A Study of | Composition of Growing Pasture G 2 A . My 4 / H . ' ? U ' " j b ' pt \ . Hi é . 4 if ! pe ' it ‘ { 5 i'4h ; : +! Yi that 4, itt ath tt uy ; tt 3 ‘ ii ui j ae | 4 u 6 aay ira Cm : 4 hy ELH Pt San) ORE HAA | Chemistry eT ~*~ ~~ UNIVOR cLLINOrS EAR RARS A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE YIELD AND THE COMPOSITION OF GROWING PASTURE GRASS BY JESSE MELANGTHON BARNHART B. S. University of Illinois, 1906 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE — IN CHEMISTRY ~ IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1912 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 50 190 ae 5 . . vesse Melangtnon Barnnart ores bt, ad ¥ c Tan t + ad 5 ; ENTITLED ..A.Study..of Some.of. the Pactors ee nce 1e e Growl Past Grass. T3 In an +ha ‘al + a" Yield. and the.Compos OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART DEGREE OF (Lc, In Ckarge of Major Work ) Coc 2t+<5 ~~ Head of Department PA Recommendation concurred in: Committee Lo on Final Examination INTRODUCTION The pasture is the last part of the farm to receive any care. The general opinion among farmers seems to be that this part of the farm can take care of itself. Considering the immense amount of investigational work carried on to solve other agriculturel problems it would seem that the agricultural experimentalist has taken almost the same view of the situation as the farmer himself. As this country becomes more thickly populated and the grass areas are broken up the increasing importance of pastures becomes more apparent. It has often been said that good grass is the basis of good agriculture. Certainly few will disagree with the statement that good grass is the basis of the animal industry, part- icularly the dairy part of this industry. With the business of dairy- ing growing of necessity as certainly as the density of population,it is apparent that investigations into the methods of increasing the ef- ficiency of pastures are needed. When the agricultural experiment stations were established in this country several investigators took up the study of grasses. I)ty 1888 and 1889 Armsby, Caldwell and Holter carried on investigations into the yield, composition and digistibility of pasture grass at the Pennsylvania (2 Station. About the same time dunt of the Illinois Station, published a bulletin on"Grasses and Clovers"that took up the study of the effect of ripeness upon the yield and composition. A year later Pde of Iowa, , cae 33 (4) published a study of the chemical composition of Blue Grass. Other station workers have published numerous analyses of pasture grass, but it seems that no systematic study has been made in recent years upon the yield, composition and nutritive value of pasture grass as influenced by the different factors that might be introduced to increase the ef - ficiency of pastures. This problem was thought to be of sufficient im- portance to warrant an attack upon it, by this department, with the modern methods that were unavailable for use by the pioneer investigators. Since this investigation was started a bulletin a appeared from the Cornell Station on "Pastures in New York State." Simultanecusly, 6) ; from the Pennsylvania Station another bulletin was published upon "Meadows and Pastures." In these two investigations grass mixtures and their efficiency as to yield received the most attention, with fertilizers re- ceiving the remaining consideration. No attempt was made to study the composition of the grass. PLAN OF EXPERIMENT Description of Plots A systematic plan was laid in 1910 for the study of pastures grass from different points of view. The yield, composition and nutritive value as influenced by tillage, manure and cutting were included in the plan of investigation. With this purpose in mind, a portion of pasture land, well sodded with blue grass mixed with scme whiteclover,was selected at the north end of the South Dairy farm (figure 1.) as representative of good pasture conditions and suitable for the purposes of this investiga- tion. A suitable fence was erected for the protection of the grass from animals or tresspassers and the enclosure laid off into seven plots. Each plot contained an area of 1/40 acre with the dimensions of one rod in width by four rods in length. 1.- Round Dairy Barn 2.- Dairy Pasture Land ( 1910 ) 3e- Implement Shed *4,- PASTURE EXPERIMENT PLOTS 5.- Cemetery 6e- North Dairy Barn 7e- Agricultural Building Figure le Treatment of Plots In the spring, as soon as the ground wes dry enough to work, plots 3, 4, 5, and 6 (see Figure 2) were disced. In addition, plots 5 and 6 were treated with stable manure at the rate of 20 pounds per acre. Plots 1, 2, and 7 received no treatment. Method of Cutting the Grass Early in May, when the cows of the farm were turned out on grass, all ef the plots with the exception of No. 7 were cut. The cutting was done with a sharp lawn mower which was run at the same adjustment, as to length, throughout the experiment. The machine was adjusted to cut as low as possible, the purpose being to cut as close to the ground as a cow could bite off the blades of grass. A lawn mower, thus adjusted was the closest imitetion of a cow eating grass that we could get. 09 Plots 1, 3 and 5 were cut every week, while plots 2, 4 and 6 were cut every two weeks. The cutting of the grass was continued, with these | intervals allowed for growth, throughout the pasture season. Plot 7 was cut twice a year; the first time when ripe, about the the middle of June; the second time about the middle of September. Method of Sampling Grass The lawn mower was provided with a grass catcher or apron to collect the cut grass. As fast as the apron filled, the grass was emptied into metal cans. These cans were provided with tight fitting covers to pre- vent loss of moisture by evaporation. This precaution was necessary as the grass had to be carried a mile to the laboratory. Any evapora- tion became condensed in the upper part of the can and on the under sur- JUCUZBEL 4 {UEWUZROT 4 ZUEU4RET4 pesnuel pesnuer “3 % ou ou ou peos tp peos tp peos tp syooh ¢ Yoeows AJOAS AceAe AI6AG ION AJEOAG 4no 4Y1O 4no ano “ON oO "SLOId GyAysSVd WONd Tad dxd "Sf eine face of the lid. This happened only in the hottest weather. In this event, the moisture was wiped out of the can with a portion of the cutting and then mixed, as thoroughly as possible, with the entire cutting. The grass was always cut in the afternoon to give ample time for the evapora- tion of any dew. In case of rain, the mowing was postponed until fair weather. These postponements, which were few, caused no sensible error in the results as fair and dry weather conditions followed within twenty- four hours. At the laboratory, each cutting was accurately weighed to determine the yield of grass. A representative fraction, two to three pounds, was then taken from each as a sample. This sample was dried at room tem- perature. Method of Drying the Grass The drying was done in trays made especially for the purpose,of one quarter inch mesh wire netting. Each tray was three feet square and six inches deep, large enough to accommodate one sample in a thin layer. To prevent the grass from dropping through the mesh, the bottom of each tray was lined with thin muslin. The trays were arranged in a double decked rack carrying eight trays in all. At one end of the rack an electric fan was stationed to facilitate the drying process,by creating a constant change of air above the undried grass. Qo Preparation of Sample for Analysis After drying, the samples were ground to a powder which was, in most cases, as fine as flour. A few samples, that were of particularly hard and tough growth, could not be ground quite this fine without danger of heating the burrs of the grinder. In this case it was thought better to be content with a coarser sample than run the risk of introducig a greater error by heating the sample. A quantity of each ground sample sufficient to fill a Mason pint jar was kept for chemical analysis. p J I METHODS OF ANALYSES The analysis consisted of moisture, protein, ether extract, ash, and carbohydrate determinations. (7 Determination of Moisture ) For the determination of moisture, from 1.5 to 2 grams of the sub- stance were dried at 104 degrees C. in a current of dry hydrogen until con- stant in weight. The sample was weighed in a metal dish (a bottle cap of tin foil composition) about 23 inches in diameter and one-half inch in depth. Each dish was provided with a cover for protection of the dry sample from any moisture in the atmosphere while on the balance pan. (7) Determination of Ether Extract The residue from the moisture determination was transferred to an ordina glass extraction tube and extracted for 16 hours with anhydrous o alcohol free ether ina Soxhlet fat extraction apparatus. The extract was dried at 100 degrees C. for intervals of one-half hour, until con- stant in weight. The anhydrous ether was prepared by dehydrating Kahlbaum ether with metallic sodium wire. (7) Determination of Ash For the determination of ash 2 to 2.5 grams of the sample were charred & is and burned until free of carbon, at the lowest possible heat and weighed. (8) Determination of Crude Protein The crude protein was obtained by weighing about one gram of the sub- stance into a 500 cc. digestion flask and treating with 25 cc. concen- trated sulphuric acid and 0.65 grams metallic mercury. After heating until nearly colorless, the flask was cooled and 10 grams of powdered potassium sulphate added and digestion continued one-half hour when oxidation was complete. The solution of the oxidized material was diluted, treated with an excess of strong sodium hydroxide solution, distilled and titrated, to determine the nitrogen present as in the Kjeldahl method. The protein factor used was 6.25. Blanks were