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/ ITHE LIBRARY OF THE

FIELDlANA
Botany

Published by Field Museum of Natural History

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

A' I"

Volume 34, No. 6 May 15, 1972

Studies In American Plants, III

DOROTHY N. GIBSC
SupERVf^A/ HERBARIA

MV/i/ 1 197S

During the course of 4ji^3fc$paration 'oT manuscript for the

Acanthaceae in the "Flora 01 u4iatema]ai/VQ££veral new Central
American species have been distinguished^ Sn^Afertain new combina-
tions were required. I wish to thank the curators of several herbaria
for their kindness in lending essential specimens: The U. S. National
Herbarium, the New York Botanical Garden, the Gray Herbarium of
Harvard University, the University of Michigan, and the Royal
Botanic Garden at Kew. Dr. W. T. Steam, of the British Museum
(Natural History) was most helpful in sharing his considerable knowl-
edge of the family. Dr. Thomas N. Taylor, of the Department of
Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, was kind
enough to arrange for our use of their scanning electron microscope in
order to identify and photograph pollen of certain species otJusticia
and Poikilacanthus. Mr. Ron Wibel, electron microscope technician,
was most cooperative. Miss Marion Pahl prepared the drawings
used to illustrate this paper.

The work for this paper, and preparation of manuscript for the
"Flora of Guatemala," has been carried on with assistance of grants
GB-7254 and GB-27385 from the National Science Foundation to
Dr. Louis 0. Williams, principal investigator.

APHELANDRA R. Brown

Aphelandra schiedeana var. gigantiflora (Lindau) D. Gibson,
comb. nov. A. gigantiflora Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 369. 1895.
A. padillana Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14: 224. 1924 (type
from El Salvador, Standley 19972). A. gigantiflora f. lutea Standl. &

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6 8-263 7 4
Publication 1147 57

blULOliY Lib,
101 BURRILL

OCI26 1972

58 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 23: 237. 1947 (type from Escuintla,
Guatemala, Standley 89560).

Differs from A. schiedeana Schlecht. & Cham, only in its elongated
inflorescences (10-30 cm. long) and the more conspicuously glandular
pubescence of rachis and bracts.

Guatemala: 700-1,200 m.; Escuintla; Sacatepe*quez; Chimal-
tenango. El Salvador; Costa Rica (?). According to Lindau's
description, the plant was collected "In Guatemala et Costa Rica leg.
v. Warscewicz." The label on the specimen in Berlin (F. M. Neg.
8707) reads, "Costa Rica et Veragua." However, to my knowledge,
no other specimens have been seen from that area, although several
collections have been made in Guatemala.

CHAETOTHYLAX Nees
Chaetothylax cuspidatus D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae erectae usque 40 cm. altae; folia lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata,
acuminata; inflorescentiae subcapitatae; bracteae oblanceolatae, cuspidatae,
ciliatae, 10-15 mm. longae, bracteolae ciliatae; calyx 7-9 mm. longus; corolla
2.5-3 cm. longa; theca infera parva calcarata; pollen biporatum; capsula ignota.

Herbaceous, erect or ascending plants 30-40 cm. tall, the stems bifariously
pubescent with white hairs; leaves short-petiolate, the blades lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 2-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, glabrous or with
scattered pubescence mostly on costae and veins; inflorescences terminal, sub-
capitate, 2-4 cm. long; bracts 10-15 mm. long, oblanceolate, cuspidate, the cusp 1
mm. long or more, long-ciliate; bracteoles linear, gradually acuminate, rigid, 6-8
mm. long, ciliate; calyx segments 4, linear, subulate, 7-9 mm. long, ciliate; corolla
2.5-3 cm. long, pubescent outside, the tube 1.5-1.8 cm. long, the upper lip entire,
the lower one trilobate; stamens included, the filaments attached just below the
throat of the corolla, the anthers 1-1.5 mm. long, thecae superposed on a broad
connective, the lower one considerably smaller, sometimes sterile, calcarate; pollen
2-porate, bilateral; style filiform; capsule unknown.

Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 650 m., valley of Santa Lucia, on road
from Gualan to Coban, Pittier 1792, type (F). Honduras: Dept.
Olancho, trail between Catacamas and La Presa, north of Catacamas,
500-600 m., Standley 18559 and 18257.

This plant was identified by Lindau as Beloperone ramulosa
Morong, a Paraguayan species which it closely resembles and which
may also prove to be a Chaetothylax. However, the leaves of that
plant are larger than ours, 3-10 cm. long and to 3.5 cm. wide, the
inflorescences are axillary, the corollas a little longer, to 3.4 cm., and
the bracts apiculate or short-acuminate rather than cuspidate.

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III

59

FIG. 1. Habracanthus azureus. A, habit, X K; B» flower, X 2J^; C, corolla
opened to show stamens and pistil, X 2^5 D, calyx and capsule, X 2^5 E, hairs
of calyx, greatly enlarged; F, seed, X 5.

HABRACANTHUS Nees
Habracanthus azureus D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae usque ad 2 m.; folia ovato-oblonga vel elliptica acuminata breviter
pubescentia ciliolata; inflorescentiae paniculatae ramosissimae glabrae, pedicelli
graciles; bracteae subulatae; calyx laciniatus, lobi lineares accrescentes 6-13 mm.

60 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

longi interdum glabri raro glandulari-pubescentes; corolla azurea glabra ca. 2 cm.
longa; stamina longe exserta; pollen biporatum sphaeroideum verrucosum, spinis
obtusis; capsula glabra, semina 4, verrucosa.

Herbs to 2 m. tall, simple or branching, the stems bifariously pubescent to
pilose, leaves on pubescent petioles, the blades thin, lance-oblong, ovate-oblong,
or elliptic, mostly 6-12 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate, usually contracted at
the base and more or less decurrent on the petioles, more or less pubescent on both
surfaces with segmented hairs, usually more densely so on costae and veins, the
margins ciliolate; inflorescences usually terminal, paniculate, 5-25 cm. long, much
branched, the rachis glabrous, the flowers borne on slender, usually glabrous pedi-
cels; bracts subulate, 1-2 mm. long; calyx laciniate, the sepals linear, accrescent,
6-13 mm. long, usually glabrous, rarely glandular-pubescent; corolla about 2 cm.
long, blue, glabrous, the narrow portion of the tube 3-4 mm. long, the abruptly
expanded throat about 6 mm. wide, saccate on the abaxial side, the lips subequal,
the posterior lip narrowly ovate, 5-6 mm. long, the lobes of the anterior lip 1-1.5
mm. long; stamens long-exserted, the anthers about 3 mm. long; pollen 2-porate,
spheroidal, the sexine verrucose with blunt spines; capsule 12-15 mm. long,
glabrous, containing 4 verrucose seeds.

Guatemala: Wet mountain forest between San Rafael Pie de la
Cuesta and Palo Gordo, west facing slope of the Sierre Madre Moun-
tains, San Marcos, 1,800-2,400 m., Williams, Molina, and Williams
25808, type (F) ; 25595, and 26267.

Sometimes a single inflorescence will bear both glabrous and
glandular-pubescent calyces. When a calyx is pubescent, the pedicel
is usually more or less pubescent too.

Because of its abruptly saccate corollas with their foreshortened
posterior lips, this species at first glance resembles Hansteinia rather
than Habracanthus. However, unlike Hansteinia, the corollas of our
plants are abruptly dilated and saccate on the abaxial side, the lips
are subequal and erect as in Habracanthus; and the corollas are blue
as in Habracanthus, rather than red and yellow as in Hansteinia.

