nato Tat * . ‘ GLASG e Of Tibicen Septendeci ‘o a) d's SASS * ecm ati Entomology —-* BAL (1908 aS OF Mere PK os aE a . Ut x JLL.LIBRARY | Fy Gi ONAN WT, A, San 4 So N Bi iN UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS | LIBRARY Class Book Volume : h Vow 2h eee My 08-15M Hiss PSE A TAO NONGNDS x UR aS WAN ULNGDNIANGS SS ) Ke >) , ANS DNAS INI NINIDNS CM XONU ANUS NINE NTIS AIQYTINVAQIQIQIT QV ASA aNAS NGO NING NANA DASA NASA was ANNAN AN END AANA | | RKO SOMO SO NO SOSANASO ANS i ‘AI Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/studiesonanatomyO0Oglas SRE ES ESE Se et Se ee Ser. STUDIES ON THE ANATOMY OF TIBICEN SEPTENDECIM L. BY HUGH GLASGOW THESIS For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Entomology IN THE College of Science OF THE University of Illinois PRESENTED JUNE, 1908 -»/ a 7 > . 8 RLS A oe > Nn : ee TAMA 3HT 40 248 Cre Ivy anes A SHE HOY 88 ive; 3 aaviyT ewe 2188 4 cs | arth, do tifbadae ftw vAayet 4 ~ ein) iy me MI 3VGLS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Zid S . THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY BDEGKEE OF... Instructor in Charge. ——— eee ~ ae y : 7 ie i i, + es ' : re ae rms a 7 > i ! 2 i * bar hy y . sal Z A woe AO MeeTSAaag sowkaM \ . F : \ Poe ex a \ a s. | * CONTENTS page @eeroduction ......-.... Reet Migs tera) ala ie Gola ssw 2 oo 1 MR IMM CMOUMN oo. ce se he tk ecw eees 3 | MM i where oc dade sees ceses suhaets 4 ES SEE CEE eT Oe ee 12 Malpighian Tubes ........ Ie ee I ee eee ee 15 | meee meproguctive System ........--cssesewesccce 18 | SS ee he ee ee ee 21 MEM et@ Of PLATES 2... cc awnccsnccmescsecwe ae 23 ~ Fi MOS -* o,'? © as * *enxn eee ae } - ® ‘ ba ens 3 < + an « a i | re aie « + # ars 22 Of OM LES 3 vi: v , 2 fe Le oe¢eewrees - . - ‘ . . ‘ re is edit > ‘ ry i. .. aclate att vse <.smaco\s 4 a ein Ae oae Ae ; ees he ee ; ; ; iN eal) a werner TT Tere eee ae helt ae OES P yaa a a a 49 vig) gta Og ey Bah) sab o-oe s . SOA tan ys So ee ee) tive ae et : : b, % : ten - ee er 9h4 ORT ag cq * 74 a 2 c = . av; : de ‘ 7 s ee is ee a ie. | n ' _ ~ 4 = i. au oe *. o ta he ..% Tr Ad = ee SRE AOS OE Ses ae hs aa ~ . : = ; ' s 7 cf ¥ -~ . 9 . a ol ae i ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON TIBICEN SEPTENDECIM INTRODUCTION While the various external structures of the veriodical cicada, including the mouth parts, musical apparatus and geni- tal armature, have been studied and deseribed more or less fully by a number of authors, the anatomy of the internal or- gans has remained vractically untouched. The only recorded observations off tie internal anatomy have been made on the digestive canal and these are quite superficial, being in- tended merely to determine whether or not the digestive sys- tem was really complete. among entomologists Until recently it was generally held ,that the digestive system, in the male at least, was aborted, and that the male consequently took no food during the adult stage. Burnette appears to have been the first to advance this idea. in 1861 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4) appears the follow ing note referring to an address by Dr. Burnett¥. "He found that in the male in many instances there is scarcely a trace of a digestive canal or piliary apparatus, whereas in the fe- male both are fully developed. This arrangement is adapted to the peculiar wants of each, the male living but a few days and the femaie much longer." Burnett's results seem to have ao ? a ve . a es . 7 ie _ me y =, ie 5 a © i 77 , a smh mer fv lg LT ko a: TURE apie M21 TOV Le ; A tid ASSET v7 aa | : doltpva.,@27%eq ji ° ice ote “ponies ars ‘Viti _ } / f ; ‘ “4 hi ; Pym of ft a eye “fs ath ts Pee hrr tea fens sent peuta ; i ans et hit std Ae (to8 eo census a) Le Dertoun diy 1 Bake nosibnine ii erat sites Rage Sateen ge ates pend beet. tae ovis niet ative ore anete bie 5 eee vg hoatith att fom 4n°eadpenty ane rca ype be ‘pte a ratearg| wth | vy, 2% i aaa Lire >. ih . * d 2 D2 ae ub.tiv age nes: re , wee 200 & One , hal re “eleer out? 3 : PPh 7 aod tiube Sf paieuh Det? Of Book ar + : ve bd ~O™bzr 2247 Sonsevbe of Fett? att mod’ wretes a iow 2b F y * i ‘< 7 ; avs cpedoe C& ,{ov ,.deZK 060 B08 Jee " Sera ol ys aeetihe my ov Bre M4 “Bon @r ateyig sncimtenk Viren a . ee rote /OLFR! reece ererird os) Sana alpen ant Ich ree Te ard? sbocolnvan cite one dt hs moK om a g c0¢ nAEVET af art orty tee tO 8dr ‘ "iy ‘vy a oa} oe atlise a Sitar?