-~~~all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of ~ _ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS | ‘Note—The University of California Publications are offered’ in. Siehadee for the ‘publi cations of learned societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete. lists of ~ publications and other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All matter sent in exchange should be. addressed to: “The: lero ne “Department, University Library, Berkely: elnarsecere Ue S. A OTTO HARRASSOWITZ R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN : LEIPZIG. > Ar eke eee rae) BERLIN — ages Agent for the series in American Aca es Agent for the series in Acedia ‘Atch geology and Ethnology, Classical Philology, ~. aeology and Ethnology, Agricultural Sci-.. ees -. Education, Modern Sevcta 2 kk Philosophy, ~ ences, Botany, Geology, Mathematics, ; Path- ~ Psychology... pie: ology, Physiology, Zoology, and” ‘Memoirs. “AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES. —Charles. B. Lipman, Ernest B. Babeock, and. Leroy ‘Ander. ; son, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50. Vol. i. 1, The Distribution and Activities-of Bacteria in Soils of ‘the Arid Sf F Fee Region, by Charles B. Lipman. Pp. 1-21. October, ISIS: po eset $0.20. 2, Studies on the ‘Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method for Determining ‘Nitrates i in Soils, by C. B. Lipman and L. T. Sharp. Pp. 23-37. October, 1912, pe.16 AGRICULTURE.—The Publications of the Agricultutal Experiment Station consist of: B l- -letins and Biennial Reports, edited. by Professor Thomas Forsyth- + - Director of the Station. These are sent gratis to citizens of the State of: California: For detailed information regarding them address ‘The. Agric: cultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. : ~ BOTANY.—W. A. Setchell, Editor. “Price per volume, $3.50. Volumes q (pp. 418), m . 360); TIT. (pp. 400), completed, Volumes IV and V. in progress.~ ee a te Vol. 1. 1 A Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountains, by: Harvey Monroe prea ae - ‘Hall... Pp, 1-140; plates 1-14. June, 1902: - 2. Two new Ascomycetous Fungi Parasitic on Marine Algae, by aii Ee Reed. Pp. 141-164; plates 15-16. November, 1902 2.2.0... 3. Algae of N orthwestern ‘Aimerica, by William Albert. Setchell and. Na -thaniel Lyon Gardner. Pp. 165-418; plates. 17-27. March, | ‘1903° 2 14 - Vol, 2. 1. A. Review. of: Californian FAA READENSS: by Jessie ‘Milliken. de . “71; plates 1-11. May, 1904 TREC eee 2. Contributions. to Cytological. Technique, ae Ww. J. ‘Vv. Osterhout. Pp. 73-90; 5 text-figures.- J mie: 1004 ee Re ee = 3. Limu, by William Albert Setchell.. Pp. 91-113, April. 1905. Z 4, Post-Embryonal Stages of the Laminariaceae, . by- William = albert “ Setchell-- Pp. 115-138; plates S14, April, 1905 Se 6. A New onat of Ascomycetous. Fungi, by ‘Nathaniel Lyon Gardner, : Pp, 169-190: plate 18.- Sily;: 1805 cco ee ee a cee 7. Teratology in the Flowers of some Californis a ‘Willows, by William o> Warner Mott. Pp. 181-226; plates 16-20. December, 1905....._... pee ee i 8, 9,10, 11.. (In one cover.) The Resistance of Certain Marine Algae. o ‘Changes in Osmotic Pressure and Temperature. ‘Ihe Réle of Os-— motic Pressure in Marine Plants. On the Importance of pa desager ically Balanced Solutions. for Plants. “The Antitoxin Action of a Potassium on Magnesium, By W. J. YY. Osterhouyy Pp. 221-236." se March; 1006 ioe eS ae cael tS aaciinas i Rte Rae trate ~ 25 12. Cytological Studies in Cyanophyceae,. by- Nathaniel ‘Byon Gardner. rate Pp. 237-296; plates 21-26, November, 1906 22.2.2. is.ieseenteectereecene tye oes r 13. On a Small Collection of Mosses from Alaska, by. J. Cardot and. ve He fe Thériot.. Pp, 297-308; plates 27-28... December; 1906 -....22--2:1---cear--- 14. Some Utireported Alaska Sphagna, together with a Summary of the OS he Cryptogamic Work of the University of California Botanical Ex % pedition to Alaska in. 1899, by Wiliam Albert Betchelt,' FR 309. 316;° September. LQ07 225. LE ete cdg Recsaty sate sagt om coenancg ae ; eer 15. On Nutrient and Balanced Solutions, by W. J. Vv. Osterhout. Pp. 317 ee BIS. October, 1907 nanan. ccsn cic kcescaceesctenteccescnecstscoptennesnceteccenensennsnensenenensveanas ~ OE 16. A Synopsis of the North American Godetias, by Willis: Linn Jepson: : Stee aes Pp. 319-354; plate 29. December, 1907 Poe Micah ae eM. Se ges pdb ds pres WE Ne Index, pp. 355-360. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS i IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 21-37 October 15, 1912 STUDIES ON THE PHENOLDISULPHONIC ACID METHOD FOR DETERMINING NITRATES IN SOILS BY C. B. LIPMAN anp L. T. SHARP Despite the fact that some careful research has been earried out on the colorimetric method for determining nitrates, many factors concerned with it have not been studied, and the some- what uncertain nature of the method makes it imperative to con- trol, so far as possible, every factor which may interfere with the accurate analysis of nitrate-containing material. These statements apply particularly to the analysis of soils for nitrates and the authors therefore deem ‘the subjoined data, derived from a thorough investigation, deserving of the attention of every soil chemist. Among the interfering factors in the phenoldisulphonic acid method which have been either studied inadequately or not at all, are the effects of salts, the effects of agents employed to pre- cipitate the clay and organic matter, and the effects of decolor- izing agents. Cognizance must be taken of all of these factors by the chemist in the determination of nitrates and in the ar- rangement and interpretation of results. The importance of salt effects and their significance in this connection are emphasized by the fact that many soils, and particularly those of arid and semiarid regions, may frequently be found to a greater or less degree impregnated with one or more of the so-called ‘‘alkali salts,’? together with which, it often happens indeed, consider- bo bo University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [Vol. 1 able quantities of nitrates are to be found. So far as the clay- coagulating substances are concerned, it has always been a com- mon practice in soil work to employ varying amounts of a satur- ated solution of alum to obtain a clear soil solution, and more recently it has been proposed by investigators who have studied the method under discussion to use aluminum cream for the pur- pose in place of alum. For decolorizing solutions both aluminum cream and bone black have been used. The methods for both clay coagulation and decolorization are obviously essential in most soil work, since ordinary filtration, without the use of such agents, can rarely be depended on to yield a clear, colorless soil solution, even if time be no object. The employment of the Pasteur Chamberland filter to remove clay has been found by direct investigation to involve well-defined losses of nitrates. It is not our purpose here to enter into a lengthy review of other investigations bearing on the subject in hand, but into a brief discussion of the more important ones which show the ques- tions still remaining unsolved or bring out certain results with which ours do not agree. . In 1894 Gill’ carried out a series of painstaking investiga- tions which, briefly, indicate (1) that for purposes of accuracy the phenoldisulphoniec acid employed in the nitrate determination must be carefully prepared to insure a uniform compound for use as a standard; (2) that chlorine induces losses of nitrie acid both when the solution containing nitrate is evaporated on the water bath and when the residue is treated with the reagent; (3) that Na,CO, added to the nitrate-containing solution to pre- vent escape of nitric acid during evaporation induces losses of nitrates varying in quantity from four to six per cent; (4) that alumina may be used to precipitate colloidal material for obtain- ing a clear solution; (5) that silver sulphate, if free from nitrate, may be employed to precipitate chlorine, thus removing an im- portant interfering agent. More recently Chamot and his coworkers? have prosecuted an even more thoroughgoing investigation than the preceding, in which the most emphasis has been placed, however, on the mode of preparation of the tripotassium salt of nitrophenoldisulphonie 1 Jour. Am. Chem. Soc. vol. 16, p. 122. 1894. 1912] Lipman—-Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 23 acid used as the reagent. Their results indicate (1) that in order to obtain the phenoldisulphonie acid free from the mono and tri-phenolsulphonie acid a careful digestion of the phenol and sulphuric acid under certain constant conditions must be assured; (2) that the mono and tri-phenolsulphonie acids intro- duce other colors which interfere with the readings in the colori- meter; (3) that the tri-potassium salt of nitrophenoldisulphonie acid gives the characteristic color employed in the determination and should always be used as a standard; (4) that heating the dry residue of nitrates even for several hours on the water bath occasions no losses; (5) that aluminum cream is the best pre- cipitating agent for organic matter of several used and occasions no losses of nitrates; (6) that 2 ¢.c. of the phenoldisulphonie acid should be used in uniform amounts in all determinations; (7) that KOH was to be preferred to NaOH and NH,OH, as the alkali employed; (8) that chlorides induced losses of nitrates; (9) that