A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OCEANIC CHEMICAL MESOSCALE AND SEA SURFACE THERMAL STRUCTURE AS DETECTED BY SATELLITE INFRARED IMAGERY Don Alan Nestor us NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS A Study of the Relationship Between Oceanic Chemical Mesoscale and Sea Surface Thermal Structure as Detected by Satellite Infrared Imagery by Don Alan Nestor June 1979 Thesis Advisor: E.D. Traganza Approved for public release; distribution unlimited UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOC (Whon Dmlm Enlorod) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NUMBER READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. J. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER 4. title fm,dsub»,i.) A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OCEANIC CHEMICAL MESOSCALE AND SEA SURFACE THERMAL STRUCTURE AS DETECTED BY SATELLITE INFRARED IMAGERY 5. TYRE OF REPORT * PERIOO COVERED Master's Thesis: June 1979 • ■ PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTMORf«; Don Alan Nestor • CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERf*.) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK AREA * WORK UNIT NUMBERS II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO AOORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 12. REPORT DATE June 1979 19. NUMBER OF PAGES 92 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME * AOORESV" MUwmtt from Controlling OIHco) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 1S. SECURITY CLASS, (ol thio raport) Unclassified \%: OECLASSIFIC ATI ON/ DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE 1«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol thia Xoport) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol (*»• aoalrmct anlorod In Block 30. II lilUmrmnt from Kmpon) IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IS. KEY WOROS (Contlmio on rorotao aldo II nocoaamrr and Idontltf by black number) 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on rovormo aldo II nocoaamrr awtd Identity by block number) In recent years the study of ocean fronts and eddies has become increasingly important to the U.S. Navy for they are of vital im- portance in understanding underwater sound transmission. From the history of satellite pictures for the area of the ocean off the central California coast , it appears that cold water which has come to the surface as a result of upwelling has become inter- twined within the California Current. The persistent thermal DO FORM *fW 1 JAN 73 (Page 1) 1473 EDITION OF I NOV SS IS OSSOLETE S/N 0102-014-6601 I UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOE (When Dmtm Mntorod) UNCLASSIFIED fg»eu»wTy ei*in>ic«Tiow or tin •i9(«~.* features in the sea surface which are formed were the subject area of this study. Direct telephone contact was established with the satellite receiving station which afforded real time satellite information as to the thermal structure of the sea surface on a mesoscale. This satellite sensed thermal structure was then com- pared with iri situ nutrient and temperature data collected on three separate cruises on board the research vessel ACANIA. A strong inverse correlation was observed between nutrient concen- trations and sea surface temperature in the case of a recent up- welling. The nitrate to phosphate ratio ranged from 1.9:1 to 12.4:1 in this study with the highest values observed in the up- welled waters, and a overall modal value of 5:1 observed in the open ocean waters. The agreement between the in. situ data and the satellite imagery was very strong and the utilization of satellite imagery was shown to be a very effective method to localize an ocean front. DD Form 1473 , 1 Jan 73 S/N 0102-014-6601 UNCLASSIFIED 2 »ccu«i*» euAMiriCATio* o* **•» **o«r»»»«»< o««« **»•'•«) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited, A Study of the Relationship Between Oceanic Chemical Mesoscale and Sea Surface Thermal Structure as Detected by Satellite Infrared Imagery by Don Alan Nestor Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1972 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 1979 ABSTRACT In recent years the study of ocean fronts and eddies has become increasingly important to the U.S. Navy for they are of vital importance in understanding underwater sound transmission. From the history of satellite pictures for the area of the ocean off the central California coast, it appears that cold water which has come to the surface as a result of upwelling has be- come intertwined within the California Current. The persistent thermal features in the sea surface which are formed were the subject area of this study. Direct telephone contact was estab- lished with the satellite receiving station which afforded real time satellite information as to the thermal structure of the sea surface on a mesoscale. This satellite sensed thermal structure was then compared with iri situ nutrient and temperature data collected on three separate cruises on board the research vessel ACANIA. A strong inverse correlation was observed be- tween nutrient concentrations and sea surface temperature in the case of a recent upwelling. The nitrate to phosphate ratio ranged fron 1.9:1 to 12.4:1 in this study with the highest values observed in the upwelled waters, and a overall modal value of 5:1 observed in the open ocean waters. The agreement between the in situ data and the satellite imagery was very strong and the utilization of satellite imagery was shown to be a very effective method to localize an ocean front. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 10 II. THEORY 12 A. CURRENT SYSTEM (CENTRAL CALIFORNIA) 12 B. NUTRIENTS (NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE) 13 C. CHEMICAL MESOSCALE 15 D. SATELLITE IMAGERY 16 III. METHODS 21 A. SATELLITE IMAGERY 21 B. NUTRIENTS 23 C. STATISTICS . . 26 D. TEMPERATURE 26 IV. RESULTS 28 A. CRUISE II 28 B. CRUISE III 28 C. CRUISE IV 38 D. CRUISE V 39 V. DISCUSSION 53 APPENDIX A. LISTING OF CRUISE DATA: TIME, LATITUDE, 60 LONGITUDE, DISATNCE, ATP, NITRATE, PHOS- PHATE, NUTRIENT RATIO, TEMPERATURE BIBLIOGRAPHY 88 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 91 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Cruise II Ship's Track 29 2. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea Surface Temperature Versus Distance Along the Track of Cruise II 30 3. Cruise III Ship's Track and Outline of Oceanic Front 32 4. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea Surface Temperature Versus Distance Along the Track of Cruise III 34 5. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the Outbound Leg of Cruise III .... 35 6. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the Inbound Leg of Cruise III .... 36 7. Nutrient Ratio Frequency Chart for Cruise III ... 37 8. Cruise IV Ship's Track 40 9. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea Surface Temperature Versus Distance Along the Track of Cruise IV 42 10. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus Phosphate for Cruise IV 43 11. Nutrient Ratio Frequency Chart for Cruise IV .... 44 12. Cruise V Ship's Track 46 13. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea Surface Temperature Versus Distance Along the Track of Cruise V 48 14. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus Phosphate for Cruise V 49 15. Nutrient Ratio Frequency Chart for Cruise V .... 50 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES Plate 1. NOAA-5 Satellite Picture for 7 December 1978 .... 33 2. SMS-2 Satellite Picture for 20 January 1979 .... 41 3. TIROS-N Satellite Picture for 25 March 1979 .... 