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UNITED STATES
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TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 22.

UPS. DEPASewENT OF AGRICULTURE,

OPE fe
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. br hr As
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ‘4 {9

THE STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS
LARVE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE
TO THOSE IN HUMAN FOODS.

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IssueD January 10, 1912.
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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1912.

BUREAU OF ENTO MOLOG Y.

L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
GE. Marzart, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief.
R.S. Currron, Executive Assistant.
W. F. Tastret, Chief Clerk.

. H. CHITTENDEN, 1n charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations.
. D. Horxtns, in charge of forest insect investigations.

. D. HuntER, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations.

. M. WEBSTER, 1n charge of cereal and forage insect investigations.

. L. QUAINTANCE, 1n charge of deciduous fruit insect inv estigations.

. F. Pgiuies, in charge of bee culture.

D. M. RoceErs, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work.

Roa P. Currig, in charge of editorial work.

MaBeEL CotcorD, in charge of library.

2

He ab hy

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
3 Washington, D. C., September 1, 1911.
Str: At frequent intervals and for many years the Bureau of
Entomology has been appealed to by medical men and others to
determine insects said to have been passed by sick people. The
majority of these insects have been maggots (larve of Diptera).
The characteristics distinguishing these larve have not been well
understood, and the accompanying manuscript is the result of a
~ competent effort by Mr. Banks to assist workers in the study of
internal myiasis. [recommend that it be published as No. 22 of the
Technical Series of this bureau.
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp,
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

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CONE NES:

Page.
ODED LEPERC OTE 2 SB eR Pr em 9.
_ PRLIPSnOS a AS ee an ee Peete 9
Wel ELDEST. Roe ts eS ea a en ee ee eee 12
(2 EBLE LUCIE SS ic Sa gigs eer ee Beste ea Age i3
(DEL ELS BOSSE RES a Ee Se a ea a ee 13
OODULTCDELT LORS SSST ROUT De a 25 am ea a ee 15
a sR PTS eRe a gO ee ie end aie e's Sen ede = 15
LE DTS Se i a ae ge 20
woe STALLS De ga I a
Pen TE 3a se 2252S Sy Re Sa re Peer 25
eabatee MrrBM ED PHANG ete So ets pe es - +s - to ae ae ee or er 28
ana ENR Ie Re re a ce se eee pe ee hee Ee 29
SUE BELLS 2g es Shag pe age ee 30
ROR, ERR RS a een ee ee oe ee Yeo 34
ESLER 2 shes 2 See ia eee a ea 35
an pI PPE cee et SPN i ee ne wing es bg Gok ea os 35
Mieeemitueharynuresl skeleton... .....----..+---<--2+ce-¢eeee-esteeee- 36
ease ete OM Classification... +... .. ~~... - 2-2 - +n 2 eset ee ee ee lse 37
ia be DUNN SP ee wn ee SE lee 38
USL sas ee es US ee ee ee ee ee

PuateE I. Fig.

Th Bie:

Ill. Fig.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.
1.—Musea domestica: Side view.2...-..2.-222-2- eee
2.— Musca domestica: Posterior stigmal plates. ..............
3.—Musca domestica: Tip of body-2..-2_ 2. 2.2 eee
4,.— Musca domestica: Head from above.................-----
5:— Ly perosia writans: Tip of Dedy=. 22 (2243. a
6.—Lyperosia irritans: Head, side view.....--.....---..-----
7.—Lyperosia irritans: Posterior stigmal plates.............-.
8.—Stomozys calcitrans: Anterior spiracle..........-...-.---.
9.—Stomoxys calcitrans: Posterior stigmal plate............-.
10.—Stomozxys calcitrans: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton.........

11.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Tip of body ...-....-..-...----
12.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Anterior spiracle............. ie
13.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Head, side view...-....--.---- oe:
14.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Head, top view........-.------
15.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Stigmal area. ..-.-...- <i coe
16.— Musca domestica: Anterior spiracle.....-......-.-.------
17.— Muscina stabulans: Stigmal plates ......-.--.--22:2-i22-
18.—Muscina stabulans: Tip of body, side view.......-.-.----

19.—Museina stabulans: End of. body-2.... 2-42.22 + eee
20.—Muscina assimilis: Tip of body, side view.........---..-.
21.— Muscina assimilis: Stigmal plates... ....-..--..-.-.-.--
22.—Muscina assimilis: End of body ....-.---- Si ateaey e ae

23.—Near Muscina: Last two segments.........--.-----------
24.—Near Muscina: Anterior spiracle...........--..--.-----.

25.—Near Musca: Head, above-:...~.2.+. 2... .222 eee
26.—Near Muscina: Stigmal plate... .. =. .--. 222-2) sae
27.— Muscina stabulans: Head, side view...............-.-.--
28.— Muscina stabulans: Anterior spiracle.....-...--..---.--
29:—Muscid C: Tip of body, side view -. 2-22.25. 225-2 ee
30.—Museid C: Stigmal plates...-.0. 2.5.2... eS
$1.—Muscid C: Anterior spiracle........:: 2. .2e232 eee
32.—Muscid C: End of body - . ....... 262 a eee
33.—Muscid A: Tip of body, side view...---.---.--.--.-.22
34.—Muscid D: End of body......---.- ene ee ee ees
3o.—Museid D: Antertor spuacie <5 2-2. ao ee cn ee oe oe
36.—Muscina stabulans: Head, above. ..........-.-.-.--.:--
3/.—Museid A: Sttomal pistes 2222.26. 2.0: ec ee
38.—Muscid A: Anteriopispitacie.. 222. - 22. : .....7 eae
39.—Chrysomyia (2): Tip of body, side view. ................-.
40.—Museid B: Anterior spiracie’.. .........-. 2c eee
41.—Muscid B: Tip of body, side view..-:..... .2s2seeuseeeeee
42.—Muscid B: Stigmal plates... ......... .. <1 See
43.—Muscid B: End of body..........-. ose Jay ee es

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pern is). Wie 44 —Vriors fiera: Stismal plate........ 2.0. ..22.-----------
An i ppone gerd: Anterior spiracle.. 2... 2.-2.25-2.2...-----:
46.1 ripe fiera: Tip of body, side view ........-.+..----..
fe ourysomyig (27)3.stiemal plate.. 25... 2225. 22h. nes =%
48.—Twueilia sylvarum: Head, side view........-....---------
49.—Lucilia sylvarum: Tip of body, side view.........---.---
50\--Luciha syloarum:; Andenor spiracle:. 2. 2.2 2556 5250-2.
ph Inicihin syliaruae saaemmal plates: 2:5. 22 ee
52 Chmysomiyra (2)s, Amaerior spiracles 2. _..< 32... 2225-2-5 2%
53. Mure thomas smemaw plates. 6222 ios a. Sonn eee:
oT cilia sercata: Wad ot body... 22-22. - =. .4---42--4-2+-
55 Ici ta. SCrICa a Aaeaty GOR VICW...2. <) . 22 SLs eee
56.—Protocalliphora chrysorrhea: Tip of body, side view.....-.
57.—Protocalliphora chrysorrhea: Head, side view.....-.-.----
58.—Protocalliphora chrysorrhea: Stigmal plates........-.-.--

oO lero sericate> ‘Head. side View 2. 2)..20 4). see ee
61.—Lucilia sericata: Tip of body, side view. --..-...---.----
62.—Calliphora erythrocephala: Head, side view. ...-...--.----
63.—Calliphora erythrocephala: Stigmal plates.......-...--.-.--
IV. Fig. 64.—Sarcophagid D: Tip of body, side view............-.----
bs arenas bead) above...) 2. <. 2-2) J25) 2...

67.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Head, side view.......-.--------
68.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Tip of body, side view.......--.-.
69.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Anterior spiracle.......-..------.
Ww. oareepuactd C: Meade above. s.... 22. 5.-- ies. -- 2225
71.—Chrysomyia maceliaria: End of body .....-..-.-.-.------
2 Sameophasid 52 Stismal plates...._:......2.--- 2-2-2... :
73:—sarcophagid A: Two segments, venter.......-. .....-.--
(2, waacophasid A: ‘Two segments, dorsum...... ...-.....--
ia. ware phoaga wcerta: Segment, venter............-.-.-----
76.— parcophagid 6: Tip of body, side view. --..-..--.--1---
ii, arcophacid C:-Tip of body, side view...:..-.-.--.-----
{o-—_carcophacid A>. Anterior spiracle.__.....-.2-2:.-2-+..-
fc earcopnacid bb: Anterior spiracle.....-.:..-2.2:-..2-+--
80.—Sarcophagid B: Head, above....--. Se eee ae ee
VY. Fig. 81.—Epochra canadensis: Anterior spiracle........-.....---...
oa ke pocnra canadensis: Stigmal plate .......-...--.----.---
83.—Rhagoletis pomonella: Anterior spiracle..........-.------
84.—RKhagoletis pomonella: Stigmal plate. ........-....---.--
85.—Anastrepha ludens: Tip of body, side view.....-..-:.-:-- |
eo. nasirepha ludéns> Antenor spiracie. ....-.-.2-...2-..-..
87.—Ceratitis capitata: Anal tubercle.......... Be ee PMS ot
Bee eraniis capitata: Anterior spiracle. ...2...-25...4.2..-
89:—Ceratitis capitata: Ridges on ventral segments. .....-.....
90.—Dacus ferrugineus: Tip of body, side view.......-.------
pi aca frairia: Tip of body, side view. ...:..-..-.-------
eee iiemal plate . 2. 22222. Se ek. a ne
po. ey aeinion Anmverior spiraclé...2<2......2.1..--.+-+2+-
94.—Rhagoletis suavis: Tip of body, side view.......---------
Ba: hbagolerts suas: Anterior spiracie.-._:.-...---.-.------
Op thegoleisisipic. OueMm@al plate 2... 2.22. k ese e s eee

10039°—No. 22— 12——2

8

PuaTE V. Fig: 97.—Rhagoletis cmgulata: Sligmal plate. .._......_ aes
98.—Rhagoletis cingulata: Anterior spiracle...............----

VI. Fig.

VII. Fie.

VIII. Fig.

Fic. 1. Larva of a muscid

ILLUSTRATIONS.

99.—Anastrepha ludens: Stigmal plates -
100.—Ceratitis capitata: Stigmal plate
101.—Dacus cucurbitez: Head, side view -

103.—Dacus ferrugineus: Anterior spiracle

TEXT FIGURE.

102.—Dacus cucurbitez: Anterior spiracle.................--- in.
104:—Dacus ‘cucurbiiz: Stismal plates!<= 2-2 ee eee
105.—Dacus ferruguneus: Stigmal plate [722222 eee ee
106.—Homalomyia sp.: Dorsal view:..2. 2 2222 ee ee
107.—Pegomya brassice: Anterior spiracle--... SASS eee
108.—Phorbia floccosa: Anterior spiracle.........-.........----
109.—Phorbia fleccesu: Find of body. 22225)... 2 eee
110.—Pegomya bicolor: “Anterior spiracles ae
111 .—-Pegomiyja fuseiceps~ Siceimal plates so2 es ee
112.—Pegomya bicolors*Stremal plates. 2 2 ee
113.—Pegomya brassice: Margin of stigmal field... _.. Se
114.—Pegomya brassiex> Sucmal plates. 22 ee
115.—Muscina stabulans: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton........-.
116.—Pegomya fuseiceps: Head, side view 2-2 sae
117.—Anthomyia sp.: Tip of body, side view........-....-.---
118.—Pegomya brassice: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton .._.......
119.—Pegomya cepetorum: Stigmal plate and anterior spiracle - -
120.— Musca domestica: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton ...........
121.—Euzesta notata: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton -..._.....--
122.—Piopiula casei: Tip of body, below 22]: =. ae
123.—Piopiila casei: ‘Tip of body, above: - 2-2-2 = 22 9a
124.—Piophila caset:’ Anterior spiracle. = 272 2 2 ee ee
125.—Rhagoletis pomonella: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton... ---.
126.—Calliphora erythrocephala: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton - - -
127.—Homalomyia sp.: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton -........--
128.—Protocalliphora: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton ._..-...-.--
129.—Drosophila ampelophila: Dorsal view..--....------------
130.—Drosophila ampelophila: Stigmal plate...........-.------
131.—Lucilia sericata: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton ......-.-.---
132.—Dacus cucurbite: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. ........--.
133.—Drosophila ampelophila: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton - - --
134.—Sarcophaga incerta: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton....- pie
135.—Drosophila ampelophila: Tip of body, side view - - -------
136.—Drosophila ampelophila: Head of pupa.....-...----------
137.—Drosophila ampelophila: Anterior spiracle.....-.-------.

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i4

THE STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THOSE IN
HUMAN FOODS.

INTRODUCTORY.

There is a considerable number of flies whose larve either regu-
larly or occasionally live in substances used by man as food. The
ereat majority pass through the intestinal tract without our knowl-
edge, for most of them cause little or no trouble. But sometimes
with patients in hospitals or asylums, or in private practice, the
physician discovers these maggots, and often suspects them of causing
the malady or weakness of his patient.

Many such specimens have been sent to entomologists, but owing
to the fact that no one had studied these forms, their characters were
little understood, and the identifications have not been of enuch
value. Most of these larve belong to a few closely related families of
flies that were formerly covered by the name Muscide. The arrange-
ment of the flies has been the subject of much diverse opinion, while
the knowledge of the larve is very fragmentary.

For these reasons Dr. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology,
suggested that the writer make a study of larve belonging to these
groups in the collections of the Bureau of Entomology and the
National Museum, so that in the future a more correct determination
might be made of the larve that are quite frequently sent to this
bureau.

OCCURRENCE.