Habracanthus latilabris D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae suffruticosae ramosae usque ad 1 m. Folia oblongo-ovata vel lanceo-
lata, basi attenuata vel leviter auriculata; inflorescentia axillaris vel terminalis
thyrsiformi-paniculata; calyx 4-6 m. longus, lobi lineari-acuminati ; corolla alba
13-15 mm. longa, tubus 1-2 mm. diameter; stamina exserta; pollen biporatum
subsphaeroideum verrucosum; capsula ignota.

Suffruticose, branching plants, about 1 m. tall, the stems more or less pubes-
cent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades entire, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acumi-
nate, rounded and abruptly attenuate to the petiole or somewhat auriculate at
base, mostly 6-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, sparsely pubescent with scattered hairs
on both surfaces, the cystoliths inconspicuous, the margins ciliate; inflorescences
axillary and terminal, thyrsiform-paniculate, 7-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, glabrous,
the branches purplish, the pedicels commonly 5-7 mm. long; bracts and bracteoles

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61

62 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

subulate, 0.5-1 mm. long; calyx 4-6 mm. long, the lobes linear-acuminate; corolla
white, 13-15 mm. long, the tube 1-2 mm. in diameter, about 4 mm. long, the
posterior lip narrowly linear, 8-9 mm. long, the anterior one 5-7 mm. wide, shal-
lowly trilobate at the apex; stamens exserted, the anthers about 3 mm. long;
pollen 2-porate, bilateral, subspheroidal, verrucose with blunt spines; style filiform,
exserted; capsule unknown.

Guatemala: Mixed forest, El Quiche", Cerro Putul, 1,640 m.,
Skutch 1836, type (US).

Differs from H. silvaticus Nees in its much broader anterior corolla
lip, longer anthers, longer calyx, usually longer pedicels, and its
pubescent leaves, rounded to auriculate at the base, with ciliate
margins.

Habracanthus ruberrimus D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae suffruticosae usque ad 1.5 m. altae; folia lanceolata vel elliptica,
acuminata, basi acuti vel attenuati; inflorescentia terminales, thyrsiformes aut
paniculatae vulgo 5-10 cm. longae; calyx 5-lobatus, lobi angusti lineari-acuminati ;
corolla ruberrima, 2.5-3 cm. longa; pollen biporatum, subsphaeroideum ver-
rucosum; capsula ignota.

Suffruticose, branching plants to 1.5 m. tall, the stems glabrous or bifariously
pubescent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades lanceolate to elliptic, acuminate,
acute or attenuate to the base, mostly 5-12 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, glabrous, or
the younger leaves sometimes with appressed pubescence on costae and veins;
inflorescences terminal, glabrous, thyrsiform to paniculate, commonly 5-10 cm.
long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; bracts and bracteoles subulate, 1-2 mm. long; calyx lobes 5,
narrowly linear-acuminate, 3.5-5 mm. long; corolla bright red, 2.5-3 cm. long, the
tube about 1.5 mm. in diameter below, 2-3 mm. above, lips 1.5-2 cm. long, the
upper one narrowly linear to oblong, the lower one 3-4 mm. wide, shallowly
trilobate at the apex; stamens exserted, anthers about 3 mm. long; pollen 2-porate,
bilateral, subspheroidal, verrucose with blunt spines; style filiform, exserted;
capsule unknown.

Guatemala: Mixed forest between Chama and Coban, 460 m.,
Alta Vera Paz, Harry Johnson 491, type (F).

Differs from other Central American species in its longer, red
corollas, 2.5-3 cm. long.

HANSTEINIA Oersted

Hansteinia glabra (Leonard) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Glockeria
glabra Leonard ex Lundell, Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 6: 60, /. £. 1941.

Hansteinia monolopha (Donn.-Sm.) D. Gibson, comb. nov.
Glockeria monolopha Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 27: 439. 1899.

•

FIG. 3. Habr acanthus ruberrimus. A, habit, X H; B, flower with calyx, style,
and stamens, X 2J^; C, corolla tube opened to show ovary and filament attach-
ment, X 2H; D, apex of style enlarged to show stigma, X 5; E, anthers, X 6.

63

64 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

Hansteinia stricta (Leonard) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Glockeria
stricta Leonard, Field Mus. Bot. 18: 1219. 1938.

Hansteinia ventricosa (Donn.-Sm.) D. Gibson, comb. nov.
Glockeria ventricosa Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 27: 439. 1899.

JUSTICIA L.

The largest and most complex genus of the Acanthaceae, and
perhaps the most difficult one, is Justicia (lectotype, J. adhatoda L.).
I believe that Justicia L. (Sp. PI. 15. 1753; Gen. PI. 10. 1754) should
include the genera Dianthera L. (Gen. PI. 15. 1754), Beloperone Nees
(in Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3: 76. 102. 1832), Rhytiglossa Nees (in Lindl.
Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 444. 1836), Jacobinia Nees (ex Moric. PL
Nouv. Am. 156, t. 92. 1846; in DC. Prodr. 11: 331-333. 1847; Lindau
in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenf. IV, 3b: 351. 1895), and Drejerella
Lindau (in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 222. 1900).

Leonard (The Acanthaceae of Colombia, III, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 31: 324, 488, 650. 1958) placed Beloperone in synonomy under
Justicia but maintained Jacobinia as a separate genus, on the basis
that the thecae of Jacobinia are muticous and "slightly" superposed
while those of Justicia are appendaged and superposed. However,
the thecae of the type specimen of Jacobinia, J. lepida Nees ex
Moric., are conspicuously appendaged. The original description of
Jacobinia reads in part, "... antherae bilocellatae oblongae, basi
profunde sagittatae, locellis in connectivo angusto parallellis utroque
basi calcarato altero paulo demissiore."

Grant (A cytogenetic study in the Acanthaceae, Brittonia 8: 121-
149. 1955) found many species of both Justicia and Jacobinia to have
a 2n chromosome number of 28. The pollen studies of Raj (Pollen
morphological studies in the Acanthaceae, Grana Palynol. 3(1):
3-108. 1961) and Petriella (El Polen de las Acanthaceae Argentinas,
Rev. Mus. La Plata 11, Bot. 53: 51-68. 1968) pointed -out the ex-
tremely close affinity between the two genera.

Raj concluded that "The Justicieae, as far as investigated, seem
to form a homogenous group. All have porate pollen grains (in some
species there is a faint indication of a colpus) and the sexine pattern
is more or less the same." Petriella stated more specifically that
"... Justicia y Jacobinia no se pueden separar por los caracteres
polinicos (aunque puede habeYselo facilmente con caracteres mor-
f o!6gicos externos) . Podria decirse que Jacobinia presenta en general

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III 65

insulas mas pequenas y con un reticulo mas simple, pero esto no es
en modo alguno absolute, ya que existen en ambos ge"neros granos de
polen con caracteristicas similares." He does not explain nor justify
his statement concerning external morphological characters, but it
seems reasonable that it is based on the assumption that other
authors were correct in their assessment of the importance of the
character of the thecae. The observations of Raj and Petriella are
borne out by my own examination of pollen grains of both groups.
I have also found so much variation in thecae placement and append-
ages, as well as width of the connective, that I am convinced it is no
longer practicable to maintain Jacobinia as a separate genus.