run on all reagents. Cochineal was used as an indicator. Determination of Carbohydrates The carbohydrates were determined by difference. DISCUSSION OF DATA Yield of Grass In the study of the data collected in this investigation, the yield of grass naturelly commands first attention. While the yield may have no relation to the nutritive value of the gress, it is evident that any increase in yield means an increase in the totel supply of food nutrients. Data bearing upon this point is presented in Table l. From this table and derived tabulations and curves, not only the variations in yield may be studied but the influences responsible for them. ee that the soil, variety and stand of grass were as nearly alike, in all cases, as it was possible to select, the influence of the following factors upon the growth of pasture grass is present. (a) The age of the pasture season. (b) Tillage. (bo) Manure. (d) Frequency of cutting grass. In order to arrive at any conclusion as to the influence of these factors upon pasture grass, it was necessary to assemble or calculate the data from the experiment to a form convenient for study. Plot 1, the untreated plot cut weekly, is the check plot of the whole experiment. In the study of the effect of age of the pasture season, the results from this plot alone are used as this one corresponds neares* to the pasture under everage farm conditions. The difference in the results from the check plot and the corresponding disced plot (Plot 3 cut weekly) is re- garded as caused by discing. he influence of the manure factor is obtained in the following manner: The results from Plot 5 (disced, manured and cut weekly) are subtracted from the results for the check plot. This givesthe influence of tillage and manure combined. Having obtained the results of discing from Plots 3 and 1, this factor is deducted from the disced, manured influence. This data is corsidered as the influence of manure alone. The effect of fre- quency of cutting is obtained by a comparison of results from the check plot and its corresponding plots cut biweekly and twice per year, respec- tively. The influence of this factor upon tillage and manure is obtained by a comparison of each treated plot with its biweekly duplicate. -l0< The Influence of the Age of the Pasture Season upon the Yield A study of Table 1, check Plot 1, shows that the yields decrease after the first cutting until the first week in July, when they increas sud- denly; a drop to yields corresponding those of the first week in June then follows on the succeeding week. Another increase is evident two weeks later. The yields then dim- inish and reach a minimum the second week of August. Still another in- crease is then noted and two weeks afterward,or the first week in September, the largest yields of the season are recorded. A sudden drop follows to yields corresponding to July production, succeeded by further decrease for the last week, - the second weck in October. A good growth in May end early June diminishing to August, witha return to May and June yields in’the fall is characteristic of the growth of Blue Grass. The results here presented vary from the expected,in that the month of June is the poorest of the pasture season. The data in Table 2, which is a condensation of Table 1, brings out this point. A further inspection of the data in this table reveals monthly intermittent variations in yield, starting with May as the high point and alternating high and low yields per month throughout the season. This observation is presented graphically in Chart l. Influence of Tillage upon the Yield nr The data upon this point is presented in Table 3. The results are expressed in weight increase and in increase in percent of undisced plot yields. From this table, it will be observed that the increase in yield due to tillage is small, outside the initial cutting, at the forepart of the pasture season. A pronounced effect is first produced,beginning with the month of July. From this time on an increase of from 25 to 62 per- cent of the undisced plot yields is observed. Chart II. presents the data of Table 3 in a more comprehensible form. It will be noted that while the comparative increase; that is, the percent increase in yield large ,the actual weight increase is small. comprehensible form than Chart Il. ; is evident that tillage has a beneficial effect upon the growth of pasture grass. This effect is most pronounced during the latter part of the pasture sea particularly during the months of July and September. The total annual increase expressed in weight increes while in terms of percent of undisced plot yields, it is is shown graphically in Chart IV. The Influence of Manure upon the Yield This data is presented in Tables 5 and 6 and Charts IV.and YV In Table 5, the weight increase and the increase in percent of unmanured plot yields for each cutting are presented. Chart VY. is a graphic presenta- tion of the data in Table 5. In Table 6, the data of Table 5 are condensed to show increase per month, likewise Chart V.is similarly condensed from Chart Iv, A study of these tables and charts reveals a large consistent increese due to the application of manure. Expressed in weight increase the results range from 56.6 to60 pounds yield, as the maximum, the first cutting of the Bye = season to 1.10 pounds as the minimum, - a cutting in mid-summer. Expressed in percent of unmanured plot yields, the results vary from a maximum of 932.8 percent, a cutting in October, to a minimum of 91.7 percent in Au- gust. According to these data, with the exception of the opening and closing months, the effect of manure upon the yield is evenly distributed through- cut the pasture season. An inspection of Chart V.. brings out this point Clearly. The months of May and October are the high points in the curve. The increase in percent of unmanured plot yields, for the month of May, is 242 percent. This is larger than the percent increase for any other month, except October. During this month the increase rises to 486.7 percent. The total annual weight increase is 208 pounds, while the percent increase is 227.4 percent. This is shown in Chart VII. The Influence of Frequency of Cutting upon the Yield To study the influence of the length of the period between cuttings upon the yields of pasture grass, turn to Table 2. An inspection of the data in this table shows that in every instance the plots cut once in two weeks produced more grass than those cut weekly. From these data it is apparent thet the less frequent the cutting the larger the yields of grass. Plot 7,. the plot cut twice a year, produced 169.60 pounds as against 91.50 pounds for check Plot 1, cut weekly, and 115.60 pounds for the check Plot 2, cut biweekly. As to the relation of frequency of cutting to tillage, Table 4 shows that the percent increase in yield due to discing varies directly as the Table 1 - Yields of Grass from Plots at each Cutting Results in pounds Disced and Manured Plot i Plot 2 Plot 7 Cut Cut Cut twice Cut weekly biweekly a year biweekly 2209 6.2 5.8 4.9 out 2.0 1.8 2.0 5.4 4.5 4.9 4.6 cri ‘ OO CMO 0 CO oo O'O'S ° Po) Co oi MPRrRrWrPHY ADwhOuMmhW HWA @We « i frequency of cutting. This statement also holdstrue in the manured plots. From Table 6,it appears that frequency of cutting is ac- SRE Se See companied by the largest percent increase in benefits from the applica- tion of manure. D1 for each Plot per month n nh Disced and manured Piet 2 Pit. 2 Plot 7 Plot 3 cut cut cut cut weekly biweekly twice weekly a year 21.90 September October LT. Of SS ee ae Co | Hesiod | | Ere | Saouseees soseeeesecceacseees seceecseeecensr sence naccesseesseat Seiesieee attest causes! i I | i t | } | i — Beeeeee } Seon! i t | | { [ | | eC eaaUEESRE Swen Soe on Spent | ’ t + + f } EEE EEE EEE EEE a I SEE RROD crt | i + } | Soe + } | } t r 4} } | } } | t + Se a tp oe te t te (ens aon a | ane t ! t } ro } oe T | EEE CSE IS Ss ee RE ; jive = 002) NO. 346 Table 3 - Influence of Tillage on Yield Results for each Cutting Grass Grass Cut weekl Cut biweekly} Increase ' Increase | eas Increase in in percent i in percent pounds untreated pounc untreated plot yield plot yield SSC CGSOR SRE e NO. 346 Table 4 - Influence of Tillage on Yield Total Monthly Increase Cut biweekl Increase Increase Increase Increase in in percent in in percent Month pounds unt reated pounds untreated plot yield plot yield ~6,40 May June July August September October i } SoCo | + en es ee ee -— ap ace aes app ate i | | } HOLA Ane a a Me ee wm: | i SEE er NO. 346 Table 5 - Influence of Manure on Yield Results for each Cutting Grass Grass Cut weekly Cut biweekly '! 25 June 1 ! 8 " Le n 22 " 29 July 6 " 13 " 20 " Ov " a4 '! 3 Sept. 8 . 14 Increase in pounds 56 660 304.30 68 .80 236.10 7.15 130.20 -- -- 7.65 147.10 14.40 112.50 7.70 167 .40 -+ -+ 5.45 213.80 12.50 156 .2¢ 3.45 164.30 ae on 3.65 202 .80 7.20 126.10 3.25 203.10 -- ~- 41.75 286 .60 11.45 145.30 5.65 201.80 -- -- 7.15 198 .60 2.10 133 .60 4.30 134 .40 oa ~~ 3.20 128 .00 590 85.950 1.10 91.70 -~ ~~ 2.10 1i3.50 230 47.0C 8.65 274.60 -- “+ 9.65 247 .40 17.10 69.30 11.45 116.30 == -- 7.10 253.60 17275 35.5€ 10.00 294 .40 a= -- 10.30 238.70 14.10 183.10 14.65 532.80 = -- 5.00 Increase in percent untreated plot yields 396 .30 Increase in pounds Increase in percent untreated pan ope | t } sonosaon =f See e eases tt Table 6 - Influence of Manure on Yield Total Monthly Increase Cut weekly Cut biweekly Increase Increase Increase Increase in in percent. in in percent. Month pounds Untreated pounds untreated J. 4, 5 Sage a See ae plot yields 73.20 194.20 July August September 31.85 153.10 October 418 .00 { +——+ + = TOLL -— a aa eeesasees abt r++ + bape et NO. 346 Fete Beene CHART Vi. n a a a ae SANNA INCREASE TIN VELD Dum to TrrAGr. t i] { Qo fed co aa | - flee eae te 26.5 pounds = =. weekly zs a sesasbaseacsacsuaees: 25a5 pounds = biweek ly ad | i ae 4 siete eee 29.07 per icant = = out weekly t 4 $ ie] S ct aot a oe 22.0 per cent - - - cut biweekly | 2.0% I Addvte es peaec ares uty CHART VIT. ieacugtirsat INdREASE TNUYIHLDIDUR -To-MANURE. ee } BGS0 SRSSRSESER aE 208 a1 pounds out weekly 192.413 pourds ET eur bavesk? 