“ sages tobe | S Ln d Pw 8 - & & pw a EER Bel ae ; . a. . J ore - been accepted without question by entomologists for over fifty years, and Marlatt evidently had his work in mind when he stated in discussing the food habits of the cicada (bull. 14, U. S. Bur. Ent., 1898, p. 72) "That the periodical cica- da feeds at all has even been questioned, and it is quite possible that in some cases where it was supposed to have been feeding the action of the insect was misinterpreted. Such feeding is limited, at any rate, to the female, as in this sex only do we find a perfect digestive apparatus, that of the male being rudimentary." Five years later, Quaintance made -the first really careful dissection of the digestive canal, in connection with his study on the food habits of the cicada. He says (Bull. 87, Md. Exp. Sta., p. 74) "Numerous dissections of both sexes under water show that the alimentary canal is not rudimentary, but is practically as well developed as in the female. The intestine in both sexes is small and thread- like, but continuous and sufficiently developed for insects subsisting on liquid food." Of the superficial anatomy, the mouth parts especially have received careful study. In 1892, Smith described and figured the mouth parts of the cicada nymph. His work was supplemented by Marlatt in 1896, and by Meek in 1803. The ovivosition is described and figured by Hyatt in 1896, and by Marlatt in 1898, while the mechanism of the external geni- talia of the male was worked out by Apgar in 1887. The musical apparatus has been studied and described by Burnett in 1851, Love in 1895, and Marlatt in 1898. | £y 5 AP ; ere a ° (o* - «io ple af ne Py) ghkot 1m s if Cin v8 ar 17 Boerner @eyv 2: eee ees mene, ee pact PSD a > 7 ove tol seat gofommiae 8d aot eneep i bay nt o8 vey beta ik sere ait oat, eth «es aaa bite e - cha hat \ abeote odd fa edtdne boot fo dhrnerie Bp bs ° 7 Seas | iP G eoe | FeweT r Car Mi rane) ae bits 6 ‘a i a _ x : wee Zs ia shottrh leanne. ire i 1978 a? io fia ‘2% Pa. " ph ber teeta we gn air=% > mks tee 3 aaa 4 .- air? cL anh, Sige? ea? of ee Ve il sorta’ Bh > eh o%: To. dm evTeatecus evizagats lone Ss neko? ak bes poied 0 ,7abad etany ay "Jere toobabbalt = on by a i? wil uv Y “ rhe 1 —_ cS i Per ete Se OT 5 aa ~ fe | ,S wry DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The Cicadidae in common with several other homopterous families present a characteristic peculiarity in the form of the digestive tube, namely, a recurrent portion of the mid or hind intestine that becomes closely united with the anter- ior part of the mid intestine or with the aesovhagus. This unusual structure is known to oceur in Coceidal and Psyllidae as well as in Cicadidae. , Mark found, in 1877, that in certain Coecidae the anter- ior end of the mid intestine forms a small ES loop with the lower end of the ssophagus, ari that the posterior end of this loop is fiymly attached to the rectum, The remainder ‘of the slender stomach then forms a large loop which fills a large part of the body cavity and just below its ovening into the rectum forms a short caecum. In 1885, Wittaczil worked out a similar structure in Psyllidae. He found that the intestine shortiy beyond the point of insertion of the Maloighian tubes recurved, to wind several times about the anterior end of the mid intestine and then to proceed to the anus. He explains the orizin of this peculiar structure as follows,- "Die erwannte Darmverschling- ung weist mehrere Windungen auf und ist einer zelligen Haut umgeben., Sie erklart sich so, dass eine nach hinten verlaufen- Porta lta Vornmtes ariterne Lchloruferoten de, verwachsen ist, worauf sich dieser ganze Theil nach einer Seite eingedreht hat. Man kann sich dies verschaulichen, wenn man zwei Schnuren neben einander legt und sie mit dem repo 2ffme @ arent. eri smagtt Iibeaianit? th he he Koike Leerow gat § “ite fetaver ditw ro uaiioks ai oak rtarimeg giveties oe th wanenona ‘ tooteoeet 9 ov teumet ene avi tes wid (ft De [oO ereb ee eeee iat he. 26 ent? jad? tts aipedgoag on ‘te Du" aaa ac? ot Revteeate eiiark? m : fis apiigtelett af’ Yo Aes nal is Like ern add og Lemeent i ent= mond ~8¢ pote doe wareyve avi9eebrn “EF vlLoaolina. danonel Jee orttie=iteck, wl t*yeoe en cvand ek: eae tial canner At ea) 990 ik tal . oy ip fae 3 deine @ wad “Tal B nns t Weta owdows i: wooed. tet, Sit bk yhod — nee itor ae : A tee Pao 3 Levenyrey Re a Titeszgnms al) tend ‘fran? an. of tc Fine tofirslttae edi Feoegan jo 2F0* wwoLto’ ra ori ORR ot a al . 3 arte me ». tet Spe Qaia aegis a ce: ‘ ‘ee ‘eof ier phat =f er. s eoib Sole aad nan dak emntn As ma on -Pehelsrere! septa: anraristod ie ole wap ea ay OR 7 —— i 7 _ Og Finger inder Mitte eindrérent. Man findet dann in der Mitte der zusammengedrehten Stelle eine Umkehr der Drehungsrichtung, wie man sie auch bei den psylliden nachweisen Kann." The anatomy of the digestive system of the cicada has received considerable attention from foreign workers, especi- ally among the French. Of these Dufour is easily first, and although his work is by no means perfect it is surprisingly accurate for the veriod in which it was done. ‘In 1888 he figured and described in detail the digestive apparatus of Gicada ormi. This description was supplemented in 1839 by Doyere, who made certain corrections in Deufour's work, from dissections based upon Cicada plebia. Since 1839, so far as I can learn, there'is no record of further observations upon this subject exceot those