carbonates and organie matter did lhkewise; (10) that temperature, concentration, and length of exposure to reagent greatly affect results; and (11) that there have been other minor effects of iron, magnesium, and nitrites. Reference must also be made here to the brief investigation of Stewart and Greaves® pertaining to the effect of chlorine in de- termining nitrates in soils, both because the work is recent and because it is the only one published which is derived from re- searches on soils. This investigation and those above reviewed cover most completely the questions involved and reference will be made in the discussion of our experimental work below to those questionable points which were considered settled but which our work shows were far from being so. THE INTERFERENCE OF SALTS WITH THE NITRATE DETERMINATION As has been above indicated the salt accumulations which occur in the soils of California, Nevada, Utah, and other arid or semi-arid regions frequently contain considerable quantities of nitrates and the determination of the latter in the presence of the ‘‘alkali salts’’ is, as has been found, frequently attended 2 Ibid., vols. 21, p. 922; 32, p. 630; 33, p. 366 3 Ibid., vol. 32, p. 756. 24 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [ Vol. 1 with losses of nitrie acid. While all the investigations above re- viewed have pointed out the interference of chlorine and chlorides with the nitrate determination, and while some of them have also considered the losses occurring through the use of Na,CO,, no mention is made of the effects of the most common and widely spread of the alkali salts, Na,SO,, or Glauber salt. It seems fur- ther to have been taken for granted that Na,CO, and Na,SO, should, for obvious reasons, have the same effects on the nitrate determination by the phenoldisulphonic acid method. Our re- sults do not, however, bear out this opinion. Under this head were also studied the effects of the kation as well as the anion of salts on the same determination. Varying quantities of the salts tested were here added to the same amounts of nitrates in solution, and uniform quantities of salts were also tested as to their effects on varying quantities of nitrates. Everyone of the following tables gives the effects of one of the salts tested in accordance with the scheme above indicated and in some eases also shows how the nitrate deter- mination is affected by varying the quantities of both the nitrates and other salts. The residue containing the salts and the nitrates was treated with 2 ¢.e of phenoldisulphonic acid thoroughly stirred for about two or three minutes, 25 ¢.e. of nitrate-free dis- tilled water was added, and then strong ammonia drop by drop until the odor of ammonia persisted and the color was per- manent. The solution was then diluted as necessary and com- pared in the Sargent-Kennicott colorimeter with a standard solution similarly and always freshly prepared, whose strength was in every case carefully tested. The results of these experi- ments are given in the following tables. 1912] Lipman-Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 2 TABLE I EFFECTS OF NaCl NaCl added N. added as N. found as mgs. nitrate mgs. nitrate mgs. Uniform quantities .25 -050 .045 KNO,—varying 50 .050 041 amounts NaCl 1.00 .050 .035 2.50 .050 .026 Varying quantities 1.00 050 038 KNO, -uniform 1.00 100 O70 amounts NaCl 1.00 250 215 1.00 500 460 1.00 1.000 .940 1.00 2.500 2.300 Varying quantities of 25 050 -046 both KNO, and NaCl 50 100 O78 1.00 .250 .230 1.50 500 .460 2.00 1.000 -900 2.50 2.500 2.300 Uniform amounts KNO.- aOuit .050 .051 small amounts NaCl i .05 -050 051 10 .050 .049 Color blanks .00 .050 .050 on both salts 2.50 -000 -000 TABLE II Errects or Na,SO, Na,SO, added N. added as N. found as mgs. nitrate mgs. nitrate mgs. Amounts of nitrate 1.000 -0500 .0480 uniform and sulfate 5.000 -0500 -0420 varying 10.000 .0500 0400 20.000 -0500 .0280 30.000 -0500 .0270 Amounts of sulfate 15.000 .1500 .1420 uniform and nitrate 15.000 .5000 -4950 varying 15.000 1.0000 -9000 15.000 2.0000 1.9500 15.000 3.0000 2.8500 Amounts of both salts 1.000 .1500 .1420 varying 5.000 .5000 .4800 10.000 1.0000 -9200 20.000 2.0000 1.9300 O1 26 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [Vol.1 TABLE III Errects or Na,CO, Na,CO, added N. added as N. found as mgs. nitrate mgs. nitrate mgs. Amounts of nitrate 1.00 .1000 0995 uniform and carbonate 2.50 .1000 .1040 varying 5.00 .1000 - 1010 10.00 .1000 .1010 20.00 .1000 .1020 30.00 .1000 1020 Amounts of carbonate 10.00 * .1000 .1000 uniform and nitrate 10.00 -2000 -2100 varying 10.00 .5000 5000 10.00 1.5000 1.4900 Amounts of both salts 1.00 .1000 .1010 varying 5.00 .2000 1970 10.00 .5000 -5050 20.00 .5000 5100 30.00 1.5000 1.4900 The