47 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of Nutrient Regression Analyses 51 2. Indices of Biochemical Nutrient Utilization .... 52 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people who were so helpful to me in completing my thesis. First, I wish to thank Dr. Eugene D. Traganza who is the principle investigator for the "Chemical Mesoscale" project which is supported by the Office of Naval Research, Code 480, National Space Technology Laboratory, Bay St. Louis, MS. To Professor Traganza I give my most sincere thanks for his professional guidance and criticism enabling me to turn out a product of which I will always be proud. Secondly, I wish to thank two people whose professionalism were vital in the collection and processing of the data utilized in this study, Andrea McDonald and Laurence Breaker. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the Captain and the crew of the R/V ACANIA who willingly gave of their time and effort when I was on board their ship. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my wife and two sons for their patience, understanding, and support during the last year. INTRODUCTION In recent years the study of ocean fronts and eddies has become increasingly important to the U.S. Navy for they are of vital importance in understanding both short and long range underwater sound transmission. From a naval warfare stand- point an ocean front can be defined as "any discontinuity in the ocean which significantly alters the pattern of sound transmission and propagation loss" (Cheney and Winfrey, 1974). For this study the fronts and eddies associated with the coastal upwelling ecosystem off the Central California coast were investigated from a chemical mesoscale standpoint utilizing satellite infrared imagery to detect the presence of the features. The significance of the nutrient concentrations and their changes associated with ocean fronts and eddies is that the larger values of nutrients normally observed with up- welled water can lead to increased biological activity which is generally found along a front. An increase in biological activity can have a significant degrading effect on Anti- submarine Warfare (ASW) operations due to the associated in- crease in reverberation and ambient noise (Cheney and Winfrey, 1974). Therefore, studying the change in the concentrations of the nutrients across oceanic thermal boundaries is an im- portant step in gaining a better understanding of the charac- teristics of ocean fronts. The concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in seawater have been extensively studied for many years. From these 10 studies it can be summarized that the nitrate and phosphate concentrations of the world's oceans are quite varied, especially in the boundary regions of the oceans due to the generally more complex circulation patterns and biological activity (Riley and Skirrow, 1965). In this thesis, these nutrient variations were studied to determine their relation- ship to thermal fronts as sensed by satellite infrared imagery. In recent years large areas of the oceans surrounding North America have been monitored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) polar-orbiting satel- lites. These NOAA satellites send very high resolution radiometer (VHRR) data twice daily to three receiving stations (Brower et al , 1976). The satellite imagery of the eastern boundary of the North Pacific Ocean has revealed persistent thermal features in the sea surface which appear to be associated with ocean fronts and eddies. From the history of satellite pictures for the area of the ocean off the central California coast, it appears that cold water which has come to the surface as a result of upwelling has become intertwined within the California Current (Traganza, 1978). This inter- twining of colder, upwelled water with the warmer water of the California Current which forms thermally banded eddies was the subject area of primary study for this thesis. 11 THEORY CURRENT SYSTEM (CENTRAL CALIFORNIA) Wooster and Reid (1963) describe the current system off the central California coast as made up of three main currents 1) the southerly flowing California Current, 2) a northerly flowing California Countercurrent , and 3) seasonal upwelling currents. The California Current is part of the North Pacific gyre. It transports cold, low salinity waters into the central California coastal area which are high in nutrients. Beneath the California Current, the northward flowing California Countercurrent transports warmer, high salinity waters into the study area which are also high in nutrients. During late fall or early winter, however, this countercurrent appears to reach the surface, displacing the California Current sea- ward, and it is then known as the Davidson Current. The Davidson Current appears to be related to the seasonal wind field, and as it develops in the late fall it is strengthened during periods of southwesterly winds (Reid et al , 1958). If the prevailing winds are strong from the north or north- west as normally occurs in the central California coastal area during spring and summer, a period of upwelling is developed. The surface waters are transported away from the coast under the influence of wind stress and Coriolis force causing sub- surface waters to rise and take the place of the water moving offshore. A result of this type of upwelling is the formation 12 of a partially closed circulation cell. During periods of upwelling, the central California coastal waters become low in temperature and high in nutrient content (Sverdrup et al , 1942). This upwelling can be very sporadic with the transi- tion from a period of the Davidson Current to the upwelling period often being ill-defined. However, the opposite is also true, and the transition may be very abrupt if strong upwelling occurs early in the year (Smethie, 1973). NUTRIENTS (NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE) The nutrients studied in this thesis are reactive dissolved inorganic nitrate and reactive dissolved inorganic phosphate. The concentrations and distributions of both nitrate and phosphate have been studied a great deal for both are essen- tial constituents of living organisms (Sverdrup et al , 1942). Redfield (1958) first pointed out that the chemical composition of the organic soft tissue formed by plants is relatively constant with roughly 16 atoms of nitrate for every atom of phosphate. In the deep waters of the ocean the ratios of these same elements which have been released from organic tissue also is very nearly 16 atoms of nitrate for each phos- phate atom. The release to sea water of nitrate and phosphate in deep waters is a result of decomposition and respiration. This is represented by the statistical-stoichiometric model developed by Richards (1965), viz., (CH 0) (NH ) H P0 +138 02==106COKL22H OKL6HN0 +H P0 210631631* 2 3 3 «♦ organic matter nutrients 13 Distribution of the nutrients in the ocean and their relative concentrations are largely dependent on the bio- chemical cycle. The exchange of chemical elements between the sea and its biomass is a cyclic process whereby nutrients are withdrawn by photosynthesis and regenerated by bacteria and animal respiration (Redfield et al , 1963). In theory when the nutrient enriched deep water is brought up within the euphotic zone, plants will extract the phosphate and nitrate they need until they have depleted one or both of the elements. When animals eat this plant material, they "burn" about 90 per cent of it to obtain energy and use the remaining 10 per cent to build animal tissue. In this process animals require approximately the same nitrate to phosphate ratio as do plants. It is not known whether