mentioned in the introduction. The digestive system of 1. septendecim is in no way ab- normal as compared with the descriptions for the two species studied by Dufour and Doyere. Its length, however, is con- siderably less than that given by Dufour for @icada orni, but aside from this there is nothing in his description indicating a better development of any part of the digestive system of 6. orni than that found in te seotendecim. Dufour gives the length of the digestive tube of @. orni as ten times that of the insect, while int. septendecim I find, by actuai measure- ment, that its total length, about 155 m.m., is not over six times the length of the body. “» - | + ? € - » & a Re "+r ye hts } A ‘ + if lad td *y LM) L alo llnpertade unwiedieie. ebam ox a “4 i) oft - ti a det lonods Mita citass “te * ua mye AL ah OO Fm ane Mani anna eninge ve cud ae ~ Ph hs \ g b a = » ‘i Pn ic a id =(~ ern rie ‘ _ Me co srt 545 Foire bay oats « per Sree ate in wert aM Tileaisl, dado of OR we tetera i % ye! A > “,10ean Sgetentioat wehtifiivadc nab: Leu ane wit Yo idee “erteendi oy So pat t ae ot = t>iguw mmisie® so77 mod het ee cof Clete weryel , af tuo lon) sana ?.7 . Noege aris | iL soehona aster on yc. ai Bow oral ™ttn Raw tl mere: Ae bo trade eat Ou lt give * 4 Dedicomeab h6 ecabas? | oi ered env NoLiuheheed whet (Jiao apna Ro .oi [9he abheok® agewr sean pent temeingh b wi sh" sere tee) neo 1 62 288 of G61 J ooze toeldue cuvt tenes dae wi at af S@onhodigas 46 gaan oe l ahh to aaebéebiness 243 48 brragino : rvgud tical ad «..c nee aie roar “Lati ce LS coh evo, 6 ova “Saarld: part asetig inbict otab Oc nd aeknvod ab seeds at s¥tisorth ef 29 Jame wa Ao 1 nga Lele .alksahyadome Gfoek bao te 5 ee Fane ian ¥ antt ovdna sete (5 Goeeten “eh igiten yo CBee oii eaiiealen : A nd ake hoe act ‘ame ' oo “ ie _ The following description of the digestive system is based upon dissections of the male. Numerous females were also dissected, in order to compare the relative development of the digestive tube in the two sexes. The stomach of the female is somewhat larger and heavier walled, as a rule, than that of the male, but aside from this there is no noticeable difference in the development of the alimentary canal in the two sexes. The pharynx (Plate VI, pk.) situated in the median an- terior angle of the head, consists of a ventral, chitinous, trough-like structure, terminating anteriorly in a narrow echitinous passage which empties into the epipharynx. This trough-like structure is closed dorsally by an elastic, trans- parent, semi-chitinous membrane, along the median dorsal side of which is a narrow chitinized ridge serving as a place of attachment for the eighteen to twenty paired muscles which operate the pharynx. When these muscles are relaxed,, as in preserved specimens, this membrane is strongly concave on its upper surface, fitting closely into the trough-like cavity of the ventral chitinous portion. By manivulating the muscles of the pharynx with finely pointed forceps its action can be readily observed. When the muscles are pulled, the dorsal membranous portion is drawn out, forming a more or less oval chamber with the ventral portion, nearly doubling the capacity of the latter. Immediately upon releasing the muscles the membrane springs sharply back into its normal concave position == ee = i cot wit “RIOR oS NON ROT OA *io4 i. ae A PP OdHs Agee A Lusher | LPL AO, EMU f me Oe Pye, Letom a oer tata we} Fo) -—- =~ 7 (ni ftp iets ere Rae . 2 Riel cae “ ab Wade So; ane? nt ‘ates, ond en Vain vais “a ri ante k Weg ring ; aie Boe al ~ fa - * dss» ee i rive? Whe, WL aie pe ie m re, veal ai Juin ave tty | dW enti f P we 7 fF ‘x4 } . = 7 a nih i. ee Z 9 Wy. Sarees, Bale ae A i Ma ‘ { oT ae nig tg ante ine ah eee acy Phe iia nie am PHa ‘so i 7 ‘4 , PEM A ha oor ris heyy EVE Be Mapa FL” Day a oe SAE ie Ca Sd nah deny gee Tay ‘ ity ‘oad Pe reve? Te, a i DOO: ee amet “Ceci ae by its own elasticity. Posteriorly, the pharynx passes into the membranous oesophagus which, dilating just above the brain, forms a muscular enlargement (pp), the "pharyngeal pump," from the dorsal and lateral sides which originate a number of slender muscles, nine pairs in all. These mscies pre attached at various points to the inner walls of the cranium or to the tentorium and are not wholly confined to the enlarged portion of the oesophagus, but two of the nine pairs are attached to its lower dorsal end just before it enlarges into the pharynx. Of the remaining seven pairs, four are comparatively short. These four short pairs are attached to the sides of the en- targement (pp) and anchor it to the tentorium. The remaining three pairs are long and slender, originate on the dorsal side of the enlargement, and are attached at various points to the inner walls of the cranium, From its dilated portion the oesophagus continues as a comparatively slender, muscular, thin walled tube which grad- ually increases in diameter as it approaches the stomach until at its lower end it forms an ill-defined crop which often equals or even exceeds the lateral area of the stomach (a) in diameter, In the male the anterior end of the stomach commnoniy ends in the basal abdominal segment, but in the female it often projects up into the metathorax. SSD Ona PT ET SI TP TR I ea ll Cr ) gd ean regen im (t o44 evedes suse, as oe tei teanrieeuc’ sgt vie Fane on chan ‘nb ts. weer ee, homtentt Pst) a seg? hte od en te a ad) toowtiter sean alain Onin “rneer «© wit, 208 te boy om ° ine 946k oubo ot it are eco e deode encore ti + aloes bas sith 90» niet oot’ wm miei. Iie adh sae ait bas nt one cock Jade eagaenee et ees fie’ Cae p'aLohsett Piene- Bovegyh eae here Tuba ert) UPeredta @h Aelite: §Ba cin ° ayy man fe tf bot ere “een ae va] 4, bis Sheen) See rer cadena er j ea) ae EEN ™ #02 Ove takin + idtsentony rte tees Sea N al ag bt = « i" ft , fits ‘< eur catty e +k 9 tne hes + ‘# fcone yiebiwt- epg ont Bae esa” ¢ 4) %9 Hee sored am sab centers ct cunttee bee ee bak Soe e w mio Rok’ OF AseR) aot tae ved ee 7 a . # Bes ds oa * i¢ £00) ydteoaperat? tea awe ie ‘chsh acted k tel bebo et wits tte 5 a > » emelemsta: eae: pamrewe sation Be DF ~ From the point where it seems to empty, the tube (d) passes up between longitudinal folds in the walls of (a), reaching to its extreme anterior end, and after making nearly a@ complete turn about it, emerges dorsally at (h). Almost immediately after emerging this tube passes into the intestine at (0). The point of union is characterized by a slight di- lation and also by a marked difference in the color and fex- ture of the two tubes. The intestine is quite thin-walled and fragile, usually collapsed in preserved specimens and of a glistening white color, while the tube of the stomach is thick- walled, firm, and rather gray in color. From the pylorus (0) the intestine, which is about 50 m.m. long, passes down between the stomach and the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity in three or four broad curves and just before reaching the rectum invariabiy forms 2 more or less spherical knot of convolutions, bound closely together by tracheal threads and connective tissue. The rectum is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6 m.m. long, the anterior third of which is considerably dilated. This dilated portion narrows at its vosterior end into a small- er tube of uniform diameter which terminates in the anus. The ileum opens at some distance down on the side of the dilated portion of the rectum so that the anterior end forms a broad muscular cul-de-sac. I am unable to locate the vair of anal glands figured by Dufour in 1833. He has evidently mistaken the peculiar cluster of air vesicles which are located one on each side of the ab- Ute CE nonen aE “aoa «ote Ty Gade CanibaiEaos a te fue ‘he ore arn ‘Sjiv/s Liz¢ atk oi Be | ) de Vktauae! ap Sram Ps ee Fei! Il eoraeeregn? : ect «Fibres ye ee | -toptomteantes ah’ sotay We cinkon i i} acres ls toy net oz va ORL pe Ob eeNINe oct" anda oven “the f hea paar i aie £loK MA peees r pideed. by he es (tole fain si nol-y oe sine Seaipe Aiaelal tena nett fa) bir egyint . Ged; Oe act Law. hee, | POD ea deat onion ‘vial pkels ty Fart cs Py. ae ptatovnes bend tod . sed “erty comets Be alate ¥ ue tibeney wos witha? 9 G2 saaioen tt ix’ Ve Laru> ek ocieeaiw 26 Beta obmt calll F icy) Ware? ia owowley 21d fee bedi x agit . yi aid etcete) Woe team aia revo by e: ; “ed Aas 260 fen. ao MiB THES oie ia : Z teh ipo tit ah Tats. on ai aie lai to then eet wgeuakd oo etetoms a ia ae . segtadgkin el TRY baat pe - [28 AO ete nrtepod’: wr. one eas / hee: al Bde TIERS (Se RID ~ = % . YT Vows v dominal cavity, in segments seven and eight, for anal glands. Each of these clusters is composed of eight or ten pear-shaped vesicles, all joined to a common center by short tracheae, and the whole connecting with the main tracheal system. The apparently abnormal structure of the stomach was first described in 1826 by Dufour, but it was not until 18389 that Doyere worked out the true relation of the recurring por- tion. Plate III is a copy from the, figure given in his "Note sur le tube digestt¢f des Cigales," and I shall have occasion to refer to it in the following discussion as well as in con- nection with the Malpighian tubes as thepe are certain errors in his deseription which I wish to correct. In the above note he says: "E (Plate III) est le vylore. L'intestin EF apres de nombrexses circonvolutions qu'il m'a €té impossible de suivre et que l'on voit d'ailleurs figurés d'une maniere complete dans la figure I, empruntée aM. Léon Dufour (FO, fig... 2). Mais au lieu de se dégorger dans cette cavitée, il ne fait que s' introduire dans les parois pour ramper, en servant, entre les tuniques dont elle se composent, et ressortir en K, a’ pen de distance de l'orifice cardiaque B, sans aucune solution de continuité. Crest a partin de ce point seulement que M. Dufour lui donne le nom d'intestin." "Ainsi, c'est le canal intestinal qui se replie vers la moitié de sa longueur, pour venir se susvendre a 1'estomac.” The pylorus is not located at E, and EF is consequently not the intestine but merely a tubular prolongation of the i ot Pe pe é ee f° pla ay : ae see pone ok a HS eS ie real = = — cue = TOK py isee rn Weed: eh prite { ELS; naka) sepeets at TR BA ot ae barénod sor kh! atobye 1 ae ‘ ot s) j Py #5 LGAz é e net co tahie to Beratacc + oxefe 2O Seernes foro ‘njente Leena Stas sue SLE were ed. Fe eur area {earocdsy . 4 : ue ares a ‘e.nu €oe Gow WE a uate Vo SReE me peters ; ’ a iw ond ico ROcCiniet als mtg: JH es rH out devia sagt) ad? cock sao ye on 1m ote af Stee | Bee * eekeoke asp “a samc Ook i nolserort mit. Lie “tt mt nt 4 ey ° € reg ag . < a] zs wet.) .) oe cist LAM al war r Soertane oF (ares Poke: : a 4 2 ° ee tds bey : an § '% %) Jacke tortor tHag art's watink? eee tet Ba ther wot ueyem gomd is. et a pum : j2VeD B77Re SASL cep soni Be” 4% aan . 7 cm Uechh 28 Cee seek He ota TE acti es ou ' mer Ye Tipo. cng affa hae ae t - ‘ of ee woenem J auperhuae e4liste7d its ocr 2 Ei oh 3 (oo ae ui bdsee. “8 tant iy ne " ? | «pe pwetnt'h ton ef satab © of wh te ® tun Late feotasg fares ef nants . es deal s o biti 62 “SteRR og «cnt oie oe ay ¥ colLlernalosy teigedye « Yiater sud pats rf i ch 7. fs = 9 ? shia r - ~ as = seneutte 53 - 7 stomach. The intestine originates at a point slightly below | ve, this being the true position of the pylorus. Can ae * a, ee Westie: + od virmite tetod ake on necthiultee nr vande .cutobve ero nono beg ays ins ‘4 i} é enh es geet Se ee ee ee en ee See ene a -12- THE SALIVARY GLANDS The salivary glands, which are figured in Plate I as they appear before dissection, and in Plate VI dissected out to show the relation of the different parts, are seen to be quite complex in structure. The more prominent glands (a.s.) and (d.s.) consist of two pairs of large, nearly equal clus- ters of blind tubes. In the anterior pair (b.s.) each clus- ter is composed of from twelve to fourteen stout tubes, pure white in color, very irregular in form and often branched. The greater part of this anterior pair is within the cranial cavity, completely filling the space above and in front of the brain. The vosterior vair (a.s.), situated wholly in the pro- thoracic cavity are not simple glands, but are composed of at least three distinct sets of utriculi (i.s., m.s. and n.s.). The posterior set (n.s.) is composed of from ten to twelve comparatively straight, yellowish tubes which taper off ab- ruptly at their anterior ends into slender ducts, uniting to form a very short common duct which passes through the center of the middle set of utricuii. This middie set (m.s.), disc- iike in form, is composed of from fourteen to eighteen very short tubes, many of which are almost spherical. This middle set fits closely over the anterior end of n.s. The tubes com- posing these two sets are quite distinct, in color as well as in size and form. In the posterior set th® tubes are yellow- ish and quite opaque, while in the middle they are much darler EE a 4 : a a - ntit4 ot ‘ . Fd Pins te ‘ fied Hite so i 5; Mi Tae my : - " i] . 4 - ane ‘im ar be CHRME VEAVIGSE SEY yO RR Sly | ap TY ofph% ME “te ,echen dient ie aie t0 adh yates ‘etetige ry ate at otk oat We tnt fegan ,ented claw «wHiteadAs 2) a . cnet Dect Tit jf shoals ~fostt Tom eee Wns rs > J ” » - _— oy Apbod 1erG IE TBR SI PTE ORS a. nist 0. at vob ae " een an? Srl a ckadgteccidal i ay to bor toltecne one Tew eta a Serb ouikits ~te aap: ee suo ‘ “Rix ns ‘ ' : — at ws bein nok Tee ! tn ! prety an ee 9 Faken: f - ‘ ot ovteed am 7 Dees nt Le hageeEs wae los ARE Os iar vg 4x tr © + ay A os” ‘ Aw y q ,. ia) ee cb tnainamts oar ‘old i> ae Soekianh soln oer ob te ee elke “ti fakworiey | tharaa «ie via SHE ebas rodeo cae 7. t2Pi Youn (Oo FOS vor sthiueh2ie ts sid RLDKE Hort oo HeeagKoe wt pe nomi ote dokdw 20 “ode anil Ronny Soe ers mi + Per ey a Wis ° \) hn ook oy ot elie ,supees eat N Le 4 Me al: wat 'v shen ‘ a res but translucent and finely dotted with darker points. The anterior set (1.s.) is not so characteristic in form as the other two, being composed of from ten to twelve very delicate pure white vesicles of variable size, fitting closely to anterior side of (m.s.). Situated just within the vosterior angles of the head, back of the eyes is a pair of very small, spherical glands (d.8.), each composed of eight to ten pure white vesicles. Emptying through (d.s.) is a large tubular gland (e.s.). This tubular gland is dilated at its base where it often equals (d.s.) in diameter. From this point it passes into the an- terior part of the cranial cavity, then turns back and passes through (b.s.) where it frequently becomes interiaced with the tubes of this gland. From here it continues, gradually becoming more slender, and ends blindly in the mesothoracic cavity. The gland (d.s.) empties through the long slender duct (g.8.). The walis of this duct are lobate, white and quite delicate, the glistening contents of the lumen being plainiy visible through then. The gland (d.s.) empties through the short, slender duct (h.s.) the walls of which are uniform and opaque. The ducts (g.s.) and (h.s.) as well as the gland (a.s.) empty into the common duct (i.s.) which is quite similar to ¢.s. in general appearance, but is considerably larger. Letatee coveas “itt sere ch Aen bar | mrot «ar cbeetregoaiaetiy c= regal am oe aa b vaov ovlert ov ap’ com > HoegeEoe eral Vin~eoly geik doc) (ete: «fektcay Rae) degerre’ ca ty ,cetliie® 22 eed mest - Bae atite at eee ( 98) mmwecict eal ene (ee AA) a rh. at Dn ” “} ree Oe eee ey i \ ns Bi: +4 + ii ‘Vo ob ied To eerie ep.oretend eit shee foe, ben doh isedgs, ,Jbege vay We cig S nk meee en cov atte eveq medoet dela fo ckeeioeene Ail tein medicare pea eae (8) eyomt th emarir eeoed ae ** botntih ot Side sali : rn tat sapane, Jf ented oki B Lao 1 conte oct nod) Wotred Labmeay td Be . ty bd - = al “he — fetead a ret vfiaanper ‘t #) evade? £0, c “iheti’ @ice tte tebe stom oe siecol eta gout eld? Fo whee ea ee nia’ noml ef? Do pifeinocs £aeneder ie eerie A AN it ae oy até . ito att sheer * eectecde Fata brags hay | sde btu soit’ ote debate to aLine ‘ene ta are © 8) Bie Dy et ee Zien ee ( aay bia, € .7 .° O° Mb Emte #i12te ag Koka ( abi a ances \ichigtemh Len 2 " b This duct (i.s.) unites with the corresponding duct of ‘the opposite side to form a very short common duct just before emptying ventrally, at the base of the chitinous "injector" (k.m.), the structure of which was worked out by Meek in 1903. The "injector" consists of a short, cylindrical, thin- wailed, chitinous chamber, the posterior end of which is de- pressed, forming an invagination which can be clearly seen through the thin walls of the chamber. The invagination, which serves as a plunger for the "injector," is operated by a pair of large, flattened muscles (1.m.). Anteriorly the "injector" empties into the hypopharynx. ribiodr setae age, itt J (OS eTOae Tin. SF ment as opin’ " Pete oy "SR ea ed ee te whteris Foot Herheca Sage oi sie te i tf¥ed. ° ‘< bi tapenes oy ‘Saree ~~ "Pr vit is ’ - a ode ' 4 < cs A i: a ) oe 3 ‘ cae —- “s ae “a ee cain ei Tee a ve a re f F . ctvo owe Sas takin (2.20) PRs na “ba tal, ; sind et gone bie weal Si eras sa wind se fomside 8? ele tee od eee 4 ba 4 : sien — wrest se) 3, nolan pistes 0 a | Bs yet »eecede ina eed soe aangaeae of); x ; ‘ oy. maT aa Oat . song poet ep ots Sati ee ee Me) actor. ote fuse kok 2ctencinmmens ‘gain (Gx ‘i eh «wing ERnD obs 5 ay - ‘O way See ond of mine pe alee a4 ~* 3 we » Perrin’ ov, Moe EC be Site es so oft wae i 'f te qupbtalute. 0 Ripaataey oS) kia ,, oitp sin of eyes EE ios ,oredeogeh: Jsogere wt > 9 ened ti rato ty xs JA: Rae Rsv 7a i‘ pi sup *7iebicanik. over gees ont, mM \ win - Loe gty og Cee eS “oNEnt ners | BLY Fay tects ol Gp Le’. deerigg oc Bag citacy eule af debe Bed Bae oo ra te a MOET a : Feeeasuf .*t ee hea i LASHES me ee rn mien tae SESE es yet oS eeig Seats BeOARULeCAlioS saeapnaal ~» «| ; on fokaiaoyl f teprgong 4 Leger et: ore sre 7 ee ee + AES RW er Oy) er a ne Les vaisseaux népatiques sont au nombre de deux seulement P.S. et Q.R. (Plate III). "2°.- Leurs extremités ne sont tres probablement point flottantes. "3°, Leur point d'insertion nous est encore tout-a-fait inconnu, " | From the point where they seem to enter the stomach the Malpighian tubes pass back between the stomach and the dorsal wall of the abdomen following the convolutions oetths intes~- tine more or less closely, and instead of floating free in the body cavity as described by Dufour, they follow the intestine into the compact knot of convolutions (i.e.), forming a con- fused mass, the parts of which are closely bound together, making their complete dissection quite difficult. Shortly after entering this knot the nl pietitan tubes decrease some- what in size, but instead of forming four blind tubes as Dufour figures them, they are actually continuous, forming two loops, the lower ends of which interlace with the convolutions of the intestine in (i.e. ). From the point where they appear to enter the stomach the Malpighian tubes pass up between separate longitudinal folds in the walis of (a.) at varying depths, frequently reaching nearly to the center, but commonly remaining nearer the sur- face. They do not extend so far anteriorly as does the tube (d.) and emerge with it at (h.), from which point they follow it to the pylorus (p.), where they empty into the intestine. Just before emerging at (h.) two of the four tubes unite to Se MTEC tc ot eae, niet ee [ 1 “a | ; © ae 4 ; ay A i a “iM “oe Fis magi t Prey Veen #0 Tie rig £0) a9 to) On vr tree 6 » garcia! >> CT. ® riot. i shots op La heend * ¥: rite! duns a a yt tats leer es jbo, wns: a ri BAe paengad Nee aay pede s “big sto ts ere veal sere tbem” reg