results set forth in tables I, II, and III leave no room for doubt as to the effects of ‘‘alkah’’ salts on the nitrate deter- mination by the colorimetric method. Both NaCl and Na,SO, induce large losses of nitrate, and especially is this true of NaCl, which may be responsible for losses equivalent to forty-five per cent and more of the total nitrate present as indicated in Table I. While Na,SO, induces smaller absolute losses than NaCl, they are none the less marked, and where large amounts of the sulfate are present very considerable losses of nitrate occur. Perhaps the most striking feature of the foregoing results is what appeals to one at first sight as the singular difference in the behavior of Na,SO, and Na,CO,. Whereas the former is always responsible for losses in the determination of nitrates, the latter is the only one of the salts tested which has no effect and the presence of which in a long series of tests has never, except in one case, decreased the amount of nitrate present as shown by the colorimeter readings. It was naturally assumed that Na,CO,, after the addition of the phenoldisulphonie acid, would be converted in the presence of an excess of sulphuric acid into Na,SO, and should therefore show the same decreases in the nitrate content as the latter salt. To clear up these rather puzzling facts, as above given, we decided to run a special series of experiments based on a suspicion which we had as to the 1912] Lipman-Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 27 nature of the action of the salts in question. The results of these experiments, which will be given below, make entirely clear what seemed at first quite puzzlng. In further general discussion of the tables above given, it must be added that the decreases in the nitrate content of the solutions tested as induced by the presence of salts never oc- eurred in accordance with any definite law, the losses at times being greater with smaller amounts of salts than with larger amounts, the amounts of nitrates being constant. On the other hand, with a given amount of nitrates not exceeding one-tenth of a milligram the salts seemed always to induce larger per- centage losses than they did in the case of the larger amounts of nitrates. Our results not only give good opportunity for a com- parison of the effects of varying quantities of salts on the same nitrate content, but point out all the relationships between the salts and nitrates where first the former, then the latter, and finally both, are varied. There are two other points, also, which they would not seem to confirm ; indeed they give entirely different evidence on these than was obtained by other investigators. The first is that small amounts of NaCl do not induce losses of nitrates, as claimed by Stewart and Greaves, and Table I indi- cates that amounts of NaCl below .1 milligram do not occasion any losses. The other point of difference between our results and those of the others mentioned is that Na,CO, does not decrease the amounts of nitrates, no matter to what extent it is used, as shown in Table III. This is in entire disagreement with the results of Gill and Chamot and his coworkers, who claimed that Na,CO, and other carbonates induced losses of nitrates, in the determina- tion outlined. It must also be added here that the effects of Na,SO, as given in Table II constitute the first published results, so far as we are aware, on the effects of Glauber salt on the nitrate determination, and they have indeed been indirectly re- sponsible for the discovery of one or two other points of interest which will be discussed below. The results above given indicate the effects of each of the salts taken singly on the nitrate determination. To make the data more complete it was thought desirable to test various mix- tures of the same salts and note their effects. Table IV gives the results obtained. 28 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [Vol.1 TABLE IV EFFECTS OF MIxED ALKALI SALTS Na,CO, Na,SO, NaCl N. added as N. found as mgs. mgs. mgs. nitrate mgs. nitrate mgs. 1 1 1 .1000 .055 5 5) 5 .1000 .026 10 10 10 .1000 021 20 20 20 .1000 O17 1 et .1000 .082 5 5 apie .1000 081 10 10 oe .1000 .075 20 20 eile .1000 O77 i a 1 .1000 061 5) ahs 5) .1000 -060 10 ius 10 .1000 .055 20 we 20 .1000 .028 il .1000 -050 5 5 .1000 .042 10 10 .1000 .033 ae. 20 20 .1000 -030 10 10 10 .2000 .086 10 10 10 -5000 125 10 10 10 1.000 .360 10 10 10 2.000 1.140 The same marked losses in nitrates occur here as where the salts are employed singly. NaCl seems to be responsible again for the greatest losses, Na,SO, is next in order, and Na,CO, seems to have little or no effect. Since these salts occur together in alkali soils, however, the results in Table IV possess consider- able