organisms have evolved to use nitrate and phosphate in a 16:1 ratio because that is the ratio present in the oceans' deep waters, or rather, is it the organisms which have established the ratio (Broecker, 1974)? The ratio of nitrate to phosphate found in the surface waters of the ocean, however, is not very often the 16:1 ratio mentioned above. The nutrients within the euphotic zone are subject to many processes which alter their concen- trations and relationship to each other. The ratio of the uptake of nitrogen to the uptake of phosphorus represents the net result of their removal into various particulate pools and their release from any of these pools. Examples of the particulate pools are phytoplankton , zooplankton, and non living particulate matter. The processes of uptake and release 14 from the different pools proceed at different rates. Also the rates of some of the processes in the photic zone and at depth differ between nitrate and phosphate (Banse, 1974). In the case of upwelling, the nutrient concentrations are subject to an additional change as a result of the mixing of nutrient enriched water from below the euphotic zone with the surface and near surface waters. The distribution of both nitrate and phosphate, therefore, depend not only on biological pro- cesses but also on physical processes. CHEMICAL MESOSCALE The concentrations and distribution of nutrients are among the principle factors in the central California waters that work in an interacting pattern to control the biological production (Traganza, 1978). The others include solar radia- tion, water temperatures, mixed layer depths, and the advective effects associated with upwelling. One of the purposes of this thesis and the follow on research being carried out at the Naval Postgraduate School is to investigate the inter- relationships among the above mentioned factors on a mesoscale. To this end the incorporation of satellite data from the NOAA series satellites proves to be an invaluable asset in locating areas of active upwelling and recently upwelled water. The satellite's sea surface temperature sensor detects the lower sea surface temperatures associated with upwelled waters. References have been made occasionally in satellite literature to the correlation of upwelled nutrients with satellite-sensed 15 sea surface temperature, however, this is largely based on pre-satellite data (Traganza, 1978). A pertinent question then becomes, can satellites sense the dispersion of upwelled waters by the horizontal advection of surface currents, and if this can be related to the mesoscale features in the chemistry of the sea surface. SATELLITE IMAGERY During the pioneer days of orbiting satellites, the only information routinely obtained was day and night cloud cover- age of the earth provided by thermal infrared (IR) scanners. Although it was thought that these IR measurements could be used to detect sea surface temperature if the sky was cloud free, the quality of the early sea surface IR images was very poor. As a result, satellite data was generally ignored by the oceanographic community (Legeckis, 1978). However, in October 1972 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched the first of its improved Television Infrared Observa- tion Satellites (TIROS) series whose performance has enabled oceanographers to supplement their ground observations with satellite observations. The TIROS satellites (later redesignated NOAA-2,3,4, and 5) were launched into sun-synchronous, 1450 kilometer orbits. Two of the three prime sensors on these satellites are dedi- cated to providing oceanic data. The Scanning Radiometer (SR) provides data in both the visible region (0.52ym to 0.73ym) and the thermal infrared region (10.5um to 12.5um) with a 16 spatial resolution of 4 kilometers and 7.5 kilometers, respec- tively. The other oceanic sensor is also a dual channel instrument, the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR), with a 1 kilometer spatial resolution in both the visible and infrared regions. The VHRR imagery serves as the data source for the research on oceanic eddies and fronts (Sherman, 1977). The next generation of polar orbiting operational environ- mental satellites, designated TIROS-N, was launched in October 1978. It is a multipurpose satellite. One of its sensors, which is of prime interest to oceanographers , is the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The AVHRR replaces both the SR and the VHRR on the earlier NOAA series satellites and was specifically designed for accurate, quantitative sea surface temperature mapping. Its improvements include a reduction in satellite noise, a more accurate compensation for atmospheric attenuation, and an improvement in the sensor's spatial resolution. Sea surface temperatures, T , obtained from satellite thermal IR data are not measured directly. They are calculated from the measured radiance using the relation Ts ■ Tbb + AT where AT is the atmospheric attenuation and T, . is the measured equivalent blackbody temperature. The input energy measured by a satellite in the 10.5ym to 12.5um spectral window is a function of the integrated radiation flux from the emitting surfaces of the viewed scene, the atmospheric gases (both 17 emitters and absorbers), and the spectral response function of the sensor filter. This is expressed mathematically as N ==/ i(A) $ (A) dA A i where N is the total response energy in the spectral window from Xi to X2 , I(X) is the input radiant energy, and $(A) is the sensor filter response. The sensor then is designed to produce a linear relation between the output voltage and the input energy. This relation is the sensor's calibration function which has two divisions: 1) a thermal calibration which accounts for thermal effects on sensor responses, and 2) an electrical calibration which accounts for the shifts introduced into the electrical signal as it flows along the data path from the sensor to the central processing facility (Breaker et al , 1978). The input radiant energy as viewed by the IR sensor is a function of three radiation sources. These three sources are radiation from an emitting surface (for example land, water, clouds, etc.), radiation from atmospheric gases, and radiation reflected from the ocean's surface. Within the IR (10.5pm to 12. 5ym) spectral window, the ocean surface acts as a nearly perfect blackbody. Therefore, a value of unity is assumed for the emissivity of the ocean surface and the radiation reflected from the ocean surface can be neglected since there is no reflection from a blackbody. The input 18 radiant energy then becomes a sum of the first two terms above from which an equivalent blackbody temperature, T, , , is calculated. The value obtained for T, . must be corrected for atmos- bb pheric attenuation to obtain a value for the sea surface temperature. Attenuation in the atmosphere occurs primarily due to the presence of water vapor, but carbon dioxide, ozone and aerosols also have an effect. The relative values of these absorbers is shown below: absorber correction range H20 vapor 0° to 9.0° C C02 0.1° to 0.2° C o3 0.1° C aerosols 0.1° to 0.95° C The actual correction, AT, to be made is based on soundings made by the satellite's Vertical Temperature Profile Radio- meter (VTPR) and is given mathematically by the relation AT = A sec 9 + B sec29 where A and B are coefficients calculated from the VTPR soundings of the atmosphere and 0 is the viewing angle measured from the satellite nadir point (Brower et al , 1976). Sea surface temperatures are obtained from the NOAA satellites through the Global Operational Sea Surface Tempera- ture Computation System (GOSSTCOMP). GOSSTCOMP is a computerized system under control of the National Environmental Satellite 19 Service and is made up of four main subsystems. The first of these subsystems is for orbital processing which is accomp- lished 13 to 14 times daily, once for each orbit of the satellite. The next subsystem is for daily processing and consists of a network of many programs. Daily processing is used to apply atmospheric corrections, to yield a quality control screen of the raw data, to allow global analysis, and to create special products. The third subsystem of GOSSTCOMP is for sea surface temperature verification. In this subsystem satellite derived sea surface temperatures are compared with available ship observations twice daily giving an indication of the overall system reliability. The final subsystem has a group of three supporting functions required by the sea surface temperature operation. These three functions are a monthly climatology update, an objective analysis tape archival, and a monthly sea surface temperature observation tape archival (Brower et al , 1976). 