The pollen of Drejerella, like that of Justicia comata (L.) Lam.,
J. campechiana Standley, and J. grandifolia D. Gibson (fig. 8A) is
3-porate, and prolate to subprolate, trigonous, presenting quite a
different aspect from the 2-porate, bilateral, often ellipsoidal pollen
grains of the typical Justicia- Jacobinia complex (fig. 8B). However,
the trema area of these exceptions is marked by lines of insulae sur-
rounding the apertures, as in Justicia, and it would be most difficult
to separate the two groups on morphological characters. Breme-
kamp (Delimitation and Subdivision of the Acanthaceae, Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 7: 29. 1965) concluded that the character of the pore
situation between rows of insulae is "apparently of greater taxonomic
value than the number of pores." Dr. W. T. Stearn, of the British
Museum, informs me that as a result of his palynological and other
work, he has decided to incorporate Drejerella in Justicia in the Flora
of Jamaica, and it seems expedient to follow this reasoning in the
"Flora of Guatemala."

Deviating more strongly are the 4-porate pollen grains of J.
ensiflora (Standley) D. Gibson (fig. 9), J. montana (Standley &
Leonard) D. Gibson (fig. 10A), J. multicaulis Donn.-Sm., and J.
silvicola D. Gibson (fig. 10B). Pollen grains of all of these species do
have the characteristic rows of insulae in the trema area, but in J.
ensiflora some of the insulae are apparently fused and the membrane
covering the aperture is verrucose. Although the position of these
species may be uncertain, it seems best to hold them in Justicia for
the present.

In addition to the following several new species, varieties, com-
binations, and names in the genus, a discussion of the variable and
confusing Justicia breviflora (Nees) Rusby is appropriate here and is
therefore included.

66 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

Justicia angustiflora D. Gibson, nom. nov. B eloper onoides
macrantha Oerst. Vid. Medd. 162. 1854. Beloperone macrantha
Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 2: 1111. 1876, non Justicia macrantha
Benth. PI. Hartweg. 78. 1841.

Justicia aurea f. erythrantha (Standl. & Steyerm.) D. Gibson,
comb. nov. Jacobinia umbrosa f . erythrantha Standl. & Steyerm. Field
Mus. Bot. 23: 241. 1947.

Justicia bartlettii (Leonard) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Beloperone
bartlettii Leonard, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 232, /. 18. 1936.

Justicia brenesii (Leonard) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Beloperone
brenesii Leonard, Field Mus. Bot. 18: 1201-1202. 1938.

Justicia breviflora (Nees) Rusby, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 27: 78.
1900. Rhytiglossa breviflora Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 352. 1847 (type,
Linden 184, Mexico). R. ovatifolia Oersted, Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 156. 1855. Dianthera breviflora Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 2:
517. 1882. D. peckii Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 97. 1917 (type
from British Honduras, Peck 722}. D. riparia Blake, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 24: 25. 1922 (type from Izabal, Guatemala, Blake 7800).
Justicia peckii Standley, Field Mus. Bot. 12: 369. 1936.

Neither Leonard nor Standley was consistent in placing material
in J. breviflora or in the species which they sometimes segregated.
Leonard had under study a plant on which he had put an as yet
unpublished name, but at that time he also had available to him in
his herbarium identical specimens which he had determined as J.
breviflora and which closely resemble the description and the type-
photograph (F.M. Neg. 22192) of Rhytiglossa ovatifolia Oersted.

According to Nees' original description, the corollas of J. breviflora
are relatively short, 10-11 mm. (5 lines) long, and the leaves have
8-9 pairs of lateral veins. Corollas pictured in the photograph of the
type specimen, Linden 184 (F.M. Neg. 26570), measure 15-16 mm.
long; the leaves do have nine pairs of veins. All but one of the
specimens examined with the right number (8 to 10 pairs) of lateral
veins, have corollas 18-23 mm. long, usually sparsely pubescent.
The exception is Goll 257, with glabrous corollas 14-15 mm. long on
one inflorescence and 18 mm. long on another. Guatemalan plants
with glabrous corollas 10-16 mm. long, J. peckii, match most closely
the original description and the type-photograph of J. breviflora
except that they have leaves with only 5-7 pairs of lateral veins.
Pollen from plants of both extremes looks much the same.

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III 67

Plants in this complex are quite variable in leaf shape and size and
in length of calyces and corollas. If one had only the extremes, it
would be relatively easy to separate those specimens with corollas
18-23 mm. long and broad leaves acute or attenuate to the base,
from those with corollas 10-15 mm. long and narrow leaves rounded
at the base. With almost complete intergradation between the two
extremes, it seems best to place them under a single specific name.

Justicia californica (Benth.) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Beloperone
californica Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 38. 1844.

Justicia californica var. conferta (Brandg.) D. Gibson, comb,
nov. Beloperone californica var. conferta Brandg. Proc. Cal. Acad.
ser. 2: 194. 1889.

Justicia chamaephyton D. Gibson, nom. nov. Beloperone
variegata Lindau in Pittier, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica 9: 188.
1898; Prim. Fl. Costaricensis 2: 315. 1900, non Justicia variegata
Aubl. PI. Guiana 1: 12, t. 4- 1775.

Leonard (in Standley, Flora of Costa Rica, Field Mus. Bot. 18:
1203. 1938) placed Streblacanthus chirripensis Lindau in synonomy
with B. variegata. However, the leaf bases of the former are described
as "sensim angustata" and the flowers as "lilacini," while the leaf
bases of our plant are rounded, and the corollas yellow.

Justicia corynimorpha D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae erectae vel decumbentes usque ad 60 cm. altae; folia anguste oblonga,
lanceolato-oblonga vel elliptica, acuminata, basi attenuata, glabra; inflorescentiae
terminales vel axillares, spicatae vel subcapitatae; bracteae clavatae vel spatulatae;
calyx quinquilobatus, 5-8 mm. longus; corolla lavandula, 2-2.5 cm. longa; theca
infera leviter calcarata; pollen biporatum; capsula puberula, 1-1.5 cm. longa.

Erect or decumbent, sparsely branched herbs to 60 cm. tall, the stems glabrous;
leaves short-petiolate, the blades narrowly oblong, lanceolate-oblong or elliptic,
mostly 4-12 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide (rarely linear and only 0.3 mm. wide),
acuminate, attenuate to the base, glabrous, the cystoliths conspicuous; inflores-
cences terminal or axillary, spicate or subcapitate; bracts clavate to spathulate,
7-13 mm. long, short-pubescent or glabrate, sometimes glandular, rarely ciliolate;
bracteoles similar but smaller; calyx segments 5, narrowly linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 5-8 mm. long, usually glabrous, sometimes ciliolate; corolla lavender
or purple, 2-2.5 cm. long, somewhat pubescent or glabrate outside, the tube more
or less ampliate; stamens about equalling the lips of the corolla, the thecae about
2 mm. long, one below the other on the connective, at least the lower one minutely
calcarate; pollen 2-porate, bilateral (fig. 7A); capsule puberulent, 1-1.5 cm. long,
the seeds subglobose, minutely puberulent.

68 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

Guatemala: Jutiapa, between Jutiapa and La Burrera, 800-850
m., Standley 75969, type (F) ; Chiquimula, llanos around Ipala, alt.
900 m., Steyermark 30317; Escuintla, Aguilar 1687, 1700; Retalhuleu,
alt. 240 m., Standley 88764; Santa Rosa, about 325 m., Standley
79701; Suchitepe"quez, Cocales, alt. 215 m., Standley 62101; Zacapa,
in plaza at Teculutan, 250-275 m., Steyermark 42104. Mexico:
Paderon, Tonala, Chiapas, Matuda 16931; Honduras: in shrub forest
near San Lorenzo, Depto. Valle, alt. 30 m., Williams & Molina
10783; Nicaragua: Depto. Zelaya, Molina 2240, 2348, 2432.

