Beet iN OF THE Peer CAL SOCIETY or WASHINGTON 27 OCTOBER 2004 NUMBER 11 Editor: Richard vy. Sternberg Review Editor: Lynne R. Parenti Reviewers: Gareth Nelson and Richard Winterbottom Copies available as the supply lasts from: The Custodian of Publications Biological Society of Washington National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 (Cost $75.00 for the 2-volume set, including postage and handling) Cover illustration: Dorsal gill-arch musculature of Megalops cyprinoide. (see Plate 15). : STUDY OF THE DORSAL GILL-ARCH MUSCULATURE OF TELEOSTOME FISHES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTINOPTERYGII Victor G. Springer and G. David Johnson Karolyn Darrow, Ilustrator Appendix: Phylogenetic Analysis of 147 Families of Acanthomorph Fishes Based Primarily on Dorsal Gill-Arch Muscles and Skeleton Victor G. Springer and Thomas M. Orrell PLATES “Art survives long after ideas go extinct—particularly if the art is good and the ideas less consistently so.”’ Joel Achenbach (2000), Smithsonian Magazine, 32(1):123. Index of Illustrated Families and Genera with Associated Plate Numbers Abudefduf. .....5.s0s ss 161 Acanthuridae ......... 173 ACOMINUTUSS sietene sis 2 apne 173 Achoerodus .... 163.1, 163.2 AGIDENSET. eier-us = aot ete 3 Acipensenidaey: = )syettn-)-e- =r 3 Acropomatidae ........ 102 Adrianichthyidae ....... 98 ATTONGNGUS\«.! 6850.4 te 138 AIPONOSIOMMUS ey -htelis natn os 94 AIBA iors ey ake i eiemons cae 17 /NiIGES Sian ooac Sc 17 AAT OVANAIG: senetet on ioe teret= 20 Alepocephalidae ........ 45 Alepocephalus ......... 45 TNIDIOTTIS 6.6 She. oa Oa 76 Amiarsipidae = 25 2-1. 3. 176 AIMGTSIDUS) yeep a ate. kaye 176 Ambassidae) ya e. 2). nee 126 Amblyopsidae ......... 64 TRIG 1 teres he cken Eek 6 Amid ae reese. <2 cate os a < 6 ATINOGBYIES 75 choi =n austen 140 Ammodytidae ........ 140 Amphisticus .... 162.1, 162.2 NOG BSc we BOBO Oe 22 AN SUNG AS ere geatirsea eect 22 Anomalopidae ......... 85 Aniomalops, «=. = 432 4- 85 Aphredoderidae ........ 62 Aphredoderus ......... 62 Aplocheilidae’ 52.2... -- 96 Apogonidae 3 5-2 se - 114 INRA LE? Ges ae mS. & oor 12 Arapaimidae .......... 12 AT ZENTING. scare eps) susesw ae 44 Argentiniddel yc 4 1 = 44 ASSESSOR er ch aitaa seen cea 129 Ateleopodidae 3-.-...-- 53 ATEICODUSMa wane er 53 Atherinidae ...... 95.1, 95.2 AUZACIOSICUS = inne eee 5 Aulichthys) syevcs\202)s es 22 89 (Null Glo seadadacdae 54 AUlODUS iene er Stile tyes orthe 54 Aulorhynchidae ........ 90 Aulorhynchus .......... 90 BUTDOUTISIG arent 72 Barbourisiidae ......... 72 Bathycluped\ on). 2 = 108 Bathyclupeidae ....... 108 Bathymaster, 22). ee) 178 Bathymasteridae ....... 178 Batrachoididae ......... 67 BEAONE Faroe aon etar tS ay 95 Bedoinidaen ts ae 95 BeElonidach rc terse 99 Berycidae =... <1. 82, 83 BOT VOR cud ter acres, Sener 82 Blennudaess-.-.2 see 188 Bollmanniaee cee e cline 202 Boyvichtidae™ 2222 -)ee 180 Bovichtus rence 180 Brama peapohaya eo) aa Bramidadese. siete cketale 128 Vetaiacel Munitecier cick Olea ate euo 33 Gallanthiasmeaciicsatrce 132 Callanthiidae ......... 132 Gallichinisireccre eee 192 Callionymidae .. 184.1, 184.2 Callionymus 184.1, 184.2 Gaproidae waren. revere ter: rrr 78 (GEIR opoiaoo dono oeat 78 (COMNAATE «moon te Ona 159 GhighyuGki ooomesoas 148 Caristtidae 1-0 a nee 127 Caristils! sine ee 127 Gaulolatilusi-s--s:)seeaeier 182 Centracanthidae ....... 156 Centrarchidae ..... 106, 107 Gentuscidaer.y-ryereetaei 86 Gentroberyy itt hae the 83 Centrogeniidae ........ 125 Centrogenysi ene) okie 125 Centrolophidae ........ 177 COMET ee gésbancents 131 Cepolidaet sare 131 Ceratodontidae ...... Va, 1.2 Cetengraulis ..... 26.1, 26.2 Getomimidae, = ei cierto 74 Chaenopsidae ........ 193 Chaetodipterus ........ 171 @hanidaeierareeven cucu 30 (CRANNG Ais scion - seo eee 175 Channidaewer pace raciecne 175 GHayase 7 eo rant eens 30 Gharacidaegy -n-cer mien 33 @haunacidacwey raster: 68 GCRAUNGKE I. ie kee tes casks ne ens 68 Cheilinus? seco ec <0 6s ke 167 Chirocentridae .... 28.1, 28.2 Chirocentrus ..... 28.1, 28.2 Chlorophthalmidae ...... 56 Chlorophthalmus ....... 56 Ghocrodonmaene ee 167 Ghologastere rain 64 CRromismariniey- tala 161 @rchlidaew recreate on 159 @irrhitidaeyey a y-raciensisi ere 117 Gleplicusimawesu-rt nt ea 167 G@linidae eesacierene « 190, 191 GHNUS ce regscste ets, atone 191 (CHISCEO ooccooupcadcs 29 Coilia see eee 27 (Gololabi sige ent 100 GONE hee beaches mie 21 Gonpridaen y--ecpee-ar--re a 21 Coregonus. aa ences) oe 38 COIS Fir hava 2 oes ee 166 Coryphaenayen i hte 150 Coryphaenidae ........ 150 Gyrioscionae ae nee 121 @yprinidaey ...... 32.1, 32.2 Gyprinodon a -sceieeiener 97 Cyprinodontidae ........ Oy) Dactylagnus) 4) se 189 Dactyloptend ean wea 181 Dactylopteridae ....... 181 Dactyloscopidae ....... 189 IPYGHITED gonabess ood 24 Denticipitidae ......... 24 IDFA 3S te onlin oes 58 DiCrOlenGe eae eae EO 65 ID ay NOGA ee oo cite oe 34 Diplomystidae ......... 34 Diplophidae =... 1 =: 50 IAAT Koon tavcmres 50 Dischistodus: (oc = = =2 =o: 160 DitropiCchiRyS > «enki 74 DrACONCHA Wes aes 2 183 Draconettidae,".. = == == 183 DUSSEUTICTAQ er sists haere aes 29 EAGSSOWIQ re eee eae 93 Elassomatidae” ey eee 93 Bleotmdaewner sie sneiere 197 Elecotris a tern eee 197 Blopidacs Pie ere eutectic 16 [HDI Saga de So Odo Ss 16 EMnDioloca) -ealeisesie cist che 162 Embiotocidae ... 162.1, 162.2 Engraulidae ... 26.1, 26.2, 27 Enneacanthus .......-.- 107 Ephippidae! 2.6. a... 171 BE PINePRElUs evel enele lates 111 Esocidae® «020s: ss 5)0ye Stensns 47 SOX S05). apte = i eysuedei sts wake 47 Bxocoectidae a.) o2 ae 101 JORIS ooo goo oben 101 GGLGRITS goed be) cre on yee tees 40 Galaxiidae ....... 40, 41, 42 Gasterosteldacm-yjer nee 87 Gasferosteusmeene nee 87 GALTON ees cigs 137 Gerres™ Sa cisa tt heracnors 133 Germidaee ys 42 caceea et 133 Gibberichthyidae ....... 70 Gibberichthys ........- 70 GHD! soootoonods 190 GIOSSQUIHG! . relere se a totae 114 Glossogobius! =. = 2 201 Gnatholepis, ~~ 3... -2-- 204 Gobiesocidae =1-)4-y5 = 185 Goblidaescrscraa Ae.seens .. 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 Gonorynchidae ........ 31 (Gonorynchusi)- eae 31 Gonostoma ...... §2.1, 52.2 Gonostomatidae ... 52.1, 52.2 Gramma! Snes Vohra 134 Grammatidae> "7... 134 Grammicolepidae ....... Tl Gymnarchidaey =e ) CMMI osansodsoos 9 Gymnotidaes4j5-- eo 35 GYMNOWS, Sis tees ees 35 Haemulidae eres cee 113 Halosaunidaes sini eeee er 20 Hemiramphidae ....... 101 Hemiramphus ........- 101 ETererOclinus y-.-y- eer 191 Heteropriacanthus ..... 115 FLOLET OMS: eistods. wi ene ones ene 11 Hexagrammidae ....... 145 IPBINIMAUUMEM oO ono sms + 145 Higdon «, cyomckcgey a eae i Hiodontidae 5.05 -0-\-m eae a Holocentndae) = sirens 84 HIOlOCenizus\ f= 2 ose 84 Hoplostethus\ — 2) 1-0-1 81 FLY DOMESUSY (2. toe eeneee 43 Hypoptychidae ...... 88, 89 Ey POpLyCRus = eee eene 88 [costeidae) ay t-te eee 75 Icosteus) ....,.. xy2vs soe 75 VliSH@ cc. nvocs, dn SRE 25 Kathetostoma). .)-)-see 142 Kuhlia: 2.0 esc 157 Kaurhlitdaer es aceee nee 157 Eabracinus eee 136 Labridae 163.1, 163.2, 164.1, 164.2, 165, 166, 167, 168 (abrisomidaes..-.)-sieeeae 192 Labroidés) sso 168 [actanidae) =.) neers 119 E-actarius:.).\-)-1- eee 119 Lampanyctus) =). 58 Wampridae nie 60 Eampris: \.. <24/0 ee 60 Lateolabracidae ....... 120 Eateclabrax\ v.01 120 PeateS: 0. 5). eee 105 Liatidae, 55 .s.2- ioe 105 Leiognathidae ........ 137 Leiopotherapon ....... 158 Lepidoblennius ........ 187 Lepidogalaxias......... 41 episosteidac =). einen 5 Leptobrama) -7-))-1-.ee 104 Leptobramidae ........- 104 ethrinidae’ ==.) eee 155 Lethrinus.. 2... 0). eee 155 Lonchopisthus ........ 135 Lovettia. ...... 3. sae 42 eutjanidae’ 24.) 112 [uvaridac? ).)-)-eueeene 170 Euvarus:. 2 <2. 52 eee 170 Macquariay ene 103 Macroramphosus .....-. - 86 Malacanthidae ........ 182 Mastacembelidae ....... 92 Mastacembelus ........ 92 Maurolicus 2502 51 Megalopidae .......... 15 Mecalaps) = 1) -1-1-0 ieeiee 15 Melamphaidae ......... 69 Meaney tard fee 80.1, 80.2 Menidae® ae) 80.1, 80.2 Menidiay s.-ucraene 95.1, 95.2 Microdesmidae .... 198, 199 Microdesmus ......... 199 Micropteriusi-ihelienenee 106 Mornmyridaerrn. niet 10 MOrone) cioranrs teen nto 110 IMforonid a care mcesiea tienen 110 Mucilidae wi s-nartn ir aenens 94 Mualhdaen:py.r-aststencct 124 Myctophidae .......... 58 Nematistiidae ......... 147 ING TEMIDD oa50500606 147 Nemipteridae ......... 154 INGOTS, 6000000006 154 Neoceratodus ....... 1.1, 1.2 INCOCLINUSM aes 193 Neoscopelidae ......... 57 Neoscopelus .........- 57 Notacanthidae ......... 19 Notacanthus .........- 19 Notopteridae ........... 8 NotopteTusieer yn 8 Novumbra ............ 48 Odontobutidae ........ 195 Odontobutis .......... 195 Oncorhynchus ......... 36 Ophidiidae ........... 65 Opistognathidae ....... 135 Opsanusmreiraee sor 67 Oreosomatidae ......... 76 @smeridacyae sae ele 43 Osteoglossidae ......... 14 Osteoglossum ......... 14 Ostracoberycidae ...... 116 Ostracoberyx ......... 116 RantOdOn et ero 13 Pantodontidae ......... 13 Parablennius ......... 188 Paracirrhites ......... 117 Parahollardia ......... 79 Pempheridae ......... 118 Pempheris ........... 118 BET CO MN acts sys cneie ci 130 Percichthyidae ........ 103 IRENE gocoocaoode 130 Bercopsidaeisr ters = 63 IPOREDION. 194600005000 63 Petrocephalus ......... 10 Pholidichthyidae ...... 169 Pholidichthys ......... 169 Platycephalidae ....... 144 Platycephalus ........ 144 Platytroctidae.......... 46 Plesiopidae .......... 129 Polycentridae ......... 138 Polydactylus ......... 122 Polylepion 3 = 23.2325. 165 Polymixias 4-1-4 ee 61 Polymixiidae .......... 61 Polynemidae ......... 122 IAQDSCCDD. 505000000 00000 4 Polyodontidae .......... 4 Polypteridae ........... 2 ROMAIN Sonscce eons 2 Pomacentridae ..... 160, 161 Pomadasy sa aero 113 Pomatomidae ......... 151 Pomatomus .......... 151 PONTINUSM ee een 143 IPOTOMIUN Gee a nee: 69 Priacanthidae ......... 115 Pristigasteridae......... 25 Pristipomoides ........ 112 Pristolepidae ......... 174 Pristolepis ........... 174 Psenopsis .........-. 177 Psettodes...... 205.1, 205.2 Psettodidae . 