20 METHODS SATELLITE IMAGERY The satellite imagery was provided by the National Environ- mental Satellite Service receiving station in Redwood City, California, which monitored the NOAA-5 and TIROS-N satellites, and by the Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility in Monterey, California, which monitored the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS-2). Direct telephone contact was set up with the Redwood City receiving station which afforded this study real time satellite information. The point of contact at Redwood City was the staff oceanographer , Mr. Laurence Breaker (or in his absence, Mr. Ron Gilliland) , who was notified about seven days prior to each of the scheduled cruises. When alerted, the staff oceanographer would then closely monitor and enhance the N0AA-5/TIR0S-N satellite images for oceanic features which would be of interest in our area of study. The final contact was made the early morning of the scheduled cruise, at which time the oceanographer would report the most up to date location and recent history of the oceanic feature from the satellite images. Two important considerations in making the satellite images applicable to the study of oceanic features such as fronts and eddies are image enhancement and geometric correc- tions. Both of these functions were performed by the respec- tive facilities mentioned above. 21 The satellite infrared detectors have a temperature response from approximately -90° to 60°C. The infrared data in this temperature range are normally displayed on gray tone photographic film to produce images of clouds, land, and water The colder parts of the scene, such as clouds, are assigned lighter shades of gray. Because the range of sea surface teraperatue extends from about 0° to 40° C, it is advantageous to assign the available shades of gray within this narrower temperature range, thus allowing the ocean SST fronts to be distinguished more clearly. This method of data processing is called image enhancement (Legeckis, 1978). In the en- hancement of the N0AA-5 image (Plate 1) a temperature range was assigned to shades of gray with white equal to about 10°C and black 20°C. A similar enhancement of the SMS-2 image (Plate 2) ranged from 2° to 17°C. (Nagle, 1979), while the enhancement of the TIROS-N image (Plate 3) ranged from 7° to 22°C (Breaker, 1979). Comparison of visible and infrared images served as a means of locating cloudless areas. Identi- fication of sea surface features was substantiated by their relative persistance. Because of the earth's curvature and rotation and due to the method of data acquisition, satellite images are geometrically distorted. This distortion is especially pro- nounced with the polar-orbiting satellites because successive views of the same area on the earth are made from different angles, and the degree to which the data must be corrected 22 depends upon the accuracy required. The earth curvature and rotation errors can be removed approximately by application of a simple algorithm (VHRR data are not geometrically corrected on a routine basis). Although geometric corrections can put satellite data into a uniform perspective, accurate mapping of the data requires either precise satellite navigation or landmarks which can be identified on the image (Legeckis, 1978). For the location of the oceanic features in this study prominent coastal features such as Point Pinos and Point Sur, California, were used as landmarks. Approximate ranges and bearings were then calculated from the landmarks to the oceanic features of interest . NUTRIENTS A Technicon Autoanalyzer (Technicon Corporation, Tarrytown, New York) was used to measure reactive dissolved nutrients every two minutes from a depth of approximately three meters as seawater was continually pumped from a keel intake into a shipboard laboratory. Previous tests which compared the pumped samples with samples collected at pump depth showed no significant differences in the concentrations of the dissolved nutrients (Paulson, 1972). Nitrate here includes nitrite since nitrate is reduced to nitrite before measurement. However, according to Paulson's (1972) data there is little or no nitrite at this depth. Samples were collected and analyzed at an average rate of once every 0.6 kilometer, 23 while the ship was making an average speed of about 18 kilo- meters per hour. Nitrate and phosphate were analyzed according to the Technicon Autoanalyzer Industrial Methods 175-72WM and 177-72WM (Technicon, 1973). Cadmium columns were prepared for nitrate analysis using the procedure in the Technicon Auto- analyzer II Industrial Method 100-70W-B (Technicon, 1978). On cruises II, III, and IV samples were collected every two minutes in cups from seawater which was pumped into the dry lab. For cruise V the seawater was pumped directly through the wash receptable of the Autoanalyzer and was sampled at the same rate. For this cruise the sampling cups were filled with a saline solution and placed in the rotary sampling tray as washes. Cam number 127-B175 was used to time the appropriate sample to wash ratio of 2:1. A 30.5°/oo saline solution was used as the standard diluent and as wash solution to avoid salt interference in the phosphate analysis. When distilled water was used as wash, two extra peaks appeared on each phosphate curve. When the saline solution was used as a wash, these extra peaks disappeared. Several cadmium columns were prepared for nitrate analysis and conditioned prior to each cruise. The column was changed approximately every twelve hours, and the instrument was re- standardized. Constant sampling of the seawater reduced flow through the column. This was probably due to the build up 24 of particulate matter. This reduction in flow affected the bubble pattern in the ammonium chloride coil and also reduced the nitrate standards. A computer program which adjusted for this slope change was used to calculate the results. After an initial standardization curve was recorded (10, 20 and 30 yg-at/L for nitrate and 1, 2, and 3 yg-at/L for phosphate), one standard was run every two hours. The units of the nutrient concentrations were then converted to yM/kg by use of the equality, 1 yg-at/L equals 1.205 yM/kg. Additional standards were run if any of the reagants were replaced with fresh rea- gants. After every ten samples, a wash was run to check the baseline . Routine maintenance avoided many of the problems en- countered while using an Autoanalyzer (see Operation Manual for the Technicon Autoanalyzer II System, Technical Publication No. TA 1-0170-20, 1972). The proportioning pump tubing was changed after two 24 hour cruises. After each run the cadmium column was disconnected and 0 . 