SF 203 — 7 het = ae ins “£ “+ * F 203 $3 opy 1 .. STUDY OF FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION ELMER SETH SAVAGE THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy “« REPRINT. OF BULLETIN 323.O0F CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PALLY he J bh A STUDY OF FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION | ELMER SETH SAVAGE r, TELESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy REPRINT OF BULLETIN 323 OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION \A\3. CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION EXPERIMENTING STAFF LIBERTY H. BAILEY, M.S., LL.D., Director ALBERT R. MANN, B:S.A., Secretary and Editor. JOHN H. COMSTOCK, B.S., Entomology. HENRY H. WING, MS. in Agr., Animal Husbandry. T. LYTTLETON LYON, Ph.D., Soil Technology. HERBERT J. WEBBER, M.A., Ph.D., Plant-Breeding. JOHN L. STONE, B. Agr., Farm Practice and Farm Crops. JAMES E. RICE, B.S.A., Poultry Husbandry. GEORGE W. CAVANAUGH, B.S., Chemistry. HERBERT H. WHETZEL, A.B., M.A., Plant Pathology. ELMER O. FIPPIN, B.S.A., Soil Technology. GEORGE F. WARREN, Ph.D., Farm Management. WILLIAM A. STOCKING, Jr., M.S.A., Dairy Industry. CHARLES S. WILSON, A.B., M.S.A., Pomology. WILFORD M. WILSON, M.D., Meteorology. WALTER MULFORD, B.S.A., F.E., Forestry. HARRY H. LOVE, Ph.D., Plant-Breeding Investigations. ARTHUR W. GILBERT, Ph.D., Plant-Breeding. DONALD REDDICK, A.B., Ph.D., Plant Pathology. EDWARD G. MONTGOMERY, M.A., Farm Crops. WILLIAM A. RILEY, Ph.D., Entomology. MERRITT W. HARPER, M.S., Animal Husbandry. J. A. BIZZELL, Ph.D., Soil Technology. CLARENCE A. ROGERS, M.S.A., Poultry Husbandry. GLENN W. HERRICK, B.S.A., Economic Entomology. HOWARD W. RILEY, M.E., Farm Mechanics. CYRUS R. CROSBY, A.B.. Entomological Investigations. HAROLD E. ROSS, M.S.A., Dairy Industry. ELMER S. SAVAGE, M.S.A., Ph.D., Animal Husbandry. LEWIS KNUDSON, B.S.A., Ph.D., Plant Physiology. KENNETH C. LIVERMORE, B.S.in Agr., Farm Management. ALVIN C. BEAL, Ph.D., Floriculture. MORTIER F. BARRUS, A.B., Plant Pathology. GEORGE W. TAILBY, Jr., B.S.A., Superintendent of Live-Stock. EDWARD S. GUTHRIE, M.S. in Agr., Dairy Industry. PAUL WORK, B.S., A.B., Olericulture. EDWARD R. MINNS, B.S.A., Farm Practice and Farm Crops. JOHN BENTLEY, Jr., B.S., M.F., Forestry. HARVEY L. AYRES, Superintendent of Dairy Manufactures. EMMONS W. LELAND, B.S.A., Soil Technology. ES T. GREGORY, B.S. in Agr., Plant Pathology. ‘W. FISK, B.S. in Agr., Dairy Industry. ' YTHONY, B.S., B.S. in Agr., Pomology. . t The regular bulletins of the Statiort are sent free to persons residing in New York State who request them. ‘ z. js e161 g HVA Savearl ‘ata, {leuzog a@eeqore uy ) A STUDY OF FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION* Ess) SAVAGE What may be called the science of animal nutrition began with six experiments conducted by two German scientists, Henneberg and Stoh- man, the results of which were published about 1860. Since that time many scientists, notably in Germany and also in America since the found- ing of the American experiment stations, have interested themselves in trying to calculate the definite food requirements of certain groups of animals used for such purposes as labor, meat, wool, and milk production. These food requirements have been tabulated and designated “ feeding standards.” Perhaps these standards have been of greater interest to teachers and investigators than to practical stock-feeders. To the practical feeder, feeding is an art; to the investigator, feeding is an exact science. Yet the teachings of science cannot be disregarded by the practical man, and he should have an adequate knowledge of the physiological make-up of his animals, of the different constituents of feeding-stuffs, and of the various uses to which those constituents are put in order to meet the physiolog- ical requirements of the body as to growth, health, and product. In like manner the investigator must not lose sight of the fact that in the words of the old German adage, quoted by Henry, “ The eye of the master fattens his cattle.”’ There are two distinct uses of feeding standards which cannot be denied. These uses are very important. One is as a basis from which to teach the elementary facts of animal nutrition to students in the colleges. The other is as a basis for use in economical feeding operations. In both cases, after the feeding standards are thoroughly understood they may be de- parted from so far as the experience of the individual may show it to be advisable. With the purpose of learning something of the application of two of the more recent feeding standards — that of Haecker and that. of Armsby — the present work was instituted at the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station in the winter of 1909-1910. Haecker’s standard has to do with feeding dairy cows exclusively; and only that part of Armsby’s standard which has to do with dairy production is considered in this paper. *Also presented before the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University, June, 1911, as a major thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 59 .* 60 BULLETIN 323 HISTORY OF FEEDING STANDARDS ! The three volumes containing the data of Henneberg and Stohman were known as the Weende Reports. They were published between 1860 and 1870 and were the foundation of the study of feeding standards. To the authors of these reports, more than to any other persons, belongs the credit for having started the study of animal-feeding from a scientific point of view. The name of Justus von Liebig is also prominent in these early studies; while the Munich scientists, Bischoff and Voit, have contributed much to the laws of nutrition in their work, ‘‘ On the Laws of the Nutrition of Car- nivora.”’ Boussingault, the French chemist and farmer, deserves mention in this connection. His experience dates from 1836. In England, Lawes and Gilbert of the Rothamsted Station contributed very largely to the early knowledge of nutrition. Hay values Thaer seems to have been the first to inaugurate a systematic scheme for feeding. He worked out the relative values of different feeding-stufis in terms of “‘ good ”’ meadow hay, the value of the hay for feeding purposes being the standard unit. These hay values’ were in use for some time previous to 1858. They were modified by other agricultural writers and teachers, but were not changed in principle until 1858. Grouven’s feeding standards In 1858 Grouven proposed to formulate into standards the food com- ponents as required by different animals according to their live weight. Eight standards were given for dairy cows, according to their weight from 772 to 1,543 pounds. For cows weighing about 1,000 pounds Grouven proposed the following standard, the constituents being crude protein, crude fat, and crude carbohydrates: dry matter 28.7 pounds, protein 2.76 pounds, fat .86 pound, and carbohydrates 14.55 pounds. The nutritive ratio was about 1:6.1. The components were not varied at all in the standards for production, being based entirely on live weight. Wolff's feeding standards The next standards proposed were those of Emil von Wolff in 1864. Digestion experiments had been conducted to some extent at this time and Wolff recognized the value of a standard in terms of digestible constituents. The Wolff standard for milch cows was as follows: for a cow weighing 1,000 pounds, organic matter 24 pounds, digestible protein 2.5 pounds, digestible carbohydrates 12:5 pounds, and digestible fat .40 pound. 1F, W. Woll. “On the Relation of Food to the Production of Milk and Butter Fat by Dairy Cows.” Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 116. FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 61 This standard of Wolff's was published in the Annual Agricultural Cal- endar of Mentzel and von Lengerke! and thus became widely known and practiced by German farmers. Julius Kuhn? criticises this standard of Wolff’s very severely in that the standard was supposed to apply toallcases. Kuhn would havea basal ration for maintenance and then add supplementary amounts for production. He would vary the amounts fed from 20 to 23.5 pounds of dry matter, from 1.5 to 2.4 pounds of digestible albuminoids (he separates the digestible amides from the rest of the protein, saying that the digestible amides have the same effect as the carbohydrates), and from 12 to 14 pounds of diges- tible amides, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract, with a nutritive ratio of 1:5.5 to 1:8 according to the production of the cow being fed. Wolff-Lehmann feeding standard Next in line comes the Lehmann modification of the Wolff standard. This was published, after the death of Wolff, in the Annual Agricultural Calendar of Mentzel and von Lengerke' for 1897, page 107. This standard took into account the objections of Kuhn, and the Wolff standard was modified to meet the supposed requirements of cows giving different quan- tities of milk. They were based on 1,000 pounds live weight and were as follows: TABLE: t Digestible nutrients Dry When yielding daily matter (pounds) | Protein Carbo- | Fat Nutritive _ (pounds) hydrates (pounds) ratio Pp é (pounds) iB : MMO pounds mille. oe). 