When we consider that these dipterous larve occur in decaying
fruits and vegetables and on fresh and cooked meats; that the blowfly,
for example, will deposit on meats in a pantry; that other maggots
occur in cheese, oleomargarine, etc., and that pies and puddings in
restaurants are accessible and suitable to them, it can readily be seen
that a great number of these maggots must be swallowed by persons
each year, and mostly without any serious consequences.’ Besides

1 “Taking everything into consideration, we doubt whether, out of ten thousand cases, where the larve
of two-winged flies have existed in considerable numbers in the human intestines, more than one single

case has been recorded in print for the edification of the world by competent entomological authority.”
Walsh, Amer. Ent., vol. 2; p. 141, 1870.
9

10 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

these there are the fruit-flies, whose larve live in apples, cherries,
gooseberries, and oranges, and the pomace-flies that hover around
grapes, pears, and other fruits.

There are also other Diptera which do not occur in the intesti- —
nal canal, but which may deposit eggs in wounds, or in the nose
or ears. The screw-worm is a notable insect of this class, and each
year one or more cases reach the bureau of this species affecting
the nose or ears. The larva of the ox warble or bot-fly (Hypoderma
lineata Villers) also sometimes occurs in man. The eggs of this
species are deposited upon the hairs of cattle and licked off by the
animal, develop in the stomach, and the larve bore upward to the
back, there to cause the ‘‘warble.” If some of these eggs drop into
the milk pail there is a chance that they will be swallowed by a per-
son. ‘So there are various cases recorded, mostly of children, where,
in the winter time, a larva is observed under the skin, usually in the
neck or shoulders, and upon removal proves to be the larva of the
bot-fly in its second stage.

Many of the muscid and sarcophagid larve deposit eggs or larve
upon dead animals. Although these animals are usually too far along
in decomposition to serve as food, yet in some cases these eggs are
deposited in time to be taken when the flesh is eaten. In most cases,
however, such flesh is cooked enough to kill the contained maggots.

TH@ larve of the Muscide often occur in manure as well as on decay-
‘ing vegetable and animal matter. Prof. Portchmski, of Russia, has
studied a number of Russian species of these coprophagous and
necrophagous Diptera, and his several papers are the most valuable
heretofore produced upon them. Unfortunately for us these papers
are published in the Russian language. The late Baron von Osten
Sacken gave a summary of one of them in English; and of another,
most valuable from the systematic point, the writer has been able to
secure a translation of several portions. In this paper’ he gives
descriptions of the larve, as well as their habits, and tells how to dis-
tinguish the allied forms. He has used several of the characters
which will be used in this paper, especially the posterior stigmata and
the anal tubercle. He has not touched on the fruit-flies, however,
nor has he given any generalizations for the separation of the larvee
of the various families.

Several other naturalists have studied individual species of the
Muscidze or Sarcophagide, and in some cases published extremely
valuable papers upon them. Thus Lowne has worked up the blowfly,
Hewitt the house fly, Blanchard the screw-worm, Portchinski the
Sarcophila wohlfahrti, and Newstead the stable fly. In the Annales

1 Biologie des mouches coprophagues et necrophagues. < Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 26, pp. 63-131. 1891.

OCCURRENCE. it

de la Société Entomologique de France there are good figures by
Laboulbéne of Teichomyza and some other species.

Interest in the larve and the life history of these species of flies
arises also from their medical and sanitary importance. The famous
tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) of Africa are related to the stable fly. One
of these flies distributes the Nagana disease of cattle, while another
species disseminates the sleeping sickness of man. The Congo floor-
maggot is also related; this species inhabits the huts of the natives,
and at night crawls from the cracks to attack and suck blood from
sleeping persons. The Bengalia fly is also related; it deposits eggs
or larve on the skin of man and dogs in Africa. But the house fly
is by far the most injurious species, since its habits are such that the
germs taken up by its proboscis from sputum and dejecta are scat-
tered over food about to be eaten by man.

There are also various species of these flies injurious to domestic
animals; notably the horn fly, which is a serious pest to cattle. The
stable fly annoys cattle, and the sheep maggot (Lucilia sericata)
injures both the sheep and the wool. The screw-worm, or heel fly, is
a serious pest of cattle, and also attacks man.

The occurrence of dipterous larve in man is known as ‘‘myiasis.”’
Various divisions are given; as ‘‘mylasis externa”’ or “‘myiasis der-
matosa,”’ for those in the skin or wounds; ‘‘myiasis intestinalis,”’
for those in the alimentary canal; ‘‘myiasis narium,” for larve in
the nose; etc. The occurrence of larve in the nose in this country is
rather accidental, and usually due to the screw-worm. In tropical
countries such cases are much commoner, and in the East Indies a
disease known as “‘Peenash”’ is due to larve in the nose.

A great number of papers has been published on the medical side
of myiasis, often with some description of the maggot, but it is not
necessary to list them here.

These maggots, as previously stated, usually do not cause any
trouble, but Alessandrini has shown in a study of the cheese skipper
that these larve may cause intestinal lesions in a dog. The vitality
of these larve is such that they are not readily affected by the diges-
tive fluids, and in fact are resistant to many chemical substances that
one would suppose fatal to them. It is therefore perfectly possible
for these larve to continue their development in the intestine,
especially in cases of constipation.

No other group of insects affects human health and human interests
more seriously or directly than the flies of the Muscide and Sarcoph-
agide. It is therefore of the greatest importance that the larve
of these flies should be studied in order that it may be possible to
- distinguish them with accuracy.

, STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

LIFE HISTORY.

The life history of these flies presents many remarkable and
peculiar phenomena. The females of a number of them deposit eggs
which hatch, and the larva pursues the normal line of development.
With other species the larva hatches within the body of the parent
and is deposited in the first stage or sometimes in the second or even
third stage. In Mesembrina the larva is deposited in the second
‘ stage, in Dasyphora in the third stage. Upon what food the larva
develops within the body of the parent is not yet known; Port-
chinski thought that they might feed on undeveloped eggs which he
observed near the larve. It seems difficult, however, to believe this
possible. In the allied tsetse flies the larva, when deposited, is fully
grown. The various stages of larval development at deposition serve
to lessen the differences between the Pupipara and other Diptera.

In the number of eggs deposited these flies vary greatly, some
species, like Musca corwna, Myospila meditabunda, and Mesembrina
mystacea, deposit only 24 eggs or less; these, however, are quite
large. Pyrellia and Graphomyia lay about 50 eggs; Musca domestica
and Cynomyia deposit between 100 and 200 smaller eggs, while Calli-
phora erythrocephala lays from 400 to 600 eggs, all extremely small.

Similarily those larve deposited alive vary in number and size.
Hylemyia strigosa deposits but one or two large larve in the first stage,
while Sarcophaga hematodes deposits 40 to 60 smaller larve.

After deposition there is sometimes a variance in development. In
Musca domestica there are the usual three larval stages; the first with
a heart-shaped aperture to the posterior spiracles, the second with
two slits, and the third with three winding slits. In the allied
Myospila meditabunda, according to Portchinski, the eggs are much
larger and fewer in number than in the house fly, the larva upon
hatching has the usual simple heart-shaped aperture to the posterior
spiracles, but from this first stage the larva transforms directly to
the third stage with three slits in each stigmal plate, thus omitting
the second stage. This enables the fly to pass through all stages
quickly, and to breed during hot weather and in small patches of
manure that are apt to dry up too quickly for use by some other flies.

Portchinski has shown that the coprophagous habit induces
viviparity. Mesembrina meridiana is coprophagous and viviparous;
the other species, Mesembrina resplendens, lays eggs and is not
coprophagous. The coprophagous Dasyphora pratorum is vivip-
arous, while D. lasiophthalma lays eggs; Hylemyia strigosa is coproph-
agous and viviparous, while most other species of the genus deposit
eggs.

Portchinski also claims that the same species may vary in these
habits; according to him Musca corvina in northern Russia lays

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 13

about 24 rather large eggs, while in southern Russia this fly deposits
a large larva in the first stage, which passes into the third stage
omitting the second stage. It may be that he has made a wrong
identification, but he claims to have been particularly careful in this
matter.

With the fruit-flies the eggs are deposited on or in the immature
fruit, the larve feeding on the pulpy substance till full grown, and
then crawling from the fallen fruit into the soil for pupation.

CLASSIFICATION.

The dipterous larve that may be swallowed by man belong to
several families included in the old group of Muscide. These families
are the true Muscide, Sarcophagide, Anthomyiide, and Trypetide.
Other groups, as Drosophilide, Sepside, and Ortalidez, are of much
rarer occurrence. The flies of the Ortalide, Trypetide, and Sepsidee
are quite different from those of the other groups, but the adults of
the three other families are very similar in structure, and the limits
of the groups or the number of groups is not constant with different
specialists in Diptera. Some would separate a group known as the
Calliphorinz from the Muscide; others make a special family for the
biting Muscide (Stomoxyide). It is not the writer’s purpose to
make any choice of the different plans, nor does he consider that
families should be defined by larval characters, but after the descrip-
tions of the several species a few words will indicate what sort of a
classification would result from a study of these larve. The groups
used in the tabulation of the larve are used only for the larve and
do not indicate any opinions about the arrangement of the flies.

There are other flies whose larve are sometimes reported as swal-
lowed by persons, particularly the rat-tailed larve of Eristalis, which
sometimes get into drinking water.

GENERAL CHARACTERS.
(See fig. 1.)

_ The larve of all these forms are broadest near the'tip of the body,
and taper forward, more so in the true Muscide than in the other
sroups. The surface of the body may be smooth or scabrous, pro-
vided with minute, acute granules or teeth, or with short, stiff hairs.
With many forms there is on the anterior border of most of the seg-
ments a swollen ring or girdle; sometimes only on the ventral side.
In some cases there are other swollen areas, or pads, usually fusiform
in shape. |

The first segment; or head, commonly appears bilobed when viewed
from above, and each lobe bears a minute, cylindrical tubercle or
papilla (fig. 1, a). Below is the mouth aperture; at one side and

14 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

above it is the pair of mandibles or great hooks (fig. 1, 6), sometimes
fused into one. At the base and to one side of the mouth orifice is a
striated semicircular flap or lobe, called the stomal disk. These are
more or less distinct according to the amount of distension and
varying with the species. Below the mouth is a short transverse
piece, the labium. Behind the head segment there is another seg-
ment which is only clearly seen when the head is greatly protruded;
this hidden segment is known as ‘‘ Newport’s segment,” and the writer
has not counted it in treating of the number of segments, since it was
not considered by Portchinski and others in describing these larve.
The second (apparent) segment bears on each side, in the full-grown
larve, a short fan-shaped process, the anterior spiracle (fig. 1, ¢);
each spiracle shows at its tip a number of lobes, varying, with the
species, from four or five to forty or more. Some of the segments
show fusiform areas on the venter and on the sides; those on the
venter are called ventral fusiform areas (fig. 1, d) and those on the
sides, lateral fusiform areas (fig. 1, e). The last segment of the body
has a large area (fig. 1, h) on the end containing two chitinized sub-
circular plates, the posterior stigmata. These, in the adult, have

fe , 5 ie S a
ve @ a 6

Fig. 1.—Larva of a muscid: a, Papilla of head; b, great hooks; c, anterior spiracles;

d, ventral fusiform area; e, lateral fusiform area; /, anal tubercle; g, apical spines;
h, stigmal field (containing posterior stigmal plates). Enlarged. (Original.)

each three slits or sinuous apertures and sometimes a rounded mark,
or button, at their base. In some forms the area or field around the
stigmal plates is sunken, forming a deep cavity, with the plates at the
bottom. The margin or lips of the cavity often bear conical proc-
esses (fig. 1, g), normally 12 in number. At the lower base of the
last segment is the anal field. Each side of the anus is a smooth,
convex area or lobe, whose size depends upon the extent of protrusion,
and above is a transverse swollen area, often spinulate, and some-
- times with a cone at each corner (fig. 1, f).

Within the head or, rather, anterior part of the body is a chitinous
framework, consisting of several articulated parts, called the cephale-
pharyngeal skeleton. The outer part is the hypostomal sclerite, to
which are articulated the mandibles or great hooks; behind the
hypostomals is a pair of large sclerites, nearly divided to their base;
one branch is very thin and broader and longer than the other, which
is more chitinized, and rounded at tip; they have been called the

SARCOPHAGIDA. | 15

lateral plates. From their base, near the origin of the hypostomals,
there projects forward and upward a pair of slender pieces, the
parastomal sclerites. The shape and proportion of these parts vary
with the different species and are quite different in the newly-hatched
larva than in the full-grown maggot.

The anterior spiracles do not appear on the larva while in its first
stage, but usually appear in the second stage, although sometimes
deferred till the third or full-grown stage.

The posterior stigmal plates in the larve of the first stage are quite
small and generally have a simple heart-shaped aperture; in the
second stage, the plates become more elongate and each has two short
slits. In the third stage, there are always three slits of varying shapes
according to the species. |

The number of segments in the body of a larva is a disputed ques-
tion. Apparently there are 12; with the hidden Newport’s segment,
this would make 13, a number accepted by several investigators.
Others, however, claim there are really 14 or 15 segments.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GROUPS.

1. Body with lateral and dorsal spinose processes.....--.-.---------- - Homalomyia.
neato Mamipemrin pimeerses | 4568 oo a sae hoe on S20 ea do els 2
2. Body ending in two fleshy processes; rather small species.........-.--.---.-- 3
Pocwimtumesrcorunoraly rounded at end... 1... 422. 2 s-s see he ees ace 4
3. Processes bearing the stigmal plates; body about 5 mm.long...........- Drosophila

Processes not bearing the stigmal plates; body 10 mm. in length or longer. . Piophila.
4. But one great hook; posterior stigmal plates with winding slits; no distinct lateral

fusiform areas; tip of body with few if any conical processes........ Muscine.
With two great hooks; slits in the stigmal plate not sinuous........:.......-..- 5
5. No tubercles above anal area; no distinct processes around stigmal field......-. 6
Distinct tubercles above anal area; often processes around stigmal field; lateral
menmnrbess sally distinct... 0i0. 20.2.2 e. ee cee ei hs 7
6. Stigmal plates on black tubercles; lateral fusiform areas distinct...... Ortalide.
Stigmal plates barely if at all elevated; lateral fusiform areas indistinct; stigmal
plates often contiguous or nearly so; slits long and subparallel...... Trypetide.
7. Slits in stigmal plates rather short, and arranged radiately..................-- 8
See elenicr and subparallel to each other. .............-i2..----sece--s ees 9

8. Two tubercles above anal area; stigmal field with distinct processes around it.
. Anthomylide.
Four or more tubercles above anal area; slits of stigmal plates usually pointed at
oi ia ner Seo Pere EERE tenes ae eee Sen Renee Muscina.
9. A button to each stigmal plate; slits rather transverse to body.....- Calliphorine.
' No button to stigmal plates, slits of one plate subparallel to those in opposite plate;
Pe eer Ona O18 pit es. 2 2 Pe Be. Sarcophagide.