ciate oil nk Fey Rite haat Nady am PEO 9% ae ry eke ei hm one ities te bak ab Late” toh alend a ‘roie «hee ppb Ee -yietih eogeation me tery, RAE Tt gt Faack Hew artiste : “eet Yitee Wo pear, ee perl er i omic et hates Maree stint a yg ifrw sondo Fak matte to behiesinay Sh nb, che nem Net “ney toto AAs tert, AeA Gh Saag og) enya rm er iqebh Bary nfs de {-.9) or) nd zohan clivoene 3nd sani 978 0 A y RES eron Teese ‘Cet Scoot rio wat a vy ~ : re me stele memes (th ca arate a “gerte onthe ne de o| > vith retrey® ¥ nat BSS f i, hi eudseaaal ths ate te : oe ie ice 1» sah oye annie wit Thi rere form a common duct so that there are only three duets which empty at (p.). From (h.) to (p.) the Malpighian tubes are tightly pressed against the wails of (d.) giving its lumen a characteristic three-lobed avpearance. This complex tube is surrounded py a membrane which completely disguises its true structure. The approximate course of the Malpighian tubes and of the tubular part of the stomach along (a.) is shown diagramati- cally in Plate IV. The tubes do not really follow a perfectly straight course, but adapt themselves to irregularities in the wall of the stomach. | In Plate V are shown cross sections of (a.) taken at . three different places (8, 7 and 8). The section six is taken just below the point (h.) and shows the three ducts of the Malpighian tubes just after they emerge from (a.). Seetion seven includes the pylorus and eight was taken across the intestine at a point somewhat below the pylorus. SS eS oe ewer ester etka Part # eli, @rp eertese pos re du ont ahora ds “esata ute keh prep ee, a iat ern ar an : eo) fie On { ) eval “hah ; 7 4 rv 2 sy tots Faia SS RY Oko. @ shpat ce wou gt bie) tet e. ieee ae Ro 08 CLIBOT! PS Pa adp s + 4 9 i eat Tavett unk RA? See sun (ierta0% Some wit _®) Ye itpto eee toe. cleie bee ¥, eo 960 i tt aOR Eero if} Shen bq eereort 3 rs etigith rt ae Bien if ) pond nee vl ste wee roe eatin COs a | Fett, ae : ' ve ton Line Aone ig dP ‘enbss Jute ye off 3eLay wottwele, See eRe a] “ay Rea 7 Pye: -18- MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Plate VII The internal reproductive organs of the male consist primarily of a pair of testes with their vasa deferentia, two pairs of accessory glands and ah ejaculatory duct. These organs are interlaced and closely packed in the posterior end of the abdominal cavity, completeiy filling segments six, seven and eight. The testes, about 3 mm. in diameter, consist of some- what flattened clusters of 150-200 more or less pear-shaped follicles, each of which communicates with the vas deferens by a short duct. The vasa deferentia are long, slender tubes dilating just before their union with the accessory glands (a.c.), into prominent seminal vesicles which often equal the accessory glands in diameter. in discussing the relative lengths of the vasa deferentia in different insects, Henneguy states in his text-book ("Les Insectes," page 174) that "Dans la Cigale ils sont dis a quatorze fois ia longueur du corps." This statement is rather surprising as in t. septendecim they are from 35-40 m.m. in iength, which makes them rather less than one and one half times the length of the body of the in- sect. The accessory glands (a.c.) are blind tubes of much greater diameter than the vasa deferentia and considerably longer, being about 65 m.m. in length and increasing very gradually in diameter as they approach their junction with the PARSE ce 17. Hisense > .) ob em gehettetoe teed Gece eel pei . ats fie cigtel 8f 1.4.8 Odom 4 4 - SL ae mE ef page pa mR a Ba eT AR Bale a i t- yveu =e " wpeve “Vint reo EAM 'Ta.¥ SIR c4 ; : — { ; igfevtcn oie ata niianee MSR iehidis vias | teie. waited, Tig wb ies 5s to: “ie Hb YI OTR LAR 1B) mat a | Cee eee bore Aeweey fag bon ute Vie eat? Pate + cla tes: | » UwLit? Veeisnos a ieEe \ es h* : jo chon Ce EMe mb ce ee eee reayegeas ceel tn sor tog 2) cece wiIes ene mle ike anaaokeniey Aiki ae | ni tabieie oyont ste keer tek - “hy oe atouy ovaly viontndes. edd See tetuas oad ) prog arent ( etith tater tw eaflbear. tents os aera, 8 a wide ourseheth 2 oth Sts a er me i pea Care 1% te ite *) Moug=sxod” teat “" . f i¥ a ee, af efot ee o7Aly BAD, CRO eit’ iQ 1 we a ats vee chp areeet. Meat Sacre : Sar “Oo pis 4 . terebienes, pw abit ile auev ocd adds aedensee 9 toy gi hagetonk heb tae oe oat am stm Bite a ‘tw nottonyt Teed amo bigii oe “osonas Le o 2. ar: (a qian . ~ vasa deferentia. Immediately before this point they are strong- ly constricted and empty through very short, slender ducts. These glands are of a glistening white color, comparatively heavy-walled and firm near their blind ends, but becoming more delicate and thin-walled as they increase in diameter, until point of at their greatest dilation they become quite delicate. From their union with the accessory glands the vasa deferentia pro- ceed as short slender ducts which empty independently of each other into the anterior end of the large muscular reservoir at the anterior end of the ejaculatory duct. This reservoir is an Oval, heavy-walled, muscular organ, about 25 m.m. long by 1 m.m. in diameter, the structure of which is shown in cross section (Plate VII, fig. 11). Its wall is composed of three principal coats, The outer coat consists of a heavy layer of longitudinal muscles, and the middie of a somewhat thinner dayer of circular muscles, while the inner coat is made up of large cells, doubtless glandular in function, which form regular projections into the lumen of the reservoir. The ejaculatory duct is a slender tube about 3 m.m. long, emptying at the base of the sheath enclosing the pvenis orover. This sheath is a thin-walled, chitinous cylinder about 3 m.m. long, reeurving at its anterior end where it bears a second pair of small, round, somewhat flattened accessory glands (n.), be- tween which the vosterior end of the ejaculatory duct disap- pears. These glands are supported by a chitinous plate to which is attached the powerful muscles operating the penis. ope ———— Ss: rony beat BS rg eh die Avenel’ wert ae cet tay aimee petigee abe in decor ener ie ceri, ae bre. seonh 7 neces. se to ome re ie at. tn 4iee @ wi ‘ia non Wraseiy we te Ute aes + ofte tr ier hk” es ‘=? patna pont deter fy ees7 af ae Lhe ye + ‘ ' aid = Es ‘ t a Pi 4 J re Pa ° “- = % SS } ~ . ne 2 che Uni So CN ae ‘ WORKS CITED 1833. Dufour, Léon.- Recherches anatomiques et vhysiologiques sur les Hemipteres. Mem. des Savants etrang. a l'Acad. So. 7. IV. 18389. Doyere, L.-— Note sur le tube digestif des Cigales. Ann. Se. natt. Zool., 2°ser., T. XI. 2861. Burnett, W. d. Sexual system and musical avparatus of the Periodical Cicada. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. IV, page 71. 1876. Carlet, G.- Sur l'anatomie de l'appareil musical de la Gigale. C. R. Acad. Se., T. LXXXVI. 1876. Mark, EB. L.- Beitrage zur Anatomie und Histologie der Pflanzenlaus, inbesondere der cocciden. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Bd. XIII. 1877. Carlet, G.- Mémoire sur l'appareil musical de la Cigale. Ann. Se. nat. Zool., 6°ser., T. V. 1886. Witlaezil, E.- Die Anatomie der Psylliden. Zeits. wiss. Zool., Bd. XLIII. 1887. Apgar, E. A.-— Some Observations on the Anatomy of Cicada : Septendecin. Jour. Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc., dan. 1892. Smith, J. B.- The Structure of the Hemipterous Mouth. Seience, Vol. 19, No. 478. 1895. Love, E. G.- Note on the 17 yr. Cicada, Cicada septendecin. dour. WN. Y¥. Mie®. Soe., vol. XI, April. 1895. Marlatt, C. L.- The Hemipterous Mouth. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. III, No. 4. O = : Va i 4 » T oo . ¢ t | az ay * 4 - Pc ‘ «4 3 ofl 4 eer ‘ Re ae ee ae ans) tia Tee or ary Py a . o¢ une be ful ¢ ak .. et aw ie ! nn a 5 d + tro , gs eet 1) Btielorte \f woe Fe Pree | * '' tS . ® at ean (f , bo See AR +1 LT, Pata at) ewe sta Soe hie " re =f + {6 ro rie |) | BaF ati ner 7 ~ : @ ,tissaeleg . as wet ‘ Leo , mt = Ale Al ioe rc abaneges iia >? ee gs att ‘ “LL att cnovetet ~~ oe cg chad _ . lot 208): ote, 4F aM prions es ‘1 sasinet ant: ae om 5a Yala ns Tue l Hyatt, J. D.- Cicada septendecim; its Mouth-parts, and Terminal Armor. Amer. Mon. Micr. Jour., February. Marlatt, C. L.- Ther Periodical Cicada. Bull. 14 (iyvs.), U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. Quaintance, A. L.- On the Feeding Habits of the Period- deal Cicada. Bull. 7 (N.S.), U. S.. Dept, Agr., Div. of Ent. Quaintance, A. L.- The Periodical Cicada or seventeen- year iocust. Bull. 87, Md. Agr. Exp. Sta. Meek, W. J.— On the Mouth-varts of the Hemiptera. Bull. Univ. Kansas, vol. II, No. 9. Marlatt, ©. L.— The Periodical Cicada. Bull. 7i (N.S.), Wee. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. 74 Li ay ® ye a Perey Po ae ‘Str in ae ’ D 4 Ra - te Pe, (ee rr A : % \ E UP % y } , = Bayt rar itt 7 uA hla } ny “4 Bir is ae Nae J 7 LY a te MD See sired me ty | a io) ee ae ee “Ssongokl ian beokt- Lapskoken oat @ be i = + te ww 7 ‘ ts Joe nr Bae wnat ae on ne cg? Oe ry 4 > ‘*: eeloeary ait tas eee es en Liniie: Qo ing att om---orifice of the Malpighian tubes. »----pylurus. _ph--—pharynx. _pp--—pharyngeal pump. PS, PR---vaisseaux hepatiques, 3---—rectun. sm---muscles by which the stomach is suspended from oesophagus. sv-~-seminal vesicle. t----testes. +m---museles anchoring the vharynzeal voump to the tentoriun. um and un---the Malpighian tubes which unite to form the common duct vm. us---ultimate abdominal segment. V----vas deferens. ym---common duct formed by the union of the Malpighian tubes um and un, he ee : r ty — / fa tee 4 ‘ ae tha rive orig Ac . " acta Pe ERT he es f - 7? : ntti EAs | LP. vis =i af : Apperec! digestif dela Cigq/e. Plate ly ww ALi — Sj SV/ JY =] VW iy a WANS WW NY i f, Se i \ AES ; aa y = DSV <> MX. IZ ++ ISIS. ate ea = ~~ Wk YK y, Wy my. jiwey ce ae Ly Bi A en UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBA TT 3 0112 07982501 1