Iltberal Hris Mpcthnolongg Science Serves New Hampshire Agriculture sS* Station Billetm 376 I . .Dec«tnber 1948 rf, Agricultural Experiment Station r University of Nev^ Hampshire ' liurhani/N. H» ■BFIm ■- '■*":..•: Annual Report of the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station New Hampshire 1948 UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DURHAM, N. H. Archives TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A WORD FROM THE DIRECTORS IV AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY The Ascorbic Acid Content of Fresh and Frozen Berries 1 The Digestibility of Timothy and x\lfalfa Hays 1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Marketing Hatching Eggs 1- 2 Rapid Milking as a Means of Saving Time in the Dairy Barn 2- 3 The New Hampshire Silage Cart Saves the Dairy Farmer's Time 3- 4 Idle Farm Land 4- 5 Seasonal Milk Problem 5- 6 Chore Efficiency in Producing Pullets 6- 7 Good Pasture and Hay-Land Management Increases Farm Income 7 CROPS AND PASTURES With What Grass Should Ladino Clover be Seeded for Pasture? 7- 8 How Should Fertilizer be Applied for Sweet Corn? 8 What Varieties of Corn Should be Planted for Grain or Silage? 8 Oat Varieties 9 Potatoes Yield Better When Magnesium is Added to the Ferlilizer Mix- ture 9 Potassium Sulfate Produces a Higher Ouality Potato Than Potassium Chloride 10 Ontario and Essex are Proving to be Excellent Potato Varieties for New Hampshire 10 Sprout Inhibitor Lengthens the Marketing Period for Potatoes 10 Many Weeds Can be Controlled by Using the New Chemical Herbicides .... 11-12 DAIRYING Clover Hay is More Nutritious Than Timothy for Dairy Cows 12-13 Cobalt Studies with Livestock 13-14 The Infusion of 4,000,000 Units of Penicillin is Very Effective in the Cure of Streptococcal Mastitis 14 ENTOMOLOGY Houseflies Build up a Resistance to DDT and to Certain Other Insecticide^ 15 New Pesticides are Effective in Controlling the European Red Mite 15 Four Applications of DDT Dust are Needed to Control the European Corn Borer 15 Parathione is Effective in the Control of the Eye Spotted Bud Moth 15-16 FORESTRY The Amount of Wood is High in the Manufacture of Heels and Cooperage Products 16 The Brown Color of Maple Syrup is Caused by the Heating that Occurs During Evaporation 16 The Effect on the Maple Tree of the Kind of Spout Used and the Treatment of the Tap Hole 16-17 II Page FRUITS An Outstanding New Strawberry Variety is Named Great Bay 17 Hay Mulch Reduces Magnesium Leaf Scorch on Apple Trees 17-18 New Fruit Varieties are Being Tested 18 The Durham Raspberry is Gaining in Popularity 18 A Low-Growing, High-Yielding Blueberry is Being Developed 19 A New Method of Pruning Apple Trees is Being Tried 19-20 Hay Mulch Proves to be Superior to Sawdust or Seaweed for Apple Trees .... 20 PLANT PATHOLOGY Leaf-Roll Symptoms May not Appear on Foliage of Potatoes Grown in the Greenhouse 20 New Fungicides Prove Effective in Controlling Apple Scab 20 POULTRY HUSBANDRY A Better Meat Type Bird is Being Developed From a Dark Cornish-New Hampshire Cross 20-21 Poultry Individuals Vary Tremendously in Their Consumption and Utilization of Feed 21-22 Preliminary Studies Show that Choline Aids in Preventing Body Weight Losses in Laying Hens 22 New High-Energy Feed Proves Highly Profitable in Raising Broilers 22-23 SOILS Experiments at Northwood Demonstrate the Value of Topsoil 24 The Soil Survey Continues in Rockingham County 24-25 STATE SERVICE Inspection of Fertilizers and Feedingstuffs 25-26 Seed Inspection 25 Pullorun Testing 25-26 Infectious Bronchitis Virus 26 Autopsies at the Poultry Laboratory 26-27 The National Poultry Improvement Plan 27 Mastitis Testing Service 28 OTHER ACTIVE PROJECTS 29-30 ADDENDA Financial Statement 31 Publications 32 Experiment Station Staff 33-34 Changes in Personnel 35 III A Word from the Directors This 60th annual report of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station is prepared to present to the people of the State and to other in- terested persons the results of our experimental work. A more complete presentation of the results of each project will be published later in scien- tific journals or as technical experiment station bulletins. An attempt has been made to increase the attractiveness of the report by omitting a discus- sion of those projects that have not yielded tangible results during the past year, by including numerous illustrations, and by attempting to present the conclusions of our work in a simple, direct manner, omitting any detailed discussion of the experimental procedure. It is hoped that a report of this type will be read by many persons who are seeking a concise and accurate statement of the scientific know- ledge that has been accumulated recently by the Agricultural Experiment Station. That an annual report be published is required by law; it is our desire to not only fulfill our legal responsibility but also to prepare this report in a readable form without detracting from its scientific accuracy. The extent to which this objective has been accomplished can only be judged by the reactions of those who read the publication. Your comments are heartily solicited. More fundamental than the report, is the concept back of the work of the Agricultural Experiment Station. It is our obligation to discern the basic, fundamental problems that confront the rural people of New Hamp- shire, and to seek in our laboratories and experimental fields, the solution to these problems. We are anxious to exhibit maximum efficiency in this respect. Our staff attempts to maintain close contact with the agricultural industry by attending group meetings of farmers, by discussing their par- ticular field of interest with the staff of the Agricultural Extension Ser- vice, and by keeping abreast of the newest developments at other experi- ment stations as well as commercial concerns that are doing research. In addition, we need to receive suggestions from individuals as well as agri- cultural associations expressing their views concerning the basic problems confronting the various agricultural industries of the State. In reading this report, you will note that often a number of persons are working on a single project. This goes to show the complexity of the problems on which we are working. It is not uncommon, for example, to require the assistance of a plant physiologist, a soil scientist, a chemist, and an animal nutrition specialist on a single research project. We wish to remind you who are citizens of New Hampshire that this Agricultural Experiment Station located on the University Campus belongs to you. We welcome you to the campus, and our staff stands ready to show you our laboratories, our barns, and our experimental fields in order that you may become better acquainted with the research program that is being conducted. Robert F. Chandler, Jr. Director Harold C. Grinnell Associate Director IV Agricultural Chemistry The Ascorbic Acid Content of Fresh and Frozen Berries. Several varieties of strawberries have been analyzed for ascorbic acid and the fresh berries ranged from 28 to 102 mg. per 100 gm. Of those varieties that were tested, Narcissa, Fairfax, and Catskill proved to contain the largest amount. The same varieties, picked on the same day of the month from year to year, varied 20 to 30 mg. per 100 gm. in ascorbic con- tent. The variation during a single season was also considerable for each variety and no single variety was highest throughout the entire grow- ing season. The ascorbic acid content of fresh red raspberries ranged from 14 to 35 mg. per 100 gm. Purple rasp- berries ranged from 11 to 23 mg. while the blackcaps were very low, ranging from 0 to 11 mg. The sea- sonal variation for raspberries was slight as compared with strawber- ries. Fresh, low-bush blueberries averaged 16 mg. ascorbic acid per 100 gm.; but holding these fruits in a refrigerator for 16 hours resulted in the loss of 70 per cent of the as- corbic acid. Significant losses on a 24-hour period also occurred in strawberries when held either at room temperatures or in a refriger- ator. No such loss occurred with raspberries. All varieties of strawberries lost ascorbic acid during storage at below-freezing temperatures. If sugar were not added, the losses ranged from 13 to 98 per cent. Strawberries frozen without hulling retained more of their ascorbic acid than did hulled berries. Blueberries, frozen or canned, lost essentially all of their ascorbic acid during a six-months' storage period. S. R. Shimer H. J. PURINTON The Digestibility of Timothy and Alfalfa Hays. Ten samples of tim- othy hay and seven of alfalfa were received from various laboratories in this country where they had been used as the sole ration in digesti- bility and energy studies with cattle. On chemical analysis of these sam- ples it was found that in both spe- cies the protein content was closely related positively with the digesti- bility of both energy and dry matter. If the two species were combined, this relation was not significant. Similarly in each species, lignin, crude fiber, and cellulose were re- lated negatively to digestibility. The negative relation of lignin to digesti- bility was closer than that of either crude fiber or cellulose. T. G. Phillips Agricultural Economics Marketing Hatching Eggs. Over 60 per cent of the eggs produced in New Hampshire are sold as hatching eggs. Because of the importance of this commodity a study was conduct- ed during the past year to determine certain practices in the industry and to study losses in handling and ship- ping. A preliminary report shows that about 74 per cent of the hatching eggs sold were used to produce broil- ers and 26 per cent were used for flock replacement purposes. Of the broiler eggs, 75 per cent were ship- ped outside of New Hampshire. The rest were hatched in the State. A study was made of the cases being used to ship hatching eggs. The results showed, considering those situations encountered in the study, that 22 per cent were of the heavy wooden returnable type; 33 per cent were of the regular commercial wooden type (both new and second- hand) ; 35 per cent were secondhand paper cases and 10 per cent were in new paper cases. The method of shipping hatching eggs was examined, and the survey indicated that 32 per cent were being shipped by rail, 67.7 per cent by truck, and only 0.3 per cent went by plane. In a check made on 10 lots of hatching eggs for truck shipment to Maryland, it was found that there was an average of six cracked eggs per case as packed for shipment. An average of 10.5 eggs per case were cracked between the farm and a Maryland hatchery About 18 per cent of this occurred between the farm and the terminal and 82 per cent between the terminal and the Maryland hatchery. In three lots shipped by rail to Florida, breakage averaged seven eggs per case in new fiber cases, 10 per cent in good used fiber cases and 27 per cent in heavy returnable cases. In one lot of new fiber cases shipped by air to Florida, breakage was less than three eggs per case. Eggs with loose air cells did not hatch. Need is shown for use of cases in better