227ot per icent cut_weekly 16603 per icent cut-biweekily ' Heise idivs ae | f SPREE ESET gee ea | THE COMPOSITION OF THE GRASS In the study of the composition of the grass each constituent up separetely and, as in the case of the yield, the following influences are studied: (a) The age of the pasture season. (bd) Tillage. (c) Manure. (d) Frequency of cutting. DRY MATTEF The dry matter is considered first. Tab 7 contains the percent of dry matter in the cuttings for each plot. The Influence of the Age of Pasture Season Taking up the influence of the age of the pasture season upon the var- iation in percent of dry matter, a study of the results for Plot 1, the check plot of the experiment, shows a reange from 23.96 to 45 percent. The variation in percent of this constituent is bes in which the results are reduced to average percent of dry matter per month. The curve in the chart shows that the lowest percent of dry matter in past- ure grass is in the month of May, while the highest is for June. The re- sults range from 29.57 to 39.33 percent. After June the percent drops to 33.5 percent and remains practically constant for the remainder of the season. Influence of Tillage The influence of tillage upon the percent of d peas | woes grass is shown in Table 10. The data appears in the first column. It will be seen that the average composition of grass grown on the disced plot shows an increase in dry matter for May, followed by a decrease for the re- mainder of the season up to the month of October. The maximum decrease of 4.65 percent occurs in July. The black line in Chart IX. is a graphic presentation of the results upon this point. From these data it appears that tillage causes a marked decrease in the percent of dry matter in the pasture grass. That is to say, grass growing upon soil that has been disced in the spring contains a higher percentage of moisture than grass growing upon undisced ground. Grass grown under the first conditions is a more succulent feed. Influence of Manure The influence of manure upon the percent of dry matter in is shown in Table 10 and Chart IX. An inspection of the second column in | the table shows an increase in percent of this constituent for the May grass, about equal to the effect produced by tillage. The remainder of the season the dry matter suffers a decrease. From a minimum in July of 0.49 percent, the amount steadily becomes greater, reaching a maximum of 6.92 percent at the end of the season. Chart IX. shows this point clearly. From these results, it appeers that the manuring of pasture grass produces grass that is a more succulent feed than grass grown upon unmanured soil. It will be noted from the chart that the succulent effect, if it may be called such, of manure is most apparent during the latter part of the | el pasture season, wh e the greatest benefit from tillage in this respect is Carlier in the season. 227- Influence of Freguency of Cutting The data upon the influence of frequency of cutting upon the percent of dry matter in pasture grass is found in Tables 11 and 12 and in Charts x. and XI. Chart XI. is a reduction of this data to its simplest and most comprehensible form. Curve 1. in this chart represents the fluctuations of percentage of dry matter in the grass cut biweekly,from the check plot , as compared with the corresponding plot cut weekly. The zone above the line represents increase, that below, decrease in percentage of dry matter. Curve 2 is a similar representation for tillage. Curve 3 is for manure. From a study of these data, it appears that although such infrecuency of + mad @® = cutting as twice a year causes a large increase in percentage of dry matt of the grass, a lengthening of the period of growth,from one week to two weeks, has.a tendency to decrease the percentage of this constituent for at least a definite part of the season. Grass cut biweekly during the months of July and August, shows a decrease in dry matter as comparedwith gras: cut weekly for the same period. In July, particularly, decreases of over 4 percent are noted. According to the yearly averages, grass cut twice a year contains 44.97 percent of dry matter against 33.21 percent (a 11.76 percent increase) for grass cut weekly. The grass cut every two weeks has an average, for the year, cf 32.81 percent, almost 0.5 percent less than grass cut weekly. As to the effect of the co-relation of frequency of cutting and tillage upon the percentage of dry matter, it appears that in spite of some fluctua- tions of the curve between the plus and minus zones, the predominating in- fluence is toward a decrease in percenta e of dry matter. This is part- Cc o icularly evident the latter part of the pasture season. For the year, 2k the grass cut biweekly shows a decrease of 1.30 percent when compared with that cut weekly. In the case of manure, the opposite effect is produced. Although some cuttings show a decrease in percent of dry matter, the co-related influence of cutting grass biweekly and manuring is to increase this constituent. The averages for the year show an increese of 1.53 percent of dry matter in biweekly cut grass over that cut weekly. Table 7 - Variation in Dry Matter for each Plot at each Cutting Disced Results in percent Disced and No treatment manured Plot 2 Plot 7 Plot 3 Plot 4 Piot 5. Pilot Date Cut bi- Cut twice] Cut Cut bi-] Cut Cut bi- weekly a _yoar weekly € weekly May 10 28.44 33.05 27.60 29.87 30.03 " 18 29 .96 =a 32.44 = 36.32 a "25 30.49 31.04 31.49 31.37 30.28 — 29.82 June 1 BRD -- a3 ~~ 30,20 =~ ! 8 34.31 34.54 46.64 oa. £9 30.65 29.39 | " 15 3 ap aoe 29.45 : ee 45.26 46. 43.58 40.84 " 29 32. 31.63 ve July 6 29 26.72 41.65 a Os 25.67 oat " 20 30. S022 7 2s 71 27 26 31.04 en | Aug. 3 30 29.52 32.98 " 10 32 36.21 a : a 33.98 5. 35 35.48 32.03 " 24 30.54 ins 26 24.84 =3 | m3 26.06 28.78 27s 20668 eet Sept .8 23 .96 == 43.30 a. 21.93 ies | "14 30.47 30.14 32 of.65 25.32 eee el 34.22 a 33. 25.34 2 " 38 31.46 35.30 33 23.75 26.68 Oct. 7 35.60 ms 35. 26.66 e ene: 33.20 31.78 35 26.62 25.21 Table 9 - Monthly Variation in Dry Matter Percent results Plot l Plot 5 Month No treatment Disced and manured August September October SSenS See e SeSeeSeeee we | i | TTT ss bzzee: Het Bosseeoge See See ee Sess Saawe f fie | H i onl ; } PH an ari i co tt } if aay SR G08 SESE RSSRs SSSR SSE Ih Bt SeSee pi. a! t } i 4 } { | abi j | + +t ; Fil - 4 | py — } a8) = i | i if 4 | f ; 4 ++} | J I $+ ‘aneeanen + +} } 4 {- +4 + 4 \ 4 i { } | } i ian 4 ba} , } +4+ + a! babe it } 1 ; tt SR0000f on BOGGS BOSE ORES tRSGE | Spore} 4 + | Het | t i SEcceeenener® HH 30+ HHH | t Se ee aera Socene a ann it | + $ + | mee 1 | 2. 1 ja + t Se ee a : i f i | } | i t DRE i A t SSB SS GSOR0 SOSRESSERE SHSSTAVSESt ; ++ 4 4 + Fey] | + + _ Ht Nt | \ i SS es ee eee eee oe SES SSSSRSSRSE PARAS SRSEs SeeEEE eS | ) ee ee ee en | } 1 } | t | j | } , i i J0SSCSSSCCGsCCoREees ae ; | { [ Cr aa | j } i t i T SSSR BASSE SSSRE SORSR BOSS Seeee oeee | | i | | } | { } Oo» sal | as See Fae | 149 POS eS SeeSe | | Table 10 - Showing in the first column the monthly variation of the influence of tillage upon the dry matter of pasture grass, and in the second column the same data for manure Results in percent Increase Increase due to due to Month tillage manure July August September October >. Ae a SS = i } | | | tL } +1 i | j | } { t j | | | | ae Jo0 CoS Seew gegeeseeseaes: sor are a EC J } t + } | | | = | tts guaae bp Re ames i ee) Penlo i erp SS Est | | Het ths | SSSR ORSSE BOCRSRees oe ee Pore is SuaBt oma SEgusaaume cma: 3 Pat I | tf Lo | io ¥ i tot roe + we Y } I E i 4 rey

hail ; | a 1 a T | | He ba i s Be | 1 pis Hoe sou acs SEBBE =) +} Nd ae ee Bo SESk/eSENs Bees + Ht | 1] aw! _ i . a c t as nl | | ett + + if pst i i Poon 5s SeeC_ beeen oa FOUL EBRES su sae”: gaggegen-sansee Fe &@ | | : : ; PP t t SS0S0008 Genesee ck Eiaeiste slater feiss ; f \ i THA es — i ‘BTITR RE a bAECH EH He eargase ft } if t ot cajartcspectnc pec | x) ttt tiecres BAGH A ie Tee } } } | | | 1 } | | aL. scint + f ' t i i | | + j + | | + it 4 aed a iaeueeeel Senna SEs Sel aia SSSSG08 SESE SSRee Seeee sees + + ‘ + t } | | | | } Tt | } | AEROS oe 208 SE ee ee H | roo SS ee ee eee aes HH lane ws Bea aa ims Poh eee Saas | Sesser seessteees EEE EH } | aeseeuaeeseeen eH PH oth 4 | ike { { | = 35 Table 11 - Variation in Dry Matter. Weekly cut Plots Averaged to Compare with Biweekly cut Plots Results in percent Disced and manured Plot 2 Plot 5 Flot. 6 Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Date Weekly biweekly twice weekly a year May 10 28.27 28 .44 a ( 27.60 29.37 30.03 : 29 30.23 31.04 31.97 31.37 33.28 29.32 June 8 32.91 34.54 46.64 33.33 34.92 30.38 29 .39 = 22 40.77 45.26 39.47 39.74 36.52 40.84 July 6 36.53 32.26 31.27 ot .99 29.1 41.65 a 20 32.73 28 .60 29.44 32.32 27.94 etetl Aug. 3 35.21 33.17 28.78 32.12 30.28 32.98 " 17 37.94 35.60 34.07 32.01 36.35 32.08 : 31 28.30 28.78 27.41 15.19 22.76 12.87 Sept.14 21.20 30.14 43.30 27.74 28.44 23.79 25.12 : 28 32.84 35.30 33.23 33.11 24.10 26.68 Oct. 13 34.40 35.24 33.59 26.64 25.e1 Table 12 - Variation of Dry Matter. A Comparison of Plots cut ‘al Biweekly with Plots Cut Weekly Difference Difference Difference between between between untreated disced and nlots manured vlots ) “4 & Os + QO. - 2 4 - O. 4 + 4, = |: 2 - 4 + « OPORWOHWADOLY Sept.14 "28 Oct. 13 i NYVnonnonrdvorkrHl PH OO alas Ps ave ° Powowaw hw O OD WOWWO OC WAINMWD OA A éMrmorO LW C a eteeaten con ~ i i | t >. } Eo eet Dao at i } aie ee pare | 8d i ro 5 ® a | e+ OH SSCA GEese RSS coe eam ae ae Soe Ir ee eee ia : ple Sete eptt Saeageneee Breet = fh tr t tet | Ft got the ECS Ht $3) 'S 201 SESE PRA ee ag oSe 015) 8 ; ! um = | aperee found the data upon the influence of tillage upon the protein content of pasture The first column in the tables show the gain or loss in percent of protein caused by discing. The first curve in the charts is the tion of this data. Considering the results upon the basis o tillage has a beneficial effect upon the protein content at the begin end of the pasture season. It is in the middle of the season that a decrease in protein is noted. It must not be overlooked, however,that the gain in one part of the season is offset by an almost equal loss in another part of the season. The gain in protein per month ranges from 0.22 to 0.96 percent, while the losses vary from .02 to .91 percent. While the minimum gai losses are insignificant and may be due to the probable error in analytical methods and manipulations, the maximum gains or losses ar When the variable moisture content of the ssh gra is removed from the data by calculation and the results p sd upon the water free basis,it is still more apparent that tillage has a beneficial effect content of pasture grass. It will be noticed in Curve I. the largest benefit is produced in the early grass. Wit the benefits of the influence of tillage diminish a gresses. -35— . Influence of Manure The data for the influence of manure upon the percent protein in pasture grass is found in the same tables and charts with the data upon tillage pro- tein content. The second column of the tables and the second curve of the charts contain these results. Upon the fresh basis the grass from the man- ured plot shows.a substantial gain (0.70 percent) in percent protein for he first two months. However, beginning with July and extending with dim inishing significance, a loss is noted for the remainder of the season. Ex- cept for July this loss is small and probably insignificant. On the other hand, these results when reduced to the water free basis show the real effect of manuring upon the protein content of the grass. Be- ginning with the minimum yet significant increase in protein content for the early grass, each succeeding month of the pasture season shows steadily increasing benefits from the manure. These benefits increase as the season progresses, ending with the maximum increase of nearly three times the initial increase in percent of protein produced by manure. Influence of Frequency of Cutting The data for the influence of frequency of cutting upon the protein con- tent of grass is found in Tables 19, 20, 21, 22, and Charts XVI., XVII., XVIII. The first column in the tables and the first curve in the charts contain the data showing the effect of biweekly cutting for the check plo Mg. Tk} Column 2 and 3 and Curves 2 and 3, show the corresponding data for the disced and disced , manured plots respectively. A study of these tables and charts shows that cutting the gra © Oo instead of weekly decreases the protein content of the grass upon the fresh basis, while they suggest this conclusion, fluctuate consid- erably, showing gains in some instances. The water free basis data brings out this point more clearly. From Chart XVII. it is evident that biweekly applies to the treated as well as the untreated plots. cuttings of grass as compared with weekly cutting tends cent protein in pasture rrass. This tendency increase P J pasture season and with the treatment of the plots plot shows the largest decrease from this cause. Chart XVIII. shows the average percent protein content of the A from each plot for the entire pasture season. It will be noted p grass from plot 7, cut twice yearly and comparable witl + that it was untreated, contained still less protein then the beweekly cut grass. These results indicate that the less frequent pasture the lower will be its protein content. m ) to decrease the per- s with the age of the he disced,manured the check plot in rass is cut, S ao bi- BEA | Weeacl lisced T)5 L twice ent atm biweekly No tre =| o & G4 ap Ps acd » 4» s oO Ss oO oO a) S$. ai Q @ oO Ss ra] OD & = ~ ® ii} Ry G4 oO » S oO ~ S o D Ss me | i) +» oO & A4 8 Table 13 Results i Results in Table 14 = Protein Content of Pasture Grass for each Cutting from each Plot vercent of water free substance Fiori - - Pigt. 2 Cut Cut weekly biwoekly 14.81 14.15 15.96 16.37 LSet? 17.04 16.28 17.40 20.49 19.30 19.3 18.50 18.59 18.54 a A 19.413 16.17 16.28 BNP Tk 17.08 20.75 22.89 22.06 a” *é. > si 7 8 e«- e IP wp ~x NIwrnwn~ 2w0oo0o ° e Omme C 309 0139 OO on Qa ~ oO» NWN DY HY Gs wo OW 09 Ww Ww W DO a8) 09 00 we C Y Co Cc MO 0 DD DH HY COO -~ 3 eM MOF © TH MOP OHO PRY Oo te Le” Coat ey Ye a Aa ee phan tS - Mw oon do dm - ome eon fb ~I « Table 15 = Monthly Vari on in Protein Content of Pasture from each Plot mercent of fresh substance a na nA. % we 4 Manure d Plot 2 cut biweekly wi weekly ° cw e fo>) A 3 G3 to ~O Om & ~ nO sj no cw ed “J & e: ~] ~~ Oo J - Pon Om e wn 3 OA WD a CoO wn September October rep) NnNmuw~) oO wm SI Pe tn w Uo nm OO Ju HH tn O bly i | on & st “JI on ow QD fas oO in yvercent and No treatment Plot 1 Plot 2 P 3 lot 4 I Plot 6 cut cut sut cut ; cut weekly biweekly i nt biweekly] weekly bi- SP te WEEKLY May 15.87 16.68 June 15.89 8 e 8.20 July 17.33 19.73 August 8 17.02 8.18 September 16.62 18.79 88 October 20.79 21.92 19.92 “e@evh +s . Te) A 5M HY 4 eo 4 rat ‘ NOON wWNORrPrH ORF OO Ornounmrwvonrtvovo-7 IYO WM “IMF WWE PP HE Lh PL nwo . Senge secseeeoeseene seecsscssscccses { — | t a8 t | | | | | t EH | | | | SUSS0SS0es RESESSREEE SReSe Asse sseseeee Poe suoes ees Sune :ceeeeseence: Coe L in| | ame? a3) bee Heb | geen <| ond Pook H+ festa | gp t ie | sued ss segaenene® | so | } | FA Do Cocoa TTT fw 4 ag THERE HEE Seug'tpe- :gaeeeaaesgeen2¢ i | ore | o fe Gp } eI a pa LL gg rt am & C aa J hob o 2 LOuPring: | Hai on! z } SEEETSESTeaea : FREQUENCY Ht } } 4 | t 1 ee aay ee ines saaaeeaae amas cranes SSRSSSS00 GEREES ot out biweekly ‘ont biweekly aS Sees See Hintreatodp I-~iDisced plot 4 pauadeis aH Digced, -manured plotion ; + } ; ft st aeeEsi UG é | } Loe | | | | } lant } | iE Ch aaB| | | | } | } | 10000 CASE RISee SSI SCe eA — | f | a ———— ee } } I | } i | +++ aoe @ ue SeecEs eoaee Be) | i | i | + + +— Sie — — + — + -—- at + + { + t , ] Por } | | | eseone SUGSGneRe SBBESSEEs SEBEORSEEE BERS EEEES SERRE BREE UHS0S0850 SomER TH PEE i f [ | i seaeesceseseeeeees rt | HH - fit eee SSeS Sones saees Sees tt a a f | I | = | | if | | t t ++ t SS SS SSS SSS SE SESEE SRSRs CaSSSSeeee ah [eee _ 4 S2SS5 CSEEORRED Be t 7 f A pt t trom Tab LL ee "rae @ oats Pe Et Soe + + > | or Sa ra bay fe I { i rt st Pa “4 is: o } | | mt o = a o | at rsEEEEHEE Ee act Henan asteeeC HaEEEeE, f ; 1 % = xo | | @ 1 5 ed 43 =a 4a =f f | 4 +2 & SI a a oO euEreuaiian , estes nent vie: iene eter ere Het: ERED \ / \ / Tea a \ vA \ 7 Nara began — t PASTURE GRASS. PROM BACH PLO (fresh b — an ae See SSSR Sees at _ceSee ae ‘mam t i 4 | t if I if s untreated disced ett y disced, manured Stats | { | } + I | as { } ; + T | | ~ => . => ~ - N ~ = SN ~ BON-OF 19104 | | TENT 0 } ‘CHART: ] iat —_ saeecea—aeat ett } oo} { ‘ i cP Be Bae A HB t i" = if } } Restate eons doseeteteyentes | 2 2 St 2d > SESE SESS SRSSS SeSSEoRSo Boe | _ _ ii i Pe x Se SSGERE- Eu GEE~ aE f r s 1 eat SEBESJOS8 SASSSR008 SSONSRESSS SESSSSESES SSSSE SEER SER anes aoe mt nan Bese | | 4 | | or f i ices eeal a da Swe if t 1} as BH SSS Go oe } sepeenee Ht one tH ie fe cee + | if >> 4 4 a oO ae Oo oO ue E Pe oe = 2 ! | | | KS ® 5 ad 9) ® a > S - E | J seuea | [I j a ed aad as ETHER EXTRACT Influence of the Age of the Pasture Season The data bearing upon the influence of the age of the pasture upon the ether extract content of pasture grass is found in Tables and 26, and Charts XIX. and Xx. In terms of the fresh grass this constit- uent varies from 1.07 to 1.90 percent. The minimum pe content of early grass, while the maximum represen curve in Chart XIX. shows the content as it varies from month to month through the season. Upon the fresh basis the percent of this constituent increases from the opening of the season, with a slight drop for July, until August. From this point to the end of the season the ether extract content remains practically constant. Examined from the view point of the water free basis the results are practically the same, except that July shows an increase over June, giving a steady rise in percent of ether extract from May to August. After August there is a decline for the remainder of the season,with the October richer in ether extract than the September grass. From these data therefore that the ether extract content of pasture gré the first two thirds of the p 1 seaso when decline follows to of richness equal to about the average percent of this constituent season Influence of Tillage The data upon the influence of tillage upon the ether extract content of grass is found in the first column of Tables 27 and 28 and in the first curve in Charts XXI. and XXII. om the data here presented it appears that discing pastures causes a decrease in the percent of ether While the decrease is small, ranging from 0.11 to basis) it is consistent enough from the standpoint of both the water free basis to attract attention. Although the point can be regarded in no way as conclusive, they suggest tha a tendency to lower the percent ether extract in pasture and moreover thi tendency increases with the age of the pasture season. Influence of Manuring The data for the influence of manuring upon the ether extract content of pasture grass is found in the second column of Tables 27 and 28 and the wy Charts XXI. and XXII. The results relating to the influence manure in this connection do not admit of as easy interpretation as data. From the fresh basis it appears tha a