2 1.6 10 13 1:6.7 boso pounds milk a. 2 2.0 II 4 1/650 Pero pounds milk= -....... 29 DOS 13 5 We Se7) 27.5 pounds milk......... 32 Boe 13 8 1:4.5 Since their first appearance these German standards, as they have been called, have been widely published both in Europe and in America. They form the basis for the computation of rations in nearly all the works on feeding. Wolfi’s standards are found as the basis in Armsby’s ‘‘ Manual of Cattle Feeding.’’ However, Doctor Armsby has changed his basis entirely since the last edition of this book, as will be seen later. W. A. 1F. W. Woll. ‘‘On the Relation of Food to the Production of Milk and Butter Fat by Dairy Cows.” Wis. Ager. Exp. Sta. Bul. 116. 2 Julius Kuhn. ‘ Feeding Standards for Domestic Animals.’’ Exp. Sta. Record 4: 6. 62 BULLETIN 323 Henry! used the Wolff-Lehmann standards as the basis of his rations. W. H. Jordan? also used the Wolff-Lehmann standard inhis work. Besides these works, which are probably the most popular and widely read works on feeding in America, the Wolff-Lehmann standards have been published in a large number of pamphlets and bulletins of the experiment stations of the various countries. In addition to the standards noted above, three other German investi- gators have published standards of more or less value: Maerker,’ Pott,’ and Kellner.® One Swedish investigator, N. Hansson,° has also published a set of ‘‘ feeding tables.” FEEDING STANDARDS IN AMERICA The feeding standards that have been in common use in this country up to within the last year or two, and are in use to a great extent even now, are the Wolff-Lehmann standards. In 1894 F. W. Woll’ published a standard ration which was the average of about one hundred rations in the United States and Canada. The average ration was: dry matter 24.51 pounds, digestible protein 2.15 pounds, digestible carbohydrates and fat 14.51 pounds, nutritive ratio 1:6.9. Woll gives this as evi- dence that, in the experience of American farmers who are practical feeders, less protein is needed than is recommended by the Wolff-Lehmann standards. Also, the rations can have a wider nutritive ratio. Woll called his standard the ‘“‘American practical feeding ration ’’ and recom- mended its use by farmers in place of the German standard. At the Connecticut (Storrs) station Atwater and Phelps* formulated a standard from their experience along the same lines as those followed by Woll, with a little difference in the requirements of the different con- stituents. j In the last two or three years a feeding standard proposed by T. L. Haecker,’ of Minnesota, has received much attention from dairymen and has been adopted in many cases as a guide for feeding dairy cows, notably by H. R. Smith! and C. B. Lane," and by ‘“‘ Hoard’s Dairyman.” In January, 1909, H. P. Armsby ™ published a set of feeding standards based on the production values of feeding-stuffs as determined by Kellner at the Moeckern Experiment Station in Germany. 1W.A. Henry. ‘ Feeds and Feeding.” 2W.H. Jordan. ‘ Feeding Farm Animals.” 3F.W.Woll. ‘On the Relation of Food to the Production of Milk and Butter Fat by Dairy Cows.” W's. Acr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 116. 4 Exp. Sta. Record 22: 375. ; 5O. Kellner. ‘‘ The Scientific Feeding of Animals.’’ Translation by William Goodwin. 6 N. Hansson. Exp. Sta. Record 20: 475. : 7F. W. Woll. ‘‘ One Hundred American Rations for Dairy Cows.’ Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 38. 8W. O. Atwater and C. S. Phelps. ‘‘ Nitrogenous Feeding Stuffs and Feeding Formulas for Dairy Cows.”’ t1oth Ann. Rept. Conn. Sor Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 67. 9T. L. Haecker. “ Investigation in Milk Production."’ Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 79. 10H. R. Smith. ‘“ Profitable Stock Feeding.” uC, B. Lane. ‘' The Business of Dairying." 12H. P. Armsby. ‘‘ The Computation of Rations for Farm Animals by the Use of Energy Values.” U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 346. rc er —<“ caus hoe Eo 1.68 DoS 57 Tie 70 Bi corks ss he Seas Bai orekege haa cate RePEc Iae caucus [32 IL.76 50 LES 7/ The feeding began November 11, 1901, and continued without change until the morning of February 17, 1902, when a new supply of grain was fed and corn fodder was substituted for silage. With the exception of two cows whose records are considered for one or two weeks longer, the data given refer to this period between November 11, 1901, and February 16, 1902, inclusive. When fed as above, the yield of the three groups was as follows in terms of pounds of milk, percentage of fat, pounds of butter-fat, and pounds of total solids: TABLE 13 Milk Percentage) Pounds | Total Group Ration ilk of fat | of fat solids | (pounds) | in milk | in milk | (pounds) 1 Be ARSON Leer EE RoE N, G I 27.77 4.54 1.260 BC Br. Bris sun cee ca Seetage Sette 2 30.60 3.80 1.164 3.719 Bc EMIT crise oes oe eras 3 26.84 4.40 1.182 3.524 Judging from yields of butter-fat and of milk, ration 3 was practically as potent as the other rations in that the product yielded bears a closer relation to total nutrients than to protein. In order to make a better comparison, if we multiply the fat in the food by 2.4 and add the protein and carbohydrates and call this amount the total nutriment, then multiply the butter-fat by 2.5 and add the solids- not-fat and call this amount the total product, we shall have a basis on which to compare the total nutriment and the total product yielded in the three groups. Such a comparison is as follows: TABLE 14 ; eA id Net _ Total Total nutriment Gro nutriment | product to I ~ | daily | daily pound of Cee a (pounds) roduct | bounds). ounds) Nic 8k Lise. -« kin ea ogee + ext Pea ee 16.88 | 6.208 ae ED Bien [eS aw ksiges s,s Rotana ge a ats fee Ae ae ee a ee 16.28 | 6.011 | 1.41 Bisse ve tapat ho 8 ne vasacptusehseP one eis nck ae ty ae ee ee eee 16.88 6.260 | 1.45 FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION rit By this arrangement it is clearly shown that the three groups yielded dairy products in proportion to the nutriment available for product, and not according to the protein supply; and that the amount of nutriment required for a pound of total product depended on the ratio of butter-fat to solids-not-fat. Comparing the rations used in studying the protein requirements for three winters (1895-1896, 1894-1895, and 1901-1902) with the Wolff- Lehmann standard, the following table is derived: TABLE 15 1895-1896 | 1894-1895 | 1901-1902 | Standard Net nutrients (pounds) | (pounds) | (pounds) factors (pounds) Brotemmdalyee «eae eekiwkrs sates: 2.63 2.09 1.90 2.50 Protein to 1 pound milk. : aeiaiee .0755 .O510 .0375 .0818 Carbohydrates to 1 pound milk....... . 2082 ~2200 . 1969 .2400 Ether extract-to 1 pound milk........ .0224 .0177 .O156 .0180 Total net nutrients to 1 pound milk... . 3061 . 2898 . 2500 3398 The Wolff-Lehmann factors seem particularly faulty in the assumption that it requires .o81 pound of net protein to 1 pound of milk produced, and they do not recognize the fact that the nutrient requirements vary with the quality of the milk yielded. Reviewing the results obtained from section 3 of this bulletin, it appears: 1. That the rations having a nutritive ratio of 1:7.6 and 1:9.7, respec- tively, were as effective in the production of milk, butter-fat, and milk solids as was the ration having a nutritive ratio of 1:6.3. 2. That the protein required in milk production depends on the quantity and quality of the milk yield. 3. That in the production of butter-fat, actually more but relatively less protein and other nutrients were required to a pound of butter-fat with cows giving milk containing a low percentage of fat. 4. That in the production of milk solids, less nutrients were required to a pound with cows having a low percentage of butter-fat in their milk than with cows giving milk having a high percentage of butter-fat. 4. Influence of stage of lactation on nutrient requirements.— It will be sufficient to give the summary under this heading, which also includes Pro- fessor Haecker’s opinions up to the publication of this work: 1. During the early stages of lactation, cows lose rapidly in body weight; of fifteen cows the average decrease per cow the first week was 49 pounds, and during fifty-six days there was a daily average loss of 2 pounds. 2. During the time that the decrease in body weight takes place, cows yield dairy products in excess of the amount provided for by the food con- 74 BULLETIN 323 sumed. The excess yield depends on the rate of loss in weight of body; in some instances it is more than twice the amount provided for by the avail- able nutriment. 