2N NaOH was pumped through the instrument for 5 minutes followed by a 30 minute distilled water wash. The instrument was housed in two specially built cases which facilitated easy and safe transport for the instru- ment. One case contained the recorder, another held all other components. After loading and unloading, all the instruments' connections were carefully inspected, and when possible, the Autoanalyzer was loaded a day prior to each cruise and tested to ensure proper operation. 25 STATISTICS Correlation values were calculated using the three para- meters, nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature (measured at 2.4 meters depth). Separate correlation values were determined for cruises III, IV, and V using the correla- tion function x) CSV - r == Z((x,-x)(y,-y))/(E(x.-xr(y,-y) )2 Four nitrate versus phosphate regression diagrams (Figures 5, 6, 10, and 14) were constructed. For each of these regression diagrams a line of best fit was calculated using the method of least squares to obtain the phosphate axis intercept and the slope which represents the, ratio of change, AN/AP, of the two nutrients. TEMPERATURE The sea water temperature was recorded continuously by a strip chart recorder located in the dry lab on board the ACANIA. The thermistor was located in the ship's intake just above the keel at a depth approximately equal to the depth at which the nutrient sea water samples were taken. The equipment was compared with bucket thermometer readings of the sea surface and also with the surface temperatures ob- tained from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) traces. The sea surface (0.1m) thermometers were consistently 0.2° to 26 0.5°C higher than the thermistor recording. The XBT sea surface temperatures were consistently within +0-5 C of the thermistor recording. 27 RESULTS CRUISE II For this cruise the ACANIA departed Monterey on the morning of 9 October 1978 and followed the cruise track shown in Figure 1. Because of the total cloud cover, sea surface temperature information from satellite pictures was not anticipated. Therefore, the main purpose of cruise II was to serve as a shakedown cruise to check out the autoanalyzer and to learn how best to adapt it to satisfy the requirements for collecting the nitrate and phosphate data for this study. Cruise II proved to be a very valuable tool in establishing the techniques to be employed both in data collecting and processing on later cruises. The data collected on cruise II are included here for completeness (Figure 2). The nitrate channel had to be secured after just more than four hours due to a failure of the cadmium column, so that for the remainder of the 24-hour cruise only phosphate and temperature data were collected. CRUISE III The ACANIA departed Monterey just prior to noon on 7 December 1978 for cruise III and followed the track shown in Figure 3. The winds had been very strong from the north- west for the previous two to three days with gale warnings and small craft advisories issued during this time. As a 28 Figure 1. Cruise II ship's track 29 P N 3T30 TEMPERATURE (d«g C) «col«10-«-20 NITRATE (^M/kg) %cau 0 — JO PHOSPHATE (/iM/kg) KOl* 0 — 3 200 250 OiSTSNCE Ion 30° 350 Figure 2. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature versus distance along the track of Cruise II. 30 result, there was a plume of upwelled water which was detected by the NOAA-5 satellite (Plate 1) and is outlined by the dashed line in Figure 3. This satellite information was made available to Dr. Traganza in a phone conversation with Mr. Ron Gilliland at the satellite receiving station in Redwood City only a few hours prior to the ACANIA's getting underway. The optimum ship's track was selected from this information. The data obtained along the track are shown in Figure 4 and are listed in tabular form in Appendix A. The starting point for cruise III and all the following cruises was Point Pinos . All the distances are measured in kilometers along the cruise track from the starting reference station at 36°38.3'N, 121°57.5,W. The temperature trace in Figure 4 indicates a thermal front at about 60 to 70 kilometers on the outbound leg and at very nearly the same distance from the end of the inbound leg. There also appears to be a strong negative correlation between the temperature line and both the nitrate and the phosphate lines. This is verified by the correlation values obtained for cruise III which were found to be 0.963 for nitrate to phosphate, -0.960 for nitrate to temperature, and -0.915 for phosphate to temperature. The nitrate and phosphate data are also shown in Figures 5 (outbound leg) and 6 (inbound leg). The linear regression analysis for this cruise yielded the slopes and phosphate axis intercepts of 16.17 and 0.51 yM/kg (outbound leg) and 14.95 31 Figure 3. Cruise III ship's track (solid line) and outline of upwelling "plume" (dashed line) 32 Plate 1. NOAA-5 satellite image of the California coast, 7 December 1978, Cruise III. Note Monterey Bay at the center with adjacent T-shaped cold water "plume" (white is ca 10°C and black is ca 20°C). 33 ujI4- S'2 — — TEMPERATURE — — NITRATE — PHOSPHATE P N 3T30 2- 20 - 2 10 2 50. K» DISTANCE km 150 200 P N 3T30 A 225 275 325 Distance km 375 423 Figure 4. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature versus distance along the track of Cruise III. Note the excellent inverse correlation of temp- erature and nutrients. 34 30r + IN UPWELLJNG • OPEN OCEAN 1.5 ao PHOSPHATE /iM/kg 2.5 3jO Figure 5. Regression analysis of nitrate versus phos- phate for the outbound leg of Cruise III. (5:1 and 15:1 are arbitrary slope lines) 35 3Qr + IN UPWELLING • OPEN OCEAN 2 s a. fee 20. / ^ 7 + + 1Q 0.0 0.5 10 .5 2^ PHOSPHATE /iM/kg Figure 6. Regression analysis of nitrate versus phos- phate for the inbound leg of Cruise III. (5:1 and 15:1 are arbitrary slope lines) 36 a o z < O o u o u. o C3 s 3 too-. 80-- 60" 40- 20 J- 98 73 63 CRUISE III 65 19 2.0 2J5 30 18 40 4.3 50 53 6j0 6.5 7.0 75 NUTRIENT RATIO (N/P) ao Figure 7. Cruise III nutrient ratio frequency chart for open ocean waters. 37 and 0.44 yM/kg (inbound leg). The nitrate to phosphate ratios calculated from the data collected on cruise III in the waters outside the plume of upwelled water are shown in Figure 7. From this graph the modal value of the nutrient ratio was found to be very close to 5:1 for the open ocean water. CRUISE IV The track for cruise IV, shown in Figure 8, was selected so that any thermal or nutrient concentration changes in the surface waters caused by the Davidson Sea Mount could be detected. The cruise followed several days of inclement weather with rains, high winds, and a general overcast, so that sea surface temperature information from satellite pictures was not available prior to the ACANIA's departure from the pier. However, satellite pictures for the day of the cruise (Plate 2) were available from the SMS-2 satellite upon the ship's return. These pictures showed that the surface waters were nearly isothermal for the entire area of the cruise. The satellite picture is verified by the nearly isothermal temperature line which is shown in Figure 8 In addition to the nearly isothermal temperature trace in Figure 9, both the nitrate and phosphate lines are much less variable and more limited in range than they were for the Cruise III data shown in Figure 4. This is also illus- trated in Figure 10 which is the nitrate-phosphate regression diagram for cruise IV and shows a much tighter grouping of 38 the data points. Cruise IV, therefore, serves as a good reference cruise for a non-upwelling period. The