significance and interest, especially since they point out what enormous losses of nitrates occur where such large amounts as ten milligrams of each of the salts are added to the nitrate-con- taining solution. Tur INTERFERENCE OF PRECIPITANTS OF CLAY AND ORGANIC MATTER ON THE NITRATE DETERMINATION It is very singular that analytical chemists have for so long a time been employing such materials as saturated alum solu- tions, aluminum cream, and bone black for precipitating clay and organie matter in obtaining the soil solution to be used for nitrate determinations without ever having attempted to ascer- 1912] Lipman—Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 29 tain if such materials in any way affect the accuracy of the determination. Indeed Chamot and his coworkers have recom- mended the use of aluminum cream for removing suspended material from the solution, and claim to have had very satis- factory results in the use of that material. Our experiments in this series were intended to clear up this question and the following results show very strikingly that none of the materials mentioned may be employed in the nitrate determinations with- out incurring very serious losses. Table V gives results obtained in the use of potash alum, and Table VI gives results obtained in the use of bone black and aluminum cream. TABLE V Errects or K,A1,(SO,), K,Al,(S0,), N. added as N. found as added nitrate nitrate mgs. mgs. mgs. Amounts of nitrate 5.00 .050 .040 uniform and alum 12.50 .050 .036 varying 25.00. 050 033 50.00 .050 031 100.00 .050 .034 150.00 .050 .040 Amounts of alum uniform 45.00 .050 .035 and nitrate varying 45.00 -100 -075 45.00 .250 168 45.00 .500 2345 45.00 1.000 .675 45.00 2.500 1.800 Amounts of both 5.00 .050 .040 salts varying 12.50 .100 O74 25.00 .250 75 50.00 500 1300 100.00 1.000 .690 150.00 2.500 1.850 Color blanks on .00 .050 .049 both salts .00 .500 .480 TOO: OON TR Me 089 gists 22 bi Gil a Fees 30 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences | Vol. 1 TABLE VI EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM CREAM AND BONE BLACK N. added as N. found as nitrate nitrate mgs. mgs. Sufficient aluminum cream to 5000 254 clear solution. Five minutes 1.000 .648 exposure 2.000 1.460 Twice the amount of aluminum 5000 .100 cream used above. Exposed one 1.0000 300 and one-half hours 2.0000 1.180 Sufficient bone black to clear 1.0000 plied and decolorize solution 2.5000 .650 5.0000 2.200 The data in Tables V and VI are clearly very striking. The enormous losses of nitrates sustained through the use of a satur- ated solution of alum, varying quantities of aluminum cream and bone black, make these substances entirely unfit for use as precipitants for clay, or organic matter, or both, when nitrates are to be determined. While bone black occasions the largest losses, and potash alum the smallest, of any of the substances above described, the losses of nitrates brought about through the use of all the precipitants are too great to permit of their con- tinuance in a method for nitrate determinations which is none too accurate under the best of conditions. It is therefore evident that nitrates are lost not merely through the loss of nitrie acid, as is the case where salts are used, but that there is a loss of nitrates mechanically through adsorption on the part of the colloidal material of the precipitant, as must be the case where such substances as aluminum cream and bone black are used. The large amounts of colloids possessed by these substances, with the accompanying large surface areas, evidently prevent some of the nitrate in solution from going through the filter. On casting about for a method to precipitate clay or organic matter, we first tried the Briggs filter pump, but found that open to two objections. First, the losses of nitrates through what we look upon as adsorption on the part of the clay filter, though not very large, were nearly equal to those induced by small amounts of sulfates. Second, while the filter pump yields a clear solu- tion, it does not serve to decolorize solutions. After several fur- 1912] Lipman-—Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 31 ther attempts to find a coagulating and decolorizing agent which might promise well for this method, it struck us that quicklime, being the best coagulating material for clay, might perhaps also serve to remove organic matter and yet might not decrease seriously the amount of nitrates in the solution to be tested. Accordingly, tests were carried out by adding lime to solutions containing known amounts of nitrates, to soils containing known amounts of nitrates and to soils with unknown amounts of nitrates, in which latter a comparison was also especially made between lime and