3. The excess yield of dairy products decreases gradually until about the eleventh week, when an equilibrium generally obtains between the nutriment consumed and the dairy products yielded, although in this respect cows differ: those of a pronounced dairy temperament taking less time, while those not strong in dairy temperament decrease more slowly in weight and require more time in which to reach normal work in milk production. Before such equilibrium is reached, the body fat, and pos- sibly other substances, contribute directly or indirectly to product. 4. The normal net nutriment required for a pound of butter-fat is approx- imately 6.25 pounds, with a slight increase for cows yielding milk con- taining a low percentage of butter-fat and less for cows giving milk con- taining a high percentage of butter-fat. 5. The normal net nutriment required to a pound of milk solids yielded is approximately 2.4 pounds, with a slight increase for cows yielding milk rich in butter-fat and less for cows giving milk containing a low percentage of butter-fat. 6. When the nutriment available.daily for products and the products yielded daily are reduced to an approximate common value of energy, it is found that there is required about 1.75 pound of available nutriment to 1 pound of product; that is, of the available nutriment 43 per cent is expended in energy and 57 per cent is retained in the milk solids. 7. The daily yield of butter-fat in excess of the nutriment supply, by virtue of an average daily loss per cow of 2 pounds in body weight, was .283 pound, being a sacrifice of 7 pounds in body weight to 1 pound of butter-fat yielded in excess of that provided for in the ration. 8. When the normal working condition of body weight is reached, the nutriment required to a pound of butter-fat and to a pound of milk solids remains fairly constant for an indefinite time under proper management. The above conclusions finish Haecker’s published work up to date, except for deductions from the results of the breed test at St. Lowis in 1904. Haecker sums up these results and applies his standard to them, and by allowing 3.2 pounds net nutriment per pound of gain in weight he accounts for the expenditure of the excess nutriment. It is not thought necessary to report this bulletin in the present paper. Some unpublished data on Haecker’s standard The feeding table, or standard, now in use by Haecker was seen by the author of this bulletin at the Graduate School of Agriculture held at Cornell University. in 1908. Professor Haecker kindly gave a copy to the FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 75 author. When this was compared with the standard as given on page 104 of Bulletin 79 of the Minnesota station, it was noticed that the require- ments were slightly higher for milk low in percentage of butter-fat and slightly lower for milk ranging high in butter-fat. When a letter was sent to Professor Haecker asking the reason for this change, he kindly sent to the author the two tables given below, A and B, together with a very careful letter of explanation from which the following notes are taken: In Table A is given the average daily summary for the Minnesota sta- tion herd for eight winters, ‘“‘reduced to a daily average of dry matter con- sumed and digestible nutrients consumed, the total nutriment reduced to a starch equivalent, the nutriment calculated for maintenance, allowing .792 pound digestible starch equivalent for too pounds live weight, the amount left for product, the product yielded being the sum of the fat mul- tiplied by 2.2 and the solids-not-fat, and the net nutriment consumed to a unit of product yielded. “Tn the blank spaces following there is a double dash indicating that during the winter there was an equilibrium in the weight of the herd. If there is a plus, there is a gain; a minus sign indicates a loss. Taking an av- erage of the eight winters work it appears that there was required 1.81 pound of net nutriment reduced to starch equivalent to produce one of product. TABLE A (16). AVERAGE DAILy SUMMARY OF THE HERD FOR E1GHT WINTERS | ; Nutriment | Nutri- | ment | Net Carbo- daily | F F nutri- Dry Pro- hy- Ether (Eres | aoe product Product | ment matter| tein drates | extract | C. H. + Henanoal IBHTSZ.| yielded | tor A ae Z | et |.792 per| 2.2 + | dary. | peta liiscase) | Pixoo dbshi Seine we. | PREC | |-07--7-.01 | 1894-5 24.5 2.00 | 12.46 | .56 15.69 Tesh 8.08 | 4.59 | a 1895-6 a 2.59 ee et ee ee oA 4.36 1.905 + 1902-3 ar. I.92 ah -48 | 14.83 AG 7.87 4.53 | 1.73 | = 1903-4 20.6 I.97 | 10.99 307) (23.740 = i LOnan 6.55 4.29 | 1.53 + Fed roots 1904-5 220 I.92 II.96 | .50 | 14.98 | 7.09 | 7.89 4.38 | rE 7or |= 1905-6 oh ta(6| 1.65 L205 4 250) |) ) 51-32 1) On00) || 8.42 4.34 | 1.94 + 1906-7 23.0 gigi al ues fou ea 63 | 16.2 | 7.40 8.87 4.50 | 1.94 | + 1907-8 23.7 T.00) |) 12.05 .60 15.00 | 6.85 8.31 4.59 | 1.81 = 4 | = Average| 22.7 TOR) | Dent Se | 15 sid 7205 8 o71| 4.455 | 1.81 | * This is probably 8.12, but is 8.08 in the original. “Table B gives first the organic composition of milk from the number of milkings indicated in the first column, the milkings ranging from 3 to 7 per cent fat. In securing the average composition of any grade of milk, we only count .25 per cent above and no more than .25 per cent below the average; that is, the average of 3-per-cent milk was obtained from 658 different milkings, none of which went below 2.75 or above 3.25. 76 BULLETIN 323 “ Reducing the butter-fat to an equivalent of nitrogenous solids-not-fat and adding the product to the solids-not-fat, we have the following columns giving the components in one pound of milk ranging from .027 to .o42 pound of protein and .112 to .202 pound of non-nitrogenous compounds. TABLE B (17). Gravimetric ANALYSIS Organic composition of Components in 1 Feeding standard. Net nutriment milk pound milk to 1 pound milk Nex ao ber of | milk- Protein, | Protein Carbo- 13 per cent ings Milk casein, i Nitrog- Non- in milk hydrates of carbo- fat Aelia actose enous nitrog- | + so per in milk hydrates | bumen | enous | cent + 70 per as ether | cent extract 658 3.0% tT, 4.60 3027) | Be O04 .19 O14 770 5: 2.8 4.75 -028 | .124 .042 pepe -O16 840 4.0 yon! 4.85 . 031 .136 | -047 523 018 1,638 4.5 3.3 4.97 -033 -149 -049 -25 -O19 1,442 5.0 3-4 | 4.98 034 . 160 O51 577) 021 1,246 SiS 3.6 4.92 . 036 .170 -054 .29 .022 546 6.0 3.8 4.91 .038 .181 057 ot 023 336 6.5 Art 4.90 O41 .192 O61 -33 025 182 730 4.2 4.84 .042 .202 -063 .34 .026 .310 1.426 - 464 2.42 .184 X2.2—=.405 .310 -404 -405 1.736 3.2890 Standard provides........ 1.89 Amount required......... 1.81 IX COSS2 tas eerayerneateras .08 ‘“‘ Now, we have in Table A that it requires 1.81 pound of net nutriment to produce one of product. Such being the case, it follows that .81 is expended in the energy required for the production of milk solids. This energy can be supplied by carbohydrates so it is not necessary to provide more protein over and above that required for the product than will pro- vide all contingencies in waste in the process of digestion and transloca- tion, fetal growth, and variations in the composition of both feed and milk, and increase the carbohydrates in the ration proportionately to make the total nutriment provide practically what is required in Table A.” Professor Haecker then says in his letter: ‘‘ I am satisfied that any surplus ranging from 30 to 50 per cent over and above what appears in the milk will answer for ordinary milk production. This I have found by actual experiment. (See earlier results as given in this paper on pages 69 to 71.—Author.) I desire to make sure there is enough protein, so I provide protein for maintenance and protein for milk plus 50 per cent protein in the milk. Then I add enough to carbohydrates to make the amount required for milk production, seeing that the ration of carbo- hydrates to ether extract is about what is found in our American Feeding FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 77 Stuffs used for milk production. Adding together the total non-nitro- genous components and the various nutrients in the milk, we find there is 1.736 pound. Doing the same with the nutrients in the feeding standard, having reduced the ether extract to an equivalent of carbohydrates, we find that there are 3.289 pounds, and that the standard provides 1.89 unit to a unit of product in milk solids, while the amount used by the herd as shown by Table A is 1.81, the standard being in excess about .o8 of nutriment to each pound of product.’’ If we refer back to the method of building the feeding tables on page 71, taken from Bulletin 79, and compare results for any one set of conditions, we will find “‘ that the uniformity in the two methods as to results,” using Haecker’s words again, “‘ are truly wonderful.” Haecker calculated the new tables of requirements to meet the objec- tions of many investigators to the first tables on the ground that his data for the tables in Bulletin 79 were very meager. Having now covered all the ground that serves as a basis for Haecker’s arguments, his opinions and conclusions may be best summed up by giving in full his table of feeding standards as he uses them in his classroom: TABLE 18. HAECKER’sS STANDARD FOR MILK PRODUCTION . Carbo- Protein hydrates Fat Ronsunimpenance, per TOO IDS. 2.6... 6. sets swine ss Syeee os 0700 .700 .O100 Homn pound mille, 2.5 per cert fat..jh2 2 acs iccs jan daleliccs 0390 . 168 .0120 Bort pound mili. 2:6 percent fates. ..65.).0. 00 geen es. 0396 172 -O122 For apound milk, 2-7 percent fat. .... 6.5.8.2... 2 2... 0402 .176 .O124 Remi pound milks 2.8 per cent fat....2.5. 6. sh odie we .0408 180 .O127 Port poundinilk: 2:9 percent fat... . os. cs dete ec ee .O414 -185 .0130 Port pound mili<,3°0 per cent fat... 602.0). 05.00.85. 0420 .189 .0133 Homrepound milk. 3.1 percent fat... as)... 2. osele soe. .0426 .193 .0136 Horm pound milk, 3.2 per cent fat... 0.6... dees aee .0432 .197 .0139 Porr pound milk, 3.3 percent fat.....-.2. 00 bv k 0438 .202 .O142 Bonreponund milk, 2.4 per cent fat... ..0.6.6.. 0b des sess .0444 206 .O146 Homa pound milk, 3.5 per cent fat... . 2.06... . swe .0450 211 .O149 Romupound milk, 3:6-per cent fat... 0.0.05 50.6 bens es .0456 215 .O152 ibees pound mill,.3.7 per cent fat.....0.. voce ees wee a .0462 220 .O155 Hemmpound mili, 3.8 per cent fats... 000. cee ee nan .0468 22 .O158 Bem tepound mille, 3.9 per cent fat: ......0.. 2. eee lee .0474 228 .O161 Hogspound milk; 4.0 percent fate. 6)... 56.5 ose ace dee .0480 Bee .O164 Hounippouna mile A:t per cent fat. -......56...s cai e cs 0486 237 .O167 Homsepound millc,.42 per cent fate. .ci. 5. vjonse be kbs coe .0492 241 .O170 Pormpound milk, 4.3)per cent fabs..o,. 006 coe. eee des 0498 -245 .0173 Bor tepound milk, 4.4 per cent fat......6.0....0cunese: 0504 .249 .O176 Hormpoeand mili, 45 per cent fat. ....)...<4.2. sa aeaien O510 P2S3 .O179 Mont pound sulk, 4.6 percent fat. i... ec. ead ds oe eel 0516 257 .O18I Pont pound milky ae7-per cent fat. 0s 56.000. ee ee .0522 260 .O184 78 BULLETIN 323 TABLE 18 (continued i, | Carbo- : Protein hydrates Fat Formaintenance; per 100 Ibs5 3 se oe in ee ae wis .0700 -700 -O100 For 1 pound milk, 4-8: pertcemtliat.a.c.cnc,s wears cts 5 .0528 . 264 .0186 Bor 1pound mull Ao) per centiaater... crc kei eters = .0534 .267 .0189 For 1 pound'mulle, 5\o-percent fat)... ssi see es .0540 271 .O19I Hom pound mull 35.1 percent tat ane ese i yee ee .0546 -275 .O194 Fora pound milk, 5:2 percent fats wischr. in Sic .0552 .278 .O196 Bora pound milk: 5:4 pericent fat. 22.0 sn. s situs oe ee .0558 .282 .0199 Homi pound mille is Alper cent fate. use eee tere .0564 .285 .0201 Hor tpound! mille, 515) per cent tate. .acentmens s mec: .0570 .289 .0204 Bor © pound milkx,.'5:6 per cent fat... 2.2426: dass k «© .057 .292 .0206 Ror 1 pound mule, 5.7 per cent iiat. aoe tek hh cee ok .0582 .296 .0209 Fort pound! milk, 5.8.percentfat 22 5 fc ares 3) wits ctee .0588 . 300 .O211 Hor ne poundeniilik sio) per cent tata. ss. te ie sole on .0594 - 303 .0214 For 1 pound/milk, 6.0 per centifat. wate. 225 nto wk re .0600 B07, .0216 Hor i pound mulk, 6:1 pericenttatys sn. tee aes sees ieee .0606 .310 .0219 Bor TP pound mille, 6:2 per cent tat... spas weak alante ners « .0612 .314 .0222 Por ft pouricumilk, 6:3 percent tate 2 1,072.16 92.48 | 578.17 | 34.36 747.96 92.48 | 630.63 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: Of (7) MOSS \aGhed hides Gerber |e 23.94 239.37 3.42 271.01 17.50 210.00 For product: 1,289.2 lbs. milk, 3.98 per Cenitptateraae ee ackit sect wb Ge kee 61.88 300.38 21.14 409.82 64.46 386.76 Moualeeperee ce ery al) mice ae. 85.82 539.75 24.56 | 680.83 81.96 596.76 Gipsy, Period 3 ATNOUNE TER! ac.04 2 sere oo f 1.072.16 92.48 | 578.17 | 34.36 747.96 92.48 | 630.63 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: MOOT OSE WEILL... 6 cis a|) co Cases 24.52 | 245.25 3.50 277.65 17.50 210.00 For product: 1,252.9 lbs. milk, 4.12 per Cenbiidte 602... adc. 60.890 296.94 20.92 404.99 62.65 375.87 NOU eee valeeeeae ccatall| Caton eecens 42 682.55 80.15 585.87 85.41 | 542.19 24. 88 BULLETIN 323 TABLE 27 (concluded) Total Dry : Carbo- : : Protein Fat nutri- Protein matter hydrates Therms (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) Gunna (pounds) Eta, Period 1 Amount ted’ =. 4. oe see 1,078.01 95.58 | 583.02 | 36.26 | 760.19 95.58 | 649.80 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TWTOS MDS. weight .1o ses) Save ee ore 28.49 284.94 4.07 322.59 19.25 227.50 For product: ; 1,320.1 lbs. milk, 3.2 per Centitaterr+< een ck ty en| oasis ees 57.03 260.06 18.35 358.38 66.01 396.03 Total eqs Mewes el yeni ae 85.52 545.00 22.42 680.97 85.26 623.53 Eta, Period 2 Amount fed............... 1,124.02 98.20 | 606.25] 36.99] 787.68 98.20 | 670.66 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: Te TOSS Wele livin. deren Wetensts ee ee 29.23 292.29 Ast] 330.90 21.00 245.00 For product: : 1,254.8 lbs. milk, 3.32 per | Centiiath sac con ot fae eee lie eee 55.40 255.49 17.96 351.30 63.24 | 379.44 TGtae asters eo ee ee 84.63 | 547.78 22.13 | 682.20 | 84.24 624.44 Eta, Period 3 Amountited ae. 2 sss +e 1,000.20 86.73 | 536.49] 32.81 | 697.04 86.73 | 590.54 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: Teoo2sbs welehitacc mrcesvaclluech eters. 290.45 294.49 4.20 333-41 21.00 245.00 For product: 1,210.2 lbs. milk, 3.4 per Cermustat. eru.y 0s Pera valiaritont ak 53-73 249.30 17.67 342.79 60.51 363.06 MOtalere 21. vgateregteere les Me aera 83.18 543.79 21.88 676.20 81.51 608.06 TABLE 27a. AVERAGE CONSTITUENTS FED Group A, 1909-1910, AND REQUIRE- MENTS ACCORDING TO STANDARDS Percent- Total age of phates Protein nutri- | Nutritive} total nu- Protein Therns ii fe y (pounds) ment ratio triment (pounds) bi Es (pounds) above ‘es 3 a standard eens Period 1 Amount fed........ 83.13 666.86 Tie7 20 10.6 3.13 |562.09 10.2 Required by Haecker 74.09 | 602.68 sR fin? el Nene ey by Armsby 67.52 |5IO.020)) Mise siete Period 2 Amount fed......... 84.01 682.46 T1720 12.4 84.01 [568.54 TIS Required by Haecker 74.09 | 607.08 babes eda large ae by Armsby 67.18 }5 10.7301 -wietncrenens " Period 3 } | Amount fed......... 80.51 652.07, | ole ie0 fer | 80.51 |347.04 3.8 Required by Haecker OE eB 607.68 Baad als ANC Tal Wehr elo oe [by Armsby 65'88 1502.88) |o. ceca FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION TABLE 28. CONSTITUENTS FED Group B, 89 1909-1910, AND REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO STANDARDS Dry P : Carbo- Total . rotein Fat nutri- Protein matter hydrates Therms (pounds) (pounds) ment (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) ga a a we cad © a a a | eT | i] Omicron, Period 1 AMOUNGITCd. © oe. ck yd ewes 1,178.28 98-53 | (604204 | 37.23 | 787o2d | (o8ssau|l (675.53 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: Tenia Se nWelgeitbray cis snl etary o cite 27.37; 273.67 3.91 309.84 19.25 227.50 For product: _ 1,593.4 lbs. milk, 3.35 per Cenltiebatmreer. sais sice eel fot ho 70.217, 325.05 22.94 446.93 79.67 478.02 Motaleryss-6 esr) iawn 97.64 598.72 26.85 750.77 98 .92 705.52 Omicron, Period 2 Amountitede. 2... 4s. +--+) 1,182.38) tog. 38) || 637287) ||) 30-77 [83ra7s) |) 104-38 | 5 714-84 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: | TPUGHeLOSssWwelesats, 5 cle a al!) neces a 28.59 285.92 4.08 323.69 19.25 227.50 For product: A 1,497.7 lbs. milk, 3.65 per, empha tien arte ele crs eho alll era caceucdals 68.74 326.50 23.06 447.13 74.89 440.31 ROG et ey a cyto es scar lh Meese) ae 97-33 612.42 27.14 770.82 94.14 676.81 Omicron, Period 3 Amotint fediss 2... s 8. 