mean value of the dissolved nitrate and phosphate for cruise IV were determined to be 3.56 yM/kg and 0.53 uM/kg respectively. These mean values agree very closely with the values obtained in the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations for the same time of the year (Thomas and Siebert , 1974). The nitrate to phosphate ratios calculated from the cruise IV data are shown in Figure 11. Although the modal value is very close to the value found on cruise III, Figure 11 shows a much wider spread in the nutrient ratios. The modal value 5.5:1 is also much less pronounced for cruise IV than it was for cruise III. CRUISE V Cruise V, which took place on 26 March 1979, followed several days of very good weather. An analysis of the satellite picture information by Mr. Laurence Breaker (NESS, Redwood City) indicated the presence of coastal up- welling to the south of Monterey Bay. The largest area of cold water was located about 25 miles off-shore from Morro Bay. The ACANIA departed the pier and headed south following the track indicated in Figure 12. Unfortunately, the cruise had to be shortened due to the presence of heavy seas which were generated by a large storm moving into the area from the south. Plate 3 is the TIROS-N satellite picture which was taken on 25 March 1979, the day prior to the cruise, 39 I26» 38« — I25« 124« 3T- 36n- »- Sen Francisco Bay Monterey Bay Pt Pinos 'Pt Sur CRUISE BE; I23» 122* Pt Conception* 121* Figure 8. Cruise IV ship's track 40 Plate 2. SMS-2 satellite image of the California coast, 20 January 1979, Cruise IV. Note Monterey Bay at the center with large adjacent isothermal region (white is ca 2°C black is ca 17°C). 41 P H 3130 16 • — TEMPERATURE — NITRATE ~ PHOSPHATE 2- 2 '^->__, .„/ _L 20 2 25 SO DISTANCE km 1O0 125 P N 3-130 fn i.£B2l L£G3 .-Aj_ , -•N 20 - 4. 135 175 200 OISTANCE km 2S0 Figure 9. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature versus distance along the track of Cruise IV. 42 30. r 20. 10 OPEN OCEAN / 4P' / 7 / / Ifc. oo 05 1.0 1.5 2.0 PHOSPHATE ^.M/kg 2.5 3.0 Figure 10. Regression analysis of nitrate versus phosphate for Cruise IV. (5:1 and 15:1 are arbitrary slope lines) 43 100" 80-. CRUISE IV a UJ m 2 Z 60-- § 40 O 20- 56 44 22 6 32 20 20 25 10 13 13 4.0 4.5 5.0 55 60 6.5 7.0 7.5 80 85 30 95 10.0 NUTRIENT RATIO (N/P) Figure 11. Cruise IV nutrient ratio frequenty chart for open ocean waters. 44 and it is on this picture that the coastal upwelling was detected to the south. Although cruise V had to be cut short and the ship was operating in very heavy seas, the nutrient data obtained were very informative. For this cruise, as explained previously, the samples were pumped directly through the wash receptacle of the Autoanalyzer . This proved to be a much more efficient method of operation, especially in terms of the man-hours required to operate the Autoanalyzer. The data obtained are displayed in Figure 13. There is a strong negative correla- tion between the nutrients and the temperature and a strong positive correlation between the nitrate and the phosphate. The correlation values calculated for cruise V are 0.926 for nitrate to phosphate, -0.837 for nitrate to temperature, and -0.793 for phosphate to temperature. The close correlation found between nitrate and phosphate is also given in figure 14 where the data points show a very linear trend. The line of best fit for Figure 14 gave a slope of 12.19 and a phosphate axis intercept of 0.55 yM/kg. In Figure 15 the nitrate to phosphate ratios calculated for cruise V are shown. These nutrient ratios show a wide spread of values and give no modal value. The ratio values between 4:1 and 6.5:1 are dominant, however, This range contains the modal values for the two previous cruises. 45 Pt Conception 121* Figure 12. Cruise V ship's track 46 Plate 3. TIROS-N satellite image of the California coast, 25 March 1979, Cruise V. Note Monterey Bay at the center with adjacent coastal cold water upwelling (white is ca 7°C and black is ca 22°C) . 47 i u * 9 OUTBOUND* A / — IN80UND fflxs\ ;v \ TEMPERATURE NITRATE PHOSPHATE P N 3T30 \S A- W 20 10 4. e z UJ S 5 50 100 150 200 DISTANCE Ion Figure 13. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temp- erature versus distance along the track of Cruise V. 48 30 r 20 5 3. IT 10 / 1.5 2.0 PHOSPHATE /iM/kq 25 30 Figure 14. Regression analysis of nitrate versus phosphate for Cruise V. (5:1 and 15:1 are arbitrary line of slope lines) 49 100" 80- CRUISE V v> UI o z 3 o o o u. o IT Ui CD 3 60-. 40-. 20- 8 9 8 — — h 20 19 16 20 10 13 9 9 20 25 3.0 3.5 40 4.5 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 NUTRIENT RJCT0 (N/P) Figure 15. Cruise V nutrient ratio frequency chart for open ocean waters. 50 TABLE I Summary of regression analyses Cruise N P Correlation Coefficients (date) QiM/kg) (yM/kg) N:T P:T N:P (.9 Oct 78) 4'09 °-51 in nil 7S^ 6.69 0.89 -0.96 -0.92 0.96 (7 Dec 78) in upwelled water 3.56 0.53 -0.93 -0.32 0.43 (20 Jan 79) (26 Mar 79) 5.45 1.00 -0.84 -0.79 0.93 N is nitrate, P is phosphate, and T is temperature in degrees Celsius . 51 TABLE II Indices of biochemical nutrient utilization Cruise Slope P-axis intercept (date) (AN/AP) (uM/kg) III (7 Dec 78) Outbound leg 16.2 0.51 Inbound leg 14.9 0.44 IV (20 Jan 79) V (26 Mar 79) 12.2 0.55 *Slope and P-axis intercept values are not applicable for Cruise IV due to limited range of the data. 52 DISCUSSION The most promising aspect of the satellite observations in this study is that they showed that a large area of the ocean can be rapidly and thoroughly searched for oceanic features. It was shown possible to obtain accurate positions for these features from satellite images thus greatly facilitating experimental design. This is not only of interest in basic ocean research, however. It may also be of interest in many ASW applications. The satellite imagery utilized for cruise III (Plate 1) is an excellent example of how good satellite information can be an aid to an oceanographic study. Just prior to this cruise a strong thermal pattern, apparently from upwelling cold water was observed off the central California coast by satellite imagery. Initially the colder water evidencing upwelling curved northward, but on about the third day of its life, when the ACANIA put to sea, it had extended southward as well. There is a distinct possibility that this was the early stage in the evolution of a nutrient cell. When the upwelling season comes and good weather makes satellite observations more frequent, it may be possible to examine the formation and evolution of a fully developed cell. In the satellite images for both cruise III and cruise V an area of upwelling was recognized by the plumes or bands of cold water which are characteristic of an upwelling. In earlier pre-satellite studies made in two of the world's major upwelling areas, one off the coast of Peru and the 53 other off the coast of northwest Africa, the surface tempera- ture structure was related to other parameters. It was found that the nutrients and chlorophyll were distributed in the same pattern as the temperature in these areas (Walsh, 1972). In the central California coastal upwelling ecosystem mesoscale nutrient cells apparently do form when there is a concentrated pulse of upwelled water. Such cells impart an initial thermo- chemical mesoscale structure to the open ocean ecosystem. The inverse correlation between each of the nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) and the temperature was extremely good for cruise III in the three day old upwelling pulse (-0.96 and -0.92). Persistance of this strong inverse correlation de- pends on subsequent interactions of both biological and physical processes