pws eke ere BRS ij x, Ewa gt bea ‘. A STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR THE VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF THE _ SIZE, SHAPE AND COLOR OF HENS’ EGGS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY EARL WHITNEY BENJAMIN nv 1914, 1920 a 0 , {ur CH a {i . . = = - Fa : - . - 2 ry ) x teas i * § i = s ~ ‘ < ra 3 = ~ ia * . ‘ - ( aes a f ks F + = ‘ - - ; Eat : Lit ‘ ; I a : t ‘ 7 : i ‘s . ‘ ra Zz c: ’ * 7 % os => f “ ; , ae ." i “? : ~ : ® £ - \e x 7» z: ie ‘ - . e , . ~ bd ¥ } t « . x ¢ f * ¥ As c 4 oa 7 2 : “ “ # > O - oe + 4 J CONTENTS PAGE SEE IDET ALIITs 6 kh ek. sie dys oe aa. Stee ek eee se Pee tee WN MELA BY ag 195 Methods of investigation..... eR ae ee ie ar een Aci GED ee oo. ghee a 198 Sime .enaracter eo. eo a2 kes Pee Meee ey ag a eee etl NE in i A 199 SUE Ue CM ERT CHEE Ne Serene str eine ni o/h nen cet Foal oe Sa, 8, Cy A ia wee wie 201 Photographing the eggs for size and Saale Shudiese -.. tiers Oe ec ear 202 Scr VEL GS ge SD ahaa acc ge AN a a Se Ne ae in 204 Methods common to studies Ol aib bie CHARICLEES . oO. 98 tec. We hay 206 ee rere Pie eee eee Ne hs ela he hs ue aah ccs Wag kc, a DR ays ae A Pm: dw # ee 208 RE RIIMECHBONCS Toe Sarees Om asian eh em ieee eee, Sa 208 Variability of production due to timeeone between the parent types.. .. 208 NeRnAtiee OL MmeTM ERM hype. se Oe NL Se ZhD Relation of egg incubated to mean egg type of bird hatched................. Del Relation of eggs incubated to types of eggs produced by the respective birds Rieger eerie ee AP ee asco) 2 ahs a2 gh ac ee Se Eat’) 244 Sei NM ave SAIL ee ee, Se EP, eh tts oh Gere ees oe eee es 250 ielationship of size and shape Of eres! 22. oS ec te be Pie ed. 250 Paci i@Mranectis irene Lye ssc. 69.15). 2. a Se Sa oo es heb oe nde ee 252 Relative variability of the productions of successive years...........2......- 253 Variations in types of eggs produced during successive months and years..... 254 “SLE 1G OS EAGT NR SB Siete ea ae ee eg ies tae er En rae Dogs et 25D RIES GNA AOCCE cs io a eaves 2 been AO ot ee RUAN Ee rae eae 259 (LULU BES RVG Er 5 uk ons ee liga gre achat rok et ee i mae 262 Variations in types of successive Lcuoa (60) 2 ie Seas rane ee Re ER 266 Variations in types of eggs produced in different calendar months............ 267 Relation between vigor of the chick and size of the egg from which it was [ES SEG EC ORL AE Sis Ba TS ti ao IR? en LG boll Oe Pa £75) 209 % Relation between male and female weights for chicks of the same age........ 270 Relation between size of the chick and size of the egg from which it was eta eee em ey ee ek BA pe Oe, oe ie 271 LEED SSLC LD Cee OS ie Vs, nr oo 305 “PEDROS T Vary Sg See OR OO vice © AE ae Sal. prt a 307 A DE Ee tly De Jae Oli RE ie 5 RC a eg a Ta 309 Seas a UUM ree Regs, it ete IRN con et a ah see tn elaek « irae el 310 191 A STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR THE SIZE, SHAPE, AND COLOR OF HENS’ EGGS — A STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR THE SIZE, SHAPE, AND COLOR OF HENS’ EGGS! Hart W. BENJAMIN The study here reported was conducted from the spring of 1911 until 1919, with the purpose of determining the results that may be obtained by selecting the breeding stock of the domestic fowl, and the eggs for hatching, in order to change the size, shape, and color of the eggs pro- duced by the offspring. There is a certain type of egg which especially meets the desires of the respective customers in various markets. It is usually not practicable to grade the eggs closely, and it becomes necessary to select and develop the flocks so that the proportion of eggs unsatis- factory to the customer may be reduced to the minimum. The wholesale trade of the New York City market requires the size and shape of the eggs to be such that the eggs are not crowded, but fit snugly, in the fillers of the commercial thirty-dozen cases; this means an egg about 22 inches long and 12 inches wide, and usually weighing from 2 to 24 ounces when fresh. Shipping only the eggs of proper size and shape insures less breakage, better appearance, and a resulting higher sale value. The New York City market has a special demand for white- shell eggs and will sometimes pay from eighteen to twenty cents a dozen more for eggs having chalk-white shells than for those var ying from cream- tinted to brown. 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The study of the external characters of eggs seems to date from a com- paratively recent period, and even at the present time the published data with respect to these characters are very meager. Tradition tells us (in Horace, Lib. II, st. 4) that the eggs of pullets are longer than those of hens, and that pullets’ eggs produce a larger proportion of male chicks than do hens’ eggs. This tradition has been developed until many persons believe that long eggs produce cockerels ; and round eggs produce pullets when incubated. 1 This study completes the work reported in part in a thesis presented by the writer to Cornell Uni- versity in 1912 for the degree of master of science in agriculture, and continued in a thesis presented to Cornell University in 1914 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. 195 196 | Earut W. BENJAMIN The size and shape of the egg is shown by Curtis (1911a)? and by Surface (1912) to be due partly to the structure of the oviduct, which may probably be considered an inherited character as claimed by Newton (1893-96). This is in accordance with the view of Thompson (1908). This physical influence on the size and shape of the egg described by Thompson (1908) is denied by Horwood (1909), but without convincing evidence. The shape of the egg seems to depend on its size, according to Curtis (1914 a). The same author shows good correlations between the two dimensions of eggs, and between either of these dimensions and the weight. This agrees with the conclusions of Pearl and Curtis (1916). Curtis (1914a) claims that the larger eggs are due to a greater relative deposition of egg white, while Atwood (1914) finds indications contrary ~ to this. é The size of the egg seems to be affected by the feed, according to Atwood (1914), and the same author shows a marked seasonal fluctuation in the weight of eggs laid, the weight gradually increasing from July to February and decreasing from March to July. This agrees with Curtis (1914 a) and with Féré (1898 b), who claim that the eggs are smaller at both the beginning and the end of the litter. Rice, Nixon, and Rogers (1908) and Riddle (1911) show a striking effect of the amount of food consumed on the number of eggs produced. According to these workers, both the amount of food consumed and the number of eggs pro- duced seem to be variable factors agreeing in their seasonal fluctuations with the size of the egg, as just noted. Curtis (1914 a) also shows a grad- ual reduction in size for the successive eggs in the clutch. Hadley (1919) shows a monthly fluctuation in the egg weight of thirty-nine White Plymouth Rocks which corresponds closely with the monthly numerical production. He finds also that the percentage increase in egg weight during the two modal months of increased production (April and Sep- tember) is positively indicative of the relative annual numerical produc- tion of the respective birds. According to Curtis (1914 a), the size of the eggs increases as the bird matures. Curtis states also that the variations among the eggs produced by individuals were not so great as the variations in the flock’s production, and seemed to diminish as the birds matured. This agrees with the 2 Dates in parenthesis refer to Bibliography, page 310. Stupy OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eces 197 results obtained in a study of the number of leaves to a whorl in Ceratophyllum made by Pearl, Pepper, and Hagle,? and in a later study for egg shape made by Pearl (1909). Similar variations in sparrows’ eggs have been observed also by Pearson (1902 b). Stewart and Atwood (1909) report that chicks hatched from pullets’ eggs are not so large nor so vigorous as those hatched from the eggs of hens two and three years old. Atwood (1914) mentions this fact as showing that chicks hatched from larger eggs are larger and more vigorous than others. It would seem that there is danger here of attributing any possible defect of the embryo due to the immaturity of the parent, to the smaller size of the egg, which also is due to the immaturity of the parent. The writer does not see proof that a smaller egg produces a smaller and weaker chick irrespective of the maturity and condition of the parent. Pearl and Curtis (1916) found that the two characters size and shape, as measured by weight, length, and breadth, show different degrees of variability, ranging from the most variable to the least variable in the order named. Pearl and Curtis were able also to strengthen their previous conclusions that the index and the weight are negatively cor- related. They found that dwarf or abnormal eggs do not occur more frequently at the beginning or at the end of the litter than at other times. During the eight years previous to their study, 5.15 per cent of all the birds kept at the Maine experiment station produced one or more dwarf eggs, and only 3.5 per cent of this 5.15 per cent produced more than two - dwarf eggs. Abnormal types of eggs have igen reported also by Von Nathusius (1895), Féré (1897 and 1898 b), Herrick (1899, a and b), Hargitt (1899 and 1912), Parker (1906), Patterson (1911), Glaser (1913), Curtis (1914b), Chidester (1915), and Weimer (1918). Some of the abnormalities reported might, of course, prove to be inherited, especially such as the double yolks found by Glaser (1913); however, since this publication is concerned with normal eggs, further discussion of rare monstrosities may be omitted. The coloration of the shells of eggs has long been a subject of interest to odlogists. According to Newton (1893-96), older birds usually lay darker-shell eggs. Newton says that some of the color is applied to the 3 Variation and differentiation in Ceratophyllum. By Raymond Pearl, Olive M. Pepper, and Florence J. Hagle. Carnegie Inst. Pub. no. 58:1-136. 1907. 198 EARL W. BENJAMIN . shell early in its development, while some is added later — as is indicated by the lighter shade of an egg that has been laid prematurely, due to some excitement. The intensifying of the pigment with the age of the bird is supposed to continue until she has attained her full vigor, when the tint begins to decline gradually. Newton believes that except for individual differences the pigment is fairly constant in supply. — Sorby (1875) found seven substances which in various mixtures are sup- posed to produce all eggshell colors. These substances were oorhodeine, oocyan, banded oocyan, yellow ooxanthine, rufous ooxanthine, a substance giving narrow absorption-bands in the red, and lichnoxanthine. They are said to be closely connected with either haemoglobin or bile pigments. M’ Aldowie (1886) and many others have advanced theories as to the cause of variation in eggshell color. The general opinion seems to be that the color is very unstable and variations do occur frequently, and that general tints or colors are inherited. Horwood (1909) gives it as his opinion that coloration of the shells of birds’ eggs has absolutely no connection with mendelian principles. _ | According to Surface (1912), the color of eggshells is probably added from glands in the vagina or adjoining parts of the oviduct, and it may reasonably be supposed that a function of this nature would be inherited. Such a supposition agrees with the results of Benjamin (1912 and 1914), which are discussed later in this report. All these studies, made by various workers, show conclusively that with respect to many characters, including size, shape, and color, there is a characteristic type of egg to be accredited to each individual, and that some degree of inheritance has been found to exist. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The investigation described in this memoir was begun, in the spring of 1911, by selecting fifty eggs for hatching for each of the fellow- ing nine characters — three characters being grouped in each of three selection studies: Size selections Shape selections Color selections Large Long Chalk-white Medium Normal - Cream-tinted Small Round Brown-tinted STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Hees 199 The eggs were selected from three-year-old Single Comb White Leghorn hens, and an effort was made to get eggs from hens that consistently laid the type of egg selected. The Single Comb White Leghorn breed was used for the study because, first, it is the commonest breed in New York State, and secondly, because it was desired to study these commercial characters of eggs by the use of commercial breeds, and the Leghorn predominates on commercial egg farms in the United States. The birds used were from the high-producing trap-nested stock of the well-established Cornell strain. SIZE CHARACTER The basis for selecting eggs for the size character was weight. A Harvard balance, equipped with a slide reading to 10 grams in tenths, was used early in the work, but this was later replaced by a special direct-reading balance (fig. 7).4 Exact weights were used at* first, but later the weights were recorded in 2-gram classes and could be transferred directly for use in the correlation tables. Eggs weighing more than 50 grams and not more than 52 grams were recorded as 51 grams in weight and were grouped in the 50—52-gram class in the correlation tables. _ The eggs were weighed as soon as possible after they were laid, in order to avoid any serious losses due to evaporation. When it was neces- sary to hold them for some time before weighing, they were kept packed and in a cool, rather moist, place. ‘After January, 1918, the eggs were held in an artificially cooled room at a temperature of from 32° to 40° F. The eggs selected for incubation each year were weighed, as well as all the eggs produced by any of the hens in the size-character studies. In the early part of tthe work the eggs selected for incubation were also measured and their length and breadth recorded. | Just before hatching, the eggs were placed in pedigree trays. The trays used in 1911 were so constructed that it seemed advisable to put into one compartment all the eggs produced by the same hen. If more than one egg in a compartment hatched, it was necessary to use the average of all the hatched eggs in that compartment, in order to calculate the average type of egg which hatched. This gave a fairly accurate result because, as a rule, all the eggs laid by the same hen are of the same general type. However, as this method allowed the possibility of some error, 4 This balance was imported by Cornelius Kahlen, New York City. 200 EarL W. BENJAMIN Fic. 7. SPECIALLY DESIGNFD DIRECT-READING BALANCE FOR WEIGHING EGGS A CHICKS Stupy oF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLoR or HeEns’ Eces 201 all incubated eggs were individually pedigreed after 1911.» For the 1912 and 1913 hatches, the compartments of the pedigree trays were made small enough to hold just one egg, and thus it was possible to know from which egg each chick hatched. In the 1914 hatch and after that time, the chicks were satisfactorily hatched in cloth bags. The day-old chicks were weighed on the same direct-reading egg scales as were used for the eggs. After this first weighing the chicks were individually weighed every four weeks on a special type of milk balance, by which the weights could be accurately estimated to 1/100 pound. When these weights were transformed to grams, as was done for some of the correlation tables, the calculation was made by means of the formula, 1 pound = 453.6 grams. In the early part of the work a separate record was made of the vigor of the chicks. SHAPE CHARACTER The basis for selecting eggs for shape was the index figure obtained by dividing the greatest width of the egg by its greatest length and Fic. 8. SPECIALLY DESIGNED RATCHET MICROMETERS HELD BY WOODWORKING CLAMP, FOR EGG MEASUREMENTS multiplying the result by 100. The measurements were made by specially constructed ratchet micrometers with a 43-inch face (fig. 8).2 One micrometer was adjusted for the egg length and one for the egg width. 5 These were manufactured by Brown & Sharpe, Providence, Rhode Island. 202 EArt W. Fic. 9. LIGHT, AND FRAME FOR HOLDING EGGS, AS USED FOR THE SHADOW PHOTO- GRAPHIC PROCESS The-wire circle around the light was used early in the work to hold a curtain for preventing reflection of light from the sidewalk. The eggs are shown as they are placed on the film ready for exposure. At the right is shown the frame used for arranging the eggs in their proper positions BENJAMIN The micrometers were held in a wood- working clamp to prevent error due to expansion which might result if they were warmed by being held in the hand of the operator. All eggs incubated for the shape- character studies, or produced by hens in the shape-selection studies, were measured and the data recorded. PHOTOGRAPHING THE EGGS FOR SIZE AND SHAPE STUDIES It was thought desirable to have some sort of graphic representations of the eggs selected for size and shape, and to compare these with represen- tations of the eggs that the pullets produced during the following year. Photography was the first method of representation considered. Since this was very expensive, however, the practice of allowing the shadows of the eggs to fall directly on sensitized photographic paper was adopted.® A sheet of sensitized paper, 9 by 11 inches in size, is slipped into the back of a specially constructed frame, where it is held securely by a wooden support. The sensitized paper is slipped in back of a sheet of stock film glued in the frame; this film, if kept clean, does not hinder the re- production, reflects much of the dif- fused light, and thus prevents the blurring of the shadow.’ The eggs are placed on the film as shown in figure 9, and are held in 6 Tt was necessary to use high-contrast paper for this work. in order to obtain distinct black and white tones. 7 This stock film is the base used for photographic films before the gelatinous coating is applied. It is transparent. Stupy or SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLorR oF Hens’ Eaas 203 Fic. 10. PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SIZE AND SHAPE CHARACTERS This shows the appearance of the sensitized paper after exposure under the eggs and subsequent development. A record is made at the time of the exposure, identifying each egg so that, if desired, it may be used later in a group with all other eggs laid by the same hen 204 Ear, W. BENJAMIN place by small circles of stock film made by cutting strips of film about 3 inches long and % inch wide and gluing the ends together. These film circles are transparent, thus casting no shadow, and are therefore much more suitable than if made of an opaque substance such as cardboard or metal. When the twelve eggs that are to be reproduced on each 9x11- inch sheet are placed on the film, they are arranged evenly by means of a separate frame shown in figure 9, which divides the 9x11-inch space into twelve equal parts. This frame is removed before the repro- duction is made. After the frame with the eggs on it is in place under the light, the light is turned on for an exposure varying with its power and its distance from the eggs. In this study, a 200-candle-power tungsten light, with a special parallel-ray reflector, was used, about 9 feet distant from the eggs, and an exposure of just one minute was required. A red light was used when working with the sensitized paper. After the exposed sheet has been developed, the eggs appear as white outlines on a black background (fig. 10). A key is arranged at the time when the exposure is made, whereby the numbers of the eggs repro- duced are known, so that certain eggs can be cut out of the plate at any time, rearranged, and photographed. COLOR CHARACTER The method of making selections for the color character, and of recording the colors for reference during succeeding generations of the birds, was a difficult one to develop. Various schemes were contemplated and many of these were tried. Schemes of using color tops or wheels, various types of colorimeters, colored photography, and so forth, were considered, but were discarded as being too slow, expensive, or inaccurate. It is very difficult to match the color of an egg with that of any other surface. It was decided that if a system of matching colors was to be followed, in order to do the work rapidly the eggs must _be matched to other eggs of standard colors. By a careful inspection of all eggs produced on the plant for several days, a graduated set of colors containing about fifty tones from chalk- white to dark chocolate brown was obtained. The first seventeen of these tones were the only ones used in the experiment. The contents of these eggs were blown, and the shells were numbered consecutively and PP eke cee Bee ce Ress \ “ E - ite i : (as Memorr 31 PLATE VII Puate VII KEY TO COLOR NOTATION USED FOR COLOR STUDIES OF EGGS Equivalent in Rénpertoire de Couleurs Color notation number pO Ae Oe Meee Ton * Plate (Tons) eer er re ed eS Ns pe Ge ah ad Gis 3 fe a ee, 1 Fee 2 5h AS iis RR ae ee em Re Cen 18 ene ene 1 Bie eye Ste gh DEEN GORE aD EE PO ea al VF gra Wilinga aah oye 2 ae Se sue PS Eg a acl a iy a ee et 0) Wn es iL Bere eats 3 Soy gee Dae lee Se ea cece ree et ered DNS doe la ui Dh es Cans aah anata 2 Se ll cn ee a ee a CR garee ts 1 Fe Ty get lr ce Pe ap Se alae Ae 10 Ly ee eye Pdod Sine Ne oS Sod Re ae Pe aN eee a SEHD Aili tes 3o0, 3 SFP i ree en ee I HNN Grete Ord ee a oN Stor a eg Rae) (sae sie 4 Tbe oem aise AP AIP aR ln oS ig Al Ri PR 2a aad eee hI Alan ek Leite 1 PURE ye a ng ES ee oe 5) Ieee I ge A 2 eS eS SE Sa ay eect OL es a (Oe Aero (ee 1 LE 123) 3 2a 3S Se eee ae oe ns [ee BOM 5 seek: 1 NCI rt erie te ea ea a ea veo 6 oe GS-5 ils. ete 1 Meaee ear eee eS OM P Sak Sf ste 2 OSs ieee: 2 LE era cae IS Se hee an ee ee | ae a (Des ee | ren ae 3 LY yandle 2 2p ae ae tit Die hae CR Race (ara GG es 4 206 Eart W. BENJAMIN arranged in a tray. These standard eggs were then carefully matched with their respective colors in Répertoire de Couleurs® (Plate VII). The color of eggshells is not permanent and will fade considerably if exposed to the light for any great length of time. The practice was tried of coating the shells with various preparations intended to preserve their color, but this was not successful, as all these preparations contained so much color in themselves that the color of the shells thus coated was materially changed.. The method finally followed was to use, as standards, eges with the natural surface. The tray of eggs was kept covered with a black cloth except when in use, and the standard eggs were replaced with others of identical color at intervals varying with the length of time they were used. A clear north light is necessary for accurate color selection, and one must have a trained eye in order to be sure of recording the correct color. The terms chalk-white, cream-tinted, and brown-tinted are used merely to designate the three groups of colors, in order to show the type of eggs selected for each lot. The color recording was done by one person early in the experiment and by another person later. A trial was made of color recording by several inexperienced persons on the same set of eggs for several succeeding days, and the percentage of error was found to be very slight. The same standard scale of colors was used thruout the work. The colors were numbered as shown in Plate VII, and these num- bers were used in the correlations and other calculations. METHODS COMMON TO STUDIES OF ALL THE CHARACTERS The chicks used in this study were reared by standard methods, in colony houses with the other experimental chicks on the Cornell experi- mental farm. Previous to 1913 the mature birds were kept in a narrow house divided into nine pens, one pen for each of the nine characters. Under these conditions the one selected male bird for each pen was allowed freedom in the pen. During the 1913 breeding season and after, individual mating coops were installed, and individual mating was followed for the remainder of the experiment. New houses were used for the stock after 1913 (fig. 11). All feeding, trap-nesting, and other details of management 8 Répertoire de couleurs. Published by La Société Francaise des Chrysanthémistes and René Oberthir, with the collaboration of Henri Dauthenay and others. 1905. STuDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or HEns’ Eacs 207 were conducted under the supervision of the manager of the Cornell poultry farm and in accordance with the usual practice on that farm. The general plan was to save all the chicks until maturity and then save as many typical specimens from each group as could be satis- factorily housed. Usually about 120 females and 30 males were kept for the study of the three characters, size, shape, and color. When the surplus stock was culled each fall, an effort was made to save the birds Fic. 11. TYPE OF HOUSE USED FOR STOCK AFTER I913 representing the extremes of the types. If there were birds that had produced no chicks during the previous breeding season, these birds were usually culled. In cases in which nearly all the members of a certain family had developed only a medium quality for the character studied, the whole family was often culled to make room for more promising birds. A large proportion of cockerels and pullets were usually saved for the first year, and these were culled fairly closely before being used as breeders during the succeeding years. 208 7 EArt W. BENJAMIN These methods of selection explain why so few records are actually available for the study of some of the characters. In following the method of individual mating, each male to be mated with any females in the pen is retained in a coop. Whenever a female is removed from the trap nest, the attendant finds her band number on a posted list and learns the band number of the male with which she is to be mated. Before placing her in the mating coop, however, the work is further checked by looking for the hen number on a tag attached to the coop, and also by comparing the color of her band with the color of the male’s band. The female is then placed in the coop and removed at the time of the next inspection of the trap nests. Usually about twelve mating coops were needed in each house. Every egg laid by the mature birds is recorded as to either its size, its shape, or its color, in the same way as the original incubated eggs were recorded. This enables the investigator to compare the character of the egg incubated with the eggs which the resulting pullet produces. Many of the eggs from hens in the size and shape selections were also photographed, as previously explained. RESULTS The results of the investigation may properly be grouped into taose concerned with the inheritance studies and those concerned with other related studies, the former being dealt with first. INHERITANCE STUDIES Variability of production due to differences between the parent types An effort was made to determine to what extent the variability of a bird’s production was dependent on the differences existing, for the particular character, in the respective dam and sire. The studies made in this regard are illustrated in tables 1 to 12, and a summary is given in table 13. In constructing these tables, the standard deviations for each of the three egg characters considered, for each respective year’s production, were calcu- lated, and these were correlated with the differences existing between the means of the respective egg character for all the eggs produced during the life of the respective dam, and as calculated for the respective sire.°® 9 The life mean for the sire was obtained by averaging his respective dam and sire. The character of the egg from which the first sires used in the study were hatched, was taken as the mean for these first sires. hen a class is designated by one figure, that figure represents the upper limit of the class; when a class is designated by two figures, the upper figure is included in the class. STuDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eces 209 It is clear that no correlation exists for these characters. This state- ment, of course, has reference to the first generation only. This result does not show that when comparing the mean characters for the several offspring from a certain mating, one may not find a variability depending on the difference between the same characters for the respective dam and sire. | TABLE 1. Stranparp DeviaTIon oF Ecce Size (WEIGHT IN GRAMS) DURING First YEAR OF PRODUCTION, SUBJECT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eao-Size Lire MEAN FOR DAM AND FOR SrreE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .012 + .052 i oe oem 7 8.9 Oe (Or it 12814 15 16°17 1819 20. 21-92 MOONE PWWNNR Ee a : ASOMNMONOnonodne & Zoe Oh 9° 42e 18 16-17 18.20. 5:10, 9: <1 £10: 0:0, 1 0}, O 2. 169 4 TABLE 2. Sranparp Deviation or Ecae Size purING SEconD YEAR OF PRODUCTION, SupsecT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E@co-SizE Lire MEAN For DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = — .28 + .08 fete ror toa == Gh, Of 8, 1 OruI0) ik 12-93, 1495 161 1s: 19 1.5-2.0 1 2 2.0-2.5 De Ue Sa) ee ann pea) 1 18 2.5-3.0 Dem ual Oe fuerte Dien deena Oe Apes 8 27 3.0-3.5 OWA Ot ruDity | 3 10 3.5-4.0 1 Set 2 4.0-4.5 1 1 2 | 210 EarLt W. BENJAMIN TABLE 3. Stanparp DEVIATION OF EGG SizE DURING THIRD YEAR OF PRODUCTION, SuBsEcT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Ea@e@-Sizze Lire MEAN FoR DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .138 +.12 12) 8 Eb 6 OT Be 8 M10 hh ae Ss 14. eS a re ae _ CGT HS HS 00 CO DODO ic CUNOMONSUNS MHOORGW WH TABLE 4. StrAnpsarp DEVIATION OF EGG SizE DURING FouRTH YEAR OF PRODUCTION Supsect; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eaq@a-Size Lire Me8an For DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = — .16 + .20 1 2 3 4 5 6 it 8 . 10 11 12 NOW WwW TABLE 5. Stanparp DeviaTIon oF Ece SHAPE DURING First YEAR OF PRODUCTION, SuBsEcT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eac-SHAPE Lire MEAN FoR DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .18 + .08 -01 .02 .03° 04.05. <06 -.07 -.08 -.09 10.11 82) Md A ee PGP RP Or PWwWWNNre PP OWN NR eH Aone | Ono no ced or Stupy oF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Kaas 211 TABLE 6. Sranparp DEVIATION OF Ecc SHAPE DURING SECOND YEAR OF PRODUCTION, Sussect; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Ecc-SHare Lire Mran ror Dam AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .14 + .10 iGiSLO2. -05 04" 105+ -66..:67 08 209) 10)
  • 06) 07.08. 209) 210) "1 125.13. 214 DOP » wow bobo on hit Oe COmnOonononon es eee rr ix TABLE 8. Sranparp Deviation oF Eco SHarPe DURING FourtH YEAR oF Propuction, SupsEcT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eac-SHAPE Lire MEAN FoR DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .45 + .20 Gis 702 2.057) OF6 Oa. 06 “07. 208.09. 10% Al © dap 13) 14 NWR Ge EARL W. BENJAMIN tod Ded c 212 Tr To 0 On 7k 0 00 9-GZ" cL o-0¢ 0G '$-GZ" gc ¢-00' 00°S-¢Z" cL F-09 OG P-Go" Go ¥-00° 00°F-SL" GL €-0¢ 0G €-Gc" GZ €—-00° 00°S-GL° GL G-0S OG Z-Gs" GZ 3-00" 00 coz. GL T-0G" OG 1-Sd" Gc 1-00" OOF Tae ¢Z 0-03" 0S '0-GZ" AQtHHMMOnHOOnOOCOr | cael Sa re ON re rae Ankenes T I I g I I T I oD lan) ian) HOrn ONN NANOHO Ae ANAODHN ae) aN OSDT2S OOO) 82030 Gets 0782872 052, 890 O One 20S. - Sp OY Ge Ore “2a 2 eet oT ek CO’ T° = UOT} RJeAI09 Jo JUDLOYJo0D GAILVIGY “AIG UO GNV WVQ HOA NVAJT GAIT YOIOD-9NT NaaMiaa GONTUAMIIC ‘LOGLANG ‘NOLLOAGOYY 4O AVAA SHI ONIMNG YOTOD NPY 1O NOMVIAGG GuvaNVIg ‘6 AITAVL OO OMAANAAN AN O00 O03 SH SH HH 1919 1919 STuDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eaas 213 TABLE 10. Sranparp Deviation oF Ecc Cotor purine Seconp YEAR OF PRODUCT-ON, SupsEcT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Ecc-Cotor Lire Man For Dam AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .43 + .07 So FO tio 2.02.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 Te RFOOCOCOFOCOFRFONNNPWNOOFO Nee freer rs Oe orm et EO OTE OD OO Os Od fey) ioe) _ TABLE 11. Sranparp Deviation or Ecce Cortor purinc THIRD YEAR OF PRODUCTION, SuBsEcT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eicac-Cotor Lire MrAN FoR DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE | Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .13 0.51.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 a DE a ——— ee PPP RWW WWNNN NRE Ree © “NI ey i ie) S (=) or or bo or | ROO CCORE ERE OONNWWRhEm ne iw) — No i=) _ Ww _ lop) o (=) oO So o (=) (=) (>) o - iw) i 214 EarLt W. BENJAMIN TABLE 12. Sranparp DeEviATIon oF Ecc Coitor DuRING FouRTH YEAR OF PRODUCTION, Supsect; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eac-Cotor Lire Mran ror Dam AND FOR SIRE, ~ RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .55 + .15 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.59.0 9.5 00-1 .25 1 4 WWWWNNNNHERe onal eat ae en feitoesn ine) ~J Or _ ~ | OK OOO OMFS tt TABLE 13. Summary oF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN STANDARD DEVIATION OF Eee CHaAR- ACTERS DURING HACH OF THE First Four YEARS OF PRODUCTION, SUBJECT, AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESPECTIVE Lire MEANS FOR DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient Number Celection Year of production of = of indi- correlation Er viduals Size PARSE Ses sk se eee ee Zita Se ome .012+ .052 0.23 169 OCONEE wr Gece ie ge ae ake ee -.28 +.08 3.50 56 J TT 0 We PRO BN MIRA OR EN, 13 +.12 1.08 29 COERIGE ED crc ee RAE MEE oe OU a ot eae So -.16 +.20 0.80 11 Shape Pb ao reeh gee ete eas pe cee te ae .18 +.08 2.25 70 Second..... a CRT ALN gt a Soke ee Be 14 +.10 1.40 32 gi0 Ti o( Cane es Pe aes og Te 0g 20° 1%° =Worejeis09 jo yualoye0D ; WAILVIGY ‘AUIG YO CUOOMY AdVHY ‘LOarang ‘ONIUdSHAQ FHL AO NOILOAGOUG AO GdVHY AHVAFAWV IVLOT, “JT AIAVL Re | Strupy oF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eags 219 TABLE 18. Totat AVERAGE SHAPE OF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; SHAPE ReEcorD FoR Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .47 -- .06 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 GA (oP AG, 7 CS ho SO 54 1 “I lor) cad ie) Rowe NRE rt rt bD DO DO dO tLoOhoN ore Rho co — et Doe NPOOSWNUIAOOCOCOr to See OD — TABLE 19. Totan AVERAGE SHAPE OF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; AVERAGE SHAPE RECORD FOR SIRE AND Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .49 + .06 54 §5 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Noe NOPODWNIAIAOOOCOHES Prono oes Oe oO S20 13 2) 6 27.24 18, 1S de 2 24 Pe TO 76 220 EarL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 20. Torat AvERAGE CoLor OF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; COLOR RECORD FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .53 + .03 210-225) fe ooo 4 0 4 con) ye Ol Ol G20) ee 7.5 8.0 8.5 1.0-1.5 3 2 3 gai 9 1.5-2.0 5 5 1 2 2 15 2.0-2.5 9 6 5 1 11 33 2.5-3.0 0 1 8 7 8 38 3.0-3.5 5 1 6 1 2 1 19 3.54.0 2 So pul 3 2 24 4.0-4.5 1 2 5 1 2 12 4.5-5.0 2 7 2 1 12 5.0-5.5 1 1 1 1 1 6 5.5-6.0 1 1 1 2 6.0-6.5 2 2 6.5-7.0 1 1 3 3 8 C0-7.0 3 a 6 13 26 7.5-8.0 1 1 2 2 1 8 8.0-8.5 0 8.5-9.0 1 1 TABLE 21. Toran AveRAGE CoLor oF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; CoLoR ReEcorD FoR Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .67 + .03 Loo 220: 25 b eo One Seot 40 = cose aoLO eo 6:0. 6.5. 02a eee 6 3 8 2 0 7 7 9 2 4 4 7 6 1 3 1 1 00 CO SINT G2 G2 CT OT PO 0 DD DS orc SCnononononononocn ee ol loc n HH eee pom bo | | iv) —_ —_ > bo ns (st) —_ 00 —_ tb _ ~ bh —_ 3 1) ». 2 eee oe Stupy oF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 221 é v TABLE 22. Torat AVERAGE CoLOoR OF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; AVERAGE Cotor REcoRD FOR SIRE AND Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .79 - .02 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 oe 6.0 6.5 7.0 Cp 1.0-1.5 3 2 - 1 2 1 9 1.5-2.0 3 4 1 2 i 1 15 2.0-2.5 7 2 7 1 10 4 1 1 33 2.5-3.0 6 2 6 8 13 2 1 38 3.0-3.5 1 3 2 7 3 1 2 19 3.5-4.0 3 3 11 7 24 4.0-4.5 1 1 4 4 2 12 4.5-5.0 4 5 1 1 1 12 5.0-5.5 2 3 el 6 5.5-6.0 1 1 1 3 6.0-6.5. 1 1 2 6.5-7.0 1 3 1 3 8 7.0-7.5 1 1 2 5 17 26 7.5-8.0 1 2 2 1 8 8.0-8.5 0 8.5-9.0 1 1 22 18 24 45 49 10 3 3 12 9 21 216 TABLE 23. Summary OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ToTAL AVERAGE CHARACTERS OF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT, AND AVERAGE CHARACTERS OF PARENTS, RELATIVE | ‘ Coefficient s Number Correlated parentage Character studied of = of indi- correlation Er viduals Sire See pees tr PP 36+ .04 9 173 SUEY DE Sip 0 ei a ae ie aioe 21+ .07 3 76 olor sorties Ook) .53+ .03 18 216 Dam See ee ee 22+ .05 4 173 DHaIer wee a eRe 47+ .06 8 76 4 (CIELC To age ae ORS > Sen eget 67+ .03 22 216 ®, Averace of sire and dam} Size...............5..... . 42+ .04 10 -173 SV CLS Seer oo ge RR ere 49+ .06 8 76 222 EARL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 24. Summary GIVEN IN TABLE 23 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO CHARACTERS Coefficient $ Number Character Correlated parentage of = of indi- ; correlation Er viduals Size Siig Reet aetna en aaa ater one wiicens Se: : .36+ .04 ~@9 173 Damir: © Oe ve eo ae ae eee eee .22+ .05 4 173 Sire 2nd damit: hte es sk eo ee ee .42+ .04 10 © ORM we: Shape Sie. cee ee eee Dh .07 | 3 76 Dia: See Ee ee ee AT+ .06 8 76 Sire and dams 50 2 ee See eee: 49+ .06 8 76 Color Site cone oe Ps ca wee oie ci eee dae caret 58+ .03 18 216 D.C 1 anon a Oy Pan Eat uc Pe Re eae ae a .67+ .03 pac 216 IFS tHe @ aie s h a e e ie e 79+ .02 39 216 All of these correlations are significant, especially since they arise from a random population. From the results of this study, it would appear that the quality of either the male or the female parent will affect the type of egg to be produced by the offspring, with the female having slightly greater influence. A certain character is of much greater influence if possessed by both individuals than if possessed by either one alone. This does not agree with some results obtained by Pearl (1912, and 1915 a and b) in dealing with quantity of production, and it does not show quite the conditions found by Goodale (1918), who also worked with the quantity factor; it does agree fairly closely, however, with the general opinion prevailing among poultrymen. The results for the whole experiment relative to the mean character of the progeny in relation to the respective characters of the sire and the dam, are charted in figures 12 to 17. References to large, small, round, long, brown, or white parents or progeny relate to the quality of the eggs produced by those birds, not to the size, shape, or color of the birds. The terms large and small refer, respectively, to means of the sizes of eggs produced during the birds’ lifetime, of 56 grams or more, and of less than 56 grams; the terms round and long refer to means of the index figures of the eggs produced during the birds’ lifetime, of 72 or more, and of less than 72, respectively; and the terms brown and white refer to means of the color of eggs produced during the birds’ lifetime, of 3 or higher, STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eccs 223 and of lower than 3, respectively. The exact means for the various groups shown in figures 12 to 14 are given in table 25: TABLE 25. Mean CHARACTERS oF Brirps AVAILABLE FOR Use IN CALCULATING DaTA FoR Figures 12 To 14 Mean Mean Mean ae peur Mating character | character | character ype for sire | for dam for progeny Size Large sire and small dam........ iis Sate 59.6 NS ae 04.3 Small sire and largedam................ 51.7 60.6 53.9 Large sire and large dam................ 60.3 a OURO 8s 2 Small sire and small dam............. Soe ey DL 51.6 Shape Round sire and long dam................ 73.0 69.3 44.5 Long sire and round dam................ 67.0 75.4 72.5 Round sire and round dam............ ee 73.0 76.0 75.0 Kenge sire and long dant... :.. 2... 220. 3. 65.4 69.1 71.0 Color Brown sire and white dam............... 4.81 2.34 3.00 White sire and brown dam.. Loe (dokepib g 2.41 4.78 3.27 Brown sire and brown dam.............. 4.56 4.55 3.45 White sire and white dam............... 2.34 |- 2.19 2.60 Se ee BH ARES SRB eel fee cE ae cle ae | z a BELBeS re a | mF -3 CE oe a | is i ecw ae i ‘ey z aan EH. | i HH ans EE G EE HH ‘lili ia a & + sf a ef ea : c | BH aaa : so i (lll a me & a nf [|i i Be a a fas & @ a a HH | a a es (tli i | | ae Large Small Prog- Small Large Prog- Large Large Prog- Small Small Prog- sire dam eny sire dam eny sire dam _ eny sire dam _ eny (25) (49) : (18) (81) (23) »(41) (17) (39) Fic. 12. MEAN SIZE CHARACTERS OF SIRES, DAMS, AND PROGENY IN ALL MATINGS The figures in parenthesis designate the numbers of birds available for the respective calculations 224 EARL W. BENJAMIN Shape index - AO 70 EBRE@“22nCER 2" BERS Ss BHEBR25.-2 65 |_| ||| | i i i | d)ld|slhua || ti me oo | a ‘lil mt tg ll am mm | —a 8 EEE OG ee || | oe ee me —e HH EEE BOG | ee l|\ ke ee | amo SEE Ee i & | a ee eS o oo eaeilsfbtit@k & = e | oo ee “Sianeli ee fs ee ~ _ Bf aeitstiQnas - & la me HEHE 6 ; = l(t & aBaEilis@he: & lm mT aaestitition® & fe lift ae BEER EO 4 lf ee. HEHE HOG es lin eT (mmm lii|i mT P] an oS Round Long Prog- Long Round Prog- Rh Round Prog- Long Long Prog- Sire dam_ eny sire dam _ eny sire dam _ eny sire dam eny (3) (9) (10) (26) (1) (2) (16) (46) Fic. 138. MEAN SHAPE CHARACTERS OF SIRES, DAMS, AND PROGENY IN ALL MATINGS ‘The figures in parenthesis designate the numbers of birds available for the respective calculations i = | | | Ee fe oe 2 _E_i z | a = 8 z | ee pd Bo = a a asf. a | i Brown White eel White Brown Prog- Brown Rrown Prog- White White Prog- Sire dam eny Sire dam _ eny sire dam _ eny sire dam _ eny (27) (70) (12) (30) (33) (70) (27) (29) Fic. 14. MEAN COLOR CHARACTERS OF SIRES, DAMS, AND PROGENY IN ALL MATINGS The figures in parenthesis designate the numbers of birds available for the respective calculations It is seen in figures 12 to 14 that in every instance in which one extreme character has been mated with another, the progeny have dis- Srupy OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eaas 225 played a character between the two. In most instances in which the sire and the dam were both of thesame extreme character, the progeny dis- played a character nearer to normal than either of the parents. In the case of small size, however, this tendency was reversed, and the character for the progeny from two small parents was of a still smaller type. In this case it is probable that the effect of the size of body was to limit the size of the eggs (Benjamin, 1914). The relative effect of the sire and the dam is shown clearly in figures 15 to17. In figure 15 it is seen that small size is predominant over large size. The sire will transmit small size to the progeny much more strongly than large size. In the instance in which both parents are large, only 58.6 per cent of the progeny possess the “large’’ character; but when . « e 5 « Large sire Small sire Large sire Small sive Smali dam Large dam Large dam Small dam Fic. 15. RELATION OF PROGENY SIZE CHARACTERS TO SIRE AND DAM The white area in each case designates the proportion of progeny showing the same character as that of the si both parents are small, 81.9 per cent of the progeny possess the ‘‘small”’ ‘character. The two parents appear here to have about equally strong influence in transmitting the “small” character. The predominance of the small size may be due to the additional physiological factors involved by the size of the dam’s body restricting the size of egg which can possibly be produced, without regard to any inherited tendencies. A hen with a large body can produce a small egg, but a hen with a small body cannot so readily produce a large egg. The question of the inheritance of egg shape may not be entirely free from the physiological complications involved in the study of egg size. This opinion is borne out by figure 16. The dam seems to have nearly 60 per cent of the influence on the progeny. The fact that the two long parents have a somewhat higher percentage of the progeny following their type than do the two round parents, would lead to the theory that 226 Eart W. BENJAMIN the length character is somewhat predominant over the width; other- wise one would expect to find more than 50 per cent of round progeny when both sire and dam are round. Both the size and the shape of the egg seem to be about equally trans- mitted to the progeny by the dams and by the sires. These two factors Round sire Long sire Round sire Long sire Long dam Round dam Round dam Long dam Fic. 16. RELATION OF PROGENY SHAPE CHARACTERS TO SIRE AND DAM The white area in each case designates the Beeperon of progeny showing the same character as that of ? the sir appear, however, to be independent, as is shown by an entire lack of correlation between them (Benjamin, 1912). Such a condition as is found here is the reverse of what might be expected if the results obtained by other workers (Pearl and Curtis, 1916) on Barred Plymouth Rocks were borne out with the strain of White Leghorns used in these experi- Brown sire White sire Brown sire White sire White dam Brown dam Brown dam White dam Fic. 17. RELATION OF PROGENY COLOR CHARACTERS TO SIRE AND DAM The white area in each case designates the re ae of progeny showing the same character as that of : the sire ments. Pearl and Curtis found the index figure and the weight of ees to be negatively correlated. The study of the color inheritance (fig. 17) shows about equal dil ee of sire and dam. When both parents are of the ‘‘white’” character, they seem to be able to transmit their character more definitely than when ee Srupy oF SELECTIONS FoR Siz, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eags 227 both are of the “brown” character, but this difference is not great. Neither color and neither parent seem to have a predominance. These results are an accumulation of data from six different years, with all the variations in conditions that must always occur. Hence the facts shown can apparently be accepted as giving undoubted evidence of the inheritance of the characters in question. Relation of egg incubated to mean egg type of bird hatched The correlations shown in tables 26 to 49, and summarized in tables 50 and 51, show a general relationship between the particular type of egg incubated and the type of egg produced by the chick hatched, both for the separate years of the bird’s production and for its life mean.!° 7 is much less significant for these studies than for the studies of the relation existing between the mean productions of parents and progeny. Apparently the particular type of egg incubated has some effect on the type of egg which the offspring will produce, but not so much effect as the mean _ production of the hen which laid that incubated egg. In this study the coefficient of correlation for the size character, as shown in table 50, is of greater significance than that for the other char- acters, as is the case in all of the work here reported. The shape character shows a fair degree of correlation. The color character exhibits a peculiar condition. The correlations with the pullets’ eggs incubated, for the first and second years, are insignifi- _. eant; the third-year correlation is based on too few individuals to be of much value; and the life-mean correlation shows a distinct negative coefficient. This condition is probably due to the great irregularity that exists in the coloration of successive eggs laid by most individuals. Sufficient proof is not at hand to warrant the conclusion that a negative correlation actually exists for this character, but it is believed that such a negative or insignificant correlation may be expected, due to the irregu- larity of the material. The terms pullet and hen, as used in this memoir, refer to female birds during their first season of production and during their later seasons of production, respectively. 228 é EarLt W. BENJAMIN TABLE 26. Mean Size (WEIGHT IN GRAMS) OF First YEAR’S PRODUCTION OF BiRDs, Supsect; Size oF PuLuets’ Eccs rrom Wuicu RespectivE Birps Were HatcHen, RELATIVE 5 Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .063 45 47 49 ol 53 50 o7 59 Gl . fs 65 46 1 1 48 1 2 2 2 2 9 50 1 if 5) 2 1 1 11 52 1 1 1 “< 1 2 1 11 o4 1 1 5) 3 1 11 06 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 17 08 2 1 a 1 1 1 2 12 60 1 2 1 - 62 1 1 1 3 64 1 1 1 TABLE 27. Mean Size oF SECOND YEAR’S PRODUCTION OF Birps, SUBJECT; S1zE OF PuL- LETS’ Ea@cs FRoM Wuicu REsPEcTIVE Birps Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .103 47 49 dl 53 50 57 59 61 50 2 wy 1 | 54 5 56 7 | 58 6 60 BS: | 62 2 | 64 3 : 66 0 : 68 0 70 1 33 Srupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 229 TABLE 28. Mean Size or Tutrp YEAR’s PropucTion oF Birps, Supsect;. §1zE oF PuL- LETS’ Eaas From Wuicu ReEsPECcTIVE Brrps WERE HatcuHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .30 + .131 47 49 51 53 59 o7 59 61 bo We) | KHOOCOKKWRWUOWH TABLE 29. Mean Size or FourtH YEAR’s PRODUCTION OF Birps, SuBJECT; S1zE oF PuL- LETS’ Eaes From WHicH RESPECTIVE ByRDS WERE HaTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .50 + 191 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 50 1 52 0 54 2 56 1 58 0 60 1 62 0 64 1 66 0 | 7 230. ! ) Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 30. Mean Size or Lire Propuction or Birps, Sussect; Sizz oF PuLLETs’ Eaes FROM WuHicH ReEsPEcTIVE Binps WERE HaTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .065 46 | 1 1 48 1 if 2 2 2 8 50 1 1 3 1 1 1 8 52 1 2, 1 a it alle 9 5A 2 1 7 3 1 1 15 56 2 2 2 it 3 3 1 1 15 58 if 2 4 = 1 2 13 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 62 2 2 64 1 3 66 i 68 1) 0 0 1 81 TABLE 31. Maan Size oF First YEAR’s PropuctTIon oF Birps, SuBsEcT; Size or Hens’ _ Eeas rrom Wuich ResPectivE Birps Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .31 + .065 45 47 49 Dt ba bo: Od. O98. GL” GS eee &% | mr mE Oo OOP NH OOCOK STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 231 TABLE 32. Mean Size or SEconD YEAR’s PRopucTION oF Birps, Sussect; SizE oF Hens’ EagaGs FROM WHIcH RESPECTIVE Birps WERE Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .46 + .099 bo Re) | RS NORR WO Wh bd ot TABLE 33. MEAN S1zE oF TurRD YEAR'S PRODUCTION OF Birps, SUBJECT; S1ZE OF HENS’ Ea@es FRoM WuicH RESPECTIVE BIRDS WERE Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .65 + .123 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 S | jon) = ODN = b= bo 232 EarRL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 34. Mean Size or Lire Propuction or Birps, Suspsect; Siz—E or Hens’ Eaes FROM Wuicu Respective Birps Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .34 + .063 45 47 49 51. 58°55. 57 50)6h 63 (65-67 69. TE eee 9 2 5 if 11 9.16.43 5..3 > 3.02 eee TABLE 35. Mean SuHare oF First YEAR’s Propuction oF Brrps, Sussact; SHAPE OF Puuuets’ Eacgs From Wuicu ResPective Birps WERE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .39 + .106 OS) pe OO Oi tee I ae (A eh 76 ff 78 79 80 3 | Hee Ooh Ee Srupy OF SELECTIONS FoR SIzE, SHAPE, AND Cotor oF Hens’ Eees 233 TABLE 36. Mean SHAPE oF Seconp YEAR’s Propuction or Birps, SuBsEcT; SHAPE OF Putters’ Eacs rrom Wuicu Respective Biros Were Harcump, Raiative Coefficient of correlation = .23 + .192 69 70 71 72 lo 74, 75 76 Te 68 1 1 1 1 4 70 1 1 1 1 4 72 1 1 2 74 0 76 1 1 2 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 11 TABLE 37. Mean Suave or Lire Propuction or Birps, Supyect; SHAPE OF PULLETS’ - Eccas From Wuicu Respective Brrps Were HarTcHeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .43 = 102 66 3 68 1 70 6 72 10 74 6 76 1 78 1 1 29 234 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 38. Mean Snare or First Yrar’s Propuction or Birps, SuBsEcT; SHAPE OF Hens’ Eaes rrom Wuicu Resrective Birps WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .34 + .083 Gl 62 63 64 65 66° 67 68° 69.70 -71 72-73 74 75 gee 77+ 1 TABLE 39. Mean Sarr or Seconp YEAR’s PRopucTION oF Brrps, SusseEct; SHAPE OF Hens’ Eaes From Wuicu ResPective Birps WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .47 + .101 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 16 ae N | ~~ FH OD OD OV fe Or | _ bo mWHONNANMIODOOCOK a gS ores - Srupy oF SELECTIONS FoR Size, SHapE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 235 TABLE 40. Mean Suave oF THIRD YEAR’S PRODUCTION OF Birps, SUBJECT; SHAPE OF Hens’ Ecos From Wuicu Respsective Birps Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .142 0 ree 1 1 56 | 0 58 0 60 0 62 0 64 0 66 1 . 1 68 1 1 70 1 Poe es | 72 | 1 1 2 74 1 1 1 3 oS meine = PO 2 ee Bc 2 s TABLE 41. Mean Sarr or Lire PRopUCcTION OF Birps, SupsEcT; SHaPe or Hens’ Eces From WuicH Respective Birps Were HarcHepD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .31 + .084 61 or : ics 62 G3 64 GS 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Loe 0 01 At 1 1 0 0 0 0 ib 1 5 1 3 232 Of Sik 12 Qh at MO ee S 16 1 1 6 1 2 1 5 1 eo 3 1 1 aN Mie os 8 A OT 8a 6 cl. 236 EarRL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 42. Mean Conor or First YEAR’s Propuction oF Birps, SuBsEcT; CoLor oF PuLuets’ Eaes From Wuaicn Respective Birps Were HatcHeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = —.12 + .07 1 2 3 4 5 6 Z 1.0-1.5 1 2 3 1 mf 1.5-2.0 1 rf 3 2 1 14 2.0-2.5 7 8 3 18 2.5-3.0 4 12 2 4 1 23 3.0-3.5 6863 1 3 1 14 3.04.0 1 1 1 3 4.0-4.5 1 1 2 4 4.5-5.0 3 3 i 1 8 0.0-5.5 lt 2 3 5.9-6.0 2 2 4. 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 0 7.0-7.5 1 1 2 28 38 20 10 2 1 1 100 TABLE 43. Mean Cotor oF Seconp YEAR’s PropuctTIon or Birps, SussecT; CoLor oF Puuiets’ E@es From Wuicu Respective Birps Were HatcHep, RELATIVE ~ Coefficient of correlation = .002 + .105 1 Yaa aN 4 5 6 it 1.0- 1.5 1 J 1.5- 2.0 iS 2 3 2.0— 2.5 1 + 5 2.5- 3.0 2 2 1 1 1 7 3.0- 3.5 3 2 1 1 rd 3.5- 4.0 2 1 3 4.0- 4.5 3 1 1 5 4.5- 5.0 1 1 5.0- 5.5 2 1 3 5.0- 6.0 0 6.0— 6.5 1 2 3 6.5— 7.0 1 1 L019 1 1 7.5- 8.0 0 8.0- 8.5 0 8.5- 9.0 0 Spbes 8)45) ) 9.5-10.0 0 10.0-10.5 1 1 13 16 8 3 0 0 : 41 STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaas 237 TABLE 44. Mean Cotor or Tuirp YEaArR’s Propuction or Birps, Sussect; CoLor oF Puuuets’ Eags rrom Wuicu ResPective Birps were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .57 + .15 il 2 3 4 1.5-2.0 1 | 2.0-2.5 0 2.5-3.0 2 2 ve 3.0-3.5 1 1 2 3.5-4.0 1 1 2, 4.0-4.5 1 1 4.5-5.0 0 | 5.0-5.5 0 | 5.5-6.0 1 fi 2 5 0 2 9 TABLE 45. Mean Conor or Lire Propuction or Birps, Suspsect; Cotor or PuLLetTs Eees From WuicH ResPEecTIvVE Birrps WERE HatcHEeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = — .26 + .06 1 2 epictietins 5 6 7h 1.0-1.5 lf ahs Se hse 5 1.5-2.0 ea ee 2 11 2.0-2.5 Sy ek eee Pe es 2.5-3.0 Bee die eo 5 1 24 3.0-3.5 pie Abas oes et 13 3.5-4.0 Pete n 8 9 4.0-4.5 tg dcr: otra 4 5 4.5-5.0 Cae ae 1 8 5.0-5.5 2 2 4 5.5-6.0 2 iad 3 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 0 7.0-7.5 2 7.5-8.0 1 100 238 Kart W. BENJAMIN: TABLE 46. Mean Cotor or First YEAR’s Propuction oF Birps, SUBJECT; CoLoR oF Hens’ Eaas rrom Wuicu Respective Birps WERE HatcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .20 + .08 P2938) 4956 6°73" 8 10112 1s 4 6 ae Bat od wis) 1 1.5-2.0 9 2.0-2.5 10 2.5-3.0 16 3.0-3.5 7 3.5-4.0 6 4.0-4.5 7 4.5-5.0 2 5.0-5.5 4 5.0-6.0 1 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 1 7.0-7.5 0 7.5-8.0 1 8.0-8.5 0 8.5-9.0 1 1 66 15 15 Wo 4 40 000000 0 4°03 TABLE 47. Mean Cotor or Seconp YEAR’S PropucTION OF Birps, SuBsEcT; COLOR OF Hens’ Eaes From WuHicH ResPEcTIVE Birps Were HatcHEeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .31 + .10 12.3 4°5 6 7 § FIOLDL YD Hh 4B fee 1.0-1.5 1 1.5-2.0 2 2.0-2.5 8 2.5-3.0 1 3.0-3.5 3 3.54.0 2 4.0-4.5 2 4.5-5.0 4 5.0-5.5 2 5.9-6.0 1 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 1 1 fp Veen) 0 7.5-8.0 0 8.0-8.5 0 S.0-950 jk 1 5 4 8 4°52:3 0°050 00.00 0 178 fae 28 STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 239 TABLE 48. Mean Cotor or Tuirp YzuAr’s Propuction or Birps, Supsect; Conor oF Hens’ Eaes rrom Wuicu ResPective Birrps Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .17 + .20 Peetom 3) oO 2 fino. 6O. 10. 1f 12-13 44,15 16-97-18 -19° 20 as ee ae 1 152.0 1 2.0-2.5 1 | 2.5-3.0 1 3.0-3.5 0 3.5-4.0 1 | 4.0-4.5 3 4.5-5.0 1 5.0-5.5 1 5.5-6.0 0 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 0 £7.0-7.5 | 1 11 eee te ter 0) -O- 0 0-0-0)" 0-0 0: 0 1 TABLE 49. Mean Conor or Lire Propuction oF Birps, SuspseEcT; CoLtor oF Hens’ Eaas FRoM WuicH RESPECTIVE Brrps WERE HaTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .08 eee FS Go 7 8S 9-10 11 19-13 14 15°16. 17. 18:19 20 1.0-1.5 1 f1.5-2:0 6 2.0-2.5 11 2.553 .0 15 3.0-3.5 7 3.5-4.0 i 4.04.5 7 4.5-5.0 5 5..0-5.5 3 5.5-6.0 0 6.0-6.5 2 = 6.5-7.0 0 7.0-7.5 0 7.5-8.0 2 8.0-8.5 0 8.5-9.0 1 Beoewiswd 4°40, 0-0 0 O00 OL - 0 0 0) Ol 67 240 EarLt W. BENJAMIN TABLE 50. Summary oF CoRRELATIONS BETWEEN CHARACTER MEANS FOR PRODUCTION FoR SEPARATE YEARS AND FOR Lire, SUBJECT, AND CHARACTERS FOR PARENT EGGS INCUBATED FROM PULLETS OR FROM HENS, RELATIVE Pullets’ eggs incubated Hens’ eggs incubated Year of Character production ————_<.-. (means for) Coefficient , |Number | Coefficient ry | Number of — | of indi- of — | of indi- correlation r | viduals | correlation | E* | viduals Size Pui ce Bete 40 +.033| 6.3 81 31+.065 | 4.8 88 Necona sy eS 3: 37 +.103| 3.6 33 46+ .099 | 4.6 29 hind skSe sence 30 4.131] 2.3 22 654.123 | 5.3 10 POU pies ce 50 +.191} 2.6 eas . Wise cee duah@e scant 37 +.065] 5.7 81 34+ .063 | 5.4 ~ 90° Shape Hirsh vic ce : ee eee: Seg 29 .34+ .083 | 4.1 52 Setomd 25) cate 23 +.192} 1.2 11 474.101 | 4.7 27 oil's pe Dear etaieh eevee tc tree ke Wee eg, ink ges. .52+ .142 a8 12 Life. . 43 +.102| 4.2 29 31+ .084 | 3.7 53 Color 1 as) ee ae See -.12 +.07 | 1.7 109 .20+ .08 2.5 66 Seconds... 5. --. .002+ .105} 0.02 4} .31+.10 3.1 28 A Dal ae ges ae are ies 57 +.15 | 3.8 9 17+ .20 0.8 11 Riley. oawere. -.25 +.05 | 4.3 100 .28+ .08 3.5 67 TABLE 51. Summary OF = FROM TABLE 50 | | 2 Er Year of production Character ee eee Pullets’ eggs | Hens’ eggs incubated incubated- First O12 ae an ace Sees eat eae See Retr ay Sener eS 5 7 6.3 4.8 MME Pes. ged os, noo eee on oe 6 ee ee 3.7 4.1 B61 (0) RN ot, as RR Men cnn Midi eos Oa igre x2 OREN ee i ie Second IZ S sce hfs aa Ste Pees Mey me Sy Tae 3.6 4.6 Bibaec ie pec Sr wren ew eran Seer er

    6a). 229.) 79 - 98... 110 PEs ALS PSs pate: 75 54-56 i 69 i920 143° 120 - 91 ole) 2% Abs “12 1 786 56-58 pei te Ao oe 24, L290... 87 © 6D 1 104 35 157° 1 i 694 58-60 eee es SU BO) 59 14.59 -- 94 A i 486 60-62 Ge saionte 25 -a6~9 38 dS SAG) Benge. 2 320 62-64 1 6 atG 2s) Os 28. 1/180 30-s116" 7 St 274 64-66 6 1 oy nt. 22 LES AG 169 66-68 1 4 iy49 1 1 57 68-70 1 1 1 19 22 70-72 1 13 14 72-74 1 1 3 5 74-76 2 1 3 300 646 376 418 585 557 667 2p ooo | O00) 4 Sil=28. 7 Ole te 3 5, 250 the individual eggs produced by the respective birds hatched. The factor = equals, for size, shape, and color, respectively, 65, 20, and 16. This is significant and suggests the same relative degrees of inheritance as are found in other studies in this investigation. 242 EARL W. BENJAMIN The comparable coefficients of variability, calculated-on the basis of unit classes, for the eggs used in compiling tables 52 to 54 are: for size (table 52), 20 per cent; for shape (table 53), 10 per cent; for color (table 54), 74 per cent. The greater irregularity in the color of eggs as compared TABLE 53. Sars or Eces Law sy Brrps, SupsectT; SHAPE oF Ea@as FROM WHICH ResPectiveE Birps WERE HatcHeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .204 + .01 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 54— 56 1 56— 58 0 58— 60 2 60— 62 14 62— 64 46 64— 66 127 66— 68 326 68— 70 624 10— .72 840 @2- 74 961 74—. 76 707 76— 78 307 78— 80 71 80— 82 17 82— 84 11 84— 86 3 86— 88 1 88— 90 0 90— 92 2 92— 94 1 94— 96 2 96— 98 0 98-100 2 2 0 L680" > 2487 5f6ar, “996: sree 1 4,065 with the other characters undoubtedly accounts for the results in this one correlation with the pullets’ eggs incubated. The coefficients of correlation for the study of the mean production with the hens’ eggs are positive for all characters and years. The color correlation is about as significant as the shape correlation. Srupy oF SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 243 TABLE 54. Cotor or Eccs Laip sy Brirps, SuBsEcT; CoLtor or Eacs rrom WHIcH RESPECTIVE Brrps WERE HatcHEeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation =.145 + .009 £ 2 3 + 5 6 7 8 1 938 2 1,405 3 1,101 4 686 5 389 6 235 7 119 8 130 9 83 10 86 11 91 12 37 13 39 14 23 15 3 16 1 17 1 5,367 Pullet 8882F 6-48 | Herge weg, 49-44 NA SEE ae 38-40 see meer ete. lai Bll 32 eee | 30-38 Las See cee ore LTE 5 NAR JP I fag Lae aes aanaeell ae belie ta 30-32 & Cece ee TLL £995 fai7, | | | | EEE Bee ae eae S298 138717 20 25 29) 2 eee SS SS et December January February March April Fic. 18. VARIATION OF SIZE (WEIGHT IN GRAMS) OF SUCCESSIVE EGGS LAID DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The squares blocked in black indicate the days on which eggs were laid by the respective pullets Pullet's930F Pullet 8872F ) % 244 EarL W. BENJAMIN Relation of eggs Hicibaten to types of eggs produced = the respective birds hatched Some further features of the relationship existing eiwes the types of eggs incubated and the egg types produced by the respective birds hatched, are shown in figures 18 to 25. These figures represent only a small part of the available material resulting from the study, and are used here ~ merely to show typical: conditions. aii a a Ho seerese OA an moet manne UBESEP “EST = — —= i peu ETS Saas seses aer ete] poo ae a eso ooeee Soe ae Quses OC Ges ~ acne: =ew.-. Sara eonee 4 Seer caa cater ren are ana ral tee zs sine: sol SU ta in AG iy ae Hater ae re AEE nil etd a Hi a a Pott se Sel D2 Ga eve Ue teste Fee ute E ° aoe i ce RAE i an 59 gaaen oa5 ae se Pee SA ee eae 59 3916F fine a ame Ha HHH La He - vase sssoesce pola — eueed : Na Alii bee ab Be =a Fay A ENS ee Te Habit LE HE Teese i ee Sst HH i i er Lo Line d713F peceeasr that eueeee ge SE ee et rE EE ee Saeeeceae: a EH loleye) oene 66F Ban Go oy) cu Ne) GB Nas aS aeeas SaSus S08 SERSs 2 —-f —-+ [eee ee AAS Line 7 eae eee aoe to aif.) = ue jaupetueeg ee ee eee ee ee eee Sobee SEEES SaaEs seers BGS SERRE DaGaE Soebe Seups Senn SouEs abaes sene5 F8505 F053 SUGGS SoGEE EvETs SoEEE cuss SESE0 SESE! fetes tenes PEEzs evees Secct cones faces SSes SEGES Suses cases Soees {0000 cesses SuSeSCESEE EEE aguas fuags HE Beaes Sunes pees suesescses ae 6-11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 Gl 66 71 76 Sl 86 91 96 102 Fic. 19. VARIATION OF SIZE (WEIGHT IN GRAMS), BY WEEKLY AVERAGES, OF EGGS PRO- DUCED BY DAM FOR TWO YEARS AND BY PROGENY DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The heavy horizontal line in each division represents the character of the parent egg incubated; the heavy curve represents the production of the chick hatched; the light curve represents the production of the progeny of the chick. The dotted lines indicate that no eggs were produced during the periods which they cover ee ‘ail CHEE Pullets 8882F and 8939F, illustrated in figure 18, are from small eggs, but pullet 8872F is from a large egg. It is evident that the tendency is for a pullet to produce eggs of the same size as the egg from which she was hatched. Sometimes small eggs are obtained from hens that \TUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaas 245 SIZE LINE 8224F 1911 [INCUBATED EGG 98224F. OFFSPRING 8224F, 8872F- ’ TWO YEARS SIZE LINE ‘SS1GF | 1911 INCUBATED EGG 3916F, WOFFSPRING 3916F, 8882F, TWO YEARS > as \‘G. 20. SHADOW PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF RELATION BETWEEN SIZE OF EGG INCUBATED AND SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED BY THE RESULTANT CHICK | Each row of progeny production shows twelve eggs, which were selected at regular intervals during de respective year’s production. All eggs were photographed each year, but only twelve eggs for each ar could be ‘tepresented i in this group | 246 Earut W. BENJAMIN ordinarily lay large eggs, and vice versa; this probably accounts for the low correlation in studies of mixed flocks, while the study of separate matings shows more definite results. The heavy curve for line 3916F in figure 19 represents the record for the bird whose early pullet daily or is shown as 8882F in figure 18. The photographic record, figure 20, shows the relative sizes of eggs produced by line 8224F, one of the largest lines, and by line 3916F, one of the smallest lines. The difficulty of observing the fine differences in size, except by careful measurements, is seen from this figure. Under line 3916F is shown another record of the production of 8882F. Shape index -81-.82 -19-.80 Pullet 8805F Pullet 8830F ——— —_ Se Sg Cocca ee a!) Re et CANT s fae May ser el. 6h oar cee a all ae > 5] 1-700 aoe tra 102 0O amon Pi llet 8896F é oe is #0 24 28 1. 5 9 18.17 21 25 29 2 6 10 4 18 22°26 1 & 9 a7 ogee en I iO eee =_"LNm December January February March April Fic. 21. VARIATION OF SHAPE OF SUCCESSIVE EGGS LAID DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION eee The squares blocked in black indicate the days on which eggs were laid by the respective pullets In figures 21 and 22 are shown the daily and weekly fluctuations of shape. A photographic record of two of the first-year inheritance results for the shape character is shown in figure 23. Both of the lines shown in figure 23 are shown also in figure 22. Neither the shape nor the size of STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eags 247 eggs has a large coefficient of variability, and this fact is reflected in the curves and in the photographic record. { eI | 00 | sg a ool ECHR RESET Chr oreed gN7pe us | Fopaks] UES soago i a Ch G0 OSes oeeee 58 SEGns sees ro a | & le) * Oo on a YA = 3 Sa | an canee Hitt ttt Pt se | fe foes lelolelel Lslslalsleal ARAAe fos | coed | i : an | ie a5 an an an an 7 | HH PoC To je a5 5 SESS. OSes Geese ate) an SEUSS SOR08 GUESS SERes Seees eo hn = aa SSE00 C2008 SHRER Seees Oeees i a 2 S2OUe TAGS eEBe ee sueas a susus 2 Seeene ae iS} songs cana re maue + | ssueas tet ES aris oe a ‘a =e: Hi Bo Sune Soee8 Sense seen BCH suepae a cneen seu Suueg Ee ranee eee eeeee 21 26° 31 «36 41 «+46 «51 «656 «661: 66 «C71 7606=«681 «286 SCS sss: Fic. 22. VARIATION OF SHAPE, BY WEEKLY AVERAGES, OF EGGS PRODUCED BY DAM FOR TWO YEARS AND BY PROGENY DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION ( The heavy horizontal line in each division represents the character of the parent egg incubated; the heavy curve represents the production of the chick hatched; the light curve represents the production Fe the progeny of the chick. The dotted lines indicate that no eggs were produced during the periods which ey cover : _ The color character has a much higher coefficient of variability, as may \be observed from figures 24 and 25. The pullets included in figure 24 were all of the brown-egg type, but in figure 25 both brown-egg and white- age types are shown. In these figures there seems to be a tendency for ithe type of egg produced by the original pullet hatched, and her later fe Pring, to resemble the original egg incubated. The writer can explain ‘the negative or practically zero correlation for the color character in the | \f | 248 EarL W. BENJAMIN SHAPE LINE 7880F 1911 INCUBATED EGG 7880F, OFFSPRING 7880F, 8837F. TWO YEARS SHAPE LINE 1705F 1911 INCUBATED. EGG 17.U5F. 17O5F 8925F. TwO YEARS OFFSPRING Hig 23. SHADOW PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF RELATION BETWEEN SHAPE OF EGG INCU- BATED AND SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED BY THE RESULTANT CHICK Each row of progeny production shows twelve eggs, which were selected at regular intervals during the respective year’s production. All eggs were photographed each vear, but only twelve eggs for each “year could be represented in this group Stupy oF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF HENs’ Eaas 249 data previously reviewed, only by the high coefficient of variability and the probability that many abnormal eggs are incubated instead of the normal type for the respective dam. Pullet 8859F Pullet 8902F Pullet 8863F fl Ly sig 0a et sobs bec) SECS met CO OT 9 6 et C0 OF 1 rt ERR eee Sees December se anuary February March April Fic. 24. VARIATION OF COLOR OF SUCCESSIVE EGGS‘LAID DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The squares blocked in black indicate the days on which eggs were laid by the respective pullets 250 EAR W. BENJAMIN Line 2348F Line 6073F Line 5708F Line 3921F 1 ‘ zs bas - ¢ oe Weeks 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 G6 71 96 Bi Sp 0h gee Fic. 25. VARIATION OF COLOR, BY WEEKLY AVERAGES, OF EGGS PRODUCED BY DAM FOR TWO YEARS AND BY PROGENY DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The heavy horizontal line in each division represents the character of the parent egg incubated; the heavy curve represents the production of the chick hatched; the lizht curve represents the production of the progeny of the chick. The dotted lines indicate that no eggs were produced during the periods which they cover MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES A few studies were made in addition to those relating solely to the degree of inheritance existing for the size, shape, and color characteristics. These are discussed in the following pages. Relationship of size and shape of eggs A study was made of a mixed assortment of pullets’ eggs (table 55), which showed practically a zero correlation. This does not agree with results reported by Pearl and Curtis (1916). Some individuals, and some different strains and breeds, may possess characteristics the reverse of those of the strain of Single Comb White Leghorns used in these experiments. Stupy OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eaas 251 69E HEM Obes ALOE) (Oem Ue ea, 2 wate DG ey eel eee NX Ad An Nt IDO HHA I I °G ln a! G 9 io ir hae: iv & iv 6 Saas I 1b Soe G NQ FAA HNrE OOo aenNes mas et MAMI MNMOMNHRAANAAN OD OD 4 Net 0190019 0lr4 NN YNAOOrMN WA CV She GC SEG So Oe Wt SO O20 oe ee CL PAOD GL-OL OL-89 89-99 99-79 49-9 69-09 09-8¢ 89-99 9¢-7S S-GG 6G-0S OS-87 8P-9P 9F-VV VV-GV CV-OP OF-8E 8E-9E 9E-VE VE-CE 5 O mAHO sd ; MAN FWNNWON Ast 98° G8" PS ES. c8e 18-08; G2 84° 22602 G2. 72 Shack ei2. -02/ 369289)" 29° 99 S9" 179 8) co! | ceo’ = GeQ’ — = WONRIeII09 jo yUEIDYJI00 HAILVIGY ‘SOOY AAILOGASAY AO AdVHY {Loarang ‘soODy SLATING AO (SWVU) NI LHOIGM\) AZIG “GG ATaV], = ap! ¢ 252 Eart W. BENJAMIN Incubation effects of egg type In the 1911 hatch the incubation records of the eggs were studied in rela- tion to the egg type. These studies, as shown in tables 56 and 57, do not indicate any definite relationship between egg type and incubation record. TABLE 56. A Srupy or Ecce Types anp IncuBATION REcoRDS Per cent | Percent | Percent | Per cent Pams Per cent Type of eggs _| Of infertile of of of takes of aicubetede eggs total |dead germs| total £ h total for each infertile | for each dead aati chicks character eggs character germs character hatched Uidree ie ees 6 11 54 10.5 40 12 IMedinm +2 2. ee 4 mf 68 ie 23 8 Small: 4 oo eee 8 14 40 8 52 15 WOM ee ice ee 6 11 54 10.5 40 12 Normat 2.72252. 8 14 54 10.5 38 1l Rowndite: C eee 16 29 58 11 25 8 Brown-tinted....... 4 a 54 10.5 42 13 Cream-tinted....... 4 7 70 14 25 8 Chalk-white........ 0 0 58 11 42 13 TABLE 57. Rewuation oF SizE oF Eccs IncusaTep TO THEIR INCUBATION RECORDS Weight of eggs Infertile eggs Dead germs Chicks hatched Total incubated $$ | number (grams) Number fe Number Pe Number Per of eggs cent cent cent ADP pee oe hen. oe 2 22 4 44 3 33 AAA a aw St oe 4 sSeste 6 €0 4 40 10 AG AS ret os cei 1 4 8 30 18 67 27 48 HU nies eee 1 ih | 44 8 50 16 LOS sen el aE ae 1 4 14 56 10 40 25 G2 5S eC oee ae 3 4 46 66 21 30 70 5 | yee eee me re 2 3 37 60 23 37 62 DO-DOs oh ee oe = 3 40 61 24 36 66 58-60 os eekee ne 4 7 30 57 19 36 53 CORO? oe ae = 7 22 50 19 43 44 G24 ie tie ee 5 14 23 62 9 24 37 64266. 2... So.saehew 3 13 14 58 7 29 24 G6-08 :. San a ee 1 20 3 60 1 20 5 Gsa10;: 2 ae Oat ate: os 1 100 O44 (oe 1 MOEA oc eee 14 Ss iG eae a 0.1 tee 0 7 Ae (i: ae Ss lg epee: 1 100 0} see 1 Mota...) 152% ev DR EL 2S iS 166.) capex 450 ab RUE STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hews’ Eaas 253 In table 57 the eggs incubated were grouped according to size and incubation results, in order to see whether any effect on the incubation record exists. No definite effect is shown by the data available here. 2 Relative variability of the productions of successive years - The standard deviation for all the eggs produced each year by each of the available hens was studied, in order to learn whether there is an approach to a definite egg type for the eggs produced by a hen as she becomes older. The data from this study are collected in figures 26 and ve pee LIDS mem SO SCLECH OL? LATS om me COlOr= SClECH OL? LTS mm om kar = | 2 SUE es eee : ce , Year Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th Fic. 26. STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR SUCCESSIVE YEARS, GROUPED AS TO CHARACTER The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations 27. In figure 26 the studies are segregated into the three character groups. The reduction of the number of birds available for study in the fifth and sixth years makes the data for these years of doubtful value, altho the number of eggs used for each bird is in each case sufficient to -make the standard deviation of real value. - 254. Earu W. BENJAMIN In figure 27 the data for the three characters are combined both by a weighted and by an ordinary average. This figure does not show the definite tendency toward a reduction in the variability which is claimed by some other investigators (Pearl, 1909), altho if the data for the fifth and sixth years could be given as much value in this discussion as is given to the data for the first four years, a straight line fitted to the curve would show a distinct reduction in the standard deviation. The unweighted averages are shown in figure 27 because if it can be considered that the standard deviations calculated for the respective character Average of three characters, weighted Tor number of birds each year Unweighted average — — — — 1.20 Year Ist 2d 3d 4th Sih 6th Fic. 27. STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF ALL CHARACTERS FOR SUCCESSIVE YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations groups are based on a sufficient number of individuals to be trustworthy, none of these characters should be handicapped in the average if it hap- pened that a less number of individuals were available for that particular character than for the others. This is especially true since this is a comparison of standard deviations based on a grouping according to classes of widely different values. Variations in types of eggs produced during successive months and years The study of the variations of eggs produced during successive months and years was carried on with birds that began to lay in different months, as noted in table 58. The time of beginning to lay is varied enough in the data used here to nearly eliminate seasonal effects. _ Srupy or SELECTIONS For Siz, SHapE, AnD CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 255 TABLE 58. PercentTacse oF Eacn YrAR’s Fiocx BeGinnine To LAY IN THE RESPECTIVE Montus From NoveMBER TO JUNE, INCLUSIVE Percentage of year’s flock that began laying in respective months alee First Second | Third | Fourth Fifth Sixth gEDe NCE year of year of year of year of year of year of ; pro- pro- pro- pro- pro- pro- duction. duction duction duction duction duction Wovember)\......... 0.3 Meal cues ee ae fee oe eS DEO Wy geet ee December.......... yale Te ey eee ae Ds [ore eer ne yA * 2 PUA Y Seee oils ee! ss 29.6 28.0 6.2 2.6 sas lan Aare Bee tg Hepmuary. 2 Les. 28 .2 28 .4 28 .4 43.6 33.3 20.0 INS rr eZ 22.6 46.9 48.6 49.9 80.0 A Sie i ee 9.0 9.7 18.5 2.6 ei O alo has te mei: LET pie an lee le Loci Hae Reon cease | Heap Re AA TPP eR aa ay a 5G EE a ee ee Ape eia PAM SIT ah Pi Oe oe Sieg fee eg Co Size character 7 The variations in the mean size of the eggs produced during the successive months by the size-selection birds are shown in figures 28 to 31. These curves are made up by calculating the mean for the first month’s pro- - duction of the first year, the second month’s production of the first year, and so on for the succeeding months and years for each hen used, and then finding the mean for all available hens at each period. Data for eleven months of each year were available for a sufficient number of birds to make-the figures reasonably reliable. The size of the eggs produced by pullets increases fairly regularly during the year, but no real increase in the size of the eggs produced during the later years of production can be observed. It may seem that this statement is disproved by figure 30, but a glance at figure 23 shows that the size of the first year’s production increases so rapidly that it causes the mean size to increase slightly. All seasonal effects are eliminated in these studies, the birds being arranged in accordance with the month when they began laying each year, irrespective of the particular month which that happened to be. It would seem that the wide fluctuations after the ninth month in figure 28, _ and after the seventh month in figure 29, may be due to the fact that too - few birds were available for study; but an apparent tendency for the size of the egg to increase rapidly near the end of the laying season is observed. 256 Kart W. BENJAMIN /leor, For rirst lear Ter second 7o Grams YCOlS PLOTUCT me mm — sity yeors product Monthish ad. ead) ath th eee 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Fic. 28. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis desiznate the number of birds available for the respective calculations Secar7d years Third years FOUlTH yeors fitth yeors G2 years es product L7PODUCh — =— — LOD UCTS — mom CH evcccee LT ODES ee pani Month 1st od 3d 4th 5th 6th ae oth 10th ‘11th Fic. 29. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaqs 257 It should be noted that the individuals whose data are used for the later months of the year, shown in figures 28, 29, and 30, are those that laid during the longest period and were very likely to be the highest pro- ducers (Rice, 1914). This would indicate an agreement with Curtis Birds uth life rear of Oro eB IG OO eNO) Ve ae SE GSA OO ap oy aay Grams US ESN al a a I eae gO ERO 7/—75 eerececcece cee e)) (4-3. —_ bed boa 58 BO) (73) (77) a ee) is ge <= — need EC -) i sa Somes , (IQ. ADIN | Month 1st 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Oth 10th 11th Fic. 30. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations The curve representing the birds having a life mean of 45 or less does not lie entirely within that range | because the whole six-years data on which the life mean is based is not available in monthly means for this chart -(1914 a) and Hadley (1919) to the effect that the conditions causing the production of a great many eggs will also cause the production of large eggs. In order to see whether the results shown in figures 28, 29, and 30 were due to the selection of high-producing birds from the low producers, as suggested above, figure 31 was constructed for five individuals which 258 Eart W. BENJAMIN began laying in December and continued laying for about the same period as the others (until August). No material difference can be observed between the types of curves shown in figure 31, and those shown in figures 28, 29, and 30. There seems, then, to be no marked error due to the possible selection of birds in the study of the random. flocks, and it is probable that the curves for heavy producers are not materially different from those for lower producers. First yeors Secor7d years aed years Ott //7 YEOrs Litt years LL ODA CT emacs (POD d CS epspvaresececeiet LTS OG CT mm oa oe VOTE. ao aw ow oe / OTL 0 0 oe Grams [ ae March April May June July Aug. Fic. 31. MEAN MONTHLY SIZE RECORDS FOR FIVE NORMAL INDIVIDUALS FOR A PERIOD OF FIVE YEARS After the great increase in the size of the eggs from the first to the sécond year, there seems to be a gradual decrease in the size of the eggs produced during successive years. ‘This last statement does not agree with the results of Curtis (1914 a). No decreased size of the eggs produced at the beginning and at the end of the litter is observed, as claimed by Féré (1898 b) and Curtis (1914 a), and there is no appreciable difference in the variations for the birds laying large, medium, and small eggs (fig. 30). | STUDY OF SELECTIONS FoR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaas 259 _ Shape character | ! In order to study the relative monthly and yearly shapes of eggs pro- duced, the data for shape selection were prepared for figures 32 to 35 in the same way that the data for size selection were prepared for figures 28 to 31. There is shown a tendency for the eggs produced each year, even in the pullet year, to have a gradually increasing index until the fifth or sixth month of production, after which this index gradually decreases until the season’s production ceases (fig. 32). ia /rears for all years” — First years Secard re 5x1 Yeors ODS oe a VOI TI oes ee 73 72 nies a | g 71 70 69 68 67 Month Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 1ith Fic. 32. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations According to figure 32, the eggs produced during the pullet year are of practically the same shape as those produced in later years. The difference may be considered insignificant. The reader should be warned against erroneous interpretation of the fifth and sixth years’ production shown in figure 33, because of the very few individuals available for study a for those years. As indicated in figure 34, there seems to be no radical difference between the variation of the groupings according to the life means of the birds. Where slight differences are shown, these may usually be considered as being due to an insufficient number of individuals available for study. The five birds recorded in figure 35 showed no distinct character different from those shown in figures 32 to 34. 25 EARL W. BENJAMIN Second Years Third yeors lourt/y yeors Fifth years SMA yeors Index D/OCtuCc7 JPOC UCT oa = TOT tt Tam 6 me pf POT So 0 0a ue 77 76 Fr 75 4 7 74 6 = - Aceh Pera i er Ce mane Le 4 - ee a : Pe oe 2 a e wee. Month Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Fic. 33. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations _ Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR Size, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Ecos 261 aged wit Lite mear of GO 6S m= 70-75 Index Ga FO ea Be ee TD — BO ctpehebetntecdnteteds 76 Ss Ca eB y a ow ‘ : nee | aes ia i 142) | SS AS =| 66 oem a ae ea] | 65 Se ae Pe ae | Month ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Sh > 10th 11th Fic. 34. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis aes Gin the number of birds available for the respective calculations The curve representing the birds having a life mean of 60-65 does not lie entirely within that range . ee the whole six-years data on which the life mean is based is not available in monthly means for this chart 262 EARL W. BENJAMIN inde 28 years Second years —Witrd years fourth years Fifth years LUV OMT SUODUCT ame mw mn me OTA Camm 0 em 0 meme LOA CF eetetptrsptrttp (VOT 1 Cano @, 74 73 ) anil LAT 72 71 70 69 68 Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Fic. 35. MEAN MONTHLY SHAPE RECORDS FOR FIVE NORMAL INDIVIDUALS FOR A PERIOD OF FIVE YEARS These results do not agree with deductions to be gained from Curtis (1914 a) or from Thompson (1908). It would appear from these results that the tension of the oviduct wall may gradually relax during the first five or sixmonths of the bird’s production each year, and then increase again as the season closes, causing at first a rounding of the egg and later a lengthening. Color character The study of the monthly production as to the variations of color is summarized in figures 36 to 39. There is a definitely increased amount of pigment in the eggs produced by the hens after their pullet year as _ compared with their first year’s production (fig. 36). There is a distinct tendency for the eggs to become whiter as the production continues for the first five or six months, and then to become more tinted again toward the end of the season’s production. It would seem that the amount of pigment is decreased during the period of most abundant egg production. As shown in figure 37, there is no distinct and gradual increase in the pigmentation of the eggs from the second to the sixth year’s production, but during each year when enough birds are available for the data to be considered of value, there is a tendency for the same monthly fluctuations as are exhibited in figure 36. The grouping of the birds according to their life means in figure 38 shows the same monthly fluctuations as were previously observed. | Stupy OF SELECTIONS FOR SizE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eces 263 Year? tor tirst /learr For secor7d 7o ae Yerrs produce —— — slit yeors product | Pe 4.0 eee ee ee aa 3.8 ee 3.6 2 Se ee ee Sn , a) Jan =~ Feb, © March 1) April } “= May “j~ June 74. July Aug, Sept. Oct. Fic. 41. MEAN MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED IN CERTAIN CALENDAR MONTHS FOR A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS. RECORD OF TEN INDIVIDUALS BEGINNING TO LAY IN JANUARY Color RE 4.1% co Noe ed (Jt) oe [=>] ~J a Ey, ww i w ou w w a , ( ! : / iN Rg i a rr Feb, March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Fic. 42. _ MEAN MONTHLY VARIATION IN COLOR OF EGGS PRODUCED IN CERTAIN CALENDAR MONTHS FOR A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS, RECORD, OF TEN INDIVIDUALS BEGINNING TO LAY IN FEBRUARY ‘STuDY OF SELECTIONS FOR NIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 269 Relation between vigor of the chick and size of the egg from which it was hatched In 1911-12 a separate record of the vigor of the chicks, as weil as of their weight, was made for the first forty weeks of their lives. The vigor was ‘recorded in four classes: Very Poor (V.P.), Poor (P), Good (G), Very Good (V.G.). Correlation tables such as table 59 were constructed | TABLE 59. Vicor or Cuicxs aT THE AcE or Four Werks, Sussect; WEIGHT (IN GRAMS) | or Eacs rrom WHICH THE RESPECTIVE Cuicks Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .381 + .064 44-46 46-48 48-50 50-52 52-54 54-55 56-58 58-60 60-62 62-64 64-66 — | V. P. 1 1 mee |} i 3 Bees Wee 1 1 9 | aes 5 Bie Ge weed eae 7 2 27 BY. G. Be Be BB 4 4 43 1 Sar 0 (iss 11 14 13 5 10 Gps 80 | for each four weeks of the chicks’ lives. A summary of the results of the correlation tables (space for which cannot be taken here) is given in- | table 60. In this table the respective weight correlations also are shown. _ TABLE 60. Summary oF COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION FouND IN STUDYING THE __ Rewation oF THE WEIGHT AND VIGOR OF THE CuHIcKs, SUBJECT, AND THE WEIGHT OF | THE Eees From Wuicu THE RespecTIVE Cuicks Were HatcuHeD, RELATIVE j |i a Coefficient of correlation Number fe Age of chick ec EE Ee Si ole Se A US 7 Bes . Chick vigor | Chick weight | viduals | es SS eee eee Gc ee # 8444+ .021 82 SP EES RD el nea 381+ .064 .461+ .060 | 80 ee 331+ .066 311+ .067 82 ES ce 0 ii a 3344 .069 362+ .068 75 Mer ee is ee ess 338+ .070 380+ .068 72 PCIe ete ee re, .159-+- .077 .263-+ .073 73 ee ee UK a ES ~ 176+ .077 .308+ .072 73 I ee 174+ .081 296+ .077 65 Me ier. eS. ats as 296+ .080 509+ .064 61 Me tee eo Sree 075+ .087 392+ .074 60 40 “SELES 5» 5 Bile Galea ies t neni 110+ .093 .397+ .079 51 W * The vigor was not recorded at the one-day-old period, because it was impossible to designate the dif- Ee: ferent classes-at this early age. ) In recording the data for these vigor studies, a special effort was made 270 Eart W. BensaMin for weight. Of course these two factors are likely to be very closely associated. The weight correlations are much more distinct than those for vigor during most of the year. The vigor correlations decreased after the early weeks, until some very severe winter weather just previous to the thirty-sixth week’s recording. After the thirty-sixth week, how- ever, abnormally early spring weather prevailed, the vigor of all birds improved wonderfully, and the correlation entirely disappeared. From the observations just noted, it seems that the test of the vigor of a chick, that is to say, when the size of the parent egg is of real benefit, comes during the season of greatest hardship to the birds. The weights are not affected by the seasonal conditions quite so definitely as is the vigor. | Relation between male and female weights for chicks of the same age During the first forty weeks of the 1911 hatch, and the first seventy-six weeks of the 1912 hatch, the male and female weights were averaged -TABLE 61. Constants REPRESENTING X IN THE FORMULA: FEMALE WeiIcHt : MALe Wirereeepn a: 2k ob 1911 offspring 1912 offspring Age Constant Age Constant 1 day.....:. 222 ee pied 97 AER TCEIIST cottons es Neel ed tomo .89 4weeks...: 2 (Oe =e Mee Stavieelesty. Sse ohana 2 es ene 91 S weeks... 20.2 eee 84 TD aweekasimrs ree aS teen ne ee 81 12 weeks. cs eee .86 kG weeks. 38. is eae SS .18 16-weeks > 222.20, eee .88 DO weeks: o 8 iis caleba to 90 weeks 20: 34, eee 87 Dh weelssn fh. VN eke OF ee (0-24 weeks. &2... 2.2 eee Ss 28 WEEKS -4F. Ri rare. CO 88° 28 weeks. oie. Suse | 99 BP WEEKGe . ee) Mace Paes ho cei “89° S2-weeks: o-oo ee 91 BG weeks. veh a cae oe eee .92 OG: weeks: 725. oe .95 AQ weeks ee oN ot hae ee 90 4) weeks... 7. =e hore | AA weeks. 2 eee 85 48 weeks..... 4 > eee 83 52 weeks. .. 4... eee 89 56 weeks... os.) 22 See 84 60: weeks: .. 2.4 1. 2 ee 81 64-weeks:: . :. ses. 2 82 68 weeks... <1. 4 beset 85 72 weeks... eee 82 76 weeks; ¢ 24... 4. See 83 * No male weights were obtained at this age in 1912. _Srupy or SELECTIONS FoR Size, SHAPE, AND CoLtor or Hens’ Egos 271 separately, and for each four-weeks period a figure was obtained to rep- resent x in the following ratio: Female weight : male weight :: x: 1 A list of all such constants obtained is shown in table 61. In studying correlations for the weeks shown in table 61 for the 1911 offspring, and for the one-day-old period of the 1912 offspring, the male weights were multiplied by their respective constants and used with the female weights. After the above periods, and for all other offspring, no male _ weights were used. These constants correspond rather closely to the con- SPS per, Te eee Py stant 0.93 representing the same ratio for human stature in mature per- sons, found by Galton." Relation between size of the chick and size of the egg from which it was hatched A preliminary study was made of the 1911 and 1912 offspring, before _ the records for the later years were available, to determine the relation _ between the size of the chick and the size of the egg from which it was r ot Bt (OU offspring = — — — WE. of kypriingeewesenes All avatlatle birds falta Te PEED PEEP Pe EGE EEE CEG err a is Biers oe al aokiests: ak mere eh eh) herr re BSS ee Eee Geer eet ea bee Cee eet C ee eee oo one msicimicleiisl is Sriniailele, Gh lal ee Eel dao roe SeeeeE DPPLAeienrirk a Pre P rare Ler Tht rrr tp ve BEMIS OE Ge ah seb bel bi LL oaier ia Ices Bee ee EE SEE EE CCR Er Ere eer err ree + ieee Belen eee abe) He eisai eee TR Pe Fe Pemniamsminn|cloneimer ToC LE meet epee ee Let Cee |) SCE Co a Oe eee ee ee eee eee eee EEE eee e AERP (25 1000S CeO 8 Se SR ee oe WEEE CEE CEE EEE EEE CEE EEE EEE | SECCTSS SE eed ee eee eee Pees / SU [EGOS 208 5500 E ne Pee ea Se eas Pennie Pree ee Cee eee . | [SNCS 2 ESOS EDC OP ee ee Beem seni eee see Ce ee eee oo ee | 0 2 EDS SCOR ee eee ae Sees eee een ee Beer eee CAGES EE A eee 0 200000 aoe Se - D206 ee eae eee SHIRE EEE us ive SE SSGG809=N7, NESE hee 6 PACE a REENEEN ENP REESE ESN N _UONZES COTE RS YTS oe sua Same Cee eC ree (LETT 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 Week 4 12 20 28 36 44 52 60 68 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 132 140 148 156 164 172 180 188 196 204 212 220 Fic. 43. GRAPHIC RECORD OF = FOR IQII OFFSPRING, I9I2 OFFSPRING, AND ALL BIRDS AVAILABLE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE EXPERIMENT Sizes of birds at four-weeks periods during their life, subject; sizes of eggs from which the respective chicks were hatched, relative Galton, Francis. Natural inheritance, p. 78. 1889. 272 EarL W. BENJAMIN hatched (Benjamin, 1912 and 1914). The coefficients of correlation for these preliminary studies are summarized in table 62 and in figure 43. TABLE 62. SumMMARY OF PRELIMINARY STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE RELATION BETWEEN Size OF THE CHICK AND SizE OF THE EGG FRoM WuicH IT Was HatcHEep 1911 offspring 1912 offspring _ Age of chicks Coefficient Coefficient : Number of — of = of indi- correlation correlation Er viduals Pi day ees ee 844+ .021 | 40.19 745+ .017 | 43.82 308 4 weeks........2..|. .461+ :060 7.68 .024+ .050 0.48 179 8 weeks..........| .311+.067 4.64 .074+ .058 1.28 134 12 weeks..........| .362+.068 Doe .099+ .059 1.68 125 16 weeks..........] .380+.068 5.59 .088+ .063 1.40 110 20 weeks..........| .2638+4.073 3.60 .046+ .069 0-67 96 24 weeks..........] .3808+.072 4.28 .301+ .082 3.67 56 28 weeks..........| .296+.077 3.84 .363+ .076 4.78 59 32 weeks..........| .509+.064 7.95 401+ .055 7.29 108 36 weeks..........] .392+ .074 D a0 .300+ .058 6.03 104 40 weeks..........| .397-+4.079 5.03 .420+ .057 7.37 96 44 weeks..........| .4584.081 5.65 .506+ .052 9.73 92 AS weekse 07052 .305-+ .090 3.94 .378+ .062: 6.10 88 52 weeks..........] .353+.089 3.97 . 328+ .066 4.97 83 Ho weeks. eer Ue AG .355+ .089 3.99 .310+ .067 4.63 82 60 weeks..........] .306+.092 3.30 . 367+ .067 5.48 80 64 weeks..........| .840+.090 3.78 .405+ .064 6.33 77 68 weeks... 01. 310+ .089 4.16 . 246+ .071 3.46 79 72 weeks..........] .363-.089 4.08 .d3l+ .025 | 13.24 78 TOWeEKS.. 5. .224+ .098 2.29 .409+ .075 5.45 56 80 weeks..........| 315+ .093 3.39 84 weeks..........] .276+.095 2.91 88 weeks..........| .066+.103 0.64 92 weeks..........] .549+.073 Tia 96 weeks..........| .441+.083 5.31 100 weeks..........} .492+ .079 6.23 104 weeks..........] .441+ .084 5.25 108 weeks..........] .356+ .093 3.83 112 weeks..........] .270+.099 2p 116 weeks.:........|- .2224-.102 2.18 120 weeks .'.22 22° | .164+.104 1.58 124 weeks..........) .3837+.095 3.05 128 weeks..........| .3868+4.093 3.96 In both years the value r seems to have been higher during cold weather, which occurred, for the 1911 offspring, from the thirtieth to the forty- fourth week and from the ninety-second to the one-hundredth week, and for the 1912 offspring from the thirtieth to the forty-fourth week. This seems to be due to the fact that the larger, stronger birds were _ Strupy oF SELECTIONS FOR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaces 273 able to withstand the severe winter weather relatively better than the smaller birds from the smaller eggs. A similar tendency may be noted for the = to increase during the first winter, in the curve representing all birds in figure 43, but no definite increase in this factor can be observed for any of the later winters. No definite tendency can be seen toward an increase or a r decrease in the factor Er 28 the birds become older after the fourth week. I. ; ; The factor Er &t the one-day age is very large, as might be expected. From the fourth week to the twentieth week of the 1912 offspring, it will be noticed that the coefficient of correlation is very low. The only explanation of this is that it may be due to an error in taking the weights. The balance used was rather heavy, and the hundredths of pounds had to be estimated. It is possible that the flapping and jumping of the larger, - more vigorous chicks caused their weight to be underestimated, thus tend- _ ing to reverse the correlation. In spite of these few discrepancies, it will be noted that the correlation is always positive and in most cases significant. The studies that were made on all available birds during the entire experiment are shown in tables 63 to 119, and are ee in figure 43 (page 271) and in table 120. TABLE 63. Size (WrIGHT IN GRAMS) OF ace AT Ace oF | Day, SusBsEct; Size or Eaas FROM WuicH Respecrive Cutcxks Were Harcuzp, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .73 + .013 A AGL AS) 50 v52 54. 55% 58. - 60. 62° -64 -65- 68-° 70 23-25 1 1 25-27 eae 14 27-29 Spray. 2 ere. & 1 1 42 29-31 ercleyeclhy =Oe e. O7 Ge. hee > 82 31-33 1 So A (NR) Sires be ieee al 0 pe 109 33-35 Ree le Ak Os 26) 92.7 bc 4 102 35-37 Slee tae Aen Pa A DB) AB oo 84 37-39 1 Srl LO (8. IO 2 60 39-41 © rl led ly EA) Ia cA ae ee ae 42 41-43 De ey Gu wen Ate cA 26 43-45 { 1 De al 5 45-47 1 1 47-49 1 1 2 49-51 Poot 2 51 or more 1 1 1 23. 45-48 74.98.80. 76 56°95 20 12 3. 2 bid 274. EARL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 64. Size or Birps at Acre. or 4 Weeks, Suspsect; SizzE or Eecs FRomM WHICH RESPECTIVE Curcks WERE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation =.20 + .037 44 49 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 A Tg IR Regs 4 oe a ay ot Peak one oe 20- 30 UP ae 2 1 5 30-— 40 irra | 1 3 40— 50 i Os Pa OAL a Cae 16 50— 60 bad ssn Pe Be | 6 60— 70 | Cine mages Siena eeemes 2 19 70- 80 aera | 2 re Nee 2 11 80— 90 Ae Dred Av cas oe 15. 90-100 . Lee ee gl lO ee OO. os ie 48 100-110 De De A et eee Orhan 1 38 110-120 bebe Dy) QA 10 4 Oi he A Wee eee 47 120-130 1 Pa a ee ieee ene: Sa Sk 1 26 130-140 ee ee Oy a ae L- 2 ere 28 140-150 | 2 TA ates dice Sa eee 12 150-160 | ae eet | 6 160-170 1 pie ee 5 170-180 ibe ples a sg ee t 180-190 i 1 ‘190-206 1 1 1 3 200-210 Ci Se TSS 2 210-220 0 220-230 1 1 230-240 » 1 1 240-250 ~ 1 1 2 1. -¢. -19:,20 36°55 44-44- 33°) 10-7 S32 299 STtuDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 275 TABLE 65. Size or Birps at Ace or 8 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eacs rrom Wuicu RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HaTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .14 + .038 44 46 48 50 52 54 565 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 80-100 1 1 | 100-120 2 2 | 120-140 eee ee 3 140-160 ae 2 ae 8 | 160-180 Dee hee roe 8 Se BA 16 | 180-200 Beene aa iy Oe, | ol es | 200-220 A Paint ye he a 2 24 | 220-240 1 EA Be Fe 32 240-260 ace ee Be A 1 34 i 260-280 eae SS Oe he oye yt 33 F —- 280-300 1 Ag Oe es ao tei, tt et : 300-320 Bee er Bre Lins oo 32 320-340 ae Bee oie ha tg it 7 ead cio if 340-360 | ~ 1 fi Soe ee PL 16 | 360-380 1 PO ee we. 8 22 380-400 | eee Areas ee eae 5 400-420 ee 1 ; 420-440 1 1 440-460 1 1 per tee ie oo ea hs. 44 44-31 18. a 3 4-802 . ’ o f 4 wa Fi TABLE 66 S1ze or Brrps at AcE oF 12 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Egcs rrom WuHIcH 300-320 320-340 340-360 360-380 380-400 400-420 420-440 440-460 460-480 480-500 500-520 520-540 540-560 560-580 580-600 600—-€20 620-640 . 640-660 660—680 680-700 700-720 720-740 740-760 760-780 780-800 Eart W. BEenJAMIN RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HaTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .20 + .040 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 p—_ pd ——___—— pt = 1 1 6 —_ et et Rt ND — bob bo — — bo — peek mek meh eed _ bo mr DD bd Or bd co OO bo CODD bo CO DD OO 0 are ot Ne — -— to Sb oe WwW NRO ReE bo bt fe Ke SPD S&B WY Nee — me bo mb me bo bo WWNW Oe On bo bo bh —_ Lo Rt rt rt rt DHE CO CW o> bo Co bo Ne bo 3 1 1 1 16 17 32° 45-38 36°29 18°41. 772s -_ —————e StTuDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLtor or Hens’ Eces 277 TABLE 67. Size oF Brrps at AcE or 16 Weeks, Suspsect; Size oF Eacs From WHICH RESPECTIVE Cutcks WERE Hatcuen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation =.19 + .040 44°46 48 50 52 34 56 58 60 62 & 66 68 70 1240-1280 360- 400 1 1 400- 440 Peo al 1 7 440- 480 2 tae di 3 7 480- 520 2 Die ee ee 6 520- 560 1 Be aa 13 560- 600 ee ee eet ea 1 9 600— 640 Mt oe We 4 ot 1 16 640-680 leseag 1 od eee 12 680- 720 Leek eae stage 2 es bee 720- 760 (ys eae Weer ay tome 3.9 17 760- 800 Ft, Saw 2 ) 2 TA ie Fs 800— 840 nee J Cea eae 1 22 840- 880 Pati Rees pie tae Dy." al 1 20 880- 920 a oa doe FASS aler'-450 1 30 920-— 960 Se pees oe eee | 20 960-1000 lett oe le 9 1000-1040 1 Sie a ee ee 8 1040-1080 (WE eg Sead ox, MO 12 1080-1120 : a fede I 8 1120-1160 2 1 1 4 1160-1200 2 See 4 1200-1240 va 1 1 3 fee iG a 304) 42 41 3895 18 It 6° 2° 2* 7250 PSE Se 278 EarLt W. BENJAMIN TABLE 68. Size or Brrps at Acz or 20 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eaes From WHICH Respective Cuicks WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .18 + .040 44 46 48 50 52 54 53 58 60 62. 64 66 68 70 400- 500 | 1 1 ,2 500- 600 1 1 3 5 600— 700 oe a Nagai 10 700- 800 1 3 tes Sore a Me Fel | 17 800- 900 Ono | 4 oe ees 1 | 44 - 900-1000 12 Bee OS Se Milena es ee 1 | 60 1000-1100 Ac 8 3 12 Bb Ode 54 1100-1200 12 256.2 2°28) ot 9 43 | 1200-1300 2 2 ck eb kA ee 23 1300-1400 Lge 2 1400-1500 1 nhl ! 198 138 2k ey 40 36 39 35 11/12 9 4 ee TABLE 69. Sizz or Brrps at AcE or 24 Wsxxs, Supsect; Sizz or Eecs From WHICH | RESPECTIVE CHicks Were HatcHEepD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .15 + .066 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 & 66 68. 70 = 600- 700 1 1 2 700- 800 1 1 2 800- 900 ae. 1 900-1000 iS Se eee 10 1000-1100 eo OS le a ede 1 iyo 1100-1200 Rt a er ae 1-29 1 25 1200-1300 2 age a 1 3 1300-1400 Be apy as ok ee age ee ey 27 1400-1500 1 MM Wie ee Mek 15 1500-1600 2 i. 2 5 1600-1700 3 3 1700-1800 1 1 1800-1900 1 1 4 8°°9 15 20:20 20.22: 3 98 .°O eee | Stupy OF SELECTIONS FoR SizE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 279 TABLE 79. Size oF Birvs at Acs or 28 Werks, SuBsEcT; Size oF Eaas From Wuicu RESPECTIVE CuiIckS WERE Harcunrp, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .12 + .039 A4eeA6 PAS? 50 =02 54 - 564258 . 60, -62- 64...66.68 70 600- 700 ae t 1 2 “ 700- 800 1 1 g | 800- 900 1 yy? 4 | 900-1000 | ane ACM ear eee | Zao t 1 17 1000-1100 3 2 64 ede bn 2 1 25 1100-1200 dd 2b ee 97 10 06, 10s 6 1 2, |) 8 1200-1300 3 beet OeLOm SecOy ely A 1. 726 Ke) ag ' 1300-1400 Geyew Talla e Setoe lo hat Ie, ad 1400-1500 Merle e. acer Guy 2) S52 I 38 1500-1600 ie Pe Oe Gr oy DT 3 20 1600-1709 EARS gallate (PEE Pan hese a | 1 13 | 1760-1800 1 Bee te dee? 8 1800-1900 1 ere 4 1900-2000 . tert 2 | 2000-2109 0 2100-2200 0 |. 2200-2300 1 1 ies te Zo on. 40 -38.. 41 "400 Jt te. OS a 4 287 TABLE 71. Size or Brirps at Ace or 32 Weeks, Sussect; Sizz or Eacs rrom Wuicu RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcHED, RELATIVE Co2fficient of correlation = .31 + .036 AA AGE AS 50. 52 "54°" 56 58°" 60. 62 “64° 66 68° 470 700— 800 oe rab 1 3 800— 900 1 i 900-1000 1 eA ebro l 1 “i. 1000-1100 2 3 i eae | 2 ee 11 1100-1200 1 iad o/c Sal ale Mat 5 fy at 23 1200-1200 tee ca OPO Rd Ooi 2 1 38 1300-1400 Deu ih SOLS wee an 10) 1 2 47 1400-1500 See Oe Re PG TB. Th we 2k 2 2 50 1500-1600 ee cea Oey. Oy ae toa | why eek 39 1600--1700 1 oS STR: aes ah een? ye sg a a | 29 1700-1800 1 Din ae G42 | ae 15 1800-1900 PANN’ See a A a ey! | 9 1900-2000 1 Egat t + 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 1 ee 3 2200-2300 1 1 foe So. Meade oa 450 ae 40 de. Ph IP) Oo Ba 286 eR tT Ar 280 EarLt W. BENJAMIN TABLE 72. Size or Birps at Ace or 36 Weeks, Sussect; Size oF Ecos rrom WuHica ReEspPEcTIVE Cutcks WERE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .33 + .037 .j] | 44 46 48 50 52 54 55 58 60 62 64 65 68 7 700- 800 1 1 2 800- 900 0 900-1000 ha 3 1000-1100 eal he Aled 1 5 1100-1200 2 Leo eres hae | 14 1200-1300 3 6: Bieta ee eta 1 30 1300-1400 SA B25 PI SB ES Ae Ss eee AQ 1400-1500 Doi Sey BUF gio ts em mane alet ok 48 1500-1600 1° Ao Se Ee Ae De ee 46 1600-1700 Pe be Gan ie Sead i, Gites 34 1700-1800 1 Span Rito. pa gees p= 2 16 1800-1900 De Bes Ares A eh 18 1900-2000 1 2 = ta 6 2000-2100 1 9 2 2100-2200 | eae | | 2 2200-2300 - 1 1 1 8 13 20.28.44 38 41 33°40 10 9-83 oe TABLE 73. Size or Brrps at Ace or 40 Weeks, SuBsect; Size oF Eacs FroM WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .038 46.48 50 52 54 -56 58 ~60 62 64 66 68 7 900-1000 1 1000--1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 — woe bo OW — WOOF ODNNR Ot O19 OG? GS O> et WH Ob OO Ww Wo O1od SI SIO ft pt et ND HO Ne 2 4 10 10 6 20 pene 2 2 CO ST OTR ST NT 09 See he COR @ 13: 26.32 47,33, 40, 36: TL. 9, 8-32) = eee STUDY OF SELECTIONS FoR §1Z2, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 281 TABLE 74. Size or Brraps at Ace or 44 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Eacs rrom WuicH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .34 + .035 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1000-1100 1 1 2 1100-1200 Ph 1 i 5 1200-1300 4 3 2 4 24 1300-1400 ee 4 6 43 1400-1500 4 15 8 4 59 1500-1600 2 ee, a= 50 1600-1700. a. oe aaa 40 1700-1800 f02, | eats 25 1800-1900 opie | 10 1900-2000 - 1 1 3 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 1 2 bean 2) oo. 46, 34 36-36 11.2.9 7: 40 4) 263 TABLE 75. Size or Brrps at Act or 48 Weeks, Suspsect; Size or Eccs From WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuoicks WeRE HatcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .27 + .039 AG AS 50: <52 51 50: 3S 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 | 1 1 1000-1100 py yise 4 cee | 1 1 5 2 7 ee Se 1 16 1200-1300 | 4 Ge AG BS 32 40 1300-1400 Bee Ae iy ie Gs A DT Bd Pee Muri | 2° 6 56 12 6.7% 7 ay ae | 56 1500-1600 Sr ae ae ae: a 2 ET 43 1600-1700 At a 9G oh ae 1 | 24 1700-1800 infers gah Man MER 2 15 1800-1900 1 4 3 1900-2000 2 2 2000-2100 4 2 fone ee at Ab) Sa 00) ae, IL Fi 7 > AR: oe 282 Karu W. BENJAMIN TABLE 76. Size oF Brros at AcE or 52 Weeks, SuBsEecT; Size oF Eccs rrom WHIcH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WeRE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .25 + .039 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 = 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 ef CO Or > bo rm H 0O DD co — bo Co DD © GY 00 GO re hD Ne Or DS Ot OR NTT HE NICO jm CO H> CO G> DD bo DOD eR DO le CO fh feed ped NrNNre De Ree 6. 13" 22-324, 48" 34 36 34 “A 3 Gee TABLE 77. Size or Brrapos at Ace or 56 WEEKS, SuBsEcT; Sizz or Eacs From WHIcH RESPECTIVE CuiIcks WERE Harcuen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .039 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 700- 800 : 1 1 800— 900 0 900-1000 0 _ 1000-1100 OP os al ae 9 1100-1200 Qe ahah seek UG Se eee 24 1200~1300 4 Ph eG Sh he Bo AS eee 1 48 1300-1400 Oo fe, 2 Re ea” oe eee 2 57 1400-1500 2 soy) LO, IO. 33 a ae 1 ey 46 1500-1600 al EB i SOs Et a ae ae 35 1600-1700 1 2 Gaetan eer ee 17 1700-1800 1 2 ie 22 1 13 1800-1900 aoe + 1900-2000 0 2000-2100 a 2100-2200 be Bel 6 13° 22; 32 48 34 8 34.11 9.6 See 298 ‘STuDY OF SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 283 ; | TABLE 78. Sizz= or Birps at Acr or 60 Weeks, Supsect; Sizzr or Eacs rrom WuHicu RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERz Harcenp, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .037 46 48 50 52 54 56 53 60 62 64 66 68 70 700- 800 1 | 800- 900 1 | 900-1000 2 1 3 1000-1100 ae 1 8 1100-1200 ore at en eS PhD 25 1200-1300 Pee re Bl. a Oe ‘ee eae | 1300-1400 Mee aa a Ge Be. 8 48 1400-1500 oS 5-6. eo 8. 3 1 48 1500-1600 ae ame pee eae 3 et eae | 1500-1700 2 iN ey day ea ro 26 1700-1800 ye ee en a ag ie 1800-1900 1 1 AS a Rea 9 1900-2000 ; 1 1 . 2000-2100 1 | 1 2100-2200 0 2200-2300 1 1 Oeuls 22. 52 4% ‘st 36. (02 21 Oo Go Bec.” “Zot t k f ‘ * 79. Size oF Brrps at Ace or 64 Weeks, SuspsecT; Size oF Eaas From WHIca i Respective Cuicks Were HatcHen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .035 A As oon eye) 5A. 56. «5S G0 62.6466" 68 70 I i ll a al ll 800— $00 es 2 | 900-1000 1 1 9 1000-1100 go 5 . 1100-1200 Meet es ie! A 18 1200-1300 DONE i ree elie eae es | eg ee { 1300-1400 Ree eee Pues ie 6 1G nf ee iaeeaet ’ Periiae =~ 6 8k 8 GG 4S de 1 A4 . 1500-1600 ee ta oa Ve oe eae 1 ovat 30 . 1600-1700 Se OR io) ee, ede | 2 9 | 1700-1800 ae eee 1 9 1800-1900 1 BB oe 9 1900—2000 0 2000-2100 1 ed 3 2100-2200 1 1 Gots. 28. Bt 4734 3G Be, i 9 Deyn ah 284 Eart W. BENJAMIN SS 80. Size oF Brrps at Ace or 68 Weeks, SupsEcT; Siz—E oF Eacs From WHICcE ResPective Cuicks WERE Harcuen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .30 + .039 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 800— 900 1 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1609 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 rm C2 DD rm He OO Or CO — HOO ROD Nr bo Wr CO Re bo Or s7 00 Orb oe = NPN ED bo OO H NI to bo H> 00 Or o> COE Re he ht > He Od CO CO HE bb Re er CO DOD — — — jet lek : | SeoounmensSe es SSone 6 13°21 31° 47.38 36 30. 1-4 oe TABLE 81. Size or Brrps at Ace or 72 Werks, Sussect; Sizz or Eqaas From WuHicH RESPECTIVE Cutcks WER HatcHep, RELATIVE ‘Coefficient of correlation = .29 + .040 | 46 48 50 52. 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 800-— 900 1 1 900-1000 1 1 2 1000-1100 ing 3 1100-1200 3 6 ie 2 16 1200-1300 1 CR ee a Ba i eee 21 1300-1400 2. 22 GL Oa fee 0 ie ee 47 : 1400-1500 et eC gk RR ee fee t4 1500-1600 3 6-8 .3 3 ae eee 1 45 1600-1700 2 APS Gs ee 2 30 1700-1800 1 BMS OAS eS Oe 1 21 1800-1900 iin sat 2 1 8 1900-2000 1 1 2 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 0 2300-2400 0 2400-2500 oe 2 6 18.20 30 46 33.24 %.-11 9 G2 5 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 . 2600-2700 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 ~ 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 Respective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .26 + .043 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 — bo CO OCH mt DOD m0 00S EE © OTR =e he bo DO O1 Co 00 GO iw) 6 11 17 25 40 m OO = 01 CO STH O> bO 32 — NNNWOOoD DOH He TOO 33. 28 10 ost 1 1 ree 2 1 2 1 ee | 1 1 RESPECTIVE CHIcks WERE HATCHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .24 + .048 46 48 50 52 2 2 9 + 2 5) 4 2 5 6 12 20 382 24 5456 58 60 62 aad H bo DO DD O1O> 27 24 10 64 66 681 70 STUDY OF SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 285 TABLE 82. Size or Birps at Ace or 76 Weexs, Sussect; Size or Eaas From WHIcH TABLE 83. Size or Brrps at AcE or 80 Weerxs, SuBsEcT; S1zE oF Eaas rroM WHICH 286 EarL W. BENJAMIN ~ TABLE 84. Size or Brrps at Ace or 84 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eacs rrom WHIcH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcHEeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .33 + .054 “46, 48 50 52 54..56.--58:.. 60. 62-62 65568470 900-1000 1 1 1000-1100 0 1100-1200 2 2 1200-1300 3 f 4 1300-1400 vi A es Ng 21s oe Brel 1 11 1400-1500 DIE. Oo wae As aoe 19 1500-1600 Bik Ge bos 2 Ao) ca eee AE ae 1 22 1600-1700 i 2: dim Gage aesey One: 1 13 1700-1800 errs Say Pelee ae a We th) 16 1800-1900 1 OS ee EN ADT? 1 1 13 1900-2000 3. CO ck eee ee 14 2000-2100 ps Crepes Ee 1 9) 2100-2200 1 1 2 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 0 2400-2500 Lio 2 &, 5 Tele 24 22-15 17 * 136 So ee re TABLE 85. Size oF Birps at AcE or 88 WEEKS, SuBsEcT; SizzE or Eccs From WHICH ResPectTivE Cuicks WERE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .30 + .057 46 48 50 52 34 56 58 60 62 & 66 68 70 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 - 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300: 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 2600-2700 ft 1 2 3 5) 2 a r 3 | a a oe KHOR ORE RH ORONO eH Om 115 STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SizE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eccs 287 TABLE 86. Size or Brrps at AcE or 92 Werks, Supsect; Size or Eaas rrom Wuicn Respective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .30 + .055 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 NRE WR oF Dp 2 4 2 4 2 2 3 1 Se Oh a toe m2, Toa Wt 27808 Gt 22s. 1 8 TABLE 87. Size or Brrps at Ace or 96 Weeks, SuBsEcT; SizzE oF Eaags FRoM WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcHeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .051 AG 48 °50 52 54.56" 58 60 62 64.66. 68 70 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 gee 59 G2 eo ta se, TY 39s Oe 4G Zo 2 Vee 288 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 88. Size or Birps at Ace or 100 Weeks, SussectT; Size oF Eaas FROM WuHicH RESPECTIVE CHICKS WERE Hartcuen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .35 + .055 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62,64 66 68 70 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 1 1 5 2 1 3 2 if 1 3 po. 67 AP 22 Ay db 53 (0, 22 ee 115 TABLE 89. Size or Birps at Acs or 104 Wenxs, Supsect; Size or Eacs rrom WHIcH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HaTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .32 + .057 46.48 50.52. 54 256 758.160 (62.64 46 ae 1000-1100 1100-1200 i! 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 LE aa! 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 : 2 2200-2300 . 1 1 ee a a — Qe bo e Leet SN tl el H= DD GO OO O1 CO bh CD Ot ell mel eel oe — — mwODNNNhNe Nhe — =a — — No RRR eo Dp STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eacs 289 TABLE 90. Size or Birps at Act or 108 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eaas From WHIcH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcueEp, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .34 -E .056 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1000-1100 iL 1100-1200 1 2 1200-1300 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 2 1500-1600 f*2 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 re Ne) NENW Ne mb He He AT DO Wer wowb mee DO Ob NED We WORE bo — Do Nee — _ — pt — — Geli ee MAT Tce Seo iar)) Ales 2 2 AS TABLE 91. Size or Birps at Ace or 112 Weeks, Suspsect; Sizz or Eags From WHICH ResPective Cutcks Were HatcuHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .25 + .060 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 1 1000-1100 1 1100-1200 1200-1300 1 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 ae bo re bo Dee to H= CO DD > Ot rab Wr CO r+ Or Wr ww Whe et et et HC DF pmb pet peek pet —_ ee ee ee SS et 299 Earut W.:. BENJAMIN TABLE 92. Size or Birps at Ace or 116 Weeks, Sussect; Sizz or Eaas rrom WHIcH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .059 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1000-1100 1 1 2 1100-1200 ge Wee. | ate) 1 4 1200-1300 1 Nate 2 4 1300-1400 1 yaa Seas Nee GP Eset. 1 se 16 1400-1500 ty Mipsis a 2 14 1500-1600 2 A Sa O° ag a ae 2 26 1600-1700 1 Finis WM no ie aes ber 2st 15 1700-1800 | Lams ec aR 1 i 8 1800-1900 bE fae saab f 1 1 9 1900-2300 1 Pe ae 10 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 1 1 2 2200-2300 : 0 2300-2400 1 1 2400-2500 1 1 3.5. @ 21 1 ib 8: 6 4 ee TABLE 93. Size or Birps at Acz oF 120 Weeks, Suspsect; Size oF Eces From WuHicHa ReEsPEcTIVE Cutcxs Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .29 + .059 . 46 48 50 52 54 55 58 60.62 64 635 68 7 1000-1100 1 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 it - 28 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 aye 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 1 2300-2400 bo bo Oe he bo ee mH CO CO DD mee DDR Ob be Wh dd bd bo io Oe co Nee et et i SS fe 00 109 He a —y | m bom occ co: 8 oo Or for) —_ So bo — — Ou — ow — os GO (or) > bo — z Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eaas 291. TABLE 94. Size or Brrps at Acs or 124 Weeks, Sussect; Sizz or Eacs rrom WHICH REsPEcTIVE Cuotcks WERE HatcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .41 + .054 AG BAS 20 52. D4 56 OS. 60-62) -64 66 “68 70 | 1100-1200 2 : 3 1200-1300 |. peer Vea | 4 1300-1400 24 ASS ty i As SS | 1 12 1400-1500 | ce | ae! seme ea Oa Lar Oe 16 | 1500-1600 ik 2 Oss la Dew ee eZ 1 19 1500-1700 " Dr OR 2 ae Ore AN 2 1 29 1700-1800 aya: oat 2 1 13 1800-1900 1 | yA ete | 1 8 1900-2000 1 | ered Leary 4 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 1 1 2. 2200-2300 2 2 ore a 1g Ok Ws 1s 1S 8 og By 2 ee 100 TABLE 95. Size or Birps at Act or 128 Weeks, Sussect; SizzE or Eaags rrom WHICH Respective Curicks WERE HATCHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .383 + .069 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 292 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 96. Size or Birps at AcE or 132 Weeks, SussecT; SizzE oF Eaas rrom WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .42 + .074 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 — 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 oO | — a FON PNR ONT RATHER 4 TABLE 97. Size or Birps at Acs or 136. Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eccs From WHICH RESPECTIVE CuickS WERE HatcHEeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .44 + .077 Ay 47 49° *° 40°53 74S ST 59 GP “3 6s 1000-1100 1 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 i 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900—2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 : 1 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 1 ] -—_ — — — — foes pet po hee ee bo we — bo a i | DNR WrFATDOATOWODOOFe STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 293 TABLE 98. Size or Birps at Ace or 140 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Eaas rrom WuicH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .41 + .071 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 > | = BO Rr OHDOT OW NOD Ore TABLE 99. Size or Birps at Ace or 144 Werks, Supsect; Size oF Eacs FrromM WHICH ResPectivE Cuicks WERE HatcuHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .44 + .074 AR AS AG bl by 55 be 59 6 63.65 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 Z| poem whRorNbNewe 994 Earu W. BENJAMIN RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HAtcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .49 + .070 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1660-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 2600-2700 2700-2800 z TABLE 100. Size or Birps at Acz or 148 Wenxs, Sussect; Size or Eaas From WuHIcH eS | wmeegeetmtin tn eth Ro ois TABLE 101. Size or Birps at Ace or 152 Weeks, Supsect; Size oF Eecs From WuHica ResPecTIVE Cuicks WERE HatTcHED, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .068 45 47; 49 51-53 -55 5H 59°61. 63S 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 2 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 — Reb WOT Wr Oe qn Lin) STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE,. SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaas 295 TABLE 102. Sizz or Brrps at Ace or 156 Werks, SuBsEcT; Size or Eaas From WuHIcH Respective Cuicks Were HarcHeD, RELATIVE Coefiticient of correlation = .50 + .078 45 47 49 Si 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 7 1 1200-1300 a 1300-1400 | 2 1 1 1400-1500 1 3 1500-1600 2 1 1600-1700 Lod | 1700-1800 2 | 1800-1900 1 | 1900-2000 3 1 , 2000-2100 1 : 2100-2200 ! 1 — SwWwhN—— es bh mee he | — N et et CO HD SO SID TABLE 103. Size or Birps at Acs or 160 Wenxs, Sussect; Sizz or Eacs rrom WuicH ResPECTIVE Cutcks WERE HatcHeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .48 + .072 AD Ai 49° 51 53,55 57> 59° GE -63°" 65 1300-1400 5 1400-1500. 