939.15 94.12 | 489.79 | 32.95 | 658.05 94.12) 526.26 Required — by Haecker by Armsby or maintenance: Delo bs weight. cis,cha-.c|' sake od. os 28.86 288.61 4.12 326.74 21.00 245.00 For product: 1,215.1 lbs. milk, 3.84 per Centers tere jets wotisieniat sleet. note S723) 274.61 19.44 375.58 60.76 | 364.53 otal ys sc pee ee cll rks 86.09 563.22 23.56 | 702.32 81.76 | 609.53 Sigma, Period 1 Amotint fed. aie, s1s «)ars Saree I, 118.28 98.53 | 604.94 | 37.23 | 787.24 98.53) || —O75253 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOMS UDS WEIGH E.c ce. i] eee eters's 25.68 256.76 3.67 290.70 17.50 210.00 For product: 1,393.7 lbs. milk, 3.74 per Ger beraterer vel ceiie ie sa4 | hsiseterqa’es 64.81 309.40 21.88 423.44 69.69 418.11 otal epee. terererere tell ose sreyete se 90.49 566.16 25.55 714.14 87.19 628.11 Sigma, Period 2 MANTIOUT GCC: Lincs ches seuslers.0-« 1,150.00 100.10 | 620.40] 37.61 | 805.12 100.10 | 687.26 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOotMbs: weight. oc. ce) sas cae. 26.73 267.30 3.82 302.63 L250 210.00 For product: 1,344.5 lbs. milk, 3.03 per GETIE el takes sree scars ater stalled iow ora nS 64.13 310.58 21.92 424.03 67.23 403.35 TOt ale pacorcke’ ate aeievs cell Revera re gastare 90.86 577-88 25.74 726.66 84.73 613.35 90 BULLETIN 323 TABLE 28 (continued) Dry | phe Carbo- F | Total Pete Patten rotein hydrates at nutri- rotein hecroe (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) (pena) (pounds) Sigma, Period 3 Amoatint fedsnsns «s/s sel sic 1,118.78 114.10 | 586.72 | 40.27 | ‘79r.43 114.10 | 644.67 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: ; 2 TeTCOMDSS Wels Ot ares oe cyolll a ciaters isi 27.20 271.95 3.88 307.88 19.25 227.50 For product: 1,270.5 lbs. milk, 4.09 per GENE Patines. com> ce eeiee.e |. © eis sieve iste 61.75 Bote. 21.22 410.61 63.53 381.15 Motaleecr og ee wee reli cceeok G 88.905 573.06 25.10 718.49 | 82.78 608.65 Hector’s Berta, Period 1 Amotintited ace. 5s. cies 962.60 83.31 | 520.48 | 30.75 | 672.08 83.31 | 562.27 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: So7 Ibs Welehte.:. -1./c/ecretelieretsinl ate re 19.77 197.72 2.82 223.84 14.00 173.25 For product: 1,058.3 lbs. milk, 5.46 per Cent dtattcmemen LRateer| Usetacees 60.01 303.73 21.48 412.07 52.92 317.49 Miotaleparcterer eeececr eet iro « 79.78 501.45 | 24.30 | 635.91 66.92 490.74 Hector’s Berta, Period 2 (Arniounteted cies siecle cee 972.12 81.94 |' 523.95 | . 29.64] 672.58 81.94 | 555.09 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: RrS loss wemghte.. 2. o sewil wee enrol 20.04 200.41 2.86 226.890 14.00 173.25 For product: _ 965.2 lbs. milk, 5.71 per GENGMALs oe ce nici ectal © ctis bre 56.17 285.70 20.17 387.25 48.26 289.56 PO ball ete ete ayo ere) tn elll Paveere de ciatc 76.21 486.11 23.03 614.14 62.26 462.81 Hector’s Berta, Period 3 PASAGIIT et eCke acter) avers 9 atelo eatt 908 .89 86.36 | 477.43 | 29.11 | 629.29 86.36 | 494.10 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: BT? TDS WEIGH E 4 ces en nie sail) Parrots eoneterts 19.89 198.94 2.84 Za5ead I4.00 173% 25 For product: | 936.9 lbs. milk, 5.43 per COTE LAG. eae ewe Noe. | | eer Soke 268.890 19.02 364.81 46.85 281.07 WOtAal +. Ree bereaved || Metetere sete 73.01 467 .83 21.86 590.03 60.85 454.32 Lady Clay, Period 1 Amount fed).c. 00.0% «2 eccier 913.83 83.57 | 498.37] 31.93] 653.78 83.57 lip ssonga Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: T-GOAMDS: WEIR DE rss tec se 4|) Stes eters 24.60 245.98 3.50 278.48 17.50 210.00 For product: 965.9 lbs. milk, 3.81 per Cont fat.4.o. iii cc All ena al siete <745,.20 216.36 15.26 2905.90 48.30 289.77 4 Wo) | Lae ae eI [ee Py 69.80 462.34 18.77 574.38 65.80 499.77 ————— FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION gI TABLE 28 (concluded) Dry P : Carbo- Total . rotein F : Protein Cat) (pounds) eden} (pounds) cms (pounds) Therms (pounds) Lady Clay, Period 2 /Weclolkesin claganoeet o> oooeOE 929.02 81.65 | So“.ar |) 30:35) |) [654s05 81.65] 549.85 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: THOR SDSS WelgDba as ciel ence aes 25.36 253.58 3.62 287.08 17.50 210.00 For product: 890.5 lbs. milk, 4.01 per Ceniihabmeess gesrerce. estar all, (erronet paces 43.18 209.58 14.75 285.95 44.98 260.85 MOUaIME N.S all eee 68.54 | 463.16 18. 37, 573-03 62.48 479.85 : Lady Clay, Period 3 PITIOUI Le O oe 45.0 oc oe ain: 897.59 02.33). 473-38) 32/02 O37 74. 92.31 | 509.99 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOR OM Sac welphit.c,. cree cillf eis tessieie 26.46 264.60 shag hs 209.57 17.50 210.00 For product: | 852.1 lbs. milk, 4.13 per CEmUpiG Meh lsise serosal aati. cek- 41.67 203.65 14.40 Pr ig ae 42.61 255.63 MR Ota Aes aerars cot crete ea ectes eve 68.13 468.25 18.18 577.29 60.11 465.63 TABLE 28a. AVERAGE CONSTITUENTS FED Group B, 1909-1910, AND REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO STANDARDS Percent- Total age of Percent Protein nutri- | Nutritive| total nu- Protein Th ewe (pounds) | ment ratio triment (pounds) cums eee (pounds) above a = 4 standard standar Period 1 Amount fed.........} 90.98 725.31 1 27/50 8.2 90.98 618.29 6.4 Required by Haecker|] 84.43 670.30 Te VOLO Mes eae by Armsby FOLTL SOLO |\eas setae Period 2 Amount fed.........| ‘92.02 740.87 Tes 7 40 10.4 92.02 |626.76 12.3 Required by Haecker| 83.24 671.16 Te 75s lids troehn by Armsby 75 SOO) ISS See Lal, eee Period 3 Amount fed.........] 96.72 679.13 I :6.0 5.0 ‘ 96.72 |543.75 7 Required by Haecker| 79.04 647.03 es Goo aoe eee iby Armsby LSS (SA DO era rere tee TABLE 29. CoNSTITUENTS FED Group C, 1909-1910, AND REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO STANDARDS - Dry : Carbo- Total : matter Garey hydrates ( Hee ) nutri- Geen Therms (pounds) ene (pounds) jelg\ebetels ment iis\eheles (pounds) Chi, Period 1 PAIONTIURL EO steele civ wieleye is © 988.78 81.31 | 535.07 | 28.60| 680.73 | 8r.3r | 562.ar Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: THOZSG WIS. IWEIGHES of 6 cee cf) sve see rare 25501 251.12 3.59 284.31 17.50 210.00 For product: 1,160.7 lbs. milk, 3.37 per Ceriterctiena a che cbernettotel |) deuce ares s 51.18 236.78 16.71 325.56 58.04 348.21 FANGS rf EE ee eas ciel 76.20 | 487.99 20.30 609.87 75.54 558.21 | 92 BULLETIN 323 TABLE 29 (continued) Total Dry . Carbo- : : Protein Fat nutri- Protein matter hydrates Therms (pounds) (pounds) ment (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) Chi, Period 2 moiin by tedueee heer 1,085.25 Ors) S8se475l. 3a230 [9 755.93 91.53 | 632.10 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: T030\ lbs welghty...lacieree sii oc isisss 25.24 252.35 3.61 285.71 17.50 210.00 For product: 1,167.6 lbs. milk, 3.35 per Cent fates. concealer oc ele 51.49 238.19 16.81 327.50 58.38 350.28 RGtal sie imc el eee] eee ee ee 76.73 490.54 20.42 613.21 75.88 560.28 Chi, Period 3 Amount fede sees see. sr 1,101.90 93.73 | 594.45 | 34.41 |] 765.60 93.73 | 649.60 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: 1,050 lbs. weight........ Ae See : 25-73 2572 5e 3.68 291.26 17.50 210.00 For product: | 1,089.8 lbs. milk, 3.54 per Cent fatten. eccte= 2 Oey ee = atone 49.37 232.13 | 16.46 318.54 54.49 326.94 Rotalespracs te sce Weeeede hee snte ave 75.10 489.38 | 20.14 609.80 71.99 530.94 | | Omega, Period 1 Amount Ledeen ee ies eee a O2E 10. 85.68] 552.44 |) -30276 |= 7o7233 85.68 | 502.79 Required — : by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: Toso lbsaweightinasc co.) meesetees 25073: 257.25 3.68 2901.26 17.50 210.00 For product: 1,141.5 lbs. milk, 3.63 per CREME AG. (2%. oaiciese eiareys aceil| verses soya 52.39 248.85 17.58 340.79 57.08 342.45 Totaly cn cirerecce el) Bese easier 78.12 506.10 21.26 632.05 74.58 | 552.45 Omega, Period 2 I SaralaiSteyqoice la ape OO ORS LOO 1,043.63 86:02) 563-0r | 30.52) |! 717-70 86.02 |] 506.64 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TO501DSs WEIGNt. 2. oc ces |) ee caie ene baal is 257025 3.68 291.26 I7.50 210.00 For product: 1,097.1 lbs. milk, 3.75 per Cerbifatae ace citel torah ene ifs 51.02 243.56 17.422 333-33 54.86 329.13 Eotaliers crceiel. cea lt eee eee 76.75 500.81 20.90 624.59 72:30 539.13 t Omega, Period 3 ATnOUn GEC aan eet e tees 1,000.71 84.21 | 536.37] 31.11 | 690.58 84.21 | 583.63 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: 4 TOOL IDS! WEIRNE. a. sure s|0 se wisis ete 25.99 259.95 3.71 294.29 17.50 210.00 For product: : 1,026.6 lbs. milk, 3.87 per| CONCHAL SC. cca es aec sl uae ate _ 48.35 232.01 16.43 317.33 51.33 307.08 MOtal ccf onniee | S88 Sachs 74.34 491.96 20.14 611.62 68.83 517.98 FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 93 TABLE 29 (continued) Total Dry . Carbo- F F Protein Fat nutri- Protein matter hydrates Therms (pounds) y (pounds) ment (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) Susanna, Period 1 Inmount Lede, 1c 5 crete heist OII. 23 83.38 | 496.906 | 31.86 | 652.02 83.38] 558.18 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: OOO bse weightrrs a, 2% 0 data|| casters ress 22.05 220.50 3.15 249.64 15.75 196.00 For product: | 785.8 lbs. milk, 5.11 per ; CEMA Mele ale mays ciel! ee ale hae 42.90 216.09 15.25 293.30 39.29 235.74 ARG Galeaees 258 sees PoP list lets sa eels 64.95 430.59 18.40 542.94 55.04 431.74 Susanna, Period 2 ATAG HM TreC ae cise. < eric esc 808.55 69.94 | 437.48 | 25.63 | 565.00 69.94 | 466.27 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: QUGOM bseweight es ci... cuss kail) care clo ee 22027 222 71 3.18 252 Is Ie 75 196.00 For product: _ 649.9 Ibs. milk, 5.41 per CETTE LAGI ets oc sete SMe Ne Aste eieep ere 36.65 185.22 13.06 251.26 32.50 194.97 ghataleerre cya cst || ff tenaheree 58.92 407.93 16.24 503.39 48.25 390.97 Susanna, Period 3 Aoliettiredinns @ . ciccae ee 806.65 77.37 | 486.54] ‘28:19 || 627.34 Ties ll Gerla Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOMS WEIGHLe 50 occ 2b science ate 22.52 225.16 S22 254.92 15.75 196.00 For product: | 627.3 lbs. milk, 5.35 per GET tee by Pe he Ue he pedis, Se 35.19 178.15 12.55 241.58 B20. 37, 188.19 NG) Gills A eres eer ERAGE Ip ch, MIR ENE 57-71 403.31 te fe 496.50 Ng hos 384.19 Taffy’s Anna, Period 1 Armount feds ce os-2/eeciecls ts 946.20 87.86 | 515.84 | 34.09 | 680.40 87.86 | 587.42 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: BOSMDS WEI... o2cicc0c|| «vic vines 22.00 220.01 3.14 249.08 TS75 196.00 For product: | 878.6 lbs. milk, 6.07 per GONG Labeemis Close ststeas alll eva edeen 52.98 271.49 19.15 367.56 43.93 263.58 Gtelll eve retere: sien = ayes 74.98 AQI.50 22,20 616.64 59.68 459.58 Taffy’s Anna, Period 2 PUTING EG ccc. c oysieiet ee auc 961.40 85.93 | 521.57 | 32.50] 680.63 85.93 | 577.43 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: OA PUOSWEIZHE. |. cei e.s'| stave sais es CD Fa 2217212 3.24 257.12 15.75 196.00 For product: _ 828.2 lbs. milk, 6.37 per Ceritetate ese aC tei. riers |) Basie vetere’e S043 265.02 18.72 358.57 41.41 248.46 SIGE eal tae epete cer (std xi pre ee 74.14 492.14 21.96 615.69 57.16 444.46 04 BULLETIN 323 TABLE 29 (concluded) | | ge | Total Dry - | Carbo- : : Protein Fat nutri- Protein matter hydrates d Therms t d (pounds) (pounds) founds) (pounds) Boone (pounds) Taffy'’s Anna, Period 3 Amotint rede meses eine seis 1,005.93 Solr3 || 545-85) ~sgu52il yma:4o 89.13 |] 605.60 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: OOOMDSa welehte ) wee oe Me 987 1,021 +34 1,004 Period 2 Osnobei go ol Geet petaesss Sick su eee ener pam a eco 1,152 1/183 +31 1,167 SVS CEE SSR oth ae ae ea Poa RE ST Se Pe 1,077 1,106 +29 1,091 EVE CEOS US Chbae = Ciettirs iio esarthaeyen's @ Seay Seer 816 821 +5 818 IEA gS RANG en cca ee GAGs dak wi = oe Wie acc pe Se eavepaniee 1,016 1,053 +37 1,035 Period 3 @microneye hc is oe en ea ak DES eee 1,184 1,071 —I3 1,178 Sn esc - Sac ae i wath Shs inpeee 1,109 HpaI + 2 am Bae) PiectarSubetiaey. os, Sess sas > sie eee 828 796)|/ 7) ——32 8i2 js bgt ©) eas ae a eee, ST I ,067 1,093 +26 1,080 Average for group. B; period 34 6... ci GGl Ee me eee ee ae ee 994 Doe cae ce care || MRt eeee cree eee 1,028 5 a oe eee Er ulec iile et | 1,045 TABLE 38. Recorp oF LIVE WEIGHT (IN PounDs). Group C, 1909-1910 posh eee Gaines Av eisee beginning | end Com period Period 1 Ciibhee on cee ee eee Oe 1,003 1,046 +43 1,025 imeem aren: eco ne ere seis Ae io sue 1,049 1,051 an 1,050 SSE Seiten a ie eet Ne Caterer ee 7 ries 881 919 +38 goo Gate SoA S jis 2.5 ees ceece & cle ewe ntvicyeeece «Sree 881 gI4 +33 898 Period 2 LO) ny ate 6 Ciena Net, ee ee ates Sean Aa od Aa cend eS 1,018 1,042 +24 1,030 merase Fee ee ree tears ane ie aa Persea rae one 1,050 TO5ON| ae ee 1,050 SOLISATEM le cee torts ec ements chee oa went rae go08 gio + 2 909 BU AthyESRATIM Aiea, mecnb ins Fe cuaiie sieus sv cy tome Erni ae gI2 941 +29 927 Period 3 G) chte eee eee Oe eee” rapes 5 Se RRM ee TY ea 1,040 1,061 +21 1,050 (OTIC DO Aegeee a conve Ais cete sae ee to road a Teds se cle Premeeeh 1,061 I ,062 ap Ou 1,061 IUGR DATO Aes Stes unts RP e crave oY nts oars Sisee we Pad nea 913 926 1-03 919 ARV ASRATITIA y Meuse tices Rona ate vce chee eye ete 960 977 7, 969 Average for group C; period: 1. 45 <” ve." 2" wa PO UE =" —_—_ Te —_ a ae FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 193 fe 44 (Eee Dry Carbo- Total : Protein Fat nutri- | Protein matter hydrates | Therms (pounds) | P°4RdS) | (pounds) | (Pounds) ae | (pounds) | a | ee rR (Sa Gieanodd, Period 3 AION LEC cise istics sic we clere > 979.57 82.38 | 532.64 | 32.90 | 680.25 82.38 | 550.82 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOOStIDS WEIZDE. aisles © cell) crac) siete se 26.78 267.79 3.83 303.19 18.90 224.00 For product: 777 Ibs. milk, 5.82 per cent 12 CORN, Ute ea OPiS aes | | SE 45.69 233.10 16.39 315.67 38.85 233.10 ARG) TAS hs ead (et oe Eee 72.47 500.89 20.22 618.86 57.75 457.10 Cornella, Period 1 Amount: £6: cfec rahe sce ae 917.06 76.99 | 501.37 | 30.48 | 646.94 76.9090 [| SIs. 27 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: . SAWS ewelg it sccccl nc / ieichsc 29.20 | 292.04 | 4.17 330.62 20.30 238.00 For product: | 1,423.8 lbs. milk, 3.79 per Cent fatit.tentarsrcjers oo eeeealeetans erate 66.63 318.93 22.50 436.19 71.19 427.14 Potala. ye.c suelo ce al es oie 95.83 610.97 26.67 766.81 91.49 665.14 ! | Tau, Period 1 Amount fed src. ai. oc se sie Dee Cis fo ee 98.11 | 630.46 | 39.48] 817.40 98.11] 656.92 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: S27 IDSs Welght.. erste tall ctats! ouesrs sc 32.51 325.12 4.64 | 368.07 22.05 255.50 For product: 1,097.5 lbs. milk, 3.93 per | Centlate cae cise eter ere tease ieee 52.35 253.52 17.89 346.12 £4.88 329.25 LOGAN ine See eee lem ene 84.86 578.64 22.53 | 714.19 | 76.93 584.75 | Tau, Period 2 ibmiount feds... sl. ss ose 1,092.29 89.93 | 504.92] 35.71 | 765.20 89.93 | 609.33 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: : T3390 IDSeeWEIGNE « sic css wietelll ete oie eaeene 22.738 | R27 ge 4.68 370.58 22.05 255.50 For product: | 1,040.2 lbs. milk, 4.17 per| Cent fatin. cor. crt.den is ate | ike Wavateres 50.87 248.61 | 17.58 339.04 52.01 312.06 otal'e..cricccntersia lees oat 83.60 575.93 | 22.26 709.62 74.06 567.56 Tau, Period 3 Amount tedce cease acer: cel 1,061.09 86.48 || 577.22). 34.10 | 740.43 86.48 | 587.69 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: ete Ouse Weleelte > cera wiers'|| Gtvia waters 33.30 332.96 4.76 376.97 22.40 259.00 For product: _ 967.6 Ibs. milk, 4.29 per COnt Fabre secirain ots ete |) cette wre 48.19 237.06 16.74 322.02 48.38 290.28 PLURAL catercts cetetorecor alt dosti eo “abate ce 81.49 570.02 21.50 699.890 70.78 549.28 FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 105 TABLE 44a. AVERAGE CONSTITUENTS FED Group A, 1910-1911, AND REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO STANDARDS oa) meeiil\ se 2 braeear | Percent- Protein nutri- Nutri- total nu- Protein ace of (pounds) | ment tive - | triment ( ds) Therms | therms (pounds) ratio above | ae above | standard | standard Period 1 Amount fed........ 88.59 | 746.69 Tey: 4.3 88.59 | 597.18 b reg Required by Haecker 88.38 | 716.17 2 LY (ie Soll leeeoecs eee by Armsby 79203) 1) SOOnSOu ia eee Period 2 : Amount fed: 2. -.. . - 85.82 | 721.99 Dyed: 5.0 85.82 | 577.56 2.9 Required by Haecker 84:06 | 687.34 LQ Ss ceca by Armsby 75 LZ SOL SO tesa se Period 3 Amount fed. 79: ..: 85.87 | 726.10 TRS vy 85.87 | 580.63 8.2 Required by Haecker 81.24 | 673.92 TARY (oe Sl PPR Roto | by Armsby JO TOU 5SOr 54 ell eerie TABLE 45. CONSTITUENTS FED Group B, IgIO-I9II, AND REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO STANDARDS Total Dry . Carbo- : P Protein Fat nutri- Protein Gb hydrat ound | C@ounds) | euase | (Pounds) | ment | (pounds) | Therms ee ee Omicron, Period 1 PASO EET ER Narcieieysjoleia viene, os Te2TLesA 160.59 | 661.13 | 40.95 | 853.86 100.59 | 685.90 Required — - by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TeeeAwDS WEIS «ci. ccs al) sera ov0 eos 29.99 299.88 4.28 339.50 20.65 241.50 For product: | 1,500 lbs. milk, 3.79 per CONE Patin crete ric icreueertiai|| eida sys ares 70.20 | 336.00 23.70 459.53 75.00. 450.00 ROGAN pee. adevatpoveleilly | ats. Susie) Su 100.19 | 635.88 27.98 799.03 95.65 691.50 | Omicron, Period 2 PASO HEU com clas oaicveen ss 1,179.34 96.06 | 643.45 | 38.87 | 826.97 96.06 | 660.89 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: Mes OulSe wel Git Gis. c1 ce cesehall| et ores och 30.28 302.82 4.33 342.84 20.65 241.50 For product: 1,405.4 lbs. milk, 3.91 per emtehatimmnens ameter cll, ates etebale ns 66.62 320.43 22.63 437.97 70.27 421.62 ligt alee erate | esis ems 96.90 623.25 26.06 780.81 90.92 663.12 Omicron, Period 3 AGUNG fd coc cee ees 1,161.50 ELTES5) || 622.3°| | W3otcor|) 7821243 | 111.55 | 655.35 Required — by Haecker | by Armsby For maintenance: | eens: WEIENE. «25 2 cc] sce ees 30.82 308.21 4.40 | 348.93 21.00 245.00 For product: ; 1,377-5 lbs. milk, 4 per Certavatpecie sc wit ersten | kien ba eye 66.12 320.96 22.50 437-91 | 68.88 | 413.25 mlncstetl ease tc bere Visit idee wich 96.94 629.17 | 26.99 | 786.84 89.88 658.25 106 BULLETIN 323 TABLE 45 (continued) Dry ‘ Carbo- Total . Protein at nutri- Protein matter hydrates Therms (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) (pounds) ae 2 (pounds) Sigma, Period 1 Arnountitedsemmcr at adce ene I,1S7-13 98.11 | 630.46] 39.48| 817.40 98.11 | 656.92 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOAS IDSs WEIGD tact cdea!) mci we 25.55 255.54 3.65 289.30 18.20 217.00 For product: _ 1,518.9 lbs. milk, 3.83 per emtratemernrvac ace! aie \|ipensun costa cr 71.54 343.27 24.30 469.49 75.95 455.67 pROtale Raa qc ctarestl|| ete aie 97.09 598.81 27.95 758.79 04.15 672.67 Sigma, Period 2 Amountiedaa. eh os cee 1,124.93 93.58 | 612.78 | 37.40] 790.51 93.58 ] » 63tvox Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOSS) 1bSeaweignt... . coe) sie ees 25.80 257.99 3.69 292.09 18.20 | 217.00 For product: 1,500.6 lbs. milk, 3.87 per Renbylatren oie Veiner | erect: 70.68 339.14 24.01 463.84 75.03 450.18 ML otaleter a> eaerren | ee cicreae 96.48 507.13 27.70 755.93 Osn28 667.18 Sigma, Period 3 Amountiled sc cirec sci lente (eneTT764! 