with varying scales and periods. Cruise V is a possible example where the inverse correlation is reduced by these interactions. The satellite image (Plate 3) which was from the day prior to the cruise indicated relatively weak upwelling near the coast . The nutrient values obtained on cruise V, however, were not as characteristic of upwelled waters. Both the nitrate and phosphate concentrations were above the open ocean values obtained on cruises III and IV, but well below the mean values within the upwelled area on cruise III. Also the minimum sea surface temperature observed on cruise V was 11.0°C, which is over a degree higher than the temperatures observed in the upwelled water. The inverse correlation values between the temperature and nutrients 54 (-0.837 and -0.793), although still very good, are not nearly as strong as was obtained on cruise III. The decrease in the strength of the inverse correlation could be the result of mixing and downwelling associated with the passage of a storm. It could also be due partially to a smaller energy input associated with the weaker upwelling prior to cruise V. By way of contrast are the satellite observations of cruise IV (Plate 2), which show a largely isothermal sea sur- face with no indications of upwelling. This satellite picture was verified by the i_n situ data. The mean nutrient concen- trations were the lowest observed for any of the cruises (see Table I) and the temperature trace (Figure 9) was very nearly isothermal. The inverse correlation values between the nutrients and the temperature remained very good for temperature to nitrate (-0.929) but was very poor for temperature to phosphate (-0.319). The nutrient concentrations as measured by the methods used in this study include both oxidative nutrients and pre- formed nutrients. The distinction between these two names for the nutrients is defined by Redfield, Ketchum, and Richards (1963). They define oxidative nutrients as nutrients that have been oxidized or regenerated from organic matter and preformed nutrients as nutrients that are present in the water at the time it sinks from the surface. According to the model of Richards (_1965), the oxidized nutrients are "returned to solution through the metabolic activities of the 55 marine community" at a rate of 16 nitrogen atoms for each phosphorus atom. In deep oceanic water, the ratio of dissolved nitrate to dissolved phosphate remains very close to this 16:1 ratio. In the surface waters, the ratio of these nutrients was found in this study never to get as high as 16:1. For the last three cruises, the values of the ratios ranged from 1.9:1 to 12.4:1. The lower values corres- pond to the ratios found in the open ocean areas and the higher values correspond primarily to the upwelled water. This range of values agrees very closely with the annual range for the nutrient ratio of 3:1 to 13:1 obtained in a study by Butler et al (1979). Nutrients present in the upwelling water may be characterized as biochemically old on the basis of the relatively high nutrient ratios. This also suggests that these nutrients are of oxidative origin. Nutrients in the open ocean waters were found in this study to have a nitrate to phosphate ratio whose modal value approached 5:1. This suggests that these nutrients are mostly preformed nutrients. The phosphate and nitrate ions are primarily supplied to the surface waters from below the thermocline by upwelling and mixing processes (Dugdale, 1967). Once in the surface waters the nutrients are then removed from solution by phyto- plankton. According to Banse (.1974), the ratio of change of nitrate to phosphate, AN/AP, is the net result of several processes of removal and release of the nutrients from 56 various particulate pools, the rates of which can vary with both time and depth. The distribution of the nutrients de- pends not only on physical processes but also on the presence of organisms and the mechanisms and kinematics of the regenera- tion processes. Therefore, neither the nutrient concentra- tions nor the ratios obtained on the three cruises of this study can be expected to remain constant for very long. This is shown by the iri situ nutrient data collected which do indicate a large amount of variability. This variability is demonstrated very well in the results of cruise IV. Within the large nearly isothermal region studied on this cruise there was observed a range in the values of nitrate concentra- tion from 5.24 to 2.14 yM/kg, phosphate concentration from 0.83 to 0.36 yM/kg, and the nutrient ratio from 11.6:1 to 4.2:1. The ratio of change of nitrate and phosphate, AN/AP, in seawater has been related to the elementary composition of phytoplankton (Redfield, 1934). Since the rate of removal of nitrate is 16 times the rate of removal of phosphate, initial concentrations of nitrate which may be an order of magnitude higher than phosphate concentrations in recently upwelled water can decline to an undetectable level while phosphate declines to a low but still detectable level. This ratio of change of the nutrients, AN/AP, is characteristic of their uptake by phytoplankton down to levels where further uptake becomes inhibited (Ketchum, 1939). The ratio is found from the linear regression analysis of nitrate on 57 phosphate and is the slope of the linear best fit. Theoreti- cally the value of the slope should be 16:1. The values ob- tained in this study (16.2:1 and 14.9:1) on cruise III do agree very closely with the theoretical value. The slope on the nitrate-phosphate plot for cruise V (12.2:1) is also very close to the theoretical value (.see Table II). The excellent agreement of the cruise III values with theory is especially interesting because it indicates the ratio of change of the nutrients across an ocean front associated with a recent in- tense upwelling. The slope, AN/AP, for cruise IV was not calculated because the high density of the data points with very little scatter would not give a meaningful value. In summary : (1) The utilization of satellite imagery was shown to be a very effective method to localize an ocean front for study. Direct telephone contact between the satellite receiv- ing station and the research vessel ACANIA provided the up-to- date positions of the oceanic features of interest, thus improving our ability to study them. (2) A high inverse correlation between nutrient concen- trations and sea surface temperature was found (N vs T = -0.960 and P vs T = -0.915) in the case of a recent, strong upwelling. This inverse correlation, however, was significantly lower in the open ocean waters as was the case on cruise IV (P vs T = -0.319). 58 3) The nitrate to phosphate ratio, N/P, ranged from 1.9:1 to 12.4:1 in this study. The higher values were found within the upwelled water suggesting the nutrients are primarily of oxidative origin and the water is biochemically old. The open ocean ratios were lower and had an overall modal value of 5:1, which suggests the nutrients present were mainly the preformed nutrients which are present in the water at the time it sinks from the surface. 4) The ratio of change of the nutrients, AN/AP, was observed to be 16.2:1 and 14.9:1 for Cruise III and 12.2:1 for Cruise V. These observed values compare favorably with the theoretical 16:1 ratio. 59 APPENDIX A ujC f\j-*>.»»r,^;r^^j'^if,iirv.'":^ii"^-.-v;f*, ^,-or*,-n<^(^t»"f^*^-»/^'"r^ -^-^'^m.-^/^i.T^^^-ircf p-*mr*v,"*,«^pMr«T*,--)■ m ■*■ -o .» -j"^j -f J- -r -f -r -j- -r -n -^ .n re o o-». • ••••••••••••••••• OUJ |>J -M 'J Z3. ■■n o -» < > 3 II- o o o 61 3 ••... • o C o a C^ aZ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO30000-DOOO0OC10 0CO0OOC0-3OOOOCC3O 4 rs (—v •• • Ui u U 9 a — — oc Z 1-1 O < "Z. -n < > ae. u.' © —i .