SARCOPHAGID/AL.

In the Sarcophagide the hooks are two in number and the posterior
stigmal plates have three straight slits as in the Calliphorine. How-
ever, these slits are not directed toward those of the opposite plate

— 10039°—No. 22—12-—3

16 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

but are subparallel to them. Moreover, the stigmal field is strongly
depressed to form a deep stigmal pit, at the bottom of which are
situated the stigmal plates. The segments of the body bear complete
rings of spinose areas, and often supplementary pads on the sides.

Sarcophaga larve prefer animal matter, and have been found in
cheese, oleomargarine, pickled herring, dead insects, and human
feces. :

Sarcophaga incerta Walk.
(Plate IV, fig. 75.)

Body mostly scabrous, each little wrinkle or stria giving rise to a
very short, appressed, stout, spinelike bristle. Head deeply bilobed,
each lobe tipped with a very short papilla; mandibles two, well
separated. About seven lobes in the anterior spiracle. The basal -
two-thirds of segments 3 and 4 is scabrous; beginning with segment
5 there is a scabrous fusiform pad each side, and the ventral area of
the scabrous basal ring is much broadened and transversely divided
- by a furrow. Behind this is another longer transverse furrow rather
behind the middle of the segment. The dorsum of these segments
shows four transverse areas, the posterior one rather broader than
the others. The last segment is short, scabrous; the anal area not
very prominent, scabrous, and with a small conical tubercle at each
outer corner. Stigmal pit about one and one-half times as long as
broad, its upper lip with three large, scabrous tubercles each side, the
intermediate one rather smaller than the others, the lower lip with
two large tubercles, and a median pair of smaller ones slightly back
from the margin. Stigmal plates about one-half their diameter apart,
each with three slits, subparallel to those in the opposite plate; no
button.

Sarcophagid A.
(Plate IV, figs. 73, 74, 78.)

Body broad and rather flattened. Head small, bilobed, and a
minute antenna on each lobe; two well-separated mandibles. Apex
of second segment roughened; the anterior spiracles hemispherical,
and occupying a depression at base of the second segment, provided
with a number of small tubercles; third segment at base with swollen
ring, showing striz and punctures; surface of the following segments
minutely, transversely striate and punctate. Each segment trans-
versely divided, both above and below, into three regions, as shown
in the figures; all more or less swollen, and a swollen area on each side;
last segment striate and punctate as other segment; anal area hardly
prominent, with a rounded spinulose tubercle at each upper corner;
stigmal pit one and one-half times broader than long, rather deep, its
lips each with three minute cones or tubercles each side; the stigmal

SARCOPHAGID. : 17

plates hardly their diameter apart, each with three straight slits,
rather divergent from those of the opposite plate.
From Sarracenia flava from Florida.

Sarcophagid B.
(Plate IV, figs. 72, 76, 79, 80.)

Body moderately stout. Head small, seen from above truncate
and slightly emarginate in middle; two approximate mandibles.
Anterior spiracles of about 12 lobes; anterior margin of segment 3 and
following with a spinulose, elevated ring, widest on the ventral part;
also on the posterior margin of segment 4, and following segments, on
each side of venter, a short fusiform, elevated, spinulose area pressing
against the basal ring of the next segment ; much of the general surface
of segments also minutely spinulate, but on the venter are some
transverse, slightly elevated smooth spots; on segments 3 and 4 are
two each side, on segment 5 and following is a transverse elongate
area, each side of which bears three more elevated spots, two at the
median end, approximate, the other at the lateral end; outside of
this is still another, less distinct, smooth, elevated spot; on the median
line before these is another elevated area, transversely striate. On
the pleuron of each segment, about where one might expect spiracles,
there is a smooth, rounded, elevated spot, faintly double on some of
the posterior segments. On the dorsum of segments 3, 4, 5, and 6
there is a transverse, anterior row of small, smooth tubercles. From
the fifth the following segments, from above, appear divided trans-
versely into three subequal rings, all spinulose. At tip the anal area
is prominent, spinulose, and bears at each outer corner an outwardly
directed spinulose cone. The stigmal pit is elliptical; one and two-
thirds times as long as broad, its upper lip with three subequal,
spinulose cones each side; its lower lip with two similar cones each
side, and a median pair smaller, and situated more toward the anal
area. The stigmal plates, as usual, have three elongate, simple slits;
those of one plate subparallel to those of the other.

These larvee were taken from Limburger cheese on two occasions,
and an extremely similar form was received as having been passed in

feces.
Sarcophaga sarracemez * (so labelled).

Body pitted over almost the entire surface, and from each pit
arises a tiny stiff bristle; sometimes the surface is minutely wrin-
kled, and near the tip more spinulose. The anterior spiracles show
about 12 lobes. The posterior ventral half of segments 3 and 4 is
smooth, but the posterior ventral area of the others is crossed by a
broad band of these pits and bristles. Around each segment is the
usual basal ring, and on the posterior sides is the usual fusiform area

18 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

pressing against the ring of the foilowing segment, all with pits and
bristles. On the pleuron of each segment, about where one might
expect spiracles, is a minute tubercle, on the penultimate segment
rather large. Above, the segments from 5 on are transversely
divided into four parts; the second part from in front is narrower
than the others. At the tip the anal area is prominent, with the
two outwardly projecting spinulose cones rather larger than in the
Sarcophaga from Limburger cheese; the upper lip of the stigmal pit
has three spimulose cones each side, the outer one the largest, the
intermediate one the smallest; the lower lip shows two cones each
side as large as the inner of the upper lip, and a median pair smaller
and situated back from edge of lip; the stigmal plates have the
usual six simple subparallel slits. The penultimate segment shows
above a subapical transverse row of small tubercles.

Sarcophagid C.
(Plate IV, figs. 70, 77.)

Head rather deeply emarginate from above. Anterior spiracles
with about twelve lobes. Each segment has the usual basal ele-
vated, spinulose ring, which is very prominent; from the fifth seg-
ment on there is on each side the usual apical fusiform, swollen,
spinulose area pressing against the ring of the next segment; the
rest of the surface of the segments, both above and below, is smooth,
or faintly striate; on the venter of each segment are two small indis-
tinct, smooth tubercles each side. The anal area is prominent,
spinulose, and with the usual two outer spmulose cones; beneath
there is a smooth, blackish area, crossed by a furrow, perhaps ordi-
narily covered by the anal tubercle. The stigmal pit is about once
and a half longer than broad; its upper lip with three very small
cones each side, the intermediate so very minute as to be almost
absent; the lower lip has two small cones each side, and a median
pair below, and away from the margin.

Reared from decaying vegetables.

Sarcophagid D. (From grasshopper, Melanoplus.)
(Plate IV, figs. 64-66.)

Body rather stout; second segment seen from above broad,
smooth; anterior spiracles short, of about eight lobes. Other seg-
ments with a basal, swollen ring, which is covered, but not very
closely, with short, acute spinules, stouter than those in some of the
other species. Beginning with segment 5 there is the usual fusi-
form area pressed against the ring of the next segment, also with
the stout spinules; the general surface of all the segments (except 2)

SARCOPHAGIDA. 19

is also provided with these spinutes, but not so abundantly. Around
the middle of each segment, from 4 on, there is a row of about 22
tubercles, mostly smooth; on each side of the ventral line are three
of these on a slightly swollen area, like that seen in the Sarcophaga
from Limburger cheese. On most of the ventral segments is a trans-
verse area in front and one behind the row of tubercles which does
not have the spinules, but is transversely striated. On the dorsum
the segments from 5 on appear to be divided into three transverse
portions, the middle one bearing the row of smooth tubercles. Anal
tubercles not very prominent, with a short, stout cone at each corner,
all spinulose. The stigmal pit is small, nearly egg-shaped, about
one and one-fourth times as long as broad; its upper lip with the
usual three cones each side, all short, the intermediate one very
small; the lower lip has also the usual two cones each side, small, and
a median pair still smaller, and remote from edge of lip. The stig-
mal plates and.slits are as usual in the genus. |

Chrysomyia macellaria Fab.
(Plate IV, figs. 67, 68, 69, 71.)

The head from above is distinctly bilobed; there are two distinct
mandibles; the anterior spiracles are very short, and contain only
-7lobes. The posterior upper part of segment 1 is swollen and spinu-
lose. Each of the following segments (except 2) has a basal, swollen
ring, armed with reclinate teeth, the teeth of the anterior row always |
the larger. Beginning with segment 6 the ventral part of each ring is
much broadened and ‘divided transversely by a narrow smooth space.
‘On segments 5 to 10 there is each side behind a fusiform swollen
area pressing against the swollen ring of the next segment; this area
is also spinulose. The tip of the body shows on the dorsal part a
great cavity, in the bottom of which are the stigmal plates, each
with three straight slits, those of one subparallel to those of the
other; no button. Behind the cavity is a high, transverse, spinulose
crest; and the ventral part of tip shows a spinulose area bearing
two rather widely separated, prominent, smooth tubercles. The
dorsal edge of the tip shows four small conical tubercles. |

The “‘screw-worm”’, as the larva of this insect is called, occurs in
sores and wounds of domestic animals, and also in man. ‘There are
various records of its presence in the ears and nose, or nasal cavities,
of people, from swelling near the nose, from a boil under the arm,
under the skin of a child, and in the navel of a child. It is there- -
fore hardly a possible factor in internal myiasis, and most of such
recorded cases probably belonged to some species of Sarcophaga
whose larve are very similar in appearance to those of the screw-
worm. | |

20 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Ohrysomyia (2)
(Plate ITI, figs. 39, 47, 52.)

Head showing a lobe each side, each tipped by a distinct antenna;
mandibles two, well separated; base of second segment a swollen
ring, finely obliquely striated; each of the following segments with a
basal swoilen ring, and furnished with spinules; beginning with the
fifth segment there is an apical, fusiform, spinulose area each side,
pressing against the ring of the next segment; elsewhere the sur-
face is smooth and shining, each segment with two faint grooves
around its middle; anterior spiracle with about 10 lobes. The last
segment shows below at base a transverse spinulose area; the anal
area is nct very prominent, spinulose, and with a prominent conical
tubercle at each outer corner; the posterior stigmal area occupies
the dorso-caudal surface, but hardly forms a pit, with six small
tubercles on each lip, those on upper lip rather larger; the stigmal
plates are rather close together, have no button, and each shows
three straight slits, subparallel to those in the other plates.

Various specimens taken from fish, at the Barbados, West Indies.

CALLIPHORINZ.

In the Calliphorine there are two hooks or mandibles, and the >
posterior stigmal plates have each three straight slits directed more
or less toward those of the opposite plate. The stigmal field is
usually outlined by conical tubercles, but not especially depressed.
The anal tubercles are usually spinose, and the prothoracic spiracles
rarely, if ever, have more than 15 lobes. The segments usually
show a more or less complete ring or spinose area on the segments
beyond the fifth.. This group is very close to the Sarcophagide, and
some species of Lucilia are nearly as well placed there as here.

Calliphora erythrocephala Meig.
(Plate IIT, figs. 62, 63.)

Head distinctly bilobed from above, each lobe with a minute
papilla; two well-separated mandibles; anterior spiracles with from
nine to twelve lobes. Beginning with the third, each segment shows
an apical swollen ring or girdle, whose surface is scabrous; these rings
are broader below than above, and are here emarginate on the poster-
ior middle. Each ventral segment, beginning with the fifth, is
_ divided by a transverse groove near the middle. The anal area shows
a smooth median process, divided in middle, and at each outer corner
isacone. Thestigmal field is rather concave, the upper lip with three
small tubercles each side, the lower lip with two larger tubercles
each side, and a median pair smaller and lower down; the stigmal

CALLIPHORIN A, ot

plates are about once and a fourth their diameter apart, each with
‘three simple, straight slits, directed shghtly downward, but mostly
toward those of the opposite plate; the button is distinct.

The blow-fly deposits eggs on dead animals, and also on fresh and
cooked meat. As such meats are often accessible to them in pantries,
it is readily seen that many larve are swallowed by people each year;
we have, however, comparatively few records, probably because the
food causes no trouble.

Protocalliphora chrysorrhea Meig.
(Plate ITI, figs. 56-58.)

Body rather short, thicker than usual behind. Head _ plainly
bilobed from above, each lobe bearing a distinct papilla, two separate
bifid mandibles; posterior margin of first segment with a broad
reflexed margin, bearing a fringe of black hair. Surface of body
closely, minutely scabrous; beginning with the third segment there is
below a median, transverse, apical, elevated, smooth lobe; on seg-
ments 4 and 5 there is a lateral lobe at each side; each segment from
below also shows a transverse, median furrow, and above most of the
segments show a broad, transverse depression. The anal area is
smooth, and shows an oblique lobe at each side; a median depression,
partly covered by a median lobe from above. Stigmal plates small,
about two to three diameters apart; each with three straight slits
directed obliquely downward and slightly toward those of the other
plate.

Pawnee on Delaware, Pa., attached to young bluebirds in nest,
July; Wellesley Hills, Mass., on nestling bluebirds, June. It also
occurs in Europe, and is there known to feed on young birds.

Lucilia sericata Meig.
(Plate III, figs. 54, 55, 60, 61.)

Body rather stout, not slender in front. Head very distinctly
bilobed, with distinct antenne; mandibles two, well-separated.
Anterior spiracle with about eight lobes. Surface of body mostly
smooth; pleura of segments 3, 4, and 5 bilobed; beginning with seg-
ment 6 there is a basal ring or girdle, roughened; these girdles on
segments 6 to 9 are widened on middle of venter; these pleura are
also swollen, but not plainly bilobed, except those near tip. The
ventral segments are transversely divided by a line or furrow in the
middle. Last segments short, stigmal field occupying most of the
tip, shghtly depressed, upper lip with three sharp tubercles each side,
the intermediate one hardly smaller than the others; lower lip with
two large, sharp tubercles each side, and a median pair more remote
from the margin. Anal area rather sunken, with a small rounded

99° STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

tubercle at each outer corner. Stigmal plates about one-half their
diameter apart, each with three straight slits, directed somewhat
toward each other, but also downward.

This species ae been recorded in Holland and other parts of
Europe as very injurious to sheep. The larve, feeding in matted
parts of the wool, start sores on the skin, which they invade and feed
on the matter, predneae ugly, Alceriicn patches.

Mr. W. W. ieeneeatt has recorded a species of Calliphora (oceaniea)
as causing similar sores on sheep in New South Wales.

Meinert has reared another Lucilia (L. nobilis) from larve taken
from the ears of a sailor.

Lucilia sylvarum Meig.
(Plate III, figs. 48-51.)

In general similar to L. sericata. A bilobed head, two mandibles,
about eight lobes to the anteriorspiracle, surface of body mostly smooth.
A roughened ring around each segment; beginning with the sixth
segment this ring is broadened below, and traversed by a narrow
smooth space; the dorsal part of these rings for the last few segments
is very weak and obscure. The last segment is rather short, with the
stigmal field hardly concave; the upper lip with three small, subequal
tubercles each side, smaller than in L. sericata, lower lip with two
tubercles each side, and a median pair, removed from edge of lip.
Anal area rather prominent, roughened, with two small, rounded,
_ approximate, smooth tubercles below, and one pointed and roughened
at each outer corner. Stigmal plates about one-half their diameter
apart, each with three straight shts, pointing somewhat toward each
other, but not so much as in Calliphora; an approach to the condition
of Chrysomyia.

3 Myospila and Auchmeromyia.

Portchinski has figured Myospila, showing that it goes in the
Calliphorine, and Newstead has figured the Congo floor-maggot,
Auchmeromyia luteola Walk., which also belongs here.

Gedoelst has figured larvee of Cordylobia, which is considered to
_ be a calliphorine, but these larve appear to be much nearer to the

(Kstride.
MUSCIN ZA.

According to the larval characters the Muscine form a very sharply
restricted group. There is but one great hook, and the posterior
stigmal plates have three sinuous slits; characters not found (as‘far
as known) in any of the allied forms. The anterior part of the body
is more slender than in Calliphora and Sarcophaga. The spinose
parts of the segments are confined to the ventral surface; the anal

MUSCIN=. 23

-

tubercles are smooth, and there are no prominent tubercles outlining
the stigmal field. The prothoracic spiracles have only a few lobes.

Musca domestica L.
: (Plate I, figs. 1-4, 16.)

- The larva of the house fly has been described by several authors,
and very fully by Dr. Hewitt. The body is slender and tapering in
front; large and truncate behind. The head has a tiny papilla each
side and there is but one great hook, apparently the union of the pair
seen in other forms. The prothoracic spiracles show six or seven
lobes; on the ventral base of the sixth and following segments there
is a transverse, fusiform, swollen area provided with minute teeth.
The anal area is but slightly prominent and shows two approximate
processes. The stigmal area is barely if at all concave and not out-
lined by tubercles; the spiracles are prominent, less than their
diameter apart, each with three sinuous slits, and a button at the
base. In some cases two of the winding slits are apparently con-
nected. The second stage has but two straight slits in each stigmal
plate, while in the first larval stage there are two smaller slits on a
tubercle each side of the middle, and in this stage there are no pro-
thoracic spiracles.

The larva of the house fly is rarely swallowed, but there are rec-
ords to that effect, and it sometimes breeds in decaying fruits and
vegetables.

Pseudopyrellia cornicina Fab.
(Plate I, figs. 11-15.)

Body rather slender in front, broad and truncate behind. Head
from above distinctly bilobed, each with a distinct papilla; one large
mandible or hook. Anterior spiracle six or seven lobed. Surface
generally smooth at junction of segments; there are on sides usually a
few short, longitudinal tubercles or strie. Beginning with the sixth
segment each has on the ventral base a transverse, swollen, fusiform
area or pad which is provided with two rows of tubercles or longitu-
dinal teeth. Each ventral segment also shows a transverse groove
before the middle. The penultimate segment has a fusiform area
at apex below with tubercles uponit. The last segment has the anal
area not very protuberant, above is a slender median process, and
at each side a larger, slender, lateral process; from them a row of
small teeth extends upward and toward base. The posterior stigmal
plates are large, close together, and each has the three winding slits
characteristic of the true Muscide.

The specimens were taken from cow dung, which harbored larvee
of Lyperosia irritans L.

24 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVZ.

Muscid B.
(Plate IIT, figs. 40-43.)

This larva is plainly larger than that of the house fly, and less
tapering in front; the head is blunt and rounded, and the papille
are not distinct; there is but one mandible; the anterior spiracles -are
six-lobed. The fifth segment has below on base a slightly swollen
area which is transversely striate; the sixth and following segments
have on the ventral base the usual fusiform area, but little swollen,
faintly divided on the median line, and with many longitudinal teeth
or short ridges; the dorsum is smooth. The anal area is sunken, but
the upper margin shows a median lobe with three smaller lobes each
side; surface of last segment smooth; stigmal plates small, deep
black, about their diameter apart and each with three sinuous slits,
similar to those of Musca.

Several specimens sent from New York that were passed by an
epileptic patient in December and January. This species is closely re-
lated to the house fly, but to what genus it belongs is yet uncertain—
perhaps to Graphomyva.

Lyperosia writans L.
(Plate I, figs. 5-7.)

The body of the horn fly larva is very slender, especially in front.
Head bilobed, each lobe with a tiny papilla; one mandible, not very
large. The anterior spiracles have six lobes. The general surface
of the body is smooth or very minutely striate; the fourth ventral
segment at base shows an area with tubercles or small teeth; begin-
ning with the sixth, each segment has on the ventral base the trans-
verse, fusiform, swollen area, with two rows of longitudinal teeth or
tubercles, and also each ventral segment shows a transverse groove
before the middle, and the penultimate segment has at base beneath
a spinulose fusiform area. The last segment is rather evenly rounded
above, the stigmal plates close together, and each with three winding
slits, as in allied forms. The anal area is moderately protuberant,
mostly black, and shows below a smooth submedian lobe each side,
and laterad of this a larger smooth lobe; above is a pair of more promi-
nent, smooth, black tubercles; each side of these is a smaller cone and
above is a transverse row of teeth.

Specimens came from cow manure containing also the larve of
Pseudopyrellia cornacina.

Stomoxys calcitrans L.
(Plate I, figs. 8-10.)

The larva has been described and figured by Newstead and later by
Hewitt. It is similar in shape to that of the house fly, with a single
great hook or mandible; the anterior spiracles have five lobes; the

MUSCINA GROUP. 25

sixth and following segments have each a ventral basal fusiform area
provided with tubercles; the anal area has two submedian tubercles
and three lobes each side of these; above them is a row of minute
granules, ending each side in a larger granulate tubercle; there are
no tubercles outlining the stigmal area; the stigmal plates are sub-
triangular, about one and one-half times their diameter apart, black,
and each with three pale areas containing a sinuous or S-shaped slit,
but these slits are not near each other at the end as in Musca, and
there is no apparent button.

It commonly breeds in manure of various kinds, but also in decaying
matter, and is not often passed by people, but there is one record.
It is recorded that in parts of Africa Stomoxys attacks dogs so
viciously that the ears are often seen raw and bleeding from their
bites.

Mesembrina and Dasyphora.

Portchinski has described and figured the larve of Mesembrina and
Dasyphora.. His figures show the posterior spiracles with the wind-
ing slits as in Musca, and in Mesembrina he figures the single great
hook, so that these genera also belong in the Muscine as here re-
stricted. Both genera have the posterior spiracular plates semi-
circular, but in Mesembrina they are very faintly trilobed; in both
genera the plates are very close together.

Glossina.

The tsetse fly normally deposits a fuli grown larva, although
specimens in captivity have sometimes deposited partly grown larve.
This larva is short, subcylindrical, of a yellowish-white color, and at
the truncate posterior end are two large, rounded, black processes,
which have finely granulated surfaces. At the ventral base of each
of the segments 4 to 10 is a narrow, transverse, fusiform ridge. Aus-
ten, in his account (Brit. Med. Journ., 1904, pt. 2, p. 659) says that
“in the larger larve the tips of the mouth hooks can be seen, slightly |
protruding from the cephalic end.” It would therefore appear
that they had two separate mouth-hooks, and not one as in Stomozrys
and Musca. If this be the case Glossina is not closely related to
Stomorys. one

MUSCINA GROUP.

The larve of the Muscina group are in general related to the true
Muscide, but differ at once in the simple, short, pointed slits in the
posterior stigmal plates. The great hooks lie close together so that
they approach the azygos condition seen in Musca. Most of the
classifications keep Muscina in the true Muscide, but from the larval
standpoint it must be separated.

oo a

1 Hor. Ent. Soe. Ross., vol. 26, pp. 91, 118, 1891.

26 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA,

These forms infest overripe fruit, and since such fruit is apt to
cause sickness, these larvee are frequently reported by physicians.

Muscina stabulans Fall.
(Plate II, figs. 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, 36.)

Head bilobed from above, no distinct antenne; two closely ap-
proximate mandibles; anterior spiracles of about six lobes. Surface:
of segments mostly smooth; begining with fifth segment there is on |
the venter a long, basal, transverse, fusiform swollen area, fur-
nished on the crest with rows of teeth; each of these areas is divided
on the median line. On the penultimate segment there is a similar
area at tip, but not divided; the segments below also show a trans-
verse line before the middle. The last segment has the anal basal
area spinulose, but not very prominent, and with a median and three
lateral spinulose tubercles in a nearly transverse row; the rounded
tip of the segment shows, across the middle, faint traces of four low
cones. Thestigmal plates are scarcely elevated, black, less than their
diameter apart, and each with three very short shits pointing toward
those of the opposite plate.

The larva of this species is common in ihoeeta vegetable matter;
and it has been reared from rotten apples, pears, squash, mushrooms,
and dead insect larve. In one case a considerable number was
passed by a child suffering from summer complaint.

Laboulbéne records larvee of this species vomited by a personsuffer-
ing from bronchitis.

Muscona assemilis Fall.
_ (Plate II, figs. 20-22.)

Head bilobed, each lobe with a prominent papilla; mandibles two,
well-separated. Anterior spiracles with about nine lobes. Surface
smooth; the rings or girdles to segments distinctly outlined, but
little swollen; they are faintly scabrous, and on the ventral surface
broadened and transversely divided by a furrow; there is also on
most of the ventral segments a short, median, transverse line; the
anal area appears extruded as a broad, rather flattened lobe, tra-
versed by median and transverse grooves; the tubercle above has a
small cone at each outer corner. The stigmal field is margined on
each upper side by three very small conical tubercles, and behind by a
transverse row of four large conical tubercles close together, and
laterad of them is a minute tubercle. The stigmal plates are rather
more than their diameter apart, and each shows three short, straight
slits directed toward those of the opposite plate; the button is
distinct.

Larve in roots of a melon vine.

MUSCINA GROUP, 27

Near Muscina.
(Plate IT, figs. 23-26.)

_ Body slender, especially so in the anterior part; segments 3, 4, and 5
with a ridge around near tip, and faintly spinulate. Beginning with
the fifth segment the ventral area is swollen, and with two bands of
spinules. At the ventral base of the last segment there is a row of
seven rounded tubercles, all nearly smooth, the median smaller than
the others; the middle one of each side is at the end of a curved
swollen area which extends under the submedian tubercle. The tip
of body is truncate, and with four tubercles on the upper edge and
four below; those above are rather prominent, but those below are
small, and the outer ones scarcely visible. The stigmal plates are
elevated, and each has three straight slits, directed toward those of
the opposite plate; the button is distinct. The anterior spiracles
have six long lobes. The head, seen from above, shows a truncate
lobe each side.

This has been sent in two cases as passed in feces, both localities
~ in the South. ;
Muscid A.

(Plate IT, figs. 33, 37, 38.)

Head from above bilobed; two closely approximate mandibles;
anterior spiracles short, with four lobes. Segments generally smooth;
beginning with the fifth each has a transverse line on middle of
venter; beginning with the sixth each has a basal, transverse, fusi-
form, spinulose area on the venter; on the penultimate segment
there is one at tip, and on last segment one at base surrounding the
anal area, which is not prominent, but shows two smooth brown
areas on the middle, and each side a small tubercle. The fourth
segment shows above and on sides a raised line near the posterior
edge, also a finer line on basal part of last segment; the segments at
their juncture are usually contracted. The last segment is rather
flat on top, but evenly rounded below, and without tubercles; the
stigmal piates elevated, scarcely one-half their diameter apart, each
with a button and three short straight slits pointing toward those of
the opposite plate.

Sent in from the South as passed in feces.

Musceid @.
(Plate IT, figs. 29-32.)

The bilobed head has a’ papilla each side; two separate great
hooks; the anterior spiracles are semicircular and with many (about
20) lobes; segment 5 and those beyond have each a swollen, fusiform
area on the ventral base, each with transverse ridges; lateral fusi-

28 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

form areas not prominent, a transverse line on ventral middle of
most segments; the anal area shows four hispid tubercles in a trans-
verse row; stigmal plates black, a little elevated, each with three
short pointed slits, and a button; a pair of cones above and a pair of
smaller cones below stigmal plates.

In orange from Mexico, with Trypeta ludens, No. 4242.

Musceid D.
(Plate IT, figs. 34, 35.)

Body long and slender, the bilobed head with small papilla; two
great hooks; anterior spiracles with about six lobes; a narrow,
fusiform, swollen area on the ventral base of the segments beyond 4,
each with transverse ridges; a transverse line on ventral middle of
these segments; lateral fusiform areas distinct; tip of body large and
truncate, no distinct tubercles but two low humps above and less
distinct ones below the stigmal plates; latter small, about their
diameter apart, each with three rather short, subparallel slits, and
directed toward those of opposite plate, the button distinct. Anal
area with three smooth, rounded tubercles each side, and a less

distinct median one, each tubercle with a few fine grooves on tip;

a transverse granulated ridge in front of the anal tubercles.
From Alaska, probably taken on cabbage.

HOMALOMYIA GROUP.

The larva of Homalomyia has long been known because of its
peculiar appearance, and the frequency with which it is associated
with human food. These larve are flat and fusiform, each segment
provided with‘long bristly processes. The mouth parts are obscure,
and the stigmal plates occupy a dorsal position on the last segment of
the body.

So very different are these larve from the ordinary anthomyiid
larve that they should stand in a group by themselves.

Homalomyia sp.

(Plate VI, fig. 106.)

The larva of the genus Homalomyia is entirely different in general.

appearance from any of the other forms considered in this paper.
The body is flattened, and bears above a pair of long spinous processes
on each segment, forming two submedian rows; there is a row of
similar processes on each upper and lower side, making six rows of
these processes on the body; on the head is a pair of anteriorly-
directed processes, and the last segment, whose posterior surface is
apparently turned upward, has two of these processes on each side,

ANTHOMYIIDA. 29

and a pair of longer ones on the hind margin. These processes, and
the general surface of the body, are usually scabrous. Near the
upper base of the last segment is a small trilobed process each side;
these are the posterior spiracles, and each has three short, straight
slits. Each ventral segment is transversely divided by a narrow
furrow or line which terminates each side in a slight tubercle. The
last segment has behind the usual transverse line another much
curved, and with a double median forward extension.

There is a number of species of Homalomyia, differing in the
proportions of the processes, and Walsh described three species from
the larval stage. There are many records of the passage of Homalo-
myia larve, and we have others in the office. Since they feed on
fruit and vegetables that are just beginning to decay one can readily
see that they are often swallowed by people. They also breed, at
least some species, in human feces, and as the flies occur in houses
they are, in a lesser way than the house fly, the possible conveyors
of disease.

ANTHOMYIIDA.

(Plate VI, in part.)

The larve of Anthomyiide are of the general shape of the larva of
the house fly, but hardly so slender in front; the head shows distinctly
a pair of papille; there are two separate great hooks; the anterior
spiracles have not many lobes, often but 6 to 10 (13 are figured
for one species); segment 5 and others beyond have each a swollen
fusiform area on the ventral base, which is provided with roughened
ridges; the lateral fusiform areas are well developed. The caudal
end is truncate, but barely if at all sunken, and margined with a
number of short, fleshy tubercles, about eight to fourteen in number,
according to the species, some rather larger than others, and often
with four of them in a transverse row; there are, usually at least,
two tubercles above the anal area; the stigmal plates are not far
apart, and each has three short slits arranged more radiately than
in the other groups; sometimes the button is absent. _

A few notes on some of the common species occurring on foods
and elsewhere will serve to show the range of form in the family.

In Pegomya fusciceps Zett. (figs. 111, 116) there are four simple,
conical tubercles in a transverse row below the stigmal plates; the
stigmal plates do not show a button; and the anterior spiracles have
about six lobes.

In Pegomya cepetorum Meade (fig. 119) there are four simple
slender tubercles in a row and the stigmal plates are similar to
those of P. fusciceps, but the anterior spiracles are larger and have
about ten lobes.

30 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

In Pegomya See Bourke (figs. 107, 113, 114) and P. plani-
palpis Stein the median tubercles of the noe in a row are broader
than the others and bifid at tip, more deeply so in P. brassice than in
P. planipalpis, and the stigmal plates show a distinct button; the
anterior spiracles have about 10 lobes. In a Pegomya from Alaska,
taken from cauliflower, the median tubercles of the four in a row
are very broad and trifid at tip.

In Pegomya ruficeps Stein the body is shorter and stouter, and
with many swollen areas and transverse lines; the anterior spiracles
have about 12 lobes; the median tubercles of the four in a row are
much smaller than the others; the stigmal plates are slightly ele-
vated, each with the three radiating slits, but no distinct button.’

The larva of Pegomya bicolor Wied. (figs. 110, 112) has all the
tubercles at tip of body small; the four in a row are all equally small;
the stigmal plates as shown in figure 112; the anterior spiracles rather
large, and with about 12 smal! lobes; there is a swollen area of ridges
all around each segment from the fourth backward. A larva, sup-
posedly an anthomyiid, on roots of roses, shows at tip (hes Phe
four large processes; the stigmal plates ene on the inner base of
the smaller processes.

Carpenter has figured in Pegomya bete Curtis two prominent
teeth on the great hooks; the anterior spiracles with eight lobes,
and the stigmal plates far apart.

Hewitt has published a fine account of Anthomyia radicum L.; no
teeth on the great hooks; anterior spiracles with 13 lobes; stigmal
plates near each other, and with three rather long slits; the median
tubercles of the four in a row are smaller than others and situated
a little nearer the stigmal plates; each is bifid at tip; no button is
shown on the stigmal plates.

In Phorbia floccosa Macq. (figs. 108, 109) the stigmal field is
margined by 12 conical processes, and the anal tubercle is in the
form of two similar conical processes; the anterior spiracle has but
six lobes.

TRYPETIDA.

In the few forms of Trypetide examined, those that feed in
fruits and soft tissue, there are two mandibles or hooks, the tip of the
body is destitute of pointed tubercles, and there is one pair of
rounded anal tubercles. The posterior spiracles are similar to
those of the Calliphorine—three simple slits, those of one plate
directed toward those of the other. The prothoracic spiracles have
numerous lobes, often over twenty, always more numerous than in
the Muscide or Sarcophagide. There are no complete bands
of spinules around the body, only fusiform areas on the ventral
segments; the stigmal area is not noticeably depressed.

TRYPETIDA. ay

Ceratitis capitata Wied.
(Plate V, figs. 87, 88, 89, 100.)

Body moderately tapering in front, not particularly slender;
two distant mandibles; head from above bilobed; anterior spiracles
long, with about 15 lobes. The segments show on the venter the
usual transverse, fusiform, spinulose areas, and between them on
the middle of each segment are two low ridges, which in the median
area are connected as in the figure, one of them being broken in the
middle. On the posterior border of each segment where it joins
the next is a row of pits, and also less distinct a longitudinal row,
or two of them, on the side of each segment; on some segments
these are more like.a line or groove. Elsewhere on the segments
there are a few longitudinal grooves and ridges. At apex of body the
stigmal area is slightly elevated, the plates long, and each has
three short, straight slits. Above them on the upper edge is a pair
of distant, conical tubercles; below the plates is a transverse, ele-
vated crest, and on the lower slope is an elliptical, medial area, ©
spinulose around the edge, and containing the two anal tubercles,
elongate, and pear-shaped, but not much elevated.

This is the peach maggot of tropical countries.

Acidia fratria Loew.
(Plate V, figs. 91-93.)

Body very pale; not very slender; two approximate mandibles;
head from above rounded at tip; anterior spiracles long, with con-
cave upper edge, and about 24 lobes. No part of body spinulose; the
swollen parts of segments not very prominent, and striate or
wrinkled, not’ spinulose. At the tip there are below two smooth,
approximate tubercles on the anal area, which is not prominent.
At dorsal tip is a large process, apparently bilobed from the side,
and also from above, bearing in its middle the flat-topped stigmal
eminence; the stigmal plates are fully their dismeter apart, each
with three short slits directed tcward those of opposite plate, no
apparent button, and no other tubercles.

This species mines the leaves of the parsnip.

Dacus ferrugineus Fab.
(Plate V, figs. 90, 108, 105.)

Body rather thick, anterior part not slender; two widely separated
mandibles; anterior spiracles long and of about 38 lobes. Anterior
Margins of. segments 3, 4, and 5 minutely transversely striated
above. The ventral region, beginning with segment 4, shows the
scabrous elevated areas. The last segment shows beneath a large

32 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

scabrous flattened elevation bearing two approximate smooth
tubercles. The tip has a faint conelike process each side below the
stigmata; the latter are slightly elevated, each showing three straight
slits, wide apart and directed toward those of the opposite plate.

Dacus curcurbite Coq.
(Plate V, figs. 101, 102, 104.)

Head bilobed from above, each lobe bearing a distinct antenna;
mandibles two, distant; anterior spiracles long, with about 20 lobes.
Ventral segments 6 to 12 with swollen spinulose areas. The last seg-
ment shows below a transversely elliptical spmulose area, rather
depressed, and containing two approximate, flat, rounded tubercles;
tip of body rounded, with a low, broad swelling at each lower corner;
the stigmal plates are approximate, each with three short slits, point-
ing toward those of the opposite plate.

From melons in Hawaii; No. 8478.

Rhagoletis suavis Loew.
(Plate V, figs. 94-96.)

Body much the largest near the tip; head small, bilobed, each lobe
with minute antenna; two stout, blunt mandibles, and laterad of
them is a horny crest; anterior spiracles hemispherical, with about 25
lobes; surface of body smooth; beginning with the fifth segment
there is a basal, fusiform, much swollen area on the venter of each
segment, each transversely ridged and punctate; on the middle of
these segments is a transverse line extending down on the sides;
dorsum of segments indistinctly divided into three transverse areas;
last segment with the anal area near the tip, not very prominent, but
with two prominent, approximate, smooth lobes; above the anal
area are two minute depressions; the stigmal field is slightly depressed,
the plates close together, each with three narrow, straight. slits
directed toward those of the opposite plate.

From shuck of a butternut, Plummers Island, Md.

Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh.
(Plate V, figs. 83, 84.)

Body rather stout, tapering but little m front; head broad, papilla
very small; two great hooks; anterior spiracles broad, with about 15
lobes; each dorsal segment from the third has a basal area of ridges;
each ventral segment from the fifth has a broad, basal, fusiform,
swollen area, which is very minutely ridged; a transverse line on
middle of each ventral segment, and the apex of each segment with
an area of several transverse ridges; the. lateral fusiform areas are
fairly distinct; the anal tubercle is moderately prominent, and

TRYPETIDA. : 33

strongly bilobed; the stigmal plates are fully their diameter apart,
each with three straight, parallel slits; between the stigmal plates and
the anal tubercle are two pairs of distinct, rounded, fleshy tubercles;
the two nearer the anal tubercle are closer to each other than are the
other two.

Locally common in northern apples.

Rhagoletis cingulata Loew.
(Pilate V7 ais: 97, 98.)

Head broad, papilla barely visible, two prominent great hooks;
anterior spiracles broad, concave above, with about fourteen lobes.
Ventral segments from 5 onward each with a broad, basal, fusiform,
swollen area, with many transverse ridges; each ventral segment has
also in the middle a transverse line or furrow; the lateral fusiform
areas indistinct; on the dorsal base of segments 3, 4, and 5 is an area
of transverse ridges, barely distinct on the following segments; anal.
tubercle small, slightly roughened, divided by a longitudinal line;
stigmal plates not their diameter apart, each with three short, barely
curved slits; between the stigmal plates and the anal tubercle, at the
extreme tip of the body, are two low elevations or swellings each side,
_each with a minute central tubercle, the four forming a curved line.
Common in cherries.

Epochra canadensis Loew.
(Plate V, figs. 81, 82.)

Body subcylindrical, tapering only a little in front; papilla of head
very minute; two well-separated great hooks; anterior spiracles broad,
broadly emarginate in the middle, with about eighteen to twenty lobes.
Ventral segments from the fifth backward with a very narrow, basal,
fusiform area, only slightly protuberant, and finely ridged; each of
these segments with a ventral, median, transverse line; no lines or
furrows on dorsum; no lateral fusiform areas. Apex of body evenly
rounded, smooth, no tubercles; the stigmal plates without a button,
each with three short, nearly straight slits; anal tubercle distinct, but
small, more yellow than the surrounding surface, slightly convex, and
divided by a longitudinal line.

From currants; more common in the North.

Anastrepha ludens Loew.
(Plate V, figs. 85, 86, 99.)

Head small, short, bilobed from above; two distinct mandibles;
anterior spiracles long, with twenty or more lobes; on the fifth and
the following segments is the usual ventral, basal, fusiform area, with

34 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

transverse striz, the area on fifth segment smaller than the others;
the anal area shows two large, smooth, prominent, submedian
tubercles; there are no tubercles outlining the stigmal field; the stig-
mal plates are contiguous, each with three short, straight slits
directed toward those of opposite plate; these slits are much shorter
and broader than in Rhagoletis.

This species, the orange maggot, is sometimes found in Mexican
oranges.

ORTALIDA:.

The larvee of the ortalid flies are rather more slender than those of
Musca; the two great hooks are distinct;. the anterior spiracles have
about ten lobes; the ventral fusiform areas are distinct, but the
lateral rather weak; the tip of body ends in two slight processes
bearing the posterior stigmal plates, each with three short slits.

Most of the species occur in places where they are not apt to be
swallowed by man, but the onion maggot, and a few other forms, may
occasionally be taken in food.

EHuzesta thomex Loew.
(Plate III, figs. 53, 59.)

Body smooth, slender; two great hooks; two distinct papille on
the bilobed head; segments from 5 on each with distinct fusiform,
swollen area on ventral base, each area with several transverse
ridges; lateral fusiform areas fairly distinct; anal area not swollen,
and no tubercles; tip of body rounded and smooth, without tubercles ;
each stigmal plate on an elevated black base, each plate with three
short slits and a button, but mdistinct; nine lobes in the anterior
spiracles. |

In ear of corn from Texas.

A similar ortalid from tomatoes in Florida has but five lobes in the
anterior spiracles, and the slits on the posterior spiracles are more
nearly on the outer edge.

Tritoxa fleca Wied (?)
(Plate III, figs. 44-46.)

Slender; head truncate, with two small papille; two great hooks;
anterior spiracles with ten lobes; segment 5 and beyond each with a
swollen, fusiform: area on ventral base, each area with several ridges
in front and behind, leaving a smooth space in the middle; a faint
transverse line on middle of ventral segments; lateral fusiform areas
visible, but not prominent; anal area with a low swollen lobe each
side, no tubercles; a few fine ridges above and below anal area; last
segment rounded, smooth, no tubercles; stigmal plates on low ele-

ME fee ee ee a ee GT en >

a Ue A ee

DROSOPHILIDA. oo

vations, about their diameter apart, each with three radiated slits,
and a button, incomplete on inner side.

From onions, in Pennsylvania. It is probably this species or its
close ally, 7. wncurva Loew. 7

SEPSIDA.

The larvee of the Sepside are of the muscid shape; the fusiform
areas are not prominent except on the venter; the anal tubercle is
rather inconspicuous; the spiracles are situated on projections at
the tip of the body, and also in the pup. Each spiracle has three
straight slits.

They breed mostly m manures, but sometimes in nee fruit ;
one species, the cheese skipper, has long been known because of its
occurrence on o!d cheeses.

Prophila caser L.
(Plate VII, figs. 122-124.)

The body is of the usual shape, tapering in front. The head is
emarginate from above, each corner projecting in a papilla; there are
two well-separated great hooks. The anterior spiracles are rather
prominent and divided into about ten lobes. The sixth and follow-
ing segments have on the ventral base a narrow, transverse, fusiform
area in which the ridges are broken into minute teeth. The last seg-
ment has at tip two processes, each about three times as long as
broad at base, and rather more than their length apart; this last
segment also has a prominent outer angle each side near the base.
The posterior spiracles are situated on the inner tip of a slight pro-
tuberance, and each has three straight slits. Hach main tracheal
tube is black for a short distance from the tip.

The cheese skipper not only occurs in cheese, but also in hams,
especially the fatty parts, and in oleomargarine; there are several
records of its occurrence in people, and we have one such case.

Alessandrini has recently made experiments with this species on
dogs and finds that it passes through uninjured, while it may cause
intestinal lesions in the dog. He also found that the larva was
remarkably resistant to many chemical substances, supposedly destruc-
tive to life.

NROSOPHILIDA.

Drosophila.
(Plate VIIT, figs. 133, 135-137.)

- Body rather slender in front; head with distinct papille, two well-
separated great hooks; anterior spiracles obscure, not much ex-
truded, with eight to ten long branches or lobes; each segment of

36 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

the body is slightly constricted in the middle, with a basal roughened
area encircling each segment; anal tubercle broad, dark colored,
bilobed, but not very prominent; around tip of body are several
pairs of tubercles; five pairs are described for D. ampelophila Loew,
four pairs for D. amana Loew; the stigmal plates are on the tips of
two approximate cylindrical processes which rest on an elevated
part of the tip of the body.

The pupez are rather barrel-shaped, with a slender projection at
each anterior corner of the body, the process varying in size and
tubercles with the species; the posterior end of the body is provided
with tubercles similar to those of the larve, and stigmal plates at
the tip of a pair of truncate projections. The pupz are usually
found in the same lot as the larve, as evidently but a few days are
required for them to develop from the eggs.

Drosophila larve and pup are quite common in overripe fruit,
especially grapes, pears, and apples; they also occur in jellies, jams,
vinegar, pickles, etc., and so are frequently swallowed by people.

THE CEPHALOPHARYNGEAL SKELETON.

The structure of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton varies with the
species. It is not always feasible to use this structure in identifying
material, since it usually necessitates the destruction of the anterior
part of the larva, which one does not care to do in unique specimens.
Figures have been given of this skeleton as seen in several species;
but 1t can not be used as a diagnostic character for groups until one
has examined a larger number of species. In the first larval stage
this skeleton is formed of very slender pieces, only narrowly con-
nected, but in the second and third stages the parts broaden, espe-
cially the lateral plates.

In the Trypetide (figs. 125, 132) the lateral plates are only weakly
chitinized, and not black; they are deeply indented from behind, so
that the upper and lower limbs are connected only for a short dis-
tance. The great hooks have a very prominent spur above at base.

In the Ortalide (Huzesta, fig. 121) the skeleton is very similar
to that of the Trypetide.

In the three species of Sarcophaga examined the lateral plates are
not so deeply indented from behind, and the upper limb shows a
slender appendage along its lower edge; the great hooks have a spur
above at base (fig. 134).

In the Muscide (figs. 115, 120) the lateral plates are still less
indented from behind, the lower limb being much larger than the
upper limb; the hypostomal sclerites are short and heavy; the great
hook (for there is but one) has a rather small spur above at base.

In the Calliphorine (figs. 126, 128, 131) the lateral plates are
deeply indented from behind, and here it is the upper limb that is

BEARING OF LARVZ ON CLASSIFICATION. 37

the larger. The hypostomal sclerites have a hump or swelling
beneath; the great hooks have hardly any spur above at base. In
some of the genera, Calliphora and Protocalliphora, only part of the
upper limb of the lateral plates is strongly chitinized.

In Homalomyia (fig. 127) there is an approach to the form of
Musca, the lateral plates only slightly mdented, the lower limb the
larger, and a basal spur above on the great hooks. In the upper
anterior part of the lateral plates, where they unite, is a number of
perforations, some round, some elongate; these are not seen in the
other families examined, but appear in Drosophila (fig. 133).

BEARING OF LARVZ ON CLASSIFICATION.

The value of larval characters in classification will always be
variously estimated by different entomologists, and the writer is far
from claiming that any group should be delimited by larval char-
acters. But in view of the diversity of opinion among dipterists
as to the divisions of the old family Muscide, the bearing of these
larval structures may be of interest. Some authors have taken
Stomoxys and Glossina from the Muscide and put them in a separate
family, the Stomoxyide. From the standpoint of the larve there is
no warrant for this separation, Stomozys being much nearer in struc-
ture to Musca than is either to the Calliphorine. Looking at these
sroups from the structure of the larve, one will notice that both the
Muscide and the Anthomyiide possess two styles of larval structure,
and it is very difficult to see why these striking differences in the
- larvee should not find some corresponding difference in the flies upon
which to found a better classification. The larva of Homalomyia
differs so greatly from that of Anthomyia that one can not but think
that this difference should be reflected in the adult. Likewise when
one considers the peculiarities of the larve of Musca, Stomozys,
Lyperosia, and Pseudopyrellia, differing from other muscids by impor-
tant characters at each end of the body, one can hardly believe that
there is not some structure of the flies to distinguish them as a group.

The classifications of the Muscide by Pandelle and by Girschner
agree much better with the larve than the classifications seen in the
catalogues. These authors have put the Calliphorine remote from
the true Muscide and near the Sarcophagide; Pandelle also has a
distinct group in the Anthomyiide for Homalomyia, and the true
Muscidee are included in his Anthomyiares. However, the larve of
the true Muscide are so different from Anthomyia that one would
_suppose the flies should have a group at least equal in value to that
of the Anthomyiide or Tachinide. This would indicate three
families, Muscide in the restricted sense—Tachinide, to include
Calliphorine and Sarcophagide; and the Anthomyiide, to include
Muscina and Homalomyia, the latter to have subfamily rank.

38 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ALESSANDRINI, G.—Studi ed esperienze sulli larve della Piophila casei.< Arch. Para-
sitol., vol. 13, pp. 337-387, 33 figs., 1910.

BLANCHARD, R.—Contribution 4 l’étude des Diptéres parasites.

I, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1893, pp. cxx-—cxxxvi.
II, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1894, pp. 142-160.
III, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1896, pp. 641-676.

Boucut, P. Fr.—Naturgeschichte der Insekten, besonders ihrer ersten Zustinde
als Larven und Puppen. Berlin, 1834.

Comstock, J. H.—Report on miscellaneous insects.<Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr. f. 1881—
1882 (1882), pp. 195-208, pls. xiv-xvlil. (Rhagoletis and Drosophila.)

GIRSCHNER, E.—Beitrag zur Systematik der Musciden.< Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 38,
pp. 297-312, 1893.

Hewirt, C. G.—On the life history of the root-maggot, Anthomyia radicum Meigen.
<Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 2, pp. 56-63, 1 pl., 1907.

Hewirt, C. G.—The structure, development and bionomics of the house fly, Musca
domestica Linn. Part I.<cQuart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 51, pp. 395-448, 1907; Part
If, ibid, vol. 52, pp. 495-545, 1908; Part III, ibid, vol. 54, pp. 347-414, 1909. Re-
printed as a separate volume in 1910.

Howarp, L. O.—A contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human excre-
ment.<Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 541-604, 1900.

Laurer, P.—Etude sur la myase du tube digestif chez Vhomme.<Thése Faculté de
Médecin de Paris, 1897, pp. 120, 1 pl.

Lintner, J. A.—Injuricus dipterous insects.<lst Rept. Inj. Ins. N. Y., pp. 168-227,
figs. 45-67, 1882 (Anthomylide).

Lowne, B. T.—The anatomy, physiology, morphology, and development of the blow-
fly (Calliphora erythrocephala). 2 vols., London, 1892, 1895, 778 pp., 52 pls., 108 figs.

NewstTeaD, R.—On the life history of Stomozys calcitrans.<Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 1,
pp. 157-166, 1906.

NeEwsTEAD, R.—Preliminary report on the habits, life-cycle, and breeding places of
the common house fly (Musca domestica) as observed in the city of Liverpool, with
suggestions as to the best means of checking its increase. Liverpool, 23 pp., 14 figs.,
1907.

NewsTeEabD, R.—First interim report on the expedition to the Congo.<.Ann. Tropical
Medicine, Liverpool, vol. 1, pp. 3-112, 1907. (Auchmeromyia luteola.)

OstEN SAcCKEN, C. Rk.—On Mr. Portchinski’s publications on the larvee of Muscide.
<Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 31, pp. 17-28, 1887.

Packarp, A. S.—On the transformations of the common house fly, with notes on allied
forms.<Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 16, pp. 136-150, 1 pl., 1874.

PrreEz, C.—Recherches histologiques sur la metamorphose des muscides (Calliphora .
erythrocephala).<Arch. Zool. Exp., 1910, 274 pp., 16 pls.

PortcHINskI, J.—Sarcophila wohl fahrti monographia.<Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 18,
pp. 247-314, 33 figs., 1884.

PoRTCHINSKI, J.—Muscarum cadaverinarum stercorariarumque biologia comparata.
<Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 19, pp. 210-244, 1885.

PoRTCHINSKI, J. ‘Bie des mouches coprophagues et nécrophagues.< Hor. Soc.
Ent. Ross., vol. 26, pp. 63-131, 1891.

eee J.—Recherches biologiques sur le Stomozys calcitrans L. et biologie
comparée des mouches coprophagues. St. Petersburg, 1910, 90 pp., 97 figs.

Voauer, C. H.—Weitere Beitrige zur Kenntnis von dipteren Larven.< Illus. Zeitschr.
Ent., vol. 5, pp. 273-276, 289-291, 1900. (Homalomyia scalaris. °

Watsu, B. D.—Larve in human bowels.<Amer. Ent., vol. 2, pp. 137-139, 1870.
(Homalomyia.)

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

:

PLATE I.

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Fig. 1.— Musca domestica: Side view. Fig. 2.— Musca domestica: Posterior stigmal plates. Fig.3.— Musca
domestica: Tip of body. Fig. 4.— Musca domestica: Head from above. Fig. 5.—Lyperosia irritans: Tip
of body. Fig. 6.—Lyperosia irritans: Head, side view. Fig. 7.—Lyperosia irritans: Posterior stigmal
plates. Fig. 8.—Stomorys calcitrans: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 9.—Stomoxrys calcitrans: Posterior stigmal
plate. Fig. 10.—Stomorys calcitrans: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 11—Pseudopyrellia cornicina:
Tip of body. Fig. 12.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 13.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina:
Head,sideview. Fig. 14.—Pseudopyrelliacornicina: Head,top view. Fig. 15.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina:

. Stigmalarea. Fig. 16.— Musca domestica: Anterior spiracle. Enlarged. (Original.)

Fr

s>.P eee,
Share re

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Fig. 17.— Muscina stabulans: Stigmal plates. Fig. 18.—Muscina, stabulans: Tip of body, side view.

Fig. 19.—Muscina stabulans: End of body. Fig. 20.—Muscina assimilis: Tip of body, side view.
Fig. 21.— Muscina assimiiis: Stigmal plates. Fig. 22.— Muscina assimiiis: End of body. Fig. 23.—Near
Muscina: Last two segments. Fig. 24——Near Muscina: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 25.—Near Muscina:
Head, above. Fig. 26.—Near Muscina: Stigmal plate. Fig. 27. Muscina stabulans: Head, side view.
Fig. 28.— Muscina stabu/ans: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 29.—Muscid C: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 30.—
Muscid C; Stigmal plates. Fig. 31—Muscid C: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 32.—Muscid C: End of body.
Fig. 33.—Muscid A- Tip of body, side view. Fig. 34.—Muscid Q- End of body. Fig. 35.—Muscid D:
Anterior spiracle. Fig. 36.—Muscina stabulans: Head, above. Fig. 37.—Museid A. Stigmal plate.
Fig. 38.—Muscid A. Anterior spiracle. Enlarged. (Original.) .

”

TIGR tee eRO Yau RACY fn tae
” ! wh = saps nt fon bap ay
aa jolene emer ay i Pia v. ps3

a ie le

nt

‘faut anivie Le RG He tae . ae ae alt
syaROe Ns ari swale.
Bee RN TIRE iat

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Ill.

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Fig. 39.— Chrysomyia(?): Tipofbody,sideview. Fig. 40.—Muscid &: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 41.—Muscid
B: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 42.—Muscid B: Stigmal plates. Fig. 43.—Muscid B: End of body.
Fig. 44.— Triiora ficra: Stigmal plate. Fig. 45.— Tritora flera: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 46.— Tritora flera:
Tipofbody,sideview. Fig. 47.—Chrysomyia(?): Stigmal plate. Fig. 48.—Lucilia sylvarum-, Head, side
view. Fig.49.—Luciliasylvarum: Tip ofbody,side view. Fig.50.—Lucilia sylvarum: Anterior spiracle.
Fig. 51.—Luciliasylvarum: Stigmalplates. Fig.52.—Chrysomyia(?): Anterior spiracle. Fig. 53.—Eutesta
thomz: Stigmal plate. Fig. 54.—Lucilia sericata: End of body. Fig. 55.—Lucilia sericata: Head, top
view. Fig.56.—Protocalliphorachrysorrhea: Tipofbody,sideview. Fig.57.—Protocalliphorachrysorrhea-
Head, side view. Fig. 58.—Pretocalliphora chrusorrhaa: Stigmal plates. Fig. 59.—Euresta thomex: Tip
ofbody,above. Fig. 60.—Lucilia sericata: Head, side view. Fig. 61.—Lucilia sericaia: Tip of body, side
view. Fig. 62.— Calliphora erythrocephala: Head,sideview. Fig. 63.— Calliphora erythrocephala- Stigmal
plates. Enlarged. (Original.)

—

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

Misecon, Mest cans ans231 Ae

RW a8 ae Ae Se ee E s a

FAA A ne AAAI | f Lily. rs

] ‘ ae yy Baa tte
LANE

G
cg
me,

ana. ee

ey) TESS D

T ,
“0 of ns ;
vat gly pay ae
BAe Bhi

<7
eer VEL ie
LAs ee | f

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Fig. 64.—Sarcophagid D-: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 65.—Sarcophagid D: Head, above. Fig. 66.—
Sarcophagid D: Head, side view. Fig. 67.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Head, side view. Fig. 68.—Chry-
somyia macellaria: Tip of body,sideview. Fig. 69.—Chrysomyia maceliaria: Anteriorspiracle. Fig. 70.—
Sarcophagid C: Head,above. Fig.71.—Chrysomyia macellaria: End of body. Fig. 72.—Sarcophagid B-
Stigmal plates. Fig. 73.—Sarcophagid A: Two segments, venter. Fig. 74.—Sarcophagid A- Two seg-
ments,dorsum. Fig. 75.—Sarcophaga incerta: Segment, venter. Fig. 76.—Sarcophagid B- Tip of body,
sideview. Fig.77.—Sarcophagid C: Tip of body,side view. Fig. 78.—Sarcophagid A- Anterior spiracle.
(oi eb aeic B: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 80.—Sarcophagid B: Head, above. Enlarged.

riginal.

fas Cig a ~ Erste ar fed

tee a vie

es aha Pe ‘

ane

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Fig. 81.—Epochra canadensis: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 82.—Epochra canadensis: Stigmal plate. Fig. 83.—
Fhagoletis pomonella: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 84.—Rhagoletis pomonella: Stigmal plate. Fig. 85.—
Anastrepha ludens: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 86.—Anastrepha ludens: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 87.—
Ceratitis cap*tata: Anal tubercle. Fig. 88.—Ceratitis capitata: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 89.—Ceratitis
cap‘tata: Ridges on ventral segments. Fig. 90.—Dacus ferrugineus: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 91.—
Acidia fratria: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 92.—Acidia fratria: Stigmal plate. Fig. 93.—Acidia fratria:
Anterior spiracle. Fig. 94.—Rhagoletis suavis: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 95.—Rhagolclis suavis:
Anterior spiracle. Fig. 96.—Rhagoletis suavis: Stigmal plate. Fig. 97.—Rhagoletis cingulata: Stigmal
plate. Fig. 98.—Rhagolctis cingulata: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 99.—Anastrepha ludens: Stigmal plates.
Fig. 100.— Ceratitis capitata: Stigmal plate. Fig. 101.—Dacus cucurbite: Head, side view. Fig. 102.—
Dacus cucurbitz: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 103.—Dacus ferruyineus: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 104.—Dacus
cucurbitx: Stigmal plates. Fig. 105.—Dacus ferrugincus: Stigmal plate. Enlarged. (Original.)

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.

ae.
ae
106
yee =, 1/07

/10

43

116

1/7

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Fig. 106.—Homalomyia sp.: Dorsal view. Fig. 107.—Pegomya brassice: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 108.—

Phorbia floccosa: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 109.—Phorbia jioccosa: End of body. Fig. 110.—Pegomya
bicolor: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 111—Pegomya usciceps: Stigmal plate. Fig. 112.—Pegomya_ bicolor:
Stigmal plate. Fig. 113.—Pegomya brassice: Margin of stigmal field. Fig. 114.—Pegomya brassicz:
Stigmal piate. Fig. 115.— Muscina stabulans: Cephalopharyngealskeleton. Fig. 116.—Pegomya fusciceps:-
Head, side view. Fig. 117.—Anthomyia sp.: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 118.—Pegomya brassicz:
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 119.—Pegomya cepetorum: Stigmal plate and anterior spiracle.
Fig. 120.— Musca domestica: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Enlarged. (Original.)

(ER, Mite i ae k
abit Yeaptiaehe
yn” rt : es hae
ay Mee , h rust

apa eat, ag
Grae hE wel
eos Pye oo
he Dea
hawk e

Pe BOC by)
te a me

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Fig. 121 —Euzesia notata: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 122.—Piophila casei: Tip of body, below.
Fig. 123.—Piophila casei: Tip of body, above. Fig. 124.—Piophila casei: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 125.—
Rhagoletis pomonella: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig.126.— Calliphora erythrocephala: Cephalopharyn-
geal skeleton. Fig. 127.—Homalomyia sp.: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 128.—Protocalliphora:
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Enlarged. (Original.) .

~y

Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

13/

STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.

PLATE VIII.

x
G7

Fig. 129.—Drosophila ampelophila: Dorsal view. Fig. 130.—Drosophila ampelophila: Stigmal plate.
Fig. 131.—Lucilia sericata: Cephalopharyngealiskeleton. Fig. 132.—Dacus cucurbitzx: Cephalopharvngeal
skeleton. Fig. 133.—Drosophila ampclophila: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 134.—Sarcophags incerta:
Cephaiopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 135.—Drosovhila ampelophila: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 136.—

Drosophila ampelophila: Head of pupa. Fig. 137.—Drosophila ampelophila: A
(Original.)

nterior spiracle. Enlarged.

“
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4
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{ a - ‘
: 5 2
} 4 F
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; A “al
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INDEX:

Page
meg frairia, larva, description and occurrence..+_-......-----+------------ 3h
peEmuMrecrel= of OMmienianaarVa-22 220 298 2 ae be oP eee ee ee ee eee 14
mnnsmepnd ludens, larva, description and occurrence..-----..-...-.-...24..--- 33-34
mainte ead. tone or Calls phora eryinrocephila.....22..5- 55, o2 0 2.22... e es 21

domesire, hosis:o: Chrysomya macellaria.---.2...-2 222-22 2.5..2225-- 19
Mareaiiiid TaucuapiDbertaphic rererenee..2. 22.2252. 2.2 ee eee oe 38
LM RPLE KM EN Aste see en le fn eS Day ASI SI k 8 30
systematic position from larval standpoint........-.-.-.----------- eid
Ppumininnat i e rUCtOUTe OF Iatyds. 22222505. 2 ee 6 82 la fee gl 2 Sel 22 fe bes. 2 29-30
Pamugmysre (7) larva on Toois-of roses, structure.......-.......5.----2-.--+.-- 30
er eee Fits iIChr nee ns Sense eo L es je. Or. ee ee 10
amiieins PemeriCHateye= eee ee eS SS a ee 3
UES ECG SRA ETE (1s Sa lea a a ae ev 36
rotten, iood of Musca stabulans.....-....--.---.-2-+.-2++----- saa
Auchmeromyia luteola (see also Floor maggot, Congo).
piaorrs ule Peiprence ! 002 he. be 38
ieee yeeeiininG DOSERMON <= 2c. 4-2. 5. Se i SS 22
Romney. parasite of mam and doge:::.2..2.2.-....--.--2.-----2+2-2--+---
hairs, youns, hosts of Protocalliphora chrysorrhwa .......2.-.-.-----+--------+- 21
Blowfly (see also Calliphora erythrocephala).
iam monmimeune mmentrsie. 2 oe PT EL ee 9
Bluebirds, young, host of Protocalliphora chrysorrhea ..........-------+------- 21
Botfly, ox. (See Hypoderma lineata.)
BereEn Mm Ck 100d lel Ahagolelis suavis.......-..--.---2--------+--+--+---: 32
See re apwenead of Muiscid J)... ......-.2.- 222.2522. -- fl eee eee sees 28
Cumephora, cephalopharyngeal skeleton .-..-...--..-....--.----------+---+--- 37
erythrocephala (see also Blowfly).
pilsliogsmiphie reterences: 2. 2.222522.2 2.22224 2 2 38
larva, description and occurrence. ...-- Pet gs Sato tetas ok 20-21
PUbIMeL- OL CUBA deposited. = Sets se ls. 12
cen ieR nce OF SHCEP 25 sssc2 se V2 CLE ee Lt 22
Calliphorinae, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. ./...-....-....------.--+.---+---- 36-37
PMC HEIPCRR AT Vee 2 ei sah s sk Re NL) I its ee 20-22
Sear Gana Ie. = 22. 2) Pe PO a ee At
SMC AW REEED 28082 Sates Boa AUIS s Bee ee Sete et ot Sales Lie
RRM ERNIND Font si SUES E EE he Sera here ee eee 11
emPEM ene Aes ack ls Ld eee Se Pk it
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton in dipterous larve............---------------- 14, 36-37
Ceratitis capitata, larva, description and iaceurrence: «2. aa ee 31
Piteese* 100M Ob 4 Voge arCgse). 2.222... 2 ee. ee oon eee 35
aren mums meter ess WE Se vel. 16
Par bureet. 00 @hoateopnarid. BD): 62.22.22. 0222 2) i2. 2 ie ee. - bee 17

skipper (see also Piophila casei). .
causing imtestimallestens im doris. 22.5.8...) 6.22.2. s 2...) ESS

£05 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARV.

Chrysomyia (?), larva, description and host
macellaria, (see also Screw-worm).

larva, description, hastereteeme as) 2! jn an 19

Cordylobia, larva; systematic position_.._..- 22) see 22

Com, food. of Huzesta thome.--/'21/4222 3 ce eee 34
Cow dung (see also Manure and Feces).

food of Laperosta UTitONs..2... aneci2s = GU. 5

Pseudo pyretlia cormeina.... -.5.0.24..05

Currants, food of /pochra canadesisz...... .. 2.22.2 52a 3e2e eee

Cynomyia, uumber ob eees deposited. 22.2524. 20 220s See arte ee

Dacus cucurbite, larva, description ‘and occurrence.....52. 2... .2 2.5.

forugineus, Jarva, déscriptol. 2. ss. cackos Soda eee

Dasyphora, larva deposited im third siages_.. she eso oe ee eee

lasiophihalma, Walbiteegs 52.5) en bo nck eae oe ee

protorum, habits. ..d33/<3 5.42 Saece ae eee

structure of larva. 22s... gesaeas canes So

Dipterous larvee, bearing on classifacation.< <2... 1253 0: Ne

occurring in human foods, classification. _---. 2552. 995.2 oe

general characters... - sce

life history...:,.2. t3a55 ee

SITUCTUNC: . nso 55 i ee

MAN. 2 i darset.s eeu ae ae oe
Doe, host of Bengalta fly ........221 2. in SaSessee See ee
Stomoxys Caleurans 22 = 32 sg aciskis sade 2 ee eee
intestinal lesions caused by cheese skipper..-.....---- ohana einen
Drosophila amena, structure of larva. 2355.4 oe- eee
ampelophila, structure of larva: -. 42 Ds5. 2525
bibliographic reference: .-. 52. .c-2. 38 3 ee 4
cephalopharyngeal skeleton. ........¢. 22. 153 ee
Drosophilide, structure and occurrence of larvee.._-2_ 22.25.5252 652 eee
Epochra canadensis, larva, description and occurrence. ....-.:-:.---+---------
Bristalis, internal myiasis: thereof: s.65.0ec< 2 4: ete ae ee
Husesta, cephalopharyngeal skeleton 23.2... )22224 33. 2 Sock a ae ee ee
thomex, larva, description-and occurrence. 2. .=-52225222 2 = eee
Feces (see also Manure and Cow dung).
human, food of Sarcophaga.-. = 2... = 2.2422 ee a ee
Fish, host of ‘Chrysomyia (?)... -2.20--~-s28- e525 ee ee eee
Floor maggot, Congo (see also Auchmeromyia luteola).
parasite of man. iy). 5 202k. oe ee Sec ee
Fruit, decaying, food: of Musca domestict= 2253222 2-32 2 eee
DO DSi eee oer tet Soe ae foe 220 ee gees See
flies, food, occurrence 1 Mian... 4248s A 8 See ee
food of Muscina group: : ...':¢aasd sash Sead
overripe, food. of Drosophilasi.2a2-2 = 2-20 0-3 ee ee ee
Fusitiorm areas'of dipterous larva... 2... .s22425...- 5 ss: eee
Glossina (see also Tsetse flies).
shrucihire of larvbio. cos snes 26S . s Pode et oi ake eee
systematic position from larval stand point._.:...2.2. 2a ee ae
Gooseberries, food of fruit-flies...-........-.-- Juche: Lee eee es

INDEX. 41

Page
Sete Od) matte teen... 2) =. 2 Sa os 2 Se a eS 10
Mer Mae SO DRIG.. =. 50's Sas Soe ae oe oe ee ate es 36
Craphomyn numibenor eres deposited... . . 2.22. 2222-22. - 222242 2 = - ++ +--+ 12
Grasshopper ( Melanoplus), host of Sarcophagid D............--...---------- 18
Semetininter Gansnerous larva... 22S. eens Se ek aoa ee oss 14
ieee menscar Opi) GASC). . 2 Lbs ee Je sss 2 2 Ss BS 2 Be a es 35
Heel fly. (See Screw-worm and Chrysomyia macellaria. )
eaamrreneeied. 100d Gt Sprophege 2-22. eo ws Se 16
eran. Dib tioptaplisereretentee: 22.5 bre See ke SL se oe 2 es 2 38
cCeplialopianyaigeal skeleton e252 262 ee 37
SAAS a MEMCRRIRC OL LATIN NSS Mae es ya er ek Seek 28-29
SEMIS ata ie ea pte TeIeneRRe 4S heise ok a ee Lek 38
Bp, dakve wicseripiien amd Qccurrence. _-_ 2)... 2252242552 22.~-5 28-29
systematic position from larval standpoint. .......-...--.------ 37
Horn fly (see also Lyperosia irritans).
DBE SLC BS Bik BS ee a geek MRS Tice bes ee aa sed og ee age a 11
Muga fy. irancmission of disease thereby =: : 2.22.22 222.2 2. eee se 11
lg Ae SDLP LAN ote Oe ee hee one ss 2 Gangs Le ot ys Sek SL 12
mmper Gr larva Gepasited —. os. 2 5...5 foes Sees Sale oe: 12
adage GCCUITCNCeIN AGA. 9-22 M2 essa. 8. 3ss Sebel 10
heapeannin Pelctievel dipterous larva. 2.2 2.) Seni s id ee ess Se Sede eee 14
insect tary. desc, s00d of Miuscina stabulans. ....- 22 22. ke ieee ded. 2: 26
Peri eA Mim ME IECO DNS se oo. So OS ek eo ee BES 16
CEES DEC COBURG Ye 7 TS SRP ety Met py a a an ae eae 36
ELE ES ICCD BERL TOGO ei a a ee 36
DE emerermnmt pte romn taba pe Ses aS eg hee 2S wae Se 2S Sk 14
Lateral plates of cephalopharyngeal skeleton. .-.....-.-----.-..-.-. Pee oe 14
More ey ca feta OL mans lL oie eke 3 Pedersen stone let. 29
Sie ee poenemandon and host. = .<_f2- 2. 2229 22. 2 Lee cee 21-22
error OM es ee as ee gS ohh oS Ree 11
POENODH bh 2 TES EBS Ca © HO lg a 22
Lyperosia irritans (see also Horn fly). :
imme descripilon.ond occurrence... #22. 32042. 22. 2. k 24
PRATT NWCA oA At 82 See PONE ch aie Leo de Fas Bs 23
ByEtctiate position from larval standpoint... .........-.--..2.2...- 37
uuanneiePL Hy <2 So eH ee oS ee ee 11
Chrysomyia ee TTL Sete ee ergs Rs ee Se 7 Re egg gee ee eS ee 19
Congo floor maggot. Bente Ma arid Date tog ie ia Se 11
ea rnrseEE CCG ee 2 oe es Os ae Pa Th, ea 10
Emenee RMN Lis 2 5583 oe a Fe Sys eels hag bee AE Big Pom ae ve th 22
tee BRUNT STI t ene een re Leh Seat ek Ne eee eee wa Ne 10
Manure (see also Cow dung and Feces).
amperes eesti icas i Pe ON eas ee | ad eae tee 35
MEIN FYS COLCUTANS: 2. - 2.22. 2 = 5 eS ee Ae at tear Ss a eee 25
Mi ween piora erythrocephala. ... - ... 222-24 2822S 1k soe ee oe es - 2
i emereenaas sarcopndetd D022 02.2. . 2e ev eld ee Bd ee 18
Melon roots, habitat of Muscina assimilis...........-.----- ae as PB ie a - 26
Beinn aod ir Pascns ecuroiee oo es te Pee ee. = a
Meembring, larva deposited in second stage.......-+........-.2- 2.2.2 -.- eee 12
Mie N SP gel Sl 9 ee ae ee es ek 2 12
mysiocen, number ef exes deposited: 2-52 522 5-22.22. 2.2. s+ - 12
SES ICE STS) Cli Fol 2 53 a ae ch et ea or 12

LS Riteee Sia oo, te ey ae eee Se eee ape ae eee 25

42 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Page
‘Musca, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. .--. 3 702).4 2:2... ee 37
corvina, habits... .. 25... 32-35 ee ee 2 12-13
number of eggs denneaen ae Lees hw! < . T 12
domestica, bibliographic refereneessssce mate SS 38
larva, description and occurrences ese i > ee 23
number ot eggs deposited _. =. =: 2a aaa eee Sue Re lye
larval stages... -- ww 05 ER ae 2 2 12
systematic position from Jarval stand pomt. 2’. . 5722 _ ee a0)
Muscid A, larva,-description and occurrence... 252.2) ee 27
B, larva, description and: occurrence: 2-22-1222 5. 2.) ee 24
C, larva, description and-oceurrence. : 2 $2.29.),..9) 2 eee 27-28
D, larva, description and occurrence.........- Morr e e 28
Muscide; cephalopharyngeal skeleton22..¢) 2/2 el see eee 36
Muscina assimilis, larva, description and occurrence ...............-.2.------ 26
group, structure of larvee, occurrence. ..-..--- \2R A eS
(near); larva sdescription and occurrence 262.22... Sea eee 27
stabulans, larva, description and ‘oecurren¢e =>. ee 26
systematic position from larval standpoint ...-.................-.-. 37
Musemze, structure of larvee. 4 io2s.2 see eee I-95,
Mushrooms, rotten, food:of Musema siabulans. -).2: 22 7-2. 322. eee 26
Myiasis, terms.used for various forms.-< 22.42.25). 2 eee 11
Myospila, larva, systematie position: e022 eae 2h eee Joe cie 22
medilabunda,; lite. history: esa se) eee eee ee eee 12
number of egos deposited .:: 222): 23 = ee v2
Nagana disease of cattle, transmission by tsetse fly. .:-2.-.222222 2) = ee eee
“Newport's segment” of dipterous larva. ....225. =< 22 ae 14,15
Qleomargarine, food:of Piopla casei: 2a ee eee 35
Sarco pVages. 3 ogee: wlebig (ERA 16
Onion, food: of -‘Trioza flexa (7). 2 BAL See eee 35
Oranges, food of Anastrepha ludens: . -. 22ce25. ee Se eee 34
iroiicilies.. f.02 20. 3 ee ee a eee 10
Museid"CL.23 26202 fo oe ee ae eee 28
Pripeta budenis. ots eee es a OS See 28
Ortalidze, cephalopharyneeal skeletons. 22 i126 ss. Se eee 36
structure and occurrence of larvee.-...-.. JY ne eee 34-35
Ortalid from tomatoes, Stractine <2 3. 2.8c0525 2 eee eee 34
Ox bot-fly. (See Hypoderma lineata. )
warble. (See Hypoderma lineata.)
Papilla of head of dipterous larva....-.-:..2.2.2. 12 se eee ir:
Parastomal sclerites of dipterous larva. 2.2.2.2 2.22 2e eee Je eee 15
Parantps, food plantiof Aewia fratria.. ... 242 2. 5 2 se eee 31
Peach maggot of tropics. (See Ceratitis capitata.) Res
Pears, food of pomace-fliesi....clce2 Fie = S25 eee oe eee eee eee ~ 0
overripe, food of Drosophthicc i232 a ee eee 36
rotten, food of Muscina stabulans--122 ee aleee ee ae eee 26
‘“Peenash,’’ disease due to dipterous larve in the nose.........-.-..---.:----- aL
Pegomya beiz, structure of larva...sceesesce ae ee eee 30
bicolor; structure of larval o2i22 ees bees Be eee 30
brassice, structure of-larva...coc20e 2s. «24: . 2 eee 30
cepetorum, structure of larva. . 2.2) fse22a05 2. 22 2h ee “29
from Alaska from cauliflower, structure of larva.............--------- 30
jusciceps; etructure of larva....2:. 2. 22... sso oa ee 29
planipalms, structure of larva.....<.s-2.« 22s S.C Ee eee bah a 30

rujiceps, structure Of Jarvac:.. 2.242.005 5. .k st eceine eee eee See Eee 30

INDEX. 43

Page
Phorbia floccosa, structure of larva. ....-- 2 a eee eee hae 22S 3
Peels aoe Giese ger. ee ee eee eee ee 36
Piophila casei (see also Cheese skipper).
SenMnEEEERICNECEETONCE «5 (0/0 OS eevee noes Aa SS ee a 38
Pera description and occurrences 22. 22-2. - 24. .-=--222.--5.-5: 35
Pamace me aeoed- occurrence In Man __.-_-- 0 22222 Ls ee ee Ree 10
Protecallaphora, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. -_-.....:.--..---.-----.--------- 37
chrysorrhea, larva, description and hosts....-..--- - Bey Rn eat ae oe 21
Pseudopyrellia cornicina, larva, description MEG WOCCNEPENCl: 2s i. SY 23
systematic position from larval standpoint.........-....------.- 37
emeeae stber Ol PeMn GepOstied © St = 8228 Poe ea 2 et et - 12
Slergoieies. bilsinnap ue eererence. 922 80 ee cl 38
taguiaid, Jarve, aescripiion and. occurrence... _.2-..2-...22 2.252%. 33
pomonciie, Jarya, description and. occurrence... 2. 22... ------. +2. 32-33
suavis, larva, description and occurrence...-..------ een te seep tne = 32
ase lich te). larva, O1 TOOTS 2) 20362522522 2 se es eel 30
Nensvaga. cepnalopnaryngeal skeleton... ..-...:.--.-.--.-.+--22.---4--2- 22 36
RIE PPPeeeE eet Meee, PR eras Re ee a Sate Oe Eee a SS 16
heimodes. wamber of larvee deposited . -..--.. 2. 2..---222-:-42:5- 12
TUL a AEM AOE SOLUSLIG I eo ee ne a Ee eae ees 16
<arraceniae- latya, description. ...20..2---22-.2 i aoe ES Ee 17-18
Sarcaphnanid ‘As larya. descripiion and occurrence... ..-...-.--=.-22--2+-:--+-- 16-17
B, larva, description and occurrence. ..--.-- pee oy etre a es 17
Criacvaarsernpisen aad pecurrence 225.2 622s bets l ee. 18
yer ecerrigiiGn and NOst: i200 632 2S iste es Ss Po ik 18-19
eeeseeahiee | PiRUCUUTE OF ADEE <2 ne. <8 3 ee ee wee sk ee 15-20
sarcophila wohlfahriz, bibliographic reference. -....=:-...-.---.-------.-------- 38
Sarracenia flava, habitat of larva of Sarcophagid A-...-...:.-....------.---.--- 17
Screw-worm (see also Chrysomyia macellaria).
SEE SEE SC ge a ee 10
Reaeree cate aug ment Se 11
peomin. mmmioen IMetpLetOUs dar Vas: -- <-.-.--.--.0--- +5 ssn2-2 +--+ 2 vss 15
penne eemireine ane occurrence of larvre.....-.. 22. f2..2-2 222 eeelelel eee 35
Semana ume nT I IINITe OCCANICN 2 . e we Se 22
we EEE aN se ON eg an GE ne ee 44522
maggot. (See Lucilia sericata.)
Sewaics. witerier, of dipterous larva....................-.-.--.- Spee <2 Soe 14, 15
Sapa een ipod ar. Mascinn siabvulans......... 2222.22 eee 26
Stable fly (see also Stomoxys calcitrans).
ELL ESS IE i eg ee Tees 2) te ese are Ee 11
Bees oplases, posterior, of dipterous larva- -._..-....2.------.2-.-l-.- 22-2: 14, 15
Sune ROE SE TTELCT ONG ATV aa 2s 3 eon Peet oe Oe a 14
(TLE TILOL PL 2 as ccc SS es ee eee eine he em ee 37
Stomoxys calcitrans (see also Stable fly).
beisgerapiie Tercrences. 2. tek Se SU es 38
Pitva deseriiion. 3nd occurrence. 5.28) 2 22 es. 2. 245
§ Byoeemiade-posiiion from larval standpoint.:.....:....:--.--.-...---
Seren SRE RIES: ate thta en eS ee cee eee 34
Betruora fiera (?), larva, description and occurrence....................-.------ 34-35
PN ee ee ee et 2 2 oll ee 35
ESS AGRA SES e se 28
Mewes scephalopharynceal skeleton: __.....__...._.-.--.-....----..----- 36

EMSRGREEC Ob tate ee ee pee en or ee ke 30-234

44 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.

Tsetse flies (see also Glossina).
diseases transmitted thereby 4-2 -2-— =). .-..-2--. ee
Vegetable matter, decaying, food of Muscina stabulans..............-.--------
Vegetables, decaying, food o& Musca domesticus = ese 2 225... 22.
Sarcophagid .C. sos Mee eer eo. 2 ist
Vinegar, food of Drosophila..0... 22325: .------ ee eee
Warble, ox. (See Hypoderma lineata.)

> ae

or = <M

See
i

“STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN. DIPTEROUS

4 * “i

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