109.95 |_ 597.27 | 37.93] 792.56 109.95 | 632.72 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TOO4) IDs WEIGHE a. 6 «nies vat-tevevetorns 26.07 260.68 31.72 295.12 18.20 217.00 For product: : 1,492.6 lbs. milk, 4.1 per } CENb fab cae od crevereierel nrestces chars 72.54 353-75 24.93 482.38 74.63 447.78 Total stare eal eee ee 98.61 | 614.43 | 28.65 | 777.50 92.83 664.78 Charity, Period 1 Amountited= cer ic. is 1,001.62 92.50 |} 590.637] 36.77 |e 774.87 { 92.5t] 619.49 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: | : 987 Ibs. weight........... [ee aeners oe 24.18 241.82 3-45 273.76 17.50 210.00 For product: ‘ 1,451.9 lbs. milk, 3.8 per) Cent faterasciic serene | apeeeareterale 67.95 B25 25 22.94 444.79 72.60 435.57 sTRotalisnecnk Moen | Pee A. 92.13 567.05 26.39 | 718.55 90.10 645.57 Charity, Period 2 (ASNOUNt TEA. ss sfc) ss)s ate 2 b55 1,031.37 86.13]. 562,160] 9193.76.) 723.25 86.13 |. 9 s75eret Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: OS yale, Weleubs. ch. 4 veel) mosis alee 24.18 241.82 | 3.45 273.76 | 17.50 210.00 For product: _ | 1,310.3 lbs. milk, 3.72 per ert ie 2:1 OAT oa Mec cree 60.54 288.27 20.31 394.51 65.52 393.09 Otel gir aks evan We] st setene es - 84.72 530.00 23.76 668.27 83.02 603.09 l= > were FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 107 TABLE 45 (concluded) | Total Dry P : Carbo- : : Ber ie rotein hvdeates Fat nutri- Protein Thesus | (pounds) > (pounds) ment (pounds) (pounds) | (pounds) | (uodads) | Charity, Period 3 Ammon feG- = 21. seek ee oss 1,031.31 TOL 37 |) 1550 e02 | 9 34-32 | 1728.09 LOVES 7 | a S7oes5 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: OOS Ibsz weight. occ ss. cs olssee ae: 24.38 243.78 | 3.48 275.99 E7250. 210.00 For product: 1,247.2 lbs. milk, 3.78 per | COnitial ease eis eee ee iss 2 a)8 as 58.37 279.37 | 19.71 382.09 | 62.36 374.16 Xi Dro cf 1 oral ieee ESA iecl ch Cl hua Gace voia 82.75 523.05 | bag Vans) 658.08 79.86 584.16 TABLE 45a. AVERAGE CONSTITUENTS FED GrouP B, 1910-1911, AND REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO STANDARDS Protein (pounds) Period 1 ] Amountifed...2.... 97. * Required by Haecker) 96. Period 2 ; Amount fed........ Or. Required by Haecke: 92.70 Period 3 Amountiedi: (2... ... 107 Required by Haecker 92. Total nutri- ment (sounds) Percent- Percent- Nutri- age of : age of tive i es ieee, Therms | therms ratio Peers Pp above standard standard 27.4 7.5 | 097.07 | 654.10 eA GAOHON ne cates by Armsby 03230 |660200 |. eee | 7p 6.2 QI.92 | 622.65 —3.4 TOMO ia stent by Armsby 89406: |O44=46 Wile ee TOl3 oe. § 107.62 | 622.14 —2.1 TANS a peta by Armsby 87.52 | 635.73 [oceteeee TABLE 46. CONSTITUENTS FED Group C, ACCORDING TO STANDARDS IQIO-IQIT, AND REQUIREMENTS Total | Dry | P : Carbo- | : aa rotein Fat nutri- Protein matter | hydrates | Therms | (pounds) (pounds) | ment (pounds) | (pounds) | (pounds) | (pounds) ae ae ae i] Chi, Period 1 y-\woatose bay fad lo in ee 996.10 75.46 | 542.06 | 29.08 | 682.95 | 75.46 | 531.87 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TROOW DS. WEINE. pcs sa) ardanctae 26 26.14 261.42 | e738) 295.95 18.20 | 217.00 For product: I,172.1 lbs. milk, 3.47 per | Ene ENR eee ei ae | eee 52.39 244.97 | 17.35 336.40 58.61 | 351.63 “UNGY IE) led ole NS. Coc eRe] Ceice RERER ares 78.53 506.39 | 21.08 632.35 76.81 568 .63 Chi, Period 2 | Scala s\ip 1-16 Gee ee eee 1,054.99 83.74 | s7a038) |} 4 g2.88) | 732010 83.74 | 577-60 Required — by Haecker by Armsby For maintenance: TROT OSMAWCIREIT «cha sters Shalt aia edie © 26.29 262.89 3.76 297.04 18.55 220.50 For product: 1,177.6 lbs. milk, 3.38 per ; GON tab sticls sles Sen el atetes See © 52.29 242.59 17.19 333.56 | 58.88 353.28 BROLGIG Geamielecitelsa ||. tetas xe s 78.5 631.20 | 77.43 573.78 505.48 20.95 108 | Aamount Ted ae ecises esa ae | Required — For maintenance: 1,080 lbs. weight........ For product: 1,136.3 lbs. milk, 3.46 per Centilaten. 85.46 | 737.52 b Git ex) II.0 85.46 | 587.15 —o.6 Required by Haecker 82.76 | 664.26 BRN PK oad Mee eae pedir by Armsby 80).10; | 500.46) )) 25 csr Period 3 Amount fed........ 105.26 | 760.31 16% 14.0 105.26 | 610.55 4.5 Required by Haecker 82.66 | 667.06 TOF ee ie by Armsby 78:08 || 584.090 |||... «aoe TABLE 47. RECORD oF PRODUCTION. GrRouP A, I9IO-IQII Percent- Pounds Pounds Cow | Period mounds y ene si a age solids-| _ solids- total facta a not-fat not-fat product —— Glenwood)... mm... sae r I,118.0 5.33 59.606 9.28 103.767 237.881 2 886.7 5.66 50.204 | 9.34 82.785 | 195.744 3 777.0 5.82 45 . 203 9.49 73.734 | 175-441 Cornellay. 2 3ericecasne I 1,074.9 5.15 55.325 9.35 100.519 | 225.000 2 I,O011.8 5.22 52.780 9.30 94.134 | 212.889 31 | 952.1 | 5.46 51.903 | 9.48 | 90.250 | 207 .234 Bite ate cee sarees I 1,584.6 3.46 54.776 | 8.99 | 142.397 265.643 2 1,559.8 3.42 53-415 | 9.08 | I41.573 261.757 3 1,423.8 | 3-79 53-911 9.19 | 130.851 252.151 | BAe tetera acc cee vetie rs ene I 1,007.5 3.93 43.186 9.27.) 101.789 198.958 2 1,040.2 Ay 43-375 9.40 97.766 195.360 D242 31:78"), © A7eeoe 9.39 | 117.087 223.292 Average, group B... I I ,490.3 3.81 BO FAO N|| Gerevevectecrriel Wer tea tees 263.196 | 2 1,405.4 3.84 BOSD i ahve aus ac crsrel| Maateseeenere ate 249.261 3 1,372.4 3.97 SHAS | co aste wip aie ap oles exes 249.591 — es a ee ee ie ae FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRODUCTION EDT TABLE 49. REcorRD oF PRODUCTION. Group C, IgI10-I9II ———<—=——— = | Percent- Pounds | Pounds : Pounds | Percent- | Pounds ead 5 Cow Period : age solids-| solids- | total mille age fat | fat | not-fat | not-fat product 2 | (ORG osha se a aan Gee ene | Lia h, 72. Xi 3-47 40.648 8.92 104.540 195.998 2h L770 3.38 39.817 8.95 105.356 194.944 3 1,136.3 3.406 | 39.310 9.09 103.254 | 191.701 | [PGI as ote ces aun tee g I 1,404.8 3.37 47.342 8.92 | 125.348 | 231.867 2 1,458.2 3-43 49.959 9.04 | 131.819 244.227 3 1,419.4 3.58 | 50.843 9.13 129.526 243 .923 IGG R es Fate ott, Bare un I 840.3 4.24 35.618 9.46 79.521 159.662 2 781.1 4.71 36.792 9.50 74.200 156.982 3 719.5 5.02 36.123 9.67 69.561 150.838 Carlottace cen < sate ase 0 I 1,368.1 3.37. 46.114 8.94 122.338 226.004 | 2 1,492.5 3.42 51.027 9.08 135-474 250.285 3) 53720 3.46 53.276 9.14 140.493 260.364 Average, group C... I 1,196.3 3.55 AQGABT AN 25,9 aasteesulheeeveyare to < 203.405 2 T2224: 3.62 | AASSOOM IN oa eet tae WN eteieeeete re 211.610 a e203 52) || 3.735 BA TSBS NY ye defn kis, | 2 se siete > « 211.707 TABLE 50. ENERGY VALUE OF PropuctT. Group A, IQIO-IQII Pounds Therms solids- Therms in Total Cow Period | not-fat in ash-free ieee —.7 per fat solids-not- cent ash fat Glenwood: G5-2 205200 aces I 95.941 251.418 178.450 429.868 2 76.778 211.760 142.807 354.5607 2) 68.295 190.666 127.029 317.695 Sornetlaen ret ports tres cesT I 92.995 2237261 172.971 406 . 332 2 87.051 222.626 161.915 384.541 3) 83.585 219.306 155-468 374-774 PRU Seale ha hva lo Wie talv’ers, ceiatohe wt I 131.305 231.045 244.227 | 475.272 2 130.654 225.304 243.016 | 468.320 3 120.884 227,207 224.844 452.241 SIAR MS ee teleciccelstettn ereks, tees © ais : I 94.107 182.159 75.039 357.198 2 90.485 182.956 168 . 302 351.258 3 85.318 | 174.933 58.691 333 . 62. Average, group A........ Tip eee os ancora | tis hens 417.168 Drapes 69.5 (ieee dene opeeee onset lee ee Pee ee ee Net for product......... 61.35} 425.97 $4. AS! 360. 48)e -c.c A ecu. coll ote ate 3 ere teen Nutritive ratio.......... Baya Tiegd Ss cee ee nls ee oe ee eee Average percentage of fat in milk, 4.26. Average net protein fed for 1 pound milk = .0558 pound; standard — .0496 pound. Average net protein fed for 1 pound product = .298 pound; standard == .264_. pound. Average net nutriment fed for r pound milk = .388 pound; standard = .329 pound. Average net nutriment fed for 1 pound product = 2.068 pounds; standard = 1.755 pound. The writer is fully aware of the limitations of the data submitted. However, questions 1 and 2 on page 114 are answered in some degree as follows: 1. The data indicate that a nutritive ratio of 1:6 will stimulate a greater production of butter-fat than will wider nutritive ratios as proposed in Haecker’s standard. 2. The data indicate that an increase of at least 10 per cent in the amount of total nutriment above that allowed by Haecker, would stimu- late butter-fat production to an extent great enough to pay for the increased feed. FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRopDUCTION 119 The correctness of the application of Armsby's standard Essentially the same questions may be asked in regard to Armsby’s feeding standard as were asked concerning Haecker’s standard: 1. Does this feeding standard furnish sufficient protein? 2. Does this standard furnish sufficient energy for milk production? Protein requirements.— For a study of the question whether sufficient protein and energy is provided by Armsby’s standard, Table 57, similar to Table 56, has been prepared. Armsby’s standard, page 82, provides .o5 pound of digestible protein per pound of milk. In Table 56 it was shown that the rations there averaged had a nutritive ratio of r:7.2. In Table 57, after the amount of protein considered by Armsby to be sufficient for maintenance has been subtracted, the protein left for product provides .0623 pound of protein for 1 pound of milk containing 4.26 per cent fat. The data indicate that when the rations were narrowed, more butter-fat was secreted by group B, 1g1o-1911, in period 3 as compared with period .2 even though no more nutriment was provided (page 115). The average protein fed during period 3 to group B, after deducting protein for maintenance, was 89.07 pounds. Dividing by the average amount of milk produced by group B during this period, 1,372.4 pounds, it is found that .o65 pound of protein was used per pound of milk. This milk tested 3.97 per cent fat. In Table 57 the amount of protein fed per pound of milk is .0623 pound, instead of .o558 pound, as shown in Table 56, because Armsby provides .50 pound of protein to maintain a 1,000-pound animal while Haecker provides .7o0 pound of protein. TABLE 57. AVERAGE Foop CONSUMED COMPARED WITH ARMSBY’sS STANDARD Fed Armsby Product Pounds Group Period 2 5 Sere = = live ounds | ounds ounds ounds { Therms in| weight protein Therms protein Therms milk fat product I909-IQIO | PAA eee Re PS, 54,5 | I 83.13) 562.09 67.51} 510.02) 1,008.8] 43.4490 341.409 972 JN ea Bie ner | 2 84.01} 568.54 O7TSi pS LOn7s 984.9] 43.456 337.662 994 LNG Pe eRe, AR ee | 3 80.51} 547.04 65.88] 502.88) 958.7| 43.397 334.204] I,009 BY: | I 90.98} 618.20 79.71] 581.04) 1,252.8] 50.040 403.779} 904 ete erAG fatale: 2 92.02! 626.76 75.90) 558.21] 1,176.7] 49.662 390.515 1,028 a ents I 84.56} 575.15 66.21} 500.49 9901.7} 43.510 342.190 068 Cre Sy. a a 2 83.35) 568.11 63.41 483.71) 935.7) 2.035 323.953 979 Ci ee 3 86.11) 590.30 61.41] 472.59 887.0} 41.260) 313.330 I,000 I9IO-IQII : | U Nocera ee it 88.590| 5097.18 79.93) 590.5c| 1,218.8} 53.223 417.168) 1,108 1 N63 ae eee 2 85.82) 577.56 75.13) 5OI.39] 1,124.6) 49.0944 389.672!) Line ARae ARS ho ac 3 85.87) 580.63 70.76] 536.54) 1,030.1] 48.145 360.584) t, 127 Bee I 97.07 654.10 93.30 669.91, 1,490.3 56.749 472.014 1,085 (Ce UNA 2 85.46, 587.15} 80.10] 590.46] 1,227.4] 44.390] 379.079 1,087 UGE ee Seen Bie I,127.48/7,052.90} 946.43/7,068.47|14, 287.5] 609.269] 4,814.559) 13,463 LAGE SS eS a eee 86.73) 588.68 72.80} 543.73} 1,009.0| 46.867 370.350 1,036 For maintenance........ 18.20} 217.00 GOR 2O | e207 JOO neers ore |las scare eileen Heh ef BA he - Net for product......... 68.53} 371 -68| BAG O0 es 2 Olea nent ere =| tire ee Ae cillsrele s-dssy vt le cae eee } I | Average percentage of fat in milk, 4.26. Average net protein fed for 1 pound af milk = .0623 pound; standard =.05 pound. Average net therms fed for r pound of milk = .338; standard —. 3. 120 BULLETIN 323 Therefore, if only .50 pound of protein is to be provided for the main- tenance of a 1,000-pound animal, it would seem clear that more than .o5 pound of protein must be provided for the production of 1 pound of 4-per-cent milk. In the discussion of Haecker’s standard, it will be re- membered that the data give a basis for the assumption that a nutritive ratio of 1:6 is probably better than a wider nutritive ratio. An allowance of .os pound of protein per pound of 4-per-cent milk, with .50 pound of protein for the maintenance of a 1,o00-pound animal, will provide a ration much wider than 1:6. . Total energy requirements.— It is not possible to make direct comparisons in studying the data on this point. It is seen in Table 57 that, when allowed, the cows would average for 1 pound of 4.26-per-cent milk .338 therm energy. The standard provides .3 therm for 1 pound of 4-per-cent milk. If Tables 27a, 28a, and 29a are examined, it is found that in tge9— tg10 the energy consumed by the cows was in excess of that provided by the standard. However, it will also be found that the milk averaged somewhat higher than 4 per cent fat. (Tables 30, 31, and 32.) In Table 44a it is shown that in 1910-1911 group A was fed a little higher than is provided by the standard. In Tables 45a and 46a it is seen that the cows were fed practically the same as called for by the standard. Group A produced milk averaging somewhat above 4 per cent fat, while groups B and C produced milk averaging lower than 4 per cent fat, in all periods. In Table 57 it is seen that in the standard there is left for product 326.73 therms after the energy for maintenance is deducted. There was an average of 370.350 therms in the product as calculated by the method described on page 96. ‘Therefore, for this amount and quality of product, the standard of .3 therm per pound of milk appears to be too low. In the light of the data submitted, the following seems to be indicated: 1. An allowance of at least .o6 pound of protein for 1 pound of 4-per- cent milk will probably lead to a greater production of butter-fat than will .o5 pound of protein if only .50 pound of protein is allowed daily for the maintenance of a 1,o00-pound animal. 2, While .3 therm energy seems to be sufficient for 1 pound of 4-per- cent milk, more than that must be allowed for better grades of milk. 3. While the production values suggested by Armsby from his own and Kellner’s work are probably nearer the true relative values of different feeding-stuffs, it does not seem to the writer that they represent enough difference in practice to recommend a change to this system at present, particularly in teaching a‘feeding standard for milk. Furthermore, the standard does not make arty definite recommendations for varying the amount of nutriment for cows giving milk of different percentages of fat. FEEDING STANDARDS FOR MILK PRopDUCTION I2I SUMMARY The principal need for a feeding standard is for teaching purposes. Any standard can be used only as a guide and must be departed from at times to suit the individuality of different animals or to meet existing conditions such as would preclude the use of high-protein foods — for example, when the cost of such foods is too high. In New York State, where the prices of such protein foods as gluten feed and distillers’ dried grains are relatively no higher than many carbo- hydrate foods, the question of the cost of protein is not so important as in States farther west. Therefore, rations with nutritive ratios not wider than 1:6 are recommended in New York and in the Eastern States in general. Good feeders who have had long experience make a practice of start- ing their animals on large rations soon after calving. They say that as long as they can keep their cows and heifers in good flesh, the production of butter-fat will hold up longer. Animals in good flesh and perhaps gaining slightly in weight will grow stronger calves and will be in better condition for the next lactation if in good flesh at the end of the present lactation. By consulting tables 36, 37, 38, 53, 54, and 55, it is seen that under the system of feeding practiced in tg09g-1910 and i1g1o-1gr1r the cows averaged a slight gain in live weight from period to period, but not again that caused any animal to appear too fat for economical production at any time. Therefore, from what has been learned from practical experience together with the results of the two years investigation summed up in the foregoing pages, the writer would suggest the standard for milk production given in Table 58. This standard is a modification of Haecker’s standard, pages 77-78. The amounts of nutriment and protein for maintenance recom- mended by Haecker have been left the same. The protein for product has been increased 35 per cent. This amount has been added in order that a cow weighing 1,000 pounds and giving about 30 pounds of milk testing either 3,4, or 5 per cent fat, shall have a ration with a nutritive ratio of approx- imately 1:6. The amount of total nutriment for product has been increased ro per cent. The standard has been given in terms of digestible protein and total nutriment instead of in terms of digestible protein, digestible carbohydrates, and digestible fat, because with varying feeds in the ration it is impossible to construct rations from different sorts of feeds and meet these three different requirements of protein, carbohydrates, and fat, while it is perfectly feasible to meet a requirement of digestible protein and total digestible nutriment. 122 BULLETIN 323 TABLE 58. SuGGEsSTED MODIFICATION OF HAECKER'S FEEDING STANDARD FOR MiLk PRODUCTION | | | Protein Total nutriment | Horinaintenance,) per TO0 lbs! 2 «24.2.5... aes Pie asx eee e .0700 | -7925 Ror 1 pound milk, 9°.5 per cent fate, ccmive Joe eet .0527 | .2574 Hort pound mule 2s6yper cent fat... uae teem {eee ee ees .0535 .2629 Hor ti pound mille *2 7 per centifat. uo iva ede ema. peer le .0543 . 2685 Bor rpound «mulk,, 2°38) per cent/fat.