-o ►-o >^ 62 a.3" 3 oo 030303000D3000030300 ZT — — • < »->— el z i-c: O < -i « > •s. 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Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Technical Publication No. TA 1-0170-20, Operation Manual for the Technicon Auto Analyzer II System, 1972. 2. Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Industrial Method No. 177-72-WM, Ortho Phosphate in Water and Seawater , January 1973. 3. Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Industrial Method No. 175-72-WM, Nitrate and Nitrite in Water and Seawater, January 1973. 4. Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Industrial Method No. 100-70-W/B, Nitrate and Nitrite in Water and Waste Water, January 1978. 5. Banse, K. , "The Nitrogen-to-Phosphorus Ratio in the Photic Zone of the Sea and the Elemental Composition of the Plankton," Deep Sea Research, v. 21, p. 767-771, 1974., 6. Breaker, L., National Environmental Satellite Service, Redwood City, California, personal communication, 1978-1979. 7. Breaker, L. , Klein, J., and Pitts, M., NOAA Technical Memorandum NESS 98, Quantitative Measurements of the Sea Surface Temperature at Several Locations Using the NOAA-3 Very High Resolution Radiometer, p. 1-12, September 1978. 8. Broecker, W.S., Chemical Oceanography, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 9-13, 1974. 9. Bower, R.L., Gohrband, H.S., Pichel, W.G., Signore, T.L., and Walton, C.C., NOAA Technical Memorandum NESS 78, Satellite Derived Sea Surface Temperatures from NOAA Spacecraft, p. 1-12 and 35-39, June 1976. 10. Butler, E.I., Knox, S. , and Liddicott, M.I., "The Relationship between Inorganic and Organic Nutrients in Seawater," Journal of the Marine Biological Associa- tion of the United Kingdom, v. 59, p. 239-250, 1979. 11. Cheney, R.E., and Winfrey, D.E., NAVOCEANO Technical Note 3700-56-76, Distribution and Classification of Fronts, p. 206, August 1976. 88 12. Dugdale, R.C., "Nutrient Limitation in the Sea: Dynamics, Identification, and Significance," Limnology and Oceanography, v. 12, p. 685-695, 1967. 13. Gilliland, R. , National Environmental Satellite Service, Redwood City, California, personal communication, 1978. 14. Ketchum, B.H., "The Absorption of Phosphate and Nitrate by Illuminate Cultures of Nitzschia Closterium," American Journal of Botany, v. 26, p. 399-407, 1939. 15. Legeckis , R.V., "A Survey of Worldwide Sea Surface Temperature Fronts Detected by Environmental Satellites," Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 83, p. 4501-4523, 20 September 1978. 16. Nagle, R.E., Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility, Monterey, California, personal communication, 1978-1979. 17. Paulson, G.P., A Study of Nutrient Variations in the Surface and Mixed Layer of Monterey Bay Using Automatic Analysis Techniques, Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, September 1972. 18. Redfield, A.C., "On the Proportions of Organic Derivatives in Seawater and Their Relation to the Composition of Plankton," James Johnstone Memorial Volume, University Press of Liverpool, p. 176-192, 1934. 19. Redfield, A.C., "The Biological Control of Chemical Factors in the Environment," American Scientist , p. 205-221, September 1958. 20. Redfield, A.C., Ketchum, B.H., and Richards, F.A., "The Influence of Organisms on the Composition of Seawater," in N.M. Hill (ed.), The Sea, v. 2, p. 26-77, Interscience Publishers, 1963. 21. Reid, J.L., Roden , G. I., andWyllie, J.G., "Studies of the California Currents Systems," California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation, Progress Report, p. 27-56, 1 July 1956-1 January 1958. 22. Richards, F.A., "Anoxic Basins and Fjords," in J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow (ed.), Chemical Oceanography, v.l, Academic Press, p. 611-645, 1965. 89 23. Riley, J. P., and Skirrow, G. , Chemical Oceanography, 2nd ed. , v. 3, Academic Press, 1975. 24. Sherman, J.W. Ill, "Current and Future Satellites for Ocean Monitoring," In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, v.l, p. 288-299, 1977. 25. Smethie, W.M., Jr., Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Technical Publication 73-1, Some Aspects of the Temperature, Oxygen, and Nutrient Distribution in Monterey Bay, California, p. 6-13 and 22-66, 1973. 26. Strickland, J.D.H. and Parsons, T.R., A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, J.C. Stevenson, (ed.), Queen's Printer and Comptroller of Stationery, p. 49-62 and 71-76, 1968. 27. Sverdrup, H.U., Johnson, M.W., and Fleming, R.H. ,The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology, Prentice Hall, 1942. 28. Thomas, W.H. and Siebert , D.L.R., "Distribution of Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, and Silicate in the California Current Region, 1969," California Coopera- tive Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, v. 20, June 1974. 29. Traganza, E.D., Chemical Mesoscale and ATP-Biomass Correlated with Satellite Imagery of Oceanic Fronts, interim report on proposal submitted to Office of Naval Research, Code 482, 27 June 1978. 30. Wooster, W.S. and Reid, J.L., "Eastern Boundary Currents," in M.N. Hill (ed. ) , The Sea, v. 2, p. 253-280, Interscience Publishers, 1963. 90 DISTRIBUTION LIST Chairman Code 68 Department of Oceanography- Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 Director Naval Oceanography Division (0P952) Navy Department Washington, DC 20350 Office of Naval Research Code 480 Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity NSTL Station, MS 39529 Dr. Robert E. Stevenson Scientific Liaison Office, ONR Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, CA 92037 SIO Library University of California, San Diego P.O. Box 2367 La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Oceanography Library University of Washington Seattle, WA 98105 Department of Oceanography Library Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 Commanding Officer Fleet Numerical Weather Central Monterey, CA 93940 Commanding Officer Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility Monterey, CA 93940 Commander Oceanographic Systems Pacific Box 1390 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 96860 91 Defense Documentation Center Cameron Station Alexandria, VA 22314 Library Code 0142 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 Commanding Officer Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity NSTL Station, MS 39529 Commander Naval Oceanography Command NSTL Station, MS 39529 Commanding Officer Naval Oceanographic Office NSTL Station, MS 39529 Dr. E. D. Traganza Code 68Tg Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 Mr. Jerry Norton Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 LT Don A. Nestor Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron One Naval Air Station Jacksonville, FL 32212 Mr. Laurence Breaker National Environmental Satellite Service Redwood City, CA Mr. Roland Nagle Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility Monterey, CA 93940 Mr. Robert Siclari Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 LCDR John W. Conrad Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 92 Thesis N423 c.l 183901 Nestor A study of the relationship between oceanic chemical mesoscale and sea surface thermal struc- ture as detected by satellite infrared imagery. 14 PFC 87 2 80 76 3 2 2 8 3 Thesi s N42c c.l 1 83901 Nestor A study of the relationship between oceanic chemical mesoscale and sea surface thermal struc- ture as detected by satel 1 i te infrared imagery. thesN423 A study of the relationship between ocea 3 2768 001 89913 1 DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY