage. When the Wisconsin Power Company fin- ishes its dam at Kilboum and the level of the w^ater is raised, the present generation in Wisconsin, acting through the Legislature, will have covered forever more of the essential natural beauty of the State than future generations can re-create. Commercial returns to the whole people may perhaps justify this irretrievable loss. If not, somewhere rests a grave responsibility. Devil's Lake in Sauk County is, as everyone knows, a most ac- cessible and popular resort, with a great wild forest around it, and fully sufficient in size for State Park purposes. The climate in sum- mer is healthful, if not invigorating. In beauty — barring the rav- ages of the railroad, the quarries, and the scars of commonplace sum- mer cottages — Devil's Lake meets all the requirements of a State Park. The lake itself, half a mile wide and more than a mile in length, is a gem, a characteristic example of Wisconsin's natural pos- sessions. The bluffs rise impressively from the shores of the lake and afford broad and beautiful views of the Baraboo valley, the re- freshing and soul-renewing value of which cannot easily be over-es- timated. The romantic glens, the rock-walled and wooded hol- lows, the secluded creeks in little valleys, all make their contribution to the pleasure of the visitor. Devil's Lake possesses, too, scientific interest — geological, archaeological, botanical — that can scarcely be duplicated in Wisconsin. Indeed, no long description of Devil's Lake is necessary, for it is well known how eminently fitted it is to [29] State Parks of Wisconsin serve forever all the fine aims and ends of State Parks. The forests and most of the bluffs, with their outcropping rock, can be secured at reasonable rates and with little difficulty. The total area mapped out by the first State Park Commission as representing the property desirable for the State to acquire, was 5,500 acres, which it has been roughly estimated could not be se- cured for less than $250,000. Of this area 5,000 acres could be had for about $ 1 00,000, and the other 500 acres would cost approx- imately $1 50,000. Some of this it would be necessary to acquire, but a large portion is not indispensable. The present situation at Devil's Lake, as at the Dells, cannot fail to impress the members of the State Legislature with the necessity for early action in the acqui- sition of lands for State Parks. A visit to Door County cannot fail to be memorable. Whether the belief of its residents that Door County is "the Paradise of Wis- consin" is true or not, there can be no question that the peninsula, whose shores are washed on one side by Lake Michigan and on the other by the waters of historical Green Bay, is pre-eminently quali- fied for selection as a State Park. The members of the State Park Board, its advisors, the Govemor of the State, and other representa- tive citizens have made several visits to Door County, spending days in the consideration of its advantages, testing critically its claims for consideration. So far as I know, the opinion is unanimous that here at least, if nowhere else in Wisconsin, is a tract that can be selected [30] State Parks of Wisconsin with confidence and that can be had upon astonishingly reasonable terms. The area available is not limited. But it is the opinion of the State Park Board that the finely situated peninsula between Ephraim and Fish Creek and north of the diagonal road (the map will show the exact boundaries) , including some 3,800 acres, more than eight miles of shore line with a number of deep water harbors, will constitute an adequate and unified State Park. In this view I concur. Such a tract would cost, it is estimated, not more than $75,000, an average of less than $20 an acre (options have already been obtained for 2,200 acres for $35,000). Even now Door County is reasonably accessible, judged by the standards required for State Parks. By rail and stage, by rail and boat, or directly by boat, the pleasantest way in summer. Fish Creek and all the prop- erty under consideration can be conveniently and inexpensively reached. Beyond all question the climate is healthful, invigorating and tonic, quickly bracing tired bodies and nerves. Door County is not an altogether unknown resort. Discriminating people, number- ing now at least a thousand a year, have discovered its charms and become familiar with its attractions. But fortunately for the State and for the people at large, this movement to occupy Door County with private summer places has not yet assumed large proportions. Finally — taking the last point in the requirements for State parks — Door County has unmistakable and not easily destroyed landscape [31] State Parks of Wisconsin beauty. It is wild and as yet