Differs from J. carthagenensis Jacq. in its narrow leaves, clavate
bracts, shorter calyces and corollas, and shorter capsules. Pollen
grains of J. carthagenensis and J. corynimorpha are very similar, but
the insulae surrounding the apertures in the trema areas of J. coryni-
morpha are fewer and a little more widely spaced.

Justicia eburnea D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Frutex 2-6 m.; folia oblongo-elliptica vel oblongo-ovata, acuminata, basi
cuneata; inflorescentiae paniculatae spici pauciflorae; bracteae subulatae, minutae;
lobi calyces 4, glabri, 3-4 mm. longi; corolla eburnea, 3 cm. longa; thecae anthera-
rum 2 mm. longae, calcaratae; pollen biporatum; capsula glabra, 1 cm. longa.

Shrubs 2-6 m. tall, glabrous throughout; leaves on petioles 0.3-2.5 cm. long,
the blades oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, acuminate, acute to cuneate at the
base, mostly 6-16 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, often blackening when dry; inflorescences
short, terminal or axillary panicles composed of few-flowered spikes; bracts sub-
ulate, minute; calyx segments 4, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 mm. long,
glabrous; corolla creamy-white, sometimes greenish near base of tube, about 3 cm.
long, the lips nearly half as long as the tube, the posterior one entire, the anterior
trilobate, the tube about 3 mm. wide; stamens about as long as the corolla, anthers
about 2 mm. long, one theca only slightly lower than the other on the connective,
calcarate; pollen 2-porate, isopolar, bilateral (fig. 7B); capsule about 1 cm. long,
glabrous, containing 4 compressed, suborbicular, verrucose seeds.

Guatemala: Izabal, Rio Dulce, 1-3 m., 2-4 miles west of Liv-
ingston, Steyermark 39535, type (F) ; Alta Verapaz, 6-8 miles north-
west of Cubilguitz, 210-250 m., Steyermark 45023; Pete'n, Cerro
Ceibal, between mouth of Rio Santa M6nica and mouth of Rio San
Martin, on left side of Rio Cancuen, 75-150 m., Steyermark 46109.

These plants have been confused with J. bartlettii (Leonard) D.
Gibson, which has bracts 5-6 mm. long, pilosulous calyces 7-12 mm.
long, pale yellow to buff corollas, the tubes 4-5 mm. wide, and thecae
conspicuously superposed, one considerably lower than the other on
the connective.

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III 69

Justicia effusa D. Gibson, nom. nov. Beloperone steyermarkii
Leonard, Fieldiana: Botany 28: 555. 1953. Justicia steyermarkii
Leonard, Contr. U. S. Herb. 31: 523. 1958, non Justicia steyer-
markii Standley & Leonard, Field Mus. Bot. 23: 243, /. 4. 1947.

Justicia ensiflora (Standley) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Jacobinia
ensiflora Standley, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 45. 1930.

The surface of the 4-porate pollen grains is marked by rows of
large, densely arranged insulae (fig. 9A) and the membrane covering
the apertures is conspicuously verrucose (fig. 9B).

Justicia flava D. Gibson, nom. nov. Beloperone aurea Leonard,
Cam. Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 233, /. 19. 1936, non Justicia aurea
(Rose) Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 675. 1897.

Justicia graciliflora (Standley) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Belo-
perone graciliflora Standley, Contr. Arn. Arb. 5: 142, t. 20. 1933.

Justicia grandifolia D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Frutex usque ad 1.75 m.; folia elliptica vel lanceolato-oblonga, acuminata,
glabra, basi attenuata, 20-35 cm. longa; inflorescentia terminalis, pedunculata,
spicata, anguste thyrsiformis; bracteae lineari-oblongae vel ellipticae; lobi calyces
5, lineares vel lineari-lanceolati, acuminati, 10-12 mm. longi, ciliati; corolla flava,
plus minusve 5 cm. longa; thecae antherarum 3 mm. longae, calcaratae; capsula
ignota.

Suffruticose plants to 1.75 m. tall, the stems bifariously pubescent or almost
wholly glabrous; leaves subsessile or on petioles only 0.5 cm. long, the blades
elliptic to lance-oblong, short-acuminate, attenuate to the base, 20-35 cm. long,
7-9 cm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, the margins entire, the cystoliths small
but numerous and conspicuous; inflorescences terminal, pedunculate, spicate,
appearing narrowly thyrsiform, 24-28 cm. long; bracts linear-oblong to elliptic,
obtuse, 12-13 mm. long, minutely puberulent or glabrate, ciliate; bracteoles similar
but smaller; calyx segments 5, linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 10-12 mm.
long, ciliate; corolla pale yellow, about 5 cm. long, bilabiate, the lips tinged with
green, the upper one minutely bifid, the lower one minutely trilobate; stamens
about equalling the corolla, the anthers about 3 mm. long, calcarate, one theca
below the other on the connective; pollen trigonous, 3-porate, with one row of
insulae on either side of each aperture (fig. 8A); capsule unknown.

Guatemala: Izabal, damp, forested slopes, 300-900 m., Steyer-
mark ^2001, type (F).

This plant has been confused with J. magniflora (Leonard) D.
Gibson, which has leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. long, the blades with
crenulate margins, bracts only 7-8 mm. long, and calyx lobes only
5-6 mm. long.

70 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

Justicia macrantha var. piliformis D. Gibson, var. nov.

Frutices, rami pilosi aut glabrati; folia ovata vel lanceolata, acuminata, supra
sparse pilosa vel glabrata, infra dense pilosa, glabrescentes, vulgo ciliata; inflores-
centiae cymosae, subsessiles aut pedunculatae, pedunculi, pedicelli pilosi; bracteae
pubescentes, ciliatae; corolla rubra, 5-5.5 cm. longa; stamina corolla subaequi-
longa; thecae reniformes.

Branching shrubs, 3-4 m. tall, the stems and branches pilose or the branches
glabrate in age; leaves on petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the blades thin, ovate to lan-
ceolate, acuminate at the apex, often abruptly so, rounded at base and abruptly
decurrent on the petiole, mostly 5-13 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, sparsely pilose or
glabrate above, densely pilose beneath when young, usually sparsely so in age, the
margins often conspicuously ciliate; inflorescences axillary and terminal, cymose,
subsessile or on peduncles to 0.5 cm. long, the peduncles and pedicels densely pilose;
bracts and bracteoles triangular to lanceolate, acute, 2-4 mm. long, pubescent,
ciliate; corollas red, 5-5.5 cm. long, the tube glabrous outside, the lips pubescent
outside on the upper portions, 2-2.5 cm. long, the posterior lip bidentate, the
anterior lip trilobate, spreading, about 0.8 cm. wide; stamens equalling or slightly
longer than the posterior lip, the thecae curved, converging at the tips but diverg-
ing at the base, the connective 1.5-2 mm. wide; capsule unknown.

Guatemala: Mixed forest above Lake Atitlan, about 3-5 km.
west of Panajachel, Solola, 2,100 m., Williams, Molina and Williams
2531 4, type (F).

In addition to the indument which distinguishes this variety from
the glabrous J. macrantha, it also differs in its shorter, broader leaves,
its shorter inflorescences, and its lanceolate, acute calyx lobes.

Justicia magniflora (Blake) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Dicliptera
magniflora Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 98. 1917 (type from British
Honduras, Peck 622a). Beloperone crenata Standley, Carn. Inst.
Wash. Publ. 461: 88. 1935, non Jacobinia crenata Leonard, Field
Mus. Bot. 18: 1223. 1938. Beloperone magniflora Leonard, Carn.
Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 234. 1936.

Justicia montana (Standley & Leonard) D. Gibson, comb. nov.
Beloperone montana Standley & Leonard, Field Mus. Bot. 23: 239.
1947.

Pollen grains are prolate, 4-porate, with rows of insulae surround-
ing the apertures (fig. 10A).

Justicia pedicellata D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Frutices usque ad 2 m. vel ultrae, folia lanceolata, lanceolato-oblonga vel
elliptica, acuminata, basi attenuata, glabra; inflorescentia axillaris vel terminalis,
subumbelliformis; flores pedicellati, pedicelli 2-5 cm. longi; bracteae ovatae vel

FIG. 4. Justida pedicellata. A, habit, X Y%\ B, detail of pedicels in umbelli-
form arrangement, X 1^; C, section of flowering branch with flower, X 1; D,
corolla with stamens and style, X 2J^; E, upper lip of corolla and exserted an-
thers, X 4; F, opened bracts showing bracteoles, calyx, and capsule with seeds,
X 2Vo.

71

72 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

lanceolatae, acuminatae, glabrae, 12-24 mm. longae et 7-12 mm. latae, basi
subcordatae; bracteolae lanceolatae vel ellipticae; calyces lobi 5, lineares vel
lineari-lanceolati, glabri, acuminati, 6-7 mm. longi; corolla rubra, plus minusve 3.5
cm. longa; stamina corolla subaequilonga, thecae antherarum 2-2.5 mm. longae;
pollen biporatum; capsula glabra, 10-12 mm. longa; semina complanata, puberula.

Branching shrubs 2 m. tall or more, the stems and branches terete, glabrous;
leaves on glabrous petioles 0.2-1 cm. long, the blades lanceolate, lance-oblong,
or elliptic, 3-9 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate to long-acuminate, attenuate to
the base, glabrous on both surfaces, the cystoliths conspicuous; inflorescences
axillary or terminal, the flowers on erect pedicels 2-5 cm. long, solitary or 2-several
in an umbelliform arrangement; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 12-24 mm. long, 7-12
mm. wide, acuminate to long-acuminate, the base rounded to subcordate, venose,
glabrous; bracteoles lanceolate or elliptic, about 10 mm. long, ciliolate; calyx lobes
5, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-7 mm. long, glabrous; corolla red, about
3.5 cm. long, the tube only slightly ampliate above, minutely pubescent outside,
the lips 10-13 mm. long, the posterior lip bidentate, the anterior one trilobate, the
lobes 1 mm. long, acute; stamens almost equalling the corolla, the filaments in-
serted below the throat, the anthers 2-2.5 mm. long, one theca below the other on
the connective, at least the lower one calcarate; pollen 2-porate, ellipsoidal, iso-
polar, bilateral; style exserted, the stigma minutely bilobate; capsule 10-12 mm.
long, glabrous; seeds compressed, puberulous.

Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, Samac to Chama, about 1,200 m.,
Harry Johnson 780, type (F) ; between Finca Chimote" near Rubeltein
and Finca Cubilgiiitz, 300-500 m., Steyermark 44196; Cacao, Finca
Trece Aguas, alt. ca. 300 m., G. P. Goll 103.

Justicia pedicellata resembles the Brazilian J. thunbergioides
(Lindau) Leonard. However, according to the photograph of the
type of the latter (F.M. Neg. 8949, Malme 3026), and the original
description of Beloperone thunbergioides Lindau (Bull. Herb. Boiss.
ser. 2, 5: 372. 1905), the leaves are broadly ovate, the bracts short-
acuminate, the pedicels puberulent and only 1-1.5 cm. long, the
sepals 10 mm. long, and the capsule 18 mm. long.

Justicia pilifera D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae ramosae usque 2 m. altae, omnino pilosae; folia lanceolata vel lanceo-
lato-elliptica, acuminata, basi acuta; inflorescentiae axillares et terminates,
cymosae vel breviter spicatae; calyx 4-lobatus lobi lineari vel anguste lineari-
lanceolati, acuminati, glanduloso-pubescentes, 5-10 mm. longi; corolla alba, 3-4
cm. longa; theca infera conspicue calcarata; pollen biporatum; capsula glabra,
15-18 mm. longa.

Branching shrubs to 2 m. tall, about 8 cm. in diameter at the base, more or less
pubescent throughout, densely so on uppermost stems; leaves short-petiolate, the
blades lanceolate to lance-elliptic, acuminate, acute at base, mostly 6-12 cm. long,
1-5 cm. wide, the margins undulate or entire, sparsely pubescent or glabrate above
or the pubescence confined to costae and veins, softly and usually densely pubes-
cent beneath; inflorescences axillary and terminal, the flowers sessile or on short

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III 78

pedicels in cymes or in short, few-flowered spikes, the rachis usually less than 3 cm.
long, densely pubescent; bracts and bracteoles subulate, 3-5 mm. long, pubescent;
calyx segments 4, linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, accrescent, 5-10
mm. long, glandular-pubescent; corolla white or white spotted with buff, 3-4 cm.
long, somewhat fusiform in bud, the tube slender, scarcely ampliate above, more or
less pubescent with both glandular and eglandular hairs, the lips 1-1.5 cm. long,
the upper one minutely bifid, the lower one very shallowly trilobate; stamens
about equalling the upper lip, filaments puberulent, inserted near base of corolla
tube, the anthers bithecous, 1-1.5 mm. long, the lower theca conspicuously cal-
carate; pollen 2-porate, isopolar, bilateral; style filamentous, glabrous; ovary
glabrous; disc conspicuous, irregularly lobate; capsule glabrous, clavate, stipiform
at base, 15-18 mm. long, containing 4 lenticular, pubescent seeds.

Guatemala: En foresta alta, en orillando el camino para El
Remata, a km. 66, lado poniente, Parque Nacional de Tikal, about
200 m., Rolando Tun Ortiz 1529, type (F).

This plant superficially resembles J. eburnea D. Gibson, which is
glabrous throughout and also differs in its larger leaves, 6-16 cm.
long, 2-7 cm. wide, shorter calyces, 3-4 mm. long, and shorter
corollas, 2.5-3 cm. long.

Justicia purpusii (Brandg.) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Beloperone
purpusi Brandegee, Zoe 5: 172. 1903.

Justicia silvicola D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae simplices aut leviter ramosae glabrae, 50-60 cm. altae; folia lanceolato-
elliptica vel elliptico-ovata, acuminata; inflorescentiae subcapitatae, terminates vel
axillares; bracteae clavatae vel spatulatae, 8-11 mm. longae; calyx 5-6 mm. longus,
quinquelobatus, lobi lineari, acuminati; corolla alba, plus minusve 2 cm. longa;
theca infera conspicue calcarata; pollen prolatum, quadriporatum; capsula clavata,
plus minusve 1 cm. longa; semina 4, compressa.