8 1500-1600 9 1600-1700 12 1700-1800 5 1800-1900 3 1900-2000 4 2000-2100 3 2100-2200 0 2200-2300 3 52 296 Earut W. BENJAMIN TABLE 104. Sizz or Birps ar Acs or 164 Weexs, Sussect; Size or Eees From WHICH ResPEctTIvE Cuicks WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .43 + .078 Ab AT 49°. 54° - 53 5b 15125861. 6s es 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 2 1600-1700 2 - 1700-1800 . 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 1 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 1 — — — ee Leelee \ ll oo i New bo bo e eee m bO — — S | = ROO FD OH Ut 00 ee TABLE 105. Size or Birps at Ace or 168 Werks, SuspsecT; Size or Eacs From WHIcH ResPectivE Cuicxs Were HatcHeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .50 + .072 ' 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 ye rs © | we EH wrwmDoHom _— ee oY ’ 4 Srupy OF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE, SHAPE, AND COLOR OF Hens’ Eaes 297 TABLE 103. Size or Birps ar Acs or 172 Wrexs, Supsect; Sizz or Eaas rrom WHICH ResPectivE Carcks WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .070 45 47°49 St 538 °° 5b 57 59 GE’ G3 GS 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 ~ ft en: On Onto bo | — | OS et Or O11 ox i=) TABLE 107. Size or Brrps at Acz or 176 Wexxs, Supsect; Sizz or Eacs rrom WHICH Respective Curcxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .44 + .082 AR 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 GL Gd 65 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1800 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 — 2000-2100 — | WOWWHoONIDeOOb iw) ow OO bo © aS (0.2) ee) bo bo a is 298 . EARL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 108. Size or Birps at Acs or 180 WEEkKs, SussEecT; Size or Eaes rrom WuHIcH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WerE HatcHeD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .108 An AT. 49°52. Sp 55 57 59 61 63 G5 1000-1100 © 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 — 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 MB | onomnNoeHor 2 Bo Bo a oe: a ee TABLE 109. Size or Brrps at Ace or 184 Weeks, SussecT; Size oF Eaas From WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcHEpD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .085 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 Gl 68 65 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1809 1800—-1°09 1900-2009 2000—21C0 2100-2200 2200-2300 4 | mb Ww Oo1rOo1rt0oW WN Or STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor oF Hens’ Eces 299 TABLE 110. Size or Birps at Ace or 188 Weeks, SuBsEcT; Size or Eacs From WHICH Respective Cutcxks WERE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .60 + .099 2 TAB: AR AQ BY > BBB SF 5G 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 1 CO | eH NE RN NEON —_ i = fea bo bo cn Or i TABLE 111. Size or Birps at Acs or 192 Werks, SussEectT; Size or Eacs rrom WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .59 + .079 Aye 4g AG bt’ op ow DewOo. OL GS 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 2 1500-1600 f 1600-1700 | 1 1700-1800 2 1800-1900 1 1900-2060 2000-2100 - 2100-2200 1 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 2400-2500 1 rm CO — ht bo he CO Sa et — el et he oC cone bo Om 300 EarL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 112. Srze or Brirps at Acs or 196 Wsexs, SuBsEctT; S1zE oF Eags rrom WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WerRE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .48 + .093 ' 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 | 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 are 1500-1600 ate 1600-1700 1 1700-1800 1 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 | ° 1 2 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 | 2600-2700 1 meee bo ee DD bo DR ee ee et | TABLE 113. Size or Brrps at Ace or 200 Werks, Sussect; Size or Eags FROM WHICH . ResPecTIVE Cuicks Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .56 + .084 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 | 1000-1100 1 1100-1200 1200-13900 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1 1 1700-1800 1800-1900 1 2 1900-2000 1 2 Sak: 2000--2100 1 2100-2200 1 2200-2300 1 2300-2400 : 1 —— ——" —_ kr bo me boe co s | et ht bt OL OTR! STIE DR OOr — ee ee STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eacs 301 TABLE 114. Size or Brraps at AcE or 204 WEEKS, SuBJEcT; Size or Eacs From WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks WERE HatTcHepD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .66 + .068 457° 44. 49. hs 53. 55) be 59: GL 63 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 1300-1400 i Neer | 1400-1500 1 1500-1600 | eee 2 1600-1700 gm ae! 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 ; 1 2200-2300 1 bo bo bo ow bh ND et = | Le mr DDH DD WO OL DOr . ‘TABLE 115. S1ze or Brrps at Acs or 208 WEEKs, SuBsEcT; Size or Eaas From WHICH RESPECTIVE CHicks WERE Harcuen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .49 + .092 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 iv) = | RPOOCOONN OOOO O- ES alin 2 “cere git < ey Sian a 302 EHarRL W. BENJAMIN RS TABLE 116. Size or Birps at Ace or 212 Weeks, SuBsEcT; Size ofr Eacs rrom WHICH RESPECTIVE Cuicks Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .68 + .065 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 68 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700. 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 —t NOWWrF OF | ReOOO WH w ww — TABLE 117. Size or Birps at AcE or 216 WEEKs, SuBJECT; Size oF Eaes From WHIcH Respective Cuicks Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .66 + .070 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 rs] | mre DD Oo CO 0100 H OO Stupy OF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 303 TABLE 118. Size or Brrps at Acs or 220 Werks, Sussect; Size or Eas rrom WHICH Respective Cuicks Were Hartcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .69 + .064 Abe: Ay 49" 51 52 bo 87 2i59-.6L. G3 1200-1300 1 1 1300-1400 7 eee | 3 1400-1500 1 les 4 1500-1600 pe ae 3 1600-1700 2 Ze sl 5 1700-1800 1 Lore 5 1800-1900 1 ok 3 1900-2000 Re ad 5 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 1 —l Meee eat a Aa One Oued Ole E 30 TABLE 119. Size or Birps at Acs or 224 Werks, SuBsecT; Size or Eacs rrom WHICH RESPECTIVE Cutcks WERE HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .103 A Ap AG bi be bow on 89 OF 6a 1100-1200. 1 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1 1 1400-1500 2 1500-1600 1 1 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1 ee | 1900-2000 2000-2100 —_— aaa ee ee oe Oo Ww =) | RSD Pw NON Ree 304 TABLE 120. Summary or Tasues 63 To 119. Size or Brrps at Four-WEEKsS PERIODS EarRL W. BENJAMIN DURING THEIR Lire, SuBJECT; SizE oF Eaes FRoM WuicH ReEsPEcTIVE Cuicks WERE HAaTCcHE 12 weeks 16 weeks 100 weeks 104 weeks 128 weeks 132 weeks 136 weeks 152 weeks 156 weeks 168 weeks 172 weeks 176 weeks D, RELATIVE Age of chicks a) my w tabs Hel pact iemie lie aeite ra sole cissm je) tae. S “> ip tm) (elem ie. te hehe) 0, me Ae list She) Wek oie iatire) ywiliedyo7 ie’ cuo.s) sl (ese tutce iw Yei\'e)).ehv) wi aw) (a: wie Gai eed ie) for oes is, ole pime eeiet pi lalye, TsteKincreitie"e tejel \ege. ie die ip is “ls dies) nei mis el ietie ce Jere sta Sal St, felte elias suetis alieive.\e ee Je tale) wits eles «Hehe aieuece) mie ole me © ib. St eeialiel evisls ial eae, le! ie Aet eo} wHtowiehian ie ieitel wine sim: s2\m) eqn ve) Lie fel (ele Oe, (a) eb e)o tke) eek ifegseife: et ele) (07 fe, eit) 0586 ie te 2 So ve\.e = oe 8) oem oleae! $e okteryn| peiney elieh reals: te jen) (o fete le Siipa ie! ow iene Se aiele) ses me «te, Silieice his Gale) la ohlskioite. ie wel iewe ia) ire eeule =e te Vee allie amelie fells wee = w Ya) [oy oan! cedya Hols isiun view te: Teenie. (eve ge elle eli) wim et ieo sy (0) els im nj, Wine Sacereai Taya: Germain nee, S85 mt call T4) ye eyes) cafe sea ese) Mile. ism we) =. mel ts ©. leile® jokkte/ziome) Gop e™e ibis iaie ie ees is o> ws) jeWi=) auleite) sei eee oo j=) alge) re (s) e) oLe oitalie eonletlettarts niRavttalie.ce Jeeta) «| sn «) jetle = uaWelne fa, us) = fe\le/ieh es je) (as) eh Rife levie (site) ©) a cele jade fe), ow, a) eutletie) a iu pet oe) su ke/e) lo awike) a felseen is” wel een. we 8 ee) uel \w See) oo 6 tee a uta Suitele! ame) Telvetiay ter etlat le! fel te ea iie te ie pale ie ne vane a tab tee! er a tert =) 6) ie fea) OLS shay s eliekee le oe. «stages ik nage) ss eget lie en pe tek eee’ elie (elie: (s,s!) ehmie: Wem m pat Sie) (elUe me) sips) ie. lela) is Orie te Pat (afm lta ate te elete: here ce lee; Seam Sime, se) “el es Nw ewe in fa, ' a letiey re a peut eh ecu aie te Fe aerate! Se ee mele! eel ee ere) ee) Sie eee. moe eee ae cal aie) le Kea ey OR Le eos Well evewy te she Casmutu twa) fem wi erumy ike) Yella Wal ie)” tm wpe stra topta egler ete MU tie teed jot fe eae ete) ete mL Lee le (ede ie kite, Tele Neale ala) -s) ape stlatet ere! wits. fe) Sika ue eerie imine tml elie) Le) force) fale de) ee) ete aie eee paite vel. atta, wpies(nh elke: sha Welgaiae Weave e\6. Ke. -e- wl fie, ef 6) Te) ahah ie aiYs ‘a obj we mes eteiey Welle) «ea /mLe) tw cele: ie) 6) a)im pe ee el ef is ale) e elbe aie: le a .e 0 le), a) fe re sfe?'a) se even wel m iy te te. ie jer a Wee) ee (ee Jee cel a sediie is oo Ue) eee Nae Wide) [e. ‘eti'e) © eo (ew “ee (0 (8. 6 Xswe =e (ae) eee te te e\re ess @ 6 6 face me (e! @ fel le ie oie (el q¢.ele ie ww ent ete ieee fo: s:,®, fel ve eC e) fe se) .e eo egh) wet e @) Sele OS Uwe aj ee Tete, a ee me aa el hey eee Se 2a ou. .¢ ete ou fe) Wee eee ee Ss a nee wee a el wee (shee) esac Sie pie es © ‘a id MS ieeliohio (pie ke mtiqtieye) sy erie. salass tesa, th. 6) sme ise? (ene p> feb) oie) “a, is ee fe) fe pa eee eRe) eee ce ene ewe (eie ne a; 0, te (of is! fe! elt 0 0 2.6 © © wip ee nim sae fm 0 ae s,s © Sipe 6 (e ee ee ® |» Te a Coefficient of correlation d+ 20 14+ P| Es SEs mils s .013 .037 038° .040 -040 .040 15+. 12+. lt. Oot. 28+. A+. 27+. 25+. 28+. 7+. 40+. 30+. 29+. 26+. 24+ . bot. SUNT OU NTT OV OT OU OTH STH BHO OVD NIOLOTD OF Or BEBNSaASBZea Oo a] 6.05 Cisne OOOO OWN Orn STR OD Orc BR PARR PSONIDAROINORWM IRN ES be SS) Number of indi- viduals 573 299 STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eaas 305 TABLE 120 (concluded) Coefficient Number Age of chicks of = of indi- correlation Er viduals aR tS ee 37+ .108 3.40 29 Mar Eee i ke i oc be nts .52+ .085 6.12 34 SE EE i Fe 60+ .099 6.06 19 rnm Cere ee e o re .59+ .079 (Mey; 31 SEE NEER NY Saat SS eo. ee Fo 48+ .093 5.16 31 EMM ne ek Be a 56+ .084 6.67 30 ere ee LO: .66+ .068 9.71 31 2 TEES DE a ee 49+ .092 5.33 31 SEE MP ee a ee 68+ .065 10.46 31 ewe Sn. 66+ .070 9.43 30 EINE de eh PRS SS Ye ee. f. 69+ .064 10.78 30 Ee TR SR aa 40+ .103 3.88 30 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The results of these studies are neither in entire accord nor in entire discord with any of the important studies of the same factors made by other workers. Up to the present time no extensive work has been reported on Single Comb White Leghorn material. So far as is known by the writer, no other study of these particular factors has been made with similar lines of inheritance over as long a period as is here reported. The studies have been made with vitally important commercial factors in a commercial breed. It is especially incumbent on the eastern pro- ducer to excel in the production of these desired factors in order to compete with more distant production. Therefore the fact indicated by these studies, namely, that the characters in question are distinctly inherited, should be gratifying and encouraging to commercial poultrymen who have been working for years along these lines. The inheritance of the characters studied seemed to be thru the medium of both the male and the female parent. The writer found no evidence of distinctly sex-linked factors, such as were observed by Pearl (1912) and by Hadley (1913). According to the writer’s results, benefit to the flock can be gained for any of these-inherited characters by adding either better males or better females to the flock. The relation of an individual egg to the mean type produced by the parent bird, and the relation of the type of egg incubated to the mean 806 | Eart W. BEensaMIN type produced by the progeny, point directly to an easy way of improving a commercial flock by careful selection of the eggs for hatching. The results of this investigation show that a study of all the eggs produced by the parent hen, such as would be possible only by trap-nesting, would be more dependable than a selection of the incubated eggs alone; but the latter method is found to be a possible way, as well as an easier an quicker way, of obtaining good results. The fact that the size, the shape, or the color of eggs does not affect their incubation record, leaves the poultryman free to select his eggs for hatch- ing according to his own preference without its affecting the percentage of hatch. The old opinion that hens’ eggs approach a definite standard, to which they adhere more uniformly as the bird becomes older, is not borne out by the results of these studies. From this work it seems that the variability of a hen’s production does not decrease as the hen becomes older. If the indication shown here is a fact, it does away with one of the several arguments which the poultryman has for using hens’ eggs instead of pullets’ eggs for hatching. The work of Pearl (1909) with a Rocks does not show agreement with this theory. There s2em to b2 no gradual and consistsnt changes thruout the life of the bird for any of the three egg characters studied. Nearly all of the changes noted occur between the productions of the first and the second year. Since the eggs produced during the second year are nearer to the mean for the entire life production of a bird kept for from three to four years, it would be expected, and was found generally, that the eggs selected for incubation produced by hens two years old or older, gave more consistent correlations than those produced by pullets. The positive relation of the size of the egg incubated to the size of the resultant chick and mature bird, is of value to poultrymen who are inter- ested in the production of either poultry or eggs. The inheritance of the characters studied is undoubtedly of the type of a Galton regression. Much further study is needed in order to properly analyze the unit factors, or physiological units, involved in the formation of the broad practical characters here observed. Until further results are available, however, the fact that certain general lines of inheritance ar2 known gives breeders some evidence on which to base more work for the improvement of their flocks. _— ee ee SS ES StuDY OF SELECTIONS FOR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 307 SUMMARY | The most important results obtained from the studies reported in this | paper may be grouped into the following conclusions: | a: The variability of a bird’s production for a certain character does | not depend on the difference existing between that bird’s parents for the | same character. | 2. Both the male and the female have a distinct and approximately || equal effect on the type of egg produced by the progeny, but the combined | effect of the two is much greater and is directly inherited by the progeny, _as is shown by the type of egg produced. 3. A mating of two opposite extremes of character always caused the | production of a medium character in the progeny. | 4. A mating of two similar extremes of character usually caused the production of a character approaching normal, in the progeny. _ 5. It appears that small size and length of egg are dominant, while there seems to be no dominancy whatever for color. 6. The correlations between the type of egg incubated and the mean type produced during the life of the respective progeny, are positive in } every instance and are significant except for the color character. These Eee are not so significant as those between the mean types of | eggs produced by the parents and the respective progeny. i 7. The color character is much more irregular than the size or the .shape, and less reliance can be placed on the stability of any color type 'when selecting eggs for hatching. 8. It does not appear that any more reliance can be placed on the stability of the progeny type hatched from hens’ eggs than on that hatched from pullets’ eggs. 9. The type of egg incubated affects iis mean type of egg produced during the life of the bird hatched, to. a greater extent than it affects the pullet-year production or the production of any other single year. 10. A strong correlation exists between the types of eggs produced by \\individuals and the types of eggs from which these individuals were ‘hatched. | 11. There is no correlation between the size and the shape of eggs ‘produced by the birds used in this experiment. 12. The size, the shape, and the color of the egg seem to have no effect ‘on its incubation record.