as a depressing fect upon the percent of ether extract i rass. The exception data to this statement is the June results. lere a marked beneficial When the results are considered from the water free basis number of exceptions are in evidence. It would seem,therefore, he data from both the esh basi and the water free basis,tha pressing effect of manure, upon the percent of ether extract in fined to that cut in mid-season (July and August.) remaining portions of the pasture season a beneficial Influence of Frequency of Cutting BLED nd The data for the influence of frequency of cutting up s ether extract content of grass The first column in the tables and the first curve in the charts contains data showing the effect of biweekly cutting for the check plot (No. 1.) umn 2 and 2 and curves 2 and 3 show the corresponding data for the disced disced, manured plots respectively. From a study of these tables and ency of cutting grass every two weeks instead ery week is rrass. It does not matter o the ether extract content of the sults are considered from the fresh basis or the ment appears true. XXIV. in which e data is reduced to a representation upon the water free basis, brings out the point to best advant- It should be noted that in the case of the check plot, a decrease in s 7 ether extract is produced during the latter third of the plot and the disced, manured plot the where a loss is recorded. These should be regarded rather than the rule. From the data, it seems safe to say that the less frequent the greater is the tendency for the percent of ether extract to & J i ‘Table 23 = Ether Fxtract Content of Pasture Grass for each Cutting from each Plot | / Results in percent of fresh substance Disced and No treatment Disced manure d Plot 2 Plot 7 Plot Plot 4 Plot 5 Plot 6 Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut biweekly twice weekly biweekly | weekly biweekly a year + 2 —O e e « e e OANA PrP WWOdDCO FH ANDO HAMOAWOWO AWE WWHOAIMRA Ama e > ea mwWwrernorOrT wo VP SPMDINNTNENHVNVANQOKPAROHP NWO wo e NMmOonronoao PRE QIONINAOPORO AWDWO NDNA DO Pome vO Ww NAOhP-,PWWm ° en > Fs aS 6. SB GF ~) S e 3 3. 3. 4, 6 5 5 5 ay 5 a 5 6 Bi 4 De - 4, 4 5 oonhrb bh Wh oP LP Hh PhP Ww Hh ‘ 4 Se ie eee : barn e e Table “5 - Monthly Variation of Ether Results in percent of fresh substance Paar aes Ri LiScead ana menured No treatment Plot 1 Plot 2 PLot 7 cut cut cut weekly biweekly twice rear May ‘07 eek 1.08 1.06 June 1.66 57 2.04 1.62 July 1.53 60 E28 1.77 August 1.90 52 1.41 1.46 september] 1.87 Qe 1.03 1<19 October {1.78 60 1.42 1.22 Table 26 =- Monthly Variation of Fther Extract Content of 4 Pasture Grass from each Plot of water free substance Pilot. 2 Plot 4 cut cut cut cut cut cut Cut weekly biweekly twice biweekly | weekly Di= 3.64 3.77 3.75 3.41 3.57 4.33 4.28 2.45 4,15 4.15 4.50 | 5.30 5.69 Bont 4.28 5.08 August | 5.67 sel 5.34 5.76 4.87 5.66 September 4.72 4.20 6.21 4.04 3.91 4.18 4.59 October | 5.18 5.10 4.35 4.75 5.44 4.83 freeh| basis) + | Lt | } t | { q b oe SSSSR SERRE Saseeseeer se i Et | SSG ceene Ge ] } Ge Geese seene a | + ] } | T { } } SSSES RSSes Seeee seers Sees t + on tH sans Sees eran’ Se esas a eaaenes Snen nN enes Elen anen en GU OSNTSnEn SESE ERE | i | | SSS Sess SSS Saas Se ! ace oe anenenen Os en enen ee | Saeeee | t 4 | T | | eS eee eee S58 SHSSReSeae SO Ft OG tm raEsuHSUHEES | Eile Us apenas t t } y ye ? conreye ( ‘water=free basis- Wt bof On OF iL | zs + ts + oc ae = SUS S08 Seen eee er i ball | does} } Bot ememe | E+ | 2 1 =| | 20 9) SHRS0 SSSe8 Seeee P= 4 + t ; CTT pe it am t ] a | ip iy T + 4 seaeuseeeesseeessess | jeenae ier sceee t SSS SSeS Saens Nt t Ht rr ] | t } i | iseeeet } | if | — = DER SG RRS SESSA SSSEE RERSE Rees Sees ’ 7 t I 4 ~61% Table 27 - Showing in the First Column the lionthly Variation of the Influence of Tillage upon the Ether Extract Content of Pasture Grass and in the Second Column the same Data for Manure Results in percent of fresh substance Increase Increase due to due to tillace manure May June July August September October 1 WM Fe 0 mw Qo} oO CW Gis EM ee WAT > JK © | e . bw 0% Table 28 - Showing in the First Column the Monthly Variation of the Influence of Tillage upon the Ether Extract Content of Pasture Grass and in the Second Column the same Data for Manure Results in percent of water free substance Increas Increase due to due to tillage manure Cy SS Oo W GW nO 02 CO DD > a OO: &0-0O Or > ~ “1 & CO re CA fs e Dp “ 7 »>O Oo ps ih oO ww =) ° CO | EEE EEE FEES EE : f | | E Reseaetanieea pi auesie ttt Hey | ma Tor BEEEE | tf | ot } sae) == oa } | | | I | | | Tees | } | i | | | | cco | fe} t t | } | pate 4 he ot | = aeeee es = 4 aay>4 RR EneE et nea ee ee _ + es A te NED + — Had beg Per ; t } nm t t @ i t | sessesessee | Seaeeees | | | 1 | titer } t | tHe rH Ss | Pont tt S88 See. <> Seeeee dene aac: om t a \ } Sage" see: | ag ff 2h YM SY lA ie ie ail eS fe fal @ eB isi OS Oe Pes ee } rec } | 2 ee } © | Sauesageeesseerscast cases Gets 74 i Sa! | La Ge oS? Be i Pee C\see Seeee sees = |. | seeeeac, feat gee | Fe ef] t ~» ae =| i | | | seseues fer et tetra | He \seeee SammeeK | sees rth ere tt +4 +— — is eeeeer Tt + + + cor Jag a8 tis Fees se Hi BTRER eee Seeee eee NTH + ¢ water-fre fecrenge cue t fecres or t | t J I } | + } + } ; | } iy } im | } | ; | | + t | 4 | | | t t | | 1 j i | i Sane8 Feeee et A Ht | ee RANTRE URE GRASS am HEE TT pepe + ba i T crease | { i } | 4 i | emt i i | I 4 if + | | } { ; i } + 4 i | T | + } ‘a t | ‘ a i | | T | | | | } + | | | 1 ‘ t ; i t } f } T ia t IT } , } } | i + 2S Sew Saas See eee Seeeeees eS SSS Sa = inorease or | nin “PAS! | ieee | aa | | | i a Feit} — SSS SC000 SHOG0 CROSS PO0R5 SHURE CHUNS ORESE SSSES OOSRe GRRES SERRE PEER SSS Se RASS SSeee oes! e i t | SSGne SoeeR eee eneearar ror e ak | Pees : Het t ars | = | | Peet BEE He sobsueedsaeut - nas foaeecessaacessassetfuceieeers { (BORO 8 SSE SSSR eRe ee CASES OEE se CARE SR ees Cee ees eee Coo PH . 1 Te HHH ” HE - Variation in Ether Extract Conten Grass cut Plots Averaged to Compare Biweekly cut Plots ercent of fresh substance Disced No treatment manure d Plot: 2 Plot 7 Cut Cut Cut weekly biweekly e e e Oo As e e « e e Os —O e ° e ®>) Oc Ww AD Ww CO w& rPmnNOoOATeY & > e# meme HO NOWwWwWr OD o oO w e e . C)-Or e ° OFw A DOP Oo mow OnA wo I & ° e « ee ry OS © . ON ee ee ee ee ee e e > o C ° e Py > WOO Dm oOor ° i cn ~j3 30 +) e ° e ee) ) e ° e mH OB & -3 0 0 mma 2 un r ° e ° 1.] 1.0 1.1 aay 20 1.6 20 ae 1.6 1.3 1.5 Liesl ee ol ell cell oe oe oe Oo ee Ie PO Oh PAID O KH OWKFWDORDNWOW-3 PHY OR RPRPHPrFPPrPRPO MPrRMrR ORFF 0 DY PE HE MePrPrPPuUPHE dD e ) oo e on ay w © uO e ~ Content of Pasture cut Biweekly Results in percent of fresh ¢ Di fference between nae 4 : ne 4 untreated } Disced and Plots S manured Plots e e © > Yan Jee om Jos Sa MOO MNO W Ot « e 00 ~ oO e ° va e V NH AAIAC WO WwW AIP PB OO e ° c . s OOOO Oo © FON WHHO NI e ww Ww bot 4 + + oO 9000'S 60.00.00 0:0 o @ NOrre Pf a oOo e mon O:O' OOo © C:O/O'O: oC e€ “Ion w ow aD ENT rot se SSSSe as ia | | [ Ht $ | pre } t + m di BR | EXTRAG | ee ensesseee Seen! Sena eae Seenm! HH aeanee is) seus as Untreated! plot out biweekly | T+ | i t | t —- 4 | PON THE eT PCEEEEH fresh b > Wanured !plot-cut biweekly, Hf } | if if goed —+ ia we “Diseed plot out biweekly subd | aBE a2 im SH + sari QUENCY 01 OF PA i ht eaeees| | ] ; OF! ee a a a ne ed | + Nf | | THRICE i H+} +++ | t ISSSGSR000 BeReEe POC et EERE EER a Po St Tale 30) wm) Date May 10 1! 25 June 8 " 22 July 10 1"! PAG) August3 1f aay " 31 Ssept.14 " PAS} Oct. 13 May 1 a5 June 8 " 22 July 10 "Y 20 Aug. 3 tt ve "! 3 at Sept.14 " 28 Oct. 13 Results in percent of water free substance 3.98 3.47 3.47 4,3 5.66 5-10 5.75 90.62 Saitek 4.76 4.69 5.18 in perce nN ty with Biweekly cut Plots Cut Cut twice ear ~1 © 3.93 3..16 3. 3.88 2.45 3.78 3. 4.67 4.2 4, Ds 4.63 4, 9259 4.85 a 6.19 5.3 a. ood Deol De 5.44 5.24 Dis 3.95 6.21 4 3. 3 4 : 4 £ iJ] on Variation in Ether Extract irass. A Comparison of Plots cut with Plots cut Weekly 7 ent of water fre: Difference between untreated plots nN 0x37 + 0.19 » 0.46 + 0.56 t 0.41 0.26 + 0.36 t 0.49 , 0.18 t 0.29 @) OT @) t 0.50 0 e 0.35 - 0 + 0.62 0 sOg O + 0.74 f 0.40 PDH MDOMONOA-~) a oe O O 0 ariation in Ether Extract Content of Pasture Weekly cut Plot Averaged to Compare Cut biweekly ON NNN WA Disced and manured Plot 6 Cut weekly Plot 7 e ° & PS tO tn & Ww & “J CO e e OP BB op WR ww ow ow ~ * ooo om uo © 4 en CO WO -~3 O ° w EOrADWO L w~TIWw OO on & oo > — O90 co Difference between disced and manured plots OO » Se Jal IE GH Se) + + f + EG fy a BE a | 90 + 0.47 + 0.38 0.61 ly! week Ht basis oot or content (oo plot outiba if t apn ! t | t ‘water-free pe plot out biweekly} manured t THE ETHER EXTRA eated: 2 ( eed plot: cut: biweekly f “ETI|= Bigeed, ‘UPO as ee ~ Dis } } Ho t Z LUENCE ( I } } { 4 SBSS8 SORES SRSSSSRSSE SORES SEREs See se ees aeee SO | 7 et T 2 t SBS SERSP OSES aSees eet 7 HEE EEE t Table 32): | I } | BBE SERAs Sees TTT t | + as ; | soeeeenen | anemone i - Influence of the Age of Pasture Season The date for the influence of the age of the pasture season upon the ash content of grass is found in Tables 33, 34, 35 and 36,and Charts XXV. and VV A XXVI. A study of this datz shows that the percent of ash in the varies from 2.10 to 3.88 percent. The grass cut in June contains the largest amount of ash, while the September grass contains the smallest amount. As to the variation of this constituent throughout the season, the Mia rass o i] ta starts with a content of 2.68 percent, while June follows with 3.88 percent. At this point in the season the percent of ash commences to fall. cline continues through July and August to 2.10 percent in September.An In- a) crease develops,however,in the late grass. This October grass ranks second in ash content, about one-half to one percent above the early grass. Considered