condition. One large shipper uses all new fiber cases while another reduces losses by careful packing and the use of good cases. L. A. Dougherty and A. M. Atwood Rapid Milking as a Means of Sav- ing Time in the Dairy Barn. The emphasis this year has been on prob- lems involved in milking rapidly and easily. Numerous records taken this year indicate that some operators, following the timing pattern suggest- ed last year by the leaders of this project, can milk cows at the rate of 2.2 man minutes per cow per milk- ing. On the other hand, capable op- erators who are definitely interested in rapid milking and attempting to follow directions are not able to milk the entire herd quickly and easily. Attention was directed to individ- ual herds to determine why the op- erator failed to get good let-down and did not milk quickly. As an initial step in three herds, samples were taken from each quarter for biological testing and the udders of the cows were examined physically by the University Veterinarian. In one herd, where the operator milked 26 cows in 58 minutes, the tests in- dicated that the udders were normal and free of serious infection. There are not sufficient data available yet, but it is believed that healthy udders may be an important factor in rapid milking. In another herd the tests indicated that a large proportion of the udders were not normal. The operator was not able to milk the cows quickly. In spite of good milk- ing technique, 82 minutes were re- quired to milk 26 cows. In several herds, the operators failed to get back quickly enough to the cow which was being milked. When the routine of milking was re- adjusted so that the operator got back to the individual cow and ma- chine stripped for half a minute, most of the cows were milked within four minutes. In one herd selected for study, two men, each with two single units, milked 27 cows in 76 minutes. Only one cow was milked out in less than five minutes and machines were left on five cows over 10 minutes. Two weeks later, the milking rou- tine was improved and the machines Fig. 1 — Rapid milking techniques save the dairy farmer much val- uable time in doing his chores. were removed at the end of four minutes. All cows were hand strip- ped and the stoppings weighed. Twenty cows were well milked out in four minutes, but eight were not completely milked. The next day the cows were rearranged so that the eight problem cows could be milked last. The machines were again re- moved from 20 cows in four minutes and the eight problem cows were then given special attention in prepara- tion. The machines were removed in five minutes. Hand stripping reveal- ed that all but three cows had milked out satisfactorily; thus, in this string of 28 "slow" milkers, there were only three real problem cows. H. C. WOODWORTH, K. S. Morrow, F. E. Allen, L. W. Slanetz, and Earl Elliott The New Hampshire Silage Cart Saves the Dairy Farmer's Time. The New Hampshire silage cart illustra- ted in Fig. 2 distributes silage or chopped hay directly into the man- ger. This is done by means of a wide belt in the bottom of the cart which is turned by a hand crank as the cart is pushed along in front of the cows. A spindle on the inside breaks up the tendency for silage or hay to bridge over. It can be used to shake the feed down to the moving belt. The spindle also takes some of the weight off the moving belt at the bottom. The door at the side is swung in and fastened when the cart is being loaded. Just before the cart is un- loaded the door is swung out. This tends to release the weight and pres- sure on the wide belt so that the silage can be turned out easily. Ap- proximately one minute is required to unload sufficient silage or chopped hay for 20 cows. This cart was made in connection with a New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station project under- taken two years ago to study effici- ency of chore practices in dairy barns. The cart is an adaptation of carts used by beef cattle feeders in Fig. 2 — The New Hampshire silage cart. It distributes chopped hay directly into the manger. It can be used on modern farms for feeding chopped hay, corn silage, or grass silage. the Central West. By adding a wide belt and spindle the silage or chopped hay is fed out the side directly into the mangers. In feeding chopped hay, the capacity is increased by means of removable boards at the top. Earl M. Elliott, field assistant working on rapid milking practices, built the cart in the Agricultural En- gineering shops. George M. Foulk- rod, agricultural engineer, Paul A. Gilman, applied farming instructor, and Wesley F. Brett, of the Univer- sity work shop gave technical assis- tance. Idle Farm Land. Many persons who are interested in the agriculture of New Hampshire and the other Northeastern states have indicated concern that farm lands remain idle and eventually revert to brush. The forces affecting land use in New Hampshire are quite complicated. Much land probably is better suited to forests than to farming, but some idle land may be better than some that is being farmed. This study was initiated with the purpose of finding out how much idle usable farm land there is, whether or not owners are interested in using it, and if there are terms on which owners and operators can agree and which will permit good farming prac- tices. As the study has been in progress only since April 1, 1948, only a pre- liminary progress report is possible. A survey has been completed in the towns of Greenland and Stratham in Rockingham County; a similar sur- vey is in progress in the town of Hopkinton in Merrimack County, and a questionnaire has been sent to selectmen in 140 agricultural towns. In Greenland and Stratham, 36 places were found with idle or very lightly used farm land of worth-while quality and amount. Altogether these 36 places had approximately 1,300 acres of tillage land and 850 acres of non-wooded pasture. Eight places had land enough to support a family-size commercial dairy farm, and 11 more had nearly enough, but because the buildings were occupied by the owner in nearly every case, both the larger and smaller places represent opportunities chiefly to far- mers who have their farmsteads but need more land. In these small towns 13 active farmers indicated a need for land. Apparently, on many small places and on a few larger ones, residential demand has outbid agricultural de- mand. However, the two uses are often not mutually exclusive because most of the owners of idle land were willing to have it farmed, and there appear to be mutually agreeable terms for leasing. This preliminary study suggests the need for: 1. Pointing out to owners the ad- vantages of renting or selling their farm land. 2. Making available to active far- mers a list of land that might be rented or purchased. 3. Learning more about current renting practices and encouraging the better ones. W. K. BURKETT The Seasonal Milk Problem. Defi- ciences in milk supplies on the Boston market from the New England milk- shed during fall and winter months has necessitated imports to that mar- ket from outside areas. Before World War II supplies from New England sources were adequate to meet consumer demands for fluid milk during the entire year. While this did not mean that there was even production from all farms, the sea- sonality was less pronounced, No- vember-December deliveries averag- ing approximately 65 per cent of May-June deliveries. Increased milk consumption has necessitated an expansion of the Bos- ton milkshed into former cheese and butter areas, and has created a squeeze on total available supplies, particularly during the fall and win- ter months. This increased demand has highlighted the producer pro- blems related to high feed costs and labor shortages. At the same time the increased demand for beef ex- pressed in high prices has caused the sale of dairy cows and replace- ment stock with a resulting depletion of milk-producing herds. Both the short- and the long-run effects are cause for concern by those responsi- ble for meeting consumer demand. As milk prices are administered, it is essential that those responsible for prices should be fully informed of the competitive conditions in the sup- ply areas in testing the adequacy of their price schemes in a dynamic market. With these and other objectives in mind, the states supplying the ma- jor proportion of the Boston milk, namely, New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont, are co-operating in a joint study to analyze the basic conditions of an uneven supply in these areas. A preliminary report of an inter- regional committee on dairy market- ing research, set up in 1946 under the Research and Marketing Act, "Factors Affecting Seasonal Milk Production and Their Effect on Pro- ducers' Costs and Returns," surveys work already done in this field and outlines additional research needed. In addition to the above joint study, each of the states concerned is analyzing the problem as it relates to local conditions. By such co- operation, much can be gained by pooling ideas and comparing results. This joint analysis of producer, deal- er, and consumer problems is expect- ed to contribute to the development of an economic framework for those concerned with the New England milk market. J. R. Bowring Chore Efficiency in Producing Pul- lets. Detailed time records in doing the daily routine chores in produc- ing pullets were taken at two-week intervals on 10 New Hampshire poul- try farms. Four of the operators were using coal brooders and six had automatic heating equipment. In February, when the first records were taken, labor requirements were at a peak. The severe weather and early age of chicks required strict attention to brooding equipment. Water was supplied from numerous hand-filled small fountains and the feed was made available in a number of small feed hoppers. As indicated in Table I, all the op- erators equipped with coal stoves, used over 30 minutes a day on rou- tine chore work per 1,000 chicks, while four of the six operators with automatic heat used less than 30 minutes. Farm A, with the highest labor requirement, had the disadvan- tage of scattered pens and unhandy locations of supplies of feed and coal. The operator also fed three times each day. The outstanding low labor record ( Farm J ) resulted from the simpli- fication and combination of practices so that in one trip through the pens in the morning, sufficient feed and water were supplied in the containers to carry the chicks for 24 hours. After that it was only necessary to check on the condition of the chicks in the late afternoon. The operator performed each task efficiently and had the advantage of a modern two- story brooder house. The change in time required in chore work as the brooding period progressed is illustrated in Table II. In mid-February the operator of Farm D had all coal stoves going full blast, which required careful at- tention and refuelling morning and night; the numerous small founts and feed hoppers in each pen also required considerable time in refill- ing. As the season advanced, the weather moderated and the