unspoiled, with alternating interests of woodland and cliff, bay and land. Reminding one constantly of the coast of Maine, the shore with its many graceful indentations is a never-ending delight. It sweeps from point to point, here a beach of fine sand, there of gravel, then, in contrast, precipitous limestone bluffs, rising to a height of a hundred feet or more and covered with a heavy growth of native trees and shrubs, mostly evergreen. The vegetation is rich and varied. Extensive forests of pine, cedar, bal- sam, maple, basswood and birch, covering large tracts, with every now and then a pleasant opening in the more fertile, level land. Birds are numerous, as might be expected, and wild flowers abound. It is no exaggeration to say that the broad beauty of the scenery of this section is not surpassed in Wisconsin. Indeed, one of the un- deniable claims of Door County to selection is that this type of scen- ery does not exist elsewhere in the State. Almost at each step on the land, each boat's length on the water, a new vista is opened, a new composition is afforded. To add even greater interest to these scenes we have the little islands — Strawberry, Horseshoe, etc. — stretching along the shore — which, it is hoped, will form a part of the State's possessions. With a temperature always moderate, the purest of air laden with the fragrance of balsam and pine, with unex- celled facilities for sailing, boating, fishing, with already a hundred miles of fine country roads sweeping over hill and dale, this Door County region under State control might easily become a famous [32] State Parks of Wisconsin pleasure resort of the highest order. The Michigan State Park at Mackinac Island is not one whit more attractive than the proposed Door County park might easily be. Yet the Mackinac Island Park, comprising but a thousand acres, is now valued at two million dollars and is visited annually by two hundred thousand persons. Would it not be worth while for Wisconsin to have a State Park with such a record and to secure such a tangible return? In the southwestern corner of the State, near the old historic city of Prairie du Chien, is the site of the proposed Grant County State Park on the Mississippi River. It is situated close to Wyalusing, south of the Wisconsin River and east of the Mississippi. Most of the property is on a ridge five hundred feet above the river. It appears to be the best Wisconsin site on the Mississippi for park purposes be- cause of its large and well preserved groves of native trees and be- cause the land required to form an accessible park is practically in the possession of one man. Mr. Robert Glenn, the owner of the prop- erty, has held it intact for years in the firm belief that it would some day become a public park. He is unselfishly interested in the project and has shown himself ready to cooperate with the Board. The total area is about 2,720 acres, 1 ,720 of high land on the ridge and about 1 ,000 west of the railroad tracks, practically level with the river. The high land alone could be bought for about $43,000 — an average of $25 an acre ; the low land for less — substantially the [33] State Parks of Wisconsin price of the timber. This proposed Mississippi River reservation is very accessible, being only three hours from Madison on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, and of course easily reached from many points by boat. While the climate may not be as invigorating as that of Door County, it would be a refreshing re- treat to people in that section of Wisconsin and to tourists from more southern States. Judged by the point of scenery alone it is equal to any site under consideration. It would be a surprise to most people to wander through its exquisitely beautiful coulees and grottoes or to stand upon its heights and view the broad island-dotted, majestic scenery of the "Father of Waters." The vegetation equals that of Door County in interest, all the trees native to the section being found with a rich variety of shrubs and wild flowers. The scientific inter- est of Devil's Lake is also at Wyalusing, and here, writes the Sec- retary of the Wisconsin Archeological Society, are "some of the most extensive and interesting mound systems of the State." The Mississippi River is being rediscovered in our own day, not only its opportunities for commerce but also its peculiar beauty. The time is coming when a series of interesting cities and beautiful parks will attract the tourist to make a trip up or down the river. When that day comes, it will be to the advantage of Wisconsin to be properly represented. Is there any opportunity comparable to that afforded by Wyalusing, or, what has been already suggestively termed, Mar- quette Park? [34] State Parks of Wisconsin These four sites— The Dells, Devil's Lake, Eagle's Bluff in Door County, and the Glenn property on the Mississippi — are not the only ones in Wisconsin suitable for State Parks. Other sites, such as Thunder Mountain, Blue Mounds and Platte Mounds, are all worthy of future inspection. But the four selected by the Sta.e Park Board and herein described are peculiarly qualified for im- mediate consideration and action. tw] State Parks of Wisconsin "A nobler want of man is served by nature, namely, the love of Beauty. . . . To the body and mind which have been cramped by noxious work or company, nature is medicinal and restores their tone. The tradesman, the attorney comes out of the din and craft of the street, and sees the sky and the woo ds, and is a man again. In their eternal calm, he finds himself The health of the eye seems to demand a horizon. We are never tired, so long as we can see far enough. . . . Beauty is the mark God sets upon virtue. Every natural action is graceful. Every heroic act is also decent, and causes the place and the bystanders to shine. We are taught by great actions that the universe is the property of every individual in it." — Ralph Waldo Emerson. [36] "^' OF THE OF INK STAND AND SUGAR BOWL— DELLS Ul<' THE WISCONSLM l,O\V10R JAWS— DELLS OP THE WISCONSIN State Parks of Wisconsin V. RECOMMENDATIONS Briefly summarized the recommendations of this report are as fol- lows: I. To authorize the State Park Board to secure as soon as may be the refusal of such property as would constitute the most attractive reservation in connection with the Dells of the Wisconsin, and to do all that is possible to check any further action that would impair the beauty of the Dells for park purposes. II. To empower the State Park Board to make an official inves- tigation of the Devil's Lake region with authority to acquire all the wild land up to, say, 5,000 acres, at a rate not to exceed an average of $25 an acre, and as much of the level land around the lake as pos- sible at a rate not to exceed $ 1 00 an acre, provided that the total area available on these terms will, in the judgment of the State Park Board and its landscape adviser, form a complete and valuable park. In case of favorable action at Devil's Lake, the State should also ob- tain through condemnation proceedings rights and easements over the property not purchased, as has been done by the national govern- ment in the military parks of Chickamauga and Shiloh, so as to pre- vent the establishment of disfiguring and offensive industries, to pro- tect the trees from destruction, and thus insure success to the State's action. [37] State Parks of Wisconsin III. To authorize the State Park Board to acquire the lands in Door County near Fish Creek, now under consideration, on the gen- eral terms named in this report. IV. To authorize the State Park Board to acquire the lands in Grant County near Wyalusing, as outlined, on the general terms quoted in this report. These four parks and others that may be obtained later by public purchase or private gift — for such gifts can reasonably be expected — should ultimately be connected by great State roads or parkways, binding the State lands into a system. Such roads are being rapidly built on a large scale by other States and Wisconsin cannot afford to lag behind in work so closely related to progress and public welfare. A State road of such a character as to provide adequately for auto- mobile travel from, say. Green Bay to Prairie du Chien, following the historic route along the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers; another diag- onal connecting St. Paul and Minneapolis with Milwaukee and Chicago, and a third road along the Wisconsin shores of Lake Mich- igan and Lake Superior, would prove an investment, the return from which would leave the State no room for regret. The issue appears plain. Is Wisconsin going to look upon its bay and lake shores, its rivers and bluffs, its dells, its inland lakes, its for- ests, as natural resources to be conserved and some portion at least acquired and held for the benefit of all the people — both for present and future generations? Is the State to display foresight and act in [38] State Parks of Wisconsin time in this important matter, recognizing and providing for the in- crease of population and steadfastly relying upon the increase of wealth. In conclusion the specific justification of State Parks for Wiscon- sin may be summed up as follows: ( 1 ) They would, in common with the forest reservations, the great economic value of which is now unquestioned, preserve and protect just so much more of the wood- land of the State and the stream flow dependent upon it. (2) They would provide the best method of preserving places of historical and scientific