from both the fresh basis and the water free basis, after 4 June, the grass suffers a decline in ash content until the last month of the } asture season, when a rise of about 0.75 percent develons. a Py 4 Influence of Tilla The data for the influence of tillage upon the ash content of pasture grass is found in the first column of Tables 37 and 38 and the first curve in Charts XXVII.and XXVIII. From the results upon this point it appears that during the summer months of the pasture season the effect of tillage i mM vu’ TT to lower the ash content of the grass. Charts XXVIl.and XXVIII. show this point quite clearly. The effect upon the early and late grass, however, is to increase the ash content. This depressing effect of tilla ashcontent amount to from 0.34 to 0.49 percent, while the benefits derived, amount to increases varying from 0.16 to 0.80 percent .on the fresh basis. The Influence of Manure The data for the effect of manure upon the percént ash in pasture is found, as in the other cases, along with the tillage data in Tables 2 TT and 38, and Charts XXVII. and XXVIII. This particular data is found in the second column of the tables and the second curve of the charts. From a study of the charts, it is evident that manuring has a tendency to increase the percent ash in grass. With the latter part of th es an exception, this statement is prompted by the trend of the in Chart XX The corresponding curve of the water free basis data i strong evidence supporting the statement. throughout the season a uniform increese (water percent in the ash content is produced by manure. single exception where a considereble loss is apparent. The Influence of Frequency of Cutting The data upon the influence of frequency of cutting, upon the tent of pasture grass,is found in Tables 39, 4 52 and in Charts XXIX. and XXX. The first column in the tables and the first curve in the Charts contain the data showing the effect of the biweekly cutting for th check plot (No.1) Columns 2 and 3 and curves 2 and 3,show the correspond- ing data for the disced and disced, manured plots, respectively. A study of the tables and charts upon this subject indicate that there is a tendency to a reduced ash content in grass that is cut biweekly inste of weekly. This is particularly true in the case of the disced plot when considered in the light of the water free basis. Out of 12 the disced where it is cut beweekly instead of weekly. xperiment. The 38 is small and cept that o i ole In this case @ somewhat more pronounced decline in percent of as Table 33 - Ash Content of Pasture Grass for each Cutting from each Plot Results in percent of fresh substance Disced No_ treatment a a Plot 4 cut cut biweekly wi weekly biweekly 9 29 290d ° « ° wImoeowmnwo wo DOP RMOHPAWWANDAOWANOMM Ww m GW 02 W DO Ww mw WO Df DLO WH Ww Ww P 0D . e < « . - e Orr OoONDW OW OO WOH WD 7 oo nO Oo O09 ee a) 0 e bdo OO ww Ww rt) mM d% WwW ° > oO Table 34 - Ash Content of Pasture Grass for each Cutting Results in percent of water free substance Cut 8.77 F 18 9.35 eS 9.09 June 1 | 10.89 . Sf 10.12 Mode. | Os08 SO ieee lhe 96 ss Mee 9.69 July 6 8.78 Cut 9.91 10.73 8.66 8.64 Plot 2 Plot 7 biweekly twice from each Plot COs Co Ww e e e YIaoXNInnwowvovoont wn WONNWOUODA TNA ® © e . + IrNrsIo rw Pp I} ood Cut beweekly Plot 4 Plot Cut weekly woAIOWWWHOrY Ih WODIO —~ orkhNQI MOP OO MAH e ooOWWoOnANI ONAN © © 10.04 8.31 Table 35 - Monthly Variation of Ash Content of Pasture Grass from each Plot Results in percent of fresh substance Disced and No treatment lis manure ¢ Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 7 Plot 4 cut cut cut cut weekly biweekly twice cly biweekly a year May June July August September October ~% dO mw DO Ww CW ° a . ~ . WO wud Ww ONOoOOoOd” Wo Ww WwW Ww ee ° ° ww Co DO Table $6 = Monthly Variation of Ash Content of Pasture Grass from each Plot Results in percent of water free substance Disced and No treatment Disced manured Plot 1 Plot 2 Piet. 7 Plot 3 Plot 4 Plot 5 Plot 6 cut cut cut cut cut cut cut weekly biweekly twice weekly biweekly | weekly bi- a year weekly e September October On NO OW e > 8, 8 es ONnNrH WP /O wo QD Ww w eee ee nm ——————— = — —- satel —e - , — — — Sempre | | ] | } | j } i i | | } + ! | } | | | i / | f i | | | } t | oor 1 1 T | + | rc i | | | t + } t ; } | { i | } | r | | | | rcp en eet ee pe 52 5 A a Se ee ee ene oe 1 4 Seonre Spee 4 4 | 4. +— ~ _ ——} f | | | | | | } } | i } I | t 1 | + | } | H t t | ] 1 | | | | } + ‘ } t , t } j , T | 1 } + ueeene a if TT ae SESSR Seas SeeeEs ital Is rH u + & Bar | Sich iB = [ ; aes at i } i | } scr } } } | | | Coser I L i | Poe | a i | f 5 } } i | | | be ee at —- oe = a a See SasSeen' a deepen ae eee eae __eees ae See eens Onn _ a a} l rl | i | } | | t | t | “cA } | i 1 [t | | Lar] | | t i } | ee 1 } t } i et } i e 4 cu { } } } | | root { & | i I ' i tH 2 t i i i | i t | i co” ones See 22 2oes aes I a et eee) f } i . | | ty | | | | seas | S t t | i | ? +4 | | | | &)~--~--—--- +— SSUnh EEENEE EEE SHELEEEEED SEES GET OANEE EROS ER I me ee Lf { i t i i ! | | | ! : t t 7 Ht | if | | | | | i | i | } | | | 4 } | } | | if t j —+— _ — { ae sas Se — a5 ves + oe ee a aa S de t Seen s —- mahal jhe 4 } | | | { ] | | j | | | ; , | ; \ } | } } | | | } } br | ] T { i | | i | } { t | I } j | | | } i eS ee Se Sens ee ane Saeenennet ennenenes See EDGE POSES RRSEE ORER eee Se a a a | i } } } } f } | | ' . t i t | 7 T | } } i i i | | Nf | i f t { if | i " i } f I t 4 sone sb op SEE SETS8 ASCRN PS Ee CSS SRee SRE wee oe ja Ep a ssenen| i H 1 [ | T | is SEES { Po } | 220 ERTCNY PUSEPTSOSE GSSeaogse Sule OBS if it a aeoeeeeeee! i t 1S Era: 2) pi moe L ttt ttt } t ast } | } ! } | } } + + + + ; | } aU guns soesecnnes sseoscelesselseeseussseusnenns! t } Ht eo 0 t | i: i | H | } I fat | ve | ; | | i + H E 4 t T T J | | 1 [ I oe mre ert { I [ | | if T H Ht | : | | E agagugGga0 GOeSRSEORe GeESe: oe. OBBTRESIUR aan 1 a a it I t SSu ore ue —1 bt HS OD Lo +4 t i f i t { j a 7 t | s oeeeee z I —o — - oe - — i i t | | Ett | | HE | sone PLANT ia ~- a ee are Peer Se SS ees SSS as Sees Sen ieee ba -= ~ + | { } cere t val | ky ie i | } | } Cee eet Trt Teer SJ a 2 ror 7 INREOE oe IS008 SSGSROSSEE o Z: os me T sane TI | DS Pe TS | Ht Pt lay 1 | } | Boers HEE( seeevovsevovesuenet:taent gutnsees sense | | | | | | | oe eames | } 10 +H Tor S060 > SSSS0) See SESes CSeSe Se SeSeO eee eee ft augue teers auaea -7sosaeuet feet trans’ Sevesaed | | | | | | | COTE eet pag tet RH eat Sano d + H+ 2 JEBEL Doe rt i +4 | deena omen Enh Mt } / | S80 1000 SSE Ses Se Ae Tet a ‘aa COO Pee 00 es Se cl ae ese Peete _ BiH} | me } | — ED ee | H } } | oo eww Po i T a Biles | Soe IRA SAASe USO Se ewe a nt nlc — ap — Sosesee 1gaeee seeee es } | SSE eee | { | ; a | L : bs Ba 4 wpe i t | anes Se I | ae { Tt | } ] 4 Trt | j + ; 4 } | + | | i ; | i ; ; | ; T t } be es } + T sauagens —TT ee ; TI EEE BSesnaeze j } means Ht ttt + } Tt ; ; | | | | t } | 4. EEE suareqeecs pe taanas Seno on Bees: Nee Her. SSSS8 ASE SSee HESSETEEe cove fetes testaee“cceetauess 000 Geta Hs z | HS Ceeo Socee [het ie roe JG0( SURG S885 - RSSRe Oe: - Sees | Ha socususeseeer-vaseeseers asses" + [Se SS SSSR Saeed CSRS eee SeGe Saay.. Seene SeeeSGne8 1 a s It is + ] st | o | Bet pes (e ac, Sunegeee, Soeeeu ane! aeeee a Saab) a is HIBRaont BBES SEEK BEBE] ey sees BS ee ae 7 seues ht L a } 08 ep | Laat r T = a a t Oe co a3 Lom 1D @ i Gy we EF au i eH ht 1 SeRi:))! m ft a ees JSSEEe) im CESSES SeESk See a } 1 t a) i } To Oo} Sa i ou ROU PAGER Ee SERS SEES SERSREEESE SERRE HEH eat Ht pet @) } ll 4 i Se) SSSS8 . VOS8 CRESS SSSS8 OPSSs SSeS SSRs POSES SEES BI ma | par oat = apa = T dete ne fed pet th eer t 4 | af: 0 i ee | i 4 on 6 Sees eee } } 1 : : | } ae — ———_| + T t | | { ae is } i } | = anne | | | | | | | | | } | 4 t i } | f i | i / ne Skene Se | aanes t Stor SESTaeee =7S= Table 39 ~ Ash Content of Pasture Grass. Weekly cut Plots Ao oO No treatment Disced Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 7 Plot 3 Plot 4 cut cut cut cut cut weekly biweekly twice weekly biweekly Disced and mnanured Plot 5 cut cut weekly bi- 2633 2.46 2083 2.82 2.84 2.80 3.68 3.30 3.42 3.50 3.05 3.30 3.11 4.86 3.87 4.02 3.957 4.10 279 2.68 edd 2.49 3.46 2.47 2.34 2.66 2.93 2.39 269 2.04 2.49 296 2.83 ael2 2.48 Zeal 2013 2.43 2 Ll 191 1.04 1.81 1.02 1.84 2.03 1.55 1.88 1.99 2.79 2.49 Code 212 2eal 2.92 3.76 3.67 2.36 2.43 Table <0 - Ash Content of Pasture Grass. A Comparison of Plots cut Biweekly with Plots cut Weekly percent of fresh substance Difference Difference Difference between between between untreated disced disced and plots plots manured plots May 10 0.76 ~ 0.01 ie JB 0.31 - 0.38 June 8 0.25 : 6.19 Wo -B3 » 0.15 0.53 July 10 =_GN85 0.97 A. 586 ‘MO.32 = 0214 Aug. 3 0.25 + 0.27 4 0.27 0.30 ety a Oey = 6,70 Sept.14 - 0.48 + 0.02 "28 oF OL” + 0.15 Oct. 13 0.09 + 0.07 | i i { | i t | | ie i { | } fos | t Pett me aeen! ie +1 ee 198 SERS SSees SI i - ian 1a 2B | } | ] } I t t t i i f an) seseean! Ssoecseeneat USCOGSS SORE! Ree vi biweekly Sone seoes biweekly | 285 (GSS e esses SSeS | i } t ame +4 bag { | | Gi s a } ra = He ce peace. ae) 7 4 ae | TEE | ase bo Maes } jpeeaeueeenees'- saat pe eee eseee ee a SS o38- 4>) | i 8 = Disced: ale Hatin 1 | i t dead | guser gees Fa itl 4. : | | t ++ | | T a ee } | | Trt | ptt + + | Tt | 4 1 } } i (OF | PABTUNI t { t t SUS SRES RSRSE SSSR BSNS | ct | i weekly Vv 7 weekl 7 Ooows at y oO oO S w& ~ 1¢?] < a 1 s untreated ater fres cut Biwee between Plots able 41 - A percent of w La m in percent of wa pos ele al Ae Resul Resul + | i f Snoecanencccess cassescnes sons { ly foo rE Ot out biweekiy— ao | | oO I @ } | E i i Se osm EC LC + f a2 H PH Tete tt } 3 | oO | +~ os Q G d plot ttt ee on © BSSSees eee * cut biweek UPON THE ASH CONTENT: { water=free basis | ed plot sced, manure useage is get = D SE eee egg | | t y Fi } ; = + | Saeeen: a au saaee