birds were larger and hardier; less time was needed in tending fires until fin- ally all fires were discontinued. Automatic waterers were substituted for the hand-filled founts which also increased the labor. The time re- quired to feed, however, increased as Table I. — Total Man Minutes Per 1000 Chicks Routine Indoor Brooding Operations on 10 Farms Farms Using Coal Brooders Farm A 48.6 min. Farm B 46.8 min. Farm C 36.3 min. Farm D 32.2 min. Farms Using Various Types of Automatic Heat Farm E 37.6 min. Farm F 30.7 min. Farm G 27.0 min. Farm H 21.6 min. Farm I 20.5 min. Farm J 12.6 min. Table II. — Total Man Minutes Per 1000 Chicks Routine Indoor Brooding Operations on Farm D February 18 March 3 March 17 March 31 April 14 the birds grew older and consumed larger quantities. H. C. Woodworth and E. C. Perry Good Pasture and Hay-land Man- agement Increases Farm Income. The management problems in developing improved cropping and pasture pro- grams and in farm reorganization were observed on 10 farms for a period of 10 years (1937 to 1946). The improvement practices adopted by each farmer were carefully plan- ned to fit the needs of each individual case. The changes in practices were not made in any one year but were carried out as rapidly as time and funds were available to the individual operator. On the 10 farms, 45 acres of rough pasture land were bulldozed, prepar- ed, fertilized, and seeded for pasture. Areas of rough or less desirable till- age land were limed, fertilized, and diverted to permanent pasture. Areas of plowable permanent pasture were plowed, fertilized, and reseeded. In all, the amount of improved pas- ture was increased from 26 to 240 acres. In addition, 103 acres of till- age land, which had formerly been 32.2 min. 27.8 min. 21.8 min. 14.3 min. 12.2 min. used for crop production only, were shifted to a crop-pasture rotation. The application of fertilizers on the 10 farms increased from 32 tons, in 1937, to 104.5 tons, in 1946. Lime applications were increased from 46 tons to 249 tons in the same period. Cow numbers were adjusted to the increase in available roughage and pasture. At the end of 10 years the farms carried 20 per cent more cows, pro- duced 43 per cent more milk, and increased total yields of feed nutri- ents by 39 per cent. Most of the improvements made in the 10-year period were associated with current production programs resulting in additional current in- come. A comparison of the net incomes for the years 1937 and 1946, esti- mated on the basis of 1946 prices for both years, indicates that average net farm incomes had been increased by over $2,000. Improvements in roughage and pasture production and in farm organization were largely re- sponsible for this increase in net in- come per farm. M. F. Abell Crops and Pastures With What Grass Should Ladino Clover be Seeded for Pasture? A number of pastures were seeded in 1942 and 1943 with mixtures of la- dino clover and each of various tall grasses. Although the differences in yield were slight, the ladino clover- smooth brome grass mixture led all others. (See chart, page 8.) Examination in 1947, five and six years after seeding, indicated that as much ladino clover remained in the smooth brome mixture as in any other combination and that there was Seeding Mixture Ave. Annual Yield of Dry Matter per Acre Tons Smooth brome-ladino 3.03 Orchard grass-ladino 2.86 Tall fescue-ladino 2.81 Timothy -ladino 2.78 Perennial rye-ladino 2.78 Reed Canary-ladino 2.77 considerably more clover than in the reed canary grass or tall fescue asso- ciations. Counts also indicated that there were more volunteer grasses in the perennial rye plots than in any of the others. These experiments conducted on various farms in the State are help- ing to increase the seeding of ladino clover for pastures, particularly when mixed with smooth brome grass. In semi-permanent pastures it is often desirable to include in the mixture a perennial clover, either red or alsike, to promote high production during the first two years of the stand. F. S. Prince and P. T. Blood How Should Fertilizer be Applied for Sweet Corn? On an experiment conducted at Pittsfield, (N. H.), four different ways of applying fer- tilizer to sweet corn have been tried. The amount of fertilizer used was 1200 pounds per acre. The method of placing the fertilizer and the yield of sweet corn are shown below. The results indicate that a divided application is preferable to applying it either all in the plow sole or all with the planter. For those who wish to control weeds with 2,4-D, the method of placing half of the fertil- izer on the plow sole with the remain- der applied with the planter offers an alternative to side dressing part of the fertilizer at the time of one of the early cultivations. F. S. Prince, P. T. Blood, R. Feuer, and L. T. Kardos What Varieties of Corn Should be Planted for Grain or Silage? For the past several years trials of both silage and grain corn varieties have been conducted at Durham, and also on the McGoff farm in Lancaster and the Jones Brothers' farm at Clare- mont Junction. Under the auspices of the Agricultural Extension Service, silage corn variety trials were also conducted in Coos, Sullivan, Belknap, and Merrimack Counties. As a result of studies of corn var- ieties during the past 13 years it has been found that under New Hamp- shire conditions the yields of silage and grain corn according to type are about as follows: Treatment Average Yield Per Acre - 3 Years All applied on the plow sole Half on the plow sole and half with planter Half with the planter and half side-dressed at the time of the second cultivation All with the planter Tons 5.181 5.271 5.306 4.991 8 Type of Corn Yield of Silage Yield s of Grain (Tons Per Acre) (Bu. Per Acre) Flint 8-10 35-40 Dent-flint hybrid 10-12 45-50 Dent 12-15 55-60 Dent hybrid 15-20 65-70 Dent-sweet hybrid 20-25 ? Because the length of growing sea- grain corn and silage corn that are son varies considerably in New recommended for New Hampshire, Hampshire, it seems advisable to depending upon the number of days make our recommendations in rela- available between the time of plant- tion to this condition. The follow- ing and the first killing frost in the ing chart shows the varieties of both fall. Grain Corn Maturity Rating Variety Very early (less than 100 days) Early (100-110 days) Medium (110-120 days) Late (over 120 days) Local Flints Maine B and Wisconsin 240 Wisconsin 279, 335, 412 and Mass. 62 Cornell 29-3 Silage Corn Maturity Rating Variety Very early (less than 100 days) Early (100-110 days) Medium (110-120 days) Late (over 120 days) Mass. 62 Cornell 29-3 Ohio M-15, Wisconsin 692 Iowa 4059, Connecticut Dent-Sweet hybrids L. J. HlGGINS Oat Varieties. Oat varieties have been tested since 1943. Disease- resistance is the most important fac- tor to consider in selecting an oat variety for any part of the State. Results of the past few years indi- cate that the best varieties for our conditions are Ajax, and the new bond crosses such as Clinton, Benton, Zephyr, and Bond X Anthony. Other varieties may yield high in certain years but do not have suffi- cient disease-resistance to be relied upon. L. J. HlGGINS Potatoes Yield Better When Mag- nesium is Added to the Fertilizer Mixture. In our potato experiments at Colebrook we added a complete fertilizer and magnesium sulfate (supplying 40 pounds per acre of MgO) to one set of plots and com- plete fertilizer only (one ton of 5-10-10 per acre) to another set. When the yields were obtained it was found that on the average the addi- tion of the magnesium sulfate in- creased the yield 69 bushels per acre. Individual plot yields, were increased to as much as 110 bushels per acre. It would appear that the Coos Coun- ty potato farmer can well afford to apply a fertilizer containing mag- nesium. F. S. Prince, P. T. Blood, L. TV Kardos Potassium Sulfate Produces a Higher Quality Potato Than Potass- ium Chloride. The average consum- er of potatoes in New England pre- fers a "mealy" or high-starch potato. The New Hampshire Agricultural Ex- periment Station has been studying the source of potassium as a factor influencing the specific gravity of po- tatoes ( Specific gravity and starch content are closely associated.) As a result of work conducted in the field at Northwood Ridge and Colebrook as well as greenhouse tests at Dur- ham, no other conclusion can be drawn but that if the potassium in the fertilizer mixture is supplied in the form of potassium sulfate the potatoes are of superior quality as compared to those fertilized with a mixture in which the potassium is supplied as potassium chloride. It appears that the differences are suffi- ciently great so that some of the new- er disease-resistant varieties of only fair cooking quality, by fertilization with potassium sulfate, may be im- proved sufficiently in quality to per- mit its adoption by the commercial grower without sacrificing quality. F. S. Prince, P. T. Blood, L. T. Kardos Ontario and Essex are Proving to be Excellent Potato Varieties for New Hampshire. Although some 23 var- ieties of potatoes are being tested, many of them either need further study or are definitely unsuited to our conditions. We are seeking a variety with the eating quality of a Green Mountain and which yields well and has disease-resistance. The Ontario approaches this ideal more closely than any other variety that has been tested at this Station. It is highly resistant to potato scab, has some resistance to late blight, yields well, and is of good quality, being definitely superior to such varieties as Katahdin, Sebago, and Chippewa in the last respect. Another variety that should have an important place among the var- ieties is the Essex. This is one of the blight-resistant varieties devel- oped at Cornell University. It is a consistent high yielder having ranked among the top three varieties ever since it was first introduced into our plots. It is a nice appearing, white- fleshed potato. Its only drawback is that it is low in specific gravity and hence does not have the good baking quality that is so much desired. On the other hand, the fact that it yields high, whether or not the season is cool or warm, wet, or dry, is a strong point in its favor. P. T. Blood Sprout Inhibitor Lengthens the Marketing Period for Potatoes. About 200 bushels of Kathadin pota- toes were treated with a sprout in- hibitor (a methylester of naphthaline- acetic acid ) at the end of the rest period during the last week in March. The inhibitor was used according to the manufacturer's directions, one pound of 2.2 per cent dust to 11 bushels of potatoes. These potatoes remained in storage until the latter part of July and were still in a sala- ble condition. None of the sprouts had developed to such an extent as to require their removal. The loss in weight during this period averaged only 3.17 per cent. This method of dusting potatoes offers excellent possibilities to those who wish to market potatoes during the entire 12 months. The late fall crop can be left until the early po- tatoes are ready for harvest the next year. Those interested can contact their Agricultural County Agent in regard to where the sprout inhibitor may be purchased. P. T. Blood and L. T. Kardos 10 Many Weeds Can be Controlled by It is evident that 2,4-D will destroy Using the New Chemical Herbicides. Canada Thistles provided that sever- Experiments were carried on in 1947- al applications are made, starting 48 in an attempt to find effective early in the summer. ways of killing thistles. There are T * n a j J , . . ! &r ,, ... In recent years , two yellow-flowered several kinds ot troublesome thistles • r r» -r r> ■ ..l u AT TT , . „, „ . species of Devil s Paintbrush or in [New Hampshire. Ihe Canada n 1 j 1 i i „, . , . r • i i • i i nawkweed have become very abun- Ihistle is a perennial which spreads j + • c u j -vr . i t , . dant in fields and pastures in New extensively and becomes very serious Hampshire One the Mouse-ear var- ■ • i| 11*11 i •! iiaiuuciiiic. vync? nic lUUUSC'Cal Veil- once it is well established, while sev- • . u ■ ■ -in i , , . i ii i letV tlier actum pilosella, spreads ex- eral other species commonly called . • i i i n ii t,, . ,1 r t . -ill- tensively by runners over large areas Dull Ihistles are biennials and die f fi j ,. • . f . .i - a . . , . , to the detriment ot most other vege- atter flowering in their second year. . .