205.1, 205.2 Pseudapocryptes ...... 200 Pseudochromidae ...... 136 Pseudupeneus ........ 124 Ptereleotris .......... 198 Pterothrissus .......... 18 Rachycentridae ....... 149 Rachycentron ......... 149 INGWOGDO oon 6bo0000n80 66 Ranicipitidae 3. 66 IRCtrOpiInnGiaer wn er nea 39 Retropinnidae ......... 66 Rhamphocottidae ...... 146 Rhamphocottus ....... 146 Rhyacichthyidae ....... 194 Rhyacichthys ......... 194 IRIVULUS ERS eee en eee 96 Rondeletiay a. ee 73 Rondeletiidae.......... 73 IRUGNONOD eee 186 Salmonidae ...... 36, 37, 38 NMA soccctanon sac 55 Sciaenidae ty ste 121 SCOMDCT AE at ee het te 153 Scomberesocidae ...... 100 Scombridae .......... 153 Scombrolabracidae ..... 152 Scombrolabrax ........ 152 Scorpaenidae ......... 143 SCAT SLG Wn ted ek ate eter 46 Dalarna be ced cao meee 148 Serranidacierersree ee 111 Sillaginidae .......... 123 SWE oes no60dn68 08 123 Sphyraena ........... 139 Sphyraenidae ......... 139 Spicarawan eee 156 Stephanoberycidae ...... 71 Stephanoberyx ......... 71 Sternoptychidae ........ 51 Stichaeidae seman ee 179 Symphodus 164.1, 164.2 Symphysanodon .......- 109 Symphysanodontidae 109 SMUAGODS onccaotooone 102 Synaphobranchidae ..... . 23 Synaphobranchus ....... 23 Synbranchidae ......... 91 Synbranchus .......... 91 Synodontidae .......... 55 Terapontidae ......... 158 Tetracentrum ......... 126 INDUCHTS Scbaoodses At 37 Trachelochismus ...... 185 Trachichthyidae ........ 81 Mrachinidae) 3.32 2205. 141 IAA OD Ganaen oo Onc 141 Triacanthodidae ........ 79 Tripterygiidae ..... 186, 187 Trypauchen .......... 203 Tylosurus! een eee 99 Olvariagey 2) eons 179 Umbra. eee eae tke ae 49 Wmbridaey evar sae 48, 49 Uranoscopidae ........ 142 Velifernimnn ina Mone a tere c 59 Weliferidacwunn -tecinrel: 59 Xenisthmidae......... 196 Xenisthmus .........-. 196 Xenolepidichthys ....... 77 Xenopoecilus .......... 98 LACCOM Se eas ees 32.1, 32.2 Zanclidacwre ens awl 172 LATO gi6 6 006065006 172 ' M. Intrb4 gill filaments SO (truncated) M. Intrb3 PrO ees Neoceratodus —?2 mm—= (Ceratodontidae) M. Intrb3 a B M. Intrb4 ar ii, gill filaments (truncated) Plates 1.1, 1.2. Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS 1.40438001: A, dorsal view, SO damaged mid-dorsally, right-side Intbr1—4 and associated tissues removed; B, posterior view, right-side Intbr3—4 removed; C, right side, lateral view, Intbr1—4 and associated tissues removed. Neoceratodus —— 2 mm—4 Polypterus (Polypteridae) Plate 2. Polypterus ornatipinnis, USNM 164514: A, dorsal view; right-side Ebl medial portion illustrated based on left side; note small ossification on Eb1; B, lateral view, right side reversed; note Cb5 absent, PCI and PCE attach to Cb4. 7 7 a 8 os ia a ontak f Ss ‘ire f/ oe a Pioamay (= ae) - d Quefh , Sw-iuTy jie * . . . ie iy P| < — el he icetiai >\ie pai hucterl Pe ee 7 ae cs Ce liga Ai} : " : eae \ ‘y \) Eb1-4 Acipenser (Acipenseridae) Wi : \ SN \ VX Plate 3. Acipenser ruthenus, USNM 62372: A, dorsal view, LE2 comprises five parts (only four visi- ble kere, all beginning with MSPb2), left-side LE3 and LE4 reflected laterally, central CT greatly simplified, Ad4 continuous anteroventromedially with SO; B, lateral view, right side reversed; C, SPb2 medial view right side, all five parts of LE2 indicated. Small middle area of Eb] lightly ossified; all other skeletal elements are cartilaginous. M. SPb2-LE1 » irl! - 7 —2 mm— Polyodon (Polyodontidae) SAWS “TNA . Treo 55) 8 NN WIS ~ SRE OEEEEN A Sa tent of Plate 4. Polyodon spathula, USNM 101093: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view, right side reversed, dotted lines indicate exten attachment of Ad1 to posterior surface of Eb1, similar Ads present on 2nd to 4th arches. All skeletal elements are cartilaginous. .* « * ' . | 4 | i - \ > \ | i i 7 ulA \ i] } 4 i | ie 6 4 } f , 7 } } i it , \ Lh} v7 j } | 1 } ¢ i . iy j A. : ivii~éal i ’ 4 ] . 4 oe yaadhiev Tur | £ . ULL i Al j - = a ee ee ee ® in oe Graal, §*° Bile GP ah WOU : ead) ny : » o —_ ae as c _ »>7-5 ¥ ; 4 nti, - 7 tae 7 i. Th sob. und, a =< _ i \\\ \ \ Wy \\ r) On 2, ° -— 2mm Atractosteus (Lepisosteidae) Plate 5. Atractosteus tropicus, USNM 120715: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 retracted; position of LE2 insertion approximated (in B also): B, lateral view, left side; LEland LE2 removed (insertion positions indicated by shading); C, posterior view, right side reversed. ; min ov . oan (deat +—2 mm— Amia (Amiidae) Plate 6. Amia calva, USNM 230909: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3 and OD4 cut away; B, posterior view, right side reversed. no \ {) NE op__ WW, — Swill comme Ads SSX Ad4 «he |” BRO ene (| é °o (HIopONTIDAE) \° -———. 2 mm ——4 Plate 7. A, B, Hiodon alosoides, USNM 350554: A, dorsal view, distal (posterior) ends of Eb4s are rotated differently, making specimen appear asymmetrical and obscuring right-side OP; C, H. tergisus, USNM 342742, dorsal view, right side. See description and results sections for discussion of problems concerning identification of LI2 and/or 3. . > = a i" a ges a. : ; ~ ee Certs ie @ ubA) 18 Aa) opal io 2 |i jot ‘eure, - , Ss OD3-4 oN (cut end) Notopterus (NOTOPTERIDAE) Plate 8. Notopterus notopterus, A, B, USNM 191464: A, dorsal view, right-side LE 4 removed and OD3-4 cut away to reveal RecD4; B, posterior view, left side; C, USNM 344674: lateral view, left side. ry i . >. * « » 7? | ok) _ VT e yy ey / i) Chee os a oe yer ae oF a nA ; P A LEI MK co | complex I (th a LM LE2? Lil RecD3? M. Pb3-Eb3-Eb2 \ SS w/ HN eee 7 WMOWES —TPb2-Pb3-Eb4 Ff YY as wn \\ OS hf I Oo iy S Ho ONC: fi / Fogo A TS sts pon i) ON Lf ilfk xe — Ne Sli : Z ON iil ZS Y\Wi A Whoo poe .\ 9 Gymnarchus (GYMNARCHIDAE) (| | SA\\ " RCi———r7 | , i} Qu Plate 9. Gymnarchus niloticus, USNM 319410: A, dorsal view, LE1 complex truncated considerably anteriorly; B, posterior vie left side, Ad5 attaches to tendon and Eb4 dorsally. “i te 4 = = vA e A » em ET j , >) J “s v4 Ad .* ys, ¥ | i i] S i - = ALY | ~——~ ia \} I naan, - a CY ~ i _ . i, ah: \ er = ‘s ~— = = * ee Oe. lant — ! =) — Sn epee hy! : ¥ ; u tye | - : i | —— 1 emt \ ts - in ; Coe es AW Niner) a aN gaily. (ee rel : ; es ne ‘ J . ey . ; Xe a | : be = eee Saas ets hs re ii ae leaned, ented Ary ti 1 » ss - _ - be ¥ ee oi. : yee ee By Za in L900 Petrocephalus (Mormyridae) Plate 10. Petrocephalus tenuicauda, USNM 118801: dorsal view, right-side LI] and LE3 removed, insertions indicated by shading. LE4 fe} fo) 10) d. q Sy 0 fo) nerves = = Eb1-4 5 Ae 9 ° EO cavity Heterotis (ARAPAIMIDAE) Plate 11. Hererotis niloticus, USNM 303214: A, dorsal view, right-side epibranchial organ removed; B, dorsal view, right side; B, posterior view, right side reversed; C, lateral view, left side. ( ~ y Ee ; ae NZ RecD4 —=-2*" _ > P Ve A LZ OD4 (cut end) ——7~— 7 7 5 ss ie Arapaima (ARAPAIMIDAE) Plate 12. Arapaima gigas, USNM 177528: A, dorsal view, levators truncated, LE2 and LE3 absent; left-side TPb3-Eb2 cut away to expose OD3 and OD4 origins (shaded areas); left-side OD3 and OD4 cut away anteriorly to expose LI2 insertion; B, posterior view, left side; Ad4 not visible. a = i ye a va - fobs v ug bie’ | ao Pd = hd Ww} Caren 2ST" Pb2-Eb2 ~~ OH : Z CG CRY So : | : ma I y —\ g \ Cb4 AC Ad5 ———-2 mm Pantodon (PANTODONTIDAE) Plate 13. Pantodon bucholzi, USNM 353993: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed: B, posterior view, left side; C, dorsal view, left-side dorsal gill-arch skeleton with insertion positions of LI2, LI3, and RD indicated; D, ventral view of right-side Eb1, Eb2, Pb2 to reveal M. Pb2-Eb2. s Peo Pus! Le - ; Vee 2 | : 7 a e ~ = ~~ ~ “AN ay; _ * ~~ - o Ve te | t : : r ae |!) ya a x i Z < \ i "y, Pali My" grils ¢ oP = 7 d ) 7 : i ih . # : : ' ae Wi vawiira P * — pam TeaAvaert) . «i ; a 7 : ae jam? gt} } Bal eA Hv, im: een a leek ahs ~¥ oe ta i onli —— 7 a ; i LE2 \Yy N Eucla : \ i, ( Yr Ye (0) o}o > Zt ENN) | 5B « LAAN M. Pb2-Eb2 Lil pe Ky ° EZ ANN AX | Ve SX Y AZZ —— a eel G RecD4 [ zzz Osteoglossum (OSTEOGLOSSIDAE) Plate 14. Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, USNM 315447: A, dorsal view, right-side LI1 removed; B, lateral view, left side, LE3 truncated considerably. ehh? ney Vist.’ ef Pgny? - a j , rs ‘, a 2 ea , - A a Fs ae i 7 } ; ‘, i cy 18), 4 ‘ i i” ui p i= ; i 1 7 - , ) | i 7_~ —_ y + / af Ji sj comm fy (acy yy @ Teh iw) Lv) nt +2 mm— Megalops (MEGALOPIDAE) Plate 15. Megalops cyprinoides, USNM 350468: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed and OD3 cut away; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, right side reversed. : and , ae { bi) 4 i) a7 LEAN oa / ey, i, ) y OD4 (cut end) OD3 (cut end) Pb4 BAEK Mii ENN Plate 16. Elops saurus, USNM 121694: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3, OD3, and OD4 cut away; B, lateral view, left side. Note: ttachment to SPb1, forming two sheet-like layers with less extensive posterior layer incompletely LI1 loops anteriorly from posterior a posteriorly; LI3 on PB4 ventrally with few anterior overlapping surface of more extensive anterior layer; LI2 on Pb3 ventrally and SPb2 fibers on SPb2. ate! a Mpegs ® wr = ING | INS Le lo S M.UP4-Eb2 g _ a ES a Y Ne ee M7 Ze = or MN | y t Fons OT NN Y= = =< \\ Eb1-4 yy = —EN , (=o Ny w ac: << — = -— 2 mm—— Albula (ALBULIDAE) Plate 17. Albula vulpes?, USNM 247511: A, dorsal view, right-side OD4 cut away; note anomalous slip of muscle inserting on dorsomedial process of Eb4 passes through right side of TPb3 and arises from hidden origin of right-side OD3; OD4 inserts dorsally only on dorsomedial process of Eb4; B, posterior view, left side. : : ee BAT aes 4 ‘aati er Has 1 Seapue o _ “4 79 h nei wo in| “1 oY Hy fy \y g Z ll CL I oof | M.UP5-Cb4 WK : 0 Io o / oo oO A 2 oF [fo 9° > Pterothrissus (ALBULIDAE) Plate 18. Pterothrissus gissu, FRSKU 22120: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed and TPb3, OD3, OD4 cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LI3; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, right side reversed. . | ' : 7 | lal t : ~< oe o yom me - é - - > a” ; - fa { a bd a ee = — — va Medd = i . 