ce) ge uGEECL st* ie"! Saugus sausueess SUESRGGGER (EEGGSGues SSeeSSCoun Set 4 he an = = a { t 255e se. eereuet oS Ie eee rH 2 im 2 H Ft ee ee { 4 Utama) : [ S00 85 -: Ios wR 2 r rrr t rrr P aaoes + t t + 4 ae ae t zi f S0SSS0S000S00RSESEn SSGCeSSSSRCGESEE nee ‘Soesescee * au oeae | , | c=" D 5 a oO a } ei ‘ } Hl ttt ee Re BE SSSSS SERES SSSP8 RESSe ee ineens L 1 GESEe Cae eee a! + a T ; ; | t i t T t | aon jade I 1 +f OSS50 GESSRS2SRe SSCS eRe eee SHR008 SeG0e See _ SSSR Se eee a | | 1 i! } | t t saan nmnenen aceon f | | t | 4 | | seaees “A | | 1 | + + ft | { | | i + | } | t | sean [nS Sees Reese ToT- | \ | asees L a } 1} ISOS SEGRE SRS BORER RSSNs Sees Rees ey (Sn SSSR8 SESee eee i | } } : t | { } ~j C aS sasces -- & 5 1 CARBOHYDRATES The data bearing upon the influence of the age of the pasture season upon the carbohydrate content of pasture grass is found in Table 43, 44, 45, and 46, and Charts XXXI. and XXXII. A study of these data show that carbohydrate content of the grass does not vary much throughout the season when the grass is kept cropped closely. Upon the fresh that the June grass contains the highest percent of carbohydrates, while May grass contains the lowest. The maximum content is 25.71 percent, while the minimum is 21.37 percent. Upon the water free basis, July and October are the months of low carbohydrate content. Upon this basis the fluctua- tions are somewhat greater. Influence of Tillage The influence of tillage upon the carbohydrate content of shown in the first colum of Table 47 and 48 and the fi XXXTII. and XXXIV. It will be seen from the tables and charts, particu- larly the charts, that tillage has a tendency to lower the carbohydrate content of pasture grass. This effect is quite uniform, viewed from the fresh basis or the water free basis. The average decrease of constituent for the season due to this difference is over one percent. Influence of Manure 9 The data upon this point is found in the second column of Table 47 and manure is similar to that prroduced by discing the soi g nounced, however. It will be noted, in the study of the ure season becomes more advanced the carbohydrate 4d sh basis a decrease of from l1to 6 percent is recorded. Influence of Frequent Cutting The data for the influence of frequency of cutting upon the hydrate content of pasture grass is found in Tables 49.5 Charts XXXV. and XXXVI. The effect of this influence i carbohydrate content. This, as may be expected,applies to the check plot. Sone exceptions can be noted but the weigh dence goes to show that biweekly cutting of 28S as compared with week cut grass increases the carbohydrate content. In case of the ¢ o o twice a year, a large increase of about 12 percent is noted. Table 43 - Carbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass for each Cutting from each Plot Plot 3 Plot 4 Cut Cut , 317 T weekly May 10 20.43 20.78 23439 19.83 20.68 1.20 " 18 O1.87 ~-= 23.09 -- 24.4] -~ " ra) e138) a eR 21.78 22208 Lge L5 18.67 June 1 21.89 ~~ Bilal “= 18.83 -~ 8 8 24.17 24.28 37.87 Ks ee 24.84 19.81 19.12 i ts 24.68 _ 22.16 -- 18.50 ss " ea 31.<11 Lard 31.45 airacko 28.38 26.70 " 29 26.72 = 22.05 -- 20.48 ~o July 6 21.67 50 19.50 8.80 Lhi.atd 27.12 " 13 £017 = 18.80 ~ 16 .48 -- i 20 21.8! 8.88 20.97 21.94 18 .47 18.05 " 27 24.0 ~- 18.49 — 20.08 -~ Aug. °3 aa «5. 22.46 20.96 Cade £9 54.0 Bile TE " 10 28.38 — 20055 ae 23.06 = " 17 23.70 25.090 £5.06 20.30 23.74 2lie92 , 24 20.56 os 8 DEY a. -~ \ 3 18 .06 20.19 13.04 Bead Sept. 8 17.54 -- 31.10 14.42 ~~ 2 14 Cf 22.80 19.97 17.03 " el 24.48 — 15.62 ~= " 28 20.97 24.26 22-40 14.08 16.70 Cet. 7 22.268 == 22.57 -~ 14.62 ¥- 13 2 5 21.89 eLe6a Lee. Date cut May June "! ! Results 10 18 25 a 14 in Cut 72.44 72.98 71.53 69.48 70.44 69.04 67.96 66.83 65.50 67.19 67.29 67.46 67.73 67.73 69.82 67.34 69.32 73.18 70.15 71.53 66.65 63.78 63.75 No treatment Piet ol weekly Cutting from Pllotiees Cut Cut biweekly twice year a 73.06 Tae oO 70.29 8 68.74 66.63 = oe 66 03 67.72 70.86 Oe 27 ~~ 7 75.64 68.71 64.93 eg ercent of water free substance Plot 7 Table 44 - Carbohydrate Content of Pasture 7 Plot 3 Cut weekly 70.56 71.19 69.18 67.56 68.56 67.61 68.14 68.24 65.18 67.39 67 .69 68 .93 68.21 68.68 71.02 68.50 69 .96 74 .93 63.21 73.59 67.74 64.46 61.69 each Plot Plot 4 Cut biweekly Grass for 70.39 67.19 63.32 62.57 64.61 62.80 65.13 64.78 62.71 64.21 61.11 64.69 64.70 65.47 66.94 63.19 63.03 65.73 ta.19 61.65 09.27 56.95 bh re | ae eacn Disced and manured ~S6- Table 45 = Monthly Variation of Carbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass from each Plot Disced an Disced manured Plot 7 Plot 3 Plot 4 Plot 5 cut cut cut cut biweekly twice weekly biweekly | weekly @_yoar Results in percent of fresh substance May 3 20.96 21.41 June agg al Aree A g 2 26.00 21.20 July 20.19 7210 a 17.95 August ; 22.63 18.84 18.93 September] 2: 23.93 Fe 2 23.47 16.02 October 20.63 21.63 14.92 a Table 46 - Monthly Variation of Carbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass from each Plot water free substance Disced and No treatment Disced manured Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 7 Plot 3 Plot 4 cut cut cut cut cut weekly biweekly twice weekly biweekly a year May 172.32 ; 70.31 June 68.75 68.02 July 66 .86 ‘ 6Tea7 August 68 .39 63... 69.25 September] 70.38 2 69.87 October | 63.74 63.08 > Py ® Pp pe ~J Ww ps PO Wo ~A Ww « & PB Ww & OATDNMDY OO W/O e ° e SIANAO A e e * MPA WOO MOM A ® MH “1 if PrAoOOA OnnWwWNWEN Om MH OM OM Omaiwmwm Oo PP & Dw PH ce) Hee Poe AO Ae Oe ee a 1 20SGE IGG RSe I ee + es wer .—— po oo Sp m i t I | t 1 T , ; ' + T as . Poor Coco [ | | i i { t t ; ; } } | } { | RSC ee Poo eo E | SuRSeGeaUnGuBReceaae | | 1 | } i } | } | | } | | EEE EES Ss SSS CS Ce ee A 4 onmnan ow | : + { + | } } i | iz is ms | | { } } f if { t ; { | t + | | | j 1 t 1 | } i | 1 { 4 - t 2 eeeee ae } } ft a } | t } + | | | i | { | | | | | | | t | i t t 1 | } } | | } | ~ ae nm th et pen oe pod mnde — pp j apes ae ] I i | t | | a t ri + 20 + Tr aes ans GRERERRERSS IEEEEEENED GERRI Inanaeenee reetemmeen eee eee seeeees + apm panpmtentnnt ees 4 + =e +} me | | } f } ; { t } | | | | | t | { t } +t i | | } t cht tery | = | 4 } + ae | } | | i i i i | 1 1 | i | | f | | } | ' { } | | SSS RS GSes SeNee eee lee acue IDES Sb semen i it is it [ | I j f T ] T T + “ + + | | i i } | i i | } | i [ Deed 4 c i } ' i Pree | } } | } ct | | | i j } 1 | / - 2G Ree Tee aa oS e SSSSSSSSS8 SSSR SER Ss wet om A ; “4 Se on eee a ee a f Hest E + 18 | NaS we S) 1eee wt + | i | tote D { } { | | } = } | f i Peer eee ee } $0880 SSS80 SSSSEEGERE Seat 'S IeoeGEEa. - 1eee8 GSES SSSeSeeSERSREas Soe {auSGHeeRa ee Het Hao | Seusaeeseesecsceessn : t : : SE cseee smears snees j | 1 | } | rH | f a t a ii i ft —H | I t i | | i } } QuSuecauesseeaecneas | Tee SD {ARTES Cees oe SB ESS S0 SASS ASSEN CSREES CU ORs eee See TIT | [ | | [ { j a a 2 eee om! t | | t i f j | } } - | on oa i i 1 . Poorer | | t j } | t 1 | | | | | | | HH oS SSS05 CSSSS SSSR ERS a) DS dG ao IAS a Lt SGSS08 WERE Tees ee i Saaee s Seeee nee | | | Habsitesadosetstsecs t } | } i i ' } | Soe US JER0s SOSFe SEeEs PAUSE SEES SSSURSESER SERSE ESET H 18 | 1 t f i i i I j } 5 | | | i | i | | | | ctr ] t t i | | f ! | } | SESS SRSSRE SSSESSSESs SoeeeseSee Sees eee Ae — : SSS SSSSe oes cones comes PEE EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EH i i { | | 1 i | t t I | ct | i | | ip segpscaaeu Seansecesssceussesse seuss! { Eth | i | | if z | T Tr as r TT roo f 5000005 Sees t t ; t t } + | i! / | if Bem Satay g SEDEEEDEDY S2NSS 00005 RESSSSRSSERRREEE SSE SSE Se Sel Sse Ae Se ONS RSSSs SESSSERSEE ESSER ERAS Benes aeeeseeeeee aa ES TTT on aa _ ied fa Gala tat t 1 1 | T r | T T | 7 r Ee is So 8B SE Bar SSBReEEee C tt coe { rot Coo } } t 1 i { } i | | | L a } | } : Saaninain enananenen tiemiaanemer tpn pep aE | Seeeseee z ~~, } | T Tort f TT | a i ae Sean OE ns RRND SRN ERA REA ee GREER EER OR ONE Ones i Cot | Et | | L Gee He i t aon : t + See a t | a SUGGEEG BESSE RES Setnininnsoctitenitsee } } WN a oe | | { Pore eee a ae tt st tt ~$9-~ Table 47 - Showing in the First Column the Monthly Variation S of the influence of Tillage upon the Carbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass, and in the Second Column the same data for Manure Results in percent of fresh substance Increase due to Increase due to Month tillage manure May y 1.38 - 1.34 June 260 229.91 July - 4.00 - 2.89 August - 1.54 - 2.38 September - 0.90 - 5.17 October 0.98 - 6.03 Table 46 = Showing in the First Column the Monthly Variation of the Influence of Tillage upon the Carbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass, and in the Second Column the same Data for Manure Results in percent of water free substance Increase due to manure Increase due to tillage May 2.01 - 3.32 i June - 0.73 - 4.04 July + 0.41 - 4.09 | August + 0.86 = 4e58 September - 0.51 - 5.16 October 0.66 - 6.04 CONTENT. ree } Pees t age | o manure a Seeeenaan t tT j 1 j # i } Te CARBOHYDRATE } } } resh basis ) | 7 crease due to till aa et PON 11 + ap sy SEEESERESE suesueeeee { rH f dessaceesesessesse5 EEE (re rease a 1G oor” t a ociecd castes creas te t 1 ve at = eS ee eee { f Tt ' t } } } CoH i | T a tt + | et + tit i 4 a SS RSeee ae m+ } i HYDRATE UPON THE CARB | H j sacseees Ht 1 LAGE AND HH suena Het } ro ; + Tt | } i CONTENT HH ) | | | to tillage due to manure | | | crease or decrease i ue tO manure free bust { r | iaeeect crease due i Ht water- t | } I | ] T | | | t | | | | } + | Hee Seoneeusaecesnwneas Tease or de t }— -— rt | | I { 4 I Eee 4 } } i t Ha CH OF ae Seee8 Tt ity 4 t aa eame | | Tt LH INRLEN NO. 346 a SSS SSNS A A SN EEC SS | -92- \4 J é le 49 - Carbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass. Weekly cut Plots averaged to compare with Biweekly cut Plots | Results in percent of fresh substance i Plot cut cut as > , My weekly _— Pion 1 cut cut cut . weekly biweekly Plot cut cut weekly biweekly y v weekly | May 10 20.43 20.78 23.39 19.8! 0.68 21.20 if " 25 | 21.84 22.13 22.44 22.23 21.78 18.67 June 8 | 23.03 24.28 37.87 22.35 24.84 19.32 19.12 " 22 [| 27.90 SiLE1 26.81 27.16 23.44 2627" aes July 61/24.20 21.50 20.88 18.80 18.62 26.12 " 26:1-22 01 8.88 19.89 21.94 17.48 18.05 August 3 | 23.80 22.46 19.73 22.32 19.59 pee i " 17} 26.05 25.23 23.81 23.30 19.72 21.92 " 31] 19.28 20.19 18.98 0.91 14.97 8.51 Sept. 14] 19.46 22.80 31.10 18.88 22.57 17.19 17.0 " 28 | 22.73 24.26 23.40 24 87 14.85 16.70 Get. 13 T 21.93 20.63 22.23 14.92 14.95 Table 50 - Carbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass. 7 Plot 3 Plot 4 cut cut cut cut cut weekly iweckly twice weekly biweekly | weekly i- a year weekly May 10 72.44 - 73.06 70.39 70.60 N 7A) 12.26 Fi.c0 13306 63.70 June 8 75.46 10.29 (81.19 63.59 65.07 n o2 68.50 68.74 63.97 65.37 July 6 66.17 66 .63 6a.75 65.12 " 20 67.24 66.03 62.66 65.14 Aug. 3 67.60 67.72 8.057 64.70 65.82 " 17 68.78 70.86 69.85 66.21 68.47 x 31 68.33 TOeke 69.23 63.113 66.10 Sept .14 Tisor 75.64 12.82 69 .07 68 .96 67.82 ? 28 69 .09 6a..71 70.67 60.46 62.61 63.74 64.93 63.08 57.04 59.30 Table 52 arbohydrate Content of Pasture Grass. A Compar- ison of Plots cut Biweekly with Plots cut Weekly Results in vercent of water free substance Difference Difference between : between untreated is 1.27 + O. 0.18 Go e RPNre WO . vi] Jon Om wo ° ° ° Results in Protein May 4.72 June 6.23 July 5.69 August 4.13 September] 4.65 October 6 .69 Results in percent of fresh substance Variation in from Pl ot 4. able 56 - Monthly yercent of fresh substence Nutrients hy Ore WW 0d dD - Monthly Variation in Nutrients from Plot Carbo-= hydrates 24.11 18 .44 21.3 21.19 22.00 Jaw Carbo= drates 30 WOOD OP HAIN O WwW wD WO OF : e qn on-~ on AOOoOdOWO OD « r) ° ° ° OTS hOoOwOO Oo tn h cw — WW to Orr OOO OwWWwWoOo w -~ et Siar ts Wt, WULLIE Digestible nutrients ° Py oon . ° ° . ~ o> c OM 29 CO /O WH Ww vom me) & & 09 WH AB Co MONO W MO H0o 0} Oo So PARE OD eo Or oo ° Le>) -100- Table 57 - Monthly Variation in Nutrients of Pasture Grass from Piot. 5. in percent of fresh substance Direstible nutrients Carbo-= Ether Cart hydrates Protein extract hy bo fara. — 4 v6s e . ny DD WO on Ww nar sO © ° Frm AnwO aoronmnowo e e « e © ° S September October ow ©» Pon Pp On DO Dn mw Wom d Hh Om JIU OM OM ~I M ©o:0 0 0d:.Co Oo OO e y oo e e Table 58 - Monthly Variation in Nutrients of Pasture Grass from Plot 6 of fresh substance tible nutrients TT. 4 fy 4 Ether Carbo-= Ether Carbo= extract hydrates ote extract hydrates te) ns May June July August September October co o> se NOOO FOOD « or PAID O NOAM A Mona J e OR WOMW-3 IIe 0 G tn Ww m= Wom Pp w NOW H w~ 3 WO OO tw s Now AN wm Me WH Ow MRP Pp fp fp e « e os ° rll aed dll sel ell Nutrients Digestible nutrients June September T ritive Ratio of Pasture ts able 60 ~ Monthly Variation i Disced manured No treatment Pilot lL Plot 2 Pilon 7 cut cut cut weekly biweekly Plot 3 Plot 4- cut cut weekly biweekly Month August September October EH LOGE SSGSe SARE sueuneeas HHH Lot 1 t T | | t +-+ | Sot ett iaeee | Tt | | i 2S ee Se Leg i i | i | } f SS00 CESS 00005 SSRSseksee wee + ITHLY uo! a a i | ne t i Pet Ht ett He SE: SESEEEREESGERea ceeee ena eee Sno e SSS 0 S00es SSS88 SERRE See SeESeee Sees oH SoecaaR Tee seerensaze! EEE BREE STOR wae PeSEeEE [om 60: | i + ie Saeeeenee t (from Table oe eee w Table 61 - Showing in the first Column the Monthly variation in the Influence of Tillage upon the Nutritive Ratio of Pasture Grass and Second Column the same Data for Manure Month . e Nr OOO © OO WwW mM ~ I CO © September October oO e Narrower ratio than Wider " Comparison of om ly Vey GKLY coal Difference Ji fference Difference between etwee? between untreated j disced and Month plots nl manured plots > May June July August September October Cc e ° e e c o:e e Oro Mm wo fin Sie ees tote ats ras Wn ) Narrower ratio Wider tt 1 penivait | T T t SSS00n8 Segnasnaes +++ eee eens ee Sistine ++ ites to spi jr Seen Rne 2) pati we P narro peo t Hot NO. 346 : é | a or: TTT Tost SST oor {aueseneens sat [am Rees Cee Re eee oe pope Tooter wa en t —-— 4+ 7 aS eneee eee ae = FT to TIT} } t | t t + i i { 1 f Ht f + , cut week ly cit bree dy cht week ly Cut week iv Ts.eut biweekly apnea eee pate orien per tH j Litt } } { t | f t : 44 +4 1 eee & ‘Be = t | J T TT i t ae a | _— ~~ _- - —untreated out twice yearly | | i S| Ae Batsscned cee ae hasasuca IESE ait tae acim Oe | | rt f { a \ } \ ae Vv | St A a | Peet ot Vy 4 2 | | \ t gt s tases i } is f ea} | Vv \ f ri att | se] i a | | oO} a \ { moet | eee eee _ ¥ * 2m l t I 5 BORER SEs CREREEESaE EREee eee eee ete TOOT Tt - Sa 5B. (00 ae 4 _ ce ae ADEE EEE GUERIN GAEN GRERIE REN DRE I — Coe Tor} © cay D a P| ui rs) SS085('? 90308808: — 8 a1 Tt ras 7) f Cee f Cer | =f tHe i 8 pes | = t TTI + ; ' ; isssascdesezete'vs egueiasall tt spats avedesastiae?, fatal Bas aaasia | | sf steasobeateseeees | i \ | | | et } \ t | } ry Hie} \ teed tt aun SoS SE See ee neeeee Eee seeeeeeee } | | ad t Peet SS0 00058 CURR S ORES o “EET HER + oe | } wy i r / TO sua Oo} f i i 4. Ra td Slat B i er t ee ] Ree } sl t 1 4 ] | t } t 1 t } } } } | SSGunes EERUSGEEEE EnauneEaesanEenesETn Disk SGGRSS SUNRG GHSGG SEGUGEGeeG SeoneceSeeuSESEsaces joeeeceee Pete 4 0 | | { i t | + spaep ee f 4 : } f | + t San csnSeasu5t CONCLUSION results of this experiment as presented in ire season and therefore cannot have the significance they otherwise would have if based upon several seasons work, these observations in many instances are sugsestive and will be corroborated no doubt by the follows: pasture grass as follows: 1. The best yields are ai in May « september. 2. The dry matter ne grass ij west in May and highest in June. It ranges from 29.57 to 39.33 with an average between 32 and 33 percent. from 4.43 percent in May percent in September. In October it reaches its maximum of 4, The ether extract in grass ranges from 1.07 to 1.90 percent (for May and August.) It increases with the age « ne pasture season up to August, when a decline follows. 5, The ash is highest in June and Septembe constituent declines steadily from June to in October. r the carbohydrates May and Juns. From June to July it drops 3 percent and the the season a further drop of 1 percent is noted. 7. The nutritive ratio is widest in May and September (1: 5.6 and 1: d narrowest in July 2nd Octot > Aub ended It appears that the more abundant the yie The Influence of Tillage 1. Discing increases the crease is most appa decreased succulent. in the July grass. 3. The protein is increased for May, June and Sept percent, and decreased for July, August and Octc 0. The eather extract is decreased from in October and August. decreased in parts of the season. In d, however, ning and end of the season from 0.47 to 0.80 6. The carbohydrates are decreased from 0.9 to 4.00 percent imum loss coming in July. May, however, shows an increase of For the first hal season, it narrowed about 0.5 percent . no effect is apparent in August and October ~ pexcoent eptember. The 1 3s of Manure 1. Manure increases the yield from 185.8 to gains are in May, July and October. 3.4) -j } decreased by manuring. to end of 2.36 percent. effect upon the succulency of 3. The protein is increasec percent, however, p increases steadily throughout with < ing wi 6 percent. 4. The ether extract is increased t irs months 0.58 percent and decreased the remainder o cent. 5. The ash content of the grass is increased May, July, August from 0.08 to 0.24 percent and decreased in June, Septemb 2nd ; from 0.15 to 1.40 percent. 6. The carbohydrates are decreased 11.34 to greatest decrease occurs the 7. The nutritive ratio is narrowed from 0.7 to 2.3 points. apparent in August and Mo Frequency of Cutting The yield of grass is decreased by frequent with the biweekly cut plot, the annual loss on the mpared with the plot Cutti In case of the majority of cuttings ,the dry matter is decr yearly, is nearly 12 percent more than +} 3. The protein content is biweekly percent protein - >= = = ba iA we d, manured plets 0.46 percent. 4. Ether extract decreases the la r lad -50 percent. decreased for the to some extent for the disced, nanured plot. The carbohydrate content is increz By cutting twice ~ a year he nutritive ratio is made wider biweekly as compared with 1 weekly cutting. 19g Ss Changed from 1: 4.7 for the weel A LY frequently grass is cut the greater it sasecd a re =] assed a content the the decreas grass cut twice cutting =~ 24& References: Pennsylvania Station Annual Report, 1889, pages 86-101. Bulletin No.5, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 10, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. pages 431-437. Bulletin No. 19, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, page 189. Bulletin No. 36, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, page 134. Bulletin No. 40, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, pagelz4. Bulletin No. 15, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, page 52. Bulletin No. 280 Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 101, Pennsylvenia Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 107, Revised, page38-39. Bureau Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture. ibid). Page 7. ) ve Henry's Feeds and Feeding, 10th edition. Page 579 MV? WT DPNAD IPM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS + I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. W. J. Fraser for permission to make use of data selected from the Pasture Experiment now in progress in the Dairy Department. I wish also to express my appreciation of the suggestions of Dr. H. S. Grindley in the preparation of this thesis. 2 ‘ oh, ihe a a | a eae u ‘ # | : i _ -~ sees * a] AAT ni 3 0112 079826464 * » 2 ye fas A