• rn , ,, , y. r» -i . „ . b . , , . : . tation. Ihe other, called King-Devil All species are bad weeds particular- (H florentinum), is a taller lant ly in pastures. Much work has been and occurs in scattered clumps. The done over the years in the United Ki Devil d hard to m with btates and Canada on the control of both 24.D chemicals and ammate Canada Thistle. Recently, there have but Qn geveral ,ots Ae Mouse.ear been many conflicting recommenda- u„ i i . i . ha } . & riawkweed was at least 90 per cent tions as to suitable 2A-D treatments j_f„ j u ■ 1 ^• I- t . ' destroyed by single applications ot tor its control. the most recent .1 „ fi i ju»i * t n a n .... . . .. the methyl and butyl esters ot 2, 4-D work indicates that several applica- ,.Tv „ . „. . i . a . _ . _ , , -1.1., . when treatments were made at Hower- tions ot z, 4-U are needed to kill the • „ f; • i ♦ t t>u o a t\ ... ' . . _. ing time in late June. Ihe 2, 4-D thistle completely Our treatments wag uged flt R concentration of 1000 were directed at the Canada Thistle tg milHon of water but in most cases some Bull thistles , . also were included. Several different Therf has, been ^ bellef \n Ne^ chemical forms of 2, 4-D were used Hamlfhire that 2' 4"D ls n»l depend" at the usual recommended concentra- abIe ff P^son-Ivy control Where tion for general weed control of 1000 areas have bf n treated, wltb ?' 4-°' parts per million in water solution, f considerable regrowth of the ivy A i /- i ti i has frequently occurred. It was de- Ammate and Granular Borax also • i j c .. o a r\ *u , , . cided hrst to compare z, 4-D with were used, the animate at the rate i i r> • t i -n e 0 ii r i better known roison-lvy killers, ot 5 ounces per gallon ot water, the borax at from 1 to 3 pounds per hun- Plots were laid out on June 12 usinS dred square feet. The Canada This- (1^ borax at 4 pounds per 100 ties were killed to the ground by the square feet, (2) ammate at % pound ammate, but after two or three weeks Per gallon of water per hundred new shoots appeared from the sur- square feet, (3) the ammonium salt viving underground parts. Borax of 2, 4-D at 1000 parts per million was not effective in thistle control. of water, and (4) the methyl ester All the 2,4-D applications resulted of 2, 4-D at the same concentration in partial controls of Canada Thistle as the salt. The borax and ammate with no particular formulation out- gave complete kills; the methyl ester standing. On the plots treated with was entirely effective only after a 2, 4-D, only about one third as many second application. The ammonium stalks appeared the following year as salt of 2, 4-D was considerably less were present at the time of treatment, satisfactory than the methyl ester, Most of the Bull Thistle plants sur- which agrees in general with reports vived all treatments. from other workers. 11 On July 11, other plots were laid out to compare the effects of several available herbicides containing 2,4-D with each other and with animate. Again animate was more effective than the 2, 4-D formulations. The most effective of the 2, 4-D com- pounds was the butyl ester (Weed- No-More) which in one application destroyed nearly all the Poison Ivy on the area treated and was not greatly inferior to the animate. For some reason, possibly the presence of heavy grass growth on this series of plots, some Poison Ivy persisted on every plot treated. In view of the fact that most initial treatments of Poison Ivy with ani- mate and borax require follow-up applications of herbicide, it may well prove as effective in the long-run to use the 2, 4-D esters as the slightly more dependable ammate or borax. An application of Weed-No-More, the butyl ester of 2, 4-D, at 1000 parts per million was made on July 10, 1947, to sweet corn overtopped by Wild Radish and Lambsquarters. On July 11 an application of 500 parts per million was tried. The con- ditions on both days were nearly ideal (full sunlight, temperatures of between 70° and 75° F. and moist soil) . Both applications resulted in killing nearly all weeds. No obvious stunting or other injury to the corn was noted on subsequent visits dur- ing the summer. Horseradish had overrun an area of valuable land on a farm in Dover. All previous attempts to destroy it had failed. The Horseradish plants were sprayed with 2, 4-D at a con- centration of 1000 parts per million in late September 1947. It was noted in the spring of 1948 that most of the plants had been destroyed by the treatment. Ammonium trichloroacetate, a pro- duct of the DuPont Company, was provided for experimental use in 1947. Complete kills of Quackgrass resulted when ammonium trichloro- acetate was sprayed in water solution on infested areas at the rate of Y* pound of the chemical per gallon. The rate of application was at the rate of one gallon of solution per 100 square feet of area. Some of the treated plots produced normal and vigorous crops of broad- leaved weeds in wide variety after periods of time varying from one to two months. Grasses, in general, were affected much more than other plants by ammonium trichloroace- tate. Most of the residual effect of the chemical in the soil had dis- appeared within a month. Sulfur Cinquefoil is a European weed of relatively recent introduc- tion, but already it has become a dominant field-weed in parts of New Hampshire. The following treat- ments were made in an area of heavy infestation in Greenland in July 1947: animate at 3 ounces per gal- lon of water; granular borax at 2 pounds per hundred square feet; the ammonium salt of 2, 4-D and the methyl ester of 2, 4-D each at the rate of 1000 parts per million of water. The 2, 4-D compounds des- troyed the Cinquefoil in one appli- cation and caused very little injury to grasses. A. R. HODGDON Dairying Clover Hay is More Nutritious tating cows, the digestibility, ap- than Timothy for Dairy Cows. In parent abstrption, and utilization of an experiment with four non-lac- protein and energy were studied to 12 Fig. 3 — The ewe on the left received supplement cobalt cost- ing approximately one-fourth cent per year; the ewe on the right received the same ration with the exception of cobalt. Note the difference in the size of the animals arid the condition of the fleeces. compare the nutritive value of tim- othy hay cut at three different stages of maturity, and a second cutting of ladino-red clover hay. While all analytical work is not yet complete, the protein balances show that clo- ver hay supplies twice as much pro- tein as late-cut timothy hay. Fig. 4 — The cobalt-deficient animal often chews wood. With regard to metabolizable ener- gy, the early cut timothy hay sur- passed the second cutting clover hay by over 5 per cent and the late cut timothy by 12 per cent. These results show the tremendous importance that stage of maturity plays in the value of the roughage, especially in the Northeast where more emphasis should be placed on home-grown roughage in dairy cat- tle feeding. N. F. Colovos, A. E. Teeri, H. A. Keener, and J. R. Prescott Cobalt Studies with Livestock. Early in 1944, workers at the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station found that a nutritional de- ficiency which had been affecting cattle, sheep, and goats in parts of New Hampshire for well over 100 years could be prevented or cured by feeding very small amounts of cobalt. This deficiency was char- acterized by loss of appetite, loss of flesh, rough hair coat, anemia, weak- ness, decreased milk production, abortion, or even death. A marked improvement was usually observed within a week after the feeding of a very small amount of cobalt was started. The deficiency was found to be causing heavy loss over much of the State. Because of results obtained by this and other agricultural experi- 13 ment stations, many feed manufac- turers started to add cobalt to their rations in 1945. Because cobalt was becoming so widely used in concentrate rations and mineral mix- tures, studies were carried out to determine the tolerance of growing dairy cattle to this element. It was found they could consume daily for periods of many weeks well over 100 times the amount normally con- sumed from the commercially mixed dairy ration containing added co- balt.' The next step was to develop the deficiency and study it under con- trolled conditions. This was done, using sheep as experimental sub- jects. A low-cobalt, locally-grown grass hay and corn purchased on the local market were fed. The animals were paired on the basis of weight, breed, and sex. One member of each pair was given 7 milligrams of supplemental cobalt twice a week. During a period of 26 weeks those animals which were given cobalt gained approximately two and one- half times as much as those which were given none. The deficiency symptoms were the same as for cat- tle, i.e., loss of appetite followed by loss in weight, emaciation, loss of wool, etc. One very interesting ob- servation made during this experi- ment was that internal parasites were very much more harmful to the deficient sheep than to those re- ceiving cobalt. In order to substantiate this ex- periment and to learn more about the function of cobalt in the diet of the ruminant, a second experiment was carried out — this has just been completed. It proved conclu- sively that cobalt deficiency could be developed in sheep when a low- cobalt ration was fed. All the 18 animals that were on the deficient ration for a considerable period of time showed very marked cobalt deficiency symptoms. All 10 ani- mals which were given 3V2 mg- of co- balt twice a week remained in per- fect health. Despite the fact that evidence indicates that cobalt is necessary for the production of some appetite-stimulating vitamin or other factor by the flora of the ru- men, all attempts to alleviate the deficiency symptoms by means of synthetic vitamins, amino acids, liver extract, other minerals, etc. have been unsuccessful. At the present time cobalt defi- ciency is very rare in New Hamp- shire because of the widespread feeding of cobalt-containing rations, cobalt-containing mineral mixtures, and the direct use of cobalt salts. That the cost is low is proved by the fact that many farmers are pro- tecting the entire herd for well un- der one dollar per year. H. A. Keener, G. P. Percival, K. S. Morrow, and J. R. Prescott The Infusion of 4 00,000 Units of Penicillin is Very Effective in the Cure of Streptococcal Mastitis. Dur- ing the past year particular attention has been devoted to the treatment of streptococcal mastitis with penicillin and penicillin and sulfamethazine combined. It was found that if 400,000 units of penicillin were al- lowed to remain in each quarter for a 24-hour period without milking, excellent results occurred — much better than when only 12 hours were allowed without milking. Of all the cases tested, 89 per cent were cured by this treatment. Combining 100 ml. of 10 per cent sodium sulfameth- azine with 200,000 or with 400,000 units of penicillin did not prove ad- vantageous as compared with peni- cillin alone. L. W. Slanetz and F. E. Allen 14 Entomology House flies Build Up a Resistance to DDT and to Certain Other In- secticides. The toxicity to house- flies of various contact insecticides has been studied for the past several years. In comparing the effect of various materials this year with the results obtained during each of the past three years it was immediately evident that the flies were developing a resistance to the insecticides. With respect to DDT. lethane, and the pyrethins the resistance was twice as great this year as it was three years ago. In the case of benzene hexa- chloride, the resistance of the house- flies increased approximately seven times. It is assumed that this in- creased resistance is caused by the continued elimination of the weaker individuals over a period involving many generations. J. G. Conklin, W. C. O'Kane, R. L. Blickle, and W. J. Morse New Pesticides are Effective in Controlling the European Red Mite. Hexaethyl tetraphosphate, DN 111, DND 4, and Xanthone were tested for the control of the red mite on apple trees. The initial reductions in mite population as compared with the untested trees were as follows: Haxaethyl tetraphosphate — 99.3 per cent; DN 111, 97.4 per cent; DND 4, 96.7 per cent, and Xanthone, 90.5 per cent. Although hexaethyl tetra- phosphate gave the highest initial control the mite population later built up on the plots so that they ex- ceeded those on the check plots. The reason for this is that this chem- ical does not kill the eggs and it also affects the natural parasites of the red mite. If one application only is to be made, hexaethyl tetraphosphate is not recommended. J. G. Conklin, W. C. O'Kane, R. L. Blickle, and W. J. Morse Four Applications of DDT Dust are Needed to Control the European Corn Borer. The marketability of sweet corn in New Hampshire is seriously affected by European Corn Borer damage. Effective and cheap methods of control are highly neces- sary for the successful production of sweet corn. The New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station is studying the effectiveness of different methods of control. Although re- search is continuing on this problem we now recommend four applications of a 3 per cent DDT dust. Fair con- trol can be obtained with three ap- plications, but two applications are entirely unsatisfactory. Fig. 5 — Doctors Slanetz and Allen examine mastitis cultures. J. G. Conklin, W. C. O'Kane, R. L. Blickle and W. J. Morse 15 Parathione is Effective in the Con- trol of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth. Parathione was used on apple trees to control the eye-spotted bud moth. The material was employed at the rate of two pounds of 15 per cent wettable powder to 100 gallons of water. It was applied in the dor- mant, delayed dormant, and pink sprays. The degree of contact was excellent, and definitely superior to either nicotine or DN. Parathione seemed to have an advantage in that it can cause high mortality even after the bud moth larvae have penetrated rather deeply into the swelling or opening buds. J. G. Conklin, W. C. O'Kane, R. L. Buckle and W. J. Morse Forestry The Amount of Wood Waste is High in the Manufacture of Heels and Cooperage Products. The De- partment of Forestry at the Univers- ity of New Hampshire and the En- gineering Experiment Station have been studying the supply of low- grade wood available for manufac- turing plastics. During the past year two wood-using industries were studied — manufacturers of wooden heels and white pine cooperage pro- ducts. The data showed that 32 per cent of the lumber purchased for the manufacture of shoe heels became waste during the first two operations i.e., cross cutting and ripping. In cutting up white pine logs for coop- erage products, it was found that 22 per cent of the log was unusable for further manufacture. During 10 other processes, the loss incurred in individual operations ran as high as 33 per cent on the basis of weight before and after the manufacture of the pieces. It appeared that the waste could be reduced considerably by the use of higher quality raw ma- terial. L. C. Swain The Broivn Color of Maple Syrup is Caused by the Heating That Occurs During Evaporation. The Forestry Department in co-operation with the Engineering Experiment Station has been collecting sap from various se- lected maple trees near Durham to study various characteristics of sap flow. Some of the sap collected was evaporated in a vacuum at a temper- ature of 120° F. By evaporating the sap at such a low temperature a nearly colorless syrup resulted. Ac- cording to Dr. J. Seiberlich, re- search assistant professor at the En- gineering Experiment Station, who actually made the syrup, the maple flavor was even more intense than in syrup made in the usual manner. Plans are underway to conduct addi- tional studies this coming year. C. L. Stevens The Effect on the Maple Tree of the Kind of Spout Used and the Treatment of the Tap Hole. An in- vestigation has been made to deter- mine the effect on the tree of the type of spout used and the treatment giv- en the tap hole after the spout has been removed. Two small sugar maples were tapped, each one in 20 places, and spouts of metal, wood, and rubber were used. Some of the holes were left without spouts. The trees were cut in the fall and split for detailed study. The holes in which metal spouts were used showed the greatest amount of stain in the wood; the least staining occurred around the holes without spouts. Wood and rubber were both inter- mediate in their effect upon staining. After the spouts were removed the holes were washed with ethvl alcohol, 16 glycerine, or formalin. Some of the holes were plugged with wood, and the others were left open. The holes which were treated with alcohol showed less staining than the others, clusively identified Plugged holes showed more staining C. L. Stevens than unplugged holes. The staining is apparently caused by a fungus. Numerous cultures of wood were made but the organism was not con- Fruits An Outstanding New Strawberry Variety is Named Great Bay. For a number of years a strawberry seed- ling resulting from a cross between Simcoe and Catskill has been out- standing in certain qualities. It had been designated as number 62. Again, in 1947, it was the outstand- ing variety among 109 selections from 1,350 seedlings of crosses made in 1946. It has now been released to the trade under the name of Great Bay. The plants are vigorous, and drought-resistant, and produce large crowns and root systems. Individ- ual plants may produce 10 or more trusses of fruit held well above the ground. Runner production is mod- erate so that plants become well spaced in the row. Great Bay berries are medium to large in size, and of medium flavor, being less tart than Howard 17. In season they are three to four days later than Howard 17, and produce berries of good size to the end of the fruiting period. Great Bay is recommended for the home garden and the local market. L. P. Latimer Hay Mulch Reduces Magnesium Leaf Scorch on Apple Trees. A leaf scorch of apple tree leaves caused by magnesium deficiency is preva- lent in numerous orchards in New Hampshire. Because it also exists in the University orchard, methods of control have been conveniently studied. Six years ago a block of trees which showed considerable leaf scorch were tested in various ways. Although it has been shown that the scorch can be prevented by spraying the leaves with a solution containing magnesium, the most practical meth- od resulting from these studies ap- pears to be that of applying a hay mulch. When the experiment started, the trees that were designated to re- ceive a hay mulch had about 20 per cent of their leaves affected with leaf scorch and the trees in the unmulch- ed sod plots had about the same amount of scorch. During the past season, the trees in the sod plots had 23 per cent of their leaves affected by leaf scorch while only 2.5 per cent of the leaves on the hay-mulched trees were scorched. It should be stressed, however, that the effect of the hay mulch is not immediate; it may require four to six years to re- duce the severity of the leaf scorch. Greenhouse studies have indicated that organic salts of magnesium, such as magnesium acetate and mag- nesium ammonium phosphate, are better sources of magnesium than is magnesium sulfate. This conclusion is based on the better growth that resulted from the organic salts when supplied to apple trees grown in sand and water cultures. More detailed studies are necessary to determine the causal factors involved. Non-scorched leaves of Mcintosh apple trees had a higher magnesium content throughout the season than did apparently normal leaves from trees known to be susceptible to leaf 17 Fig. 6 — The Durham raspberry produces firm fruit that ships well. scorch. Scorched leaves were mark- edly lower in magnesium content than non-scorched leaves on the same tree or branch. L. P. Latimer, G. P. Percival, and S. Dunn New Fruit Varieties are Being Tested. Several new apple varieties fruited normally for the first time in 1947. One of the most attractive was Joan, which also produced a well-spaced crop on the trees. The quality of the fruit, however, was not of the best, being rather acid and somewhat lacking in distinctive fla- vor. Another apple variety that at- tracted some attenttion was Idared; this was the largest apple on the farm. On vigorous wood, however, it lacked color and was too acid. The Medina variety continued to show promise. It resembles Deli- cious and actually has been larger in our plots. The cooking and eat- ing qualities are good. It does not carry as fine a finish as Delicious. Sharon is another new apple variety which deserves watching. It bears a crop of medium-sized fruit. Among the early varieties, one of the most promising is Mantet, a variety intro- duced from Canada. None of these new apple varieties have proved to be equal to Mcintosh or Cortland as commercial varieties. At the University Horticultural Farm, the Red Haven and Hale Ha- ven peaches have yielded well and have proved to be hardy. The Red Haven is recommended as an early variety and the Hale Haven for the main crop. Winter hardiness is a highly im- portant consideration in selecting grape varieties. Of those that sur- vived the winter of 1947-48 without injury are Fredonia, Van Bur en, Kendaia and Erie. A. F. Yeager The Dui ham Raspberry is Gain- ing in Popularity. The Durham raspberry, a new everbearing variety developed by the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station a few years ago is becoming widely distributed. Because it bears a crop in late summer on the old wood and a second crop on the new canes in September and October, it is prov- ing to be a desirable variety. Al- though the fruit is not of the highest quality, it is most acceptable at a time of year when raspberries are unavailable. The berry is firm and attractive. (See Fig. 6.) A. F. Yeager 18 Fig. 7 — The 13 quarts of loiv-bush blueberries on the left were obtained from a 10 x 50 foot plot ivhen fertilized the previous year with 1000 pounds per acre of a 7-7-7 fertilizer. The check plot (unfertilized) yielded only 6 quarts from the same sized plot. A Low-Groiving, High-Yielding Blueberry is Being Developed. Be- cause of the danger of winter killing high-bush blueberry plants when their tops protrude above the snow, attempts are being made to develop a half-high plant by crossing a culti- vated high-bush blueberry with se- lections from the native low-bush plants. So far, crosses between the cultivated variety, Pemberton, and native low-bush berries have pro- duced some very promising, half- high plants that greatly outyield any native half-high plants that have been brought under cultivation. W. W. Smith A New Method of Pruning Apple Trees is Being Tried. The usual method of pruning apple trees con- sists of thinning out the dense groups of small branches on the outside of the tree to admit light; water sprouts and crossed limbs and the weak wood are removed in the process. Another system, developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station for which remarkable results have been claimed, consists fundamentally in removing all of the thin wood inside the tree with little pruning of the outer branches. Both systems have been tried at the University Horti- cultural Farm for four years. No significant differences were obtained in yield, fruit size, or color. Be- cause such widely differing systems produced no important differences, a new method is being tried which is called "Pruning for Convenience". 19 It has as its objectives more conven- ient pruning, spraying, and picking. A. F. Yeager Hay Mulch Proves to be Superior to Sawdust or Seaiveed for Apple Trees. Trees of similar diameter yielded more fruit with hay mulch than they did when mulched with sawdust or when unmulched. Sea- weed resulted in poor fruit color. All the mulch treatments increased fruit size in a similar manner. The nitrogen relationships in connection with the use of sawdust need further study. L. P. Latimer, G. P. Percival, and S. Dunn Plant Pathology Leaf-Roll Symptoms May not Ap- pear on Foliage of Potatoes Grown in the Greenhouse. The leaf-roll virus affects the food-conducting ele- ment in the potato stem and tuber so that food materials manufactured in the leaves cannot be translocated from the leaves to the tubers. Starch, therefore, accumulates in the leaves and causes the rolling of the leaves which is the typical symptom of leaf- roll in potatoes. Under greenhouse conditions of low light intensities and moderate levels of nitrogen in the soil, starch accumulation does not occur and the leaf-roll symptom is not evident even though the plant has been inoculated with the virus. In order to have the visual symp- toms appear under greenhouse condi- tions, the nitrogen level of the soil should be rather low and adequate water should be supplied. The addi- tion of small amounts of phosphatic fertilizer also intensifies the leaf- rolling symptoms. M. C. Richards New Fungicides Prove Effective in Controlling Apple Scab. Of about eight new fungicides that were tested last year, Phygon, Puratized, and Magnetic sulfur gave the best con- trol of apple scab. Phygon, %-100, produced some foliage injury but gave the best control of scab on both fruit and foliage. All materials tested gave reasonably good control which goes to prove that proper tim- ing, adequate dosage, and good cov- erage are highly important. M. C. Richards Poultry Husbandry A Better Meat Type Bird is Being Developed From a Dark Cornish- New Hampshire Cross. The Dark Cornish-New Hampshire cross that was made here eight years ago has produced some excellent progeny The carcasses of these meat cross chickens are very plump and broad breasted. (See Fig. 8.) The live birds greatly resemble the "New Hampshire", except that they are close feathered, have a very broad breast (See Fig. 9), deep, long body, and a long keel (See Fig. 10). During the past year, 61 of these meat-cross females were used in four special mating pens. A total of six males were used, each hen being mated to two different males during the hatching season. Over a hatch- ing period of eight weeks, 1795 eggs were set from these hens. A fertil- ity of 90.1 per cent and a hatchabil- ity of 76.75 per cent of all fertile 20 Fig. 8 — Dressed car- cass of a Meat Cross female and male re- spectively. eggs was obtained. Approximately 20 per cent of the hens had a hatch- ability of 90-100 per cent and about 50 per cent showed a hatchability of 80-100 per cent. Egg production has varied consid- erably, and many birds were culled early in the trapnest period be- cause of unsatisfactory characters in egg quality, size, body conformation, or crooked toes. However, 18 birds laid 200 or more eggs during the year, the highest number being 237 eggs. There was very little broodi- ness present. The body weights at eight weeks were approximateW the same as those of average New Hampshire chicks, but the mature body weights were somewhat less. Although consider- able progress has been made in de- veloping these birds, much work re- mains to be done, especially in pro- ducing greater uniformity in color, and in eliminating disqualifications. C. W. Hess Poultry Individuals Vary Tre- mendously in Their Consumption and Utilization of Feed. Because the cost of feed represents from 50 to 60 per cent of the operating ex- pense of a poultry business, studies of ways and means of reducing feed costs without loss in production of meat and eggs would appear to be highly important. One phase of this problem is to de- termine the inheritance of feed utili- zation efficiency. A start has been made on this problem using laying hens and mature males. Some New Hampshire birds were confined in individual cages, and bi-weekly body weights and individual feed con- sumption data were recorded. Eggs were collected and weighed daily. From these males and females 10 groups of chicks were hatched, each group having a common size; then feed consumption and body weight were recorded for all individuals of each group, which later on will be used as breeders to obtain more in- formation on the inheritance of feed utilization efficiency. The most interesting result of this new study is that individual males and females vary greatly in their apparent efficiency of feed utilization. For example, hen No. 27 consumed 34.16 per cent more feed than did hen No. 6, while hen No. 6 made a greater gain and produced a slightly greater weight of eggs. If it can be proved that the qualities present in hen No. 6 are inherited it would re- veal the possibility of increasing the 21 feed utilization efficiency of any flock by breeding and selection. C. W. Hess Preliminary Studies Show that Choline Aids in Preventing Body Weight Losses in Laying Hens. Al- though it has been well established that choline is essential for the growth of chicks and poults, little is known concerning its importance for laying hens. A synthetic ration has been de- veloped which is choline-free accord- ing to our analysis. This was fed to one group of hens; another group Figs. 9 and 10 — A front view of a Meat Cross hen showing the ex- tr em el y broad breast is pictured in Fig. 9 (above). Fig. 10 (below) shows a side view of a Meat Cross pullet. Note the deep, long body and the length of the keel ahead of the legs. received this basal ration with chol- ine added, and the third group re- ceived a control ration consisting of a commercial all-mash laying ration. The experiment ran for 112 days. During this period the hens on the control ration maintained their body weights. The hens receiving the basal ration without choline lost con- siderable weight and declined in egg production. The basal ration with choline added slowed the decline in body weight and egg production. This study is being continued and emphasis next year will be placed on the possibilities of replacing the amino acid methionine with the less expensive choline. R. C. RlNGROSE New High-Energy Feed Proves Highly Profitable in Raising Broilers. A 12-week broiler growth experiment was conducted using four different broiler feeds. Two feeds were com- mercial mixed feeds purchased on 22 the local market. A third was the New England College Conference formula as recommended during the year 1946 for chicks and broilers. These three feeds were of the usual type in common usage during past years. The fourth feed was a new type, high energy, low fiber feed de- veloped by the Connecticut Station particularly for broiler feeding. It is charactetrized by its content of ap- proximately 70 per cent cornmeal and its low fiber content, roughly 3 per cent or under. At the present writing, such a feed is more costly to produce; but with adequate supplies of feedstuffs this situation will be somewhat changed. The chicks used were obtained from five crosses of White Plymouth Rocks. Barred Plymouth Rocks, and different strains of New Hampshires maintained at the University of New Hampshire poultry farm. Thus, each pen contained five different types of chickens, each type in ap- proximately equal numbers. The most significant figure from the experiment is the income over feed cost per thousand broilers raised. For commercial feed A this amounted to $363; for commercial feed B, $387; for the New England College Conference, $579, and for the Connecticut Broiler ration, $611. A mimeographed sheet giving the complete details of the experiment is available for distribution. R. C. RlNGROSE Fig. 11 — In our nutritional studies ivith poultry, the birds must be weighed frequently to determine any losses or gains in body weight. 23 Fig. 12 — Each hen is confined in a pen so that she can be fed separately. A complete record of weight and egg production is kept for each bird. Soils Experiments at Northwood Dem- onstrate the Value of Topsoil. That the prevention of soil erosion is im- portant has been demonstrated in a striking manner on our Northwood Soil Erosion Experimental Field. The topsoil was removed from an area in the spring of 1945. A por- tion of the area was left unfertilized but seeded to a grass legume mix- ture. Another portion was fertilized in 1945 prior to seeding oats, and fertilized again in 1946 prior to seed- ing the grass legume mixture. All treatments were compared to unfer- tilized plots that had none of the top- soil removed. The results were that when all the topsoil was removed and no fertilizer added, timothy and brome grass failed completely and only a very weak stand of clover persisted. The plots that had the topsoil removed but which were fertilized and cropped for three years had a much better growth of grasses and legumes, but did not equal the completely unfertil- ized plots that had none of the top- soil removed. It is well-known that very unsatis- factory yields of grass and clover hay are obtained on unfertilized land — yet applying liberal quantities of fertilizer to land lacking topsoil for three years has not made it possible to equal the yield obtained on un- fertilized normal soil. L. T. Kardos The Soil Survey Continues in Rockingham County. The soil sur- vey of the State was continued this past year with mapping in Rocking- ham County. Systematic investiga- tions of the soils, slope, erosion, and present land use were made and the extent and nature of these factors were delineated on aerial photo- graphs, scale 1" equals 1320'. Map- ping completed was mainly in the towns of Nottingham and North- wood. The Paxton soils (well drain- ed, Brown Podzolic, deep, developed on compact, platy, olive-colored gla- cial till derived from acid mica schist rock) are found in much of this area. These soils are well suited to dairy farm crops. Where 24 gentle slopes occur, they are well suited to potato production. Paxton soils are characteristically found on drumloid hills which often afford good air drainage for orchard sites. The Soil Conservation Service has furnished the use of aerial photo- graphs and a stereoscope. Because of the lack of qualified personnel they have been unable to furnish a mapper this past year but a new man will be available next year. The Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, has fur- nished one man, Mr. H. Hudson Bailey, a truck, and mapping equip- ment. Approximately 38.5 square miles were mapped during the 1947 mapping season. Sixty-nine per cent of the county (473 out of 691 square miles ) has been completed. The soil survey information is being used by many people within and outside the State. Some uses to date have been: ( 1 ) location of experimental plot areas (2) correlation of soils and cer- tain native plants, e.g., blueberries ( 3 ) location of orchard sites (4) interpretation of glacial geol- ogy of the State (5) planning soil conservation programs on individual farms (6) training new soil scientists and students enrolled in soils and crops courses at the University. Publication of the Sullivan- Cheshire Soil Survey Report is ex- pected sometime in 1949. R. Feuer State Service Inspection of Fertilizers and Feed- ingstuffs. In accordance with the public statutes regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers and of concen- trated commercial feedingstuffs, 70 brands of fertilizers and 604 brands of feedingstuffs were analyzed during the year 1947-48. These analyses involved individual determinations totaling 604 and 3030 respectively. Co-operation in work on analytical methods with the American Associ- ation of Feed Control Officials and with the Smalley Foundation has been continued. T. 0. Smith and will be reported in Bulletin 374; 2,535 samples were sent in by seed dealers in compliance with the clause in our seed law which requires that all vegetable and agricultural seed must have been tested for germina- tion within nine months of being offered for sale. Therefore, much of this testing was seed carried over from the previous season; a few of these samples were sent in by farm- ers who had grown beans or corn and wished to sell it for seed. Referee work was carried on as usual. B. G. Sanborn Seed Inspection. The regular seed Pullorum Testing. During the inspection work for the State De- past fiscal year the Poultry Labora- partment of Agriculture was con- tory at the University of New Hamp- ducted as usual. During the year, shire set up agglutination tests for 2,983 samples were handled in the pullorum disease on the blood of laboratory. Of this number, 488 1,360,465 hens; 90,620 retests were were collected by the State Inspectors made on flocks, making a total of 25 Iljllillilll J d | a i 4 -1 :* Mil ▼*k ■■•*.^J> «4>4. <•», m. ^_ .4 si . Fig. 13 — Our veterinarians and laboratory technicians test blood samples from over a million birds each year to determine the presence or absence of pullorum disease. 1,451,085 samples that were tested during the year. Infection was found in 16 flocks of the 692 that were tested. This represents only 2.3 per cent infection and New Hampshire thus becomes one of the cleanest states in the coun- try as far as pullorum disease of poultry is concerned. F. E. Allen, D. V. M. A. C. Corbett, D.V. M. G. P. Faddoul, D. V. M. Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Dur- ing the past fiscal year, 102 poultry- men procured Infectious Bronchitis virus from the Poultry Laboratory. Poultrymen use this virus to produce the disease in their young stock; after recovery the birds have a life- time immunity. Thus, the poultry- man is spared the ravaging effects which this disease produces in adult stock, mostly through weeks of lost egg production. This virus cannot be shipped in- terstate but is available to any poul- tryman in the State. It is obtained from the trachea of artifically in- fected hens and is held in the frozen state until used. It is available at all times of the year. F. E. Allen, D. V. M. A. C. Corbett, D. V. M. G. P. Faddoul, D. V. M. Autopsies at the Poultry Labora- tory. During the fiscal year 1947- 48, a total of 2,589 specimens of all kinds were submitted to the Poultry 26 Laboratory. These represented 1,072 cases. A total of 2,393 birds were ex- amined. There were 933 cases of birds other than turkeys; the remain- der of the specimens consisted of 154 turkeys (68 cases) and 196 Miscel- laneous (71 cases). In addition to those mentioned, 98 Hemagglutination Inhibition tests for Newcastle disease were run on pooled flock sera obtained from the pullorum samples. Three of these proved to be positive for Newcastle disease. The Newcastle work was not staarted until April 1948. A. C. Corbett, D. V. M. G. P. Faddoul, D.V.M. F. C. Allen, D.V.M. The National Poultry Improve- ment Plan. The National Poultry Improvement Plan became operative July 1, 1935 under the sponsorship of the Federal Government with the co-operation of the states on a vol- untary basis. Acceptance of the plan is optional with the individual. That the plan has met with general accept- ance is now evidenced by the fact that it is in operation in 47 states. The chief objectives of the plan are to improve the breeding and produc- tion qualities of poultry, to reduce losses from pullorum disease, and to identify the quality of breeding stock, hatching eggs, and baby chicks with uniform terminology applicable throughout the country. In New Hampshire, the plan is administered by a board of 10 active poultrymen with the co-operation of the Univer- sity of New Hampshire, the Agricul- tural Experiment Station, and the State Department of Agriculture. During the past year, 290 poultry- men owning 813,766 birds partici- pated in the various breeding stages of the plan in New Hampshire. In addition, 357 poultrymen, owning 573,029 birds,, participated in the pullorum eradication stages but not in the breeding stages of the plan. Fourteeen poultrymen have flocks participating in the Record of Per- formance breeding stage of the plan. These flocks contain 6392 R.O.P. candidates under trapnest and 148 special mating pens containing 2061 R.O.P. females. T. B. Charles, Contact Agent E. T. Bardwell, NPIP and ROP Supervisor Conrad F. Zoerob, Poultry Inspector Fig. 14 — Hundreds of diseased birds are ex- amined each year in our poultry autopsy laboratory. 27 Mastitis Testing Service. A total of 2.036 quarter samples of milk submitted by New Hampshire dairy- men or veterinarians were tested for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis. This represents samples from 509 cows. Charges were made at the rate of 25 cents per cow for this service. For the year ending June 30, 1948, 482 samples of milk and cream were tested for butterfat, 47 samples for bacteria, and 22 samples of dairy products for total solids. During the year, 972 milk test bot- tles and 168 pipettes were calibrated. Other services covered under Dairy Bacteriology Testing include the sup- ply of the Babcock glassware to the D.H.I.A. testers. L. W. Slanetz H. C. Moore 28 Other Active Projects The Agricultural Experiment Station had, during the year, 60 active research projects. With a small staff it is impossible to obtain sufficient re- sults each year to justify making an individual report on each one. Fur- thermore, some of the projects are of such a nature as to require several years before any tangible results are accumulated. All projects will be re- viewed in the annual report from time to time. Those that have not been discussed in this report are listed below by title only, in order that everyone may gain an appreciation of the full scope of the work of the New Hamp- shire Agricultural Experiment Station. A Statewide Survey of the Nutritive Value of Home-Canned Fruits and Vegetables. H. J. Purinton, S. R. Shinier A Study of Thiamine Assay Methods. A. E. Teeri The Carbohydrates of Pasture Grasses. T. G. Phillips and T. 0. Smith Chemical Studies on Methods for Determining Certain of the Vitamins as they Occur in Foods. H. J. Purinton and S. R. Shinier The Utilization of Good Agricultural Resources. W. K. Burkett Factors Relating to the Marketability and Returns from Small Fruits. L. A. Dougherty and J. C. Holmes Maintaining Quality and Premiums in Marketing Certain Fruits and Vegetables. L. A. Dougherty The Determination of Small, Grains Adapted to Better Land Use in Northern New Hampshire. P. T. Blood The Feasibility of Drying Young Grass for Use as a Grain Substitute. F. S. Prince, P. T. Blood, and G. M. Foulkrod Pasture Renovation for Efficient Land Use and Soil and Water Conservation. L. T. Kardos and P. T. Blood Seed Production Possibilities of Forage Crops. P. T. Blood and L. J. Higgins The Improvement of Ladino Clover, Red Clover, and Timothy by Selection and Breeding. F. S. Prince, P. T. Blood, and L. J. Higgins Studies on Synergists for Insecticides. J. G. Conklin. R. L. Blickle, and W. J. Morse The Control of Apple Maggot and Certain Other Economic Insects. J. G. Conklin Studies of Insects Affecting Spruce. J. G. Conklin Annual Insect Record. J. G. Conklin, R. L. Blickle, and W. J. Morse Marketing of White Pine Thinnings. L. C. Swain Propagating High Sugar-Producing Types of Sugar Maples. C. L. Stevens and S. Dunn Nut Improvement. A. F. Yeager Cultural Studies of Fruit. L. P. Latimer The Use of Mailing and Other Root Stocks as a Means of Obtaining Semi-Standard Apple Trees. W. W. Smith and A. F. Yeager The Establishment and Development of Low-Bush Blueberry Fields. W. W. Smith and A. R. Hodgdon Ecological Factors Associated with Low-Bush Blueberry Production. W. W. Smith Winter Injury in Deciduous Fruits. A. F. Yeager, C. L. Calahan, and P. H. Beij The Lilac and its Culture. C. L. Calahan 29 Flower Variety Trials. C. L. Calahan Trials of Ornamental Shrubs. C. L. Calahan Control of Tomato Diseases. M. C. Richards A Study of the Cause and Prevention of Gizzard Lesions in Chickens. R. C. Ringrose and H. A. Davis The Influence of Soil Texture, Soil Moisture, and Soil Aeration on the Growth of Plants. S. Dunn Vegetable Variety Trials. A. F. Yeager Bean Breeding. A. F. Yeager Vegetable Cultural Studies. A. F. Yeager The Breeding of Watermelons for New Hampshire. A. F. Yeager The Development of Better Spraying and Dusting Equipment for Pest Control of Fruits and Vegetables. E. J. Rasmussen and G. M. Foulkrod Factors Affecting the Storage of Squash. A. F. Yeager, P. H. Beij, T. G. Phillips, and M. Loughlin Breeding Improved Early Tomatoes. A. F. Yeager, C. L. Calahan, P. H. Beij, H. Purin- ton, and M. Loughlin Muskmelon Breeding. A. F. Yeager and C. L. Calahan 30 eo o CO = 3 S - — •s e - u a v V u 3 - ■ ■5 c V & X - _c c S Cg 13, O. 3 (7) bfi^ >H cd z™ Ih i— I CO _ c/) ""*h v X K c 3 fa 3 cd -B eg no oo i-H co NO no no o LO LO NO o LO NO LO MO ON 1) eg Cg co cd 3 o in Ih V fa LO o CO LO CM O o r-4 CO o o 1* ON LO CO o CO 1— 1 I— 1 CM LO LO CO CO O LO LO" LO o CO on LO on r-4 CO LO cm r-- T— I T* CO ON LO LO no CM CM CM CO CO LO ON rj" o o o LO NO O r4 o "*. cm' 5 o CO CO ON cq CM LO LO CM CO no NO On ON CO id NO ON LO no 1-4 CO I-H CO o CO 1— 1 CM LO r4 cm' CO CM, NO <* ON LO i-H i-4 CO id CO LO NO ON i — I vd t-° CM rj" CO ON i—l CM CO CM NO o o o o cd © o o CO CO T# ON LO © O CO CM O LO 1— I NO O CO i—i o CO CM CM ON i-H © CM CM O '# eg > cd u c c o o o. C3 Ih CJ u '> Ih 0) CO c _o ta _o "S 3 o CJ eg eg _cg eg en °> Ih be Ih "w CO co _S eg CO 'tn eg "O >, a m 13 3 cd ON o CM O LO o LO ON I — I co" CO ON c6 NO NO LO* I-H CO NO LO ON o q o ON LO LO NO CO NO LO CO NO CO LO o 1— 1 CM CO NO CM o ON ^H l> co i-H cm" CO NO 1 — 1 CNJ co' ON o o cd o q o NO o o o o o o o cd o q LO' c C3 C Cg -o a cd bJD c cg cd u C O CJ eg a cd /. PL, O C to ag _cg s "5. .2" D. '3 3 c C/5 — eg 3 _ Ih — ' cd 3 B g cd — C fi o -O CJ c _ cd CO NO CM ON CO LO NO o CM NO ON cm' CM t-4 CM ON o r^ °i ed LO T3 C 3 fa 03 eg "cd 3 Ih eg • ^H -O -a Cg c fa eg a X! W bC a 3 .2 r-H eg CO cd & S eg tc (H O o . >^ eg 13 "a eg C eg C CO a O o 3 CO § s eg Ih Ih eg eg cd eg o **H e3 4H eg 0J CO CO ec o eg C 31 PUBLICATIONS Bulletins Smith, T. 0., and Davis, H. A. Inspection of Commercial Feedingstuffs. No. 369 Sanborn, Bessie G. Results of Seed Tests for 1947. No. 370 Smith, T. 0., and Davis, H. A. Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers. No. 371 Eastman, M. G. Agricultural Research in New Hampshire. No. 272 Circulars Abell, Max F., Economic Analysis of Fourteen Years of Poultry Records. No. 75 Woodworth, H. C, Morrow, K. S., and Holmes, J. C. Efficient Dairy Chore Prac- tices, Part II - Rapid Milking. No. 76 Technical Bulletins Shimer, S. R., and Purinton, H. A. The Ascorbic Acid and Carotene Content of Fresh and Frozen New Hampshire Berries. No. 92 Research Mimeographs Bauer, G. N. Changes in Income of New Hampshire Wholesale Dairy Farmers. No. 3 Other Scientific Publications Keener, H. A., Percival, G. P., and Morrow, K. S. A Study of Cobalt Deficiency in New Hampshire with Sheep. Jour. Animal Sci. 7:16-25. 1948 Smith, W. W., Hodgdon, A. R., and Eggert, Russell. Progress Report on Chemical Weed Control in Blueberry Fields. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 50:233-238. 1947 Slanetz, L. W., and Allen, F. E. Penicillin Therapy in Streptoccal Mastitis. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. CXI: 125-127. Aug. 1947 Yeager, A. F. Breeding for Earliness in Vine Crops. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 50: 231-232. 1947 Yeager, A. F. Plant Exploration at Home. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 50: 416-418. 1947 Latimer, L. P., and Percival, G. P. Comparative Value of Sawdust, Hay, and Seaweed as Mulch for Apple Trees. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 50: 23-30. 1947 Teeri, A. E. Thiamine and the Cyanogen Bromide Reaction. Jour. Biolog. Chem. 173: 503-505, 1948 32 NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF 1948-49 ADMINISTRATION Arthur S. Adams, sc.d., President Robkrt F. Chandler, Jr.. ph.d., Dean and Director Harold C. Grinnell, ph.d., Associate Dean and Associate Director Raymond C. Macrath. Treasurer Russell C. Smith, Purchasing Assistant Walton E. Devine, Assistant Treasurer Ella S. Bowles, Publications Thelma Brackett, a.b., Librarian Wilfred T. Harwood, Library Assistant in Charge, Plant and Animal Sciences Library AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Thomas G. Phillips, ph.d., Chemist Todd O. Smith, m.s.. Associate Chemist Stanley R. Shimer, m.s., Assistant Chemist Gordon P. Percival, m.s., Assistant Chemist Helen J. Purinton. ph.d., Assistant Chemist Arthur E. Teeri, ph.d.. Assistant Chemist Henry A. Davis, m.s., Assistant Chemist \1 \rgaret Loughlin, a.b., Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry Dorothy Josselyn, Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry Shirley Roseman, b.s., Laboratory Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Harry C. Woodworth, m.s., Agricultural Economist Winfred K. Burkett, ph.d., Associate Economist Lawrence A. Dougherty, b.s., Assistant Agricultural Economist James R. Bowring, ph.d., Assistant Agricultural Economist John C. Holmes, a.b., Research Assistant in Agricultural Economics Allen Atwood, Research Assistant in Agricultural Economics AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING George M. Foulkrod, m.s., Agricultural Engineer AGRONOMY Ford S. Prince, b.s., Agronomist Leroy J. Higgins, b.s., Associate Agronomist Paul T. Blood, m.s., Assistant Agronomist Louis T. Kardos, ph.d., Associate Agronomist Reeshon Feuer, b.s., Soil Survey Assistant Bessie G. Sanborn, Seed Analyst Willi \m H. Mitchell, b.s., Graduate Assistant in Agronomy BACTERIOLOGY Lawrence W. Slanetz, ph.d., Bacteriologist Fred E. Allen, d.v.m., Veterinarian Constance L. Rollins, b.s.. Laboratory Instructor in Bacteriology Charlotte H. Langley, b.s., Laboratory Assistant Ralston Read, Jr., b.s., Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology 33 BOTANY Albion R. Hodgdon, ph.d., Plant Taxonomist Stuart Dunn, ph.d.. Plant Physiologist Mathias C. Richards, ph.d., Plant Pathologist Leonard P. Wolfe, b.s., Graduate Assistant DAIRY HUSBANDRY Kenneth S. Morrow, m.s., Dairy Husbandman Ernest G. Ritzman, M.S., Research Professor, Emeritus in Animal Husbandry Harry A. Keener, ph.d., Associate Dairy Husbandman Herbert C. Moore, m.s.. Associate Dairy Husbandman N. F. Colovos, M.S., Associate Animal Nutritionist J. R. Prescott, b.s., Research Assistant in Dairy Husbandry ENTOMOLOGY James G. Conklin, ph.d., Entomologist Walter C. O'Kane, d.sc. Entomologist Robert L. Blickle, ph.d.. Assistant Entomologist Wallace J. Morse, b.s., Research Chemical Assistant in Entomology FORESTRY Clark L. Stevens, ph.d., Forester Lewis C. Swain, m.f.. Associate Forester HOME ECONOMICS Frances Platts, m.ed.. Research Assistant in Home Economics HORTICULTURE Albert F. Yeacer, ph.d., Horticulturist E. J. Rasmussen, m.s., Research Associate in Horticulture Elwyn M. Meader, m.s., Associate Horticulturist L. Phelps Latimer, ph.d., Associate Horticulturist William W. Smith, ph.d.. Assistant Horticulturist Russell Eggert, m.s.. Supt. Horticultural Farm Edward B. Risley, b.s., Greenhouse Superintendent James Macfarlane, Greenhouse Assistant Richard Foley, b.s.. Graduate Assistant POULTRY HUSBANDRY T. Burr Charles, m.s., Poultry Husbandman Richard Ringrose, ph.d., Assistant Poultry Husbandman Fred E. Allen, d.v.m., Veterinarian Alan C. Corbett, d.v.m., Pathologist C. W. Hess, ph.d.. Geneticist George Faddoul, ph.d.. Assistant Pathologist E. T. Bardwell, R. 0. P. Supervisor C. F. Zoerb, Poultry Inspector Richard Ford, Supervising Technician in Poultry Laboratory Donald S. Cross, Senior Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry Kathryn Moore, Assistant Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry Virginia Lachance, Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry 34 CHANGES IN PERSONNEL Additions to Staff Atwood, Allen. Research Assistant in Agricultural Economics, March 1, 1948 Bowrinc, James R., Assistant Agricultural Economist, February 16, 1948 Burkett, W. Keith, Associate Economist, April 1, 1948 Chandler, Robert F., Jr., Dean and Director, September 1, 1947 Colovos, Nicholos F., Associate Animal Nutritionist! Eggert, Russell, Superintendent of Horticultural Farm. March 16, 1948 Elliott, R. T., Poultry Inspector, August 11, 1947 Faddoul, Georce, Assistant Pathologist, February 16, 1948 Helberg, Joan R., Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology, September 1, 1947 Hess, C W., Geneticist, July 1, 1947 Joselyn, Dorothy, Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, November 1, 1947 Macfarlane, James C, Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry, October 6, 1947 Meader, E. M., Associate Horticulturist, February 16, 1948 Miller, Ian, Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology, July 1 - August 31, 1947; Assistant in Bacteriology, February 1 - June 30, 1948 Mitchell, William H., Graduate Assistant in Agronomy, July 1, 1947 Prescott, J. R., Research Assistant in Dairy Husbandry, September 1, 1947 Risley, Edward B., Greenhouse Superintendent, February 1, 1948 Rollins, Constance Ledward, Laboratory Technician in Bacteriology, September 25, 1947 Wight, Dorothy, Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology, February 1, 1948 Zoerb, Conrad, Poultry Inspector, December 1, 1947 Losses from Staff Ackerman, J. P., Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry, September 30, 1947 Belt, Pierce, Graduate Assistant in Horticulture, June 30, 1948 Bredo, William, Assistant Agricultural Economist, December 31, 1947 Calahan, C. Lyman, Horticultural Farm and Greenhouse Superintendent, November 26, 1947 Eastman, M. Gale, Dean and Director, January 31, 1948 (Retirement) Elliott, R. T., Poultry Inspector, September 30, 1947 Helberg, Joan R., Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology, January 31, 1948 Macfarlane. James C, Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry, May 31, 1948 Moorenovitch, Peter, Greenhouse Foreman, June 30. 1948 Richards, Lillian, Laboratory Technician in Bacteriology, July 31, 1947 Rinta, Ruth E., Assistant Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry, January 31, 1948 Rollins, Constance Ledward, Laboratory Technician in Bacteriology, June 5, 1918 Wight, Dorothy, Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology, June 30, 1948 i Returned to duties on April 1, 1948 after an extended leave of absence. 35