aluminum cream. We found in these experi- ments that the losses of nitrate through the use of lime were not only very small or negligible, but that the action of lime in precipitating both clay and organic matter was equal to or better than that of the best of the coagulating and decolorizing agents. Its coagulating action on clay has of course always been recog- nized in soil physics. The results of the experiments are given in Table VII. TABLE VIL EFFECTS OF LIME A—Solutions of known nitrate content CaO present N. added as nitrate N. found as nitrate grms. mgs. mgs. 1 1.0000 1.0150 3 1.00006 -9800 5 1.0000 -9550 3 5.0000 4.6500 B—Soils of known nitrate content CaO present N. present as nitrate N. found as nitrate grms, mgs. mgs. Lime ground with soil and water 2 3.280 3.150 Lime added to muddy suspension 2 3.280 3.200 C—Comparison of lime and aluminum cream on soil of unknown nitrate content CaO present N. found as nitrate grms. mgs. Lime ground with soil and water 2 1.210 Lime added to muddy suspension Sufficient aluminum cream added to clear solution fe .800 bo ie bo i) Or 32 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences | Vol. 1 It would seem from these results therefore that lme can yield a clear, colorless solution without decreasing the quantity of nitrates present in the solution appreciably, and that it is therefore the only one of the coagulating agents above tested which can be safely used in the work. We commend it to soil chemists and others making nitrogen determination under similar conditions. Only where very large quantities of lime are em- ployed, and they are not necessary, have we found definite losses of nitrates. We find that 2 grams of CaO is sufficient to coagulate the clay in 100 grams of loam soil and to remove whatever color may be present at the same time. While lime has been used by some chemists in accordance with the method above outlined, its use has by no means been general and no data prior to this existed with reference to its effects on the nitrate determination. J. G. Lipman and P. E. Brown give directions in their laboratory manual on Soil Bae- teriology for the use of 2 grams of lime to precipitate the clay in the 100 gram samples of soil used in nitrification experiments, but we have never seen any published statements beyond that as to the advisability or feasibility of employing lime. It is cer- tainly surprising that those who have tested the method for nitrate determination should not have tried and urged the use of lime as a substitute for alum or aluminum cream. OTHER EXPERIMENTS ON SALT EFFECTS It appeared interesting, when the results in Tables I, II, and III were obtained, to ascertain if the kation as well as the anion of salts was responsible for losses of nitrates. Accordingly a series of experiments was instituted in which the effects of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl, could be compared. The following re- sults were obtained. 1912] Lipman—Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 33 TABLE VIII Errects or IONS N. added as N. found as KCl MgCl, NaCl nitrate nitrate mgs. mgs. mgs. mgs. mgs. 1 35e5 = -1000 .070 5 cs a .1000 .063 10 = fee .1000 .055 20 eas nee .1600 .050 1 ae .1000 .057 5 pos .1000 .028 10 ses .1000 .016 20 an .1000 O11 il .1000 .065 5 .1000 .043 10 -1000 .035 20 .1000 .038 It is evident from Table VIII that the chlorine and not the base is the interfering element, and while the amounts of chlorine were not so proportioned as to be equivalent in the case of the two monovalent bases, the effect is clearly seen of the smallest and the largest amounts of chlorine present in the salts, which can be ecaleulated from the molecular weights. The negative ion therefore seems to be the active agent in setting free nitric acid, but the decreases, depending as they do on other conditions such as evaporation on the water bath and length of exposure, do not take place in accordance with any definite law. The last phase of the salt effects studied was that above re- ferred to in the discussion of Tables I, II, and III, namely, the reason for differences in the action of Na,CO, and Na,SO, on nitrate-containing material. Since it was evident that Na,CO, should react similarly to Na,SO, when the phenoldisulphonic acid was added to the dried residue to be analyzed, we suspected that the losses occurring when Na,SO, was employed came about on the water bath in evaporating the solution, under which con- ditions only, according to our work, could there have been a difference in the action of the two salts. The results given in the following table prove that our sus- picions were well founded. In this series the dry salts were thoroughly mixed with the nitrate-containing residue obtained by evaporating standard nitrate solutions, and then the phenoldi- sulphonic acid reagent was added. NaCl was similarly tested. 34 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [Vol.1 TABLE IX Errects oF Dry MIXING oF NITRATES AND SALTS N. added as N. found as Na,CO, Na,SO, NaCl nitrate nitrate mgs. mgs. mgs. mgs. mgs. 50 ea a .1000 097 100 ae phe 1000 102 50 = .1000 103 100 oe .1000 102 50 .1000 .080 100 .1000 .062 The data in Table IX make it quite clear that the losses due to Na,SO, occur only when the latter salt is present in solution with nitrates and the solution is evaporated on the steam bath. When, however, the salt is mixed dry with the dry nitrate no losses of the latter occur any more than they do when Na,CO, is added. The same is not true, however, of NaCl, as is shown in the last table. That salt causes losses of nitrates during both the evaporation on the steam bath and the reaction setting chlorine free in the treatment of the dry residue with phenoldi- sulphonic acid. This latter fact is a confirmation of work done by Gill and reviewed above. We have thus shown the individual reaction of each of the salts as related to the nitrate determina- tion and the causes which are responsible for the difference. Nitrie acid is evidently set free from nitrates through the com- bined action of heat and the SO, radicle on the steam bath and in the evolution of chlorine when the phenoldisulphonie acid is added to nitrate and chloride-containing material. Na,CO,, however, possessing only a weak and unstable acid radicle is powerless to set free nitric acid either through the help of heat on the steam bath or by its reaction with the phenoldisulphonie acid. GENERAL REMARKS So many factors may interfere with the determination of nitrates by the phenoldisulphonie acid method that it would ap- pear to be almost worthless, and yet it would seem to us that since there is no other good method to take its place which is nearly as simple and capable of use in very numerous deter- minations, it is worth while taking certain precautions to avoid 1912] Lipman-Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 35 error, and to establish the method on a firmer basis. Our results as above outlined show that losses of nitrates are induced by the presence of NaCl and Na,SO,, and such losses are indeed hard to avoid when working with ‘‘alkali soils.’’ Even the suggestion of Chamot that AgSO, might be used to precipitate chlorides would seem, from our results, not to be useful, since the addition of sulfate to the solution would accomplish very con- siderable losses itself, even if the silver sulfate can be obtained nitrate-free, which Chamot claims is seldom the case. So that while we deem it unsafe in the presence of considerable quantities of salts containing chlorides and sulfates to determine nitrates by the phenoldisulphonie acid method and would therefore recommend the Street modification of the Ulsch method in such eases, it is likewise clear that many of the nitrate determinations made in soil laboratories, as is especially the case in soil bacteriological work, would not be interfered with by salts. In such cases the method can be safely depended on if potash alum, aluminum eream, and bone black are not used to coagulate clay and or- ganic matter, since they have been found in the researches above described to be productive of very serious errors. We recom- mend as a substitute for these coagulating agents the oxide of lime in its chemically pure state, to be employed in accordance with the method above given. The losses of nitrates sustained through its use have been shown to be very small in the work above reported, and it may be employed by grinding the soil with water or by direct addition to the muddy suspension pre- pared from the soil. Other sources of loss such as those brought about through the sterilization of controls in the autoclave are unavoidable. They have been found at times to be distinctly appreciable, and especially in the presence of considerable quantities of organic matter. It is further of the greatest interest to learn, from the experiments above described, of the action of the anion of the salts employed in our studies and the losses of nitrates occurring on the water bath from solutions being evaporated there when either NaCl or Na,SO, is present. We should also make mention here of our attitude toward the use of NH,OH instead cf KOH, which was found superior 36 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [Vol.1 to the former in the investigations above reviewed. While higher absolute results may no doubt be obtained from the use of KOH than from NH,OH, and while in addition ammonia _ possesses other objectionable features, we were not aware of the first of these objections when these investigations were begun and did not deem the others serious enough to warrant a change in the established method. Moreover, the same relative values would exist for the data above given if obtained with one or the other of the hydrates, and therefore our results, having been obtained throughout by the use of ammonia, do not in any way lose their value. We do intend, however, in the future to employ KOH exclusively in nitrate determinations made in this laboratory. Finally we desire to call the attention of soil chemists to the fact that losses of nitrates by the agencies above described never seem to occur in accordance with any definite law, with the exception of the case in which the various alkali chlorides are compared. In these it would appear, from calculations which we have made, that the losses of nitrates are proportional to the amounts of chlorine present. While no law can be formu- lated, however, in accordance with which nitrates are lost in the presence of salts, it may be possible to work out tables for the losses of nitrates incurred in the presence of varying quantities of chlorides and sulphates, and to make corrections, therefore, in samples whose composition is unknown after alkali determinations are made. It is true, however, that calculation has shown on the basis of data in Table VIII that the losses of nitrates induced by chlorides alone are proportional to the amount of chlorine present. CONCLUSIONS 1. The “‘alkali’’ salts NaCl and Na,SO, induce losses of nitrates when the latter are determined by the phenoldisulphonic acid method. Na,CO, has no such effect. NaCl induces much greater losses than Na,SOQ,. 2. Among the substances used to coagulate clay and organic matter from solutions in which nitrates are to be determined, potash alum, aluminum cream, and bone black have been found decidedly unreliable. They all induce large losses of nitrates. 1912] Lipman-Sharp: Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method o7 3. Lime has been found to be much more reliable for the pur- pose named than any of the other substances, the losses incurred through its use being very small. 4. The reason for the difference between the action of Na,SO, and Na,CO, so far as the nitrate losses are concerned is to be found in the fact that Na,SO, induces the loss of nitrie acid from the solution while the latter is being evaporated, while Na,CO, containing only a weak acid radicle has no power to set nitric acid free. Neither Na,SO, nor Na,CO, has the power to set nitric acid free from nitrates when the dry residues of the two are mixed prior to treatment with phenoldisulphonie acid. 9. Losses of nitrates from solutions as induced by chlorides alone seem to be proportional to the amount of chlorine present. 6. The work of Gill which showed that chlorine induces losses both on the water bath and in mixing the dry residue with phenoldisulphonie acid is confirmed. ( oinoattas! of. Southern. “cafornia, by: acre: Moore. ‘Hall, Pp. 4 8025. “plates 1-3, with a map. - December, 1907 . pasoeee er nt Seen e anaes pile 3 -amplexicaulis Nutt. by He .D: ‘Densmore. . _»Pp._ 303-330; plates 4-8. ; ‘Protective: Action, — On: the “Effects of: Certain Poisonous Gases on ‘Plants, “By. ‘Plate Ou" ‘December, gfe Riva Sele saan ~eeous Corallines.— “Ti, by Maurice ‘Barstow bal igs RPE 349-370; 1 dies os 5 Graceatat Trees art shrubs, by) Harvey Monroe Hail, “Pp. a 1-74; p plates 1-11; 15 text-figures. March, 19100-0202. 2. Gracilariophila, | a New Parasite on Gracilaria sont er volltes: by Harriet 8. Plantae Mexicanae Purpusianae, sa by TT: ‘8. Brandegee. Pp. 85-95. 4, Leuvenia, a New Genus-of Flagellates, by N.L. Gardner. Pp, 97-106; , The Genus Sphaerosoma, by. William Albert Setchell. Pp. 107-120; Fe Date Air MAG O10 esr ON ent aan eect ‘noides, by Ada Sara ‘McFadden. Pp. 137-142; ‘plate. 18, February, Pp, 143-150; alate: 19. ‘February, ‘1911-. SRA ESE ait os Serge eee Sct nt CO 4A FS So Reet en delesserioides J. Ag. by Wilfred. Charles ‘Twiss. Pp. 159-1765 plates iis Match, 1911 nimi enn Pp. 195-208, - A March, PN one SR cacti asec thceee ttc cet cones eea denen atdoecnnsnoane = 7 OOF e. March, Ch b Reena irene ete Ee pistian ct su onkavep adnan Vatie panceres 229-268; plates: “QB-BL, May, VOVQ oo saitceeeceoenssentcnssesecenscnsennecedtcnne bape ee inen ne wee ar esens Siereshe= ancnabsakenananaansese Lae e Origin, “Structure, and. Function of the Polar Caps in Smilacina ‘December, 1908. ; Seccctaies ganas) eacin deb~ ate meee =© non oed Se pbe sasneneaneue roneese ee ' 4, (In one cover.) The Value’ of Sodium to Plants by Reason of Its - ‘By W. J. V. Osterliout.. Pp. 331-340, June, 1908 2.002.000. Contributions: ‘to. the. Knowledge of the California. Species of Crusta-— = -