4 e ey et oo a — Pe b + : a — ae , 4 ” De 1 a = ated | — | \ — Sy : op x prone. t) ati ANWR ON \ / A \\ ° Notocanthus (NOTACANTHIDAE) Plate 19. Notacanthus chemnitzi, USNM 214342: A, dorsal view, right-side LE3 added (specimen anomalously lacked muscle); B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, left side; note GFM overlaps Ad! dorsolaterally, continuous with Ad] ventromedially; GFMs on second and third arches damaged, complete extent undetermined. { ta : pe . * ) | , : : » . J - Yi. » 9 ‘a. | : ad + _— = oe ou cmeacyeena staat nad a ’ = Ae q = a _ > s * Wy 7 - 7 \ 4) - ai) ° . 7 e 7 ail iA - { Ty Vy f > , : Pi , “~ at \ if oy j hos, cs ok 2 \ oh eae _ —- &£ ri ” . as i F ¥ 4 ; wae 1 ; . ' } . 7 Ae 4 j — _ —_— i Rie ee eae ee | * li ; 4 Wis .) wipe ¢ _ : r ‘A Pepvey YN ine lo( Ys. Dye) S Aan ane = av Dy SSS === Si — -——— 2 mm——“4 Aldrovandia (HALOSAURIDAE) Plate 20. Aldrovandia affinis, USNM 319707: dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 cut away. = Plate 21. Conger cinereus, A~-C, USNM 115969 (toothplates labeled according to Nelson, 1966): A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3-Eb4 and OD4 cut away; fascia-like ligament originating on medial tip of Eb4 is shown (in part) only on the left side; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, fourth arch (Eb3 uncinate process included), right side reversed; D, C. triponiceps, ANSP 106182, cleared and stained: dorsal view, left-side dorsal gill arches, gray area indicates extent of LI2 insertion on Pb3, UP3, and UP4 based on C. cinereus. Pin he RY ip [ / | | M.Pb2-Eb1 LEl i | | | Pb2 te a TiAl | | ls v rn : : \ Y | Sy ~\ \\ \ y d4 Eb1-4 B 9 me Conger (CONGRIDAE) LE3 e) Y= (QS fives \\ \\ LEA Anguilla (ANGUILLIDAE) Eb Pp SO 2G TPb3-UP3-UP4-Eb4 ed medially to reveal M. Pb2-Eb1; B. posterior view areas. Anguilla rostrata, USNM 340815: A, dorsal view, right-side LI] for nedia with insertions of LI1, LI2, and TPb3-Eb4-UP4-UPS indicated by darker shaded ar TPb3-UP3-UP4 OD3-4 foe) ; L / ,, s % a =" <7), AYssS WY): OA Sno ON 7, . ONES S SA 6. Oo NN - = ai Sw = Z (SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE) Synaphobranchus (a: +—2 mm——4 —> => —— rsed Plate 23. A,B, Synaphobranchus sp., USNM 316662: A, dorsal view, left-side OD3—4 cut away; B, lateral view, right side reve nd stained: dorsal view, left-side dorsal gill arches, M. Pb2-Eb2 indicated, cataloged, cleared a (SO not shown); C, S. kaupi, VIMS un insertion of LI2 indicated by darker shaded areas. a - : d J { j 7 i ; ver Det 7 { ae ¥ Vie ae | : (fae a —— * : : oul maa nee At : ie = ~. fo 2 > . 6 0, /° o : oa J O S SSN : I NS oS ba) DP ‘ 2 6 Os \ \ . fp = yf AD [1 = o Wa — SS £%5 oe Se /)l Kae : UT) REN eae | 2% I fo) , TUP4p aC... 7) ie 7 Plate 34. Diplomystes chilensis, USNM 259097: A, dorsal view, right-side anterior CT cut away to expose cartilage; right-side OD3 and OD4 cut away to expose some underlying muscle-bone relationships; B, posterior view, left side; C, dorsal view, levators and dorsal OP (cut) obliques removed, but insertions of LI1—4 and origin of OD4 indicated. o> ‘ ’ @ Ap ey ond SeonT~ = Pik alt ote wii —s aidacemea setae pee i peer — « @ 7 7 7 a - : : Pb1 TPb2-Pb3-Pb4 O Boo70S > OS Pb2 oof Oo “yo ° XS, AYE ES L0G) sorae / \ S 47 oO DIK LZ > I /f a > @Z\ on ee 5 8 / \ —_ © NES fe o% Fee \ =| ONES Sag 2 = —————|= 22 HAL g Wy —— i ee WW \\ } “| ee LB WwW Eb1-4 Gymnotus (GYMNOTIDAE) Plate 35. Gymnotus carapo, A, B, USNM 260272: A, dorsal view, right-side OD4 cut away, left-side PP fascia removed (Pb1 based on USNM 233851); B, posterior view, left side; C, USNM 233851 (cleared and stained), dorsal gill-arches with insertions of levators (based on USNM 260272) indicated by shaded areas. * . 7 e% Ly sw Wy ; , it~ a7 7 ee : —- OD) OW 4) WO Gia Byt and hi ) ee) ees [Ques <9 urs a ; 7 ae Oncorhynchus (SALMONIDAE) ht-side OD3 cut away to reveal TPb3a, which joins anteroventral Plate 36. Oncorhynchus mykiss, USNM 351540: A, dorsal view, rig 1 surface of OD3; B, posterior view, left side. surface of OD3; TPb3a cut away to reveal origin of OD3’, which joins mid-ventra omy © ® +, —e . | } = — = oo) . ~~ i anyys , abla i res || i 1 Pe lave; gave io eh: a = Thymallus (SALMONIDAE) Plate 37. Thymallus arcticus, USNM 179764: A, dorsal view; B, posterior view, left side; C, right-side dorsal gill arches with insertions of LI1, LI2, and LI3 indicated. EbS e * .* a 6 i) vi * te Ni 4 Mi hL it he ti se ¢ \Wos Ebl Q\\ op WEES a \\ ) » A fk Zs Oo S WVWUIN2o Oo 0 009 SOW THe SS } — SO —> i] lo EXC ap mii VZ 00 Oe AN 7 SZ LZEE- KS ve) Coregonus (SALMONIDAE) SO TV5 USNM 117488: A, dorsal view, right-side Eb3 removed and OD3 (insertion not shown) and OD4 cut Plate 38. Coregonus artedi, moO\ away; Pbl extends dorsoposteriorly, has all bony tip dorsally; B, posterior view, left side. * “4 +H —— bd » e a e _ i ’ ) } id @ pty? “we tVe ) . a 1 @al ~ a he: 7 i’ i 5 : 7 Se gl _ ; — _ _ hl " Nf = el 7 ear >* & } camiail —- . =. * ere . Gumd-+~ 7 7 - 2) as . : y 7 oe " _ fare i a : | : re | : . - ' a ce} i bee CR SS S\Z- AN \ AAA oN { / Eas } ] Yee 4 ON «ql S- B fai)! = Ad: air, OP Af | al Y) Y AY | [} “iff /' / / [| Ju LERRR™™]™?q_O0 \ Pat Retropinna (RETROPINNIDAE) \ C5 ee = ——a Z Plate 39. Retropinna osmeroides, USNM 304419: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3p, OD3, OD4, and Op4" cut away to reveal origins of OD4 (on Pb3) and OD4’ (on Pb4), insertions of LI2 and LI3, and attachment of TPb4-Eb4; B, posterior view, left side. ratus, USNM 344888: A, dorsal view; Plate 40. Galaxias au TN vi ~ ho Soar. Wey y Lepidogalaxias (GALAXIIDAE) oO mai — is — 6 — SS |=— Waitin 07 ie Wy Ki Vi S eM (Nt rm Wi T RD ER CAINS SSW) /: Cb4 qa Ad5 eM } = SO Plate 41. Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, USNM 358461: A, dorsal view, left-side LE3 and LE4 removed, insertion areas indicated; B, posterior view, left side. a ‘ t vehi As = —— pas :. —— BONGO OMS Go oO ° 9°90 =A D SS eN \ \ x2. 0 0° ————— o % \ | 00 San Hr 02 oo] Sw ear) iS S Wo O° | N \ °° WONG Q'G °4F Zo Plate 42. Lovettia sealei, USNM 358617: A, dorsal view, right-side LI2 and LI3 especially truncated to reveal LE2; B, left side, Rol 5 = a Ay 5 0 = iw oe. SE wee p= As] hS = | B (OsMERIDAE) \ Ad4 Oa A SK S= o,\\\\ | Wy K\WwWe au 7] RN \ 0) “ul ) Se Ci — gy ee Ad5 Cb4 Plate 43. Hypomesus pretiosus, USNM 357404: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3a-Eb2 cut a OD3 and OD4 cut away to reveal LI2 and LI3 insertions; B, posterior view, right side reversed | aie . I , DD WVARq NS SF ZZZG ~~ A 2 fe ED WES SN , aN LIB > —om [PX FF AY Z Z Ye \ oO \\ iN } } ) Y Hypomesus -—— 2 mm———4 way to reveal OD3 origin on Pb3; right-side Sa \\ Ya = = <<} "0 a . = ae QA ALAN Pepe prare Zz), aN SS SESS <2) f RE 6. a a ae AANS Yee) | CN ee Saas NG 5 oS Z MX HWee >? G YS Apri Atl Wee? ery SQ 7 WWE OS Qo 8 EAS cde 2 a7 Tho sence Sevce ens Uy CS Argentina (ARGENTINIDAE) Plate 44. Argentina brucei, USNM 238005: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3 and OD4 cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LI3; right-side LE4 removed; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, right side reversed. oe ae J SV Gw ey Ge igh wt kee, | P= =P) © af lh te ‘o OD3 (cut end) — Pb4 Eb4 = 1 ae ‘bMN\V i y = S| || : N Ve ES Giife on 5 y E = ° Ni 0° 8 y a Pee eC oN 2 © Bor ba (i =) Z f \ t/ ° Ml 3 5 \ Alepocephalus (ALEPOCEPHALIDAE) Plate 45. Alepocephalus tenebrosus, USNM 215582: Ad4 A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3p-Pb4 and OD3 cut away to reveal Pb3 and Pb4 and insertions of LI2 and LI3; B, posterior view, left side, Ad5 occludes view of AC, tendon attaches AC to Eb5 ventromedial corner; C, lateral view, left side. Attachments of LE1 and LI! to SPbl released. ® e > ® Ls * — « be le . - > > « 7 -\ 4 Ge _ ty } _ = : nA 7 Oe : iy —— * o-.. @ ” 1 7 7 7 *. "S.No ibe a 2 ' Me _ = ¥,% < F - - on | ta a yo ae ' it “= 4a a , awh ey , lied Her1ad were > 7 - ue yor iia ty <9" “pen a ees re ine el etiian GS ete) otis. -\o 053 {;) Geen \ \ \ ZS Ad4+OP J /- J IS > | IS oem 4 ks IN WAS Sh SSF CoN Of BIN yt ARES SS ft," j Wey 1th (Esociwae) ON C4 ie Ay XS A WAAAY ER Plate 47. Esox niger, USNM 355803: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3a, OD3, and OD4 cut away to reveal origin of OD3 and insertions of LI2 and LI3 (origins unite dorsally); B, posterior view, left side, Ad4 and OP inseparable. See) « = 260) he ° f-: 2 Oo ° BEER ENO OG yom 0° PAG. peta “3 Lh°o ee Se ’ 5 / Moe : fo} °o ° = 5 —\ OOO iff DTN —- SS Ee Of (NN \ Bees > =o) s/o MK. ae . OOOO Til Raa NEE NEN Ti x SOBER ———— SSG. 2g C fie 5 i ve SSE OF . oo S ZY ° \fA: apr — 252 mee AN 002 5 S i Novumbra (UmBrRIDAE) M. Pb3-Eb3 Plate 48. Novumbra hubbsi, USNM 357403 (see description): A, larger specimen, dorsal view: right-side OD3—4 and OD4' cut away to reveal TPb3p attachment and LI2 and LI3 insertions; M. Pb3-Eb3 occluded from view; B, C, smaller specimen: B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, left-side Pb3 and Eb3 to show attachments of M. Pb3-Eb3. mci \ esa ea bale; Wohnen (AS) Plate 49. Umbra pygmaea se Ain seer aan compe eap ence , USNM 343617: A, dorsal view, right-side OD4 cut away t anteriorly; B, posterior view, left sid i hand) (oe) oo pore » saiur Br — > oe 76 7 es : , | - a 7 = : ie Diplophos (DiPLoPHIDAE) +— 2 mm ——4 = tS sT oe oo i IL aay) AA TILAK AW peo = SMAI OE es ~ AD I) eee LL LING. ee ty OD4' OD3 op4 wiry We Ves Nita AAA op DN A A na = aS \ y7)\ B\ —~ FN yp sy —— Eb 14 ao a \ le Ad5 raphe Plate 50. Diplophos taenia, USNM 206614: dorsal views, A, complete view; B, view with several muscles cut away to reveal underlying structures and muscle connections (note: asymmetry at posterior end allows AD4 and OP to be visible on right side, but not on left side; RD inserts on medial edge of UP5). > & eliy - ajar _— ne Ga) @ i] Maurolicus (STERNOPTYCHIDAE) mf. \ Z NZ QA iff Ge \/ Plate 51. Maurolicaus muelleri, USNM 323033: A, dorsal view, PbIs rotated anteriorly; B, posterior view, right side reversed. -—2 mm——4 Gonostoma (GONOSTOMATIDAE) Plates 52.1, 52.2. Gonostoma elongatum, USNM 330309: A, dorsal view; B, posterior view, left side, RDs removed nearly to their insertions and bones spread to clarify muscle attachments; LE4 removed; C, lateral view, right side reversed. Gonostoma LEl \ wy 8H \ Woe Snag _ | 7 (cut ye Nil ld y \y ‘| \ TAY ‘ Jil Md 1. 7 ih iy ty + \ Wey He ie ~ / A 0, oo Me rca A s 4 5 fo} Cael Ateleopus (ATELEOPODIDAE) Oo oN ISS Cbs ——22 ma 27 OD4 (cut end) Plate 53. A, B, Ateleopus loppei, USNM 349721: A, dorsal view, left-side OD4 cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LI3; B, posterior view, left side; C, Ateleopodidae, USNM 361124: dorsal view, left-side dorsal gill arches with most muscles removed or cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LIB. A020 SS 1G) of S— Plate 54. Aulopus filamentosus, USNM 313689: A, dorsal view, right-side TEb2, TPb3’, TPb4, TEb4 cut away to reveal underlying RD; right-side OD3 and OD4 cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LI3 (OD3 insertion site indicated by shaded area); right-side LE3 and LE4 removed (insertions indicated by shaded areas); right-side Pb1 rotated anteriorly; B, posterior view, left side. Saurida (SYNODONTIDAE) «\ rs SA | \ Plate 55. Saurida gracilis, USNM 140822: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed; B, posterior view, right side reversed; C, right- side dorsal gill arches, insertions of LI1-LI3 indicated on Pb2. Pb3, and UPS, respectively; transverse dorsalis muscles cut away except near their attachments on Pb2, Eb2, Eb3, and Eb4. 1 Pb Pa —— ‘oe 4, of [PS i eZ Sng | Y) } Ss = = f5 | A fa ——S} = — Po Z 4 Log B Le LD = q / (> ———— —TEb = a — —$<—= <——<— = Gg y LE 4) Chlorophthalmus (CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE) Plate 56. Chloropthalmus agassiz, A, USNM 357798: dorsal view, right-side OD3 and OD4 cut away; B, USNM 159379, posterior view, left side. Q«~W—— Qo — +r > e's SSS -ee. ss x4 — Ss = ‘ Neoscopelus (NEOSCOPELIDAE) -—— 2 mm ———4 Lampanyctus (MyctopuipaAr) A&B >a LE2 y, 9 VA a2 aii Pb4 77 We VL WET / x \ sO : Pb3 LE4 A/ J! A TPb3 1 a SS oe A 7) [’ li 2S ys cal el == EN ENS ad h = = \ Zi KN WSN Oe WAH \ —<—=_ SS y= | \y Le Yj\\\ L2 Plate 58. A, B, Lampanyctus macdonaldi, USNM 303167: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb2p and TEb2 cut away to reveal attachment of SO longitudinal muscle insertion on Pb3; B, posteri or view, right side reversed. C, Diaphus mollis, USNM 300877: dorsal view, left- side, TPb3 removed and RD’ and longitudinal SO muscle fibers deflected medially to reveal connections of RD and RD’. ee ee > i \ y 4 ] \ y i : 7 ‘ | . rs : ange , ——— “, 7 — \ — a ‘. | UJ — ues a - i ; ? an ~~ * aiinedt\ > ee . , Pa = * tee sg #4 aie ak ivi ’ it ij——— ao) i ¢ ¢ fhe Pia Z are > a Pippa Kp han _ S =i) 1) qa 09 CA, Ny F44! Nee ap: (niles sealten iu dosnt MVE? Gh Bowe, iu oe eres t 7 > = _ . a i: “en? : \ C42 HAI 3 S \ \ Ad j ee Sat Te OD NG: e ENS : LVY Vo ZZ : V7 7 THEO 22) (cut end) ail 3 Wij ®_Ac3 Eb1-4 Velifer (Veliferidae) Plate 59. Velifer sp., NSMT-P-59516: A, dorsal view; right-side dorsal CT pad removed, TEb2 cut away, OD3—4 bisected, and PP fascia removed. B, posterior view, left side. en oe ee : 2 Z ot ol 2 , 7 — - _ oO — om 2 0 2) t —— —s 7 - . bd . ra 7 WW iy == , 00 KSSH 7 ANAT ee A Y (ae ofl Eb1-4 CA M] W72z —=S -—2 mm— Lampris LE2' (Lampridae) ES . \ \ ‘ B Hy \ it] \ SWZ L2— ED ll, ll \iN \= — | : AU = ‘ap LN lig +> \ Plate 60. Lampris guttatus, SIO 80-72: A, dorsal yiew, left-side LE3-LE4-LP complex removed, right-side LE2 removed and illustrated in place of left side LE2 (see remarks following LE2 in Lampris description). B, lateral view, right side reversed. LE1 \ OD. mz is eA WX NAN NS Pb4 NN ell. SA NAN AA = \ SAU EE NGS ay Polymixia (Polymixiidae) \ ike uuu °°P Plate 61. Polymixia lowei, USNM 202153: A, dorsal view; right-side OD3—4 and TPb3-Eb3 cut away; M. SO-Pb3 indicated only by i tendi p ior view, left side (note small levator process at junction of PP fascia with LE4 oan mies iwi = a i Ay the » oot sl wait. f wh He ee oe ine Pag mm 3 qian s \ o “£ un sora) 9 fi 3 7 a) | i | | ni j ? P fe, a ay jal At . io _ 7 : as an on is | — r t ( in anit a | us mo. 4) : ve einitd oye) cometh’ Te } id Uh A a LY Z | Zz Aor ae TW \ AN VY 4 CWA \ \\Wex NUTS AS SSS WS | sx _ ————_>_ = = Sr == RE SOSePRD | ee Renee ts Aphredoderus (Aphredoderidae) OD4 f Z2>, } i = | allt a NN - ZENS N | —— Plate 62. Aphredoderus sayanus, USNM 238477: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 cut away and LE4, LP, and padlike CT encasing Pb2 and Eb! uncinate processes (cartilage) removed, OD obscured from view. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view of LI2 showing insertion on Pb3, Pb4, and UP4, right side reversed. . ‘@e@ ° een oe eran é > 7 ° . é » + Mih = — + JP 0 | a ° ie a 7 P mal ae \. ey ; * e 9 * oi” ¥ ‘ -_ . Om en Pee ipAr yi ee qj 7 4 j le oul baa = : “Awe Y eV? 1? | Bf 0) i i re Yes wl fiiaed Laem A oe Gal) pve <0 =) yp —_ 0 Pa Ch) 1) “eh oo) oe af .s re ‘ear = = =v > 4 a. =39 a mt QQ S= \SS Ws OD4 -— 2 mm —“41 Percopsis (Percopsidae) Plate 63. Percopsis omiscomaycus, USNM 179711: A, dorsal view, CT attaching to raphe at TPb2 mid-line not shown, right-side OD4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side. (= _ TPb2d TPb2v Taphe —— Ske = ili 1A i ; i SS — = = =r Chologaster (Amblyopsidae) ac} (on mS io) . - : 7 7 - ; - 7 ; ad: ‘ {ot .1/ Nowe Geen ice ey) saa Le be aAveit J) © vga : 7 7 y | ary sae a = I IN 2 mm— Dicrolene (Ophidiidae) Plate 65. Dicrolene intronigra, USNM 362557: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 cut away and LE1, LE3, and LE4 removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed. Hy i J} _-HhjU Gaye vv ane iP Pia ya eit -—2 mm— Raniceps (Ranicipitidae) : \ \\ ooN\ \ | \ : AMA TH Plate 66. Raniceps raninus, USNM 345222: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. ism TIP VV) TTI a | | WH +—— 2 mm ———4 Opsanus (Batrachoididae) Plate 67. Opsanus beta, USNM 301938: A, dorsal view. B, posterior view, left side, PCI removed (see remarks following OP in species account for description of relationships between PCI and OP and Ad5). RD | | q Chaunax LE4 tl IM Fb3 | AN \ il) . ‘ Le i if Nh i) SA soe ° vi) I HLL | // ° \ 7 / ° "i Z =~ — & HEE ees Sol_i(i5)) OS yy | / \ . | ° / Z 2 | \ i) SN / / \ } \ \ Sl) \\Ni \\ SOS = WH) \\ \ Plate 68. Chaunax pictus, USNM 187852: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed. C, anterolateral view, left side. +—2 mm—i Poromitra (Melamphaidae) RD N = the SO Plate 69. Poromitra capito, USNM 258325: A, dorsal view, right-side LP and LE4 removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side, LP deflected laterally. * - : iM: \ ~ ie . ; a ° a -_ = ee vie : . / a _ 7 oa . an bl e . 8 . ; sO Gibberichthys NNT AN lA Hif\\ (Gibberichthyidae) Plate 70. Gibberichthys pumilus, USNM 217207: A, dorsal view. B, poste with approximate positions of muscle insertions on Pb3 indicated by shading, right-side reversed ‘@ 0°? Ss e ae ; a ee a » » es ._™/. MT) @ . b | e he —= Uf e ry 7 { * 3 4 ray * + Mi ' . i | f ee r * I \ | ¥ — ¢ , 4 f 7 oe | 5 Y Ft ve lis y ~~ - a | . - ~~ "| a ’ - ey > 7 : dudes ry i . eee ae - _ win» ea Ty cae a ual Ce # aaa om sO Lis A C= Stephanoberyx aa (Stephanoberycidae) Cb5 P Plate 71. Stephanoberyx monae, USNM 304376: A, dorsal view, right side LE3, LE4, and LP removed, (insertion positions indicated \ ight side reversed. C, dorsal view left side, OD3 and cut away to reveal underlying OD3’, anterior by shading). B, posterior view, rig ortion of TPb2 cut away to reveal LI] insertion. : a -— Pe gam); hs Ss il uw cea ti ile ei =) Gtk NT qi pa hi ce JS Gee HA) chile Ge eee dry a4 [-=—_—z Zp _ ze SO (to Pb4) / X= —— SO (to Pb3) i os ||! SS ee =~ | = x : pees —| 42 Z Slee Opa a so Zl Za $ Nese MA Zs NZ} SN a wh ZA SN SS Ni/ N\ \Z FB RY es | SO branch (joins with TPb3) 2O09 : 2% i SI oo SS Ooh os NS 00 0 —) (fe) = hy Ci sop RD \ \ AEE 920-0 NE fox \ azz (eoccrs aosese )—— SO branch B SET Zi ERE (joins with TPb3) FF = Barbourisia (Barbourisiidae) -2 mm Ny \ Nin QQ Qn Sif \\NS WAN yan MAN iI ANS : d5 S SS Cb5 Plate 72. Barbourisia rufa, AMNH 29772: A, dorsal view: (only left-side gill arches available for study). A, posterior view, left side, levators forced laterally. Rondeletia (Rondeletiidae) Plate 73. Rondeletia loricata, USNM 206836: A, dorsal view. right-side TPb2 and TPb3 cut away to reveal insertion of LI] on Pb2 and Pb3 and insertion of RD on Pb3. B, posterior view, left side. \ rl -—I\\ la (Cetomimidae) (cut) Diropichihys 5 zu: FEA diverticulum = ry he a‘ Ae Ne ( AG (i eae SAL rant = Tea Plate 74. Ditropichthys storeri, SIO 64-24-25: A, dor sal view » openin of diverticula not detailed. B, posterior view, left side. C, dorsal view, right-side: LE4 and oe removed (insertion positions indic mae dy shading); TPb2, TEb2, TEb3, TEb4, SOD, and OD3-—4 cut away to reveal M. SO-Pb3, RD insertion on Pb3, and epibra vai al attachments of TEb3, TEb4, and OD3-—4. Absence of LEI! should be verified eee specimen. ® s : ie ~ | N : ) ry \ we . ‘A a \ ¥ y 4 6, é —) - “/ i TRAS a a : ’ a “ e > » ey ee) a> © Sy) Om Hawi ~ : I a ‘iby ac aj ' AVMs @ 04 4e eS e4 & on Live }45 iim ae — =) i een laa Berri PR Oe ag oz wer nd LI2 LE2 CS SZ SSS ° 20 Za Eb3-Eb oO puuiit.c .\__ QP +0 ho NT nag | eel aca } =O) a —}> \ \ Vata VV ANAS \ \ WN — SS \ \ y \ \ 1] N VS / \\ \ ‘\ \ N ES KW: RAS Sa 0D Hf \.. Paw) OD3 NO oy Allocyttus (Oreosomatidae) \\ \ YW S \W y et MCYESO 2 WA a. ) INIA S = \ \ lh YASS 2 ; VL WW SS \ N \ S MQ Yy\\\\ \ \ S LEI— aan Lil a) : x Vn MULL nes =S> Ss ||—=F Plate 76. Allocyttus verrucosus, USNM 329365, levators variously truncated or unmodified: A, dorsal view (skewness of muscles probably abnormal), TPb3 not visible; right-side OD3 and OD3’ bisected, note anomalous muscle slip on Eb1; left-side CT pad removed from TPb2; B, posterior view, right side reversed; C, lateral view, left side. ia) om Ieee / iui eer areauiillhe & gt mie e » © e ~ ® e* « ’ ® . % 1 v e - ret) . @ a . @ 2 _—s a 7 ) ~ | Fut) OOM . 7 eee {= Ww ee tly) =r wh iv ney _ Bs ’ ‘ ont } fl j ! | 7 fe id Lan ’ — ‘4 i , j J + o _ 1 : 7 Hy ; a! | rams : * : any he 7 ‘ mi Acw ee ELTA Morte) IC v . os - cM 4 (oelicaloabing > + | a - ona : =" 7 eo eee es ee wre ul, TAL oh Soh (sheng = = te 7 7 eof ie 7 + ae a) a es. = Sy? —\\ Lig Eb3-Eb4 LE4 P O Ad4 Ad5 -———— 2 mm Wipe ee EDS -EbA C apros dW _|(—==S (Caproidae) Plate 78. Capros aper, USNM 289207: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3 and OD3’ bisected; right-side LE2, LE3, and LE4 removed, insertion positions shown by shading; left-side Pb2-Eb! ligament removed. B, posterior view, left side. AR se NP Parahollardia (Triacanthodidae) LI2 0 | Lil rN iS r RD me) 4 \ Yy Y= sop Ls Ls AT Y gi wee GFM1-3 ~~ SS AN Plate 79. Parahollardia lineata, USNM 287252: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 cut away to reveal underlying muscle attachments and LE4, LP, and GFMs removed (joint LE4-LP insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view: right-side reversed. C, lateral view, left side. -— 2 mm———4 Mene (Menidae) LE4+LP+PP insertion OP lat & mid __LE3 Zz insertion Ge c> LE4+LP+PP - i AR i insertion J EN a Plates 80.1, 80.2. Mene maculata, USNM 347107: A, dorsal view, right-side LI1 removed, CT pad on mid-line of TEb2 cut away, LE4-LP-PP removed (insertion position indicated by shading), Eb1s pivoted slightly anteriorly (breaking articulation with I[AC2 (see B). B, dorsal view (as in A), right-side TEb2 and both LE3s removed (LE3 insertion positions indicated by shading), both OD3s and OD3’s bisected; articulation of IAC2 with underlying Pb2 not shown. C, posterior view, left side, LE4-LP truncated, PP removed; Ad5 attaches to CBS, OP lat tendon, AC4, Cb4 posterodistally; ER present, not visible in view. D, lateral view, left side, portion of CT associated with LP + PP cut away to reveal Ad5 and Cb5; RecD2 not visible. 7 * * e* « « * ° iii »* . : *’ i . i + - f veil i @< » t a ne vt ; —a> ° a —* pe ee | 2 die oy ‘Ap oe 2 eae (wa) + j >. BA 9) Gite @* P 7 : a 7 a a a <) ° =o ; 7 sed - i a . 7 a 7 ' 7 fi 7 a) ~ 2 ne on ’ on 7 - - : . a = mS * Gace fi Hoplostethus (Trachichthyidae) Plate 81. Hoplostethus mediterraneus, USNM 307273: A, dorsal view; right-side modifications: CT cut away to reveal thin sheet of muscle fibers composing TPb2’, OD3—4 cut away to reveal attachments of TPb3-Eb3 and LI2, Pb1 forced anteriorly, LE4 forced posteriorly. B, left-side posterior view. C, left-side lateral view. ° * . , » 4 = = iy _ : _ _ _ : rT.” a 2 al 4 ann om? m4 7 - x 7 «3 —_—aae. Y ae - ver - - i ; se a a A _ — LDL A. * a fh 2 7 Pa \ \ eS aN penne. i{\ (ee — Plate 82. Beryx splendens, USNM 306143: A, dorsal view: right side OD3—4 cut away (anterior part not shown) to reveal insertion of LI2 and attachments of TPb3-Eb3 and TPb4. B, posterior view, right side reversed. C, lateral view, left side. j an - ji—as ri Rye oF - = — 7 _ > > how Sin i ss ‘ - e 7 ) ye aith » «© mer hi iw =¢ st i Ml, y Centroberyx (Berycidae) Plate 83. Centroberyx affinis, USNM 176984: dorsal view; right-side dorsal CT sheets cut away, Pb1 forced anteriorly, and OD3-—4. Posterior view, not shown, is like that of Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Plate 81B. a Se aN 2s Eb3 Holocentrus (Holocentridae) Plate 84. Holocentrus adscensionis, USNM 345408: A, dorsal view, right-side dorsal CT sheet cut away, OD3—4 cut away (to reveal attachments of LI2 and TPb3-Eb4), LP forced posterolaterally to reveal tendinous connection to LE4. B, posterior view: right side, reversed. WA WS att an LOA 7 _ op 2 mm———41 Anomalops (Anomalopidae) m4 Vl \ x \ Vasyl MT AN aa \ a Vira LE MN (| Wi Win ns y \ Ory A Ma \(f7 ve \ \\ \ : SN // VN / ute IAC and PP and associated CT not shown, right-side OD3—4 Plate 85. Anomalops katoptron, SIO-75-466: A, dorsal view, min shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed. cut away and LE4 and LP removed (joined insertion positions indicated by Z == \ 2 - = S —\\ ae ie _—_> Na NE is ee Lil ; \ AI \ Va a JNWE cA. SiN L& Macroramphosus = Ai (Centriscidae) ax: A, USNM 366546: dorsal view. GFM1 and 2 removed on both sides, right-side CT pad removed view. left side, with LE4 and LP added from USNM 366546. C, Plate 86. Macroramphosus scolop and TEb2 bisected, OD3’ not visible. B, USNM 158813, posterio! USNM 366546 and 158813, composite left-side lateral view. es * * . 6 e *. . 7 i - oo te inion nnll mje © 7 _ _ a ee es “eMart aA Great 0 don F ce Ohh > : a a C7 i - = i* TONS UNI Se" Gasterosteus (Gasterosteidae) WA 2 | Cb5 SN Bot —{\ Ad5B—SSS Plate 87. Gasterosteus aculeatus, USNM 344603: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and right-side LE2 removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), right-side OD3-4 cut away. B, posterior view, right side reversed: Ad4 and Ad5 obscured from view. * . 2 .* ° e * cy } ." . 6 7 ° ~*s 6 i 7 ‘- ’ ae ' 7 - 7m : ; fT) = > i | - a a . a — - : | is wae oa : , = . » . ihe a Z : Ms oo ° a\ Anes / WSF PA\ yy \\ \ . | | | zp = | Lye as Hypoptychus (Hypoptychidae) Plate 88. Hypoptychus dybowskii, UW 29655: dorsal view, composite based on three specimens. oa ZE \ = La | PSS \t; ONS: rs wei e / é Bel \ / | T ‘i ey, M S LEA ere OND, LP Wy fff | i Eb4 | é Aulichthys (Hypoptychidae) Plate 89. Aulichthys japonicus, USNM 347504: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. @ * * ° * i] e i ~*~ my ; - ar 4s ‘ a @ 7 —_" 7 7 : 7 7 a r = Wire . SS \ ———————————SE FAP = ~ SS QV caf ne 7 \\ ji Ea . \ LT Pb3-Eb3-Eb4 \\ y g ——_—$—<_- ~ LE4——_ |, ! Ad3 Aulorhynchus (Aulorhynchidae) Lp“ nee =e Lx IGA 7 i ( Wie 2 Lvl - = ao “a” sf i jail en =e ieee © eae e ae sae ? [ete-=@ Guar O “faye mele eéayeaie ao ee 40 , = a " Mastacembelus (Mastacembelidae) Plate 92. Mastacembelus armatus, USNM 319465: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading) and OD3-4 bisected. B, posterior view. C, lateral view, right side reversed. : ——— - — 7 7 — Heishdliy's. — " v oa i = mw ~ a - ys ; Gos ne 1m > =u- IK dip T - : La Oe ae : : ; SSS Swe ot =i So 2 mm ——_————_—______} Elassoma (Elassomatidae) Plate 93. Elassoma zonatum, USNM 173343: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 bisected and LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. i © 7 - a - | Se ® - a = \ — ° 0 co) \ ° \ lull J as NaN BEAN \ \\ 3 \ S f- \\ ANNU soll \ \ AA oo eee : “yf i Sire aw 77 \ MO Stn Yf Ne ~ Ra SS S \ Y CS WN py Be Aij\ 2 AW WA \ Xenopoecilus (Adrianichthyidae) Plate 98. Xenopoecilus oophorus, USNM 340431: A, dorsal view. left-side LCb5 rotated laterally, GFMs removed, IAC obscured from view by LE1. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side, LP rotated clockwise, Eb3 released from distal end of Cb4. iimey qe / bie ail) — Ser i oe _ a - _ = 7 : ee ae ee i VV te raphe Oi-aOec) D4 (anomalous) SS== = \\ ma SS Tylosurus (Belonidae) 128454: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb2 and TPb2’ cut away to reveal rsed. Eb4 flange present, but unapparent. See description of OP in species Plate 99. Tylosurus crocodilus, composite, mostly from USNM TPb3, LE4-LP complex aberrant. B, lateral view, right side reve account for questionable interpretation of Ad5 and OP. = Plate 100. Cololabis saira, USNM 320999: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb2 cut away to reveal Pb3 and TPb3a (TPb2 attachment area shown in gray on Pb2), dorsal CT layer overlying Pb3 articulating facets cut away on right side to reveal ventral CT layer and attachments of OD4 and TPb3a (medial edges of Pb3 facets shown by dashed lines), right-side LP pulled posteriorly to reveal LE4 insertion (note: LEI inserts on tendon extending from medial tip of Eb1 to tip of uncinate process). B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side, LE] and Eb1 tendon removed. (Identification of OP and Ad5 problematic). (Scomberesocidae) -— 2 mm —— Cololabis °o wa - L411, ea LEE SN ERG UAE Ear en | Az SS cena is A } ELLIE Ses bey Cte ~ 2 [oe oe = — a a NS | SSW 5EE"F N SY ZZ 5 = “I SAY SC OORSS Cb1-4 ill | Il Yi IN et LWW Hemiramphus (Hemiramphidae) | \ Wi) y oo a | } . | WW F9tc AdS——_ WY TY LE4+OP Plate 101. Hemiramphus far, USNM 294231: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 rotated counterclockwise (pulled away from fusion with OP) to reveal underlying muscles (Pb3 facet surface covered by fibrocartilage?); LE] insertion more distal than illustrated. B. posterior view, right side reversed. C, lateral view: right side reversed (ACI added from left side). Ara! /') y vi = eA \ i} yal iy; \ FF ei; 144, \\\V yy : x\ Wi W/TPb2. ////#=—S K an ) yy NAGS // —— VC \\ WH RRNA MLLy)\ / iE \ \ S |, -_— \N XS A =S X ) | \ 1) ) | ny Mitt yy) ) | 1 \ | = ——S> = Leptobrama (Leptobramidae) Plate 104. Leptobrama muelleri, WAM P.556-001: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4, 3’ bisected, LE4 and LP removed (insertion Positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. Ly Plate 105. Lates niloticus, USNM 332870: A, dorsal view, left-side OD3—4 bisected, CT covering TDA removed. B, posterior view, a ; , 332870: A, right side reversed. . = on a, eo - _ Oy 40 Ve ° ; ee Re By ae —% vy << ¥,' . . “ai Ss | . ’ . s 1 ; i‘ ° ® tea P e ri . a ' a | Z , > a * / ; ee é =—* lie My ode | .1e cou) 4) hie oF ® i. 7 — a » , fi = a _ 7 aie | > Micropterus (Centrarchidae) BI Pcl | Plate 106. Micropterus dolomieu, USNM 332992: A, dorsal view, right-side 3 isecte indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. eo Enneacanthus (Centrarchidae) Plate 107. Enneacanthus gloriosus, USNM 243828: A, dorsal view, right-side OD bisected and LI1, LE2, LE3, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), size of LI] exaggerated relative to size of LI2. B, posterior view, left side. “| r i ~~ A LI2 KK > \ ir = | 2 mm— Bathyclupea (Bathyclupeidae) E —— 000K: a : Ad4aS Yy = |= =a A ((( Eb4 eb4— Wy) //) é = sean Qe —— Ss : S TPb3-Eb3 TPb2 SOD SDR DS Plate 108. Bathyclupea argentea, USNM 372712: A, dorsal view: LEIs pivoted anteriorly from insertions; right-side LI1, LI2, LE2 greatly truncated; CT attaching LI1 insertion to Pb2 removed. B, posterior view, left side. C, dorsoanterior view, right side to show muscle attachments obscured in A; TPb2 and OD3-4 cut away laterally: TEb2, LE2, and CT joining LI1 to Pb2 removed. <6 ——— Is v= mans Fil Ny F jf TY my =o oP lat NEG OP med Cb5 H— 2? mm ———4 | RD Ss LNA \\ \\ flee Symphysanodon PP ct afb iil Ss (Symphsanodontidae) Eb4 SS > OP lat —— a Wipe RD OP med =) / /) fpf.» CITES ) La itith == 90 9 NM / HE a/ Ad4 SY a If PCE p Plate 109. Symphysanodon berryi, USNM 370558: A, dorsal view, Pb1s pivoted anteriorly; left-side CT sheets removed; CT of PP partially indicated (does not attach to AC4); right-side OD3—4 bisected, CT of PP removed. B, left side, posterior view. i Morone (Moronidae) Eb3 S I i FANE i i \ Adt— I); Vi, \\ | Zp °C ff Tif ff [L oce Plate 110. Morone americana, USNM 61612: A, dorsal view, right side OD3—4 cut away and LE4 and LP removed (insertions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. ja fi = a Epinephelus ae i (Serranidae) aN ‘ Ny oat AW mt | / WY eA | Z 2° ONY HY / oman \ | N) ae \\ Sint chs” Plate 111. Epinephelus merra, USNM 318074: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 cut away an LE4 and LP remove d (inserions indicated by shading). B, posterior view . ¢ _* 7] SS # 7 7 ma o . —— TPb3-Pb4-Eb3 Pristipomoides (Lutjanidae) Plate 112. Pristipomoides aquilonaris, USNM 158472: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), Pb1s pivoted anteriorly. B, posterior view, left side. | * ae e ® es ° | 4 7 | ih “ e eeu re ae e: Os ee Nay. LN No / ul \ Pomadasys (Haemulidae) Plate 113. Pomadasys crocro, USNM 338643: A, dorsal view, left-side TEb2 and OD3-4 bisected, most levators greatly truncated. B, posterior view, right side reversed. (Apogonidae) Glossamia ns indicated by ni, USNM 344886: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP removed (i view, left side. ia wichman Plate 114. Glossam shading). B, posterior —————— ~ 3) / =i WWW > yn i} | \ i} \— \ i -———. 2 mm ———— Heteropriacanthus (Priacanthidae) PP Lp LFA aE | / / / \ { | RASS VS SOK) WS SRN NENGORENG W \ NGOS A TN \ Sig, VAS 2 NR SNA \\ Th | RNS NSS \ \N NS IRAN SVG SOs Ns WS NIG SOR EB IANN\S SSS SHV SO S\ ay YZEZ YON S y F g ZZ ~ A N > if y ~ \ es A SRE y A pc] Plate 115. Heteropriacanthus cruentatus, USNM 319919: A, dorsal view, left-side LP and PP removed; OD4y not visible. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side. a ff of \ H/ Hees eS ANN S y \ KA N ie Ostracoberyx (Ostracoberycidae) Plate 116. Ostracoberyx dorygenys, USNM 307282: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), OD3—4 bisected, LE3 and 4 truncated (left side also). B, posterior view, right-side reversed. LE4 and LP removed (insertio 7 \ \ We TIN =< a OP Ad4 Y j Ad5 Nt M. SO-Pb3 lat -——— 2 mm ———4 Paracirrhites (Cirrhitidae) M. SO-Pb3 lat 0) —_— be! RC 9) mf } Le Plate 117. Paracirrhites fosteri, USNM 278070: A, dorsal view, right-side OD-3—4 bisec gament a ion positi wn shading). B, posterior view, right side rever Pbi raphe TPb2 ‘ : Sein aS: S : SS 077EsN \. 0} | | S SA SS yO Ad4 -—— 2 mm ——— Pempheris (Pempheridae) YS IMS sop TASS Ns —<—} Plate 118. Pempheris schomburgkii, USNM 31858: A, dorsal view, dorsal CT trimmed and right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions shown by shading); fine ligament (not illustrated) arises from Eb] anterior to LE1. B, posterior view, right side reversed. C, dorsoanterior view, right side, dorsal portion of TPb2 cut away to reveal attachment of anterior fibers to Pb3, TEb2 passing ventral to TPb2 and dorsal to OD3—4, TEb2 cut away to reveal‘OD3—4 attachment to Pb3 anteriorly (anterior end of Pb3 indicated by dotted line to left of Pb2), OD3—4 cut away to show attachment of LI2 to Pb3. e (tas His a Te? ism he = a Omrt, on em inom A Se ac; A\IN\f . (} \ Ss ——) rn Lactarius (Lactariidae) Plate 119. Lactarius lactarius, USNM 343873: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 cut away to reveal LI2 insertion and TPb3-Eb3 attachment; right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed, LE4 and LP forced laterally. * oe e . se © s > e* — - > ) a a ; ; ®° » ‘ > 4 p 7 : fy ' « $ - ® « * . a) ra . > 7 ; 5 > 7 7 a S Ln : a4 j seni i? oa 7 @ & ay 7 oe ry ‘4 j ‘ a 7 =? 2 a iene ad mi DOP peters bt 7 \ - a : : ae 7 2 = {se ' oe _ : Z7——VP03-Pb4-Eb3 == a feo . ly \ (\\ N WWI 9° \ A \\ y \ Xt Lateolabrax (Lateolabracidae) ad pe japonicus, USNM 344295: A, dorsal view, right-side dorsal CT, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed (Eb4 levator process, lateral to LP insertion, absent on left side). Se Cynoscion (Sciaenidae) SOD Plate 121. Cynoscion nebulosus, USNM 176237: A, dorsal view, right side OD3-—4 cut away and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), SOD anomalous. B, posterior view, left side. -— 2 mm——+ Polydactylus (Polynemidae) Plate 122. Polydactylus oligodon, USNM 364370: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-—4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. ut oy ace / Y 2 Y—— \ ° \ ° N XS \ Ro 62.8 Plate 123. Sillago sihama, USNM 347113: A, dorsal view, OD3, OD3’, and OD4 bisected; LI1 partially rotated ventrolaterally in inset at upper right to show membranous mid-portion; B, posterior view, left side: C, lateral view. dad iii t H | " \| Li i I Pseudupeneus (Mullidae) A 1s Plate 124. Pseudupeneus maculatus, USNM 267508: A, dorsal view, right-side OD cut away to reveal OD3' insertion; LE3, LE4, and LP removed (LE3 and LE4 insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. ae a Ad5 LP insertion +—2 mm—— Centrogenys (Centrogeniidae) ll ih } WY / Ulf a7 tendon WS Plate 125. Centrogenys vaigiensis: A, B, USNM 183016: A, dorsal view; right-side LE4 and LP removed and CT pad cut away, vertical dashed lines represent medial margins of Pb3s, which are ventral to CT joining TPb2s. B, posterior view, left side, only ventro- medial LE4 fibers continuous with OP C, USNM 327899, posterior view, left side, LP forced laterally to reveal continuation of LE4 with OP. LI2 Ie tips VE? TF LP—\sMuiza HY Z LZ Y Lj ‘e Ko 3 M. SO-Pb3 -—— 2 mm —— Tetracentrum (Ambassidae) M. SO-Pb3 I! I Eb4 Mt] oe | fos EAS eA Plate 126. Tetracentrum caudovittatus, USNM 332862: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 bisected, LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading), levators greatly truncated; dashed lines anteromedially outline medial margins of Pb3s obscured by CT and TPb2. B, posterior view, left side. C, dorsoanterior view, right side to show muscle attachments obscured in A: TPb2 and TEb2 cut away medially, OD3—4 cut away laterally, M. SO-Pb3 removed, LE2 removed (insertion position indicated by shading), LE! pivoted anteriorly from insertion, LI] and LI2 truncated. yas! £9 eecoee's rr \ \ | \ sree ‘: C BESS \ Caristius LE4 - (Caristiidae) L right-side LE4 and LP remoyed (insertion positions shown by Plate 127. Caristius maderensis, USNM 206895: A, dorsal view: veal underlying muscle attachments. B, posterior view, shading), other levators and RD greatly truncated, right-side OD3—4 cut away to re left side. C, lateral vew, left side. Sem _ — os s el MK : : N Z 1 eae > ay PF Eb1-4 Assessor (Plesiopidae) BB tae LE4 LE3 Eb3 Plate 129. Assessor macneilli, composite of USNM 269466 (Eb4 levator process present) and 274581 (Eb4 levator process absent): A, dorsal view, left-side OD3—4 bisected, and LE4 an LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), right-side CT removed in region dorsal to TEb2 and TPb2 to expose partially naked articulating fascet. B, posterior view, right side reversed. Af \\ ey / LE3— ~ \ Bo ZA\\ LIN SS oy ae ZIM ON aS Ih — vn Wf g ZZ TNE \ ~ XX lil i= A | RD | _|\\ Za) +—— 2 mm ——4 Perca (Percidae) Plate 130. Perca flavescens, USNM 193135: A, dorsal view: dorsal, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. e@ I ac ae Cepola (Cepolidae) Plate 131. Cepola rubescens, USNM 285452: A, dorsal view. left-side TEb2 and OD3—4 bisected. B, posterior view, right side reversed. pat pus : - on Ms ‘ it vn OT | || CORR ° I) g = r phi maT U D fhe then U t Meal ubeate 1 1 ———— an ° : Ran O\ : 1 Q . A ny Ay LE3 2 mm— W Callanthias // K (Callanthiidae) _ aa ae m0 Plate 132. Callanthias allporti, USNM 350940: A, dorsal view: right-side dorsal CT pad cut away, left-side LE4 and LP removed, OD attachment to Eb4 not visible. B, posterior view, right side reversed. Gerres (Gerreidae) ety A I 4, OP tendon Sf ; | op AN Weg NN Cb5 ————— Plate 133. Gerres cinereus, USNM 331928: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 bisected, TEb2 cut away, and LI2 removed (insertion obscured by medial end of Eb3). B, posterior view, left side. Y L—_—_ E SS LE = = -——————————? mm Gramma (Grammatidae) shading). B, posterior view: s Plate 134. Gramma loreto, USNM 360170: A, dorsal view, right-side LE3, LE4 and LP removed i ightforw = D tions indicated by a | 1 AN ye NA Mestad Ny | | } = iTyty I ni JX ° ey \ | \\ ins i) y Tra : = art Caeaae . | ) = : i ; aml \ YF | = = 2 E ) IN\ \ \ M | EES e ze SSN Eb1-4 m/f \\ \ = 7 sess eee \) Or ss = ° Lonchopisthus (Opistognathidae) LE3 Eb3 * i <— Plate 135. Lonchopisthus higmani, USNM 186058: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading) and OD3—4 cut away to reveal underlying muscle attachments. B, posterior view, left side. jal -——2 mm Labracinus (Pseudochromidae) Cb5 €Y//})\\\W/, =| \ RSS SS ee RBs ~ Plate 136. Labracinus cyclophthalmus, USNM 290900: A, dorsal view, right-side TEb2 removed, LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), OD3—4 cut away, LI] much truncated. B, posterior view, left side. C, pharyngeal area, ventral view, pharyngeal roof CT removed to expose CPb. | ~\ : QOH (AN WEN Po TEb3-Eb4 -———2 mm Gazza (Leiognathidae) ZZ YB ri ] ! Mf. SO-Pb2 pp SO Plate 137. Gazza sp., USNM 268914: A, dorsal view, right-side CT pad removed, medial attachment of TEb2 to pad released, OD3— 3’ bisected, LE3 removed, LE4+LP forced ventrolaterally. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side. ry | | SEY NRO Santi W I L2——_ Aer Afronandus (Polycentridae) cor 20 Ye = HLS 009 3 oe 0 hart [2 se stenin “y Mj (; 4, TP aes ) “ / i TA I Vay : Y VG i Win i | I (ty PULL = Ay a hit \\\ \ AY GA SSQy//111 ea \\ SSS i 7 SSS | = Yi y \ \ Plate 138. Afronandus sheljuzhkoi, USNM 372183: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), OD3—4 bisected, LE3 truncated; anterior arm of Eb1, which articulates with Pb1 occluded from view on both sides. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side, most levators truncated. ve) —F _— -— 2 mm———“4 — aes = a ZA IS ~~ _———— : = olpeene SS pe OR any S mA oN Se oP es Le 40. SOD i Spo, POD = = iL weer > : = . be Les e) \S) Sphyraena (Sphyraenidae) Plate 139. Sphyraena barracuda, USNM 331677: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertion ositi indi sterior view, right side reversed na p ons indicated by shading). B, poste ie NE UY, NYSE MM II SS h ; == Ss S ro SS SS = WARK ‘\ \uaa\ YAN —2 mm ———— Ammodytes (Ammodytidae) C) A\\ oN \i} Ae EN \ 02 WN OP SUI] | ° ° o\\\ Plate 140. Ammodytes dubius, USNM 302478: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (joint insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed. Hy . ree ~S > S A ZW aA LE4 >? +} # BAS ZIM, & | f }, Yy Trachinus (Trachinidae) | / Vf yy ial ANG a A Plate 141. Trachinus draco, USNM 349536: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions shaded); attachment of TPb3-Eb3 to Eb4 is anomalous (see remarks following TD in species description). B, posterior view, right side reversed. Kathetostoma (Uranoscopidae) Till\\| j q ieee medial \\ ee op tateral ann {il an =e Plate 142. Kathetostoma cubana, USNM 187953: A, dorsal view, CT pad covering TD removed, left-side LE4 retracted (obscuring LP), right-side of TEb2 bisected. B, partial posterior view, left side with PCI retracted to show obscured muscles. C, posterior view left side. Lu - 3 | ths SoS NRE NN Pontinus (Scorpaenidae) Plate 143. Pontinus rathbuni, USNM 190360: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading) and OD3-4 bisected. B, dorsoanterolateral view, left side: Eb] removed, LE2—4 removed, and TEb2, TPb2, and OD3—4 cut away to show LI, LI2, and TPb3-Eb3-Eb4 insertions). iN ie Platycephalus (Platycephalidae) Plate 144. Platycephalus endrachtensis, USNM 173884: A, dorsal view, right side of TEb2 bisected. B, posterior view, left side. CT Hexagrammos (Hexagrammidae) LE4 a LPp——“ WV; | i ZAZ A | $3 . \ a) i! | = y (ret i Nira {] ONY 1 SS —— y 67 ~S \ \eiipiseritapertole fo, = Shits ely HI typ~C yj SN Sam oor eho I) QEF{L?E Ni SCRIESREEEE EV 0. fi 1 ° i — = 7 iiss Hels) Plate 145. Hexagrammos stelleri, USNM 130279: A, dorsal view, left-side GFMs removed, TPb2 aberrant. B, posterior view, left : ing muscle insertions. side. C, dorsal view, right side, TEb2 and OD3-4 bisected to expose underlying if ce S= m\ Ad4 il cE // So CE ut | ey Rhamphocottus (Rhamphocottidae) 72 TPb3-Eb3 "II | SNS Plate 146. Rhamphocottus richardsonii, USNM 49141: A, dorsal view, right-side LE2, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading); OD3’ not visible. B, posterior view, right side reversed. Nematistius (Nematistiidae) Plate 147. Nematistius pectoralis, USNM 82203: A, dorsal view, right-side Pbl forced anteriorly, LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), and OD3-—4 cut away to reveal underlying muscle attachments. B, posterior view, left side. wilt ,. ~ \@ ——- ~ —S>=>~ SS hz S[SN Sx | \\ 2==— = XS SY . } \ OD4 SY . ! EN Nes SSM /)\\\ H\\\ ———— ————— I" | \\ (Carangidae) tendon Plate 148. Selar crumenophthalmus, USNM 189251: A, dorsal view, left-side LE1 and right-side Pb] forced anteriorly, right-side LP and LE4 forced posteriorly; OD3’ not in view. B, posterior view, right side reversed; LP forced slightly laterally to reveal base of LE4. a Rachycentron (Rachycentridae) Plate 149. Rachycentron canadum, USNM 341455: A, dorsal view, right-side LE3, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading); Left-side TPb2 vestigial (not lablelled), right side absent. B, posterior view, left side. EEN N | MM \\ o> f 2 oS \ S ANG ——— \\ N ogN J A \ : = Ze yl IN SS : = NS \\ Nt > EEE < =< /| \ \ “> ; K UP KN Way haa Le Scomber (Scombridae) Ay = ‘A\ If ZS TEM TENG \I" | modified gill rakers reatly truncated, LE3 and LE4 removed, and OD3-— ew, left side, LE3 removed. C, lateral view, right side Plate 153. Scomber scombrus, USNM 203841: A, dorsal view, right-side LE2 g 4 and OD3’ cut away (medial edge of Pb3 shown as dashed lines). B, posterior vi reversed. ?, e ° M i ) Maal iw - na a - NTS ‘ue Eb1-4 levator process Nemiupterus (Nemipteridae) yu Wy raphe = | Y Plate 154. Nemipterus furcosus, USNM 349457: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. eu \ VG \e\g Eb1-4 NINN \2 7 Gr Cb3 Spicara (Centracanthidae) Plate 156. Spicara smaris, USNM 269800: A, dorsal view, right-side LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. . . ° ; - : 7 =n ie a ae —. ih Wiley, a: ple ialoss ae) 1 wlnige & = a 7 f det ; = -— A A Pb? WL vil raphe OP3 OP1—;; Uf Wp Plate 159. Caquetaia kraussii, USNM 258004: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP rotated clockwise to reveal underlying muscles (strip of LE4 attaching to Eb4 lateral to Od4 torn by rotation); CT sheet overlying Pb3 facets cut away to show attachment of OD4. B, posterior view, left side; Ad4 not visible. C, ventral view of pharyngobranchials and associated muscles (roof CT removed to reveal CPb). = n__ =—— | ( Dischistodus (Pomacentridae) Plate 160. Dischistodus fasciatus, USNM 328190: A, dorsal view, medial margins of Pb3s indicated by dashed lines, right-side OD3— 4 cut away. B, posterior view, left side. C, ventral view of pharyngobranchial area, pharyngeal roof tissue removed to show CPb. ° * e * Hy « f p* rt bs * * ° cy ‘ if ry ' ae - — ew al : - rit iy —iemal ail ape He hee ee ee ee 7 : _ a — , i a - _ Abudefduf Chromis (Pomacentridae) (Pomacentridae) Plate 161. A, Abudefduf sexfasciatus, USNM 221863: posterior view, left side. B, Chromis amboinensts, USNM 338153: posterior view, right-side reversed. Nyy «ay Amphistichus (Embiotocidae) Eb1-4 Amphistichus Plates 162.1, 162.2. A, B, and D, Amphistichus argenteus, USNM 132403: A, dorsal view, right-side LI2 removed, CT cut away to reveal Pb3 articulating facet, and LE4 pulled posteriorly (obscuring LP) to reveal OP, OD3’ not visible. B, posterior view, left side. D, pharyngeal area, ventral view, SO fibers permeate pharyngeal-roof CT (much abbreviated laterally and posteriorly and removed from between Pb3 and UP4 to reveal M. Pb3-UP4 and RDs). C, Embiotoca lateralis, USNM 340889: posterior view, right side reversed, LP rotated clockwise. Pb2 X_____A __ 1 F) insertion Achoerodus ena ee | / LEA \\\Vi Plates 163.1, 163.2. Achoerodus viridis, USNM 218488: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP rotated posteriorly and counterclock- wise and LE2 removed. B, posterior view, right side reversed, LE4-LP complex rotated posteriorly, fascia not indicated (see C). C, lateral view, gill arches 3—5, right side reversed. D, ventral view to show CPb, left-side tissues bordering Pb3s mostly removed. E, anterior view. D TPb2-Pb2a A TPb2-Pb2a-Pb3 TEbl1 — Li M. Pb2-Eb2 (y mates one wT onnaad 0000000014, -———_? mm LE4+OP —- BW \ Pie. oP Symphodus (Labridae) tendon— \, Ad5 S/S Plates 164.1, 164.2. Symphodus roissali, USNM 198879: A, dorsal view, anterior portion of right-side Ad1 cut away to reveal attachment of TEbI (dotted line indicates anterior edge of Eb1), dorsal cartilaginous tips of Pb2 covered slightly by thin layer of muscle fibers, right-side LE4 and LP rotated counterclockwise. B, left side, posterior view. C, ventral view, Eb4s and right-side esophageal surface removed. D, anterior view: first gill arch removed; dotted lines on right side indicate extent of Pb2 covered by muscle. TPb2-Pb2a-Pb3 ° My y TRS los . SO NPS Cb3 OO AIIS7 RS. SVSREEQRKHE! EF LETS NSSSSSSE!S OMe? Sriscmmokoses / Oo NO. fee o OS WN ji \vi \ \NGE LE4 \ Polylepion (Labridae) Ope \\ ff / lay 05 Fae 4 Plate 165. Polylepion cruentum, USNM 215466: A, dorsal view: right-side LE4-LP-OP complex rotated counter-clockwise. B, pos- terior view, left side. See discussion of LE2’ in section Labroidea. : fa a) Se ie Ce ee a : x ne 25," 7 > egal 0 he > - - j ) j We 7 I \ i! TPb3-Eb4 g =) ght-side LP-LE4 complex rotated counter-clockwise, Pb3 dorsal articulatin ew, rig Coris julis, USNM 337450: dorsal vi Plate 166. facets separated to expose SO. See discussion of LE2’ in section Labroidea. = Plate 167. A, Choerodon graphicus, USNM 218548: dorsal view of anterior portion of gill arches, LE2s removed. Note: TEb1 lies posterior to Pbls and attaches to Ebl on medial edge of distal end of uncinate processes (compare with B); TPb2 fibers are directly adjacent and posterior to TEb2: muscle strands extending from medial ends of Eb1s join CPb (not shown), which lies ventral to TEb2-TPb2a complex. B, Cheilinus trilobatus, USNM 224020: dorsal view of arch | (anterior toward top of page), for comparison with A. C, Clepticus parrae, USNM 318548, posterior view, left side for comparison with other labrids). SN bee Co ———— SO ee a Yee Choerodon (Labridae) 2 mm —————— TPb2a Cheilinus (Labridae) r—— 2 mm——— Clepticus (Labridae) +—— 2 mm——— Eb3 FAS Labroides (Labridae) — —_—_— ——S I | : Plate 168. Labroides dimidiatus, USNM 309376: A, dorsal view. B, posterior view, right side reverse ee discussion 0 Py! section Labroidea. Lg os My, \ WW \ MNT} Lif \ INN Ni IH // 7 | Wildl | I | \\\ \\ \| I B soneeaee Pholidichthys (Pholidichthyidae) oy | a ee bye = SO Wa [BEE oP AUN Ad5 Plate 169. Pholidichthys leucotaenia, CAS 32048: A, dorsal view, right-side CT cut away to reveal Pb3. B, posterior view, left side. , ventral view. * : I Z AG Yff ADL. 2 4 Z=—\ O e ome) fh: ; Yo NN Ww 7 Pb3 BA HIKE g : ! | | \ SS > iY \ : ‘ Q l p Meeps {c © Uy \ 26 a 0° y S SOLS os / VON Amma AZ Vif? 0 a ff YEN S ra SE Hf 2 N\ ” 00g Z . OFOme, on Is 2 NYE 9 9 0 Oo ] Yyyzgy G te) Vey ty BN % ao. \ ey UY EE K2 59 on y Es \\\\ "NZL J \\\\. Pb4 mL LN : Wy 37 Da ANE Z TWh ~ \\\\y ‘ ASX Zz 7 Tl 71 i} ] | \y mp Y ¢ : Fd] iff! / \ \\ | 40 off } ff} / o/ y| \ yi, ayaa a os aii NWS < WW) Wants as I, \’ Luvarus (Luvaridae) con Bee ete and LP (not illustr ated) lo st during dissection; see remarks following Plate 170. Luvarus imperialis, MCZ 55003, LE4s vay; LEIs rotated anteriorly. B, SEROSOr view, left side. LE4 in species account: A, dorsal view, right-side one: cut a a * i ca ; _— f 7 7 - ho’ "= oe, ia ni - , aaa ° . a _ neat ee — aie - x adh Gh yee? aye Gee ana a i ~~ ns ; 7 ; i a Chaetodipterus (Ephippidae) Plate 171. Chaetodipterus faber, USNM 289421: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading), LP forced posteriorly. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, right-side reversed, PP included. ~ TEb3-Eb4 AS, }) YF — SS AO Zanclus B 6 SOD ee TEb3-Eb4 >y|\WKXA iG Plate 172. Zanclus cornutus, USNM 350564: A, dorsal view; LE4-LP-PP muscle sheet removed, levators severely truncated. B, posterior view, right side reversed, LE4-LP-PP muscle sheet removed. C, lateral view. Acanthurus (Acanthuridae) Plate 173. Acanthurus nigrofuscus, USNM 338195: A, dorsal view (perspective deliberately distorted), right-side LE2 and LI1 re- moved (insertion position of LIlindicated by shading), other levators greatly truncated; LE4+LP+PP and associated CT removed from both sides, continuity of TEb4 and SOD not shown. B, posterior view, right side reversed, LE4+LP+PP removed. C, lateral view, left side, LI1 and LI2 greatly truncated. , ~ e e * Se @ e" > - —s * PS, ° Sal es « ~ , — a % * i. ' a 5 a a 7 -_ a. {ee o i oe i web aight we ates P he i es i ‘jiniak ion aa ae _ - Lire hls iad Wied, oer a . d ae ‘ AN 7 || WN || i , ount my { Pristolepis (Pristolepidae) \\ ce Nh 5 Plate 174. Pristolepis fasciata, USNM 103105: A, dorsal view, medial portion of right-side TEb2 and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions shaded). B, right side reversed. C, lateral view (Ad1 damaged, extends from Eb1 just to dorsoanterior surface of distalmost end ——— a )) 7 ttn, 0 "Ye Th plies Tr a : wW jon 7 SN Wie © eaabrem eee a f ® a ° ; 7 4 : 4 tayo. te a i oe gd al * J. eo - ~sh sh 7? Glee ; : y Vie eat, 43) ip nt eel” a ¥ s eipies i] D ‘Ah . he ‘ret (ae *; heey OW, Sarl fie \ \ \ \ \\ . AN . WN WSS) ) | My Wy | }/ WY, Ad3 (eee. [BB —aeeuaens e Oy Y _Z7#@$=TP03-Eb4 ay = wil = ANT Mm = | | yw WD -— 2 mm——+ Channa OD3-4 (Channidae) yy “(| | OP — a | Jn \ TPb3-Eb4 Eb4 =e X \\ RD Plate 175. Channa asiatica, USNM 191304: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 bisected and Eb1 moved slightly anteriorly (note: LI] inserts on Pb3 dorsoanteromedially; see description). B, posterior view, left side: Ad5 and PCI insertions include distal tip of Cb5, which is exposed here. a. 7 (Amarsipidae) \ Plate 176. Amarsipus carlsbergi, SIO 75-116: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3’ and OD3—4 cut away and LE3, LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed. (I / Ye \ / ) WW NO \ \ ee aia ig ’ ied it = *. e é j ? iL “” et i * S 0 Te ; eee ms : . . 7 er 9° ; wht , a a A a fod J 7 * cs [ . ie ° di = lt at Y ZZ a WW GEE — Psenopsis (Centrolophidae) L2 TBE ip ss ea La \\ \\\ i Si WY h ‘ . = iy” tp Ho; st, /f // Dh SKS Ly = LA Ny WLEZEZGLE Plate 177. Psenopsis sp., USNM 30439 8: A, dorsal view, right-side Pb1 pivoted anteriorly and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, lateral view, left side. -—— 2 mm ————+4 Bathymaster (Bathymasteridae) Plate 178. Bathymaster signatus, USNM 339381: A, dorsal view, right-side dorsal CT and OD3—4 cut away. B, posterior view, right i rsed. we eee J] . -_ ~ ‘ ae s i rca LAO) ty AD: it guy 2 — = Bovichtus (Bovichtidae) \F | 5 Uf \ i, IW A Plate 180. Bovichtus veneris, USNM 200412: A, dorsal view, right-side TEb2 and OD3—4 cut away, LE4 and LP removed (joined insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed. WO \ \ (Ny INN SI N Dactyloptena (Dactylopteridae) Plate 181. Dactyloptena macracantha, USNM 224473: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3—4 and anterior portion of TPb2 and TEb2 cut away and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. Nees a : : ZA / Ha ~= Sg TPb3-EbS OD4 90 Cu) -—— 2 mm ——_1 YY ff} = \ Gy a Y a Tiss \( \ \ if HY"/ I \ \ \\ \ \ \ es! \: \ | \\ Caulolatilus (Malacanthidae) —— ‘ wl \\ OD3 SS TUNITTTRNEHITTTERN WS Oe \\ 9 Laie a Os \ {] fy it Y fe. i (a f. SC SE Plate 182. Caulolatilus affinis, USNM 211424: A, dorsal view: left-side OD bisected, right-side LE3, LE4, and LP removed, insertion positions shown by shading. B, posterior view, left side; PP added from right side. C, lateral view, right side reversed. UU << —<_—<€@_- ——_-_- : j q _* e al ‘ ’ > Ae — @ (vot age ah | it i. = ny = ——— e ome =v =a] ery leita = = aves z j Parablennius (Blenniidae) attorugine, USNM 276284: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP pulled posteriorly, right-side OD3-—4 Plate 188. Parablennius g bisected. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side. is Saayit 4 ® ry ae : = hen - rs : 7 it. é r ; i th: al? _ a : Dactylagnus (Dactyloscopidae) Qe 08: 2@ee°- eee eesee Plate 189. Dactylagnus mundus, USNM 205741: A, dorsal view, right-side LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B postericr view, left side (Ad4 not visible). NEE ASS tame Gibbonsia (Clinidae, Myxodinae) LP— Plate 190. Gibbonsia elegans, USNM 152005: A, dorsal view, right-side LP and LE4 retracted, medial margins of Pb3 facets indicated beneath CT; (GFMs 1 and 2 relatively much smaller than illustrated); B, posterior view, left side (note: right-side LE4 joins broad raphe with OP on one side of one of two specimens). hes iat an i TT =I 7 - - Te a : * ip 1 POR) meget dl eny pit i Nah ay, + oe e = a. Sy i A Z = oC 4 sas > oo ss . oc * 7. ty pe lee ae ~ > e ee ea oe i obi! | i ee - a aa Heteroclinus (Clinidae: Clininae) | +— 2 mm ———4 Clinus Plate 191. A, B, Heteroclinus perspicillatus, USNM 201518: A, dorsal view, medial margins of Pb3 facets indicated by dotted lines and anteromedial limit of TEb2 indicated by dashed line ventral to CT. B, posterior view, right side reversed; note LP and OP form sling. C, Clinus acuminatus, USNM 199579: posterior view, left side, LP retracted; note LP and OP form sling. Py ~~ os | ae s ¥ » he Aah ~ he ay ° Pie wr é ‘4 @ a = é 4 4 i] > ers 7 ; 4 < eee wal = i a ee eee Ned 2 —_— aenT,) siti. te A te Abies fl vw Ada - _ _ Sa aa ZALES SR = SL eas Zz =N YN I} nt S NVM weit SS \ ‘ I LE4 Z GEES —E se -— 2 mm———4 OD3-4 =S A Th eos Calliclinus (Labrisomidae) Plate 192. Calliclinus geniguttatus, USNM 369371: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP retracted posteriorly; dashed lines below anterior CT indicate anteromedial margins of Pb3s. B, posterior view, right side reversed, LP rotated clockwise, limits of Ad5 and OP from left side. O04 Ce oil ae pai at tile ae — a _ . Neoclinus (Chaenopsidae) Plate 193. Neoclinus blanchardi, SIO 85-14: A, dorsal view, right-side LE3, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. SY O Sh Cine Rhyacichthys (Rhyacichthyidae) —| No ——rs Wyss : ———= = ————— ‘0 Se WR UTS ' 5 On \ Plate 194. Rhyacichthys aspro, USNM 247300: A, dorsal view, right-side LE2 removed (insertion position indicated by shading), right-side LE3 and LE4 forced laterally. B, posterior view, LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading). C, dorsal view, right side, various muscles removed or cut away to show underlying muscle attachments, shaded area indicates LI1 insertion position. ‘7 iNhen wh (iA o' ingiecy« y. — 7 2 SS No EOSIKS 9 ia\\\\ees io. \ \ ay} Bas \a\ Z\ \ i oe BABE +—— 2 mm ———4 Odontobutis (Odontobutidae) LX h SO Plate 195. Odontobutis obscura, USNM 2648932: A, dorsal view, right-side TEb2, OD4, and OD3 cut away, right-side LE2, LE3, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions shown by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed. YY _Vay i SS strap = pcy Eb1-4 Xenisthmus (Xenisthmidae) 2mm Plate 196. Xenisthmus sp., USNM 247389: dorsal view. Eleotris (Eleotridae) _ FV S< NSS —s S X QQ yy \ Yk \\ Ys | Plate 197. Eleotris melanosoma, USNM 321251: A, dorsal view, right-side TEb2 cut away, right-side OD3, OD4, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side. o . * z rd . * s 7 j i a ot uD — 4 fee at } _ ay /? > Bi ies skin fold of palate Z SS LA Fors SE DZ ; ZZ Ye Z 4 —— © 05 F 06 9 Ptereleotris (Microdesmidae) \\e | SV sel ON Cb4 Ad5 Plate 198. Ptereleotris microlepis, USNM 257075: A, dorsal view, left-side LP rotated posteriorly; right-side OD3—4 cut away to reveal LI2 insertion. B, posterior view, left side. = N . x \ en yj Y//f : \ WZ ASI a Mf a : Microdesmus (Microdesmidae) dg WE Wo WAIN AA Og ‘ | ac} i \O © = S SS iS = 5 ~ s = = Ss n Z No) (oxwa fo) - Pa a ie} is n 2, Ss 3) z @ 3 fe) ny g ey 4 Q a TD median fibers Pb3 TEb2a 2) 5S 5 5. ~ = a ay (Gobiidae) side. view, left B, posterior i . +—2 mm——+ Glossogobius (Gobiidae) P=) ... ® é > @ 4 i os = > a a oe = 06 Oe 4D — he © — = r ae i jatoet hh aa ra wl - “es i oF Me © oe 7 LE2 ~ E \ _’ Trypauchen (Gobiidae) | SUZ aa. | ID, B \ | \ -+————_2 mm aa s \ Z, Eb1-4 Plate 203. Trypauchen vagina, USNM 339608: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (indicated left-side LI] insertion on iew, left side. IAC is erroneous). B, posterior view ? » « * re . i < “ ' ® AD ag i. a > % , : i : - i a fee Saree), eae Gnatholepis (Gobiidae) Plate 204. Gnatholepis cauerensis, USNM 327750: A, dorsal view, left-side LP rotated posteriorly to reveal underlying muscles, right-side CT pad cut away to reveal underlying Pb2 and Pb3 facets. B, posterior view, left side, LP an OP attach to ligament extending from Eb4 to CbS. Psettodes (Psettodidae) Plates 205.1, 205.2. Psettodes erumei, USNM 366443 (eyes on left side): A, dorsal view. B, posterior view. C, lateral view, left side, all right-side (Rt) elements indicated. —|}—__\\_- =Naliaeass _ Es OM Sa