interest. (3) They would secure a necessity of modem life before it is too late. The Earl of Kenmare owns all of the lakes of Killamey, all of the land that surrounds them, all of the islands of or in the same, the fisheries of said lakes, and all the mountains round about, comprising in all a million acres. Wisconsin fortun- ately has nothing to parallel such private ownership as this, but Lake Geneva, the Oconomowoc- Waukesha Lake District, and other places of peculiar beauty are rapidly passing into exclusive private use and the time for action in Wisconsin has arrived. It is already too late in many of the Eastern States. The agent of the Massa- chusetts Trustees of Public Reservations, earlier referred to, describ- ing a visit to Gloucester, says: "There is no public holding along this very attractive shore and the public has no right whatever even to walk by the sea here. I spent a summer at East Gloucester twen- ty-five years ago, and where I passed weeks in solitude on the shore, [39] State Parks of Wisconsin there are now long streets of costly houses." Wisconsin should no longer delay. Expenditures for State lands do not represent an ex- pense in the ordinary sense but an investment, one that will increase in value and yield even larger returns to succeeding generations. (4) State Parks would give an economic return from tourists and visitors. Providing for tourist travel has become a large and impor- tant business and it is steadily increasing. In a single State like New Hampshire it exceeds $10,000,000 a year. The returns at Mack- inac Island have already been referred to. At the Dells of the Wis- consin tourists spent $50,000 in 1 905 and the Vice-President of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company has written that the tourist travel into Wisconsin constitutes now "a valuable traffic and is susceptible to a very large increase." No further argument should be necessary on the business side, and in the case of a relatively sparsely settled State with great and undeveloped resources, it should be kept in mind that tourists often become permanent settlers. (5) State Parks are the only means of preserving, protecting and appro- priately improving places of uncommon and characteristic beauty. Even forest reservations — useful and indispensable as they are — will not answer this purpose. Land for forests is selected on a differ- ent principle and is afterwards developed and maintained in a man- ner radically different from that called for by parks. (6) Finally, these parks would make, as no other agency can, adequate and per- manent provision for wholesome out-door recreation and pleasure. [40] State Parks of Wisconsin If it is right for the State of Wisconsin to spend a million and a quar- ter dollars on charitable and penal institutions, as it did in 1908, made necessary in part at least by unfavorable physical and social conditions, is it not wise and good to spend something on preventive measures which would make such institutions less necessary? Who questions nowadays that simple recreation in the open air amid beau- tiful natural surroundings contributes to physical and moral health, to a saner and happier life? These parks are the only security that the future holds out for people of small means. In them worn-out workers of the family and the little children could camp as they do in the Interstate Park of the Hudson Palisades. "A mere autumn walk on a wooded hillside," writes Frederic Harrison, "nourishes brain, spirit, and body at once ; and opens up to us from all sources together new well-springs of life." Here are six sound reasons for establishing a series of State Parks in Wisconsin, the nucleus of a future great system covering the en- tire State. Suppose they cost three or four hundred thousand dol- lars. Could not Wisconsin afford to make the investment and would the State not find them worth more than their cost? "Sixty years ago," says Professor R. G. Thwaites in a volume just issued, "when Wisconsin entered the Union, it was relatively a crude community. It has slowly but surely advanced to the front rank of trans- Appal- achian States. Fertile, healthful, and beautiful, with vast natural resources as yet but slightly drawn upon, it has come to be recognized [41] State Parks of Wisconsin as among the most energetic, enterprising and prosperous of Ameri- can commonwealths — perhaps most markedly enterprising in mat- ters of popular education and the science of government. Much of its material success is owing to favorable geographical position, and to abundant products of earth and water; but quite as great is the in- tellectual debt that Wisconsin owes to her cosmopolitan population that has brought to her service the best of many lands. Both intel- lectually and materially, she faces none but pleasant prospects." How true this picture is, how encouraging, and how closely it bears upon the present significant movement for State Parks, the latest il- lustration of Wisconsin's foresight, enterprise and democracy. Respectfully submitted, John Nolen, Landscape Architect. 1<3] X O > H O s N o m O ^ " a: Z > cc B S) O o CO cd o m O V, o > 2; o H < -n H ?3 ^? O H a > r^ H fO H > IT' a APPENDIX State Parks of Wisconsin LETTERS RELATING TO STATE PARKS Letter of President Eliot of Harvard ON State Parks for Wisconsin My Dear Sir: — Massachusetts is acquiring public reservations in three ways. First, by the direct action of the state appropriating money for the purchase of wooded hills to be preserved for public parks. Secondly, through the action of state appointed commissions, like the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission, securing large areas for public use, which are paid for by assessments on the portion of the state which is benefited. In this way the Metropolitan Parks and Parkways around Boston have been created and large reservations have been secured on the water- shed of the Metropolitan Water Supply. Thirdly, by creating a board called the Trustees of Public Reservations, which holds reser- vations in various parts of the state, and also funds to maintain these reservations in good order. These reservations and the funds which go with them are gifts from private persons; but all the reservations in the hands of the trustees are for public use. The Board has been in existence fourteen years, and it has acquired a variety of beautiful [4«] State Parks of Wisconsin holdings, including Monument Mountain in Berkshire County, an admirable tract at Woods Hole, a hill on Cape Ann which com- mands a superb prospect, and several spots of peculiar beauty like the so-called "gates" of the Charles River and the Virginia Wood in Middlesex Fells. These three modes have been used in Massachusetts for some years and all three have proved to be good. The public parks se- cured by the Metropolitan Park Commission have great variety, in- cluding sea-breezes, thousands of acres of forest, ponds or lakes, or- namented parkways, and both banks of the Charles for many miles. Your problem in Wisconsin is of course a very different one, and yet the principles on which Massachusetts has proceeded undoubt- edly apply to Wisconsin. The results will be similar in Wisconsin. Chief among them are the preservation of forests, and therefore of continuous water supplies ; the protection of spots of peculiar beauty, and of places which possess interesting historical associations; and the permanent provision of means of wholesome public enjoyment. The sooner these results are secured by the state of Wisconsin, the better for all concemed. Very truly yours, Charles W. Eliot. [4»] State Parks of Wisconsin American Civic Association For a Better and More Beautiful America. Office of the President, Harrisburg, Pa., January 1 , 1 909. Dear Mr. Nolen: — Abraham Lincoln in certain recently found notes for a lecture on Niagara Falls, prepared in July, 1 850, said : "The mere physical fact of Niagara Falls is a very small part of the world's wonder. Its power to excite reflection and emotion is its great charm." The wise Lincoln struck the keynote in this state- ment, and I believe that the state which can provide at any reasonable expense locations which will serve "to excite reflection and emotion" in its citizens is doing those citizens a greater service than in providing institutions to take care of the disorders which follow when there is not opportunity for the over-worked or over-wrought human being to enjoy either reflection or proper emotion. States, too, can well set aside great areas for their influence on the healthfulness of the community as a whole. The state of Pennsyl- vania is wisely so treating large portions of its forest areas, and it is recognized as a proper expenditure of state funds to provide a million dollars for the creation of state sanatoria, to help in the treatment of lung diseases. [«] State Parks of Wisconsin When it shall be found that the influence of uncommon and char- acteristic natural beauty is other than wholesome, healthful and re- creating to the people, then it will be time enough for economists to assert that money had better be spent on hospitals, reformatories and penitentiaries instead of for that which makes those institutions, be- neficent as they are, less populous. Meanwhile, no man who be- lieves the object of the government to be that of providing for the happiness of the governed can successfully maintain that it is not proper for a state to guard the health and the happiness of its citizens, as well as to attempt to restore that health and happiness which have been lost in the work of the world. Yours truly, J. Horace McFarland, President. To Mr. John Nolen, 1 382 Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass. [48] State Parks of Wisconsin Letter from Jacob A. Riis Grand Junction, Colo., January 6, 1 909. My Dear Mr. Nolen: — . . . In general I am for parks, al- ways, as in the line of human advancement. But whether in any specific instance it is best for the state, or the city, to provide the park, is a question I will leave to others to decide. Anything that shows the government, whether state, nation or municipality, to be aroused to the needs which parks and people's playgrounds represent in the people's life, I hail as a long step forward. . . . Faithfully yours, Jacob A. Riis. i«] State Parks of Wisconsin Metropolitan Improvements Commission, 20 Beacon Street. Boston, January 9, 1 909. Mr. John Nolen, 1382 Massachusetts Avenue, Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass. Dear Mr. Nolen: — I am glad to get your letter in relation to the State Park work for Wisconsin. It is an immensely important work, and one whose value the entire population of Wisconsin will appre- ciate and will be more and more proud of as the years go on, should your recommendations be realized. The example of Massachusetts in its State Reservations and forestry work, complemented by the ad- mirable efforts of the Trustees of the Public Reservations, is worth considering in this connection. From what I have read of Wisconsin, it strikes me that in its scen- ery, and largely in the character of its population, it must be the New England of the West, and in establishing the reservations or State Parks you recommend, perhaps it will pave the way towards achiev- ing a historic position similar to that which New England now holds in its reputation for enlightened policy. Most sincerely yours, Sylvester Baxter, Secretary. [50] State Parks of Wisconsin Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Metropolitan Park Commission, Boston, January 12, 1909. Mr. John Nolen, 1 382 Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass. Dear Mr. Nolen: — The value and need of large park reservations is likely to be overlooked until it is possible that the best results can- not be obtained either on account of availabletracts being broken into by building operations, or because the expense involved by reason of increasing values make it a greater burden than the community is willing to bear. The Metropolitan Parks District of Boston was fortunate in following the lead of far-seeing and public-spirited men, and in acquiring two large wooded parks at reasonable prices while it was still possible to establish natural boundaries. Blue Hills Res- ervation, of 4,900 acres, in the southern section, and Middlesex Fells Reservation, of 3,000 acres, in the northern section, are both easily accessible to the thickly populated portions of the Metropolitan Dis- trict, which already numbers over 1,200,000 people. When the park movement began in Massachusetts there were many tracts of private woodland practically open to public use. This is changing rapidly with the increase of population, and consequent activity in [51] State Parks of Wisconsin building. Inside of twenty-five years it is likely that the children of the city will find in these woods the only opportunity within reason- able distance of their homes to enjoy the beauty and restfulness of the forest. Many thickly-settled foreign communities are regretting their lack of foresight in failing to preserve for the present generation some part of the woods that were the delight of their earlier days. In a comparatively new country with much unoccupied land, it is difficult to realize that this condition will inevitably change, but experience and observation clearly show that the reservation of a proper propor- tion of woodland adds to the health and enjoyment of the people, and is a duty which public authorities should not postpone. Very truly yours, John Woodbury, Secretary. CM] State Parks of Wisconsin Letter from President Charles R. Van Hise, University of Wisconsin "Just as Parks are an imperative necessity to large cities, so when a state becomes densely populated state parks will be equally im- perative necessities to the people. To the present time a large part of the area of the state of Wisconsin has been practically free territory to be used by the people whenever they desired. These relatively uninhabited areas have been the hunting and camping grounds, have been the places where men and women could go for relief from their cares and for life out-of-doors. As the state becomes inhabited to its full capacity, this condition will pass away and practically the only land which will be available for such public purposes will be the lands owned by the state. Therefore while lands are still cheap the state should acquire in its various parts a number of parks which will be perpetually the breathing grounds to be freely used by the people of the state. In order that this purpose be fully accomplished it will be necessary that the state provide for not a single park, but a num- ber, just as it is necessary for a great city to have not one park but a number, so that each inhabitant may find some readily accessible open spot. Thus it seems to me to be extremely desirable that the state provide as soon as possible for several sites. The Dells, Devil's Lake, Door County, Mississippi Bluffs, are all well located to serve a considerable number of people." Charles R. Van Hise. [53] State Parks of Wisconsin Letter from the Hon. W. D. Hoard, Ex-Governor of Wisconsin Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, January 4, 1909. John Nolen, 1 382 Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass. My dear Mr. Nolen: — I have your very esteemed letter of the 3 1 st and I am more than pleased to send you an opinion on the value of State Park reservations, and particularly their value to Wiscon- sin. I v^as but slightly prepared for the revelation of natural scenic beauty and the possibilities that lay w^ithin the proposed Door County Park. I sincerely hope you may be able vv^ith other influences in the State, to secure from the Legislature a liberal appropriation to this end. I feel as though in some particulars, we v/ere almost at the turning point in making such provision for our State, placing it vs^here it truly belongs, as one of the most charming States in the Union. Your truly, W. D. Hoard. [54] State Parks of Wisconsin Letter from John M. Olin President Madison Park and Pleasure Drive Association January 12, 1909. Dear Mr. Nolen: — For many years, I have felt that Wisconsin could make no better investment than the securing of properly selected lands in different parts of the state for state park reservations. Ac- tion should not be delayed in this matter. Such places are rapidly being picked up by private interests. Already it is quite impossible for the people of the state to get to the shores of many of our most beautiful inland lakes, except by trespassing upon private owner- ship. But these lakes belong to the people. Our supreme court has wisely decided in a number of cases that they are held in trust by the state for its people, and that not even the legislature has the power to dispose of, or authorize the disposition of, the bed of any one of these lakes for any private use or purpose. But it is not enough that the surface of these lakes or the ground covered by their waters, should belong to the people. To make these possessions available there must be secured to the public at various points the lands bordering on these waters, and in area sufficiently large to furnish to the people an opportunity for outdoor life and re- creation. This is a duty which the state owes both to the present and [55] State Parks of Wisconsin especially to the future. I sincerely hope that the present legislature will make such appropriation as may be reasonably necessary to se- cure at this time a number of reservations for state parks. Sincerely yours, John M. Olin. To Mr. John Nolen, Landscape Architect, 1 382 Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass. [56] THE DALLES OF THE ST. CROIX RS WISCONSIN INTER-STATB PARK— ST. CUOIX FALLS WISCONSIN INTER-STATE PARK— ST. CROIX FALLS [university <, or WISCONSIN INTER-STATE PARK— ST. CROIX FALLS WISCONSIN INTER-STATE PARK— ST. CROIX FALLS f eFTHE \ Cal- THE DELLS OF THE WISCONSIN CO Z O O m K O M 1-1 iJ w I o Q ^ AUTUMN SCENE THE CAVE— EAGLE BLUFF • F THt ■ U N ! V E R S i T Y ^ OF EPHRAIM AND FISH CREEK— BOTH GOOD HARBORS n*-^"' {--^•'Tl '-^^ CAHf ^ BATHING BEACH— SHANTY BAY LONE PINE, SEVEN'S BLUFF— FISH CREEK POINT IN THE DISTANCE DISTANT VIEW OF FISH CREEK WITH BLUFF IN BACKGROUND HEN ISLAND .CALIF o^-^^ LIGHT HOUSE POINT ANCIENT COOPER SHOP PROPOSED STATE PARK ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER NEAR WYALUSING i> o a z I u Q 2: ^ : D. — I < a. (/) .irof<*^ HI ^^^^^^^Bi^^^I9ii Hi Pl rT V ^^^^m^^^^^^ mm^ ^^^^ ^^^- ^^^^^^^^j^^^^i WILD WOOD TO LEFT; SIGNAL POINT TO RIGHT BOATING ON THE WISCONSIN RIVER AMID THE ISLES AT ITS DELTA THE JOY OF CAMPING FREELY OFFERED TO ALL SCENE FROM COUNCIL HILL NEAR THE GROUP OF EFFIGY AND BURIAL MOUNDS COUNCIL HILL LOOKING EAST VIEW FROM "OLD INDIAN TRAIL" POINT "LOOK OUT" ONE OF THE MANY LAKE VIEWS ^UNIVERSITY] 9f Thjf or 180909 ;.t -^ ,, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. OCT 1 2*64-10 All LD 21-100m-9,'48(B3998l6)476 l'I5S?^!IS^f^'. - I 1' nil iiliiii