Simple or sparsely branching herbs 50-60 cm. tall, the stems glabrous; leaves
on petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, the blades lanceolate-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, mostly
5-12 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, acuminate, attenuate or acute at the base, glabrous,
conspicuously paler beneath, the cystoliths numerous; inflorescences subcapitate,
terminal or axillary; bracts clavate to spathulate, glabrous, 8-11 mm. long,
bracteoles similar but smaller; calyx 5-6 mm. long, the 5 segments linear, acumi-
nate, glabrous; corolla white, glabrous, about 2 cm. long; stamens about equalling
the lips, the anthers 1.5-2 mm. long, thecae one below the other on the connective,
the lower one conspicuously calcarate; pollen 4-porate, the insulae scattered and
the rows widely spaced (fig. 10B) ; capsules clavate, stipitate, glabrous, about 1 cm.
long, containing 4 compressed, ovate, minutely puberulent seeds borne on truncate
retinacula.

Guatemala: Izabal, Cerro San Gil, uppermost ridges and summit,
1,200-1,300 m., Steyermark ^1984, type (F).

74 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

The bracts and corollas resemble those of J. corynimorpha D.
Gibson and the leaves in shape and size are similar to those of J.
carthagenensis Jacq. However, the capsules of both of those species
are puberulent, and the seeds are subglobose instead of compressed.

Justicia straminea D. Gibson, nom. nov. Beloperone pringlei
Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 160. 1890 (Pringle 25^8, type, Nuevo
Le6n, Mexico), non Justicia pringlei Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 26:
173. 1891.

Justicia sulfurea (Donn.-Sm.) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Dian-
thera sulfurea Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 35: 6. 1903.

This species is known only from the type collection, Santa Rosa,
Guatemala, 1,200 m., Heyde & Lux 6215. The lectotype specimen is
U. S. National Museum No. 1320313. The muticous thecae are more
or less divergent, one being placed higher than the other on the con-
nective; the pollen grains are 2-porate and bilateral.

Justicia tenera (Turrill) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Beloperone
tenera Turrill, Kew Bull. 1922: 187. 1922 (type from Trinidad, W. L,
R. 0. Williams). B. fragilis Robins, (non Mart.) Proc. Am. Acad.
27: 183. 1892 (type from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, C. G. Pringle
3933).

The pollen grains are 2-porate, bilateral, isopolar, with 2 rows of
insulae on either side of each aperture.

Justicia tinctoria (Hemsl.) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Serico-
graphis tinctoria Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 150. 1855.
Jacobinia tinctoria Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 2: 522. 1882.

The pollen grains are 2-porate, isopolar, and bilateral, with 2 rows
of insulae on either side of each aperture (fig. 8B).

Justicia urophylla (Lindau) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Beloperone
urophylla Lindau in Pittier, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica 9:
189. 1898; Prim. Fl. Costaricensis 2: 316. 1900.

The pollen grains are 2-porate, isopolar, bilateral.

ODONTONEMA Nees

Odontonema hondurensis (Lindau) D. Gibson, comb. nov.
Diateinacanthus hondurensis Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2(5): 369.
1905. 0. paniculiferum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 104. 1917.

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III 75

Although the inflorescences of Diateinacanthus form lax panicles
instead of narrow, racemiform panicles, other morphological charac-
ters are the same. This transfer is further justified by pollen studies
showing the pollen grains of Diateinacanthus and Odontonema to be
identical, both 3-colporate, subprolate, with a granular membrane,
the sexine reticulate.

POIKILACANTHUS Lindau

Poikilacanthus pansamalanus (Donn.-Sm.) D. Gibson, comb,
nov. Beloperone pansamalana Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 13: 75. 1888.

This species, known only from the type locality, 1,300 m.,
Pansamala, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (Tuerckheim 732, type), super-
ficially resembles plants in the Justicia-Jacobinia complex. How-
ever, the anisophyllous leaves and the polyporate pollen grains that
are covered with densely spaced polygonal insulae (fig. 11), definitely
place it in Poikilacanthus.

Poikilacanthus skutchii D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Frutices debiles usque ad 2 m. alti; folia elliptica vel lanceolato-elliptica aut
ovato-elliptica abrupte acuminata basi attenuata; inflorescentiae terminales
cymosae breviter pedunculatae pauciflorae, flores sessiles vel breviter pedicellati;
bracteaespathulatae; lobi calyces 5, lineari-oblongi, acuti; corolla rubra 4-4.5 cm.
longa; stamina corolla subaequilonga, thecae calcaratae; pollen polyporatum
prolatum, insulae obtectae; capsula glabra, semina 4.

Weak shrubs to 2 m. tall, the stems and young branches pubescent or glabrate;
leaves anisophyllous, on petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the blades elliptic to lance-
elliptic or rarely ovate-elliptic, apex usually abruptly acuminate, attenuate to the
base, glabrous or with some scattered pubescence along the veins; inflorescence
terminal, cymose, short-pedunculate, the flowers few, sessile or short-pedicellate;
bracts spathulate, 7-9 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, more or less glandular-puberu-
lent; bracteoles similar but a little smaller; calyx lobes 5, linear-oblong, acute, 6-7
mm. long; corolla red, 4-4.5 cm. long, only a little ampliate above, pubescent out-
side, the lips 1.5-2 cm. long, the posterior lip shortly bilobate, the anterior one
trilobate, the lobes about 2 mm. long; stamens about equalling the corolla lips, the
filaments attached below the throat; anthers 2-3 mm. long, one theca lower than
the other on the connective, both minutely calcarate; pollen polyporate, prolate,
covered with densely spaced polygonal insulae; style exserted, the stigma obscurely
bilobate; capsule glabrous, about 1.5 cm. long, containing 4 smooth, compressed,
orbicular seeds.

Guatemala: Quezaltenango, Volcan Zunil, 2,400 m., Skutch 936,
type (F) ; San Marcos, wet forest, Barranco Eminencia, above San
Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, 2,100-2,400 m., Standley 68650; between
San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta and Palo Gordo, alt. 1,800-2,400 m.,

CO

•s

2

I

76

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III 77

Williams, Molina, & Williams 25965, 25771, and 26285; montane
cloud forest area on outer slopes of Tajumulco Volcano, Sierra Madre
Mountains, about 2,300 m., Williams et al. 26968.

These plants have been misidentified in herbaria as Beloperone
pansamalana Donn.-Sm. (= Poikilacanthus pansamalanus (Donn.-
Sm.) D. Gibson), which has bracts that are cuneiform above, taper-
ing abruptly to a clawlike base, and thecae that are curved, muticous,
and remote from each other on the connective.

RAZISEA Oersted

Razisea breviflora D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae usque ad 80 cm. vel ultrae; caules leviter pubescentes; folia oblongo-
ovata vel elliptica acuminata basi rotundata vel acuta subtus pubescentia aut
subpubescentia; inflorescentia anguste thyrsiformis, rachis dense puberulens, flores
numerosi, cymae bi-triflorae; bracteae lanceolatae, puberulentes. 7-10 mm. longae;
calyx base puberulens, segmenta linearia acuta 7-8 mm. longa; corolla aurantiaca
2.5 cm. longa tubo ampliato; stamina 2 longe exserta, antherae monothecae
muticae, 4 mm. longae; capsula ignota.

Herbaceous plants to 80 cm. or more tall, the stems more or less pubescent;
leaves on puberulent petioles 1-4 cm. long, the blades oblong-ovate to elliptic,
acuminate, rounded or acute at base, 6-12 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, pubescent be-
neath on costae and veins, glabrate or with some scattered pubescence on both
surfaces, with about 7 pairs of lateral veins; inflorescence terminal, narrowly
thyrsiform, subtended by a pair of greatly reduced, sessile or subsessile leaves, the
rachis densely puberulent; the flowers numerous, short-pedicellate, in 2-3-flowered
cymes; bracts lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, bracteoles similar but smaller, both very
minutely puberulent; calyx 7-8 mm. long, minutely puberulent, at least near the
base, the segments narrowly linear, acute; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, orange-
yellow, the tube slightly curved, gradually ampliate, the throat about 5 mm. broad,
the upper lip narrow, 5-6 mm. long, minutely fimbriate, the lower lip broad, very
shallowly trilobate; stamens 2, long-exserted, the anthers monothecous, linear-
oblong, muticous, about 4 mm. long; pollen 2-porate, bilateral, spheroidal, the
sexine verrucose with blunt spines; style filiform, exserted, the stigma minutely
bifid; capsule unknown.

Costa Rica: Dense, wet forest, south slope of Volc£n Barba, Prov.
Heredia, 1,950 m., Hatheway 1270, type (F).

Differs from R. spicata Oerst. in its much smaller leaves and
smaller flowers with orange-yellow corollas; the corollas of R. spicata
are bright red, 4-6 cm. long. R. citrina D. Gibson (described below)
has a broader inflorescence composed of pedunculate, compound
cymes, and lemon yellow corollas 3.5-4.5 cm. long.

78 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

Razisea citrina D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae usque ad 2 m., glabrae; folia inflorescentiae ovata sessiles aut subses-
siles; folia caulium petiolata, lanceolata vel lanceolato-ovata aut late elliptica
acuminata glabra; inflorescentia late thyrsiformis vel anguste paniculata, flores
numerosi cymae bi-triflorae; pedicelli 5-15 mm. longi; bracteae subulatae; calyx
glabrum, segmenta linearia acuminata, 8-10 mm. longa; corolla citrina glabra
3.5-4.5 cm. longa, tubo ampliato; stamina 2 longe exserta, antherae monothecae
muticae 5 mm. longae; capsula glabra 2.5 cm. longa; semina 4 lentiformes ver-
rucosa.

Herbaceous plants to 2 m. tall; glabrous throughout; one or more pairs of
leaves subtending the inflorescence, ovate, sessile or subsessile, often more or less
clasping, one pair much reduced, sometimes only about 2 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide,
the other pair 4-12 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, the lower leaves petiolate, the blades
broadly lanceolate, lance-ovate, or broadly elliptic, 14-18 cm. long, 5-9 cm. wide,
acuminate, acute or attenuate to the base, with 12-13 pairs of lateral veins,
glabrous on both surfaces; inflorescences terminal, pedunculate, the flowers
arranged in cymes, these branching and forming broad thyrses or narrow panicles
20-30 cm. long, 5-7 cm. broad, each cyme usually 2-3-flowered; pedicels 5-15 mm.
long; bracts subulate, 3-5 mm. long, bracteoles 1-2.5 mm. long; calyx 8-10 mm.
long, glabrous, the segments narrowly linear, acuminate; corolla lemon-yellow,
glabrous, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, the tube curved, gradually ampliate, the throat 5-11
mm. wide near the top, the upper lip 7-9 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, acute, appearing
entire but actually very minutely fimbriate, the lower lip broad, shallowly trilobate,
the lobes ovate, acute; stamens 2, long-exserted, the anthers monothecous, linear-
oblong, muticous, about 5 mm. long; pollen 2-porate, bilateral, spheroidal, the
sexine verrucose with blunt spines; style filiform, exserted, stigma minutely bifid;
capsule glabrous, slender-clavate, about 2.5 cm. long, the stipiform portion about
1.5 cm. long, containing 4 lenticular, verrucose seeds.

Costa Rica: Evergreen forest between Agua Buena and San Vito
de Java, Prov. Puntarenas, 1,200 m., Jimenez 24.75, type (F).

Differs from R. spicata Oerst. and R. breviflora D. Gibson in its
much broader inflorescences composed of pedunculate compound
cymes; further, the corollas of R. spicata are bright red, 4-6 cm. long,
while those of R. breviflora are orange-yellow and only 2.5 cm. long.

RUELLIA L.

Ruellia abbreviata D. Gibson, nom. nov. Cryphiacanthus
lacteus var. acaulis Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 198. 1847. Ruellia lactea
Cav. var. acaulis Hemsley, Biol. Cent. Am. 2: 506. 1882, non R.
acaulis R. Browne, Nees, Badillo, nee Ruiz ex Nees.

Nees var. acaulis is distinct from R. lactea but requires a new name
when raised to specific rank.

Nees cited two specimens under Cryphiacanthus lacteus var.
acaulis. The first, Erenberg 627, was in Berlin. The second, Galeotti

GIBSON: AMERICAN PLANTS, III 79

91 3, from Oaxaca, Mexico, is in Kew; inasmuch as the first specimen
cited has presumably been destroyed, I select the second as lectotype.

Ruellia latibracteata D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae suffruticosae usque ad 2 m.; caules teretia; folia late lanceolata vel
oblongo-lanceolata acuminata glabra; inflorescentiae spicatae terminales pedun-
culatae confertiflorae; bracteae ovatae late ovatae vel orbiculares breviter acumina-
tae 1-2 cm. longae, venosae ciliatae; bracteolae lanceolatae vel falcatae, acuminatae
vel abrupte caudato-acuminatae, 1-1.5 cm. longae longe ciliatae; lobi calyces 5, 4-6
mm. longi lineares longe ciliati; corolla atrorosea, 4-5 cm. longa; anthera 3 mm.
longa; capsula late obovata, semina lentiformes, 8-10.

Suffruticose plants 1-2 m. tall, branching, the stems terete, bifariously pubes-
cent or glabrate; leaves on petioles 1.5-6 cm. long, the blades broadly lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or acute at base and often abruptly decur-
rent on the petiole, mostly 8-15 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, glabrous, the cystoliths
numerous; inflorescences terminal, spicate, the peduncles about 0.5 cm. long, the
spikes 2-7 cm. long, densely flowered; bracts ovate, broadly ovate, or orbicular,
short-acuminate, mostly 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, venose, usually ciliate;
bracteoles lanceolate to falcate, 1-1.5 cm. long, acuminate to abruptly caudate-
acuminate, conspicuously long-ciliate; calyx 4-6 mm. long, the 5 segments linear,
acuminate, long-ciliate; corolla rose-red or rose-purple, puberulent outside, 4-5
cm. long, the narrow basal portion of the tube a little shorter than the rather
abruptly dilated throat, the limb about 1 cm. long, the lobes ciliolate; stamens a
little exserted, the anthers about 3 mm. long; pollen 3-porate, spheroidal; style
pubescent; capsule broadly obovate, short-stipitate, pubescent, containing 8-10
lenticular, pale-marginate seeds 3-4 mm. long.

Honduras: Depto. Paraiso, bosque de nubes de Montana Apauhis
sobre Danli, 1,600 m., Molina 5119, type (F); trail, Danli to Finca
Emilia, Carlson 256 4; Depto. Olancho, 500-900 m., Molina 8385,
Standley 1831*6 and 18571*; Depto. Yoro, 1,100 m., Molina 6885.

Sometimes confused in herbaria with R. matagalpae Lindau,
which has leaflike bracts 3-4 cm. long, calyces 9-13 mm. long, and
corollas with the basal portion of the tube much longer than the
ampliate throat.

Ruellia longissima D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae suffruticosae usque ad 1.5 m. altae, caules quadrangulares pubescentes;
folia oblongo-elliptica, acuminata, basi attenuata; inflorescentiae cymae pauciflorae,
pedunculi perlongi; lobi calyces 5, lineari acuminati glandulari-pubescentes; corolla
lavandula aut alba, 2-2.5 cm. longa; stamina inclusa; capsula clavata, glandulosi-
puberulens; semina lentiformes, 6-8.

Erect, suffruticose, branching plants to 1.5 m. tall, the stems more or less
quadrangular, pubescent; leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. long, the blades oblong-elliptic,
mostly 9-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, acuminate, attenuate to the base and some-
what decurrent on the petiole, glabrous above, pubescent beneath on costae and

80 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

veins, the margins entire or somewhat undulate; inflorescences axillary, simple or
branching, the peduncles commonly 15-30 cm. long, conspicuously angled, pubes-
cent or puberulent, the flowers sessile or short-pedicellate in usually 3-4-flowered
cymes, the cymes sometimes clustered and the inflorescence then appearing fas-
ciculate; bracts subtending the inflorescence foliaceous, linear or narrowly elliptic,
0.5-1 cm. long, the involucral bracts short, unequal, the outer ones linear-oblong,
2-3 mm. long, the inner ones narrowly triangular, 1-2 mm. long; calyx 4-6 mm.
long, the 5 segments linear, acuminate, glandular-pubescent, often reflexed in age;
corolla lavender or white with lavender lobes, 2-2.5 cm. long, more or less pubescent
outside, the narrow basal portion of the tube equalling or a little shorter than the
abruptly ampliate throat; stamens included, the anthers about 1 mm. long; pollen
3-porate, spheroidal; style more or less pubescent, capsules 1-1.4 cm. long, clavate,
glandular-puberulent, containing 6-8 lenticular seeds about 2 mm. in diameter.

Costa Rica: Pcia. Lim6n, 250 m., unos 2.5 km. al Este de
Guapiles, Jimenez 2098, type (F); en bosque vecino al Rio Toro
Amarillo, a 5.5 km. al So. del Guapiles, Pcia. Lim6n, 300 m., Jimenez
1033.

Sometimes confused with R. stemonacanthoides (Oerst.) Hemsley,
which has shorter peduncles (2-10 cm. long), much larger flowers (the
calyces 6-10 mm. long, and corollas 3-4.5 cm. long), with the slender
lower portion of the corolla tube longer than the throat, and larger
capsules (1.5-2 cm. long) usually containing about 12 seeds.

Ruellia longissima var. glabra D. Gibson, var. nov.

A R. longissima differt glabra, foliis brevioribus et latioribus, ovatis vel ellip-
tico-ovatis.

Differs from R. longissima in its glabrous stems, leaves, calyces, corollas, and
capsules, and in its shorter, broader leaves that are ovate to elliptic-ovate, 7-14
cm. long and 4.5-7 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, but rounded at the base.

Costa Rica: Prov. Puntarenas, floodplain forest near the Tinoco
Station, 100 ft. area between the Rio Esquinas and Palmar, Paul H.
Allen 5481, type (F); alt. 30 m., between Golfo Dulce and Rio
Te"rraba, Skutch 5287 and 5835.

Ruellia longituba D. Gibson, nom. nov. Cryphiacanthus
macrosiphon Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 198. 1847. Ruellia macrosiphon
Donn.-Sm. Enum. PI. Guat. 1: 32. 1889, non Ruellia macrosiphon
Kurz, Journ. Royal As. Soc. Bengal 42: 92. 1873.

FIG. 6. (opposite) Ruellia pratensis. A, habit, X M; B, complete flower and
one corolla opened to show stamens, X 1 1A (inset shows detail of anthers, greatly
enlarged); C, bracts and calyx enclosing pistil, X 2 (detail of stigma greatly en-
larged); D, bracts and calyx enclosing immature capsule, X 1^; E, seed, X 15.

81

82 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 34

Ruellia pratensis D. Gibson, sp. nov.

Herbae suffruticosae erectae vel ascendentes pilosae usque ad 20 cm. £ folia
ovata acuta vel obtusa pilosa, subsessiles vel breviter petiolata; inflorescentiae
sessiles; bracteae anguste lanceolatae; lobi calyces 5, anguste lineari, pilosi; corolla
3-4 cm. longa; stamina inclusa; capsula glabra, ellipsoidea, ca. 14 mm. longa.

Erect or ascending, herbaceous or suffruticose perennials, commonly 10-20
cm. tall, more or less pilose throughout; leaves subsessile to short-petiolate, the
blades ovate or broadly ovate, mostly 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acute or obtuse,
acute at base or sometimes rather abruptly decurrent on the petiole, sparsely or
densely pilose on both surfaces, the margins entire or somewhat crenate-undulate;
inflorescences axillary and terminal, sessile; bracts narrowly lanceolate, mostly
3-8 mm. long; calyx 14-18 mm. long, the 5 segments narrowly linear, alxly long-
pilose; corolla 3-4 cm. long, pubescent outside, the narrow part of the tube about 1
cm. long; stamens included; pollen 3-porate, spheroidal; style pubescent; capsule
glabrous, ellipsoidal, about 14 mm. long, containing 8-9 lenticular seeds.

Guatemala: praderas de Guatemala, 1,400 m., Tonduz 620, type
(F); Guatemala City, Mrs. B. B. Lewis 299; Guatemala, 5,000 ft.,
W. C. Shannon 4713; Huehuetenango, Chacula, 1,300-1,600 m.,
C. & E. Seler 2984- Mexico: Temascaltepec, 1,900 m., Hinton 1231.

These plants have been confused in herbaria with R. humifusa
(Oerst.) Hemsl. and with R. geminiflora HBK. The former species
has longer corollas (about 5 cm. long) in which the narrow portion of
the tube is at least 2 cm. long; the latter species has pubescent cap-
sules only 7-10 mm. long.

SIPHONOGLOSSA Oersted

Siphonoglossa sessilis (Jacq.) D. Gibson, comb. nov. Justicia
sessilis Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 11. 1760. Rhytiglossa sessilis Nees in
DC. Prodr. 11: 345. 1847. Siphonoglossa ramosa Oerst. Vid. Medd.
1854: 159-160, t. 5, f. 34, 35. 1855. S. discolor Blake, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 24: 24. 1922. S. hondurensis Standley & Steyermark,
Ceiba 3: 131. 1952.

FIG. 7. (opposite) Scanning electron microscope photographs of pollen grains
of A, Justicia corynimorpha, X 1,720; B, Justicia eburnea, X 2,265. Photographs
courtesy of the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at
Chicago Circle.

83

FIG. 8. Scanning electron microscope photographs of pollen grains of A, Jus-
licia grandifolia, X 980; B, Justicia tinctoria, X 1,980. Photographs courtesy of
the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.

84

FIG. 9. Scanning electron microscope photographs of pollen grains of Justicia
ensi flora: A, X 990; B, X 4,950. Photographs courtesy of the Department of Bio-
logical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.

85

• V

B

FIG. 10. Scanning electron microscope photographs of pollen grains of A,
Justicia montana, X 1,110; B, Justicia sihicola, X 1,000. Photographs courtesy
of the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.

86

FIG. 11. Scanning electron microscope photograph of pollen grains of Poi-
kilacanthus pansamalanus, X 890. Photograph courtesy of the Department of Bio-
logical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.

87

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA